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 Breviarium. Selections. Eng. 
 Eutropiua^ 
 
 ...Eutropius' Abridgement of Roman history, 
 literally translated, with notes, by Rev. John 
 Selby Watson. New York, Hinds, ^IS—?, • 
 
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 1 1 
 
 jl EUTROPIUS' ABRIDGEMENT 
 
 ft 
 
 I -- OF 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY 
 
 ■1 •? 
 
 :< Literally Translated, with Notes, 
 ' BY REV. JOHN SELBY WATSON 
 
 
 ► ^ 
 
 ' HINDS & NOBLE, 
 4 Cooper INSTITUTE 
 
 Publishers 
 
 New York City 
 
 ^^ 
 
^^^^•Mi:^f'--"^7^™ 
 
 •r;C' 
 
 573 O 
 
 298060 
 
 EUTROPIUS'S 
 ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 
 
 m- 
 
 TO THE EMPEROR VALENS, MAXIMUS, PERPETUUS, 
 
 AUGUSTUa^ ^ 
 
 According to tbe pleasure of your Clemency.t I have 
 arranged in a brief narrative, in the order of time, such par- 
 ticulare in the history of Rome as seemed most worthy of 
 notice, in transactions either of war or peace, from the 
 foundation of the city to our* own days ; adding concisely, 
 also, such matters as were remarkable in the lives of tho 
 emperors; that \our Serenity's divine mind may rejoice to 
 learn tliat it has followed the actions of illustrious men in 
 governing the empire, before it became acquainted with them 
 by reading.J 
 
 • The title nUnds thus: Domifo Valenti Maximo Perfetdo 
 AuoDSTO. On tbe last two words Twchucke has this note : "For 
 PervdMO Atigutio Sextus Rufus" (who wrote a Brevtarum de Vtdortts ct 
 PrwimeiiM PopuU Rcmuini, dedicated to ValecB), "haf in his dedication 
 Semper Augutto. The Germans would say AUxcit Mthrtr da JUxcht. 
 Be« PUtmun De Tiivlo Semper Atjgustus, p. 60." Twchucke, apparently, 
 took perpetw as an adverb, equivalent to semper. But Cellanus and 
 othenT consider it as an adjective. Cellarius cites, in comparison with 
 it* from Gruter. Inscript p. 285, n. 8, V. N. ValnUintano Perpctuo oc 
 /fKci Semper Augusto, and p. 279. n. 4. ^terno Imperatorx ^ostro 
 Maximo Optimoque Principi Aurelio VaUriano Dwrfcttano ; adding, also. 
 that Theodosius is called perennu princept in Ueines, Class. Inscr. m. 
 02. I have accordingly given Ferpefu) as an adjective. Sextos 
 Rufus's dedication, too, as edited by Cellarius, Verhcyk, and others, 
 Las Perpetuo Semper Axiausto. 
 
 t Mantu^udini$ tiia J Similarly, a few lines below, he says Traiu 
 quiHUaii$ tuct wen, dixina, " your Serenity's divine mind." The use of 
 such titles gindually became common in tho lower age of Pwoinan 
 liUrature, commencing soon after the reign of Tiberius. They were 
 the I^arftnta of our highness, majesty, excellency, &c. 
 
 ♦ lioweTer Eutropiua meant to Qatter Valens, he could not a»- 
 
 1 
 
r«'.-s»* 
 
 ?T5 
 
 EUTROPIUS'S 
 
 ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 TO THE EMPEROR VALENS, MAXIMUS, PERPETUUS, 
 
 AUGUSTUS.* '' 
 
 According to the pleasure of your Clemency.t I have 
 arranged in a brief narraiive, in the order of time, such par- 
 ticulars in the history of Rome as seemed most worthy of 
 notice in transactions either of war or peace, from the 
 foundation of the city to our' o^ti days ; adding concisely, 
 also such matters as were remarkable in the lives of tho 
 emperors ; Uiat your Serenity's divine mind may rejoice to 
 learn that it has followed the actions of illustrious men in 
 governing the empire, before it became acquainted with them 
 by reading.:^ .. 
 
 • The title stands thus : Domino Valenti Maximo Perpetuo 
 AuousTO. On the last two words Tzachucke has this note : For 
 Penyriw Augfuto Sextus Rufus" (who wrote a Brcvtarumde ytdortu et 
 Pr^nciU Populi Jicmani, dedicated to Valei:« "ha. m his dedi^tion 
 &mper Augvsto. The Germans would ^7//%^ f'^f^'" <«" ^'l^' 
 See PUtmun De TUtUo Sen.por Atig^stus, y. 60.- Tzscbncke^ apparently 
 iookf>trvetiu> M an wlverb, equivalent to semper. But Cellanus and 
 othe^^sider it as an adjective, Cellarius cites, in comparison with 
 it, from Gruter. Inscript. p. 285, n. 8, V. N. ValeaUnxano Pcrprtuo ac 
 FeUci Scfnp^ Augusta, and p 279, n. 4, ^Urno Imp^rator, Castro 
 Maximo Ovfimoque Prindpi Aurdio VaUriano DwcUtxano; addmg, also, 
 that Theodosius is called perennit prin^eps m Reines. Class. Inscr. m. 
 62. I have accordingly given Perpetuo as an adjective. Sextus 
 Rufus'B dedication, too, as edited by Cellarius, Verheyk, and others, 
 
 ^^^^SSuie^fsi^ilarly. a few lines below he snys Tran- 
 QumUatts tua men, divina, " your Serenity's divme mind. The use of 
 such titles gradually became common in the lower age of Roman 
 liteniture, commencing soon after the reign of Tibenus. They were 
 the parents of our highness, majesty, excellency &c 
 
 -^However Eutropius meant to flatter Valens, he could not as- 
 
 1 
 
 390960 
 
 r-jg-jfef-'-i-aJC. 
 
 •■ -.ji 
 
 •iii'^*'j!'-^^ff . 
 
^B^^SP^i 
 
 KT-THftPIUS. 
 
 [B.T. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 Origin of Rome, I.— Characters and acta of the seven kings of Rome, 
 IL_V 1 1 1.— Appointment of consuls on the expulsion of Tarquin 
 the Prcud, IX.— War raised by Tarquin; he is supported by 
 Poraena, X. XL— Firat dictator, XII.- Sedition of the people, and 
 origin of the tribunitial power. XIIL — A victory over the Volaci, 
 XIV. - Coriolanus, being banished, makes war on his counti^ 
 with the aid of the Volsci ; ia softened by the entreaties of his 
 wife and mother. XV. — War of the Fabii with the Vcjentea j the 
 census, XVL — Dictatorship of Cincinnatus, XVII. The Decem- 
 viri, XVIII.— War with the Fidenates, Vejeutes, and VolAci, XIX. 
 — Destruction of Rome by the Gauls, XX. 
 
 I. The Roman empire, than which the meraoiy of man can 
 recal scarcely any one smaller in its commencement. or greater in 
 its progress throughout the world, had its origin from llomulus; 
 who, being the son of a vestal virgin, and, as was supposed, of 
 Mars, was brought forth at one birth with his brother Remus. 
 While leading a predatory life among the shepherds, he 
 founded, when he was eighteen years of age, a small city on the 
 Palatine Hill, on the 21st day of April, in the third year of 
 the sixth Olympiad, and the three hundred and ninety-fourth 
 after the destruction of Troy.* 
 
 •uredly have shown him better, than by addressing him thu», to 1j« 
 such as he is described by Ammianus Marcellinua, lib. xxix., tub- 
 ruiticus homo, and xxxi. 41, Subagrettis ingcnil, mc liheroLtbu* itudiis 
 eruditus. — finettts. Some have doubted the genuineness of this dedi- 
 cation to V^alens, because the Greek translator has not included it in his 
 version ; but the authority of manuscripts, and the resemblance of its 
 styla to that of Eutropius, have induced Cellariua, Verheyk, Tssohucke, 
 and most other commentators, to believe it genuine. 
 
 • The words lU, qui plurimum minimumqug, tradunt, which occur in 
 fill editions before the date, are not translated ; for nothing satisfactory 
 has yet been said as to their grammatical construction. Madame 
 Dacier suggested that we should supply lU to* prcUrream qui. Bufc 
 praUream ia not to the purpose. Hausius's explanation is tU ego inier 
 10* Iradam qui plurimum minimumqui tradunt. The Berlin edition of 
 1791 interprets better: ut medium inUr to* qui— tradunt, ego tradam. 
 There is no doubt that Eutropius meant that he would take a middle 
 point between those who give the highest and those who give the 
 lowest date ; but the words to be supplied for the construction seem 
 not to have been yet discovered. Perhaps the sense is "as those sAy 
 who give the highest and lowest dates, and take a middle point Uticten 
 them," something equivalent to the words in italics being intended to 
 bo understood. The same words occur in b. x. a 18, with the con* 
 struction equally uncertain. 
 
 \ 
 
 -'P«»»«''Wft**.WJp' 3 
 
 C. TI.] 
 
 ABRIDGMEirr OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 3 
 
 II. After founding the city, which he called Rome, from his 
 own name, he proceeded principally as follows. He took a 
 great number of the neighbouring inhabitants into the city ; he 
 chose a hundred of the older men, by whose advice he might 
 manage all his affairs, and whom, from their age, he named 
 senators. Next, as both himself and his people were in want 
 of wives, he invited the tribes contiguous to the city to an 
 exhibition of games, and seized upon their young women. 
 Wars having arisen in consequence of this outrage in cap- 
 turing the females, he conquered the Caeninenses, the Autem- 
 nates, the Crustumini, the Sabines, the Fidenates, and the 
 Vejentes ; all whose towns lay around the city. And since, 
 after a tempest that suddenly arose, in the thirty-seventh year 
 of hi3 reign, he was no longer to be seen, he was lieUeved to 
 have been translated to the gods, and was accordingly deified. 
 The senatoi-s then ruled at Rome by periods of five days ; and 
 under their government a year was passed. 
 
 III. Afterwards Numa Pompilius was elected king, who 
 engaged indeed in no wars, but was of no less service to the 
 state than Romulus ; for he estabhshed both laws and customs 
 among the Romans, who, by the frequency of their wars, were 
 now regarded as robbers and semi-barbarians. He divided the 
 year, before unregulated by any computation, into ten months; 
 and founded numerous sacred rites and temples at Rome. He 
 died a natural death in the forty-third year of his reign. 
 
 » 'IV. To him succeeded Tullus Hostilius, who re-commenced 
 war. He conquered the Albans, who lay twelve miles distant 
 from Rome. He overcame ah>o in battle the Vejentes and 
 Fidenates, the one six, the other eighteen miles from Rome: 
 and increased the dimensions of the city by the addition of 
 the Coelian hill. After reigning thirty-two years, he was struck 
 hy lightning, and consumed together with his house. 
 
 V. After him, Ancus Martins, the grandson of Numa by a 
 daughter, succeeded to the government. He fought against 
 the iLauns, added the Aventiue and Janiculan hills to the city, 
 and founded Ostia, a city on the sea-coast, sixteen miles from 
 Rome. He died a natural death in the twentv-fourth year of 
 
 his reign. ^ , • , , 
 
 VI. Priscus Tarquinius was next invested with the govern- 
 ment.' He doubled the number of the senators, built a Circus 
 At Rome, and iosututed the Roman games which continue 
 
 
EUTR0PIU3. 
 
 fB.L 
 
 ex.] 
 
 ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 even to our time. He also conquered the Sabiiies, and added 
 a considerable e.\tent of territory, which he took from that 
 people, to the lands of Rome ; he was also the first that entered 
 the city in triumph. He built the walls and sewers, and 
 commenced the Capitol. He was killed in the thirty-eighth 
 year of his reign, by the sons of Ancus, the king whom he had 
 succeeded. 
 
 VII. After him Servius Tullius was placed on the throne, 
 the son of a woman of noble origin, but who was, neverthe- 
 less, a captive and a slave. He also defeated the Sabines ; 
 annexed three hills, the Quirinal, Viminal. and Esquiline, to 
 the city ; and formed trenches round the city walls. He was 
 the first to institute the census, which till that time was unknown 
 throughout the world. The people being all subjected to a 
 census during his reign, Rome was found to contain eighty-four 
 thousand citizens, including those in the country. Ho was 
 cut off in the forty- fifth year of his reign, by the criminal 
 machinations of his son-in-law Tarquin the Proud, the son of 
 the king to whom he had succeeded, and of his own daughter, 
 whom Tarquin had married. 
 
 VI fl. Lucius Tarquinms Superbus. the seventh and last of 
 the kings, overcame the Volsci, a nation not far from Rome, 
 on the road to Campania ; reduced the towns of Gabii and 
 Suessa Pometia ; made peace with the Tuscans ; and built a 
 temple to Jupiter in the Capitol. Afterwards, while he was 
 besieging Ardea, a town that lay about eighteen miles from the 
 city, he WP.S deprived of his throne ; for, as his younger son, 
 who was also named Tarquin, offered violence to Lucretia, the 
 wife of Collatinus, a most noble and chaste woman ; and as 
 she, after complaining to her husband, her father, and her 
 friends, of the injury that she had suffered, slew herself in the 
 sight of thom all ; Brutus, in consequence, who was a 
 kinsman of Tarquinius.* excited an insurrection among the 
 people, and deprived Tarquin of his regal authority. The 
 army, also, which was engaged with the king in besieging 
 
 • Parent d ipH Tar^juinu.] This passage perplexed the commen- 
 tators, until it was diacoverad that part.is was used by writers of the 
 lowbr'ages for ccj/wo/uj; for which 8cnV.e of the word Tzschucke refers 
 to LanipridiuB in Alex. c. 67, and to Caaaubon on Capitolinus in 
 M. Philosoph. c. 5. The Groek tranilator b.os Bpourof yivu vpoaifKuy 
 ry TapKwi'iy. See Scheller'a Lexicon, a- v. Parai4, 
 
 'i 
 
 II 
 
 Ardea, soon after deserted him; and the king himself, 
 going to the city, found the gates closed against him ; ai^^ 
 after having reigned five-and twenty years, was forced to take 
 flight with his wife and children. 
 
 Thus a regal form of government continued at Rome, under 
 seven kings, for the space of two hundred and forty-three 
 years, while as yet the dominion of the city, where its extent 
 was greatest, hardly reached fifteen miles. 
 
 IX. Henceforth, instead of one king, two consuls werti 
 chosen, with this view, that, if one should be disposed to act 
 unjustly, the other, having equal authority, might exercise a 
 control over him. It was detennined also that they should 
 not hold their oflSce longer than a year ; in order that they 
 mirht not, by continued possession of power, grow too over- 
 bearing; but, knowing that in a year they would retam to 
 the level of private persons, might constantly conduct them- 
 selves with moderation. 
 
 In the first year, then, after the expulsion of the king and 
 his family, the consuls were Lucius Junius Brutus, who had 
 been the chief agent in the banishment of Tarquin, and Tar- 
 quinius Collatinus, the husband of Lucretia. But that dignity 
 was soon taken from Tarquinius Collatinus ; for it was enacted 
 that no one who bore the name of Tarquin should remain in 
 the city. Having collected, therefore, all his private property, 
 he removed from the city, and Valerius Publicola was made 
 consul in his sU'ad. King Tarquin, however, after his expul- 
 sion, stirred up war against Rome, and, having collected a 
 large force from all quarters, in order that he might be rein- 
 stated on the throne, took the field. 
 
 X. In the first emx)unter. Brutus and Aruns, Tarquin's son, 
 killed each other; but the Romans left the field conqueroi-s. 
 The Roman matrons mourned for Brutus, the guardian of 
 their honour, as if he had been their common father, for the 
 space of a year. Valerius Publicola fixed upon Spurius 
 Lucretius Tricipitinus, the father of Lucretia, for his colleague; 
 and he dying of some disease, he next chose Horatius 
 Pulvillus for his fellow consul. 
 
 Thus the first year had five consuls ; Tarquinius Collatinus 
 ha\ing left the city on account of his name, Brutus having 
 fallen in battle, and Spurius Lucretius having died a natural 
 deatn. 
 
EUTROPIDS. 
 
 Ibl 
 
 XI. In tlie second year also, Tarquin, with a view to being 
 re-established on the throne, again made war on the Romans, 
 and, an Porsena, king of Tuscany, afforded him aid, almost 
 took Rome. But he was also defeated on that occasion. 
 
 In the third year after the expulsion of the royal famil^v, 
 Tarquin, as he could not get himself re-admitted into the king- 
 dom, and as Porsena, who had made peace with the Romans, 
 gave him no support, retired to Tusculum, a town which is not 
 far from Rome ; where he and his wife lived for fourteen years 
 in a private station, and reached an advanced age. 
 
 In the fourth year after the aboUtion of the kingly power, 
 the Sabines, having made war on the Romans, were conquered; 
 and a triumph was celebrated over them. 
 
 In the fifth year, Lucius Valerius, the colleague of Brutus, 
 and consul for the fourth time, died a natural death, and in 
 such extreme poverty, that the expenses of his funeral were 
 defrayed by a public subscription.* The matrons mourned for 
 him, as for Brutus, during a year. 
 
 XII. In the ninth year after the overthrow of the kingly 
 power, the son-in-law of Tarquin, having assembled a vast 
 army, in order to avenge the wrongs of his father-in-law, a new 
 office was introduced at Rome, which was called the dictator- 
 ship, and which was more absolute than the consulate. In the 
 same year also a master of the horse was appointed to be an 
 oflBccr under the dictator. Nor can anything be named more 
 like to the imperial authority, which your Serenity f now 
 enjoys, than the ancient dictatorship, especially since C»sar 
 Octavianu^, also, of whom we shall speak hereafter, and Caius 
 Caesar before him, ruled with the title and rank of dictator. 
 The first dictator at Rome was Lartius ; the first master of 
 the horse, Spurius Cassius. 
 
 XIII. In the sixteenth year after the termination of the 
 regal power, the people at Rome, thinking themselves oppressed 
 by the senate and consuls, broke out into a sedition. On this 
 occasion they created for themselves tribunes of the people, as 
 their own peculiar judges and defenders, by whom they might 
 be protected against the senate aud the consuls. 
 
 XIV. Id the following year the Volsci recommenced hos- 
 
 • Ut ooQatii i pop%Uo nummit, t^mptum habtierit HpuUune.] " H* 
 hiid the expenae of hu funeral from money contributed by the people." 
 t TranqyiHi^Uu vmtra.] Seo note on the dedicAtioo. 
 
 CXVUl.J ABRIDGMENT OF BOMAN HISTORY. 7 
 
 tilities against the Romans ; "and being overcome in the Geld, 
 lost also°Corioli, the best city that they had. 
 
 XV. In the eighteenth year after the banishment of the 
 royal familv, Quintius Marcius, the Roman general who had 
 taken Corio'li, the city of the Volsci, being compelled to flee 
 from Rome, directed his course, in resentment, to the Volsci 
 themselves, and ^received from them support against the 
 Romans. He obtained several victories over the Romans ; h© 
 made his way even to the fifth mile-stone from the city ; and, 
 refusing to hear a deputation that came to sue for peace, would 
 have laid siege even to the place of his birth, had not his 
 mother Veturia and his wife Volumnia gone out from the city 
 to meet him, by whose tears and supplications he was pre- 
 vailed on to withdraw his army. He was the next after 
 Tarquin that acted as general against his country. 
 
 XVI. In the consulate of Caeso Fabius and Titus Vir- 
 ffinius three hundred noblemen, membei-s of the Fabian 
 family undertook alone a war against the Vejentes, assuring 
 the senate and the people that the whole contest should 
 be brought to an end by themselves. These illustrious 
 men, therefore, each of whom was capable of commanding a 
 Wge army, setting out on their expedition, all fell in battle 
 One only remained out of so numerous a family, who, from his 
 extreme youth, could not be token with them to the field. 
 After these events a census was held in the city, in which the 
 number of the citizens was found to be a hundred and nine- 
 teen thousand three hundred and nineteen. 
 
 XVII. In • the following year, in consequence of the 
 blockade of a Roman army on Mount Algidus, about twelve 
 miles from the citv, Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus w^as appointed 
 dictator; a man who, possessing only four acres of land, culti- 
 vated it with his own hands. He, being found at his work, 
 and engaged in ploughing, assumed, after wiping the sweat 
 from his brow, the toga pnBtexla ; and set free the army with 
 (treat slaughter among the enemy. /. «i 
 
 XVIII. In the three hundred and second* year from the 
 founding of the city, the consular government ceased ; and 
 instead of two consuls, ten magistrates were appointed to bold 
 the supreme authority, under the title of deoemvin. Ihese 
 durinc the first year conducted themselves with honour ; but 
 
 * S«« note on It. 10. 
 

 8 
 
 EUTROPIUS. 
 
 fRI. 
 
 ii'. 
 
 CUI.] 
 
 ABRIDGMENT OF KOMAN HISTORY 
 
 m the second, one of thera, Appius Claudius, proceeded to 
 offer violence to the maiden daughter of a certain Virgihius, 
 who was at that time filling an honourable post on military 
 service against the Latins on Mount Algidus ; but the father 
 Blew her with his own hand, that she might not suffer violation 
 from the decemvir, and, returning to the army, raised an 
 insurrection among the soldiers. Their power was in conse^ 
 qtience taken from the decemviri, and thev themselves received 
 sentences of condemnation.* 
 
 XIX. In the three hundred and fifteenth year from the 
 founding of the city, the Fidenates rebelled against the 
 flomans. The Vejentes and their king Tolumnius gave* them 
 assistance. These two states are so near to Rome, that 
 FidenaB is only seven, Veil only eighteen miles distant. The 
 Volsci also joined them ; but they were defeated by Marcus 
 ^milius the dictator, and Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus the 
 master of the horse, and lost also their kin^. Fidense was 
 taken, and utterly destroyed. 
 
 XX. Twenty years afterwards, the people of Veii resumed 
 hostilities. Furius Camillus was sent as dictator against 
 them, who first defeated thera in battle, and then, after a long 
 siege, took their city, the oldest and richest in It&ly. He next 
 took Falisci, a city of no less note. But popular odium was 
 excited against him, on the ground that he had made an 
 unfair division of the bootv, and he was condemned on that 
 charge and banished. 
 
 Soon after the Galli Scnones" marched towards Rome ; and, 
 pursuing the Romans, whom they defeated at the river Allia, 
 eleven miles from the city, possessed themselves of the city 
 itself, no part of which could be defended against them, 
 except the Capitol. After they had besieged it a long time, and 
 the Romans were suffering fiom famine, Camillus, who was in 
 exile in a neighbouring city, attacked the Gauls unexpectedly, 
 and gave them a severe defeat. Afterv\ards,+ on receiving a sum 
 
 • Damnati 9U7U.] Appiua and Oppiua, before tbediiy for their trial 
 came^ committed suicide. Their coUeaj^ruea went into banidhmcnt 
 voluntarily, as appears from Livy. Claudius was oenteoced to diaib, 
 but allowed to go into exile through the iBterceasioa of Virgtnius. 
 See Liv. iii. 5*. 
 
 + Pottea tatnen.^ The word tarrun, which disturbs the drift of th«, 
 paasage, is not translated. The text seems hardly sonnd. Liry telif 
 the itory differently. 
 
 in gold, to desist from the siege of the Capitol, they 
 retreated ; Camillus, however, pursued them, and routed them 
 with such a slaughter, that he recovered both the gold which 
 bad been given to them, and all the military standards which 
 they had taken. Thus he entered the city for the third time 
 in triumph, and received the appellation of a second Romulus, 
 as if he also had been a founder of the city. 
 
 BOOK IL 
 
 Military tribunes created instead of consuls ; Camillus overcomes the 
 Volsci, JSqui, and Sutrioi, Cincinnatus the Pnent-stini, L II — 
 Consular government restored, III.— Death and eulogy of Ca- 
 millus, IV.— Hight of the Gauls, V — The census, VI.— Combat 
 of Valerius Corvua with a Gaul, VII.— The L:itin war, VIII.— 
 Various defeats of the Saronites, IX. — The Oauls, Etrurians?, and 
 Samnitea defeated, X.— The war with Pyrrbus, XL— XIV,— 
 Ptolemy, king of Egypt, sends ambassadors to Rome, XV. — The 
 Piceni&ns and Sallentines subdued, XVI. XVII.— Another census; 
 the first Punic war, XVUI.— XXVIIL 
 
 T. In the three hundred and sixty -fifth year after the foun- 
 dation of the city, and the first after its capture by the Gauls, 
 the form of government was changed ; and, instead of two 
 consuls, military tribunes, invested with consular power, were 
 created. From this time the power of Rome began to increase ; 
 for that veiT year Camillus reduced the state of the Volsci, 
 which had persisted to make war for seventy years ; also the 
 cities of tlie iEqui and Sutrini ; and, overthrowing their ftrmies, 
 took possession of them all ; and thus enjoyed three triumphs 
 at the same time. 
 
 II. Titus Quintius Cincinnatus, also, having pursued the 
 Pi-ajnestiui. who had advanced in a hostile manner to the very 
 gates of Rome, defeated thera on the river Allia, annexing 
 eight cities that were under their dominion to the Roman 
 empire ; and, attacking Praneste itself, forced it to surrender; 
 all which acts were accomplished by him in the space of twenty 
 davs ; and a triumph was decreed him. 
 
 III. But the office of military tribunes did not last long; 
 for, after a short time, it was enacted that no more should b« 
 created ; and four years pass ekin the state io such a manner 
 
 
 '';i£^^&^&*i^4^v-%iMlSi^^^^li&* 
 
 
10 
 
 ETJTaopiua. 
 
 fan. 
 
 that none of the superior magistrates were appointed. The 
 military tribunes, however, were re-instated in their office with 
 consular authority, and Continued for three years, when consuls 
 were again elected*.. 
 
 IV. In the consulship of Lucius Gen.icius and Quintus 
 B^lius, Camillus died, and honour next to that of Romulus 
 was paid him. 
 
 'V. Titus Quintius vras sent out as dictator against the 
 Gauls, who had marched into Italy ; and had encamped about 
 four miles from the city, on the olhor side of the river Anio. 
 Titus Manlius, one of the noblest of the senators, encountering 
 a Gaul who had challenged him to single combat, slew him ; 
 and, having taken from his neck a chain of gold, and put it on 
 his own, secured the appellation of Torquatus to himself and 
 his posterity for ever. The Gauls were repulsed, and soon 
 afterwards entirely defeated by Caius Sulpicius the dictator. 
 Shortly after, the Tuscans were defeated by Caius Marcius, 
 and eight thousand of them were taken orisoners and led in 
 triumph. 
 
 VI. A census was again taken ; and as the Latins, who 
 had been subdued by the Romans, refused to furnish troops, 
 recruits were levied from among the Romans only, and ten 
 legions were raised, making sixty thousand fighting men. or 
 upwards; so great was the power of the Romans in war, while 
 their territory was as yet but small. These troops having 
 marched out against the Gauls, under the conduct of Lucius 
 Furius Camillus, one of the Gauls challenged the most valiant 
 among the Romans to single combat ; when Marcus Valerius, 
 a tribune of the soldiers, came forward to accept the challenge; 
 and, as he advanced in full armour, a crow settled upon his 
 right shoulder. - Afterwards, too, when he commenced tlie 
 encounter with the Gaul, the same crow, with his wings and 
 talons, furiously assailed the Gaul's eyes, so that he was not 
 able to see before him, and thus, being slain by the tribune 
 Valerius, he gave him not only a victory, but a name ; for he 
 was afterwards called CorA'us. For the same service also, at 
 the age of three and twenty, he was made consul. 
 
 VIL .The Latins, who had refused to furnish troons, 
 proceeded also to demand of the Romans, that one of the 
 consuls should be elected from their own people, the other 
 from the ivomans ; this demand having been rejected, war ^u 
 
 ex.] 
 
 A.BRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HLSTORY 
 
 11 
 
 commenced against them, and they were overcome in a great 
 battle ; and a triumph was celebmted on account of their 
 defeat. Statues were erected to the consuls in the Rostra, for 
 their service in gaining this victory. 
 
 VIII. The Romans had now begun to be poweiful ; for a 
 war was carried on by them against the Samnites, who hold a 
 mid^^le situation between /i*»icenura, Campania, and Apulia, at 
 the distance of nearly n Hundred and thirty miles from the 
 city. Lucius Papirius Ctirsor went to conduct that war with 
 the rank of dictfitor, and, on returning to Rome, gave orders 
 to Quintus Fabius Maximus, his master of the horse, whom 
 he left in charge of the army, not to fight during his absence. 
 He, however, seeing a favourable opportunity, commenced an 
 engagement with great success, and utterly defeated the Sam- 
 nites ; he was accordingly condemned to death by the dictator, 
 for fighting contrary to his orders, but was saved by the power- 
 ful interposition of the soldiers and people, so great a tumult 
 having been excited against Papirius, that he was almost 
 
 slain. 
 
 IX. Ine Samnites Ruosequently, in the consulate of Titus 
 Veturius and Spurius Posthumius, defeated the Romans with 
 signal ignominy, and compelled them to pass under the yoke. 
 The peace, however, which had been concluded with them 
 through mere necessity, was broken by the senate and people. 
 After this the Samnites were defeated by Lucius Papirius the 
 consul, and seven thousand of them made to pass under the 
 yoke. Papirius was granted a triumph over the Samnites. 
 About the same time Appius Claudius llie censor brought the 
 Claudian waUr into the city, and made the Appian ^^ay.** 
 
 The Samnites. renewing the war, defeated Quintus Fabiua 
 Maximus, with the slaughter of three thousand of his troops ; 
 but afterwards, his father, Fabius Maximus, being appointed 
 his lieutenant, he both defeated the Samnites, aod took several 
 of their towns. Subsequently, Publius Cornelius Rufinus and 
 Manius Curius Dentatus, the two consuls, being sent against 
 llie Samnites, reduced their strength in some considerable 
 battles. Thus they brought the war with the Samnites to an 
 end ; a war which had lasted for forty-nine years. Nor was 
 there any enemy in Italy that put the \aloui of the Romans 
 more to the test. 
 .. %, After au inlerval of a few yews, the forces of th? Gau'u 
 
•^fp"-'. 
 
 12 
 
 EDTROPIUS. 
 
 [aa 
 
 united with the Tuscans and Samnites against the Romans ; 
 but, a3 they were marching to Home, were cut off by tLe 
 cotsul Cnacus Conielius Dolabella. 
 
 XI. War was at the same time proclaimed against the 
 Tarontines (who are still a people at th*^ extremity of Italy), 
 because they had offered violence to sotne lioraan ambassadors. 
 These people asked aid against" the lioraans of Pvrrhus, 
 king of Epirus, who derived his origin from the family of 
 Achilles. He soon after passed over into Italy, and it was 
 then that the Romans fought for the first time with an enemy 
 from beyond sea. The consul Publius Valerius La)vinu8 was 
 sent agiunst him ; v.ho, having seized some spies of Pyrrhus, 
 ordered them to be led through the camp, and tlie whole army 
 to be exhibited to them, and then to be dismissed, that they 
 might tell Pyrrhus whatever was going on among the Romans, 
 An engagement taking place soon al'ter, Pyrrhus, when on the 
 |>oii2t of fleeing, got the victory by means of his elephants, at 
 the sight of which the Romans, to whom they were strange, were 
 greitly terrified ; but night pat an end to the battle. Laevinus 
 however fled during the night. Pyrrhus took a thousand 
 eight hundred Romans piisoners, And treated them with the 
 greatest honour; the slain he buried. On observing those 
 lying dead, with their wounds in front, and with stem coun- 
 tenances, he is said to have lifted up his hands to heaven, 
 exclaiming that ** ho might himself have been master of the 
 whole world, if such soldiers had fallen to his lot." 
 
 XII. Pyrrhus afterwards, having united to him the Sam- 
 nites, the Lucanians, and the Brutiii. proceeded towards Florae. 
 He laid all waste with fire and sword, depopulated Campania, 
 and advanced to Prseneste, eighteen miles from Pwome. Soou 
 after, tlirough fear of an army which was pursuing him with a 
 consul at its head, he fell back upon Campania. Ambassadors, 
 who were sent to treat with Pyrrhus respecting the ransom o! 
 the captives, were honourably entertained l>y him ;^ and he 
 sent the captives back to Rome without payment. ^ Fabricius, 
 one of the Roman ambassadors, he admired so much, that, 
 finding he was poor, he endeavoured to draw him over to his 
 side with the promise of a fourth part of his kingdom, but he 
 was repulsed with disdain by Fabricius. Pyrrhus, therefore, 
 being struck with admiration at tlic character of the Romans, 
 seut aa eminent man, Ciueas by name, as ambassador, to ask 
 
 C.XIV.] 
 
 ABRIDGMENT OP ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 13 
 
 I ) 
 
 for peace on reasonable terras, provided that he might retain 
 possession of that part of Italy, of which he had already 
 become master in the war. 
 
 * XIII. Such terms of peace were not satisfactory, and an 
 answer was returned by the senate to Pyrrhus, that '* he could 
 have no peace with the Romans, unless he retired from Italy." 
 The Romans then ordered that all the prisoners whom Pyrrhus 
 had sent back should be considered ipfamous,* because they 
 had suffered themselves to be taken with arms in their hands ; 
 and not to be restored to their former rank, until they had 
 each produced the spoils of two slain enemies. Thus the 
 ambassador of Pyrrhus returned ; and, when Pyrrhus asked 
 him •• what kind of a place he had found Rome to be," Cineas 
 replied, that " he had seen a country of kings, for that all 
 there were such, as Pyrrhus alone was thought to be in Epirus 
 and the rest of Greece." 
 
 The consuls Publius Sulpicius and Decius Mus were sent 
 out as generals against Pyrrhus. A battle being commenced, 
 Plirrhus was wounded, his elephants killed, twenty thousand of 
 the enemy slain, and of the Romans only five thousand. 
 Pynhus was forced to retire to Tarentum. 
 
 XIV. After the lapse of a year, Fabricius was sent out 
 against Pyrrhus, the same who, when he was before, among 
 the ambassadors, could not be won with a promise of 
 the fourth part of his kingdom. As Fabricius and the king 
 had their camps near to each other, the physician of Pyrrhus 
 came to Fabricius by night, offering to despatch Pyrrhus by 
 poison, if he would promise him some remuneration ; upon 
 which Fabricius ordered that he should be taken back in 
 chains to his master, and that information should be given to 
 Pyrrhus of the proposals which the physician had made against 
 his life. The king, struck with admiration of his conduct, is 
 reported to have exclaimed on the occasion, " That excellent 
 Fabricius is a man who can less easily be diverted from tlie 
 path of honour, than the sun from its course." Pyrrhus then 
 departed for Sicily. Fabricius, after jdcfc/^tinsr the Samnites 
 and Lucanians, obtained a triumph. 
 
 ♦ Infanu*.] They all suffered some eort oi aegradation. ThoBe wno 
 had be«n in the cavalry were made to serve in the infantry, and those 
 who had been in the infantry were sent among the slingera. See Val. 
 "hUi. ii. 7, 15. 
 
 ;-"- ^1, 
 
 
14 
 
 ZCTR0P1T7S. 
 
 Tii-a 
 
 The consuls Manius Curius Deutp.tus and Cornelius Lentulus 
 were next sent against Pyrrhus ; tnJ Curius camo to an engage- 
 meiit with him, cut off his f.rray, drove him back to Tareutum. 
 and took his camp. On that day were slain twenty-tliree 
 thousand of the enemy. Curius Dentatus triumphed in hi's 
 consulate. lie was the first that brought elephants to Rome, 
 ir\ number, four. Pyrrhus also soon after quitted Tarcutumi 
 and was killed at Argos, a city of Greece. 
 
 XV. In the consulship of Caios Fabricius Licinus and 
 Caiu Claudius Canina, in the four hundred and sixty-first 
 year from the foundation of the city, ambassadcrs, from 
 Alexandria, despatched by Ptolemy, arrived at Rome, and 
 obtained from tho Romans the friendship wbich they solicited. 
 
 XVI. In the consulate of Quinlus Ogulnius and Caius 
 Fabius Pictor, the Piceniuns commenced n war, and were con- 
 quered by the succeeding consuls Publius Sempronius and 
 Appius Claudius, and a triumph was celebrated over them. 
 Two cities were founded by the Romans, Ariminum in Gauj[ 
 and Beneventum in Samnium. 
 
 ^yiL When Marcus Attilius Regulus and Lucius Junius 
 Libo were consuls, war was declared against the Sallentines in 
 Apulia ; and the Brundusians and their city were taken, 
 and a triumph gmnted on their subjugation. 
 
 XVIII. In the four hundred and seventy seventh year of 
 tlie city, although the Roman name had now become famous, 
 yet their arms had not been carried out of Ilaly. That it 
 might be ascertained, therefore, what the forces of the Pvomans 
 were, a census was Uken. On this occasion the number of 
 citizens was found to be two hundred and r.inetv-two thousand, 
 three hundred and thirty-four. although from the founding of 
 the city wars had never ceased. It was then that the first war 
 was undertaken against the Africans, in the consulate of Appius 
 Claudius and Quintus Fulvius. A battle was fought with 
 them in Sicily ; and Appius Claudius obtained a triumph for 
 a victory over the Africans and Hiero king of Sicily. 
 
 XIX. In the year following, , Valerius Marcus and Otacilius 
 being consuls, great deeds were achieved by the Romans in 
 Sicily. The Tauromenitani, Catanians, and fifty cities more, 
 were received into alliance. In the third year the war against 
 Hiero in Sicily was brought to an end. He, with all the Syra- 
 cusan nobility, prevailed upon tho Romans to grant them 
 
 0.XX1.] ABWDGlfENT OP HOilAN HISTOBY. 15 
 
 peace, paying down two hundred talents of silver. , The Afri* 
 cans were defeated in Sicily, and a triumph over them granted 
 at Rome a second time. 
 
 XX. In the fifth year of the Punic war, which was carnod 
 on against the Africans, the Romans first fought by sea, in the 
 consulate of Caius Duilius and Cnseus Cornelius Asina, 
 having provided themselves with vessels armed with beaks, 
 which they term Libumian galleys. The consul Cornelius fell 
 a victim to treacherj-.* Duilius, joining battle, defeated the 
 commander of the Carthaginians, took thirty-one of their 
 ehips, sunk fourteen, took seven thousand of the enemy 
 prisoners, and slew three thousand; nor was there ever a 
 victory more gratifying to the Romans, for they were now not 
 only invincible by land, but eminently powerful at sea. 
 
 In the consulship of Caius Aquilius Floras and Lucius 
 Scipio. Scipio laid waste Corsica and Sardinia, carried away 
 several thousand captives from thence, and obtained a 
 
 triumph. 
 
 XXI. When Lucius Manlius Vulso and Marcus Attihus 
 Regulus were consuls, war was carried over into Africa against 
 Hamilcar the general of the Carthaginians. A naval engage- 
 ment was fought, and the Carthaginian utteriy defeated, for^ 
 he retired with the loss of sixty four of his ships. The Romans 
 lost only twenty-two; and, having then crossed over into 
 Africa, they compelled Clypea, the first city at which they 
 anived in Africa, to surrender. The consuls then advanced as 
 far as Carthage ; and, having laid waste many places, Manlius 
 returned victorious to Rome, and brought vrith hira twenty- 
 seven thousand prisoners. /Attilius Regulus remained in 
 Africa. He drew up his army against the Africans; and, 
 fighting at tlie same time against three Carthaginian generals, 
 came off victorious, killed eighteen thousand of the enemy, 
 took five thousand prisoners, with eighteen elephants, and 
 received seventy-four cities into alliance. The vanquished 
 Carthaginians then sued to the Romans for peace, which 
 Regulus refusing to grant, except upon the hardest conditions, 
 the Africans sought aid from the Lacedaemonians, ami, under a 
 leader named Xantippus, who had been sent tliem by the 
 Lacedaemonians, Regulus, tlie Roman general, was overthrown 
 
 • He WM deceived und made prisoner by one of Hannibftrs officem, 
 Polyb. L 23 ; Oroa. iv. 7 ; Polyacn. vi. 16, 5. 
 
 H H 
 
 'm 
 
 Jia£iil«Mfal4^/3^a^?'JVj»tl>-'iAj3»t^^ Ct^i.^ »».'?a jv^-^ 
 
 s^iJ.-"''fii^ 
 
 I rfi- ■ r*i i^jfiH^ 
 
 »M 
 
 j.ii' ■'"- "■ 
 

 16 
 
 EUTROPIUS. 
 
 [B.IL 
 
 with a desperate siRugbter ; for two thousand men oniy escaped 
 of all the Roman army ; live hundred, with their commander 
 Kegulus, were taken prisoners, thirty thousand slain, and 
 Regulus himself thrown into prison. 
 
 XXII. In the consulship of Marcus ^^railiiis Paulus and 
 Scnius Fulvius Nobilior, both the Roman consuls set sail for 
 Africa, with a fleet of three hundred ships. They first over- 
 came the Africans in a sea-fight ; .^milius the consul sunk a 
 hundred and four of the enemy's ships, took thirty, with the 
 soldiers in them, killed or took prisoners fifteen thousand of 
 the enemy, and enriched his own army v.ith much plunder; 
 and Africa would then have been subdued, but that so great a 
 famine took place that the army could not continue there any 
 longer. The consuls, as they were returning witli their victo- 
 rious fleet, suffered shipwreck on the coast of Sicily, and so 
 violent was the storm, that out of four hundred and si.\ty-four 
 ships, eighty could scarcely be saved ; nor was so great a tem- 
 pest at sea ever heard of at any period. The I^mans, 
 notwithstanding, soon refitted two hundred ships, nor was their 
 spirit at all broken by their loss. 
 
 • XXIII. Cnsus Servilius Ceepio and Caius Sempronius 
 Blsesus, when consuls, set out for Africa with two hundred and 
 sixty ships, and took several cities. As they were returning 
 with a great booty, they suffered shipwreck; and, as these 
 successive calamities annoyed the Romans, the senate in 
 consequence decreed that wars by sea should be given up, 
 and that only si.\ty ships should be kept for the defence of 
 Italy. 
 
 XXIV. In the consulship of Lucius CaBcilius Met'jUus and 
 Caius Furius Pacilus, Metellus defeated a general of the 
 Africans in Sicily, who came against him with a hundred and 
 thirty elephants and a numerous array, slew iweuty thousand 
 of the enemy, took six and twenty elephants, collected the 
 rest, which were dispersed, with the aid of the Numidians 
 whom he had to assist him, and brought them to Rome in a 
 vast procession, filling all the roads with elephants, to the 
 number of a hundred and thirty. 
 
 After these misfortunes, the Carthaginians entreated 
 Regulus, the Roman general whom they had taken, to go to 
 Rome, procure them peace from the Romans, and effect an 
 exchange of prisoners. 
 
 r *— y^sj- '.^fy*^ Apji^' 
 
 C.XXVil.J ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 17 
 
 XXV. Regulus, on arriving at Rome, and being conducted 
 into the senate, would do noiliing in the character of a Roman, 
 declaring tlvU, " from the day when he fell into the hands of 
 the Africans, he had ccaced to be a Roman." For tliis reason 
 he both repelled his wife from embracing him, and gave his 
 advice to the Romans, that " peace should not be made with 
 tlie Carthaginians ; for that they, dispirited by so many losses, 
 had no hope left ; and that, with respect to liimself, he was 
 not of such importance*, that so many thousand captives should 
 be restored on his account alone, old as he was, and for the 
 sake of the few Romans who had been taken prisoners." He 
 accordingly carried his point, for no one would listen to the . 
 Carthaginians, when they applied for peace. ^ He himself 
 returned to Carthage, telUug the Romans, when they offered 
 to detain him at Rome, that he would not stay in a city, in 
 which, after living in captivity among the Africans, it was 
 impossible for him to retain the dignity of an honourable 
 citizen. Returning therefore to Africa, he was put to death 
 with torture of every description. 
 
 XXVI. When Publius ('laudius Pulcher and Caius Junius 
 were consuls, Claudius fought in opposition to the auspices, 
 and was defeated by the Cartha^.uians ; for, out of two hundred 
 and twenty ship'3, he escaped with only thirty ; ninety, together 
 with their men, were taken, the rest sunk, and twenty thou- 
 sand men made prisoners. The other consul also lost his 
 fleet by shipwreck, but was able to save his troops, as the shore 
 v/as close at hand • 
 
 XXVII. In the consulate of Caius Lutatius Catulus and 
 Aulus Posthumius Albinus, in the twenty-third year of the 
 Puiiic war, the conduct of the war against the Africans was 
 committed to Catulus. He set sail for Sicily with three hun- 
 dred ships. The Africans fitted out four hundred against him. 
 Lutatius Catulus embarked in an infirm state of health, having 
 been wounded in a previous battle, c An encounter took place 
 opposite Lilybaum, a city of Sicily, with the greatest valour 
 on the part of the Romans, for seventy-three of the Cartha- 
 ginian ships were taken, and a hundred and twenty-five sunk ; 
 thirty-two thousand of the enemy were made prisoners, and 
 thirteen thousand slain ; and a vast sum in gold and silver fell 
 into the hands of the Romans. Of the Roman fleet twelve 
 ship? were sunk. The battle was fought on .the lOtb of 
 
?:-' 
 
 
 !SI^^^&>f£: 
 
 18 
 
 ECTROPIUS. 
 
 [b.iii. 
 
 of March. The Carthagiuians immediately sued for peace, 
 and peace was granted them. The Roman prisoners who were 
 in the handa of the Carthaginians were restored ; the Cartha- 
 ginians also requested perraiasion to redeem such of the 
 Africans as the Romans kept in captivity. The senate 
 decided that those who were state prisowrs should he restored 
 without ransom; hut that those who were in the hands of 
 private persons should return to Carthage on the payment of 
 a sum to their owners ; and that such payment should he 
 made from the puhhc treasury, rather than by the Cariha- 
 
 giiiians. *r v v • 
 
 XXVIII. Quintus Lutatius and Aulms Manbus, being 
 created consuls, r-ade war upon the Falisci. formerly a powerful 
 people of Italy, which war the consuls in conjunction brought 
 to a termination v^ithin six days after they took the field ; fifteen 
 thousand of the enemy were slain, and peace was granUd 
 to the rest, but half their land was taken from them. 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 Ptolemy, king of Egypt, declines the aid offered him by the Romans 
 agiinat iLntiochua ; Hiero, king of SicUy, cornea to see the games 
 ftt Rome I —War with the Uguriana ; the Carthaginiane thmk of 
 rwuming hoatiiitiei, but are paciSed, ll.-Peaco throughout the 
 dominions of Rome. Ill—The lUyrian war, IV.-Diaaat^w of 
 the Gauls that invaded Italy, V. VL-The second Pumc war, 
 VIL-XXIII. 
 I. The Punic war being now ended, after havinjr been pro- 
 tracted though three and twenty years, the Romans, who were 
 now distinguished by transcendent glory, sent ambassadors to 
 Ptolemy, king of Egypt, with offers of assistance ; for Antio- 
 chus king of'' Syria, had made war upon him. He returned 
 thanks to the Romans, but declined their aid, the struggle 
 being now over. About the same time, Hiero. the most 
 powerful king of Sicily, visited Rome to witness the games, 
 and distributed two hundred thousand modii • of wheat among 
 
 the people. « ,. -r i j 
 
 II. In the consulship of Lucius Cornelius Lentulus and 
 
 Fulvius Flaccus. in whose time Hiero c^mo to Rome, war was 
 
 cai-ried on, within the limits of Italy, against the Ligurian^. 
 
 • See note on Com. Nep. Life of Atticua, c. 2. 
 
 
 CLVII.] 
 
 ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 19 
 
 and a triumph obtained over them. The Carthaginians, too, 
 at the same time, attempted to renew the war, soliciting the 
 Sardinians, who, by an article of the peace, were bound to 
 submit to the Romans, to rebel. A deputation, however, of 
 the Cartliaginians came to Rome, and obtained peace. 
 
 III. Under the consukte of Titus Manlius Torquatus and 
 Caius Attilius Bulbus, a triumph was obtained over the Sar- 
 dinians ; and, peace being concluded on all sides, the Romans 
 had now no war on their hands, a circumstance which had 
 happened to them but once before since the building of the 
 city, in the reign of Numa Pompilius. 
 
 - IV. Lucius Posthumius Albinus and Cnseus Fulvuis Centu- 
 malus, when consuls, conducted a war against the IllvTians ; 
 and, having taken many of tlieir towns, reduced their 
 kings to a suiTender, and it was then for the first time that a 
 triumph was celebrated over the Illyrians. 
 
 V When Lucius .Emilius was consul, a vast force of the 
 Gauis crossed the Alps ; but all Italy united in favour of the 
 Romans ; and it is recorded by Fabius the historian, who was 
 present in that war, that there were eight hundred thousaiul 
 men ready for the contest. Affairs, however, were brought to 
 a successful termination by the consul alone ; forty tliousaud 
 of the enemy were killed, and a triumph decreed to ^milius. 
 
 VI. A few years after, a battle was fought with the Gauls 
 within the borders of Italy, and an end put to the war, in the 
 consulship of Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Cnaus Cor- 
 nelius Scipio. Marcellus took the field with a small body of 
 horse, and slew the king of the Gauls, Viridomarus with his 
 own hand. Afterwards, in coniunction with his colleague . he 
 cut to pieces a numerous army of the Gauls, stormed Milan, 
 and cairied off a vast booty to Rome. Marcellus at his 
 triumph, bore the spoihs of the Gaul, fixed upon a pole on his 
 
 shoulders. ,,. t> r „ «^a 
 
 VII. In the consulate of Marcus Mmucius Rufus and 
 Pubhus Cornelius, war was made upon the Istnans, because 
 they had plundered some ships of the Romans, which were 
 bringing a supply of com. and they were entirely subdued. ^ 
 In the same year the second Punic war was commenced 
 Against the Romans by Hannibal, general of the Cartti9 
 ^iaps, who, in the twentieth year of his age. Proceeded -lo 
 besiege Saguntum. a city of Spain, in alhance^ with th« 
 

 20 
 
 lUTBOPTOt. 
 
 [B.nT. 
 
 RouiaiM, hftving assembled for that purpose tn anoy of ilfty 
 thousand foot and twenty thousand noree. The Romaat 
 ^w^ed him, by deputies sent for the purpose, to desist from 
 hoatilities, but he refused them audience. The Romans sent 
 ilso to Carthage, requiring that orders should be sent to 
 Haunibal, not to make war on the allies of the Roman people; 
 lut tho reply made by the Carthaginians promised no com- 
 pliance. The Saguntines in the meantime, worn out with 
 famiue, were taken by Hannibal, and put to death with the 
 utmost cruelty. 
 
 VIII. Pubhu3 Cornelius Scipio then went with an army 
 into Spain, and Tiberius Serapronius into Sicily. War was 
 declared against the Carthaginians. Hannibal, leaTing his 
 brother Hasdrubal in Spain, passed the Pyrenees, and made 
 a way over the Alps, which, in Umt part, were previously 
 impassable. He is said to have brought into Italy eightj 
 thousand foot, twenty thousand horse, and thirty-seven ele- 
 phants. Numbers of the Ligurians and Gauls joined him on 
 his march. Sempronius Gracchus, hearing of Hannibal's arri- 
 val in Italy, conveyed over his array from Sicily to Ariminam. 
 
 IX. The first to meet Hannibal was Publius Cornelius 
 Scipio ; a battle being commenced, and his troops put to flight, 
 he retired wounded into his camp. Sempronius Gracchus also 
 came to an engagement ^vith him near the river Trebia, and he 
 too was defeated. Numbers in Italy submitted to Hannibal : 
 who, marching from ihence into Tuscany, encountered the 
 consul Flaminius. Flaminius himself he cut off; and twenty- 
 five thousand of the Romans were slain ; tlie rest saved them- 
 selves by flight. Quintua Fabius Maximus was afterwards 
 sent by the Romans to oppose Hannibal. This general, by 
 avoiding an engagement, checked his impetuosity ; ' and soon 
 after, finding a favourable opportunity, defeated him. 
 
 X In the nvo hundred and fortieth year from the founda- 
 tion of the city, Lucius JEmilius and Publius Terentius Varro 
 were sent against Hannibal, and took the place of Fabius, who 
 forewarned both the consuls, that they could conquer Hannibal, 
 who was a bold and energetic leader, only by declining a 
 pitched battle with him. But au engiigemont being brought 
 on, through ^e impetuosity of the couruI Varro, in opposition 
 to his colleague, neoj a village called Cannae, in Apulia, both 
 the consuls were defeated by Hannibal. In thia Utile throe 
 
 c.2ir.] 
 
 ARRIDGMEXT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 21 
 
 tu^jusand of the Africans fell, and a great part of HaiiP'^al's 
 army were wounded. The Romans, however, neyer received 
 80 severe a blow at any period of the Punic wars ; for tiie 
 consul iEmilius Paulus was killed ; twenty officers of consular 
 and pnetorian rank, thirty senators, and three hundred others 
 of noble descent, were taken or slain, as well as forty thousand 
 foot-soldiers, and three thousand five hundred horse. During 
 all these calamities, however, not one of the Romans deigned 
 to speak of peace. A number of slaves were set free and 
 made soldiers, a measure never before adopted. 
 
 XI. After this battle, several cities of Italy, which had been 
 subject to the Romans, went over to Hannibal. Hannibal 
 made proposals to the Romans concerning the redemption of 
 the prisoners, but the senate replied, that "such citizens as 
 would suffer themselves to be taken with arms in their hands 
 were of no value to them." Hannibal then put them all to 
 death with various tortures, and sent three modii * of gold 
 rings to Carthage, which he had taken from the fingers of 
 Roman knights, senators, and soldiers. In the meantime, 
 Hasdrubal, the brother of Hannibal, who had remained in 
 Spain with a numerous army, in order to reduce all that 
 country under the dominion of the Africans, was defeated there 
 by the two Scipios, the Roman generals, and lost thirty-five 
 thousand men in the battle ; of these ten thousand were made 
 prisoners, and twenty-five thousand slain. Upon this, twelve 
 thousand foot, four thousand horse, and twenty elephants were 
 Bent to him by the Carthaginians to reinforce his army. 
 
 XII. In the fourth year after Hannibal's arrival in Italy, 
 Marcus Claudius Marcellus, one of the consuls, engaj^ed him 
 with success at Nola, a city of Campania. But Hannibal 
 possessed himself of several of the P»xDman cities in Apulia, 
 Calabria, and the country of the Bruttii. About this time also 
 Philip, king of Macedonia, sent ambassadors to him, offering 
 him assistance against the Romans, on condition that, when he 
 had subdued them, he, in turn, should receive assistance from 
 Hannibal against the Greeks. But Philip s ambassadors being 
 taken, and the affair thus discovered, the Romans ordered 
 Marcus Valerius Laevinus to proceed to Macedonia, and Titus 
 Manlius, as proconsul, into Sardinia; for that island also, at 
 tho solicitation of Hannibal, had revolted from the Romana 
 
 * 8m note on C Kep. Life of Atticu«, c 2. 
 
 i 
 
 jt.*- 
 

 
 j«!«?PsIWW?|t^ 
 
 2^ 
 
 EDTR0P1U3. 
 
 [B.n^. 
 
 XIII. Thus var was carried on at the same time in four 
 different places ; in Italy , against Hannibal; in Si>ain, against 
 Ilasiirubtl his brother; in Macedonia, against Philip; in 
 Sardinia, against the Sardinians and another Hasdrubal, also 
 a Carthaginian. Hasdrubal was taken alive by Titus Manlius 
 the proconsul, who had been sent into Sardinia ; twelve thou- 
 sand of his men were slain, fifteen hundred made prisoners, 
 and Sardinia brought under subjection to the Romans. Man 
 lius, being thus successful, brought Hasdrubal and his other 
 prisoners to Rome. In the meantime, Philip also was defeated 
 bj Lffivinus in Macedonia, and Hasdrubal and Mago, a third 
 brother of Hannibal, by the Scipios in Spain. 
 
 XIV. In the tenth year after Hannibal's arrival in Italy, in 
 the consulship of Publius Sulpicius and Cusbus Fulvius, 
 Hannibal advanced within four miles of Rome, and his cavalry 
 rode up to the very gates ; but soon after, through fear of the 
 consuls, who were coming upon him with an army, he with- 
 drew into Campania, In Spain, .the two Scipios, who had 
 been victorious for many years, were killed by his brother 
 Hasdrubal ; the array however remained in full strength, for 
 the generals had been ensnared rather by accident than the 
 valour of the enemy. About this time, also, a great part of 
 Sicily, which the Africans had begun to appropriate, was 
 recovered by the consul Marcellus. and vast spoil brought to 
 Rome from the celebrated city of Syracuse. In Macedonia, 
 Lavinus made an alliance with Philip, and several of tlie 
 Grecian states, as well as with Attains, king of Asia ; and, 
 proceeding afterwards to Sicily, took Hanuo, a general of tlie 
 Carthaginians, at the city of Agrigentum, together with the 
 town itself, and sent him with other noble prisoners to Rome. 
 Forty citieij he obliged to surrender ; twenty-six he carried by 
 storm. Thus all Sicily being recovered, and Macedonia 
 humbled, he retiirned with great glory to Rome. In Italy, 
 Hannibal, attacking Cnseus Fulvius, one of the consuls, by 
 surprise, cut him oflf, together with eight thousand of his 
 men. 
 
 XV. In the meantime, Publius Cornelius Scipio, a man 
 almost the very first of all the Romans, both in his own and 
 succeeding ages, son of that Publius Scipio who had carried 
 on the war there before, was despatched, at the age of twentjc* 
 four, into Spcin, where, after the death of the two Scipios, no 
 
 
 C.XVIIl] ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 23 
 
 Ptoraan geneml was now left. He took Carthage, in Spaiii, in 
 which the Africans kept all their gold, and silver, and warlike 
 stores ; he took also a number of hostages, whom the Cartlia* 
 ginians had received from the Spaniards, as well as Mago, tha 
 brother of Hannibal, whom ha sent with others to Rome 
 The rejoicing at Rome on this intelligence was very great. 
 Scipio restored the Spanish hostages to their parents ; and in 
 consequence almost ail the Sj;::tMards unanimously joined him. 
 Soon after, he put to flight Ilfisdrubal, the brother of Hanni- 
 bal, and took a great quantity of spoil. 
 
 XVI. In Italy, meanwhile, Qaintus Fabius Maximus, on© 
 of the consuls, recovered Tarentura, where a great body of 
 Hannibal's troops were quartered, and cut off tiiere also 
 Carthalo, one of Hannibal's generals ; twenty-five thousand 
 of the prisoners he sold for slaves ; the spoil he divided among 
 the soldiers; and the money arising from the sale of the 
 prisoners, he paid into the public treasury. * At this time, 
 Beveial of the Roman cities, which had gone over to Hannibal, 
 submitted themselves again to Fabius Maximus. 
 
 In the following year Scipio performed extraordinary exploits 
 in Spain, and, by his own exertions and those of his brother, 
 Lucius Scipio, recovered seventy cities. In Italy, however, 
 tlie war went on unsuccessfully, ior Claudius Marcellus the 
 consul was cut off by Hannibal. 
 
 XVII. In the third year after Scipio's departure for Spain, 
 he again greatly distinguished himself A king of Spain, 
 whom he had conquered in a great battle, he received into 
 alliance ; and was the first that refrained from demanding 
 hostages of a vanquished enemy. 
 
 XVIII. Hannibal, having no hope that Spain could beheld 
 longer against Scipio, summoned from it Hasdrubal his 
 brother, with all his troops, to join him in Italy. Hasdrubal, 
 pursuing the same route by which Hannibal had gone, fell into 
 an ambush laid for him by the consuls Appius Claudius Nero 
 and Marcus Livius Salinator, near Sena, a city of Piconum, 
 but fell fighting valiantly; his numerous forces were either 
 taken or put to the sword ; and a great quantity of gold and 
 cilver carried off to Rome. Hannibal now began to despair of 
 the issue of the war, and an accession of coui*age was felt by 
 tlie Romans. They, therefore, also recalled Publius Cornelius 
 Scipio out of Spain ; who arrived at Rom© with great glory. 
 
 Pi&i 
 

 
 \*rl?,^" :-:?1SI 
 
 24 
 
 EI7TR0PIUS. 
 
 [B.ra. 
 
 C.XXIII.J ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 25 
 
 XIX. In the consulate of Quintiis Caecilius and Lucius 
 Valerius, all the cities in the territory of the Bnittii, which 
 were in the possessiou of Hannibal, surrendered to «tho 
 Komans. 
 
 XX. In the fourteenth year after Hannibal a invasion of 
 Italy, Scipio, who had achieved such successes in Spain, was 
 created consul, and sent into Africa; a man in whom there 
 was thought to be something divine, so that he was even 
 imagined to hold converse with the gods. He encountered 
 Hanno, the general of the Carthaginians in Africa, and 
 destroyed his army. In a second battle he took his camp, 
 with four thousand five hundred of his soldiers, eleven thou- 
 sand being killed. Syphax, king of Numidia, who had joined 
 the Africans, be took prisoner, and became master of hia 
 camp. Syphax himself, with the noblest of the Numidians. 
 and a va«t quantity of spoil, was sent by Scipio to Rome ; on the 
 news of which event, almost all Itiily forsook Hannibal, who 
 was desired by the Carthaginians to return to Africa, which 
 Scipio was now laying waste. 
 
 XXI. Thus, in the seventeenth year after his arrival, Italy 
 was delivered from Hannibal, and he is said to have quilted it 
 with tears. Ambassadors from the Carthaginians applied to 
 Scipio for peace, by whom they were sent to the senate, a 
 truco of forty-five days being allowed for their journey to and 
 from Rome ; thirty thoanand pounds of silver were accepted 
 from them. The senate directed that a peace should be con- 
 cluded with the Carthaginians at ^the discretion of Scipio. 
 Scipio granted it on these conditions : " that they should retain 
 no more than thirty ships, that th«y should pay to the Romans 
 five hundred thousand pounds of silver, and' restore all the 
 prisoners and deserters." 
 
 XXII. Hannibal in the meantime landing in Africa, the 
 treaty was interrupted. Many hostilitiee were committed by 
 the Carthaginians ; yet when their ambassadors, as they were 
 returning from Rome, were made prisoners by some Roman 
 troops, they were by Scipio's orden, set at hberty. Hannibal 
 too, being defeated by Scipio in several battles,* expressed also 
 himself a desire for peace. A conference being held, peace 
 
 ♦ Frcquentibui prfdiit.] Livy does not eeem to think that any batda 
 took place before tha coaforenco ; he. however, mentions that Valeriua 
 Antbs speaks of one having occurred before it^ b. xxx 29. 
 
 was offered on the same terms as before, onlv a. hundred thou- 
 sand pounds of silver were added to the former five hundred 
 thousand, on account of their late perfidy.* The terras were 
 unsatisfactory to the Carthaginians, and they ordered Han- 
 nibal to continue the war. 
 
 The war was carried by Scipio, and Masinissa, another 
 king of the Numidians, who had made an alliance with Scipio, 
 to the very walls of Carthage. Hannibal sent three spies 
 into Scipio's camp, who were captured, and Sciy^io ordered 
 them to be led round the camp, the whole army to V)e shown 
 tliem, and themselves to be entertained and dismissed, that 
 they might report to Hannibal all that tliey had seen among 
 the Romans. 
 
 XXIII. In the meantime preparations were made by both 
 generals for a battle, such as scarce ever occurred in any age, 
 since they were the ablest commanders that ever led forces 
 into the field. Scipio came ofl" victorious, having almost 
 captured Hannibal himself, who escaped at first with several 
 horse, then with twenty, and at last with only four. There 
 were found in Hannibal's camp twenty thousand pounds of 
 silver, and eight hundred of gold, with plenty of stores. After 
 this battle, peace was concluded with the Carthaginians. 
 Scipio returned to Rome, and triumphed with the greatest 
 glory, receiving from that period the appellation of Africanus. 
 Thus tlie second Punic war was brought to an end in the 
 nineteenth year after it began. 
 
 ♦ Propter novam perjidiam.] Eutropius, at the beginning of the 
 chapter, gpeaka of "many hoBtUitice" having been committed by the 
 Cartlia^inians. "Before the arrival of Hannibal, and •while their 
 orabasa-adois were on thrir way !\om Rome, the Carthaginians had 
 piuuUrt-d a convoy of Scipio'e driven ipto their harbour by etresfi of 
 weather, and had ill-treated some deputies whom Scipio had sent to 
 Carthage to complain of their conduct. See Polyb. xv. 1^; Liv 
 XVL 24. ; Appian. de Reb. Pun. c Zi^-^Tzschucke. 
 
 n 
 
 

 26 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 Ww with Philip, king of Macedonia, I. II.— War with Antiochu*. king 
 of Syria, IIL IV.— Triun^ph of FuWiuB orer the ^toliana ; death 
 of Hsuanibal. V. — War with Perseus, king of Macedonia, and with 
 Gentias, king of IllTria, VI. — VIII. — Succeases of Mummiua in 
 Spain, IX. — Third Punic war, and deatruction of Carthage, X« 
 —XII.— War in Macedonia iiith Peeudo Philip, XIII.— The 
 Aohsean war, and deatruction of Corinth, XIV. — War in Mace- 
 donia with Pacudo Perseus, XV, — War in Spain with Viriattia, 
 ^VL — Numantino war ended by Scipio, XVII. — Attalua bequeathe 
 hia kinicj^m to tlie Roman people, XVIII. — Triumphs of Junius 
 Brut^oa and Scipio, XIX. — War in Asia with Aristonicus, XX. — 
 Carthage becouu^ a Roman colony, XXI. — War with the Tranaal- 
 pine Oaulis and Bituitus, king of the Arvemi, XXII. — A colony 
 settl<»d at Narbonue ; a triumph over Dalmatisi, XXIII. — Unsuo- 
 cesaful war with the Scordiaci, XXIV. — Triumphu over Sardinia 
 and Thrace, XXV.— War with Jugurtha, XXVI. XXVIL 
 
 I. After the Punic was tenninf.ted, the Macedonian war, 
 against King Philip, succeeded. 
 
 II. In the five hundred and fifty-first year from the build* 
 ing of the city, Titus Quintius Flamininus was sent against 
 King Philip. He was successful in his undertaking ; and 
 peace was granted to Philip on these conditions, that "he 
 should not make war on those states of Greec- which the 
 Romans had defended against him ; that he should restore 
 the prisoners and deserters ; that he should retain only fifty 
 vessels, and deliver up the rest to the Romans ; that he should 
 pay, for ten years, a tribute of four thousand pounds weight 
 of silver ; and give his ov»ii son Demetrius as a *iOetage." 
 Titus Quintius made war also on the LacedsBmonians ; de- 
 feated their general Nabis, and admitted them into alliance 
 on such tjt^rms as he thought proper. He led with great pride 
 before his chariot hostages of most noble rank, Demetrius the 
 son of Philip, and Armeues the son of Nabis. 
 
 III. The Macedonian war being thus terminated, the 
 Syrian war, against King Antiochus, succeeded, in the consul- 
 ship of Publius Cornelius Scipio and Manias Acilius Glabrio. 
 To this Antiochiik Hannibal had joined himself, abandoning 
 his native country, Carthage, to escape being delivered up to 
 the Romans. Manius Acilius Glabrio fought successfully in 
 Achaia. The camp of King Antiochus was taken by an attack 
 in the night, and he him3elf obliged to flee. To Philip hia 
 
 
 tiU 
 
 C.VI.J 
 
 ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 27 
 
 son Demetrius was restored, for having assisted the Romans in 
 their contest with Antiochus. 
 
 IV. In the consulate of Lucius Cornelius Scipio and Caius 
 Ls^ius, Scipio Africanus went out as lieutenant to his brother 
 Lucius Cornelius Scipio, the consul, against Antiochus. 
 Hannibal, who was with Antiochus, waa defeated in a battle 
 by sea. Antiochus himself was afterwards routed by Cornelius 
 Scipio, the consul, in a great battle at Magnesia, a city of 
 Asia, near mount Sipylus. Eumenes, who founded the city 
 of Eumeuia in Phrygia, the brother of king Attalus, assisted 
 the Romans in that engagement. Fifty thousand foot, and 
 tliree thousand horse were killed in that battle on the side of 
 the king. ^ In consequence, King Antiochus sued for peace, 
 which was granted to him, though vanquished, by the senate, 
 on the same conditions as it had been otfered before : " that ho 
 should withdraw from Europe and Asia, and confine himself 
 within mount Taurus; that he should pay ten thousand 
 talents, and give twenty hostages, and surrender Hannibal, 
 the author of tlie war." All the cities of Asia, which Antio- 
 chus had lost in this war, were given to Eumenes ; many 
 cities also were granted to the PJiodians, who had assisted the 
 Romans against Antiochus. Scipio returned to Rome, 
 and celebrated his triumph with gieat pomp ; and he also, 
 after- the example of his brother, received the name of 
 Asiaticus, from his conquest of Asia; as his brother, from 
 the subjugation of Africa, had been surnamed Africanus. 
 
 V. Under the consuls Spurius Posthumius Albinus and 
 Quintus Marcius Philippus, Marcus Fulvius triumphed for 
 conquering the i^tolians. Hannibal, who, on the defeat of 
 Antiochus, had fled to Prusias, king of Bitliynia, that he 
 might not be surrendered to the Romans, was demanded also 
 at his hiinds by Titus Quintius Flamininus; and, as he 
 seemed likely to be surrendered, he drank poison, and was 
 buried at Libyssa, in the territorj' of the Nicomcdians. 
 
 VI. On the death of Philip, king of Macedonia, who had 
 both waged war with the Romans, and aftcnvards given aid 
 to the Romans against Antiochus, his son Perseus took up 
 arms again in Macedonia, having levied great forces for the 
 war, and having as allies Cotys, king of Thmce, and the king 
 uf Illyricum, wliose name was Gentius. On the side of the 
 Romans .were Eumenes, king of Asia, Ariarathes of Cappa- 
 
28 
 
 Bumopius. 
 
 [b.iv 
 
 C.XI.j] 
 
 AIJRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 29 
 
 docia, Aiitiochu3 of Syria, Ptolemy of Egypt, Masinissa of 
 Naraidia. Prusias, tlie king of Bithynia, although he liad 
 married the sister of Perseus, remained neutral. The general 
 of the Romans, the consul Publius Licinius, was defeated by 
 Perseus in a severe engagement; yet the Romans, although 
 vanquished, refused peace to the king when he solicited it, 
 except on condition that he should surrender himself and hia 
 people to the senate and the people of Rome. The consul 
 Lucius ^milius Paulus was afterwards sent against him, 
 and the pnetor Caius Anicius into lllyricilm againr^t Gen- 
 tius : but Gentius, beihg defeated with ease in a single battle, 
 soon surrendered ; and his mother, his wife, his two sons, 
 and his brother, fell at the same time into the power of the 
 Romans. Thus the war was terminutcd within thirty days, 
 and the news of Gentius s defeat arrived before it was an- 
 uounced that tlie war had been begun. 
 
 VII. The consul -^milius Paulus came to a battle \vith 
 Perseus on the 3rd of September, and defeated him, killing 
 twenty thousand of his infantiy ; the cavaliy which remained 
 with the king was unbroken ; on the side of the Romans only 
 a hundred men were missing. All the cities of Macedonia, 
 that Perseus had under his sway, submitted to the Romans. 
 The king himself, deserted by his friends, fell into the hands 
 of Paulus ; but Paulus treated him with respect, and not as 
 a vanquished etiemy. for, when he desired to prostrate himself 
 at his feet, ho would not permit him, but placed him in a 
 seat by his side. The terms granted to the Macedonians and 
 Illyrians were these, •* that they might remain free, on paying 
 half the tribute which they had been accustomed to pay to 
 their kings;" that it- might be seen that the Roman people 
 contended with a view to eqiiity and not to covetousness : 
 and these terms Paulus proclaimed in an assembly of a vast 
 concourse of people, entertaining the ambassadors of several 
 states, who had come to pay their respects to him, with a most 
 sumptuous feast ; saying that ** it ought to be possible for tho 
 same individual to ho victorious in war and elegant in his 
 entertainments.'* 
 
 VIII. Shortly after he took seventy cities of Epirua, which 
 had resumed hostilities ; the b<K)ty he distributed among his 
 soldiers. He then returned to Rome with great display, in a 
 Tossel belonging to Perseus, which is recorded to have been oi 
 
 such extraordinary magnitude, that it contained sixteen banks 
 of oars. He celebrated his triumph most mag^iificently in a 
 golden car, with his two sons standing on each side of him ; 
 the two sons of Perseus, and Perseus himself, then forty-five 
 years of age, were led in procession before the car. After 
 ^milius, Cuius Anicius also celebrated a triumph on account 
 of tho Illyrians ; in which' Gentius, with his brother and sons, 
 were led before his car. To witness this spectacle the kings of 
 several nations came to Rome ; among others, even Attalus 
 and Eumenes, kings of Asia, and Prusias, king of Bithynia ; 
 who were entertained with great consideration, and, by per- 
 mission of the senate, deposited the presents which they had 
 brought in the Capitol. ^ Prusias also entrusted his son Nico- 
 medes to the senate. 
 
 IX. In the year following Lucius Memmius was successful 
 in the war in Spain. Marcellus the consul afterwards met 
 with success in tho same country. 
 
 X. A third war was then undertaken against Carthage, in 
 the six hundred and second* year from the building of the 
 city, in tho consulship of Lucius Manlius Censorinus and 
 Marcus Manilius, and in the fifly-tirst year alter tlie termina- 
 tion of the second Punic war. The consuls in consequence 
 proceeded to attack Carthage. Hasdruhal, the Carthaginian 
 general,- engaged them ; Phamea, another general, had the 
 command of the Carthaginian cavalry. At that time, Scipio, 
 the grandson of Scipio Africanus, served in the army in the 
 capacity of tribune, for whom great fear and respect was felt 
 by all ; for he was regarded as eminently brave anl skilful in 
 tlie field. Many enterprises were accordingly conducted with 
 success by his agency ; nor did Hajsdrubul or Phamea shrink 
 from anything more tlian engaging with that pai't of the army 
 in which Scipio commanded. 
 
 XL About the same time, Masinissa, king of Nuraidia, who 
 had been an ally of the Roman people for nearly sixty years, 
 died in the ninety-seventh year of his age, leaving behind him 
 
 Altero."] The Greek translator gives ivi, in which signification ho 
 aeems to have t^ken aUero ; as also in i, IS. On this point the leaimed 
 are conatiintly di^putink^, and especially on the -IGth epitome of Livy, 
 whore Dukcr does not decide whether cUicr fiignifies first or second.— 
 Tischucke. I consider that alter, used as in this passage, and as in L 18^ 
 iiiwa/s si^nifi^'!* stcoud. In such phrases as alfer ab undecimo, Virg. 
 Ecu viiL is I), it of course haa a ditTioruut sigoilication. 
 
 t-1^.ve* .-• ' ifflfJHM>*f-.W".-K -■ 'f.«iSi*ft5l 
 
 ^4 JiiiL jfej:. .aiJiiiiiAftgiri' i 
 
 
 Civ*' js'-'^a 
 
 atx<g£.»r-v'il 
 
sa 
 
 EUTROPIUS. 
 
 TrtB IV. 
 
 forty-four sons. He appointed Scipio to divide his kingdom 
 amoDgbt hia sons 
 
 XII-* As the name of Scipio had already hccome famous, ho 
 <7ns , created consul, although but a young man, and sent 
 against Cartha^^o. He took it and demolished it : the spoils 
 found there, ^'hirh had Jbeen amassed by Carthage from the 
 ruins of various cities, and the ornaments of towns, he restored 
 to such cities of Sicily, Italy, and Africa, as recognized their 
 own. Thus Carthage, in the seven hundredth year after its 
 foundation, was destroyed. Scipio earned the same title which 
 his grandfather had gained, being, on account of his valour, 
 caUed Africanus Junior. ^ , • . . 
 
 XIII, In the meantime a certain Pseudo- Philip took up 
 arms in Macedonia, and defeated Publius Juvencius, a Roman 
 pr«tor, who had been sent out against him, with a terrible 
 slaughter, .r After him Quintus Caecilius Mcicllus was sent by 
 the Romans as general against this pretended Philip, and, 
 having slain twenty-five thousand of his soldiers, recovered 
 Macedonia, and took the impostor himself prisoner 
 
 *XIV. War was also declared against Corinth, the noblest 
 city of Greece, on account of an affront oftered to a Roman 
 embassy. That city Mummius the consul took and demolished. 
 Three most remarkable triumphs therefore were celebrated at 
 Rome at the same time, that of Scipio for Africa, before whoso 
 chariot Hasdrubal was led ; that of Metellus for Macedonia, 
 before whose chariot walked Andriscus, also called Pseudo- 
 Philip ; and that of Mummius for Corinth, before whom brazen 
 statues, pictures, and other ornaments of that celebrated city, 
 
 were cairied. 
 
 XV. In Maiiedonia, meanwhile, a Pseudo-Perseus, who 
 called himself the son of Perseus, colleciing tlie slaves, took 
 up arms, and, when he was at the head of a foroe of seven- 
 teen thousand fighting men, was defeated by Tremellius the 
 quaestor. [At this time a hermaphrodite was discovered^ at 
 Rome, and drowned in the sea by order of the soothe; 
 
 XVI. About the same time MeU^llus had singular bucuvsd 
 
 • The sentence in bracketa is not found in all manuscript* ; nor » 
 itVknowledged by the Greek translator. Verheyk, CelUnus, and 
 Twchucke omit it. "Some say that thin henuaphrodite ^vll3 born in 
 the following year, and that a great pcstUenco ensued. -Mo-dnmA 
 Voder, Scfc Livy, xxviL 11, 37; xxxi. 12,. 
 
 cxxx.] 
 
 ABRIDGMENT OP ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 31 
 
 against the Spaniards in Celtiberla. Quintus Pompeius suc- 
 ceeded him. Not long after Quintus Capio was also sent to 
 the same war, which a leader named Viriathus was still keep- 
 ing up against the Romans in Lusitania ; through fear of 
 whom Viriathus was killed by his own men, after he had kept 
 Spain in a state of excitement against the Romans for fourteen 
 years. He was at first a shepherd, then captain of a band of 
 robbers, and at last he stirred up so many powerful nations to 
 war. that he was considered as the protector of Spain against 
 the Romans. When his assassins asked a reward of the 
 consul Cjepio, they received for answer, that '* it was never 
 pleasing to the Romans, that a general .should be killed by his 
 own soldiers." 
 
 XVII. The consul Quintus Pompeius being afterwards de- 
 feated by the Numantines, the most powerful nation of Spain, 
 made an ignominious peace with tliem. After him, the consul 
 Caius Hostilius Mancinus again concluded a dishonourable 
 peace with the Numantines, which the people and senate 
 ordered to be annulled, and Mancinus himself to be given up 
 to the enemy, that they might avenge themselves for the 
 dissolution of the treaty on him with whom they had made it.* 
 After such signal disgrace, therefore, with which the Roman 
 armies had been twice defeated by the Numantines, Publius 
 Scipio Africanus was made consul a second time, and sent to 
 Numantia. He reformed, in the first place, the dissolute and 
 idle soldiery, rather by inuring them to labour than by punish- 
 ment, and without any great severity. He tlien took several 
 cities of Spain, some by force, and allowing others to surren- 
 der. At last he reduced Numantia itself by famine, after it 
 had been long besieged, and razed it to the ground, and 
 received the rest of t^a province into alliance. 
 • XVIII. About this time Attalus, kiilg of Asia, the brother 
 of Eumenes, died, and left the Roman people his heir. Thus 
 Asia was added to the Roman empire by will. 
 
 XIX. Shortly after, also, Decimus Junius Brutus triumphed 
 with great glory over the Gallaecians aud Lusitanians ; and 
 Publius Scipio Africanus had a second triumph over the Nu- 
 mantines. in the fourteenth year after his first triumph for his 
 exploits in Africa, 
 
 XX. A war m the meantime was kindled in Asia by Aiis- 
 • See Florus. ii 18 ; Veil Pat il 1, 90, Bohn'a CL Library. 
 
 I I 
 
■^K^ii^C'^S&S 
 
 
 32 
 
 KUTROPIUa. 
 
 [B.IV. 
 
 tonicus, the son of Eumenes by a concubine : this Eumenea 
 was the brother of Attalus. Against him was sent out Publiu8 
 Licinius Crassus, who had ample assistance from several kings, 
 for not only Nicomedes. the king of Bithynia, supported the 
 Romans, but also Mithridates king of Pontus, with whom they 
 had afterwards a verj* great war, as well as Ariarathes, king of 
 Cappadocia, and Pylffimenes of Paphlagonia. Crassus not- 
 withstanding was defeated, and killed in battle ; his head was 
 carried to Aristonicus, and his body buried at Smyrna. Soon 
 after Perperna, the Roman consul, who was appointed suc- 
 cessor to Crassus, hearing of the event of the war, hastened to 
 Asia ; and defeating Aristonicus in battle, near the city Strato- 
 nice to which he had fled, reduced him by famine to surrender. 
 Aristonicus. by command of the senate, was strangled iu 
 prison at Rome : for a triumph could hot be celebrated on his 
 account, because Perperna had died at Pergamus ox\ his 
 
 return. 
 
 XXI. In the consulate of Lucius C»cilius Metellus and 
 Titus Quintius Flamininus, Carthage in Africa, which still 
 exists, was rebuilt by order of the senate, two and twenty years 
 after it had been destroyed by Scipio. A colony of lloman 
 citizens was sent out thither. 
 
 XXII. In the six hundred and twenty-seventh year from 
 the founding of the city, Caius Cassius Longinus and Sextus 
 Domitius Calvinus, the consuls, made war upon the Trans 
 alpino Gauls, and tlie city of the Arverni, at that time very 
 distinguished, and their king, Bituitus; and slew a vast 
 number of men near the river Rhone. A great booty, consist- 
 ing of the golden collars of the Gauls, was brought to Rome. 
 Bituitus surrendered himself to Domitius, and was conveyed 
 by him to Rome ; and both consuls triumphed with great 
 
 glorv 
 
 XXIII. In the consulship of Marcus Porcius Cato and 
 Quintus MfiJcius Rex, in the six hundred and thirty-tliird year 
 from the building of the city, a colony was led out to Narbonne 
 in Gaul. Afterwards a triumph was obtained over Dalmatia 
 by the consuls Lucius Metellus and Quintus Mucins Scjevola. 
 
 XXIV. In the six hundred and thirty-fifth year from the 
 building of the city, the consul Caius Cato made war upcn the 
 Sc >nlisri, and fought with tliem to his dishonour. 
 
 XXV. When Caius C©cilius Metellus and Cnajus Cai'lx. 
 
 C.XXVIT.J ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HI&TORY. 33 
 
 were consuls, the Metelli, two brothers, had triumphs on the 
 same day, one for Sardinia, the other for Thrace ; and news 
 was brought to Rome, that the Cinibri had crossed from Gaul 
 
 into Italy. 
 
 XXVI. In the consulship of Publius Scipio Nasica and 
 Lucius Calpurnius Bestia, war was made upon Jugurtha, king 
 of Numidia, because he had murdered Adherbal and Hiempsal, 
 the sons of Micipsa, his cousins, princes, and allies of the 
 Roman people. The consul Calpurnius Bestia being sent 
 against him, was corrupted by the king s money, and con- 
 cluded a most ignominious treaty of peace with him, which 
 was afterwards repudiated by the senate. Spurius Albinus 
 Postumius proceeded against him in the following year : he 
 also, through the agency of his brother, fought agamst the 
 Numidians to'his disgrace. , ^ . ^ .,. 
 
 XXVII. In the third place, the consul Qumtus Ceecilius 
 Metellus being sent out against him, brought back the army, 
 which he reformed with great severity and judgment, without 
 exercising cruelty on any one, to the ancient Roman disciphne. 
 He defeated Jugurtha in various batUes, killed or captured his 
 elephants, and obliged many of his towns to surrender ; and, 
 when on the point of putting an end to the war, was succeeded 
 by Caius Marius. Marius overthrew both Jugurtha and Bo(^ 
 chuB, the king of Mauritania, who had undertaken to afford 
 assistance to Jugurtha; he also took several towns in Numidia, 
 and put an end to the war, having, through the instrumentality 
 of his quffistor Cornelius Sylla, a distinguished man, taken 
 Jugurtha prisoner, whom Bocchus, who had before fought for 
 
 him, betrayed. . 
 
 In Gaul, the Cimbri were defeated by Marcus Junius 
 Silanus. the colleague of Quintus Metellus, the Scordisci and 
 Triballi in Macedonia by Minutius Rufus. and the Lusitani m 
 Spain by Servilius Cffipio ; and two triumphs were celebrated 
 on account of Jugurtha, the first by Metellus. the second by 
 Marius. It was before the chariot of Marius, however, that 
 Jugurtha. with his two sons, was led in chairs ; and he wa» 
 goon after, by order of the consul, strangled in prison. 
 
 Ii9 
 
^^^^^^i'-"'"' "^"'" 
 
 BOOK V. 
 
 The war with the Cimbri, Teutones, and their allien, I n.—Tho Soci«U 
 war. III. — The Civil war between Mariua and Sylla, IV.— The 
 Mithridatic war ; the Thracian ; continuatioQ and concluaion of 
 the Civil war, V.— IX. 
 
 I. While the war was going on in Nuraidia against Jugurtha, 
 the Roman consuls, Marcus Manilas and Quintus Csepio, were 
 defeated by the Cimbri, Teutones, Tigdrini, and Ambrouea, 
 nations of Germany and Gaul, near the river Rhone; and, 
 being reduced by a terrible slaughter, lost their very camp, aa 
 f/ell as the greater part of tlicir array. Great was the con- 
 sternation at Rome, such as was scarcely experienced during 
 Ihe Punic wars in the time of Hannibal, from dread that the 
 Gauls might again march to the city. Marius, in consequence, 
 aTter his victory over Jugurtha, was created consul the second 
 time, and the war against the Cimbri and Teutones was com- 
 mitted to his management. The consulship was also conff rred 
 on him a tliird and fourth time, in consequence of the war 
 with the Cimori being protracted : but in his fourth consul- 
 ship he had for his colleague Quintus Lutatius Catulus. He 
 came to battle, accordingly,* with the Cimbri, and in two 
 engagements killed two hundred thousand of tlie enemy, and 
 took eighty thousand prisoners, with their general Teutobo- 
 dos ; for which service he was elected consul a fifth time 
 during his absence. 
 
 II. In the meantime the Cimbri and Teutones, whose 
 force was still innumerable, passed over into Italy. Another 
 battle was fought with them, by Caius Marius and Quintus 
 Catulus, though with greatei success on the part-of Catulus , 
 for in tliat battle, in which they both commanded, a hundred 
 and forty thousand were either slain in the field or in the pur- 
 suit, and sixty thousand taken prisoners. Of the Roman 
 soldiers in the two armies three hundred fell. Tliirty-three 
 standards were taken from the Cimbri ; of which the army 
 of Marius captured two, that of Catulus. tliirly-one. This 
 was the end of the war : a triumph was decreed to both the 
 consuls. 
 
 'III. In the consulship of Sextus Julius Ctesar and Lucius 
 
 • ftaque.] fiutropiua seemf to intimate that it wm becau8« Manua 
 LuA Catuluj for his collea^e thai he proceeded to enga^ the Cimbri. 
 
 c.v] 
 
 ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 35 
 
 Marcius Philippus, in the six hundred and fifty-nintb year 
 from the building of the city, when almost all other wars were 
 at an end, the Piceni, Marsi, and Peligni, excited a most 
 dangerous war in luly ; for after they had lived for many 
 years in subjection to the Roman people, they now began to 
 assert their claim to equal privileges. This was a very de- 
 structive war. Publius Rutilius, one of the consuls, Csepio, a 
 nobleman in the flower of his age, and Porcius Cato, another 
 consul, were killed in it The generals against the Romans 
 on the part of the Piceni and Marsi were Titus Vettius, 
 Hierius Asinius, Titus Hereunius. and Aulus Cluentius. 
 The Romans fought against them successfully under the con- 
 duct of Caius Marius, who had now been made consul for the 
 sixth time, also under Cnaeus Pompey, but particularly under 
 Lucius Cornelius Syjla, who, among other signal exploits. 
 80 completely routed' Cluentius, one of the enemy's generals, 
 with his numerous forces, that he lost only one man of his o\vn 
 army. The war, however, was protracted for four years, with 
 great havoc ; at length, in the fifth, it was terminated by^^ 
 Lucius Cornelius Sylla when consul, who had greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself on many occasions when praetor in the 
 
 same war. 
 
 IV. In the six hundred and sixty second year from .the 
 foundation of the city, the first civil war began at Rome ; and 
 in the same year also the Mithridatic war. Marius, when in 
 his sixth consulship, gave rise to the Civil war; for when' 
 Sylla. the consul, was sent to conduct the war against Mithri- 
 dates, who had possessed himself of Asia and Achaia, and 
 delayed his army for a short time in Campania, in order that 
 the remains of the Social war, of which we have just spoken, 
 and which- had. been carried on within the limits of Italy, 
 might be extinguished, Marius showed himself ambitious to 
 be appointed to the Mithridatic war. Sylla, being incensed at 
 this conduct, marched to Rome with his array. There he 
 fought with Marius and Sulpicius : he was the first to enter 
 the city in arms ; Sulpic-ius he killed ; Marius he put to flight; 
 and then, having appointed Cnseus Octavius and Lucius Cor- 
 nelius Cinna the consuls for the year ensuing, set out for 
 
 Asia. 
 
 V. For Mithridates, who was king of Pontus, and possessed 
 Armenia Minor and the entire circuit of the Pontic sea with 
 

 36 
 
 EUTBOPIUa. 
 
 !>• 
 
 the Bosphorus, first attempted to expel Nicomedes, an allj of 
 the Romans, from Bithynia ; sending word to the senate, tlmt 
 he was going to make war upon him on account of the injuries 
 which he had received. Answer was returned by the senate to 
 Mithridates, that if he did so he himself should feel the 
 weight of a war from the Romans. Incensed at this reply, he 
 immediately invaded Cappadocia, and expelled from thence 
 Ariobarzanes the king, an ally of the Roman people^ He next 
 marched into Bithynia and Paphlagonia, driving out the kings, 
 Pylsemenes and Kicomedes, who wore also in alliance with the 
 Romans. He then hastened to Ephesus, and sent letters into 
 all parts of Asia, with directions that wherever any Roman 
 citizens should be found, they should all be pub to death the 
 same day. 
 
 VI. In the meantime Athens also, a city of Achai^ was 
 delivered up to Miihridates by Aristion an Athenian. For 
 ilithridates had previously sent Archelaus, his general, into 
 Achaia, with a hundred and twenty thousand horse and foot, by 
 wliora the rest of Greece was also occupied. Sylla besieged 
 Archelaus at the Pir»eus near Athens, and took the city itself. 
 Engaging afterwards in battle with Archelaus, he gave him 
 such a defeat, that out of a hundred and twenty thousand of 
 the army of Archelaus scarce ten remained ; while of that of 
 Sylla only fourteen were killed. Mithridates, on receiving 
 intelligence of this battle, sent seventy thousand chosen troops 
 out of Asia to Archelaus, with whom Sylla came again to an 
 engagement. In the first battle twenty thousand of the enemy 
 were slain, and Diogenes, the son of Archelaus ; in the second 
 the entire forces of Mithridates were cut off. Archelaus 
 himself lay hid for three days, stript of his armour, in the 
 marshes. On the news of this state of things, Mithridates 
 sent orders to treat with Sylla concerning peace. 
 
 VII. In the meantime Sylia also reduced part of the Dar- 
 danians, Scordisci, Dalmatians, and Mcediaus, and granted 
 terms of alliance to the rest. But when ambassadors arrived 
 from King Mithridates to treat about peace, Sylla repUed 
 tliat )ie would grant it on no other condition than that ho 
 should quit the countries on which he had seized, and with- 
 draw into his onnti dominions. Afterwards, however, the two 
 came to a conference, and peace was settled between them, in 
 order that Sylla, who was in haste to proceed to the Civil war. 
 
 C. IX.] ABRIDGMENT OP ROMAN HISTCRY. 37 
 
 might leavGTio danger in his rear ; for while Sylla was victo. 
 rious over Mithridates in Achaia vnd Asia, Maiius, who had 
 been driven from the city, and Cornelius Cinna, one of the 
 consuls, had recommenced hostilities in Italy, and entering 
 Rome, put to death the noblest of the senators and others of 
 consular rank, proscribed many, and pulling down the house of 
 Sylla himself, forced his sons <4nd wife to seek safety by flight; 
 while all tho rest of the senate, hastily quitting the city, fled 
 to Sylla in Cc-oce, entreating him to come to the support of 
 his country. He accordingly crosse Lover into Italy, to con- 
 duct the Civil war against the consuls Norbanus and Scipio. 
 In the first battle he engaged with Norbanus not far from Capua, 
 vhen he killed seven thousand of his men, and took six thou- 
 sand prisoners, losing only a hundred and twenty- four of his 
 own army. From thence he directed his efforts against 
 Scipio, and before a battle was fought, or any blood shed, he 
 received the surrender of his whole array. 
 
 VIII. But on a change of consuls at Rome, and the election 
 of Marius, the son of Marius, and Papirius Carbo to the con- 
 sulate, Sylla again came to battle with Marius the younger, 
 find killed fifteen thousand men, with the loss of only four 
 hundred. Immediately afterwards also he entered the city. 
 He then pursued Marius, the younger, to Praeneste, be- 
 sieged him there, and drove him even'tt) celf-destruction. He 
 aftervN-ards fought a terrible battle with Lamponius and Cari- 
 nas, the leaders of tlie Marian faction, near the CoUine gate. 
 The number of the enemy in that battle against Sylla is said 
 to have been seventy thousand ; twelve thousand surrendered 
 themselves to Sylla : the rest were cut off in the field, in the 
 camp, or in the pursuit, by the insatiable resentment of the 
 conqueror. Cnseus Carbo also, the other coasul, fled from 
 Ariminum into Sicily, and was there slain by Cnaeus Pompey: 
 to whom, although but a young man, being only oi^-and-twenty 
 years of age, Sylla, perceiving his activity, had committed the 
 management of his troops, so that he was accounted s.'^cond 
 only to Sylla himself. j o- i 
 
 iX. Carbo, then, being killed, Pompey recovered Sicily. 
 Crossing next over into Africa, he put to death Domitius, a 
 leader on the side of ifp.rir^, and Hiarbas the king of Mauri- 
 tania, who had given assistance to Domitius. After these 
 events, Sylla celebrated a triumph with great pomp for his 
 
 /■:--W.'5i.- 
 
33 
 
 ErTT>or!US. 
 
 [b.vl 
 
 success agRinst Mlthridates. Cnseus Pompey also, while only 
 in his twenty-fouiih year, was allowed a triumph for his victo- 
 ries in Africa, a privilege which had been granted to nd Roman 
 before him. Such was the termination of two most lament- 
 able wai-s, the Italian, also called the Social, and the Civil, 
 which lasted for ten years, and occasioned the destmctiou of 
 more than a hundred and fifty thousand men : twenty-four of 
 consular rank, seven of pnctorian, sixty of that of tcdilo, and 
 nearly three hundred senators. 
 
 BOOK VI. 
 
 War with Sertoriua in Spain ; wars in Macednnia, Pnmphylia, CiUda, 
 'and Dalmatia, I. — IV. — Nicomudv^, king of Bitbyuiu, makes the 
 Romans his heir« ; continuation of the war with Mithridatea ; 
 wars with the slaves, piratea, and Macedonians, V. — XII.— Acta 
 of Pompey against Tigmnes, and in other parts of Asia, XIIL 
 XIV. — Conspiracy of Catiline, XV. — Triumphs of Pomixjy and 
 Metellus, XVI. — Wars of Caesar in Gaul. XVII.— Proceeding* of 
 Cras^us in Parthia, XVIIL — Civil war between CaesAr and Pompey, 
 XIX.— XXV. 
 
 I. In the consulate of Marcus .^milius Lepidns and 
 Quiutus Catulus, after Sylla had composed the troubles of the 
 state, new wars broke out ; one in Spain, another in Pamphylia 
 and Cilicia, a third in Macedonia, a fourth in Dalmatia. Ser- 
 torius. who had taken the side of Mnrius, dreading the fate of 
 others who had been cut off, excited tiie Spaniards to a war. 
 The generals sent against him were Qiiintus Caecilius Metellus, 
 the son of that Metellus who had subdued Juguitha, and the 
 pnctor Lucius Domitius. Domitius was killed by liirtuleius, 
 Sertorius's general. Metellus contended against Sertorius 
 with various success. At length, as Metellus was thought 
 singly unequal to tho war, Cnseus Pompey was sent into Spain. 
 Thus, two generals being opposed to him, Sertorius often 
 fought with very uncertain fortune. At last, in the eighth 
 year of the war, he was put to death by his own soldiers, and 
 an end made of the war by Cnseus Pompey, at that time but a 
 young man, and Quintus Metellus Pius ; and nearly the whole 
 of Spain was brought under the dominion of the Roman 
 people. 
 
 C. TI.] ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 39 
 
 II. Appius Claudius, on the expiration of his consulate, 
 was sent into Macedonia. He had some skirmishes with 
 different tribes that inhabited the province of Rhodopa,* and 
 there fell ill and died. Cnaeus Scribonius Curio, on the 
 termination of his consulship, was sent to succeed him. He 
 conquered the Dardaniaus, penetrated as far as the Danube, 
 and obtained the honour of a trium^^h, putting an end to the 
 war within three years. 
 
 III. Publius Servilius, an energetic man, was sent, after his 
 consulate, into Cilicia and Pamphylia. He reduced Cilicia, 
 besieged and took the most eminent cities of Lycia, amongst ^ 
 them Phaselis, Olympus, and Corycus. The Isauri he also 
 attacked, and compelled to surrender, and, within three years, 
 put an end to the war. He was the first of the Romans that 
 marched over Mount Taurus. On his retuni, he was granted 
 
 a triumph, and acquired the surname of Isauricus. 
 
 IV. Cnaeus Cosconius was sent into Illyricum as proconsul. 
 He reduced a great part of Dalmatia, took Salonae, and, h^nng 
 made an end of the war, returned to Rome after an absence 
 
 of two years. 
 
 V. About the same time, the consul Marcus ^milms 
 Lepidus, the colleague of Catulus, attempted to kindle a civil 
 war; but in one summer that commotion was suppressed. 
 Thus there were several triumphs at the same time, that of 
 Metellus for Spain, a second for Spain obtained by Pompey, 
 on<- of Curio for Macedonia, and one of Servilias for Isauria. 
 
 VI. In the six hundred and seventy-sixth year from the 
 building of the city, in the consulate of .Lucius Licmms 
 Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta. Nicomedes, kmg of 
 Bithynia, died, appointing by bis will the Roman people his 
 
 Midiridates, breaking the peace, again proceeded to invade 
 Bithynia and Asia. Both the consuls being sent out against 
 him. met with various success. Cotta. beUig defeated by him 
 in a battle near Chalcedon, was even forced into the lowu. and 
 besieged there. But Mithridates. having marched from thence 
 to Cyzicus, that, after capturing that city, he might overrun^all 
 Asia, Lucullus, the other consul, met him ; and, whilst Mithri- 
 dates was detained at the siege of Cyzicus. besieged him m 
 
 • Lying on the river Melaa, above the Hellespont, neai the Pro- 
 pontia.— i/fwiawie Dacier. r 
 
 S.V1, 
 
 
 iv' t ; 
 
 
r^^^S 
 
 
 40 
 
 EUTR0PIU8. 
 
 [B.rt 
 
 the real, exhausted him with famine, defeated him in several 
 hattles, and at hist pursued hira to Byzantium, now called 
 Constantinople. LucuUus also vanquished his coramandere io 
 a sea-fight. Thus, in a single winter and summer, almost a 
 hundred thousand men on the kings side were cui off by 
 
 Lucullu:>. 
 
 VII. In the six hundred and seventy-eighth >ear of Romo. 
 Marcus Licinius Lucullus, the cousin of that LucuUus who 
 had carried on the war against Mithridates, obtained the 
 province of Macedonia. A new war, too, suddenly sprung up in 
 Italy : for eighty-four gladiators, led by Spartacus. Crixus, and 
 (Enoraaus, having broken out of a school at Capua, made 
 their escape ; and, wandering over Italy, kindled a war in it, 
 not much less serious than that which Hannibal had raised ; 
 for, after defeating several generals and two consuls of the 
 Romans, thev collected an army of nearly sixty thousand men. 
 They were/ however, defeated in Apulia by the proconsul 
 Marcus Licinius Crassus ; and, after much calamity to Italy, 
 the war was terminated in its third year. 
 
 VIII. In the six hundred and eighty-first year from the 
 founding of the city, in the consulate of Publius Cornelius 
 Lentulus and Cnieus Aufidius Orestes, there were but two 
 •:vars of any importance throughout the Roman empire, thp 
 Mithridatic and the Macedonian. Of these the two Luculli, 
 Lucius and Marcus, had the direction. Lucius Lucullus, after 
 the battle at Cyzicus, in which he had conquered Mithridates, 
 and the sea-fight, in which he had overcome his generals, 
 pursued him; and, recovering Paphlagonia and Bithynia, 
 invaded his very kingdom. He took Sinope and Amisus, two 
 most eminent cities of Pontus. In a second battle, near the 
 city Cabira, where Mithridates had assembled a vast army 
 from all parts of his kingdom, thirty thousand of the king's 
 chosen troops were cut in pieces by five thousand of the 
 Romans, and Mithridates was put to flight and his camp 
 plundered. Armenia Minor, also, of which he had taken 
 possession, was wrested from him. Mithridates was, however, 
 received after his flight by Tigranes, the king of Armenia, 
 who at that time reigned in great glory ; for he had frequently 
 defeated the Persians, and had made himself master of Meso- 
 potamia. Syria, and part of Phoenicia. 
 
 IX. Lucullus. therefore, still pursuinsj hia routed enemy, 
 
 CXI.] 
 
 ABRlDGaiENT OF ROMAK HISTORr, 
 
 il 
 
 entered even the kingdom of Tigranes, who" ruled over both 
 the Armenias. Tigranocerta, the most noble city of Armenia, 
 he succeeded in taking; the king himself, who advanced 
 against him with six hundred thousand cuirassiers, and a hun- 
 dred thousand archers and other troops, he so completely 
 defeated with a force of only eighteJo thousand, that he anni- 
 hilated a great part of the Armenians? Mirching from thence 
 to Nisibis, he took that city also, and made the king*g brother 
 prisoner. But as those whom LucuUus had left in Pontus 
 with part of the army in order to defend the conquered 
 countries belonging to the Romans, grew negligent and 
 avaricious in their conduct, they gave Mithridates an oppor- 
 tunity of again making an irruption into Pontes, and thus the 
 war was renewed. While Lucullus, after the reduction of 
 Nisibis, was preparing for an expedition against the Persians, 
 a successor was sent out to take his place. ^ 
 
 X. The other Lucullus, who had the management of afi^rs 
 in Macedonia, was the first of the Romans that made war upoff 
 the Bessi, defeating them in a great battle on Mount Haemus; 
 he reduced the town of Uscudama, which the Bessi inhabited, 
 on the same day in which he attacked it ; he also took Cabyle, 
 and penetrated as far as the river Danube. He then besieged 
 several cities lying above Pontus, where he destroyed Apol- 
 lonia, Calatis, Parthenopolis, Tomi, Histros, and Eurziaone,* 
 and, putting an end to the war, returned to Rome. Both the 
 LuculU however triumphed, but the Lucullus, who had fought 
 against Mithridates, with the greater glory, because he nad 
 returned \ ictorious over such powerful nations. 
 
 XI. After the Macedonian war was ended, but while that 
 with Mithridates still continued (which, on the departure of 
 Lucullus, that king had renewed, collecting all his forces for 
 the purpose), Ihe Cretan war arose, and Ca^cilius Metellus 
 being sent to >:«oduct it, secured the whole province, by a suc- 
 cession of grefit battles, within three years, and received the 
 appellation of Creticus, and a triumph on account of the 
 island. About this time Libya also, by the will of Apion, the 
 
 • Bimiaonem.] Thus Bt&nda ibe word in the editions of Havercamp, 
 Verbeyk, and Tzschucke ; but none of them think it right. Cellariua 
 conjectured Bizonen, Bil^bn'ij being mentioned by Strabo, lib, vii. as a 
 city between ApoUonia and Calatis; and no other ciitic has found 
 anything better to ofifexL 
 
42 
 
 EUTROPIUS. 
 
 [b.vl 
 
 C. XVII.] ABKIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 43 
 
 kin* of the country, was adJed to the Roman empire ; m it 
 were the celel»ratP'f cities, Berenice, Ptolemais. and Cyreno. 
 
 XII. During' these transactions, pirates infested all the 
 seas, so that navigation, and that alone, was unsafe to the 
 Romans, who were now victorious througliout the world. The 
 war against these pirates, therefore, was committed to Cuaeus 
 Pompey, who, with saq)rising success and celerity, finished it 
 in the course of a few months. Soon after, the war against 
 Mithridatci* and Tigranes was entrusted to him ; in the con- 
 duct of which, he overcame Mithridates in Armenia Minor in 
 a battle by night, and plundered his camp, killing at the same 
 time forty thousand of his troops, while he lost only twenty of 
 his own men, and two centurions. Mithridates fled with his 
 wife and two attendants ; and not long after, in cousequence 
 of his cruelty to his own family, ho was reduced, through a 
 sedition excited among his soldiers by his son Pharnaces. to 
 the necessity of putting an end to his existence, and swallowed 
 poison. Such was the end of Miihridates, a man of singular 
 energy and ability; his death hap['ened near the Bosporus. 
 He rei^rned sixty years, lived seventy-two, and maintamed a 
 war against the Romans for forty. 
 
 XIII. Pompey next made war upon Tigranes. who sur- 
 rendered himself, coming to Pompey 's camp at sixteen miles 
 distance from Artaxata; and, throwing himself at his feet, 
 placed in his hands his diadem, which Pompey returned to 
 him, and treated him with great respect, but obliged him to 
 give up part of his dominions and to pay a large sum of 
 money : Syiia, Phoenicia, and Sophene. were taken from him. 
 and six thousand talents of silver, which he had to pay to the 
 Roman people because, he had raised a war against them 
 
 without cause. 
 
 XIV. Pompey soon after made war also upon the Albani ;• 
 and defeated their king Orodes three times ; at length, being 
 prevailed upon by letters and presents, he granted him par- 
 don and peace. He also defeated Artoces, king of Iberia.t in 
 battle, and reduced him to surrender. Armenia Minor he 
 conferred upon Deiotarus, the king of Galatia, because he had 
 acted as his ally in the Mithridatic war. To Attalus and 
 
 • S«e Jiiatin, xUL 3. 
 
 + The Iberians are mentioned •■ a people bordering on the AJbant 
 Ij PiutATch, LuculL c 26, and by Flonia, iii. 5. 
 
 Pyk»}nKncs he restored Paphlagonia ; and appointed Ari- 
 Btarchus king of the Colchians. Shortly after he subdued the 
 Itureans and Arabians ; and, on entering Syria, rewarded 
 Seleucia, a city near Antioch, with independence, because it 
 had not admitted King Tigranes. To the inhabitants of An- 
 tioch he restored their hostages. On those of Daphne, being 
 charmed with the beauty of the spot and the abundance of 
 water, he bestowed a portion of land, in order that their grove 
 might be enlarged. Marching from thence to Judea, he took 
 Jerusalem, the capital, in the third month; twelve thousand 
 of the Jews being slain, and the rest allowed to surrender on 
 terms. After these achievements, be returned into Asia, 
 and put an end to this most tedious war. 
 
 XV. In the consulate of Marcus Tullius Cicero, the orator, 
 and Caius Antonius, in the six hundred and eighty-ninth year 
 from the foundation of the city, Lucius Sergius Catiline, a 
 man of very noble family, but of a most corrupt disposition, 
 cons[>ired to destroy his country, in conjunction with some 
 other eminent but desperate characters. He was expelled 
 from the city by Cicero ; his accomplices were apprehended 
 ami stmnglcd in prison ; and he himself was defeated and 
 killed in battle by Antonius, the other consul. 
 
 XVI. In tho six hundred and ninetieth year from the 
 building of the city, in the consulate of Decimus Junius 
 Silanus and Lucius Mursena, Metellus triumphed on account 
 of Crete, Pompey for the Piratic and Mithridatic wars. No 
 triumphal procession was v.ver equal to this ; the sons of 
 Mithridates, the son of Tigranes, and Aristobulus, king of the 
 Jews, were led before his car; a vast sum of money, an im- 
 ineuse mass of gold and silver, was carried in front. At this 
 time there was no war of any importance throughout the 
 world. 
 
 XVII. In the six hundred and ninety-third year from the 
 
 founding of the city, Caius Julius Cjcsar, who was afterwards 
 
 emperor, was made consul with Lucius Bibulus : and Gaul 
 
 and Illyiicum. with ten legions, were decreed to him. He 
 
 first subdued the Ilelvetii, who are now called Sequani;* and 
 
 • Qui nunc Scnuani appeUantur.] Between the Sequani and Helvetii 
 was the lofty mount Jura, according to the description given of their 
 position by Caesar, B. G. i 2. If what Eutropiua says is true, the 
 change of name must have arisen from the intercouree of the two 
 people. See Cellariua Geo^. Ant. ii 3, 50,-' I^chuckc 
 
 
 .•--•>.■* 
 
 r-;^ '■' 
 
^.^ts^%f- 
 
 44 
 
 EUTR0PIU8. 
 
 aflervrards, by conquering in most formidable wars, pro 
 ceeded as far as the British ocean. In about nine years he 
 subdued all that part of Gaul which lies between the Alps, 
 the river Rhone, the Pwhine, and the Ocean, ard extends in 
 circumference nearly three thousand two hundred miles. He 
 next made war upon the Britons, to whom not even the name 
 of the Romans was known before his time ; and having subdued 
 them, and received hostages, sentenced them to pay a tribute. 
 On Gaul, under the name of tribute, he imposed the yearly 
 sum of forty thousand sestertia;* and invading the Germans 
 on the other side of the Rhine, defeated them in several most 
 sanguinary engigements. Among so many successes, he met 
 with three defeats, once in person among the Arvemi, and 
 twice in Germany during his absence; for two of his lieu- 
 tenant-generals, Titurius and Aurunculeius, were cut off by 
 ambuscades. 
 
 XVI II. About the same time, in the six hundred and 
 ninety-seventh year from the foundation of the city,' Marcus 
 Liciuius Crassus, the colleague of Cnaus Pompoy the Great 
 in his second consulship, was sent against the Parthians ; and 
 having engaged the enemy near Carrae, contrary to the omens 
 and auspices, was defeated by Surena, the general of king 
 Orodes, and at last killed, together with his son, a most noble 
 and excellent young man. Thor remains of the army were 
 saved by Caius Cassius the quaestor, who, with singular 
 courage, so ably retrieved the ruined fortune of the Romans, 
 that, in liis retreat over the Euphrates, he defeated the 
 Persians in several battles. 
 
 XIX. Soon after followed the Civil war, a war truly exe- 
 crable and deplorable, in which, besides the havoc that occurred 
 in the several battles, the fortune of the Roman people was 
 changed.f For Csesar, on returning \'ictorious from Gaul, pro- 
 ceeded to demand another consulship, and in such a manner, 
 that it was granted him >vithout hesitation ; yet opposition was 
 made to it by Marcellus the consul, BibuJus, Pompey, aiid 
 Cato, and he was in consequence ordered to disband his army 
 
 • Sometliing more than £320,000. 
 
 t Romani popuU for tuna muiaia eaO The fortune of the Roman 
 people w their condition and state. The phrase foriuna mut'jtri, or 
 immulari, is used chiefly when the state of things is changed for tho 
 worse. Seo CaU. Cat c. 2; Jug. c. 17; VelL Pat. u. 57, 118.— Cruji^nti. 
 
 ill 
 
 C.XXI.J ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 45 
 
 and return to Rome ; in revennr/j for which insult, he mardi'^d 
 with his army from Ariminum, where he kept his forces 
 assembled, against his country. The consuls, to.^aflier with 
 Pompey, the waole senate, and all the nobility, fled froci the 
 city, and crossed over into Greece; and in Epirus, Mpredoroa, 
 and Achaia, the senate, under Pompey as their general, pre- 
 pared war against C»s ' 
 
 XX. Caesar, having marched into the deserted city, made 
 himself dictator. Soon after he set out for Snain, where he 
 deleated the armies of Pompey. which were verV powerful and 
 brave, with their three generals, Lucius Afranius, Marcus 
 Petreius, and Marcus Varro. Returning from thence, he went 
 over into Greece. He took the held again,-t Pompey, but in 
 tlie first battle was defeated and put to flij/ut ; be escaped, 
 however, because Pompey declined to pursue hiTn, as the night 
 was coming on ; when C»sar remarked, that Pompey kiiew 
 not how to conquer, and that that was tlie only day oii which 
 he himself mi|^ht have been vancjuished. Thev next fought 
 at Palffopharsalus,* in Tlicssaly. leading great forces into the 
 field on both sides. The aj-my of Pompey consisted of forty 
 thousand foot, six hundred horse on the left wing, and five 
 hundred on the right, besides auxiliary troops from t. whole 
 east, and all the nobility, senators without number, mt.: of 
 praetorian and consular rank, and some who had ab-ea(l> 
 been conquerors of powerful nations. Ca3sar had not quite 
 thirty tliousand infantry in his army, and but one thousand 
 horse. 
 
 XXI. Never before had a greater number of Roman forces 
 assembled in one place, or under better generals, forces which 
 would easily have subdued the whole worid, had they been led 
 against barbarians. They fouglit with great eagerness, but 
 Pompey was at last overcome, and his camp plundered. 
 Pompey himself, when put to flight, sought refuge at Alex- 
 andria, witli the hope of receiving aid from the king of Egypt, 
 to whom, on account of his youth, he had been appointed 
 guardian by the senate ; he, however, regarding fortune rather 
 than friendship, caused Pompey to be killed, and sent his head 
 and ring to Caesar ; at sight oif which even Caesar is said to 
 
 • Generally called Pharsalua ; but tlie name Palaeopharsalus, that is 
 Old Pharsalus, is used by Orosius, vL 15, by Strabo, lib. xviL. .and bi 
 the Greek translator of Eutropiua, 
 
 \ 
 
46 
 
 ttrmoriu?. 
 
 [B.n 
 
 C.I.] 
 
 A'nrJDGMENT OP ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 47 
 
 
 have shed tears, as be viewed the head of so great a mail, 
 
 once his owti son-in law. -p*^i,^^ 
 
 XXII Cffisor soon after went to Alexandna. Ftolemv 
 attempted to form a plot against his life also ; for ^hich reason 
 war was made upon him, and. being defeated, he perished in 
 the Nile and his body was found covered ^ith a golden coat 
 of mail ' Cffisar, having made himself master of Alexandna, 
 conferred the kingdom on Cleopatra, the sister of Ptolemy, 
 with whom he himself had an ilUcit connexion. On his return 
 from thence. Caesar defeated in battle Pbamaces, the son of 
 Mithridates the Great, who had assisted Porapey in Tlicssaly. 
 taken up arms in Pontus, and seized upon several provinces 
 of the Roman people ; and at last drove him to self-destruc- 
 
 XXI 11 Returning from thence to Rome, he created him- 
 self 'a third time consul with Marcus .^.milius Lepidus, who 
 had been his master of the horse when dictator the year before. 
 Next he went into Africa, where a great number of the nobihty 
 in conjunction with Juba, king of Mauntan.a, had resumed 
 hostilities. The Roman leaders were Puhlms Cornelius Scip o. 
 of X most ancient family cf Scipio Afncanv^ (who had also 
 
 been Ihe father-in-law of the ^^[^^^^V^yJ '' "^'"^ ^''''J^^ 
 0-..rtus Varus. Marcus Porcius Cato. and L""^f .^^.^^^^^ 
 Favltus. the son of Sylla the dictator. In a Patched battfe 
 fouaht against them. Ca^sai-. after many struggles, was victonous, 
 Cato, Scipio, Petreius. Juba. killed themselves ; Faustus. Pom- 
 nev's son-in-law, was slain by Cepsar. 
 
 ^locTv. On hi^ return to Rome the year after. Ctesar made 
 himself a fourth time consul, and i"?nied.ately proceeded to 
 Spain, where the sons of Pompoy. Cn^'us. and Sextus had 
 ^ain raised a formidable war. xMany engagements took place. 
 1 last near the city of Munda. in which C^sar was so nearly 
 defeated, that, upon his forces giving way, he fel ^clmed to 
 kill himself, lest, after such great glory in war, he should fall 
 at the age of fiftv-six, into the hands of young men. At 
 Lngth,^ving rallied his troop., he gained the victory; the 
 elder son of Pompey was slain, the younger tied. ^ 
 
 XXV The civil wars throughout the world bemg now 
 terminated, Cffisar returned to l^me, and began to conduct 
 nimself with too great arrogance, co".trary to the us^^ of 
 Roman liberty. As he disposed, therefore, at his own pleasure. 
 
 of 'those honours, which were before conferred by the people 
 and did not even rise up when the senate approached him, and 
 exercised regal, or almost tyrannical powerj in other respects, 
 a conspiracy was formed against liim by sixty or more Roman 
 senatoi-a and knights. The chief among the conspirators were thft 
 two Bruti, (of the family of that Brutus who had been made first 
 consul of Rome, and who had expelled the kings) Caius Cassius. 
 and Servilius Casca. Ca?sar, in consequence, having entered 
 the senate house with tlie rest, on a certain day appointed for 
 a meeting of the senate, was stabbed with three and twenty 
 wounds 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 Wars that follov/cd on the death of Julius Caesar, I— Antony flees to 
 
 Lepi<iu8, and is reconciled to Octavianus ; their triumvirate, II. 
 
 Proceedings and deaths of Brutus and Casaius ; division of the 
 empire between Antony and' Octavianus, III.— War with Sextus 
 Pompey, IV. — Successes of Agrippa in Aquitania; Ventidius 
 Bassus conquers the Parthians, V.— Death of Sextus Pompey; 
 marriage of Antony and Cleopatra ; unsuccessful expedition of 
 Antony into Parthia, VI.— War between Octavianus and Antony ; 
 deaths of Antony and Cleopatra ; Egjpt added to the Roman 
 empire, VII. — Octavianus becomes sole rul^'r under the name of 
 Augustus, VIII.— His wars and victories, IX. X.— Character and 
 acta of Tiberius, XI.— Of Caligula, XIL— Of Claudius, who sub- 
 jugates Britain, XIIL— Of Kero, under whom two new provinces 
 
 are made, Pontus Polemoniacus and Alpes Cottirc, XIV XV Of 
 
 Oalba, XVI.-Of Otho, XVIL— Of Vitellius, XVlII.-Of Ves- 
 pasian, under v.hom Judrea wis added to the Roman dommioni, 
 with the provinces Achaia. Lycia. Rhodes, Samos, Thracia, Cilicia! 
 Comagena, XIX. XX.- Of Titus, XXL XXIL— Of Domitiaa. 
 XXIIi. 
 
 I. 'After the assassination of Csesar, in about the seven 
 hundred and ninth year of iha city, the civil wars were re- 
 newed ; for the senate favoured the assassins of Casar : and 
 Antony, tlie consul, being of Caesars party, endeavoured to 
 crush them in a civil war. The state therefore being throv,n 
 into confusion. Antony, perpetrating many acts of violence, 
 was declared an enemy by the senate. Tlie two consuls, 
 I'ansa and Hirtius. were sent in pursuit of him. together with 
 Octarianus, a youth of eighteen years of age, the nephevr of 
 
 urtjpg 
 
 
 ' i ^Ji'v^^f'^f^^* l^f^^^^^^E*^ .' 
 
48 
 
 ErTROPros. 
 
 LB.VTL 
 
 C»sar * whom by his will he had appointed his iieir, airecnng 
 him to bear his' name ; this is the same who was afterwards 
 called Augustus, and obtained the imperial dignity. These 
 three generuls therefore marching against Antony, defeated him. 
 It happened, however, that the two victorious consuls lost 
 their lives ; and the three armies in consequence became 
 
 subject to CfiBsar only. . , t.* 
 
 II. Antony, being routed, and having lost his army, tied 
 to Lepidus, who had been master of the horse to Csesal-, and 
 was at that time in possession of astrong body of forces, by whom 
 he was well received. By the mediation of Lepidus, Ca?8ar 
 shortly after made peace with Antony, and, as if with intent 
 to avenge the death of his father, by whom he had been adopted 
 in his will, marched to Rome at the head of an army, and 
 forcibly procured his appointment to the consulship in his 
 twentieth year. In conjunction with Antony and Lepidus he 
 proscribed the senate, and proceeded to make himself master 
 of the state by arm^. By their acts, Cicero Uio orator, and 
 many others of the nobility, were put to death. 
 
 III. In the meantime Brutus and Cassius, the assassins 
 of Cffisar, raised a great war ; for there were several armies 
 in Macedonia and the East, of ^hich they took the command. 
 Ccesar Octavianus Augustus, therefore, and Mark Antony, 
 proceeding against them (for Lepidus remained for the 
 defence of Italy), came to an engagement at Philippi, a city 
 
 •of Macedonia. In the first battle Antony and Caesar were 
 defeated, but Cassius, the leader of the nobility, fell ; in the 
 second they* defeated and killed Brutus, and very many of the 
 nobility who had joined them in the war ; and the republic 
 was divided among the conquerors, so that- Augustus had 
 Spain, the Gauls, and Italy ; Antony, Asia, Poutus. and the 
 East. But the consul Lucius Antonius, the brother of him who 
 had fought with Caesar against Brutus and Cassius, kindled 
 a civil war in Italy ; and being defeated near Perusia, a city 
 of Tuscany, was taken prisoner, but not put to death. 
 
 IV. In the meantime a war of a serious nature was excited in 
 Sicily by Sextus Pompey. the son of Cnaus Pompey the Great, 
 those that survived of the party of Brutus and Cassius flocking 
 
 • C(r4ari* n^os.] Grand nephew. Attia, the mother of OctavianuR, 
 was the daughter of Julia, Julius Caesara sister. Thus Juliua Cr»ar 
 was gT««t uncU to OctavianuB.— Ciiarcanit*. 
 
 
 C.VIII] ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 49 
 
 to join him from all parts. The war against Sextus Poranov 
 was caiTied on by Caesar Augustus Octavianus and Mark Antouv 
 A peace was at length concluded. 
 
 V. About that time Marcus Agrippa met with great success 
 in Aquitania ; also Lucius Vr^ntidius Bassus defeated the 
 Persians, who were making incursions into Syria, in three 
 engagements. He killed Pacorus, the son of king Orodes on 
 that veiy day on which Orodes, the king of the Persians, had 
 before put Crassus to death by the hands of his general 
 burena He was the first who celebrated a most legitimate 
 tnumpli at Kome over the Parthians. 
 
 yi In the meantime Sextus Pompey violated the peace, 
 and. being defeated in a sea-fight, fled to Asia, and was there 
 put to death. 
 
 Antony, who was master of Asia and the East,' having di- 
 vorced the sister of Ciesar Augustus Octavianus, married 
 Cleopatra, queen of Egjpt. He also fought in person against 
 the Persians, and defeated them in the first encounters ; but 
 ©n his return suflfered greatly from famine and pestilence • 
 and as the Parthians pressed on him in his retreat he 
 retired from before them just as if he had been defeated. 
 
 VII He also excited a great civil war, at the instigation of 
 his wife Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt, who aspired with a 
 wonmnish ambition to reign at Rome. • He was defeated 
 by Augustus in the remarkable and celebrated sea-fight at 
 Actium, a place in Epirus ; whence he fled into Egypt, and 
 there, as his circumstances grew desperate, since all went over 
 to Augustus, committed suicide. Cleopatra appHed to her- 
 self an asp, and perished by its venom. Egypt was added to 
 the Roman empire by Octavianus Augustus, and Cneeus 
 Comehus Gailus appointed governor of it ; he was the first 
 Roman judge that Egypt had. 
 
 VIII. Having thus brought wars to an'end throughout the 
 world, OcTA VIANDS Augustus returned to Ftome in the twelfth 
 year after he had been elected consul. ^ From that period he 
 held the government as sole ruler for forty-four years, for dur- 
 ing the twelve previous years he had held it in conjunction with 
 Antony and Lepidus. Thus from the beginning of his reign 
 to the end were fifty-six years. He died a natural death in 
 his eighty-si.xth year, at the town of Atella in Campania. 
 fciid his- remains are interred at Rome in the Campus Martius ; 
 
 K K 2 
 
 ':00$im^ifi'ii^:ts^^^ 
 
 i^ilHiliii 
 
s^r^7^.:-rr^.. 
 
 
 50 
 
 ECTROPIUS. 
 
 IB.VII 
 
 He was a man who was considered in most respects, and not 
 without reason, to resemble a divinity, for scarcely ever was 
 there any one more successful than he in war, or more 
 prudent in peace. Duiing the forty-four years that he 
 held the government alone, he conducted himself with the 
 greatest courtesy, being most liberal to all, and most faithful 
 to his friends, whom he raised to such honours, that he placed 
 them almost on a level with his own dignity. 
 
 IX. At no period was the Roman state more flourishing ; 
 for, to say nothing of the civil wars, in which he was uncon- 
 quered, he added to the Roman empire Eg3'pt, Cant^ibria, 
 Dalraatia, often before conquered but only then entirely sub- 
 dued, Pannonia, Aquitania, lUyricum, Rhaetia, the Viudelici 
 and Salassi on the Alps, and all the maritime cities of Pontus, 
 among which the two most noble were Bosporus and Pantica- 
 poeon. He also conquered the Dacians in battle ; put to the 
 sword numerous forces of the Germans ; and drove them 
 beyond the river Elbe, which is in the country of the 
 barbarians far beyond the Rhine. This war however he 
 carried on by the agency of his step-son Drusus, as he had 
 conducted the Pannonian war by that of his other step-son 
 Tiberius, in which he transplanted forty thousand prisoners 
 from Germany, and settled them in Gaul on the bank of the 
 Rhine. He recovered Armenia from the Parthians; the 
 Persians gave him hostages, which they had given to no one 
 before ; and also restored the Roman standards, which the) 
 had taken from Crassus when he was defeated. 
 
 X. The Scythians and Indians, to whom the Roman name 
 was before unknown, sent him presents and ambassadors. 
 Galatia also was made a province under his reign, having 
 before been an independent kingdom, and Marcos Lollius was 
 the first that governed it, m quality of pniitor. So much 
 was he beloved even by the barbarians, that kings, allies of 
 the Roman people, founded cities in his honour, to which they 
 gave the name of Csesarea, as one in Mauritania, built by 
 King Juba, and another in Palestine, which is now a very 
 celebrated city. Many kings, moreover, left their own domi- 
 nions, and, assuming the Roman dress, that is, the toga, ran 
 by the side of his carriage or his horse. At his death he was 
 styled a divinity. He left the state in a most prosperous 
 condition to his successor Tiberius, who had been his step-son, 
 afterwards his eon-in-law, and lastly his son byadoptioi^ 
 
 ^^^'W^^f^^^^^^ 
 
 C. XIIl.*} ABRIDGilENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 sr 
 
 XI. Tiberius distinguished his reign by great indolence, 
 excessive cruelty, unprincipled avarice, and abandoned licen- 
 tiousness. He fought on no occasion in person ; the wars were 
 carried on by his generals. Some kings, whom he induced to 
 visit him by seducing allurements, he never sent back ; amon" 
 them was Archelaus of Cappadocia, whose kingdom also he 
 reduced to the form of a province, and directed that its princi- 
 pal city should be called after his own name ; and, having been 
 before called Mazaca, it is now termed Caesarea. He died in 
 Campania, in the three and twentieth year of his reign, and 
 the eighty-third of his age, to the great joy of all men. 
 
 XII. To him succeeded Cai us Caesar, sumamed Caligul.\, 
 the grandson of Drusus, the step-son of Augustus, and grand- 
 nephew ♦ of Tiberius himself, a most wicked and cruel prince, 
 who effaced even tlie memory of Tiberius's enormities. He 
 undertook a war against the Gennans; but, after entering 
 Suevia, made no effort to do anything. He committed incest 
 with his sisters, and acknowledged a daughter that he had by 
 one of them. While tyrannizing over all with the utmost 
 avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty, he was assassinated in the 
 palace, m the twenty-ninth year of his age, in the thiid year, 
 tenth month, and eighth day of his reign. 
 
 XIII. After him reigned Claudius, the uncle of Caligula,' 
 and son of that Drusus who has a monument at Moguntiacum, 
 whose grandson Caligula also was. His reign was of no 
 striking character ; he acted, in msjiy respects, with gentleness 
 and moderation, in some with cruelty and folly. He made 
 war upon Britain, which no Roman since Julius Caesar had 
 visited ; and, having reduced it through the agency of Cnaeus 
 Sentius and Aulus Plautius, illustrious and noble men, he 
 celebrated a magnificent ti'iumph. Certain islands also, called 
 the Orcades, situated in the ocean, beyond Britain, he added 
 to iJi'S Roman empire, and gave his sou the name of Britan- 
 nicus. So condescending, too, was he towards some of his 
 friends, that he even attended Plautius, a man of noble birth, 
 who had obtained many signal successes iu the expedition 
 to Britain, in his triumph, and walked at his left hand when 
 
 • Ur'jui privigni Augusti, et ipsiiu Tiherii nepos.'l Either something 
 b wantiag in the text, as Madame Dacier observes, or nepos is used in 
 ft doiiMe sense, for a grandson and graod-nephew ; for Drusus, the 
 graudu.ther of Caligula, was the brother of Tiberius. I have translated 
 mcpo9 in thiB double seasft 
 
:■*.; r'***:* • f-iys^-i^ -"^^ 
 
 53 
 
 EUTR0PIU8. 
 
 [B.VIt 
 
 ti- 
 
 C.XVIl] 
 
 ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORV. 
 
 53 
 
 he went up lo'the Capitol. He lived to the age of sixty-iour, 
 and reigned fourteen years ; and after his death was conse- 
 crated* and deified. 
 
 ' To him succeeded Nf.ro, who greaily xesemhled his undo 
 Caligula, and both disgraced and weakened the Roman empire; 
 he indulged in such extraordinary luxury and extravagance, 
 that, after the example of Caius Caligula, he even bathed in hot 
 and cold peilumes. and fished with golden nets, which he drew 
 up with cords of purple silk. He put to death a very great 
 number of the senate. To all good men he was an enemy. 
 At last he exposed himself in so disgi*acc'ful a manner, that he 
 danced and sung upon the stage in the dress of a harp-player 
 end tragedian. He was guilty of many murders, his brother, 
 wife, and mother, being put to death by him. He set on fire 
 the city of Rome, that he might enjoy the sight of a spectacle 
 such as Troy formerly presented when taken and burned. 
 
 In military affairs he attempted nothing. Britain he 
 almost lost ; for two of its most noble towns f were taken and 
 levelled to the ground under his reign. The Parthiaus took 
 from hira Armenia, and compelled the Roman legions to pass 
 under the yoke. Two provinces however were fonned under 
 him ; Pontus Polemoniacus, by the concession of King Pole- 
 mon : and the Cottian Alps, on the death of King Cottius. 
 
 XV. When, having become detestable by such conduct to 
 the city of Rome, and being deserted at the same time by 
 every one, and declared an enemy by the senate, he was 
 sought for to be led to punishment (the punishment being, 
 that he should be dragged naked through the streets, with a 
 fork placed under his head, J be beaten to death with rods, and 
 
 • Consecratus est] This word eeema properly to signify " waa mad«) 
 An object of worship." 
 
 f Jbuo nohUmima oppida.] Three are named, aa Orunerus observer, 
 by Tacitua, Annal. XIV. Camelodunum, c. 31, and Londi.iium and I'n'u- 
 lamiumy c 33. Suetonius, however, Nero, c. 'i'J, and OroniuH, vii. 7, say 
 two. Camelodunum ia said by Camden to be Maiden in Eaaox ; Veru- 
 l&mium waa near St. Alban'a. 
 
 Z Furcd eapiti ejus inscrtd.] Thus these won'* "-" uniformly written 
 in all the manuscripts and editions that I havi But wUui fit ream 
 
 fapiti iiiserere meana, I confes!< that I do not u- nd, unle!*A that it 
 
 be pofwible to explain it by hiipaf/nf/e. Barthm.'i ml Briton. (Philipp. 
 6, 572) p. 4'»8, judiciously i<ro|»o^es to read fuirtc capile intfrto, a 
 correction also made by OuHt;iidoii»iu8 in the niarjin of his copy. 
 Suetonius, Nei*o, c, 4&, has caticaa i»4a'i/urca.— fciAeyi*. Tisschucke 
 
 then hurled from the Tarpeian rock), he fled from the palace, 
 and killed himself in a suburban villa of one of his freed-men, 
 between the Salarian and Nomentane roads, at the fourth mile- 
 stone from the city. Ho built those hot baths at Rome, which 
 were formerly called the Neronian, but now the Alexandrian. 
 He died in the thirty-second year of his age, and the fourteenth 
 year of his reign ; and in him all the family of Augustus 
 became extinct. 
 
 XVI. To Nero succeeded Servius Galba, a senator of a very 
 ancient and noble family, elected emperor when in his seventy- 
 third year by the Spaniards and Gauls, and soon after readily 
 acknowledged by the whole army ; for his life, though but that 
 of a private person,* had been distinguished by many military 
 and civil exploits, having been often consul, often proconsul, 
 and frequently general in most important wars. His reign was 
 short, but had a promising commencement, except that he 
 seemed to incline too much to severity. He was killed how 
 ever by the treachery of Otho, in the seventli month of his 
 reign, in the forum at Rome, and buried in his gardens,, which 
 are situated in the Aurelian way, not far from the city. 
 
 XVII. Ohio, after Galba was killed, took possession of the 
 government, a man of a nobler descent on the mother's than the 
 father's side, but obscure on neither. In private life he was 
 effeminate, and an intimate of Nero ; in his government he 
 could. give no evidence of his disposition : for Vitellius, about 
 the same time that Otho had slain Galba, having been also 
 chosen emperor by the Geiman armies, Otho, having 
 commenced a war against him, and having sustained a defeat 
 in a slight skirmish near Bebriacum in Italy, voluntarily, 
 though he had still powerful forces remaining, put an end to his 
 life, in spite of the entreaties of his soldiers that he would not 
 80 soon despair of the issue of the war ; saying, ** that he was 
 not of sufficient importance that a civil war should be raised on 
 
 fancies that it may be ex])lained by hypallage, for capite furca; inserto, 
 and therefore makes no alteration- I have given what is evidently the 
 •eufec. 
 
 ♦ Privata ejus vita.] Privata t'ita is opposed to imperium, as in c, 19; 
 for under the emperors, even from the time of Augustus, it ha^l 
 become customary to call all privati except the emperor himself, even 
 such as h^ld the highest offices of state. See Jani ad Hor. Od. iii. 3, 
 26. So i^wrijc is opposed to fiaaiXivs in Zosimua, iL 7. — Tstchucke. 
 
 SI 
 
"--Vr, 
 
 
 P^ 
 
 54 
 
 EUTROPTUS. 
 
 [B.VIL 
 
 his account." He perishofl thus voluntarily in the thirty- 
 eighth year of his age, and on the ninety-fifth day of his reign. 
 
 XVIII. ViTELLius next obtained the imperial dignity, of a 
 family rather honourable than noble, for his father was not of 
 very high birth, though he had filled three regular consulships. 
 He reigned most disgracefully, being distinguished by the 
 greatest cruelty, but especially by gluttony and voraciousness, 
 since he is reported to have often feasted four or five times a 
 day. A most remarkable supper at least has been recorded, 
 which his brother Vitellius set before him, and in which, 
 besides other expensive dainties, two thousand fishes and seven 
 thousand birds are said to have been placed on the table. 
 
 Being anxious to resemble Nero, and aiming so openly at 
 this that he even paid respect to his remains, which had been 
 meanly buried, he was slain by the generals of the emperor 
 Vespasian, Vitellius having previously put to death Sabinus, 
 Vespasian's brother, and burned his corpse at the same time 
 with the Capitol. When killed, he was dragged naked, with 
 great ignominy, through the public streets of the city, with his 
 hair erect, and .lis head raised by means of a sword placed 
 under his chin, and pelted with dung on the face and breast by 
 all that came in the way ; at last his throat was cut, and he 
 was thrown into the Tiber, and had not even the common 
 rites of burial. He perished in the fifty-seventh year of his 
 age, in the eighth month and first day of his reign. 
 
 XIX. To him succeeded Vespasian, who had been chosen 
 emperor in Palestine, a prince indeed of obscure birth, but 
 worthy to be compared with the best emperors, and in private 
 life* greatly distinguished, as he had been sent by Claudius 
 into Germany, and afterwards into Britain, and hrd contended 
 two and thirty times with the enemy ; he had also added to 
 the Roman empire two very powerful nations. f twenty towns, 
 and the Isle of Wight on the coast of Britain. At liome he 
 acted with the greatest forbearance during his government; 
 though he was rp.ther too eager after money ; not however that 
 he deprived any one of it i^MJustly, and even when he had 
 
 • Privala vita.] See note on c. 16. 
 
 + Du,as valtdimmas gentcs] The Greek translator thinks that the 
 Britains and Germans are meant Vespasian is .said to have recovered 
 Britain, by Tacitus, Agric. c 17. Wlia*. other aatioQ ia intsuded ia not 
 eitw. 
 
 CXX] ABRlDGIdENT OF ROMAN BISTORT. 55 
 
 collected it with the greatest diligence and anxiety, he was in 
 the habit of distributing it most readily, especially to the 
 indicrent ; nor was the UberaUty of any prince before him 
 greater or more judicious: he was also of a most mild and 
 amiable disposition, insomuch that he never willingly inflicted 
 a severer penalty than banishment, even on persons connoted 
 of treason against himself. 
 
 Under this prince Judaea was added to the Roman empire, 
 and Jerusalem, the most celebrated city of Palestine. He also 
 reduced to the form of provinces Achaia, Lycia, Khodes, 
 Byzantium, Samos, which had been free till this penod ; 
 together with Thrace, Cilicia, and Comagena, which had been 
 governed by their resoective kings m alliance with the 
 
 Romans. . . , i • j . 
 
 XX. Offences and animosities he never tK)re m mind, 
 reproaches uttered against himself by lawyers and philosophers 
 he bore witli indulgence, but was a strenuous enforcer of 
 military discipline. He triumphed, together with his son 
 Titus, on account of the ukiog of Jerusalem. 
 
 After having thus become an object of love and favour with 
 the senate and the people, and indeed with all men. he died of 
 ji diarrhoea, in his own villa in the Sabine country, in the sixty- 
 ninth year of his age. the ninth year and seventh day of his 
 reign ; and was enrolled among the gods. , „ j 
 
 To him succeeded his son Titus, who was also called 
 Vespasian, a man remarkable for evei7 species of virtue, so 
 that he was stvled the favomite and delight of mankind He 
 was extremely eloquent, warlike, and temperate ; he pleaded 
 causes in Latin, and composed poems and tragedies in Greek. 
 At the siege of Jerusalem, while serviug under his father, he 
 killed twelve of the besieged with wounds from as many 
 arrows. During his government at Rx)me. such was his lemty 
 towards the citizens, that he did not punish a single person ; 
 and even some that were convicted of a conspiracy against 
 himself he released, and treated them on the same terms of 
 mtimacv as before. Such was his good-nature and generosity 
 that he'never refused any thing to any one, and being blamed 
 by his friends on this account, replied, that no one ought to 
 leave an emperor in discontent. Hence havmg recollected 
 once at supper, that he had conferred no obligation on any one 
 Sday.heexckimed: •• O, my friends ! I have lost this day 1 
 
 i'm 
 
56 
 
 EUTROPIUS. 
 
 [ayn. * 
 
 He built an amphitbeatre at Rome, and slaughtered five 
 thousand ^ild beasts at the dedicalion of it, 
 
 XXII. While beloved for eucb conduct, with extraordinai-jr 
 affection, be fell ill and died in the same villa as his father, tv:o 
 jears, eight months, and twcntj days after he became emperor, 
 and in the forty-socoud year of his age. So great was the 
 public lamentation on his death, that all mourned as for a loss 
 in their own families. The senate, having received intelligence 
 of his death about the evening, hurried into the senate-house in 
 the night, and heaped upon him after his death even more 
 expressions of good will and commendation, than they bad 
 uttered when he was alive and present among them. He was . 
 enrolled among the gods. 
 
 XX III. DoMiTiAN next received the imperial dignity, the 
 younger brother of Titus, but more like Nero, or CaliguU. or 
 Tiberius, than his father or brother. In the commenceraeut 
 however of his reign he used his power with moderation ; but, 
 soon proceeding to the greatest excesses of licentiousness, rage, 
 cruelty, and avarice, he provoked such universal detestation, 
 that he effaced tlie remembrance of hiS/ father s and his 
 brother's merits. He put to death the most distinguished of 
 the senate.* He was tlie first that required to be addressed as ' 
 Lord and God ; and he suflered no statue to be erected to him 
 in the Capitol except of gold or silver. He put his own 
 cousins to death. His pride also was execrable. 
 
 He made four expeditions, one against the Sarmatiand, 
 another against the Catti, and two against the Dacians. 
 -On account of ' tlie Dacians and the Catti he celebrated a 
 double triumph ; for tlie Sannatians. he assumed only the 
 laurel. He suffered many disasters however in tliese wars, for 
 in Sarmatia one of his legions was cut off together with its 
 captain, and by the Dacians Oppius Sabinus, a person of 
 consular dignity, and Cornelius Fuscus, the prefect of the 
 preetorian cohort, were slain, with numerous armies. At Rome 
 he also erected several public buildings, among which were the 
 Capitol, the Forum Transitorium, the Odeum, the Porticus 
 Divorum, the temples of Isis and Serapis, and the Stadium. 
 
 But, becoming universally odious on account of his crimes, 
 he was put to death by a conspiracy of his own servants witliia 
 the palace, in the forty-fifth year of his age, and the fifteenth of 
 his reign. His corpse was carried out with extreme insult hj- 
 common bearers, and buried igaominiously. 
 
 
 67 
 
 - BOOK VIII. 
 
 Justice and mUdneaa of Nerv*, L— Merita of Trmjan ; he extenda the 
 limite of the RomAU empire, IL-V.— Adnan, envying the glory of 
 Trajan oonlnicU the bounds of the empire, and promotes the aria 
 and oecupaUona of peace, VL VII.— Virtues of Antoninus Pius, 
 
 yUL After bia reign the commonwealth had two emperors with 
 
 equal power, Marcus and Lucius Antoninus Verus ; the studies 
 > and characUr of Marcus ; his ware in Parthia, Germnny, and with 
 tha Marcomanni. which he conducted alone or in coujuuction with 
 Luotua, IX.- XIV.— Antoninus Commodus, who resemblee his 
 father only in fighting successfully against the Germans, IV.— Hrf- 
 riiia Pcrtinax, XVI.- Salvius Julian us, XVII — Septiniius Sevenu^ 
 an African, overthrows his rivals for the throne, and conquers the 
 Parthians, Arabiana, and Adiabeni, XVIIL— His learning ; his 
 war and death in Britain, X1X-— Antoninus Caracalla, XX.— 
 OpiliuB Macrinus and Diadumenus, XXI— Heliugabalus, XXII.— 
 Alexander Severus; his victory over the Persians; his enforce- 
 maat of mihtary diaciplme ; m hia reign lived Ulpian, XXIIL 
 
 « * • 
 
 I. In the eight hundred and fiftieth year from the foundation 
 of the city, in the consulship of Vetus and Valens, the empire 
 was restored to a most prosperous condition, being committed, # 
 with great good fortune, to the rule of meritorious princes. 
 To Domitian, a most murderous tyrant, succeeded Nerva, a 
 man of moderation and activity in private life, and of noble 
 descent, though not of the very highest rank. He was made 
 emperor at an advanced age, Petronius Secundus. the prefect 
 of the pra5torian guards, and Partlienius. one of the assassms of ^ 
 Doroitiaa. giving him their support, and conducted himself / 
 ■ -with great justice and public epiriu^ He provided for the / 
 ffood of tiie state by a divine foresight, in liis adoption of / 
 Trajan He died at Rome, after a reign of one year, four 
 months, and eight days, in the seventy-second year of hia s^ii. 
 and was enrolled among the gods. „, , ^ 
 
 II, To him succeeded U1.PID8 Crinitds Tbajanus, born at 
 « 
 • • Se civautimum prahuit.) Civilu, applied to a person, pror-eriysig. 
 niflea that he " behavea as a citizen ought to behave towards Lis fellow 
 SSrcnV^ and may often be rendered "pohte. affable, .courteous. 
 Sitoi has two senses ; one derived from tbis sense of c..tZ«. and the 
 other "the art of governing, or directing aflairs in a .^lUas, vr frea 
 aUte." Both these words occur frequently in Eutropius; 1 have 
 endeavoured always to give them that aeose whi^h the passages 
 where they are found seemed to require. ,. '^ , 
 
 / 
 
i> 
 
 58 
 
 EDTEOPIUS. 
 
 [B.VUI. 
 
 Italica • in Spain, of a familj rather ancient than eminent ; 
 for his father was the first consul in it. He was chosen 
 emperor at Agrippina, a city of Gaul, lie exercised the ^ 
 government in such a manner, that he is deservedly preferred 
 to all the other emperors. He was a man of extraordinary 
 ekill in managing affairs of state, and of remarkable 
 courage. The limits of the Roman empire, which, since the 
 reign of Augustus, had been rather defended than honourably 
 enlarged, he extended far and wide. He rebuilt some cities 
 in Germany; he subdued Dacia by the overthrow of Decebalus, 
 and formed a province beyond tlio Danube, in that territory 
 which the J'haiphali, Victoali, and Theruingi now occup;^ 
 This province was a thousand miles in circumference. \ 
 
 III. He recovered Armenia, which the Parthians had seized, 
 putting to death Parthamasircs who held the government of it. 
 He gave a king to the Albani. He received into alliance the 
 king of tho Iberians, Sarmatians, Bosporani, Arabians, Os- 
 droeni, and Colchians. He obtained the mastery over tlie 
 Cordueni and Marcomedi, as well as over Anthemusia, an 
 extensive region of Persia, He conquered and kept possession 
 of Seleucia, Ctesiphon, Babylon, and tlie country of the Mes- 
 senii. He advanced as far as the boundaries of India, and 
 the Red Sea, where he formed three provinces, Armenia, 
 Assyria, and Mesopotamia, including the tribes which border on 
 Madcna.f He afterwards, too, reduced Arabia into the form 
 of a province. He also fitted out a fleet for the Red Sea, that 
 he might use it to lay waste tho coasts of India. 
 
 IV. Yet h^ went beyond his glory in war, in ability and 
 judgment as a ruler, conducting himself as an equal towardi 
 all, going often to his friends as a vi.silor,* eillier when they were 
 i/J, or when they were celebrating feast days, and entertaining 
 them in his turn at banquets where there was no distinction of 
 rank, and sitting frequently with them in tlieir chariots ; doing 
 notliin^ unjust towards any of the senators, nor being guilty of 
 
 * A 10.11 OD the BaDiis or Quad&lquivir, uot far from Seville. W 
 WM also thi- birth-place of Hadrian. 
 
 t Bo TascLucke writes the word. As it wan a later name of Media, 
 it should ratht^r, it would appear, be writtec Mtdcrux, as Cellarius gives 
 it in his edition of Sextus Kufue, c. 1 6. 
 
 X Grfxxia M^Mtovikl " For the sake of saluting or payuQg his rtspectJi 
 to them." 
 
 CYI.] ABRIDGMENT OF BOMAN EISTOHT. 69 
 
 any dishonesty to fill his treasury ;. .exercising liberality t/) all. 
 enriching with offices of trust, publicly and privately, every 
 body whom he had known even with tho least familiarity ; 
 building towns throughout the worid, granting many immu- 
 nities to states, and doing every thing with gentleness and 
 kindness ; so that during his whole reign, there was but one 
 senator condemned, and he was sentenced by the senato 
 without Tiwans knowledge. Hence, being regarded through- 
 out the worid as next to a god, he uieservedly obtained the 
 highest veneration boUi living and dead- 
 
 V. Among other sayings of his, the following rcmarkahlo 
 on-^ is mentioned. When his friends found fault with hjm. 
 for ocing too courteous to every body, he replied, that he 
 was' such an emperor to his subjects, as he had wished, when a 
 aubject, that ecperors should be to him." ^ . ,, ^ ,, , 
 AfUr having gained the greatest glory both in the field and 
 at home, he was cut off, as he was retuniing from Persia, -by a 
 diarrhoea, at Seleucia in Isauria. He died in the sixty-th.rd 
 year, ninth month, and fourth day of his age. and in the 
 nineteenth year, sixth month and fifteenth <Jay of ^« 
 reicn. He was enrolled among the gods, and was the only one 
 of aUthe emperors that was buried within the city. His bones 
 contained in a golden urn. lie in the f^rum which he him^^^^^^^ 
 built, under a pillar whose height is a hundred and forty-four 
 feet. So much respect has been paid to his memory that, 
 even to our own times, they shout in acclamations to the em- . 
 perors, " More fortunate than Augustus, better than Trt«an ! /- 
 So much has the fame of his goodness prevailed, that it ^ords 
 ground for most noble illustration in the hands either of such 
 as flatter or of such as praise with sincerity. 
 
 VI After 0.6 death of Trajan, ^uus Hadbun wm 
 made emperor, not from any wish to that effect havmg been 
 "pressed by Tn««n himself, but through the influence of 
 Pl^UnlTmU^ife; for Trajan in f )ife-Ume had ref^e^ 
 . to adopt him, though he was the son of hw cousm.* He aUo 
 was ho™ at Italica in Spain. Envying Trajan sglo^ he im. . 
 mediately gave up three of tl.e prov.nces v.h,ch Trajan h^ 
 added to\bo empire, withdrawing the '^'""f f™" ^^^ 
 Mesopotamia, and Armenia, and decdmg ^t the E"Ptra^ 
 .hould be the boundary of the empire. When he was pro- 
 • Domiti* FtuUiw.— <%>rMn-j<. . 
 
 fef;*f- 
 

 60 
 
 EUTROPIUS. 
 
 [&VIIL 
 
 cecding to tct similarlj with regard to Dacia, hia friends 
 dissuaded him, lest many Ilomoii citizeus should be left ia 
 thb hands of the barbahans, because Trajan, after he had sub- 
 dued Dacia, had transplanted thither an infinite 'number of 
 men from the whole Roman world, to people the country and 
 the cities ; as the land had been exhausted of inhabitants in 
 the long war maintained by Decebalus. 
 
 VII. He enjoyed peace, however, through the wl/)le course 
 of his reign; the only war that ho had, he committed to the 
 conduct of a governor of a province. He-went about through 
 the Roman empire, and founded n^ny edifices. He spoke 
 with great eloquence in the Latin language, and was very 
 learned in the Greek. Ho had no groat reputation for cle 
 mency, but was very attentive to the state of the treasury and 
 the discipline of the soldiers. He died in Compauia, more 
 than sixty years old, in tlie twenty-first year, t^^nth month, 
 and twenty-ninth day of liis reign. The senate was unwilling 
 to allow him divine honours ;' but his successor Titus Aurclius 
 Fulvius Antonius. earl^estly insisting on it, carried his point, 
 though ull the senators were openly opposed to him. 
 
 VIII. To Hadrian, then, succeeded Titus Antonimus Ful- 
 vius BoioNius,* who was also named Pius, sprung from an 
 eminent, though not very ancient, family ; a man of high cha- 
 racter, who may justly be compared to Knma Pompilius, as 
 Trajan may be paralleled with Romulus. He lived, before he 
 came to the throne, in great honour, but in greater still 
 during his reign. He was cruel to none, but indulgent to all. 
 His reputation in military afTairs was but moderate ; he 
 studied rather to defend the provinces than to enlarge them. 
 He sought out tl)e most just men to fill political ofllces. He 
 paid respect to the good; for the bad he showed dishke, 
 without treating them with harshness. By kings in alliance 
 with Rome he was not less venerated than feared, so that 
 many nations among the barbarians, laying aside their arms, 
 referred their controversies and disputes to him. and sub- 
 mitted to his decision He was very rich before he began to 
 reign, but diminished his wealth bj pay to the soldiers and 
 
 • Boioniui.] ThU name is suppoeed by Caaaubon ad Capitolln. Vit 
 T. Auion. c. 1, and by Mad. Dacier ad Aurel. Vict de Cks. c. 16, to b« 
 derired from Boionia Pro ilia, Titvu Aatooiaua'a graoduotber, who 
 Lad made him her heir. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 ' I 
 
 I 
 
 ex.] 
 
 AERIDCUENT OP ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 61 
 
 bounties to his friends ; he left the treasury, however, well 
 stored. It was for his clemency that he was eurnamed P\us. 
 He died at his country seat called Lorium, tweWe miles from 
 the city, in the seventy-third year of his age, and the twenty- 
 third of his reign. He was enrolled among the guUs, and 
 was deservedly an object of veneration.* 
 
 IX. After him reigned Marcus Aktonikus Verus, a man 
 indisputably of noble birth ; for his descent, on the father's 
 side, was from Numa Pompilius, and on the mother's from a 
 king of the Sallentines.f and jointly with him reigned Luoius 
 Antoninus Verus. Then it was that the commonwealth of 
 Rome was first subject to two sovereigns, ruling vrith equal 
 power, when, till their days, it had always hiad but jone 
 emperor at a time. 
 
 X. These two were connected both by relationship J and 
 aCRnity ; for Verus Antoninus had married the daughter of 
 Marcus Antoninus ; and MaJrcus Antoninus was the son-in- 
 law of Antoninus Pius, having married Galeria Faustina the 
 younger, his own cousin. They carried on a war against the 
 Parthians, who then rebelled for the first time since their sub- 
 jugation by Tn^an. Verus Antoninus went out to conduct 
 that war, and, remaining at Antioch and about Armenia, 
 effected many important achievements by the agency of his 
 generals : he took Seleucia, the most eminent city of Assyria, 
 with forty thousand prisoners ; he brought off materials for a 
 triumph over the Parthians, and celebrated it in conjunction 
 with his brother, who was also his father-in-law. He died in 
 Venetia,§ as he was going from the city of Concordia to Alti- 
 num. While he was sitting in his chariot with his brother, 
 he was suddenly struck with a rush of blood, a disease || which 
 
 • 
 
 • CofUfcro/w] See note on viL 13. 
 
 t The Sallentinca were a people of Calabria in Italy; the name of 
 thi§ king waa Malenniua, according to Capitolinua, Vit M. Anton, c. 1. 
 
 X Genere.] Both having been adopted by Antoninus Piua ; aee Capi- 
 tollnu^ Vit. Ant. P. c. 4. Hence Verua is caUed the brother of 
 Marcus by Aurelius Victor de Ces. o. 16 ; by Jamblichus ap. Photium, 
 y. 242 ; bv Capitolinua Vit* Veri, c 4 and 11 i and by Oroaxus vu. 16. 
 
 — Trtch %cfct. 
 
 . § The Urritory inhabited by the Veneti, in which both Concordia 
 
 and AlUnum were situate, distant from each other *bout thirty-one 
 
 uiiea. . , . 
 
 Ouu mwhi] Gkreanus iaterpreU au*» by iventu^ Caaut morlfi 
 
 ■-.^3 
 
 11 
 
 I 'a 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
■4^r^ 
 
 G2< 
 
 EUTROPIUS. 
 
 [B,via 
 
 \ 
 
 tho Greeks call aj«>pUxi,. He was a man *W had Utile coo. 
 ml over W. pa Jon,, but «bo never ventured to do anjtluDg 
 troi over m» i^ ,.,_e-. for hu brother. After his death, 
 TrZi vZ [:'Ce eUventh year .of his reign, he .a. 
 enrolled among the god. ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ -^ ^^ 
 
 alone a man whom any one may more easi J ~im.re than 
 Buffi! entW commend. He v,a3. from his earUest years, of a 
 
 most tranquil disposition; so that -«° '" """^ ^^.s 
 chanized countenance neither for joy nor for sorrow. He v^a-s 
 devldt^Sie Stoic philosophy a.d was W-self a ^ulos^pher 
 not only in his way of life, but in loarnmg.* He was the 
 Ob ect of ^much admiration, while yet a youth, that Hadnan 
 tntTnd^ Z make him his successor ; but having adopted Titus 
 Anton'ls pTus. he wished Marcus to become Tit^s son-in- 
 Uw that he might by tlrnt means come to the throne. 
 
 XII He wa! trained in philosophy by ApoUomus of Chal- 
 
 S'equarJLT-ved"^'" - "-g""^" "' ''I'j'^lf''" 'S 
 • T H„ exercised the most prompt bberality and 
 
 '""° ^ .1^ n^vinc^ with Uie utmost kindness and indul- 
 u.aiaged t^he provinc^ «>^ «ere successfully conducted 
 
 Renc3. .^"1*' 2,.s He himself carried on one war with 
 agaiust tlie 0"^'''. ^' ,^ greater tlmn any in tlid 
 ibe Marcomanni. but ttiis was 8™" , p':. _-rs ■ 
 «f ™... • an that it 18 compared to tlie I'unic wars . 
 ZT^l^s;> Z'^^l more foLdable. ^ .hole ar... 
 Id beeu lost; since/under the emperor. -^^^^^^^^^^ 
 over the Parthians.t there occurred bo destructive a pesUlence 
 ?W «? Ro^e and throughout Italy and the provinces, the 
 jTeater p^ of rinhabiUnts, and almost all the txoops. sunk 
 
 ^XiVl'hS persevered;, therefore, .ith'. tho greatest 
 
 «eo. 10 bo much tUe-«me as tUe^dmple mor&w, or morMa iubUus: 
 In c 12 occur. ^JP^%-^. Tb« same words ^v^ by CapitoT 
 UnoaTc: 17. The meauing w^aV"^ ^ that Uww b»A w>ea 
 wUk cJU Cerwanj e^ualljf fomuOabU. 
 
 w,XV.] 
 
 ABRUXJilENT OF ROMAN HlflTOBT. 
 
 63 
 
 labour aud patience, for three whole years at Camuntum,* he 
 brought the Marcomannic war to an end ; a war which tlie 
 Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, Suevi, and all the barbarians in 
 that quarter, had joined with the Marcomanni in raising; 
 he killed several thousand men, and, having delivered the 
 Pnnnonians from slavery, triumphed a second time at Rome* 
 with his son Commodus Antoninus, whom he had previously 
 made Caesar.f As he had no money to give his soldiers, in 
 consequence of the treasury having been exhausted for the 
 support of the war, and as he was unwilling to lay any tax on 
 ihe provinces or the senate, he sold off all his imperial furniture 
 and decorations, by an auction held in the forum of the em- 
 peror Trajan, consisting of vessels of gold, cups of crystal and 
 fnurrha,i silk garments belonging to his wife and himself, 
 embroidered with gold, and numbers of jewelled ornaments. 
 This sale was continued through two successive months, and a 
 great quantity of money was raised fjrom it. After his victory, 
 however, he gave back the money to such of the purchasers as 
 were willing to restore what they had bought, but was by no 
 means troublesome to any one who preferred to keep their 
 purchases. 
 
 XIV. He allowed the more eminent men to give entertain- 
 ments with the same magnificence, and the same number of 
 attendants, as himself. In the display of games after his 
 victory, ho was so munificent, that he is said to have exhibited 
 a hundred lions at once. Having, then, rendered the state 
 happy, both by his excellent management and gentleness of 
 dis{)osition, he died in the eighteenth year of his^ reign and 
 the sixty-first of his life, and was enrolled among the gods, all 
 unanimously voting that such honour should be paid him. 
 
 XV. His successor, Lucios Antoninus Commodus, had no 
 resemblance to his father, except that he fought successfolly 
 agunst tho Germans. He endeavoXired to alter the name of 
 
 * A town In Upper Pannoaia, on tho Danube, where Haimburg or 
 Petronel now atanda. See llanneri, T. iii. p. 740 ; alao Cluveriuji aod 
 Cell^riua. 
 
 t The title of Caesar was now giren to the person next in dignity to. 
 the emperor, and who was intended to succeed Kim- • 
 
 X Murrhina.] What subetAnce murrha was is unknown. It has 
 been thought to be porcejain, but ia now generally luppoaed to hava 
 been soma kind of stona. 
 
 L L 
 
 |i; '^•^^^^f^&^^M 
 
"frj. 
 
 64 
 
 EUTBOPIUB. 
 
 fiivm 
 
 C.XXI.] 
 
 ACRIDGMENT OF ROiLlN HISTORY. 
 
 65 
 
 the monlli of Beplember* to his own, so that it should bo 
 called Commodus. But he was corrupted with luxury and 
 licentiousness. He often fought, with gladiator's arms, in ih« 
 fencing school, and afterwards with men of that class in the 
 amphitheatre. ■: He died so sudden a death, that he was 
 thought to have been strangled or despatched by poison, alter 
 he had reigned twelve years and eight months after his father, 
 and in the midst of such execration from all men. that even 
 after his death he was styled " the enemy of the human race. 
 
 XVI. To him succeeded Pebtinax, at a very advanced age, 
 having reached his seventieth year ; he was appointed to be 
 emperor by a decree of the senate, when he was holding the 
 office of prafect of tho city. ^ He was killed in a mutiny 
 of the prffitorian soldiers, by, the villany of Juhanus, on the 
 
 eightieth day of his reign. ^ 
 
 XVII. Afterhis death SALTiusJuuANUSseized the govern. 
 
 ment, a man of noble birth, and eminently skilled in the law ; 
 he was the grandson of that Salvius Julian us who composed 
 the perpetual edict* in the reign of the emperor Adrian. He 
 was defeated by Severus at the Milviim bridge, and killed m 
 the palace. He lived only eight months after he began to reign. 
 
 XVIII. SciPTiMius Severus then assumed the government 
 of the Roman empire ; a native of Africa, born in the province 
 of TripoUs, and town of Leptis. He was the only Afncan, m 
 all the time before or after him, that became emperor. He 
 was first prsefect of the treasury, afterwards military tnbune, 
 and then rose, tlirough several offices and posts of honour, to 
 the government of the whole state. He had an inclination to 
 be called Pertina.x, in honour of that Pertinax who had been 
 killed by Julian. He was very parsimonious, and naturally 
 cruel. He conducted many wars, and with success. He 
 killed Pescennius Niger, who had raised a rebellion in Egypt 
 and Syria, at Cyzicus. He overcame the Parthians, the in- 
 terior Arabians, and the Adiabeni. The Arabians he so 
 
 • He wished, aa Tzschticke observea, to hare the month of August 
 called Commodus, and that of September, HercuUua. See Lamprid. 
 
 t The praetors had been accustomed lo publish each his own edict, 
 aa to the method in which he ^tended to administer justice for [ii« 
 year. The edicts were of course often very different ; but by ihia 
 perpeiual cdki a uniform course of proceedia was kid down. S<«« 
 note ou C. Nop. Life of Cftto, c. 2, 
 
 cffectoally reduced, that he made them a province ; hence he 
 was called Parthicus, Arabicus, and Adiabenicus. He rebuilt; 
 many edifices throughout tho whole Roman world. In his 
 reign, too, Clodius Albinus, who had been an accomplice of 
 Julianus in killing Pertinax, set himself up for Caesar in Gajiil, 
 and was overthrown and killed at Lyons. 
 
 XIX. Severus, in addition to his glory in war, was also dis- 
 tinguished in the pursuits of peace, being not only accomplished 
 in literature, but having acquired a complete knowledge of 
 phiKisophy. The last war that he had was in Britain ; and 
 tliat he might preserve, with all possible security, the provinces 
 which he had acquired, he built a rampart of thirty-two miles 
 long from one sea to the other. He died at an advanced age 
 at York, in the eighteenth year and fourth month of his reign, 
 and was honoured with the title of god. He left his two sons, 
 Bassianus and Geta, to be his successors, but desired that the 
 name of Antoninus should be given by tho senate to Bassi- 
 anus only, who, accordingly, was named Marcus Aurelius An- 
 toninus Bassianus, and was his father's successor. As for 
 Geta, he was declared a public enemy, and soon after put to 
 death. 
 
 XX. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus, then, who 
 was also called Caracalla, was a man very much of his 
 father's disposition, but somewhat more rough and vindictive. 
 He erected a bath of excellent construction at Rome, which is 
 called the bath of Antoninus,* but did nothing else worthy of 
 record. He wanted ability to control his passions ; for he 
 married his own step-mother Julia. He died in Osdroene.t 
 near Edessa, while he was planning an expedition against the 
 Parthians, in the sixth year and second mouth of his reign, 
 having scarcely passed the forty-second year of his age. He 
 wiLS buried with a public funeral. 
 
 XXI. Opilius Macrinus, who was captain of the pnetorian 
 guai'ds, and his son Diadcmenus, were then made emperors, 
 but did nothing memorable, in consequence of the shortness 
 of their reign ; for it lasted but a year and two months. They 
 were both killed together in a mutiny of the soldiers. 
 
 • OPM lavacri, owe Antonmiana appellantur.'] The change of 
 «nderMd number, as Tzschucke observea, makes the reader suspect 
 that ?omething must be wrong. Cellariua suppUe.s tkerma. 
 
 4 More frequently written Osrhocne. 
 
 L L 2 
 
 i 
 
 ";*?* 
 
 
 ^x^h> 
 
 t'M-^i''»iii 
 
 ?, ■ -■'?i 
 
 .-^^tS"^ 
 

 66 
 
 EUTROPIUSL 
 
 [B.VIII. 
 
 XXII. After these, Marcus Attreltus Antoninus was 
 made emperor, who was thought to be the son of Antoninus 
 Caracalla. He was however priest of the temple of Helio 
 gabalus.* Having come to Rome with high expectations on 
 the part of the army and the senate, he polluted himself with 
 every kind of impurity. He led a life of the utmost shame- 
 lessness and obscenity, and was killed at the end of two years 
 and eight months in a tumult of the soldiers. « His mother 
 Soemia, a native of Syria, perished with him. ' 
 
 XXm . To him succeeded Aurelios Alexander, a very 
 young man, who was named Caesar by the army, and Augustus 
 by the senate. Having undertaken a war with the Persians, 
 he defeated their king Xerxes with great glory. He enforced 
 military discipline with much severity, and disbanded whole 
 legions that raised a disturbance. He bad for his adviser, or 
 secretary of state, Ulpian, the compiler of the law. He was 
 also in great favour at Rome. He lost his life in Gaul, in a 
 tumult- of the soldiery, in the thirteenth year and eighth day of 
 his reign. He testified great affection for his mother Mammaea. 
 
 * A Syrophoeniciao deity at Emesa ; hence h« bimaelf was called 
 Heliogabalua. He was made emperor through the artificea of his 
 grandmother. Julia Moeea, who nretended that he was the eon of 
 Caracaik. 
 
 "i.^^ 
 
 
 mf^ 
 
 67 
 
 BOOK IX. 
 
 Ifiii imin Bucceasful in hia wars in Germany, I.— Three emperors at 
 once, Pupienu<», Balbinus, and Gordian ; Gordian becomes sole 
 euiperor, and goes to war with Persia, IL— The two Philips, father 
 and son ; the thousandth year of Rome, III — Decius suppresses 
 an inaurrection in Gaul, IV. — Gallus Hostilianus and his son 
 Volusianus, V.— Short reign of iEmilianus, VI.— Disadvantageouf* 
 rei^n of Valerian and Oallienus ; several aspirants assume the 
 purple, VII.-X.— Claudius defeats the Goths ; Lis honours, XI.— 
 Quyitiilus, XII.— Aurelian defeats the Goths, Tetricus, Zenobia ; 
 Buppresses a rebellion at Rome; hia character, XIII.-XV. — 
 Tacitus, Florianus, XVL— Probus ; his acts iu Gaul and Pannonia, 
 XVllL — CaruB ; his successes in Persia ; death of him and Nume- 
 rianus, XVIII. K IX.— Diocletian made emperor; overthrows 
 Carinus ; suppresses an insurrection in Gaul,*XX. — Makes Hercu- 
 liuB emi>eror, and Constantius and Maximian Casara ; proceedings 
 in Britain, Egypt, Africa, and among the Alemanni, XXI. -XX I II. 
 — Varied fortune of Maximian in Persia; subjugation of the 
 Carpi, Baotaruse, and Sarmatians, XXIV. XXV.— Character of 
 Diocletian and Maximian ; their abdication of the imperial power. 
 XXVI.-XXVIIL 
 
 I. After him Mammin came to the throne, the first einpe- 
 ror that was elected from the army by the will of the soldiers, 
 no approbation of the senate being given, and he himself not 
 being a senator. After conducting a successful war against 
 the Germans, and being on that account saluted Imperator* 
 by his troops, he was slain by Pupienus at Aquileia,t together 
 with his son who was then'but a boy, liis soldiers forsaking 
 him. He had reigned, with his son. three years and a few 
 
 divs. 
 
 II. There were then three emperors at the same time, 
 Pupienus, Balbinus, and Gordian, the two former of very 
 obscure origin, the last of noble birth ; for the elder Gordian, 
 his father, had been chosen prince by the consent of the sol- 
 diery m the reign of Maximin, when he held the proconsulslup 
 of Africa. When Balbinus and Pupienus came to Rome, they 
 were killed in the palace ; and the empire was given to 
 
 Gordian alone. . j rr. ir „* 
 
 After Gordian, when quite a boy, had married Tranquillma at 
 
 Home, he opened the temple of Janus, and, settmg out for tlie 
 • In the old sense of the word, as Tzschucke thinks, on account of 
 
 his victory. He had been made emperor before, as appears from 
 
 ^ t" A^dty^f Gallia Transpadana, at the top of the Adriatic. 
 
 _ * fliWll. 4l>Ui« 
 
-A-y- 
 
 68 
 
 EUTR0PIU8. 
 
 tR:x: 
 
 east, made war upon the Parthiana, who were tlien proceeding 
 to make an irruption. This war he soon conducted with t^uc- 
 cess, and made havoc of the Persians in gre.it battles. 
 As he was returning, he was killed, not far from the 
 Roman boundaries, by tljc treachery of Philip who reigned 
 after him. The Pvoman soldiers raised a monument for him,, 
 twenty miles from Circessus, which is now a fortress of the 
 Romans, overlooking the Euphrates. His relics they.broujiht 
 to Rome, and gave him the title of god. 
 
 III. When Gordian was killed, the two Philips, father end 
 son, seized on the government, and, having brought Off the 
 army safe, set out from Syria for Italy. In their reign the 
 thousandth year of the city of Rome was celebrated with games 
 and spectacles of vast magnificence. Soon after, both of them 
 were put to death by the soldiery; the elder Philip at Verona, 
 the younger at Rome. They reigned but five years. They 
 were however mnked among tlie gods, 
 
 IV. After these, Decius, a native of Lower Pannonia, bom 
 at Budalia, assumed the government. He suppressed a civil 
 war which had been raised in Gaul. He created his son Caesar. 
 He built a bath at Rome. When he and his son had reigned two 
 years, they were both killed in the country of the Barbarians, 
 and enrolled among the gods. 
 
 V. Immediately after, Gallus. Hostilianus, and Volusi- 
 ANUS the son of Gallus, were created emperors. In their reign 
 iEmilianus attempted an insurrection in Moesia ; and both* of 
 them, setting out to stop his progress, were slain at Interamna, 
 when they had not quite completed a reign of two years. 
 They did nothing of any account. Their reign was re- 
 markable only for a pestilence, and for other diseases and 
 afflictions. 
 
 VI. iEMiLiANUs was little distinguished by birth, and less 
 distinguished by his reign, in the third month of which he 
 was cut ofT.t 
 
 VII. LiciNius Valerian, who was then employed in Rha- 
 tift and Noricum, was next made general by the army, and soon 
 after emperor. Gallienus also received tlie title of Cffsar 
 from the senate at Rome. The reipjn of these princes was in- 
 
 • Amho.'] Both QalluH and Volusiauus. — T^hueht. 
 t £j:iCnctiu rsf-l He waa killed by the aoldierj-, according to Zoaimu^ 
 L 29, aud Zunanis, xii. 22. 
 
 •^^ 
 
 ■ Taff 
 
 C.L\.] 
 
 ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 69 
 
 jurious, and almost hXal, to the Roman name, either through 
 their ill-fortune or w-ant of energy. The Germans advanced 
 as far as Ravenna. Valerian, while he was occupied in a war in 
 Mesopotamia, wag overthrown by Sapor king of Pereia, and 
 being soon after made prisoner, grew old in ignominious slavery 
 among the P:irthians. 
 
 VI II. Gallienus, who was made emperor when quite a 
 young man, exercised his power at first happily, afterwards 
 fairly, and at last mischievously. In his youth he performed 
 many gallant acts in Gaul and Illyricum, killing Ingeuuus, 
 who had assumed the purple, at Mursa,* and Regalianus. He 
 was then for a long time quiet and gentle ; afterwards, 
 abandoning himself to all manner of licentiousness, he re- 
 laxed the reins of government with disgraceful inactivity aud 
 carelcsness. The Alemanni, having laid waste Gaul, pene- 
 trated into Italy. Dacia, which had been added to the 
 empire beyond the Danube, was lost. Greece, Macedonia, 
 Pontus. Asia, were devastated by the Goths. Pannonia was 
 depopulated by the Sarmatians and Quadi. The Germans 
 made their way as far as Spain, and took the noble 
 city of Tarraco. The Parthians, after taking possession of 
 Mesopotamia, began to bring Syria under their power. 
 
 IX. When affaire were in this desperate condition, and the 
 Roman empire almost ruined, Postumus, a man of very 
 obscure birth, assumed the purple in Gaul, and held the 
 government with such ability for ten years, that he recruited 
 the provinces, which had been almost ruined, by his great 
 energy and judgment ; but he was killed in a mutiny of the 
 army, because he would not deliver up Moguntiacum, which 
 had rebelled against him, to be plundered by the soldiers, at 
 the time when Lucius j3ilianu3 was endeavouring to effect a 
 change of government. 
 
 After him ilarius, a contemptible mechanic.t assumed the 
 purple, and was killed two days after. Victorinus then took 
 on himself the government of Gaul ; a man of great energy; 
 but, as he was abandoned to excessive licentiousness, and 
 corrupted other men s wives, he was assassinated at Agrip- 
 
 • A town of Lower Pannonia, on the river Drave. Cellar. Geog, 
 Ant. iL 8, 27. 
 
 f Viltjifimtu opifex.] Victor de Cae«. 83, 9, calls him fcrii ovxfex a 
 frorker in iruu. 
 
fZi/^. 
 
 ■ -S^V-J ".Bj;.- - •l4.'( 
 
 70 
 
 EUTEOPIUa. 
 
 [b.ix. 
 
 c.xv.] 
 
 ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 71 
 
 pina,* in the second year of his rcigu, one of his secretiriea 
 having contrived a plot against him. 
 
 X.fTo him succeeded Tetriciis, a senator, who, whon he 
 <vas governing Aquitania \^'ith the title of prwfect, was chosen 
 emperor in his absence, and assumed the purple at Bourdeaux. 
 He had to endure many insurrections among the soldiery. 
 But while these transactions were passing in Gaul, the Per- 
 sians, in the east, were overthrown by Odenathus, who, having 
 defended Syria and recovered Mesopotamia, penetrated into 
 the country as far as Ctesiphon.^ V 
 
 XI. Thus, while Gallienus abandoned the government, the 
 lioman empire was saved in the west by Posthuraus, and in 
 the east ; by Odenathus. Meanwhile Gallienus was killed at 
 Milan, together with liis brother, in the ninth year of his 
 .reign, and Claudius succeeded him, being chosen by the 
 soldiers, and declared emperor by the senate. Claudius 
 defeated the Goths, who were laying waste lUyricum and 
 Macedonia, in a great battle. He was a fruj^al and modest 
 man, , strictly obsen-ant of justice, and well quaHfied far 
 governing the empire. He was however carried off by disease 
 within two years after he began to reign, and had the title of 
 a god. The. senate honoured him with extraordinary distinc- 
 tions, insomuch that a golden shield was hung up to him in 
 the senate house, and a golden statue erected to him in the 
 Capitol. 
 
 XII. After him Quiktillus, tho brother of Claudius, was 
 elected emperor by agreement among the soldiers, a man 
 of singular moderation and aptitude for governing, comparable, 
 or perhaps superior, to his brother. He received the title of 
 emperor with the consent of the senate, and was killed on the 
 seventeenth day of his reign. 
 
 XIII. After his death Aurelian succeeded to^'the throne. 
 He was bom in Dacia Ripeusis, and was a man of ability in 
 war, but of an ungovernable temper, and too much inclined 
 to cruelty. He defeated the Goths with great vigour, and 
 extended the. Roman empire, by various successes in the field, 
 lo^its former limits. He overthrew Tetricus at Catalaunif 
 
 • A lownof tbelJbii, so called beeaose Agrippina was bom there. It 
 
 ia now Colognn!. 
 
 t In Gallia Bclgica, ^Amm. MarcelL xv. 11^ now, ast Tsschucke thinka 
 ChdUrM $ur Mamo 
 
 in Gaul, Tetricus himself, indeed, betraying his own army, 
 whose constant mutinies he was unable to bear ; and he had 
 even by secret letters entreated Aurelian to march towaids 
 him, using, among other solicitations, the verse of Virgil : — 
 
 Erijte mehii^ invictt, mcdis. 
 Onconquer'd hero, free me from these ills. 
 
 He also Look prisoner Zp;iobia, who, having killed her hus- 
 band Odenathus, was mistress of the east, in a battle of no 
 great importance near Aiitioch, and, entering Rome, celebrated 
 a magnincent triumph, as recoverer of the east and the west, 
 Tetricus* and Zenobia going before his chariot. This Tetri- 
 cus was aftenvards governor of Lucania, and lived long after 
 he was divested of the purple. Zenobia left descendants, who 
 
 still live at Rome. 
 . XIV. In his reign, the people of the mint raised a rebellion 
 in the city, after having adulterated the money, and put to 
 death Felicissimus the commissioner of the treasury. Aure- 
 lian suppressed them with the utmost severity ; several noble- 
 men he condemned to death. He was indeed cruel and 
 sanguinary, and rather an emperor necessary for the times in 
 some respects than an amiable one in any. He was always 
 severe, and put to death even the son of his own sister. He was 
 however a reformer, in a great degree, of military discipline 
 and dissoluteness of manners. 
 
 XV. He surrounded the city of Rome with stronger walls. 
 He built a temple to the Sun, in which he put a vast quantity 
 of gold and precious stones. The province of Dacia, which 
 Trajan had formed beyond the Danube, he gave up, despair- 
 ing, after all lllyricum and Mcesia had been depopulated, of 
 being able to retain it. The Roman citizens, removed from 
 the town and lands of Dacia, he settled in the interior of Mcesia, 
 calling that Dacia which now divides the two Moesi», and 
 which is on the right hand of the Danube as it runs to the sea, 
 whereas Dacia was previously on the left. He was killed 
 through the treachery of one of his own slaves, who carried to 
 certain military men, the friends of Aurelian, their own names 
 entered upon a list, having counterfeited the hand of Aurelian, 
 and making it appear that he intended to put them to death. 
 That he might be prevented from doing so, he was assassinated 
 
 • SeedO. 
 
 iV: 
 
 i^n 
 
 

 73 
 
 EUTROnUS. 
 
 [rdl 
 
 by them in the middle of the road, the old paved way, which 
 is between Cousiantinople and Heraclea. The place is called 
 Cfienophrurium. But his death was not unavenged.* Ho 
 also gained the honour of being enrolled among the gods. Ho 
 reijjned five years and six months. 
 
 XVI. After him Tacitus succeeded to the throne ; a man 
 of excellent morals, and well qualified to govern the empire. 
 He was unable, however, to sViow the world anything remark- 
 able, being cut off by death in the sixth mopth of his reign. 
 Florunus, who succeeded Tacitus, was on the throne only two 
 months and twenty days, and did nothing worthy of mention 
 J7 XVII. Probus then succeeded to tlie government, a man 
 rendered illustrious by the distinction which he obtained 
 in war. He recovered Gaul, which had been seized by the 
 Barbarians, by remarkable successes in the field. He also 
 suppressed, in sevcnJ battles, some persons that attempted to 
 seize the throne, as Satuminus in the east, and Proculus and 
 Bonosus at Agrippina. He allowed the Gauls and Cannonians 
 to have vineyards. By obliging his soldiers to work, too, he 
 planted vineyards on Mount Alma in Sirmium, and on Mount 
 Aureus in Upper Moesia, and left them to the people of tho 
 provinces to cultivate. After he had gone through a great 
 number of wars, and had at last obtained peace, he observed, 
 that •• in a short time soldiers would not be wanted." He was 
 a man of spirit, activity, and justice, equalling Aurelian in 
 miUtary glory, and surpassing him in affability of manners. 
 He was killed, however, at Sirmium, in an iron turret, during 
 an insurrection of the soldiery. He reigned six years and 
 four months. 
 
 XYIU. After the death of Probus, Carus was created 
 emperor, a native of Narbo in Gaul, who immediately mode 
 his sous, Carinus and Numerianus, Caesars, and reigned, in 
 conjunction with them, two years. News being brought, while 
 he was engaged in a war with the Sarmatians, of an insurrec- 
 tion among the Persians, he set out for the east, and achieved 
 some noble exploits against that people ; he routed them in the 
 field, and took Seleucia and Ctesiphon, their noblest cities, 
 but, while he was encamped on the Tigris, he was killed by 
 lightning His son Numerianus, too, whom he had taken 
 
 * Tacitus m:xde it his care to put the uaaasius to death. Yopise 
 Vit Tacit c 13 ; Aurei. Vict Epit c 36. 
 
 
 
 ^^k^^^^ 
 
 c.xx.] 
 
 ABRIDCMEIsT OF ROMAN HISTORY 
 
 73 
 
 with him to Persia, a young man of very great ability, while, 
 from being affected with a disease in his eyes, he was earned in 
 a litter, was cut off by a plot of which Aper, bis father-in-law, 
 was the promoter ; and his death, though attempted craftily to 
 be concealed until Aper'coald seize the throne, was made known 
 by the odour of his dead body ; for the soldiers, who attended 
 him, being struck by the smell, and opening the curtains of his 
 litter, discovered his death some days after it had taken place. 
 
 XIX. In ;the meantime Cabinds, whom Carus, when he 
 Bet out to the war with Parthia, had left, with the authority of 
 Caesar, to command in Illyricum, Gaul, and Italy, disgraced 
 himself by all manner of crimes ; he put to death many inno- 
 cent persons on false accusations, formed illicit connexions with 
 the wives of noblemen, and wrought the ruin of several of his 
 bchool-fifllows, who happened to have offended him at school 
 by some slight provocation. Incurring the hatred of all men 
 by such proceedings, he not long after met with deoerMo 1 
 punishment. 
 
 The victorious army, on retuniing from Persia, as they had 
 lost their emperor Carus by lightning, and the Caesar Numeri- 
 anus by a plot, conferred the imperial dignity on Diocletian, 
 a native of Dalmatia, of such extremely obscure birth, that he 
 is said by most writers to have been the son of a clerk, but 
 by some to have been a freedman of a senator named Anulinus.y 
 
 XX, Diocletian, in the first assembly of the army that was 
 held, took an oath that Numerian was not killed by any treachery 
 on his part; and while Aper, who had laid the plot for Nume- 
 rian 's life, was standing by, he was killed, in the sight of the 
 army, with a sword by the hand 'of Diocletian. He soon after 
 overthrew Carinus, who was living under the utmost hatred 
 and detestation, in a great battle at Margum,* Carinus being 
 betrayed by his own troops, for though he had a greater num- 
 ber of men than the enemy, he was altogether abandoned by 
 them between Viminacium and mount Aureus. He thus 
 became master of the Pwoman empire ; and when the peasants 
 in Gaul made an insurrection, giving their faction the name 
 of Bagaudse,t and ha^^ng for leaders Amandus and -^lianus, 
 
 * A town la Upper McesU, between the Danube and the Margus or 
 Horava. 
 
 t A uame of uncertain signification, but supposed, says Tzachucke^ 
 to mean rebels or robbers. 
 

 74 
 
 EUTROPIUS. 
 
 [B.IZ. 
 
 C.XXV.I 
 
 ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 75 
 
 he despatched Maximian HercuHus, with the authority of 
 Caesar, to suppress them. Maximian, iu a few Imttles of 
 little importance, subdued the rustic multitude, and restored 
 peace to Gaul. 
 
 XXI, During this period, Carausius, who» though of very 
 mean birth, had gained extraordinary reputation by a course of 
 active service in war, having received a commission in his 
 post at Bononia, to clear the sea, which the Franks and Saxons 
 infested, along the coast of Belgica atid Armorica, and having 
 captured numbers of the baibarians on several occasions, but 
 having never given back the entire booty to the people of tlie 
 province or sent it to the emperors, and there being a suspi- 
 cion, in consequence, that the barbarians were intentionally 
 allowed by him to congregate there, that he might seize them 
 and their booty as they passed, and by that means enrich him- 
 self, assumed, on being sentenced by Maximian to be put 
 to death, the imperial purple, and took on him the government 
 of Britain. 
 
 XXII. While disorder thus prevailed throughout the world, 
 while Carausius was taking arms in Britain and Achilleus in 
 Egypt, while the Quinquegentiani ♦ were harassing Africa, 
 and Narseust was making war upon the east, Diocletian pro- 
 moted Maximian Herculius from the dignity of Csesar to 
 that of emperor, and crented Constantius and Maximian 
 Galerius Casars, of whom Constantius is said to have been the 
 grand-nephew of Claudius^ by a daughter, and Maximian 
 Galerius to have been bom in Dacia not far from Sardica.§ 
 That he might ftlso unite them by affinity, Constantius married 
 Theodora the step-daughter of Herculius, by whom he had 
 after\vards six children, brothers to Constantine ; while Gale- 
 rius married Valeria, the daughter of Diocletian ; both being 
 obliged to divorce the wives that they had before. With 
 Carausius, however, as hostilities were found vain against a 
 man eminently skilled in war, a peace was at last arranged. 
 
 • CellariuB thinks that they may be the same u the Pentipolitani, 
 that is, the Cyrenaeans, Cyrenaica comprising five cities, Berenice, 
 Arsinoe, Ptolemaia, ApoUonia, and Cyrene, 
 
 + King of Persia ; more frequently viTittcn Narses. 
 
 t The emperor mentioned in c. 11. Constantius was the grandson 
 of Crispus, Claudius's brother. 
 
 § The metropolis of Dacia Meditcrranea ; thought to be the samt 
 M the preaent Sofia in Bulgaria. 
 
 At the end of seven year?, Allectus, one of his supporters, put 
 him to death, and held Britain himself for three years subse- 
 quently, hut was cut oft' by the efforts of Asclepiodotus, prafect 
 of the praetorian guard, 
 
 XXI II. At the same period a battle was fought by Con- 
 stantius Caesar in Gaul, at LingonaB,* where he experienced 
 both good and bad fortune in one day ; for though he was 
 4riven into the city by a sudden onset of the barbarians, with 
 such haste and precipitation that after the gates were shut he 
 was drawn up the wall by ropes, yet, when his army came up, 
 after the lapse of scarcely sU hours, he cut to pieces about 
 sixty thousand of the Alemanni. Maximian the emperor, 
 too, brought the war to an end in Africa, by subduing the 
 Quinquegentiani, and compelling them to make peace. 
 Dioaletian, meanwhile, besieging Achilleu"s in Alexandria, 
 obliged him to surrender about eight months after, and put 
 him to death. He used his victory, indeed, cruelly, and 
 distressed all Egj'pt with severe proscriptions and massacres. 
 Yet at the aame time he made many judicious arrangements 
 and regulations, which continue to our own days. 
 
 XXIV. Galerius Maximian, in acting against liarseus, 
 fought, on the first occasion, a battle far from successful, 
 meeting him between Callinicus and Carrae, and engaging in 
 the combat rather vith rashness than want of courage ; for ho 
 contended with a small army against a very numerous enemy. 
 Being in consequence defeated, and going to join Diocletian, 
 he was received by him, when he met him on the road, with 
 such extreme haughtiness, that he is said to have run by his 
 chariot for several miles in his scarlet robes. 
 
 XXV. But having soon after collected forces in Illyricum 
 and Mcesia, he fought a second time with Narseus (the grand- 
 father of Hormisdas and Sanor), in Greater Armenia, with 
 extraordinary success, and wrdi no less caution and spiriL for 
 he undertook, with one or two of the cavalry, the office of a 
 speculator.^ After putting Narseus to flight, he captured his 
 
 * Apud Lingonfu^'] Lingonao, or Lingones, the chief town of the 
 Lingones iu Gaul, previously called Andomatunura ; now Langrcs. 
 
 t The tpcculatora, under the emperors, were a body of troops 
 attached to the praetorian cbhorts, or perhaps forming part of them, 
 apd having the czse of the emperor's person. Jpsum Othonem comitO' 
 hantur ipeculoMrutn UciG, corporOf cum caleris prcUoriit cohortibus. Taa 
 Hibt. ii 11. 
 
 
 "*J /.«> 
 
 ;1t. 
 
 
 
 ■J.:^. 
 
 I 
 

 
 '*i* • i.'^'*' 
 
 
 ^^p*rV-?r^f^^^^pplj 
 
 7C 
 
 EUTROPIUS. 
 
 [BIX. 
 
 C3. XXVIII. J ABRIDGMENT OF EOMAN HISTORT. 
 
 ^7 
 
 xaveii, sisters, and childr.^n, with a Tost number of the 
 Persian nobility besides, anJ a great quantity of treasure ; tho 
 king himself he forced to take refuge in the remotest deserts 
 ill his dominions. Returning therefore in trimnph to 
 Diocletian, who was then encamped with some troops in 
 Mesopotamia, he was welcomed by him with great lionour. 
 Subsequently, they conducted several wars both in conjunction 
 and separately, ^subduing the Carpi and Bastarnje, and 
 defeating the Sarmatians, from which nations ho settled a 
 great number of captives in the Roman territories. 
 
 XXVI. Diocletian was of a crafty disposition, with ranch 
 pagacity, and keen pcnetmtion. He was willing to oratify his 
 own disposition to cruelty in such a way as to throw tlie odium 
 upon others ; he was however a very active and able prince. 
 He was the first tltat introduced into the Roman empire a 
 ceremony suited rather to royal usages than to Roman liberty, 
 '•iviug orders that he' should be adored,* whereas all emperors 
 before him were only saluted. He put omataents of precious 
 stones on his dress and shoes, when the impcrijd distinction 
 liad previously been only in tl»e purple robe, the rest of the 
 habit being the same as that of other men. 
 
 XXVII. But Hercuhus w.is undisguisedly cruel, and of a 
 violent temper, and showed liis severity of disposition in the 
 sternness of his looks. Gratifyinij his own inclinatiou, he 
 joined with Diocletian in even the most cruel of his proceed- 
 ings. But when Diocletian, as age bore heavily upon him. 
 felt himself unable to sustain the government of the empire, he 
 sujiticated to Herculius that thev should both retire into 
 private life, and commit the duty of upholding the state to 
 more vigorous and youthful hands. With this suggestion his 
 colleague reluctantly complied. Both of them, in the same 
 d:iy, exchanged the robe of empire for an ordinary dress, 
 Diocletian at Nicomedia, Hereulius at Milan, soon after a 
 nu»gnificent triumph which they celebrated at Rome over 
 several nations, with a noble succession of pictures.f and m 
 
 • Adorari] Soo C. Kep life of Conon, c. 3. 
 
 t Pompu ferculorum iilxuiri.] Fcrcult nre representations of cities, 
 river?, and oth-Jr objects in tho conquered counlnca, earned in pro- 
 cession at a triumph, in imitation of Komiilus, who carried the spoilt 
 of a slain onemy tuspeyisa fireulo, Li v. i 10. — Tzschuckc. Pcrculam 
 waa a kind of frame iu which anything xoight be carried or suipooded. 
 
 which the wives, sisters, and children of Narseus ypere led 
 before their chariots. Tho one then reUred to Salon®, and the 
 other into Lucania. 
 
 XXVIII. Diocletian lived to an old age in a private 
 station, at a villa which is not far from Salonae, in honourable 
 retirement, exercising extraordinary philosophy, inasmuch as 
 he alone of all men, since the foundation of the Roman 
 empire, Yoliintarily returned from so high a dignity to the 
 condition of private Ufe, and to an equality with the other 
 citizens. That liappened to him, therefore, which had 
 happened to no one since men were created, that, though ho 
 died in a private condition, he was enrolled among the gods 
 
 BOOK X. 
 
 Dirlflion of the empire Detween Coo^taniiuB and Oalerius, Maximin 
 and Seyerua being Cssan, I. — Constantine niado emperor iu 
 Britain, and Mazentiua, son of M&ximian, at Rome ; Mazimian 
 attempts to regain the throne ; fniluro of Severus againat Kax- 
 cntius, II. - Subsequent efforta of ilaximian ; his death and 
 character, IIL — Four emperors at once, Coustantine, Maxentiua, 
 Licinius, and Maximin ; Maxentius overthrown by ConsCantine ; 
 death of Maximin, IV. — Liciniuj" defeated by Constantino, who 
 becomes sole emperor, and makes three Cr^sars, V. VI. — Character 
 and death of Conatantice, VII. VIIL — He ia succeeded by three 
 sons and a nephew, Constantine, Constantius, Constans, and Dal* 
 matins ; Constantius survives them all. and becomes sole emperor, 
 suppressing; Yeteranio and Ncpotiau, IX.-XL — Overthrow and 
 death of Siagnentius ; Gallxis rcado Ca;8ar, XII.— Deaths of Gal] us. 
 and Sylvaaua, XIII. — Jidian cent to Gaol by Conatantius with the 
 authority of Caesar; hia succeasea, XIV.— Julian made emperor J 
 death and character of Consuvntius, XV. — Julian's expedition t> 
 the east; his death and character, XVI. — Jovian caade emperor in 
 the east ; hia ill-fortune ; he cedes a portion of the Roman territory 
 to Sapor ; his death, and the supposed cauces of it, XV IL XVIII. 
 
 I. These emperors, then, having retired from 'the govern- 
 ment of the state, CoNSTA^'TlU3 and Galkuius were made 
 emperors ; and the Roman world was divided between theto 
 in such a manner, that Constantius "had Gaul, Italy> and 
 Africa; Galerius Iliyricum, Asia, and the- East: two Coesars 
 being joined with them. Constantius, however, content with 
 the dignity of emperor, d^Iinod the care of governing Africk 
 
 • '^**»-*w 'rj^JC'it., 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 EUTROPIUB. 
 
 [b.x. 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 s^ 
 
 CF. ml 
 
 A'RTlmn^frvT c\v pnv4v WTRTfjRV. 
 
 7JJ 
 
i-^^-^ 
 
 
 ■■■^fi^^^- .'7 
 
 
 78 
 
 EUTROPIUB. 
 
 [b X. 
 
 He was an excelleut man, of extreme benevolence, who studied 
 to increase the resources of the provinces and of private 
 pereons, cared but little for the improvement of the public 
 treasury, and used to say tliat ** it was better for the national 
 wealtli to be in the hands of individuals than to be laid up in 
 one place oif confinement" So moderate was the furniture of 
 his house, too, that if, on holidays, he had to entertain a 
 greateruumber of friends than ordinary, his dining-rooms were 
 set out with the plate of private persons, borrowed from their 
 several houses. By the Gauls* he was not only beloved 
 but venerated, especially because, under his government, they 
 had escaped the suspicious prudence of Diocletian, and the 
 sanguinary rashness of Maximian. He died in Britain, at 
 York, in the thirteenth year of his reign, and was enrolled 
 among the gods. 
 
 II. Galerius, a man of excellent moral character, and skil- 
 ful in military affairs, finding that Italy, by Constantius's 
 permission, was put under his government, created two 
 Caesars, Maximin, whom he appointed over the east, and 
 Severus, to whom he committed Italy. He himself resided 
 in lUyricuir "^ But after the death of Constaniius, Constan 
 TINE, his son by a wife of obscure birth, was made emperor in 
 Britain, and succeeded his father as a most desirable ruler. 
 In the meantime the pratorian guards at Rome, having risen 
 in insurrection, declared Maxenthts, the son of Maximian 
 Herculius, who lived in the Villa Publicaf not far from the 
 city, emperor. At the news of this proceeding. Maximian, 
 filled with hopes of regaining the imperial dignity, which he 
 had not willingly resigned, hurried to Rome from Lucania, 
 (which, on retiring into private hfe, he had chosen for his 
 place of residence, spenduig his old age in a most, delightful 
 country), and stimulated Diocletian by letters to resume the 
 authority that he had laid down, letters which Diocletian 
 utterly disregarded. Severus Cesar, being despatched to 
 Rome by Galerius to suppress the rising of the guards and 
 Maxentius, arrived there with his anny, but, as he was laying 
 siege to the city, was deserted through the treachery of his 
 so diers. 
 
 ♦ He had reserved Oaul for hia own peculiar province. — Tztchucle. 
 t A building in the Campu3 Martiiu. intended chiefly as a lodgiuf 
 house or hotel for ambaaa^dord from foreign nations. 
 
 CH..m.X ABRIDGMENT OP RO\L\N HISTORY. 
 
 79 
 
 
 III. The power of Maxentius was thus increased, and his 
 government established. Severus, taking to flight, was killed 
 at Ravenna. Maximian Herculius, attempting afterwards, in 
 an assembly of the army, to divest his son Maxentius of his 
 power, met with nothing but mutiny and reproaches from the 
 soldiery. He then set out for Gaul, on a planned stratagem, 
 as if he had been driven away by his son, tliat he might join 
 his son-in-law Constantine,* designing, however, if he could 
 find an opportunity, to cut off Constantine, who avUs ruling in 
 Gaul with great approbation both of the soldiers and the 
 people of the province, having oveitlirown the Franks and 
 Alemanni with great slaughter, and captured their kings, 
 whom, on exhibiting a magnificent sliow of games, he exi)osed 
 to wild beasts. But the plot being made known by Maxi- 
 miau's daughter Fausta, who communicated the design to her 
 husband, Maximian was cut off at ^larseilles, wlience he was 
 preparing to sail to join his son, and died a well deserved 
 death ; for he was a man inclined to every kind of cruelly and 
 severity, faithless, penerse, and utterly void of consideration 
 for others. 
 
 IV. At this time Licinius, a native oi Dacia, was made 
 emperor by Galerius, to whom he was known by old compa- 
 nionship, and recommended by his vigorous efforts and services 
 in the war which he had conducted against Narseus. The death 
 of GaleriuB followed immediately afterwards. The empire was 
 then held by the four new emperors, Constantine and Maxen- 
 tius, sons of emperors, Licinius and Maximian, sons of undistin- 
 guisbed men. Constantine, however, in the fifth year of his 
 reign, commenced a civil war with Maxentius, i-outed his 
 forces in several battles, and at last overthrew Maxentius 
 himself (when he was spreading death among the nobility by 
 every possible kind of cruelty,t) at the ]\Iilvian bridge, and 
 made himself master of Ita.ly. Not long aftf r, too, Maximin, 
 after commencing hostiUties against Licinius in the oast, anti- 
 cipated the destruction that was falling upon him by an 
 accidental death at Tarsus. 
 
 V. Coxstanth^e, being a man of gieat energy, bent upon 
 effecting whatever he had settled in his mind, and aspiring to 
 
 • Who was married to Maximian'a daughter Fausta. 
 + Adverfut nobUej omnibu* exilii* Bctvientcm.'] " Kaglng against tht 
 nobles with every kind of destruction." 
 
 M M * 
 
 V- 
 
 
 
 *^^2 
 
EUTR0PIU3. 
 
 [book X. 
 
 the sovereignty of the whole world,T)roceecIed to malve war on 
 Licinius. although he had farmed a connexion with him by 
 marriftge,* for his siiter Constantia was married to Licinius. 
 And first of all he ^verlbrew him, by a sudden attack, at 
 Oibala in Panuonia. where he was making vast preparntions 
 for war ; and after becoming master of Dardania, Maesia, and 
 Macedonia.-took possession also of several other provinces. 
 
 VI. There were then various contests between them, and 
 peace made and broken. At last Licinius, defeated in a battle 
 at Nicomedia by sea and land, surrendered himself, and, in 
 violation of an oath taken by Constantine, was put to death, 
 after being divested of the purple, at Thessalonica. 
 
 At this time the Roman empire fell under the sway of on© 
 emperor and three Caesars, a state of things which had never 
 existed before ; the sons of Constantino ruling over Gaul, the 
 east, and Italy. But the pride of prosperity caused Constantino 
 greatly to depart from his former agreeable mildness of temper. 
 Falling first upon his own relatives, he put to death his son, 
 an excellent man ; his sister's son, a youth of amiable disposi- 
 tion ; soon afterwards his wife, and subeeijuently many of his 
 
 friends. . 
 
 VII. He was a man, who, in the beginmng of his reign, 
 might have been compared to the best princes ; in the latter 
 part of it, only to those of a middling character. lunutaerabie 
 good qualities of mind and body were apparent in him ; he 
 was exceedingly ambitious of military glory, and had great 
 success in his wars ; a success, however, not more than pro- 
 porlioned to his exertions. After he had terminated the Civil 
 war, he also overthrew the Goths on various occasions, granting 
 them at last peace, and leaving on the minds of the barbarians 
 a 8tron« remembrance of his kindness. He was attached to 
 the arS of peace and to liberal studies, and was ambitious of 
 honourable popularity, which he. indeed, sought by every kind 
 of liberality and obligingness. Though he was slow, from 
 suspicion, to 8er\e some of his friends.t yet he was exceedingly 
 
 • Ntefmiudo ULi et afinitcu cum to euet^ He had a nece»txt\uU) or 
 relationship with him, which relationship was an aj^nitas, or alliance 
 by marriage. Afinitas ia added, a3 Tzichucke observes, to explain 
 ntccstitudo, which, consequently, might very well be omitted. 
 
 t In nonnuUus amicot dubiut.] I have translated thia phrase in 
 conformity with the explanation of the old interpreter in lo. Anti- 
 ochenus, cited by Txschucke : irpof nfOQ ruv yvwpi/itt/v i/KoiXtQ n 
 
 
 ,.* 
 
 CH. \T1I.] ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORT.. 
 
 81 
 
 generous towftrds othei-s, neglecting no opportunitjTb, add to 
 their riches and honours. 
 
 VIII. He enactted many laws, some good and equitable; 
 but most of them superfluous, and some severe. He was the 
 first that endeavoured to raise the city named after him ♦ to 
 such a height as to make it a rival to Rome. As he was pre- 
 paring for war against the Parthians, who were then disturbing 
 Mesopotamia, he died in the Villa Publica^f at Nicomedia, in 
 the thirty-first year of his reign, and the sixty -sixth of his 
 age. His d^ath was foretold by a star with a tail, which 
 shone for a long time, of extraordinary size, and which the 
 Greeks call a xo/Ajjrfjc He was deservedly enrolled among 
 the gods. 
 
 IX. He left for his successors three sons and one nephew, 
 the son of his brother. But Dalmatius C^sar, a man of 
 happy genius, and not unlike his brother, was soon after cut 
 off by a mutiny among the soldiers, Constantius, his cousin, 
 sanctioning the act, rather thart commanding it. The ofl&cers 
 of Constans also put to death Constantine, when he was 
 making war upon his brother, and had rashly commenced an 
 engagement at Aquileia. Thus the government was left in 
 the hands of two emperors. The hile of Constans was for 
 some time energetic and just, but aftei'wards, falling into ill- 
 heulth, and being swayed by ill-designing friends, he indulged 
 in great vices ; and, becoming intolerable to the people of the 
 provinces, and unpopular with the soldiery, was killed by a 
 party headed by Magnentius. He died not far from the borders 
 of Spain, in a fortress named Helena, in the seventeenth year 
 of his reign, and the thirtieth of his age ; yet not till he had 
 performed many gallant actions in the field, and had made 
 himself feared by the army through the whole course of bis 
 life, though without exercising any extraordinary severity. 
 
 X. The fortune of Constantius was different ; for he suf- 
 fered many grievous calamities at the hands of the Persians, 
 his towns being often taken, his walled cities besieged, and 
 his troops cut off. Nor had he a single successful engagement 
 with Sapor, except that, at Singara, when victoiy might 
 certainly have been his, he lost it, through the irrepressible 
 eagerness of his men, who, contrary to the practice of war, 
 
 ♦ ConBtantinople. 
 
 A building similar to the one at Rome mentioned In c ^ 
 
 M M 2 
 
 
 
 

 
 ■v^^'^m 
 
 jfs'^^,^'-;^' 
 
 ■ssfM^Sj?^ 
 
 EUTH0PIU3. 
 
 [BOOKX. 
 
 mutinously and foolishly called for battle when the day was 
 declining. After the death of Constans, when Maonextius 
 held the government of Italy, Africa, and Gaul, Illyricum 
 a] so felt some ne'w commotions, Vetranio being elected to 
 the throne by a combination of the soldiery, whom they made 
 emperor when he waa very old and universally popular from 
 the length and success of his service in the field ; an upright 
 man, of morality severe as thrt of the ancients, and of an agree- 
 able unassumingnesa of manner, but so ignorant of all polite 
 learning, that he did not even acquire the first rudiments of 
 literature until he waa old and hed become emperor. 
 
 XI. But the imperial authority was snatched from Vetranio 
 by Constantius, who stirred up a civil war to avenge his 
 brother's death ; Vetranio being compelled, witli the consent 
 of the soldiers, and, by a new and extraordinary proceeding, to 
 divest himself of the purple. There was at the same lime an 
 insurrection at Rome. Nepotianus, a son of Coustantine's 
 sister, endeavouring to secure the throne with the aid of a 
 body of gladiators ; but ho met with an end such as his savage 
 attempts merited, for he was cut off on the twenty-eighth 
 day of his usurpation by the oflScers of Magnentius, aud paid 
 the penalty of his rashness. His head was carried through 
 the city on a lance ; and dreadful proscriptions and massacres 
 of the nobility ensued. 
 
 XII. Not long afterwards Magnentius was overthrown in a 
 battle at Mursa,* and nearly taken prisoner. Vast forces of 
 the Roman empire were cut off in that struggle, sutlicient f^r 
 any foreign wars, and for procuring many triumphs, and a 
 lasting peace. Soon after, Gallus, his uncle's sou, wju 
 appointed by Constantius, as Cssar, over the east; and 
 Megnentius, being defeated in several battles, put an end to his 
 life at Lyons, in the third year and sevenih inoiUa of his reirrn^ 
 as did also his brother at Sen8,t whom he had sent as Caesar 
 to defend Gaul. 
 
 XIII. About this time the Caesar Gallus, after committing 
 many tyrannical acts, was put to death by Constantius. 
 Gallus was a man naturally cruel, and too much inclined to 
 tyranny, if he could but have reigned in his own right 
 
 • See ix. 8. 
 
 t Senonis.] The ablative caae 'of <Senon», oi-um, pnvioualy ' called 
 jLgfendicum, now Sent. 
 
 . *■.- * ■'. 5 
 
 
 
 w^. 
 
 CH^XVL] ABWDGMENT of ROMAN niSTOHT. B3 
 
 Silvanus also, who attempted an insurrection} in Gaul, was cut 
 off before the end of thirty days; and Constantius then 
 remained sole ruler and emperor over the Roman dominions. 
 
 XIV. He then sent into Gaul, with the authority of C»sar, 
 his cousin Julian, the brother of Gallus. giving him his sifter 
 in marriage at a time when the barbarians had stormed many 
 towns, and were besieging others, when there was every whore 
 direful devastation, and when the Roman empire was tottering 
 in evident distress. But by Julian, with hut a moderate force, 
 vaat numbers of the Alemanni were cut off at Strasburg, a city 
 of Gaul ; their distinguished king was taken prisoner, and 
 Gaul recovered. Many other honourable achievements, too, 
 were afterwards performed by Julian against the barbarians, 
 the Germans being driven beyond the Rhine, and the Roman 
 empire extended to its former limits. 
 
 XV. Not long after, when the German armies were with- 
 drawing from the defence of Gaul, Julian was made emperor by 
 the unanimous consent of the army, and, after the lapse of a 
 year, went to take the government of Illyricum, while Con- 
 stantius was engaged in the war with Parthia. Constantius, 
 hearing,what had occurred, and returning to the civil strife. 
 died on his march between ' Cilicia and Cappadocia, in the 
 thirty-eijjlith year of his reign, and the forty-fifth of his age. 
 and was deservedly enrolled among the gods. He was a man 
 of a remarkably tranquil disposition, good-natured, trusting too 
 much to his friends and courtiers, and at last too much in the 
 power of his wives. He conducted himself with great mode- 
 ration in the commencement of his reign; he enriched his 
 friends, and suffered none, whose active services he had 
 experienced, to go unrewarded. He was however somewhat 
 incUned to severity, whenever any suspicion of an attempt on 
 the government was excited in him ; otherwise he was gentle. 
 His fortune is more to be praised in civil than in foreign 
 wars. 
 
 XVI. Julian then became sole emperor, and made war, 
 with a vast force, upon the Parthians; in which expedition I was 
 also present. Several towns and fortresses of the Persians he 
 induced to surrender, or took them by storm ; and, having laid 
 waste Assyria, fixed his camp for some time at Ctesiphon. 
 As he waa returning victorious, and mingling rashly in the 
 thick of a battle, he was killed by the hand of an enemy, on 
 
 :;L.. 
 
 ^:l 
 

 
 
 ;-«Tvj.: 
 
 iJ!^ 
 
 84 
 
 EUTROriUS. 
 
 [book X. 
 
 CH. X^^IU.] ABRIDGMENT OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 a5 
 
 the 26th of June, in the seventh year of his reigna* and 
 the thirty -second of his age, and was enrolled among the godb. 
 He wa« a remarkable man, and one that would have governed 
 the empire with honour, if he had but been permitted by the 
 fates. He was eminently accomplished in hberal branches of 
 knowledge, but better read in the literature of the Greeks, so 
 much so indeed that his Latin was by no means comparable to 
 his Greek learning. He was possessed of great and ready 
 eloquence, and of a most tenacious memory. In some respects 
 he was more hke a philosopher than a prince. Towards his 
 friends he was liberal, yet less discriminating as to the objects 
 of his generosity than became so great an emperor ; for there 
 were some of them that cast a stain on his glory. To the 
 people of the provinces he was meet just, and remitted the 
 taxes on them as far as was possible. He was indulgent 
 towards all men ; he felt no great anxiety about the public 
 treasury; but of gloiy he was a great lover, and manifested 
 even an intemperate desire for the attainment of it. He was 
 ft persecutor of the Christian religion, yet so that he abstained 
 from shedding blood. He was not unlike Marcus Antoninus, 
 whom he even studied to rival. 
 
 XVII. After him Jovian, who attended him in the expe- 
 dition as one of his body-guard, was chosen by the suffrages 
 of the soldiers to fill the throne ; a man better known to ll)e 
 army by the fame of his father than by his own. As affairs 
 were now in confusion, and the army distressed for want of 
 provisions, Jovian, after being defeated in one or two battles 
 by the Persians, made peace with Sapor, a peace which was 
 necessary indeed, but ignominious, for he was obliged to contract 
 his boundaries, a portion of the Roman dominions being 
 ceded to the enemy; a disgrace "which had never occurred, 
 before his time, since the Roman empire had been founded, 
 during a space of one thousand one hundred and eighteen 
 years. And though our legions were made to pass under the 
 yoke, both at Caudium by Pontus Telesinus,* at Numantia 
 m Spain, and in Numidia, yet no part of the Roman territory 
 was given up on any of those occasions. Such terms would 
 not have been altogetlier reprehensible, if he bad been 
 
 * Thia PontiuB w not generally called Telesinus ; the ether Pontius, 
 who was distiogtiished as leader of*the Saxxmitoa in the Social war, had 
 that zuoae. See Florus, iiL Id. 
 
 \ 
 
 resolved, when it should be in his power, to throw off the 
 obligation of the treaty, as was done by the Romans in all the 
 wars that I have mentioned ; for war was immediately after 
 made upon the Samnites, Numantines, and Numidians, and the 
 peace was never ratified. But being in dread, as long as ho 
 remained in the east, of a rival for the imperial dignity, he 
 thought too little of his glory. After marching from thence, 
 accordingly, and directing his course towards lllyricum, he 
 died suddenly on the borders of Galatia. He was a man, in 
 other parts of his conduct, deficient neither in energy nor 
 understanding, 
 
 XVIII. Many think that he was carried off by a violent fit 
 of indigestion, for he had iud-ulged in delicacies at supper ; 
 others suppose that be died of the odour of his chamber, which, 
 from a recent plastering of lime, was dangerous to such as 
 slept in it ; others imagine that he fell a victim to the over- 
 powering effects of charcoal, which he had ordered to be burnt 
 in great abundance on account of the extreme cold. He died 
 in tbd seventh month of his reign, on the 18th of April, 
 in the tmrty-third year of his age,* and, by the kindness of 
 the emperors that succeeded him, was enrolled among the 
 gods ; for he was inclined to equity, and liberal by nature. 
 
 Such was the state of the Roman empire in the consulship of 
 the Emperor Jovian and Varronianus, in the year one thousand 
 one hundred and nineteen from the foundation of the city. 
 But as we have now come to illustrious and venerable princes, 
 we shall here fix a limit to the present part of our work ; for 
 the things that remain must be told in a more elevated style ; 
 and we do not, for the present, so much omit them, as 
 reserve them for higher efforts in writing. 
 
 • The words ut qui plunmum minimum^tie traduntf which occui 
 bere, are not translated. See uotA on i. 1. 
 
 !l 
 
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