THE O F ENGLAND- Part 111.and Part IV. CONTAINING} I. An Account of the Riches, Strength, Magnificence, Natural Produdion, Manufadures of this Ifland,with an exad Catalogue of the Nobility, and their Seats, &c. II. The Trade and Commerce with¬ in it felf, and with all Countries traded to by the Englijb,as at this day eftablifh- ed, and all other Matters relating to Inland and Marine Affairs. Supplying what is omitted in the two former Parts , tifeful for Natives andtoremrs. London , Printed for William Whitwood , | near the George Inn in Little Britain , i68$. Krc.*$ *v VoAvje.W 150^0 WHEREIN | Is fet forth the Riches, Strength, Magnifi¬ cence, Natural Production,Manufadtures, Wonders and Rarities, Progrefs of Learn¬ ing, Arts and Ingenuities, &c. WITH A more perfeft and Methodical Catalogue of the Nobility, with their Seats, than any hitherto extant. LONDON, Printed for William Wbitmod , next the George Inn, in Little Britain. 1683. Wees FoXU^OJt ' 50^0 T H.E PREFACE. .1 I T is commonly faid a- mong Gamefters 3 that ! the Standers by oft-times | fee more than the perfons ! themfelves that play. I The like may be faid 5 | as to the Writing of i Books : That the Critical The Preface. Reader foon difcovers the Errors and Defers of the Writer. ■ Withall, it is a com¬ mon Obfervation, even of the Vulgar and Inferior fort of the' people of Trance' )' that ? when any Stranger chanceth to trip orfalter, either in the Pro¬ nunciation , or Idiom of their Language, they, Mead of laughing at their failings ^ are ftill ready to Help them out. The Tref ace. and inform them : bet¬ ter. In our prefont Affair therefore, there is nomore to do, than to wifti the good; fortune of falling in¬ to thehands of the moft courteous iand beft natu- red of headers; andin- deed, there is a kind of ne- eeflity for it: for, in treat- ling i©f th e ProduBions ManufaBures , Inveriti- ms , and other things teem contained, there The Preface. is (if not more) at leaft, as much need of Con- verfe, as of Books; of corifulting the Living, as the Dead. Whatever then,through hafte, Inadvertency, or want of convenient Affif tance; either of Miftake, or Gmiffion of what is rnoft Curious or Remark¬ able (I fay, moft Curious or Remarkable; fince a too particular,and Minute Account would fwell each Head The Preface . Head into a diftinft Vo¬ lume) may have efcaped in this prefcnt Worh; thofe Gentlemen who fhall think it worth their while, and will give themfelves the trouble, are humbly defired, againft the next Impreffion, if the Work ihall be thought worthy of it, to impart their Advice and Informations. Small Beginnings oft times grow up to confide- rable Improvements: and ' a little The Preface. a little Cottage may.- be inlarged to : a Commodi¬ ous, if not; ftately- Habb tation. BRftATA & OMISSA, ^SAceia. line n. afterX*»ft r«d Edward'fFe V Fourth. ibid. 3ka to t. Alfhonfo. ^ i ? . 16. after from.-Brnba. I.7. after from, r. Guinea. pm.Utj. in the Blank, after *, r. Herefordshire, p. 22. 1 .10. r. Vutyunftr. What other Miftakes, or Omiflions have efcaped thePrefs, byreafonfome Sheets were wrought oft before theAuthorVFerufal, are fubmkted to the Courteous and Judicious Reader’s Emendation. THE THE Prefent State OF ENGLAND: • Part III. T H E Ifland of Great Britain , the largeft of the European Iflands, and to very few Iflands of the World inferiour in bignefs, to none in Fertility, Power> Good Government and the Glory of its great Actions, lies between 52 and 58 degrees of Northern Latitude. England the nobleft and largeft part thereof, and a diftindt King¬ dom of it lelf, though at prefent united un-; A der 2 €fje latent State der one Monarch, hath undergone four fe- veral grand Revolution?. Not to mention the Samotkans , Albionifis, and Brutus his Trojan Dynaftie, whole credit depends ra¬ ther upon fabulous.Tradition than real Hi- ilory, the ancient Inhabitants of this Jiland are fcarce taken notice of by any. Author of accountbutby the name of Britains, and the firft certainly known Attaque that ever was made upon them, was by the Romans, under Julius Cafar ; and aft.er that feveral. others by the Lieutenants, of feveral fuc- cceding Emperors, not without a World' ofBloodlhed: The Natives nolefs ftoutly refilling, than the Romans furious affaul- ting, till at length they gain’d a no lefs ■quiet than perhaps advantageous Polfeflion among us ■> I mean, advantageous to this I hand fo that the Lofers may be Laid to have been the greateft Gainers, the Con¬ quered the greateft Triumphers: For if we confider, from the feveral Defcriptions that have been written thereof; what bar¬ barous and abfurd Cuftoms the Ancient Rrhains had among them; we may con¬ clude that Civility and Arts werefo much' the earlier introduced by the coming in of the Romans j who alfo by their long Habi¬ tation here, and Familiar Ccnverle with- the Old Inhabitants, were of Foreigners-' become Part3. Of ENGLAND. 3 become as it were Natives, of Enemies Protefrors, infomucb that when they were call’d away for the Defence of their Pro¬ vinces Abroad, their Departure was no lefs regretted, than their Arrival was op¬ pos’d. The next Attempters upon'this part of the Ifland were the Saxons , who being at firft Invited in for their Affi(lance agai'nft the Invading Fids and other Borderers, became at length themfelves the greareft Invaders j and playing upon the Eafie and Luxurious Temper of the Prince that firft Incourag’d their coming over, they got a Footing, which by continued frefh Supplies Lent over from time to time, they made fo fare, that all the Force the Britain 's were able to make againft them for feveral Ages,was not able to unfix it.For notivith- franding this great Oppofition, in which feveral of the Britifi Kings Signaliz’d them- felves, even to the Fame of Heroes, efpe- cially the Great King Arthur, whoft Glory nothing hath fo much Eclips’d, as that his Adfions (great enough in their TruthJ are blown up into Storys, fo Romantick and and Surpafling all Credit, rnaugre I fay all the Force could be Muftered againlt them: TheyftillIncreafed in Numberand Strength, till ini the end the-Fritain't quite 4- Cfjepjefent State tir’d out, were glad to retire into the Moun¬ tainous and remote parts of the Land, (by which they kept themfelves for many Ages a people intirely diftind, and their Lan¬ guage to this very day unmixt , the Root of ours being evidently the Saxon, fo that the other muft needs be the Ancient S ritijh) and leave all the reft to be (har’d among the new Pofleffors, who, there be¬ ing fo many Proprietors in the Conqueft, dealt out the Britifb Monarchy into (even Parcelsj which fevenfold Partition it may well be wondred how it could keep up fo long, confidering the Confufions, and as it were Civil Wars, that arofe (as how could they but afife) among fo many Petty Monarchs upon oneContinent (that is, as to the bounds of each Kingdom ) till at length one fwallowing up the other, the ftronger the weaker, this Seven-headed Hydra of Government came to a Period, and one bright face of Monarchy (hot up again,'and fpread its Luftre overall this better part of Britain, which hath ever fince been called the Kingdom of England, and hath fo continued, with little or no Interruption, from the Raign ofthe Great Egbert, He it was who firft reduc’d this Heptarchy into a Perfeft Monarchy, though it was tending toward it fometime before, Part3. df ENGLAND.* 5 before, even to this day i and from him the JEra of our Englifh Monarchies by Hifiorians and Chronologers are reputed to commence: So that from the faid Eg¬ bert, his prefent Majelly that now Happily Reigns, is reckon’d the fourty fixth foie Monarch of England. But fcarce was this Government well fetled, when the expeded Tranquility thereof was difturbed by a new Generation of Invaders, more Barbarous andMifchiev- ous, than ever any either befdre or fince * Committers of far greater Outrages- and Cruelties: Yet fo often.either driven out, or totally extirpated y fo often bravely Conquered in the Field by the high Va¬ lour and Condud of feveral of our Englijb Saxon Monarchs (whofe Fame ftands great in Hiftory to this day for their Vertue and Gallantry, both in Peace and War) that it may well be wondred, how any one Coun¬ try could fpare fuch Multitudes of People, as continually pour’d in upon us for fe- veral Ages together y and how fuch nu¬ merous Forces could make fuch frequent Landings with fo little Oppofition: But then it muft be confidered, that we had no Summer Guards Abroad, no Squadrons of Firli, Second and Third Rate Frigats to Cruife about and Guard the Engli(h Coafts y A 3 what 6 * Clje Piefent State what kind of Ships there were in thofe either for War or Trade, cannot be col¬ lected from any Account or Defcription we find recorded or publilh’d > but thus much may well be concluded, that the belt Man of War of thofe times was far Inferior to the meaneft Merchant-Man now adays. For the fpace of about 174 years, viz. from 833, to 1017. was this poor King¬ dom harrafs’d by the continual Invafions ef thefe Northern Pirates; yet could they not in all this fpace catch hold of the Crown of England , till the faid year 1017. and then they held it no longer .than du¬ ring the Reign of three Kings i after which it reverted again to the Saxon Line. The Fourth and laft Invafion was that of the Normans , if he can properly be call’d an Invader, who feems to have come in with the Confent, at lead if not Invitation of feveral of the Nobility and Prelacy sfor elfe doubtlefs his claim could not have been fo ealily decided by the dint of one Battle, and he fo readily have had the Crown put on his. Head by Aldred Archbilhop of Torl^ who with feveral other Biftiops and Noble¬ men, met him upon the way, and pay’d him their Allegiances and from this Nor¬ man Conqueror the Monarchy of England hath been kept up in a continued, though not Part 3. Df ENGLAND. . 7 not Linea) Succeffion to this day. Among, the Pra-eminences which this Kingdom hath above all the other Kingdoms of Eu¬ rope , thechiefeft and which moft redounds to its Glory, is, that it was firft Eniightned $ith the Knowledge of True Religion i fo that whatfoever place it may claim in- Europe, it deferves at leaft to be efteemed the firft Kingdom of Cbrifiendom: And' admit that fojepb of Arimatbia were not the firft that Preached the Gofpel here, though there are not wanting Teftimonies, to make it out, not altogether contemp¬ tible : However, it is moli certain, that the Chrillian Religion here, is of a much cider date, than the coming over of Aafiin- the Monk s that is, even in the very Apoflles time, by theTeftimony of Gildas 5. and as it appears by the mention of a Noble Britijh Lady, Claudia Rufina, in one of St. Paul's Epiftlcs i and it was not much above 100 years after e’re it was own’d by publick Authority : For the firft Chri- ftian King mention’d in Hiftory, is our Britijh King Lucius, who was Contempo¬ rary with the Emperor Commodus, alfo the firft Chriftian Emperor, at leaft the firft that publickly Profefs’d, Protected and Maintain’d the Chriftian Faith, (for before him Philippic Arabs is faid to have been a. 8 C&eJ&efettt €>tate a Chriftian, and Baptiz’d) was Coiifiantm Surnamed the Great>a Britain Born, the Son of Conftanim Chlorus ( who alfo was a Favourer of the Chriftians, and died at TorkJ by the Daughter of King Ceilm He¬ lena (z Princefs moft renowned for her Chriftian Piety, and for being the Inven- trefs of the Crofs. And as this Nation boafts Antiquity equal with Rome it felf, for the Dawning of the Gofpel’s Light among us, fo it claims a Prerogative of Lighting the firft Lamp of Reformation to the Chriftian World j and highly glories in this, that there is no where to be found fo excellent and moderate an Eftablifhment of Church-Government among all the Re¬ formed Churches. part3. Of ENGLAND. 9 The Riches, of the Eng- 1-idi Nation. And firfi of the Arable Paflure and Fruitage. T He Riches of any Nation, I mean the Native and Inland Riches, (for by. Imported-Commodities, theBarreneft Na¬ tion in the World may be RichJ confift chiefly in the Arable, the Pafturage, the Fruits, and other Plants of peculiar Ufe and Advantage. The Rich Veins of Earth for Mettals and other forts of Minerals, and the Plenty of Filh-and Fowls all which things are both profitable in them- felvesand for the Manufaftnres they, produces and. though common to this Na¬ tion, with the greatefi; part of the Earth in general; yet it will not be from thepur- pofe to difcover how far. the Englifh Nati¬ on excels in each of them, and what parts of the Nation are. moft peculiarly, fam’d and commended for this or that Prod nati¬ on. As to the Arable,it would Be in vain, to particularize any one part of England more- A 5, thani so €fje p^fent ©tate than another, iince fo great Plenty of all forts of Corn and Grain is produced in all parts of this Nation. Neverthelefs, it is worth the obferving, how fotne Counties are more peculiarly celebrated for this or that Grain: I have heard it affirm’d, that - the very bed Wheat in England is from a Vale near HeJfcn w.Middlefex, lying South¬ ward of Harrow on the Hill '■> however a- rnong the four W’sof Herefordshire, Wheat is one, the other three being Wool, Wood and Water. Moreover for Oates, if there be any where one fort better than, another, the beft Oats are faid to be in Lancashire, and in greater abundance than any other County; and for Barly and Malt, Bedford¬ shire hath among fome a particular men¬ tion.. Moreover, for what is faid in gene¬ ral of fome places above others: It is fuf- Sciently confiderable which is reported of the Town of Godmanchefter in Hmtington- ifhhe, in reference to the great Name that Town hath for Tillage, and its Prse-emi¬ nence above all the Towns of England j befides for number of Stout and Able Husbandmen, namely that the Inhabi- tans of this Place us’d in former times to meet the Kings of England as they pafs’d this way in their Progrefs, in a kind of Ru¬ sal Pomp and Pageantry of (how, with no kvm Part j. «f ENGLAND. rr fewer than 180 Ploughs j and in this- manner Kmg james at his firft coming to the Crown of England was received in his- Journey from Scotland , with 70 Team of " Horfes, fitted with all their Furniture to - as many New Ploughs - ) the King expref- fing much Delight and Satisfaction at fo Brave and Happy a'Sight, and highly ap¬ plauded the Induftry and well deferved- Profperity of the people of that Place. Remarkable alfo is the Vale of Evijbam iri,> Womflerjhire , fo called of on z-Eaves a. Swinheard to Hgwin Bifhop of Womfter 7 fo Renowned for its Fertility and excellent' kind of Corn it yields, that it is called the' Granary of thofe parts. The Vale of Alkbury in: Buc'lqngbainjhing is alfo parti¬ cularly. taken .notice of for. its Pleafant Meadows and Rich Paftures. Nor are the Sheep-Paftures near Knetmrtb in Hart- fordjhire , which is called the Garden of England , to be forgotten. Fortholm Mea¬ dow alfo in ; Huntingtonjbin is reckon’d among the Notabilia of that County. The like may be faid in a great meafure of the Pafturage: However there are fome places fo peculiarly remark’d either for the Large- nefsor Richnefs of their Paftures, that the. mention of them cannot well be omitted.. The lile of Sby there are faid generally to feed no- lefs than 30000- Sheep at a time. Wormleigbton in War¬ wickshire, breeds Sheep of fo large a fize, that there are fcarce the like to be feen elfewhere. Lemjler upon the River Lug in Herefordjhiro, feeds a Breed of Sheep which yieldsfo Fine and Delicate a Wool, that our- Noble Poet Draiton in his Polyol- lion-, compares it to the Wool of Apulia and Tannum, which hath been always ac- jieuntcdthc.Fineft Wool, of Europe. The Bread, Partg. Of ENGLAND. 13 Bread alfo of Lemfter is no lefs noted by reafon of the Finenefs of its Flower, info- much that Lemfter Bread and Weably Ale are united into a Proverb* as Leigh ob- ferves in hisDefcription of England. Like- wife the Sheep of Cotfoold ( i. e. a place of Sheep-Cotes or Folds upon a Hill; in GloceHerJhire , yield fo Fine a Wool, that nothing but the Spanijh Wool canoutvy it, and this advantage it owes to a Prefent that was made by King to King of Spain , very much to the prejudice of England, as it hathfmce proved. So- mertm once, the chief Town, as fome fay, ofSomerfetjbire, and gave the denomination to the Shire, confifts- almoft wholly, with the Country thereabout, of Grafiers and' Breeders of Cattle. After the Wool of Lemfter and Cotfmld , that of the Ijle of Wight comes next in eftimation.. Betides- thofe places above-mentionedthere is one more, which, for its largenefs and Fruitfulnefs alike, is worthy to be men¬ tioned, wz. The Vale of the Wbitehorfe, which is partly. in Wiltshire, and partlyin Barbfhire. For Fruit, there is fcarce. any County in England that is : not tolerably well ftor’d in one fort orotherj but above all for Cherries, and now of late for. Pip¬ pins, Kent bears the Name j and partir i4 ttPsefent State cularly 'Ienbam, which is commonly fiyI J d the Patent of Fruit Gardens: But the firft Pippins brought over, that is about too years fince, were Planted in that part, of Lincolnjhire called Holland j and about Kirton in the fame Shire: Nor are our Cherries of much longer date,, being, firft. brought over from Flanders in. the Reign; of: King Henry the Eight, andi Planted in Kent, with that Succefs,, that, one only. Orchard^, but 32 Acres, is faid to. have: produced, in.one year, as.muehas: yielded 1000 h For all forts of Apples and Pears, and: for: great quantity of ex¬ cellent Syder, which furnilh London and many other parts,. Worcefterjhire, Glocefier- j,hire and Herefordshire. ,. are the principal Counties. ; : : : Vines we. have, very: frequent, among- us of feveral forts , producing for-the moft part a. very.Sweet.and Pleafant Grape, and good quantities of Wine,. Lihave -heard fay, have.been formerly, made. At this day there are 'two places, principally Eminent for/making of .Wine, viz. Claverton in Somerfetjhire , a Seat of Sir William Bafets, where there are faid to have been made fome years:, no lefs than 40 Hogsheads of a. very pleafant and palatable Wine, and in Kent 1 belonging to Gollonel Blunt. At Hatfield* Part 3. tlf ENG LA N D. *5 Hatjield-Houfe in Hertfordjbire , belonging to the Eatl of Salisbury , there is a parcel ground called the Vineyard , no doubt from the Plenty and goodneis of the Vines there Planted. And in Glocejierjhire there are feveral places called Vineyards , out qf which in former, times, they yearly payed Rent-Wines, from the; Plenty of Vines no doubt here growing. Moreover it. is found in Ancient Records,. that feveral Towns of this Shire payed Rent-Wines, as Dr. Fuller in his Worthys particularly obferves. ' 1 6 C&efjefent State Of other Frodu&iom. V B Efides thofe Beafts and Cattel which are of advantage for Food and Cloathr ing, and which no Country of Europe, per¬ haps of the World, bring forth more fair and large than England : There are fome Beafts of fervice, which being common to England with other parts of Europe, are ge¬ nerally commended to be of a more excel¬ lent Kind than any, efpedally that which is the moft ferviceable of all others, viz. the Horfe, with all manner of refpedls confi- dered, is doubtJefs the moft noble and ufe- ful of all four-footed Beafts i for though the Elephant,Camel, and Dromedary, with which moft places of Afia, and many of A- frica, abound, are more remarkable for vaft bulk of body, efpeeially the Elephant, and confequently more capable of carriage and bearing of great burthens ? yet the fame greatnefs of bulk renders them on the o- tBer fide more unfit for expedition and for the Afs and Mule, which indeed are fairer, larger,' and more numerous in Spain- and other Countries of Europe, than in this Kingdom, they are not certainly to be com¬ par'd; Part3. Of ENGLAND. 17 par’d either for fhape, fervice, or expedi¬ tion with the forementioned Animal i nor was ever any Grandee of Spain journying on his Mule with the Grand Fa and Spantjb gravity fo comely a fight, as a well accou¬ tred Cavalier on horfeback; and of all parts of England , Montgomeryjhire is commended for excellent Horfes: The Truth is, the Spanijh Jenet , that of Barbary Race com¬ monly, therefore called the Barbary: The Count of Oldenburgb’s Breed in Germa¬ ny , have the Name before all others for Swiftnefs, delicacy of Shape and Neatnefs, of Mark or Colour j but for Courage, Ability of Body, either for Travel, Draught or Carriage, fufficient Swiftnefs and Agility, Tradlablenefs for the-Great Saddleand Management in War j the Horfes of E nglijh Breed, are reputed hardly match- able by thofeof any other Country: And our Dogs muchlefs, by theTeftrmony of divers Eminent Authors, Ortelius in his Ibea- trum Orbis Terrarum , affirms, that there is no part of the Earth, where there are better and larger Dogs to be feen, efpecial- ly Hounds, he might alfo have added Maftives: To the fame effedt Cambden writes of our Dogs in general in his Hant- Jbire and Wddlefex : Brnon alfo in hisCom- mentarieson Antoninus his Itinerary, pre¬ fers 18 f^pjefent State fers the Britijb Hounds and Mafrives be¬ fore thofe of any other Country wbatfor ever. And of our Maflives a Spanifij Geo¬ grapher of good Account, Lucas de Linda , in his Vefcriptio Orbis , faith, Lhat they are the Bravejl, Larged and the Ftercefiof any in the World befide : Moreover, that they were in great Rcquefi Anciently among the Romans, and made ufe of in their publicl^Games and Baitings, exhibited in their Amphitheaters, appears by this Verfe of the Poet Clait- Magmpte latimum fraUuri Colla Britani. There are likewife forae other forts of Dogs of Engiijh Breed, which though not fo much taken notice of by Authors, l am apt to imagine, are. no lefs excellent and fupereminent in their kind, than thofe above mention’d, as namely, Water-Spa¬ niels , Grey-Hounds, Setting-Dogs, and . fuch like of Sport and Game. Laftly, that fort of Dogs that ferve only for Show and the flighted of Divertifement j I really be¬ lieve that for Neatnefs of Mark and De¬ licacy of Shape, there are fcarce to be found'elfewhere the like to our Beagles and little Spaniels, and this will-appear the more evident to thofe that Ihall ob- Part 3. of ENGLAND. 19 ferve this one thing: namely, that where¬ as it is a general Curiofity (not to fay Va¬ nity.) among our Englijb Gsctiy, to ad¬ mire and delight in Birds, Beafts, and fa¬ ther things, brought over from France and other Foreign Parts, as Parots from Monkeys from we find few or none of thefe above-reention’d Crea¬ tures, but what are E/igliJh, at leaf! none fo curioufly Mark’d and Limb’d as purs. There is faid to be bred about Portfmoutb, a race of very little Dogs, which by their fhapefeem to be of the Species of Beagles. As for the Cats of England, jt is ob- fervable, that the number of Fine Tabby- Qats that are finely Spotted , and as it were Marbled, hath very much increafed of lafe years, whereby it may be probably conje&ur’d, that fome kinds of thofe fo Curioufly Cloathed Cats, have been brought hither from other parts, and par¬ ticularly thofe of Cyprus , have been ac¬ counted for their Marbled Coats, the choked of all others; but fetting afide the confideration of the Curious Mark or Col. our, to (hew how far ours have the Pre¬ eminence in the exercife of that faculty which nature hath implanted in this fort pf Creature, that is, the Catching of Mice and other fuch Vermine , there needs no other inftance so tW^ent&tate inftance, than the Hiftory of a very Rich Lord Mayor of London , fome few Ages ago, who firft raifed his Fortune from the Venture of an Englijh Cat. As for the Eatable Cattle, and feveral Beafts of Game, fome places we find there are, which claim a fpecial Propriety to this or that particular kind. The beft Oxen in England are faid to be in Lancajbire : In the New-Forreft in Hantjhire , there is very great ftore of Red-Deer. A late Park near New-market in Cambridgejhire 5 was called Hare-Tar J^, by reafon of the multitude of Hares, Rabbetts •> the beft and moft are faid tobe'mNorfol^ yet I cannot think they much exceed thofe of Auburn-Cba^e (belonging to my Lord of Pembroke) in Wiltjhire. The beft Hogs in Hantjbire. Of Birds there are few (if any) forts wan¬ ting here , which are frequent in other parts of England , whether the moft Curi¬ ous of Singing Birds,the choiceft Fowl both Wild and Tame for the Table, or Birds of Game and Delight: But of fome it is obferv’d, that what are bred in this Coun¬ try, are peculiarly commendable above others, efpecially the Gallinaceous kind. Pliny obferves of the Cock, that it is a Bold and Stout Bird, and crows in fign of Triumph immediatly after Vi&ory, and doubtlefs Part 3. Of ENGLAND. ' 21 doubtlefs fcarce any Country affords fo Couragious and Martial a Race of Game- Cocks as England ;a right Cock of the Game feldom or never ceafingon this fide Death or Vi&ory. Nor do I remember to have read or heard Report of any Country where the Sport of Cock-Fighting, of which our Countryman AJcbam hath written a Learned Treatife, is fo much ufed as here: Thus the Dog-among Beafts, and the Cock among Birds, feem proper Emblems of true Englijb Valour: However let us not repofe our chiefeft glory in this Vertue alone, but ftrive to excel in others of a higher nature, which are proper toman alone, fince Valour, we fee, is a Vertue common to Man with Brute. In the Rocks of Pembrohejhire are Hawks of an extraordinary kind, but chiefly -of the Species of the Faulcon: In the Forreft of Shirmod in Nottwgbamjhire , and in the Forreft of DeaninGloafterJhire , the Hawk called the Lanar > whofe Female is the Laneret, is very frequent: Near Kinfland in t is often feen the Hawk called Lanius, the Butcher or Murthering Bird. Along the Sea-Coafts of England , from the IVeft as far as Dover ; but chiefly upon the Sea-Coafts of Cornml , there frequents a fort of Chough or Jack-daw, which 22 €tiz Ips^feHt S>tatc which is thence commonly called the Cor- riifh Chough, fuppofed the fame with the ■MtyziAi of Arijtotle, In New-Forrefl in Umpire chiefly breeds the Vpupa or Hoop. In the Fens of Lincolnjhire the Attagen or Godwitf. On Newmarket - Heath and Salisbury-? lains , the Bijlarda or Buftard. In the Ifle of Fhanet a' fort of Wild-Goofe, commonly called a Birgan- der,. in Latin Vulpancer. In feveral parts of Cornwal., two forts of Birds, rarely feen elfewhere,. viz . the Puffin and the Ganet. Alfo in Lincolnpire the Fooliffi Bird called the Dottrel, is fo frequent, that the people of thofe parts have very good Sport imthe Catching ofit, as Cambden relates. The places of England moft eminenly Famous for- feveral forts of Fiffi, are New- caflle upon Fine for Salmon ; as alfo By well in Northumberlandy and the River Wye in He- refordjhire , alfo the River Lune near Cocker- fand-Abbey in Lancajbim The Goal! of Cornwall for-Herrings; there being there fo great a Trade of Herring-Filhingy that there is fcarce the like again in any place of Europe y at- Limmouth alfo in Dorcetjhire there is taken great quantity of Herrings; at Farmouth in Norfol\,the Herrings are very large and good, and are therefore called Farmouth Capons. Shrewsbury and fome other I Part 3. Of EN : G E A N D. 23 ; other places thereabout upon the Severn,iot a Filh call’d a Mort,. which, in Taftehath very much-of the Salmon imit : Sujfex in: general for- Carps: For Lohfters Cbkhefler, the chief Town of Sujfex,- and Sel fey, (la called^ qu. Hie of Seals or Sea-Calves): in the fame County > the rirftfor.fmaff ones, but very Sweet and well Tailed, the fe- condfbr thofe efteemedj, notonly becaufe of their Goodnefs, but alfo their Fulnefs and Largeriefs; for Cockles the. fame S el- fey. ForOy(tetS'Golcbtfter? the chief; Town of EJfex, andffeveral places of Kent, efpe- cially Wbitjhple and Reculver, which.for Oyltefs of favoury faltnefs, exceed all other parts of that County, efpecially Re~ culver. There is-a- fort of ftnall Filhcalled a v Pilchard, commonly about the bignefs of 1 a-Herring (though I have heard fay, that ih feme parts of Cornwall there have been taken Pilchards an Ell long) andnot much differing inihapc in feveral places' on theSea-coaftsof Cornwall. At a place called Foreditch in Kent, there are Trouts' of a treble remark : FirffThat they equal Salmon in Largenefs. Secondly, That they- remain nine Months in the Sea, and .three in Frefh-water. Thirdly, That contrary to the nature of all other Trouts, they have been known but once to have been taken 24 CMWwt State taken in that place with an Angle, fo much more cunning they are than all the reft of their kind. In the River Rennet near Hungerford in Barbjhire, there is great plenty of Trouts, remarkably large and good > alfo the Town of Hungerford if felf, Marlborough , and fome other Places there¬ about, are noted for plenty and goodnefs of Cray-Filh. The River Stem in Dor- cetjbire hath a particular commendation for Tenches, as fome parts of Cambridge - (hire for the beft Eels, and Lincolnjhire for plenty of Pikes: But there is alfo another Stowrin Kent, which runs through Can¬ terbury, and is faid to breed the beft Trouts in the Soutb-Eafi of England : Yet thofe of Cajhalton in Surry are accounted excellent Trouts. In Miander-Meer in Lancafhire, there breeds a fort of Fifh called a Chare, which they fay is no where elfe to be found. Much more might be faid, ( but that it is not our bufinefs to dwell upon any particular, but to take a general Sur¬ vey of feveral things) of the Animals which our Country excels in above others', but to fpeak of the Minerals and Vegetables which this Ifland produceth, would re¬ quire each a large Volume ; and though we have no Mines of Gold, yet the many Mines we have of other Mettalls, as Iron, Part3. of ENGLAND. 25 Lead, Tin, Copper, &c. ( and it is faid fome difcoveries have been alfo made of Silver, befides Mines of Allum, Coal and other Minerals, would, if utmoft Im¬ provement were made of our Trade and Manufa&ure, make a confiderable compen- fation. The Stanneries 01 Tin-Mines of Cornwall and Dmnjhire have been famous from all Antiquity: And whereas it hath been formerly taken for granted, that the Britains were unknown to the reft of the World before the Arrival of the Romans s there are not wanting who are of Opinion, and have confirmed their Opinion with probable Evidences, that the Ancient In¬ habitants of this Iiland , long before the Romans - Arrival, had Commerce with the Greeks and Phoenicians j and that becaufe they would not admit of Strangers into their Country, therefore they made the Ifles of Sally the Mart for the vending of their Tin v whereupon fome fuppofe them to be thofe Iflands which the Ancients cal¬ led the Cafliterides , which imports as much asTin-Ifles j not as having any Tin-Mines in them, but as being the Marr, as we faid before, for the Vending of that Commo¬ dity. And of all parts in Cornwall , Godol- pbin-Hill is particularly taken nCtice of for its Rich and Plentiful Veins of Tin. Nor B do 2 6 Cfiep?efent &tate do the Mine/'of Cornwall abound in Tin only, but ’-tisfaid there have been quan¬ tities of Metallick Oar that have contain’d a mixture of Gold and Silver j and very memorable is the tradition of a quantity of Silver Oar,dig’d out of a place in the Parilh of Comb-Martin in Devonjhire , out of which William Wimondbam coin’d 270 weight of Silver for E Honor Dutchefs of Bar. A place called Netplands in Cumberland , is rich in Copper Mines, and hath fome ftore of Black-Lead i efpecially about Kefaickt In this County alfo, the. Stone called Lapis Calaminaris, is faid to have been here firft found: But much of this Lapis Calaminaris is digg’d out of Mendip- hills in Somerfctjhire. At Wenlockjn Shrop¬ shire, in the Reign of King Richard the fecond, there was found a Rich Copper Mine. The Rich.Mines of Iron in the Forreft of Dean in Gloceflerjhire, have been an occafion of making thofe Woods very thin, in refpedi of what they have been formerly. Kent hath feveral Iron Mines, and alfo Veins of Marl. Darbyjhiri abounds much in Minerals, and feveral kinds of Stones j particularly in the Peak, of Darbys there are Mines that afford plenty of Lead, likewife Stibium or Antimony, alfo ftore of MilWtones and Whet-ftones; nor lefs noted Part3. Of ENGLAND. 27 noted are the Lead-Mines on Mendip-biHt in Staffordshire As alfothofe on the Hills of Ricbmondjhm, where there are like wife Copper-Mines i near Moinglatb in Denby- Jhire , is a plentiful Vein of Lead : So like- wife in the Abby of F omit aim in Torffire, not far from whence in the fame Shire is ilore of Iron; Other Mines alfo there are, which though not fo Rich, are no lefs ure¬ fill than thofe of MettaU asAlom, Coal, Free-done, Fullers-earth, Marl, with all which, take one with another, there is furely no Nation better dot’d ; and indeed our Salt-pits are no other than a kind of Liquid-Mines. It is no lefs wonderful to obferve what abundant Supplies of Fewcl are yearly fent up from the Coal-Mines of Nemajlle to this Vaft City of London , and other parts of the Nation , betides what is Exported into Foraign parts; then it may feem hard to conjecture how this City could fubfid before the difcovery of this great Mine, which was not till the year 1305. Since we find by experience, up¬ on any occafion of the obdru&ing of this Nemcaflle Fleet, and the railing of the Price of Coals, into what great dittrefs and in- eonveniency the City is thereupon reduc’d ; but then it mutt be contidered that the City then was nothing near fo large as B 2 now, s 8 c&e pjefent @tate row, and the Country far better ftor’d with Wood; the want whereof for Firing, is not the only prejudice the Nation hath fuffain’d by the valt quantity of Timber that hath been fell’d of late Ages; the number of Alehoul'es is alfo increas’d ten to one, at lead within thefe ,100 years, andpro- portionably, as may well be imagin’d, the number of Brewhoufes to fupply them with Drinks which Houfes cannot be maintain’d and carry on their Trade, with¬ out a wonderful quantity of Fewel: Nor reed it be wondred how other great Cities are able to fubfift without the like con¬ venience (as doubtlefs there is fcarce any City of the World that hath the like ad¬ vantage for Fewel) confidering the diffe¬ rence ofCIimate, ofCufioms, of manner of Living, and of Diet. There are who fpeak of Blacfyeatb , as a place no lefs fufficient- ]y abounding with Pit-Coal to ferve the City of London and parts adjacent, than Newcaftle it felf, but are willing to believe that the grand fecurity of thefe Coal-pits, lies in the great prejudice to Navigation, which the breaking of them up would oc- cafion , in regard this Colliers Trade be¬ tween Nemaftle and London is the greateft Nurfery of Seamen we haves which ob¬ jection would eafily ceafe, could the Fiffe- ing Part 3. of ENGLAND, if jn» Trade be once promoted, till when the Coal Mines of Blackjoeath mult of ne- ceffity be laid atide. There is alfo Sea- Coal, like that of Nemafth at iVedsbomtgh in the Eajl-Riding in 2 orkfhire : Likewife up and down in many of the Inland parts of England , there is abundance of Pit-Coal of another nature , that is too fay, not Caking or Clinging together (a quantity offmallParticksJ into one great lump or mafs, like that of Navcajlle ; but as it is laid on in great pieces, burning Iheer a- way into Afhes, each piece like Wood. Up and down in fcveral parts of Darbyjhtn and Staffordshire , there is a fort of Pit- Coal, which is commonly called Cannel- Coal j perhaps as it were Candle-Coal, becaufe it burns clear like a Candle; this Coal is of a bright fhining glofs, and with¬ al of fo tough and folid a fubftance , that' they frequently make thereof Standees, Salt-Sellers, Candlefticks and other fuch like Utenfils, which appear as it were of a courfer fort of Jett. In Staffardjbire, Penfnetb-Cbaee is particularly made men¬ tion of for plenty of Pit-Coal. In Leicefter* {hire , Coal-Overton in the Hundred of Wcft- Gofcot, and other parts of the North of this County, where there is (lore of Pit-Coal of a Bituminous nature , very hard and B 3 faff ; 30 Cf }c p^fcut ©tate faff: In Warmckjhire, Bedrrortb : In Somer- fetjhire , Mendip-bill, and feveral places on the Store of the River Frame : In Bicb- mondjhire , the tops of certain Hills. In the Ifle of Anglefey there is faid to be great ftore of an Aluminous Matter, out of which it is thought might be made very good Alum and Copperafs, but nothing of this nature hath been brought to that perfefli- on, as the Alum-works in Torhjhire , through the great Indufrry of Sir John Bombier , who in the Reign of King James made away with a confiderable Eilate for the carrying on of this great work , in lieu whereof he obtain’d the grant of a Patent from the King, whereby he was Inveffed with the whole benefit of the faid Alum- work, which was valued at a Thoufand Pound a year; but however matters were carried, his Grandchild Mr .Richard Bmr- chier , is now reduc’d to utmoir neceffity, receiving no relief by vertue of the Patent for the Ms of the Paternal Efface : But Gesborottgb in this Shire is moft particular¬ ly noted for an Alum-Mine, which fome fay was firft found out by Sir Thomas Cha~ loner Tutor to Prince Henry. As for the Stone-Quarries of England , they muff in¬ deed be confefs’d inferior to thofe of Italy , Greece , and other parts, for all Curious kinds Part 3. of ENGL AN D. 31' kinds of Marble, Alabalk* and Porphyrie, (of Marble the Parian was Anciently ac¬ counted thebeft:) However we have many Struftures both publick and private to {hew, which being built of our own na¬ tive Free-done, want not their State and Eleaance. The principal Magazine of this Commodity, is the Hie of Portland mPr cetjhin, which hath fupplied many of-he grand Buildings of Englf- Likemfe_ the file of Purbeck, in the fame Shire, hath Veins of Marble, which though not con¬ tinued, but fcatteringly here and there, as Cambden obferves, yet run a great way underground. At Edgcomb Houfe near flimouth in Cornwall, there is diggd good quantity of a Stone, whicn is of great ufc and Ornament in Building v alfo on the. Moors of the faid-County, there is found a fort of Stone, which is thence called the Moor-ftone, of which there are frequently made Chimney-Pieces and Ornaments of Windows and Doors i befides another fort of the colour of Marble. In Nottingham, Shin there is digg’d aToft Stone, at lead much fofter than Alabafter, whg* being burnt and made into a Plafter, they generally floor their Upper-Pcooms,. this Plafter being well laid, as foonas it comes to be dry, proves harder than any Plafter 32 Cfje p#fent ©fate of 'Saris , and is wonderful durable. In Herefordfbire , hard by Snodhill-Cafile , is a Quarry, from whence they fay there is digg’d forth very good Marble. At a place called Petcds-poji in lorkfoire, is a famous Quarry of Stone; alfo near Sbirburn in the fame Shire: Nor is that near Mancbejter in Lancashire inconfiderable •, befides a Quarry of a fine R.eddi(h-flone on the Banks of the River Irmll in the fame Shire: Moreover, what we want in Alabafter, Sorpbyrie Marble, &c. is more than compenfated to us by Stones ofa greater value, particular¬ ly in Cornwall , there are found in great quantities Stones of a natural Smoothnefs, formed into Angles j and coniiderabl'y large, fome of the bignefs of a Walnut, er thereabout, and of fuch a luftre, that many fcruple not to call them Diamonds, and probably they might pafs for fuch, did not the cunning Lapidary know how to diftinguilh the true Orient Diamond from others by its Adamantine hardnc-fs and folidity: Likewife St. Vincents Rock at Brifiol affords plenty of thc-fe Englijh Diamonds, commonly called Brijid Stones: At Sbugbury in IVarwickJbire is a fort of precious Stone, at lead bv fome fo accoun¬ ted, called Ajiroites , from a mark it hath upon it relembling a Star. And on the Puocks Part 3. Of ENGLAND. 33 Rocks of Guarnfey, there is a hard Stone called an Emerii. Nor are we wholly deftitute of Marble and Alabafter, though doubtlefs fhort for Beauty and Finenefs to thofe of Italy and Greece ; in fome parts of Staffordshire there is digg’d a fort of Ala¬ bafter, thought to be the Fell in England. Fullers-Earth, Potters-Earth, Marl, Lime, Slate , Tobacco-Pipe-Clay, &c. There are large Veins in feveral parts, particu¬ larly Woburn in- Bedfordfiire abounds in Fullers-Earth > as alfo Rigate in Surry v. In fome parts of Wiltjhire the fore of Mari' that is found there, gives Appellation to one of the chief Towns of that Shire, viz..* Marlborough, and in divers parts of Lan¬ cashire, is found a Marl, which very much enriches the Land. Near Nonfucb in Surry is a large Vein of Potters-Earth.- Near Walfal in Sufftx, are ftore of Lime-Pits: And not many Miles from Pomfret m Torfc Jhir.e , it being-averr’d by fome that nolefs than 2000/. a year ufually made of the. Lime thereabouts. In fome parts of Cornwalhhcxe is Slate of three forts and colours, viz. The Blew, the Grey, and the Sage-colour - , particu¬ larly at a place called Walling-jhte in Corn¬ wall, is digg’d up great ftore of Slate; As- aifo at Collywejhn in NortkamffonJIiire, at B 5. Bool 34 Cfje pjefent State Pool in Dorcetjhire , and in the Ifle of Wight the belt Tobacco-Pipe-Clay. And to the Mill-ftones of the Pea\, before mentioned, we may add thofedigg’d up at Mowcup in Cbejkire. There is a fort of Earth called Talcum, us’d by Painters and Colourers, of which fiore is dig’d up in feveral parts of Sujfex: And the beft ofSaltpeter, isfaid to be found in Northamptonfbm. Out of the Salt-pits of England is extracted fo white and fine a fort of Salt, that the mod refined Sugar looks not more white and fine» it is alfo commonly made up into MalTes, in the form of Sugar-Loaves : Moftofthefe Wicbes , the moft noted, are in Chejhire, all denominated accordingly, viz. Nantmcb, Middlemcb and North- mch j Nantmcb , befides the confiderati- on of its Salt-pit, which is generally called the Wbitemcb , is next to the City of Cbtfler it felf, the moft Eminent Town of all Cbefhire: Middlemcb hath two Pits, between which there runs a fmall Brook and parts them: The Pit in Nortbmcb is called the Blacb^mcb ; I fuppofe becaufe the Salt drawn hence is Blacker and Courfer than any of the reft. In Worcefterjbire , there is alfo a place of principal note for thefe Wichesor Salt-pits, viz. Droit-Wich , or Dirt-Wich, where there are three Wells, whofe Part Of ENGLAND. 35 whofe water from Chrijlmafs till Midfummer is of fo Brackilh a nature, that all that time they boil great quantities of Salt out of it in Furnaces, which for that end are ered- ed near the Wells j whereas aU the reft of the year the water is fo frelh, that no Salt can be extracted out of it. As for thofe Plants and Shrubs which are moft peculiarly of the growth of Eng¬ land, it would be too particular a Sub- iedt for this fo general a Work, to ailign each its feveral place, as there are very many places where this or that Herb Tree or Shrub, hath as it were its peculiar na¬ tivity and education: All the whole Coun¬ ty of Buckingham is denominated from the great number of Beech-Trees there grow¬ ing : The Hie of Scalny in Pembro^me, is almoft all over grown with Wild-Time, But there are fome Plants, which being of themfelves not ordinary or common, or of a more than common Vertue or bfhcacy, do fo much the more fignalue the places where they grow, efpecially being the on¬ ly noted places of their produdhon. lhe Saffron about Walden m EJJex, is Soti. - nently reputed above the Saffron of any other parts, that that Town is never men¬ tioned but by the name of Saffm-Walden. Fomfrci .(in Eutl^un) fo called, €tjc Piefent 6fate fratt or Broken-Bridge', befides its firong and ftateiy Caflle, is noted for (he great quantity of Liquorice that grows there¬ about, (as alfo a fort of Plant called Skir- worts, whofe Root is much efteem’d and Eaten by the Curious for a great delicacy, by reafen of its Richnefs and high Nourilh- ment:) Nor is Works op in Nottinghamjbire lefs eminent for Liquorice. Halifax in the Weft-Riding of Torlftbire, is noted for feveral things which we Ihall have occafion to make mention of elfewhere : But among other things the Nuts growing thereabout, are by way of eminency call’d Halifax Nuts.. At Barlftow in Ejfex, there grows in great abundance an Herb, bearing Red- Berries, called Danemrt, from a Traditi¬ on that it fprang hrft from (he Blood of the Hanes-: On the Cliffs between Heal and Hover , great plenty of Samphire grows j Wejlward from Hengenefs in Kent, Peafe fpring up naturally in Clufters like Grapes, and differ not much in Tafte from common-field Peafe, Between Sandwich and the Ifleof Tbanet , a kind of Hops, is obferved to grow naturally among the Beach and Pebbles i Garlick is no where, better nor. more plentiful, than a t Stratton in Cornwall: Several parts of Hevonfhire, and'Borforymofi peculiarly in Somcrfctjhire , pro- Part 3. ofENGL'AND. 37 produce wild Strawberies in abundance; no lefs noted is Axmmjier in Dmnjh,re for Hurtleberries. At Smmeml near Chappel, two Mile from Blanford in Vorcet(hire, on on the hither fide of the River at Swpam there is a moft plentiful production of Madder i how long this Plant hath been in England is uncertain, but it is above 50 years fince a confiderable quantity of it was produced at Barn-Elms in Surry ; and Sir Nicholas Crifp fow’d ieveral forts of it,as Crop-Madder, Umber Ow, and Pipe or flat Madder at Xkptford in Kent , which County affords plenty of Flax; but the beft Hemp is Raid to grow between Bemijler and Bird- port m Vorcetjhire. St. Foin or Holy-Hay, was firft brought out of France from about faris , and firtl fow’d at Copt-Hall in Kent. Tamarisk was firft brought over from Switzerland by Bilhop lindal in the days of Queen Mary (from whole difpleafure he fled) and planted in his Garden at Fullhatn. On the top of Vendle-hill in Lan- cajhire, there grows a Plant peculiar to that place called Cloudesberry, probably for that it kerns as it were to come out of the Clouds. In the Fens of Camhridgeflnre , there is commonly gathered an Herb call’d Water-Germander, in Latin Scandium, which being the chief Ingredient, con- fequently bS €fje patent State fequently gives name to that great Alexi- phamacon, fo much known and ufed a- mong us called Diafcordium. About Gla- fienbury in Somerfetjhire , there is plenty of Woad ; and at Cafhaltoni n Surry of excel¬ lent Walnuts. Of the Wonders and Ra¬ rities of England. T He Wonders of England confift chiefly in Stones, Caves, Lakes, FountainSj Ditches, and feveral prodigious Tu¬ muli or Hillocks caft up by Art and Labour» there was never doubtlefs heard of in any part of the World, fo miraculous a Monu¬ ment of Stones, for fo it is generally fup- pofed to be, as that on Salisbury-Slain $ within fix or feven Miles of Salisbury , com¬ monly called Stone-henge-, it appears to have been a treble row of Stones, circu¬ larly plac’d one within another, and rear’d ftreight up on end, notwithftanding they are of a prodigious bigncfs, that is to fayt, 28 Foot long for the moft part, and 7 Foot broad, befides others of a vaft bulk (though part 3. of ENGL AND. & (though not fo big as the upright ones) which lye overthwart from one to another, and are fattened with Tenent and Mortis; but the form of this wonderful Structure is very much defac’d, fome of the greater Stones being either fallen, or reclining to¬ wards the ground, and many of the over¬ thwart Stones being fallen i how fuch huge Stones could be brought thither, by whom, and upon what occafion, is difputed by Wiiters j the moft that hath been laid on this Subject is written by Mr. Inigo Jones Surveyor General to King j a ™ eT -> and his late Majefty King Charles the kfr, and Dt.Charleton, both various, and oft times contrary in their Opinions, and poffibly neither of them altogether in the right: About half a dozen Mile further on the Plain towards Hmgerford, I have ob- ferved (nor do I remember it to have been taken notice of by any one elfe) a Stone of a great bulk, but not above a Foot and a half in heighth from the ground, which though of the fame hardnefs and folidity with thofe above mentioned, hath the top of it driven all over full of Nails of the largeft fee. There is alfo a part of the flam between Marlebomgh and Cam, which being ftrew’d all over with Stones of a Grey colour, is therefore called the 4o €|)e patent State Grey Weathers j the leaf! of thefe Stones be¬ ing of a confiderable bignefs, and fome very large j thofe of the ordinary fize Teeming to be of about half a dozen or half a fcore Pound weight, one with another; and here and there in fome odd nooks, a little out of the Road, a large Stone reared upon end, like thofe at Stone-benge, and fometimes not much inferior in bulk. In Staffordjbire there is a Market-Town called Stone, from a large heap of Stones cart up there, as a Monumental mark of Infamy upon Wulpher the Mercian, who in this very place facrific’d to his Heathenifh fury his two Sons, Wulfald and Rufinas, for no other caufe than their imbracing the Chri- jflianFaith. Near Bumwbridge, a little Town in YorJ^jhire, there are four Stones of averyvaft bulk, and Pyramidally fhap’d, fuppos’d to be ereded by the Romans, in memory of fome great Vidfory thereabouts obtain’d. Upon the Hills near North-fine in Northumberland, though Boggy and full of wafer? there are great heaps of Stones, which fome take for a Memorial of fome great Battle there fought. Near Enijham in the South part of Oxfordfbire, there are Stones called Roll-richfilones , credited in manner of thofe at Stone-benge s which certain fabulous Traditions have rendred Part 3. Of ENGLAND. 4! to have been men fo transform’d; but more certain Hiftory delivers them the Monument of a great Battle there, fought by Kollo the Vane. At Botben in Cornwall there is another of 18 large Stones erected, and plac’d in a circular figure 12 Foot diftant each from the other, a Trophy of fome Roman or Saxon Vi&ory. In the fame County are other Monumental Stones called the Eurkrs , which fabulous Tradi¬ tion will have to be the Stony Metamor. p'nofis of certain Humane Creatures, but common reafon gives the fame conjecture of them as of the foremention d. 1 he like may be faid of two other large Stones ereded in St. Clares Parilh, in one where¬ of there is an Infcription in Grange and intelligible Chanter, other Remarks there are in the fame County form d by Nature only, as that Pile of Rocks one upon the other, called Wring-Cbeefe, near the loweft of them,-having the relem- blance of a Cheefe hard prefs’d, by the accumulation of Rocks upon itthe other is a very wonderful Rock call d Main- Amber, near Fenfans i this Rock lies upon leffer Rocks, infuch an exad squilibrwm , that what the pulh of a Finger, can for and caufe as it were to totter, not the greateft force imaginable is able to displace. 42 €|iep?efent©tate Likewife by Helford , is a vaft Rock lying on the ground, the top whereof being hoilow, containeth water, which ebbeth and floweth like the Sea. Three Miles from Tunbridge, on the edge of Sujfex > there lye fcattered up and down in a dry Sandy-ground, divers Craggy-ftones of a confiderable magnitude i the twobiggeft whereof ftanding clofe together, feemby -the creale which divides them in a ftraight line) as if they were but juft favv’d afun- der. In the fame County, near Tenderden- Steeple, is a Stone, which by the falling of the Rain, palpably gathers increafe of bulk. At Exmore in Devonjhire, are great Stones eredied, fome in a Circular, fome in a Triangular form, in memory doubtlefs of fome Roman, Saxon or Ditnijh Vidiory. In Westmorland, near the River Loder , there are Pyramidal Stones pitched for a Mile together, fome 9, fome 14 Foot thick. At Salcelds upon the River Eden in Cum¬ berland , is a Monumental Trophy , con¬ fining of 77 Stones, called by the Inhabi¬ tants Long-Meg and her Daughter} ; one of which Stones alone, called the Long-Meg, being 15 Foot high from the ground, all the reft but 10. On the Hill called Mind- gate-Morgan in Glamorganshire, there is a Monument fuperfc*ib’d with a very fatal Cha- Part3. of ENGLAND. 43 Character; for it hath been received from thofe that live thereabout, that whoever reads it (hall die foon after, if there be not a fallacy herein, vizi That the Character is fo lirange and uncouth that no man is able to read it. _ „ r Some places are noted for Stones oi another kind, that is to fay, whofe Ra¬ rity confifts in the unufualnefs of their _ Figure. At Alderly in Glocefierjhire , upon the top of certain Hills are found Oyfters, Cockles and Periwinkles of folid Stone i and at Tuchle-Cburch in the fame Shire, there is a Vein ef Blew-fione, confining of feveral Stones, Smooth, Square, and about half a Foot thick, as it were Arti¬ ficial and ready cut out fit for work i they lye about feven or eight one upon another, as it were in beds very near, contiguous to each other for about the length of a Pc-arch. And at Lajfmgton in Gloceflerjhire , there is plenty of that which we call the Star-ftone, being of the figure of a Mullet, or what we commonly pidture for a Star, of a Grey colour, and of the circumference ofa Angle Penny, but the thicknefs of halfa Crowns they flick together m Co¬ lumns of about three or four Inches long, and being fingly put into Vinegar, they na¬ turally move and tend towards a Umtien. 44 State Near Saymrth in Wiltjhire , are Stones that have a very near refemblance of Cockles. In a Town call’d Cainjham, in the Road-way between Bath and Briflol , and in the High¬ way thereabout, there are Stones frequently to be feen wreathing in a Spiral form like Snails; this Town is commonly Nick-nani’d Smoalty-Cainjham upon' this occalion: Some : years fince one of the Townfmen handing at his door with Tears in his Eyes, and be¬ ing ask’d by one of his Neighbours that ob- ferv’d him as he pafs’d by, what the caufe ‘of his Grief was, anfwered, That there was fo great a Smoa\in his houfe that he was not able to endure to flay within doors ; When in truth he had been newly beaten Try his Wife: Whereupon Travellers now and then to make themfelves Sport, will ask, Whether that lawn be called Smoaky- Cainfham But the wifer fort of thofe - that ask this queftion, prepare at the fame inftant to put on to a more than or¬ dinary fpeed, for fear of fome Hoftility from the good Women of the place. At Whitbay in Yorkjhire , are Stones of a Ser¬ pentine Figure: Alfo in the Stone-Quarry at Kingham in Somerfetjbire. On Rofe- mary-Yopping a Hill in Yorkshire, are Stones found in the flhape of Sea-winkles and Cockles; At Huntly-Nab in the fame County Part 3. of E N G L A N D. 45' County, at the roots of the Rocks, are Stones as perfectly round as any Ball, in which broken, are the (hapes of Stony- Serpents, all but the head. Of the Caves of England, thofeof principal remark are, Fir,ft, Ocby-bole near Wells in Somerfei- Jhire i it is a Cave of large extent into the earth, and in which, thofe that have made the fartheft Incurfions, are faid to have difcerned many Rivulets and Ca¬ verns, or hollow Reedies. Secondly, A Cave very much talk’d of, under an Old Caftle in the Peak of Darby , commonly called the Devils Arfe in Peaky there is a ftrange ftory told by one Gervafm, of a Swinhcrd belonging to one William dePe- nerel, fometime Lord of the Place. This Swinherd having loft a Sow great with Pig, is faid to have entred in earned queft thereof into the mouth of this Cave , and palling through feveral obfcure Nooks and windings, to have come at length into a fpacious Field, where among a com¬ pany of Reapers he found his Matters Sow which had newly Pig’d 5 and making his Cafe known to the chief perfon in Office there, brought back his Sow, together with , her Pigs, returning the fame way he came. Thirdly., In the fame County another Cave, called Eldenbole in the Peak Forreft, 46 €&e$^fent %Mz Forreft, which (hoots diredly down into the Earth, and as far as 60 yards of depth is to be feen into the mouth or entrance, • on the top is about 30 yards in length, and i 5 in breadth, but downwards it ftraigh- tensinto a much narrower fpace. Fourthly, Certain Caves called the Gyants Caves, be¬ tween great Badmin and Lockington , on the border of Wiltshire. At a place called Oxen- hall , not far from Darlington in the Bifhop- rick of Durham , there are three Pits of an. extraordinary depth,commonly called Hell- Kettles , fuppos’d to be produc’d by an Earthquake, which hapned in the year 117P. And near Dilbury in E ‘flex, there are feveral Pits in a Chalky ground, which are judg’d to be nolefsthan 12 Fathom deep. Alfo near Feverjham in Kent, there are many Pits, which being fomewhat narrow at the top, and widening towards the bottom, are diftinguifhed into feveral Rooms or Apartments, and fupported as it were with Pillars of Chalk. AtaHoufe of the Marquefs of IKorcejhr’s at Embury, I have been told, that at the pulling down of an old Wall, the Labourers difcovered a Cavity, which upon fearch led to a large Cave, where there was found a Monument of great Antiquity and Riches, which by the Character, and fome Part3. of ENGLAND. 47 fome other circumftances, appears to have been the Tomb of Queen Guinever, Wife to King Arthur : Near Kirby-Longdgle in Westmorland, are many deep places like Caves. Fifthly, At Aberbarry in Glamor¬ ganshire, there is a Cave at the bottom of a Hill, the mouth whereof is a gaping Clift or Chink, into which, when the Wind enters, there is heard a kind of har¬ monious noice , as it were of Cymbals: There hath been alfo heard from a CHft on the Sea-fide, near the Ifland Barry , a found as it were of Smiths at work, and this by the Teftimony of Lilius Giraldus. Lakes and Fountains there are very many among us, which have fomething lirange and extraordinary in them: Near Brereton in Chejhire, which belongs to an Eminent Family of the fame Name, there is a Pool, wherein the bodies of Trees fwimming are faid to prefage the Death of fome of the Family. There are two Lakes very near to each other, hard by St. Agnes- Hill in Cornwall , of which it is credibly reported, that in the one of them Fi(h will live and thrive, in the other not. In Lanca¬ shire near Furnefs-Fells , there is a Handing water, accounted the greateft in England, commonly called Miander-Meer, being no lefs than 10Miles in length, and all along paved 48 £{je$$fettt 0tate paved with (tone at the bottom: It is faid moreover, that a Fi(h call’d a Chare, breeds here only, and no where elfe. In Huntingtonjhire there are feveral Lakes, (and among the reft one called IVittlefmeer- Lakg) which in faireft weather grow tem- peftuous, and rage with violent (urges like the Sea. In Staffordjbire there are two remarkable Lakes '■> of one, Necbam delivers, That by its Roaring it foretells things to come the other is call’d Mahal, of which the Tradition goes, TbatHorfes when tir'd-, drinking of the water thereof, be¬ comes frejh as ever : Of this Gervafeof Tilbury makes particular mention. On the high Hills of Carnarvon bire, there are two Meets of a ftrange nature (if report be true) for one is faid to produce a fort of Filh that hath but one Eye i the other to have a floatable Ifland, whereon no fooner any one fetsfoot, but it drives farther off from the (hoar. There is alfo at Bala in Me- rmetbfhire,z Pool which never fills by Land- floods, though rifing never fo high, but in tempeftuous weather, fwelleth above its Banks. At Lynfavatban. in Brecknock;: fibre , is a Meer which is faid to have fwal- lowed up a City, that once ftoed in the room thereof j through this Meer runs the River Levenny , keeping its own ftream in- Part3. of ENGLAND. 49 tire and unmix’d. At Kilken in Flint/bire, is a little Well which hath a conftant eb¬ bing and flowing like the Sea. At Gigglef- worth in Torl^fhire there are three . fmali Springs, of two whereof there is nothing of obfervable, but the middlemoft hath a conftant courfe of ebbing and flowing four times an hour •> the difference between its higheft rife and loweft fall, being about eight Inches. Likewife in Derbyjhire, in the Forrefi of the Peal^, is fuch another Spring ebbing and flowing 4 times an hour, obferving a conftant and due revolution of its tydes. On the River Ogmore in Glamor- ganjhire,there is a Well which every full tyde in.Summer time is almoft deftitute of wa¬ tercut at ebbisreplenifti’d^nany times very near,, hut pever totally to an overflowing. Another there is at Garry-Caille in Caermar- denjhire , which ebbs and flows. Another in Wellmorland , near the River Loder, which ebbs and flows feveral times a day. At Lemington in War&ktyhire, -a Salt Spring arifeth at a great diltance from the Sea. Near Kenet in Ifilijhire, the water breaking out of certain ftones, is accounted a ftgn of Dearth. The River Can in Wcfimor- land hath Catara&s , which by their fall foretell either Rain or fair Weather. The riling of a 'Bourn near Croiden in Surry, 5o CJje pefent 0iate is faid toprefage Mortality. Near St. Al¬ bans in Hertfordjhire , there is a Brook cal¬ led , which when it breaketh out, pre- fageth Dearth , or fome other Calamity. In a private mans Yard at Titcbford in Sbropjbm, is a Well whole waters call Up a Skum of liquid Bitumen. In the Nortb- ridingoiTorkjhire, are Wells called fingtong Wells, three Miles within the earth. The Petrifying Wells and Springs of England are very many, nor is it worth the while to mention all of them, the chief are in thefe particular Places', at Nemnbainor Menbam-Rcges in Warrvic\f}oirf. Three which are alfo of a Medicinal quality, as be¬ ing brained through Allum, at Luttenomh in°Leicejlerlhire. Near Knarisboroxgb in Torhjhire, the Well-Drepa ,whofe Waters diftil from the. Rocks that hang over it. At Hodington-Hill near Oxford , upon the ' defcent of the Hill. At Boxly Abbey near Maidfton in Kent ; at Egerton in the fame County. Nor are thofe Wells and Springs to be forgotten, among the Memorabilia of Nature, whofe Waters are of a Medi¬ cinal virtue ; the chief of this nature, not only of England, but even of all Europe , for the virtue of the Waters, the Magnificence of the Strudures about the Wells, and the v aft refort to them> are thofe fatuous Part 3. Of ENGLAND. 51 Bathing Wells, which give denomination to the City Bath, and which were firft found out by one Bladud, who is reckoned in the Catalogue of our Ancient Britijh Kings, and renowned in Hiftory (if It may be called Hiftory, and riot rather Hift'o- rical Tradition ) as well for Philofopher as King. Others there are, whofe Waters efteemed for their Purging quality, are ge¬ nerally carous’d, as Ebjham or Epfom-WelU in Surry, thofe of Tunbridge in Kent, of Barnet in Hertfordshire, and now of late,of North-hall in the fame Shire. :Npw I can¬ not but fancy that there muft needs be a very great advantage in this wayofPhy- fick, fince thofe who Evacuate fo. merrily with fo much divertifement, fd manyas it were together for good Compaflies fake, no doubt find a more effedtual Operation, than, thofe.who coop’d up in a.Mc-Jaiichbl- ly Chamber, fup up a mixture of:Niufeoiis and uncouth Ingredients out of aa Apothe¬ caries Shpp: Other places there arev riot altogether of no note for their Medicinal Wells, as Luckington mlViltjhire ,v where there is a Well calkdHanikocks-Well.whoh greateft Virtue confifts in the Cure of fore Eyes; having alfo this property, that) its Water is cold in Summer: andhotin ter: - Eckington in. Worcefterjhire,' yvherei C 2 feveral '©^iefent-State -there is lately difcovered a Medicinal Well, . accounted of great Virtue for feveral - >Di (tempers. JVallingborougb in Nortbamp- tonfbire , where upon the account of the Waters, Queen ■Magi lay for feveral weeks. Lenilbam in Kent, lix Miles from London, • where in the year 1651. a Medicinal Wa¬ ter was found, which hath been fince ■much frequented. Vulwich Wells within .three Miles of Won: And within the ■City feveral, but the moft noted , that at ■the Poflern-gate by ‘tower-bill , and that -called Crowders-Well hard by Cripple-gate. Aleyccfton in Hmtingtonjhire , where there •are two fmall Springs, one whereof being frefh, is accounted good for the Eyes i the 'Other a little Brackifh, for Scabs and Le- ,profy, Buxton in Verbyjbire, where within the'compafs of 24 Foot, there arife out -cf.a Rcck from under a Square Strudure of Free-ftone 9 Springs, whereof one only is cold, all the reft very warm: But among all thefe, it would be an unpardonable overfight to pals by unmention’d , that - famous Well of St. Winifrid, commonly ‘called the Holy-Well in F lintjhire, .formerly much frequented, partly by way of Pilgri¬ mage, partly for the great Virtue it was reputedito have in the Cure of many Ma¬ ladies; through the eafie Faith, no doubt, and Part 3. Of ENGL AN D- 5.3’ and fond Credulity of the deluded Vulgar who arealways apt to pay high Adoration' and afcribe miraculous Cutes to the Bodies, Relicks, or any Memorials of perfons re¬ commended to them tor Saints j for here the Tradition goes, that the Virgin Saint Winifrtd being here Beheaded, a Fountain-, immediatly fprung up, as if the Earth be¬ wailing her Martyrdom, burft forth into a flood of Tears; and the Pebble-hones at the bottom of the faid Fountain being ob- ferved to be of a Reddifh colour, we are to fuppofe that they retain to this day, the-- tindture of the Virgins Blood : Thofe Springs and Waters’that'are on the-top- of high Hills, muft be allowed to. have' fomething of Rarity in. them, in-regard? »to thofe that are not fufficiently vers’d in the knowledge of natural Caufes and Pro¬ ductions, it may feem wonderful, that the; Water fhould rife fo high above the com¬ mon Surface of the Earth: Particularly on the high Hills of Carnarvanthire , are two- Meers: Aifo a Spring on the top of Meilenly - hills in Venhylhire. Likewife among the: Wonders or Rarities of England , may be. reckoned thofe Ditches, which Hand yet: as Monuments of the Art and Induftry of> our Forefathers.' Firlt, That on New— market-heath , which is commonly called) the: 54 Cfje Went .State. the Vevils-Vitcb. Secondly?, IVansdik i« Wiltshire , a work of many Miles extent, caft up in memory of a Battle between the Mercians and mjl-Saxons. Thirdly, Clough d'Offa, or Offa’s-ditcb, a work not infe¬ rior to the former mention’d,and much up¬ on the fame occafion made. Of the Pofulacy of the En¬ glish Nation. T He Populacy of a Nation is beft efti- mated from the number of its Towns and Cities; The Kingdom of En¬ gland proportionably to its circumference is fcarce inferior to any Kingdom or Coun¬ try of Europe (which is alfo accounted the the moil Populous of all the four parts of the World) except France and the Lore- Countries i which la ft being accounted no bigger in compafs than Forl^fbire, is judg¬ ed to contain as many Towns and Inha¬ bited places, as ten times the Circuit there¬ of in moft other Countries, and tofome much fuperior, particularly Spain , late efieem’d the moft confiderable Monarchy of CMjhndom , and that it continues not fo to Part Of E N G L A N D. 55; this day,, we may in a great meafure im¬ pute to the paucity of people in thar. Kingdom; for doubclefs there is nothing, that, conduceth more to the Strength,. Grandure, Profperity and Riches of a Nation , than the Populoufnefs thereof efpecially where Tnduftry is in the lead in- courag’d, and Idlenefs difcountenanc’d. Wherefore that Nation that will ever hope , to flourilh, ought to ufe all means and indeavours poflible. for the increafing of its People, and to avoid as much as may be all occafions of Depopulation. The prin¬ cipal caufes of the Difpeopleing of Spain, which according to the Teftimony of feve- ral Creditable Authors, hath been Ancient¬ ly, much better Peopled than at prefent ; have been firft the multitude of Monafte- ries and Religious Prifons, thofe Recep¬ tacles of forc’d Chaftity, and as they are ordered Impediments of the Worlds lawful Increafe: Next the Violent Expul- - fion of the Moors out of Spain, after that by a long eftablilh’d fettlement, and being habituated to the fame Cuftoms, Manners and Religion, they were become as it were one Body with the reft of the People. Laft- ly, Thofe vaft Colonies tent out of Spain ■. to maintain and poffefs the ample Con- quefts, or. rather Ambitious and Bloody C 4 Invafions Invafians and Depopulations made by the the Spaniards there. The Cities and Market-Towns of England , are in num¬ ber 607 . to which the red of the Burrough Towns., that is, fuch as lend Burgeffes to Parliament, and all the Inha- bited Villages (whereof fome are conder- able) king added,make above 10 times the number, fo that all the Parilhes of England and Wales, are reckon’d 9285. and doubt- lefs within the faid circumference, which is generally computed to be about 13 5 2 Miles, might be very well comprehended live times as many Towns or Places of Ha¬ bitation, if all the Forrefts, Chaces, and unimproved vaft Heaths and Commons, were taken in and improved to the beft advantage. It is not to be wondred at, that next to being born under a Happy Climate, the living under a Happy Government, the greateft advantage and Strength of a People, is to be numerous, proportionably to the extent of Territory they poffefs. Since in the firft place it is apparent enough, that in a well Inhabited City, the People mull needs be fo much the better able to defend themfelves from any Force or Op- pofition. Next, if it be a place of any Trade, take any particular number of what Trade Part 3. of ENGLAND. 57- Trade foever, and it is not to be imagin’d- that they {hould bee’re a whit the poorer,- but rather the richer, than if the Inha¬ bitants had been fewer: For admit them of the fame Trade orlmployment, a profi¬ table and correfponfible Trade is the more, lively and vigoroufly carried on by many hands j andfuppofe them of feveral Occu¬ pations, the circulation of Money from the one to other, helps all in general. Though ’tis true,that in a draggling Town or City, whofe parts lye disjoyn’d and far a funder,. the people however confiderable in num¬ ber, cannot be fo-affiftant.ro each other- in; mutual Aid, Society, or Commerce, as in. a regular and well compared City: So- likewife in a Kingdom, that Prince who: hath never fo large an Empire, yet if thin¬ ly. Peopled, or divided into feveral parts* remotely diftant , and interrupted from; mutual intercourse by long. Voyages-, of Land and Sea, cannot be look’d upon as fo powerful a Prince, as he that hath ths like number, of People in one intire and united Dominion. Certainly no Monarch of the World, much lefs of Cbrijkndor^whc- ever he be that hath added, molt to his Empire by never fo many new made Corn quells) can pretend to fo-large afharecs portion of the Earth, as the Kingof .Spain-, C J; who. 58 €fje p $ent State who neverthelefs (as the tranfatftions of a few late paft years have made appear,) hath born but his fourth part with other Princes and States, in oppofitionto a Prince tar. inferior tp him in Jurifdidion, and what Should he the reafon of this, but that his Dominions lye fo remote from each other, and his Kingdom of Spain , which his Re- fidence there chiefly enables, is the leaft Peopled of all the reft, and his Viceroys of Fern and Mexico (the pofleffion whereof hath been main occafion of Impoverilhing Spain of its people) are in effect, fetting afide the Title, as great Kings as himfelfi nor much lefs are thofe of Naples, Sicily, Millain, and what remains of Flanders, fo that he feems in reality King of Spain alone, and of the reft of his Dominions, but in Title only: And to come a little nearer the matter, if all the Kings Subjects in New-England) Virginia 5 Maryland , &c.' were planted in thofe unpeopled Regions of thislfland (theirNative Soyl) which are more than large enough to receive them, there is no doubt to be made 5 but that they would be more capable of ferving their King, than they can poflibly be at fuch a diftance, thus tranfplanted: to the other end of the World i To be Ihort no Rational man will deny, but that that Prince, Part3. flf'ENGLAND. 59 Prince, who from a Territory no larger than the County of Kent , is able to bring igqooo men into the field,is no lefs Potent than he who from a Territory 20 times as-, large is able to raife a not much greater number > and fo much the mpre, by how much he levies them with lefs Trouble and Charge. That Soveraign Conquers beft,. who wins the hearts of his people by Mo¬ deration, Juftice, good Government, and wholfome Laws. He beft plants Colonies, who maintains a flourilhing Trade to Forraign parts j he beft inlarges his Ter¬ ritory, who husbands his People to the. beft advantage, and confults beft for their- Prefervation and Increafe; hereby approv¬ ing himfelf all this while a true Chriftian > Prince, not in Name only , but in reality: no lefs i and upon this fcore, let the World judge, whether our Defenfor Fidei have not- a. juft Title to that of Ckrifiimffimuf alfo. When as for any Potentate ori Grandee of the World, Pontifical or other— wife, to grafp at Power and Empire by.-. War, Bloodihed and Rapine, though under never fo fpacious a pretence, even propoga- ting the Faith it felt, and at the fame time., to take upon him the Name of Chriftian,. muft needs be the higheft affront to Hea¬ ven.. and ftiame to Religion imaginable a 60 %\)t parent %tm The Stile of Chriltian Cut-throat, (for that muff neceffarily follow) implying a cnntradidlion not to be reconcil’d by all the art of Sopiftry and Jefuitifm; lince he that hath but heard of the Chriftian Re¬ ligion, cannot be ignorant that Peace and Charity are the very root and foundation of Chriftianity, and that Religion under what Title foever, which is otherwife grounded, is to be abhorr’d by all fober men. The Creator faid to the Earth at the- beginning, Increafe and be Replenilh’d : The I Jefiroyer hath been faying to the fame Earth from the beginning, from. Age to. Age; be ruin’d, laid waft and Difpeopled by humane Slaughter. Now how far the parallel will hold between the greater, and Man theleffer World, as to the neceffity of Purging and Bleeding ; and whether it be fb wholfom, as fome would have us think,, that the fuperfluous blood of the World- fheuld be let out by the Phlebotomy, of War, v/e (hall wave the inquiry at this prefent; only 1 am of opinion, that it would be better, to. leave the Phyficking of the World to the great Phyfitian there¬ of, than that man upon man Ihould fo often pra&ice his Fatal Ghyrurgery. There . k fufficient reafon to believe that thofe frequent Inundations of People, thofe nu- Part's. Of ENGLAND. 6 r merous fwarms of Cimbrianr, Teutones , Lon- gobards , Hot//, Goths and Vandals, which Scythia in former times pour’d out into the milder Regions of Europe, were not lb much the Luxuriance and off-fcouring of an over-peopled Nation , (fince not any one denomination of Country befides, takes up fo large a part of the earth, or hath fo many vail unhabited Vacancies) but a kind of agreement among certain numbers of men to carve themfelves out better Commons than their own Country afforded; and throw off the Scythian Fro/l and roughnefs, by the Warm Sun-lhine of Gallia^Spain and Italy. Now to come clofer to the defign of our Difcourfe: Three things are tobeconfidered. Firff, Whether this Nation have not been in former Ages more Populous than at prefent. Next, what the occafion oT this Depopulation hath been. Laftly, The means of reftoration to priftine Populacy, or at leaft of Replenilhmentin fome degree. The full confideration is anfwered by the fecond: There is no que- ftion to be made, but that the complicated Invafions of Romans , Saxons and Danes (efpecially the laft fo dreadfully Barbarous) was the Deftrudiion of a World of People, and the Demolilhment of many Towns and Cities.; and after the Norman Con* 62 €fje patent g>tate queft, the Bloody Civil Wats amongft us > firft of the Barons, next of the two R.ofes: As for the Norman Invafion it felf, it oc- cafion’d indeed no great matter of De- vaftation, fince except a few inconfiderable Infurre&ions that happen’d afterwardsjthe bufinefs was decided by the dint of one Battle, and happily the Conqueror had not been forry, had more of the E nglijh fallen in that quarrel s fince, like a true Step¬ father and Foraign Invader, more than like a Native Father of the Country, he could find in his heart to lay wafte 28 Towns and Villages, to make a large ha¬ bitation for wild Beads. The laft and main confideration, is how to. repair thislofsof People, ihall we call the Englijb of America backto their Native Soyl ? or {hall we invite the Induftrious, or the Diftreffed of other Nations to come over and live among us ? or Ihall we indeavour to People the Na¬ tion better with thofe. People, if I may; fo call them, we have already; that is, turn Drones into Bees, and two legg’d Cattle into Men ? The firft I take altogether to be Impracticable and Irrational to go aboutsfor it would be an endlefs thing for fuch mul-. titudes of People to unfix themfelves from their fetled Imploys and Habitations, and' to be put to remove their Effects back to. a Country Part 3. of ENGL AND. 6 $ Country now grown as firange and un¬ couth to them, as any other Foraign Na¬ tion. The fecond, according to my poor judgment, cannot be difadvantageous to this Kingdom, could it be well compas’d and well manag’d, fo astogivenodiftafte to the prefent Inhabitants; for it hath been a general and frequent Complaint, in my hearing,among fome Tradefmen of London, that Foraigners ( efpecially thefe French Dogs, as they ftile them) come over, fettle themfelves among us, and eat the Bread out of our Mouths. Neverthelefs it is certain, that in many Towns of England , as Canterbury , Norwich, 8cc. many Families of Foraigners are well fetled, exercife the Epidemick Trade ofthofe Places peaceably, and profperoufly enough,and without envy or difturbance. Hofpitality is a certain evidence of a good Nature and Generous Inclination i and it hath been formerly,and doubtlefs ftill is in a great meafure, the particular Credit of the Englijh Gentry, to keep Plentiful Houfes, on purpofe to En¬ tertain Strangers, give Shelter to benighted Travellers, and Succour all perfons in Diftrefs: And as among particular per- fons, no man but an Indigent Wretch, or Ill-natur’d Churl, will deny Relief to a perfon, that through real and remedilefe want 64 Cfje patent state want makes application to him. So like- wife among Nations, that People that re- fufeth the Accomodation of their Country to their fupplicant Neighbours, who un- juftly Banifkd their own Native Land, or driven out by Perfecution and Tyranny, fiy to them for Refuge, mud: needs be the Inhabitants of a Beggarly and Unhofpitable Soyl, or be themfelves a fort of Inhumane and Savage-Bores. Our Kingdom, God be thanked, is- fuffieiently Fertile ; our Na¬ tives not accounted Ill-natured , and for Room we have not only to fpare, but within the whole Circuit of England enough, as we have faid before, to con¬ tain a far greater power of People twice, if not thrice the number: So that an ac- ceflion of peaceable Strangers can be no' injury, may be a confiderable benefit to us > fo that in being Charitable to others, we (hall be no lofers our felves and never was there fo important and feafonable anocca- fion offered as now, for the receiving of Foraignersamong us; fince never did any perfecuted people fo want our Entertain- men and Succour, as at this time, thefe our Proteftant Neighbours, who in their own Native Country, and among the Ptofeffors of Chriftianity, are denyed that Protecti¬ on, which living peaceably, they: could not doubt. Part3. Of ENGLAND. 65 doubt of among the fevereft of Turks or E thicks ’ an< ^ a11 t ^ lis f° r 110 ot ^ er rea " fon, then denying to fall down before the obtruded Idol, as the Jfraelhes were dealt with in the days of the Tyrant Nebuchad¬ nezzar : But by Divine ProvideiiceTe&lls out happily to be at a time that 'England is govern’d by the moft Juft and Benevo¬ lent of Princes > who out of his Concern¬ ment for the Preteftant Religion, and that innate Generofity and Clemency where¬ with he delights to oblige all mankind, hath by an Order of Councel of the, r 3 of September this prefent year 1681. pro- mifed all thofe that (hall come over, fuch, ample Priviledges and Immunities, as will much foften and allay their prefent Af¬ flictions, and in a’ great meafure compen- fate for their being forc’d to abandon their Native habitations. The laft cannot be reafonably judg’d unfeafible, and is certain¬ ly the moft abfolutely neceffary, fince thofe many thoufands of Unimployed perfons, burthens of the earth, who prefume they were only born to Eat and Drink , are no better than fo many Ciphers, being per¬ fectly loft to their Country: Nay which is worfe, they may juftly be reckoned asfo many Vermineand Noxious Animals j for Idlenefs it felf cannot always fubfift in its own 66 . e»?efettt State own ftation, but oftentimes is forc’d up¬ on Action, but ’tis the worft part of A&ion. M'ifchief. As admit a Nation never fo thinly Inhabited, and yet a Million of thofe Inhabitants prove utterly ufelefs and. unprofitable, that Nation may well be laid to be too Populous by that Million : Info- much as Cut-purfe, Pick-pocketHoufe- breaker, Highway-man, and whatever be- fides can be imagin’d mifchievous, are but the feveral Metamorphofes of.an Idle Liver, and thus Idlenefs tends to a more fatal kind of Depopulation : The unworking perfon indeed, who .in fome fence may be Laid to be no perfon, but dead to the fervice of his Country , yet is capable of being quickned and in'fpir’d with _ the- life of A&ion, but the worker of Iniquity, who is commonly therefult of the unworking Perfon, takes courfes which tend to an irrevivable Deftru&ion. The firft is but that Malefa&or in Pope, which the Thief and Robber is in Effe > and doub.tkfs were the Potential Maleficence, which is Idle¬ nefs, feverely inquired into, and regulated by the Difcipline of Law and Government, fo many of the Kings Subje&s would not yearly at every Seffion and Affize, as Effen- fial Malefa&ors, be made fad Examples of Juftice, and cut off from the Land of Part3. of ENGLAND. €7 the Living, to which in this World there is no return. But what hath been faid all this while of the unworking Perfon, (whom to compel to work, that he may be kept from Starving, and reftrain from Stealing, that he .may be. reftrained from the Gallows, is no Injurious, but Cha¬ ritable part of a Magiftrate > it is to be underftood only of thofe narrow Sould Loiterers, who being not worth a Groat in the World, choofe rather to go fquan- dring up and down Beg,Filch and beLowfy, than Honefily to get their Bread by clean¬ ly Induftry and wholefome Labours Whereas for him that hath enough to Live on, who fhall hinder him, if he oleafe and have the Confidence, to be Idle and good for nothing at his own Charges 1 As for thofe who are great in Money, Lands, or High Offices, great alfo are their Priviledges , for the World hath ge¬ nerally a very great favour and refped for fuch as fiourilh and are profperoqsr in it, (as well as contempt for the Poor,and Unfortunate) and except they (hall unfor¬ tunately happen to become Envy’d-Fa- vourites, will be apt to: have a favourable excufe for whatfoever is either omitted or committed by them. However, there is a real merit that cannot be denyed.them, which 68 Cljep^fentState which is, that they have wherewithal to be ferviceable to their King and Country: A Rich man, meerly as a Rich man, rnuft needs be acknowledged a ufeful perfon in his Generation, efpecially if his Heart be anfwerable tohisPurfe, or however where fomething is to be had, there is a poffibility of obtaining: On the other fi 4 e, though it be juft and rational to give Law to thofe who will not give Law to themfelves> to compel men to their own as well as the publick good, to work that they may not Starve, to do well, that they may not fuffer for doing ill. It is not yetfocon- fonant to reafon, that any one (hould be forc’d to performance, though of things never fo juft, above Ability, or to make fatisfadiions out of nothing. That the Idle and Induftrious alike, to fatisfie the rigorous Juftice of a Self-loving Creditor, fliould for being Idle or Unfortunate, be condemned to perpetual Idlenefs and Mif- fortune. and for no other caufe, than not working Impoffibilities, be conftrain’d to lie ftarving and {linking to death in a loathfom Gaol, is a piece of Judicially. I do not underftand, and I verily believe, that it is no lefs unjuft, for any one to be Cruel and Rigorous in the exa&ing of his Own from him that Hath not, than for Part3. of ENGLAND. 69 him that Hath , to forbear the payment of what he 'Omi ; who alfo, if not willing of himfelf, may and ought to be made fo by force and rigour: Which may be in¬ fixed otherwife than ;by Confinement, for a Prifon is leaft a punifhment to thofe that moft deferve it. To conclude, a too rigorous procedure either to Death or Im- prifonment, feems an over-adting in Juftice, and as it were tending much alike to¬ wards a kind of Depopulation i there be¬ ing no great difference between not to be at all, and not to be at Liberty, the firft totally, thefecondaftera manner, depriv¬ ing the World of thofe whofe Lives and Liberties might happily have been ufefully enough, fpar’d for the Commonwealth. Of ;o Cfjef $ettt mtz Of the MmufaBures of England. M Anufadture is to the Body Politick, what Exercife is to the Body Na¬ tural, viz. Profperity to the one, Health andSoundnefs to the other', Idlenefs be¬ ing: alike pernicious to both, and earning to both alike Debauchery of Manners, Diftemper and Beggary. There are few Nations in Europe, as well as in other parts of the World, wherein fome particular Towns are not particularly Eminent for fome or other Manufacture, as in Anda- Ma a Province of Spain, Corduba for the curious Dreffing of Leather, which is thence called Cordovan-Leather > in Bifrna Bdboa for the making of excellent Temper d Blades, F aenza in Italy for fine Earthen Ware Venice for that rare fort of Drinking Glaffe’s, which are thence called Venice- Glaffes i which Art of Glafs-making, is by a late Difcovery from thence, Im¬ prov’d to a very great heigth in England, though we cannot bring Glaffes to that perfection, for want of thofe Materials Part 0f ENGLAND. 71 which are only to he had in thofe, viz- two forts of Plants called Gazul and Snbit , out of whofe Liquified Afhes the right Venice-Glaffes are blown. The, molt ge¬ neral Manufacture of "England , is that which of all others is certainly the rrjoft ufeful and profitable, and which from Ancient time hath in a meafure conduc’d to the Wealth and flourilhingEftate of the Nation > that is to fay, the Woollen Manu¬ facture, or the making of Woollen Cloths or Stuffs, which being encourag’d and rightly manag’d , is the chief prop of our Trade and Commerce, and (till the Fiihery be fet up, according to the Pro- pofals of feveral Worthy Perfons ) the chief Support and Honeft Maintenance of the Poor, whom could there be work enough found out univerfally to imploy, if would be a happy means to take off that Lewd and Sordid courfe of Vagabond Beg¬ ging, which introduces all thofe Thievilh and unlawful practices, that bring fo many daily to Ihameful and untimely ends. The fitft Broadcloth ( fo called , becaufe of the Broad-Looms wherein it was wrought) made in England , is faid to have been wrought by Jac{ of Newbury , in the Reign of King Edward the Third. The firft famous Clothiers were the Websclotbs and 72 «f»?eient State and Clutterbticks in Gloceflerjhire. For this In¬ genious and profitable ArtorMyftery ofLa- nifice or Woollen-work, there is no place in England more fam’d than the City otNor- which hath for a long time flounlh d by the making of Worfted-Stuffs,whichj be- ine wrought here more Curioufly than elfewherefare thence called^c b-Smfr, which Work hath beenbioughttothe E reater perfection, by the Induftry ot le- veral.D/tVcfe arid French .Families, who have .been here planted for feveral years. No Nation ever lofeth, but gets by the Tranf- plantation of Induftrious Foreigners, who bv Intereft and Converfe, foon become one with the People among whom they : Inhabit. The Stuffs here, vended (the chief Trade whereof, asalfo .of Stockings, is to London) are efteemed at iooo°oJ. per annum, which Stuffs are under the Go¬ vernment of-two Companies, the ITorfied Company, and the Kujfel Company. The Stockings at 60006 /. pr annum. But ST another Town in this County, Which being called Worftdt been the fifft noted place wherein theie Stuffs were fubftantially made, regard they thence took their denomination. Kiddeminfler in iTorceJlerJhire drives a very -Trade in the making of certain Stuffs, Part3. Of ENGLAND. 73 which are thence called Kidderminfter- Stuffs i and in the lame Shire the City of Worcester it'felf: And alfo Malmsbttry for Woollen-Cloth. In Warwickshire , Coventry ; In Lancashire, Manchefier is much Enrich’d by the Induftry of the Inhabitants, in mak¬ ing Cloth of Linrten and Woollen. Laun- •ton in Somerfetjhire drives fo great a Trade in Mixt and White-Serges, that there are faid to be fent up Weekly to London and •otherplaces, no lefs than 700 pieces,a fort of them, befides a fort of courfe Bays s in the making whereof, there are Weekly im- ployed no lefs than 8500 perfons. No lefs dothWakgfield in the Weft-riding o(Tor\-{hireh Leeds alfo in the fame County is accounted •a Wealthy Town, by reafon of its Cloath- ing. Exeter by "■ the quantity of Serges •there made, returns to London a ; icoot>/. •a Week. Stroud in Gloucejlhjhirejs a Town ■not only full of Rich Clothiers, but is alfo particularly Eminent for the Dying of -Cloths, by reafon of the peculiar quality of the Wafer for that purpofe: Teuxbury alfo in the fame. County; is very Rich in Clothing : . Likewife Sudbury - or South- ■bourg '■ in Suffolk^.-, Hadly in tlie fame County., Leading in Barl^ffire , which through the greatnefs of its Trade, is a very Wealthy Towns zndNewbttrym the D ' fame n C^P^ent State •fame County. So likewife Sbirburn in Dmetjhin , upon the fame account . .And alfo in Effex, Colcheter, Tfedbm, ■.Coxal , and other places, abound, m Bays, Says, and other new Drapery. Ahnkbv in Cumberland is no lefs Eminent ■for its ftrong Caftle, and for being the •fonts ttrong uarne, dUU ^ •— -lace where the Affixes for the County are .held, than for its great Cloth Manufa&ure, the like is Kendal in the fame County. Among the wooiien -•& land , may be reckon’d the weaving and -knitring, of Stockings, the afe Qfwhich •woven and knit Stockings hath not been in this Nation longer than about the. begin¬ ning of K. James's Reign: It being ve- *v memorable what D r Etdler relates, of one William Eider, an Apprentice at the foot of lOT^fl-Bridge, over again A S* Magna- ^Church, who feeingin the Honfe of an It Mal- ton for Inftruments ufed in Husbandry y and Waljal for Bits and Snaffles for Horfes »■ moreover this laft Town is noted as well for Pewterers as Smiths. But .by theway T ’ the mention of Knives hath brought to- mind a juft occafion of admiration, that is, fince the Englijh have been, obferv’d, and not without juft caufe, to be a good flour eating People, there being more fubftantiaf Joynts of Beef, and Mutton, &c. confum’d among us, than perhaps in any. part ofthe- Worldbefides, how it (hould come to pafs, that, we (hould be fo tardy in the Art of Knife-making j or what Invention we had in former days, to avoid thofe Indecencies at the-Table, which the want of Knives: muft in all likelihood be the caufe of: For • it is credibly reported, that one Thomas. Matthews living on F/ect-bridge, was the firft that made Knives jri England , which was in the 5 th 'year of the Reign of Q. E/i- zabith. . THe beft Tobacco-pipes, for neatnefs of (hape and form, and for a curious (hining, glofs, are made at Ambresbmy , vulgarly call’d Emsbnry in Wiltjhire, about a mile or two from Stonehenge ; they are commonly, call’d Gantlet-Pipes ( having the mark of a, Gantlet imprefs’d on the flat bottom of the D 3 BowlJ Bowl) from M r Hugh Gantlet . who was the firft that brought them to this perfedi- OH. There are alfofeveral edible and potable Works of Art, which may in my opinion properly enough come under the Head of Englifh Manufadures. The Coagulation . ef Milk into the Confidence of Cheefe, is faid to have been the firft Invention of the Ofci , an ancient People of Italy •, but whence or from whomfoever proceeding, this fort of artificial Food is the mefl com¬ mon and univerfal, in all Parts of the World where the moll rational and civil way of Eating is in ufe. Of all theShires of England , Chefb'm for this kind of Edible, may, I judge, be allow’d theBays,- above ail other Parts, at lead of this Kingdom j and for ought I know , a true Che/hire Cheefe, if rightly valu’d , may (land in competition with the Parmefan of 'Italy, the Angelot of fmee i and the Full-moon of Holland , only with this pre-eminence refer- ved to the lad, that but for the bignels, it. might ferve as well for the Bowling-green as the Table. Suffolk^ in this particular challenges the next place, but doubtlefs in refped rather of quantity than quality i. for this County furniihes with Cheefes not on¬ ly feveral other Parts of England, but alfo Part*. Of ENGLAND; 79 ? Spain, Francs and Italy j a lean Traveller may poffibly be thought able to endure a long Journey better than one that’s plump and fat. Thefe are the two principals Gheefe-Counties of England v but in other Counties, this Pretenfion is fixtto particu¬ lar Places, as in Somerfetpire to Cbedder be¬ fore-mention d, the Cheefes whereof are- of that repute, as to be frequently preferred 1 even before thofe of Cbejhire j Opinion and" Imagination are twogreat things. • In Warwickshire, Banbury hath a Name' both for Cheefes and Cakes, the juftifica- tion of which Name is beft left to the ex- perienc’d tafter of both. For Sugar’d- Cakes, Shrewsbury is withouf controverts allow’d to bear away the Bell from all other Places. But to fave the Reputation of the Cake- makers of other Parts, this Super-ex¬ cellence is attributed to the nature of the SeKra-water in that Place. Other Places there are that challenge their Peculiars of this nature, but the moft proverbially emi¬ nent are the Whitepot of Dtvonfiire , and' Dumpling of Norfolk; Nor muft the Potables of England be al- . together forgotten.. For Ale, Derbyshire „ and particularly Derby- Town , alfo Hull, Nortbdown and Sandbitcb , and Weably afore-mention’d, are moft efpecially fam’d i D 4. for. 80 €ftt patent 0tate for Sider, all Gloucefterlhire , Worcejlerfhire and Herefordjhire j for Metheglin, Sbrop -■ Ihire , Herefordjhire , and forne Parts of- tor. • To the Manufactory of 'England , may- not unfitly be added an account of thofe cu¬ rious Arts and Inventions, which are now flourifhing in this Nation, whether newly, or for fomeAges M paft. And among' thefe,.the firft and principal is the excel¬ lent, and by fome highly applauded, and by others moft condemned, Art of Print- ting. This noble'Invention, in many re-- fpedts ufefal, and no way fo pernicious as- fome would have it thought, was firft ex-r ercis’d by William Caxton Mercer, -who in ' the Reign of K. Edw. the IV. kept his Printing-houfe in IFejiminfter-Abbey , by- the permiftionof Simon IJlip Abbot of IVejl- ■ minften and the firft Eook fet forth, fome- £ay, was ‘Tuli/s Offices, others fay, a Book- treating of the way of playing the Game- at Chefs.. The next Invention appearing here among us, muft be allow’d little lefs inge-. niousthan the former, but wonderfully more capable of doing mifchief, I mean,' the. truly black Art of Gunpowder, the fwarthy Invention of a fwarthy Monk^ and. poffibly by the Infpiration of the Prince of Dark- Part 3. of ENGLAND. 81.: Darknefc. Yet one thing is worthy to be: obferv’d, viz. that fince the difcovery of this gloomy Drug, whatever deftrudioii hath been committed by whole-fate, fome-: thing of amends hath been made by retail. For whereas in former Times, when the Bow, Lance and Javelin wereinufe, Hifto- ry makes nothing of 40 or 50000 flain in the Field j now that the Musket, Dragoon 1 , and Piftol came in fafhion, (even with, the Cannon'.to-.:boot )'■ it is a great matter to- hear of the fall of 10 or 20000. befides, as-, a Member fometimes is not ill loft to fave a. Man, fo. in greater Bodies,. a.Houfe maybe, better'fpar’d than a whole Street or Town, which deliverance nothing but Gunpowder, can effect. : But then agamft this benefit may be oppos’d the fpringingof Mines,, to. blow up Caftles , Forts and Cittadels, meetly for deftrudions fake. It is not to be doubted, and it appears-, from Hiftories, that the Chariot hath been - known in England as well-as in other- Parts- of the World time out of mind j but the. ufe of thofe portable Houfescalfd Coaches*, which at this.day being increas’d to a vafi multitude , make fuch a clutter, in the Streets of London, to the great difturbance of the poor. Foot-Paflengcr,. is faid to have firft commenc’d about the year-*'55 & till. D 5 ‘ when,. 82 %%z j^efent State when, ’tis to be prefum’d, that great Per- fons feldotn ftirr’d out but in fair weather, whereas now all Seafons for Vifits are alike > otherwife the Cavalcade of Princes and Nobles on Horfeback, may doubtlefs afford the Beholder as comely a Spectacle as along train of Coaches. Together with the Coach, or not long after, I guefs, came in the Coaches Epitome , the Sedan, more elegantly ftyl’d a Chair, a much more eafie fort of paffage,as perform’d not by draught but carriage, and that by the more rational fort of Animal. But there is another kind of moving Domicil of much later date, call’d a Calefli, which feems like a Coach cut off in the middle, wherein commonly . the Driver and the Driven is one and the felf-rame perfon. Watches, and other horary Motions of that nature, it is certain, came out of Ger- »«By, and according to the beft conjefture, fomewhat more than a ioo years tince.. The principal Artifts of this kind menti¬ on’d are Janus 'IonmeUus , and Cornelius van'Drebble j butfince all kind of automa¬ tons Motions by Clock-work have been wonderfully improv’d by thofe of our own Nation, particularly M r Davie Mell , befides his excellent judgement and fancy in Mufi- cal Compofitions 5 and his great perfor¬ mance Part 3. Of ENG LAND. 8 $ mance on the Violin, above all others of his Time, ( for within thefe 20 years, the very quinteffence of that Inftruments Mu- lick hath been extracted, as being chiefly in falhion) wasfo prodigious an Artift in all Mechanick Motions by Clock-work, that if anyone fince hath equall’d.him in Art, he. hath at leaft fallen (hort in Fame. But of all Inventions of this kind, the. Pendulum of lateft date, is alfo of greateli curiofity and ufe, being generally acknow-' : ledg’d • the Delign of M r Hoo\, Fellow of the Royal Society, a Perfonof much Eftdern among the. Learned and Vertuous, for his Mathematical and Mechanick Improve^- ments, however M* Oldenburg, lateS ere- tary to the faid Society, made feme Difpute. in this Matter, as- afferting it of German, Original.. All forts of Optick Glafles and Tubes, as* the Telefcope, the. Invention of-the noble: Galileo the Microfcope, &c. have been of late years wonderfully improv’d, efpecially, : by the Directions of the fore-mention’d: W Hook , M r Flamflead,' and others of this*-' moft renowned Fellmjhip. But the firft fa¬ mous Artificer* of thefe Tubes and Glafles,; was M r ' Reeves in Long-a&e, after, whom* M r Coc\ hath continued the Imployment with profperous fuccefs and' approbation.. #4 ®&e State The Barometer,Thermometer, Hydrofcope, and fuch like Contrivances, for the difco- very ot the Change of Weather, have cer¬ tainly been the refult of thofe unwearied: Endeavours and Enquiries, that have been, made into the depth of Natural Knowledg, fince the foundation of this Noble Society. And among the fagacious Enquirers into, Meteorological Philofophy , D r Goad , late Matter ofMercbant-Taykrs-School, mutt be allow’d a principal place. But for the Air-Pump, the rareft Inven¬ tion ever found out for the proof of a Vaco- a mm rentm Kama, it particularly owns the Honourable Robert Boil its Inventor, who. hy bis many Writings and Inventions, hath, been a Worthy Contributor to the Ad¬ vancement of Experimental Philofophy. ’ The Art of Torning, as it appears to, have been not much lefs ancient in the World than Sculpture it felf, fo doubtlefs it is. not very Modern, in this Nation. But that curious Improvement of Torning, call’d the Rofe-work, doubtlefs claims here but an. Ages Antiquity. The firft celebra¬ ted Perfon. for Work, of this, nature, was- W Rem, the Brother of the above-men¬ tion’d Artift in Qptick Glaffes.. And though this fort of Work hath fince been verg frequent, among us, yet I cannot omit. Part 3 . 'Of ENGLAND. 85' the mention of a Perfon, who from his own natural Fancy and Ingenuity, hath arriv’d to that perfe&ion, as well.in this as all manner of Torning elfe, that he is judg’d, by knowing Perfons not to be exceeded, if equall’d, by any that have been bred up to the Art, M r John Gearit ) living in S f Anns- Lane in Weftminfter. • Our Sculpture in Stone appears plainly, not to be of Modern Invention orDifcove- ry in this Nation,by thedelicate Workman- (hipin feveral of our Cathedrals and other Churches, and in the Schools at Oxford y and at this prefent. time it is not any way. : diminifh’d, but rather improv’d by the Art and Induftry of feveral eminent Men, M c . Pierce, M r Latham , M r Pe»«e/, &c. But for. Carving in.Wood, never was any thing in England feen more curious and exquifite , than the Workmanfliip ofM r . Gibbons, his Ma jelly’s Carver, and- a great Contributerto the Ornaments of the Royal Palace at Windfor, Graving in Copper feems not to have been brought to any perfeftion in England till this prefent Age. The firft Perfon. ve¬ ry eminent among us in this Art was M°, William Faiihorn, now living in Blactyfri¬ ers j and fince there have fprung up feveral ether ingenuous Artifis in this kind, viz. 86 . CfjepjeOmt^tate M r Loggan, M r White , M r S hem in, and others. . The beft for Etching, not only in Eng¬ land, but perhaps in any other Parts, was M r JVencejlam Rohr, who died here not many years fince. ■But that rough fort of Graving, or ra¬ ther pecking upon Copper> call’d Mezzo Tinto, hath been us’d but lately, being ei¬ ther the Defign or Encouragement of his lateHighnefs Prince Rupert. There is alfo a peculiar Art in the graving of written Letters from the Copies of the moft exad writing-Mafters. Thefirft emi¬ nent in this way was M r Cocker, who was alfo himfelf a writing-Mafter,. to whom, others that have fucceeded, have not been inferiour v as M r Sturt, who grav’d the Copies of M r Aires > and M r Elder , who grav’d an ingenious Piece, entituled, Bra- cbyarithmia , of M r Edw. Noon, Teacher of Writing and Accounts, at the Hand and Ten in Maiden-lane in Covent - Garden. For Graving in Steel, never was any Man fo famous in England as W Thomas Rawlins, lafir Graver of the Mint , both to his late and to his prefent Majefty j the grand Excellency of whofe Art was, his graving the Effigies of anyone, true and exad upon a frnall Letter-Seal.. Part 3. of ENGL AND. 87 ' As for Painting, our Nation can boaft nothing like the Works of the great Sir Anthony Vandifa who though bom a Fo¬ reigner, died an Englifhman. Nor’hath he wanted feveral famous Succeffors j as Vobfon , Fuller, Waller, Lillie , Greenhill, &c. The firft Perfon famous among us for Painting in Miniature, was M r Olivers af¬ ter whom, Francis Chin and his Brother John had been the Prodigies of the Age, - had they lived. M r Cooper’s lofs comes' next to be lamented j the Perfons living are M r Gihfon , Mr. Flottman , &c. For Crayons or dry Colours, Mr. Ajhjield, lately deceas’d. Scene-Paintings and Machines have not been known in England till within thefe 20 years •, and the only eminent Men in this kind have been Mr. Streeter , and Mr. Ste- venjon , fome years fince deceafed. - In Mufick, it would be too tedious to- determine, whether the Improvement or Alteration hath been greater. Certain it is, that feveral old Englift Inftrumeo's are laid afide ; as the Orpharian, the Poly- phone, an Inftrument furely. not to be de- fpis’d, confidering its rare Stru&ure,- and ; theEfteem had of it by learned and there¬ fore moft judicioufly Mufical Perfons of this Age, viz. Sir Franck Irujean, and DuRugely,. ss €Jje parent €>tate The Stump, whereon about an Age ago Andrew Mar\ was famous for his rare per- : formance. The Bandore , the Ghittern, Cittern, &c. The treble Viol alfb is much out of doors, fince the Violin came fo much in requeft. The Bafe and Lyra Viol, in the making whereof, Wroth was without difpute the beft Workman that ever wrought, keep pretty well in repute, efpe- dally the firft, in regard it cannot well be. wanted in Confort. Nor did ever afiy Age produce fuch wonderful Performers upon this Inftrument as this prefentAge , particularly, Pol-wbeel , Theodore Stcptyins deceas’d, his Son Frederick ^ Mr. Toung, Sir. John Bolls of Scampton in Liiicolnjhire , Mr. Roger PEftrange , Mr. Smith , Mr. Gregory ,' &c. The Lute is not wholly laid afide, but within thefe 20or 30 years much neglect¬ ed to what.it was formerly, notwithftand- ing the great Improvement of this. Infrru- ment among us within a ieo years, by reafon of the diverfity ofTuningsreceiv’d from France, fomeof whofe'beft Lute-Ma- fters brought over not only thefe Harp-tu¬ nings, but themfelves alfo, and by their- adiive Hands and airy Fancies, oblig’d the Mufick-lovers of our Nation with tranfcen- dant Harmony, viz. Goutier , Pend, Merceur, Mifanges 1 Thi Paula , &c.. after whom.of Part 3. of E N G L A N D. 8^ our own Nation came Nit. John Rogers, Gou- tier’s Scholar* Captain Hill, Dr. No, Mr. John Hubbard, and Mr. John Wootton now Jiving. And no lefs famous in their kind; that is, for Workmanihip,- were old Alla- by, and Walter Johnfon, But the fine eafie Ghittar, whofe performance is foongain’d, at leaft after the brufhing way, hath at this prefent over-topt the nobler Lute. Nor is it to be denied, but that after the pinching way, fome good Work may be made of the Ghittar by fuclyis'Sir Francefco Corbetto, Mr. Janvier, Signor Fedro, Mr. Wootton afore- mention’d, and the like. Neverthelefsthe Theorbo, whiehds no other than an ^Arch- Lute, keeping’ : fo the'old Tuning, is hill generally made ufe of' in Conforts. And there are yet among the judicious,. who think it the moft agreeable and becoming Affociate to vocal Mufick , remembring how nobly it founded in the Hands of Dr. Wilfon, Mr. Henry Ferabofco , Mr. Edward Coleman, Mr. Alphonfo Marfb lately decea- . fed, &c. Play’d on alone , never did it fpeak fuch harmonious things in our Englijh Climate, as when touch’d by the famous Dr. Walgrave, Phyfician at -prefent to- his Royal Highnefs, to whom Mr. Shadrvell comes neareft for an excellent Hand. For Confort, our chief Theorbo-men at this day 9© Cfjepgfettt State day are Mr. Brockwell. , and Mr. Flower- The Organ cannot well be laid afide, as being an Inftrument of higheft perfe&ion, and the moft proper of all others for Ca¬ thedral Service. What Antiquity it chal¬ lenges in our Nation is uncertain} but as no Nation can boaft ofgreater Mafters than old Bull, Tomkins, Jeffreys, Dr. Gibbons, Dr. Child, Mr. Matthew Lock, and at prefent Dr. Bleau , Organift to his Majefty, Mr. Henry Purfel, Organift to the Abbey, Mr. Michael Wife, Mr. Francis Forcer, 6cc. fo it hath been wonderfully advanc’d of late years, by the addition of feveral.melodious Stops, the greateft Artift at prefent, not to mention Peafe , Burral, and others of late years, being Mr. Smith, living in the So-ho. The Harpficon is of late wonderfully im¬ prov’d by the Invention of the Pedal, which brings it fo much nearer to the Organ, that it only feems to come fhort of it in Lungs. The greateft Mafter on it now living in our Region, efpecially fince the deceafe of Mr. ' Thatcher, is Mr. Difnier, and the greateft Fabricator Mr. Howard. And here alfo may not unfitly be mention’d, that pretty Fancy of a Mufical Automaton, being a kind of Harpficon, which by a Clock-work-motion difcharcheth a certain fet number of Tunes, according as it is wound up to this-or that Tune. Part 3. of ENGLAND. 91 Tune. Of this fort of Automata, there is to befeen a very neat piece of Art of Reed- work, at aHoufe at S l Mary-overs~Dock , the Artificer thereof, Mr. Hamas Hill of Weftminjier , being a Perfonof remarkable Ingenuity, as well Mufical in refpect of his performance, as Mechanical for making of feveral other Inftruments. His Pitch- Pipe, for the tuning of Mufical Inftruments to confort; Pitch is particularly worthy note for exaftnefs, variety and curious Work, above any thing that is to be feen elfewhere of this nature. The Harp is rather increas’d than diminilh’d in repute, and though the Welfh Gut-firing formerly gave place to the Irijh Wire-firing, by reafori of theinafietly Hands of Mr. John Ceb\- arid Mr; Lewis Williams , now the Spamjh Gut-firing comes up with it, through the excellent Maftery of Mr. Maurice , Mr. E vans, Mr. BeSxrft , Mr. Webfteri Mr. Robert Grant, living with my Lord Meuntagm, and for the Outlandilh way of Playing, Mr; Arri. The Violin is now of all others generally of higheft efteem, and is indeed a very ufe- ful Inftrufnent in Confort, and now arriv’d to that perfection of performance, that it were endlefs to enumerate all that have been of late accounted great Violin-Ma- fters. Wherefore let the mention of Ear- 92 ' f£fjeP2efent0tate mer, 7 mfs,Ailmrtb , Ayrs-, Claiton, 7 omlm, ferve for all. The beft Workmen for the making of this Inflrument have been ac¬ counted Comer , Kaimmd , Florence Barnet, Of Wind-Infiruments, the Flageolet with¬ in this 20 years, and fince that the Flute, have been higheft in vogue and frequented in ufe : The chiefeft Performers on it being M t.Banifler, Mr .-Sutton, Mr. loung , Mr. Car , the chiefeft Artifans, Mr. Scottny in Lincolns-Inn-fietds. But for all forts of Mufical Inftrnments in general, the Violin, theBafeand Lyra Viol, the Harp, the Ghit- tar, the Lute , ( even the Flageolet and Flute not altogether excepted ), Mr. John £baw x living near the May-pole in the Strand , is acknowledg’d by the moft skilful in Mu- fick of all forts, to be a Workman in a great meafure fuperiour to any that have been in this Nation. Nor have the Cre¬ mona Violins or Loxmollar Lutes been late¬ ly of fuch exceffive prices as formerly. For Pegs for Lutes, Viols, &c. Mr. Bland is re¬ ported the only Man at prefent that ferves all thelnftrument-makersinTown. It is not very many years fince the feve- ral forts of fine Varnifh have come into knowledge and ufe among us, which give fo beautitul a glefs to Mufical Inftruments, Cabinets, Tables, Pidture-frames, and the like 5 Part 3- df ENGLAND. 86 like i fo that many of our varnilh’d Cabi¬ nets mayvye even withthofe of Japan and China themfelves, their ways of Varnifh being now not altogether unknown unto us, whereof the rarelt of all is accounted that of Ceo. The firft Perfons eminent for Varriifhing were Mr. Lilly, and Mr. Racist, fince whom it is grown very common. But that noble Lacka-varnilh which imitates the Gold-colour, and hath fav’d much coft that was formerly beftow’d in the guilding of Coaches, was brought into England, a- bout 30 years fince, by the learned Advan¬ cer of Learning and all Noble Arts, and my beft of Friends, Mr. Evelin, of %>x-Court by "Deptford. The Bow-dy about 40 years fince was brought into England by Kephler. Our Tapiftry-work, now equal to what¬ ever the Attalhkz Court could anciently boaft, was brought in hither by Sir Francis Crane, towards the latter end of K. James his Reign, by the Encouragement of that learned Prince, who gave 2000 /. toward the buiiding of a Houfe at Moreclac \, where Mr. Francis Cleitt was the firft Defigner. ■ Our Vafa Fititlia, or Potters-Ware, by the Art and Induftry of Mr. Doight at Fttl- lam , are brought to that height of Curiofi- ty, that ourcommonVeflelsmayeafily out- <■ ;* vye 94 C&epiefenfc ©tate vye the Dutch, and the fineftcome not muchlhort of China it felf. The making of Glafles is faid to have been begun in England , .anno 1557. about which time there liv’d at Chiddingsfold , a Perfbn very famous for this Art, which as it grew more improv’d, the finer fort were firft made at Cmebet-frkrs > but the ma¬ king of theFlint-Glafs, which is the fineft and cleared, ever made here, and very near, if not altogether equal tothofe of Venice, was firft begun by Mr. Bijhop, and'fince car¬ ried on with good fuccefs by Mr. Ravenf- croft. There is now a Company of 12 Men of the Potters Trade, who are Dire¬ ctors of this fort of WorkmanQiip, chiefly exercis’d at prefent at the. S^wy-Houfe in the Strand. But the firft Glafs-plates for Looking-glades, Coach-windows, in England, were made at Lambeth, now a- boutiQ years fince, by the Encouragement of his Grace the. Duke of. Buckingham,, and the Dire&icn of Mr. Reiver, afore-men- tion’d. ...... \ 1;. -. , v i - . . . The 'firft in , England] who- caft brafs Guns, tfia. Cannons,, Cukerines,. &c. 'is faid. to', have beehone, John Omit * after him feter Baud $ Frenchman ', in the firft year.of the Reign of K., Edw>. the; VI. caft iron FakonSj Ealmnets,: Minions, &e, but was Part3. 0£ ENGLAND. 9S was, exceeded by his Servant Thomas John- fan, who liv’d till the year 1600. In Gunfmiths-work there hath been of late years difcover’d a very large increafe of Art and Ingenuity, as to the Locks and Barrels of Muskets, Carbines, Piftols, and the like. In which fort of Artifice there have been many excellent Workmen ; whereof at this day, Mr. Shaw , and' Gif- fard, Gunfmiths to his Majefty, and Mr. Sharp,living in Exeter-fireet, are efieem’d the chiefeft Artifls of London , and by confer quence, in all probability, of England. AnocherprincipalbranchofSmiths-work, is the makingof Locks and Keys, in which nothing was everfeen fo curious and inge¬ nuous, as what is done at this day by Mr. Wilkins. Mathematical Inftruments, as Compaf- fes, Quadrants,. Rulers, are moffi certainly now more exquifitely made than ever. Herein Mr. Fojler in Hofier-lane, and : Mr. Hays in Moor-fields , were lately the moft celebrated Workmen i now Mr. Marfyam in the Strand, and Mr. Wimwm Chancery- lane. The Projedtion of Globes, Spheres and Maps, is without controverfie now- more exa&ly understood thanformerly, through the Ingenuity firft of Mr. Moxon r , hoVir of 9tate Mr. Berry near ChuringtCrofs , and Mr. Mor¬ dant in Cornhil. Nor is there without all doubt in all things of this nature, a better Graver than Mr. Lamb. . And here may not unfitly be mention’d the new Invention of an Iron Pen, which befides it%Iaftingnefs, is equally fitforufe with the belt Goofe-Quill whatfoever: By Mr. Smith , Writing-Mafter to Cbrift- Church-RofyitH. Having fpoken of Printing, it will not be unfeafonable to intimate how much Let¬ ter-founding hath been advanc’d of late. S.Henry Savil’s filver Character for the prin¬ ting of his Chryfofiom , was much admir’d at that time > but of late we have had many Books printed in very delicate Characters, both fmall and great, efpecially .the fine fmall Greek Character, in which' feveral Greek Poets have been printed at the fhear tre at Oxford , is fo curious, that nothing can be more, not excepting the fine fmall Prints of Amjierdam or Leyden. . It : would be endlefs to reckon up all the new Allamodes of Cloths , Stuffs, Silks, Ribbands, and the like. ■ . But,of the many curious Pieces in Wax- work, Straw-work, AcupiCtion,in Silks and Sattins, cutting of Paper, Cloth, or fine Leather, into exquifite Figures, folding ,bl. Part3. Of ENGLAND. 97 of Napkins into the ihapes of Birds, Beads, or Fifties, the Ingenuity of former Ages’ C as. to- moft of thefe Artifices ) hath per¬ haps not receiv’d much addition. Though in Wax there are to be feen very curious things oflate Workmanfliip, which poffibly have arriv’d to utmoft Improvement: For Imbofsment in Wax, Mr. Houfiman was certainly the beft Artift that hath been known in thefe Parts. The rich Embroidery of former Times, as will appear to thofe, who vifiting the Houfes of the old Nobility and Gentry, be¬ hold the pompous Furniture left by the An- cefiry of thofe Families, is, as 1 conjecture, not eafily out-done, if equall’d, by any thing this Age can produce. The Art of making fine white Thread, is faid to have been brought into England about the year 1570. by Mr. Jofepb Allen, Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, -keeping aThread-(hop in Bijhofgate-ftmt, at the Golden Anchor near Bethlehem , even to the value of 3 l. the pound, and vying with the Nuns Thread of Flanders. The Glaflen Bee-hive is mention’d by my Ingenious Friend Mr. John Worltdge of Pe¬ ter sfield, to have been the Contrivance of Mr. JFilliamMerp, Minifter of Eajlington in Gloucefterjhire. He alfo mentions a wooden E Hi ire #8 C&elW&t State ■Hive of an Octangle form, with a glafs 'Window in one of the fides. This glalfen Bee-hive, I remember, about 30 years ago, was much talk’d of as a great Rarity, when the late Bilhop of Cbefter, Dr. Wilkins , had of them in his Garden at Wadham- Colledg, ■whereof he was then Warden j both forts are now fufliciently common, but they are ,no where to be feen better order’d and more curious than at Mr. Evclin’s Paradice . of a Garden by Deptford. The Plow, though as ancient as Tillage •it felfj the Improvements are hut of late years : The chief whereof mention’d by Mr. Blith and Mr. Worlidge, are;the Angle wheel’d Plow and the double wheel’d Plow, and the double.Plow, whichis in the nature of two Plows joyn’d together. Mr, John Houghton alfo ( worthily for his great In¬ genuity and Induftry ) a Fellow of the Roy¬ al Society, in that moft ufeful Delign .of his, call’d,' A CoMlion of Letters for tbe Improve¬ ment of Husbandry , inferts an Invention of Thomas Lltmllin , at the George in Cateaten- ftreet, for plowing with one Man and two Horfes or Oxen, a greater quantity of Land .than can be perform’d'at the fame, tinle With double the number of Men and CatteJ. jHealfo in the fame Sheet gives a large de¬ scription of a Malt-kill at[Nottingham. Parts*. Of ENGLAND. .99 Engines,. tate of late Invention, of which 1 (hall endea¬ vour to call to mind at lead the mod no¬ ted. For the grubbing up of Stumps of Oak, there is an Engine call’d the German Devil, which Mr. E velin in his incomparable Trea- tife of Fored-trees, affirms to have been made ufe of by a Noble Perfon of this Na¬ tion with that fuccefs, that by the help thereof one Man was able to do more than could otherwife have been done by 12 Ox? en. He alfo in the fame Treatife, p. 22. gives. a. defcription of another Engine for the tranfplanting of Trees. The Tilk-Stockihg Frame ,is Purely one of the mod curious Contrivances of this Age. It is faid to hav.e been fird us’d at Notthig- bm , and was, as 1 have been told, the fea- fonable Fancy of a poor Oxford Scholar, who to inch out the (lender pittance of a fmall Living he had thereabouts, was glad to make ufe of his Wives manual Alhftancei but that not fufficing neither to fatisfie the importunate Stomachs of an increafing Fa¬ mily, he prompted by Neceffify, which is the Mother of Art, as ancient Authors af¬ firm, joyn’d his Head to her Hands, his In¬ genuity toherlndudry, and thence brought forth this rare Device, to fhorten the la¬ bour, and increafethe profit of her Work. 1 ‘ TIia Part3. ofENGLAND. lor. The Saw-Mill or Engine for fawingof Timber is of Dutch Original, and about 25 Or 30 years ago firft brought in ufe among us, for fo long it is fince that on the Tbamer over againft Durham -yard was firft ereCted. The Wire-Mill of Mr. Mttmma, a Dutch¬ man, was firft fet up at Sheen within thefe 20 years. All the Money coin’d in the 'tower of London, almoft ever fince his Majefty’s Re¬ iteration, hath been by an Engine or Coin¬ ing-Mill,' brought in by the Rotten, who thereupon became' and fo continue to this prefent, his Majefiy’s chief Moneyers. ' The Weavers Loom-Engine hath not been in ufe many years in England, efpeci- ally the higheft Improvement thereof call’d the Dutch Loom, brought in about 50 f 6 years fince by Mr. Crouch, a Weaver in, fhbpfgate-flreet. A very tifeful Invention was that Engine call’d the Perfian Wheel, for the watring of Meadows, which lye uncapably of being overflow’d. The firft of thefe Engines brought to any confiderable perfection, was eredted at the end of Ifilton-Guden, by the Direction of the above-mention’d Mr. Worlidge, Wood-Steward to the Earl of Pembroke, in the year 166$, who in his Sy- Jhma Agriculture takes notice of another E 3 En- iQ2 Cfie jpiefettt State Engine to the fame purpofe, call’d the Ho¬ rizontal Wind mi!. And in his Treatife of Sider, he defcribes the Ingenio or rare Si- der-Engine, a Contrivance doubtlefs very profitable for thofe . that drive a Trade in the making of thisLjquor. There is alfo very lately found out the admirable Water-Engine,, for ra'ifing of Balias and towing of Ships. Yet as excel¬ lent as thefe Inventions are, and as ufeful to the Publick, by difpatching at one in- ftant the tedious drudgery of many Hands* yet there are not wanting high Clamour's' againft them, as robbing poor men of their Imployments, and confcquently of theit Livelihoods j fo hard it is to find any Con¬ venience totally exempted'fr'dm ; Cavii aiid Exception. Even the Quench-fire Engine* that moft excellent' and faTutiferdas Inven¬ tion of Sir Samuel poffibie' may be an Eye-fore to fuch Ntromdn Tem¬ pers} as love to fee Towns and Cities on fire. However the World is oblig’d to this learned Mechanick, as well for iKis as fe¬ deral other ufeful and ingenuous Contri¬ vances, particularly his Arithmetical Inftru- inent, and his Stenterophonick or Speaking Trumpet,' the chief ufe whereof is to treat or parly with an Enemy at a difiance. There Part $. Of E N G LAND; i&$i There is to be Teen by all Loversof Art,' a rare Invention of Mr. Edgebury , call’d the ■ Horizontal Corn-mill, upon a piece of Land at Deptford, belonging to my moft: Honour’d Friend Mr. Evelin junior. It is now about 7 or & years, fince a Print-- ing-Prefs for the printing of Calicoes, was¬ te t on foot by Mr. Mellijh » but he foon de¬ fining, the Defign was taken up by Mr. William Sbmvin , living in Little-Britain, and ever fince carried on with great vigour: and fuccefs. To conclude: There remains yet to be fpoken of one rare Engine, and in fome. fence above all that have been yet menti¬ on’d , fince it brings back Old Age to Youth, , and makes threefcore and ten ap¬ pear as fine and gay as five and twenty. L do not mean fimply thePerruke, or Frame of Artificial formerly worn, for that may poffibly be as ancient as the Emperour Ca¬ rolus Calvus his Time, who wanting Hair of his own, is reported to have call’d a Councel of French Barbers, to contrive ah > artificial Supplement of Natures Defed;: But I mean, that lofty towring Structure or Machine of Hair, fo heighten’d and or¬ namented, as it hath been by Tonforiatvi Art and Induftry, within thefe laft 20. years, fo frounc’d, fo curl’d in a 1000 - E 4. amo— io4 €&e parent State amorous Annulets, fo plump’d up, To ftreaming in the Air like a Ships Top-gal¬ lant, that certainly never any Cincinnatia or Capillatm whatfoever,. could boaft a na¬ tural Head of Hair comparable to this arti¬ ficial i much more may it be judg’d eafily to outvye the ancient Median Cidarn, the Perfian Tiarafit the now Ottoman Turbant i and doubtlefs had it been devis’d in Homer’s Time, it would quickly have put out of countenance the beft of his Kapawf-to«m# 'AtfUt. THE Part 3. Of E NG L A N D. ro$ : THE MAGNIFICENCE OF ENGLAND... hjpHE Magnificence of. England confife JL in the principal Towns and Cities, Palaces Royal, and belonging tofeveralof the Nobility, Cathedrals, and other Chur¬ ches, Cattles, Bridges, and eredted Monu¬ ments.. The 3 principal Cities of England' are' London , and BrifioL. Befides which,, there are many other.Cities and Towns of fufficient Note for pleafantnefs of Situation and neatnefs of Building.: As the Cities of Canterbury. y Rachefter, Exeter , Salisbury , Gloucefier, Worcefter^ Oxford, Bath, Durham .. Lincoln:) IPincbeJler and Coventry.. The ' " E 5. Town;- io & -C&e ^efetit ^tate j 1 Towns of Ipfwicb, S 1 Edmundbury, Maid- fton, Feverjham, Kingston upon thames, Guil¬ ford., Lewis, Colchefier , Puckingham 1 Ailsbury, Reading, Cambridge, Southampton, Marlbo¬ rough, Warwick^, Shirburn, Northampton, Lei- . celier,Nottingham,Newark., Manchefler, Win¬ field, Boflon, Stamford, Barjlable, Taviftokg, faunton, Shrewsbury, Bridgenorth, fewksbury and Cirencefier ; betides feveral others which are to be mention’d among thofe Places fig- naliz’d by their feveral Remarks and Tranf- adions. LoWd/i being at large defcrib’;dby Stem, H Grejham- Colledge? Swn-Colledge •, the Colledge of Phyfidans, pow a very graceful Edifice > with the Theatre for Anatomy-Ledures, at the up¬ per end of Warwick^lane ? the Halls belong¬ ing to the feveral Companies, moft of them built much more to advantage than formerly ; Dollars Commons ; and over a- gainft it, the Office of Armory , towards Pauls-Wbarf near which, before the Fire, Part 3. of ENG L AN D* 107' flood Baynards-Caftle , an ancient and noble : Houfe, fometime belonging to the Earls of Fembrokg j the feveral Inns of Court and': Chancery, many of them wonderfully im¬ prov'd both as to Structure and pleafant. Permenades v the two Inns of Serjeants in- Chancery-lane and Fleetfireet , the lattes i whereof is atnplifi’d into a larger extent of Ground, and number of fairHoufes > the . Canal by the Fleet, cut ftraight along from- Holborn-bridge down to the 7 'homes at Fud- ! dle-Wharf, with the new built Bridge over: it s the Hofpitals of Sultan , call’d the'- Charterhmfe i of Chrift-Church near New¬ gate i of S‘ Bartholomews near Smitbjield j ■ Brideml , once a King’s Palace, now a -. Houfe of Corre&ion > the Earl of Bridge-- water's Houfe in Barbican j the Earl of 7 k— net's and the Bifhop of London's Palace,,, commonly call’d Feterhoufe in Alderfgate-■ ftreet j then between Temple-bar and Weft— winker , a Street fo full of Noblemen’s Pa¬ laces, that there is fcarce the like in any . one City of Europe , efpecially feme years- fince, before feveral of them were pull’d down, out of whofe Ruines neverthelefs-- there havefprung up fo many little Towns- as it were , pleafantly fituate upon the- Thames- fide; thofe pull’d down areE/«e-- houfe, Exeier-houfe, out of part, whereof « there- 108 Cfje J&efent &tate there is built a neat Exchange i part of Salisbury- houfe, Durham-haute, and Tork? houfe, belonging to the Duke of Bucking¬ hams and now very lately Womjhr-houte i thofe Sanding are Somerfet- houfe, which belongs to the Queen, and where (he oft- times hath her refidence > the Savoy , once a Palace, but of late years made ufe of for an Hofpital of lame Souldiers j Bedfird- ihoufe, part of Salisbury and Sufoll^houte,. belonging to the Northumberland Family \ aear IFeftminfier is the principal Seat-Royal of England, his Majefty’s moft ufual Place of refidence, Whitehal, built by Cardinal Wcolfie, a Palace more of Convenience than State, excepting the Banquetting- houfe, a piece of Architecture, accounted parallel to the belt in Italy \ and not to omit the Mag¬ nificences of Weftminfler , being fo near j, the Cathedral and the Old Falace, which contains Wefiminfler- hall, the largeft Room in Europe, the Farliament-hoate, and other Courts of Judicature » from Whitehall (pleafent Park kads to S f James’s , the Pa¬ lace and ufual refidence of his Royal High- nefs the Duke of Torie s on the other fide of the Park, a neat Houfe of the Earl of Ar¬ lington ,. Lord Chamberlain, of the King’s Houlhold, and near it Tartbatt , belonging 80 the late Lord Stafford > over againff S* : . James\ Part 3. Of ENGLAND. iq* James’s, on the Road towards Kenfmgton, a noble Houfe of the Duke of Albemarl, built by the late Lord Chancellor, Earl of Clarendon \ and near it houfe, New¬ port-haute, and others. Among the Buildings of later years, fe- veral noble Piazza’s or Squares, fome not inferior to that of Piazza Navona at Rome. The firft Covent-garden Square, grac’d on two fides with lofty Portico’s, on the 0- ther with the Profpedi of B'edfird-Gztitn , on the fourth with the Front of a goodly Church. Next, Lincolns-Inn Square, the largefl of all. 3. Bloomsbury Square, open¬ ing to a fair Profpedt of Southampton-haute, not far from which is an elegant new built Houfe of the Honourable Henry Mountague , late Ambaffador to the Court of France . 4. Leicefter Square, on the one fide where¬ of is the Profpeft of Lei«/?er-houfe, ad- joyning to which is alfo Newport-haute. 5. S‘ James’s Square, whofe each fide is a Pile of tnoft fplendid Edifices. Laftly, That in So-fo-Buildings, a very pleafant Square, having a large fquare Garden? ploti. in themidft adorn’d with Fountains, Statues , &c. This is commonly call’d Kings-Squm , for. the Magnificence there? of. 110 York, the firftCity of Tortyhire, and the fecdnd of fa alarge,ftatel)r,pka- fant, rich, populous and well fortified Ct- fv The chief Magnificences whereof, be- fides feveral beautiful Struftures both pub- lick and private , are the Cathedral , the Great Gate, the Stone-bridge over the Oa/e, having one. only but very huge Arch, the Trims Houfe , call’d the Mannour , and a famous Library. Trifrorp or Bripl, for it is deliver’d to have had no lefs than 50 Parilh-Churches, was won¬ derful populous and well traded, and hath been adorn’d with many fair and ample Buildings, as well Monafteries as others, as appears bytheRuines, in which fomething of Magnificence is to be obferv’d. m CfjefgCent&tate Winchefler is a City pleafantly fituated in a Valley, and walled about with a ftrong Wall, one thoufand eight hundred and eighty paces in circuit, and entred by fix Gates; > on the Eaft-fide runs the River, and on the Weft-fide ftands a ftrong Caftle. It hath feven Parifh-Churches, and a good old large Minfter, befidcs the Ruines of certain Monafteries and other publicki Buildings ; moreover the Colledge and School may be reckon’d among the Orna¬ ments of this Place, though not fianding in the City, but about half, a mile out of the Town. Coventry is a City particularly noted by Speed forftatelynefs of Buildings and was encompafs’d with a ftrong and ftately Wall, which with the Walls of feveral other Towns was pull’d down, fince his Maje- fty’s Reftoration. The Walls had 13 Gates for Entrance, and 18 Towers for Orna¬ ment j but that which was heretofore the greateft Ornament of this City, was that ftately Strudure of a Crofs, which was among the number of thofe ere&ed to the memory of Queen Eleanor , and the moft magnificent of all next to that of Cheapfide in London , with which it underwent the fame Fate, that is, to be demolifti’d by Parts. Of ENGLAND. 115 the zealous multitude, the moft lewd re¬ formers of Lewdnefs, and ’the moft fuper- ftitious haters of Superftition. Ipfiticb , fcefides that it is the Shire-Town of Suffolk is alfo generally accounted the principal Town of England, and were it dignified with the title of City, would be equal to many, inferior to few of the Cities of this Nation. It hath 12 Parifh-Chur- ches yet Handing, befides 6 falfn to decay, and feveral fair Streets full of goodly and fubftantial Buildings, and a.very commodir ous Haven. S‘ Edmndsbury in thefame.County, ex¬ cepting what it ‘wants in amplenefs of C ir¬ cuit, comieis very neat iii other refpedfs, ef- pedally if we reckon the Grandeur of its bnce'famous Monaftery, of which thereyet remains fomething of it very great and {lately. But to futn up the Glory of this Place, it will be fufficient to repeat what Speed quotes from Leylani , vh. 'the Sun hath not feenaCityX fohecallsit) more fine¬ ly and delicatfly feated upon an afient.of a Hill , having "a River binning on theEali-fide, nor was there, ever a more noble Abbey , either for Revenues'or incomparable Magnificence, in whbfe Circuit appeareth rather a City u6 C&ep^efent State than a Monaftery •, fo many Gates for Eft- trance, andfomeof Brafs, fo many Tow¬ ers, and a mod glorious Church , upon which attend three others, (landing all in the fame Church-yard, all of them paffing fine, and of a curious Workmanfliip. Maidfion is pleafa'ntly feated upon the River Medway, arid for a meer Town, is reputed the handfomed and mod flourilhiog of all Kent. ’ F mrjham is alfo to be rioted, not only for its Antiquities, but likewife for its plea- fant and commodious Situation. Kington- upon Thames, fo call’d, to di- ftinguilh it from the other Kingjlon upon Hull, (lands very pleafantly, and makes a fine Profpedt upon the River Thames. It hatha very fair and fpacious Market-place, and hath been in former Ages a Place of no mean Repute, ( at lead fprings from fucha. one ) as will appear by what we (hall have cccafion to fpeak of it elfewhere. Guilford coines here to be mention’d, only as a pleafant and well built Town > to which may be added, that for the big- nefs) there is fcarce any other Place to com¬ pare Partg. Of ENGLAND. 117 pare with it for number of fair and large Inns j fo that this Town and Kingfion, ( Soutbmrk^bemg imext-to.London ) may pafs for the two chief Towns of Surry, Lems is efteemed worthily to hand in competition with the City Chicbefter- it felf for largeiiefs, populoufntfs and fair Build¬ ing, at leaft it is far furpaffingall the other Towns of Sitffex. Colcbefier., which Speed honours with the title of City,,is pleafantly fituated upon the River Coin, hath a Wall of 1980 paces in compafs, raifed upon a high Trench, and enter’d by 6 Gates and 3 Pofterns Weftward, and being alfo adorn’d with ^ Watch-Towers, within the circuit of which Walls there are 8 Parilh-Churches, befides 2 without; Eaftward,.an,pjd ftrongCa- flle hands upon a flrong Trench, 1 'and upon another Trench hard by are to, be difeern’d the Ruines ©f an ancienter Caftle } and though there are fome other rioted Towns in this Shire, as Maldon, Chelmsford, &c. yet this.Colcbefier, however no City, may well .enough be allow’d to merit the Chark&eir it hafh, m.;6f Shire-Town of Ejfexi ;, 1: : n8 - Buckingham is pleafantly.feated upon the Rivet Oitfe, with which it is altogether furrounded,- except on. the- Ndrth-fide.i s fairStone-Bridges, giving entrance over the River, and though but a Town, hath the credit to.be both the denominating-and principal Town of the Shire.. . ■ " Ailesbury , of. the . fame Cqimty ,isa Town well enough for Building, and the handfomnefs of its Market-place; but that which makes it mofoperfpicuous, is, that it Hands in the midft .o.f'mqft .ddightful M^’^.Pahufes;;ahd;%^!e ; .^l?, ' which.beihgioh.eofth^pleafanteftandfq- tHeft ef 'MlMyti P^iHiPf^ne ot ; fhe pleafapteii and ferfilelt ofE «#4 is theriip dehomihatel;die^i^#^ Keadm 'i %' very ancient • Towii,,and as leUd iMo^ 5 - oife-Towns in as - ; we l & JStieefs. andfi&htly Buildfogs, as the Wealth jiif>1^ •, r. :' Cambridge, aTpyim hot defpicab'le for its q^h.'properBuilding^ : ^ejf&;^e ; Sjtifa%? n as little.liable its chief Magnificerice from the luftre ot thpfc 1 6 Colledges and Halls, which (bine Part 3. Of ENG LAND. 119 like fo many Gems about it, yet far more illuftrious by-thofe bright Lamps of Learn¬ ing, which from this Place have {hot their Lights into the World. The moft eminent Strudiure of all the reft in Cambridge is Kings-Colledge-Chzppd ; but there is now a Library building in this Univerfity,which, it is thought, will be able to Compare with any of the beft Buildings of this Age i but notwithftanding all, it is but the, chief Town of Cambridgeshire, and not a City, though there be an Epifcopal See in the fame County. Southampton , a Town, faith Speed , beau¬ tiful, rich and populous, and, walled-about with a ftrong Wall of fquare Stone, enter’d by 7 Gates, and adorn’d and fortified with 29 Towers i within the Walls there are 5 fair Parifh-Churches, befides ian Hofpital called Gods-Hoyfe j and-without the Walls are to be feen.the Ruinesofano.ther.good¬ ly Church called S* Marks. On the Weft- end of the Town, a well built Caftle of a circular form, ; moun.ted.upon a high Hill.fo fteep, as not to be afcended .but by Stairs, giyes a fair Profpefl both by:Lahd and:Sea h ;and laftly, ;T wo commodious Keys forShips, give agreat ornament to the.PIace. -'This Town, though Wincbefier predominates as 120 W&z Patent State. a City, was doubtlefs, as by the Name ap¬ pears, the ancient Metropolis of Hantjhire, and is ftill accounted the Shire-Town. Marlborough , one of the rnoft confidera- ble Towns of Wiltshire, which as it is in general a good tolerable well built Town, fo it hath one Street above the reft remarkable for its fairnefs and largenefs, being alfo ve¬ ry much graced with a large neat Forum or Market-place at the upper end thereof. About a dozen years ago there hapned a flirewd Fire, which burnt down a great part of this Street, which being rebuilt to ad¬ vantage , the Street appears much more ftately than before j and that which gives the greater grace to it, is the Profped of a fine Houfe of my Lord Seymour’s , at the Towns end, which is the more remarkable, by reafon of a Mount which is afeended by ,a Path, which winds round about upward toward the top like a Screw. Warwickjs moft pleafantly fituated upon the afeent of a Hill, taking its rife from the fide of -a River, whofeftream runs point¬ ing toward a ftately Caftle, the Seat of the .famous Guy of Warwick^ which having run much to ruine, was repair’d with fumptu- eus Buildings by Sir FulhJjmil. There Part3. Of ENGLAND. :i2i. have been 6 fair Churches in this Town, viz. S‘ Lawrence , S £ Michael:, John Baptijl , and John of Jemfalem, St. Marie: and St. Nicholas , all gone to mine but thetvyolaft. This City, yet as the denominating and principal Town of Warwickshire, feems of equal repute with Coventry it felf. Shirhurn, a Town pleafantly feated on the fide of a Hill, and very well , adorn’d with Stru&ures, efpecially public^,. ■ as Church, Gaftle, and School-houfe. Northampton muft needs be at this day a very ftately Place, for having, hadrhe com¬ mendation, from the chief of our Englijh Geographers , of being worthy to be ranked , for: Circuit, Beauty and Building, with the moji of .the Citiei of our Landi lit was by fome : unfortunate -Accident burnt almoft totally down to'the ground, and Phaenix-like is rifenout of -its-allies, 'much more glorious than before j and notwith- fianding the City- of Bperborough Rinds Withimthe County,claimsto be the County Townof Npnhm^tonfhire.' Nottingham, faith our moft diligent and induflrious Speed , is a Town feated moft pleifant and delicate upon a high Hill > for F Build- T22 . €f)e patent State Building ftately, and for number of fair Streets furpaffing many other Cities, and for a fpacious and fumptuous Market-place, and 3 fair Churches, comparing with the beft. Many of the Buildings of this Town ■ are hewed out of the Rocks, beiides many ftrange Vaults and Caves; among which thofe under the Caftle are of efpecial Note: One for the Story of Chrift’s Paffion, en¬ graven in the Walls, by the Hand of David, the 2 d of that Name, King of Scots, whilft he was there kept Prifoner : Another wherein Mortimer was apprehended, in the minority of K. Edrt>. the 3^, whence it hath ever fince born the Name of Mortimer’s Hole. Thefe have their feveral winding Stairs, Windows , Chimnies, and Room above Room, wrought all out of the folid Rock, as other Houfes of the Town alfo have. This Town being the Principal of Hottinghamjhire , hath no City to fland in competition with it. Nararki the next Town of Nottingham- |hire , both for Reputation and Neatnefs. It is indeed a Town of a very pleafant Si¬ tuation upon the River Treat. Part3. of ENGLAND. 125 Manchefter , the faireft and pleafanteft, though not the principal Town oiLanca- (hire , and above all things elfe peculiarly remark’d for its grand Church , the Col- ledge and Market-place. Wikgfield , one of the chief Towns of Torkjhire, as well for its pleafantnefs and goodly Buildings, as its great Market and Cloathing-Trade , and other Remarks: Of which elfewhere. Stamford , the pleafanteft Place of Lin- colnjhire , next to the City of Lincoln it felf, being adorn’d, with 7 Churches, and an old HofpitaL Bofton, the beft Town Of Lincolrijhire next to Stamford: Which is all need be faid of it atprefent, in regard there will be occafion to fpeak more of it in the next Chapter of Towns and Places eminent, eW. Barflable and Laveftoke in Vevonlhire , are commended above moft in the Weft of Eng¬ land (or nearnefs, well compadednefs, and elegance of Struduie. Lavejfoke is proba¬ bly enough fo call’d, from the River Taro, upon which it (lands, and which at Baila¬ ble is faid to be Navigable for great Veflels, F 2 both i 24 def?efent€)tate both Places being well inhabited with Mer¬ chants, and rich trading People. Next to Bridgewater, of all the Places of Somerfetfinre, not dignified with the title of City, Taunton is accounted of principal Note, and for pleafantnefs fuperior, accor¬ ding to theTeftimony of a learned Writer in thefe words: Taunton Tbonton, from the River Thone,U a very fine and proper Tom, one of the Eyes of the Shire ; the Comtry here mofi deleUable on every fide with green Mea¬ dows, flourijhing with pleafant Gardens and Orchards, and repleniflit with fair Mamor- Houfes, wonderfuHycontenteth the Eyes of the Beholders. Shrewsbury,■ is itds the principal Town of Shropfhire, there being'neither City nor - any other Town of Note in that Shire that can (land in competition with it, foitmay be reckon’d-among-the pleafanteft of-all England , being almoft furrounded with the Severn, between which and a lately Wall are moft delightful Meadows j the chief Streets graceful of themfelves are fet out with feveral graceful Buildings betides the publick, among which the moft remarkable are the two Gate-houfes on the Bridges, the i Market-place of Free-ftone, aftrong Part 3. of ENGL AND. 125 Qaftle mounted on a Hill, a neat School? houfe with a Library, 4.Parilh-Ghurchfs, and 3 of them very large and goodly, be- lides; the Abbey forehead, without which bears the femblapce of an old Cathedral. Befides Shrewsbury , there are many other pleafant Towns in Sbroplhire, among which, the chiefeft in repute are Ludlow and Bridg¬ north. Ludlow's chief State confilts in its ftrong Cattle, and its lofty lituation.upon a high Hillj and proper enough is the En¬ comium it hath gain’d of Cambden , that it is a Town more fair than ancient. Bridgnorth alib is proudly advanc’d a. great part of it upon a Rock, out of .which the chief Ave¬ nues to that upper part are cut; moreover, theCaftle» the Wall, and the Severn's In- elofure, give addition of State as well as Strength. %w\sbury in Glecefterjhire is a Town that might well enough be infilled op for its elegancy of Building and pleafant Situa¬ tion, but that , other fpecia.l Remarks re* quire the mention of it elfcwhere. The like may be laid of Cireneefier, which hath yet fome Ruines left of that Beauty and Magnificence which it receiv’d from the F 3. JL»- 126 €fje pg&nt State Romans, of whom it was anciently one of the principal Refidences. The Palaces Royal of England are in the firft place Wbitebal , built by Cardinal Woolfie, and from K. Henry the 8 th to his prefent Majefty, the principal andlmperial Refidence of all our Kings. This Palace is in general rather to be commended for its large Capacity and Convenience, than for State and outward Shew; yet that part which is call’d the Banqmting-houfe, for its fumptuous Appearance and Regularity of Architedture, is judg’d by moft of the Cu¬ rious, fit to Sand in competition with the chief Structures of Europe* Next , S* James's, a Houfe fomewhat more lightly to view, and delicately fituated in the molt pleafant of Parks > it hath been ufually the Refidence of the Princes of Wales, but is now of his Royal Highnefs, the fame in Effedt, though not in Title. Somerfet-boufe is the ufual Refidence of the Queens of England, as it is now of her prefent Majefty. part Of E N G L A N' D. 127 -Hampton-Court in Middlefex, hath been oflate the Principal of our King’s Refiden- ‘ ces out of London, a brave, large, Noble. Houfe, in the midft of a mod (lately Park. But at prefent Windfor-Czftle in Bark? (hire, is his Majefty’s chofen Place of Plea- fure and Retirement, being befides its moll delightful Situation, as being advanc’d npf on a high Hill, rifing with a gradual ac¬ cent, which affords the fweeteft ProfpelS imaginable, a Place of great Magnificence^ and now improv’d to a wonderful heighth. of State and Beauty. Other Places pfNote for Royal Seats are "Richmond or. Sheen, Konfuch in Surry, Green¬ wich and Eltham in Kent, Enfield and Han- worth in Middlefex, Holdenby in Northamp- tonjhire.. The Noblemens Palaces wdhall'have oc- cafion to give a full account of, in the Ca^ talogue of the E nglt}) Nobility:. The Cathedrals of England are perhaps, take them one with another, as remarkable as thofe of any Country, whatfoever; but the mod eminent ( befides S l Pauls ) are thofe of Weftminfer, Salisbury, Canterbury,. F 4 Turk, , 138 p^fettt state 7 ork^ Worcefier-, Glecefler , Cbicbejler, Norwich, TVinchefter , Exeter, Wells, and Peterborough MoftoF which have been already touch’d upon, in the feveral Places to which they belong j however it will not be improper tofpeaka little more particularly of them In this Place.- - S' Pauls , before its laft fatal deftru&ion by Fire, had nothing to ftand in competiti¬ on butS 1 Peters of Rome j what it will be v?hen rebuilt, may be in fome meafure con- jediur’d, by the Grandure which already appears. Wefhni'nfier-Abbey is a Ndble ; Piece .of Worki 'arjd'.ft faid-tdliave-been-fp yearslio building,: ahd it receives a great addition" of Iultre,-by : the addition of Ki Henry the j tb ’s Chappel, the Workmanlhip whereof for curiofity of Carving is hardly to.be pa¬ rallels. ■ Salisbury-Mi'nfber is fam’d in : general for" one of the ftatelieft of Englijh Structures, and particularly noted for its high fpired Steeple, its double crofs Hies 1 , its Windows anfwering to the Days, its Pillars to the Hours, and its Gates to the Months of the Year, befides a Cloifter belonging to if, fa- •• mous Part 3. Of ENGL AND. 129 tnous for Largenefs and fine Workman- Slip*' Canterbury-Cathedral hath been famous^ for its rich Window, and theTombof 2 &- mas a Bechet. That of fork, feems next of Note and? Efteem, for'an ample and ftatelyFabrick. 1 IVmefter-Catbedral is by a learned Writer defervedly entitled,’ a pajfvig fair Building,.. adorn’d with many Princely and Noblfe Monuments. Nor is Glocefter-Catbedral accounted in¬ ferior, befides the Fame of its Whifpering. Place. • . .. . . 1 A:lfo that of Litchfield , before its demo- Hihment, is Paid for elegant and proportion nai Building to have y ielded very few.. The -Church of Ghicbefler b not fo large as neat, having a Spire-Steeple, which adi- vanceth it felf upto amajeltick heighth.. The Cloifter of- the Cathedral of Net* web, is accounted the-faireft in England ■ ■> iso ®&e patent %tm . Wincbefier-Catbedral is a brave old fo- lemn Strudure i fo likewife is that of Lin¬ coln j which laft is alfo famous for its great Bell call’d lorn of Lincoln , the biggeft in England. Exeter-Cathedral is remarkable for its brave, noble, carv’d Work, at the Weft- end thereof j fo likewife are thofeof Wells In fine, There are few ornoneof the Ca¬ thedrals of this Nation, of whofe Grandeur there is not enough to be faid to make a Volume. There are a number of Parilh-Churches that deferve particular mention. In London there are many, efpecially fince the rebuilding of the City, remarkable for Beauty and State. But the chief areS* Se- fxlcbre , and S r Maries h Boro, whofe Stee¬ ple is fuch, that certainly a nobler is fcarce to.be feeu. The Church of Covent-Garden is much admir’d,' for a Fabrick of fuch Magnitude and State,- unfupported with Pillars. Part 3. of ENGLAND. 13* The like may be laid of Lincolns-Inn- Chappel, which is alfo obfervablc for the. curious vaulted Walk over which it is built.. Likewife that round vaulted Roof of the - Inner-Temple- Church, underwhich lye up¬ on the ground feveral Sepulchral Statues of. Knights, Templars, within a four-fquare; Empalementi of Iron-work, is a Structure, of tliat kind not to be parallel’d by any- Nor is the new built Ghurch of' S f Cle¬ ments to be wholly pafs’d by, as exceeding; much, both for the outward and inward Workmanftiip , and particularly the fine. Fret-work on .the Cieling- The Church of 'Bath, though' Litchfield ; . be the Bifliop’s principal" Seat, isbyfome. call’d a Cathedral, and for largenefs and: elegance of Building may well enough be fo.; accounted.. GF the 5 phurches of Derby, that nam’d' All-Hallows , is of chief Reputei, for. its.- Tower-Steeple, of a (lately heighth,.and excellent Strudure, and whofe Foundation^ was laid,- and- part of- it huilt, by young.; Men and Maids, .as appears .by Letters gra* - i32 Cfje parent State The Church of Sbirburn in DorfetJbire 3 is much noted for its curious Workmanlhip within. The Church of Grantham is chiefly emi¬ nent for the exceffive heighth of its Steeple, which polfibly gives occafion of that vulgar' Report of this Steeple’s (landing awry, and of that fabulous Tradition of its having been built by Hell’s great Architect, who mifliking fomething or other, gave it fuch a Blow with his Ruler, that it hath flood awry ever fince. S f Maries of Ratcliff in Brifiora, for the ftately afcent to it, its largenefs, curious Workmanlhip, embowed Arch of Stone, and its lofty Steeple, hath been accounted the nobleft Parilh-Church of England, '' Another Church in the fame City call’d the Temple , is remarkable for its Tower, which whenfoever the Bell is rung, divides from the reft of the Building, with a Cleft from the bottom to the top, which gapes the breadth of three Fingers. to Lancajhire , the Collegiate Church of Mincbefter hath a Quire, which though not very large, is remarkable for its rich adorn¬ ment of Wood-work, Among. Part 3. Of ENGLAND. Among the Churches of- Coventry, two handing near each' other , viz. Vrimf Church and S { Michaels -, are commended for their rare Workmanfhip and (lately heighth. Coin; a little old Town in Wilt/hire, hath nothing but its fair Church to commend!!-/' Alfo Rippori, in the Wejl-riding of jhire, whole three Steeples (hew their lofty Heads at a confiderable diftance, to Travel¬ lers approaching the Place. Upon the-Bridge of Warfield) in the (ame Riding of Tork(hire , is a beautiful Chappel, eredled by K. Edward the 4 thi , in memory of thofe of his Party who loft their Lives in the Battel there fought. The Church of Bofion in Limhjhire, be- fide its largenefs, curious Workmanlbip, and its afpiring Tower-Steeple, hath this alfo memorable, that from the bottom to the top, the Steeple rs afeended by as many Steps as there are Days in a Year. Tarmouth-Church ( for it hath but one ) gives no fmall addition of commendation to that Town,which is reckon’d among the moil confiderable of Norfolk^ Om- i 3 4 C&eJBiefcnt State Qundale in-, Northamptonjbire, is render’d no lefs memorable for its fair Church, than forks Free-School and Alms-houfe.. At the Caftle of Warkworth in Northum- hrland , there is a Chappel wonderfully hewn outof iRock, .without Beam?, ■ Raf¬ ters, or any thing of Timber* work, Wrexam in Venbighjhire, hath a,Church,, which for neat Building, and theloftinefs of its Steeple, is concluded to furpafsall. the Churches of North-Wties.. But of all the Churches of this Wand;, (and they, are among ..the 6 chief Remarks thereof) the Chappelof Kings-Coledge in Cambridge , already mention’d, is for rarer nefs of Architedure and Contrivance, re- nown’d above moft Strudures, not only of England, hut even .of Ewp&dfo;- The Caftles of England .were- in -ancient Times the chief.Seats of our Nobility i but lince the diffolution of the Abbeys, and the demolifliment of very many Caftles, in the feveral Wars of England, divers of the laid Abbeys have become the Seats of Noblemen and: Gentlemen. Yet fome Noblemen at this day have,ancient Caftles for their chief Part3. OfEKGLAKD. 135, Seats As B*r%-Caftle in Gloceflerjbire, gives Title to the Honourable Family of the Barker.- Skglton- Caftle is the Seat of the Barons. Brufe. The chief Caftles now in the feveral Counties, are in Chejhire, Beefion , and the' Caftle of Chejter. In Barkfbire, Windfor afore-mention’d. In Cumberland, the Ca¬ ftle of Carlile. In Darbyjhire, the Caftle of the PeaJ{. In Devoujhire , the Caftles-of Dertmouth , and Callle-Rugemont in Exeter* In Vorcetfhire, Shirburn- Caftle. IntheBi- Ihoprick of Durham, Bernard- Caftle. In Hantjhire, Hurfi , Car'ubroo\, and Saubam Caftles. In Herefordjhire, Bradwardin- Ca¬ ble , of which elfewhere. In Kent , the Caftles of Dover and gueenborougb, that of Canterbury being demolifllt. In Lancajhire-, Hwflfy-Caftle, and that of Lancajler, whi ch is accounted one of the three chief Magnifi¬ cences of. the Town, the other-two being the Church and the Bridge. In Lincoln- Jhire, Belvoir and Cajlor Caftles. In Mon- tnotttbjhire > Chepftow and Strigbal Caftles. In Nortbamptonfhire, Eotberingbay , menti¬ on’d upon another account, Baibrokg, Rock- ingham and Maxey. Cables. In Northumber¬ land, Nervcaftle, Dhrilroale, Tinmoutb, Mor¬ peth, Witbrington , Warkportb and «&e State CafUes. In Richmondjhire, the ftately Ca- ftle oiBolton. I nSbropfhire, Bifhops-GzMe, C/«fl-Gaftle, SbramraenGaGilc , Knocking r Caftle, Whittington- Gaftle, Roaftwi-Caftle, 2 W«e-Caftle, whole Bell is very loud, as innoife, fo in fame, in'all thofe Parts. TheCaftles of Shrewsbury, Ludlow and Bridgnorth . In Somerfetjhire , Thinfln-Cz- ftle,' which was built in William the Con- merouds Time, by the Family of the hunt -'which flouui(ht from that time till the Reign of K .Richard the 2^, in very great fplendor, and ever fince hath continued in confiderable reputation. In Sfaffordjhire; Sfourtoh and My-Gattle, with thofe of Tamwortb, : Charily and Tuiburyi to Which may be added, the memory ©f an old Ca¬ ttle at Stafford, now demoliflit. In Suffolk, Framlkgbam-CMe , a Place of great State, Strength , Beauty and Convenience, arid the Rtiines of B.wg/r-Gaftle. -In Surry, Holm , Beckrwrtb and Sterbomgh'- Gafiles. In Suffix, Amberly Gaftle, and that of Bo- diam , belonging to the Family of theLew{- nort. In Wamichjhire , Studly , Matfiock and Atijley Gaflles, and theCaQle of War- jpickh felf. In Wefimorland , Wbellep- Ca¬ ttle and Apdby. ■ In Wiltfhire , Caftkcomb, Tainsborough and Warder. In Worcefierfbire , HmUhtry, Holt and Eto#.Caftks. In Part 3. Of E N G LAN D. 137, (he Weft-Kiding oi Torkjhire, Sheffield, G>> mborough, Tic#, Sandal, Haremod, Knafi borrow and Cawood Caftles. ■ In the Eajt- Riding, the ftrongCaftle'of Wrejhil. In the North-Riding, the Caftles of Scarborough, Kilton, Skelton, already mention’d, Wilton, Rildale, Gilling, . Slurry-button and Hinderr skill In Waleis, the^ihoft noted Caftles in Caermardenjhire, Carreg. In Denbighshire, the ftrong and almoft impregnate Gaftle of Denbigh.. In Flintshire, Flint and Har¬ ding Caftles. In Glamorganshire, Cardiff, now belonging to theEarls of-Fembroke, "but once, the. famous Refidence of .S r Marmion- mth his 12 Knights, little lefsienown’diii Story thin;K. A/r and hk ; Kriightsbfthp round Tabled aftd whofe Effigifes-were late¬ ly. to be feen in the Hall, of this Gaftle^ ■ ■ The Bridges of England are hot the leaft of the 7 Remarks of this ; Natioh. " And firft, They ar,e remarkable for ,num¬ ber, as being reckon’d in all 875. ; r,; ' In the'next place, They plead .prece; dence in the generality with all others in Europe. The Prime is London-Endge, which is faid to have been anciently built of Wood, and was then accounted a very ftafely Bridge > *38 State Bridge > but afterwards received a far grea¬ ter pitchof luftie by being built of Stone, jnfomuch that without controverfie it is judg’d the nobleft Structure of that kind in Europe. It ftands upon i p Arches of Stone, which fupport a Street of very fair Edifices, of a quarter of a Mile in length, for fo much the breadth of the Ihames is account¬ ed. in. that place* The next for Beauty and Magnificence, is that of Rochefier j and after that the Bridg of Stratford upon Avon. Among the three Beauties of the Town of Ldncaftir, the Bridge is one, the other ttvo being the Church and Cafile. Over the River Oufe, which encircles the Town.o£Buckingbamfi\\ but the North-fide, are three fair Bridges of Stone.. The fame River Oufe runs through the midft of the Town of Bedford , and hath over it a handfom Stone-Bridge, with two Gates upon it.. Over the River Dee is a ftately Stone- Bridge, which leads to the City of Cbefter.. It is fupported with 8 Arches, and hath at Part 3. Of ENGLAND. 139 each end two ftrong Gates, from whence the Walls commence , within which the City lyes in an oblong Square. From the River Derwent, a fmall Brook runs through the Town of Darby, (which lyes on the Weftern-bank of that River ) under 9 Bridges. But the ftatelieft of all is that in the North-Eaft part of the Town, upon which ftandeth afair Chappel of Stone. Over the River Wttr , with which the City of Durham is almoft wholly ineom- pafs’d, two neat Stone-Bridges, one from the South, the other from the North-Road, lead into the midft of the Town. The Bridge leading into Warwick; Town, over the River Avon, is both light¬ ly and ftrong. But particularly fumptuous with their Towers and Gates, arethofetwo overft- vm t at the Eaft and Weft Entrances of Shrewsbury^ That over the River Oufe at Yorl{, which ftands on each fide the River, hath one Arch, thelargeft andloftieft of any Bridge in England. 1-40 €fjep?efettt€>tate . Several others there are, and fome .per¬ haps not, unworthy of memory, but thefe being the very ; chiefeft 5 it will not be worth the while to mention any more. The grand .Ornaments of any City are the publick Buildingsthereof i and next to the Churches, Palaces and.Bridges, are the Monumental Structures, that prefent them- ,Pelves moft obvioufly tothe view of Paffen- gers in Streets and High-ways, as Aque- du&s, Arches, and the Columnal or Image¬ ry-Works, eredted as Trophies in memory offomegreat ACtionorPerfon> asalfoPla- cesfar publick Games.and SpeCiades. For Structures of this kind, never any City.cf the World was fofamousasold Rente, whofe Circus’s, Amphitheaters,Co¬ lumns,Pyramids, Tryumphal Arches,Eque- firian Statues, &c. next to the maffie Pyra¬ mids of Egypt, were accounted the greateft Pieces of Art and Magnificence the World ever faw. Nor are the Pyramids,Columns and Aguglia’s of the prefent Rente, altoge¬ ther unmemorable. Of Monuments of this nature in England, the CrofTes ereCted in Streets and publick Places were the chief. And of thofe the Part 3. Of E N G LXN D. 141 principalwere Coventry-Ctok v and.in this City Charing-Ctok, and that of Gbeapfide , which laft was certainly the nbbleft Piece of Workmanihip of this nature, as -well for the largenefs’as the curioufnefs of the Ima¬ gery that ever was feen. Next, The Aqueduds or Conduits have been accounted no fmall Street-ornaments in many Towns arid Cities, but the men¬ tion of thofe that were in London^ may ferve for all the reft. The chief that were in London before the Fire of 66. were the Standart in Cheatftde, a Structure that might have pafs’d for a'no¬ ble Piece of Workmanihip, had it n6t flood fo near fo rich a Crofs. Another at the lower'end of Cheapftde* Ariother in Cwfl- UI. That in Fimjlreet^ hard by Sho 0 -lane end v and another i n Holhmj nm Holbm- Bridge, befides feveral others of lefsNote. The only- Conduit Iateiy"«ci3'ea, now ftanding, is a pretty little Sttu&ure ! be¬ tween Gotv-lane and. S-nov-hi}!.- ■' " 1 - Since the Fire, other kind of Monuments have been rais’d, which add not a { little 1 to the Ornament of the City in general, and give peeuliar Grace to the Places where they ftand. 142 Cfiepefettt&tate fiand. The chief whereof is the Monu¬ ment eredied where the Fire began, a Py¬ ramid of ftately heighth and curious Work- manihip. Another Monument much of the fame nature is defign’d, and the Edifice raised fome yards above the ground, at the lower end oiCheapfide, at. or very near the Place where the Conduit formerly Hood: Ave¬ ry rare Defign, as appears by the Model which I have often feen at the Houfe of the ingenious Defigner thereof, M r Jaffer La¬ tham ,, the City-Mafon. At the Stocks-Mar^t is an Equeftrian Statue in Stone of his prefent Majefty, And another more excellent than that in Brafs, of his late Majefty of happy Memory, in the Place where Cbaring-Crofs flood. In Covent-G/trden Square is aColumnal- Diai, whi cfl only wants fomewhat of Mag¬ nitude to make it a very graceful Ornament to the Place. Our Theaters at prefent are only two, That of his Majefty’s Servants, between. ; Bridges-ftmt and J)tttry-lanr, and that of Part 3. Of ENGLAND. 143 his Royal Highnefs’s Servants, in Salisbury- flreet, with a majeftick Front towards the ibamesG.de, • Artificial publick Bagno’s have not been known in 'England till of late: The only one yet built is afide of Newgate-ftreet , a pretty well contriv’d Piece of Building, had it been more publickly expos’d to view on the Street fide. The Gates of Towns and Cities are not the leaft of Ornaments to the faid Towns and Cities. Of the chief of them, except thofe in London, we have toucht in the re- fpe&ive Places to which they belong. The principal Gates of London are Ludgate,Netp- gate, Alderfgate, Algate , Bifhopfgate and 'tem¬ ple-bat •, and the two Gates at Weflminfter, between Whitehal and Kings-flreet, moftof them not inferior in Magnificence to the chief in Europe. But to dofe all that hath been faid of publick Ornaments , there remains one thing more, not to be negledted by any Admirer of Art, which is a Piece of Sculp¬ ture in Stone, reprefenting the Refurre&i- on, over a Gate in Shoo-lm, that gives en¬ trance i 4 4 «f?efent;»te. trance into a Gsemetery or Burying-place, which belongs to S* Andrews- Church. This Piece of Carving I have heard com¬ mended by the ^eft of Artifts in this way, for the nobleft Piece of Workmanfhip in its Kipd that hath been feen in England, Part 3. of ENG LAND. 145 Towns and Places of Eng¬ land eminent for fome re marine able Accident 3 Perfon } or TranfcMion. T H E principal Things that render any Town or Place remarkable, are either the- Glory and Antiquity of its .Original, fome notable Revolution of Government,. Accidents.hapning there,. whether profpe- rous or. adverfe, Battels fought, or other grand Adtion perform’d in or near it, and the Birth, Residence or Death of Princes, and other eminent Men. For moft if not -all of thofe Remarks, there are many Towns and Cities of Eng¬ land, famous and principally of all, that which is the principal of all our Towns and Cities, London, for the moft part the Seat of Kings from its Original i with which as the City Wefiminfter i$-,fo_united in Place,. G that jgo CIje^eGmt-‘State that it ferns in a manner one and; the fame Citv, fo the mention and difcourfe ot them cannot well be feparated. Of the Anti¬ quity, Splendor of Government, Flourilh- ing Trade, and Magnificence of Structure, in all which London hath the pre-eminence, not only of all the Places of England , but perhaps of all E«ropc,feveral have difcours d at large, befides what we may haply have occafion to touch at elfewhere. _ It can’t be imagin’d, but that m a City which hath been a flourifhing.City for fo many Ages, many remarkable Accidents muft have hapned, and great Athens been perform’d, in the mention whereof how¬ ever all poffible brevity muft be us d. King Lud, who reign’d here a little be¬ fore Cefar’s arrival, if he were not the hrlt Founder, as fome think, he was at lean not only the Enlarger, but alfo the Denomina¬ tor. For among other things he built the Weft-Gate, which to this day retains the Name of Ludgatc i and what was before of a City by the Name of tmobantium, took the Name of Cacr-Lud ; anddhe prefent appellation of London is fancy d by many to be deriv’d from him, as it were Luds-Tom. About the year 285. here AMm, Lieute¬ nant to the Emperor Vmhtm,ms flam by Jfclqiodatw, D. of Comm! j and together Part 3. Of ENGL AND. 147 with him was ilain his Companion Galhts, at a Brook, which from him hill retains the name of Gall-brook^ or Wall brook. Heije Sigebert, third King of thcEaft-Angles, who began his Reign in the year of our Lord 5 96. and Etbelbert King of Kent, who be¬ gan his Reign in the year of our Lord 5<52. built the Cathedral of St. Fault in the ve¬ ry place, as ’tis Laid, where there had been a Temple of Diana. In the Reign of Ed¬ mund , lirnamed Ironfide , tills City was dofe- ly befic-g’d by the Danes, but the Siege was foon rais’d by that valiant Prince King Ed¬ mund. About the year 1077. the Tower of London was built by {{..William theCon- queror, whofe Succdlbur K. William Rufus built newwalls about it. Anna i j 3 5. in the Reign of K. Stephen the greateit part of this City was confumed by an accidental Fire. In K. Richard the Seconds time was the great Rencounter with Jack-Straw and Wat Tiler in Eaft-Smitbfield , where in an overture of treaty Wat Tiler behaving him- felf with extraordinary, infolence, was in prefence of the King ftabb’d by Sir WiSiano Wallworth , Lord Mayor of London , with 3 Dagger, in memory whereof the Ch/ of London hath to this day a Djgp r ■, Coat of Arms. This City 1 ai honour to entertain feveral gre G 2 148 descent ©tate Princes, and Nobles’, but the gnndeft txanfadion that London can b ° a( °| . that moft (lately Cavalcade which his pre Pent Majefty made through it the °‘ May An. 1660. when he returned from a long Exile to the Government of thele Kingdoms: But the year 1 666. was fatal to it by reafon of that mod dreadful hre that confum’d all before if Lorn Grace- Church .Street to the.Inner .Temple, de¬ stroying to the number, as is generally com¬ puted, of 1 3000 dwelhng-houfes ; and this preceded but the year before by the fierceft Peftilence that ever raged within the.cog- n fance of the Weekly Bills. In this City King Stephen kept his Court at Crosby-bmfi in B%oJgate-Sinet i King fdmrd the third in Cornbil where now thePope-headTa- vern Hands King Henry the eighth at mckfriers, and fometimes at BrukveV, once a Regal Palace, where alfo theEm- perour Charles the fifth was lodgd when he came over into England. The Palace of St. farms, which is it1 the Fomna of London , and which was firft built for a Spittle for Maiden Lepers, hath bee P “ e Birth-place of his prefer* Majefty K. Charles the 2^ hisHighnefs James Duke of M, Henry late Duke of Gkafier the Lady Elizabeth, i he Lady Mary late Princefs of Orange a Part 3. Of ENG L A ND. 149 Orange, and all the Children of his pre- fent Highnefs by his late Dutchefs s Edgar Duke of Kendal, James Duke of Cambridge deceaft; the fady Henrietta and the Lady. Lady .Katherine deceaft; Mary now Prir.cefs of Orange , the Lady Anne yet unmarried 5 as.alfo of two Daughters fboth foon ha- ften’d to a better World) by his prefent Dutchefs. Other perfons of eminent note-and immortal memory, were born at tondon, viz. Thomas Bechet Archbilhop of Canterbury in the Reign of K. Henry the 2 d , by four of whefe Courtiers He was mur- ther’d in Canterbury Church, Anno 1170... after a long conteft with the King ; Sir Jeoffry Chaucer the moft famous of ancient Etiglijh Poets, who flourifht in the Pieigns qf K. Henry the 4 th , Henry the 5 th , and part oHC Henry the Edmund Spencer, ftyl’d alfo the Prince of Englilh Poets, who flourifht in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth , John Leland , Sir Thomas More , Bifhop An¬ drews. The Tower oCLondon is very emi¬ nent for the Confinement, Murther, and Executionof llluftrious perfons : to men¬ tion all, efpecially thofe who have been meerly Prifoners, would be almoft endlefs > but the moft memorable Imprifonment was that of two Kings at one time in the Reignl of King Edward the third, viz. of David G 3 King' l$6 550 — — King of'Scotty and of John King of Frmti KTimby Conqueft, was bafelf iu». - ther’d by King Edward’s Brother Kchard Duke of Glocefhr, afterward King of Eng 2 * Here G^DuteofC/j^ a^' ther Brother, was by the prance ofth laid Duke of Glocefter, drown dm a.Butt of Malmfey : but the moft fata 1 Tragedy of Si wasfoe murther of King ^ fourth’s twoSons, poor harmlefs d«d got it fooner, and kept it longer . ( it is for one witty man to delude a Multi tude ,) than a curious defcanter upon the worlds affairs would have allow d a perfon fo getting if, however what he got by Part 2. of ENGL AND. ift the c’.'-sth of others he loft by his own, on' ly move luridfomely, not by treachery, but fairly in i he field. In Cbrifi-cburch in 'London three great Queens had their Sepulture, viz. Margaret the. Daughter of King Philip of France fir- named the Hardy, and fecond Wife of King Edward the fecond of England. Ifabel the Daughter of, the French King Philip the Fair, and Wife to King Edward the fecond of England. Joan the Daughter of the faid Edward and Ifabel, and married to David King of Scots. Weftminfter hath been the moft conftant tefidence of the Kings of England fince the Gonqueft,. till Whitehall was built by Car¬ dinal Wolfey. It will be needlefs to men¬ tion all the Kings that have been crown’d and buried here, in regard fince the Gon¬ queft there are not very, many who have not been buried, and fewer that have not been crown’d in IFeftminfler Abby. At IJIewortb , now TbijUemrth, a Village pleafantly. fituate upon the River Lhames, Richard King of the Romans, and Earl of Cornwall , had a ftately Palace, which was burnt to the ground in a tumultuous fally that was made upon it by certain Malecon- tents of the London Mobile. 152 - »p?efent©tatc In Surry are places of as eminent note as in moft Counties of England. In the nrft place Lambeth is chiefly renowned for be¬ ing the principal Palace and moft ufual ic-fidence of the Archbifhops of Cantermiry, from the time of Archbiuop Baldwin who firft founded it, and made it his Seat in the year 5 p6, and from whom it hath con¬ tinued fo to this day, the moft reverend and learned Prelate Dr. Sancroft late Dean of Pauls , being worthily advanc’d to this high Dignity, and having here his prefent relidence. Here Canum firnamed the Har¬ dy, the third and laft of our (hort-liv d Dy- mftyof Vanijb Kings, ended his days of a ..furfeit, as moft Writers afhrm, by eating and drinking over freely at. a Wedding Feaft. ' , Croydon is another Seat belonging to the Archbifhops of Canterbury ; and where the Reverend Dr. Gilbert Sheldon, late Archbi- fliop, lies buried, having a moft ftately Mo- . numeht newly eleefted to his memory, the Artful 1 Contrivance and skilful Workman- i fliip of Mr Jafpr Latham , the prefent City Mafon. • At Ockly in this County Etbelmlpb Son . of Egbert, won a great -Battel over the Vanes, Oatlands I Part 3. (tf E N G LAND. 153 • 0 inlands is not more famous for being a Royal Palace, than for the Neighbourhood of Coweyjtdkgs where Jitlrn Cxfar pafs’d the Phdmes into ! the -Eorders of Cajfihe- faitm.- ■ ' - ■ - ; h ■ \ - Putney is chiefly confiderable in’ ftory as being the Birth-place of one of the moll advanced Statesmen and Favourites;( for he. was but the Sonof : a Biack-fmith.) that our Nation hath produced, viz. . %homas Cromwell, chief- Minifter. of. Stateifdbf'-.’the time, : to King Henry the eighthfandbyhim created Earl of EjJex , who neverthelefs had the ill fate; falling.under his.Princes- difpleafure, to be beheadiedon 'Power-Hill.' • Wimbleton- ( where the Eaal of Brifol hath a pleafant- feat) ifi.ll retains rthei me¬ mory of a notable-defeat given by Gheaulin King-of the' Weft-Saxons to Etbelred.Kiag of Kent with the (laughter. of.twoof.his Dukes in the year of our Lord 560,. - 'Kt'Riehmond', to .which in former .ages- the Kings and • Queensi of '.England -retired for pieafure, as of- late to -.Hdmptm-Court and Windfir.; there decbafed.that victorious Prince King Edward the third.,. Anns the Daughter of the Emperour Charles the fourth, and Wife.of King. Richard the fe- cond, HenryoERiclmcnd'Xhc feventh of that name.‘King..of; England, and that, learned! • ;; Pi and i 5 4 €$sp?efent State ?tod renowned Princefs Queen EliznbetboS happy, memory. Kingfton wponftotnut a very pleaiant and much frequented Market Town, was pro¬ bably the ufual place of Coronation of the Saxon MonarchsY for there was kept the .Chair of Inftalment : but the Kings rnoft particularly mentioned to have been there crown’d, were King Atbelfian , Edwin, and. Etklved. . .. Guilford a Town otherwife of eipeqal SOte, is alfo famous for. having been the Hoyai Seat of.the Englijb Saxon Kings. . Merton is doubly upon record , firiffor ilbe untimely death of RenulpbRmg of the Weft-Saxons,, who was here flain by Kine- atd Kine. Sigeberts. Brother j next for the. Parliament there he\d An. ztoiK. Henry the third, which Parliament, produc’d an aft, which to this day is called the Statute ®£ Merton.. Okehm hath its chief credit as being the Native place of that famous Englifh Philo- fopKer Willhm dt Okeham. Likewife :. Ripley no lefs by the birthof that learned. Ghymift George deRipley* . 3t) Effex, Cokhefter , which is the County Town, hath the honourable tradition of Saving been, built by, the ancient |BritiOr Part 5. of ENGLAND. 155 King CotUiS > but that which redound s chieflv to its honour, is, that it is (aid to have brought into the worldthree perfons of immortal memory,, viz, Lucius the firft not only Britijh , but European King that embrac’d the Chriftian, Faith. Confiantine the firft Homan Emperour, who openly pro- profeffing Chriftianity, gave countenance and protection to the Qhriltians of all parts, and put an end tothofe heavy Perfections which they groaned under fo many Ages;, and if by his extraordinary bounty and mu¬ nificence to the Clergy, he made an inlet- to that pride and ambition among them, which hath, proved mifehievous to Chri- ftendome ever fince, it- was an errour on the.right hand, and however fucceeding. otherwife, an evidence of his. pious gener rofity and veal for Religion and Vertue. Helena the Wife of Confiantm, bornalfoin > England* mb, a?: it-is. generally fuppoPd, in. Torkj and Mother .of the MdConjlanme her fame fhines bright in Hiffoiy -for.-her: piety in, general, and particularly for; the-, fame of habeing hmntrix Cmia ., The next Town of note in this- County- is Maldon^. a very'. ancient Town j and; the: Seat Royal of; th ZiLtwhanM, o( whom King aboutthe-time of our. Saviours- Saviours Nativity > it was taken by th^ Emperour Claudius , and made a Roma 11 ' Garifon, being call’d by theRomans Cama- lodmium , rafed to the ground by Queen Bunduca or Boadicia , after a mighty defeat- given to the Romans in revenge of fome high affronts and indignities (he received from them, but was afterwards rebuilt, and is. of fome reputation at this day, though doubtlefs far fhort of its prifline fplendor. At Walden, famous for Saffron as is alrea¬ dy mentioned, was born Sir ‘Ebomas Smith Secretary to Queen Elizabeth. . Kent, as it is a large County, is enobled with-very many Towns and places of note ? in the fir ft place Canterbury is a City of that' eminence, that next to London thereis hard¬ ly a City in England memorable upon fo many accounts '■ It is faid to have been- built 900 years before Chrift: it is the prin- cipal of the- Arcbiepifcopal Sees of • England ; it .was-given bv Etbelbii't King-of'Kent to Jufirn-thtMonk and hisGompanionsi,upon'. whofe preaching 1-0000 werebaptized in ©ne day. By the faid Juft in the Cathedral is faid to have been founded , in which eight Kings o£ ff«it-vvere\infer-red.- :! Even themisfor-tunes of-this-“City have'been alfo aie.tnor.able, for, it- fuffet’-d very - much fe- : v.eraj: Part 3. of ENGLAND. 157 veral times by the fury of the Vanes, efper cially in the Reign of Etbilnd, when 42000 of the Inhabitants were facrificd to their fury and revenge; it hath had the honour of the Coronations, Nuptials and Inter¬ ments of feveral great Kings and Princes. Here King John-ini his Queen Ifabel were Crown’d, King Henry the third and King Edward the fir ft Married: Edward the Black Prince, King Henry the fourth and his Joan were Interred : and alfo with far more coft and magnificence that great Pre¬ late, and even to adoration adored Saint Thomas a■ Bechet, of whofe rich and (lately Tomb mention hath been-elfewhere made.“ ■ Rochefter faid to be.built by on e'-Rcjf Lord thereof, is alfo. a City, and not much inferiour in repute to Canterbury, Several Counties there are which have no City, the Bifhops See being but in one of half a; dozen- Counties, but Kent is the only. one. County that hath two. 'ThisCity ,was ; .al-- fo - miferably harraff’d by!; the : Iter,' and fuffer’d very much vuir.e-by'twb':drfadful- Fires, viz', in the Reign b.f Kifig H&ry'the * Mr and King Henry the fecondi. but bemg_ very much reftoredby the "munificence of King Henry the third, if hath continued a fiouri'thing City ever fince, I 1 ;.’ : _V, Maidh- Maidfioae , a pleafant and well-feated Town is the more mcmorahle by the great defeat given there to the Earl of Holland, who headed the Kentilh-men riling for the King, by Fairfax General of the Parlia¬ ment Forces. Feverpam is enobled by the Burial of King Stephen and his Queen Maud. Dover , befides the renown of its Cattle, faid to be built by Julius Ctfar, and the great honour of the Government thereof, hath given reception and entertainment to many great Kings and Princes. gueenborougb Cattle was built by King Edward the. third. Wye, a Sea-port Town, where thelearn- ed and famous J. Kemp Archbilhop of Can¬ terbury was born. Horjicd is-ehiefiy noted for the Monu- merF. ! ’-fiow'•defaced of Horfa , one of the firft Leaders of the invading Saxons, , the Brother of Hengift. The like Monument was made for Cati- gern, another of the Brothers, at Circotep houfe, which is handing to thisday. Blackfheatb hath been the place offeveral grand. Reeounters in the Barons Wars in- King Henry the third’s time, as alfo oiWat !filer in King Richard the fecond’s time, and of Michael Jofepb and the. Lord d'Au- .. benie Part5. Of ENGLAND. 153 benie iil 1 King Henry the feventh’s time. But that which gives the greateft glory 'and re¬ renown to this place, is the memory of that grand appearance at his Majefties Re¬ iteration, when all the Gentry and Nobi¬ lity of the Nation, and all the Pomp and fplendor of the City of Ldndm- met to re¬ ceive his Majefty and his two Brothers, and condu# them .through the City to thc Roy¬ al Palace of Whitehall, and even the armed- part- of the Nation that but lately had drawn the Sword againft him, now niet him with the higheft acclamations of. wd- In Buckinghamjhire, Bitckingbm^hc Shire. Town was fortified by King Mdnrard In- named the Elder , againft the fury of the Vanes y and fiill Slews the ruins of a ftrong- and ftately. Gaftle built upon a hill; Sttrys Stratford : aStation.of the Re- mansi and by them.call’d LaSorodum. Here the laid King Edward the EWer gave a.ftop to the violent incurfions of the Vanes up¬ on thofe parts iand this is one of thofcpla- cps where the firft of- that name fince.the Gotiqpeftraif’da ftately monumental Grofs in memory of Queen Eleanor ,. At Crnton in this Shire was bom that: learned Writer.in.the LawSir.George Crook? Ames ^ i i 6 o djel&efetrt State Amerfim , fo call’d qit. Agmondjkam , is ^not only eminent by the name of the great Agmond , from whom it takes denomina¬ tion, but by the'birth of feveral learned Writers, efpedally John : firnamed from the place of his Nativity, Amerjhattr, and .John Gregory of the prefent Age, whofe pofthume works are worthily reckon’d a- -mong the principal of Englilli Writings. - L At Windover was born.Roger, thence fir- named de Window*, Hiftoriari to King Henry : the third.. ■ At Houton , Roger. Goad, a man of good aepute for learning. - ' In . ;are feverai places of mote. ■Readingboaft* the Interment of King 'Henry the firltyin a. Collegiate Church of anAbby founded by himfelf,: together.-with 1 his Queen and his Daughter. MaW theEm- ■prefs. He.alfo built.here a ftrong Gaftle which wassrafed to! the. ground bby - King Henry the, fecond. Bnt.thisriEownis yet •more remarked, by ithe birth' ; of.' William ■Laud , :who;©f a. poof..Clothiers' Son of [Reading , .was advanc?d to the'.higheft Ec- • clefiaftical .Office • and Dignity of the-Nati- on, viz. the Archiepifcopai See of Canter- :buty;r. nor.is.ittoihehaiJgQ.stca how -man¬ fully .this-.TOwh .'W.a's held: out ■in'the time Part?, of ENGLAND. 161 of the late Civil War by Sir Jacob Afionz- eainft the whole power of the Earl o. iy- L, General of the Parliaments forces for a whole twelve month’s;time, but at length it was taken by the faid Earl. And from this place, in the Reign of Ring Henry-the fecond a learned Writer, w*. Hugh of Reading,took both Birth and Sirnatne. At Inglefeld the Vanes received a great defeat from King E tbelmlf. Wallingford the Gallma of Ttolomy, was an ancient Station of the Romans, and the chief City of the Atrebates. From this place Richard of Wallingford took his birth, and confequently his Sirname. - . - Abineton , betides that it was a place of much aftion in the time of the Civil Wars -in his late Majefties Reign, gave birth to Sir UnMafonPnvy Counfellor to King Henry the eighth,King E dmrd the fixth, Q-M^ and Qu. Mzabeth ; as alfo to Six John '.Smith, -Latin Secretary and Matter of Re- quefts to King ■fames. . ' . Windfor is renowned as having been built by King Edward the third and as the .place where was fir ft inftituted that moll illuftrous Order of the Knights of the Gar¬ ter by that moft vidtorious Prince, and ot which the greateft Kings and Princes of Europe have been fellows from the hr.ll ln- 1 ftnution t 62 Cfjep^efeitt^tate fiitutionto this day j and likewife for the Interment of King Henry the fixth, King Edward the fourth. King Henry the eighth, and King Charles the firft, whofe Body hath been fince remov’d to Weftminfter, and in- terr’d in King Henry the feventh’s Chappel. Moreover this place gave birth to a perfon of great fame for his learned Writings, via. Roger hence firnamed of Windfer. Eaton, nearly adjoyning, and almoft con¬ tiguous to Windfer, is a place, befides the fame of being built by King Henry the fixth, trebly renown’d for learning,.firft as a Nur- fery for the bringing up of Youth , being one of the chieftft Free-fchools in England r fecondly as a place of maintenance and en¬ couragement for the ftudious and well ad¬ vanc’d in learning» thirdly as thc-Birth- place of feveral learned men, particularly Samel Collins, William Ougkrti the gteat Mathematician, and Matthew Stokgs. At Ratcot Bridge Robert Vere Duke of Ireland was put to flight by the Duke of Gkcefler, the Earls of Arundel, Warwick^ and Derby, with the flaughter of Siv lfamas Molineux Gonftable of Chefier. This Radcot is by fome reckon’d in Oxfordjhire. Sunning is fufficiently fignal in hiftory as having bin anEpifcopal See for the refidence of eight Bilhops, which See tyas tranflated to Part?. Of ENGLAND .. to Sbirbourn, and afterwards to Salisbury where it {fill remains* Wantage is enobled by the^Birth of th t creat mirrour of a Prince,for V irtue, Learn- fng and,Valour, Ring Alfred fonamed the '"SCin^Mof.hisCoun,,^ an ancient Station of the Romans', fohke- wife Sinodum in the North. Newbury a Town' of fufficient note m this Shire, isyet more noted by the birth of fboml Bide a learned Writer 5 and alfo by two great Fights fc«ght in the tune of the late Civil Wars between the Forcesof his late Majefty and the Parliament Army under the Earl of EJfex- , f - Spent and Pefernere , twoiplaces of «o o- thef note than by the birth oftwo^emment Writers, the fir ft of William 'fmfki the o- ther of William Lyford . In Eantfhm, WinMerttemtVen- u Retiamm oi the Romans, isiaid to have been built by that famous ItW/r«^^ great in the Catalogue of the old Bnujh Kings. It was the Seat Royal of the ‘ Weft Saxons , and chief Epicopal See, and fill remains the Epifcopal See of a great part of that which was the Wefi Saxm King¬ dom. It was honour’d with the Corona- i$4 State tions of King Egbert and King Alfred , and the Birth of King Henry the third. Here •in; the Cathedral built by King Ke/imlf King of the Weft Saxons , were interred King Egbert , King Etbelmlf King.Alfred with his Queen' Elfrvitb > the firft Edmund^ King Edred, and King E dray j Queen Em¬ ma and her Husband the Danilh King Canu- itfjvas alfo his Son Hardy-Canum , and after the Conqueft King William Rufus and Iris . Brother Richard. Here King Atbelfian kept . his Mint. At St. Piters in the Suburbs of this City was born John Rujfel, created Bi- - fliop of Lincoln by King Edward the fourth, and-Lord Ghancellour of England by King Richard the third. This City alfo brought .forth two perfons ofilluftious memory for -learning, viz. Lampridim firnamed oiWin- chefter , a Benedidtine Monk, whoflouriiht An,$ 80. and Wolf an of Winchester, a Bene.- didine likewife,& accounted in thofe times an eminent Poet, who flourifht An. 1000. Southampton , built out of the ruines of the ancient Claufentium , and after many devaflations reedified in King Richard the fecond’s time, is amoft pleafant and well fortified Town with a goodly Caftle proud¬ ly advanced on a Hill. In a Maifon dieu or Hofpital here lies interr’d the body of Ri¬ chard Earl of Cambridge , who was execu- Part 3. of ENGLAND. 16 $ ted for Treafon in. the Reign of King Henry the fifth. In the Parifh 'of St. Michael in Southampton was born Arthur La\e Bifhop of Bath and Wells, whodfcd An. 1602. as alfo .Sir T'homas Lake' Secretary of State to King James, AtBafwgfloke John firnamed of Bafmg- fl 0 \e, the firft: Englifh Author of a Greek Grammar, who died An. 1252. William,. Paulett, Baron of Bafing and Marquefs of Winchefter, Son to King Henry the feventh, and Lord Treafurer to King Henry the eighth, Edward the fixth, Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, he died An. 1572. and laltly Richard White, who fludying at' I )o&ay began to grow famous for Learning- An. 1611. • • At Andover was born .Robert Ibomjon, a : man of Military fame, who madean.Ex- pedition to Spain An. 1553* At Warblington Henry Bifhop of Salis¬ bury in the Reign of Qytcen'Elizabeth : He died An. id 15. At Hide, John Ail’d the Monk of Hide,- an.Hiftorian, who flourifh’d An. 1284. : Odiam hath its chief repute from the birth of William Lilly, the firft Mafter of Pauls School. He died of the Plague, and was buried in the Porch of St. Pauls Anna 1522, . ! Ilchefter i u €|}€#iefen£^£ate llchefter feems by its ruins to have been a-very eminent City of the Romans, and the principal of thefe parts m antient hi Wickham in this Shire was born the famous William thence firnamed oiWickam, Bilhop of Winchefier, who died An. 5 H. 4* At Okdey William Warham, Biihop nrit ot London, afterwards ArchbiQiop of Canter¬ bury in the Reign of King Henry the f . In the Ille oi Wight, Thomas James the chief, if not only Ornament of that Iiland, for eminence of Learning. Other famous men this Shire hath brought forth i Beavife of Southampton , w hofe ads of'Chivalrie had perhapsflood greater in real Hiftory, had they mot been % much falfified byRomantick dories. ■ Sir John Wallop, whofe valour and con- dud in Sea-affairs have kept his memory Richard Rich, Baron of Lees Abby.in Effex, and Lord Treafurer of England in the Reign of King Edward, the fixth, and Anceftor to the prefent Earls of Warwick. And for Learning, R.Sherhurn, Bilhop firft'of St. Davids, then of Chichefter, under King Henry the feventh. ■ John-White , Biihop firft of Lincoln, then of ^Winchefier , and accounted in his time Part 3. of ENGLAND. r6 > not the meaneft of Poets, who died about 1560. Thom# Bilfin Bifhop of Winchefier, who died about An. idl8. Michael Reneger. William Alton , a Dominican, who flou- riiht An. 1330. David Whitehead , who died An. 1571. Nicholas Fuller, who died An. 1626. Charles Butler , who died An. 1640. Thomas Sternhld , Groom of the Bed¬ chamber, firft to King Henry the .eighth, then to King Edward the fixth, who owes his fame in Poetry, not fo much to the Elegancy of Rhimes, as to the fortune of his having been one of the firft Tranf- lators of Davids Pfalms intoEngliih Me trej which by reafon they hapned to be gene¬ rally fung in Churches, have been ever fince preferred to feveral better Tranflati- In ' Bedfordshire , Bedford the County Town hath to its coft been the Scence of much adlion in the Civil Wars, between King [ Stephen and the Emprefs Maud j it ftiffer’d much havock and devaftation, and afterwards fell into the hands of the Ba¬ rons in their Wars againft King John ; And laftly,was rafd to the ground by King Henry 168 State Henry the third j but being rebuilt again, hath flourifhed ever fince in much tran¬ quility and, fplendour.. In a Chappel not far from this Town the Body of the great Mercian King Offa is faid to have been m- terr’d, concerning which there goes a pret¬ ty odd ftory, which it were pity to for¬ get, viz. that the Chappel being over¬ whelm’d by an Inundation of the River Oufe upon whofe banks it flood, the Lea¬ den indofer of King Offals body hath been often feen of thofe that dedin d the light, but never could be feen of thofe that fought to fee it. , , Dean in this Shire is eminent for the birth of Francis Dillingham ; a perfon of good note forlearning', as likewife . Laiton Buzzard for the birth of William Sclator. • ■ l Sandy was an ancient Roman Station by thenameofSe/aw j and • Dunflable ,another by the name of Magin- tmn however fome vainly-have deliver’d that it was built by King Henry the firft to reprefs the irifults 'of a notable flurdy Thief call’d Dun , and thereupon call’d Dunflable. This Town is moreover fignal- liz’d by the learned Author John firnamed hence of Dunflable. In Part3. of ENGLAND. % InSuffolk^ Ipfieh , qu.Gipfmcb, itoxoGipfa, isfaid to be the Founder thereof,, befides its flourifliing Eftate in (hipping-trade, goodly buildings, populaey of inhabitants, (though much harrafs’t in ancient times by the Danes) is particularly noted for the birth of that great Pageantry of Fortune Cardinal Woolfy , whofe father was a Butch¬ er of this Town. St. Edmundbury , a Town which feems to commence its Fame from the barbarous Murther of that Royal S c Edmund , King of, the Eajl-angles by the Danes j For the Ex¬ piation whereof Canutus ere&ed here, that Stately Monaffery which was once ac¬ counted the molt Rich and Magnificent of Europe. This place is alfo memorable for a Parliament here held in the Reign of King Henry the. fixth. Exning , the Birth-place of S f Audri } fi¬ tter to King Ina. KenWham, the place where Redmald the firft Chriftian King of the E ajt-angles kept his Court. Lidgat, a place chiefly memorable for the Birth of John , thence Simamed Lid- gate, one of the chief of our ancient Ea- Itjh 'Poets. H In H70 <=. In Hertfordjhire , S c Albans rais’d out of .the ruins of Old Vmdamium an ancient Homan ftation, is extoll’d not only for the .memory of that great Britijh Albania, and that moft (lately Monaftery .oefled by the Macm .King Offa but alfo .for two great battels here (ought, the hrft •on the 2i d of May Anno 1455, be¬ tween Richard Duke of -M, and King ,Henry the dth, in. which the K «?S ^s^- rfeatel' with the flaughter of the Duke of Somerfet , the Earl of Northumberland , and the Lord Clifford and Souldiers: the 2d. on the x 7 *k of Februa¬ ry Anno -1460. where King Henry mi his .Queen Margaret had the better adrift the Dukes of Norland Suffolk, and the Ear •of Arundel and Warmc% Nor is it to be omitted, that Sir John Mandevil, famous •for his Travels, had here his birth. _ . ,Barnet is not mor.e fam d for its rich Market and the.gfeat concouAito Wells, than for the me-mpry of 'that grand Viiftory gain’d, by King Edward the fourth • on an Eafter-day, being the 1# of April,- An. 1471 . againft the Earls of Warwick and(&M in which Field the great Earl of mwkk was flain. But had there been nO- *hms-elfe^e-give Fame to this Town, it u«.n mentinned for the Birth of John Part Of ENGLAND. 171 John Barnet , Bifhopfirft of Worcefter, then of Bath and Wells, laftly of Ely, and Lord Treafurer of England , in the,Reign ofKing Edward the $d. . Langly (commonly call’d Kings tangly')' is of repute in Hiftory, for the Birth of Prince, Edmund thence firnamed of Langly , fifth Son to King Edward the third, and the firft interment of King Richard the fecond, ,wliofc body was afterwards re¬ moved to Weftmtnfter. Nor much lefs Ab¬ bots Langly (fo is-- another Langly term’d that lyes Eafterly) for the birth of Nicholas Break^fpear, advanc’tto the See of Rome , by the name of Pope Adrian the fourth, a'mau of true Englijh mettal, and that would not bate an Ace of his Pontifical greatnefsi for he made the Emperour Fro-, derick hold his Stirrup the better to help him into the Saddle. Oifier near S { Albans is fuppofed by Cambden to have been the Camp of the Roman. Lieutenant Oftorm. Weathamftead qu, Wheathamftead , chiefly noted for the birth of John of Wethamftead , a profound Philofopher. Other places in Hertfordjhire noted for famous men. Ware, Lot Richard de Ware , Treafurer of England undjer Edward the firft, and Wil- H 3 Ham iji ' . . tode^i-ewho was Scot hi his Teacher, and flouriiht under King Henry the third ; Valdock fa Ralph BaUoc^ created Biihop. ©f London by King Edward the nrft. Rudburn, for ‘Ihotnas Rudburn Bifliop of. gt Davids, who flouriiht An, i4>9* r Helmjledbury, for Sit Edward Chancellour of theExc^er m Ireland m a G^“fa>WeC«'#». * Boa- Hamftead, for Daniel Dil{e. Corned , for Edward Sytnonds. Gorham-berry , for Sir Nicholas Nor may we here omit other eminent fj" of Queen Elizabeth, by whom he was^createef Baron of Hunfden, and Lord "to dka A 1227. Nicholas Gorham , who flouriiht 4 . Roger Hutchinfon. Thomas Cartwright, and 'SS'''ta" c i.ya»aE P ifto- pal See Norreick, feems to have f P IUD §J? 1 ] , of the ancient VtMQf the Romans, Part 5. Ot ENGLAND. 17? chiefly Famous for its Tufferings, having been fackt and burnt bythe Danes in the year 1004. And in the-C'onquerours time reduc’t to utmoft exigence for fidingwith Earl Radulpb againft the faid Km gWiUiam, The Cathedral was Founded by Herbert, who tranflating the Bilhoprick ftom Vba* fori to Norwich, was the firft Bilhop ol Norwich. , fhetford, the ancient Sitomagus of- the Homans, is a place of much remark for an¬ tiquity; It was the Royal Seat of the Kings- of the E Angles, and the unfortunate place where King Edmund the Martyr was overthrown by the Danes.lhe Bifhoprick. which is now of Norwich was translated from Elmham to fhetford, in the Reign of King William the Conquerour. Lyn, a Sea Port Town, was made Liber Thtrgus, and honoured with the gift of a rich-Cup by King John, and had their Charter inlarg’d by King.Henry the third;, for their good Service againft the Outlawed Barons, andin King Henry the eighths time other priviledges were added^nd the name changed from Lyn Epifcopi to Lyn Regis . Yarmouth boafts the antiquity of its foundation from the time of the Danes » , Elmham is confiderable for having beenr a Bilhops See for feveral'Ages,. firft divided H 3 withe m ®fje$?efettt State with "Dunwicb in Suffolk nest ible till it was tranflated to %betfird, thence to Nor- "toStftx the City Chicbefterh oafts the Foundation of Ciffa, the fecond King of the Soutb-Saxons , and had the Biiboprick tran¬ slated thither in King William the Con- tjuerours time from Selfey, which till then had been the Epifcopal See. Lems, aTown little if ought mfenour to ebicbefier , is fufficiently of name in Hiftory, as having been one of the places appointed by King Atbelftan, for the Coinage of his Mony,and for the ftr.ongCaftle built by Earl William de Wqnen. Here alfo ,was a bloody battel fought between K.ing : Hmj.the third and his Barons, ; in which the King teceiy d a cruel Overthrow. • • ! . Ftnfy, a little Sea Town but great .in Story, as the Landing place of King WiHiant- the Conquerour, when by one Victorious battle he gain’d theGrownof England, with the daughter of King Harold and his two Brothers, Leofmn and Gorob, and about <57000 men. ,. ,■ Raftings being the Town, near which this fuccefsful field was fought, hath got¬ ten to much the greyer name, and the very place of fight retains to this day the name of ,Banie-fteH>, _ , Wkc, p a rt 3 ; Of ENGLAND. m B ,M„d, a place infome refpeaoi a^ Mufes, richly indow d { i “be- iS ^Wtfdbjoltarstobeiongor.n- (ift^ on. Seat and denominating land from whom departing, She her Birth of Leral Learned Will* who died An. ija ^ ^idly Dr. of the Laws, whodied 1 ? K«W Park? whodied herein. 2 4; , E verm in this State gave B> * to TfcA Son of John Lord i?6 €Jje parent $tate Womfter, and Lord High Conftable of Eng¬ land. a Triplow is memorable by the Birth of Elias Rubens aWriter of grand repute, who flourifht An. 1266. Everden gave both Birth and Sirname to jobnEverfden another learned Writer. Of this County were alfo Matthew Fa- w, and Sir John Cheeky Tutor to King Ed- - W the fixth, and Richard Wetherjhct, who flourifht in the year J350. At Caxton was. born William thence Sir- mmed Caxton.tht firft Printer in England. tVisbick brought forth Richard. Hocloet a man eminent for Learning An. 1552. . Linton is. only note-worthy for the Birth ef R ichard Richardfon, one of the Tranfla- tours of the Bible, who deceas’t An. 1621. Milton^s ’tis generally believ’d,gave birth to Thomas Goad , a Writer of good note. Mildred brought forth Andrew Mervail Minifterof Hull , a Learned Father of a Learned and Witty Son, forfo was that An-, drew, who died but a few years fincei he was a lumber in the late long Parliament for theTown of fM,a man of very acute parts had he not fail’d in his afMion to the Go- yernment,as fev.eral of his Writings teffifie. Of this County were Michael Dalton t Learned Writer, and alfp Edward Norgate . In ; Part 3. Of E N G L A N D. 177 In HuntingtenShke, S c Neott fo call’d- from Neottts, a Holy and Learned man; is memorable for the defeat given to the Earl of Holland. by the Parliament Forces in the late Civil Wars, An. 1648. as alfo for be¬ ing thefiirth-place of t wo eminent men,wz.- Francis White Bifhop of Ely, and Hugh’ thence Sirnamed of S l Nects, who deceas’t- Anno 1340. ; Godmanchejier, (jit. Gomoncejier,{iota Gor~- mon the Vane, is concluded to have been th& : Old Vnrifiponte of the Romans , and fome- think from the nearnefs of the name,, the, fame with Gunicefler, wher eMacutus KadTiis-; Bilhoprick. A-t this G'odmancheller was born, a- man who made too muchnoifein the worldi to be forgotten, Stephen Marjhal , one of the. chief.of tho'fe Zealous Trumpetters of the, late times, who from the Pulpit ftirr’d up.’ to War and Bloodlhed in the.Name.of the. Lord, At.S '-Ives was born: Roger thence Sir-- nairfd of S* Ives, who flourilht An. 1420,-. At Cnnnington thelearned Antiquary,Sirr Robert Cotton ^Moreover from Huntington the. Capital place of this Shire, fprung two ve¬ ry famous men. Gregory of Hiintisigton^who^ died^n. 1 610„., and Henry oF Huntington, renowned for his, Hiilory, who.flourifh’t An. 1248-. h.% Othesv Other Celebrated men,of this Shire were , P^iJliam Whitlefey^ Archdeacon of Hunting- ton, who died An. 1375. Henry Saltry, who flourifllt 1740. William Ramfcy, a famous Poet., ‘Jqhn Img) and John White. In Wiltjhire , Wilton the Denominating and once the.Principal Town, of the Shire, is fo much the more notable a. place by how,', much the.,more defpicable it now appears,. as. a Grange example of the various turns . of fortune, and mutations of human affairs, , Having only the name left of a Marker Town, elfe but a pitiful Village, (confiding of one only. Pariih Church,) which is faid. so have been a Town of about feventeen or eighteen Parilh;Churches, and having, ah'Memorial or Monument of antiquity, which hath been the Theater of fo ma-. siy grand Tranfadiions. Here Egbert the Wejifaxon. and at laft Sole Monarch of the Englitji) encountred Ber.mtlf, King of Menial, atjd .flew him in Battle; but in this very. place he afterwards received a terrible over- . throw from the Danes. At Edindon King Alfred, gave the Danes . a very notable defeat., Bradford:k memoris’d for a bloody Bat- ■ ' tie. Part 3. Of’ E N G L A'ND. 179 tie fought between two great Competitors ■ ip the Saxon Heptarchy. A tWoodensbnryAn. 5po. Cbeaultn King of the Weft-Saxons encountring the Britains who joyn’d with his Nephew Cealrick^ was • put to flight, and his Son Cutb flain. ■ Here alfo In'a the Weft-Saxon fought - with Ceolred the Mercian. Old Sarum was a place made choice of by-the Roraafl-f for a ftrong encamped ha¬ bitation^ by the ruins thereof at this day - appears. Here the Bretains receiv’d a fa- • tal overthrow from K'mrick^ the Saxon, be- - fides what fpoil was afterwards done by. Cqnutus. Cain is famous for that great Aflembly, . which put an end to the controverfy about: theMarriageofPrieftSjby ieafon of a difafter ' which happened bythe fall of the Room, to > thedeftrudiion offeveial people of all forts. ■ Brokenbridge and Cojbam, places .doubly famous in Hiftory. Firft, as-having beer) 1 ancient Roman Seats, next, as the Courts of : fome of the Saxon Kings. Crek^lade, memorable for the Fame of an > Univerfity (aid to have been anciently here- erected,and from hence removed to OxfordJ Mslmsburytffi.Maidtttybsburyy from Mai- - dulpbu;, a perfoo of renown both for Sandti- ty and Learnings is uo lefs . memorable for the.: the famous Monafrery there ereded by the fa id Maidulplms, then for the birth of two great men- viz. William , thence firnamed ofMalmesbury, a Celebrated Hiftorian, and ; ‘Ihomas Hobbes of this prefent Age,and but- a few years fince deceaft, a mart of much: learning and more cunning Sophiftry, for the maintenance of thofe principles he. maintained thereby. In Dorfctfhire, Dorchejler the chief Town only boafts’of fome antiquity, as.from the. 1 Ionian name V'tnmvaria, Badbury was anciently tjie.Gourtof the Wefi-Saxon Kings; At Gem, Aufiin bjokedown the Idol of the SaxonGod Hell. Shafts bury is fam’d' for; the Hiflory of the Prophelying Eagle, moft probably a. man whofe name,was Aqmla, Here was. enterr’d- the Body of Edward the Son of Edgar, MUrthered by his Mothei-in-Law at Gorfe Caftle. At Wmburn-Miifer, built by Cuthburga, Wife in fecond Marriage to a King of Nor- . tbumberland,the Body of King Ethelred was buried. Shirbarn was an Epifcopal See for a. long time, iu the Cathedral whereof were buried the bodies of King E tbelbald and ; King^ Eihlberu. " - ' In: Fart 3. of E N G L A N D. i$v ' In Somerfetjhire the principal place is the City of Bath, Brit. A^amsncejier, hat. Aqua' foils & Badtjfa, very famous and much fre¬ quented for its hot Bathing Springs, which our old Britijh Traditions will-have to be- the invention of Bladuft an ancient Britijb. King. Bdtb and. Wells joyntly together make one Bilhoprick. Wells is principally efteem’ d'for- itsCa- thedral, which is faid to have beenbuilt by Inas King-of the Weft-Saxons,. Pen now a fmall Village is memoris’d for; a great overthrow given to the Britainsby KenwaldKing of the Weft-Saxons^ and after¬ wards to the Danes by K. Edmund Imfide; Bridgewater is otherwife a Town of very good mote, and of memory fora notable de¬ feat given here to the Danes by Ealftan Bp fliop of Shirburn^ An. 845. Glaftonbury , Avalo'nia^. is principally re- ■ howned for itsMonaftery, deliver’d to have-' been founded by Jofepb of Arimatbea^ the - hrft Preacherfas fome Writers affirm) of the Gofpel in this liland. In the Church-yard; of Glaftonbury in King Henry the fecond’s; Reign, was found aCorps of a large demen-.- fion, which by feveral circumftances was... concluded to be the Body of King Arthur,. _ Cadbury is recordable for the defeat, given by Kin g Attbur to-the EngUJb-Saxons, Banefi'- iS 2 S>tate Eanefdorm (Mans Baddnicus ) is a place re- nown’d for feveral other of King Arthurs Victories, and where King Alfred over¬ threw the Vanes, and brought Gorrum to- the Sacred Font. . Camalet a fteep Hill, was doubtlefs fomc Fort or Encampment of the Romans ,as ap¬ pears by the Coins there founds moreover on the top thereof there remains to this day the Feftigia of feme noble Caftle, which is faid to have been a Palace of King Arthur. This Town fome Writers have placed in CornmL ; Ilchefter appears alfo by the like demon- foation t,o have been a Ration of the Ro- njans n and is ftill of that repute, that it is the chief place of Gaol-delivery for the. County,. In Oxfirdfhm^xford befides the glory of its famous Univerfity, and the Magni¬ ficence of its Stately Colledges ; Here fiiore frequent Parliaments have been call’d ■ thpnjn any place of- England next to W?Jl- - twirt/fer, and particularly the laft. Parliament call’d by his prefent Majefty, and held here'in March, , i<58i. Here Maud the-- Emprefs was befieg’d by King Stephen , and with great difficulty made her. efcape in a difguife by. night., and got ever the Ihames. - Part3. «tf'EN.G-LAND, 1% Thames on the Ice. This place his late Ma- jefty King Charles the firif made his chief Head Quarters, during the gteateft part of the Civil War between him and the Par¬ liament, till the City was taken by Sir 2 /h>- ms. Fairfax, General of.the Rebels Forces. If is moreover famous for beingthe birth¬ place of that Martial Prince King Richard the firfi, iirnamed Crnr de Lyon. Woodjiock, befides that it hath been an¬ ciently a {lately Palace belonging to the Kings of England , claims a particular place in the took of Fame upon feverat accounts. In the firft place here it was that King Henry the fecorid built a fumptuous Bower for his ?anmo\it B.ofamund Clifford, who for her Angular beauty and in alhifion to her .name, was ftyl’dRc/i Mrndi. Next, it was the Birth-place of Edward the Black . Prince, laftly,. in the Town of Woodfoc\ was brought up and educated that moft re¬ nowned of Engljfl} Poets Sir Geaffry. Chaucer. If ip cannot be forgotten, fo long as the memory of King Edward the Confeflour Ms, who was here born. In Glocejlerjhire theCity of Glocefter(Gle° - mm , Colonia Glenum) eminent for its Cathe¬ dral, of which more elfeivhere. is alfo not oto- 184 .- ebfcure inHiftory. HereEarl to,Brother to the Emprefs Maud, was kept pnfoner forfome time)-,but.much more.famous, (it we may not fay infamous) was the keeping , of this City by the Parliament-Forces un- der.Collonel M# againft his late Majefty. King Charles the Firft, and the great Battle here fought for the railing of the Siege. It was won from the Britem by Chew- lin, King of the Weft-Saxons., din.^o.BtK a Monaftery of Nuns was. founded by. 7Jru King of Northumberland, of which_three Queens of the Mercians were fucceffively Prioreffes, viz. Kmburg,Eadbur g M Eve. Here was born Robert called the Monk of Glocefier, who flourifh’d under Hc«rythefe- condj.and alfo Osbernus firnamd Claude- ms, a Benedidine Monk. ,. ■ - Aim Ifle, a place near ..Gtejfoy where af-r ter feveral bloody,Battles between King. Edmund Imfide an A'Canuius the Dane, the matter was at laft decided between them by fingle combat, and- a divifton of the King¬ dom made. Cimeefier, or .Circejier, a place of memo¬ rable note, as won from the Brttams by Cheulin the Wefi- Saxon', this City is doubt- kfs Ttolmks Corimum, Antonines Durocor- novtum,&Giraldus huVrbsTaJferum, which, hjlt denomination, it. takes from a .tradition. Part3, Of ENGLAND. 185 of one Gumttnd an African Tyrant who fet it on fire, by tying to the tails of Sparrows certain combuftible matter which he put fire to. It was won from the Britains by Cheulen King of the Weft-Saxons, next pof- fcfs’t by the Mercians , laftly by theDanes un¬ der Gumttnd , An. S7 p. But that which is to be faid greateft of this for it’s antiquity and remark is that, that it was anciently one of the principal refidenciesof the Romans fry whom it had been rais’d to a high pitch of magnificence and grandure. At Cicejler was born Thomas Ruthal , Bi- flipp of Durham* At Duresby , E d». Fox Bifhopof Hereford. At Cam near Duresby , Edward Trotman Judge of the CommorvLaw,. who was bu¬ ried in the Temple Church 3 %'the An. 1^43. At Todington, Richard Son to Sir William Tracy , who flourifh’d under King Henry the fecond. This Richard wrote ; a Book entit¬ led Preparatio ad Crucem, of much efieem in thofe times. At Tate^ Thomas Neal Chanter to Bilhop Bonner, he was eminent for Learning and flourilh’d, 1576. At Wejlbuiy , John Carpenter. Bilhop of Worcefier. At Sttdely Caftle Ralph Lord Sude- & i8 6 latent ©tatr ly. Lord Treafurer and Knight of the Gar¬ ter under Henry the fixth. Other Noted men of this Shire were Tideman de WindkcMb, the Kings PhyiUian,- Abbot of Bra/f, Eifhop firftof Landaff, af¬ terwards of Wonder. John Cbedrvorfb^ Bifliop of Lincoln . Anthony Fitz-Herberh] udge of the Com¬ mon Pleas. , Tr . Thomas de la Mm ,Knighted by King Ed- the firftj he wrote the Charadfer ot King Edward the fecond, a Manufcriptnow in Oxford Library. Sir Thomas Overbury, Son to Sir Nicholas. William lister, Vice-Admiral of England ■under 'Queen Elizabeth. John 'Sprint, John Workman, and Richard £aptl. ' Tewkjbttry-field gave a very fatal blow to 'the Houfeof Lancafter, An. 1471. in which Prince Edvard-was (lain, and Queen Mar¬ garet taken Prifoner, together with the Dukeuf Somerfet,the Earl of P mnjhire, and others who were beheaded. Here was born the famous Alan of Tewksbury, who flou- riflf’d under King John. Hales, a once flourilhing 4%,but chiefly to be remembred for the birth of Alexan-- derde Halesfimmti Dr .Irrefregabilis, who died^«. 1245,. In Part 3. Of ENGLAND. 187 In Worcefterjhire, Worcejler the chief City, is quefiionlels the ancient Brdmonium oiAn¬ toninus and ftolomie , though fince call’d by the Latins Vigornea, and by the Britains Cats Wrangon fome think it to have been built by the Romans for a bound to the'Bn- tains.The Cathedral of S‘ Mary in Worcefter, befides the fame of itsState andBeauty,is the Repofitcry of the Bodies of King John, and Prince Arthur, Eldeft Son to Kingffenrji the feventh. But that which gives greateft re¬ nown to this City, is the memory of the 'happy prefervation of his prefent Majefty, from being taken at the fatal Battle of [Worcefier, where the great '.Gallantry and ‘Valour of His Majefty and his Party was utterly overpowf’d by the .treble f9sc.es of the'Ufurpers. ' ' htTLverjbam, In- 1265I King Henry the third gain’d a moft triumphant Vidfory 0- ver hisBarons, with the flaughter of Simon Montford: and feventeen Lords, and the takine of Humphry Bobm Prifoner. In- Herefordshire the City of Hereford, be¬ fides that it is the Principal City, an Epif- copal See, and noted for its Cathedral, is r 3.1fp memorable for the birth of Adam de ■ 0 ric(o«BiIhop of Hereford, Roger of Here¬ ford 'a-'Writer of Agronomy > who flou- rifti’d. 188 patent ©tate rilh’d under Henry the fecond, An. 1170. John Davies of good repute for Poetry. And alfo Charles Smith Bifliop of Glocefier, in the reign of King James. Bradwardin Caftle gave both birth and firname to that I homas de Bradrvardin Arch- Bifhop of Canterbury , who for his deep knowledge in ‘Theologie^znd skilful manage¬ ment of Deputations, is (tiled the profound Doftor. , At AJhperton was born John Grandtjon, Bifhop of Exeter. • Other memorable perfons of this Shire were Robert Devereux Earl of EJfeXj great in deeds of Arms, and. a. perfon of great 'po wer. , and f avour Mo**. » jfL broughttbati untimely end. ‘ _ ‘' "Richard Hackfuii , whofe Book of Voya- ges.is of good repute among the ftudious in Geography and Hiftory. . William Lemfter, a Francifcan and learn¬ ed Dodtor. . John Guillam the noted Herald, whole Syftemeof Heraldry is accounted the beft that hath been written of this Subjedk In Sbropfhire befides Shrewsbury the County Town, a noted Mart for Cloth and Frizes brought hither from fFalesznd fent Part ®f E N G L A N D. i% ferit to London and other parts of England > there are yery remarkable ruins of forne ancient places which were certainly Towns or Cities of great fpendour or refort, as Wrocckgfier Vriconinm , the ancient Vfoconia, ofwhich Obgnyate is a fmall remainder. : Ofivaldfiree retains its name from Of- wald the 11 th King of Northumberland, who was here ilain.in battel, by Penda King of the Mercians. . In Stafordjhire the County Town Staf¬ ford, anciently Bitheny , from Bertelin a holy man, is faid to have been built byKing Er/- mrdtht Elder, and was made a Corpora¬ tion by'King John. Tammrtb > was doubtlefs anciently a- place of more fpendour. and amplitude than at prefent, for here the Mercian Kings • for a long time kept their Court. Litchfield though not the County Town, is yet the moil eminent place.of the.Coun-. ; ty,as_ being. aCity andEpifcopal See joyntly With Coventry , the chief Church' and now Cathedral, was built by the Northumbrian ' King Ofrnn, upon theConqueil he gain’d; over the Pagan Mercians', and here Wttlferre and Celred were interr’di it J was for fome-- time an Arch-bifhoprick by the means of'' KingO/^ at the requeilof Biihop'fi^^. - i 9 o leCent State At Bkrebeatb, in this County,a.cruel bat¬ tel was fought between the two.Houfes of Tor^and Lancafier, in which there felLon the Duke ofTor^siide. Sir Hugh Venables, ■ Sir, William tmvtbec, Sir Richard' Molliimx, and Sir J.Egerton, &c. with 2400, andthe two Sons taken prifoners of: the Earl of Salisbury, General of the lorkifts. In Darbyjhire befides Derby theCounty ; town there are memorable; ; Ripton, Ripandwmm, where, was interr’d Etbelbald,the p th King of the Mercians,veho wasflain at.Egi/WWbyhis Subjefts, and. w.h.ence Burthred' the.laft, King;was exr, pell’d* by the Vanes with bis Queen .^sthely, J?itk- f ; ; (' ; ;• ./ xV . htMdburn John D.of Bourbcn taken at. ‘jgia Gour.tjtwa? kept prifqner. ; . . , f . Little CMer, an, ancient Colony of the. Romans, as ; appears by \yhat Coins, have l^en digg’4 ;up thereabout.. I'iv^dtini^S'hre, ^Cjipnty.Tb^^ tiyghWs .hath'not,wanted its (hare, in.the-v grand renpounters that have been-in this; Nation-, the Caftie hereof was kept by the. Danes againft ^Mercian King tfurtbred,, and: ajfo againft, the EnglijbSaxm MonarchSj Elt hkd z^iAlfred. ■ Part 3. Of ENGL A N D. 191 At. Nirvarh, in this County, King 'Jehn who was poyfon’d a tSmnjied Abby } is faid- to have drawn his lait breath. AtStohg near Newark Lambert .SymneFs party was utterly defeated, and his uphol¬ ders John de la Foal Earl of Lincoln, Thomas Garadine Chancellour of Ireland , Fr. Lord Level and others wereflain with 4000 . of .their men, and he himfelf. taken, prifoner, June 16^, An. 1487. At Mansfield.was horn the firfl Earl of Mansfield in Germany, one.of the Knights of King Arthurs Round Table. In Warwickshire, tht Town of Warwicks fufficiently fam’d in ftoty. over and above what is related ofGuyofWarwickznd his great ;adventures, and above all things the antiquity.of .the foundation is .remarks*, ble, if, as.the traditiongoes,it were'butlt by; Gummnts,y 7 5 years before the Nativity .of qur Saviour,however theCaftle; looks great, and favours much of Antiquity*' , v Coventry , being jo.yntly; oriel Bifhopriek 1 with: Leichfield, is.memorable,hefides the? beauty of the brave afirori ofGonntefsG?-. diva (the wife of [Leofricfy the firfl Lord , thereof) well known . in Hiftory. One of; theGates of this City is call’d Gate,., which is themoreinotable. hyitthe Shield- €l)e pjeCettt State bone of fpme very large beaft, fome fay a wild Bore, fiain by Guy of Warwick, fome fay m Elephant, with the fnout whereof a pit was turn’d up, which is now Svnanes. Meat. hlBacklotv-hill in this County, Pierce Ga- vefion was taken and beheaded by a party of the Nobles. At Wolny, An. 14^. King Edward the fourth his Forces were difcomfited by his brother George Duke of Clarence, and Ri¬ chard Earl of Warwick and the King him- felf taken prifoner. In Northamptonshire, the County Town Northampton hath been the Subject of many warlike bronts, An. 11 06. it fuffered much by the contefts of the Conquerours thiee Son s,Robert, William and Henry, An. 126}. being held by the Barons againft King Hen¬ ry the thirdi it was taken by furprizeand the Walls thrown down, An. 1459. King Henry the fixth was here: taken prifoner by the'Earl of Warwick and March, with the {laughter of Humphry .Stafford Duke of Buckingham, John Talbot Earl of Shrewsbu¬ ry, tbe Lords Egremont and Beaumont > but thegreateft misfortune that e’re befel this Town was in this our Age, via. An. 1675. whenby an accidental Fire it was almoft.all r,- burnt fartg. of ENGLAND. 193 burnt down to the ground, yet lay it not long buried in ruin, for it was immediately rebuilt and now appears in far greater fplem- dour then ever. Here Earl Rivers, Father to Edmrd the fourth’s Queen taken a tGraf- ton, was beheaded by Robin oiRifdal, toge*-, ther with his fon John. Higbam Ferrers in thisCounty hath been honour’d with the birth of a very great Pre¬ late of this'Nation, viz. Henry Cbicbly, Cardi¬ nal and Arch-bi(bop of Canterbury in the Reign of King Henry the fixth. This Cbicbly ms the founder of All-Souls Col- ledge in Oxford. Edgecot is fignalis’d by a bloody battle fought near it on D fines More, July the 26^ An, i&6$, h'] Rob'tnd Rifdalmd Sir John Centers, againft WillkmHerbertEax] of Pem¬ broke who, together with his Brother -Richard, the Lord Rivers, the. Queens Bro¬ ther and Richard Woodvil, were taken prifoners, eatriedto B anbwy, and beheaded v. At.FoikwgbayOi&k : Mary Queen of fiepts-was kept-: a long: time .prifoner and yyas at laft beheaded. -i ■ In Leiiejrrjhire, Leicejler the County To Wn is principally famous by the tradition tif its having been built by,Kifigh«i', great in ; theCatalogue oLm:\mt,RntiJb Kings, qiti Leir-cefier. I Eut- %94 $W$ent State ' • Lutterworth in this County ows its chief •credit to the famous John Wickjeff, who was Paifon of this place in the reign of King Henry the 4th. Bofworth , aTown of no great note but for the memory of a moft fignal battle fought near it oi)Kedetnore,Augujl 22^ 1485* which r put an end to all Controverfies between the twohoufes of Tork and Lancajler , and in which fell that moft Tyrannical of Englijh ■Kings Richard the third, with four thoufand ■of his men, and fome fay, though we are -not bound to believe it, with the lofs but of ten men on the Earl of Richmonds fide. ' 'Cleycefter of which there are now' fcarce any ruins remaining, was once a famous City in the Weft part of this Shire, and by the Romans call’d Bennom. : JnRutlandJhire fome mention, as clofe ad- ■joyning, though generally affirm’d to be fi- tuate rather in Lincolnjhire , the Town of Stanford for the reputation 6f an ancient •Univerfity, and faid to have. been founded by that Ancient Britifh King Bladud, who found out the vertue of the Bath-Waters. " In Lincolnjhire, Lincoln the chief Town and only City of this Shire, is not only e- Hiinent for its antiquity, and for that it .was once icounted one of the chiefeft and Part'*. Of ENGLAND. *95 lithe beft traded Cities of England , and made by KingE dtvard the third, the chief Mart for Lead, Wool, and Leather : But al- fofor agreait battle-fought by Randolph Earl of Chefler, and Robert Earl of Glocejler againft King Stephen, who was here taken prifoner, as alfo for the fuccefs of King ■Henry the third, who won it from the Ba¬ rons, it is Laid to have had once fifty Parifli ■Churches. ' Wainfleet had been doubtlefs a place of ■little note,but for the birth of William Wain- fleet Bifliop of Wincbefter, who living in the reign of King Henry the fixtb, with whom he was great in favour, built here a Free- School, and founded Magdalen-Colkd^e in Oxfor.d*^'- . -t. • ■ : Grzwr/yi likewife though an ancieflt Mar¬ ket Town, hath its chiefcft repute from its being the Birth-place of Dr. : Wbitgift Atch- bilhop of Canterbury in the reign of King •James* ■ ' ■• '•■■■A .1 Buliingbrool^ls cnobled by the memory of the Birth of King Edward the firft,'and King Henry the fourth. • Swines (lead Abby, the place where King John received from the hands of Simon a Monk thereof, that baleful potion that gave him his end at: Lincoln. .-.■.Harftill laments the death of that mir- ’ I 2 rour Cfjef^efentBtate snour of that Conjugal love Queen Eleanor , ■the wife of King Edward the firft. In the North-Riding of Yorkshire, York the chief of this Shire, and fecond Gity of England , was a Colony of the Romans , and a place of great account among them, and ever fince to this day a fplendid and flourilh- ing City; feveral Emperouts here kept their Court, and particularly Severn: hid a Pa¬ lace here in which he breathed his laft. Here alfo Conftantius CbldrUs, the Father of Confiantine the Great, is faid to have depar¬ ted this life; nor does the death of thefe two Emperouts more ennoble this Place, than theBirth oftbeiearned Almnjivho was Tu- tour to the Emperour Charles the Great. Some write that it was firft made an Epifco- pal;See,By theEmperour Conflatttius, but ^hisjs.more certain, that it was made an Arehbiflloprick in the year of Our lord 6 z 5. - At Leeds in the' Weft-Riding, Ofivye King of Northumberland encountred. the u- ftited Forces, of Ethelbald, Son of Ofwald King of Northumberland , E tbelhert King of the Eaft-Angles , and Penda King of the Mercians,to all whomhegave a mighty de¬ feat ; flew Penda and Ethelbert , and put E- thelb.ald to flight. Selby, a town of good trade and refort, but part 5. of ENGLAND. t$p_ but mod memorable for the birth of King Henry the firftj this is by fome accounted in Lincoln[hire. Warfield is a Town not more confidera- ble for its Cloathing, than for the memo¬ ry of a great battle fought between the. Houfes of Tor^and Lancafter, befides a de¬ feat given in the late Civil Wars to the Earl of Newcastle* Forces by Sir Thomas* Fairfax. ' . Tomfret Gaftle was built by Hildebert do Lacy-, zNorman. ' . Hallyfax qx. Holy Hair anciently Horton, the birth-place of Joannes de Saerobofco. Rotherm chiefly boafts in the birth of Thomas of Rotheram Archbifhop of Fork. In the Eaft-Riding Stanford Bridge from the battle there fought, commonly called Battle-Bridge. Drifeld is remembred by the Tomb of Alfred King of Northumberland here bu¬ ried. Beverly though a Town of flouridling- trade, is yet more fame-worthy, as the lad retirement and place of deceafe of the- Learned John Archbilhop of Fork in the Reign of Ofmck^An. 721. who was thence firnamed Johnde Beverly. Nmborough Abby gives fame.to it felf by 1 3 giving’, giving name to that Old Etiglijh Hiftorian- WilBam of Newborougb. Kingflon upon Hull , befides the repute of its Trade and Merchandife, is honour’d with the fame of being- buil't by King Ed¬ ward the firft, nor are there wanting who'. will add the reputation of Andrew Mervail '■ a Burgefs of -this place, of whom- elfe* svhere. Exeter in D evonjhire is both of fufficient - antiquity, for the Gaftle call’d Kugemont, was once the Palace of the Weft-Saxon - Kings, and' afterwards of the Earls of Com- wal, and the Walls and Cathedral were' / built by King Athtl(lan\ and alfo memora¬ ble for fev-eral tranfa&ionshere- was born- that mofi renowned Latin Poet of England, jfofepbtis fence firnamed Jfcanus, or Jofepb of- Exeter. At Plimoutb , that great Honour of Eng- landE or Sea affairs. Sir Francis Drake took- Shipping for the Circum-navigation of the • World An. 1577. Tcignmou-tb is noted for the place of the Danes firft arrival in England. Habblefion , the Burial place of Httbba the Dane. Crediton the ancient Epifcopal See of this-. County till-it was removed to Exeter. ; Ca- Part 3. Of E N G L A HD. vpp. ■ Camelford in Cornmal is guefs’d by thofe pieces of Armour that have been digged up thereabout,- to have been the place of Bat¬ tel where Mordred was flain, and where King Artbttft received his. mortal-wound. Tmtagel Cable gave birth to this great Miracle of Britijh Valour, King Arthur. ;. At Cafile Denis the Ruins- of thofe Trenches are yet to be feen where the Danes encamped at their firft Inrafion of this Land-. At ,Caradoc was born John- Tnvifa, a learned Writer j who died, Anno r400. St. Germains, a place chiefly fame-wor¬ thy for having been an ancient Epifcopal- See. • . At *imoe was Born John Arundel, a : re¬ nowned Sea-man ini the Reign of King. Henry the Eighth. . Bodmin, -the next place to which the Bi- fliop’s Chair was -removed j from whence it was tranilated by KingE dteard the Con-- feflfor,- to 'Exeter, where it hath remained; ever finee. - ■ iiThis County hath brought forth feveral learned men, viz. . Hucarim fimamed the Levitei who flou- riihed, Anno 1040. . Simon 'Ihurmy ^v/ho flouriflied, Anno ■ I' 4- Johm - 2oa Cfiep?efent ©tate John■, Sir-named of Cornwl j who flou- liihed, Anno 1170. Michael Blamipain > who flouri(bed 3 Anna 1350. Godfrey ■, Sir-named of CornmJL In NORTHUMBERLAND, a t a place called Otterhurn, a great Field was fought between, the E nglifb and Scots. Almic\\s of note for the.mighty Victo¬ ry which ihe Englifh here gained over.the Scots i and for that the Earls of Northum¬ berland in ancient times here kept theis Court. ; , . Etnildm brought, forth that, great,Corn tradition of his own name for Niceties of Wit ; and Subtilties in School-Ehilafophy. Dms Sir-named Scorn, ■■ "" In the Weftern parts of NorhhmbefUnA -are; yet to be feen forne parts of the Bids Wall.. . ..In. WE S.TMQR LAND, The Abal- laba of Antoninus is thought to haveheema place of very great note in the time of the Romans, by the antique Roman Coins that have been there found in digging, and the llation of the Anrelian Mattress and it is fiiU.fo.eonfckrable, that the Gaflle thereof .: -is Part 5. of E N'G E A N D. 20* is the place where the Affizes for the Courj^ ty are kept. Burgh or Burgh mdet Staimore, isun- doubtedly the Ruins of an eminent Town,,, which was called Fertew, and where a Ro- . man Commander, in the declining time ofi the Empire, is faid to have kept his ftation a . with a Band of Dire&ores. Amblefide (Amboglana) not far from # 7 - tiander Meer , is judged the Ruins of fome. famous City of Roman foundation or im~- provement, both by the paved'ways that lead to it, and the Coins of Romm: Stamp' oft digged tip there.. In CV MBERLANV, Carlijlef guvallum. , or Leticopbibia- of Blolomie ).if not illuflrious in its Original, for it is delive¬ red to have been built by that Lett, who is- great in the Catalogued Britijb- Kings i- was, at lead, a flourilhing City under the Romans i and being demoliflied by the Pitt x, and utterly ruined by the Dianes^ was-re— flored by King William Rufus (who alfflf built there a Caftle:) and by. King Henry;. the Firft made a Bifhop’s See.. The Biflioprick of DVRHAM: gained: that Title and Privilege by the great fame'.- and renown of St. Cntbberr, for the inter* 1. ' meat: tEMPiefcnfcState- ment of whom the Cathedral of Durham- was fir ft built by Biihop Aldmn y and af- terwa'rds pulled down, and rebuilt by Bi- fliop Carelepb. The Tomb of thisadored, Saint was vifited.with great devotion by King Epfred, Alfred , Danifli Gtttbrun, Ed¬ ward and Athelftan :This City was by King William the Conqueror, railed to a County, Palatine. There is-a place called Gallile in the Weft, end of the Church, where is to be feen the, Tomb of Venerable.lWtf. . Eincbefter (Benovium) by the Coins there digged up, feems to have been a place of great account among the Romans. So like- wife, Cbefter in the Street (Condercum.) . At Nevil’s Crofs near Durham , the Scots, were defeated by Qyeen Philippa, Wife to. King Edward the Fjrft, by the Conduit of the Fords Pkrcy, Moubray -and NeviL . In LANCASHIRE, Lancafer, the County-Town, gives Title of Family from fobn of Gaunt-,. Duke of Lancafler, to four Henries , Kings of England, viz., Henry the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh. • Manchefter, Maneunium, an ancient Fort and. Station of the Romans Part 3, Of ENGL A ND. 203,: Rible-Cbefter, from R bibel, a little Brook' near. Clitbero, a Town of Antiquity and. Station of the: Romans, as appears by the' pieces of Coin and' Statues there found.. But that which renders it moll: of memory is, that it hath been reported the richeft; Town of Cbriftendom. ' Near VugLts, a fmall Brook not far from, the Town of Wiggin, King Arthur is faid 1- -. By Ninhtf to have-put the Saxons to flight. At Billangbo, Anno 789. Duke Wide was - -; put to flight by Ardulpb King of Nortbim-. ■ krland. In CHESHIRE, CBtfter is famous in many refpefts i as, for its Minfler, for its Entertainment of. King Atb 0 an y .who hence fetting forth in a Barge upon the Ri¬ ver Pee, was rowed by Kennadii King of t-hO ' Scots, Malcolm King of Cumberland, Macon ■ King of Man, and feveral Princes of Wales .. By being made fo great a Principality ,by the Inveftiture of 'Hugh Lupw, by King , William the Conqueror. The Minfler of this - City was built by Earl’ Leofric to the Ho¬ nour of St. Werburga, repaired byHugB > Earl of CbelleK And' in this Minfler was - buried .the. Body of Henry the Fourth, Eok- peror of Germany,. 2©4;- Cfjepie&ttt&tatE: At Calvely was born Sir Hugh Calvely, a Soldier of great fame in the Reign of King Er&rwi the Third, As likewise wasSirRo- fart Knotplesoi this Shire. Edefton gave Birth to fbomaS) thence Sir- mmed Edejlon.. Bmbnry is noted by the birth of Robert Mrajfy y who died, Anno 1558. W’renbury bozds oi George Bating another- learned Writer.. . . • ' k Moreover, the World owes to this Shire feveral other-great men >. wz. Sir Thomos- Egerton, Lord Keeper, Anno 1596. Sir. IBmphrey Starkly Sit: Henry Brtfd(haip> Sir Randal Crete, and Sir HmphreyVavenpiirt j allgrand Pillars of the Law.. Ralph Ratcliff.> a perfon eminent for Learning.: and. Cap? tairi John-Smithy the firft fet-ler of the Plan¬ tation of Rewr England, in the Reign of King, In f tLNff.SHIRE ,.The Caftle of flint » which was fonndcd by. King Henry ithe. Second, and finiikd by King Edward- the Firft, gave Reception to King Richard the Second- when he came, out of Ireland, . In. V EUBtS-HIR E, Daily, was■ walled about, and fortified with a Caftle ify.He/ny Lacy Earl of •Lincoln, in the Reign. !9^M% Rdmrd the F.irlk la. fart 3. Of E N G l A N D. 20^ In CAERNARFONSHIRE, Caernarvon is memorable., as having, been railed by KingR the Ruins of that aneient Ci- - ty. which is called by Antomne , Segontium- and by Ninius, Caer-Cufienith ; and where/ as Matthew JFeftmmjlerreports, was found the Body of Conjlantm, the Father of Con^ flantine the Great, Anno 12.83. ■ , In MERIONETHSHIRE, the princi- pal Town Harlech is. only worth memory^ for its ftately Caftk. In CARDIGANSHIRE,. Cardigan the Shire-Town was walled about, and fortifi¬ ed with a.Cafile by Gilbert, de Clare, who;, was Lord of the whole Comity by t he Gift of King Henry- the Firft.. In BRECKNOCKSHIRE h HayAs. ^- membred, by its.Ruins, to have been once a place of Account j for it is reported, ip: Hiftory.to have be,en ruined and demolifli- ; ed in the Rebellion of Owen Glendotsr. It: is. judged by theCoins there foundto have- been an ancient Seat of the Romansi Bealt ('Smith), the. Bulettm Silurum of holomy is famed as the Seat of Aurelius Am*■ hefe , who poffeffed.the. whole Country,. ' ‘ andi no6. -CJepieftttt.(State. and after gave it to Pafcentim , Son of Vortiger. And likewife for . the laft Prince of the Britam> who was here by Treachery. fiain. But Brecknock, being now the faireft Town of the Shire, carries .the Name, and" Primacy. - Ih.CAERMARDENSHIRE, Cdermar- den, the Shire-Town, the Maridmum of Ptolomy and Muridunum of A'ntonine is nor fo. note-worthy for its large Calile and ffrong Wall, as for being the Birth-place of that moft famous old BritiJKto give him- the moft favourable Title) Prophet, Merlih.- In GLAMORGANSHIRE , The chief Town, and Epifcopal See, Landaff, with its Caftle and'Cathedrai,' is not fo famous as the town of Caerdiff i as haying been the Seat and Refidence of that renowned Fitz-Hatnmond and his Norman Knights j who, after the Conqueft of Rbefus Prince of Wales, kept here his Court in the Reign of William Ruftit, and builthere a ftrong Caftle, in the Hall whereof are. yet to be feentheEnfigns of the faid Fifz-Hammond and' his Knights. In this Caftle hath been for a long time, and is ftill kept the Audit fos the Earl of Pembroke’s Eftate in Wales ... ' ... V* Part 3. < at E N G L. A N.D. 207 .. In MONMOUTHSHIRE , Monmouth the County-Town is yet far more confide-; rable upon feveral refpefis.: firft, as being, delivered by, Geraldus to have been the. place where great King Arthur kept his, Court. Next, as an Academy of Philofo- phy and Arts; giving Refidence to two hundred Scholars, and Birth to Ampbibct~> lits, whofe Difciple, our great Protomar¬ tyr, St. Album was, and. two other noble perfons of our firft Martyrs. And likewife; as the Birth-place of that noble Prince King- Henry the Fifth., ' lit R AD NORSHIR E, Radnor, the, ancient Magnos of /Intontne, and the ftation of the Pacentian Regiment, and fortified . with a Caftle is yet inferior in beauty, of. Buildings to Preflain. - In-P-E MB R O K E-S H IR E* though Pembroke is the County-Town, yet St. Davids is the more remarkable, as. being an Epifcopal See, and once an Arch- biftioprick, tranflated from lfia Legmum., by that great Archbifhop Devi, whom we call St. Vapid, In. In MONTG&MERISHIRE, Montgomery is remarkable for itspleafant fcituation-and ftrong Caftle, and the Title of an Earldom, firft given by King James,. Anno 160$, to Philip, fecond Son to Henry Earl of Pem¬ broke, and ftill continuing in his Grand¬ child Philip, now Earl of Pembroke and' Montgomery, • In the Ifle of A‘N GLE SI, PeaumoriU is not more noted for being the principal Town, than for the frequent tranfportati- onofPaflengershence to Ireland, and. the fame of having been.builc by. King Edward* the Firft. 209: A true and perfeft L I ST OF THE NOBILITY 0 F ENGL A N D; With their principal HOUSES, and thsl OOUNLIEiS whicli' they ate. in. . - . • * DUKES. »TTIS RoyalHighnefs JmesTSnM- I—I of Tor^and Albany, and Earlof JL l.:Vlfier, . His ScatSj St. James's , tpttfoWty*. Richmond, jStirtey.. .The m- CWjefent State The Dukedom of Cumberland extindtby the death of Prince Rnpert. TheLord'Bigh Chancellor of England. The Lord HiglrTreafurer of England. The Lord Prefident of the Privy 1 Coun* dl. The Lord, Privy Seal.. Mrnry Howard, Duke of Norfolk^nnd Earl' Marfhal of England * Earl oi Jrundel, Sur-- rQh Notfelli and Norwich j Baron Howard Moubray > S'egrave, Brewet of Gower, Fitz- Alan, Clm , Ofwaldeflre , Maltravers, Grdy- Eock and Caftle-Rifing. His Seats, Norfolk, Houfe in ^nWeiBuildings, $tV filcfejc. 'Arundel Gaftle, gmflejtv Alburyn nd Waybridge , &tttCC}). v : V*k’s Elace in Norwich, j^OjfoIki, - Wor\-Sop , jJJottmgljam. Sheffeild-Mannor , f^arft, Grayftock Caftle , and Drmbugh Gaftle Cumberland Charles Part 3. 0tENGLAT£D. aus. Charier Seymour Dukeof Somerfet, Mar- rpefs of Hertford-, Vifcount Beauchamp, and : Baron. His Seats, Marlborough Houfe, and AMngtan Boufe . * George Fillers Duke, Marquefs and Earl' of Buckingham, Earl, of Coventry, Vifcount' Fillers, and Baron' oiWhaddon. . , _ His Seats* Wallingford Houfe, nmlFhitehalI,^Wtlt[tX,i Colledge-Hill, iOnCOtl. Buckingham Houfe, .and Whadon, Buck** .inglamk : Bijhop’s Hill in the City, of Tvr\, and Helm- Jey Caftle, * Chriftopher- M’onf Duke of. Albemarle^ Earl of Torrington, Baron Monf of Folthe- radge, Beauchamp and Teyes, Bis Seats. Nun Appleton, and Burley, on the Hlil, Kttte laiui.; ... Garrenton, 3 letCCff£C. Albemarle Houfe, SgiDtiMej:, New Hall, C£ITejC. Fotberidge and Wenbury, S>e\ 30 nfl;tre»-. Cletherow Caftle, lUncaffer. * James- * James Scot Duke of Monmouth and Bmlugh, EtolofDoncafter and Dalkeith, Ba-; ron of Tindal, IVinchefier and AJhdale . His Seat, More Far\, So-Ho Square, jpietilefer. * Henry Cavendifh Duke, Marquefs and Earl of Netpcaftle, Earl of Ogle, Vifcoimt Mansfeild, Baron Ogle,Beutram and Balfoveu His Seats, ?Te#«^Abby, and Notti/igibH Caftle, tingljam. Bolfove r Caftle, SDefbp* Caftle, Bothal Caftle, Heple Tower, - ^b^tmtberlanti. Slingshy Caftle, ^ojk. Blare Hall, §>taffo?t), Clerkgnmll Houfe, iptoWcjt. Barbra Vilkrs Dutchefs of Cleveland, and Baronefs of Nonfuch. Her Seat, Cleveland Houfe, near St. James's, Ufr Louife Ghierouale Dutchefs of Fortfmouth, Countefs of Farnham , and Baronefs of Pe- tersfield . Part?, of ENGLAND. 213 * Charles ; Lenox Duke of Richmond and Lenox, Earl of and'Baron of Set- trington. His Seat, In ftcotfatrt. Charles Fitz-Roy Duke of Southampton, Earl of Chichefter, Baron of Newbury, and Heir in Succeffion to the DutchyofC/^e- land* His Seat, Nonfuch, * Henry Fitz-Roy Duke of Grafton, Earl of Ewflon, Vifcount Ipfwich, and Baron bf Sudbury i the Remainder,; for Want of If- fueMale, to George FitZ-Roy, his younger Brother. ' His Seat, Grafton RegU > ^ojtljamptoin * Henry Somerfet Duke of Beaufort, Mar- quefs and Earl of Worcefler, Lord Herbert l of Chepfloll, Ragland and Gower, Lord Pre- fident of; Wales, and the Marihes thereof His Seats, Worcefler Houfe in the Strand, Badminton, and Wallaflon’s Grange, 0fottsf centre, poy a»4 tt ®tate Troy Houfe, Monmouth Caftle, Ragland ’ Caftle, Chepjtole Caftle, Tintorne Abby, - and Grange, Swanzy Caftle, (SlattlOjpn. Crickhowell Caftle, and Tretonor Caftle, IBjeclutocft. • 1 George Fitz-Roy Duke and Earl of Northumberland , Vifcount Falmouth , and -Baron -of FontefraM. His Seats, Holme Fierpoint, Highgate , ^tolcfEJC. ’ James Butler Duke of Ormond within .the: Kingdom of England, Earl of Breck¬ nock , and Baron of Lantony in South-Wales, Lord Steward.of the King’s Houfe, Duke, Marqiiefs and Earl of Ormond in Ireland, Vifcount Tburles-, Baron of Artyom, and Lord of the Royalties and. Liberties of. the County of Tiperaryin Ireland. Part 3^ Of ENGLAND, 'Vr : $' MARGLllE sses. C Harks Fatplet Marquefs of Winchefter , Earl of Wiltjhire, and Lord S* -John of Bafmg. : .. His Seats, Winchfier Houfe in Lmcolns-Inn-Fieids , Bolton Caftle, and Bolton Hall, pO$t. Safing- Houfe, AbbtJlon y -and Hackmad % Southampton. Edington, SKtltft Hookg Caftle, jBDojftt. The Marguifate ■ of 'Dtrchefi'er- lately ex* *infrby,the death of Henry Lot&Pierfmt. George Savill Marquefs> Earl and Vif- count Halifax, and Baron of England, His Seats, ■2&^ri, '^Dttirigham J V./.'.-V v';>.' ; HallifdxHmfeiw S* Taker’s Square, Mio? ; alcfejt. ■' v ^ s ;>, The Lord High Chamberlain of England. The Lord High Conftable of England.'! v .‘ "xiie >si 6 ^fje piefent The Earl Marlhal of England. The Lord High Admiral of England. The Lord Steward of the King’s Honfe* hold. The Lord Chamberlain of the King’s HOufhold. earls. & ~'A.,Vhery deVete Earl of Oxfird,TiC~ , JjL , count 3itlbec\, Lord Sanford arid dadlefmre. HisSeat, Bentlie, Charles Talbnt EzxlpfSke^ibnty, \W$- i&fordzxidWeffotd in Ireland,>hoxd Talbot Strauge oTBlackgre, Gifford of Brimsfitld, Furnival, Verdon and Lovetoft, /_• , v ; iJfeSeats; Grafton, Wojcefftt. P4>l*rbm . /; Alton Caftle, £taff0?3, ? Antkny Part3. Of ENGLAND. 217 'Anthony Grey Earl of Kent,' Lord Grey of ’Ruthin, Raftings and Valence. His Seats,' Wred Houfe, and Hamid, jBcDffiJtr* ’Burbage, 'JUtCfcffCE* Goodrich Caftle, Penyard Caftle, and JLclef- wald Cattle, Kent Houfe in St James's Square, ^tDElc# 1 ith William Richard George Stanly Earl of Darby, Lord Stanly Strange of Knocking* tnobun, and Lord of the Itle of Man. His Seats, Knomjley , Latham Hali, Greenbalgb, Burlco Abbyf Crofs Hall, Pilkington Stand, and Arnjbead Tower, ilUncaftCE. BethamUall, (DiuelfffletfanD. John MannersPLu\ of Rutland, Lord Rofs of Hamlakc, T’rusbttt, Bdvoir, and Lord Man¬ ners of Haddon. His Seats. Belvoire Caftle, IlitiCClu and LCU’Cftct. Haddon, j&torl)]/. ■ Lbcopbilus Hayings Earl 0 ^Huntingdon, Lord Haftings , Hungcrford, Botreaux, >noc'Is, Nemiarch and Molins. .21.8 Cfjefjefent State His Seats, jjfhby k la Zoticb , 2Utcefler$iw. T)mngton Park.? * Wiliam Rujfel Earl of Bedford, and .Baron of Lhornbaugb. H:s Seats. Bedford Houfe in the Strand, Bedford Houfe in Exon, jDcbOnfljttC. Woburn Abby, lEcDfojO. Cbeynes, lEuck.S. Phoney Abby, Cattvbjl&gC* Philip Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and Mont¬ gomery, .Lord Herbert of Cardiff, Rofs of Kendal, 'Par, Marmion, of St. ^uintin and £ bur land. His Seats, Wilton, and Faljlon alias Fallerfdon»?,Wtfilt#, Cardiff Cable, and Caerphilly. Caftle, <0l8* jttojgan. Edward Clinton Earl of Lincoln, and Lord Clinton. His Seats, Sempringbam, and ‘Tatterjhall Caftle, Hitt* coin. James Howard Earl of Suffolk^, and Ba¬ ron of Walden. Part?. Of ENGLAND. *19 His Seats, Chiller ford, (UTejC. New-Market, Cftm&jfojje. Charles Sachy ill Earl of Dorfet and Mid¬ dle fex, and Baron of Buck[mrjl. His Seats, Knoll, Bene. Coptball, QE(fcp t Buckhurfi , and Stoneland, &uffep, Milcot Houfe, Watiotcft. James Cecil Earl of Salisbury, Vifcount Cranburn , and Baton EJfendyne, Under Age. His Seats, Salisbury Honk in the Strand, $)tti&Iefejt, Hatfield, Hertford Caftle, Bygrave , Cbejlhunt- and Quickywood, ^ertfojO, Cranborne Houfe, iBDojfet. John Cecil Earl of Exeter , and Lord Burgbley. •His Seats, Burgbley, Werthrop, and Waherley, Hampton. Snap, fojh. John Egerton Earl of Bridgwater, Vif- count Brackley, and Baron ot Ellefmere, 220 C|ef?efent©tate His Seats. Ajhdrid, SBacfal and Bridgwater Houfe in Barbican , Ellejmerc , &al0}?. Martingjkld, ftslh .Newborough, jStafiOJti. - Philip Sidney Earl of Leicefter, Vifcount Lifts, and Baron of Penflmrft. His Seats, leicefter Houfe in Leicefter Fields, SjSiCCfC^ fey. Penjhiirft, ffitttt. Coyty Gaitle, (SJlamojgan. James Compton Earl of Northampton, and Baron of Compton. His Seats, Caftle A(hhy , JoltljaWjHOti. Compton , ®S-an»icfc. ■ Cmbny, Edward Rich E.of IFarwic\and Holland, Baron of and Kenftngton , underage. His Seats, Warwick Houfe in Holborn , and Holland Houfe in JCe»J?»gtM, iF/Maw Cavendijh , Earl of ZWz and Baron of Hardwic 4 His Part s- Of E N G L A N D. 22:5. His Seats. Hardwick^ and Cbatfoortb , SDCVh?- Rowbampton , Latimers , Fielding , a/z/er Hapsburgo Earl of Denby and Defmond in Ireland , Vif= count Fielding, Baron of Nemibara, Radox, and St. Lif. His Seats, Nemiham'Fadox, tlSKsSlEiCfe* Martinftborp , John Digby Earl of Briftot, and Baron of 1 Sherborn. His Seats, Sherborn Caftle, SDojftt. Clmdon Court, ^OttlCtfCu Gilbert Heller Earl of Clare, and Baron of Haugbtan, His Seats, Uaughton in the County of? jjSottUlOV Clare -Houfe in the Town of) Ijam. Clare Houfe in Drury Lane. Sl5iBCictt£. Oliver St. John Earl of Rullingbrook , and Lord St. John of Bletfho. His Seats, Bletjho, and Melchborn, 2EclfojH* K 3 Charter Charles Fane Earl of Wefimerland, Baron: Le Defpencer and Bergherjl. His Seats, 'dpethorpy and Sewlbay Lodge, ton. Robert Mmniagm Earl of Manchefter , Vifcount Mandevtk , and. Baron of Kim- holton. His Seats, Kimbolton Caftle, ^mtttngtOtt.. Leez Priory, QBffcy*. fbomas Howard Earl of Berl{(bire, ViP count Andover , and Baron of Charlton... His Seat, Charlton^ Wiltg. * John Sheffeild Earl of Mulgrave , and’ Baron of Bntterwic J>. His Seats, Mtt'/grave Cafile, §0Ojft. Mulgrave Houfc near. White-Hall , tpiti'Cfe U’jt; ilomanby, jU jlttfllfl, Savage Earl ilizw-, Vifcount Colchefter , and Barcn Darcy of CM in Ef- ft*. Part3. of ENGL AND. 22 $ His Seats, Clifton aim Rock Savage, and Frodjftam- Caftle, Cbefler* S i.Ofitb,mh • Rivers Houfe in Queen-Greet, flptCWCfejTf Robert Bertie Lord Great Chamberlain of England, Earl of Lindfey, and Baron Wil¬ loughby of Eresby. His Seats, Grimftborp, and Earesby, =LtltCOltt*' Chelfey, CptOlMejt. Havering, CEJTcjt* Henry Mordant Earl of Feterhmgh, and Baron of fumy, His Seats,, Turvey, SBefcfojB. Drayton, Lufmc\ alias Lomc\, Tbrapfton, and Sudborow, 1’bomas Grey Earl of Stamford, and Lord Grey of Grooby. His Seats, Broadgate , and Grooby, 3LeiceftCl'» Heneage Finch Earl of Winchelfy, and Vifcount Maidjlon • His Seats, Efimll, Wy Court, and Moat, K 4 Robert Robert Pierrepont> Earl of Kingflon upon Hull , Vifcount Navmjrkgt, and'Baron Piempont of Holm Piempont. His Seat. Holm Piempont , djScttUlgljctm. Chirks Dormer Earl of Caraarvan, Vif¬ count Afoot) and Baron of Wing. His Seats. Wing) and Etbrop, luicluugfjam. Philip Stanhop Earl of Chelierfidd , and Baron of Shelford. His Seats, Brctby) Sitin’, Sbdfird) Bockton Malherb) i-ClUV. Richard 7tftcn Earl of T>mei) and Ba» " ron Tttfton. His Seats, Hornet rlonfe in Alderfgate- Stmt , in;, Hoithfeild) and Sylom, Ilie-H. Scipton Gallic, |3o]lt. Appleby Caff 1c, Brough CalEe, Brougkmi Gallic, and Pendngon Caftle, W.£& nurian?. Part of Bolbroo'tg) §Dit(Tfr. - ' ‘ * William Part 3. of. ENGLAND, 225 * William Wentworth Earl of Stafford, Vifcount Wentworth, and Baron of New Marjh , Overfley and Raby. His Seats, . Wentworth Wood-Houfe^^srHonfe,^' ■. krffy, 'TinJIy and Hooton Robert, Stowel, CHoutetfcr. Robert Spencer Earl of Sunderland ,.and , Baron of Wormleightnn. His Seats, : Altbrop , $Oitl;amptOU. Wormleighton, Robert Leak Earl of Scarfdale, His Seat, Sutton, SDcrbp* * Henry Jcrmhi Earl of St. Albans ,. and : Baron ot Almondsbury. His Seats, St. Alban’s Houfe in St. James's ' Square, SpHSD'iefcj:. Rtiihbrooke Hall, jbttSbllS* . Byfft, jbttrrep. Thefts, iiSoifd'K, . Edward Montague Earl of S'Mdwkbffliff - count Hincbingkmk,aLndBaxozso£SujSlc0ts, . His Seat, Michinglrssli , f ymmgtcii. Meiffy Myde Earl of Clarendon j Vifcount: ilornbury , and Bason of hlindoiu His Seats, Cornbury, Swllowfield, . Arthur Capel Earl of EJfex, VifcounJ- Maldrn, and Baron of -fflndmi. HisSeats, Cafhiobury, and Eadbam .Hall, l^ettfojir. 32#* Houfe in St. James’s Square, Ufr Robert ’Srudeneil'Ezrlot Cardigan., and: Baron of Stanton.. His Seats,.. Dean, ,$0?tljamjJtott, Cardigan Houfe in. Ltncelns-lm Fields 5 .. Stanton $tudenel, %t\tt$tU Arthur AnneJly Ezxl of Angtefey-, and Ba- ion of Nex>mark£t.Pagnel.m England j Vif* count Valencia, and Baron of Mount Norris ■ in Ireland. His Seats, 'Angkfey Houfe. in. Dmry-Lam., ■- Bkcbingtoni ■ farkHall, ' Frdtir- Part3* Of ENGLAND. 227 Farnborougb Place, gWttljawjJtOtt. fotteridge, ^ertfojfc John Gmnvill Earl of Bath, Vifcounf Lanfdown, and Baron'of Kilhampton and Bideford. His Seats, Stow, Wolf on, St anbury, Clifton , and La- 1 now, CojMMll Bideford, jSMttOtt. Charles Howard Earl of Carlifle, Vif- count Morpeth, and Baron d'Acres of Gilef- land. ■ His Seats, Naywort alios Noward Caftle, Cumbers 1 iattu. Hilderstylfe Caftle, and Grimtborp , Morpeth Caftle, ^ajtljuntljerlano. William Craven Earl of Craven, Vifcount Craven of Vffington, and Baron of Hamfted Marjhal.' His Seats, Graven Houfe in Drury-Lane, fp'DDlefej;. Hamjled Marfhal, and Afhton Park, JiSetfe. Combe, OTadmcft." Winwicly, ^CrttljatttjKOU.' Caverfham, £Mojtr.\ Lenwkh, tllci CtCClIet. Stolie Caftle; ^alcrj). . K’obeH 228 0 jef?efent State 'Robert Bruce Earl of Aiksbury and Eight, Baron of Wharton and KinloJ h His Seats, 'Aiksbury Houfe in S ? Johns, Jmptbil, and Clopbil, jEe&foji'. Wbarltan Gaftle, and Jervattx Abby, Richard Boyle Earl of Burlington and Corhe in Ireland , and Baron Clifford of jLamsborougb. His Seats, ■‘Burlington Houfe, SStMfltfEJt, Lawnsborough, Bolton , and Barden Tower, * Henry Bennet Earl and Baron of Ar¬ lington,V Acomt Tmtford . and Lord Cham¬ berlain of the Sing’s Houfe, His Seats, Eivjhn, js lifted!?. Arlington Houfe in St, James' s Park, §ifo-' SW4, Anthony AJhley Cooper Earl of Shaftsbury, Baron Ajhley of Wimborn S 4 Giles , and Cooper of Paulei. His Seats, Wimborn St. Giles, iUDfljfet, Kockborn Houfe, g)SUttjaW?3tCii, WilB Fart 3. of ENGLAND. 22 ? William Herbert, Earl and Baron .of. Poms. His Scats, Pom Caftle , and Buttington , 17,1 - Part3. Of ENGLAND. 233 VISCOUNTS. T Eicefter Vevereux Vifcount Hereford . JLv His Seats, Chriftcburcb in Ipfrvicb, Sudburn Hall, So - bam Lodge, ^UtftoJh. Franck Brown Vifcount Mountague. His Seats, Cowdrey, Battel- Abby, Poynings , William Fiennes Vifcount and Baron Say and Seal, . His Seats, Broughton, Sbutford, and North-Newton, £Djtfo?U. Over-Norton, <01ottCefttr. T bomas Bellafyfe Vifcount Faulconberg of Henlqmvle, and Lord Faulconberg, His Seats, Nervbrongh Abby, Coxrvold Hall, Oiilflon . Hall, Aldwark^, Murion, Henk^wrvk, jSDutljam. Faulconberg Houfenear Fall-mall , and Sut¬ ton Court, Spfctdcfc.V. Charles Charles Vifcount Mordant of Avelon , and Baron of Rygate. His Seats, Mordant Houfe in Parfons Green, fey- Rygate, Francis Vifcount Newport of Bradford , and Baron of Higb-emll. His Seats, Uighercall and Eyton, ^alDJJ. Sarah Vifcountefs Corbet of Linchalde . Horatio Vifcount 'fomfend of Raynham, Baron of Lynn-RegU. His Seats, Raynham Hall, and Stifkgy Hall, Denham Hall, Chrifiopher Vifcount Hatton of Gretton? Baron of Kerby. His Seat, Kerby , BARONS, Fart3. 0f ENGLAND. 235 BARONS. H E nry Howard Lord Moubray , eld eft Son of the Duke of Norfolk# and bearing the Title of Earl of ArundeU- His Seat. Caftle-Riftng , Elizabeth Baronefs Percy, foie Daughter and Heirefs of Jocelin late Earl of Northum¬ berland , firft married to Henry Earl of Og/q only Son of Henry Cavendijh Duke of New- cajtle, now to the Duke of Sbmerfet. Her Seats, Northumberland Hoafe in the Strand , and Sion Houfe, 05'C'iftfer* Pet worth Place, fSUffej;* Alnewicly Cattle , Warktvortb Caftle, and; Pmdh'oe Caftle, Coclyrmouth Caftle CuwtktiattiJ. Wreffel Caftle, fofk. George Nevil Lord Abergevenny , Under. Age. His Seats, E ridge, Sttffej:* Abergevenny Caftle, ^OlUttOUtl). James 2 16 %\)t P^efent State- James 'touches Lord Audley , Earl of Caftlehaven in Ireland, Charles ’We(h Lord la Wan. His Seat, Whormll , SwttfjainptoiU Thomas Parker Lord Morley and Mount- eagle. His Seat, Hornby Caftle, llattcaficr. Robert Sbcrley Lord Ferrers, Baron of Charthy, His Seats, , Chartley Caftle, £a)tafFojt)» Staunton Harrold, and Ragdale, Ettingm, Martoicb. jftmll.. ipojtljamjjton. Shirley , HDtrftp. Charles-Mildmay Lord Fitz-Walter , un» der age. His Seats, Mouljlram Hall, Mouljham Friery, and &- Jhopsbhll, CGft;. Henry Tdvcrton Lord de'Grey , under age a His Seat, Eafion Maudmt, ^ojtljan^ion. Frances Part3. of ENGLAND. 237 Frances Lady Ward, Baronefs Dudly. . William Lord Stourton , Baron of Stour- ton. His Seat, Stourton Cattle, Coniers Darcy , Lord Coniers . His Seats. A ft on, Aughton , Wales Manor, Hardivicft, l-o.. fljtre. Henry Sandys Baron Sandys , His Seat, Mottejfont , fa>0tifljan;jnmi. Thomas Lord Cromwell , Baron of Oahham in England, Earl of Arglas, and Vifcount Locale in Ireland. His Seat, Throwley , Ralph Lord Eure, Baron of Witton. His Seat, Eashy Hall, f^ojlw Philip Lord Wharton , Baron of Wharton. His Seats, Wharton Hall, Asbg 338 $$Cettt State Healaugh Mannor. and Wiburn , 'Owmncbendon Houfe, JIBttrfungljam. Thomas Lord Willoughby of Parham. William Lord Paget , Baron of Baudefert. His Seats, Beaudefert, and Seamy Park, ^taffojtU Drayton , Francis Lord Howard-oi Effingham. Charles Lord Norland Grey of Rolleflon. His Seats, Kittling alios Catlidge. CattVi)$>g& •foilociPhce, RolLfion, §>taff0?5. ‘Eowting Graveney, "James Brugges Lord Chandos . J His Seats, Wilton, Aconbmy , and Dewfmll, fo$. Robert Carey , Lord Hunfdon. William Lord Petre, Baron of Writtk. His Seats, tbomdon, Writtle Park, Ingerfron Hall, and Cranham Park, Dsgby Part3. of ENGLAND. 239 Vigby Lord Gerard , Baron of Gerards Bromley, under age. His Seats, Gerards Bromley , Sandon, and Wiflow Bridge, £>faffo?ti. Dbhot, Cljelfer, Woodacre Hall, Afhton Hall, and Shorten Hail, liancafter* He»rji Lord Arundel, Baron 0 fWardmr, His Seat, War dour Caftle, ©Eltltg. Chriftopber Roper, Lord Tenbam. His Seat. Unlisted Lodge, lent. Catherine Lady 0 Brian Baronefs Clifton, Daughter of the Lord Aubigny, firft marri¬ ed to the Lord 0 Brian Son to the Earl of Iwomond, Afterwards to Sir Jofeph Willi > amfon. Foull^Grevill Lord Brooke, Baron Brookg of Beauchamp’s Court. His Seats, WarmcJ^Czftle, Knovoll, and Beauchamp’s Court, ®iartotcL Breamore, §)OtttljnntJ)t0n. Hackpey, Edmrd 240 »f?efent 0 tate Edvard Lord Montague ,Baron of Bougbton* His Seats, Bougbton, and Barnwell Caftle, . ten* Ford Lord Grey, Baron Grey of His Seats, War]! Caftle, Cbillingbam Caftle, Dmfa- burgh Caftle, and Horton Caftle, $0^ tfjtmiftcrianc. . Gotfi'ld Hall, and Epping Place, £ft>Park, Charterboufe Clofe, SpiBBrnC'* Robert Leake, Lord. Deincourt, and Heir of the Earl of Scar]dale. His Seat, Sutton , petty Un Lord Lovelace, Baron of Hurley. J His Seats, Hurley , UBette. Water-Baton, £D;noj5. John Lord Taulrt, Baron of Hinton St, George, under age. His Seats, Hinton St. George , Court of Emck, Loin Court, and Walton, Buckland, Met. ' mUm Part3. Baron of Birming- HisSeat, Dudley CaiUe and Hinky, ^faff 0 j 5 , Tho ' Lord Culpepper Baron Tfafyav His Seats, 3 Leeds Caftle and Greenway Court,Linit, Jacob Lord AjHcy Baron of Readme. His Seats, Al/ingion Caftle and Maid\hne P] ace , Sent Charles Lucas Baron of Sbenfield. John Lord Eellafyfe Baron of World?. His Seats, Worleby , iltUCOlU. Whitm , flpttmiefejt. Edward Witfon Lord Rockingham » His Seats, Rockingham Caftle, VFarmington , and Stoke . Albany, ijSojtljamptOlt. Great adding , Huntington* Rob. Sutton Lord Lexington , Under Age. His Seats, Averham , and Kilham. jjjotttttgfjam. Marmadukg Lord Langdale , Baron of Holme. His Seats, Holme in Spalding-more and Dalton , fPojft, L 2 Charles 244 State Charles Lord Berkley Baron of Stratton. UnderA8e * His Seats, ' Stratton Houfe alias Berkley Houfe in Ficca- My, and Twickenham, qglWlefej:* Charles Lord ComvaaB Baron of Eye. His Seats, • Brome-Hall, and Carlford Halt, Wilton Caftle, Geom Booth Lord de la mer. * His Seat, tfhinham Majfey, CljcSSf* 7 homos Lord Crew Baron of Stem. His Seats, Sean, JojtijawptOtt. Laivfteld-Hall, John lord Frefcbtvile Baron of Staveley. Staveky, SDSfty-* Richard Lord Arundel Baron of trerife. His Seat, frerife, COJtttoJtdL Part j. of ENGLAND. 245 Hugh Lord Clifford , Baron of Cbttdleigb,- Under Age. His Seats,. Chudleigb, JUDCl’Olt. • Cannington, Semerfet. Richard Lord Butler ,Baron of VVefton in England, and Earl of Arran in Ireland. His Seat, Leygbton , ^UlUmgtOtt, Safari Lady Bellnfyfe, Baronefs of Ofgodby. HerSeat, Ofgodby, ifttCOltt. Riobard Lord Lnmly^ Vifcount Lttmly of Witerford in Ireland. George Lord Carteret. Under Age. JohnBennet, Baron Offulfton. His Seat,. Offulfton , spicolefejc, George Leg, Baron 'Dartmouth. VViUiam Lord Allington , Baron Wi° mondly, Conftable of the Tower of London. Thomas Tbinne , Baron Tbinne of War- ■ snifter, and Vicount VVeimoutk His Seat, Long Lm,'/,. tHUlltg. L 5 Ralph 246 €(je J^efettt €>tate Ralph Stoml, Baron Stowel of Somerton. His Sear, Somerton, ^OUtCriCtflj. THE ARCH-BISHOPS AND BISHOPS. D O&or William Sancroft, Archbilhop of Canterbury. His Seats, Lambetb-kitfe , and Croydon Palace, gUtl'Wy. Dr. Stern, Archbifliop of York. His Seat, SijbopflJmp, f Cjft. Dr. Henry Compton , Bifliop of London. His Seats, LonJon-boufe , and Fulham-boufe, SjBitilDlcfCJt. Dr. Nathaniel Crew , Bifhop of Durham. His Seats, Durham Palace, and Aukland Cattle, $Dttr* ' Ijam. Dr * Part 3. Of ENGL.AN D. 247 Dr. George Morley , Bifliop of Wincbefter .. His Seats, FWmib Caftle,&umj>. Wolvtfty Houfe in Wincbejhr& Ottt|)awptO», Chdfy Houfe, £l3tt)iMcv. Dr. Herbert Crofts , Bifliop of Hereford, ■ His Seat, Hertford Palace, f CtCfojO. . Dr. Seth Ward , Bifliop of Salisbury, His Seat, Salisbury , Wiltd Dr. Edward Rainbow , Bifhop of Carflile . His Seat, Rofe Cattle, Cumberland Dr. John Dolben , Bifliop of Rochefler . His Seat, Bromley Houfe, litut. Dr. Anthony Sparrow , Bifliop of Norwich, ■ His Seats, Norwich Palace, and Ludham Hall, jjSo^ folk. Dr. Peter Gunning , Bifliop of E/y, ■ His Seats, E ly-houfe in Holborn, SASOWey. L 4 E/ji 248 C5ep?efent ©fate Ely Palace in Ely , and- JVisbicb Caftle in Wisbicb , Camfcjtogc.' Dr. ‘Thomas JFW, Bilhop of Lichfield and Coventry. His Seats, Liclfiield Clofe , and Ecclejball Caftle, D, Guy-Carlton , Bilhop of Cbicbefter. His Seat, Cbicbefter Palace, ■ Dr. Robert Brampton, Biftiop-of Glocefter. His Seat, Glocefter Palace, CDIoceflet* - Dr. Peter Mew , Bilhop of Bath and W> 1 ls t . His Seats, Wells Palace, and Banwell , jSomcrfet. Dr. John. Ettr/on, Bilhop of Chefter ... His Seats, Chefter Palace, Cljefter. Wigan, jlancailtr. Dr^f lumptsry Lloyd , Bilhop of Bangor.. His Seat, Bangor Palace, Carnarvon,. Dr.. Part3. of ENGLAND. 249* Dr. William Lloyd, Bifliop of Peterborough His Seats, Peterborough Palace, and Cdftor, Jojtljatn^ ton. Dr. Thomas Barlow, Bifliop of Lincoln* His Seats,- Bugden, Huntington. Lincoln. Palace, ILtUCoXu. Dr. James Fleetwood, Bifliop ofWdrccfier* His Seats, Worcefter Palace in Worcefctr, and Hartle - bury Caftle, eHeiOJCCitEl'. Dr. John Fell, Bifliop of Oxford* . ■ His Seat, Cuddefdeh, ®J»n. . Dr. Thomas Lampleugb, Bifliop of Exon, His Sear, Exon Palace in Exeter, £Del)0n. ■ Eh* William Thomas, Bifliop St* Davids* His Seat, Abergwilly, CiitmattljClt. Dr. William Gulfton, Bifliop of BrijloL ■ His Seat, Ufkol Palace, gJomertet. ,L ' Dr,: 25o ®&e Went State- Dr. William B -the- Yerra Lapidofa , of the colour of the Yurkjfh Rufma, in the- Quarries about Ybarne ; the Gold gritty Clay, or Pyrites aureus at Hampton-Gay ; the white Clay at Sbotover,. ufed for To¬ bacco-pipes, and. equal to- Yripela for Me¬ dals, Galgiis, Antiques, -and -polifhing of Silver i the (oft Stone called Maume, near Yetfmrtb j., | Part 3. of ENG LAND.. 257- Tetjworth ; the Golden-coloured; Marcha- fite, haply the Pyrites of Kentmanus at Net- tlebed and Henly. Alfmentioned by Doctor Plat, in his learned and,raoftnfeful Defcri- ptionof Oxfordjhire.. In Cornwall, as welf as-on the Cliffs be¬ tween Deal, and -Dover,, great ftore of Sam¬ phire growsj which being pickled, makes an excellent. Sallad; And alfo of Eringtu, or Seaffiolly j-whofe Roots Candied, are reckoned amongft the molt acceptable of Sweet-Meats, in regard of their refiorative vertue. And in the mod boggy Grounds of this-County there is ftore of a Plant cal¬ led Ros- Solis. And upon the Cliffs, and fuch like Maritinfeparts, abundance, of WiHHifop, Rofemary, Marjoram, Sage, Pelamountain. There are likewife in this County very good Chefnuts j and a kind of Berry, called. Whurts, of two forts. And, for. Garlic, doubtlefs, this County abounds in general with this fort of Plant, for that it- is much eaten by the Cornijh men ; whofe Health and Longevity- is, by many, imputed to their frequent feeding upon this Country man’s, treacle, as they call it. ; Dorcetjbire, efpecially the Ifle of Portland, |or thereabouts, produces a rare fort of i Slant, which is accoutred.much of.the fame nature, 258 v®&e State • nature, if not the fame, with that which the Greeks called Ifidis Plocamos. But, parr ticularly, Birdport, irfthis Shire, is noted for.the excellent .Hemp growing therear bout. At Dengenefs in Kent, Holly Trees grow thick for a Mile in length, among Beech and Pebbles. ■ Axbolm in Sbropjhire is noted for a fort of Shrub called Galls, growing peculiarly thereabout. About Keinjham in Somerfetjhire, great fore of Percepier, or Parfely Break Stone. Neither is Fern fo inconfiderable a Plant, but that Cambden takes notice of abundance of it growing about Biding. But in Sabernacle Foreft in Wilijhire, there is a fort of Fern more remarkable than orr dinary, by reafon of the fweetnefs of its fcent. Several Fruits, and Flowers, and other . Plants have mot been known in England, till of late Ages, Firft Pippins, and Cher¬ ries, as hath been already intimated, and as Mr. Leonard Mafcal of Plumftead King Henry the Eighth’s Gardiner obferves, af¬ ter that, Apricots, about the fifteenth of the faid King’s Reign. And about the fame time, Hops from Artois. Some fay Apri¬ cots, Malacotoons and Mufcmelons came Part 3. Of E'N GLAND. 259 in about the twentieth of Queen Eliza¬ beth. Others fay, MelotiTfeeds were firft fent oi r of Italy, to King James, arid the Stern of a yellow Rofe, 'which flowers from May till Chriftmas. Choice Flowers were firft in life and reputation at Norwich , by means of the Dutch, who firft brought them thither. The lateft are Gillyflowers and Carnations, the Province and Red Rofe, and that of Jericho: Alfo the Tulip ( per¬ haps the Lillv of the Valley) and the White-Chappel Flower. Moreover, Ar- tichoaks and Aiparagus, Oranges and Le¬ mons, are but of late date here. As like- wife, both Englijb and Smirna Corants 5 perhaps the foon&of them about an hun¬ dred and fifty years fince. Tobacco was firft brought into England by Sir Walter Raleigh , though never thought fit to be planted. About the fame time came in Sugar. ■ The firft planting of Mulberries was about Anno loop. For Flax, Staffordjb'm , Shroplhire, and the Ifleof Man are particularly mentioned,, and the laft for Hemp. Alfo Tewksbury in Glomjhrjhire. 26 o ,®&e p^eftntStnte To the Wonders of England. T HE Monument of Stones at Stanton Drew, near Pens ford, in, Somerfetjhire, deferves a particular defaiptiom but much more that of Aubnry in Wiltfhm , about four Miles Weft from Marleborough. About this Village iscaft a Ditch of a prodigious depth ; viz. as deep as that of tVinckjier, which is the deepeft that hath been obfer- ved : and, not without (as ufually ) but within this- Ditch is railed a very high Bank, or Trench, not in a form- abfolutely Circular, but foment near. Within the Trench, and anfwerable to the form thereof, Stones are fet round, excepting thofe Gaps which appear to have been made by the Invafion of the Villagers upon thefe Stones, with Sledges, for their ufe in Building. Within this prodigious Round of Ditch, Bank and Stones, is the Village: and two Piles of thefe large Stones, viz. about eighteen,, nineteen or twenty Foot high, in a manner, fomewhat Circular, but pretty compaft together : but the Church ftands wholly without the Round of the Ditch. Moreover, there is another thing no lefs remarkable than the reft, namely, Part 3. of E N G L A N D. 261 namely, a ftreight Walk made by two long Tra&s of Stone, about five, fix or feven Foot high on either hand, of about a Mile Jong, leading, as an Avenue, to the faid Work. And, at the beginning thereof two other Tra&s, which make another Walk, leading on the Right Hand to two other Circles of Stone, one within another The River Kinnel running juft underneath! This Defcription, together with a Deli¬ neation of the Stones at Stanton Drew I received from a.particular friend, Mr. John Aubrey, of the Royal Society; a perfon of much worth and ingenuity; but, moft efpecially curious in thefearch of Antiqui¬ ties. And this favour is To much the greater, for that iftfore he had defigned the Defcription thereof himfelf, in a Work he intends to publifh, Entituled Monumen- ta Britanica. There are Stones near the Barrow , at Stamen Harcourt, called The Devil's Coits. ■Tyramidal Stones in lorksbire , called Be Devil's Bolts. A Stone, between Neat Enfton and Ful- well, fomewhat flat, and tapouring up¬ ward, from a broad bottom. Snake-ftones, Cockle-ftones and Star- ftones, at Burton PafTage, over Seavern, in Gloucefterfhire: at Shugbury in Warwickshire; 2 <52 Cfiep^fent ^tate on the Rocks by Belvoir Gallic in Lekejler- (hire. Cockle-hones at Sapwortb, by Shar- fion, in Gloucestershire^ at Witney in Oxford¬ shire, on the Hills by Farnham in Surrey. Three deep Pits, near Darlington, in the Bifhoprick of Durham . Hagdale Pit, near Feverjham. The great Pit in the Road¬ way between Feverpam and Botion. Ano¬ ther near Shelmch. One between Daving- Cbiircb and Stone-Church. One in the Pa- riflvof Norton. One or two m a Field near Beacon-Field. Under Hohh-CzCtk hi Sur¬ rey, is a great Arched Vault. Near Flaniborough-Head in Torkpire, are certain Waters called Vipfies, which flow out of Neighbouring Sorings every other Year s and fall with a Violent Stream into On Cadier Arthur Hill in Chpire is a . Spring, deep as a Well, and four fquare, and having no Streams j but there are Trouts found in it. To the Medicinal Wells, already men¬ tioned, lately found out, may be added, that of Sellenge, and that of Egcrton, near Lenham in Kent i both which were difco- vered about forty years fince j and the lait turns Wood into Stone. At Part3. of ENGLAND. 2% A t Ajhwell in Bedfordshire rife fo many Sources of Springs, thatthey foon drive a Mill: In the midft of the River Nen, South of Peterborough , in Northamptonshire , is a deep Gulf, id cold, that in Summer, no Swimmer is able to endure it, yet not fro¬ zen in Winter. • At Lutterworth , in Leiceflerfhire is a Spring, fo cold, that it turns Straw and' Sticks into Stone. >• K ' ; - A Valley in 'Flinifflre ; at -the Mouth of the River, feeming to lie lower than the Sea; is, yet, never overflowed; A Spring at Chedder , near Axhridge, drives twelve Mills within a quarter of a Mile. Several Rivers run under Ground. As, Mole , in Sumy. A Branch of Medway , in Kent. The little River hW, in Staffordshire. •The little River Alen, in Denbighshire. At Afply Gowetz, in Bedfordshire , is an Earth that turns WoodintoStone. To the Remarks of England may be ad¬ ded , the Artificially caff up Tumuli , or Barrows of Earth. An innumerable Company of them on Salisbury Plain. And 264 • W $>?efent &tate And that prodigious one called Silbury Hill, between Marlborough and Cam. Like which is that called Clay Hill, near; Warmifier. • But that lies in Lome doubt, whether Natural or Artificial. Likewife, divers Veftigia of Roman Camps, viz. 1 . larnborough Caftle, on Salisbury Plain. Maiden Caftle, about a Mile Weft of Dorchejjser. . Badbury Caftle, in Vorfetfhire. • Nortbfed, on Hounjlow Heath. One near Ofmldpee,in Shropjhire. Crednet Hill, in - Hertfordjhire. Where alfo Ariconium > now Kenchefier. Partg. Of-ENOLAND. a£$ To the Mitmifaffures and Inventions ^/England. M Afons, Painting and Glafing firft brought into England, by Benedifty Anno 728. Antonio Bonefe, an. Italian, firft taught the Englijh to fpin with a Diftaff, 20 H. 7.. Fine Spanijh Needles were made in Queen Maries Reign, by a Negro in Cheap? fide, who refufed to communicate his Art j but it was afterwards taught by Elm Cmtfe, a German, Anno 8° Elizabeths In the tenth year of the faid Queen, Ri¬ chard Dyer came from Spain, and taught his Country-men the way of making Earthen Fire-Pots, Furnaces and Tranfportable Ovens for baking of Earthen Ware. He had the firft foie profit byPatent,/4««o 15 55. Walter Rippon is faid to have made, the firft Coach in England : for the Earl of Rut- land. Anno 1564. a hollow turning Coach: for the Queen: Anno 1585. a rare Chariot,. - Others fay, William Boonen, a Dutch-man, Coach-man to Queen E liz. firft brought the life of the Coach into England.. And about the fame time came in Long Waggons.. Making of Copperas in England was firft pradiifed by Qomel'm de Vos,a Merchant,.^/;. * 587 - M. milim a 66 Wfiefent&tatr William Saunders, a Filhmonger,, was the firft that brought our Gelettial and Terreftrial Globes to-any confiderable per- fedtion > but fince, they have been much improved. , r _ William Matthew, in the 5 th of Queen Elizabeth, was the firft rare Artift in the making of fine Knives and Hafts, which were marked with a Half Moon, and tor which he had. the Qnctm Letters Patents. About the fame time Pins, which were formerly brought in by Strangers, to the value of 60000 l. per Annum, were firft made in England j and now excell all that are made in any other part of the World. One Bourafs firft made the Engm tor Scale-Board. , ,. c „ One Rofs is faid to have been the firft that made Bandores in England : and, to this day, that called the Rofs Viol is ac¬ counted the choiceft of all other Viols. _ The ancient way among us .of keeping Accounts was by Tallies y and is, in fome meafure, and on fome occafions, retained to this day. The moft confiderable inftance is, in the Tallies of the Exchequer. And, .not only common Accounts, but the Ac¬ count of-Time, and the Motions of the Sun, ' Moon, and other Planets, anciently in fome parts of Derbffme (and fome fay, Stafford- Part 3. of ENGLAND. 267 Wire alfo) were ufually notched and mar¬ ked out upon a piece of Wood. This fort of Calender-Log, or Wooden Almar nack, hathfcarce been taken notice-ofj tifl of late; and now iome few there are who underhand the way of it. The only one I have feen of them, is in the cuftody of Mr. John. Bagford, a Searcher into Antiquities, Arts and Ingenuities, much' above what ’ might be expe&ed from one of his Educa¬ tion and Literature. An Engin for Clock-Wheels was inven¬ ted about a hundred years fincei An En¬ gine for thefpeedy cutting down of Wheels for Watches, forty years ago, none now made after the fame manner. An Engin for drawing of Pinion Wire, of Steel for Watches, about .ten years ago.- Mr. 7 ornate, about ten years fince, was famous for making Chains for Watches efpecially, as being the firft. His Wife lives, in Rofe Street, near. Long Am .. Other late Inventions there are, not un¬ worthy to be mentioned. An Engin for Rafing of Glafs, an Engin for Spinning of Glafs, the Engin for Cutting Tobacco, the Rolling Prefs for Printing off from Copper Plates, DamaskLinnen, and the Watering of Silks. The way of feparating Gold from §ilyer.Enamelling in Gold,Silver and Brafs ■, Boulting Mills, Dark Lanthorns, the Trum- petr makers-Trade, Cane-Chairs; a choice way of'Colouring, ufed byBook-biriders i boyling of Whalebonermaking of Horn- ware* .Terriwjgs,'Womens’tyasks, Busks, and Fans, and Muffs are faid p have come . in here about the time of the Paw-Maf- . The firff pair of black Silk Stockins in England prefented to Queen Elizabeth, An¬ no 1660. Sir Walter, Raleigh reputed by fome, the jfirft Improver of our late Models of Ships.. . The beft Saddle-Trees are faid to be made at Burford in Oxfordjhire, and fome parts of the North of England. The beft Riding-Whips at S £ Edmundbury in 5 a/- Befides the Fire-Engin above mentioned, there is lately brought into- ufe a portable one, of extraordinary advantage, in re¬ gard it is capable of being dire&ed into any particular Room or Chamber.. FINIS. RELATING To Its Trade and Commerce within it felf, and with all Countries Traded to by theEnglifh, as it is found at this Day Eftablifhed, giving a moft exaft account of the Laws and Cuftomsof Mer¬ chants relating to Bills of Exchange, Policies of Entrance, Fraights, Bottomery, Wreck, Ave- ridge, Contributions, Cufloms, Coyns, Weights, Meafures, and all other matters relating to Inland and Marine affairs. T6 which is Bkewife added Englands Guide toln- dufiry, or Improvement of Trade, for the good of ail People in General. Written by a Perfon of Quality. LO XV 0 X, Printed by R.Holt for William Whitmod, near the Giorge Inn in Littlt Britain , 1683. T 0 T H E READER,, R Eader, wonder not that Iprefent yo®‘ this famous and Flourifmg l-fland? the which tho it has been already largely■ difcourfed on in the former parts^ yet it yields fuch Varity , if conpdered aright in its- feveral Capacities, that it is a kind 0/ Ingrati¬ tude to pafs over in Silence the materialejppart of its Glorywhich has of late■ renderedlthe: Brittifh Empire famous throughout the kttmm World-, and caufed the Barbarous Nations with admiration to blefs our happy Shoars, and'thofe: whofe Indtifiries have rendered the Commodities : of this If an ds natural Growth valuable as the: Gold of Peru, Jemms. of India, Spices of Ara¬ bia , or Silks and Golden Woofs of Periia. No - . Ida fop is there which the Sun's large eye beholds ,, A. z. . that; To the Reader. that ever■ heard of rich Albion, but were deft- rous tohave Correfpondence with her Merchants, and as from the Store-Houfe of the Weft era- Wrrld , covet a Jupply of all , things necefldry for the life of man,, in Lieu whereof the Preg¬ nant Quarters of the Barths vaft Globe , fends us yearly tributes of all that can contribute to our Temporal bappittefs , thentakgit not amifs , if after long experience I have ventured to uulocf this Cabinet of rarities, and expofe it p the publicly view, which nought but Envy has the power to ftmt \ andfare that cannot be con¬ ceived in any Englift) breft , to ftifte that whofe hugheft aim is at the Pitblickgood •, or ifthofe of other Nations be aftiamed to fee the Glory of their native Soil, fo far echpfed by ours ft-,add endeavour it, yet let them know therein they wrong themfelves by repining attheliglst, which like a favourable Guide to a loft Travel¬ ler, would put them in the right way to imitate that which through want of better Experience and Inftght, they emulate yet if any fitch this Age produce, it matters not, I referring this work, to ftand or fall by the Approbation of my judicious Country-men, for whofe Sole Benefit it was compiled by him Who is, Reader, yours to command J.S. A TABLE OF THE CONTENTS. O F the Original of Trade, its hcreafe and the Method to bring it to its prefentper- fettion, &t. Chap, r Of the Original of the Companies of London,and how and when Incorporated. Chap. X. Of the Englijh Merchants trading into njoft parts , the time oft heir Incorporating and the Improve- . meat of Navigation. .. .Chap. 3. Of Englands Trade in general, a Survey of the Weights, Meafures, Coy ns. Comerfe of mofi of the Counties. Chap. ‘4. Of the Traffick of London. Chap. 5. Of the Coyns of England, fettled by the Tower Standard. Chap. 6 . Of the Weights and Meafures tifed in England, efiablijhed by a Standard. Chap. 7. Of the Trade of Scotland, as to its dependencies with England. Chap. 8. A View of Ireland, and its prefent State and Trade « Chap. p„ As A The Contents. A View of the Ocean, and the IJlands belonging ' to the Ifle of great Britain. Chap. io. Of the Meet fires, Breadth, and Length ofEng- lifh Cloath. , Chap. 11. A View of America, and its Trade with Eng¬ land. Chap. 12. A View of Virginia, of tbeTrade, Names,Cn- ftoms, .and Government of it. Chap. 13. A View of New-England, and the Trade . thereof. Chap. 14. A View of Maryland, the Cifoms and Trade thereof.. Chap. 15.. A‘View of the Peruanan Frovinces,their Trade andQufoms._ Chap. 16. A View of AfFrica, and of the Manners, Ctt- . stems, Trade, Coyns, and Commodities, . ' Chap. 17. Of Tunis, the Trade, Manne'rs, andCuftoms thereof. Chap. 18, A View of Argiers, of theirTrade, Manners, , and. Citfloms, and Methods for felling of /Slaves. Chap. 19, Of the Kingdom of Fez, and its Trade with England. Chap. 20. Of the Kingdom of Morocco, the Gufloms,and Trade thereof with. England. Chap. 21.. 0 /Nunidia and .Lydia, and their Trade.. Chap. 22.. A View of Ethiopia and the Trade thereof. ' " Chap.. 24.. AT TKe Contents. . J View o/Mofsmbique,^ its Trade. Chap. z.fc. Of Egypt, and the Trade thereof. Chap. if.. Of Grand Cairo and its Trade. Chap.- 27.. Of the Ifles appertaining to Affrica, the Gonir modifies, Trade, Weights, and Meafures Chap. 28.. Of Alla, the Trade, Manners, and Cujioms. thereof, of the Money currant, and Conir- modities, Weights, and Meafures. Chap. 29;, A View of Syria and its Trade.-. Chap. 33. Of Aleppo,4W the Trade thereof, and the Cu- fioms of that famous City. Chap,. 3 r.. Of Damafcus, and its Trade.. ChapV3,2». - Of Tripoly,, end the Trade thereof. Chap: 33,. Of Palelfine; . Chap;. 34,. Of America, and its Trade. Chap. 35 ? . Of Aflyria , Mefopotamia ,, ■ and. GaldeS. Chap. 3d,. Of Media, and.its Trade. ' Chap. '37.. Of Perlia its Trade and Commodities. CAyas^,^ 8 .. Of Hifpaan andits.Trade. - Chap.- 39,. Of Tariaria its Trade, Coyn,,and: Cattorns.. Chop. 40.-. Of India, Inti;a and Extra Gan gem: Chap. 4.1,. Jl View of Gambaia, and its Trade.& hap.42.. ji View of Goa,- its Trade, , Commodities .ehdl ■Cufioms , &c, 1 ' , Chap, ..43,'. Of Mufulipatan. ; . Chap.. 44,. Of the City of Satagan, the Metropolis o/Ben~ gala,. ' Chap, 45: ■a* ' o£: The Contents. OfPcr\\,theTrade,Coyns,andCufioms.Chzp.4j5. Of Syan and Malacca. Chap. 47, Of China, and their Trade with England. Chap. 48'. Oft he Iflands, in the Allan Seas. Chap. 49. Of '.the Jfles of Molucco’s, &c. Chap. 50. Of Javas ,and the Trade thereof Chap. 51. Of other Jflands in the Indian Seas. Chap. 52. Of Cyprus its Trade, Growth, and Coyns. Chap. 53. A Difconrfe of Gold and Silver, its true intrin- fok. ‘value,, their Finenefs and Allayes , &c. Chap. 54. Of Diamonds and precious Stones, and their va¬ lue and goodnefs. Chap. 55. Of the Trade of Europe, and their dependen¬ cies on England. Chap. 56. Of Sevil in Spain and its Trade. Chap. 57. Of Malaga, the Cuftoms, Weights, and Mea- fares. Chap. 58. Of Alicant, and its Trade. Chap. 59. Of Madrid, its Trade andCufioms. Chap.do. Of Lisbon, its Trade, Weights,Meafures, and Coyns. Chap. ci. A View of France, its Trade, CufiomfVeights and Meafures, &c.. Chap. 62. Of Rouen and the Trade thereof. Chap. 63. A View of Paris, its Trade, Cnftom, and Com¬ modities, &c. Chap. 64.. Of Lyons, and in Trade, Chap. 6$. •the Contents. 0 /Marietta, and its Trade. Chap. 66 . Of Naples, and its Trade. Chap. 67. Of Italy, audits Trade. Chap. 68. Of Florence, and Us Trade. Chap. 69. Of Millain, and its Trade. Chap. 70. Of the Dukedoms of Mantua and Urbin, and their Trade. Chap. 71. Of Venice, and its Trade. Chap. 72. Of Parma. Chap. 73. Of Leghorn, its Trade , Cufioms,Weights,and Meaftires. Chap. 74. Of Genoa, its Trade and Commerce. Chap.75. Of Luca, and its Trade. Chap. 76. OfRome,and itsTrade,and C«/? C H A P. IX. That there is Monty faffluent to drive the Trade 0] the Nati¬ on. C H A P. X. that the.King of Englands Subjefts, have Stoc^Compe- ■ tent and Convenient to drive_ thy Trade of the whole ; Commrsial world. E THE ' I NT RODUCTION, OR THE ORIGINAL' TRADE PLAINLY Demonfirating it's Increase. The Means andMetbods ufed to bring it to the Per¬ fection it is arrived to at prefent./ind of the great Benefit reapedthereby, both in General, and Particular. CHAP. I. T Hat Inland & MaritimTrade &Traf- fickare(withGodsBleflings on mens Indeavours) the chief Pillars and Support of all Nations, and from whence B they 2 , The Introduction, they had their firffc rife and greatnefsisfo evident- that - -Arguments to - proveTtwoukh berneffe&nal-yyetfrom -the- WorfetV Ori-" ginal it had not it’s perfection, nor indeed could it till Mankind increased,andbyTpread- iag'.wiclc iinyheJ>Ehrtlt,i feplld IPs Ivafh Immenlity ; norphjsp, .for fthat..fcpi?e few, Traded for- more then', they had pre- fent occafion toufe, by Reafop many things vvere -not of lading quality , and fpr that they fof the molt part TtavelledTr om-place to place. Their chiefeit Riches- eonfiited- in Qattle,-.but at lalt. when theyJiuilded Ci¬ ties and Towns, and found the conveni- ency of a Settlement they extended their Traffick farther, and one City Traded with another, - which Hill fpread-wvidtr -$1 -yet Ipng was it'-’er they found ‘means to plough' the Bofoinofthe Sea,and t6 hold Commerce and Tralfck 'with -reffiote Nations-', -which no y i; -1 fooner or Original of Trade. 3 fooner was brought to any Perfedtion, but Riches abounding, and Plenty Flowing in on every fide, men then ( and not till then ) began to give their thoughts, large fcope, arid not contented with the Portion of Earth alottedthenijbeganto grow emulous &afpire to univerfal Soveraignty;as likewife to plant Colonies in (till then ) unhabitable .Ifiands, which had not Shipping been invented mult have continued' without inhabitants ; as at this time (paft doubt ) for want of difeo- very many do in the remote Seas, efpecial- ly under the Artick Pole, whofe extremi¬ ty renders them unacceffible, or afclealt un¬ habitable; and of all Nations the Greeks were the firlt that brought Navigation to any Perfedtion, by which they grew o- pulent and extended their Colonies to the utmoft Orient, acquiring the Empire of the then known World; their Fame growing every where great, nor could the Romans bring their Warlike ' Expeditions- to- any perfedtion till they were Lords of the. Sea, and inrichedthemfelves by Traffiek,bringing into that one City the Stores of all Nati¬ ons ; fo that from Cottages of Shepherds, who lay’d her firlt Foundation,, Ihe foon became Magnificent, thfuftihgjupijhei Lpf- ty Spires, bedecked : with Gold fo high that they in a manner killed tHe'CIouds, 'and B 2 rendered 4 The Introduction, rendered her the awfull Miftrifs of thellni- verfe^ and by Trade and IndijJtry, more then by Arms, kept up her Reputation for lix hundred Years, when ranging the World to find out Countries unconquered, atlaft, from Gallia, or France , under the leading of C&far , they entered Brittain ; a Place then wild and rude, not knowing how to ufe the abundant plenty that Nature be¬ llowed upon them, but refilling all manner of Dainties, fed upon Roots of Herbs, and Barks orTrees; not Tilling any Ground, nor fowing Corn, otherwife then Matter¬ ing it on the untilled Surface of the Earth, and harrowing it over with Bulhes, fuf- fering their Cattle, Fowl, and Fifh, of which they had More, to continue ufelefs, fcarcely knowing any Ihoar but their own: Their Traffick, or Merchandife, for the molt partamongft themfelves, and that butmean; their chief Riches confining ( as Strabo faith ) in Ivory-Boxes, Sheers, Onches, Bitts, Bridles, Chains of Iron, Wreaths, Glafs coloured and the like, which they ufually delivered to each other as currant Coyn, for what their neceflity required; -but no fooner had the Romans Civilized them, and inftrutted them in fuch Arts as were molt finable to their Capacities, and might Hand them in greater Head, but or, t be Original of Trade. 5 they began to Build Houfes Hiving before for the moll in Huts, and going naked ) and turned their Leather Boats into Tall Ships, Furrowing the Seas broad back, and difcoveriug many Nations, to them,. till then, unknown : So that by Traffick abroad, and Improvement at home, this Illand grew famous, and fpread it’s Name to the ut- moft Limit of the known Earth; fo that being rightly termed the Store-Houfe of the Weftern World, all the Neighbour- Nations Traded hither fo that thofe Ports and Havens that were for a long time ufe- lefs, were now filled with Ships of all Na¬ tions: So that Silver and Gold was had in Abundance, and Coy ns in imitation of thofe the Romans Stamped with the Effigies of their Kings and Princes, which then -were many, each County containing two or three, and they for the molt part at variance a- monglt themfelves, which gave the Romans an opportunity to become Conquerors at an eafier rate then otherwife they could. During the four hundred Years and odd that the Romans Governed here by their Lievetenants, and fometimes by their Em¬ perors in Perfon; Rome, and after her Confiantinople , the new Seat of Empire, abounded with our Stores, fo that more Tribute was pay’d by this Bland then by Rrance 6 The Introduction, Trance and Germany, tho Ten times as large}. but the fame of Brittains Wealth, proved- her unhappynefs, for the Goth breaking in upon the Roman Empire, whofefpread- ihg Top was too large to be fupported by the fender Bole, her Branches was torn off on every fide, fo that to fupport their own, the Romans were forced to recall their Legions, who took with them the Flower of the Brittifh-Youth, and left her open to the' Pitts and mld-Irijb, who fpoiled and wafted all her pleafant Places with Fire and Sword, and after them the Saxons (who were called in to expellthem ) farwolfe, fo that of a Flourifhing Ifland, it became. for many Years a place of Ruin anddefo-' - lation, all her Nobility Slain, and the re- lidue of her Natives forced to betakethem- felves to the Faftneffes of Mountains, fo ‘ that Strangers having grafped the Scepter, which then Multiplyed into feven, from . thence called the Heptarchy of the Saxons Tfade again ceafed r all the Ships either ’ Sunk or Burnt in the’Ports f'but no fooner was the Bloody Tempeft over, but the wounded Ifland again began to lift up her Head. Forraign Nations again came in with the growths of their diftant Soil, andfolhe again became a • Store-Houfe of Wealth} but efpecially, when the foie Monarchy was reduced or original of Trade. 7 reduced'under Egbert the'nineteenth King of the 'Wisi-Saxons—^— Undet'whom things FlouriflMin a peaceful manner. 'But fo'oh after, as i'f : Fate had’envied her. happynefs, the Dam 'f no. Ms BlOody .'then the 'Sax¬ ons had been) made an. Invafion, tempted by'the glittering Wealth of this'fair Ille, and never left off till they 'had grafped.the Scepter, and, reduced it, to the obedience of Canute •, undid - /whom again fhe Flourifned more their ever, and ’fp' dbiitimted to do ( Trade increafing and' Arts duly improv¬ ed ) till the Conqueft by theNo'rman- Duke, who, for. a while put a ftop toher afpinng,yef/fopn after gave incouragements to ‘Ipduftrf'by 'Grants,' Charters, and large itnfen 1 fi|tid.'y‘.arfd. v |r 4^ 1 "him,.through ' the Reigns of feVeral’peaceful'' Kings, 'the cur¬ rent of her Profperity continued. Maritim affairs being profecuted with fuch Succefs, that our'Sailers began to Plough (till then ) unknown Seas, 'and fo Succesfidly/that they brought home'gfeat itprc.of; Riches, .open¬ ing a' way ' to "thofe’ that Tucceeded, to bring to perfe&ion what at this, day renders us happy in all temporal Bleifmgs. Having thus far .proceeded in general to ihew.whaf Britt «'» has been in her. infancy, Iffiail now proceed to give the Reader an account of Rich matters "as' have ihOre im¬ mediately 8 The Introchtttion, mediately conduced to the profperous and Flourilhing Eftate, wherein Ihe has for ma¬ ny Years paft remained, and does at pre- fent remain \ which chiefly,next Heaven,we muft attribute to her _ ftore of Shipping, and Expertriefs in Navigation, fo long in- couraged by her indulgent Kings, who in Peace and War have maintained the So- veraignty of the Sjas ' with Navies almoft incredible j fo that no Neighbour-Nation durft difturb our Traffick. Not to infift up¬ on King jinhure, who found out the Ruf¬ fian Traits, andpafled on conquering al¬ moft to the utmoft Orient, attended by a Squadron of three hundred Ships j nor Ed¬ gar d his Succeflor, who Ploughed the Bo- lom of the deep with four hundred Sail, averting his Sovereignty on the Main, to the- admiration of the Neighbour-Nations. Nor was Canute the Puiflant Daniih King, then Reigning in Brittain , lefs formida¬ ble on his watery Empire, being proud to have annexed to his Style Lord of the Ocean. Nor Edward the Confelfor, iefs Potent in Naval forces, as appears by the many Ships of War he fet forth to give Battle to his Brother in Law Godwin Earl of Kent, who kept the Seas with a great number of Ships that fpoiled and wafted the Coafts of Brittain , as appears in or, the Original of Trade. 9 in the Reign of that King tho indeed Heaven atthat time prevented the Shedding of Englijh Blood, by fending juft as they’' were about to ingage a thick Fogg to co¬ ver the Face of the Deep, fo that none could fee a Ships length. By this means Seamen were brought up and fitted for Navigation, in fuch fort that in the Non¬ age of the Norman Conqueft, as is be¬ fore faid, Traffick abroad began to Flouriflij nor was Manufacture, that Sinew of a Na¬ tion, lefs regarded, People being incou- raged thereto, not only by the Princes ihemfelves with large Indulgences, but by fuch Wealthy Peers- and others, as more fought the good of the Publick-Weai than- their own Private intereft, which ever re¬ dounds in the end to theirprofit. For tho the Poor be never fo induftrious, yet wanting what to Trade with, their Inclu- ftry will faint , but if they, have imploy- ment to: improve themfelves,. Lands, and all things elle will be improved, and ad¬ vanced to a higher Eftimate, andthe growth of England be made of value equal, if not. exceeding any European Commodity what- foever: So that this fpot ofanlflandmay, nay is, rightly termed the. StorerHeufe of the World, who. can fubfift of her felf, but without whofe Commodities few Na¬ tions;- lo The Introduction) ^ions can maintain their Grandure. , But to the purpofe: The Kings after the Conqueft intending to make this their conftant Seat, and making little efteem of their Ancient Inheritance, the Dutchy of Normandy did not let to increafe the Gran- dure of this Kingdom, by granting large Pri- ' viledge-sand immunities to thofe that vrere Induftrious, but efpecially to the > City of London , the chief jrefidence of Royalty, named by many Kings, their Royal Cham¬ ber: Nor was any thing thought too dear- that might conduce to her Felicity, as ap¬ pears- by the 'Charter granted by King*. Williamthe firftq commonly 1 called the Con¬ queror, which 'was in thefe Words. William King , greet eth William Bi(hop ,' and Godfry Porters and all the Bnrgejfes within London, French, Englilh, and ] grant you , that 1 ! mil that yini-maintain and injoy allyour Laws j , that yon‘did-Hn : the days of ■ King Edward' ( meaning the Confeffor b ) 1 and 1 will , that - each Child be his■ Fathers .■Heir j and' -further , I will , that-- no --man' wrong you, and fo God keep you. This, free conceffion gave feope to Trade, being* much augmentedbyfuoceeding Kings, - fo that- : Tradfemen- growing numerous, they fo prevailed upon' the Benign Shun-' ty of the Reigning- Princes, -that they af- or original of Trade. It ter long Frat'ernities obtained at.fever'al times to be incorporate indiftintt Bodies, Pi- Companies,; to Implead, or be implead¬ ed as ■ one inah.' The account of which as it happened in divers Kings Reigns,fhall in the following Chapters beTet down, be¬ ginning at the firltof the.twelve, and fo to proceed in order.^.. f 5 ■ ? ; CHAP. Ifc. 'The, Original of the Companies of the City . of London, viz. thePrmcipal twelve , of the time of their being incorporated, and by what Kings and . Queens', jits likewife- the names of all the other Companies, as : at this day they find confrmed. l. f-pHe Mercers ( tho then Trading for JL the moftpart in Stuff's of the Na¬ tive growth ) were inabled to be a Com¬ pany, and Permitted to. Purchafe twenty pounds per Jnnmn Lands,', ip the feveriteenth Year. s2 The Original of Year of King Richard thefecond’s Reigib Anno Domini , 13P3. 2. The Grocers (tho at that time not brought to half the Perfection that now it is ) called Pepperers, before were Incor¬ porated, by the name aforefaid, in the twentieth Year of King Edward the third Anno Dom. 1345. 3. The Drapers for the moftpartWoollen, were Incorporated in the feventeenth of King Henry the lixth, Anno 1430. hav¬ ing been a Fraternity from the time that King Edward the third five hundred . Barrels of Herrings, befides-fome t.d Tuns A vitw of '^the Inland Trait 23 Tunsof Gongerdouft/Stgreat ftore ofiRay- FilbjLwihfch Employs fame-hundreds! ofhth© Inhabitants!,'"ando inabies : ' themTaiprovid© plentifully for thbhx Families; 1 .add iMenrep as theold faying is, ag^riflr. : asraia^r day.-: -i b.n; . '-'v ' ' - •" ; . Thefej Commodities;,' w*.: Pilchards/are; vended;, by nthadHogsheadi,.fp«,jiof Jthemi' making a Tun , as likewife by .thei thonfakd,! they gllbwing^twelve "hundfed fmalivTMe.ito the thoufaridi,; and-miBajM rel.of) Herrings,, commonly thirty Gallons/ is fold to the'Mfcf chants' for - eighteen Shite lings/' Twenty' Shillings/-or according as.the. fifhing Seafop :M propitious/ Congerdoult is fold 1 >y the Kintale, mz,. one hundred and - ; twelve - pound' to the Kintale y Ray- filh are for the; ihoft ’part fold : frefli,- and that' by .the Dozen/ at two.Shillings:four Pence, two Shillings fix’-Pence/.andTomet times three Shillings^ Dozehybugtheir Dozens; are extraordinary large, they .ah lowing fometimes fixty to.' the*; Dozen 1 / but fometimes lefs, according to the Oh H orn of the Place/ their Weight is one hundred and twelve pound according to the Standeiy their Yard and Ell equal to thofe of London. " Their Bufliel for Grain and Salt import- cd.:cchtains twenty'eight Gallons/Water Meafure, 24 tf EngUni Meafure, and fo proportionable the greater or thelefler Measures; but theirBufheluC ed in Publick Markets for Corns is but twenty Gallons, their Gallon agreeing with the Wmhefier Gallon. The Bakers in thofe parts are but few, and the molt thing they Hand in need of is Salt, Ten thoufand Bulhel being yearly fpent in Curing their Filh. The manner of taking Pilchards and Herrings is with Nets, but the Ray-Fifh with Hooks *, the firft being FUhed for from the firft of July till the firft of Janu¬ ary * the fecond/rom Mchalemafs till Chrift- mafey and the third and laft, only in the Prime of Summer* fixty Boats, and about four hundred men being imployed therein. Dmnfc'tre is no lefs Rich in Veins of Tin: adorned it is, with many Towns and good Havens* as Exon, Dartmouth, and Fli- rnttth , the latter famous for producing the worthy Sr. Francis Drake. The Sea- Ports, as the former, molt Subfift by Fiihery. Dorfetjhire abounds in Cattle, Fertile Paftures, and Linnen Manufacture * it’s chief Towns being Dorchefler , and Way- month. Somerfetflike is famous for the many Trading Places contained in it’s Circuit, but of England 25 but efpecially in Briftol, the fecond City of England for Naval Commerce, as being ftored with Merchants Trading into moll parts of the known World; it abounds in Riches, and the County no lefs in Corn, Cattle, Wool,Woollen, Cloth Serges, and other valuable Commodities, which they Trade withal to other adjacent Coun¬ ties. - ! . Darbyjhire, the Head of which is the Town of Derby abounds in plenty of Corn, Leaden Mines, and other Minerals. Wiltjhire is an Inland County, but the people Frugal and induftrious; their chief Commodity 'is Woollen-Cloth, which is difperfed all over England, and brings them ajgdod : return, maintaining at leaft three thouland Perfons' in Carding, Spining, Weaving, Shearing, 1 Drefling, and the like ; the Head of this County is Salif- bury'. Hampjbire, famous for the great Trade of Hony therein, whofe chief Cities are Southampton , and Winchefter. Barkjhire , is famous for Cloth-working, abounding in Cattle, RichPalbures, Artifi¬ cers, Fruits of all forts, and all things elfe necelTary for the Subfiflance of man. Surry, is no lefs abounding in all plenty than the farmer, and of greater Trade, by C Reafon 0.6 A view of the Trade Reafon of it’s nearnefs to the City of London fiat Mouth of the Nation,, by Rea¬ fon of which it’s Inhabitants have, the better opportunity';'to. vend the growth of that County. • , Sajfex and Kent, abound in Fruits, Corn, Wood, Wax, Hony, Cattle, and all other neceflary. Commodities, which by Reafon they border on the Sea, they have opportu¬ nity tadifpofe.of. at good rates. Glocefterfnrefa for the moil part imploy ed in the Woollen Manufacture, Glocefer being the Head City. In it are found’ thofe fa¬ mous Hills of Cou-Wold on which; nume¬ rous Flocks, of Sheep Feed, and aftoardthe belt Wool in Europe. ■> Oxford , is famous for her Rich Paftures,- ftore of Cattle, and Corn, but above all for her Univerfity in -her • chief City- of Oxford. Buckingham , Bedford , and Hertfordjhim, are adorned with pleafant Buildings, rich Failures, ftore of Corn, pleafant Rivers abounding with Fifh, and Forrefo of Stately Oaks, with which the Wall of the Nati- on, viz., our Ships of War are made \ nor is Venifon in abundance wanting, nor any fort of Fowls common in England. Mddkfx , and Effex^ the firft famous f:i Buildings, and fo long together eon- • taining of England. 07 taining the Pallaces of our Kings Courts of Judicature, and above all incompaffmg the famous City of London. The fecond, for ftore of Cattle the many famous Ports, and the Commodity received by /hipping, the Silver Thames Walhing.her Southern Shoar as far as the Hope, it aboundinglikewife in Corn, Cheefe, Butter, and the like. Suffolk and Norfolk, next take place; the firlt famous for Butter, Cheefe, Cloath, Cattle, Corn, Wool, and what not: The fecond for Deer, Conneys, Sheep, Daries, and ftore of Corn; but above all, for con¬ taining the famous City of Norwich, which for Induftry ought to be accounted the chief Boaft of England, it being feated up¬ on the River Tare, from whence Tar month takes it’s name, and thirty Miles from the Sea by Water, tho not above lixteen by Land, has little forrain Trade, fave on¬ ly with Holland-, the chief Trade being with the City of London, the chief Com¬ modities being Stuffs, and Stockings, which are made for the moft part in the Ci¬ ty ; it not being guelfed, that lefs then one hundred thoufand pounds-worth of Stuffs every Year are fent up to London ; which Stuffs making and diipoilng of are under the Government of two Companies, C 2 the 28 A view of the Trade the one called the Worftes Company,theo- ther theCMj/M Company :Thofe Manufactures under the Government of the Worfted Com¬ pany (and approved by the Wardens there¬ of ) have a Seal affixed to each, on the one fide infcribed Norwich, on the other, fuch letters as Hand for the WardensNames, that are at the Sealing thereof. The other Seal has on one iide thefe words, viz,. Wor¬ sted Reformed, and on the other in Figures containing the quantity of Yards the Piece contains. Thofe called the Rnjfta Compa¬ ny, the Maniifa&ure, under whofe Govern¬ ment to be approved, by them is Sealed on the one fide with thefe words Fidelitas Artes alit. This SufF Trade is managed by Part¬ ner-Ship between the London and Norwich Merchants, great quantities whereof have been, and are exported to furnifh other Nations, efpecially Spain, and the Weft-In - diets. The Stockings, here vended, are reckoned to amount to near fixty thoufandpoundspcr^»w/ 7 ,beingmoft knit by Children incapable of other Labour j fo that at eight Years of Age, many of them will earn four pence or fix Pence aday •, thefe latter are not under any Governour, but have their Materials found them by cer¬ tain Citizens, as well of that City, as of London of England. 2?s.?im currant ■ are fiecfis of Twenty two ShillingsSMling,bptOTyant: at one pound five Shilling fix pence. . Pieces of eleven Shillings Sterling,cugran£c at.fwelve .'Sfiiljings fix pepee. 'Pieces of twenty’Shillings'Sterling, c.ur-x rant at one poiind three Schillings fix pence. .Pieces of Ten Shilliiigs ..Sterling", ; cur^ - rant at eleven Shillings -.fix .pence';. Pieces of. five.Shillings.Sterling,, cur-- rant-; 3 $ Of the Currant Cops rant at five Shillings nine pence. Pieces of two Shillings nine pence the ? part twenty two Shillings,. Pieces • of two Shillings fix pence the l part of twenty Shillings. The cun ant new Milled Gold.: Pieces of five pound, currant at five pound feven Shillings fix pence. ^Double Guinnies currant at two pound three Shillings, fometimes more. -, - .' ; Guinnies currant at one pound one Shilling fix pence. 7 . Half Guinnies currant at Ten Shillings nine pence. : The Silver currant Cojns are pieces of Five Shillings Sterling. Pieces of two Shillings fix pence Ster¬ ling, Pieces of twelve pence called Shil¬ lings. Pieces of fix pence Sterling. Pieces of thirteen pence halfpenny Ster¬ ling. • ’ Pieces of nine pence Sterling. Pieces of four pence half penny Ster¬ ling, Pieces of England. 37 Pieces of four pence Sterling. Pieces of three pence Sterling. Pieces of two pence Sterling. Pieces of" one penny- Sterling. Pieces of a half penny Sterling. Piece of a half penny of Copper. Pieces of one far thing of Copper, The Account thus, four Farthings make a Penny Sterling; twelve Pence make a Shilling Sterling; five Shillings make a Crown} four Crowns make twenty Shil¬ lings, or one Poundy tho Pome there be that Reckon by Marks, Nobles, and Angels, which is only in the remote parts oftheKing- dom. A Noble is fix Shillings and eight pence, a Mark thirteen Shillings and four pence, an Angel is two Crowns, or Tea Shillings. CHAP, J 8 Of Wtigbts and Me a fares C H AP. VI A view of -the Weights and M-ufures ufed.m England , as thy are Sfia- blifhed by Standard, and confirmed by the Zam of the Nation , and by Parliament. T He ufnal Weights .that pats .through¬ out England, are Troy Weight, and Averdapois-Weights ; the former confiding of twelve Ounces, each Ounce to confift.of twenty Penny Weight, the Penny Weight to confift of twenty four Grains'; and this Weight is commonly ufed in Weighing of Bread, Gold, Silver; all Phyfical matters,, as Eleduaries, Powders, and the like; eight pounds of this Weight being reckoned, to ■ Weigh a Gallon, and from thence Multi- plyed to any greater Meafure; four Gal¬ lons making a Peck, four Pecks a Bulhel, and Bulhels a Quarter. Wet Mea- fhres are-likewife derived from this Weight, both at Land and Sea, viz., twelve Troy ttfedm England. 39 or Ale, is eight pounds Troy, according to the Standard of the Exchequer, andAdb of Parliament -of the XI. and Xil. of Hen¬ ry the feventh. And by this Rule the Coop¬ ers make their Casks for all vendible Af- lize, vix. a Hoglhead to contain fixty three Gallons, a Tearce eighty four, a'Pipe one hundred twenty 'fix , a Tun two hundred fifty two Gallons j as likewife all Casks made for packing tip Fifh, as .a Salmon Butt to contain eighty four Gallons, the Barrel twenty four, a Herring Barrel thirty two., an Eele Barrel forty two, a Sope Barrel thirty two Gallons, the lelTer Casks to.be divided accordingly.. The 'Other "Weight, Averdupois, wherewith isWeighed Butter,Cheefe,FleIh, Wax, all manner of Grocery, and indeed molt Commodities vended in England ; ft confifts of fixteen Ounces ‘to thepound,. and is called Garbel, by Reafon a Draught or Waft is allowed to every weighing : Seven pound of this Weight is accounted to weigh a Gallon of Wheat, and fo Multi¬ ply ed to fifty fix pound the Bnlhel;. feven pound Averdupois, is one hundred and two Ounces of Troy; from whence it is accounted that a Bulhel of Wheat mull weigh one hundred and twelve pound, and a quarter four hundredforty eight pounds Averdupois. 4© Weights and Meafures Averdupois, and fo confequently fourteen pound Averdupois is jlxteen pound eleven Ounces Troy •, and as one penny Sterling is the twentieth part of an Ounce Troy, fo feven pound twelve Shillings Sterling is eighty four Ounces, a half and two penny Weight of Troy, and fix pound eight Shil¬ lings Sterling, is eighty two pound \ Ounce, and one penny Weight; and from thefe two are the Weights of Houfhold,Wheat- enand White Bread Calculated. The Weigh of Cheefe is by Averdupois, and runs thus. The Weigh of Cheefe one hundred and twelve pound Averdupois, and the two hundred containing two hundred twenty four pounds, confifts of thirty four Cloves, every Ciove being feven pound. The Weigh of Suffolk Cheefe is two hun¬ dred fifty fix, and the Weigh of Ejfex Cheefe three hundred thirty fix pound A- verdupois. A Sack of Wool was accounted three hundred fifty four pound Averdupois: two Weighs of Wool make a Sack,, and two Sacks a Laft. The laft of Herrings is ten thoufand, every one thoufand to contain ten hundred, and every hundred fixfcore, that is, before they areBarrell'd. Lead is fold by the Fod¬ der, containing nineteen hundred and - at afed in England. 41 @ne hundred and twelve per cm. Averdu- pois., This Weight likewife of fixteen Ounces to the pound is made three feveral Quintars for. Weighing feveral forts of Mefchandife'j the fir ft is offivefcore pound juft'to the hundred, and called one hun¬ dred Sutle, whereby fine Commodities as Spices, Drugs, and the like are fold, which are accounted by the pound, and to which over and above is allowed by the Seller four pound,upon one hundred and four pound taken from the overplus,derived from the Weights of Jrnwerp for Spices, and called by the name of Tret. The fecond of the Quintars is one hundred and twelve, m,,fivefcore and twelve tb the hundred, by which all Grofs Commodities are weighed. The third is fixfcore to the,hundred , by which. Tinn is weighed to-hisMajefties Farmers, and fome other few Commodi¬ ties j and is called by the name of th sStm- nery hundred. From this Averdupois Weight, by divifion the Weight called the Stone, which is twofold, the long, and the Ihort the long is accounted four pounds Averdupois, and the Ihort eight, but in this there is no certainty, for it differs accord¬ ing' to • the Cuftoms of Counties and Markets 1 ' There is an other thing in ufe called a 7W, Tome places feveri pound, ! i ■ . others 42 Of Weights and Meafures others eight, and forae again ten, being altogether variable. They have likewifea Glove of twenty pound,twenty eight pound, thirty two pound, and the like. There are likewife in molt Markets for weigh¬ ing of Flefh Stillyards ufed, but without the Approbation ofthe Buyers;, they being unin¬ telligible to many, and oftentimes falfe ; firft invented for the Weighing Hay, and Straw, for which ufes indeed they are only proper. Averdupois confiils of lixteen Ounces, every Ounce conlilling of eight Drams, and every Dram of fixty Grains; fo that by it the Raw-Silk of Perfta, and Tkrky, are fold', but then twenty four Ounces are allowed to the pound, or a pound and an half, &c. Thus having diftinguilhed thefe Weights which are of fuch ufe in this Nation, it is not amifs that Ilhew you what accord the one hundred and twelve pound Suttle has with other Nations, and Places of Traffick, as for the Equality of Weight tho they differ in number. In Europe, it agrees with the Weights of Metfella , the Fenetia. Sptile ,' .the Fc- ' mia. Xjtofs, Sicilia, Lisbon, Vlmnce, Anvers, Lions, S'evtl, Dantucf Bruges. In Africa, and Afia, with the Weights of ' ttfed in England. 43 of Aleppo , Aleppo, Tripoly , 7Vi- yo/y, Bamtria , Alexandrio-Zera , Alexan¬ dria , Forfar 1 Scio , 'Confiantinople , Rhodes , Acrid,- Babylon , Balfola , and Ormns. And thus you fee, Reader, the Induftry and Im¬ provement of the Englifi Nation, which now I mull leave , and take a View of Scotland. CHAP. VIII. J view of Scotland, W 5 We thereof in General, together with the Coy ns, Customs, and Imreafe of that Ancient Kingdom. S cotland ( by Reafon of it’s continuing a diftinft Kingdom for fo many hun¬ dred Years, even till the happy Union by King James, and indeed does yet in moil- things, unlefs the Prerogative Royal ) is thought worthy to be Treated of feperate- ly, tho indeed, the North part of Brittain , and only feperated from England by the Rivers Tweed , Salway, and the Cheviot-Hill.s. 44 Of the Trade of Scotland, &c. It’s chief City is Tdenburg, which contains the Kings Pallace, the Courts ofJuftice,& con- fifts of one great Street, of a Mile in Length;'into which all the Petty Streets and Lanes open. The next chief Cities and Towns are Gkfgow, (the See of an Arch- Bilhop, and an Univerfity ) St. Andrews , Sterling, Perth, Aberdeen,Dondes , St. Johns Town, &c. The currant Money con ft sis of Gold rind Silver , and are as followeth. Pieces of twenty two Shillings Ster¬ ling. Pieces of eleven Shillings Sterling. Pieces of five Shilings fix pence Ster¬ ling. Pieces of two Shillings nine pence Ster¬ ling. Pieces of four Shillings four pence l Sterling. Pieces of one Shilling one half penny Sterling. Pieces of nine Shillings fix pence, be¬ ing l of the thirteen pence half pen¬ ny. One Mark. Pieces of four pence half penny Ster¬ ling. But Of the Trade of Scotland, &c. 45 But note that thirteen pence half penny Sterling, is accounted a Scotch Mark, or thirteen Shillings!, foiir pence Scotch ; fix- pence three farthings, a. Scotch Noble, ac¬ counted fix Shillings and eightpence; twen¬ ty pence Sterling is accounted a'Markand a half Scotch, or one pound Scotch,' Qf twenty Shillings Sterling is eighteen Scotch Marks ; fo that Strangers unacquainted with their Money hearing them difcourfe about it think them far Richer then they are. They have other Pieces of Copper Mo¬ ney of fmall Value, as Babaes, Bodies, hard Heads, and the like j but indeed they have Principally the money of England , which is currant in that Kingdom, and of late have abounded in Silver. The chief Commodi¬ ties of the Country are Cloath, Free¬ zes , Filh, Hides, Salt, Lead Ore, Tallow , Grain of' all forts, Feathers, Iron, Allum , Seacoal, commonly called Scotch-Coal, arid are divided into two parts, viz. The ! Highland, and Lowland, which are dividedinto Sherifdoms,and Fifes. They have an Exchange in imitation of ours at London , but efpecially ufed for the Exchange of monies with England. ■ f The keeping of their accounts, divers ways; fome keep them according to the Method of England, others according to the Ancient 46 Of the Trade of Scotland, &c. Ancient ufe and Cuftom of their own Na¬ tion, which is in'Marks valuable asa- forefaid. Their Weight for weighing Merchandife is but one, and with that they buy and fell throughout the Kingdom j it contains fixteen Ounces to the pound, and one hundred of thofe pounds make their Quintal j which in England is one hundred and eight pounds Averdupoisj and one hundred pound London Suttle Weight makes ninety two of theirs,or one hundred and twelve Englifi one hundred and three and a half of Scotch y their Meafures for Linnen, Stuffs,Cloath, or Silk, is. the'Ell which is wanting of ours, info- much that it differs from our Yard four ■pc cm. that is, four Yards in a hundred Ells, fo that feventy five Yards, or fixty Ells Englifi make feventy two Scotch, but in Tale to every hundred they Reckon fix- feore. In Meafure for Corn, Coals,Salt, Wine, Beer, Ale, Oyl, and the like, they come near at one with ours. Their Navigation is but fmall, for the moft part Trading with England , and Ire¬ land, yet are they a People frugal and much bent to improve the growth of their Country. ; And thus having taken a view of Scot- .land, and the Trade thereof I mull: pafs over Of the Trade of Ireland, &c. 47 over into Ireland the third Diamond in the Brittp Diadem. C H A P. IX. 4 view of Ireland » and of theTracky. Manners, and, Preftnt Stott of that Kingdom. I kelanA, is divided into four Provinces, viz. Lempfier, Mtinficr , Cmnoitght, Vl- fer 3 and- Meath, andis four hundred Miles in Length, and two hundred in Breadth, the chiei Cities and' Towns are Dublin, Kitmfail, London Berry , Li wick, Cork-, Waterford , Jrmah, Bmgamm, Markbmgj fkillips-Tmn v Kildare-, and, Tradab. This Kingdom abounds in Navigable Ri¬ vers , flore of Fiih, Cattle, and Hides; which are Tranfported into Spain, France , and Italy ; Salmon are caught in fuch a- bnndante in Jnly, and dhgift, that many Servants in the places- of that Fifliery, Covenant with their Mailer upon their be¬ ing hired, that they will not feed upon 48 Of the Trade of Ireland, 8tc. Salmon, but only fo many days in a Week. Thefe they Salt and Barrel up, fending them into all the Neighbouring Countries, where they are received as good Mer- chandife; the Herring Filhery is likewife ufed and improved by them, as likewife Pilchards, which are taken in Augujt, Sep¬ tember , and Ottober-, and Tranlported into Spain,. France, and the Streights of Gibral¬ tar: they hate ftore likewife of Butter, Cheefe, Calves-Skins, and other neceflary Commodities : Their Corn for the moll part is the fame with ours, yet in value not the fame, for a pound Sterling Injh , is worth, according to the Intrinfick value, no more then fifteen Shillings Englifh, and the Shilling confequently but nine pence Sterling, fix pence Irifh but four pence halfpenny Sterling. The Exchange ispra- ftifed in the City of Dublin , but of little ufe as to any' • Trarifmarine Places, - un- lefs England, and there Principally London and commonly running at eight pence upon the pound, or at molt but one Shilling, which is but five pound per cent . The Weights and Meafures are ( or for the moltpart J.;confiftent to thofeof Eng¬ land, and in.fine it is a Country exceeding -fertil, abounding;in all things neceflary for the ufe of man, which would turn to.great . . advantage A View of / he. 49 advantage,Were t'he-Ihhabitahts but Induftri-' ous , efpecially in fitting out Ships for Na¬ vigation; but they for the molt part roave abroad , improving other Countries, and negledting- their own. Their chief Mer- chandife are in Fifh, which they- fend-into France, Spin, England, 'Scotland, and other parts of Europe. - And thus I fhall -leave this ^Kingdom and return , or rather Sail round - Brittain , to take a View of the Iflands of the Sea, or Ocean Iflands, CHAP. X. A view of the Ocean Iflands, and of ■ their Trade , viz. fitch _ as are Stth- jeci to his Majefly of great Bri¬ tain. T He Ocean Iflands are fcattered in the Britifh Sea like fo many Pearls to a- dorn the Imperial Diadem^, and arefirft, the Orcades, or Wes of Orkney, thirty two in number. The chief of which is Pomonia, which-aboundsin Mines of Tinn and Lead: D The 50 A view of The ’next Hethy ; and the other (there fee¬ ing only three, of themof notciSkMwd bearing Fruit-Trees - of ftrange kinds. Ef- pecially thofe whofe Blofloms dropping into the Waiter become Flying Birds. ; / The next are the Iflandsofthp Hebrides, in number forty four ; the chief whereof is Ilia, abounding with ftore of Venifon. And jma, famous for the Sepulchers of the Scottifh Kings ; as; likewife Mda, where the Redjhanks inhabit, once fo fearful to England ; the felt are of little note. The lllands called the Sortings are one hundred forty five: The Principal are Ar- math, Agnes, Samfon,- and SciUy, after which name all the reft are called; The Inhabi¬ tants thereof Trade in Fi(hery.,fowCorn, andaddift themfelves to Manufacture. The Ifleof Man, is: a fquare lfland^be- ing ten Miles in Length, and as, many; in Breadth; the growth of it is Flax, Hemp, Oats, Early, and Wheat, having itoreof Cattle and other Merchandife brought in thither by Shipping; the chief Towns are Rallactiry, Ruffin, or Chafieltown. The Ifle of Anglefiy, isaeeounted'aShire of Wales ; and by fome called the pother of Wales, being twenty.: four Miles in Length, and feventeen Miles over; Fruitful it the Ocean IJland. 51 it is, even beyond report, in Corn, Fruits, Cattle, Fowl, and Filh; improved by fe- veral Profitable Manufactures: The Inha¬ bitants making great (tore of Butter and Cheefe, and fend out of it yearly three thoufand Head of Cattle: It’s chief Town is Beaumaris , very Commodious' for Ship¬ ping. Jerfey is a fairlfland, in Compafs twenty Miles, peopled with Induftrious Inhabi¬ tants, yearly improving their Commodi- dities and vending them to good advan¬ tage. Trading with England and France efpecially, famous for the many.fine Or¬ chards and Gardens: the- chief Towns.and places of Traffick being St. Mailo, and St. Hillary ; the former being nightly Guard¬ ed without the Walls. From this Ifland twenty Miles diftant is Gmrnfey , Sur¬ rounded with fpacious Harbours; and in every part Fertile, ftored with Cattle, and lying Commodious for Shipping, Facing the Coaft of France ;. and hath for it’s chief Town St. Peters. The lalt of the Ifles Surrounding Bri¬ tain , is the famous Ifle of Wight , which is twenty Miles long, and twelve over, and abounds with all things wherewith England is ftored, divided from Portf- rromh but by an Arm of the Sea, lying D 2 moft 52 A view of ’ &c, moll Commodious for the Reception of Shipping \ and for it’s chief Towns has Yarmouth , New-Port , and Bra¬ dring. And thus much Tor the IHands of the Sea, furrounding Britain : And now I lhall only take a Ihort Survey of fome things further appertaining to the Trade of Britain , and fo Lanch into the Ocean, and take a view of the remoteil Parts of the World, elpecially fuch as are .Traded' to by the Englijh. What more remains, is an account of fuch Com¬ modities of EngH^^ and. Manufa¬ cture, as'are Exported , being Staple Commodities, and the common Cargo of outward'bound Veflels. CHAP. Of the Men fires, &C. 53 C H A P. XI. A further Account of the Meajures of England, with a true Proportion of the Weight of Englifh Cloths. F IrJt, for the Breadth, Meafure and Weight of Engliih-Cloath, that chief of Staple-Commodities, Kent, York, and Redding Cloaths are fix quarters and a half broad,and ought to weigh eighty fix pounds j the Cloath in the Peice are in length thirty, and thirty four Yards. Suffolk, Norfolk, arid EJfex Cloaths of feven quarters wide, arc eighty pounds Weight, twenty nine and thirty two Yards in Length. Worcefier , Coventry, and Hereford Cloaths of fix quar¬ ters and a half, are in Weightfeventy eight pound,and in Meafure thirty, & thirty three Yards. - Glocefter , Oxon, and Wiltfhire, and Summerfetfnre Cloaths, of feven quarters wide weigh feventy fix pounds , and in length twenty nine, a.nd thirty two Yards. Suffolk, Sorting Cloaths of fix quarters and a half-wide, ought to weigh fixty four pound, and to be in length twenty-four and D 3 twenty 54 '<4 father Account twenty fix Yards. All forts of Cloaths that are fix quarters and a half wide, ought to weigh fixty pound, and be twenty four and twenty fix Yards in length; broad and narrow TorkJIm of four quarters wide, weigh thirty pound,,.and in length are twenty four, and twenty five Yards. Broad-Cloath of Taunton , Dimftable , and Bridg-Water of feven quarters , weigh thirty pound the Cloath , and in Meafure are twelve , and thirteen Yards. Devonjhire Kerfies, and Doflens of four quarters,weigh thirteen pounds,inMea- fure twelve,, and thirteen Yards. Chequer Kerfies, Grays,Striped and Plain offourquar- tersare inWeight twenty four pound,inMea-; fure feventeen, and eighteen Yards.Ordinary Peniltons.or Forrefts of three quarters and a half, in Weight twenty eight pound, in Meafure twelve and thirteen Yards. Sort¬ ing Penifton of fix quarters and a half are pounds thirty five, Yards thirteen and fourteen. Walhers of Lancajhire and others the Cloaths are feventeen pounds in Weight, in Meafure feventeen and eighteen Yards. This Cuftom of aflizing Cloaths at a cer¬ tain Weight was firlt impofed for the pre¬ venting defrauds in making flight lleafy, or imperfeft Cloaths,and if any of the aforefaid Cloaths prove othcrwife then is fpecifyed, of Enjflifh Meafures. 5 5 maker, or feller, ought .to allow accord¬ ing to the want, either in Width, Length, or Weight, and for fo refilling, may be fued for a defraud. To tiring this to perfection the Weight of Wool is; thus, the Sack of Wool doth contain three hundred fixty four pounds,the Tod twenty eight pound,thirteenTods being accounted to a Sack j every Tod being four Nales, and every Nail, feven pound: The Sack of Wool is imputed to finifh four Standard Cloaths, of twenty four Yards each in length,& fix Yards &ha'lfquar- terwide, of fixty pound Weight, commonly calledSortingCioaths.In theWeightit is to be noted; .whether the Cloatht are thick Mill’d, well fcoured , and throughly dryed, that the fam,e be 'Meafured by the Yard, and that in Inch,be allowed to every Yard: Aiid thus much for Woollen Manufacture. And novv I am entering on Ship-Board, , to view the. World, and to pafs the unfa¬ thomed Paths of the Deep. It will not be amlfk/to give; a more full tho brief account of the Mcafurcs whereby fuch things' are Meafured as l arefent on Board for the Sub- liftanceof thofe fhatgo down into the Deep, &c. ,as thus, the Engliih Meafures for all (jrUin accbfdirig to the Statues in that cafe fmudeand provided are the Pint, Quart, Pottle e;6 A further Account Pottle,Gallon. A Gallon being eight Pints, four Quarts, two Potles ■, the. Peck two Gallons, the half Bulhel,two Peck's, the, Bu- fheljtwo half Bufhels,the. Strike, two By.ftiei, the Cornock two Strikes',' the;'Quarter, two Cornocks. TheWeigh' either of Corn or Salt.is fortyfix'Bulhel's;'and theLait is eighty Bulhels. Note in Salt Water Meafure, is allowed, -viz,, five Pecks to the . Bulhel. Liquid Meafures thus.,, the ' Ale Firkin to contain eight Gallons, Kil¬ derkin'llxteen, and the Barrel thirty two. A Beer Firkin ought to contain nine Gal¬ lons, the Firkin eighteen, and the Barrel thirty fix; the Kilderkin of Wine ought to be eighteen Gallons, the Barrel thirty one, ! the Hogs-Head.fixty three, the Tertian ■ eighty four,the Butt, or Pipe one hundred ..twenty fix, 'the Tun two hundred 'jiffy twp. A Runlet of Oy'l ought to be eight'Galloiis and a half, a .Hogshead, fixty three, a Pipe one hundred twenty fix, and the. Tun ' one hundred fifty' two; tho' as to Oyl in the. Meafure thereof,' the Cuftora of London differs from the Statute,allowing'but feven pound to each Gallon, and by that means the Tun is' reduced'to one hundred thirty fix, and foat this day ’tis' fold; and. thus far.hayiiigprocecded'to'givethofc thattnre defiitus to Trade,’of Traffick, ' c.- - ' • ■ • • • ■’ ■. . ei't/rer of £ngli[h Meaftires] yy either by Land, or Sea, an inlight.into molt of the Enghjh growth, and Manufa¬ ctures ; I fhall now hoife up Sail and bear before the Wind, not intending to caffc Anchor till my adventurous Bark arrive in the late difcovered Americano take a View of the Trade and Traffick thereof, and from: thence into Affrnk. , fo to Afia^ and then to Europe , all along obferving the Cities, Towns, Ports, Havens, Bays, either in Continent or Wand; in whatfo- ever place the Englijh have any Traffick of note ; or any other European Navi¬ gators. .CHAP. XII. ... ft View of America , of it's Pro¬ vinces , and the Trade thereof A Merica , the fo long unknown Part of the World, was firil difcovered by Columbus^ a Genoefe, at the charge of Ferdi¬ nand and Jfaklla , King and Queen of Cafiile, who fetting fail from Sw/, after iixty three days, difcovered that valt Con¬ tinent 5$ 'JVkw of America, tinent,. which was feconded by Jmriats Vefpmius, a Florentine, at the charge of Emanuel King of Portugal, who making a perfed Difcovery of that Golden place, had the Honour to have it called by his-. Name. The next that made any confiderable difcovery, was Sebafiian &bbot, a Native of Brijlol, being furnilhed out. for that purpofe by our King Henry the feventlg and iince him feveral of our Englijh Navigators have improved his Dif- coyery,as St.Francis Drake,Willowby, Candifh ,. Burroitghs,Forbijher,Davis, &c. This. Immenfity is for the molt part- polTelTed by the Spaniards, and divided in-, ft); two parts, viz.. Mexicana 7 and Berua~ w % and the former again divided intothefe. following Provinces, viz.. Mexico, Nica¬ ragua, Qmvira, Jucutan, Florida, Virginia , NeiP-Fngland •, Nurembega, Nova Francia , Cmerialis, and Efiotilandia. The Commodities of Mexico ( now cal-, led Nova Hifpania, theRefidence of the. Spanifi Viceroy, and ArchrBilhop ) are Gold, Silver, Sugar, Tobacco, Ginger, Tallow, Hides, and Spices j and above all, i^i that Province grows a Tree, called both by the Spaniards, and Natives,a Mettle Tree, the Leaves of which make Confections, Pa¬ ger, Mats, Flax, Mantles,. Shoes, Girdles, Cordage,.. ' 4 ni of the Trade thereof. $g ' Cordage,' and Saws,, and out of the Root 1 ; I flues a 1 Juice, which 1 being boy led is perfect ■ Sugar; &jfhomtheTop-Braiich,afjumdiiti]ls. -Iscellent 'agaiiift • Poyfpns, or Infedtious • Vapours; ‘.This-City was ' taken by. the Spaniards, *under the Leading of Harnando ■ ■■Mortis, " ' ‘ ! ' l "' ■ -Qwvird, is-accounted .thefecond -Province, ^t-iiatdydn ; the'Wefterir part 6f Jmeri- 'Peopled wftli Spanifh Colonies, -’Under thedeadirig of Anno 1540. It abounds chiefly in Cattlefeveral.who addict themfelyes to the bringing them up being Maftersof 30000. Head and upwards,. which fejryefhe lnlfgbit^pts: with/'their Milk for Drink, their Flelh for Food, and their ..Skin? for deaths.. They, have likewife fome • 'Gold, but.of fmall value,'and not'worth refining. . Nicaragua, is on the South-Weft of Mexico, and has for it’s chief City Nova-- Granada,. It’s Commodities chiefly conlift- - -iBg' Of-’Balforny.Cottoi], Wax, and Hony.. ' 1 ^licuiari, : difcovered Amo 1517, has for. it’s chief City Champechio■, this Province yields Wood -for dying Rich Coloursjand likewife ftore of Deer and. Cattle,, ai- molt like Elks. Florida - was difeovered by Sebaftkn ■ €a— ht Jnno 14p7„wliich at that time it was pof feflecL f 60 'A View of America,. &c. felled by the Spaniards , with whom the French made War .till they.,cpnfumed;each ' others people, to that degree that Tt-vyas abandoned, by either Nation, : bv}t ; fincere- , peopled by . the Spaniards,-, yf)ho liave. j)uilt there feveral ftrang Forts. The-.Commo¬ dities are Gold Ore, fome Veins of Silver, fome. Spices, and Woods of value.. .And thus much of thoie Provinces th e Spaniards pofllTs. Now I /hall come,,,to Treat, of Virginia, -by the Englilh. ' . ; G HAP.; X III; A Fierv of Virginia, and of theTrade, Manners, Cuftoms, and Government thereof and of the Commodities of that Colony. . .. - V irginia being. difcovgred bySir, Wti¬ ter Raleigh, Jinno- 1584.:.haddt’s-naine from our Virgin Queen , it lying in height thirty five degrees North Latitude, and extends, to thirty eight .and a; half,, being planted by the Englilh only fronts7 1034 degrees, under the Protection and Supream Authority of his Majefty of great -Britain, 8c having Of Virginia,&c. 61 having tlie Bay of Roanoaks y and Cape Florida to, the /Southward, 'and MaryUand ..to'the Noith^vardi .Tiiebin entrance but .'of zffkgma .into! the'.S.ea,' - is kbout- :; io Leagues j'the Country is full' of NTavigabl e •, Rivers, ft ored- with Filh, and Tome of them abounding wichOyfters, Crabs, and Sturgeon,-many of the Rivers being; 7,8, Nailes, Iron . wrought into Tools, !Sope, Starch ^ Gunpowder,-Shot', 1 -'Wih^ Strongs Water, “Brandy ySugaf ^(SpiOe : i 'iahd /the. like •, and .When any bne-cOihes dyer with. Servants.‘to Mjabit,;- a^a-teiter'/fhOhas 50 Acres of Land allotted him, ‘to manure even where he will choofe, unlefs in ' fuclr Places as are before in Poileffion; and for that Parcel of Land, he pays 12 pence per Annum quit Rent. The manner- of planting, and, bringing ■ to.perfection, their Tobacco,accounted by them the Staple Commodity of theColo- ny is thus ; in January they fow the Seed, which is fmaller than Muftard-Seed, and when it comes up, they take up the Plants, , ahd-place-them upon little Hills, which is 64 . 0 / Virginia, &c. in& contained in one Acre, every Hill con¬ taining a. Plant. the. which when it is about 2, Foot high, they. Crop ro . give more N.o.urilhmentto the Leaves., which Leaves are a Foot or two Foot long, andfomea Foot broad, and when they are at the big- ell, they cut them up Stalk and all, and hang them : up in Sheads to dry 3) which done, : they ftrip them from the Stalks, and fo .bind'them up in Handfuls for c pack¬ ing in Casks, or make them up in.Rolls. An. Acre of good Ground.is reckoned to bear a 500 Weight of Tobacco, notlefs then -.lyoGor,Hogsheads-,.being -reckoned to beiihippediyearly^for' v $figlan'd\ Scot¬ land .j -apd, h%[and:. r Then* Servants for the moltitothjCqnfft of- Negrm# which they buy of the Merchants-, that Bring them thither. - ..p - • ' 1 s , CHAP* Of New-England, &c. 6$ C H A P. XIV. A Fiew. of New-England, and the. - Tirade thereof. N -Ew-Engltmd has for it’s chief Town or City Bofton, where all their Trade Certres, efpecially that which accrues by Navigation} .a place which contains about 1500 houfes Built of Brick and Timbeigin it is a State Houfe, and Congregational Meet- ing-Houfes} the'Inhabitants for the molt . part being Presbyterians,' and Inclepcndants j and' areVlupplyed jidtlj great Qiigptitjesof , Fifli from Marilehead ,.and .other places^As for Fowl, they Trade with the Indians, as likewife for Mufcat, Beaver, Otter, &c. for which they.deliver-.them ; ,Strong- ' Waters,' Shagged-Clqa.th, Beads, Lbo^ing- Glafles, and. the -likejVarid thither likewife arej brought' Proyifions from St.' Martins, ' Zohgijla'n'd, Road", Ijland , Shelter Ifland j and. other .places, they, all being little fp.ots, Handing in the Sea, and.have theirTrade chiefly; ^onlihingin. Proyilibh. ’ ,'1’he,thief "[Roads'for tjifl fafe Riding: of SbiRRing ’ are ■;[[; [; : ' ' -Rofton, 66 Of New-Engfand, Bofion, Charleftown , Salem , and Pafcaw qua, A Mint they have, in which they Coyn Englilh money, as 12 pence, 6 pence, 3 pence, and fmaller piece, both Silver and Tinn. The Reafon of fetting it up, was upon the fpreading of many adultera¬ ted Pieces of Eight among!! them, brought from Peru ; but notwithstanding the Eng- lifh Coyn, Mexico , and Sevil Royals, go currant at a Crown apiece. , Their Accounts are kept after the Itali¬ an Fafhion, by fuchas underftandthe way, and thofe that do not keep them.as in old England; Their Weights are Jverdufois r and ''Troy fthz former cpfififting 6f 16 Ounces the pound, ahdtheigtter of twelve;' their hundred- Jverdnpdif is 112 pdundsfand by that they weigh all their grOfs ; Com¬ modities, u'fing Trey only for Silk/Gold, and Silver. Their Mcaliires are likewife ■confiftent.with ours.-/";, ; ! ; ( '" 'Their chief Merchandise fpiiftllsin Hogs, ; Oxen, Fifb, Flower, Pedfc, Kell, or Rice, Eiskets, Beaver,' Muskat Skins, Otter, Pipe-Staves, Mails , and the like.^ and fome. Tobacco, for which. ,they receive: in eXdhartge. English ' Linnen ,' and. Woollen- 'CloathjlrOri-TdolS jStockins,' Shoe's,Thred, ' ' Buttons, and the Trade thereof. Buttons, Ribons, Lead, Puter, Tinn,fraall : Ordnance, Gunpowder, Shot, Strong Wa¬ ters, Wines,, Oyls, Fruit, Salt, and the like j not taking any Cuftoms for ought imported, except Wines, and Strong Wa¬ ters, and for that not above 30 or 40 Shil¬ lings perTrn ■, Confolage they take none,, their Factorage is from 5 to 10 per cent, for Sails and returns only, and that, not fixed, but as the Trader, and the Faftor can agree. Sugars they have likewife,which, they Tell in Casks, and have- not many Ships belonging to the Plantation. Their chief Filhing conlifts in dry Cod, and poor Jack, which every .Spring and Fall, they take 'by Hooks, and: fell, by the Quintal, or hundred Weight, each, for 18 . or 30 Royals, fo(netime$ more,, tho'fbthe- timesthty Barrel then! up; their Fraight per Tun from thence to London , is 3 pound, 3 pound 16 Shillings, and fometimes 4 pound. They have likewi fe an. Office of Amirance,now ; much in requeft, both by the. Inhabitants, and fuch as Trade thither..'. And thus much for Neto-Lngknd. ~ ( CHAP* 68 Of Mary-land, CHAP. XV. A View of Mary-Land, and of the Qtftoms and Trade thereof. M Jrylcmd is upon the main Continent of America, being, an Englilh Colo¬ ny , lying between 38 and 4.0 Degrees North Latitude, bounded on the North by Virginia ,and on the South by New-England } the great Ocean on the Hall, anti on the Weft the RivcrLmoavsccG, and was.firft a; Colony of Englilh,- Anno 16^. and for the better Iflcfcafe of .Trade, tolerate the Chriftian,$nligioh of, What Profeffion fo- cver 3 .and’ is' held by a Gpvernour, or Proprietor, in Fee. of the.Crown of Eng- l/indltdbowfc .wit^fair.Riyersyftored with Filh, andComriiodious for.,,the receipt of Shipping.-. , ' , ,- : ’ ! The ’ ufual 'way of Trading is Goods for Goods, andThe chief of their Commodi¬ ties is Tobacco ; their Weights, and Mea- fures are confonant with thofe of England, without any Tret or over allowance; fome Beaver, Otter, and other Furs they have, .. , ,, which and Trade thereof. 69 which' the Englifh that Trade' thither purchafe, and- the; Inhabitants receive them for Tobacco, and Strong-Water of the./H- &«r.Mulberr/Trees are there in Abundance, and. fome Silk. Their Cuftoins or Taxes are but feldom taken as to the Subjects, of England. The greateffi: abufe that-Merchants 1 re¬ ceive, is the Packing of Tobacco; Which loofe Packed, or either too dry or'^wet put up, often deceives - their Expecta¬ tions ; therefore, the only way to difcover fucjh Frauds, is by weighing it. - A full Hogs-Head, well Packed ,- will hold 400 Weight, and never lefs than 300. For. their. Commodities, they receive' Cloath-Hangings, Stuffs, all -manner of I- ron-Ware, Strong-Water, Wine, and the • like; and what they Trade with the Na¬ tive; Indians, for, .they deliver them Goats, commonly calledMatch-Goats, made of coarfe Shagged-Cloath,t/«. D«/ch-Duffields, or Englifh Hogbays, either Red or Blew. The new Netherlands , a place Situate in 41 Degrees North Latitude , upon ffudfon' s River, is Inhabited by a Colony of. the Dutch, who have- IncroaChed upon the Englifh Trade with the- Natives for Beavor, Otter , Elk-Skins, Bears-Skins, Dear-Skins, and the like; for which they deliver 70 Of Mary-Land, deliver them Iron Inftruments, and Shag- ed Cloath, and fometimes Guns, Powder, and Rapier-Blades, the fatal Execution of which they have twice felt by two Mdjfa- crees,. Committed upon them by the Indi¬ ans ^ to the lofs of half their Colony .Their chief Town is New-Amsierdam , indowed yufh many Priviledges, as theold the better to vdraw People thither. • Certmalis, Nmmbtga , .and Nova Fran- iia , are accounted Mexican Provinces, and for the ,moft part pofTefied by the French, and fomefew PomgalsFIhw Trade is fmall, tonfifting only of Skins,and Furs. ■ Efiotiland, or Ntw-fmndland , difeover- ejd' 15,2,7 by the Englifh, in'Winter is fo Extream cold, that it i§ not inhabited but by fome few Natives, and all the advan¬ tage . ( which indeed is confiderable) that the Englifh Reap thereby, is their Fifhing Trade*, the Fifh in England being known by the Name of Newland Fifb, and is taken, in fuch abundance, that with them are furnilhed moft parts of Europe. The manner of the Fifhing thus: The Ships fometimes 40 Sail depart from our Coail, about the end of Februa¬ ry , and about the middle of April arriv¬ ing there, they unrigg their Ships, and go¬ ing on Shear Build Huts ■, and. in Shallops, with and the Trade thereof. 71 with Hooks and other Tacklipg, take, fometimes 30 or 40 great .Fiihinan Hour,, that is one Shallop, which they flit and dry upon Rocks,and Sandy-Banks.j after which they Salt them, and in fuch manner con* tinue till. September ; when loaden with their Fifh: they, return and difpofe of , .them in Spain, France and other ! Places to good advantage,, felling • them ...either . by .the hundred Weighty or by Tail j afid many times they .fell them before'they have caught ’em ; that is. Bargain forthedeli- very of them when 'takenyand of-late; there is. an Art, found of: making :Oyl,. commonly called- New-DandQyl. [ ■ ;e»:A;P. XVI. -. ' A Tiers) of the Peruanan Provinces', . andof their Trade and Quftoms. T His South part of America, is divided from the North .part, by the Streights. of Darien , a Neck of Land of 10 Miles over ; and confifts of thefe Pro¬ vinces 7a Of the Peruanan Provinces. Provinces, viz. Cajldla-Jurea^ Grimk 7 Perur Braftlia and Chile. • : ; : Cafiella Airea, takes its Name from the’ , abundance of Gold that is found therein, and was firft difcovered by the Spaniards :. The chief Cities zrePmdd , and. Panama,. at which two Places, the' Ficeroy makes' his Refidence as hefeesdfitj .and at the Tatter ■. of • which the 5 fanifli 'Plate-fleet for' the molt: part is Loaded. It aboundsiwith' handing Pools anddeep Waters, and the chief Com¬ modities are; Spices^ Drugs, Gold Ore, and Silver.' About it are feveraliimall-Iflands, of .which' the chiefelt are v St. Jntonio, and St. FjHcew,fituate againft GayeYerd. . Gumm is fituated under the Equinoctial Line, being fruitful in all parts, abound¬ ing with rate Fruits, and lo Incompaffed and branched with great Rivers, that in Winter time'many of the/: Inhabitants dwell in Trees for fear of Inundations,' often cau- fed by the overflowing, of the Ri- . vers. Of this Conntrey our famous Sir Walter Keighley made the firlt effectual Sur¬ vey, and gave Name to the great River Jr'mfie calling it Rriinia 7 a River naviga¬ ble for looo miles ', and. for Shallops and Wherries 2.O00. The chief City of this Pro¬ vince is Mmwdy otherwife called the Gold¬ en City, of the abundance of Gold that is found Of the Peruatiai rProvinces, 73 found therein, molt of the Trade confin¬ ing of Gold-Ore; •' Pern is for Gold, the richefi; Province of America : The Mines being more plentiful then Mines of Lead and Iron in Eng* land , and the Riches thereof may be Con¬ jectured by this: When Pifcario the Spanish Captain fubdued it, and took the King Pri- foner, he propofed his Ranfom, and deli¬ vered to the treacherous Spaniard ii^on fo- lemn Promife for his Life and Liberty, as much refined Gold and Silver as amounted -to ten Millions,-but perfidious as he was, when he had Pofleffion of the Treafurenot- withftanding his Oath, he flew him. The chief City is St. Michael- s, inhabited by the Spaniards \ the Soyl brings forth, all man¬ ner of Fruits, as likewife ftore of To¬ bacco j but one thing is more admirable, on the Banks of the River Riolaplata grow ■ Figtrees, one fide of which bear Figs in Winter, and the other in Summer, and this River is 130. miles over, and 2000. in length and in it are many Iflands. Braftle is abounding with Cattel, Corn, and has in it fome rich Mines of Gold and Silver; but efpecially Red-Wood by us, called Brajik Wood, the Trees of which are fo large, that a dozen Families will rqake themfelves Huts and dwell in the E Branches 74 °f.- P eEuanan ? Yovimes ' Branches -of one Tree.. It was firXl ; difco- vered' and peopled by the now the r pittck : i&vc -sffl ot >ingan it, gBd'id^riypjr!? f Tpecialiy in i( djn®rW®' 0 .^ P J'ii** i r The jtB^erc^^ttfflg!^^^:^ 616 featch thegrpundj and bre v they,dig:i^ •as theyago under-pro,p,; or M%:fr™igt.a •Mine fometimesis a FnrloBg.un^jgrpundij thejr.Earth-.they.. wafh. through; [&eve ; s,: and the Mold sfeparatjefl, ithe : lQ@lTjp)pay?. , Silver run -in Veins AL.Sgrig?, , '"ie ant liiore.eafllvv'^iss'Jbr. Gold,' it -is thus * • -L-ney-turi^iUjic- "finall Rivers or 'Brooks, gHhe bottom;,of the Golden Mountains, ^ or: vyith iucn 1 things as take. up. |al]aft ip, the Tjarnjs , drag up the Sand, and then lift TbeGoid ■; .which Isfound in the -Rivers is wafhed from the'Mountains, by the fierce .Rains; .which in thofe parts.are •frequent. : , ’ As for the Iflands in thele. and -the. Ktrgu man Seas, they are many; as the Ifles of lomon by fome ..taken for the Land or Cl- thirl the ifle of Margarita, in which IS ' found many precious Stones , though void of any other Commodity i the, Iflana of i re- Of the Peruanan Provinces. 75 nidado 'abounding in Choice Tobacco; the Mandof Baccaloes, difcovbred by Sebafiian ■'t^fe/whofe Rivers abound in Fifh, and the Land with Trees bearing Fruit; the Ifle of Btrigitm, of which the chief City is St. John's, inhabited by the Spaniards ; the Ifland a- bounds with Gold, viz. the North part of it, and the South part is as much famed for fertility ; the Ifland of Jamiaca, now an English Colony taken from the Spaniards , Anno. abounds with all manner of Plen¬ ty, as Sheep, Oxen, Corn, Hens, Geefe, Ducks, Fruit-Trees, Sugar, Tobacco,and the like, and is governed by a Governbur, under his Majefty of Gnat Brittain. the Weights,, Meafures, Monies, Laws and Re¬ ligion , are the fame with ours , and has of late been much increafed by the Trading of Englijh Merchants thither for Pepper, and other valuable Commodities. . Cuba, Luca and Hifpaniola, abound in Gin¬ ger, Caflia, Maftick, Almbnds, Cinnamon, Sugar, Brafs, Gold, and Corn, which are brought thence, and difperfed all over Eu¬ rope, and in the latter, the Land is fo fertile that it will produce Herbs, and Roots in fixteen days after fetting or lowing, fit for ufe. < Bartmidos is a fruitful Ifland, abounding 'with Orange-Trees and other Fruits. E 2 Barbados 76 Of the Peruanan Provinces. Barbados is an Ifland. poflefled by the Eng¬ lish, containing in length 28. miles., and in breadth 18. and according to Compu¬ tation confifts of 125000. Acres of good Land, being naturally fortified with Rocks and Shelves: accommodated with feveral Bays and Harbours, for the fafetyof Hup¬ ping, the Principal of which is called Car hie Bay , and is Guarded by Forts, and Plat¬ forms, containing a large Town called St. Michael's , being a place of great Trade, before which 500. Ships may fafely Ride. The next Town of Note, is Charles Town, fituate on Oyften-hay , about two Leagues from the former, the Honfes are built af¬ ter ; the Englijh fafhion, of Timber, Lime ‘ and Brick, and round this Ifland lye other fmali Iflands, M&vu , Motif,rat, Ant ego^ and St. Chriftofhers , many of them inhabited by ' the Englijl 7, others by the Dutch , French , and Native Indians •, the Ifland of Barbados is divided into 11. Parilhes, or petty Shires, out of which are chofen two Freemen Plan¬ ters, to' joyn with the Governour and his ' Council, which are 7, to difcufs all impor¬ tant Matters, and to make fuch Orders, as arc necelfary for the well regulating the -Plantation, and the-better to quell any In- furre&ion that maybe made by the Slaves,, ■which are accounted at leaft 5 oeoo, a Hand- Of the Peruanan Provinces. 77 ing Militia of twoReigmentsof Horfe, and five of Foot, are in readinefs upon all Oc- cafions, and all their Laws and Cuftoms are Regulated by thofe of England. Their Re¬ ligion, according as they profefs them- felves, is Protefiant. Their Coyns there Cur¬ rent are of divers Nations, as Englijh , Spa- nijh , French and Dutch, upon which they Let a paflable Value not Coyning any them- felves. Their Accompts are moll commonly in Mufcavado Sugar, according to which all other Commodities are Regulated, their Intereft by reafon no Law reftrains it, is unreafonable, as fometimes thirty Per Cent .. Their Meafures for the molt part Concord . with thofe of England , only they allow but five fcore .to the Hundred, not 112. The growth of the Ifland is Tobacco, Sugar, Indico , Cotton-Wool, Log-Wood, Lig-' num Vita, &c. The chief Seafon of exporting Sugars, and other Commodities of the Native growth, is from January to September , or Ottober. Wines are imported in abundance, and are fold inpublick as in England: So that there is not lefs then 2400. Tuns of all forts fpent Yearly,befides Spirits, and other Liquors. From this Ifland they tranfport to Virginia and Barmtt 'dos , a Liquor made of the Su- gar^Canes, &c. called Rum, and for it rc- E 3 ceive 7 8 Of the Peruanan Provinces. ceive Pork, Filh,Flower, Bisket, Pipe Staves, and the like: The Apparel of the Planters, is the fame with what is worn in England } as for Cuftoms they have none., fave only • for Wines and other Liquors, which are Rated at. a certain quantity of Mnfcaw.do Sugar, and further are obliged to pay half a pound of Powder, for every Tun upon Entery. Factorage or Fa&ory-Provifion is’,, io. • per cent. 5. percent, for Sail, and 5. for re¬ turn, as alfo 3. per cent, for Store-Houfe Room if any one will export Corn, or a- ny manner of Provifion being the growth of the Iiland,they mull: ask theGovernours Con- fent j zoo. Englijh VelTels and upward Trade hither Yearly j and the ufual fraight to London is 4. and 5. per Tun, when Ships are Plenty, 3. pound, when fcarce, 6. or 7. pound per Tun : There is no publick Aflurance- Office, nor Exchange, unlefs fometimes in Sugar, for which Mony is received in Lon¬ don. And. thus much for Barbados. The main Land about 100. Leagues from this Ifland, is called Guinia, dying South¬ wardly, and containeth a Colony of Englijh planted within the River of Serenam. Cracus lyeth 4. Leagues from the Sea- fde., and is very fruitful, having a Port, whofe entrance is Guarded with two Forts each' Of the Peruanan Provinces. jg ®ach containing 14. pieces of Cannon, and J n it are feveral Plantations of Coqno, fome belonging -to the Spaniards , and fome to the Indians, the latter being obliged to work for the former 3. days in'the Week. And thus much for America, in particular, and indeed in. general: for this new World, as it is Termed, yields little more then here I have fet down, and indeed in Riches may Compare with any of the other three Parts, did the Inhabitants know how-to improve the growth of the Iflands.andContinent accordingly j bub indeed the. Spaniards po¬ llening the gr'cateft part, ■#; their utmoft diligence; to keep out other Nations, and will' indraft the Natives in nothing that ' is Curious, left they .Ihouldleave off'to La¬ bour in the Mines y but thus inuch concern¬ ing America. The'Cuftoms, Situation, and Manners thereof,, in. the exafteft,.Method.., E>, CHAP. So A View of Aflfrica, &c. CHAP. XVII. A view of Africa, and of the Man. ners, Ctifims, Trade, Weights, Mea - fares , Cops, and Commodity there' of A frica, one of the quarters of the World, is bounded on the North' with the Mediterranean Sea, on the .Weft with the Atlantick Ocean, on the South with the South Ocean, arid on the Eaft with the Red-Sea \ and is in a manner an Ifland, being tyed only to 'Af a, with a Neck of Land of 20 Leagues over, and contains thefe Provinces, vii. Barbery, Nh-. midia , Lybia, Negrita, Ethiopia Interior, and Ethiopia Exterior, Egypt-, andthelflands of the Sea. The Account of the Trade, and Com¬ merce of the Principal Cities, and Towns, but efpeciaHy from whence any Commo¬ dities are brought and Traded for by the Englilh Merchants I lhall lay down as fol- oweth. 'A Kim of Tunis) 8cc. &i. CHAP. XVIII. A vim- of Tunis, the Trade } .Man* nerSy and Cufioms thereof. B Afbary being divided into. four King¬ doms, wx. Tunis, Argkr , Fefs , and Morocco , , I {hall take them in order, and- firil of Tunis. Tunis is Situate. near unto the great- Lake, which Extends almoft to the Port' of Gokttay and is founded on the ruins of. Carthage , being in compafs within the Walls 4 Miles, and accounting the Sub¬ urbs 7 Miles in circuit j and is very Popu¬ lous, owning for Supream Lord, the Grand-' Signeour, who governs it by a Baflaw ;the Inhabitants being Mahimttans, the Roufes are Builded of Square Stone, and for the moft p^rt -flat. A Port it has large aud- Commodious for Shipping. Their Money in Gold is moltly the Spa-' fiijh Doller or Royal, the Venice Chlqeen, the Spanijh Piftolet, which they pafsfrom. one to another at full value, unlefs dimi- niihed, or.light Weight in Silver, they' have 82 /IFkw of Tunis, have the Spamjh Royal, and the Afper. .Their Accounts are for the moil part kept in Dollers, and Afpers. Their Weights are the Cantar of ioo. pounds, yet in Weight are found to ex¬ ceed our 112, two pounds, each of their pounds being divided into id Ounces, and fo into lefs , bydivifion, viz.. Each Ounce into STamins; and by this Weight, are all their Merchandife Weighed, except Silver, Gold, Pearl, &c. which are Weighed by a Cariot Weight, which is half an Ounce Troy, or Mittagals much of the fame Proportion. In Weight of Cloves, and Nutmegs, they allow 5 pounds per cent. Tret or over-plus, befidesthe Weight of the Bags. Their Meafures for Silk, Cloath, and the like, are the Pike; there being 3 forts of them, the firft called the Cloath Pike, is 2 6 Inches and a half Englifh:, the ferond, the Gray, which is a 16th. part lefs, by which they Meafure Silks, Sattins, Velvets, &e. The third is the Linnen Pike, and is. I part lefs then the Silk Pike. Their dry Meafures are the Ccffice, con¬ taining about "10 of our Bulhels. The Weab 18 of which make aCoflice, and the Saw of which 12 make a Weab. Their Liquid Meafures, are the Wine- Meeter. and ofth'e Trade thereofi 8?c. 83 MeeteiTa'nd OyL Meeter,. the former be¬ ing near z Englilh Gallons and a half, and the: latter near 5. - ■ " - ■ The chief 1 Commodities are’ Hides,Wax, Oyl, Honey, Wool, Corn, Raifons, Dates, Annifeeds, Eftrieh " Feathers, Sponges, Lemons, Oranges,^Almonds,;and Olives.. For which they receive of fuch Merchants as Tra de thither, Englifb , a nd Femce 7 Cloath, Lead, Deal-Boards, Shot, Perpetu- anos, Spanilh Wool, Tartar, Allum, Iron, Madder, Safaparilla, Peppe'r, Ginger, Saf- forn, Cinamon, Nutmegs, Cocheneel,Gold Thread, Sea-Ho.rfe-teeth,. Cotton, Yarn, Ce^feiPepper, French-Canvas,’ Gulmak Damask, Sattain, and the like. Their Cuftoms upon Goods imported, unlefs Lead, Shot, and Iron/ar percent,. on the Real Value \ and before, --any Goods can be delivered,, an exaft Account mult be taken thereof by Officers appointed for, that purpofe j other charges of Goods ini- ported,''hefides fraighr ( of which no cer¬ tainty ) is 8 per cent . more, viz.. 2 per cent.. confolage. 5. per cent, proviiion and Break- age, and one. per cent, for petty Charges; the Cuftoms on Goods, that are exported. { Honey, Wax, and Wool, liable to no Cuftoms, excepted) is 5 .per cent. The Counterban, or Goods prohibited 84 A View of Argier, to be exported,, are Peafe, Corn, Oyl, Beans, Butter, Hony, Dates, &c. tho often a Licence for Exporting the fame, is fecretiy procured. And thus much for Tunis, in the Defcription of which I have defend¬ ed the Trade 0/ all the Cities of that King¬ dom, as centering in this. C H A P. XIX A view of Argier and of the Trade, Manners , O ijlorhs, Weights, Mea- fures thereof, and their way of di¬ viding Prizes, and Jelling Slaves in the Publish Market'. : A. Rgkr, that Piratical Kingdom To dam gerous to Merchants Trading in the Mediterranean , contains as her Principal Cities Argier and T.remejin , the for¬ mer giving name to the Kingdom which, is but. fmall in compafs. ■ The. City of Argier , the common Re¬ ceptacle of Tnrkifh and Moorilh Pirates, is imagined to contain poooo Souls, in which- and of the Trade thereof &c. 8 5 which there- are feveral that proteft a- gainft the Thieving Trade, and hold fome Commerce, with Merchants of divers Na-^ tions. , Their chief Commodities are Oyls, Ali monds,.Rafins, Figs, Dates, Caftile-Sopej Brafs, Copper., Barbary, Horfes, Eftricl* Feathers, Hony, Wax, and Drugs. Their Coyn is the Double, accounted of equal Value with our 12 pence or 2 An¬ gle Spanifh Ryals j 4 Doubles are account¬ ed a Ryal and \ called by them the Oliau, 5 Doubles and 35 Afpers is a Piftol Spa¬ nifh,, 7 Doubles are accounted a'Sultany, or Cheeque of Barbary Gold, and. 50 Af¬ pers make. a. Double., And thefe are the- currant Monies of the . Kingdom of Ar- gier.- ■ - The. Weights are the-Rotolos, or 100' pound* which makes 1:2.0-. pound Englilh, the 10 pound of the fmall making Meafnres , and Cuftoms thereof. T His Kingdom as the former takes it’s Name from the chief City and Cen¬ ter of it’s'Trade, and is very Beautiful y tho Inferious to" Fejsy in it is foundaBurfe, and Exchange , formerly much frequented l)y Merchants, but how for the molt part taken up by Artisans. The Commodities vended there are the fame with thofe oiFefs, except Sugar, in which- it more abounds. The Coyns are the Xerif, and Ducate of Gold, valued as thofe of fefi. The Weights are ^feveral Quintals, the one agreeing, with the Canter dfAe/e,andtheothcr With the Quintal of 5 m 7 , and indeed in all things according with Fefs y as being now reduced'under one Governm'entTheir Religion, if fo itmay be Termed,. i^Mahu- metifme, and of late they have not any con- liderable Trade with the Englifli Mer¬ chants j tho ’tis not doubted, but the ef- the Kingdom of Morocco, 8 c c. 91 fefts of the League, between his Maje-. fty of ■ great Britain, and: that 'Emperotlr may be a means to revive . it, as like- wife to inrich ourGarrifon of Tangier , 1 by rendering it a Publick M 3 rt, it being; the Key of Barbary. CHAP. XXil. A view of Numidia, and Lybia,; and, their Provinces'; with, the- Trade , Currant} Coy ns,Manner's: and, Cufioms; N Vmidia is bounded on the Weft with the Atlantick Ocean, on the Eaft with Egypt, on the North with the Mountain Atlas, and on the South with Lybia. The Country on the North part abounds with plenty, but the South by Reafon of the Exceifive heat, is moft defert, the Inhabi¬ tants build but few Houfes, but in great Companies pafs from one place to another, living fometimes in Woods, fometimes in Caves, according as Heat and Cold affe&s le ,' and the. Trade thereof, I fhall de- fcribe. The Weights in ufe, is the Qnintar which contains ioo Rotolos, or 24 Oaks, which are found to be 400 Drams. They have like wife the Lodoro, being 176 Drams, and the Pound Averdupois, has appeared to be 148 Drams, and the Quintar of 42 Oaks to be 119. pound Englilh, tha fome- times but 117. Their Meafures are two, viz., one for Linnen, and the other'for Woollen, to. which as before in the Weights, I lhall re¬ fer the Reader to thofe of Conftantinople they being in effect the fame. The Cuftom-Houfe of Smyrna , is for the moft part farmed of the .Grand Signeour, and. tiiree per cent ► only taken of the Englilh Merchants and ofthe Trade thereof, &C. log Merchants, unlefs upon Extraordinary oc- cafions j .and altho there has been anEdidt* Publilhed by the Grand Signeour, that no Goods paying in one Port of his Domini¬ ons, and brought into an other Port, lhall pay any more duty, yet itisnotoblerved, but the Merchants are obliged to compound with the Cuftomers upon that occafion.. But this Cultom of 3 per cent, is only to. the Englilh, by virtue of their Treaty, for the French, Dutch', and Venetians pay 5. per cent. The charges of the Port for Ships,before they can be cleared, are fometimes pay’d in Commodities,. and fometimes in Money, as they can agree j and the moll part are thus. To the Cadie 5 ' Pico of Venetian Cloath, and Cony Skins to leave-it. To- the Cadies Servant , . 3.' Picos Englilh Cloath, to the Cadies Caya, 3 Picos of what Cloath he lhall chufe, to the Cadies Scrivan , a, Chicquen in Gold. To the Cadies Page, 2 1 Dollars, to the Mofier Eajhatv, 1 1 Picos of Cloath, to the Cadies' Janizaries, a Chicquen in Gold:, all of which is commonly accounted to be worth ■ 68 or 69 Dollars. But to conclude, the- Trade of this Port, is molt in requeft for the abundance of Cotton;, which grows in the adjacent parts, after this manner- no A Vim of Syria about the Spring of the Year, it is low¬ ed and comes up with a Slender Stalk like Wheat j but ftrong as a Cane, and bears a Bearded Head, exceeding hard , but when Ripe it opens of it felf, and yields both Seed, and Cotton, the firft of which they Preferve to Sow again, and the lat¬ ter they fell to the Englilh and French to the quantity yearly of 20000 Quin¬ tals. chap. xxx. A Vim of Syria, and the Trade thereof. S Yria is bounded with the Mediterranean Sea on the Welt, on the Eaft with Euphrates , on the South with Pdeftim, and on the North with Cilicia, and contains 3 Provinces, m,. Phmcia, Cdofyria , and Sy- roplunicia. In Phmcia , are Principally found the Ci¬ ties of Acria, arid Sidon, where the chief Trade and Commerce is with the Vene¬ tians-, and of the Trade thereof &c. 111 nans , and French , who Traffick with the Inhabitants for Corn, Galls, Wool, and Wax, and in the lieu thereof give them Spices, and Enropian Cloath. Their Weights are the Cantar of Acrla which makes dog pound Engliih, and the Rottolo which is 4 pound 5 [ Ounces Eng- lifh, and 650 Drams. Their Meafures are the Brace, with which they Meafure their Cloath, and other Commodities. Their Coyns, efpecially theirs of Sidon, and the Ryals of ? Spanifh, and Chickqeens of Gold, the Ryal going currant for 70 Af- pers, and the Chickqeens at 108, but feldora . continue long at a feticd value , and thus much for- the Province of Thmck. Syropbmcia , contains the City of Barni, formerly called Julia Felix, once a City of great Trade, but of late reduced to ftrait- er Limits and little Trade g all they have with Europe , is from the Venetians. Their Commodities are Wax, Drugs, fome Silks, and fuch like Commodities common to .Afia. Their Weights is the Cantar, contain¬ ing 100 Rotolo’s, each Rotolo being accounted 502 pound Engliih. Their Meafure is the Pico, 100 con¬ taining 85 Venetian Braces. Their Trade for the molt parts is with the liz A View o/Damafcus. the Merchants of Arabia, Ferfia , and Turhy, who bring thither their Merchandife, at certain Seafons, when the Carravan fets out, not otherwife daring to venture for fear of the Rovers that Rob in great Troops. T-he chief Metropolis of Calofyria , is Ba- ■ mafcus j which is the Principal Scale of Tradeinthat Province. Therefore fothat in defcribing the Trade of that, the reft will be included. chap. xxxi. A View of Damafeus, of the Trade? Weights , Meafures , and Currant Coyn thereof D Amafcus is Accounted the Head of Syria, and is pleafantly Seated ■, abounding in all manner of plenty, as Grapes, Corn, Cattle, Cottons, Saffron, Steel, Raw Silk, Oyl, Honey, Wax, Balfom, Almonds, Dates, and Rice, which are all the growth of the Country, and brought thither by A View of Damafcus. 113 the Merchants ; as the chief Mart for which they.receive ( but moftly of the Veneti¬ ans ) Woollen Cloath, Tinn, Quick-Sil- vet, Lead, Latten Wire, Plates , Brim- ftone, Allum, Beads, Bracelets, Looking- Glalfes, Canvas, Furs, Sugar, Paper, Vel¬ vet, Taffata, Damask, Coral, .Beads, and the like; for which befides the above- mentioned Wares, at fundry Seafons, they receive Ginger, Cloves, Mace, Sandals, Iiicenfe, Myrrh, Nutmegs, Indico, Gal- lingal, Long-Pepper, Mirobulans, Armoni- ack, Alloes Epatica, Cardimon, Tnrbith, Sanguis Draconis, Sugar Candia, Worm- feed, Zedoaria,Spicknard, Cinnamon, Tu- tia, Benjamin, Alfa Fcetida,.Manna, and. Champhir, which are fold by theCantar of Damafco , or the Rottolo ; fomeMusk, Ambergreafe, and Pearls, are found there likewife. Their Weights are the Cantar,and Rot-, tolo, the former making 600 Venetian pound Sotile, and 380 pound Groff, which is. accounted 416 pound Averdupois. The Meafure of length is the Pico, and- is accounted 27 Inches, with which ' they Meafure their Cloath, Stuffs, and Silks, and to each Meafure allow the vantage ofa Hands breadth ; and in all Weights Tare of the Casks, Bags, or packing.Mats. Their Coyn. 114/^/^Viw/Aleppo and it*s Trade, is the Afper, they have likewife Currant the Chickqeens of Gold, and fome few Ryals. And thus much for Damafcns , fo famous of old, as is mentioned in Holy Writ. CHAP. XX XL J Fiew of Aleppo, and the Trade thereof , with the Defcriptions of the TVdghts ■ Meafures, Manners, and Qujloms of that famous City. A leppo formerly called Aram Sohah , is Seated on a fair and fertile Plain, and Beautifyed with many ftately Buildings 5 each Street being nightly Unit up with Folding Gates, and the Merchants Caves or Ware-Houfes, fortifyed with Iron Gates, the Trade of Tripoly being by the General confent of the Merchants removed hi¬ ther, Merchants of all Nations making it now their Scale of Trade, tho an Inland City being Seated about 100 Englifh Miles from the Sea 5 fo that from the port of Alexemdretta JF'mv of Aleppo and'it's Trade ,&c. 1 1 5 Akxandmta , or Scanetamn, the Merchan- •dife coming by Shipping, are Laden on Ca¬ rnets, and conveyed thitherj that Country being in Subjection likewife to the Grand Signeur. The Commodity brought by the Mer¬ chants of Perfia, Arabia , and India t are Drugs, Gems, Spices, Silks, &c. and the growth of the Country affordes Grogo- rams, Galls, Grogram Yarn,Cotton, &c. there is likewife found Silk of Tripoly, Ba- cai , Bedovin, and Damafco. And this is the chief Scale of Trade, for our Englilh Levant Merchants} all other of his Majefties Subjects, being prohibit¬ ed to Trade thither: and by what is vend¬ ed there yearly, the Reader may Judge of the profits accruing thereby, viz. 6000 Cloath and upwards, of feveral forts 600 Quintals ofTinn, and not lefs then 100000, Ryalsof ' in ready Money, befides Lin- nen, Stuffs, Furs,and other things of Englilh growth, for all which they have large re¬ turns. The next who Trade to Aleppo of note are the Venetians , who bring thither Wire, Latten, Plates, lhaven Fatten , wrought Silk, Steel, Ryals of 8' Chickqueens of Gold, Cryltal, Looking-Glades, Damask, Qtiickfilver , Paper , and the like; for which I \ 6 AVie\v o/Aleppo,^ it's Tradefoc, which they receive all forts of Cotten, both in Wool, and Yarn •, as likewife Grograms, Mohaires, Drugs, Spices, Gems, Calls, Indicos, and the like ; and upon the fame Score, the Preneb Trade thither, all x>f them having Confuls, or Vice-Counfuls Refident in .Aleppo , Alexandretto , or fome place adjacent to manage their affairs. The Weights of this place, aretheRot- tolo, Dram, and Wefno -, by the latter of which little other Commodities then Per- fsan Silk is fold. TheRottolo is 12 Ounces, the Dram, the do part of an Ounce; and 3600 is ac¬ counted to the Wefno, yetfor Silver,Gold, and Gems, they have other Weights, as the Mitigal and Carat, the former of which is 1 l Drams, which is Carats 24 Englifh, or Grains 96, &c. All forts of Indico is there fold by the Churl, which is accounted 27 { Rottolos, of 720 Drams, Churls, 2 make a Chefr, 327 pounds neat Indico being allowed to a Churl; 3 Ounces for dull;, 3 Ounces for Single fhirt, and 6 Ounces for double (hirt, being over and above allowed to the Buyer. Silk of all forts hath allowance, from Heads of Skeins, if coarfe 100 in 130 Drams per Wefno, if fine yet do Drams; Musk 'AViero o/AIeppo, W ifsTradefc c. 117 Musk fold by the Mittigal, out of the Cods, gives no allowance, but in the Cod 20 per cent. Drugs of the proper growth of the Country, are fold by the Rottolo of 720 Drams; and is exempted from Guftom, but as for Drugs of Forrein growth they are weighed by the Rottolo of 600 Drams, as Camphir, Alloes Socotrine, &c. and pay large Cuftoms, even as the Buyer can agree \ Silks of the growth give no allowance in Tare,as being fine and clean, Opium is allowed 10 Drams in the 100. Spices of all forts are fold by the Rot¬ tolo 720 Drams, but if ungarble, that is unfeparated the good from the bad, 32 Drams in the 100 are allowed, that is 132 for 100, but if Garbled 10 Ounces only. Galls are allowed for dull;, and defeft 2 per cent. Aloes Epaticnm, Aloes Socotrina,Ajfa- frtidii with the Skins, as dSoBedellium allow 20 in the 100 for wafte. Cinnamon, Cubebs, Caflia Fiftula, Oculus Indi, Galbanum, Maces, Opium, Rhubarb, Manna, &c. al¬ low 10 per 100. Camphora, Lignum Alloes, and Nutmegs allow 5 per 100. The Meafure ufed here is the Pico, ac¬ counted 27 Englilh Inches. The Coyns found currant, are thofa common throughout the Ottoman Empire, vk. the Soltany which 80 Medines 120 Afpers ii 8 d Vim Aleppo mbit's Trade } $cc m Afpers and 16, Shillings Englilh. The Ly¬ on Dollar, which is 50 Medines, 80 Afpers, and 10 Shillings Englifh, the Ducat which is 4.0 Medines, 60 Aipers, and 7 Shillings 6 Pence Englifh. Ryals of f have palled 6 l per cm. better then Lyon Dollars 1 [ Ryals hath paffed for . a Soltany. Their Accompts are kept in Dollars, and Afpers, which go currant amongft the Chriftian Merchants ] 80 Aipers being ac¬ counted to the Dollar, and 1250 Dollars accounted 312 pound 10 Shillings Sterling. The Cuftoms pay’d by the Englifh, are 3 per cent, tho fometimes more, but as it was agreed between the Mnfiapha A- ' ga, the Receiver of Guftomers j and the Englilh Conful I lhall fet down for the better Tnftrudtion of Young Faftors, and fo con¬ clude the Trade of Aleppo. The Cuftoms thus, Kerfies rated at Medines 14 \ per Peiceat 3 per cent. Broad Cloathat 120 Medines per Cloath at3 per cent. Cony-Skins the Bundle containing 50 Skins, at 14 Dollars. Tinn rated at 50 Rotolo’s per cheft, and 32 Dollars is 137 * Dollars. Indicoat 587 Medines per cheft. Galls at 12 Dollars per Rottolo. Grograms the Bale at 33 Dollars. Fidales per Quin¬ tal at 33 Dollars. Cotton Wool, per cent. 33 Dollars. Quilt per Bade 50 Dollars. Battanos A View o/Tripoly, 8tc. np Battanos per Bale 80 Dollars, Corduvants per Bale 80 Dollars, Turmerick per Roto- lo 80 .Medines, Gum Dragant per Bale 60 Dollarsj all Spices, as Cloves, Mace, Nut¬ megs, Cinamon, &c. pay 21 per cent, but are rated at 14 per cew. lefs then the fame Colt j as Commodities of India, viz.. Nut¬ megs valued at Medines 6; Cloves per Rottolo at rdo, Mace per Rottolo 220, Ci¬ namon per Rottolo at 30 Medines j Pepper is charged but with half Cuftom, andcon- fequently rated at half lefs then it coll \ and thus much for the Trade of Aleppo. CHAP. XXXIII. A rkw of Tripoly, and the Trade thereof. T His City, to diftinguifh it from that Piratical City in Barbary bearing the fame name, is called Tnpoiy oiSyria-, and was formerly the Scale of Trade, but it has been of late removed, to' Aleppo ,-as is be¬ fore mentioned; To, that 110w.it has little G Trade i 3 o A View of Paleftine, Trade with. Europe, except what the Vene¬ tians find there. The Commodities . vended, are Cotton in Yarn and Wool, Drugs of feverai forts, Corn and fome Spices. The Weight ufed there, is the Rottolo, of ioo pound •, which has been found to be 415 pound Averdupois ■, allowing 52 Drams to the Ounce. The Monies currant, are Af- pers, Dollars, Lyons, and Soltinies; the Common Money of Syria■, and thus much for the Trade of that Region. CHAP. XXXIV. A View of Paleftine, and the Provin¬ ces , Trade , Weights , Meafures , Cuftoms , and Currant Coyn thereof. T He Provinces of Paleflm are 4, viz.. Galilea , Judsa, Idumea, and Samaria. In thefe Provinces, the chief Cities are Ga¬ za, and Tyrns \ which at prefent afford but little Trade., and what is afforded, is carryed on by the Venetians \ the Com¬ modities of the former are Cottons in Wool, and of its Provinces, Sec. iz i Wool, and Yarn '■> feveral forts of Drugs, and Spices.The Coyns currant there are thofe of Titrkyfhz Weights ufed are theRottolo, and Cantar, ioo Rotolo’s going) to the Cantar. The latter, viz. Tym , formerly very famous for Navigation •, as appears by the Defcription of that City in Holy Writ, but now wants that Trade, being Sub jetted by the Turks-, fo that what Trade remains is amongft themfelves, or fuch Neighbours as do not make any great advantage there¬ of their Weights, Meafures, and Coyns, are thofe ufed throughout the Turkifli Dominions. 12 2 A Flew of Armenia and Arabia, CHAP. XXXV. /] Flew of Armenia, and the.Pro¬ vinces thereof , together with the Trade ; as .likewife of Arabia, the Provinces, and Trade thereof. A Rmenia is bounded on the Eaft with Media , and the Cafpian Sea, on the Weft -with the River Euphrates , and the Euxian Sea, on the North with Tart ary, and on the South with Mefopotamia j and divided into 3 Provinces, viz.. Georgia , Colchis , and Turcomania and is in Subjecti¬ on to the Grand Signeour, and abounds in Cattle, Fruits, Corn, and fuch like; but has little Commerce with Merchants, e- fpecially by Navigation. Arabia is divided into 3 parts, viz.. Arabia Defarta , Arabia Petrofa , and Ara¬ bia F&lix. The firft of which is bounded on the Eaft with the Ferftan Gulph, on the Weft with the Red Sea, on the North with Mefopotamia , and on the South with the Arabian' Ocean; and is memorable for nothing more, then the Children of Ifraels wandering avd of their Trade. I2J wandering in it 40 Years, in their Journey out of Egypt to the Land of Promife; be¬ ing altogether Barren; nor is the fecond lefs fierile, fothat the Inhabitants live up¬ on Robberies, and Spoil oft fuch Merchants Goods as pafs through'' upon Camels to ■Aleppo, and other Places. Arabia Felix differs from the former, as being Fertile even beyond Expreliion, exceeding the. Richefi Country in Afia in it’s abounding with Balfoms, Mirrh, Frank-incenfe, Gold, Pearls, Spices, Man¬ na, and Drugs of molt forts which are carryed by the Merchants to Aleppo , and other Mart Cities and Towns, and froth thence difperfed over .the known World; The chief Towns are Medina , and Me¬ dia, famous for being the one the Birth place, and the - other the Burial place of the Impoftor Mahomet ; as alfo Aden . The Weights and Meafures, are the fame with thofe of Morocco, and Tunis y and their Coyns are the Afper, the Soltany, and Chequin, &c. 134 J Fietv of Affyria, kc. CHAP. XXXVI. jf View of Affyria, Mefopotamia, Chaldea, &c. A Sfyria is bounded on the North with Armenia , on the Eaft with Media, On the Weft with Mefopotamia , and on the South with Per fa \ and is famous for its Metropolis , the great City Ninive which is now ruined by War, but is a Pro¬ vince where at prefent little or no Trade is driven, and therefore I (hall the more lightly pafs it over. Mefopotamia is in fubjefUon to th zOttp- man Empire, and has for its chief City Camnite , the Seat of the Turkifh Bafliaw, but is of little note as to Trade. _ Chaldea is famous for comprehending the great City of Babylon , now called Bagdet , Builded firft by Nimrod , and afterwards inlarged, to the circuit of do Miles, by Semiramis whole Walls were .200 Foot high,and 75 Foot broadband is faluted by the River Euphrates, and at this day keeps Cor- refpondence with Aleppo, by Carravans, and Camels,; A Fkw of Affyria &c. is 5 Camels} fo that it retains a confiderable Trade: and what is worthy of note, their advice to and from diftant places, is re¬ ceived by the means of Pigeons, which is in this manner effe&ed; When the Hen fits,they carry the Cock a days Journey, and then fait’ring a Letter about his Neck, let hint go, who immediately Flyeth Home, and there the Letter is received by fuch as watch his return, and fo by degrees bring them to fuch perfection, that in 24 Hours, a Letter will be carryed 100 or 150 Miles. The Commodities of this Place, are the fame with thofe of ^/e;yo,andtheirWeights, the Dram, Mittagal, Rottolo, andCantar; the Rottolo being 1 pound 10 Ounces Englifli. Their Meafure is the Pico, which is found to be 27 Inches Englilh, and their Coyns thofe ufual throughout the Turkifli Empire,and therefore *tis needlefsto repeat them. 12 6 A View of Media, &c. CHAP. XXXVII. A View of Media , and the Provin¬ ces thereof, as alfo of their Trade, IVeights , Meafares, and, the like. M Edia is bounded on the Weft with’ Armenia, on the South w ith Per fa, on the North with the Cafpian Sea, and on the Eaft vyith P.tnhia ; the chief Cities are Tauris , Stilt avia , and Derbent ; of which the former is the Metropolis, and commonly made the Summer Seat of the Per- fian Sopliy , and is conjectured to contain i ooooo. Inhabitants ; the Trade thereof eonfifts chiefly in Raw-Silk, of which there is ftore; which is Traded for by our Englifh Metchants, and others, and what remains is fent to Aleppo, viz. 2000. Summs yearly; the City affords likewife rich Carpets, .and fome Drugs, Spices, Cottons, Galls, Allum, and the like; it being now in the Subjection of the Ter fan Monarch. The Weights and Meafures, are for the moft part the fame with thofe of Babylon, and the Trade thereof. I bj viz. the Rottolo, Cantar, and Pico $ the Country round about is very Fertile in Corn, and plants, as alfo in the produ¬ cing all manner of neceflaries, for the pro¬ duction of Cattle, CHAP. XXXVIII. J View of Perda, The Province, Cities , Trade,. JVeights , Meafures , and Commodities thereof. . F Erfia is bounded on the Eaft with the River Indus, on the. South with .the main Ocean, on the North with th z.Cafpian Sea, and on the Weft with Tygr'u, and the PerJIan Gulf; and is divided into 11 Provinces , viz. Perfis , Sufiana , Caramel nia, Gedrojia , Dreingiama, jrica , Arackofia, Parapomifus, Sacchd, Hircarnet, and Ortrnua, all large Provinces. Perfis . has of late changed it’s name to that of Far, and is bounded with the Ptr- fian Gulph, Caramania, Sufiana, and Media-, and abounds in. rich Ivlerchandife, efped- ally. i&8 A': Fiew of Perfia; ally Silk , Drugs, and fome Spices. Casbin is now accounted the chief Ci¬ ty of Perfia, and lately the refidency of the Sophies, and is adorned with many, ftately Edifices, but chiefly Beautifyedwith- the Buffers or Exchanges, which are ma¬ ny, and ftored with Rich Commodities; as Jewels, Drugs, Spices, Silks, either in Damasks, Velvets, or Raw; where like- wife the Merchants of feveral Nations- Trading thither, meet in the fame man¬ ner as- at London . Their. Weights, Mea- fu'res,. and Coyns, agree withthofeofAft/- phan- r of which in order I ihall Treat,.and, therefore, refer the Reader to' View them there., Balfam is Seated on the Perfm. Gulph,., ypon the. mouth of Euphrates ; and con- taics . the Commodities of Arabia, Titrky , ■India, and Perfia, by Reafon of it’s com¬ modious Situation,, and is. in Subjection to the.. Grand Signeour,. as reduced to his Obedience by force of Armes, Anno 1550. And pays Cuftoms to his Intendant or Vt- %Ar Bajhitw 5- per cent, upon Cloaths, Silks,., and the like; but to every 100 a Tare, or allowance of 3 pound is. Guftomary, and their Weights is generally the Wefun ac¬ counted id- of them to the. Cantar of A- and of its Provinces, &fe. 129 Cafan is' frequented by the Merchants of India, and the Commodities for the molt part confift of the Manufacture of the Ci¬ tizens, as Shalhes,Turbants,Girdles,Velvets, Sattins, Dammask, Qrmftus Carpets, &c. and thither are brought Diamonds, Pearles, Rubies, Turquoiiies , Spices, &e.. and a Law there is, that all Perfons a- bove the Age of 6 Years lhall give up their Names to the Msgiftrate \ and with 1 a 1 Satisfactory account by what means he or fhe get their Livings, and if they be found in a falfe Tale, they, are either Bat- tooned, or put to fome Publick flavery for a time. Caramania is a Fertile Province, astone- ceflary Provifions, and other ways only worthy of note, for the Cloath of Goid- made there \ as- for Gedrofia , Drangiana , Jrica , Jrachofia , Parapomifes , Saccha , and Bireania , they are. of little note as to Trade, and therefore I lhall pafs them, over. Omits the laft Province of Perfia , is exceedingly in requeir, abounding in Com¬ modities of Value, and is divided by an Arm of the Sea, of 12 Miles over from the Continent, and is much frequented by Merchants, Trading in thofe parts. The., i Commodities are chiefly Carpets, .Tape/. ] ilry j ■i Jo A Fkw of Perfia, ftry, Shalhes, Grograms, Mohairs, T-nrky Gamlets, Arabian Drugs, Indian Gems, and Spices, it being the Principal Mart,.or Magazine of all the Eaftern Commodities ; for in April and September , the Carravans come thither ftrongly Guarded from A- leppo, Syria, and other Countries, taking Ship at Balfara, and bring all manner of Rich Commodities, that are to be found in the Traffick of the Mediterranean. The molt advantagious Sea-ports in thofe parts are- Jafcjnes, and Gmhroue , where the Englifh Ships Trade,'for this Kingdom, as likewife the Camels-, and Drommidaries ©f the Indian , and other Merchants that Travel by Land. Their Weight is the ©ram, 96 of which, make a pound Aver- dupois. Their- Meafures are the. Coveda, ihort and long y the former is accounted 27, and-the latter, 37 Inches, and are ufed in- meafuring. the proper Manufacture of Perfia. 1 The Monies currant are the Beflee of Cop¬ per, which is ^ Cosbags, the Shahee of Sil¬ ver, which is 2 \ Bellees, 29. Cosbegs,. or 4 pence Sterling ,. the Abafhee of Silver, which is 2 Mamothis, 40 Cosbegs, or i 5 pence Sterling, the, Mamothis which is- 2 Shahees, 29 Cosbegs or 8 pence • Sterling, the Afar of Gold which, is .20 Shahees, and of the Trade thereof & c. i} I or 6 . Shillings 6 pence Sterling. The Toman of Gold which is io Afars, or 3 pound <5 Shillings 8 pence Sterling,.as al-, fo the Larrees, which are reckoned at-10 p.ence Sterling. GHA P. XXXIX. A View of Hifpahan, and of the Trade thereof . H Jf ahem formerly called ' Hecatmpolir y from it’s 100 Gates, is one of the Principal Cities of the Per fan Domini¬ ons j Beautifyed with Red Marble-Walls, of prodigious.height, ftately Buildings, as Palaces, Seraglio’s, and the like j adorn¬ ed with Ivory, Ebony, Alabafter, and Car¬ pets of Silk and Gold. The-Inhabitants do all their bufinefs on Horfeback,.unIels fuch as are Slaves; and the City abounds in the ftores of JWm, Arabia , fur fa, Raf¬ fia-, and China , which for the molt part are brought thitherupon Dromidaries.; and again difpofed of to fuch Merchants as Trade thither. The i p J View of Tartaria- The price of Carnage is thus, too Maunds of Wares from Saras to Hifyahan colt 70 Sehids, and from Hiftahan - to Cafan 60 Sehids, from Hiffsahan to Omits, by Sciras 120 Sehids 5 and laftly from Hiftahan to Tams 40 Sehids. . The Weights are the Dram, the Mit- tigal, and theMaund, or Maundfhaw, 100 of the firft make 66 , of the Second, and of. the fecond 1200 maketh the third: the Mea¬ sures are the Cavedo, long and fhort, and are as in the foregoing Chapter; as alfo the Coyns currant here agree with thofe of Ormns. Silks are found here in abun¬ dance, both wrought and Raw. And thus xnudt' for Pcrfia, and the Trade thereof C H A P. XL. J F'm of Tartaria, ,o/ the Trade, WeightsMeajures , Currant Coyns, ' and Cufioms thereof HT Army the next divifion of Afia, is i bounded on the Weft with Mtfcovia, on- the South with the Csfpian Sea and Hill Taurus md : of the Trade thereof,\ &c. 13 $ Taurus, on the Eall with the main Oce¬ an, and on the North with the Frozen S|ea, and is divided into 5 Kingdoms or Provinces, -under the Subjedion of the great Cham, viz. Preeopenfts, JJiatica An- tiqm , Zagathai, and Cathaia ; but for as much as the. laft Province, is only abound¬ ing in known Trade,, and yields the Com¬ modities of all the. reft: I lhall only in- fift upon it, and in the Defcription of the Trade of Cmhaltt , lay down what ever: is to bp-found in that vaft Country.. . I Cmhalu is the Metropolitan-of Cathai ,, through which Runs the River,Polifanga :, and is in circuit accounted 28 Miles, a- - domed with ftately Pallaces, and other Edifices , being the Seat .of the. great Cham} who maintains 5000 Aftrologers of Wizards, and. 12 of 14000 Horfe :for his ■ ordinary Guard; The Merchants;, that. Trade thither, have their Caves or Store- Houfes in the Suburbs,, which, are in great number. The Commodities of the Country are Rice, Grain, Ruhbarb, Coral, Silk,Wool, Hemp, and the like - r they have likewife Silver Mines, and fome yielding Gold Ore, yet-their-Coyn for the moft partis made of the inmoft Bark of a Mulbery Tree cut round, ftamped with the PrincesSeal,, 134 A View of Tartaria, and upon pain of Death,.none.dare Coyn any other, or refufe to take it, tho in fome places they have pieces, of Coral, twigs of Gold , and Salt Loaves which go at. certain rates in Exchange; but the-mo- ney is as aforefaid, and thole Merchants are obliged to take it for their Richelfc Commodities, and put it away again for fuch as the Country affords they have Spices, Gems, and Drugs} but not of natural growth, but are beholden to the Arabians and Indians for them} their Coun¬ try. by, Reafon of the long continuing cold, not being capable of producing them. Their Weights are thofe uled general¬ ly • throughout the Provinces, m.. the grofs Cantar, and the. fmall Cantar ythe former of. which is only ufed in weighing Grofs Goods, and is, accounted 268 pound Engliih, the.finall Cantar. is. 103, pound Englilh, All their Grain, and other fuch like Commodities, they vend by a Meafure, called, the Chiftetto which makes 8 1 Staios Venice.. . The Meafure for Silks, Stuffs, - and Cloath is the Pico, 100 of which make 12 6 Braces Venice. And thus much for Tartary } which is moltly Inhabited- by Thieves and Rovers j who rather- live by and the Trade thereof. IJ 5 by Spoil then Trade, being raorofe, Savage people, fit forfo cold and Barren a Coun¬ try, as for the moft part. Therefore leav¬ ing this Frozen. Clime, 1 . fliall pafs into India far more Fruitful and. Commodi¬ ous. CHAP. XL I. A Fie® of India, intra, & extra Gangem , of the Provinces Trade, . Cufioms , and. valuable Commodities thereof. I Ndia is bounded on the Weft with the River Indus, on the Eaft with China ^ Q,n. the North Ternary, and on the South with the Ocean and is divided into z parts, viz.. India Intra Gangem , and In¬ dia Extra Gangem -, the firft contains nine Principal Kingdoms, viz. Narfmga, Mala- vat;, Ballajia, Cambaia, Mandao, Bengala, A'tiftan, Canora , and Dcllia ; and the fe- cond 7 Kingdoms, viz. Matin, Aracan, Chambaifl, Couchin-china, Barma, Siam, and Vega 13 6 A Vim of India, &c Pegu. The whole Country taking its Name from the River Indus* which runs 1000. Miles ere it meets the Sea. As for the Trade of the Indies, I fhall briefly lay it down in the Defcription of the Principal Scales of Traffick, and firft of Din. Bin is an lfland lying about 20 Leagues diftant from the River Indus , and is un¬ der the- protection of the King . of Por¬ tugal , the Portugals indeed being the firft Difcoverers of thofe Trails - ? and have a very good Haven for Shipping , whither refibrt the Merchants of Arabia, Turky, Perfa , Armenia , &c, bringing the Richeft Commodities of the growth of thofe Na¬ tions, asiikwife all xhpence.- : me < ' The Weight'ufed i iff this Wand is thu Babar, : tho it varies according to the Cu- Item of;the place wherd it isufed j bntin the-Englifli 1 FaftoneSj- the Babar is found td’cpSfiftof r 2^a. Gatte|si, v each Cattee ecu- Mningiis^OnnfMfr'Averdnpois!, by multi- ply&g-' r WMiCli the ; Bib&r- r rifijfticontain 300 ppund Engliih SOtile Weight. ! The llefof'^ora^'ftahdsin this Trad'., and-'-is "croiTc'd-by khe -Equator, being near ^(Boi-MileS 1 ih-Tireuiky^hd ■ is : . - Fruitful e- veii'tb wofldferi: ab&MdingmWith- Spices and;ot-hef'^ 4 cii.®ififfiadiete$eas.Nutmegs.; MaeeycloveSpAgfidr'jSWe^Woods, Gam- phora , Diamonds, Gold, and the Bezcar - Stone, as' lifeewife Cattlej and Fruits of ftrange tafts-, 'and ihapes' in abundance,and has for it’s "Mmpolis :the City Borneo e Seated in a Marffi'zfttr the nature of Fs- J; froitf -wlich- the Ifland takes its Name. ' The Iile of Celebs is likewife a fair and Fertile-Ihand lying in-the fame Trad and divided by the-Equator, as the 2 former, and abounds with the- like Rich Commo¬ dities, and-hasTor'its-chief Ports Dnrnti^ Mamma , Tubonj Maccafarj &c. and is di- I 2 vided ■t yo A Vim. of Summatra, vided under many ; Princespr .Petty. KingSj end is. a Factory, of the Engliih, ■ A •. • The Weights ufed.in ijiofbPorts are the Canton', Zlcpyah j and Mafs Si The former being ufed both-for a Weight and- a -Mea- fure, and is in Weight counted 5 . pound Averdupois, and in Meafure 2 Gallons Eng- iifli, the Mafs Weight is ^Gantons; 01200 pound Engliih, ,h. ;Zjcpyanris;2o ;i Mairesipr- 400 pound Engliih .$• 2nd in Meagre -pro¬ portioned by the Ganton. The currant Coyns are the Mafs, Cupan, and Tail; the Mafs- is 4 Cupans or 4 Shillings to pence Sterling or thereabouts, a Tail is 1 tfMgifes, and Accounted worth 1 y ; Ryals, of f eight, and -is : valued at;.3: pound Shillings : 8. pence, or 3 pound 15.Shillings Sterling, &c.-. . - - . And now I might proceed to defcribe the other Iflands in the Indian Ocean, .but they being fo many, that it wonidbe too tedious, as llkewife to. little; purpofe, by; Reafon they yield.nothing but what has been al¬ ready lay'd down j many of them uninhabi¬ ted,-and but few of them containing any £/;;-opf.t?.Taftories, or Traded to j therefore I ihall pafs them over j they being Ac¬ counted, belides what I have named,, 110 lefs then 126000. whofefmall fpots befpangle or rather ilud the vaffc Ocean. This This Eaft Country Trade is now car- ryed on by .the Englig >, Dutch ^ and Ponu- gueze , to' the Inrichihg of each Nation, and of late mightily improved, and would be .raifed to a greater, advantage, did not one: Nation ftrive to outvie the other, by- giving the Natives their own Prizes, for Commodities of the growth of thofe Coun¬ tries \ and by that .means make them fenfi- ble of their value, of , which if they had been at firft kept in Ignorance, the Euro- pans might .have, made their one Markets in each Port where their Factories are fct- led, and for little or nothing brought the \Vealth’.of India .’into : LondonAmficr- ddtn, ahdk 2 ,wte j; but faffing this Emula¬ tion .over; that; cannot be. now redreifed, I fhall defcribe the pleafant Ifle of Cyprar, fo famed for it’s ftores and Commodious Si¬ tuation,and then leave rich Afia, and return to'take a view.' of Europe. No lefs abound¬ ing with all. things neceflary for the plca- fiire.'and profit of ihen,. ; :. " 1/3 .4 K'kw. pf tfa. Cyprus, - CHAP, LIII, " A Fk.v of th-T/h '-cf. Cyprus, the- Ttide , Growth-freights Me-& Jures, arid QuriiPt Cops, thereof C yras #Famous by Poets of old,'- to' ^e‘ the .Vdidence'of the Go'ddefs fexits, is‘‘Situate in;th t Syrian Se2, and is a Part of ;^ r 'bemg:iiiierigth l 2co Miles and in breadth 65, abotinding in plenty of Cattle, Corn,. Oyl, Wine, Sugar, Cottons,Uon'ey,‘-Wppl 7! ytirpentin^ Allum, yerdigreafej, 'Gjrogtd©^, Saif abundance of other ■-Cdniraqdit.iesy BuL'e- fpecially in CjpzTWood, and, lias fdr it’s chief Cities Paphos'^ P&m^uPtp, ,''Nfcolia i Lefc.rr.z, S£msf&c, in - wlli'qhthe ,Eng- lifh have a. Factory for the ; Cotton Trade, the Engiifli 'Corifiir ing imputed Confulof 1 yfrAam'Cyprus, and hath under him a Vice-Conful, that manages the Trade of this Ifland for the Englifh, who bring hither in exchange the Growth of our Country, and fuch o- ther Commodities as are Vendible and molt coveted by the Natives. Hither it is the Levant tiM the Trade thereof. ayg Levant Merchants Trade for molt part of their precious Commodities; As for the Goyns in ufe they are thofe of the Grand- Signior, and in the fame their Accounts are kept, for a View of which I ihall refer the Reader to theDefcription of the Trade of Confiantinofle. The Weight molt in ufe is the Dram, of which 750 make a Rotolo , 100 of which makeaCantar greater by 4 in the 100 then the 'Cantar, of Jlcpo, and at Famo- gftfta there is a Cantar in ufe that is great¬ er then the common Cantar of Cyprus by 4 in the 1003 and confequeritly larger then that of u4lepfo 8 per cent, tho fometimes the Weights vary,- yet not-muc-hr The Meafu.res of length are two forts, m. the Pico and Brace, - the former is Accounted 16 \ Inches, and by this they Meafure Woolen Cloath, Silk, and the like, the Bracefor Linnen Cloath is long¬ er then the Pico. ' Their Concave M’eafure for Wine is the Cnfs, 7 of which make 6 Fletchers of Vemw , ora Candy Barrel-, fo thataCufs and half, and a ZantJarre are equal in quan¬ tity 3 the Oyl that is found here is fold by the Rotolo, each Rotolo being Accounted 1000 Drams. Corn of which there is ftorc is fold by theMoofe, 2. anda half of which. i/4 -d Tmtife of Gold and Stiver. weigh one Staio of Venetia ; by this Mea- fure Salt is likewife fold. They have like- wife a Meafure for Grain called a Coifino: And thus much for Cyprus,., and indeed for, all JJi.i, this being the laft place I intend to viilt in this part of the World, and from whence I intend to Sail for Europe ; only bv the way I {hall give the Reader an infight into the goodnefs, and as near as poffible the true Value of Silver, Gold, and precious Stones} which will not be a- mifs, feeing I fo lately left the Coalls where thofe things which are fo generally coveted are acquired. CHAP. LIV. A Defcription of Gold and Silver^ their Intrtnfiek Falue ; The means to find out their Fi-nemf and Allays , after the be(l and mo(l exacl Me¬ thod. T He Weight ufed in England for Sil¬ ver and Gold, is the Troy pound con- lifting of 12 Ounces, and each Ounce again divided into i5oCarots, and from thence into • J Treatife of precious Stones. 3 y $ into 48o ; GrairiS, ;eac|rQunce of Silver fine .being according" accounted worth 5 Shill?.ngs • 2 '^fehce Sf'oiii’/ntofie^.hha ,fd more oi¬ lers 5 ddcording ' to, /rhe 'hcfditjon or diminu- tibirOT' ! ai%.' :i . ii p^ -pdfind-Troy of fine Gold, is. Accounted "worth 36 pound, the Ounce 3pound Orifyery fine; fomethingmore, .or agnind'^as.the/Mlay, is r ,;as thus: The Ounce of/firie^Gbld is^v^ued air 3 pound, 33 Kesfine j at2. pound T7 Shillings 6^ pence, 22-Keslineat 2 "pounders Sliillings,2iK_es 2 pound il Shillingsd pence-, the Ounce of 20 Kes fine' is-worth 'but 2 pound 10 • Shillings, and fo lofing value 2 Shillings 6 pence p- Ounce,' as it wants a Carot in fmenefsin 24,' or the. Troy pound. Now to.laiow the g'oodhefs or finenefs. of Gold and. Silver upon the Touch-Stone, by way of Eiliiy, is -to procure. Needles of Gold and Silver, .and Copper Allay _ Citable to any fort of Gold and Silver in Allay,and to be of 4 forts, viz., the firft of fine Gold and Silver, the fecond of Gold and Copper, .the third of Gold . Silver and. Copper, and the . fourth of Sil¬ ver and Copper only; thefirft for the try-' al of Gold, and the latter for Silver, and of theft Mixtures make 24 Needles differing in finenefs from each, as thus; The fir.fi mu(l be all fine Gold, without any Allay, t/T. 24 Carots, the fecond 23 Carets of fine L 5, Gold 17 6 A fre fife of Gold mi Silver. Gold andoneof Silver) the third 22 CarotS of Gold and2 of Silver,'aid-fd/qn^'Carot ivorfe' till there remains ..tut!’one’ Carot of fine Gold in- Mixture, -.with 1 dy.^aipt? of Silver/ And by/this Rule the (jold and Copper, and Silver , and Copper mud be Allayed! and eachNeedle marked of what finenefs. it is.' Arid by this means you may know the finenefs of any ‘ingot or Piece of Goldof Silvery as-thus,'touSi the y^id In¬ got or Piece' of Gold' or Silver upp}yyqur Touch-Srone, and by it the Needle you think is neared it in finenefs •, and..if that fait not with it, try another till it. fuits •with it, which when wet, w:ill;appear,an$l fp by the mark,o'f..your Needle, ; you may be allured. of the’ JEnenefs of the Sijyerlff Gold fo touched, ’ which is a betfer, eaf- er 5 fafer,’and. finer way. then to.tryitljy Fire.. Arid thus much.for .Gold andSilyer, as to their Tryal.,of,‘finenefs’/ - '..yhyv ; A Treatife of precious Stones. : 7 7 CHAP. LV. A Treatife of Pr'ecidUs-Stones, how to know them and their true value^ \ viz. Diamonds, Pubies,Safhyrs 1 etc. ■ as dlfo the goodnefs. and. worth of Pearles in General.. . V. HjPHe Weight ufual in India for Diamonds A and Precious Stones, were brought thither by the Pormgals , called the Mange-; ar or Fanan, which differs not much from the Carot, whereof 150 Carots make an Ounce Troy and is divided into 64. 3 3.id. 8. 4. 2. 1. Parts. The Mangelue or Mangear is near or altogether 5 Grains Weight, or 2 Tars \ Accounted the 1 of 1 Garot, fo that 4 Grains and. 4 Tars weigh: a Fanan,.'the Fanan being fomewhat above 2 of our Carots, for 11 J Fanans arc ?. Mittigal. and 6 Mittiglas and 1 make the Ounce Troy this Fanan in many parts of India goes currant for a Coyn, being E- qually .valued with a Spanilh llyaf and thus having laid down the proportion of the Weights, I fhall firlt begin with the Dimonds, the chief of Precious Stones, then i/8 A Treat ije ofprecious Stoms'. then to know a good and true Diamond take this rule. A good and rght Diamond is fsft and no .ways porous, fo'that it will re- iilt the Fire, and after feveral hours con¬ tinuance therein, come out bright as at: firftj and in choice of fucha one it mull be nei¬ ther Brown,. Yellovvifh, Blewilh, nor a Duili{h-Bl2ck, but of a good Water-Cliri- Italine; not wanting any corner when Po- iifhed on a Mill, nor be too thick nor too. thinn, but fo as it may be fet firm, and la good advantage in a Ring, or. Collet without being upholden by Velvet, and fucha Diamond weighing i Carot is worth- i f pounds Sterling or upwards. Note when you. have found out the true; value of. a perfect Diamond or Diamonds, this Rule is tabe obferved. Suppofe a Dia¬ mond .weighing a. Carot. Weight be worths 40 Ducats more orlefs, thenthe-Ath. part- being ten Ducats is the price of .a Diamond^ weighing.half a Carot, fo the. Diamond, weighing a.Caret is worth but -.the 4th.. part of the value of one weighing 2 Ca¬ rols. viz. 40 Ducats, and that weighing 21 Carets worth 160 Ducats; and fo if there, be over Weight by Grains, you muff di¬ vide 2i! into Grain;, and then a Diamond weighing 3 Grains is worth but the 4th. ; A Treatsfe of precious Scorn., rr/.r. neralRule, got only for,..Diamonds but air manner of precious Stones , according to. Equality in goodnefs., as., for Example- thick Table. Diamond; of the ,go,o.dncr' a - forefaid weighing i .Grain is worth* i. pound 17 Shillings 6 pence,,, weighing 2 Grains is worth 7 pound 10 Shillings, weighings, Grains .is worth 16 .pound 17 Shillings g pence, weighing 1 Carot is worth gapcund, and fo proportionably to. 8 Carats, 3m;; there, are. fome Diamonds imperfeft, and not. of any Extraordinary value, which are, called Brut Diamonds,, Naifs, Rocks, and flagstones, which are bought .and .fold at, uncertain rates.,a . The; Ruby, is found)iij Zeilrn in and called commonly the Carbuncle , try' edinthe Fire to, know its perfection, the. which if it. abide and.' come. out Burning. likeaCoje.andof a high Colour, it is Ac¬ counted. perfeCf 3 a Stone of .which -perfecti¬ on-weighing but one Carot or ■ , a Fanan is valued at 30 Fanans in Callicut , and in- creafe in value as the Dimonds-,according, to their Weight; there is, another fort on , ly called a Ruby, found in a River in the Kingdom of Peguj but it will not-indune, the Fire, but loofeth it’s Colour when put, to.- the Tr.yal; there are hkewife feveral I forts,of Rubies as the Carbuncle , Balias. Spinal, l8© <4 Treatife of precious Stones. Spinal. Garnat, and .Rubas j but-this Ruby of Pegu. it account®! the next .in value to tie Carbuncle, and a Ruby fquar'e table- wife, -perfeft, 'and of high Colour of i €.• 18. 20. or 24.- Carets-in Colour, weigh¬ ing a P arian is worth foffietimes in theis¬ m’s, ioo. Ducats,-and in England weighing i i 1 Garotafand of 20-Carets in Colour perfect and without Blemiih, is worth 350 pound Sterling. Or rather more. • Saphyrs are found in Zeilam, Calncut,Ba- fmger, Canener, and Pegu ,- and thofe are accounted belt-that are of a pure Azure or Sky-Colour, and in that hardnefs excelleth all other Stones the Diamond- excepted, and according to their Colour are heldin Efti- mation; as for example, Saphy-r weigh¬ ing one Carot is worth 2 Fanans, one weighing 2 Carotsis worth 5 Fanans, one weighing 3 worth 10 Fanans, and one Weighing 4 Carots worth 1-5-Fanans, and fo Proportionably- each Fanan" be&g -Ac¬ counted 2 Carots; after this mannerTur- quoife,Topaze,Berrils,Cryfolites, Jacyuths, Amathifts, and other precious Stones are known and valued every one according to their goodnefs and Weight; as for Pearls, hove they are taken, I have before fet down, and now I fhall as far as is neceflary Hi2ke a report of their true value according A Trent ije of fftciqu.. Stones, r C 3 according as ;:: they, ,; are; iij,, good n -P , > $$l& jo f »jlMfi@iaentalv: Pearl?-,; frqrji; a-C^ain'iq.yWeighj f« 9 t-.wba£.bigneiy W fljJLsRN® 15: by-^ColparyKouad- ne^s,; |f^Falhip% •..offlPsial^ad’ that is. in all parts perfeft, as ,.to : . Water ant] Glofs, without.Knobs, $pgcjb*Iello.wnc^ or other irapeiMiORSifhudiat®aflof -' d psrfe^ipn. ..weighing g -{Sardt,; isdsKanGg Pncat in -proceed far¬ ther,; as to.,their-:;V>hm;d_i o&ilimQtGeg. mifs to relate .howthey.-are fold," by thofo that have the difpoitngof them, «, the Indians fell thepi by Sieyes:0f r fatten full of holes-in number; 12,-0m .bigger thenthe other as to their holes,.;.and according to the l§rgenefs ; qr fmallrief?, the price is gylatedj for thofe of the 10, u , and. t.~, Sievejre, feldom capable tp; be. holed; an f therefore -are galled. Seed-Pearls • mof lie fer-Apothecaries,, to i benufed by then- . ip %ffi: WGai ; 5 reparations^: :bnt the others %jhe,ufeqf,fadies,fand;others- to adorn themfelves withal j, and '.for the'-price of al 1 large Pearls, they are; valued as is faidbv Weight and fairnefs, as Diamonds and o', ther precious Stones, tho. feldom before they be holed for fear, of their breaking in theliolmgi ,as. thus,; a Pearl of one Grain k worth 7 pence, of 2 Grains 2 Shillings 2o2 ATreatife of.precious Stoms. 6 . pence, of 3 Grains 5-Shillings 7 per,ce, : of. i.Carot 16-Shillings, 1 -and fq- ih :: pro- portiohtothofe of greater Weighti; as for Seed-Pearls, theTfmalleft- of'whichjareifc- counted 4500. to the Ounce,' and' the larg¬ ed; 400 or 450 to thV Ounce, and com¬ monly divided into 6 parts, the Prizes are thefe: Thetfth. or fmallefl/fort of 4500 are commonly^ fold for a pound 4; Shillings the Ounce, - the 5th. - fort are fold for f pound 6 , Shillings*the Ounce, tftfe 1 4th; fort at 10 Shillings the- Ounce, the'- third fort at 18' Shillings the Ounce, the fecond at 1 pound 6 -Shillings, and the firlt at 1 pound ly Shillings:. But note that' the fir ft is termed the. fixth fort, and fo Confequently the fixth the firft 3 the Rag Pearls; which are fold, likewife "by- the Ounce, according-to their , bignefs are divided into thirds, fe- conds, and firfts, an Ounce- of which con¬ taining 350 Pearls, is : Accounted‘woithd- pound x-8 Shillings,' an Ounce-contaifiihg 250 Pearls, is Accounted worth 3 pounds, an. Ounce of 150 worth'4 pounds, and fo according to their leffer quantity or num¬ ber, in making the Ounce, all forts of half round Pearls; of pure Water, and Glofs are Accounted worth a round Pearl of half the Weight. And thus much for Gold, Silver, precious- Stones, and Oriential Pearls A Fm of Europe, & -W Their Weights are-the 3 Kintars, ; th°. Srftconfifts of 112 pounds and is divided into 4 Roves of 28 pound a Rove, the fecond is 126 pound, compofed of 4 Roves of 30 pound each, and the third being the greateft, is compofed of 4. Roves of 3 6 pound the Rove, ; and accordingly con¬ tains 144 pound, and is. , the common Ein- tsr of Sevil) and 100 pound Weight of this place has often made 102 pound of London. Their Meafure of Length is the Ware, ico of which-have been found'to make 74 Ells of London. The andthe Trade thereof. 7.')? The Meafure by which Oyl is fold is the Rove, 64. of which make a Venetian Mia- ra, and^o or. .41 of the Cud Roves make a Pipe, the' Rove "being 1 8 Sohiers, a 'Somet containing 4 Quardies,. a Quartile being the 1 part of a Stoop of Jntvmy , and 2 Pipes or 81 Roves are 2 j.-or 16 Florence Ear- rils, or 252 Englilh Gallons, tho in Semi the Gage of Pipes are Accounted but 3; 0 Gallons, the Pipe. Corn is Meafured' by, the, Caffifc, which is 28 Satos of Florence; from Sevtl it is that-the fine Spanilh Wool is brought., as alfo Cordavant-Leather; inthefe parti, but: ei^ecially' at , great ftor-e of .Raw Siiks hr.&gathered,' it being the prim- eft of -all other, and is Accounted worth by the: pound. MorifqO: 1.8 Shillings Flo¬ rence % or 1020 Maruedies, which amount, to 30 Ryals. And thus much for Sevifam the Trade thereof, ... C H A P, i88 ■A Vkw of Malaga, . ■-£- H A' Vm ■ °f Malaga, the Tnde /Cs* (toms, Weights i: Metres, twd^cyxs thereof. ' - - T ( c,.. : > . \fi 4 h-gz js Situate in the ; Proving- of ivik Gmiadoj on the Shoar of the ’Me- dit'errdneati Sea, -being' Accommodated with a'.cbhiiiiGdious Haven for the, reception of ■ Shipping, being very hrmtfufihVeyefi/larj; ofiit’sTerritories,'jabounding ih'Winehnd Raifms : inlowri byTtY Namey as' itkewife many delicate Fruits, Coni, Cattle', and what elfe can make a Country defirable; they have iikewifeftore of Sugar, Almonds, Oyls, &c. for Which they pay: Guftoms outward, tho they be Commodities of the natural Growth, viz. y percent. Cochineel and fuch like Commodities pay outward io per cent, and all other Commodities of the Growth but 5 per cent, and thofe that are carryed from Port to Port 2 pound per cent. The Weights of Malaga is the 100. di¬ vided into 4 Roves of 25 pound each, and to every pound 16 Ounces, and the 100 pound and the Trade thereof ) 8 {C, grb pound of Malaga , called commonly the Kintar of '^talaga^ isunted ioo' ppund Grofs, but found’to make iod.pound of London : Sutfle 2 per cent... more or lefs, and-is of. Lyons Weight of i5 Ounces lid pound,. and Venetian Sottlc im pound, doo Sottle • ih r ^m'8e maki% Sottle Of ^'w Weight bat s52 i pound of. i5 Ounces to. the pound, the Cargo or great Quintal. of Paris is 300 pound of Troy Weight, yet makes in -Florence $7 pound.'. The Concave Mea¬ lies - for- .Wine is the. '.Ciftern, which con- tafes.BrPints or-a frow^Galion, 96 of which are accounted a, Tun.' , The Meafures of length are two, ofte for Linnen, and the other for Silks, and are much about the length of the vantaged and unvantaged Aulns, but feldom ufed in Grofs, by Reafon in this City Silks, Stuffs,. &c. are fold by Weight, which to the buyer is advantageous by Reafon he cannot be impofed on'with flight Silks, and Stuffs, but that what it wants in goodnefs will be made out in Meafure. This mdtbe Trade thereof &c. 205 This.City is.the chief Standard of Goyn for the whole Kingdom; therefore in this I ihall give a particular account .of molt French Coyns currant; firit the Denire, 2 of which make a Double, and twelves Sold, -and-20 Solds a'Liver, by Tome cal¬ led a Frank, and in thefe three, viz.. Solds, Deniers, and Divers ,*• the accounts of that Kingdom are for the molt part kept. There are Peices of 8 Solds, each Piece being the s part of a Silver French Grown, 64 Sold’s being accounted a French Crown, and 4 Sold’s which'is of 3 .'Livors TurnoisTieces of 21 Solds, 4 iDeniers being theppar-tof the faid Crown commonly called TeftonS, and the 1 and l thereof, and as'the Quar¬ ter Crowns -were at firft :raifed from 15 Solds to id, ..and thereby the do Solds to 64; fo in the likeproportion,' were the Teflans raifed ; ;the Golden Goyns iare the. Crown, of 3 Divers or do Solds, the Grown ofthe Sun ;being 3 Livers id Sold or yd S.olds,, and.the. Piitol, ;eaoh Liver being ac¬ counted 12 pence Sterling.; there arelike r wile Crowns .of 6 ■ .Shillings/Sterling,; but thefe monies, asindeed molt-Forrain Coyns, ■do rife and fall according, to the Plenty.and Scarcity , of .Silver and .Gold, or more pros¬ per ly at thepleafure of-the Prince whofe proper Coyns they are. As for the Ex- 20 6 A View of Lyons* changes I fliall refer them till I come to Treat iu Ceneral of the nature of Ex- C H A P. LX V. A View of Lyons , and the Trade , thereof, &c. L Iions was once the famoufelt Mart of France, and a great Scale of Trade, butby.Reafon of its Incommodious.Situ¬ ation, in wanting a Port or Navigable-Ri- ver for great Ships, it has given place to the Haven Towns, yet continues feme Trade, efpecially Inland, being Seated on a Fruitful SoilFertilized by the Branches of the Rivers Shorn and Soame, the chief Manufactory of Silks in the Kingdom of France being fetled in it, which when wrought is lent through Europe, the Inha¬ bitants having Commerce with Marfelia, the chief Port for the residence of Ship¬ ping. Here. Exchanges are pra&ifed, the Bankers or Merchants of Venetia, Florence and Naples, having Factors refident in Lyons for that purpofe- and hither it is that the Englilh mi the Trade thereof. 207 Englifh Merchants bring Lead, Tinn,Bays, Cony-Skins,^c.to Exchange for the growth of the Province ; the Accounts are kept as in other parts of the Kingdom; The Coyns currant being the fame with thofeof fans. The Fairs are 4, in which aH payments either by Exchange or Merchandife are made, and all payments run from 3 Months to 3 Months, if agreed to in a Publick*place or Bnrfe appointed for that purpofe; the firit of thefe Fairs begins immediately after the Oftaves of Ealter, the fecond, thefirft Monday after the Alfumption of the Blef- fed Virgin, the third the day after All Souls, the fourth the day after Epiphany, each continuing 15 days; all Exchangebufinefs is done, and all Bills of Exchange are made and dated in -one day, and within 2 days following, they fettle the rate of Exchange, and by thefe Fairs they limit their payments, and the time allowed in their Bills from hence to Feme, Florence , and Rome, is com¬ monly 30 days, to Naples and Falentk 2% days; and fo confequently according tothe diltance of the place it is payable at, tho agreement be made for longer time it is of¬ ten granted. The Weights molt in ufe is the Kings Beam of the Cultom-Houfe, and the 2 Town 2o8 A Fkrv of .Lyons, &c. Town Beams, the King’s Beam is found-to be ipo pound the Quintal, and is greater then the largeft of the Town Beams by 8 fercetit. and by the . Weight thereof alfCu- ftoms are Proportioned. This large Town Beam for Grofs Goods is accounted like- wife ioopound of i(J Ouncesto-the pound, the third Weight is known by the name of the pound of .Mark, and is only ufed in weighing of Silks containing ioo pound of 15 Ounces, being the leaft of the three. The-Meafure of Lyons is the Auln which is 4.5i.;Englilh Inches, 7 of them being found to make 9 Englilh Yards, and .100 pound of London Suttle is found to make in Lyons 95 1 pound Silk Weight, and one Liver or pound-Sterling of London is 10 Livers Tur- tiois.-, Andthes much lhall Suffice for Lyons and the. Trade thereof. C SAP. A Vkw ,of .Marfejia,. &c. 2 op CH AP. LXVI. J View of Marietta, 'the Trade ,, Weights,. Maijures, Coyns , md Q(- fioms thereof. M Jrfelia is a fair Port, and the prin¬ cipal Place of Trade in Provence, . whither refort many Merchants ; and from which Port the Ships Sail that maintain' the' Trade with ’ Turfy, Barbary, Spain, Itajy, Plunders, .and England; tholne deednot.much,the Nation not dffetf;- ingNavigatioti,but rather choofe to improve the growth of their own Country jfor which they have brought home to ’em, ihe Com¬ modities, and.; growth aH ',Nations. The "Exchange thatis wanting here, 'is'Fupplyed -by the currant arid intercouHe of LywjK be¬ ing 'Governed thereby iri matters ofTrade. And hither the Englilh bring Bays,Cloath, Lead, Turn, Herrings, Pilchards, Newland- Filh, African Hides,, Wax, Calves-Skins, ! Salmond, &c. and in Exchange receive Oyls, Wines, Verdigreefe, Paper , Linnen, and other Manufaftures, &at this Port they have free Licence toTranfportSpanifh Ryals of \ which; a io A View of Marfelia, &c. which are found in abundance, and by that means preferve their Trade with Turh r and other Places of Traffick in the Medi¬ terranean , from whence they bring Silks, and fome fpices } but of late have not been fo venturous as formerly, for fear of the Pirates, by whom they have fuftained with¬ in a few Years dammages to the value of $ Millions of Crowns, which has much im¬ paired their Traffick in thofe parts. . The Accounts here are kept in Deniers, Solds, and Livers, and in Ryals of 8, which fometimes are I'nhaunced to a' part more'theii their true value. ' The, Weight is Originally the pound of 16 Ounces, ioo of which make the Quin¬ tal, and 3 Quintals the Cargo , the Quintal 'isfouiid tomake.Englilh 88 j. The -'Meafure of Length is the Cane, which they divide into 8 Palms, which are found .to be 2 | Englifh Yards. The".concave. Meafure is the Mine, of which 'the; Sack of Leghorm makes i \. The Guftoms outwards are i ' per cent. andinwardsa \perctm. this is meant of Com¬ modities of the growth of the Country, but if Pepper,. Ginger, Indico, and fuch like-Commodities;be,;imported} they pay the Kings Cuftoms, which are 15 per cent. And thus I Ihall conclude the Trade of France. A P"w of Italy, &c. an France, and proceed to take aViewof/w/y and the Trade thereof. CHAP. LXVIL A View of Italy, met the Trading Ci¬ ties thereof , together with their Manner of Traffick , .Weights Me afares, Coyns, See. I Taly is bounded with the Alfa the Ioni¬ an^ Tyrrhenean , and Adriatick Seas, and is exceeding Fertile lying in a Temperate Clime, and is divided into io Provinces, m. the Kingdom of Naples, the Dukedom of Florence , the Dukedom of MUain , the Dukedom of Mantua, the Common-Wealth of Venice, the Dukedom of Vrbiri, the Prin¬ cipality of Parma, the eftate of Genoa, the eftate of Luca, and the Papacy. Qf the chief City or Town of Trade or each in order. AWimofthe (^ Naples, CHAP. LXVIII. A yietv of tk City Hades,, md thelrade thereof , together mth the Weights, Metres, Cops, U* fiows. &c. tf N Deferring the Trade of this City 1 from whence the Kingdom takes its Name, I (hall lay down what is found, of value or Merchantable throughout the Pro- cfty of Nafles-. is,a fair City and •accounted y Miles in compafs, formerly X and ismow Governed by a to the Behoof of- the King of and yieideth divers Mettakbrought Silk. Ovls, Annueed, Bnm- ffrnie Arlds,- Corn, cattle in abundance arid' othenhings’ of vahruy for Whichthey receive out of England Bays, Says, s erges, SoathVLead, Tinn, Hemngs Pilchards, ^Ncwland-m. There is found like- whe the growth of Spun, Portugal, and many Eaft-Jndian Commodities, and it was .SWaCit, of 6 r =at Trfck. The and tk&Trtde thereof, , fee, *13 Country generally abounds in Mulberry- Trees, and other pleafant Fruit-Trees. The Weights 7of this City,, and confe- quently of the ivhole Kingdom,are the Roto- lo and Cjaptar, 100., of the former making the'i'atfei', which is - Accounted 195 pound Englifh'^Averdupois Weight, as like wife in GW. they; have a>Cantar, by which all Grdfs Commodities are weighed which is reckoned 254 pound of Leghorn. -: The JVleafure pf Length is theXane di- vided into v8- .PalmSj.nme of ;which : iPalrbs make the Auln ofZ^;recl CHAP. a 14 : A Vim of Florence, CHAP. L X I X. A View of the City of Florence ] the Trade thereof Comprehending the whole Trade of the Florentine Dominion. T He City of Florence gives name, to the Provence or Dukedom o( Florence,wA is-a very : fair City , Seated near the Ri¬ vers Arne and Chian, Beautifyed it is with many ftately Edifices, and much addifted. to Merchandizing} the Duke being accounted the richeft and chiefeft Merchant in Italy, arid is now more commonly knowmby the Ti¬ tle of - great Duke of Tsifcany. - 'Tlxz Com¬ modities are very rich,-the .femous Port of Leghorn being Governed iri-Tradehythis City and Pifa. For hence for'the inoftpart come the Merchandife that are there foundj as Marble, Rice,- Wines, Oyis, -Silks'RaW} and wrought, Sattins, Taffatas, Velvets, Grograms, Plulhes, Stuffs of curious Tex¬ ture, for which they receive of our Mer¬ chants, Pepper, Mace, Cloves, Indicoes, Callico, Lead, Tinn, Cloath, Bays, Says, Serges, Perpetuanos, &c, the Inhabitants for .q ; HD' ■ the and the Trade thereof. 2i’5 the molt part being veryrichbyReafonof the great Banks maintained in this Ci¬ ty, where is praftifed exchange from all parts. Their accounts are'kept in Livers, Solds, Deniers, 12 Deniers making a Sold, and 20 Solds accounted a Liver, and fome in Crowns, 7 1 Livers making a Crown •, they have currant in Trade, the Florence Ducat worth 7 Livers, each Liver accounted 9 pence Sterling. The Weight is the Quintal or 100 pound of 12 Ounces the pound, and is found to make 98 pound Englilh. The Meafure of Length is the Brace, 100 of which has been known to make 49 Ells Englilh, and the Cane which is 4 Braces, but all wrought Silks are here fold by the pound. Wine is fold by the Cogno, which is is Barrels, 40 Metadels, 20 Flasks, and each Barrel to weigh 120 pound. Oyl is fold bytheOrcio, which is a Bar¬ rel, and accounted 8 5 pound Weight, Grain is fold by the Moggio, which is 24 Staios, each Staio accounted 5 pound, Salt is fold by a Staio of 72 pound. And.thus much lhall Suffice for Florence. L CHAP. 21 6 A View of Millain, CHAP. L XX. A View of Millain , of the Trade , )'Veights, Meafitres , Coy ns, Quftoms , and Commodities thereof T He City of Milan being the Center of the whole Dukedom , in all re- fpedts, Ilhall only inlilt upon it. Then this City is the faireft of . Lomber- dy, being feven Miles in compafs, and Fur¬ led with all Commodities of the growth of the Dukedom, nay of ail Italy, being now in Subjeftion to the SfamjhK ing ; the chief Commodities are Oyl, Wine, Rice, Corn, Raw Silk, which is wrought by the Inhabi¬ tants into curious Fabricks, Chambets, Fu- ftians, Gold Thread, and Iron; which are difperfed over all Italy, Savoy ,, France,Flan- ders , Holland, England,-&c. _ Their Accounts are kept in Demers,Solds, and Livers, which are in effeft Pence, Shillings, Pounds, &c. and their other cur¬ rant Coyns are the Ducat of Gold, which is worth about ioo Solds of that money, the Crown of Gold of the Sun, which is worth 97 Solds. The Italian Gold Crown which is worth 5 Livers. 1RC and the Trade thereof. 217 The Ducat of Gold of 5 Livers, and 18 Solds is worth 6 Livers Imperial, the Du¬ cat Imperial is efteemed worth 4 Livers. The Ducat of Mlkin or Imperial of 4 Livers is accounted in exchange 101 Solds the Ducat, and fometimes in Merchandife no, and in way of Trade the Coyns of Spain, and France, are here Currant. The Weight Hfedhere is the pound, 100 of which make a Quintal, which is account¬ ed 70 pound Englifh. The Meafures of Length are the Bra¬ ces, one for Cloath, and the other for Silk, the 100 Braces of the laft containing 43 Ells of London. The Cuftoms for the moll part the fame with the other Cities of Italy. 2i8 AFiwof Mantua^ Urbin, CHAP. L X XI. A View of the Dukedoms of Man¬ tua, and Urbin, and of their Trade , fVeights, Meafures, &c. O F the Dukedom of Mantua, the Ci¬ ty of that Name is the chief, and is a fair and ltrong Place, on 3 tides invi- roned with a wide Lake, through which runneth a Stream or River into the fa¬ mous River Poe, and is furrounded with pleafant Paltures and Fruitful Gardens,Or¬ chards, and Vineyards j but the Trade as ' to Merchandife, is inconfiderable for want of a Harbour or Haven, for the re¬ ception of Shipping} only here are found feveral Fabricks of Silk, as Taffatas, Sattins, &c. alfo Watered Chamblets} the Accounts are kept as in Mllain , and ■•their money much the fame unlefs the Ducatoon which is 115 Solds of Mil- lain. The Weights of Mantua are the Pelo, which is 25 pound, and the Quintal which is 100 pound, making Erigligi 71 pound A- yerdupois. Jhe and their Trade^ See. 2ip The City of Vrbin from which the Dukedom takes its Nameis Seated un¬ der the Jppennm Hills, and lias 2 famous Sea-PortSi, viz.. Pifauro , and Fano , where formerly our Merchants held confiderable. Commerce, but oflate it is decayed, yet fome Trade is Hill held there, efpecially by fuch as go Trading Voyages j who there find the growth of moil Parts of Italy , for which they exchange Cloath, Tinn, Spices, and iorne Drugs. Their Accounts are kept in Deniers, Solds, and Livers, and the reft of the Coyns thofe for the moil part currant throughout Italy. The Weights are the pound, and the Quintal, 100 of the former making the lat¬ ter, and is found to be 77 pound of London Averdupois. The Meafures of length are the Braces, one for Cloath, and the other for Silk, 94 of the former making 100 of Fmce, but the Fenice Brace for Silk renders the Vr¬ bin Brace for Silk 102 or 103, &c. 320 A View of Venice, CHAP. L X X11. A View of the Common-Wealth of Venice , and. of the Trade , Weights, Meaficrts, Qtfoms , Cops &c. ' T He City of Venice gives Name to the Territories, and has been and yet is famous for Trade by Navigation, being fo Commodioufly Seated for the reception of Shipping, that nothing can be more \ as thus, it is Seated at tjie bottom of the A- driatick Sea or Venetian Gulph, upon 72 Iflands 5 Miles diftant from the main Land, and is defended againlt the rage of the Sea by a Bank of 20 Leagues, through which are cut feveral paflages for. Boats, but no Ships are capable of palfing but at Mak- mecco , the mouth of which is guarded with ftrong Caftles} and at the Caftles of Lio , the Sea runs through moft of the Streets, fo that the commerce is held by Boats - and Bridges, 12000 of the firft, and 4000 of the laft i and as for the Inhabitants they are naturally addicted to Merchandife, and once made their City the Store-Houfe of and the Trade thereof, &c. 221 the Commodities of India , Perfia, Arabia , Egypt, and Greece , being both Politick and Powerful at Sea, lb that for thofe Com¬ modities, molt European Merchants Traded thither as the Principal Mart of the World, but of late the Englijh, Dutch , and Portugal! have found the way to purchafe them at the firlt hand, and by that means much im¬ paired the Traffick of that Common- Wealth, yet Itill they have Factories at A- leppo , Conftantinople , and Alexandria, and Trade in Silk, Spices, Drugs, &c. but the chief Commodities found here areCloaths of Gold and Silver, Wine, Oyl, Woollen Cloath, Paper , Annifeeds, Agal, Looking- Glalfes, Drinking-GMes, and Quick-Sil¬ ver, for which the Englilh Merchants Trading thither , exchange Bays, Furs, Perpetuanos, Lead, Tinn, Cloves, Nut¬ megs, Pepper, Ginger, Serges, Says, Woollen Cloath, Herring, Pilchards, Sal- mond, and Netoland Filh, Indico , &c. and ferves for a Mart to Auftria and upper Germany. The Weights of Fenetia are 4, the firlt and greatelt is called the pound Grofs,and 100 pound with which they weigh Wool, Brafs, Iron, Copper, Flelh, .Filh, and other Grofs * Commodities. The Tecond is the Golden Weight in ufe for weighing Gold, L 4 Silver, 223 t in Livers, Solds,.Deniers, 12 Deniers' being a Sold, and 20 Solds a Li¬ ver, and their other monies are the lame with Florence , except Quadrins and Ora¬ ches, 8 Craches being accounted worth d pence. Sterling,. and of Qpdrins do to a Liver, tho fometimes a different value is .fixed upon the Mony of either place, but ip continues not long. The Weights are the fame with Flo¬ rence, viz,, the pound of 12 Ounce, 100 of which make a Quintal, which is compu¬ ted to .make 75 pound Englifh, and by this, they weigh their Grofs Commodities. An other Quintal they have of 150 pound, which makes of AoWos Weight 113 pound,as. alfo an other of, 1 do pound making with us j 21 pound,by which they weighFifh, woolls,. &c. The Kintar of Allum is at Leghorn 150 pound, but in England found to make but 1 j 3 ,5 .pound, the Kintar of Sugar 151, the Kintar of Fifh ido pound,, and mabe Eng- •iifh Weight proportionably. The Meafures are the Brace and Cano, 4.. of the former making one of the latter, 'each Brace, being 23., Inches. Englifh, 100 Braces and the Trade thereof &c. 327- Braces making 60 Yards or 48 EUs. The Concave Meafures for Corn and' Salt, are the Stare, the Sack, and the Sal- mo, 3 of the firit making one of the fecond, and 3 3 of the fecond making one of the third,, which is a London Quarter ; they have a Meafure likewife called a Maggio, which contains 8 Sacks. The Cuftom of this Port is, that any Merchant may Land his Goods without payingany Cuftom, fobethey are fold with¬ in a Year; but if not; he mull:pay Cuftom j but if for the better' difpofal of Commo¬ dities, they are ferrt into any other part of Tufcany, they muft pay Cuftom at Pifa.. CHAP. L X X V. A View of Genoa, the TVeights,Mea- fnreSy.Coym, and Trade thereof. T He Metropolis of the Republique of Genoa, is the City of Genoa from- whence the Territories have Name, and is 8 Miles in compafs, being Commodioufly Situate- for Commerce; and has been for¬ merly a City of great Trade; but of late- a 28 A Flew of Genoa*--, the Citizens are-.turned Uferers, which has put - a i flop to their Navigation, and the Exceffite Guftoms -upon- Goods imported, deters .' Merchants- from Trading thither to any purpofe. The Merchantable Wares that.are found in this City are Silks, Stuff's, Damasks,Dr ugs,W ine,Oy l.,and fomeFruits,. for which they receive the- growth of the Countries ,,,whofe. Merchants Trade thi¬ ther. Their. Accounts efpecially as toMer- chandife are kept in Deniers, Solds, and Livers, 12 Deniers being a Sold, and 20 Solds a Liver , which is 16 pence Sterling. Their other Coyns for the molt part Con¬ cord with thofe of Florence. The Weights are the pound of ^Ounc¬ es, and Quintal, 100 of the former mak¬ ing the latter, which is accounted the Quin¬ tal Suttle, the Grofs Quintal being 150 pound, and makes Suttle Weight of Lon¬ don 105; pound, and by the Grofs Quintal are fold Annifeeds, Honey,. Rice, Brafs, Lead, Tinn, Sope, Wools, and other Weighty Commodities. The Meafure of Length is the Cane, found to make 9 Palms or 4 Braces of Florence , which is ufed in the Meafuring Stuff's and Silkes, and for Meafuring of • Lkrnen, the Cane, is 10 Palms, 100 of which-.Palms- have rendered 27 Englilh Yards, mi the Trade thereof &c. 229 Yards, and ,confequently one Cane of Genoa. is 2. 1 Yards.Englilh. ; '.m;: Corn is fold by the Mine, each Mine- paying Cultom 6 | Sold? ,] and Weighs' 270 pound, 2 l of which are found to be a Harwich Quarter. Oyl is fold by the Barril, yl of which make a Neapolitan Butt. Wine is fold by the Melbrole, 5 of which; make a; Botta Dimena of Na¬ ples. ' All Goods entering the River or Port pay Confolato of the River 6 - Denier per , Liver, which is payed by the Buyer, if a contraft be not. before made: with the feller for the discharge • thereof. And thus much for the Republiqne of Na¬ ples. CHAP. JL XXVI. A Fkw of Luca, mi the Trade there¬ of' L Vca is the principal City of the Re- publique, and is Situate on the River Serchio , being 3 Miles in compafs, and fa adorned with Trees 5 that fuch as pafsa. far 2 S& d Pletv of Luca, & c: far off think it to ftand in a Wood. The moft Merchantable Commodities here found are Silks, as DamasksSattins, TafFatas, : e?c. which are here made and fent to other Cities of /taty, and for them have return¬ ed the growth of moft Countries. • Their Accounts arc kept in Solds, De- niers, and Livers of Picoly , as in. Florence, and their monies for the moft part the fame, it having formerly been a City of confiderable Trade, but now of little note. The Weights are two, the one the Bal¬ ance. Weight, by which all Goods are' bought and fold, the other the Weight by which Merchants pay their Cuftoms, be¬ tween which there is obferved tz fer cent. difference, the Ballance Weight, the pound containing 12 Ounces, the 100 thereof has been found to make of Lyons Weight 72‘ and the Cuftomers Weight 81 * ^ theMea- fnre of length Js the Brace,, which is 23 Englilh Inches, 100 Braces of this Place be¬ ing found to make 50 Englilh Ells. As for Liquid or Concave Meafures, they ufe not any in way of Merchandife. Therefore I. lhallpafs themover. C H A P. A Ficw of the Papacy, 231 CHAP. LXXVIL A Fiew of the Papacy, and the Trade thereof. T ide Papacy containeth feveral JfBately Cities, but none of any codiderable Trade as for Mercb.an.difc therefore I (hall Summ up all in Defcribing, the Trade of Pom, once the Miltrifs of the World, but now her Splendor is much abated. Rome is Situate on the Banks of Tiber, adorned'with 750 Towers placed on her Walls, and is accounted to contain 455000 Families, and initarefoundthefeMerchan- dife, viz. Corn, Oyl, Wine, Gloves, Al- lum, Luteitring, Kid-Skins, and curious, Fabricks of Silk, for which they receive from England Lead, Tirin, Bays,Says,Stuffs, Pilchards, Herrings, Newland FiJfh, Calves- Skins, Salt, Salmon, Tallow, Wax, &c. which are Tor the molt part Landed at Civitaveccia , and from thence carryed up the River Tiber in Boats to Rome. The Coyns here and through the Pa~ pacy, are the fame that are currant in moft parts of Italy, the Pope having fo ordain¬ ed, that his Incomes may be the more. The 2$ 2 A View of Flanders and Holland, The Accounts are kept in Crowns, Ju¬ lios, or Paulos, Baiochos, and Quatrins, the Weight is the Quintal or too pound which makes 80 pound Englilh, tho fome- times they weigh by a Quintal of 160 pound, and 150 pound, according to the finenefs or Grofnefs of the Commodity. Their Meafures of Length are 2, one for Linnen and the other for Woollen, the one a Brace, and the other the Cane, 30 Canes making 100 Braces. Corn is fold by the Rugio, which is ,1 Mine of Genoa. And thus much fhall fuffice for Rome , and indeed for all Italy, from whence I muftpafs into Flanders and take a View ofthe Trade thereof. CHAP. LXX VIII. J View of the Trade of Flanders, and Holland, of the Weights, Meafures , Coyns , Customs, Commo¬ dities , and Traffick of them, re¬ duced into the View of Antwerp and Amfterdam. T Ho Flanders and the Netherlands are divided into x 7 Provinces, viz,, 4 Dukedoms, and their Trfi.de. -■ Dukedoms, as Limburg, Luxemburg, Gel- derland , and] Orator, i Marquifat, 7Eah> doms, as Artois, Flanders , Hanault , Nemurs , Zutphen, Holland. , and Zealand, 5 Borro- nies, as Weflfriedand , Wretch, Overyfel, Machlin , and GVcwwgj yet the Trade of all thefe may conveniently be reduced into what is found in Antwerp and Amsterdam, the one famous for having formerly been the chief Scale of Europe, and the other for the prefcnc commerce held there. Of thefe in order. Antwerp is Situate upon the River Scheld, that River fending forth eight Channels to Water the City by running through her Streets, and has been formerly accounted a great Scale of Trade, infomuch that all European Merchants brought their Commo¬ dities thitherto vend, the acquirement of which Trade was principally by the means following, firft by Reafon of 2 free Marts, yearly holden for 45 days, in which no Perfon Trading there could be Arretted in his Goods or Perfon for Debt or other- wife, fecondly by Reafon the Fortngals dis¬ covering the Eafi Jndias Anno 1500. di¬ verted the courfe of Trade driven by the Venetians from Alexandria, and the Red- Sea to Lisbon and fo kept a Factory at Antwerp, and expofed to Sail all Indian Commodities 234 dVkw of Flanders and Holland* Commodities which drew moft of the Trading Nations of Europe to Trade thi¬ ther, exhauftingthe Trade of Bruges where the Englifh Merchants Adventurers before refided; the third and laft catfe was the Wars between Charles the fifth Empe¬ ror and the French, which obliged the Nobility, and Gentry for fafety to re¬ move their Families thither, who after¬ wards being taken with the pleafantneis of the place would not remove, but Built them ftately Houfes, and made that City for the molt part the Place of their refi- The caufeof the decay of Trade m the City of Antwerp, was the Wars with Spain,. in which Merchants were Pillaged, their Ships taken, &e. the Abridgement of Pri¬ vileges, and the Trade which th eEnghffi and Dutch found in the Eaft-Jndtes, bring¬ ing home in their own Bottoms, what be¬ fore they were obliged to the Fortugab forjbut as it isat this Day, a pretty, Trade is driven in the City, moft of the Neigh¬ bouring Countries bringing m their Growth and Manufacture. The Commodities found m Antwerp ,are Wines,Silks, Arras-Hangings,Spices, Drugs, Fruit, ftore of Corn , Woollen Cloath, fame Oyl, and the like ; brought out of and their Trade , &c. a$j its.Neighbourhood, and the Adjacent Pro¬ vinces., ; The' Accounts of Jntmrp are kept in Livers ', Solds., and Deniers, which they reckon Pounds, Shillings, Pence, 12 De¬ nier s making a Sold, and 20 Solds a Li¬ ver or pound Flemilh, tho worth no more then 12 Shillings Sterling, or as they com- . pute it 240 Grades, 12 Grades being a Sold, and according to thefe Values on Coyn they make their Exchanges. The other currant Coyns are Doits, 4 of which make a Stiver, and 10 Stivers make 1 Shilling Sterling. 2 Blanks make a Stiver, and half d Stivers make the Flemiih Shilling, 28 Stivers make a Guilder, which is 3 Shil¬ lings 4 pence Flemilh, fo that 100 pound Flemilh is found to make but 50 pound Englilh, &c. The Weight is the pound of id Ounces, 100 of which pounds make their Qnintar, and the Quintar found to-be 104 pound Englilh. So that from this allowance or over Weight, many imagine that the Tret of London had its Original. • The Meafure of length is the Ell, 100 of which are found to make 60 London Ells in the Meafure of • Linnen Cloath. They have likewife an Ell for Meafuring of Silk, which is 1 1 in the 100 Iefs then the Cloath Ell. Beer 236 A Fkw of Flanders and Holland, Beer is fold by the Barrel, which in Brabant and Flanders, is accounted u Stops, each Stop being 2 .Quarts' Englilh. Their Corn they fell by the Vertulea 23 *, of which are a Laft of Jmfterdm , and 10 i Quarters London Meafure. Wine is fold by the Ame, the Stop and the Butt, 1 Ame making 50 Stops, and one Stop 6 pound, fo that the Butt ?s 300 Stop P s or 6 Ames, the Wine Stop being accounted 3 1 O^ts of London Wine ^ The Exchanges are very great, by Reafon molt of the Bills of Sjm are drawn upon the Merchants and Traders of Antwerp for the disburfement of mo¬ ney for the mamtainance of the Army, that is for the molt part kept on toot in the Provinces. CHAP- and their Trade. m CHAP. LXXIX. A View of the City of Amfterdam and of the Trade , Coy ns ^ Weights and Meafares thereof. A Msierdam is a fair City, and Seated on the Rim Tay^ which on the North iide of it Flows like a large Sea, when on the South the River Amfter running through 3 Lakes, enters its Streets and falleth into the River Tay aforefaid. And by the addition of a new City to the old, it is become Commodious and ftrongj and by the advantage of the Ri¬ ver palling through all Land-carriage is faved, the Boats in the 5 Principal Streets coming up to the Doors, efpecially where the Merchants Ware-Houfes are. The Inhabitants are generally Prompt to Navi¬ gation, and have fo improved themfelves thereby, that molt of the Citizens are Merchants, and have Velfels of their own, or venture in other Velfels, wholly relying upon the advantage that Accrues by Trad¬ ing in forrain Countries, as wanting Land to improve their Stock at home, fo that 238 \nFwv°f Amfterdam, of late it has been obferved they put out their Money to Interefl: in England and prance , to more confiderable interefl: then it will allow in their own Country ; 4 or .5 percent, being great interefl: there, which is fo ordered that by fuch means, People may be thewillinger to venture in way of Trade byMerchandife, which returns them for the molt part 50 percent, and all charges pay’d. The Commodities found in Jmflerdam , as Silks, Cloath, Woollen, and Linnen, Stuffs, Drugs of all forts, Spices, Dies, Oyls, Allum, Brimftone, Gold and. Silver- Thread, Wines, and indeed all forts of Commodities that are found of any ufe in the known World, but the chief Com¬ modities that the Country affords, which may properly be called the Growth or Manufacture, are Cattle, Butter, Cheefe, Flax, Corn, Linnen Cloath, Coarfe Wool¬ len Cloaths, Tapeftry, Pictures, and all forts of Filh, but efpecially Herrings, of which they make an Extraordinary advan¬ tage, imploying in the Seafon for that Filhery 6000 Perfons. The Weight commonly ufed in Amjter- dam is the pound of 16 Ounces, 100 of which make 107 of Antwerp, and of Lon - and the Trade thereof. 239 The Meafure of length is the Ell, 134 of which make ipo Yards of London , or 100 London Ells make 167 ,* Ells of Am¬ sterdam. Their Concave Meafures- are for Corn, theLalt, the Barrel, theMuyden, the Sack, the Archeteling, and the Sheple; as thus, 24 Barrels make the Lafb, each Barrel con¬ taining t l a Muydens, a Muyden containing 1 Sacks, each Sack being 3 Archetelmgs or 3 “ Shepels 108 Shepels, making the Laft. The Meafures for Wine, Oyl, Beer,and other Liquids, are" for the moft part the fame with thofeof England 3 and therefore I ihall pafs them over. The Coyns in which the Accounts are kept, are the fame with Antwerp.) viz. Li¬ vers, Solds, and Deniers, the Liver or Pound Flemiih being 12 Shillings Sterling, 6 Florins make the Flemiih pound at 20 Sti¬ vers per Florin, lb that 120 Stivers are the Flemiih pound or 12 Shillings Eng- liih, 5 Stivers being 6 pence Sterling or 5 Solds Turnois, a Grofs is 6 Deniers, a Carolus Gulden is 20 Stivers or 2 Shil¬ lings Sterling, or 2 Sols Turnois. And- belides theft all the-currant Coyns of Eh- 240 A View of Germany, chandife to the Merchants of the Coun¬ tries, to which they are proper. And thus much'for Antwerp and- Amfierdam, as alfo for all the Provinces arid Cities of the Netherlands, the Trade of which being in¬ cluded in what I have lay’d downfo that from hence I lhall pafs into Germany , to take a View of that large Empire , the Trade of which I reduce into a few heads, or deliver it in the Defcription of the Trade of the Principal Cities. CHAP. LXXX. A Fkrv of Germany, its Provinces , and the Trade thereof. H Aving thus far proceeded, as I hope, to the content of the Reader, I lhall Survey the Empire of Germany , which is bounded on the North with Denmark, and the Damf Seas, on the Eaft with Prufia, Poland , and Hungary, on the South with the Alps, and on the Weft with France and Belgium, and abounds in Silver Mines, Cop¬ per, Lead, Tinn, Iron, Corn, Wine, Al- lum, Quick-Silver,'Linnen, Woollen, Silks, Stuffs, Cattle, Corn, and other Commo¬ dities and the Trade thereof. 241 dities all of its own Growth and Manu¬ facture. The' Cities and Towns of the Empire, may by good Right be divided into 3 parts, as firftthe Hanf-Towns, which enjoy large Privileges and Immunities, and are com¬ puted to be about 70, which for the molt par are accommodated with Navigable Ri¬ vers , and abound in rich Manufactures. Secondly thofe called the Imperial Cities, which are imputed free Cities, by Rea- fon of their great Priviledges, above the reft in Coyning money, barring any acknow¬ ledgement of Subjection unlefs to the Em¬ peror, whom they only do acknowledge for their ProteCtor, and in lieu of it pay an annual Tribute, being do odd in num¬ ber. And thirdly thofe that are under the Subjection of the Electoral Princes, which are commonly called Principalities. The Rivers by which thefe Towns for the moft part are inrichedare 4, viz. the Danube which running 1500 Miles receives about 58 Navigable Rivers, and at laft difimbogues it felf into the Euzine or Black- Sea. The River Rhine which after palling through Germany, and Eelgiarfov 800 Miles falls into the German Ocean, the River Alins which is large and Navigable for near 400 Miles, and the River Oder a, which palling M 2 300 242 A View of Strasburg, 300 "Miles through the Country fallethinto the Baltick^ Sea. There are likewife feveral other Rivers of note, that greatly contribute to the Fertilizing the Country, but thefe being the chief, I lhall pafs over the reft, un- lefs the Defcription of fome Cities require the mentioning of them. CHAP. L X X XI. A View of Strasburg, and the Trade thereof. S Trasherg is an Imperial free City, Seat¬ ed upon a fair Plain, about a furlong from the River Rhine, over which they have lay’d a Bridge, and a Channel cut which conveys Ships and Boats to the City, which is 8 Miles in compafs, adorned with many ftately Buildings and amongft the reft a Cathedral, whofe Steeple is for cu¬ rious Architect accounted one of the 7 Wonders of the World,and by Reafonof the Generofity of the Inhabitants towards Strangers, there is great refort thither, efpecially of Lutherans , Calvinifts , &c. but above all it abounds in Handicrafts or Ar- and the Trade thereof,\ 8rc. 24? fcizans who- find great incouragement, a-nd by their Labour is the common Stock improved ;. tho fince its falling into the Hands of the. French King, they have not proceeded with fuch Alacrity as formerly, by Reafon of the little afliirance they have of keeping what they acquire by their La¬ bour. The Commodities Traded for hither are Linnen Cloath, Iron,Diaper, RhenilhWine, Copper, Wax, and Hemp, for which they receive out of England Tinn, Lead, and Woollen Cloathj out of Spain Fruits, Wines, Oyls, Salt , and Wool; and out of Italy Silks, both Raw and wrought. The Weights are two,, m. the Grofs and Suttle, where upon Tryal'it has been found, that the 100 pound Suttle of London has made Incirca 70 in 7 1 oftheGrofs of Strds- burg , which. Grofs Weight is 16 Ounces to the pound, and the Suttle but 12 Ounces, by the latter of which all Indian Com¬ modities are weighed, as Nutmegs, Cloves, Cinnamond, Drugs of all forts, I-ndicocs and rich Dies. - The Meafure of length is the Ell, which is about38 Englilh Inches; as for Concave Meafuresthey ufebutfcw, and thofe the fame with other Cities of the Empire, of which anon I fiiall have occafion to fpeak. 244 ^ °f Vienna, The currant Coyn is the Bobemico,Grofs, or Blaphace, .which is 3 Crutfers, one Crutfer being 2 pence, one penny 2 Hel- lers, and one Heller i Orchines. _ And in thefe Coyns all the Accounts arc kept. CHAP. LXXXII. 'A Vim of Vienna, and nftktTradeJVcights, Meafnres , Coyns, &c. V ienna is one of the faireft and ftrong- eft Cities of the Empire, and for the molt part the Imperial Seat, having on the North of it the River Datum ; which di¬ viding into 3 Streams caufes, as it were, an Ifland 'ere it again unites 5 and over the Streams are 3 Stone Bridges of 15,29 and 57 Arches, all the Streets are adorned with ftately Buildings, and in the City many Merchants refide, who have their Factories in Venice, Florence , Genoa , &c. and by that means it abounds in rich Com¬ modities of all Nations, efpecially Sattins, Damasks, Taffatas, Velvets, Cloath of Gold and Silver, Drugs, Spices, Wool, Lead, Winn ' and the Trade thereof &c. 245 Tallow, Furs, and the like \ which is dif- perfed.into the Neighbourhood to fupply the Towns and Cities of lefs note. The Weight is the pound, which in the Sale of fome Commodities is divided in¬ to 32 Coets, and in others into 128 Quints, and by fome again into 512 Fennings, of this pound 100 makes the Quintan, which in London is found to make between 122 and 123 pound. The Meafures of length area, one for Linnen, and the other for Woollen, the 100 Yards of London , are found to make 103 Ells of Vienna Linnen Meafure, and of the Woollen Meafure 113 Ells. The Coyns currant are the Rhenis Guilder worth 28 ‘ Silver Miffens Grofs, or 30' 1 Lubeck Shillings, 7 ! of which make one of our Shillings, the Imperial- Doller which is worth 33 Lubedl Shil¬ lings, the common Guilden worth 28 Lu- beck Shillings, and the French Crown worth 44 Lubeck Shillings, &c. By Reafon of the Emperors refiding here, there is a great Exchange, which isbyRix Dollars of 8 Shillings Flemilh, and by Du¬ cats of Gold of 12 Shillings Flemilh. 24 6 JFiew of Hamburg, CHAP. LXX X III. A Fiew of Hamburg, of the Trade , Weights, Meaftres , Coytis , and Commodities thereof. H Ambi:rg is an Imperial City , Seated on a large Plain, and lias on the South fide the River Eke, being Accom¬ modated with a fair Haven, crofs which is ( alt a Chain to hinder Ships from entering without Licence:, and on the North-Eaft fide, 1’ome diltance from the Walls of the City runs the River Alfter, and is adorned with many fair Buildings, fortifyed with ftrong Walls, Ditches, and Bulwarks. The Trade at prefent is very confiderable, by Reafon of the refidence of our Merchants there, and the Factories held in other parts, it being the Key as it were of that part of Germany, whither the Inland Towns bring their Commodities to vend, as Quick-Silver, Stuffs, Silks, Cloath, Wine, Wax, Cor¬ dage , Corn, and the like moft Ita¬ lian Commodities are found here, and great quantities of the Growth of Spain, and here the Englifh vend Cloath, Iron, Tinn, Lead, Drugs, Spices, and the like, receiving and the Trade thereof -2*47 receiving for them the Growth and Manu¬ factures of the Empire. The Weight is the'pound,.120 of which are accounted the Qnintaf,. which is divided into 3 parts or denominations,.wi¬ the 12 Stone of 10 pound to the Stone, 300 pound are accounted the Skip pound, which is the fecond,& that which is call’d the third, isaoLifpound of 15 pound to the 300, which may be faid to be one Quin- tar of 120 pound, and another of 3.00 pound. The Meafure of length is the Ell, by which allWoolien, Linnen, and Silks are Meafured, 100 of which are accounted to make in London 48 Ells for Linnen, and the loo Yards of London to be 16X or 163 of Hamburg Yards. The Concave Meafure is the Schepk $o of which make theLaft of Corn in this place, tho 83 are found .to do the fame at or- to produce id Quarters of London Meafure. " The Merchants exchange for London^ the pound Sterling, and. from all other, places upon Rix Dollers of 50 Shillings Lapifto or 54 Stivers. A Doller. is here-not¬ ed to be worth 3 white pence, each white Penny to be 18 Shillings, each Shilling 12 248 A Flew of Denmark, &c. CHAP. LXXXIV. A View of Denmark, and of its Trade y together with the Commodities , Weights , Meafures , and Coyns thereof. D Enmark. is bounded on the Eaft with the Baltick Ocean, on the Weft with the German Ocean, on the North with Sweeden , and on the South with the Ger¬ main Empire ■, and contains Crmhrich^Cher- fonefe, the Iflands of the Baltick, and part of S eandia, which are divided into feve- ral Provinces 5 the which for Brevities fake I fhall pafs over, and reduce their Trade into the 2 Principal Cities. And of the ’ I'fjands I fhall treat in their order. And fir ft' di 'Gopenhagen, and the Trade there- ©£ " • Copenhagen is the Metropolis of Denmark and the Seat of the Danijh Kings, for the moft part, being Commodioufly Seated on the Sea-lhore, and provided of a fafeand goodly Haven, for the reception of,Ship¬ ping, being ftrongly Fortifyed and Beau¬ tified with a Caftle and other ftately Edifices, which are for the more part poll'dled by Merchants that. Trade there. anil the'Trade thereof. 24^ for the Growth and Manufacture of the Kingdom, which chiefly eonfifts in Hides, Tallow, Filh, Bucks-Skins, Armour of all forts, Furniture for Shipping, Corn, Cat¬ tle and thedike; for which they receive Drugs, Spices, Tinn, Lead, Gold, Silver,. Silks, Woollen and Linnen Cloaths,. &c. The currant Coyn is the Dollar and Shil ling, one Danilh Shilling making, one Lit* beck. Shilling, and 66 Danifli Shillings ac¬ counted to the Dollar, which is 5 Shillings. Sterling. The Accounts in this City are kept by Merchants, , in Marks of 16 Shillings Da- nifh. The Exchanges are praCtifed by.Rix Dol¬ lars, to the value as aforefaid. The Weights and Meafures of this. Kingdom ; I (hall Summ up in the next. Chapter, by Reafon the difference of Weights and Meafures in this City, and. the.reft little or nothing vary.. 250 d Fie® of Elfinore-, G H A P. LXXXV. A View of Elfinore, and the Trade there¬ of- E Lfmore is Situate upon the Straight¬ leading to the Sound, and greatly, frequented by Seamen} by Reafoii of the Extraordinary paflage through the Straight, for which every Veil'd pays to the King of- Denmark^ a confiderable Summ for permif- fion, no Ships being otherwife capable to pafs by Reafon of the Cattles that Guard thatpafs on either fide, m, Coronshmg, and- Elsburg, the latter being in the Kingdom of Norway \ on the Eatt fide, ot the Sealand near to Elfinore , the- King has a Pallace for his Summer Recreation, which has a- Profpeft-.over the Sea,and’tis reported that this Toleor Duty ariiingupon the patting and repafiing over Ships into the Sound and- Baltick , amounts to more then all the Crown Revenues befides. The Commo¬ dities vended here are for the. molt part Fifli, Cattle, Corn, Oyl, Beer, Cordage, Matts, Sails, and the like, for. fitting out, and reviftualling Ships, for which they re¬ ceive the Growth of England, Holland, Ger- ' many , and' the Trade thereof\ Sic. 2 $V mny, and France ; the Monies currant here are the fame with thofe of Copenhagen. The- Weights are as in Copenhagen , and. rn molt parts of the Kingdom, the great and fmall ioo, the former being accounted 120 poundto the.100, and the latter 112 pound, being accounted 12 Stone of 10. pound to the. Stone ; they have likewife a Skip-pound of 32-Stone of 10 pound the Stone; or 20 Lifpound of 16 Mark pound is a Skip-pound, and 20 times pounds id are 320 pound. The Meafures of the Kingdom in General are for Length, are the Ells for Woollen, Linnen, and Silks, 1.60- of which are- ac¬ counted to make the 100 Ells Englifh. As- for Concave, Meafures they are-little in ufe unlefs for-Corn. The Trade of this-King¬ dom by Navigation is but final], they fel- dom Sailing- out of their own Seas, or at mod:, no further then the German*, B?mjh r and Mediterranean Seas or Oceans.Therefore' I lhall defift from any further Survey thereof,' and pa r s over the Staight to take a View of the Kingdom of Norway , now Subject to the- Damf Scepter. G H A- P. A F'mv of Norway, 252 CHAP. LXXXVI. 7 4 View of the Kingdom of Norway, and the Trade thereof. N orway is bounded on the Weft and South with the Ocean, and on the Eaft and North with Laflia, and the Dofrine Mountains, and abounds in Firr-Trees, which are brought into England in abun¬ dance and ferve for Mails, Boards, and Building Houfes} the other Commodities are Stock-Fifh , Furs, Train Oyl, Cor¬ dage, fome. Roffen and Sail-Cloaths. The Towns by Reafon of the coldnefs of the Clime and Dampnefs caufedby the Sea are but few, the chief being NidrofiawA Btr- The Weight molt in ufe is the pound, 100 of which renders 92 London Averdu- pois Weight, tho of late they have got a Cviftom to Weigh in a String, which is very and the Trade thereof, &c. 253 very uncertain, rendering fometimes more, fometimes lefs. Their Meafure of Length and Concave Meafures, the latter of which is for the molt part ufed inMeafuringof Salt, are agreeable to our Yard and Bu- Ihel. The Commodities vended here are Bays, Says, Linnen, Wine, Spices, Sugars, Gun¬ powder^ Lead, Tinn, Iron, and fuch like. - And thus much may fnffice for Norway , leaving which I lhall proceed in this Nor¬ thern Trad, and take a View of Sweed- land , the Trade of which I.lhall reduce into the Principal City of that Kingdom,, ■viz., Stockholm.. . . • CHAP. LXXXVJL J View of Sweedland y of its ! Pro¬ vinces, and Trade reduced ■ into, the Trade "'of the City of Stockholm*... S Weedland has on the Ea It Mufcovia , on the Welt the Dofrine Hills, on the North the Frozen Ocean, and on the South the Baltic.'■i, and contains 5 Provinces, viz., Goth¬ land , Swceden , Lappa, Bodia , and Finland, in the. former of which is found Stockholm, 254 -dFlew of Sweedland' the Metropolis of the Kingdom ; and Seated in a Watery Marfh in the nature of Pence, and is much frequented with Merchants, being for the moft part the Regal Seat, fo that to it Flow all the Commodities of the Kingdom; which are chiefly Buck-Skins, Goats-Skins, Ox Hides, Early, Tallow, Malt, Tar,- Pitch, Rolin,. Furs,Lead,Cop¬ per, Silver, Iron, Wax, Honey, and.the like yandfor its advantageous Situation,it is much Traded to, having a Channel capable of receiving Ships of any Burthen; andfo well guarded with Cattles of Extraordi¬ nary Strength, thatnoShip can pafs in nor out without lieve firll obtained; the Build¬ ings are pleafant to behold for their Anti¬ quity and fine Devices; a place being pur- pofely ereftedin the Principal Street, for the conveniency of. Merchants,, and the lay¬ ing up fuch Commodities, as they either have to. vendor have purchafed; To that in this City are found the Growths and Manu¬ factures of almolt all Nations; The currant Coyn of this Kingdom is the Dollar, which is divided into 8 Marks, and each Mark into 2 Clippings, each Clipping being accounted 9 l Stivers Fle- milh , and in.exchange the Dollar is only ®fcd. The. Weight is the pound ntf-of which is and the Trade thereof. 25 j is found to make the 100 pound of Lon¬ don j they have likewife 2 Skip-pounds, the one the proper Skip-pound of Stock- holm , which is 320 pound of the before mentioned pound, the other is 340 pound and proper to Bantzick, Of which in order I ihall come to Treat. The Meafure of Length is the Ell, 1 66 of which are 100 Yards of London Meafure, fometimes more fometimes lefs , for this is the Rule, they take, a Piece of Rope, and Meafure k by the bignefs of a mans Head, which they call their Ell, lo that according to the largenefs or finall- nefsof the Head, by which they take their Meafure, the Meafure is found to confiit. Their Concave Meafures are of little ufe, nnlefs for Corn and Mault, and thofe are Meafured by a Loop, 23 of which make a LaRin Jmjlerdam, and in London 10 Quar¬ ters. And thus much ihall Suffice for Swed¬ en, and. the Trade thereof. C HA P. 2^6 . AView of Mofco via, CHAP. L X X X V 111 . A View of Mofcovia, and the Trade there¬ of , reduced into the Trade of Mofco, the Principal City of that large Domini- M Ofcovia is bounded on the Weft with Lituania and Livonia, on the Eaft with Tartary, on the'North with the Fro¬ zen Ocean, and on the South with the Caf- pian Sea, the Ottoman Empire and Pains M&otis, and is Branched with many large and Navigable Rivers, as Tanais, Duino , Borifihenes , Onega, and Volga, and is divided into 9 Provinces, as Novogradia, Valadomi- ra, Plefcovia, Rhefen , Servia , Parmia, CVz«- Petrofa, and Mofcovia-, from whence all the Country takes its Name. Thefe Provinces abound in Corn, Cat¬ tle, Furs, Hides, Flax, Hemp, Whales, Greafe, Canvas, Ropes, Cavier, Tallow, Honey, Wax, Venifon, Flax, Hemp, and Filh. The Trade being begun by the Englifh about the Year 1575 in general, tho before fome VelTels of Private Mer¬ chants had Traded thither, and found out the Commodities lince fo much fought af- and their Trade. 2 57 ter; and upon the increafe of Tradein thefe parts, a Society of Merchants in London,- are incorporated by the Name of Mufcovia Merchants, having fetled a Facto¬ ry at Archangel. Mofco the Metropolis of Mofcovia , is Seated on the River Mofca, which falls in to Ta.na.is-, this City is reckoned 6 Miles in compafs, and is for the molt part the imperial Seat, being much Beautifyed lince it was Burnt by the Tartars , upon their invading the Mofcoviie Empire ; and here the Englilh Merchants find kind enter¬ tainment, unlefsin Trcublefome times, as^ of late it happened upon the murther of the Czjtr, in which general Calamity ma¬ ny fuffered in their Goods \ but now things are again reduced to a quiet and fetled con^ dition, fo that Trade again begins to Flo- rilh, the Country affording great ftore of Furs, as Beaver, Otter, Sables, White, Black , Red , and Dun Fox-Skins, with many others of the like nature 5 which are fold by the Timber, Weight, or Tale ? be¬ ing highly valued of late by the Natives, who perceiving the defire Merchants have for them, learn thereby to fet prices on them accordingly. The Merchants Accounts are kept- here Divers ways, as thofe of England in Ru¬ bles 2§8 A View of Mofcovia bles snd Pence, called by the Natives Mus- kofkins, 203 of which make a Ruble, which is rated at 2 Rix Dollars, the Dutch by Rubles, Grevens, and Muscof- kins, 20 pence being accounted to the Gre- ven, and 10 Grevens to the Ruble which is only an Imaginary Coyn. The currant money is the Capeck worth a Stiver Flemilh, and fomething more in value then an Englilh penny, 10 of which make a Greven, whieh is worth 12 pence Sterling, and the Ruble 10 Shillings Ster¬ ling, 3 ' Capecks is called an Altine, by which name all receipts of Bargain, and eontrads are made , 33 Altines and one Gapeck making the Ruble. At Archangel there is exchange pradifed, and the price of monies Rufs as the Plenty or Scarcity will allow, for fometimes the Rubles in exchange pafs for 11 Shillings 6 pence Sterling, the Receipts being in Auguffi, to return in London about the lat¬ ter end of D'ecember. The Weight mod: in ufe is the Pood, by which all fine Goods are weighed, as Silk, Beavor , Wool, and the like ; but for Grofs Goods they have a Weight cal¬ led a Berzovet accounted 10 Poods or the Rufs Ship-pound computed to be 360 pound Averdupois, fo that all Goods bought by and the Trade thereof, &c. 259 this Weight, are accounted to be 10 per cent, profit, fo that many have reck¬ oned the Goods , fo bought to pay the Fraight with over Weight; and all Goods bought by the Pood are reckoned 1 o per cent. lefs. The Meafure of Length is called the Archin, and is accounted 28 Englifh Inch¬ es, fo that the 100 Archings are fuppof- ed to produce Incirca 78 Yards of London Meafure. Oyl they fell by the Barrel, each Bar¬ rel being accounted ; a Hogshead, and Tar by the Hogs-heaci ; as for Concave Meafures I obferve, they are but rarely in ufe by way of Trade, by Reafon of the linali quantities of Commodities the Empire affords, that, are proper to be Meafured thereby. Therefore I lhali put a conclufion to the Trade of Mofcovy , and proceed to a View of Poland. CH AP. 26 o A Fim of Poland, CHAP. LXXXIX. View of the Kingdom of Poland, to¬ gether with-the Trade, Weights, Mea- fures, and currant Coyns thereof. P oland is bounded on the Eaft with rifihenes, on the Weft with Kifhtla , on the North with the Baltick. Ocean and Sinus Trinms, and on the South with#«»- ffary ■, and is divided into io Provinces, viz.. Luconia, Lituania, Volinia, Samogtta, Podolia, Ritlfia Nigra, Pruffia , Podlafia , Mafovia, and Poland •, thefe Provinces are Branched with feveral Navigable Rivers Fiftula, Reuben, Bog, Mimel and others, and has for its Metropolis Cracovia. Into which I ihallreduce the Trade of thisKing- d °Cracovia is the Metropolis of Poland, Situate on the Banks of the River Fiftula, which is Navigable.for near 4 oo Mdes, being as it were incompaUed with diltant Mountains, and fortifyed with ftrong Walls and fair Buildings j being the Seat of the Kings of Poland , and is found to Woduce the Commodities of the whole Kingdom, as Tar, Rofin, Pitch, Hemp, knd the Trade thereof. 261 Wax, Honey, Barly, Oats, Amber, Tal¬ low, and Hides, which Commodities are fent up .the River \ and diftributedto fuch Merchants as come to Trade for the Growth of the Kingdom. There are likewlfefound Furs of divers forts, fome Minerals, and the like; for which the Inhabitants re¬ ceive the Commodities of divers Nations which are brought both by Land and Sea. The Coyns of this City, and confequent- ly of the Kingdom, are the Ducat of Gold called the Folander ;. which is accounted yoPolifhGrofs. The Silver Guilden which is worth 30 Polifh Grolhe or 2 Shillings Sterling, a Dollar in Specie is worth 4 Polilh Grolhes, but in all contracts of buy¬ ing and felling, the Doller is accounted 35 Grolhe, a Crietszar is worth 3 Pot- chanels, 18 Deniers make one Grolhe, a Grolhe of Poland or Bohemia is worthy Whites, 16 Whites make one Ort, 40m make a Dollar, and a Dollar is accounted 4 Shillings 4 pence. The Weight is the pound, 135 of which is accounted the Quin- tar, which is found in London to render 114 pound, and the 100 of London yield¬ ed 120 ol Cracovia, but the common pound is reduced to a Stone of 40 pound, 10 of the faid Stones being accounted the 2 62 A View of Poland, Skip-pound. The Meafure of Length is the Ell, 20 of which are io^ Englilh Ells, but their Linnen they fell by the.Shock, the Shock being 57 \ Englilh Ells. And to this City it will not be amifs to add Elb'm, once a Scale of Merchandife, where the Englilh Merchants had a Facto¬ ry, being here known by the Name of the Merchants of Elbin, but lince this City has fallen into the Hands of the King of Eolmd, it has loft the great Trade it had upon the Abridgement of the Liberties and Priviledges it enjoyed, during its being in the polieffion of the Teutonick Knights, fo that now it. only is famous for what it has been, and not for what it at prefent remains, the Trade being difperfed into feveral Eaftland Cities , or Hans Towns, but from Danzick. efpecially are brought Soap-Alhes. The Weights are the Pound and Stone, 40 pound making the Stone, and40 of thole Stones make the Ship-pound, which ^400 pound, and 100 pound of London is found to make 120 of Elbin. Their Laft of Wheat is reckoned to weigh 5200 pound. Their Meafure of Length is the Ell, 163 of which make 100 London Yards. In this Tradt is found Coninsbtrg , Ebigs, Stem, Stralefond , and Revel, from the former and the Trade thereof. 2 6$ of which the Amber is brought, as for the reft they little differ in Commodities and manner of Trade from Cracovia: Where¬ fore for Brevities fake, I Ihall pafs them over, and take a View of Hangary and the Trade thereof, &c. CHAP. X C A View of Hungary , and the adjacent Provinces , and of their Trade , Weights , Meafures , Coyns, and Commodities of the Growth and Manufacture, T He Kingdom of Hungary is bounded on the Eaft with Tranfilvania and Valachia, on the Weft with Anfiria, on the South with Sclavonia , and on the North with Poland , and is of it felf exceeding Fertile, abounding in Cattle beyond credit, but by Reafon of the continual Wars with the Turks ftanding as the Bulwark of Chri- ftenaom,no great matter of Trade relating to Merchandife is found there; the little that it confifts in, is Hides,Tallow, Wax, Honey, Copper ,Tinn, Corn,W ool,F ruits,Fifh,Skins, andfome Silver Mines, which ( fince the ci¬ vil Difenffions caufed by the continual Ban- N dying 2(54 4 vim °f Hungary, dying of the two parties under pretence of Religion , and the incouragement of thofe inteftiiies Broyls by the Grand-Sig- neour ) have been thrown in many of them, and thereby render ufelefs Buda, and many of the Principal Cities being now in the Hands of the Turks, and is fo Seated upon the River Danube, that it hinders the free Commerce by Boats and great VefTels; that was formerly very advantagious to the Hungarians ; fo that leaving its to reco¬ ver its Trade, by Submiting to its right¬ ful Soveraign the Emperor of Germany and not longer truft the Flattery of the perfideous Ottomans. I lhall take a View of Dacia and Sclavonia. Dacia is bounded with th z Buxine, on the Eaft, and on the Weft with Hungary, on the North with the Carpathian Moun¬ tains, and on the South with Greece, , and is divided into thefe Provinces, viz,. Tran- fvlwnia. Moldavia, Servia, Vdachia, Rufia, Ecfna , and -Bulgaria, all fubjedted to the Grsnd-Seigniour, and are Branched and Fer¬ tilised with thefe Rivers, viz,. Danubms, jlata , Sahara, Cockle, and Morns, befides others of leffer note. . The Commodities found in the leveral Provinces are Cattle, Wax, Honey, But, chcefe, Tallow, Wool, Silk, Cloatn, "" ? Mines, ! And the Trade thereof. 265 Mines, of Gold and Silver, Salt-Pits, Wines ", and Mountains of Brimftone, which Commodities they fend to Conftan- tinople, Aleppo, and other Marts of the fitrks ijh Empire, and receive in exchange the Commodities of all Nations, as for Weights and Meafures, they are rarely in ufe, they felling and buying for the moll part by thofe of the Marts, whether they refort with their Commodities; their Coyns are thofe currant throughout the Ottoman Em- ^pire. Of which I Ihall come to fpeak, in the View of Confiantinople. Sclavonia is bounded on the South with the Adriatick Sea, on the North with Hun¬ gary, on the Weft with Italy part, and on the Eaft with the River Dr ms, and a Line that paifes from thence to the Sea ■, and is chiefly divideddnto 2 parts, viz. Illyria and Dalmatia , the name of the former being lately by the Turks, changed into that of Windifmarlc , the which abounds in Butter, Cheefe, Cattle, Corn, Oyl, Wine, Hemp, Wool, Wax, Honey, Tallow, Iron, and the like. Of Dalmatia , Rhagufa is the Prin¬ cipal City, fo that I will not be amifs to reduce the Trade of that Province, which is not Extraordinary into its Metropolis. Rhagufa formerly called Epidaurns , is Seated on the Adriatick Shoar, and was N 2 once 266 AVitKoof Hungary, once a Common-Wealth of great Traffick, and the firft in thofe parts that Furmfhed out Ships of War of confiderable force , with which they awed their Neighbours, and gave Laws in thofe Seas, but fince the £no» be a place of Exchange, or by the help of a Letter of fuch refufal, from the Friend who endeavoured to get it accepted, Proteft may be made at ZoW but note if a-Stranger do export any lhort Cloath containing 28 Yards, and in Weight not exceeding 64 pound, either White or Coloured, he lhall pay 6 Shillings 8 : pence, belldes the old Duty of one Shilling 2’pence, and after the fame Rate for all lhort "Cloaths, and Cloaths of greater Length and Weight’, for a de- fcription A Survey of Poundage. . 3211 fcription of the feveral forts of which, I refer you. to my Obfervations upon Woolen Manufactory, in the 11 and 12 Chapters of this Treatife. Salt out of Scotland into England pays. a 5 penny the Gallon, all Logwood imported pays .5 pound the Tun. The Parliament taking care that Ships of force Ihould be imployed by Merchants, have impofed on ail Merchandife imported or exported, from and to the Mediterra¬ nean Sea beyond Malaga , in any Ship not having 2 Decks and id Guns, allowing two men to each Gun, for fuch default one per cent, on all Merchandife that contrary to the exprefs words of the Aft,lhall be import¬ ed or exported, Ships laden or half laden with Filh only excepted. There are likewife divers Duties paya¬ ble Aliens for Goods imported in Aliens Ships, commonly called Navigation Duties, by the Aft of Navigation made in the 12 of Car. 2. And note that in all cafes where Petty . Guftom inwards is payable, it is uaderftood of the fourth part of a Sublidy, according to the Book of Rates of 5 pound per cent. and is called Parva Cuftoma, granted to King Edward the firfl :) the Merchants Strangers agreeing to pay to him and his Heirs3 pence 32.2 A Survey of Poundage. pence in the pound, for every pounds worth qf Goods, imported or exported. There is another Cuftom called the Ali¬ ens Cuftom, for all Filh, Oyl, Elubber, Whale-Bone or Whale-Fins, not being caught in Veflels of which the Englilh are Proprietors j they are to pay double Cu¬ ftom.. There is likewife an Impoft to be payed for feveral forts of Salt-Filh or dry- ed Filh,. not imported in Englilh Veflels be¬ longing to Englilh Proprietors, or not hav¬ ing been taken in fuch, as appears at large in the Statute of the r 5 of Gar. 2,intided an Aft of Trade. Likewife all Torts of-Forrain Goyn, or Bullion of Gold or Silver, may be export¬ ed without paying any Duty or Fee for the fame,, entry being firft made at the Cu- itom-Houle, as alfo Precious- Stones and Pearls of all forts. AnyPerfon may import from any part beyond the Sea in Englilh Ships, Cinnamon, Cloves, Nutmegs, Mace, &c. Mo England, Wales-, Gntrnfey , Jtrfey , &c. paying the Culloms always, provided they before the lading thereof, give notice, to theCommif- fioners or- Farmers of the Culloms, how much they intend to lade, and the name of the Veflelin which they defign to-import it, and procure a Licence under their Hands, A Survey of Poundage. $2$: or any 3 of them, if Goods are Wreck¬ ed and the Lord Seifes them, yet they ought not to pay Cuftom, unlefs in Lome Extra¬ ordinary cafes. Upon the exporting and importing of molt Com jodities, Fees are claimed over and above Cuilom. In the. Port of London, the.Members.and Creeks there¬ unto belonging,, viz,, to the. Officers of the Petty Cuftom outwards of the. Subfidy outwards, Petty Cultoms inwards Subfidies inward, great Cultoms, Clarks Fees, in¬ wards and outwards the Kings Waiters being 18 in number.TheRegilter of theKings Warrants. The Uffier ofthe.Cuftom-Houle. The Saugersof French Vbffels chief Search¬ er, and theKings 5 under-Searchers in the Port of London, and his 2 Searchers in the Port of Graves-End, were likewife entered in a. Table which was fetledarid allowed of by. the Commons Affembled in Parliament, andfigned by their Speaker.^ at which time the Queftion being put, that for all fuch Goods as payed not one pound Cuftom in¬ wards or outwards,, there. Ihould be but half Fees taken for Cocquets, Debentures, Warrants, Franfieres, Certificates, &c .and it was refolved Affirmatively. Societies or Companies that Trade in one joynt-Stock, and make but one Single-En- t.ery, tho, the Adventurers are. many, yet the: 3 24 A Survey of Poundage. the Fees do not hinder, but the Officers and Weighers may receive fuch Gratuities, as the Matter or Merchants will allow them opt of their free Will. All Goods valued in the Book of Rates at 5 pounds, and paying Subfidy but 5 Shillings, or under, lhall pay no Fees. If any Engliffi Merchant lhall Land Goods out of one Ship into another ( altho the Receipt of the Subfidies be dittributed into feveral Offices) yet he lhall pay but for a Single-Entry. The Goods appertaining to Partners, are to pafs as if they appertained to one lingle Perfon. Filh taken by the Engliffi • men in Engliffi Bottoms, whether inward or outward pay no Fees. Pott-Entries under 5 Shillings inward pafs without Fees,but if above 5 Shillings and 40 Shillings, then pay 6 pence, but exceeding 40 Shillings then full Fees. The Merchant for all Goods that are opened, and not entered above 10 Shillings Cuftom lhall pay Fees; he lhall likewife pay for weighing all Goods ffiort entered above 20 Shillings Cuftom, but if duly entered, then he is to be at no charge. Note that the Merchant is to be allow¬ ed for Tare, viz. abated in the Cuftoms; which Tare upon all Commodities to which Of Policies of Jfur since. 325 it is allowable is fetled by the Cuftomers, and fixed in a - Table not to be any ways altered, without the confent and appoint¬ ment of the Commiffioners-Farmers, fu'ch under-Officers as they lhall impower, as the General Surveyers of the 'Ware-Houfe, &c. And thus much lhall Suffice as to Gu- ftoms and order of Fees upon the r Subfidy of Poundage; untilll come to fpeakfome- what more of the Pritiledges and Cultoms of the City of London ; and now I lhall proceed to give the Reader an infight' into the nature of Policies of AlTu- rance, now greatly in Requelt amonglt Mer¬ chants. CHAP. CXIV. Of Policies of ajfurance, their Origin#!, their ■ Legality, Nature, Quality , and of ■ the great' Incouragement they give to Navi¬ gation , &c. M Olt are of opinion that this way of infuring, 'was firlt invented by the ' Boiuans, and Suetonius will have it that Clau¬ dius Ctsfar was the firlt contriver thereof,and by that means fo incouraged Merchants, that $2 6 Of Policies of A'[furdm. that they ventured into, the till then fup- pofed innavigable Seas 3 propoling to themfelves that if they efcaped.with their Lives, tho both Ships and Goods were loll, they Ihould not be much indammaged. All alTurances are. either Publick or Pri¬ vate, the firfl. are. thofe.that are entered in the Office or Court of Aflurance, for the Conveniency of Merchants kept upon the Royal Exchange in London 3 where any one may have knowledge of what Cargo, is in¬ jured and of the Premio. TheJaft is in Pri¬ vate between man and man, and not enter¬ ed in the Office, and are of equal. Validity at common Law, but by the Statute of the 4.3 of Elizabeth, only thofe that are enter¬ ed in the Court of Aflurance can betryed and determined there, the other being left to the common Law only. Thefe Afluran- ces are.divers of forts, fome being made for places general,, others certain. 3 thofe upon certain places or Ports are made upon Goods laden, which if they mifcarry before they are fafely Landed at the place agreed on, the Infurer mult -make good as far as he hasinfured, but upon certain notice of their fafe Arrival,, he may demand.the.Premio a- ' greed on, and the Policy is then void, and the like upon Goods inward bound, or ac¬ cording as. the Merchant and Infurer can a- gree. A Of Policies of Jftuunce. 327 A General Anfurance is when a Ship goes a Trading Voyage, taking in at one Port and vending at another-, fo that the Infurer is lyable'to any damage ihe fuftains till ihe returns in fafety to the Port from whence She fets out, that is in her Cargo only, unlefs the Ship and her Appurtenances are infiired, which are frequently included, tho then the Premio runs higher. Goods fent by Land may likewifebe in- fured, tho that feldom happens} or if any Perfon fears being taken by the Turks or Moors , he may infure his Perfon of a cer¬ tain Premio, and then if he be taken, the infurer is obliged to Ranfom him: that is, pay fo. much money as is infured>. fome- times the Jfurers infert in their Policies loft or not loft, that is, when Ships have been a long time abroad, and .no advice of their being in any Port, but then, the Premio runs high as 30, 4Q, and fometimes.more per ant. for if the Ship be loft at the time the Poli¬ cy is Subfcribed, yet fo much as is infured mull: be made good, but then it muft be contrary to the knowledge of him thatin- fures, or otherwife it will be accounted a Fraud. If any Perfon allures a Rotten Veifel.for more then She is worth, and then going, out of the Port or Harbour., She Privately caufes. 328 Of Polices of Jffnr twee. caufestobe Wrecked or Sunk,, if it can be proved it is a Defraud, and he who Sub¬ scribed the Policy, is not bound to make fatisfaftion, but it is obferved of late that feldom any one Perfon will infure a whole Ship j but Subfcribe 50 pound, 100 pound or more at a certain Premio, currant atthe time of alluring; which when the adven¬ ture is Born they receive; but if a lofs hap¬ pens, the Premio is deducted together with the ufual Abatements; fo that the infured feldom receives more then 80 pound in the 100 pound, and many now adays are fo adventurous, that they will enfure againft Heaven and Earth; Strefs of Weather, Storms, Enemies, Pirates, Rovers, and all other Cafualties. If a Merchant enfures a Ship, he only names in the Policy of fuch* a Burthen, then if She be loll the Infurers are bound to make the Ship only good, and not the Wares: If the Wares be infured it matters not whether each particular is mentioned in the Policy, but in general'up- on tlie chief Commodities, and all other Commodities laden or to be laden for the enfured. If a Ship'be Enfured and take Fire ’ere She break Ground , the Jjfunrs in fuch a cafe are not lyable to make Reftitution, unlefs the words be in the Policy at fuch Of Policies of Jfur twee. 32 p a Port, orfromfuch a Port, unlefs She had fir ft broken Ground, and had been forced back again by Storm. If a Ship be Enfured and prove Leaky, and the Matter for prefervation of the Car¬ go, lade it into another Ship, and that Ship be loft, the Enfurer is not bound to make the Cargo good, unlefs in the Policy it is mentioned,untill the Goods by the faid Ship or any other fhould be fafeiy Landed at fuch a place, namingit. It is held that if a Perfon Enfiire more Goods then he has on Board, and feveral Perfons Subfcribed the Policy, yet the firft Subfcribers are only bound to pay the lofe if they mifcarry, and thofe that Subfcribed over and above the value of the Goods, remitting their Premio 10 ■ Shillings per cent, reduded for their Subfcriptions are difcharged: If a Cargo be Enfured to fuch a Port there fafeiy to be unladed, and her Cargo is fold on Board, the Property be¬ ing altered, if the Ship afterwards mifcarry, the Enfurer is not obliged to make it good, if the buyer agrees for the Fraight to be car¬ ry ed to any other Port. If Goods be Enfured, and the Enfured contrary to the knowledge of the Enfurer, Lades prohibited Goods, by which the Ship may become forfeited, then the Enfurer 33 o Of Policies of Jjfara»ce'. i s not lyable to makegood the'Cargo, unlefs after the lading of luch Goods they are prohibited. . If any Goods be damaged in the Ship by negleCt of the Mafter or Mariners, the Enfurer is not bound to make Satisfaction. And further ’tis always expedient to prevent differences that may arife between the En¬ furer and the’Enfured, that the Bills of lading confiit of three parts, one to befent over Sea, the other left with the Mafter, and the laft with the Lader. This Office or Court of afTurance, was ereCted by the Statute of the 43 of EHza- kth, Chap. 12, whereby the Judges or Com- miffioners appointed to determine differen¬ ces arifing, were the Judges of the Court of Admiralty, the Recorder of London, two Doctors of the Civil Law, two Barrifters, eight difcreet Merchants or any five of them, and that they or the Major part, fhould have Power to hear, examine, order or decree all fuch caufes in a. Summary way, without pleading or expence, and to have Power to Summon Parties toExamineup- on Oath, commit to Prifon upon difobedi- ence, or the like; but this way being found tedious, becaufe fo many parties as made a Court, were not at all times to be Conve¬ ned, it was taken into, confideration, an^ Of Policies of dffurattce. gji in the 12 of Car. 2 Chap. 23 Enacted that 3 Commiflioners fhould make the Court mi. a Doftor of the Civil Law, a Bar- rifterof 5 Years ftanding, and a Merchant, &c. who have Power to Ad in all cafes, after their being Sworn before the Lord Major} and if the Witnefs refufeto come upon the firft Summons, and tender of reafonable charges, upon the fecond Sum¬ mons they may imprifon them for fuch their contempt, or give cofts, and commonly differences come to an Iffue -in a Fort- night, their proceedings being as well out of Term-time as it. The Judgments are there given upon mature deliberation, by Perfons. well Skil¬ led in Marine affairs} and if the Sentence be fuppofed Unreaforiable, then the Lord Chancellor or Lord Keeper, may upon an appeal determine the fame} tho no appeal from thence can lye before the whole mo¬ ney is depofited, and the full colt payed to the appelled. So that it prevents the trouble of taking up the Party by Execu¬ tion, againft whom the Decree has palfed, and a further advantage is, they may in this* Court decree againft 20 Enfhrers at once, which at common Law mult be Sued di- ftindly, tho the Execution cannot lye a- gainft Body and Goods, but againft either as at Common Law. And : And laltly if a private Policy of aflu- rance be loft, and no Entery be found, it is like a Burnt Deed, unlefs ftrong Evi¬ dence be produced} as likewife a Copy of the fame: but if it be a Publick Policy, then the Entery is fufficient Teftimony for this Court to take Cognizance of. ^ C H 4 P- CXV. . The Original of the word Bottomry, and the Signification thereof, together with the Commodity and- Difcommodity accruing thereby. F OemtsNauticmoxBottomeryjs by th eDiitch called Bomery, Bodmery, or Boddemeru ; from the Keel or Bottom of a Ship, the Part being taken for the Whole, and was called by the Ancient Britains Bodo or Bo- dm,the bottom of a Ship, Signifying the bottom or the Cargo therein contained,the which as Land is mortgaged for certain Sums of Money taken up thereon, and is bound to fatisfy the fame at return, with fuch intereft as is agreed on the Statute of ufury, in that cafe being excluded by Rea- fon of the Hazard the Lender runs ; for And the Commodities thereof 1 333 in many cafes money is taken up thus. I lend 100 pound upon a Ship, to receive 150 if the Ship arrives fafe at fuch a Port, but if She chance to Mifcarry, my money is loft, and many times Matters of Ships could not fet out, if they did not in this nature take up Monies for which them- felves, their Ship or Cargo become Pledges - 7 but fome Perfons have taken hold of this occafion to Bar the Statute of ufury: thus they get the Party to feign he has a Ship bound for Amsterdam or any fuch Port, making a fpecial obligation to pay the mo¬ ney again at fo much per cent, at a reafon- able time Granted for the return of the Ship} and if She do not in that time return the money to be pay’d notwithftanding, but certain it is if a Perfon have 500 or 1000 pound lying by him, and knows of an ingenious Merchant or Matter of a Ship, who is fitting outi for a Voyage, and is Slen¬ derly ftocked, and he lends him this money to buy fuch Commodities as will vend in the places whither he is bound, running the Rifque to have nothing, if the Ship mifcarry,and30per.cm.Interett, if Shere- turn fafe, it is altogether as profitable for \ the merchant as Matter 7 as to take up ino^ ney at Brokerage, and to Enfare his Ship or Cargo. And if the Merchant or Ma¬ tter 334 0/ Bottmery , &c. fter makes double retufn of the faid mo¬ ney he gets fufficiently, as well as the Venturer, and this cannot be accounted ufury. ' There is yet another way both profita¬ ble and Honourable, as thus, fuppofeaPer- fon puts a ftock into the Hands of a Com¬ pany or Society, which is termed a per¬ petual ftock, the Principal being never to be recalled, tho it may be often fold for good advantage, but he that put it in or buys it receives ftill his dividend, which produces fometimes twenty and fometimes more yer cent, and, the Hazard only is if the proportion of the ftock that goes out be loft, he muft abate, un- lefs by remitting the dividend he will keep up the ftock. And ioo pound in the Eafi-lndk Company has been of late fold at 180 or 190 pound. CHAP. Of the Rights of Owners , &c. 335 C H A P. CXVI. Of the Rights and Priviledges of Owners , and Proprietors of Ships , according to the Laws Marine and Common, together with di¬ vers Rules to he ob/erved by fitch as are Partners in Ships , fitted out upon Fraight or otherwife. I F there be feveral Partners, or Owners of a VelTel, and one refufes to Furnilh her out, according to his proportion, or to fuffer her to go the Voyage intended by the other, he mull fell his part, the which if he refufe to do or to fee a price thereon, the other Partners may fet her out, and refufe to let him have any part of the profit accruing thereby y only if the Ship be Jolt, tfiey mull make good his part according as it lhall be valued y but if it happen the Major part of fuch Owners re¬ fufe to fet out any fuch VelTel, wherein they have equal propriety, they' cannot be compelled, but then fuch VelTel is to be valued and fold, and the like where any of the partners prove-deficient or unable to fet her forth. The Matter is to be chofen by the Own¬ ers , and fo he had need, for they are ly- Q_ able 336 Of the Rights of Owners , able to the Merchants for all damraages, he or his Marriners lhall fufFer or caufe to be done in any Port, Haven, or on the main Ocean j both by the Law Marine and common Law of England^ and they mull -fue the Mailer for reparation. If a Ship be broken up with an intent to convert her Timber to other ufes, and then the parties mind alter, and they will have her rebuilt with the fame ; the pro¬ perty . by that means is altered, and the Partnerlhip diflolved: If a man take Planks of another mans to mend his Ship, yet the property remains in the owner} but if a man take Timber deligned to Build a Ship, and build a.Ship, the property ot the Ship lhall remain in him whofe Timber it was, and not in the Builder: But if the Timber was not deligned for the Building a Ship, it is otherwife} if a Mailer of a Ship take up monies for refitting or victualling his Ship, & there be occafion for fo doing, the owners mull pay it, but if there be no oc¬ cafion, they are not bound fo to do. If a man gets poHellion of a Ship, hav¬ ing no Title thereto by the Law Marine, he lhall pay dammages; fuch as lhall be prov¬ ed to be fuflained by the unjult detaining ' of it from the right owner. If a Ship is Fraighedoat, and in any Port an Imbargo tmi Proprietors of Ships , &c. 337 is lay’d thereon, it Bars not the Owners from the Recovery of their contrad for Fraight: If any one ihail be killed by a fall on Shipboard, in a frelh River, being within the Body of a Countythe Ship is accounted a Deodand, and becomes Seifable, tho in fuch cafes it is notftrid- ly obferved \ but if any one fall and be killed on the Ocean, it is otherwife, for there by Reafon of ftorms or the like, it is fuppofed fuch Accidents cannot be a- voided. CHAP. CXVII. Vfefitl Infiruttions to be obferved by all Ma¬ tters of Ships , in the Management of their affairs, and the preventing the Penalties they may incur through Ignorance , &c. I F a Mafter of a Ship be intrufted with Goods, and they be imbefelled either in Port or upon the main Ocean, he’s Refpon- iible to the Owners or Merchant, and muffc make them good , nay if a Ship be Fired by carelefsnefs, the Mafter lies lyable to make both the Ship and Fraight good, nay tho Goods Tuftain any other dammage, by the negled of the Mafter, he is bound to Q, 2 make 3,8 faftrttftiom to be objerv'cl, make them good, for he is Exemtor Na¬ vis, and is either by the Marine and com¬ mon Law, lyable to anfwer for the negleft or Misdemeanour of his Mariners \ but if a Ship be taken by an Enemy, founder, or be loll in a Storm, the Mailer is not lyable to make fatisfaition. If a Mailer fend ofr his Boat to receive Goods at a Wharf,and they be imbefelled, he mull make ■them good. If a Mailer lades Goods on Board any of the Kings Enemies Ships,tho his own be Leaky, and by that means fuch Goods are feifed, he becomes lyable to make fatisfattion to the Owner , nor at his Pe¬ ril ought he unknown to the Merchant or owners to Ship prohibited Goods ■, and if "when he is home- ward laden, he enter or lye by in any Creek, unlefs driven in by Tern- pelt, and by that means theGargo becomes Seifable, he ihall anfwer it to the Owner, by Realon he ought to have entered one of his Majeities great Ports 5 nor mull he Sail with falfe Colours, carry falfe Coc- quets or other Papers, for if ■ by fuel means the Goods are involved in Trouble, loll, or the like, he lies lyable to make Rellitution. He mull not lade the Ship a- bove the Birth-mark, fet Sail with inef¬ ficient Rigging, Hay in a Port, uniefs up¬ on an extraordinary occafion, if the Wind Hands Hands fair for his profecuting his Voyage, unlefs itbe'Tempeftuous Weather; orre- fufe in any Port to pay due Cuftom, by which any damage may befall the Merchant or Owners, upon pain of his making fatis- fadion for the fame: if he fends Goods to a Wharf in clofe Lighters, and fend his Mariners to watch them; then if they be im- bezled, he is bound to make them good, but on the contrary the Wharfenger mull be accomptible. If when a Mafter brings a Ship into any Port, and through his neg- led She fuffers damage, he is lyable to anf- wer for it. A Mafter may fell or impawn part of the lading for money, to mend or refit the Ship, if She be in any danger, but may not do it to defray any charges of his own: no Mafter is to import or export any Commodities from any of his Majefties Plantations, but in Englijh or Jrijh bottoms, or bottoms belonging to the Natives of thofe Plantations, and that in fuch a cafe, the 3 Fourths of the Mariners belikewife Englilh upon pain of Forfeiting the Ship and Goods. Thefe and many Obligations are binding upon a Mafter, both by the Laws-Marine, and Common. The .Mari¬ ners being accountable to the Mafter, the Mafter to the Owners, aud the Owners to the Merchant, for all damages, fuftained by Q. 3 negled 340 Of Freight and Charter part ,&c negled of their refpedive duties or Breach of contrail. CHAP. C X VII. Of Fraight and Charter fan , according to the Laws , Common , and Marine jXoith life- fid obfervations thereon. F Laight is commonly agreed on between the owners and the Merchant, by a Writing of Charter-party., wherein are concluded the particulars of the contrail; and if there be no fuch Writing but only earned: given , then if the Merchant recant ’tis held by fome, nay and often obferved that he onlylofes his earned,and that if the owners recant they lofe double earned; t'ho many learned in the Law are of opi¬ nion,that an Adion for dammage,ifany befu- dained by fuch revocation will lye ; if a Merchant Ihouldhire a Velfel, and not have his Goods ready at the time appointed, and the Veflel lofe the Seafon of the Paliage, or a Ship hired be unfiting to Sail, lb that the Merchant mud either lofe the paflage of his Goods, or lade them on another Veflel, dammage may be recovered by an Adion at common Law. If a contrad be made to fuch a Port, the Fraight Of Fraight and Charter part&Q. 341 Freight full laden, and the Ship has broke Ground $ altho the Merchant revoke his intentions, yet the Fraight is by the Law Marine due. If in a Voyage a Ship without thenegleft of the Matter be difa- bled, he may lade the Goods on Board a- nother Veffel, and if that Vettel be caft a- way, he is not lyahleto make latisfaftion, if he can prove his own Ship was in a linking condition, had not the Goods been taken out of her \ but if this latter appear not he is lyable, unids both ot the Ships are call away: If a Ship be laded in Grofs, and noparticnlar number of Tuns mentioned, yet the Merchant lhall pay the Summ agreed for. If Pirates feu upon a Ship and take part of the lading, yet if the other part be carryed Me to the Port concluded on in the Charter part, Fraight for the whole is due. If any one Fraight prohibited Goods with¬ out the knowledg of the Matter or Own¬ ers, and they be feized in any Port, or the Ship be detained, the Merchant lhall pay Fraight notwithftanding. If a palfenger die in the Ship, and none claim his Goods in a Year and a Day, they lhall be divided be¬ tween the Matter, his Mates, and the Cloaths are to be brought to the Ship-Matt head, and after an appraifement made to be Q. 4 diftributed §42 Of Frnight and Charter fart, &c. cliftribnted amonglt the Mariners, as a re¬ ward of their care for feeing the Body put into the Sea •, if Fraight be contrafted for Tranfporting of a Woman, and She by the way be delivered, there is no Fraight due for the Infant. If the owners Fraight out a Ship, and af¬ terwards take into it Goods fecretly con¬ trary to the knowledge of the Merchant, by the Law Marine he lofes his Fraight, and if in fuch a cafe any of the Merchants Goods be call overboard in ilrefs of Wea¬ ther , the owner mull make them good, but this is only when a full Fraight is a- greed for, but if the owner be not privy to fuch Goods bringing in, he is not lyable for the defaults of others to the damage a- forefaid. By Law the lading of a Ship is tacitly bound for the payment of Fraight, if a Ship put into any Portthen that in which She was Fraighted for, and there receives damage, the Owner or Mailer lhall anfwer the fame to the Merchant; for the Charter party ob¬ liges the owners to deliver them fafe at the Port therein mentioned, unlefs Ene¬ mies or Storms prevent it, and if a Ship fulfer damage by Reafon of defedt in Tack¬ ling,the Owners or Mailer are bound to make it good. If Of Fraight and Charter part, 34-5 If Goods are fent aboard in general i c muft be fpecifyed fo much, or fnch Goods as are scat Homed for fuch a Voyage. If a Ship be Fraighted for fo many Tuns, and She will not bear them, then there is no more Fraight due, then the Ship is com¬ puted to be of Burthen, or for fo many Tun as are fent on Board} but if a Ship be Fraighted by the great, and no certain Burthen mentioned, then the Suram agreed upon muft be pay’d, or if a Ship be Fraighted for 200 Tuns overor under, 5 Tuns are the allowance either over or under and no more. If Wines be Fraighted, and by the way a great part of them Leak out, yet the Fraight is due, the' defed being in the Cask j tho fome are of opinion, that unlefs eight Inches of Wine be left in each Cask, it is in the Eledion of the Freighter,whe¬ ther they will pay Fraight or throw the re¬ mainder up to the Mafter for his Fraight. If a Ship be taken in War, and afterwards retaken and proceed on her Voyage, the property is not altered, but when the Voy¬ age is performed the Fraight becomes due. If any one contract with a Mariner for Fraight, who is not impowered by the own¬ ers , and lofs happens, that Mariner is Sub- jed to an Adion only, and the Mafter or Owner free: If a Ship agree for fo much Q. 5 pr 344 0/ Wrecks, ?er Month, to be pay’d at her return, and She upon her return be call away, yet the Fraight is to be pay’d for fo many Months, as She was abroad on that occail- on, as Mariners that dye at Sea, &e. CHAP. CXIX. Of Wrecks what may properly he termed, fitch according to the Laws Marine , and Common , with Infir unions for owners and Mafters in cafe of a Wreck. A Wreck is properly when a Ship is call: away, and no live thing efcapes to Shoar * and then thofe upon whofe Grounds the Goods are call by the Sea, ought unlefs they are Perifhable to keep them a twelve¬ month, to fee if any will claim them j and if any do take fuch Goods, and contrary to the known Laws convert them to their own life, they are upon Convidion of the fame, to pay four times the value to the owner, and as much tothe King} but if the Goods are Perilhable, then the Sherif, Cor- roner, orBailif, in whofe Jurifdidion they are found may fell them, but mull be accoun¬ table for fo much money, to thofe that can make out the Goods were theirs} and to pre¬ vent inch Wrecks as much as may be, all Fifiier- and hfiruffions thereunto belonging, 34S Filher-men upon fevere Penalties are forbid to Fiih with Lights in the Night. But if Goods Wrecked be not owned or Sued for within a Year and a Day, they fall to the King’s Exchequer by the Law of Oira, and the Iflue mult be tryed before the Judges of the Wrecks 3 always provided this Law- do not extend to Pirates, Sea-Rovers, Ro- bers, Turks , or Enemies to the Chriftian Faith, and if any who unjuftly detains any fuch Wrecked Goods, lhall refufe to del:-, verthem, or fatisfaftion to the full value,he lhall be Imprifoned, and if a Lords Bailiff be therein found to.offend, the Lord is ob¬ liged to deliver his Balif’s Body to the Kjng. And as for Cuftom, Wrecked Goods rarely pay any, but if the Ship be call away, or all the Goods or the Major part of them faved, in fuch a cafe they pay an eaiie Cuftom, as the Labour of faving them was more or lefs difficult, and in that cafe light Goods as Silver and Gold, according to value lhall pay lefs then heavy and Grofs Goods. All Wrecks of Whales or great Sturgeon are properly the Kings. There are other forts of Wrecks vsFlotfim, Jetfam, and Lagan or Ligan j the former is when a Ship is Sunk, and the Goods are found Floating on the Sea. The fecond is when a Ship is about to link, and to endea¬ vour ?4 6 Of JVmks t vourto faveher, the Goods arecaft into the Sea; notwithftanding which the Ship Perifh- es, and the third is when Goods are caft o- ver to lighten the Ship and Sheperilhesnot? but a Buoy is fixed to note the place, that fo they maybe poflibly recovered, efpecially fuch Goods as link down-right, in thefe cafes the King lhall have Flotfam , Jetfem, and Lagan j provided the Ship perifhes, or when the owners of the Goods are not known but when the Ship Perifhes not they belong to the Merchant,, who upon proof will re¬ cover them. Thefe three are commonly the Kings grant, within the high, and low Wa¬ ter marks by prefcription, as it appears by thofe in the Weft Countries, who prefcribe to have Wrecks as far as they can fee a Humber Barrel. If a Ship be ready to Perifh, and all the men for prefervation of their Lives efcape in their Long-Boat •, yet if the Ship drive afterward into any Port, it is no Wreck; and the like if a Ship be taken by Pirates, and after taking out the Men and Goods turned it a Drift. All owners claiming Wrecks, muftmakc their Proof by their Cocquets or Marks Perfonal , Teftimony upon Oath or the Books of Entery in the Cuftom-Houfe,and if any fuch Wreck belongs to the King, the party mtrding to the Law M&rim. 347 party muft Sue out a Commiffion to hear and determine, and that by the Oaths of twelve men, or elfe he may bring his Acti¬ on at Law, and make his proof by Verdidt, but let him be careful that fuch his Adtion be brought within a Year and a Day, or it will not lye^all Elotfams , Jetfams, and Legans appertain by grant of Charter to the Lord high Admiral, and muft be decided if found upon the high Sea, in the Court of Admi¬ ralty. Wrecked Goods tho fuch as are pro¬ hibited, are not Forfeitable, by Reafonthey were not brought in but by the Wind and Tide, contrary to the will of the Owner, as by Law is fuppofed. If the Wreck happen by the negligence or fault of the Matter, he is lyable to make Satisfadtion, but if otherwife the Owners and Fraighters fuftain- the lofs. C H A P. C X X. Of Averidg and Contribution , according to the La to Marine , if G oods are caft overboard in a form , &C. and Goods may in fuch a cafe be Ejeffcd,and what not. I F when a Ship is Freighted, and at Sea a ftorm arifes, the Matter if he finds the Ship in danger, may by the confent or ra- 348 Of Averidge and Contribution, thcrbyconfulting his Mariners throw fuch heavy Goods overboard , as may tend to the Lightning or faving the Ship, and if the Mariners refufe to confent,then it is Law¬ ful for him tocommand it to be done; always provided that he throw over the coarfelt Goods, andthofe that are molt Ponderous, and in that cafe the reft of the Goods in the Ship, Jhall contribute tothofe thrown over¬ board; the Sailers Cloaths and Provifion ex¬ cepted. If they are thrown over before half theVoyage is made,then thecontribution fhall be according to what the Goods coft, but if when above half the Voyage then proporti¬ onable to what thofe that remain are fold for. But upon the arrival of the Ship at the Port intended, the Mafter and Part of his Crue mull fwear that fuch Goods were thrown over for the prefervation of the Ship, and the reft of the Goods; and if af¬ terwards the Merchant bring his Adion a- gainft the owners or Mafter ,■ they may plead the fpecial Matter, which will remain in Bar to the Plaintifs proceedings; but if any of the Ships Tackling be loft, noAve- ridge or Contribution (hall be made, unlefs the Malls be cut by the Board, &c. or if a- ny Goods be fecretly'brought into the Ship, contrary to the knowledg of the Mafter and Purfer, be ejeded, no contribution fhall be made: according to the Law Marine. 34'p made: And by the Law Marine, the Matter may refufe (in cafe of ejection ) to deliver the remainder of the Goods before the Con¬ tribution is fetled, or if in aftormpart of the Goods are dammaged, without any neg- led of the Matter or Sailers, fuch Goods for fo much as they are dammaged, ought to come into the contribution. If two Ships meet and ftrike each other, and if it can be proved that either of them did it willfully or by carelefnefs, then that Ship fhallfatisfy the damage receivedby the other, but if either Ships crew Swear their inno- cency,. then the dammage is to be Levyed proportionable between them; ifanyEje- dion of Goods happen by the indifcretion of the flowers in lading the Ship above the Birthmark, or the like; then the Matter or Owners ought to m2ke fatisfadion. If when a Vefiei is enteringaPort or otherwifepart of the Goods be put into, a Lighter or Ship-Boat, and the Boat be call away, there Contribution mutt be made; but if the Ship be caft away, and the Lighter or Boat laved, then no Contribution; for note where the Ship at any time Perifhes, tho a great part of the Goods be faved, yet they allow no Contribution. If a Ship be taken by Pirates or Enemies, and the Matter contrads with them for the 35 © Of Jveridge Atd- Qontribution, the difmiffion of the Ship at fuch a Summ of money, and till the fame be pay’d yields himfelfPrifoner, in that cafe Contribution muft be levyed upon the Ship , and lading for the Ranfom of the faid Mailer ; and fo where a Pirate by confent takes part of the Goods to fpare the reft, Contribution muft be made, but if he- takes them by force or at his own pleafure, then no con¬ tribution is to. be made, unlefs the Mer¬ chants yield fo to do after the Ship is Robbed,, but if taken by an Enemy, Letter of Marque or Reprifal the contrary. If Jew¬ els be on Board in a Box and not difcover- ed,. and they be saft overboard,Contribution ihall be for no more then they appeared, m. a Parcel. If any thing in a ftorm be call into the Sea,, and afterward recovered, then Contribution Ihall be made for no more then the damage fuftained. The Ma- fter and Purfer in cafe of a ftorm Ihall con¬ tribute towards Goods Ejedted, for the pre- fervation of the Ship and Palfenger for fuch Wares as they have ; and if they have no Wares, then for their Cloaths,Rings, &c, according to eftimation. Contribution is to be pay'd for a Pilots Fee, for bringing a Ship fafe into any Harbour where fhe is not bound. If the Matter of a Ship, after he has received according to the Law Marine. 351 received his Complements, takes in Goods contrary to the knowledge of the Mer¬ chant, and part of the Merchants Goods in cafe of a ftorm are thrown overboard, then the Mailer is lyable to makeSatisfaftion. if Contribution be fetled, and the Mer¬ chant will not confent to pay it, the Ma¬ tter may refufe delivering the Goods, and if an Action be brought, he may Barr the Plaintif by pleading the fpecial matter, yet in a ftorm there are fome Ladings, which ought not to be ejedted. As Pieces of Or¬ dnance, Ammunition, or Provifionsfor the ' relief of a City Befieged, or in danger fo to be, for there the Law implyes, that the t Subjeft ought to prefer the goodof his Prince, ’ before his own life. CHAP. CXXI. A View of the Port of London, and of the Cuftoms , Priviledges , Exemptions , and Revenues of that great City according to the Charters^ Grants^ &c. of feveralKings of England, S Eeing the Port of London is the Princi¬ pal Port of this Kingdom, it will not be amifs to fet down the Priviledges and Cuftoms thereof, and what Revenues by way 352 A View of London, way of Exportation and Importation, ac¬ crues to the Honourable City in order to fupport its Grandure. Firft then the Port of London , as by Ex¬ chequer fetled and declared, extends from the 'Promontory or Point, called the North Foreland, in the Ifle of Thamet. Thence Northward to the Nafe Point beyond the Sunfleet upon the Coaft of Efex, and fo continues Weft ward up the River of Thames-, and the feveral Channels, Streams, and Rivers falling into it to London-Bridge. The ufual known Rights, Liberties, and Priviledges, to the Ports of Sandwich and Jffioich , and-their. Members excepted, and 'in regard that Ships did formerly come up to the Port of London , and unlade in feve¬ ral obfure Creeks at Stakes, to defraud his Majefty of his Cuftoms, it was there¬ fore ordained, that a Commiffion Ihould be forthwith IfTued out of the Exchequer,to af¬ fix and nominate all fueh Wharfes, Keys, and other places as his Majefty by virtue of fuch Commiffion Ihould appoint,in purfu- ance of which hisMajefty has been pleafed to Nominate and Conftitute as Lawful Keys, Wharfs, &c. thefe following for the Land¬ ing of Goods, Merchandife, &c. viz.. Brew- ers-Key , Chefiors-Key , Wool-Dock ,, Porters- Key, Bear-Key , Wiggons-Key , Youngs-Key , and of the P riv Hedges ^ Cutfom&c.ltf Ralphs- Key, Smarts-Key , Lyons-Key , Buttolf- Wbarf ^ Hammons-Key , Cockj-Key , Frejh - Wharf ' Billingings-G ate , and the £?■%- Eonfe. The former of the two latter being appointed a common open place for the Landing or bringing in of Fill], Salt, Vi¬ ctuals, or Fuel of all forts, Fruit of all forts, Grocery excepted all Native Mate¬ rials for Building, and for exporting the like, but no other Merchandise} and the latter, viz., the Bridge-Houfe is appointed for the Landing of Corn for the City ftore, tho under pretence of the fame Several Perfons at this Day Landed their proper Corn; moreover there are thefe Keys,m,j the Cuftom-Houfe Key, Some Stairs on the Weft fide whereof are declared not to be places for Lading or Shipping of Goods. Sabs-Dock has a pair of Stares not held Law-, fill for the Landing or lading of Merchan¬ dise. The like has Dice-Key , Summers- Key , and Gaunts-Key, tho otherwife allow¬ able. Therefore it is to be fuppofed thofe Stairs that are accepted againlt were built for Conveniency, fince the declaring them free places of lading, and Landing Mer¬ chandise. Thefe Keys, Wharfs and Docks, yearly produce a great Income to the City of London , by Scavage, Portage, Packing and Water-Bailage. As 554 -d ffiew of London, As firlt Scavage being an Ancient. Toll or Cuftom, taken by the Majors, Sherifs, &c. for Wares {hewed or offered to Sail within their Precinfts, coniiftsof two parts, m.that which is payable by the Denizen, & that which is payable by the Alienor Strang¬ er ; and that all Perfons Subject to fuch Duties, may not be impofed on by fuch as take them, there are Tables mentioning each particular fet up and approved of by the Lord Chancellor, Treafurer, Prefident, Steward, and two Juftices of the Common- Pleas } and by them Subfcrited or fome four of them at leaft, and are to be levyed fen Goods inwards and outwards. As all Goods mentioned in the Table of Scavage, and not included in theTable of Rates, fhall pay after the rate of one penny in the pound, according as they areexpref- fed or valued in his Maje/ties Book of rates, and all others not expreffed therein, lhall pay the fame rates, according to the true value. All private Bulks of eight Inches fquare, are by the third Article annexed to the Book of rates reputed Timber and valu¬ ed at 3 pence the Foot, 50 Foot being accounted the Load , valued at 12 Shillings 6 pence, and the duty for one Load is one half penny and half a Farthing. Package and of its PrivUedges&ultomsfoc.l 1 )'} Package is another duty, which is like- wife limitted and rated in a Table called the Table of Package-Duties, and all the Commodities therein mentioned pay one penny in the pound, according as they are rated in his Majefties Book of rates, and all others not mentioned therein lhall pay at the rate of one penny in the pound according to their true value. For every Entry in the Packers Book, and for Writing Bills of each Entry out¬ wards they pay 12 pence. All Strangers are to pay the Labour¬ ing Porters for making up their Goods ac¬ cording to Cuftom. Strangers mutt alfo pay the Water- fide Porters belonging to the Package-Of¬ fice, fuch Fees for Snipping and Lad¬ ing as for feveral Years paft they have done. The Packers and Water lide-Porters, have Tables expreffing tne Duties paya¬ ble;, and fuch Goo.is as are not menti¬ oned therein mud pay according to their true value, fo much in the Pound as a- forefaid for Package and Porterage-duties 0- ver and above. Another Ancient duty there is called Water-Bailage, which ' for many Years paft the City of London have claimed and received for all Goods and Merchan¬ dise ^5 A Flew of London, dife imported from any part in the Realm, or out of the Realm, into the Port of London : and fo the like duties with a little alteration, for all Goodsex- ported out of the Port of London ,, un- lefs the Goods or Merchandife of Free¬ men, who are exempted from paying thisDu- tv, tho many Freemen for Reafon belt known to themfelves notwith (landing do voluntarily pay it ■, but of late there has been confiderable Debates, whether the fame be due or not, tho no Claufe in the Aft of Tonnage or Poundage, does any ways Bar thofe duties. All Lighters, Wherries,Fi(her-Boats,en occupying the River of Thames witli- in the Limits of the Cities Junfdifti- on, confirmed by their Charter, paj Summs of Acknowledgement or Duty for the fame, which amounts annually to a confiderable value. All Markets withn the Precinfts of the City, pay the Duty of Toll to the behoof of the City. The Citizens of London , -viz,, ttioie that are Refident are exempted from the Cuftom or Impoft called Pnzage,■ wh is, that out of ten Tuns of Wine 5 King is to have one, paying for it 20 bn . lings, but Citizens mull not own any Wines fo imported under Colour, to^- and of the Priviledgesfufloms, 8cc. 557 cure Strangers from paying Prifage. If a Freeman 'live in another City, and fend Wines to unlade at the Port of London j he Ihall not be capable of this Priviledge, but muft be refident as aforefaid, for by a private Adi in the 24 of Hen. 6 com¬ plaint was made, that the Lord' Major i would make Strangers Citizens; whereup¬ on it was there declared, that this Benefit I to be difoharged from payment of Prifage, ; extended not to fuch Citizens as were made j fo by Gift, but fuch as were Legally Citi- I zens, according to the true intent and mean- 1 ing thereof, by Service or Adoption, and I refident in the faid City ■, and ’cis further j obfervedthat if any Merchant not a Citizen i break Bulk, tho he deliver but part of his 0 Cargo, yet the Duty is to be Jevyed upon all, as if all had been unladen. And this privi- ledge likewife enjoy the Inhabitants refident in the Cinque-Ports. Butherage, as I have before faid, is 2 ■ : Shillings per Tun, upon Wines imported by Strangers , but the Englilh are exempted from that Duty. And thus much for the 5 Priviledges, Cuftoms, &c, of the City of 1 London , in relation to Trade. CHAP. 3^8^ Stirve y of all the Ports ofEngland CHAR CXXII. A Survey of the remaining forts of Eng¬ land, their Members , Creeks , &C. with a relation of their Legalities touching Ex- ' portal ion and Import at'on , together with what Commodities may be Exported, when fold at the Port where they fall be laded at certain rates. T He other Legal Ports of England, their Members and Creeks are thefe, Ipf- wick , has Members., Malden and Colche- sler, Creeks, Leigh-Burnham , Wesl-Merfy , Eafi-Merfy , Brickly, Wivenhoe, Maintree , and Harwich. The Port of Yarmouth has Members, Woodbridge, Alborough , Sowold, Blacking , and Creeks, Orford, JDunwick, Walderfwick, and Lefioffe. The port of Zjw;z, has Member fFJ/i only,Creeks, 2?w«- ham, Hit chant', Crofkeys , and Wifbich. The Port of Bofton , has Creeks, Spalding, Tof- dick-, Wainejleet, Ntmby-Chaple,Thethethorp and &?/f-,Ffe.The Port of Hull has Members, Grimfby, Bridlington , and Scarborough , and one Creek only, w*,. Sainthorp. The Port of New-Caftle has Members, Whitby, Stock- ton , Hartlepool , Sunderland., ana yields Creeks, Middltborough , Seatondelaval , and Bliih-Nook. The Port of Barwick. has Creeks, Aylemonth, Warnewater, Holy- 1 - 'j Survey of all the Ports o/England.g 5 9 jlmd , and the Eaft-Marches containing' the Coaft of Northumberland ,- bordering upon Scotland. : The Port'of Carlijle, has for Member, Whitehaven, for Creeks, the WelVMarches containing the. Coaft of Cumberland , bordering on Scotland , Work- ington , Raving-Glafs , and Milinthorp. The Port of Chefier , has Members, Lahcafier , Boulton , Liverpool , Aberconway , Bew/naris , and Carnarvan }• Creeks, Pit of Towdrey , Grating , Wyrewater ■ Prefton , Riblewater , Sankgy-Bridge, Fradfmn\ the South fliore of the River .Mr/y, to the Red-Stone, Hilbree , Dawpool , Nefton , Burtonhead, Bag- hill , Mo fen , Holy-Head , Amlogh , Pulhel- ly , and Barmouth. The Port of Milford has Members, Aberdony , Cardigan , and Pembrookf Creeks, Aberufiha , New-Port, Fifcard , Haver ford, Wefl-Tenby , Carmar¬ then , Lanelthy , and North-Burys. The Port of CVzm/ has for Member, Snwz- /ey ; Greeks, South-Berrys, Neahh or Br'iton- Terr'y , Newton , Albcrthavt , Pen.vnh , Aftip- Port, and C hep ft aw. The Port of Glocefler has for Creeks the River Sewra, from the Bridge North to' ICings-Road. The Port of Brifiol has Creeks, Pill, wAVphill, The Port of Briag-Water, has for Member, /jW. The Port of Plimouth has for Mem¬ bers P^/cw, St. Penfance , Helford, R Falmouth %6oA'Fk\vof all the Ports of England. Falmouth, Fowey and Lowe•, Creeks, Penrin, St. Maures, Fniro, Salt-ajh , and Cowjland. The Port of Exeter has Members, llfra- co?nb,Barufiable and Dartmouth■, Creeks, Clo- velly,x4ppledore ,Biddiford,Tnicomb,Star-Crofs, Bear and Seam , Topjham, Pouldram, Syd- mouth, Lympfon , j Exmouth, Jylemouth, Salt- comb, Brixham, Torbay, and Totnes. The Port of Poo/ has Members, Pjwe and Wey¬ mouth • Creeks, Bridgport, Charmouth, Port¬ land and Lulworth. The Port of South¬ ampton has Members, Corves and Portfmoutlr, Creeks, Swaridge, Wareham, ChriSl-Church, Hmlngton , Tarkouth, New-Poh, and Emf- worth. The Port of Chichefter has Mem¬ bers, Arundel , Shorham, Lewis, Pemfey, Ha¬ wing, Rye and Hyth \ Creeks, Pagham-Point, S elfey, Brighthemfton, New-Haven, Seaford, Winchelfea, Lyd and’ Rumny. The Port of Sandwich has Members, Dover, Feverjham, Milton and Rochester-, Creeks, Deal, Rumf- gate, Margate, Whitefiable ar.d Qmnbc- rough. Thefe Ports or Publick , places are thofe to which the Officers of the Cu- itomsare appropriated, which contain and include the Guidances, and Privileges of all the Members and Creeks to them appertaining being the places appointed for the- Lading, and unlading Merchan- dife. ' The A Vtm f aUth e Ports c/England.36? The Members are fuch places as for" merly enjoyed Cultom-Houfes, and have yet Offices or their Deputies attending ; they being accounted Lawful places of Lading or unlading all Commodities unlefs fuch as are prohibited. The Creeks are places where Officers do or formerly have given their Atten¬ dance by way of Prevention, not out of Duty or Right, and are not accounted lawful places to Land or Lade any Goods without Licence or fuffcrence from the Port or Members, under which any fuch Creek or Creeks is placed ; all which as they be at prefent accounted at the Cm ftom-Houfe, are as aforefaid being refpe- Ctively in the Body of the Counties, and confequently out of the JurifdiCtion of fhe. Admiralty; in cafe any thing more then ordinary is done, or fuftained in any of them. And now I {hall only inform the Reader, that Commodities of Englifh Growth and Manufacture, may be export¬ ed when fold in E?igland at certain rates, according to the Statute^made in the iz of Car. 2. and fo put an end to this Work. Gunpowder when it exceedeth not the price of five pound fer Barrel, may be exported;Wheat, Rve,Peafe, Beans, Bar- •ly, %6z d View of all the Ports of England ly, Malt, Oats, Port, Beef, Bacon, But¬ ter, Cheefe, and Candles; when they- do' not exceed the Prizes following at- the Ports where they are Laded at the time of their Lading, viz.. Wheat the quarter forty Shillings, Rye, Beans and Peafe the quar¬ ter twenty four Shillings, Barly and Malt the quarter twenty Shillings, Oats the quar- ter lixteen Shillings, Bief the Barrel-fifty pound, Pork the Barrel fix pound ten Shillings, Bacon the pound fix Pence, But¬ ter the Barrel four pound ten Shillings, Cheefe the pound thirty Shillings, Can¬ dles the dozen pounds five Shillings, pay¬ ing the refpeftive rates accordihg as they are fet down in the Book of rates} al- t ways provided that.his Majefty -may when he fees occafion, prohibit the Exportati¬ on of Gunpowder and other Ammuniti¬ on. And thus Reader, have I with much ■ Labour Sailing through many Tempeftu- ous Seas, once again call Anchor in fafe Harbour ; hoping this Work may be ad¬ vantageous unto many, and. ufeful unto all who are any ways concerned in Trade or Commerce, whether by Navigation or o- therwife, the which if it does, I have ob¬ tained the end of my Defign. FINIS. INDUS TRY: O R, improvement of Trade, for the good of all Peo¬ ple in general. LONDON, Printed by R. Holt for T. Taffmger at the three Bibles on London-Bridge ,and B. Toobjat the Ship in St . Pmls-Church- Yard. 1583. THE PREFACE F Orasmucb as mm who are in a decaying condition , or "toho haye hut an iH opinion of their own concernments , injlead of being ( as fome think ) the more mdtijlrious to refill the eVU they apprehended , do contrary wife become the more Languid and inejfeBual to all in all their en= dea^i)oure$; neither caring to at* tempt The Preface.’ tempt or profecute even the probable means of their relief : I as a mem* her of the (fommon*Wealth, next to the knowing the precife truth in what Condition the .common interejl Stands,, would'alt in doubtful cajes thinkthe be ft and confecpaently not difpair "Without Strong and manifest eajons, care* fully examining whaCeyer tends tolef fen my hopes of tjbe (publick Well* fair. 1 have therefore thought fit to ex* 'amine the following perfwafions , which Ifind too currant in the Worlds and too much to ha A a i thj The Preface. the Cro'frn are a Burthen to Eng¬ land, that Scotland is of no ad * vantage ; that Trade in general doth lamentably decay , that the Hol¬ landers are . at our Heels in the Q{ace of Naval pofaer, the French grow too fatt upon both , and ap=> pear fo Gfich and (potent, that it is but their Clemency , that they do not devour their Neighbours ;. and final* \y that the Quitch •. and State of England, are in the fame danger •frith the Trade of England, faith many other d'ifmd Suggepons , which l do. rather Stifle then repeat The Preface; ,r Jts true the Expence of Forraign Commodities , haye of late been too great: Much of our Flate had it re¬ mained money , would have better fer> ed Trade, too many matters have been regulated bylaws, "frith natures long Cuftom and general confent, ought on* ly to haye Goyerndthe Slaughter and, DeJlruBion of men by the late CiYd Wars, and flague haye been great , the Fire of London and dfatter at- Chattham haye begotten opinions in the Vulgar of the World to our preju¬ dice , the Fponconformifs increafe, the people o/ lreiand think long of their fettlement . '(ettlement. The Englifh there appre¬ hend themfilyes to. he Jliens , and are forced to feeka Trade with For* mgners , "which they might maintain ’With their own. Relations in England, hut notwitbjianding all this (the like thereof was always in all places ) the biddings in London grow great and Qhrious > the American plantations. mplby 40° SdiTof Ships $ jiu&ions h the Eaft-India Company are ahye imble.theprincipal moneyThofe who mngtye■ goodSecurityy may. haye mo* my.under the Statute interej%materi? S.foi r gilding (eyrn Oaken Tm~ The Prefaced her) are little the dearer, fame cheap* er, for the rebudding of kondozi*, the Exchange feems as full of ^Merchants as formerly-, no more IBeggers in the Streets ,nor executedforthkyes asheretd* fore:th number of Coaches,andSpUndor of Equipage,exceeding former timesfhe puhlick Theatres, yeryMagnificenti the JQnghas a-greater, T$ 0 'y and firorm. er Guards then before our Calamities ; theClergy rich,the £athedrals in repair , much Land have been jmproyed,, and. the price, of pood <$eafonable y and in } and Zealand with the Kingdom of frame. Holland and Zealand do not contain above i. Million of English Acres, whereas the Kingdom of France contains above 80. Now the original and primitive difference holds proportion as Lands to Land $ for it is hard to fay that when the'fe places were 1 It. planted,whether an Acre of Land in Holland was better then the like quantity in France and Zealand: Now is there any reafon to fuppofe, but that therefore upon the firffc Plantation the number of Planters was in proportion to the quantity of Land j wherefore if the People are not in proporti¬ on as the Land the fame mull be attributed to the Situation of the Land, and to the Trade and Policy of the People. The next thing to be Jhewn is that Holland and Zealand at this day is not only Both, as rich and strong as France, but that it hath advan¬ ced to the 3 d. or thereabouts , which I think, will appear upon the ballance of the following Particulars, viz. Asfor theWealth of France,z certainMapof that Kingdom fetforth^. 164.7- reprefents it to be 15 Millions, whereof fix did belong to the Church, the Author thereof (aslfup- pofej meaning the Rents of the Land only A a 2 And 4 A Difieurfe of Trade. And the Author of a moft judicious Difcourfe of Husbandry (Tuppofed to be Sir Richard Weflon) doth from reafon and experience ihew that Lands in the Netherlands ^ by bear¬ ing Flax,'Turnips, Clover-grafs, Madder, &c. will eafily yield i o pound per Acre, fo as the Territories of Holland aud .Zealand fhould by this account, yield at lealt io Millions - per Annum ; yet I do not believe the lame to be fo much,nor France fo little asaforelaid, but rather that one bears to the other as about 7 or 8 to one. The People of Amfterdam are one 3d part ofthofe in Paris or London , which two Cities differ not. in People a 20th part from each other .as hath appeared by the Bills of Buri¬ als andChriftenings from each, but the va¬ lue of the Buildings in Amfterdam may well be half that of Paris by reafon of the Foun¬ dations,. ; Grafts and Bridges, which in Am¬ fterdam are more numerous and chargeable than Paris: Moreover the Habitations of the poorelb People in Holland and Zealand are twice or thrice as good as thofe of France but the Peop le of the one to the People of the other being but as 13 to 1, the value of the Houfing muff be as about5 to 1. The Ship¬ ping of Europe being about 2 Millions of t -J ns I fuppofe the Znglifti have about 5 000000, :'r Dutch 700 thotliar.d, the French 100 thoufand ADifcourfe of Trade. 5. thoufand, the Hamburgers and theSubje&s of Denmark l, Sweden, and the Town of Dantzdck 250 thoufand, and Spain, Portugal,Italy,&c. , 250 thoufand y fo as the Shipping in our cafe ! of France to that of Holland and Zealand is- ; about 1 to p: which reckoned great and final!' 1 one with another at 8 pound per Tun makes ■ ! the worthtobe8oo thoufand pounds toyMil- lions, 5 ueooooo poundstheAftto^fCapitaii in the Eaft-lndia Company is worth about 3 Millions where the fVm^haslittle ornothing.. The value of the Goods exported out of France into all parts are fuppofed quadruple to what is fent to England alone, &confequent- • ly in all about 5 Millions; but what is ex¬ ported out of Holland into England is worth' 3 Millions and what, is exported thence into all the World befides is fextuple to that Summ. The Moneys yearly raifed hythe French King, as the fame appears by the Book inti¬ tuled the' State of France, dedicated to the King printed^. Dorn. itftfp.and fet forth fe- veral times by Authority, is 82 Millions of French Livers, which is about i Millions of pounds Sterling,of which Summ the Author fayes that one 5 th part was abated for Nonva¬ luers orlnfolvencies. So as (l fuppofe ) not above 5 Millions were effectually raifed, but-whereas fome " A a 3 ; fay 6. A T>lfcourJe ef Trade. fay the King of France raifed 11 Millions as the | of the Effects of France, I humb¬ ly affirm, that the Land and Sea forces, all the Buildings and Interleguments which we have heard by common Fame to- have been let forth and made many of thefelaft 7 years, needed not to have colt 5 -Millions Sterling; wherefore I fuppofe he hath not raifed more,e{pecially iince there, were ’ infolven- cies when the Tax was at that pitch. BntNollandand Zealand paying 67 of 1 qo. pay’d by all the United Provinces, and the City ofAmfier dam paying 27ofthelaid 67, it follows that if Amfier dam hath pay’d 4000 pound Flemmijh per diem, or about 146000 per Annum, or about 80 thoufand pound Ster¬ ling, that all Holland and Zealand paid, above 2 Millions per Annum ; now the Reafons why they pay fo much, I think are. thefe ( viz, ) 1. the Author of the State of the Netherlands faith fo. 2dly. Excife. of Victuals, at Jmfierdam feems above half the Original value of the lame (viz.) ground Corn pays 70 Stivers the Bulhel, or 63 Gilders, the. Lalt, Beer 113 Stivers the Barrel,houfingj of Rent,fruits' of what it coll:; other Commodities \ j- A Salt adlihitum, all weighed Goods pay befides the premifes a yalt fum: now if the ex-pence ofthe People of Amfier dam at a Medium, and witiiout A Difcourfe of Tradel without Excife, were 8 pounds Annum , whereas in England ’tis 7 pound, then if all- the feveral Impofts above named raife it y pound more, there being 160 thoufand Souls in Amherdanij the Sum of 800 thou¬ fand pound Sterling per Annum will thereby bexaifed. sdl'y.. Though the Expence of each Head fhould be' 13- pound per Annum , ’tis well known that there be few in Amsterdam who do not earn much more than the faid Ex¬ pence. 4thly. If Holland ' and Zealand pay per Ahmim 2,000, 000 pounds, then all the Pro¬ vinces together muft pay about 3 Millions, lefs then which Sum pr Annum perhaps is not fufficient.to have maintained the Naval War with England , 72 thoufand land Forces befides allQjher the ordinary charges of their Government, whereof the Church is there a part.To conclude, it feems from the Premi- fes, that all France doth not raife above thrice as much from the publick Charge, as Holland'zvA Zealand alone do. 5thly. Interelt of Money in France 7 pounds per Centum , but in Holland fcarce half fo much. tfthly. The Country of Holland and Zea¬ land, confuting as it were of Iflands guarded with the Sea, Shipping and Marlhes, is dfi- h a 4 fenfible § A Difmrfe of Trade,, fenfible at \ the charge of a plain open Country is, and where the Seat of War may be both Winter and Summer , whereas in others nothing can be done but in the Summer, only. ythly. But above all the particulars hi¬ therto confidered that of Superlucration ought chiefly to be taken in, for if a Prince have never fomany Subjects and his Country, never fogood, yet if either through floath or extravagant Expences or oppreflion and injuftice, what ever is gained, lhallbe fpent as faft as gotten, the State mult be account¬ ed poor. Wherefore let it be confidered how much, or how many times rather Hol¬ land and Zealand are now above what they were i oo years ago; which we muftalfo do of France ; now if France hathfcarce doubled it’s Wealth and Power, and that the other have decupled theirs; Ilhallgive the preference to the latter, even althothe 9 increafedby the one Ihould not exceed the one half gained, by the other; becaufe one hath a Store for 9 years,aud the other but for 1. To conclude upon the whole, that though France being Peopled to Holland and Zealand as 13 to 1, and in quantity of good Land as 80 to 1, yet is not 13 times Richer and Stronger,much lefs Sj [0 times,nor much above thrice,which was to b? proved. Having A Difcourje of Trade. g. Having thus difpatched the two firlfc' Branches of the firftprincipal Conclufion, it follows to Ihew that this difference of im¬ provement in Wealth and Strength, arifes in particular from conveniencies for Shipping ■ and Water-carriage. Many writing on this Subjed do fomagni- fie the Hollanders as if they were more, and. all other Nations lefs then men, f as to the matter of Trade and Policy ) making therm Angels, and others Fools, Brutes and Sots as to thofe particulars, whereas I take the foun- - dation of their Atchievements to lie ori-- ginally in the Situation of the Country,. whereby, they do -things inimitable, to o- thers, and have.advantages- whereof others are incapable.. Firlt, The Soyl of Holland and Zealand- is low Land, rich and fertile, .whereby it is " able to feed many men, and fo as' that men. may .live near each other for their mutual A Alliance in Trade, I fay that 1000 Acres- that can feed i ooo Souls is better than i oooo of no more effed, for the following reafons to it (yin.) Aril fuppofe fome great Fabrick were in building by iooomen,fhall not much. more time be fpared if that they lived all . upon iooo Acres, then if they were forced to live upon io times as large-a Scope of Land?. Aa. 5-.' 2dk 10 -d Di/courfe ef Trade. 2dly .The charge oftheir care of their Souls,, and the-Miniftiy! would be far greater in the o ne cafethen the other,as alfo ofMu tual defence in cafe of invalion, and even of Thieves and Robbers 1 ,moreover the charge of the Ad- miniftration of Juftice would-be much eafier where Witneffes and-P.ar.ties may be eafily. Summoned-, : Attendance lefs expenlive when ■ mens Adtions would be better known, when - wrong and Juftice would not be covered as- in thin-peopled places they are. Laftly thofe who live -in folitary places mult be their own Soldiers, -Divines, Phy- iIciansandLawyers,and mufthavetheir Hou-. fes ftored with neceffary provifions. (like - a Ship- going upon a lOng'VoyageJ to the great waft and needlefs expence offuch pro- ■ Villons : the value, of this firft conveniency to the Butch I reckon to- be about, ioo thoufand > pounds per Annum. ' 2dly. A/b/feWis a level Country, fo as, if ip any- part thereof a -Wind-Mill may be fet ;ip, and-by it’s being moift and vaporous, there is always Wind -ftirring over it, by which advantage- the-labour of many thou¬ sand hands is faved, forafmuch as a Mill .tpade-by one man in half a year will do as much-labour as 4 men for 5 years together^ this advantage is greater or lefs where inn Payment, ani erfc of Labour isfo, but in~ .Holland. A Difcourfe of Trade. i r Holland it is eminently great, and the worth of this Conveniency between near 100 and 150 thoufand pound. 3- dly. there is much more to be gained by Manufacture than Husbandry, and by Mer- chandife than Manufacture, but Holland and Zealand , being feated at the Mouths of 3 long great Rivers,and patting through rich Countries do keep all the -Inhabitants upon the fides ofthofe Rivers but as Husbandmen, whilffc themfelves are the ManufaCtors of their Commodities, and do difpence them into all Parts of the World, making re¬ turns for the fame at what price almofb they pleafe themfelves - ,- and in Ihort, they keep the Trade of thofe Countries through which the fame Rivers pafs, the va¬ lue of this 3d convenience is 200 thoufand pound. 4- thly. In Holland and Zealand there is fcarce any place of work or bufinefsoneMile diftance from a Navigable Water, and the charge of Water-carriage, is generally but' the 151b-- or 20th part of Land-carriages, wherefore if there be as much Trade there as in France , then the Hollanders can out-fcll the French of all the Expenceof all travel¬ ling pottage and carriage whatfoever, which even .in England I take to be 300 thoufand pound pr Zmmm, where the very, pottage i$- 'ADijcourfe of Trade, of Letters colts the People perhaps 50 thoiK- fand pound per Annum-, though farmed at much lefs, and all other Labours of Hor- - fes and Porters at. leaft Uptimes as much; the value of this conyeniency I eltimate to be above 300 thoufand pounds per An-. mm,, 5thly.The,defeifiiblenefs of the .Country • by reafoji of it’s Situation in the Sea upon lllands,, and. in the., Marlhes, impaflible. grounddieted, .and. trenched, efpecially confidering, how, the.place, is-.aimed at for it’s Wealth,.I fay the.charge, for defending this Country is eafior.than if it, were a plain . Champion, atleaft 20Q thoufand pound per. Annum ,; (Jthly. Holland isfo confiderable.forkeep-. ing Ships- in Harbour with fmall Expence of' .meaand'ground'tackle t.hatit.faves themp- Annum 200. thoufand pounds of what mult bafpentin France,*, Now.iLaJl thefe natural Advantages do amounPto above ope Million per Annum of profit* and that the .Trade ofall Europe, nay of the-whole World, with which our Eu¬ ropeans do trade* is not above 45 • Millions per Annum • and if of the,value be \ of the profit* it. is plain that the -Hollanders may commandaudgoyern the whole Trade. 7thly,.. Thofe. who- have,their. Situation thus. ADifiourfe of Tade. i|. thus towards the Sea, abound with Fifhat home, and having alfo the command of Ship¬ ping,have by confequencethe Filhing Trade, whereof that of Herring alone brings -more . yearly profit tothzHolkndersthm the.Trade of the Weft-Indies to Spain, or of the Eaft to. themfelves, being as fome fay vm and wo&.of above. 3 Millions,per Annum pro-. fit. 8thly, It., is not to be doubted but .thofe who have the Trade of Filhing and Ship¬ ping will fecure themfelves of the Trade.-' of Timber,. for. Ships,. Boats, Malls,- and . Casks,, of Hemp for Cordage, Sails and Nets, of Salt, of Iron, as alfo of Pitch, Tar, Rolin, Brimltone, Oyl and Tal¬ low, as neceflary Appurtenances to Shipping.:, and Filhing. pthly. Thofe who predominate in Filhing.. and Shipping have more occalion then o~ ’ thers to frequent- all parts of the World,, and to obferve what is wanting or redun¬ dant every where, and what each People - can do, and what they defire, and confe- . quently to be the Factors and Carriers for- the whole World of Trade, upon which > ground they bring all Native .Commodities to be Manufactured at- home, and carried back to the Country where they grow, all: which we fee,-for do they not work the.- 14 d Difcourfe of Trade. Sugars of the Weft-Indies , the Timber and' Iron of Baltick. , the Hemp of Ruffia, the Lead, Tin, and Wool of England , the Quick-Silver and Silk of Italy^ the Yarn and dying Stuffs of Turkey 1 &c. to be ihort in all the ancient States and Empires thofe who had the Shipping had the Wealth; and if 2 per Centum in the price of Commodities, be perhaps 20 per Centum in the Gain, it is manifefi:. that they who can in 45 Millions u§det-fell others. by one Million ( upon Account of Mutual.. Intereft. and inftrin- lick- Advantages only ) may: eafily have- the Trade of the World, withoutfuch Ange- ' lical Wits and Judgments as fome attribute to the. Hollander. Having thus done witbtheir Situation 1 come novo- to their Trades^ it is commonly feen that each. Country flourifheth in the Manufacture of it’s own Native Commodity, viz., England for Woollen-Manufaftures, Framed' or Paper, Swihltand for Iron-ware, Portugal for Con- features, Italy for Silks. Upon which princi¬ ple it follows, that Holland and Zealand mult flourifhmoftin the Trade of Shipping, and fo. become Carriers and Factors to .the whole World of Trade \ now the. Ad¬ vantages A Difmrfe of Trade. 15. vantages of Shipping Trade are as follow- • eth, viz. - 1 ft. Husbandmen r Sea-men, Souldiers and ■ Merchants are the.very Pillars of the Com¬ monwealth, all the other great profellions do arife out of the infirmities and mifcarri- agesofthofe: Now the Sea-man is 3 of thefe 4. j for every Sea-man ofinduftry and in¬ genuity is not only a Navigator, but a Mer¬ chant, &alfo-a Souldier,not-becaufe he has of¬ ten occafion to fight, and handle Arms, but becaufe heisMamilarizedwith hardihip and- hazards extending to Life and Limb-; for Training and Duelling is a final! part of a Soldier, in refpedt of his lait men¬ tioned Qualifications , the one being- quickly and prefently learned, the other not without many years moft painful Experience, wherefore to have the occa¬ fion of abounding in Sea-men is-a vaft con- veniency. 2dly. the Husbandmen of England earn but about. 4 s. per Week, but the Sea-man-, has-as good as 12 s. in Wages, Victuals, Drink, and fas it were ) Houfing witho- ther-Accomodations ,fo a Seaman is ineffedt - 3 Husbandmen,. wherefore there is little Ploughing or Sowing of Corn in Holland < or Zealand , or breeding of young Cattle, but '- their Land is . improved by building Houfes- i $ A Dtfcourfe of Trade .. Houfes, Ships, Engines,, Dickes, Wharfs,, Gardens of pleafure, extraordinary Flowers.. and. Fruits, Dairy , and feeding of Cattel,, for Rape, Flax,. Madder, etc. the Foun¬ dations of feveral Advantagious Manufa¬ ctures. 3dly. Whereas the imployments of other men is confined to their own Country, that cfa Sea-man is free to the whole World; fo ■ as where Trade may f as they.call it ) be dead, here or there, now and then, it is certain that fomewhere or other in the World, as Trade is always quick enough &c. and Provision is always plentiful, the Benefit whereof, they who command the ..Shipping enjoy,and they only.. 4thly. The great and ultimate effects, of Trade is not wealth at large,but particularly, abundance. of. Silver, Gold, and Jewels which are not perilhable, but are wealth at all times, and all places; whereas abundance of Wine, Corn, Fowl, Flelh, &c. are riches but hie et mine; So as the .raifing of fuch Commodities, and the following of fuch Trade is not profitable before others, which do ftore the Gountrys with Silver, Jewels, &c. but the labour of Seamen, and Freight of Ships, of the Nature of an exported Commodity' 1 , the over-plus whereof a- bove what is imported brings home Mo¬ ney, &e .. 5thly A Difcourfe of Trade. i?- 5-thly. Thofe who have the command o£ the Sea-Trade may work at eafier Freight,., with more profit then others at greater, for as Cloth mult be cheaper made, when one Cards,another Spins, another Weaves, ano-. ther Draws, another Dreffes, another Pref- fes, and Packs, then when all the Operati-. ons above mentioned were clunfily perform-- ed by the. fame hand fo thofe who com¬ mand the Trade.of Shipping, can build long, flight Ships,for carrying Mails,Firr,Timber,. Boards, Bolkes, &c. and that one is for Lead, Iron, Stones, tyc. one fort of Veflels- ■to Trade at Ports, where they need never I.y. aground, others where they mull jump - upon the Sand, twice every . 12.hours,,one, fort of Veflel, and way of Manning in time of Peace, and for cheap grofs Goods, ano¬ ther for War, and precious Commodities,. one fort of Veflel for the Turbulent Sea, , another for Inland Waters and Rivers, one fort of Veflels. and Rigging where haft is requifite, for the Maidenhead, of a Market, another where ; or 1 part of the time- makes no matter, one fort of Mailing and Rigging for long Voyages, another for Coafting, one fort of Veflels for Filhing, another for Trade, one fort for War, for this or the contrary, another for Burthen.? only, fome, for Oars, fome for Poles, fome i8 A Difmrfe of Trade, for Sails, and fome for draught by men or Horfes, fome for the Northern Navigations amongft Ice, and fome for the South a- gajnft Storms, &c. And this I take to be the chief of feveral Reafons why tht Hollanders can go at lefs Freight than their Neighbours (viz.) becaufethey can afford a particular fortof VefTels, for each particular Trade. I have lhewn how the Situation has gi¬ ven them Shipping, and howfhipping in ef¬ fects has given them all other Trade, and' how Foreign Traffick mult give them as much Manufactures as they can manrage themfelves, and as for the over-plus. make the reft of the World but as Work¬ men to their Ships it now. remains to Slew the effe&s of their policy fuperftru- Cted upon thefe natural advantages, not as fome think the excefs of their underftand- ings. I have omitted to mention that, the Hollanders were ioo years fincea poor and oppreflM People, living in a Country natu¬ rally cold moift and unpleafant, and were withal perfecuted for their Etrodoxy in Re¬ ligion. From whence it necelfarily follows that this People mult labour hard, and fetall hands to work,and Rich and Poor,young and oldmuft ftudy the Art of Number, Weight and Mea- fure, muft fare hard, provide for Impotents, and A Dijcourje of Trade. tg and for Orphans, outof hope to make profit by their Labours, muftpunifh the' Lazy by- Labours. I fay all thefe particulars, faid to bethefubtile Excogitations of the Hollanders feem to me but with what could not almoft have been otherwife. Liberty of Confidence, Regiftry of Con¬ veyances, fmall Cuftoms, Banks, Lom¬ bards, and Law-Merchant, rife all from- the fame Spring, and tend to the fame Sea. As for Loans, of Intereft, ’tis alio a neceffa- ry effect of all- the premifes, and not the fruit of their contrivance. Wherefore we fhall only fhew in parti-: cular, the Efficacy of each, and firft, of Li¬ berty, of Confcience ■, but before I. enter upon thefe, I fhall mention a practice almoft for¬ gotten, whether it refers to Trade or Poli¬ cy is not material, which is, the Hollanders. undermafting and fayling or fuch of their- Shipping as carry cheap and grofs Goods, and whofe Sail doth not depend much upon Seafon. It is to be noted that of 2 equal and like Veffels if one. fpreads 1600 yards of like Canvas, and the other 2500, their Speedis but.as 4to 5, fo as onefoon brings home the fame Timber in 4 days, as the other will in . S, now if we confider that although thofe Ships be but, 40r 5 days.under Sayl, that- 20 A Difcourfe of Trade. they are perhaps 30 upon the Voyage, fo as the one is but parts longer upon the whole Voyagethan the other,tho \ longer un¬ der Sail now if Mails, Yards, Rigging, Cables, and Anchors, do depend upon the quantity and extent of the. Sails, and com fequently.hands alfo, it follows that the one Velfel goes at j. lefs charge lofing but i; of the time and of what depends there-- upon. I come to the. Jirlt Policy , of the Dutch, vk, Liberty.ofConfcience, which I can con¬ ceive they grant upon thefe grounds, fbut keeping up always a force, to maintain the Common Peace), 1 ft. They .themfelves broke with Spam- to avoid the Impolition of the Cler¬ gy* . ' 2dly. Diflenters of this kind are for the moft part thinking, fober and patient men, and fuch as believe,that Labour & Induftry is their duty towards God, (how Erroneous foever their Principles be.) gdly. Thefe People believing the Juftice of God, , and feeing moft licentious perfons to enjoy moft of the World and it’s belt things, will never venture to be of the fame Religion and Profeffion with voluptua¬ ries, and men of extreme Wealth andPow- dr, who they think have their Portion in this World, 4thly. JDifcourfe ef Trade. 21 4thly. They cannot but know, that no man can believe what himfelfpleafes, and to force men to fay they believe when they do not, is -vain, abfurd, and without Honorto God. ythly. The Hollanders knowing them- felves not to be an Infallible Church, and -that others had the fame Scriptures for guide as themfelves, and withal the fame Intereft to fave their Souls, did not think fit - to make this matter their bufinefs, no more but to make Bonds of the Seamen they im- ploy, not to call away their own Ships and lives. dthly. The Hollanders obferve that in France and Spain, efpecially the Latter, the Church men are about 100 to one, to what they ufe or need, the principal care of whom is topreferve Uniformity, and this they ■take to beafuperfluouscharge. - 7thly. They obferve where moll: endea¬ vours have been ufed to keep Uniformity their Exterodoxy hath moltabounded. 8 thly. They believe that if j of the Peo¬ ple were Exterodox, and that if the whole quarter lhould by Miracle be removed, that within a fmall time tof the Remainder would again becomeExterodox fomeway or other,it being Natural for men to differ in Opinions in Matters above fenfe and rea- it A Dijcour/e ef Trade. fon, and for thofe who have lefs Wealth to think thry have the more Wit and Under- ftanding, elpecially in the things of God which they think chiefly to belong to the Poor. pthly. They think the cafe of the Primi¬ tive Chriftians, as it is reprefented in the Ms of the Apoftles, looks like that of the prefent Dilfenters, f I mean externally ) •moreover it is to be obferved that. Trade •doesriot (as fome think J beltflourilhunder popular Government, but rather that Trade is more vigoroufly carried on in every State and Government by the exterodox par¬ ty of the fame, and fuch as profefs 0- pinions differ from what are publickly e- ltablilhed (that is to fay ) in India where the Mahmmn Religion is Authorized. There the Banians are the molt confidera- ble Merchants, in the Titrkijh Empire, the Jews and Chriftians, at Venice, Naples, Le¬ gem, Genica , and Lisbon Jews , and now Pa- pifts Merchants Strangers. But to be lhort,in the part of Europe where the Roman Catho- lick Religion now has,or lately has had Efta- blifhment, there 3 qrs. of the whole Trade is in the hands of fuch as have fepar'at'ed from the Church, viz. The Inhabitants of Eng¬ land , Scotland , and Ireland , as alfo thefe of the United Provinces, with Denmark., Sweden ' r "' A Difcmfe of Trade. 23 Sweden and Norway, together with the Sub¬ jects of the Nortmn Proteftant Princes, and the :Hans-Towns do at this day poffefs a quarter of the Trade ofthe World, and e- ven France it felf the Hugo-nets are propor- tionably far the greateft Trades, nor is it to be.denyed but that iu Ireland , where the faid Roman Religion is not Authorized, but the profeffors thereof have a great part of the Trade, from whence it follows that Trade is not fixed to any Species of Religi¬ on as fuch. but rather as before hath been the faid, to the heterodox party of the whole} the truth whereof appears alfo in all the par¬ ticular Towns of greateft Trade in England ; nor do I find reafon to believe that the Roman Catholick Seamen in the whole World are fufficienttoman effectually a Fleet equal to what the King of England now has, but the now Papift-Seamen can do above thrice as much Wherefore he whom this latter party does effeCtionately own to be their Head, ■cannot probably be wronged in his Sea-con¬ cernments by the Author} from whence it follows, that for the Advancement of Trade f if that be a Sufficient Reafon) indul¬ gence muft be granted in matters of Opinion, thofe Licentious Actings as even in Holland be reftrainedby force. The 2d. Policy orhelpto Trade ufed by the 24 A Difcourfe of Trade. tYizHblkndersjs Securing the Titles to Lands andHoufes, for although Lands &Houfes may be called Terra .firm et res immo¬ bile; , yet the Title unto them is no more certain then it pleafeth the Laws, and Authority to makethem,wherefore the Holl¬ anders do by Regiftries and other ways of •afluranoe make the Title as immoveable as the Lands, for there can be no incourage- -tnent to Induftry where there is no Alfu- rance of what ihall be gotten by it, and -whereby Fraud and Corruption one man may take away with eafe and by a trick what another has gotten by extream labour and pains. ' There has been much Difcourfe about introducing of Regiftories into England , the Lawyers for the molt part do objed againft it, alledging the Titles of Lands in England are fufficiently fecure already; wherefore omitting the confiderations, of fmall and •oblique Reafons, pro et contra, it were good that enquiry were made from the Officers of feveral Courts to what Sum or Valuepur- chafers damnified Tor thefelaft ioYeahs, by fuch fraudulent conveyance as Regiftries would have prevented, the xoth part where¬ of at a Medium is the annual lofs which the People fuftain for want of them, and then Computation is to be made, of the annual charge A Difcottrfe of Trade, 25 charge of Regiftring fuch extraordinary con¬ veyances, would fecure the Titles of Lands more by comparing thefe two Summs,theQue- Ition fo much agitated,may be determined. Their third Policy is their Bank', the ufe whereof is to encreafe money or rather to make a fmall Sum equivalent to Trade in a greater, for the effecting whereof thefe things are to be confidered: Firlfc how much Money will drive the Trade of the Nation, 2dly, how much current Money there is actually in the Nation. 3dly. how much will ferve to make all payments ofunder 5 Pound, or any other convenient Sum throughout the year. 4thiy. for what Sum the Keepers of the Bank are unqueftionable fecurity. If all thefe 4particulars be well known, then it may be alfo known how much of ready Mo¬ ney above mentioned, may fafely and pro¬ perly be lodged in the Bank, and to how , much ready current Money the faid depoli- ted Mony is equivalent; (as for example ) . fuppofe 100 thoufand pounds will drive the Trade of the Nation, and fuppofe there be but 60 thoufand pounds of ready Mony in the fame •, fuppofe alfo the 20 thoufand pound will drive one, and anfwer all pay¬ ments made of under 150 pound,in this cafe 40 of the do being put into the Brank will be equivalent unto 8o, which 80, and 20, Bb kept 2 6 j 4 Difcourfe of Trade. kept out of the Bank, domakeupioo, viz. enough to drive the Trade, as was purpofed. Where note that theBank-keepers muftbe re- fponfible for double the Sum intruded with them, and mult have power to levy upon the General weight they happen to lofe, unto particular Men $ upon which grounds the Bankers may freely make ufeof the re¬ ceived 40 pound, whereby the faid Sum and with the like Sum in credit,makes 80 pound, and with the 20 referved ioo. I might here add many more particulars, but being the lame has already been noted by others, I conclude only with adding one obfervation which I think to be of confe- quence} That the Hollanders do ridd their hands of 2 Trades, which are of great tur¬ moil and danger, and yet of leaft profit. The iff: whereof is that of a common and private Soldier, for fuch they can hire from England , Scotland , and Germany to ven¬ ture their Lives for 6 pence a day, whilft themfelves fefely and quietly follow fuch Trades whereby the meaneft of them gain 6 times as much, and withal by this enter¬ taining of Strangers for Souldiers 'their .Country becomes more and more peopled, forafinuch as the Children of fuch Strangers ?j e Hollanders , and take to Trades, whilft tjtw Strangers are admitted in jmitm } be- A Diftourfe of Trade. 27 fides, thefe Souldiers at convenient intervals}' do at lead as much work as is equivalent to what they fpend; and confequently by tliis way of imploying of StrangersforSouldiers, they people the Country, and fave their own Perfons from Danger and Mifery, without any real Expence j effeding by this Method, what others have in vain-attemp- ed by Laws for naturalizing of Strangers as if men could be charmed to tranfport themfelves, from their own native, into a forreign Country, meerly by words, and for the bare leave of being called by anew Name. In Ireland , Lav/s for Naturalizati¬ on have had little Effed, to bring in Aliens j and ’tis no wonder if Englilhmen will not go thither, without they may have the pay of Souldiers, or fome other Advantage a- mounting to Maintainance. Having intimated the way by which the Hollanders do increafe their People, I lhall here digrefs to fet down the way of com¬ puting the value of every Head one with another, and that the inltance of People in England ; (via.) Suppofe the People of Eng¬ land be fix Millions in number, that their Ex¬ pence at 7 pound per head be forty two Mil¬ lions, fuppofe alfo that the Rents of Lands be eight Millions, and the profit of all the perfonal Eftate be fix Millions more, it mult Bb z peeds 2 8 A Difcourfe of Trade. needs follow, that the Labour of the Peo¬ ple have fupplied the remaining thirty fix Millions; the which multiplied by twenty, (the mafs of Mankind being worth twenty years Purchafe as well as Land) makes five hundred and twenty Millions, as the value of the whole People j which number divi ¬ ded by fix Millions, makes above sight Pound Sterling to be the value of each Head, Man, Woman, and Child, and of a dull Per- fons twice as much: From whence we may learn to compute, the Lofs we have fuftain- ed by the Plague, by the (laughter of Men in War, and by fending them abroad unto the Service of forreign Princes. The other Trade the Hollanders haveridd their Hand of, is the old patriarchal Trade of being Cowkeepers,and ina great meafure of which concerns plowing andfowingof Corn,have put that Imployment upon the Danes and Polanders, from whence they have their young Cattle and Corn. Here we may take notice that as Trades and curious Arts in- creafe, fothe Trade of Husbandry willde- creafe, unkfis the Wages of Husbandmen mult rift, and confequently the Rents of Lunds mutt fall. For proof whereof I dare affirm that if all the Husbandmen of England, who now earn but eight Pence a day, or thereabouts, could A Difcourfe of Trade. 2$ could become .Tradefmen, and earn fixteen Pence a day, which is no great Wages, two . Shillings, and two Shillings and fix Pence being ufually given; that then it would be the Advantage of England, to throw up their Husbandry, and make no life of their Lands, but for Grafs, Horfes, Milch-Cows, Gardens and Orchards, &c. Which if it befo, and thatTrade and Manufacture have increafed in England , ( viz. J If a quarter part of the People apply themfelves to thefd Faculties more then they did heretofore, and if the price of Corn benogreaternowthen when Husbandmen were more numerous, and Tradefmen fewer: It follows from- the fingle Reafon (tho others may be added ) that if the Rents of Lands mult fall: 5s for Example,, fuppofe the price.of Wheat be fifty or fixty Pence the Buihel ; now if the Rent of the Land whereon it grew be the third Sheaf, then of the fixty Pence, twenty Pence is for the Land, and fourty Pence for the Husbandman; but if the Husbandman’s Wages lhould rife j part, or from eight to nine Pence per diem ; then the Husbandman’s Share in the Bufiiel of Wheat, railed from fourty to fourty five Pence, and confequently the Rent of the Land mult fall from twenty to fifteen Pence; for we fippofe the price of the Wheat ftill re- B b 3 mains; 3© A Dtfeourfe of Trade. mains’, efpecially fiuce we can’t vaife it, for if wedidattempt it Corn would be brought unto us as unto Holland^ from'Forraign parts, where the State of Husbandry was not changed. And thus I have done with the firft Prin¬ cipal Conclufion, That a fmall Territory and even a few people may by Situation Trade and Policy be made Equivalent'to a far greater, and that conveniences for Ship- ping and Water-Carriage do moll Eminent¬ ly and Fundamentally conducethereunto. CHAP. If. That fome kind of Taxes and Publish Levies , may rather increafe then di - minify the Wealth of the King¬ dom. I F the money or other Effects levied from the people by way of Tax were deltfoy- ed and annihilated j then it is clear, that fiich levies would diminilh the Common- Wealth: or if the fame were exported out of the, Kingdom without any return at all, then A Difconrfe of Trade. 31 the cafe would be alfo the fame;but iftvhat is levied as aforefaid be only Tranfferred from one Hand to another, then we are only to confider whether the faid money or Commo¬ dities are taken from an improving Hand,and given to an ill Husband, or vice verfa ; as for Example, fuppofe money by way of Tax be taken from one, who fpendeth in Superfluous Eating and Drinking, and de¬ livered to another, who imploys the fame in improving of Lands, in Fifhing, in work¬ ing of Mines, and Manufacture, &c. it is manifeft, that fuch Tax is an advantage to the State whereof the faid different Perfons are members; nay, if money be taken from him who fpendeth the fame as'aforelaid upon Eating and Drinking, or any other Perilhing Commodities, and Transferred to one who bellowed it on Cloaths, I fay that even in this cafe the Common-Wealth has fome little advantage, becaufe Cloaths do not perifh al¬ together fo foon as Drinks; butiffpent in Furniture of Houfes, the advantage is yet little more; if in Building of Houfes; yet more; if in improving of Lands, working of Mines and Fifhing, yet more; but moll of all in bringing Gold and Silver into the Country, becaufe thofe things are not only perifhable but are efteemable for Wealth at all times, and every where;, whereas other Commodities 3 a A Difcourfe of Trade. Commodities, which are Perilhable or whofe value depends upon the Fafhion, or which are Contingently fcarce and plentiful, are Wealth fro hie & nunc, as has been elfc- v.'here faid •, in the next Place if the People of any Country, who have not already a full imployment, fhould be injoyned or Tax¬ ed to work upon fuch Commodities as are ■imported from abroad, I fay, fuch a Tax does alfo improve the Common-Wealth y moreover if Perfons who live by Begging, "Cheating, Stealing, Gaming, Borrowing without intention of Refioring, who by thefe ways do get from the Credulous and Icarelefs more then? is Sufficient for the Sub- filtance of fuch Perfons, I fay, that tho the State lhould have no prefent imployment for fuch Perfons, and confequently ihould be forced to clear the whole charge of their lively-hood,yet itwere more for the Publick Profit to give all fuch Perfons a regular and Competent allowance by a Publick Tax', then to fuffer them to fpend extravagantly at the only charge of carelefs and credulous and good natured People, and to expofe theCommon-Wealth to thelofs offo many o- the men,whofe lives are takenaway forthe crimes which ill Difcipline does occalion; on the contrary , if the Stocks of Labori¬ ous and ingenious men, who are not only Beautifying A frifiourfe of Trade. % $ Beautifying the Country where they live by Elegant Diet,Apparel, Furniture, Houiing, Pleafant Gardens and Orchards andPubliclc Edifices &c. but alio are ■ increafing the Gold , and Silver, and Jewels thereof, by Trade and Armes; I fay, if the Stock of thefe men (hould be Diminilhed by a Tax, and Transferred to fuch as do nothing at all but to Eat,. Drink, Sing, Play, Dance, nay to fuch as- Study the Metaphylicks, or other needlefs Speculations, or elfe imploy. themfelves in any other way which pro- duceth no material thing, or things of real ufe and value, in the common Wealthy in this cale the Wealth of the Publick will be diminilhed otherwife then as fuch exer- cifes are Recreations and Refrelhmentsof the minds j and which being moderately ufed,. do qualify and difpofe men to what, in it. felf is more confiderable. Wherefore upon the whole matter, to know whether a Tax will do good or harm,, the State of the People and of their Imploy^ ments mull be'well known, that is to fay,, what part of the People are unfit for Labour by their impotency andinfancy, and alfo what part are exempt from theiame by rea- fon of their Wealths,Fun&ion or Dignities,. by reafon of their charge and imployments, otherwife Governing Directing and Prefer- A Dijcotirfe of Trade. ring thofe who are appointed to Labour and Arts. In the next place Computations mult be made, what part of thofe who are fit for Labour and Arts,as aforefaid,are able to per¬ form the Work of the Nation in it’sprefent State and Meafure. 3. It istobeconfidered, whether the re¬ mainder can make all, or any partofthefe Commodities which are /imported from a- broad, which of them and how much in par¬ ticular; the remainder of fuch Sort of Peo¬ ple, if any be, mayfafely and without pof- itble prejudice to the Common-Wealth be imploy.ed in Arts and Exercifes of Pleafure and Ornament; the greateft whereof is the improvement of Natural Knowledge. Having in general illuftrated this Point, which I think needs no other Proof but il- Mration, I come next to intimate that no part of Europe has paid fo much by way of Tax as Holland and Zealand for thefe laft ■Forty years; and yet no Country hasin the fame time increaled-comparably to them; and it is manifeft they have followed the ge¬ neral rates above-mentioned ; for they Tax Meats and Drinks molt heavily of all, to reftrain the excelfive expence of thofe things which twenty four hours do’s as to the ufe of man, wholly annihilate; and they are more A Difcour/e of Trade. more Favourable to Commodities to the greater duration : nor do they tax accord¬ ing to what men gain, but in extraordinary- cafes, but alwaies according to what men fpend, and molt of all to what they fpend needlefly and without Profped of return',up¬ on which Grounds their Cultoms upon Goods imported and exported are general¬ ly low as if they intended by them only to keep an Account,of what Forreign Trade, and to retaliate upontheirNeighboursStates, the prejudices done them by their Prohibiti¬ on and Impolition. It is farther to be obferved that fince the year 1636 , the Taxes and Publicist Levies made in England Scotland and Ireland have been Prodigioufly greater then at any time heretofore, and yetthefaid Kingdoms have increafed in their Wealth and Strength for thefe lalt Forty years, as lhall hereafter be Ihewn it is faid that the French King doth at prefent levy the Fifth part of his peoples Wealth, and yet great Obftru&ions is made of the prefent Riches-and Strength of that Kingdom \ altho great care mult-be had in diftinguilhing between theWealthofthe peo¬ ple and that of an abfolute Monarch, who taketh from the people where, when,and in what Proportion -he pleafeth , the Sub¬ jects of two Monarchs may be equally Rich, g 6 A Difcaurfe of Trade. and yet one Monarch may be double as Rich as the other y -viz. If one take the Tenth part of the Peoples Subftance to his own difpofe, and the other Twentieth; nay, the Monarch of a poor people may appear more fplendid and glorious then that of a Richer; which perhaps may be fomewhat the cafe of France, as hereafter fhall be exa¬ mined. Asanlnftance and Application of what has been faid I conceive that in Ireland, where¬ in is above, one hundred thoufandpeople,near three, hundred thoufand Smoaks or Hearths, it, were more tolerable for the people, and more profitable.for the King, that each head paid two Shillngs-worth of Flax, then that • each S.moke Ihould pay two- Shillings in Sil¬ ver, and yet for. thefe following Reafons. I;. Ireland being under-Peopled, and Cat¬ tle- and Land very cheap, ftore of Filh and Fowl, the Ground yielding every where ex,- cellent Roots ( and particularly that bread like. Root-Potatoes ) and withal they be¬ ing- able, to perform their Husbandry with 'fuch Harrefs. and Tackling as each man can make, living in fuch Houfes as (almoftj every man can Build ■, and every Houfwife being a Spinner and Dyer of Wool, and Yarn, they, can live and Snbjed after their jprefent Falhions, without the ufe of Gold and Silver money , and can fuppl'/ thenv felves A Difcourfe of Trade. felves, with neceffaries abovenamed, with¬ out Labouring two Hours fer dim. Now it has been found by reafon of infolvencies a- riling, rather from theufelefnefs, then want of Money- amonglt thefe.poor People, that from 3000.00 Hearths,, which Ihould have yielded 3 othoufand pounds, not much above 15000 thoufant pounds of money could be levied;, whereas it is ealily imagined that 4 or 5 People.dwdling in that Cottage which has but one Smoke, could ealily have Plant¬ ed, a ground-Plat of 40 Foot Square with Flax, or. the 5oth..part of an Acre; for.fo much ground will bear eighth.or TenShil- lings-worth of that Commodity , and the rent offo much ground infew places amounts to a Penny ; nor is there any skill requilite to this Practice, wherewith the Country is not already Familiar. Now as for a Merchant for the faid Flax, there is. imported into Holland it. felf, over and above what the Country produces, as much Flax as is there fold for between eighth Score and 200000 pound. And into England and ire- land is imported as much Linnen Cloth made of Flax and there Spent as is worth above half a Million of money, as hereafter ihall be Ihewn. Wherefore having .fliewn that Silver money is ufelefs to the poor People of Ire¬ land^ that half the Hearth-money could Scarce 38 A Difcourfe of Trade. fcarce be raifed by Reafon thereof, that the People are j part imployed, that the People and Land of Ireland are competently qua- lifyed for Flax, that one Penny-worth of Land will produce Ten Shillings-worth of the fame, and that there is Market enow and enow for above 100000 pounds-worth; I conceive my Propoiition Efficiently prov¬ ed , at lealt to fet forward and promote a pradice, efpecially iince if all the Flax fo produced Ihould yield nothing, yet there is nothing loft, the fame time having been worfe fpent before upon the fame Ground: the like Tax of two Shillings per head, may be raifed with the like advantage from the People, of England which would amount to Six hundred thoufand pounds.-per Annum to be paid in Flax manufadured in¬ to all forts of Linens, Threds, Tapes and Laces which we now receive from France, Flanders , Holland and Germany the value whereof does far exceed the fumlaft men¬ tioned, as has appeared by the examination of Particulars. It is obferved by Clothiers and others who imploy great numbers of poor people, that when Corn is extreamly plentiful the La¬ bour of the Poor is Proportionably dear, and Scarce to be had at all j ( So licentious are they who Labour only to Eat, or rather to A D'tfcourfe of Trade. 39 to Drink: ; wherefore when fo many Acres of Corn as do ufually produce fufficient ftore for the Nation, fliall produce perhaps dou¬ ble to what is exported, or neceflary ; it feems not unreafonable, that this common Blefling of God Ihould be imployed to the. common good of the People, reprefented by their Sovereignmuch-lefs that the fame Ihould be abufed -by the vile and brutilh part of Mankind, to the prejudice of the Common-Wealth ; and- confequently that, fuch Surplufage of Corn Ihould be fent to Publick Store-Houfes, from thence to. be difpofed of to the belt advantage of. the Publick. Now if the Corn fpent in England. at five Shilingsper BuMWheat, and two Shillings fix Pence Barley he worth 10,000, ooo. lt follows that in Years in great Plenty when the faid Grains are \ part cheaper, that avail advantage might accrue to. the Common-Wealth, which now is fpent in once feeding the People in quantity, or quality, andfo indifpofing them to their ufual Labour.The like may be faid of Sugar, Tobacco, and Pepper, which Cuftoms has now made neceflary to all forts of People, and with overplanting them has made un¬ reasonably cheap; I fay, ids not abfurd that the Publick Ihould be advantaged by this extraordinary 40 ^ Difcourfe of Trade., Extraordinary Plenty. That an Excife jhonld be laid upon Corn alfi is not unreafonable not only for this but for other Reafons,. The way of the- prefent Militia ortrain- Bands in a Gentle Tax upon the Country, becaufe it is only a few- Days Labour in the Year, of a .few in refpeft of the w'hole, ufing their own Goods, that is, their own Armes. Now if there be 300,0000, of Males in England there be above 200,000. of them who are. between the Age of fixteen and thirty unmarryed Perfons, and who live by their Labour and Service j for of Jo many the prefent Militia conlifts, and.if 150,000. of thefewere Armed and trained as Foot, and 50000 as Horfe, the faid Force at Land together with 30,000. men at Sea, would by Gods ordinary Bleffing, defend the Na¬ tion being an Ifland againft any force in view} but the charge of Arming, difci- plining and rendevouzing all their men twice or thrice a Year would be a very Gentle Taxievied by the People themfelves and paid to themfelves. Moreover if out of the faid number, part were fele&edoffuch as are more then ordinary fit for . War, and exereifed and rendevouzed fourteen or fif¬ teen. A Difcourfe of Trade. 41 teen times per Annum , the charge thereof being but a fortnights pay in the Year,would be alio a very Gentle Tax. Laftlyif out of this fell mentioned number’ again lhould befeledted, making 1 5 ,000. Foot, and 6000 Horfe to be Exercifed and rendevouzed forty Days in the Year, I fay that the charge of all thefe three Militia s, allowing' the latter fix Weaks pay per Annum , would not coft per Annum above 120, ooo.pounds which I take to be fo eafie a burthen for lb great a Benefit. Forafmuch as the prefent Navy of Eng¬ land requires 3d, 000. men to man it, and for that the Enghjh Trade of Shipping re¬ quires about 48,000. men to manage it, it follows that there ought to be about 48, 000. competently qualified for thefe Ser¬ vices; for want whereqf, we fee it is a long while before a Royal Navy can be made, which till it be, is of no Effectual ufe but lies at charge. And we fee likewife upon their occafions that Merchants are put to great ftraights, and inconveniencies, and do pay excife-rates for the carrying on their Trade. Now if24, ooo.able Bodyed Tradel- men whereby doco per Annum brought up and fitted for Sea-fervice,andfor their incou- ragement allowedtwenty Shillings per Annum for every Year they had been at Sea, even when 42 A Difcourfe of Traie. when they ftay at home, not exceeding fix pound for thofe who have ferved fix years or upwards ) it follows that about 72000. pound at the medium of three pound per man would fo fatiate the whole number ; and fo forafmuch as half the Sea-men which manage the Merchants Trade are fuppofed to be always in Harbour, and are about 40000 together with the faid half, the Auxi¬ liaries laft mentioned, would upon Emer¬ gencies man out the whole Royal Navy, leaving to the Merchant 12000 of the able Auxiliaries to perform their bufinefs in Harbour, till, others come home from the Sea$ I fay that more then this Summ 72000pounds yerAnnum is Fruitlefly Ipent & over-paid by the Merchants whenfoever a great Fleet is to be fitted'out. Now thefe whom I call Auxiliary Seamen are fuch as have another Trade befides wherewith to maintain themfelves when they are not imployed at Sea •, and the charge of main¬ taining themfelves the 72000 pounds fcr Annum 1 take to be little or nothing for the Reafons above-mentioned, and confe- quently an eafieTax to the people becaufe levied by and paid to themfelves. As we pro¬ pounded, that Ireland, Ihould be Taxed with Flax , and England by Linnen and other Manufactures of the fame} fo I con- A Difcottrje of Trade. 43 ceive that Scotland might be Taxed as much to be paid in Herrings, as Ireland in Flax. . Now thefe threeTaxes of Flax, Linnen and Herrings,and the maintenance of the Triple Militia , and;'of the Auxiliary Seamen above- mentioned, do all five of them together a- rnount to 1,000,000. pounds of money, the. railing whereof is not a Million fpent but gain’d to the Common-Wealth, unlefs it can be made appear that by Reafon of all or any of them the Exportations of Wollen Manufactures, Lead and Tin, are leflened, or of fuch Commodities as our own Eaft and Weft jlndia Trade do pro¬ duce; for as much as I conceive that the Exportation of thefe laft mentioned Com¬ modities is the Touch-ftone, whereby the. Wealth of England is Tried, and the Pulfe whereby the Health of the Kingdom, may be difcerned. CHAP. 44 sfDifcourfe of Trade, CAP. III. That France, cannot by Re&fon of na~ turd and perpetud Impediments be more Powerful at Sea then England, or the low Countries. P Ower at Sea confifts chiefly, in men a- ble to fight at Sea ; and that in fuch Shipping as is molt proper for the Seas. Wherein theyferve ; and thofeareinthefe Northern Sea-Ships from between 300 to. 1300 Tuns, and of thefe fnch as Draw much Water, and. have a deep latihin the Sea, in order to keep a good Wind and not to fall too Leward, a matter of valt advantagein Sea-Service ; wherefore it is to be Examined, firffc. Whether the French King has Ports in the Northern Seas, where he has molt occafion, for his Fleets-of War in anyConfifts above,to receive the Veflels above-mentioned in all Weather, both in Winter and Summer Seats; foriftheFimi King could bring to Sea an equal number A Difcourfe of Trade. 45 landers in fmall Float Leward Veflels, he would certainly be of the weaker fide-, for a Veffel of 1000 Tuns man’d with 500 Fight¬ ing men with five Veflels of 200 Tuns each man’d with 100 men apiece, lhallin com-, mon Reafon have the better offenfively and defensivelyfor afmuch as the great Ship can carry fuch Ordnance as can reach the fmall ones at a far greater dilhnee, then thefe can reach, or at left hurt the other, and can batrer and fink at a d; fiance when a fmall one can fcarce pierce. Moreover it is more difficult for men out of a fmall veffel to enter a tall Ship, then for men from an higher place to leap down in¬ to a lower: nor is fmall Shot fo effcftual upon a tall Ship, as vice verfa. And as for Veflels drawing much Water, and conse¬ quently keeping a good Wind, they can toke or tear Leward Veffiels at plealure, and fecure themfeives from being boarded by them. Moreover the Windward Ship has a fair¬ er mark at a Leward Ship, then vice verfa, and can place her Ihot upon fuch parts of the Leward Veffel as upon the next tael; will be under Water. New the French King having no Ports able to receive large Wind¬ ward Veflels between Dunkirk, and Vjhant, what other Ships he can bring into thofe Seas 4 6 A Dijmrje of Trade. Seas will not be confiderable; as for the wide Ocean which his Harbours of Breafi and Brovage do look into, it aifordethiiirn no advantage upon an Enemy;,there being fo great a Latitude of engaging, or not, even wkenthe Parties are in fight of each other; wherefore altho the French King were immenfly rich, and could build what Ships he pleafed both for number aud quality, yet if he have not Ports to receive and Ihelter that fort and fize of Shipping which is fit for his purpofe, his Riches will in this cafe be Fruitlefsand a meer expence, without any return or profit. Some will fay that other Nations can’t build fo good Ships as the Englijh, I do indeed hope they can’t; but becaufe it feems too poflible that they may iooner or later, by Practice and Ex¬ perience, I lhall not make ufe of that Ar¬ gument, having only bound my felf to lhew that the Impediments of France ( as to this purpofe ) are natural and perpetual, Ships and Guns do not fight of themfelves, but men who act and manage them; where¬ fore it is more material to lhew that the French King, neither has, nor can have men fufficient to man a Fleet of equal Strength, to that of the King of Eng- land.. The King of England's Navy confifts of about A Difmrfe of Trade: 47 about 70,000. Tuns of Shipping, which re¬ quires 3d, 000. men to man; thefe men be¬ ing fuppofed to be divided into eight parts, 5 part muft be Perfops of great Experience and Reputation in Sea-Service; another r 8 part muft be fuck as haveufed the.Seafeven Years, and upwards; half of them or; part muft be fuch as have ufed the Sea above a twelve Month, viz,. 2,3,4,53 or fix Years,al¬ lowing but one quarter of the whole compli¬ ment, to be Inch as never were at Sea. at all, or at molt but one Voyage,or upon one Expe¬ dition; fo that at a medium, I reckon the whole Fleet muft be men of three or four Years growth one with another. Fournier , a late judicious Writer makingit his bnfinefs to perfuade the World how confiderabletheKings of France was,or might be at Sea, in ninety two or ninety three Pages of his Hierography, faith, thatthere was one place in Fritany which had Fur- niflied the King with 14.00 Seamen , and that perhaps the whole Sea coaft of France might have furnilhed him with fifteen times asmany.Nowfuppofing the whole Allega¬ tion were true , yet the fame number a- mounts but to 21,000 , all which if the whole Trade of Shipping in France were quite and clean abandoned, would not by above a third man in a Fleet, be equiva- 48 d Difcourfc ofTade lent to that of the King of England, and if the Trade were but barely kept alive there would not be one third part mene- nough to man the faid Fleet. But if the Shipping Trade of France be not above a quarter as great as that olEng- land, and that one third part of the fame, namely the Filhing Trade to the Banks of new-found Land is not peculiar nor Fixed to the French-, then I fay, that if the King of England who has Power to prefs men cannot under two or .three Months time man his Fleet, then the French King with Iefs then a quarter of the fame help can never do it at all 3 for in 'France, as Ihail be elfewhere fhewn, there are not a 15000 Tun of Trading Veflels, and confequeutly not a- bove 15,000. Seamen reckoning a man to every tenth Tun, and it has been fnewed that the French King can’t at prefent man filch a Fleet as is above defcribed. We come next tolhew that he never can bring under natural and perpetual impe¬ diments viz. Firft if there be but 15,000. Seaman in all France to manage it’s Trade, it is not to be fuppofed that the faid trade ftould be diftinguifhed, nor that it Ihould fpare above five of the faid 15, 000. towards managing of the Fleet, which requires 35,000.men 3 now the deficient 30000 limit Difconrfe of Trade. 4^ be fupplyed out of thefe four ways; e- ther by taking in Land-men, of which fort there mud: not; be above 10,000, fince the Seamen will never be contented without being the Major part, nor do they Hear¬ tily wilh well to Land-men at all, orre- joyce even at thofe Succeffes of which the faid Land-men can claim any fhare, think¬ ing it hard that themfelves, who are brecf to Miferable and Painful and dangerous im-' ployments and yet profitable to the Com¬ mon-Wealth, fhould at a time when Booty and purchafemay be gotten, be Dog’dor hindred with any;Conjunftion, which Land- men are forced to admit thefe to any e- qual fhare with themfelves. Secondly the Seamen which are fuppo- fed 20,000 mult be had, that is, fhiredfrom other Nations, which' can’t be without Tempting ’em with fo much wages as ex¬ ceeds that given by Merchants; and with¬ al Counterpoyfe the dammage of being hang¬ ed by their own Prince, and allowed no quarter if taken, the trouble of carrying themfelves away when reftraints are upon ’em, and alfo the infamy of having been Apoftates to their Country and Caufe. 1 fay their wages muffc be more than double to what their own Prince gives them} and their Jitrm mult be very great, that they * Cc lhail ^0 A Difcoitrfe of Trade. fnallnot at long run beabufedby thofewho imploy them ( as hating the Traytor tho loving the Treafon) I fay moreover that thofc who will be thus tempted awaymuftbe of the bafeft &lewdeft fort of Seamen, &fuch as have not enough of Honor and Confcience toqualifie them for any Gallant performance. 3. Another way to exonerate Seamen is, to put great numbers of Land-men upon Ships of War in order to bring always Sea¬ men; but'this courfe can’t be effedual, not only for the abovementioned .-Antipathy between Land-men and Seamen > but alio becaufe ’tis-feep that men at'Sea do r.6t ap¬ ply thcmfelves to Labour and Pradice with¬ out more necelfity then happens in over man’d Shipping.. For where,|here are. fifty men in a Veflel that Ten can fufficiently Navigate , the Supernumerary forty will improve little;; but where , there ihall be of¬ ten but one or two Supernumeraries, then necefiity will often call upon every one to fet his hand to the work, which mult be well done at the Peril of their lives; more¬ over Seamen Ihifting Velfels every fix or twelve months, do fometimes Sail in fmall Barges, fometimes in midiingihips, 2nd fometimes in greater Velfels of defence, fometimes in Lighters, fometimes in Hoyes, fometimes in Ketches, fometimes in three A Difcourfe of Trade. '51 waftedShips,fometimes they go to the north¬ ward, fometimes to the Southward, fome- times they Coaft, fometimes they Crofs the Ocean; by all which Varieties of Ser¬ vice they do in time compleat themfelves is every part and Circumftance of this fa¬ culty: Whereas thole who go out for a Summer in a m,an of War , have not the Variety of Pra&ice, nor a diredt neceflity of doing any thing at all; befides it is three or four Years at a medium that a Seaman mull be made, neither can there belefsthen three Seamen to make the fourth of a Land- man, confequently the fifteen thouland Sea¬ men can increafe but five thoufand Seamen in threeor four Years,and unlefs their Trade: lhould increale with their Seamen in'Pro¬ portion, the King mull be forced to be at the charge of this improvement, out of the quick Stock which is- intolerable, foas the queftion which now remains is whether the Shipping Trade of France is like to increafe, upon which account it is to be confidered, that France is llored with all kind of ne- celfaries within it felf, as Corn, Cattle, Wine, Salt, Linnen-Cloth‘, Rape, Silk, Fruit, &c. As they need little Shipping to import more Commodities of Weight and Bulk, neither is there any thing of Bulk exported out of France but Wines and Salt, C c z the =52 y fVifcmrfe of Trade. .the Weight whereof is under 1000,000. ..Tun per Annum, yielding not imployment to above twenty five thoufandTun of Shipping, and thefe are for the molt part Dutch and Englijh, who are not only already in pof- feflion of the faid Trade, but alfo are bet¬ ter-fitted to maintain it then the French are, or perhaps ever can be, and that for the following Reafons, viz.. Becaufe the Drench can’t Virtual fo cheap as the Englifi or Dutch, nor Sayl with fo few Hands. Se¬ condly the Frenchfor want of good Coafts and Harbours, can’t keep their Ships in Port under the charge that the Engltjh or Hollanders can.Thirdly by Reafonofthe pau¬ city and diftance of their Harbours one from another their Seamen and Tradefmen relating rto Shipping can’t correfpond with, or Aflift, one another fo ealily , cheaply, advantageoufly, as in other places-, wherefore if their Shipping-Trade is not like to increafe within themfelves, and much lefs to increafe by their beating out the Englijh and Hollanders from being the Carriers of the World, it follows then, their Seamen will not be increafe! by their increafe of their Trade, whereffee and for that they are not like to be iacreafix! by any of their feveral ways above fpc- iifyed, and for that their parts are no: A Difcourfe of. Trade. $$ fit to retain Ships of Burthen and quality- fit for their purpofe, and that by Reafon of lefs fitnefs of their Ports then thofe of their Neighbours : I- conceive that jcvhich was propounded has been competently- proved. The aforenamed Fournier has Laboured' to prove the contrary to all" this in the ninety Second and ninety eight Page of his Hydrography, unto which I refer the-Rea- der, not thinking his Arguments of any Weight at all in the prefent cafe, nor in¬ deed does he make his comparifon with' English or Hollanders but with the Spaniards , who, nor the Grand Senior (the latter of' whom has greater advantages to be Power¬ ful at Sea then the French King) could never attain to any illuftrious greatnefs in • Naval Power, having .after attempted but never fucceeded in the fame, nor is it eafie to believe that the King of EnglandShoxM for- fb many Years have continued in his ■ Title to the . Sovereignty of the narrow Seas-,, againft his Neighbours ambitious enough to have gotten it from him, had not their impediments been natural and per- ■ petual, and fuch as we -fay do obftruft the molt Chriitian King. 54 d Bifmrfe of Trade'.. CHAP. IV. That the People and Territories of the Ting o/England are natural] as-confide- rable for lVealth and Strength as thofe (/France. T He Author of the State of England a- mongthe many iifeful truths and ob¬ servations he has, fets down the proporti¬ on between the Territories of England and France to be, as thirty to eighty two} the which if it be true, then England, Scot¬ land, wi Ireland, with thelflands unto them belonging, will altogether be near as big as France-, tho I ought to take.all advan¬ tages for proving the Paradox in hand, I had rather grant that England, Scotland , and Ireland , with ; the Iflands before mentioned!, together with planted parts of new Found-Land, new England, new 'Ne¬ ther land, Virgin]. Mary-Land, Canljn, Ja¬ maica, Barnuida'sfEarbado's, and ail the reft of the 'C’(TA^Tflands, do not contain more Territory then France, and what planted A Difmrfe _ of Trade. 5 5 Land theFmzchKinghas alfo in Jmerlc^.hvA if any man will be Heterodox in behalf of the French Intereft, I could be contented againft my Judgment to allow the French King’s Territories to be- a feventlgfixth, or fifth part greater then thofe of the King of- England) believing that both Princes have, more Land then they do imploy to its ut- moft ufe. And here I beg leave among the feveral matters; I intend for ferious, tointerpofe a jocular, and perhapsa Ridiculous digrelfion, and which I indeed defire men to look upon rather as a Dream, then a rational Propoliti- on : Which is if that all the moveables and People of Ireland ., and. the-High-lands of Scotland , weretranfported into the Kingdom of Great Brittain , that then the King and his Subjects, would thereby.become more Rich and. Strong bothoffenfively anddefeniive- ly, .then now they are. Its true, I have heard many wife men fay, when they were bewailing the vaft Loffes of the Englifh, in preventing and fupprefling Rebellions in Inland ■, and confidering how little profit has returned either to the King or Subjects of England for thefc five hundred Years doing and fuffering in that Countrey \ Ilay, I have heard Wife men in fuch their Melancholies, wilh-that the Peo* Cx ,t... pH 5 6 4 Difcourfe of Trade. pie of Ireland being faved, that that I- 3land were funk under Water. Now it troubles me that the Diftempers of my Mind in this point, carry me to Dream, that the Benefits of thefe W’ifhes may Pra&ically he obtained without finking that vaft Moun¬ tainous Ifland under Water} which I take to be fomewhat difficult, for altho Dutch En¬ gineers may drein its Bogs, yet I know no Artifts that could link its Mountains. If ingenious and Learned men, amongft whom I reckon Sr. Thomas Moore, and Des Cartes, have difputed that we who think our feives awake, are, or may be really in a Dream : And if the greateft abfurdity of Dreams, is but a Prepofterous and Tumul¬ tuary Contexture of Reallities, I will crave the umbrage of thefe great Men to fay fome- thing too,of this wild Conception, with Sub- miffion to the better Judgments of allthofe that can prove themfelves awake : If there were but one man Living in England, then the benefit of the whole Territories could be but the third Lively-hood of that one Man: But if another man were added, the Rent or Benefit of the fame would be double, if three triple ■, and fo forewards until fo. many were Planted in it, as the whole Territory could afford Food unto; for if a man would know what any piece A Difmrfe of Trade, y/ of Land is worth, the true natural quefti- onmuftbejhowtnanyMenwillit' feed, and how many Men arethere to be fed. But to fpeak more Prattically , Land of the fame quantity "and' quality in England? is generally worth three or four times as- much as- in Ireland?- AHd but one quarter, and a third of what it is in Holland j becaufe England is four, times fo well Peopled- as Ireland , and be a quarter fo well as Holland-. And moreover, where-.the Rent of Land is advanced,.-hy reafdn of the multitude of People , there the 1 number of years pur¬ chase for which the Inheritance may^befold is alfo advanced, tho perhaps notin the ve¬ ry fame Proportion; for twenty Shillings-- per Annum in Ireland , may be worth but eight pound, and in England where Tithes are very fure about twenty pound, in Hol¬ land about thirty pound-, I fiippofe that in Ireland , and the-Highlands of Scotland } there may be above 18oo,oooPeople,or about; part ■ of what is in all the three Kingdoms.Where- fore the firft queftion will be,whether Eng¬ land , Wales ,-. or the Lowland of Scotland , can’t afford Food, that is to fay, Corn, Flefh, Filh, and Fowl, to a, more People then areat prefent planted uponit; with the fame Labour that the-faid | part does now- take where they are,-for.if fo, thenwhat. Cc 5-. is- JDiJcourfe ef Trade .. is propounded is naturally poffible. Second¬ ly it is to be inquired into, what the move¬ ables which upon fuch rennovable,.,' muftbe left Behind are worth yfor if they are worth kfs than, the advancement of the price of Land, in England will amount unto, then the Propofal is to be confidered. 3. If the relift Land and the immovables left behind upon them may.be fold for mo- aey, or if no other Nation ,’lhali dare to meddle with the.m without paying well for them, and’if the Nation who lhall be admit¬ ted lhall be.lefs able to prejudice and annoy the iTranfplanterS:into England then before then I conceive the whole propofal will be a-plegfanty Dream -indeed. . As to the, firlt, part, whether England ajid the Lowlands of Scotland will manfain one fifth more then they now do, that is to fay, nine.Millions of Souls in all, I fay,firlt tbat thfijaid Territories of England,&c. con-- tain about thirty fix Millions of. Acres, that isfour Acres for every Head, Man, Woman and Child, but the united Provinces do not allow ‘ Acre, and England it felf, refeind- ing Wales,. has but three Acres to ever Head according to the prefent State of Tillage and Husbandry. Now if fo confidered that- Eng-. /^having but three Acres, to a Head, do, fQ.abound in Viftuals as that it makes Laws A Difcwrfe of Trade'.' - again# the importation of Cattle, Ffeili and Fiih fromabroad, and that the Drein- ing of the Fens, improving of- Forrefts, in- ciofing of Commons, Sowing of cinque-Fdy 1 and Clover-Grafs be grumbled again# by. Landlords, are the way to deprefs the price of Victuals, then it plainly follows, that till then .three Acres improved, as it may be, will ferve the turn, and cohfequentlythat four will,Suffice'; abundantly. 1 could'here fet down the very number of Acres:, that would bear Bread and'Dtink, Corn, toge¬ ther with Flelh, Butter, and Cheefe,Suffici¬ ent to Victual nine Millions of Perfons, as they are; Victualled' in Ships and regular Families-, butl ffiall only fay in general that 12,000,00. will do it, with fuppofing that Roots, Fruits, Filh, and Fowl, and the or¬ dinary profit of Lead, Tin, Iron-Mines, and Woods would piece up any defeft that may be found. As to the fecond I fay thaf. the Land and Houling of Ireland , and High¬ lands of Scotland , at-the prefent Merchant- Rates, are not worth ten Millions of money, nor would the aCtual charge of making the. Tranfplantation amount to two Millions more fo then the queftion wiil be whether- the benefit expected from this Traniplanta- tion will exceed two Millions. - To which I fay that the advantage will probably 60 A Difeourje of Trade. probably be fix times the laft mentioned Summ,or about feventy two Millions.For if the rent of England and Wales and the low Land \ of Scotland be above nine Mil¬ lions fer Annum ; and if this fifth partof -the people be Superadded unto the prefent inhabitants of thefe Countries ; then the rent will amount to 10,800,000. and the number of Years purchafe will rife from feventeen | to ‘ more which is twenty one, fo that the Land which is worth but nine .Millions at feventeen l Years purchafe mak¬ ing an hundred fifty feven Millions and a half will then be worth i.o,8oo,ood.atone and twenty Years purchafe,, vk.. 225,800, 000. that is, 59,300,000. more then was beforej and if any Prince willing fo enlarge his Territories will give three Millions for the faidrelinquiflied Land and Houfing, which were eftimated to be worth ten Millions, then the whole profit will be above 72,000, 000. or fix times the value, as the fame was aboveromputed but, if any man Ihould ob¬ ject that will be dangerous unto England to be put into the Lands of any other Nati¬ ons, I anfwerdn Ihortthat that Nation who ever JhalT purchafe it being divided by means ofthefaid purchafe, fhallnot be morcabletoen- pyEngLwd then now in it’s unitedcondition. Now if any man Jhall dsfireamoreclear explanation A Difcot/rfe of Trade. 61 explanation how and by what means the Rents of Lands lhallrifeby this clofer coha¬ bitation of people above defcribed, I an- fwer that the advantage willarife in Tranf, planting about eighteen thoufand people, from the Poor and Miferable Trade of Hus¬ bandry, to more Beneficial Handicraft; for, which the Superaddition is to be made,a ve¬ ry little addition of Husbandry to the fame Lands will produce a fifth pit more Food;, confequently the additional Hands .earning, but forty Shillings per Ann&m more, ( as- they may very well to eight pound per mm at fome other Trade ; the fuperlucra- tionwill be above 3,600,000. pound,which at twenty Years purchafe is feventy two Millions. Moreover as the Inhabitants of Cities and Towns, fpend more Commodi¬ ties andmakegreater confumption then thofe- who live. in. wild thin Peopled Countries; fo when England fhall be thicker Peopled in manner before defcribed, the very fame peo¬ ple fhall,then fpend more then when they lived more fordidly, inurbantly and further afunder, and more out of the light, obser¬ vation and Emulation of each other; every, man defiring to put on better Apparel when. he appears in company, then when heJhas no occalion to be feen. I further add,to the charge, of the govern¬ ment 65 ' A'D'ifcourfe of Trade . ment, Civil, Military, and Eccleliaftical, would bemore cheap ,• fafe and effectual, in this condition’ of clofe habitation then otherwife, as notonly Reafon, but the ex¬ ample oftheunitedProvinces dodemonftrate. But let this whole digreffion pafs from z. meer Dream, I fuppofe will ferve to prove that in cafe the Ring'of EnglandrTmi- tofies lhould be a-little lefs then thofe of the French King, that forafmuch as neither of them are over Peopled, that the diffe¬ rence, is not material to the queftion in Hand; wherefore, fuppofing the French Kings ad¬ vantages to be little or nothing in point of Territory, we come next to examine and compare the number of Subjedfs which each of thofe Monarchs do- govern. The Book called the State of France makes the King¬ dom 'confift of twenty feven Parilhes; and another Book written by a Subftantial Au¬ thor, who profoundly enquires into the State of the Church and Church-men of France , fet's down as an extraordinary cafe, that- a Parifn in France Ihould have fix him- • dred Souls, where I fuppofe the faid Author who has fo well examined the . matter, i§ not, of opinion that every Pariihone with a- notherhas above five hundred,by which reck¬ oning the whole people of France are a- bo.ut thirteen Millions 500,000: Now the. A Difcourfe of Trade. people of England, Scotland and Ireland with the Iflands adjoyning, by computation from the number of Parilhes (which com¬ monly have more people in Proteftant Churches thenin Popifli Countries) as alfo.. from the Hearth-money, Poft-money and Excife, do amount toabove nine Millions,. there are innew-A^W about fifty thou- land men muttered' in Arms, about eighty thoufand'able to : 'bear Arms, and confer qtiently about' five' hundred thoufandin all; but this laft I leave to every man’s' con¬ jecture, and I‘ fee noReafon why in all the • reft of the Plantations there Ihould not be five hundred' thoufand more, and confe- qucntlyl fuppofe the King of England hath' above ten Millions of Subjefts,. aims terra- rum orbis. Altho it be very; material, to know the number of Subjefts, belonging to each Prince g yet when the queftion is con¬ cerning. their Wealth and-Strength, it is alfo material to - examine how many of’em. do get more then they fpend, and how many-lefs: - in order whereunto., it is to be confidered, that in the King of Englandsdo-. minions there are twenty thoufand Church¬ men, but in France , as the aforementioned Author of theirs does aver who fets down' the particular number of each Religious order,' there are about 2.70000, m. 250000. 64 JDifcourfecf Trade. more then we think, are neceffiaryj that is to fay, two hundred, and fifty thoufand with-drawn out of the-World j. now the. faid number of adult .and able-Bodyed. Perfons are equivalent to.about .double, the fame number of the Promifcuous Mafs of Mankind ; and the fame Author affirms that the faid Religious Perfons dofpend . one with , another above eighteen pence pr > diem which, is Triple to what a Labouring . man .requires: - Wherefore the faid two hundred & fifty thoufand Church-men,living as they do make the French King 13,500. thoufand to be really no better then twelve Millions or thereabouts. In the next place ., it is to be confidered that the inhabitants, of the .inner parts of France remote from the Sea,can’t' be. .probably Superlucrators. Now if there be two . Millions in the King of England's Dominions more then in the. French Kings who earn more then they fpend, or if ten men in England earn more. then twelve in France , then the Subjects of England are as effective as to the gain- • ing of Wealth and Riches as thofe of France ,, and if Ten men can defend themfelves as well in Ifiands as twelve men upon the Continent, then the faid Ten being not con¬ cerned to increafe their Territory by the., invafion- of others are as effe&ual as the. twelve A Difcourfe of Trade. 6 $ twelve in point of Strength alfoj where¬ fore that there are more Superlucrators m the Englijh then in the French Dominions, we fay as follo.weth. There be in England Scotland and Ireland labout fixty Millions Seamen, in France about a quarter fo many but one Seaman earns as much as three com¬ mon , Husbandmen •, wherefore this diffe¬ rence of Seamen added to the account of the King of England! Subjects,the equivalent of 90,500,000. Husbandmen. There are in England, Scotland and Ireland fix thoufand Tuns of Shipping, worth a- bout 4500,000.4 and the aftual charge of maintaining the . Shipping aforefaid by new. building and, reparation is about,.of the faid Summ,. which is the wages of 150. Husbandmen, but it is not the wages of a- bove , fo many Artifans as are imployed upon Shipping of all forts, viz. Ship¬ wrights, Calkers, Joyners, Carvers, Paint¬ ers, Blockmakers, Rope-makers, Maitmak- ers,Smiths offeveral forts,Flagmakers,Com- pafsmakers, Brewers, Bakers, and all forts of Victuallers,all forts of Tradef-men relat¬ ing to Guns and Gunners-Stores; wherefore there being four times more of thefe Artf- fans in England thenin France, they further add to, the account of the King of England:. Subjects the equivalent 80-m. Husbandmen more. T he 66 d Difcourft of Trade. The Sea line of England Scotland and Ireland and the adjacent Iflands isabout3,8oo. Miles, according to whichdength and the whole content of Acres the faid Land would be an oblong or Parallelogram Figure of 3,800. long, and twenty five Miles broad, and confequently every part of England,Scot¬ land and Ireland , is one with another blit about twelve Miles from the Sea •, where¬ as France containing but about onethoufand Miles of Sea line is like, the computation above fixty five ..Miles from theSea-fide,and confidering the paucity of Ports in compari- fon to what are in the King of Englands Dominions as good as feventy Miles di- ftance-from a Port; upon which grounds it is clear that England can be'fupplyedwith aH Grofs and Bulky Commodities of For- rates then France can be ■ viz., /above four Shillings per JnnmRent cheaper 'the Land carriage} for the difference ( bet\yen land and France ) of the diflanceffrom a Port being fo. much or near thereabouts, now to, what advantage this convenience a- mounts : upon the importation and expor¬ tation of Bulky Commodities, can’t be Iefs the Labour of-onethoufand of People,mean¬ ing by Bulky Commodities all fort of Tim¬ ber Blank and Staves for Cask, and all Iron, A Difcourje of Trade. 6 j Lead, Stones, Brick, aud Tiles for build¬ ing; all Corn, Sart and Drink, all Flefh and Fiih , and indeed all other Commo¬ dities, wherein the gain and lofs of four Shillings percent, is confiderable Where note the ' like Wines are fold in the inward parts of France for four or five pounds a Tun which near the Ports yield feven pound. Moreover upon this principal the decay of Timber in England is no very, formida¬ ble thing; as the.rebuilding of Londdn, and of the Ships' wafted by the Dutch-War, do clearly manifeft: nor can there beany want of' Corn or other neceffary provifiqn in Eng- feW,unlefs the Weather has been univerfally ilnfeafonable.for.growth of the fame* which - fcldom of never' happens; ; for the fame- caufe- which makes dearth in one place,does, after caufe plenty in another, wet-weather, being propitious to Highlands,which dro wn- eththelow. It is obferved that the poor of France have generally lefs wages then- in England , and yet’their Viduals are generally dearep’ there, which being fo,'there may be more Superlucration in England then in France, Laftly I offer it to the confideration of all thofe who have travelled through Eng- _ land and France , whether the Plebeian of England , fop they conftitute the Bulks of any <58 A Difcottrfe of Trade. a ny Nation; do not fpend one fixth more then the Plebeian of France ; and if fo it is neceffary they mull fiflt get it, and confe- quently that Ten Millions of the King of Englands Subjects are equivalent.to twelve, of the French Kings, and upon the whole- matter to the thirteen 1 Millions, at which the French Nation was eftimated. It will be here objected that the Splendor and Magnificences of the French King ap¬ pearing greater then thofeof the Kings'of England , that the Wealth of Frame mult be propdrtionably' greater then that of Eng¬ land, but that does not follow forasmuch as the apparent greatnefs of the King does de¬ pend upon the quarter parts of the peoples Wealth which he levieth from them; for fuppofing the People are equally Rich; if one of the Sovereigns levy fifth part, and the. other fifteenth, the one feems actually thrice as Rich as the other, whereas potentially they are both equal. Having now aicourfed of the Territory, People, Superlucration and defenfiblenefs of both' Dominions, and in fome meafureof. the- Trade, fo far as we had. occafion to. mention Ships, Shipping and nearnefs to Ports,we come nextto enlarge a little further upon the Trade of each, fome have elti- mated that there are not aboye three hun- A Difcourfe of Trade. 69 dred- Millions of people. in ‘the whole •World, .whether thatbeft o'r no is not very "material to be knowmf but I have ’fairer Ground; to conjeCtut£, ; and would be glad to have it more, certainly, that there are 'dot above eighty thoufand with whom the Enghjh and JDittch have commerce, no Eu¬ ropeans I know of 'Trading diredtly or in¬ directly where they do hot lo as thewhole commercial World or World of Trade con- fifts of. eighty thoufand of Souls as afore- faid.. And I further eftimate that the Value of all the Commodities, yearly exchanged a- mong them, does not exceed fourty, five thouland; now the Wealth of every Nati¬ on confiding chiefly in thelhare which they have in forreign Trade with thewhole com¬ mercial World 5. rather then in the Do- meftick Trade of ordinary Meat, Drink, Cloth, &c. And which brings in little Gold, Silver, Pearls and other univerfal Wealth; we are to confider the Subjects of the King of England ( Head for Head ) have not a greater lhare hereof then thofe of France. To which purpole it has been confider- ed that the manufactures of Wool, yearly exported out of England into, fevefal parts of the World, wt. all forts of Cloth, Serg, 70 A Dijcourje of Trade. Serg, Stuff, .Cotton BayesPrize, oralfo Stockens, Caps, Rugs, &c. exported out of England , Scotland and Ireland, do amount ■unto five hundred thoufand pound p Annum. The. value of . Lead, Tin and Coals, to five hundred thoufand pound. “The value of all Cloths, Houfhold-Stuff &c.\ carried into America two hundred thoufand pound per 'Annum. Silver and Gold taken from the Spaniards fixty thoufand pound. ..The.value, of Sugar, Indico, Tobacco, Cottham, and Catao from the Southward part of America fix hundred thoufand 'pound. The value of Wool, Butter, Hides,Beef, Herrings , Pilchers , Salmon , exported out of Ireland , eight hundred 7 thoufand pound. The value of Coals, Salt, Linnen, Yarn Herrings, Pilchers, Salmon, brought out of Scotland and Ireland five hundred thoufand pound. The value of Salt-Peter, Pepper, Calli- cots, Diamonds, Drugs, and Silks,brought out .of the Eaft-Indies , above what was Ipent in England, eight hundred thoufand pound. The value of Slaves brought out of A- ff'm A Difeourfe of Trade. 7 1 fwa toferve in the American Plantation twenty thoufand; which with the freight of the Englifh Shipping Trading into for- reign parts being above fifteen hundred thoufand makes in all Ten Millions and a hundred and eighty thoufand. Which .computation is.fufficiently jufti* fied by. the (Moms of three. Kingdoms, whofe, intrinfick value are thought .to be near about one’Million per Annum: viz. Six hundred thoufand Payable, to the .King, one hundred thou&nd for the :Cjharge ictf collecting, two hundred thoufand Smnckted 'by the .Merchants, an| one.'hnn- drei' fhbuTaridgajneH by the Farmers,;ac¬ cording to the ‘common opinion and -men faying; and this agrees- alfo with that pro¬ portion dr part of the Trade of the whole World, which I have eftimated the, Subjects of the King of England to be pofiefled of, viz. for about Ten of forty five Millions 3 but the v due of the French commodities brought into England ( notwithftandingMr. Forme's eftimates ) are not above twelve hundred thoufand per Annum., and the value of all the export into all the World belides not above three or four times as much, which computation alio agrees well enough with the accompt we have of the (Morns of France^ fo as France not exporting above half f2 A Difcourfe of fade half the value of what England does, and for the commodities of France except Wines, Brandy, Paper, and the firit Patterns and Fafhions for Cloths and furniture, of which France is the mint, are imitableby the Eng- and having withal more people then Eng¬ land it follows that the people of England &c. Iiave Head for Head, near thriceas much forreign Trade as the people of France, and above two parts of nine of the Trade of the whole commercial World, and; of all the Shipping; notwithftanding all which is not to be denied that the King, andfome great men of France , appear more Rich and fplendid then thofe of the like quality in England-, all which arifes, rather from the nature of their Government, then from the intrinfick and natural caufe of Wealth and Power. G H A ft Si Difcourfe of Trade. 7 $ ' CHAP. V. That the Impediments of England’* Gmtnefs are contingent and remo¬ vable. T Hefirft impediment of Englands Great- nefs is, the Territories thereunto be¬ longing are too far afunder and divided by the Sea into fo many feveral lflands and Countries ; and I may fay into fo many Kingdoms and different Governments, viz. There be three diftintt Legiflative Powers in England, Scotland and Ireland , the which of infteadof uniting together do often crofs one and others Intereft, putting Bars and Impediments upon one and others Trades; not only as they were forraigners to each other, but fometimes as Enemies. The lflands of Jerfey and G itemfey and the Ifle of Man are under jurifdi&ions diffe¬ rent from thofe either of England , Scotland and Ireland. The Government of Nem-England (Toth civil and Eccleiiaftical) do fo differ from D d ' that 7 6 .A. Difeourfe , of Trade. that of his Majcfties other Dominions, that it is hard to fay what may be theConfequence ofit. - And the Government of the other Plan¬ tations do alfo differ very much from any of the Wqff, altho there be naturally fub- ftantiaDReafoiis 'for ’the'Situation ^ Trade and 1 Condition of the -People , why there Jhould be fuch differences j from all which it comes to pafs the final! divided remote Governments being feldom able to defend themfelves, the Burthen of the Preceding them all, , muff ly.e upon the-chiefeff King¬ dom, of -; 'England^ and all the'fmall King¬ doms and Dominions, inftead of being addi¬ tions, are-really diminutions. The Wealth of-“a King is three-Fold, one is the Wealth of Snbjeds, the fecond is the quota parts of his Snbjeds Wealth given him for the Publick Defence, Honour and Ornaments of the people, and to man¬ age fuch undertakings tor the common good as no one, or a-few private men, arefuffi- cient for. The third fort are the quota of the laft mentioned quota parts which the King may difpofe of as his own Perfonal inclination and diferetion lhall dired now it is molt manifeff that the aforementioned diffancc and differences of Kingdoms, and jurifdidi- A Difmrfc of Trade. 77 ons, are great impediments to all the faid feveral forts of Wealth, as may be feen in the following particulars. 1. In cafe of War with forraign Na¬ tions, England commonly beareth the whole Burthen and charge, whereby many in England are utterly undone. 2. England fometimes prohibiting the Commodities of Ireland and Scotland ( as of late it did the Cattle, Flefh, and Fifh, of Ireland J did not only make Food, and con- fequently Labour, dearer in England , but alfo has forced the People of Ireland to fetch thefe commodities from Franceflolland and other places which before was fold them from England, to the great Prejudice of both Nations. 3. It occafions an unueceftary trouble and charge in collecting of Cuftoms upon Commodities palling between the feveral Nations. 4. It isadammageto our Barbadoes and other American Trades, that the Goods, which might pafs thence immediately to fe¬ veral parts of the World, and be fold at moderate Rates, mull firft come into Eng¬ land , and tnere pay Duties, and afterwards (if at all ) palfing to thofe Countries whi¬ ther they might have gone immediately. 5. The Illands of jerfey and Guernfey D d 2 are ; 8 A Difcourfe of Trade. are prote&ed at the charge of England, r.everthelefs the Labour and Induftry of that People ( which is very great ) redound molt to the profit of the French. 6 . In New-Engknd there are vaft num¬ bers of able Bodied Englilh-men imployed chiefly in Husbandry, -and in the meanelt part of it (which is ) breeding of Cattle, whereas Ireland would have contained all thofe Perfons, at the wo'rft would have afforded thenl Lands in better Terms then they have them in America, if not foifle other better Trade withal, then now they can have. 7. The Inhabitants of the other Plan¬ tations, altho they do indeed Plant commo¬ dities which will not grow fo well in Eng¬ land, it grafping at more Land then it will fuflice to produce the Laid exotics in a fuf- ficient quantity to ferve the whole World, they do therein but diftratt and ' confound the elfefts of their own Indeavours. 8. There is no doubt that the fame peo¬ ple far and wide difperled muft fpend more upon their Government and Protection then the fame living compaftly, and when they have no cccalion to depend upon the Wind, Weather, and all the Accidents of the Sea.^ A fecond impediment to the greatnefs of England, is the different underitanding of feveral A D'tfcourfe of Trade. 79 feveral material points, viz.. The Kings Prerogative, Eriviledges of Parliament, the obfcuredifferences between Law and Equity, as alio between' Civil and Ecclelialtical Jurifdiftion,doubts whether the Kingdom of England has Power over the Kingdom- of Ireland , beildes the wonde'rful Paradox, that the Englilh-men lawfully fent to fupprefs Rebells in Inland Ihould (after having ef¬ fected the fame J be fas itwere ) disfran- chifed, and loofe that intercft in the Legif- lative Power which they had in England , and pay Cultomes as forraingers for all they fpend in Ireland, whither they were fent for the Honour and Benefit of Eng¬ land. The third impediment is that Ireland be- ing a conquered Country, and containing not the Tenth part of as many .Irijh Maftives as there are Englijh in both Kingdoms,that natural and firm Union is not made betweeh the two Peoples by Tranfplantation and proportionable Mixture, fo as there may be a Tenth part of Irijh in Ireland, and the fame Proportion in England, whereby the necelfity of maintaining an Army in Englona at the expence of the quarter of all the Rents of that Kingdom may be taken away. The fourth impediment is that the Taxes in England are not levied-- upon the expen- D d 3 c»s 7 8o A Difcomje of Trade. ces , but the whole Eftate, not upon Lands, Stack and Labour, but chiefly upon Land alone, and that not by any equal and indifferent Standard, but the caiual Predo- rainacy of Parties and Factions-, and moreo¬ ver that tilde Taxes are not levied with the leaft trouble and charge, but let out to Far¬ mers, who alfo let them from one to ano¬ ther without explicit knowledge of what they do, but fo are to conclude the poor people pay twice as much as the King re¬ ceives. Now the fifth impediment is the inequa¬ lity of Shires, Dioceffes, Parilhes, Church- livings, and other Precincts, as alfo of the Representations of the people in Parliament, all which do hinder the operations of Au¬ thority, in the fame manner as a Wheel irregularly made, and excentrically.hung neither moves fo eafily, nor performs it’s work fo timely, as if the fame were duly framed and poifed. 6 . Whether it bean impediment that the Power of making War and railing money be not in the fame hand much may be faid; but that I leave to thofe who may more properly meddle with Fundamental Laws. None of thefe impediments are natural but did arife as the irregularities of Buildings do by bqing built part at one time and part J D’fcourfe of Trade; 81 part at another,' and by the changing of the State of things from what they were at the rcfpe&ive times, when the Praftice we com¬ plained of were firft admitted," and perhaps are but the'warpings from the reftitude of the firft'inftittitiou. , , As thefe Impediments are contingent fo they are alfo removable, for may not the Land of Superfluous Territories be fold, and the people with their moveables be brought away? may not the Eng/ijli in the American Plantations who Plant Tobacco, Sugar, &c. compute what Land will lerve their turns, and then contract their Habita¬ tions to that proportion, for quantity and quality? As for the people efi .NetoEngland I- can but wilh^they ;were. ■Tranfplanted in¬ to o\(\-E)ifa-/idor Inland , according .to Pro- pofals of their own, made within this twen¬ ty Years, althothey were allowed more li¬ ber ty. ; o£ Conference then they allow one ano¬ ther../ May not,the three Kingdoms be united into one, and equally reprefented in Parlia¬ ment? might not theSeveral Species of the Kings' !s.ubjefl£ fie equally mixt in'their ha¬ bitations? might not Pari/hes and other Pre¬ cincts bd better equaliz’d? might not jurif- diftibns.and Pretences of,Powers- be deter¬ mined'and afeertained? might net Taxes be equally §2 A Difcourfe of Trade. equally aplotted and direCtly applyed, to their ultimate ufe ? might not di|lenters in Religion be indulged, they paying a com¬ petent force to keep the Pablick-Peace? I humbly venture to fay all tliefe things may be done; if it be thought fit by the Sove- raign Power, becaufethe like has often and Succesfully been done already at Several Places, and Times. CHAP. VI. That the Porter and Wealth of Eng¬ land has mrea/ed tkfe lajl forty Tears . I T is pot mueh to be doubted but that die Territories under the Kings Dominions have increafed, for as much as New-Eng- Iand , Firginy, Barbados ,and Jamaica, Tangier , and .Bombay, have iince that time been ei¬ ther added to his Majeities Territories, or improved from a defert condition to abound with the People, Building, Shipping, and the Production of many ufeful commodi- A bifmrfe of Trade. 8 3 ties. And as for the Land of England.) Scot¬ land and Ire land 2.% it is not lefs in quantity then it was forty Years fince, fo it is mani- feft, that by Reafon of dreiningof Fens, Watering of dry Grounds, improving of Forfeits, and Commons, making of Heaths and barren Grounds to bear Cinquefole, and Cldvergrafs, meliorating and multi¬ plying feveral forts of Fruits and Garden- ftuifF,. making fome Rivers Navigable, &c. I fay it is manifeft, that the Land in it’s prefent conditions able to bear more pro- vilion and commodities then it was forty Years ago. 2. Altho the People of England, Scotland) and Ireland , which have Extraordinarily- Perilhed by the Plague and Sword with¬ in this laft forty Years, do amount to about three hundred thoufand, above what have dyed in the ordinary way, yet the ordina¬ ry increafe by Generation’of Ten Millions, , which doubles in two hundred Years, as has been lhewn by the obfervations* upon the Bills .of Mortality, may in forty Years ( which is a fifth part of the-faid- Time ) have increafed near a fifth part of the whole number or two Millions. Where note by the way, that the accelfion ofNegroeno thzA- Tnericm Plantations, being all men of great Labour and little Expence, is nouonfidera- D d 5 ^ ' ble % JD'Jhttrfe of Tnde. ble. Belides it is hoped] that New-England, where few or no Women are Barren, and mult have many Children, and where peo¬ ple live long and Healthfully , has produ¬ ced an increafe of as many people as were deltroyed in the late tumults in Ireland. As for Houfing thefe Streets of London it felf fpeaks it, I conceive it double in value in that City to what it was forty Years fince; and for Houfing in the Country, they have increafed at Briftol, New-Crislle, Yarmouth , Norwich, Exeter, Portsmouth, Cowes, Dublin, Kingfle, Londonderry, Coolervin in Ireland , far beyond the Proportion of what 1 can learn has been dilapidated in other places; for in Ireland where the ruine was gr.eateit, ( the Houfing taken altogether ). is now more, valuable. then forty, Years ago; nor isf this-to be doubted, lince Houfing is now more Iplendid then in thofe.days, and the number of Dwellers is increafed by near a fifth part, as.in the lalt -Paragraph is fee forth;. . .. As for ; Shipping, his Majelttes -Navy is bow triple or quadruple'’to’ ■ what it was fprty Years .fince, and"before, the Sove- raign waS|Built;,the. Shipping-Trading to Ntiv-Cajm, which are. now about eighty thoufand ITuus could- not.then be above a quarter ofthat quantity; firlt becaiife the J Dijcmft of Trade. 85 City of London is 'doubled 1 j feco'ndly be-i caule.the ufpof Coal is.alfo.at leaft.dou- ■KledT;,;.., ]|Key.. - -here^o^re; lei- .they 'are; iiof i Were.'tbere^|b.'' B;;icks. Burned with, thejffit. as of.'late,! oqfc the Corny-, try' oa botlfflides’ the make. life of theitt as' 'lidsy j :W$e£ $ployejI‘ '^tn§ t ‘Giliffny ^f^de^ahove. Tfade'j'ri o: fiioifi^‘Qays'. wl%.-WcdnlMefable y the qu^tayVof-' ^^.firiipQrfed w.as.'riqt near fo miic^1i^iiow,'‘and't'd'te lliort, the Cuftoms upon imported and exported com¬ modities did not then yield a third part of the prefent Value; which fhews, that not only Shipping , but Trade it felf has in- creafed fomewhat near that Propor* t-ion.—As- to- money the intereft thereof,, was within thefe fifty Years at Ten pound j Per cent, forty Years ago at eight pound, and now at fix. pound, no thanks to any Laws which have been made to. that purpofe ; for as much as thofe who can give good fecurity may now have it ids , but, the natural fall of interefr, is the effeft of the increafe of money,. Moreover if Rented Lands and Houfes have incrcaied, and if Trade has increafed alfo, it is certain that money, whiclfpay- 86 A Difcoitr/eof Trade. eth thofe Rents and driveth on Trade ,, mult have increafed alio. Laftly I leave it to the. conlideration of all obfervers, whether the number and Splendor of Coaches, Equipage, and Houf hold Furniture have not. increafed lince that time. To fay nothing of the poflage of Letters, which have increafed from one to twenty, which argues the increafe of Bulinefs and. Negotiation I mull add that his Majefties Revenues is near trk pie, and therefore the means to pay and Bear the. fame.has increafed. alfo. ’rd'Difcourfe of Trade-. 87 CHAP. VII. Zb At one tenth Part of the whole ex- pence of the King of England’.*' Sub- feds is fuffcient. to maintain one hundred tboufand Foot , forty, thou¬ sand Horfe , and forty thoufand men et Sea, and defray ad other Charges of the Government ; both ordinary, and extraordinary, if the fame were re¬ gularly Taxed and raifed. T O clear this point we are to, find out what is the middle Expence of each Head in the Kings Dominions between the higheft and.the loweftj to which I fay it is not probably, lefs then the Expence of a Labourer, who earns- about eight pence a day, for the. wages of fuch men is four Shillings a Week without Victuals, or two Shillings with it; wherefore the value of his Victuals • is two Shillings per Week, or. five pound four Shillings per Annum. Now the value of Cloaths can’t be lefs then wages given to the Pooreft Maid-Servant in.the Country 8 3 A'Dtfcourfe of Trade. Country, which is thirty Shillings per An¬ num, nor can the charge of all other necef- faries be Iefa then lit.' Shillings ptr Annum more, wherefore the whole charge is fevcn pound. •.. • .... , ■ It is not likely that this" Difcourfe will fall into the Hands of anythat lives; at'Te- ven pound per Annum y and' therefore filch will', wonder.,at this- SuppbfitionybUt if they eonfideF'howhluch'.tiiey'hmhhem of,the Boor mijicLl th^irvQhi|dr,en ! - 1 is^re.^, -then that of the Rkhytltlio the performl fxpencc of Tome Rich men-Ihoiild be.aboye twenty, times more then, that'-of a Labourer, y yet the expence of a-Labourer''‘hboVe'menti- oned, may well enough Hand for the Stan¬ dard of the expence of the.wholeMgfs of MAifcai;- ■ k ; m ; T k ; ;''T' No# if'the expence of; each mail onq With'another befeven pound fer yimim, and if t-he iiumber-of the Kings Subjcfts be-Ten thouland 5 then the : tenth part.of'the whole Expehce will ; be feven thoufandy ■bufabout five thoufarid, or a very little more will amountto a years pay for one hundred'thou- fand Foot ) forty thou fandHorfe, and forty thoufand men at Sea, Winter and Summer, which can rarely be necellary, and other ordinary charge of the Government in’ the time of-deep and fecute - peace was not Oooooo fer Annum. Where A Difcourfe of trade. Where a People thrive there the In¬ come is greater then the Expence 3 and confequently the tenth part ofthe'Expence is not the tenth part of the Income. Now for men to pay a tenth part of their ex¬ pence in a time of greatelt exigency (for fuch it mult be whenfo great forces is re- quifite ) can be no hardlhip, much lefs a de¬ plorable condition, for to bear the .tenth part, a man mult needs fpend a twe'ntyeth part lefs, and Labour a twentieth part more for half an’ hour- fer diem extraordinary 5 both which in common Experience are very Tolerable, here being very.fewm England^ who- do not eat by a ; twentieth part more then does them''‘good: 1 a;id : what- Mifery were it, 'iiiftedd' iff weatihgiSlciafKs/Of td*dnK ty. Shillings to'bdcBhteiif^l^M- that of nineteen* Shillings; fhw men'haVfrig skill enough to;difcerhthediffferench?'‘ ! •' :j Memorandum that/all thisVrhrle,dfup- pOfc all ‘ of thcfe Ten ■ tJwiffdtiJ of; ppopld afe obedient to' 'their Sdyerhihn,and; witliftt thereach of hisTOWer,JFdi' as’-things .are other wife, fot'ne Calculation mull: be.varied. C H A -E 9 0. A Dsfcourfe of Trade. CHAP. VlBIi That there are /fare Hands enough a. mongfi the King of England ’s Sub. jeels to earn two Millions per An- nijm more then they now do, and that there are alfo Jmployments ready, proper and fiffficient, for the purpofe. T O prove this point,, we mult inquire how much all the People could earn if,they were difpofedor neceffitated to La¬ bour, and had work whereupon to imploy themfelves, and compare, the Summ with that of the. Total Expence abovemention- ed} dedu&ing the Rents and profit of their Land, and Stock, which, properly fpeaking faveth fo much Labour. Now the proceed of the, laid Land and Stock in thefe Countries is about three parts of feven of the.whole Expence; fo as where the expence is feventy thoufand, the Rent of the Land and profit of all Perfonal Eflate., intereft of money &c. mult be about thirty thoufand, ana confequently the value.of the Labour forty thoufand A Difmrle of Trade. pi thoufand; that, is, four pound per Head} but it is to, be noted, that about a quar¬ ter of the Mafs of Mankind are Children Males and Females under feven Years old, from whom little Labour is to be expe&ed} it is alfo to be noted that about another tenth part bf the whole people are fuch as by Reafon of their great Eliates, Tythes, Dignities, Offices, and profeflions are: ex¬ empt from that kind of Labour y we now fpeakof their buiinefs being or ought to be to Govern, Regulate, and direft the La¬ bours and Aftions of others, fo that of Ten ^Millions there be about fix thoufand& a half, or two thirds which if need requires might actually Labour, and of thefe fome might earn three Shillings a Week, fome five Shil¬ lings and fome feven Shillings, that is, all of them might earn five Shillings a Weak ata mtdim one with, another, or at leaft Ten pound per Annum , allowing for. Sicknefs and other Accidents whereby the whole might earn fifty fix thoufand pound, per Annum, that is, twenty five more:- then the. Ex¬ pence.. The Author of the State of £wf/Wfaies that the Children of Norwich between fix and fixteen Years old do earn twelve thouland pound per Annum more then they fpenfl. Now for as much as the people of Norwich ‘are. gi ADifcomje of Trade. are a three hundredth part of all the peo¬ ple in England (as appears by the Accom.pt of Hearth-money ) and' about the fire hundredth part of all. the Kings Subjects throughout, the World, it follows that all liis Ma jellies Subjects, bet ween-fix and fix- teen. Years old might earn "five thoufaud fer Annum more then they fpend. Again forasmuch as the number of People above fixteen Years. old, are double, the number of thofe between.,fix .and' fixteen, and that of each men can earn., double to'each of the Children, it is plain that..if the men and Children every where did do as they doin' Norwich 'they might earn twenty five tfiou- fand pound f er Armm more then .they fpend; which ellimate'.grounded upon matter of Faft and- Experience, agrees with the.for- - Altho as has Been, proved the people of England do thrive, and that'tispoilible they might Superlucrate twenty five thoufand pound per Annum , yet.-W manlfeft the.ydo not nor twenty three which is lefs by two thoufand herein meant; ; for if. they did Su¬ perlucrate twenty, five thoufand, then iii a- bout five or fix Years time the whole Stod and Perfonal Eilate of the Nation would be double, which I wifh.were time, but find no manner of Reafoh to believe f where_ ! 1 A Difmrfe of Trade. s>3 fore if they can Superlucrate. twenty five, hut not actually Superlucrate twenty three, nor twenty, nor ten , nor perhaps five, I have then proved what was propounded, viz. that there are fpare hands among the Kings Subjects to earn - two Millions more' then they now do. But to fpcak a little more particularly concerning this matter, it is to be noted, that iince the fire of London , there was earned in four Years by Tradefmen ( re¬ lating to building only ) the Summ of four Millions, or one Million per Annum with¬ out leilening any other fort of Work La¬ bour or Manufacture, which was dually done in other four Years before the laid, occafion; but if the Tradefmen : relating'to. Building only, and fuch of them as wrought' in and about London could do'one Milli¬ on-worth of Work extraordinary, I thitik that front thence and from what has been' faid before, that all the reft of the fpare' Hands might very well double the fame, which is as much as was propounded. N6w if there were fpare Hands to Superlucrate Millions of Millions,they lignifie nothing un- • lefs there were Imployment for them, & may ! as well follow their Pleafures and Specu¬ lation as Labour to no purpofe} therefore the more material point is to prove that there 94 sfDifcourfe of Trade. there is. two Millionsw-orth of Work to be done, which at the prefent the Kings Subjects do negled. For the proof of this there needs little more to be done than to compute how much money is paid by the King of Eng- lands Subjects to Forreingers for freight of Shipping. 2. The Hollanders gain by their Filhing- Trade PraCtifed upon our Seas. 3. What the value of all the commo¬ dities imported into and fent into Eng¬ land, which might by diligence be prodn- ed and Manufactured, here to make fhort of this matter upon perufal of the moft authentick accompts relating to thefe fe- veral particulars 1. affirm that the fame a- mounteth. to above five Millions whereof I propounded but two Millions. For a further proof whereof Mr. Samu¬ el Fortry in Tiis ingenious difcourfe 01 Trade exhibited the particulars, wherein it ap¬ pears that the Goods imported out of France only amount yearly to 2600,000. pounds, and I affirm that the Wines, Pa¬ per, Cork, Refin, and Capers, and a few other Commodities which Englaud can’t produce, do not amount to one fifth part of the faid Summj from whence it follows that ( if Mr. Fortry has not erred) the two A Difcourfe of Trade. 95 two Millions here mentioned may arife from France alone, and confequently five or fix Millions from all the three Heads laft above fpecifyed. CHAP. IX. That there is money fufficient to drive the Trade of the Nation. S ince his Majetties happy Reftaurationit was thought fit to call in, and. new Coyn the money which was made in the times of Ufurpation. Now it was obferved by the general confent of Calheers that the faid money ( being by frequent revoluti¬ ons well mixed with the Gold ) was about a feventh part thereof, and that the faid money being called in was about 800,000. pound,and confequently the whole 5500,000. pound or five Millions and a half, whereby ’tis probable ( that fbme allowance being given for hoarded more;/ ) the wholeCalh of England was the:: . out fix Millions, which I conceive is mmcient to drive the Trade 9 6 A Difcottrje of Trade. .Trade of England, not but that the reft: oi his Majefties Dominions have the like means to do the fame refpe&ive fully. If there be fix Millions of Souls in Eng land , and that each fpendeth feven pound per Annum, then the whole expence is forty two Millions or about 800,000. pounds per Week ; and confequently if every man did pay his expence Weekly and that the money could circulate within the compafs of a Week, then lefs then one Million could -anfwer the ends propofed. But for¬ asmuch as the Rents of the Lands in Eng¬ land which are paid half yearly are eight Millions per Annum, there mull be four Mil¬ lions to pay them ; and forasmuch as the Rent of Houfing of England paid quarterly are worth about four Millions per Annum , there needs but one Million to pay thefaicl Rent; wherefore fix Millions being enough • to makegood the three forts of Circulation .above mentioned, I conceive what was pro¬ pofed is proved, at lealt till fomething better be held forth to the contrary.- CHAP, J Difcourfe . of Trade. CHAP. X That • the Wing of England’* Sdjetfj have- Stock competent and convenient to drive the Trade of ibe whole com' "■ mercid World. \tOw. for the further Incouragernent-of Trade, as'we have fhewn, that there 'is Money enough -in England to manage the affairs thereof, fo .we ihall now offer to con- lideration whether there be not con 1 potent and convenient Stock to drive theTradeof the whole commercial World. To which purpofe -it.is to be remembred, that all the Commodities yearly exported out of every part' of the lail mentioned World, may be bought for forty five Millions, and that the Shipping imployed in the fame World are .not worth above fifteen Millions, and con- fequently that fixty Millions at moll will drive the whole Trade abovementioned . without any trull at all; but forasmuch as the Grovers of Commodities do commonly trull them to fuch Merchants or Fadtors as are worth but fuch a part of the full 98 j$t)i[conrfe of Tads full value of their Commodities as may poffibly be loft upon the fail of them which is rather to be expedted; it follows then Ids then a Stock of iixty Millions, nay then half of the laid Summ is fufficient to drive the Trade above mentioned; it being well known that any Tradesmen of good Reputation worth five hundred pound will be trufted with above one thoufand pounds- worth of Commodities,where lefs then thir¬ ty Millions willfuffice for the faiapurpofe, of which Summ the Coyn,Shipping and Stock already in Trade do at leaft make one half. And it has been Ihewn how by the Poli¬ cy of a Bank any Summ of money may be made equivalent in Trade unto near the double of the fame. By all which it feems that' even at prefent much is not wanting to perform what is propounded j butfup- pofe twenty thoufand ormOre were want¬ ing, it is not improbable that fince the ge¬ nerality of Gentlemen and fome Noble-men do put their Younger Sons io Merchandise, that they will fee it reafonable as they in- creafe in the number of Merchants fotoin- creafethe Magnitude of Trade, and confe- quently to increafe Stock} which may effeftn- allybedoneby in-banking twenty Mil. worth of Land not being above a fixth or frenth part of the wholeTerritories of Eng'.-vw, A Difcotirfe of *Jradc. gg that is to fay, by making a Bondo^fueli value, to the. fecur ity.for all Commodi¬ ties bought and fold; upon the account of thatSniverfal Trade above men*. ° n And.thus. it having, appeal that^- land having in it as much Land likeZ/J land and. Zealand , as the faid two Pro¬ vinces do themfelves contain,_ with abun¬ dance of. other Land., not jnconvement for Trade , and that , there are /pare Hands enough to earn many Millions of money , more. then they , now .do^ and that there arehlfo lmployments td earn Se¬ veral Millions ( even from the Confumpti- on of England it felfj it follows from,theilce, and what . has. been faid rn /e laft Pa.- ragraph about inlargmg of the Stock both of Monies and Lands,; that it is not impoffible, nay avery vifible matter , for the keeping of. glands 'Subjeft^i tosgjup the Univerfal Trade of the whole Com¬ mercial World. . . ; Nor is . it uBfeafonabJe to imitate, tins matter, forafmuch as the .younger Bro¬ thers of good Families of England , can.t otherwife be provided for , fo as to ; Iiy.c according: to.' their Bil.tlV and Breeding3 for if the Lands of *rbo d Difcourfe of Trde, &ght Millions ' per 'Annum, then there bs at'a Medium about ten Millions. Fami¬ lies of about eight hundred pounds pa 'Annum, in each of which one -with ano¬ ther, we may fuppofe there is a young¬ er Brother, whoinlefs then two or three "hundred pounds per Annum , ' ? ill not main¬ tain fuitable to his Relations. -Now I fay that if neither the,Offices at Court, nor ;Commandsin our ordinary Army and Na- Vy, nor Church-preferments, nor ; the u- fual' gain by the profeffion of Law and Ph'ylick j nor the imployments under No- hle-men, and Prelates will all of them put together furriilh Livelyhood of above three hundred pounds per Annum , to three thoufand of the faid one thoufand younger "Brothers, wherefore it remains that Trade alone muffi fupply the reft j but if the faid‘leven thoufand Gentlemen be apply- ed-to Trade,-without Lncreafing of Trade, or if the hopes to increafe Trade with¬ out increafing of Stock ( which for ought appears is only to be done by in-Banking "a due proportion of Lands - and Money) • we muft neceflarilybedifappointed: where note that felling of Lands to Forraign- ers, for Gold aad Silver., 1 would inlarge the Stock of the Kingdom. Whereas A Difcoarfe. of Trade. , I o I Whereas doing the fame! between one and other does effect nothing, for'he that turns all his Land into Money, dif- pofes himfelf for Trade, and he that parts with his money for Land does the contrary, but to fell Land to Forreigners increafeth both money and people, and confequently Trade} wherefore it is to be thought, that when the Laws denying Strangers to purchafc, and not permit- ing them to Trade without paying Ex¬ traordinary Duties, were made, that then the Publick State of things, and Intereft of the Nation were far different from what they now are. Having handled thefe ten Principal Gonclufions, I might go on with others- ad infinitum, but what has-been faid already, I look upon as diffident to ftew what I mean by Political Arithmetick, and to e- vince the ufes of knowledge of the true State of the Peoples Lands, Stock, Trade, &c. Secondly that the Kings Subjects are not in fo bad a Condition, as dis¬ contented men would make them} Third-' ly to Demoniirate the greateft effefts of Unity, InduUry, and Obedience, in or- 1 02 JDifoottrft of Trade, der to the common Safety, and each mans particular Happinefs, other then which I have now.