MASTER NEGA TIVE NO. 92-81110 MICROFILMED 1993 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK as part of the "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project" Funded by the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United States Code - concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or other reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research." If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: JUVENALIS, DECIMUS JUNIUS. TITLE: SATIRES OF JUVENAL AND PERSIUS PLACE: NEW YORK DA TE : 1872 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARHFT Master Negative # Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record 87J97 0E72 ! L Restrictions on Use: 1872. Juvenalis, Decimus Junius. The Satires of Juvenal and Persius, with English notes, critical and explanatory •••by Charles Anthon ... New York, Harper, 1872. vi, 306 p. 19| cm. J ^ TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA FILM SIZE: 3_5^J1?_^^__ REDUCTION RATIO: // X IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA (^ IB IID ' ~ DATE FILMED:___-^J14J_^_1 INITIALS.V^^AC- HLMEDBY: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. INC WQQDBRIDGE. CT C Association for information and image iManagement 1100 Wayne Avenue. Suite 1100 Silver Spring. Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 1 2 3 Nil llllliiiiliiiiliiiiliinliiiilii I IT Inches j^ 5 6 7 8 iliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliii m T 9 10 11 LmJym|mmm|MM^ TTT m 12 13 14 1.0 1^ 12.8 |5j0 ' ■^ 14 u ^ u 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 I.I 1.25 1.4 15 mm m MfiNUFflCTURED TO fillM STflNDfiRDS BY PPPLIED IMPIGEp INC. ^m. > ft- rH! >% ji fi!^^ ;^i ^t^- •, ' if; Ki -a/iikv J > ,:v '1 ' «.V. HI THE SATIRES I or JUVENAL AND PERSIUS. WITH ENGLISH NOTES,. CRITICAL AND EXPLANATORY, FROM THE CHARLES nt0FS33O2 OF Tli:: GBrJCK AND LATIN OIA ( 0LL2GX, KXW YOBK, AMD BKCTOX OF THX GX^XM AB SCHOOL. !■:! NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FSANKLIX SQUARE. 1872. i I 1 I EntcM a^ording to Act of Congrcs,. in the year one thousand eight hundred and f.fty-sevcn, by IIakpeb & Brotiiehs, ,„ the Clerk-. Office of the District Court of the Southern Dist.ic. of New York. TO WM. HAWKESWORTH, ESQ., TROFESSOR OP ANCIENT LANGUAGES IN CHARLESTON COLLEGE, 8.C. My dear Professor, Allow me to dedicate this volume to you as a me- morial not only of long-standing friendship, but also of sincere admiration for the noblest personal quali- ties, as well as for sound and unostentatious scholar- ship. You know very well that I would never have undertaken the work had it not been for your repeat- ed solicitations ; and if the result of my labours should now, in any way, disappoint your expectation, you will have only yourself to blame. I have endeav- oured, as I promised you, to make a useful Yatiorum edition, and have, with that view, selected my mate- rials from the best commentators, laying under con- ] tribution each and every one of them, whenever I found any thing that might tend to elucidate jo^ fa- vourite satirist. The only merit to which I can fairly lay claim, on my ow/i account, is that of selection and arrangement, as well as an occasional balancing of autliorities. In the text I have generally taken Jahn for my guide, and have also unsparingly re- moved whatever might tend to make Juvenal less readable in a lecture -room. On this point some may, perhaps, think that liave gone too far. But my own experience as an instructor is entirely in fa- vour of the plan which I have adopted, and I am very 30537 iv DEDICATION. sure that your opinion will coincide i^r this respect with my own. Among the sources from which excellent materials have been obtained for the commentary, I may ])ar- ticularly mention tlie edition of Mayor, published in 1853, and also the German one of Heinrich. The English version by Evans has likewise been of great service, and even old Madan, though it is the fasliion to decry him, has been found by me, on many occa- . sions, a very useful companion, especially in his ex- planatory remarks. The American student has al- ready been made acquainted with the notes of Madan by means of Leverett's Juvenal, to which edition they are appended in an abridged form. I have used them, however, much more sparingly than Leverett, and have never adopted any unless supported by other author- ities. With regard to Persius, you may remember that I intended to edit his Satires along with those of Juve- nal until you dissuaded me from the attempt. I have therefore contented myself with merely giving the Lati% text, unaccompanied by a single word of com- ment. This part of the volume, I am very sure, will meet with the undivided approbation of those critical friends of mine, who have uniformly condemned my commentaries as exuberant, if not useless, and over whose fairness and acumen you and I have had many a pleasant chat. It only remains for me to subscribe myself, my dear Professor, your old and sincere friend, C. A. Col. College, March 30/A, 1857. LIFE OF JUVENAL. iFrom Smith's Dictionary of Biography.) ■ Decimus Junius Juvenalis, according to his an- cient biographers, was either the son or the « alum- nus" of a rich freedman. These same authorities re- late that he was born at the Volscian town of Aqui- nnm ; that he occupied himself, until he had nearly reached the term of middle age, in declainwng; that, havmg subsequently composed some clever lines upon Pans, the pantomime, he was induced to cultivate as- siduously satirical composition ; and that, in conse- quence of liis attacks upon Paris becoming known to tlie court, tlic poet, although now an old man of ei-hty was appointed to the command of a body of troops in a remote district of Egypt, where he died shortly aft- erward. It is supposed by some that the Paris who according to these old biograpliers, was attacked by Juvenal, was the contemporary of Domitian, and that tlie poet was accordingly banished by this emperor. But this opinion is clearly untenable : 1. We know that Paris was killed in A.D. 83, upon suspicion of an intrigue with the Empress Domitia. 2. The Fourth Satire, as appears from the concluding lines, was writ- ten after the death of Domitian-that is, not earlier than A.D. 96. 3. The First Satire, as we learn from the forty-nmth line, was written after the condemna- ^^Z °^i^^""" Priscus-that is, not earlier than A.D. WO. These positions admit of no doubt, and hence I , i % VI LIFE OP JHVENAL. it is established that Juvenal was alive at least seven- teen years after the death of Paris^ and that some of his Satires were composed after the death of Domi- tian. The only facts with regard to Juvenal upon which we can implicitly rely are, that he flourished toward the close of the first century ; that Aquinum, if not the place of his nativity, was at least his chosen res- idence; and that he is, in all probability, the friend whom Martial addresses in three epigrams. There is perhaps another circumstance which we may admit. We are told that he declaimed for many years of his life, and every page in his writings bears^ evidence to the accuracy of this assertion. Every piece is a fin- ished rhetorical essay, energetic, glowing, and sono- rous. He denounces vice in the most indignant terms ; but the obvious tone of exaggeration which pervades all his invectives leaves us in doubt how far this sus- tained passion is real, and how far assumed for mere show. The extant works of Juvenal consist of six- teen Satires, the last being a fragment of doubtful au- thenticity, all composed in heroic hexameters. xX Mti^"^ c -■ r- , *^ II JUVENALIS SA T I R A R U M LIBER PRIMUS. SATIRA I. Semper ego auditor tantum ? nunquamne reponam, Vexatus toties rauci Theseide Codri ? Impune ergo mihi cantaverit ille togatas, Hie elegos? impune diem consumserit ingens Telephus, aut, summi plena jam margine libri, Scriptus et in tergo, nee dum finitus, Orestes ? Nota magis nulli domus est sua, quam mihi lucus Martis, et iEoIiis vicinum rupibus antrum Vulcani. Quid agant venti, quas torqueat umbras iEacus, unde alius furlivae devehat aurum Pelliculas, quantas jaculetur Monychus ornos, Frontonis platani convulsaque marmora clamant Semper, et assiduo ruptae lectore columnaj. Exspectes eadem a summo minimoque poeta. Et nos ergo manum ferulaj subduximus, et nos Consilium dedimus Sullae, privatus ut altum Dormiret. Stulta est dementia, quum tot ubique Vatibus occurras, periturae parcere charta?. Cur tamen hoc potius libeat decurrere campo, Per quem magnus equos Auruncse flexit alumnus, Si vacat et placidi rationem admittitis, edam.. Patricios omnes opibus quum provocet unus, Quo tondente gravis juveni mihi barba sonabat; ^ A (f 10 20 fi I: U/ 2 D. JUNII JUVENALIS 40 Quum pars Niliacae plebis, quum verna Canopi Crispinus, Tyrias humero revocante lacernas, Ventilet sestivum digitis sudantibus aurum, Nee sufferre queat majoris pondera gemmaj : Difficile est satiram non scribere. Nam quis iniquae Tam patiens urbis, tarn ferreus, ut teneat se, Caasidici nova quum veniat Icctica Mathonis, 30 Plena ipso; post hunc magni delator amici, Et cito rapturus de nobilitate comesa Quod superest ; quem Massa timet, quem munere palpat Cams, et a trepido Thymelc submissa Latino. Quid referam, quanta siccum jecur ardeat ira, Quum populum gregibus comitum prcmat liic spoliator Pupilli prostantis? Et hie damnatus inani Judicio (quid enim salvis infomia nummis?) Exsul ab octava Marius bibit, et fruitur Dis Iratis; at tu victrix provincia ploras? Hajc ego non credam Venusina digna lucema? Ha;c ego non agitem ? Sed quid magis Ileracleas Aut Diomedeas aut mugitum Labyrinthi, Et mare percnssum puero fabrumque volantem ; Quum leno accipiat mccchi bona, si capiendi Jus nullum uxori ? Quum fas esse putet curam sperare cohortis, Qui bona donavit prsesepibus et caret omni Majorum censu, dum pervolat axe citato Flaminiam, puer Automedon nam lora tenebat T Nonne libet medio ceras implere capaccs Quadrivio : quum jam sexta cervicc fcratur Hinc atque inde patens ac nuda pane cathedra, Et multum referens de Msecenate supino, Signator falso, qui se lautum atque beatum Exiguis tabulis et gemma fecerat uda? Occurratmatrona potens, quse molle Calenum Porrectura viro miscet sitiente rubetam, 50 SATIRA I. 3 Instituitquc rudes nlelior Lucusta propinquas Per famam et populum nigros efferre maritos? 60 Aude aliquid brevibus Gyaris et carcere dignum, Si vis esse aliquis ! Probitas laudatur et — alget. Criminibus debent hortos, prsetoria, mensas, Argentum vetus et stantem extra pocula caprum. Si natura negat, facit indignatio versum, Qualemcumque potest, quales ego vel Cluvienus. Ex quo Deucalion, nimbis tollentibus aequor, Navigio montem ascendit sortesque poposcit, Paulatimque anima caluerunt mollia saxa, Quidquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas, 70 Gaudia, discursus, nostri est farrago libelli. Et quando uberior vitiorum copia ? quando Major avaritiae patuit sinus ? alea quando Ilaec animos? Neque enim loculis comitantibus itur Ad casum tabulae, posita sed luditur area. Prcelia quanta illic dispensatore videbis Armigero ? Simplexne furor sestertia centum Perdere, et horrenti tunicam non reddere servo ? Quis totidem erexit villas, quis fercula septem Secreto coenavit avus? Nunc sportula primo 80 Limine parva sedet, turbae rapienda togatae. Ille tamen faciem prius inspicit et trepidat, ne Suppositus venias ac falso nomine poscas. Agnitus accipies ; jubet a praecone vocari Ipsos Trojugenas ; nam vexant limen et ipsi Nobiscum. " Da praetori, da deinde tribuno. Sed libertinus prior est." " Prior," inquit, " ego adsum : Cur timeam, dubitemve locum defendere, quamvis Natus ad Euphraten, moUes quod in aure fenestrae Arguerint, licet ipse negem ? sed quinque tabemae 90 Quadringenta parant. Quid confert purpura major Optandum, si Laurent! custodit in agro G)nductas Corvinus oves? ego possideo plus !( w 100 4 D. JDNII JUVENALIS Pallante et Licinis." Exspectcnt ergo tribuni ; Vincant divitia?, sacro nee cedat bonori, Nuper in banc urbem pedibus qui venerat albis : Quandoquidem inter nos sanctissiraa divitiarum Majestas : etsi, funesta Pecunia, tcmplo Nondum babitas, nuUas nummorum ereximus aras, Vt colitur Pax atque Fides, Victoria, Virtus, Quseque salutato crepitat Concordia nido. Sed quum summus bonor finito computet anno, Sportula quid referat, quantum rationibus addat : Quid facient comites, quibus bine toga, calceus bine est Et panis fumusquc domi ? Densissima centum Quadrantes lectica p^tit, sequiturquc maritum Languida vel pnegnans et circumducitur uxor. Hie petit absenti, nota jam callidus arte, Ostendens vacuam et claueam pro conjuge sellam. " Galla mea est," inquit. " Citius dimitte : moraris. 110 Profer, Galla, caput." "Noli vexarc, quiescit." Ipse dies pulcbro distinguitur ordine rerum : Sportula, deinde forum, jurisque peritus Apollo, Atque triumpbales, inter quas ausus babere Nescio quis titulos JEgyptius atque Alabarcbes. Vestibulis abeunt veteres lassique clientes, Votaque deponunt : quanquam longissima cccnae Spes bomini : caulis miseris atque ignis emendus. Optima silvarum interea pelagique vorabit Kex horum, vacuisque toris tantum ipse jacebit. Nam de tot pulchris et latis orbibus et tarn Antiquis una comedunt patrimonia mensa. NuUus jam parasitus erit : sed quis feret istas Luxuriae sordes ? Quanta est gula, quae sibi totos Ponit apros, animal propter convivia natum ! Poena tamen praesens, quum tu deponis amictus Turgidus, et crudum pavonem in balnea portas. Hinc subitae mortes atque intestata senectus. 120 SATIRA I. It nova, nee tristis, per cunctas fabula coenas, Ducitur iratis plaudendum funus amicis. ^^ Nil erit ulterius, quod nostris moribus addat Posteritas ; eadem cupient facientque minores ; Omne in praecipiti vitium stetit. Utere velis, Totos pande sinus. Dicas hie forsitan, "Unde Ingenium par materiae ? unde ilia priorum Scribendi, quodcumque animo flagrante liberet, Simplicitas, cujus non audeo dicere nomen? Quid refert dictis ignoscat Mucius, an non ? Pone Tigellinum : taida lucebis in ilia, Qua stantes ardent, qui fixo gutture fumant, Et latum media sulcuni diducis arena." Qui dedit ergo tribus patruis aconita, vehatur Pensilibus plumis, atque illinc despiciat nosf " Quum venict contra, digito compesce labellum : Aecusator erit, qui verbum dixerit. Hie est. Securus licet -^neam Rutulumque ferocem Committas ; nulli gravis est percussus Achilles, Aut multum quaesitus Hylas umamque sequutus. Ense veJat stricto quoties Lucilius ardens Infremait, rubct auditor, cui frigidii mens est Crirainibus ; tacita sudant pnecordia culpa. Inde inc et lacrimal. Tecum prius ergo voluta Ilaec animo ante tubas : galeatum sero duelli Poenitet." Experiar, quid concedatur in illos, Quorum Flaminia tegitur cinis atque Latina. 130 140 150 / ' D. JUNII JITVENALIS i SATIRA III. QuAMVis digressu veteris confusus amici, Laudo tamen, vacuis quod sedem ligere Cumis Destinet, atque unum civem donare Sibyllai. Janua Baiarum est et gratum litus amocni Secessus. Ego vel Prochytam pra^pono Subura;. Nam quid tarn miserum, tarn solum vidimus, ut non Detenus cred^ horrere incendia, lapsus Tectorum assiduos ac mille pericula sievoe Urbis, et Augusto recitantes mense poetas? Sed dum tota domus reda componitur una, 10 Substitit ad veteres arcus madidamquo Capenara. Hie, ubi noctumae Numa constituebat amicne, Nunc sacri fontis nemus et delubra locantur Judseis ; quorum copbinus fcenumque supellcx ; Omnis enim populo mercedem pcndcre jussa est Arbor, et ejectis mendicat silva Camenis. In vallem Egeriaj descendimus et speluncas Dissimiles veris. Quanto praesentius essct Numen aquaj, viridi si margine clauderet undas Herba, nee ingenuum violarent marmora tophum ! 20 Hie tunc Umbricius, " Quando artibus," inquit, " honcstis NuUus in urbe locus, nulla emolumenta laborum ; Bes hodie minor est, here quam fuit, atque eadem eras Deteret exiguis aliquid : proponimus illuc Ire, fatigatas ubi Daedalus exuit alas, Dum nova canities, dum prima et recta senectus, Dum superest Jjachesi quod torqueat, et pedibus me Porto meis, nullo dextram subeunte bacillo. Cedamus patria : vivant Artorius istic Et Catulus ; maneant qui nigrum in Candida vertunt, 30 Quis facile est aedem conducere, flumina, portus. / \ SATIRA III. 7 Siccandam eluviem, portandum ad busta cadaver, Et praebere caput domina venale sub hasta. Quondam hi cornicines, et municipalis arenas Perpetui coraitcs, notaeque per oppida buccae, Munera nunc edunt et, verso poUice vulgi. Quern libet, occidunt populariter : inde reversi Conducunt foricas : et cur non omnia ? quum sint Quales ex humili magna ad fastigia rerum Extollit, quoties voluit Fortuna jocaJ. 40 Quid Romae faciam? Mentiri nescio; librum, Si malus est, nequeo laudare ct poscerc ; motus Astrorum ignoro ; funus promittere patris Nee volo, nee possum ; ranarum viscera nunquam Inspexi. Ferre ad nuptam quae mittit adulter. Quae mandat, norint alii : me nemo ministro Fur erit, atque ideo nulli comes exco, tanquam Mancus, et exstinctae corpus non utile dextrae. Quis nunc diligitur, nisi conscius, et cui fervens jiEstuat occultis animus semperque tacendis? 50 Nil tibi se debere putat, nil conferet unquam, Participem qui tc secreti fecit honesti : Carus erit Verri, qui Verrem tempore, quo vult, Accusare potest. Tanti tibi non sit opaci Omnis arena Tagi, quodque in mare volvitur aurum, Ut sorano careas ponendaque praemia sumas Tristis, et a magno semper timearis amico ! Quae nunc divitibus gens acceptissima nostris, Et quos praecipue fugiam, properabo fateri ; Nee pudor obstabit. Non possum ferre, Quirites, 60 Graecam urbem : quamvis quota portio faecis Achaeit Jam pridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes, Et linguam, et mores, et cum tibicine chordas Obliquas, nee non gentilia tympana secum Vexit. ^L/ <^ Qj^KULyy, ccLj^d^a^ ^o^i^ixiXz/uiL yi4UM Rusticus ille tuus sumit trechedipna, Quirine, / ■ -u '-.---^ 8 D. JUNII JUVENALIS Et ceromatico fert niceteria collo. Hie alta Sicyone, ast hie Amydone relieta, Hie Andro, ille Samo, hie Trallibus aut Alabandis, Esquilias dictumque petunt a vimine collem, 70 Viscera magnarum domuum dominiquc futuri. iDgenium velox, audacia perdita, sermo Promtus et Isaeo torrentior. Ede, quid ilium Esse putes ? quern vis homineny secum attulit ad nos : Grammatieus, rhetor, geometres, pictor, aliptes, Augur, sehocnobates, medieus, magus : omnia novit. Graeculus esuriens in ccelum, jusscris, ibit. Ad summam, non Maurus erat neque Sarmata nee Thrax, Qui sumsit pennas, mediis sed natus Athenis. Horum ego non fugiam conchylia ? me prior ille 80 Signabit ? fultusque tore meliore reeumbet, Advectus Eomam, quo pruna et cottana vcnto ? Usque adeo nihil est, quod nostra infantia ccelum Hausit Aventini, bacca nutrita Sabina? Quid, quod adulandi gens prudentissima laudat Sermonem indocti, faeiem deformis amici, Et longum invalidi coUum cervieibus oequat Herculis, Antaeum procul a tellure tenentis ? Haec eadem licet et nobis laudare : sed illis Creditur. qq Nee tamen Antiochus, nee erit mirabilis illic Aut Stratoeles aut cum molli Demetrius Hjemo : Natio comceda est. Rides, meliore cachinno Concutitur ; flet, si lacrimas conspexit amici, Nee dolet ; igniculum brumai si tempore poscas, Accipit endromidem; si dixeris, ".^tuo," sudat. Non sumus ergo pares : melior, qui semper et omni Nocte dieque potest aliena sumere vultum A facie, jactare manus, laudare paratus. Scire volunt secreta domus atque inde timeri. 100 Et quoniam coepit Graecorum mentio, transi SATIRA III. 9 Gymnasia atque audi facinus majoris abollse. Stoicus occidit Baream, delator amicum, Discipulumque senex, ripa nutritus in ilia, Ad quam Gorgonei delapsa est pinna cabalH. Non est Romano cuiquam locus hie, ubi regnat Protogenes aliquis vel Diphilus aut Plermarcus, Qui gentis vitio nunquam partitur amicum, Solus habet. Nam quum facilem stillavit in aurem Exiguum de naturae patriasque veneno, HO Limine summoveor ; perierunt tempera longi Servitii. Nusquam minor est jactura clientis. Quod porro officium, ne nobis blandiar, aut quod Pauperis hie meritum, si curet nocte togattis . Currere, quum Praetor lictorem impellat, et ire IViEcipitem jubeat, dudum vigilantibus orbis, Ne prior Albinam et Modiam coUega salutet ? Da testem Romae tam sanctum, quam fuit hospes Numinis Idaei ; procedat vel Nunia, vel qui Servavit trepidam flagranti ex aide JMinervam : 120 Protenus ad censum, de moribus ultima fiet Quaestio : " quot pascit servos ? quot possidet agri Jugera? quam multa magnaque paropside coenat?" Quantum quisque sua nummorum servat in area, Tantum habet et fidei. Jures licet et Samothracum Et nostrorum aras, contemnere fulmina pauper Creditur atque Deos, Dis ignoscentibus ipsis. Quid, quod materiam praebet causasque jocorum Omnibus hie idem, si foeda et scissa lacerna, Si toga sordidula est et rupta calceus alter 130 Pelle patet ; vel si, consuto vulnere, crassum Atque recens linum ostendit non una cicatrix 1 Nil habet infelix paupertas durius in se, Quam quod ridicules homines facit. " Exeat," inqui^ " Si pudor est, et de pulvino surgat equestri, Cujus res legi non sufficit, et sedeant hie A2 10 D. JUNII JUVENALIS Lenonum pueri quocumque in fomice nati, Hie plaudat nitidi praeconis filius inter Pinnirapi cultos juvenes juvenesque lanistae. Sic libitum vano, qui nos distinxit, Othoni. 140 Quis gener hie placuit eensu minor atque puellae Sareinulis impar ? quis pauper seribitur heres ? Quando in consilio est -^idilibus ? Agmine facto Debuerant olira tenues migrasse Quirites. Hand facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat Res aneusta domi : sed Romae durior illis Conatus ; magno hospitium miserabile, magno Servorum ventres, et frugi ccenula magno. Fictilibus ccenare pudet, quod turpe negavit Translatus subito ad Marsos mensamque Sabellam, 150 • Contentusque illic veneto duroque culullo. Pars magna Italiae est, si verum admittimus, in qua Nemo togam sumit nisi mortuus. Ipsa dierum Festorum herboso colitur si quando theatro Majestas, tandemque redit ad pulpita notum Exodium, quum personae pallentis hiatum In gremio matris formidat rusticus infans, JEquales habitus illic similemquc videbis Orchestram et populum : clari velamen honoris, Sufficiunt tunica} summis -^dilibus alba?. 160 Hie ultra vires habitus nitor ; hie aliquid plus Quam satis est interdum aliena sumitur area. Commune id vitium est : hie vivimus ambitiosa Paupertate omnes. Quid te moror ? Omnia Bom» Cum pretio. Quid das, ut Cossum aliquando salutes? Ut te respiciat clauso Veiento labello ? Ille metit barbam, crinem hie deponit amati ; Plena domus libis venalibus ! Accipe, et istud Fermentum tibi habe : praestare tributa clientes Cpgimur et cultis augere peculia servis. 170 Quis timet aut timuit gelida Praeneste ruinam. SATIIU 111. 11. Aut positis nemorosa inter juga Volsiniis, aut Simplicibus Gabiis, aut proni Tiburis arce 1 Nos urbem colinius tenui tibicine fultam Magna parte sui. Nam sic labentibus obstat Villicus, et, veteris rimae quum texit hiatum, Secures pendente jubet dormire ruina. Vivendum est illic, ubi nulla incendia, nulli Nocte metus. Jam poscit aquam, jam frivola transfert Ucalegon j tabulata tibi jam tertia fumant ; 180 Tu nescis : nam si gradibus trepidatur ab imis, Ultimus ardebit, quern tegula sola tuetur A pluvia, molles ubi reddunt ova columbae. Lectus erat Codro Procula minor, urceoli sex, Omamentum abaci ; nee non ct parvulus infra Cantharus, ct recubans sub eodem marmore Chiron ; Jamque vetus Gnccos servabat cista libellos, Et divina opici rodebant carmina mui'cs. Nil habuit Codrus : quis enim negat ?. et tamen illud Perdidit infelix totum nihil: ultimus autcm 190 -^umnafi cumulus, quod nudum et frustra rogantem Nemo cibo, nemo hospitio tectoque juvabit. Si magna Asturii cecidit domus, horrida mater, Pullati proceres, differt vadimonia praetor ; Tunc geminus casus urbis, tunc odimus ignem. Ardet adhuc, et jam accurrit qui marraora donet, Conferat impensas : hie nuda et Candida signa. Hie aliquid pneclarum Euphranoris et Polycleti, Hie Asianonip vetera omamenta deorum. Hie libros dabit et forulos mediamque Minervam, 200 Hie medium argenti : meliora et plura repomt»» Persicus, orborum lautissimus et merito jam Suspectus, tanquam ipse suas incenderit aedes. Si potes avelli Circensibus, optima Sorae Aut Fabrateriae domus aut Frusinone paratur, Quanti nunc tenebras unum conducis in annum. r^ 12 D. JUNU JUVEiNALIS I Hortulus hie puteusque brevis nee reste movendus In tenues plantas facili diffunditur haustu. Vive bidentis amans, et culti villicus horti, Unde epulum possis centum dare l^thagoreis. Est aliquid, quoeuraquc loco, quocumque recessu, Unius sese dominum fecisse lacertae. Plurimus hie ajger moritur vigiiando : sed ilium Languorem peperit cibus imperfectus et haerens Ardenti stomaeho. Nam quae meritoria somnum Admittunt? Magnis opibus dorraitur in Urbe: Inde caput morbi. Redarum transitus arcto Vicorum in flexu, et stantis convieia raandne, Eripient somnum Druso vitulisque marinis. Si vocat officium, turba cedentc vehetur Dives, et ingenti curret super era Liburno, Atque obiter leget aut scribet vel dormiet intus. Namque facit somnum clausa lectica fenestra. Ante tamen veniet ; nobis properantibus obstat Unda prior, magno populus premit agmine lumbos Qui sequitur ; ferit hie cubito, ferit assere duro Alter; at hie tignum capiti incutit, ille metretam. Pinguia crura luto, planta mox undique magna Calcor, et in digito clavus mihi militis hicret. Nonne vides quanto celebretur sportula fumo 1 Centum convivai ; sequitur sua quemque culina, Corbulo vix feiTct tot vasa ingentia, tot res Impositas capiti, quot recto vcrtice portat Semilus infelix et cursu ventilat ignem. Scinduntur tunicas sartae : modo longa coruscat Sarraco veniente abies, atque altera pinum Plaustra vehunt ; nutant alte populoque minantur : Kam si procubuit qui saxa Ligustica portat Axis, et eversum fudit super agmina montem. Quid superest de corporibus? quis membra, quis Invenit t Obtritum vulgi perit omno cadaver 210 220 230 240 SATIRA III. 13 More animae. Domus interea secura patellas Jam lavat, et bucca foculum excitat, et sonat unctis Striglibus, et pleno componit lintea gutto. Haec inter pueros varie properantur: at ille Jam sedct in ripa, tetrumque novicius horret Porthmea, nee sperat coeuosi gurgitis alnum, Infelix, nee habet quern porrigat ore trientem. Respice nunc alia ac diversa pericula noctis : Quod spatium tectis sublimibus, unde cerebrum 250 Testa ferit, quoties rimosa et curta fenestris Vasa cadunt ; quanto percussum pondere signent Et laedant silicem. Possis ignavus haberi Et subiti casus improvidus, ad cocnam si Intestatus eas. Adeo tot fata, quot ilia Nocte patent vigiles, te pnetereunte, fenestrae. Ergo optes, votumque feras miserabile tecum, Ut sint contentae patulas defundere pelves.^ Ebrius ac petulans, qui nullum forte ceddit, Dat poenas, noctem patitur lugentis amicum i 260 Pelidaj, cubat in faciem, mox deinde supinus. Ergo non aliter potent dormire? Quibusdam* Somnum rixa facit ; sed, quamvis improbus annis, Atque mero fervens, cavet hunc, quem coccina lajna Vitari jubct, et comitum longissimus ordo, JVIultum pra-terea flammarum et aenea lampas: Me, quem Luna solet deducere, vel brevedumen CandeliE, cujus dispenso et tempero filum, Contemnit. Misene cognosce prooemia rixae, Si rixa est, ubi tu pulsas, ego vapulo tantum. 270 Stat contra starique jubet ; parere necesse est: Nam quid agas, quum te furiosus cogat et idem Fortior? Undevenis? exclamat; cujus aceto, Cujus conche tumes? quis tecum sectile porrum Sutor et elixi vervecis labra comedit ? Nil mihi respondes ? Aut die, aut accipe calcem. ik 14 D. JUNII JUVENALIS SATIRA IV. Ede, ubi consistas, in qua te quaero proseucha. Dicere si tentes aliquid, tacitusve recedas, Tantundem est ; feriunt pariter ; vadimonia deinde Irati faciunt. Libertas pauperis hscc est : 280 Pulsatus rogat, et pugnis concisus adorat, Ut liceat paucis cum dentibus inde reverti. Nee tamen haec tantum metuas : nam qui spolict te Non deerit, clausis domibus, postquam omnis ubique Fixa catenata) siluit compago tabernae. Interdum et ferro subitus grassator agit rem, Armato quoties tatoB custode tcncntur Et Pomtina palus et Gallinaria pinus. Sic inde hue omnes tanquam ad vivaria currunt. Qua fomace graves, qua non incude, catenae ? 290 Maximus in vinclis ferri-modus, ut timeas, no Vomer deficiat, ne marraj et sarcula desint. Felices proavorum "atavos, felicia dicas Secula, qua) quondam sub rcgibus atque tribunis Viderunt uno contentam carcere Romam. His alias poteram et plures subnectcre causas : Sed jumenta vocant, et sol inclinat ; cundum est. Nam mihi commota jam dudum mulio virga Innuit. f Ergo vale nostri memor, et quoties te Roma tuo refici properantem reddet Aquino, 300 Me quoque ad Helvinam Cererem vestramque Dianam Converte a Cumis. Satirarum ego, ni pudet illas, Adjutor gelidos veniam caligatus in agros." 15 SATIRA IV. EccE iterum Crispinus, et est mihi saepe vocandus Ad partes, monstrum nulla virtute redemtum A vitiis, aeger solaque libidine fortis. Quid refert igitur, quantis jumenta fatiget Porticibus, quanta nemorum vectetur in umbra, Jugera quot vicina foro, quas emerit aides? Nemo malus felix, minimc corruptor, et idem Incestus, cum quo nuper vittata jacebat Sanguine adhuc vivo terram subitura sacerdos. Sed nunc de factis levioribus : et tamen alter Si fccisset idem, caderet sub judice morum. Nam quod turpe bonis, Titio Seioque, decebat Crispinum. Quid agas, quum dira et foedior omni Criminc persona est? Mullum sex millibus emit, jEquantem sane paribus sestertia libris, Ut perhibent qui de magnis majora loquuntur. Consilium laudo artificis, si munere tanto Praecipuam in tabulis ceram senis abstulit orbi. Est ratio ulterior, magnas si misit arnicas. Quae vehitur clauso latis specularibus antro. Nil tale exspectes : emit sibi. Multa videmus. Quae miser et frugi non fecit Apicius. Hoc tu, Succinctus patria quondam, Crispine, papyro ! Hoc pifetium squamae ! Potuit fortasse minoris Piscator, quam piscis, emi. Provincia tanti Vendit agros : sed majores Appulia vendit. Quales tunc epulas ipsum glutisse putemus Induperatorem, quum tot sestertia, partem Exiguam et modicae sumtam de margine coenae, Purpureus magni ructarit scurra Palati, Jam princeps equitum, magna qui voce solebat 10 20 30 16 D. JUNII JUVENALIS Vendere municipes fracta de merce siluros ! Incipe, Calliope, licet et considerc : non est Cantandum, res vera agitur : narrate, puellse Pierides. Quum jam semianimum laceraret Flavius orbem Ultimus, et calvo serviret Roma Neroni, Incidit Adriaci spatium admirabile rhombi Ante domum Veneris, quam Dorica sustinet Ancon, Implevitque sinus : nequc enim minor ha?serat illis, 40 Quos operit glacies Mseotica, ruptaquc tandem Solibus effundit torpentis ad ostia Ponti, Desidia tardos et longo frigore pingues. Dcstinat hoc monstrum cymbae linique magister Pontifici summo. Quis enim proponere talcm, Aut emere audcret, quum plena et litora multo Delatorc forent 1 Dispersi protinus algae Inquisitores agerent cum remige nudo, Non dubitaturi fugitivum dicere pisccm, Depastumque diu vivaria Caesaris ; indc 50 Elapsum veterem ad dominum debere reverti. Si quid Palfurio, si credimus Armillato, Quidquid conspicuum pulchrumque est ajquorc toto, Res fisci est, ubicumque natat. Donabitur crn-o. JNe pereat. Jam letifero cedentc pruinis Autumno, jam quartanam sperantibus a^grls, Stridebat deformis hiems praidamque recentem Servabat : tamen hie properat, velut urgeat Auster: Utque lacus suberant, ubi, quanquam diruta, servat* Ignem Trojanum et Vestam colit Alba minorem, 60 Obstitit intranti miratrix turba parumper. Ut cessit, facili patuerunt cardine valvaj ; Exclusi spectant admissa opsonia Patres. Itur ad Atriden. Turn Picens, ** Accipe," dixit, " Privatis majora focis : gcnialis agatur Iste dies: propera stomachum laxare saginis, SATIRA. IV. 17 Et tua servatum consume in secula rhombum. Ipse capi voluit." Quid apertius? et tamen illi Surgebant cristae. Nihil est, quod credere de se Non possit, quum laudatur Dis sequa potestas. 70 Sed deerat pisci patinas mensura. Vocantur Ergo in consilium proceres, quos oderat ille ; In quorum facie miserae magnaeque sedebat Pallor amicitije. Primus, clamante Libumo, " Currite, jam sedit !" rapta properabat abolla Pegasus, attonittc positus modo villicus urbi. Anne aliud tunc praefecti ? quorum optimus atque Interpres legum sanctissimus ; omnia quanquam Temporibus diris tractanda putabat inermi Justitia. Venit et Crispi jucunda senectus, 80 Cujus erant mores, qualis facundia, mite Ingenium. Maria ac terras populosque regenti Quis comes utilior, si clade et peste sub ilia Saevitiam damnarc et honestum afferre liceret Consilium ? Sed quid violentius aure tyranni, Cum quo de pluviis aut aestibus aut nimboso Vere loquuturi fatum pendebat amici? Ille igitur nunquam direxit brachia contra Torrentem, nee civis erat, qui libera posset Verba animi proferrc, et vitam impendere vero. 90 Sic multas hiemes atque octogesima vidit Solstitia, his armis ilia quoque tutus in aula. Proximus ejusdem properabat Acilius aivi Cum juvene, indigno, quem mors tam saeva maneret Et domini gladiis tam festinata : sed olim Prodigio par est in nobilitate senectus : Unde fit, ut malim fraterculus esse Gigantis. Profuit ergo nihil misero, quod cominus ursos Figebat Numidas, Albana nudus arena Venator. Quis enim jam non intelligat artes 100 Patricias ? Quis priscura illud miratur acumen, 18 D. JUNII JUVENALIS Brute, tuum ? Facile est barbato imponere regi. Nee melicr vultu, quamvis ignobilis, ibat Rubrius, offensae veteris reus atque tacendae, Et tamen improbior satiram scribente Nerone. Montani quoque venter adest, abdomine tardus, Et matutino sudans Crispinus amomo, Quantum vix redolent duo funera ; saevior illo Pompeius tenui jugulos aperire susurro, Et qui vulturibus servabat viscera Dacis IIQ Fuscus, marmorea meditatus proelia villa, Et cum mortifero prudens Yeiento Catullo, Qui nunquam visa; flagrabat amore puellai, Grande et conspicuum nostro quoque tempore monstrum I Caecus adulator, dirusque a ponte satelles, Dignus Aricinos qui mendicaret ad axes, Blandaque devexae jactaret basia redae. Nemo magis rhombum stupuit : nam plurima dixit In laevum conversus : at illi dextra jacebat Bellua. Sic pugnas Cilicis laudabat et ictus, 120 Et pegma, et pueros inde ad velaria raptos. Non cedit Veiento, sed ut fanaticus, oestro Percussus, Bellona, tuo, divinat et, " Ingens Omen habes," inquit, " magni clarique triumphi : Regem aliquem capies, aut de temone Britanno Excidet Arviragus : peregrina est bellua : cemis Erectas in terga sudes ?" Hoc defuit unum Fabricio, patriam ut rhombi memoraret et annos. " Quidnam igitur censes ? conciditur ?" " Absit ab illo Dedecus hoc," Montanus ait. " Testa alta paretur, 130 Quae tenui muro spatiosum colligat orbem. Debetur magnus patinae subitusque Prometheus. Argillam atque rotam citius properate : sed ex hoc Tempore jam, Caesar, figuli tua castra sequantur." Vicit digna viro sententia : noverat ille Luxuriam imperii veterem noctesque Neronis SATIRA IV. 19, Jam medias aliamque famem, quum pulmo Falemo Arderet Nulli major fuit usus edendi Tempestate mea. Circeis nata forent, an Lucrinum ad saxum Rutupinove edita fundo 140 Ostrea, callcbat primo deprendere morsu ; Et semel aspecti littus dicebat echini. Surgitur, et misso proceres exire jubentur Concilio, quos Albanam dux magnus in arcem Traxerat attonitos et festinare coactos, Tanquam de Cattis aliquid torvisque Sicambris Dicturus, tanquam diversis partibus orbis Anxia praecipiti venisset epistola pinna. Atque utinam his potius nugis tota ilia dedisset Tempora saevitiae, claras quibus abstulit urbi 150 Illustresque animas impune et vindice nuUo ! Sed periit, postquam cerdonibus esse timendus Coeperat : hoc nocuit Lamiarum caede madenti. 20 D. JUNII JUVENALIS SATIRA V. Si te propositi nondum pudet, atque cadem est mens, Ut bona summa putes aliena vivere quadra ; Si potes ilia pati, quae nee Sarmentus iniquas Caesaris ad mensas, nee vilis Galba tulisset : Quamvis jurato metuam tibi credere testi. Ventre nihil novi frugalius. Hoc tamen ipsum Defecisse puta, quod inani sufficit alvo : Nulla crepido vacat ? nusquam pons ct tegetis pars Dimidia brevior? tantine injuria coenaj? Tarn jejuna fames, quum Pol sit honestius illic 10 Et tremere et sordes farris modere canini ? Primo fige loco, quod tu, discumbere jussus, Mercedem solidam veterum capis officiorum. Fructus amicitiae magnae cibus : imputat hunc rex, Et, quamvis rarum, tamen imputat. Ergo duos post Si libuit menses neglectum adhibere clientem, Tertia ne vacuo cessaret culcita lecto, "Una simus," ait. Yotorum summa: quid ultra Quaeris ? Habet Trebius, propter quod rumpere soranutu Debeat et ligulas dimittere, soUicitus, ne Tota salutatrix jam turba peregerit orbem, Sideribus dubiis, aut illo tempore, quo se Frigida circumagunt pigri sarraca Boota?. Qualis coena tamen ? Vinum, quod sucida nolit Lana pati : de conviva Corybanta videbis. Jurgia proludunt: sed mox et pocula torques Saucius, et rubra deterges vulnera mappa ; Inter vos quoties libertorumque cohortem Pugna Saguntina fervet commissa lagena: Ipse capillato diffusum Consule potat, Calcatamque tenet bellis socialibus uvam, 20 30 'JSSBS SATIRA V. 21 Cardiaco nunquam cyathum missurus amico ; Cras bibet Albanis aliquid de montibus aut de Setinis, cujus patriam titulumque senectus Delevit multa veteris fuligine testse : Quale coronati Thrasea Helvidiusque bibebant Brutorum et Cassi natalibus. Ipse capaces Heliadum crustas et inaequales beryllo Virro tenet phialas : tibi non committitur aurum ; Vel, si quando datur, custos affixus ibidem, 40 Qui numeret gemmas, unguesque observet acutos. Da veniam : praeclara illic laudatur iaspis. Nam Virro, ut multi, gemmas ad pocula transfert A digitis, quas in vaginae fronte solebat Poncrc zelotypo juvenis praelatus larba;. Tu Beneventani sutoris nomcn habentem Siccabis calicem, nasorum quatuor, ac jam Qua.ssatum, et rupto poscentem sulfura vitro. Si stomachus domini fervet vinoque ciboque, Frigidior Geticis petitur decocta pruinis : 50 Non eadem vobis poni modo vina querebar : Vos aliam potatis aquam. Tibi pocula cursor Gaetulus dabit, aut nigri manus ossea Mauri, Ejt cui per mediam nolis occurrere noctem, Clivosae veheris dum per monumenta Latinae. Flos Asiae ante ipsum, pretio majore paratus, Quam fuit et Tulli census pugnacis et Anci, Et, ne te teneam, Romanorum omnia regum Frivola. Quod quum ita sit, tu Gastulum Ganymedcm Respice, quum sities. Nescit tot millibus emtus 60 Pauperibus miscere puer : sed forma, sed jetas Digna supercilio. Quando ad te pervenit ille ? Quando vocatus adest calidae gelidaeque minister? Quippe indignatur veteri parere clienti, Quodque aliquid poscas et quod se stante recumbas. Maxima quaeque domus servis est plena superbis. 'r\ ensit Alexander, testa quum vidit in ilia Magnum habitatorera, quanto felicior hie, qui Nil cuperet, quam qui totum sibi posceret orbem, 1 assurus gestis a;quanda pericula rebus. NuUum numon babes, si sit prudentia : nos te, Nos facimus, Fortuna, Beam. Mensura tamen qu» " Sufflcat census, si quis me consulat, edam : In quantum sitis atque fames et frigora poscunt, 810 Quantum, Epicure, tibi parvis suffecit in hortis. I i-m'- ' *-'' 78 D. JUNII JUVENALIS Quantum Socratici ceperunt ante penates. Nunquam aliud natura, aliud sapicntia dicit Acribus exemplis videor te claudere. Misce Ergo aliquid nostris dc moribus : cffice sunimam, Bis septem ordinibus quam lex dignatur Othonis, Ilaec quoque si rugam trahit extenditquc labellum, Sume duos Equites, fac tertia quadringenta. Si nondum implevi gremium, si panditur ultra, Nee Croesi fortuna unquam, nee Persica regna Sufficient animo, nee divitiae Narcissi, Indulsit Caesar cui Claudius omnia, cujus Paruit imperiis, uxorem occidere jussus. 820 SATIRA XV. 79 SATIRA XV. Quis nescit, Volusi Bithynice, qualia demens ^gyptus portenta colat ? Crocodilon adorat Pars hajc, ilia pavet saturam serpen tibus ibin. Effigies sacri nitet aurea cercopitheci, Dimidio magiciE resonant ubi Memnone chordae, Atque vetus Thebe centum jacet obruta portis. Ulic aeluros, hie piscem fluminis, illic Oppida tota canem venerantur, nemo Dianam. Porrum et cjepe nefas violare et frangcre morsu. O sanctas gentes, quibus hac nascuntur in hortis 10 Numina ! Lanatis animalibus abstinet omnis Mensa; nefas illic fetum jugulare capellae: Carnibus humanis vesci licet. Attonito quum Tale super coenam facinus narraret Ulixes Alcinoo, bilem aut risum fortasse quibusdam Moverat, ut mendax aretalogus. " In mare nemo Hunc abicit, saeva dignum veraquc Charybdi, Fingentem immanes La^stiygonas atque Cjclopas? Nam citius Scyllam vel concurrentia j^axa Cjanea, plenos et tempestatibus utrcs 20 Crediderim, aut tenui percussum verbere Circes Et cum remigibus grunnisse Elpenora porcis. Tarn vacui capitis populum Phajaca putavit?" Sic aliquis merito nondum ebrius, et minimum qui De Corcyraea temetum duxerat urna : Solus enim hjBc Ithacus nullo sub teste canebat. Nos miranda quidem, sed nuper consule Junio Gesta super caliche referemus moenia Copti, Nos vulgi scelus et cunctis graviora cothumis. Nam scelus, a Pyrrha quamquam omnia syrmata volvas, 30 Nullus apud tragicos populus facit. Accipe, nostro l>ira quod exemplum feritas produxerit aivo. K \1 li^ 80 D. JUNII JUVENALIS Inter finitimos vetus atque antiqua simultas, Immortale odium et nunquam sanabile vulnus Ardet adhuc, Ombos et Tentyra. Summus utrinque Inde furor vulgo, quod numina vickiorura Odit uterque locus, quum solos credat habendos Esse Deos, quos ipse colit. Sed tempore festo Alterius populi rapienda occasio cunctis Visa inimicorum primoribus ac ducibus, ne 40 Laetum Lilaremque diem, ne magnae gaudia coenae Sentirent, positis ad templa et com pita mensis Pervigilique toro, quem nocte ac luce jacentem Septimus interdum sol invenit. Horrida sane -^Igyptus ; sed luxuria, quantum ipse notavi, Barbara famoso non cedit turba Canopo. Adde, quod et facilis victoria de madidis et Blaesis atque mero titubantibus. Inde virorum Saltatus nigro tibicinc, qualiacunque Unguenta et flores multajque in frontc coronaj : 60 Hinc jejunum odium. Sed jurgia prima sonare Incipiunt animis ardentibus : liaec tuba rixa3. Dein clamore pari concurritur, et vice teli Saevit nuda manus : paucae sine vulnere malae ; Vix cuiquam aut nulli toto certamine nasus Integer. Aspiccres jam cuncta per agmina vultus Dimidios, alias facies et biantia ruptis Ossa genis, plenos oculorum sanguine pugnos. Ludere se credunt ipsi tamen et pueriles Exercere acies, quod nulla cadavera calcent : 60 Et sane quo tot rixantis millia turbae. Si vivunt omnes? Ergo acrior impetus, et jam Saxa inclinatis per humum quaesita lacertis Incipiunt torquere, domestica seditioni Tela; nee bunc lapidem, quales et Tumus et Ajax, Vel quo Tydides percussit pondere coxam -^jieae ; sed quem valeant emittere dextrae SATIRA XV. 81 70 mis dissimiles et nostro tempore natje. Nam genus hoc vivo jam decrescebat 'Homero. Terra malos homines nunc educat atque pusillos- Ergo Deus, quicunque aspexit, ridet et odit. A diverticulo repetatur fabula. Postquam Subsidiis aucti, pars altera promere ferrum Audet, et infestis pugnam instaurare sagittis- Terga fuga celeri praestantibus omnibus, instant Qui vicina colunt umbrosse Tentyra palmse. Labitur hinc quidam, nimia formidine cursum PnBCipitans, capiturque: ast ilhmi in plurima sectum J^rusta et particulas, ut multis mortuus unus Sufficeret, totum corrosis ossibus edit gg Victrix turba : nee ardenti decoxit aeno Aut verubus : longum usque adeo tardumque putavit J^xspectare focos, contenta cadavere crudo. Hie gaudere libet, quod non violaverit icrnem Quem summa coeli raptum de parte Prometheus Donavit terris. Elemento gratulor, et te Exsultare reor. Sed qui mordere cadaver Sustinuit, nil unquam hac carne libentius edit Nam scelere in tanto ne qu^ras et dubitcs, an 1 nma voluptatem gula senserit. Ultimus autem. Qui stetit absumto jam toto corpore, ductis Per terram digitis, aliquid de sanguine gustat. Vascones, ha^c fama est, alimentis talibus olim 1 roduxere animas: sed res diversa, sed iUic Fortune invidia est bellorumque ultima, casus ^xtremi, longaj dira obsidionis egcstas. Hujus enim, quod nunc agitur, miserabile debet Exempium esse cibi : sicut modo dicta mihi gens Post omnes herbas, post cuncta animalia, quidquid Cogebat vacui ventris furor, hostibus ipsis I-allorem ac maciem et tenues miscrantibus artus. Membra ahena fame lacerabant, esse parati D2 90 100 82 D. JUNII JUVENALIS SATIRA XV. !||| i Et sua. Quisnam hominum veniam dare, quisve Deorum Viribus abnuerit dira atque immania passis, Et quibus illorum poterant ignoscere manes, Quorum corporibus vescebantur? Melius nos Zenonis praecepta monent; nee enim omnia, quaedam JPro vita facienda putat. Sed Cantaber undo Stoicus, antiqui praesertim aetate Metelli? Nunc totus Graias nostrasque habet orbis Atheoas. 110 Gallia causidicos docuit facunda Britannos : De condu£endo loquitur jam rhetore Thule. Nobilis ille tamen populus, quern diximus, et par Virtute atque fide, sed major clade, Saguntus Tale quid excusat. Macotide saevior ara JEgTptus : quippe ilia nefandi Taurica sacri Inventrix homines (ut jam, quae carmina tradunt, Digna fide credas) tantum immolat, ultcrius nil Aut gravius cultro timet hostia. Quis modo casus Impulit bos ? quae tanta fames infestaque vallo 120 Arma coegerunt tam detestabile monstrum Audere ? Anne aliam, terra Memphitide sicca, Invidiam facercnt nolenti. surgere Nilo 1 Qua nee terri biles Cimbri, ncc Bri tones unquaro, Sauromataeque truces aut immanes Agatbjrrsi, Hac saevit rabie imbelle et inutile vulgus, Parvula fictilibus solitum dare vela phaselis, Et brevibus pictae remis incumberc testae. Nee poenam sceleri invenies, nee digna parabis Supplicia his populis, in quorum mente pares sunt 130 Et similes ira atque fames. Mollissima corda Humano generi dare se natura fatetur, Quae lacrimas dedit : haec nostri pars optima sensus. Plorare ergo jubet casum lugentis amici Squaloremque rei, pupillum ad jura vocantem Circumscriptorem, cujus manantia fletu Ora puellares faciunt incerta capilli. Naturae imperio gemimus, quum funus adultae 83 Virginis occun-it, vel ten-a clauditur infans, Et minor ignc rogi. Quis enim bonus et face dignus 140 Arcana, qualem Cereris vult esse siicerdos, Ulla aliena sibi credat mala ? Separat hoc nofi A grege mutorum, atque ideo venerabile soli Sortiti ingenium, divinorumque capaces Atque exercendis capiendisque artibus apti, Sensum a coclesti demissum traximus arce, ' Cujus cgent prona et terram spectantia. Mundi Principio indulsit communis conditor illis Tantum animas, nobis animum quoque, mutuus ut nos ,11 Affectus petere auxilium ct priestare jubcret, Dispcrsos trahere in populum, migrare vetJto De nemore et proavis habitatas linqupre silvas; ^dificare doraos, Laribus conjungerc nostris ' Tectum aliud, tutos vicino limine somnos Ut collata daret fiducia ; protegere armis Lapsum, aut ingenU nutantem vulnere civem, Communi dare signa tubn, defendier isdem Turribua, atque una portarum clave teneri. Sed jam seipcntum major concordia: parcit €ognatis maculis similis fera. Quando leoni Fortior eripuit vitam leo? quo nemore unquam Exspiravit apcr majoris dentibus apri ? Indica tigris agit rabida cum tigride pacem Pcrpetuam: sajvis inter se convenit ursis. Ast homini ferrum letale incude nefanda Produxisse parum est; quum rastra et sarcula tantum AssueU coquere, ct marris ac vomcrc lassi " Ncscierint primi gladios extendere fabri. Aspicimus populos, quorum non sufficit iraj Occidisse aliquem; sed pectora, brachia, vultum Credidennt genus esse cibi. Quid diceret ergo, Vei quo non fugeret, si nunc ha^c monstra videret ^ythagoras, cunctis animalibus abstinuit qui Tanquam homine et ventri indulsit non omne legumen^ 150 160 170 f I i;^ a 84 D. JUNII JUVENALI8 SATIRA XVL Quis numerare queat felicis prsemia, Galle, MilitiaB? Nam si subeuntur prospera castra, Me pavidum excipiat tironem porta secundo Sidere. Plus etenim fati valet hora bcnigni, Quam si nos Veneris coramendet epistola Marti Et Samia genitrix qua) dclectatur arena. Commoda tractemus primum communia : quorum Haud minimum illud erit, ne te pulsare togatus Audeat ; immo etsi pulsetur, dissimulet, nee Audeat excussos prietori ostendere dentes, 10 Et Digram in facie tumidis livoribus offam, Atque oculum, medico nil promittentc, rclictum. Bardaicus judex datur ha?c punire volenti, Calceus et grandes magna ad subsellia sura?, Legibus antiquis castrorum et more Camilli Servato, miles ne vallum lltiget extra Et procul a signis. Justissima Centurionum Cognitio est igitur de milite; nee mihi deerit Ultio, si justae defertur causa querela). Tota cohors tamen est ijiimica, omnesque manipli 20 Consensu magno efficiunt, curabilis ut sit Vindicta et gravior quam injuria. Dignum crit ergo Declamatoris mulino corde Vagelli, Quum duo crura habeas, offendere tot caligas, tot Millia clavorum. Quis tam procul absit ab urbo Praeterea? quis tam Py lades, molcm aggeris ultra Ut veniat? Lacrimae siccentur protinus, et se Excusaturos non sollicitemus amicos. Da testem, judex quum dixerit ; audeat illc, JS^escio quis, pugnos qui vidit, dicere, Vidi? 30 Et credara dignum barba, dignumquc capillis SATIRA XVI. 85 Majorum. Citius falsum producere testem Contra paganuui possiiJ, quam vera loquentem Contra fortunam armati contraque pudorem. Praemia nunc alia atque alia emolumenta notemus Sacramentorum. Convallem ruris aviti Improbus aut campum mihi si vicinus ademit Et sacrum effodit medio de limite saxum, Quod mea cum patulo coluit puis annua libo ; Debitor aut suintos pergit non recldere nummos, 40 Vana supervacui dicens chirographa ligni : Exspectandus erit, qui litcs inchoet, annus Totius populi : sed tunc quoque mille ferenda Taedia, mille monc ; totics subsellia tantum Sternuntur ; tum facundo ponentc lacernas Cajdicio, et Fusco jam micturiente, par.-ti Digredimur: lentaque fori pugnamus arena. Ast illis, quos arma tegunt et balteus ambit, Quod placitum est ipsis, prsestatur tempus agendi, Nee res atteritur longo sufflamine litis. 50 Solis pKcterea (estandi militibus jus Vivo patre datur: nam, qua) sunt parta labore Militia), placuit non esse in corpore census, Omne tenet cujus regimen pater. Ergo Coranum Signorum comitem, castrorumque aera merentem, Quamvis jam ti-emulus, capiat pater. Hunc favor aequus Provehit, et pulcro reddit sua dona labori. Ipsius certe ducis hoc referre videtur, Ut, qui fortis erit, sitlelicissimus idem, Ut laeti phaleris omncs ct torquibus omneg, 60 t r; A. PERSII FLACCI S A T I R iE I f. A. PERSII FLACCI SATIRE. PROLOGUS. Nec fontc labra prolui caballino, Nee in bicipiti somniasse Parnasso Memini, ut repente sic poeta prodirem : Helicon idasque pallidamque Pirenen Illis remitto, quorum imagines lambunt Iledei-a^ sequaces : ipse semipaganus Ad sacra vatum carmen aflfero nostrum. Quis expedivit psittaco suum %a7pe, Picasque docuit verba nostra conari? Magister artis ingenique largitor Venter, negatas artifex sequi voces. Quod si dolosi spes refulserit nummi, Corvos poetas et poetridas picas Cantare credas Pegaseium nectar. 10 90 PERSn SATIRA I. O euros kominum f o quantum est in rebus inane f "Quisleget haecr Min* tu istud ais? *«Nemo hercule!" Nemo ? " Vel duo, vel nemo ; turpe et miserabile !'* Quare? Ne mihi Polydamas et Troiades Labeonem Praetulerint ? Nugse. Non, si quid turbida Roma Elevet, accedas, exaraenve iraprobum in ilia Castiges trutina ; ncc te quaesiveris extra ! Nam Romas quis non ... ? ah, si fas dicere . . . ! Sed fas Tunc, quum ad canitiem et nostrum istud vivere triste 10 Aspexi, ac nucibus facimus quaecunque relictis, Quum sapimus patruos ; tunc, tunc ignoscite. Nolo : (Quid faciam)? sed sum petulanti splene cachinno. Scribimus, inclusus numeros ille, Lie pede liber, Grande aliquid, quod pulmo animae pnelargus anhelet. Scilicet haec populo, pexusque togaquc recenti Et natalitia tandem cum sardonyche albus, Sede leget celsa, liquido quum plasmate guttur Mobile colluerit, patranti fractus ocello. Hie neque more probo vidcas nee voce serena 20 Ingentes trepidare Titos, quum carmina lumbum Intrant, et tremulo scalpuntur ubi intima versu. Tun', vetule, auriculis alienis coUigis escas 1 Auriculis, quibus et dicas cute perditus, ohe ! Quo didicisse, nisi hoc fermentum et qua; semel intus Innata est, rupto jecore, exierit caprificus? En pallor, seniumque ! O mores ! usque adcone Scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire hoc sciat alter t "At pulchrum est digito monstrari et dicier, hie est! Ten' cirratorum centum dictata fuisse 30 Pro nihilo pendas f Ecce inter pocula quserunt SATIRA I. 91 Romulidae saturi, quid dia poemata narrent. Hie aliquis, cui circum humeros hyacinthina laena est Rancidulum quiddam balba do nare loquutus, Phyllidas, Hypsipylas, vatumet plorabile si quid, Eliquat, ac tenero supplantat verba palato. Assensere viri. Nunc non cinis ille poetre Felix? non levior cippus nunc imprimit ossa? Laudant convivae : nunc non e manibus illis, Nunc non e tumulo fortunataque fa villa 40 Nascentur violas?" "Rides," ait, "et nimis uncis Naribus indulges, an erit qui velle recuset Os populi meruisse, et cedro digna loquutus, Linquere nee scombros metuentia carmina, nee thus?" Quisquis es, O, modo quem ex adverso dicere feci, Non ego, qmim scribo, si forte quid aptius exit, Quamquam haec rara avis est, si quid tamen aptius exit, Laudari metuam : neque enim mihi cornea fibra est : Sed recti finemque cxtrcmumque esse recuso Euge iuum et belle. Nam belle hoc excute totum : 50 Quid non intus habet? Non hie est Ilias Acci Ebria veratro? non, si qua elegidia crudi Dictarunt proceres 1 non, quicquid denique lectis Scribitur in citreis! Calidum scis ponere sumen, Scis comitem horridulum trita donare laccrna, Et, Verum, inquis, amo ; verum mihi dicite de me. Qui potet Vis dicam? nugaris, quum tibi, calve, Pinguis aqualiculus protenso sesquipede extet. O Jane, a tergo quem nulla ciconia pinsit. Nee manus auriculas imitari mobilis albas, 60 Nee linguae, quantum sitiat canis Appula, tantum ! Vos, o patricius sanguis, quos vivere fas est Occipiti caeco, posticae occurrite sann.x ! Quis populi sermo est? quis eiiim, nisi carmina moUi Nunc demum numero fluere, ut per leve severos Effundat junctura ungues? scit tendere versma I i I : M i 92 PERSII Non secus ac si oculo nibricam dirigat uno. Sive opus in mores, in luxum et prandia regum Dicere, res grandes nostro dat Musa poetae. Ecce modo heroas sensus afferre docemus 70 Nugari solitos Grsece, nee ponere lucum Artifices, nee rus saturum laudare, ubi corbes Et focus et porci et fumosa Palilia focno; (Unde Remus, sulcoque terens dentalia, Quinti, Quum trepida ante boves dictatorem induit uxor, Et tua aratra domum lictor tulit). Euge, poeta! Est nunc Briseis quern venosus liber Acci, Sunt quos Pacuviusque et verrucosa moretur Antiopa, '' cmimnis cor luctijicabile fulta.'' Hos pueris monitus patres infundere lippos 80 Quum videas, quaerisne, unde hajc sartago loqaendi Venerit in linguas ; unde istud dedecus, in quo Trossulus exsultat tibi per subsellia levis? Nilne pudet capiti non posse pericula cano Pellere, quin tepidura hoc optes audire, decenierf Fur es, ait Pedio. Pedius quid? crimina rasis Librat in antithetis, doctus posuisse figuras. Laudatur: bellumhoc! hoc bellum? Men' moveat? quippe et, cantet si naufragus, asscm Protulerim ? cantas, quum fracta te in trabe pictum OC Ex humero portas ? Verum, nee nocte paratum, Plorabit qui me volet incurvasse querela. " Sed numeris decor est et junctura addita crudis. Claudere sic versum didicit Berecyntius Atys, Et qui caeruleum dirimebat Nerea delphin ; Sic costam longo subduximus Apennino. Arma virum, nonne hoc spumosum et cortice pingui, Ut ramale vetus, pra'grandi subere coctum ?" Quidnam igiturtenerum, et laxa cervice legendum? Torva Mimalloneis impkrwU comua bombisy IQQ Et rt^tum vitulo caput ablatura superbo SATIRA I. 93 Bassans, et Ij/ncem Mamas fleocura corymbis ^ Euion ingeminat : reparabilis assonat Echo. Haec fierent, si testiculi vena uUa patemi Viveret in nobis? summa delumbe saliva Hoc natat ; in labris et in udo est Maenas et Atys ; Nee pluteum cajdit, nee demorsos sapit unguis. " Sed quid opus teneras mordaci radere vero , Auriculas? vide sis, ne majorum tibi forte Limina frigescant : sonat hie de nare canina 110 Littera." Per me quidem sint omnia protinus alba; Nil moror. Euge! omnes, omnes bene mine eritis res! Hoc juvat ? Hie, inquis, veto quisquam faxit oletum. Pinge duos angues : pueri, sacer est locus. Discedo. Secuit Lucilius urbem, Te, Lupe, te, Muci, et genuinum fregit in illis: Omne vafer vitium ridenti Flaccus amico Tangit, et admissus circum praecordia ludit, Callidus excusso populum suspendere naso : Men* mutire nefas ? nee clam, nee cum scrobe, nusquam. Hie tamen infodiam. Vidi, vidi ipse, libelle : 120 Auriculas asini Mida rex habet. Hoc ego opertum, Hoc ridere meum, tam nil, nulla tibi vendo Liade. Audaci quicunque afflate Cratino, Iratum Eupolidem praegrandi cum sene palles, Aspioe et haec, si forte aliquid decoctius audis. Inde vaporata lector mihi ferveat aure, Non hie, qui in crepidas Graiorum ludere gestit, Sordidus, et lusco qui possit dicere, Lusce, Sese aliquem credens, Italo quod honore supinus 130 Fregerit heminas Arreti aedilis iniquas ; Nee qui abaco numeros, et secto in pulvere metaa Scit risisse vafer, multum gaudere paratus. Si cynico barbam petulans nonaria vellat. * Hig mane edictum, post prandia Callirhoen do. ^f fl lit 94 PERSII 10 SATIRA n. Himc, Macrine, diem numcra meliore lapiUo, Qui tibi labentes apponit candidus annos ; Funde merum Genio. Non tu prece poscis emaci, Quae nisi seductis nequeas committere Divis. At bona pars procerum tacita libabit acerra Hand cuivis promtum est murmurque humilesque susurros lollere de templis, et aperto vivere voto? Mens bona, fama, fides, ba^c clare et ut audiat hospes: ^la sibi introrsum et sub lingua immurmurat : « O si Ebulliat patrui pneclarum funus ! et, O si Sub rastro crepet argenti mihi seria, dextro Hercule! pupillumve utinam, quem proximus herea topello, expungam ! namque et scabiosus, et acri Bile tumet. Nerio jam tertia ducitur uxor »" Haec sancte ut poscas, Tibcrino in gurgite memis M^e caput bis terque, et noctem flumine pumas. Heus age, responde; minimum est quod scire laboro: De Jove quid sentis? estne ut pra.ponere cures Hunc cuiquam ? « Cuinam 1 vis Staio f an scilicet ha.res, Quis potior judex, puerisve quis aptior orbis » Hoc igitur, quo tu Jovis aurem impellere tentas, Ihcagedum Staio: proh Jupiter! o bone, clamet, Jupiter ! at sese non clamet Jupiter ipse' Ignovisse putas, quia, quum tonat, ocius ilex Sulfure discutitur sacro, quam tuque domusque. Am quia non fibris ovium Ei^ennaque jubente Tnste jaces lucis evitandumque bidental, Iddrco stolidam praebet'tibi vellere barbam Jupiter? aut quidnam est, qua tu njercede Deorum Emens auriculas? pulmone et lactibus unctis^^ Ecce avia, aut metuens Divum matertera, cunis 20 30 SATIRA II. 95 Exemit puerum, frontemque atque uda labella Infami digito et lustralibus ante salivis Expiat, urentes oculos inhibere perita. Tunc manibus quatit, et spem macram supplice vote Nunc Licini in campos, nunc Crassi mittit in sedes. Hunc optent gencrum rex et regina ; puellae Hunc rapiant ; quicquid calcaverit hie, rosa fiat I Ast ego nutrici non mando vota ; negato, Jupiter, hajc illi, quamvis te albata rogarit. 40 Poscis opem nervis corpusque fidele senectse. Esto age : sed grandes patinae tucetaque crassa Annuere his superos vetuere Jovemque morantur. Rem struere exoptas caeso bove, Mercuriumque Arcessis fibra : da fortunare Penates, Da pccus et grcgibus fetum ! Quo, pessime, pacto, Tot tibi quum in flammas junicum omenta liquescant? Et tamen hie extis et opimo vincere ferto Intendit : " Jam crescit ager, jam crescit ovilo, Jam dabitur, jam, jam !" donee deceptus et exspes 50 Nequicquam fundo suspiret nummus in imo. Si tibi crateras argenti incusaque pingui Auro dona feram, sudes et pectore Isevo Excutiat guttas laetari praetrepidum cor. Hinc illud subiit, auro sacras quod ovato Perducis facies : nam fratres inter ahenos Somnia pituita qui purgatissima mittunt Praecipui sunto, sitque illis aurea barba. Aurum vasa Numae Satumiaque impulit sera, Vestalesque urnas et Tuscum fictile mutat. ^0 O curvae in terras animse et ccelestium inanes? Quid juvat hoc, templis nostros immittere mores, Et bona Dis ex hac scelerata ducera pulpa? Haec sibi corrupto casiam dissolvit olivo, Haec Calabrum coxit vitiato murice vellus Haec baccam conchae rasisse, et stringere venaa :& lidta 96 PERSII Ferventis massae crudo de pulvere jussit. Peccat et haec, peccat : vitio tamen utitur. At vos Dicite, pontifices, in sacro quid facit aurum ? Nempe hoc quod Veneri donatae a virgine pupp®. Quin damus id Superis, de magna quod dare lance Non possit magni Messalaj lippa propago ; Compositum jus fasque animo, sanctosque recessus Mentis, et incoctum generoso pectus honesto? Haec cedo, ut admoveam templis, et farre litabo. 70 SATIRA III. 97 » SATIRA in. Nempe hoc assidue : jam clarum mane fenestras Intrat et angustas extendit lumine rimas, Stertimus, indomitum quod despumare Falemum Sufl&ciat, quinta dum linea tangitur umbra. ** En quid agis ? siccas insana Canicula messes Jamdudum coquit, et patula pecus omne sub ulmo est Unus ait comitum. "Verumne? itanel ocius adsit Hue aliquis ! nemon' f * Turgescit vitrea bilis, Finditur, Arcadia; pecuaria ruder« dicas. Jam liber ct bicolor positis membrana capillis, 10 Inque manus chartae nodosaquc venit arundo. Tunc queritur, crassus calamo quod pendeat humor, Nigra quod infusa vanescat sepia lymj)ha ; Dilutas queritur geminet quod fistula guttas. O miser ! inque dies ultra miser, huccine rerum Venimus ? at cur non potius, teneroque columbo Et similis regum pueris, pappare minutum Foscis, et iratus mammae lallare recusas? "An tali studeam calamo?" Cui verba? quid istas Succinis ambages ? tibiluditur; effluis amens. 20 Contemnerc : sonat vitium percussa, maligne Respondet viridi non cocta fidelia limo. Udum et molle lutum es, nunc, nunc properandus et acri Fingendus sine fine rota. Sed rure patemo Est tibi far modicum, purum et sine labe salinum ; (Quid metuas ?) cultrixque foci secura patella est ; Hoc satis? an deceat pulraonem rumpere ventis, Stemmate quod Tusco ramum millesime ducis, Censoremque tuum vel quod trabeate salutas? Ad populum phaleras : ego te intus et in cute novi. 80 Non pudet ad morem discincti vivere Nattae ? E 1 Vf9 PKRSII SATIRA III. 99 Sed Btupet hie vitio, et fibris increvit opimnm Pingue ; caret culpa, nescit, quid perdat, ct alto Demersus summa rursus non buUit in unda. Magne pater Divum, saevos punire tyrannoB Haud alia ratione velis, quum dira libido Movent ingenium ferventi tincta veneno : Virtutem videant intabescantque relicta. Anne magia Sicoli gemuerunt aera juvenci, Aut magis auratis pendens laquearibus ensis Putpureas subter cervices terruit, Imus, Imus prsecipites, quam si sibi dicat, et intus Palleat infelix quod proxima nesciat uxor? Ssepe oculos, memini, tangebam parvus olivo, Grandia si nollem moritnri verba Catonis Discere, non sano mnltum laudanda magistro, Quae pater addnctis sudans audiret amicis. Jure etenim id summuro, quid dexter senio ferret Scire, erat in voto ; damnosa canicula quantum Kaderet ; angustae coUo non fallier orcae ; Neu quis callidior buxum torquere flagello. Hand tibi inexpertum curvos deprenderc mores, Quaeque docet sapiens braccatis illita Medis Porticus; insomnis quibus et detonsa juventus Invigilat, siliquis et grandi pasta polenta ; Et tibi, quae Samios diduxit litera ramos, Surgentem dextro monstravit limite callem ; Stertis adhue, laxumque caput, coropage soluta, Oscitat hesternum, dissutis undiquc malis. Est aliquid quo tcndis, ct in quod dirigis arcum? An passim sequeris corvos testaque lutoquc Securus quo pes ferat, atquc ex tempore vivis? Helleborum frustra, cum jam cutis aegra tumebit, Poscentes videas : venienti occurrite morbo ! Et quid opus Cratero raagnos promittere montest Discite, O miseri, et causas cognoscite rerum. 40 50 60 ^ r Quid sumus, aut quidnam victuri gignimur ; ordo Quis datus, et metae qua mollis flexus et unde ; Quis modus argento, quid fas optare, quid asper Utile nummus habet ; patriae carisque propinquia 70 Quantum elargiri deceat ; quem te Deus esse Jussit, et humana qua parte locatus es in re. Disce, neque invideas, quod multa fidelia putet In locuplete penu, defensis pinguibus Um>)ris, Et piper et pernae, Marsi monumenta clientis ; Majnaque quod prima nondum defecerit orca. Hie aliquis de gente hircosa Centurionum Dicat : " Quod sapio, satis est mihi ; non ego euro Esse quod Arcesilas aerumnosique Solones, Obstipo capite et figentes lumine terram, 80 Murmura quum seeum et rabiosa silentia rodunt, Atque exporrecto trutinantur verba labello, -^Egroti veteris meditantcs somnia, gigni Dc nihilo nihil, in nihilum nil posse reverti. Hoe est, quod palles? cur quis non prandeat, hoc est?" His populus ridet, multumque torosa juventus Ingeminat tremulos naso crispante eachinnos. Inspice ; nescio quid trepidat mihi pectus, et segris Faucibus exsuperat gravis halitus; inspice, sodesi Qui dicit medico, jussus requiescere, postquam 90 Tertia eompositas vidit nox currere venas, De majore domo, modicum sitiente lagena, Lenia loturo sibi Surrentina rogavit. Heus, bone, tu puUes ! « Nihil est." Videas tamen istud, Quicquid id est: surgit tacite tibi lutea pellis. " At tu detenus palles ; ne sis mihi tutor ; Jam pridem hune sepeli ; tu restas." Perge, tacebo. Turgidus hie epulis atque albo ventre lavatur, Gutture sulfureas lentum exhalante mephites. Sed tremor inter vina subit, calidumque. trientem 100 Excutit e manibus, dentes crepuere retecti, l! I 100 FEnsii Uncta cadnnt laxis tunc pulmentaria labris. Hinc tuba, candelic, tandemque beatulus alto Compositus lecto, crassisque lutatus amomis, In portam rigidos calces extcndit : at ilium Hestemi capite induto subiere Quirites. Tange, miser, venas et pone in pcctore deztram, "Nil calet hie;" summosquc pedes attingc manusque, " Non frigent." Visa est si forte pecunia, sivo Candida vicini subrisit molle puella, Cor tibi rite salitt Fositum est algente catino Durum olus, et populi cribro decussa farinn, Tentemus fauces : tenero latet ulcus in ore Putre, quod baud deceat plebeia raderc beta. Alges, quum excussit membris timor albus aristas; Nunc face supposita ferrescit sanguis, ct ira Scintillant oculi, dicisque facisquc, quod ipso Non sani esse bominis non sanus jurct Orestei. 110 8ATIRA IV. 101 10 SATIRA IV. Rem populi tractas? (barbatum h»c cr«de magistrum Dicere, sorbitio toUit quem dim cicut^), T Quo fretus, die, o magni pupiUe Pericli. bcilicet ingenium et rerum prudentia velox Ante piles venit; dicenda tacendaque caUes! J!.rgo ubi commota fervet plebecula bile Fert animus calid* fecisse silentia turb4 ^^estatemanus: quid deinde loqueret Quirftes, Hoc, puto, non justum est; illud male, rectius illud. Scs cten.m justum gemina suspendere lance Anopuis hbra,; rectum discernis, „bi inter Curva subit, vel quum fallit pede regula varo, Et pons es nigrum vitio prtefigcrc theta. Qum tu igitur, summa nequicquam peUe decorus, Ante d.em blando caudam jactarc popeUo Bcsmis, Anticyras melior sorbcre meracas» Qua. t.b. summa boni est 1 Uncta vixisse patella S>efflper, et assiduo curata cuticula sole Exspecta, baud aiiud respondeat h»c anus. I „„„c • r)moma.hes ego sum," suffla; "sum candidus." Esto, 20 Dum ne detenus sapiat pannucea Baucis, Quum bene discincto cantaverit ocima vem». Ut nemo in sese tentat descendere, nemo. feed pra«»dentis spectator manticatei^o' Qu^sieris, Nostin' Vectidi pr^ia ? « Cuius ^" D.ves arat Curibus quantum non milvus oben-et. Hunc ms, hnnc Dis iratis, Genioque sinistro! Qu., quandoque jugum pertusa ad compita Sv";fi'T--^e- lator. No one in particular is meant. The blow is aimed at the class of informers generally. — De nobilitate comesa. The nobility were impoverished, not only by the exactions of the prince, but also by the large sums which they were compelled to pay to the dreaded informers. — Massa. The allusion is to Bsebius Massa, who was a notorious informer in the reign of Domitian. He and Metius Ca- ms, another informer, mentioned immediately after, are compelled to propitiate an informer still more powerful than themselves. — Palpat. " Coaxes." A metaphor taken from patting and coaxing a horse. — Et a trepido, &c.» "And Thymele sent secretly by the trembling Latinus." Latinus, a celebrated mime-player in the time of Domitian, and a favourite of that emperor, is also compelled to propitiate the powerful informer, and secretly sends to him, with rich presents, his wife Thymele, also celebrated as a female per- former of mimes. 35-40. Jecur. The ancients considered the liver as the seat of the passions. — Spoliator pupiUi prostantis. "The plunderer of Jiis ward reduced (in consequence) to a life of infamy." The guardian defrauds and plunders his ward, and the latter, impoverished in means and corrupted in principles, is driven for support to an infa- mous course of life. — Inani judicvo. " By an unavailing sentence." Literally, an " empty" one, i. c, one that leaves him still in posses- sion of a large portion of his ill-gotten gains. The allusion is to Marius Priscus, proconsul of Africa, who was tried in the third year of Trajan for extortion in his province, and condemned to dis- gorge into the public treasury 700,000 sesterces (about 127,000), L 120 NOTES ON SAT. I. 'i 4-t and also banished from Italy. The penalty was a mere trifle com- pared with the vast sums which he had accumulated, and, what was still worse, the province got no portion of the penalty. — Infamia, Part of the punishment for extortion was the kind of infamia called intestabiiitas. — Ab octava bibit. " Begins to carouse from the eighth hour." Two o'clock, according to our mode of computing. The ninth hour (three o'clock) was the earliest time at which the tem- perate dined. Marius, however, begins an hour earlier. — Et/ndtur Dis iratis. "And derives enjoyment from the angry gods, i. c, laughs at them. — Victrix. " Though victorious in thy suit." Fic- trix is a forensic term, applied to the province as having succeeded against Marius. — Ploras. The province, after being put to the trouble and expense of a prosecution, obtains no real remuneration, but is left to deplore her losses. 41-44. Venusina digna lucema. "Worthy of the Venusiaian lamp," »*. c, of the satiric pen, and the caustic lucubrations of a Horace. Vennsium, or Venusia, in Apulia, was Horace's native place. As regards the employment of the term lucema, compare the language of Horace himself: "jE^<, pHus orto sole, vigil, cala- munij et chartas, et scrinia posco. {Epist. ii., 1, 112.) — Sed quid ma- gis Heracleas, &c. "But why rather narrate the fabulous legends of a Hercules or a Diomede ?" Supply dicam or canam from the preceding agitem, and after Ileractcas and Diomedcas understand Jabukis. Juvenal here anticipates the supposed objections of those who might, perhaps, advise him to employ his pen on some fabu- lous and safer subject. But why, replies the poet, should I prefer these hackneyed fables to the bold and unblushing realities of act- mal life. — Diomedeas. Alluding to the Thracian king, who fed his horses on human flesh. — Mugitum Labyrinthi. The legend of the Minotaur. — Puero. Icarus. The dative instead of ab with the ab- lative. (Ztimpf, § 419.) — Fabrum. "Artificer." Daedalus. 45-50. Quum leno accipiat, &c. "When the pander-husband can take the property of the adulterer, since the wife herself has no right to receive it." The reference is to the Lex Voconia (B.C. 174). This law forbade a woman to be made hcpres ex asse, that is, tfole heiress. The subsequent Lex Julia Pajtia Poppasa gave wom- en this privilege, however, if they had a certain number of chil- dren. A man who was the father of one child could take as uni- versal heir. Accordingly, the satirist says that, if the wife is under a legal incapacity to take an inheritance, the husband may be able to take it ; and therefore he winks at the dishonour of his wife, to win the favour of the adulterer and be made his heir. (Long^ ad NOTES ON SAT I. 121 fbc.y—Quum/as esse jmtet, &c. The allusion here is probably to the Profeciura cohortis sociorum, for which some ruined spendthrift is asking, the son, in all likelihood, of a senator, who, as a proof of his shamelessness, expects to be excused from one of the require- ments of the service, namely, the having been prcvior.sly a centu- rion. (Madvig, ad loc.) Some commentators, however, rejecting this general view, make the poet refer to Cornelius Fuscus, a youth of iUustrious origin, who had officiated as charioteer to Nero, and had ruined himself by his extravagance in horses and stables.' At a subsequent y)eriod he was made captain of the body-guard by Do- mitian, and fell in the Dacian war. Compare Sat, iv., 111.— Proese- pibus. *'On stables,"— Dum pervolat, &c, Obsene the pecuUar employment of dum with the present, in the dependent clause, after a past tense in the principal one. He lost all his hereditary estate whilst he drove, and by driving, &c, — Flamimam. Supply viam. The Flaminian Way was the Great North Road, and led from Rome to Ariminum. The portion here meant is that which skirted the whole length of the Campus Martins, and consequently formed the most conspicuous thoroughfare in Rome. It is now the Corso,— Puer Automedon, &c. " For, while yet a boy, he held the reins Uke Automedon of old." Automedon was the youthful charioteer of Achilles. The Achilles of Homer and the Roman Nero ate here brought into amusing juxtaposition. 51-56. Nonne lihet. "Does not one feel inclined?" — il/crf/o quadrivio. *' In the very middle of the crossways," t. c, in the open and crowded streets ; such is the effrontery of the times. Quadrwi- «m is a place where four ways meet, and where there would always be more or less of a crowd.— Cera*. Used here for ccratas tabellas, "tablets." These tablets were thin pieces of wood, covered over on the inner side with wax, on which the ancients wrote with a sharp instrument called stylus. They were fastened together at the back by means of wires, which answered the purpose of hinges, so that they opened and shut like our books. To prevent the wax of one tablet rubbing against that of the other, there was a raised margin around each.- 5exto cervice. "On a sixth neck," i. c, on the shoulders of six slaves. The litter-pole rested on the shoulder of the slave, leaning somewhat against the neck. The rich and fashionable had six litter-carriers, sometimes even eight. When six were employed, they were called hexaphon (^^dopoi, from i^, "six," and (pipcj, "to cany"); when eight, octophori (dKToipopoi),^ Patens. " Conspicuous to the view." The litter was commonly •hut in by cuitains. On the present occasion, however, the curtains F 122 NOTES ON SAT. I. are drawn aside, and the nnblushing occupant within is fullj ex- posed to the view. — Ac nuda ppvvo^. (Adams, s. v.) 59-60. Melior Lucusta. " A more skilful Lucusta (even than she of former days)." Lucusta was a female in the time of Nero, famed for her skill in concocting poisons. Through her means, Agrippina poisoned off the Emperor Claudius, and Nero dispatched Britanni- cus. The true form of the name is LUcusta, with the antepenult long. The common reading, Locusta, ought to have the antepenult short, from the analogy of locusta, "the locust:'— Rudes. Hitherto " inexperienced" in the art of poisoning.— Per famam et populum, &c. '' To carry forth for interment their livid husbands amid busy ramoura and the crowding populace." The people would crowd around to obsenc the discoloration occasioned-by the poison. Ob- ser>e that efcrre is here in reality equivalent to efferendos curare. Heinrich makes jyer famam et populum a hendiadys for per famam populi, but this is less spirited. Gl-GG. Aude aliquid, &c. The leading idea is this : If you wish to come into notice at Rome, commit some act of great rascality, which ought to consign you to banishment or a prison, but which at Rome will prove the most effectual means of making you wealthy and powerful. The poet has principally in view the profligate fa- vourites of bad emperors, who were wont to enrich and advance themselves by acts which ought to have subjected them to the se- verest punishment.— jBrcw'fttw Gyaris dignum. ♦* Worthy of narrow Gyanis," i. e., that ought to send you thither into exile. Gyarus was a small island, forming one of the group of the Cyclades, and to the southwest of Andros. It was inhabited by a few poor fishermen, and was little Ixjtter than a barren rock. Hence it was one of the most dreaded places of exile in the whole Roman empire. There are two forms of the name, Gyarus (-i) and Gyara (.orum).—Si vis esse aliquis, "If yon wish to be somebody." Compare the Greek dvai Tie —Alget. " Stan-es." There should be a dash before this in the editions, the sense being suspended for a moment, in order that the closing word may come in with more emphasis, and, as it were, unexpectedly. >1.^ 124 NOTES ON SAT. I. NOTES ON SAT. I. 125 Prxloria. "Their palaces." Prctorlum, when denoting an abode; properly means the official residence of the governor of » province, and then any splendid structure in general -J/e«.<« For the dwellings of the opulent, tables were made of the mc« beautiful and costly kinds of wood.-.lryeH(»m vem. Their old plate," .-. e., silver vessels, the work of early and celebrated arti- ficers.-^ .tantem extra pocula «,pmm. " And the goat standing forth in relief from the cup," i. e., a drinking-cup '''»--<» """t work in high relief. The goat, as peculiarly destructive of the Mne ^•^ sacrificed to Bacchus, and hence formed an appropnau,- devi.0 on drinking-cups.-5.- natura nejat. " If nature denu^s the vein .-. ... the poetic vein requisite for the proper handhng of such ibemcs.-a«viems. A fictitious name for some stupid contempo- rary of the satirist's. Juvenal names him here along with himself, in order to satirize him the more by the very comparison. 67-71. Exqm, Ac. Juvenal means by this that h.s satire will take for its field of operations the whole range of human hfe, with .U the varied feelings and motives that have been accustomed to .way it from the eariiest <^es.-Tollentib«s. Supply •« <."<"»•- Afontem. Parnassus, in Vhocis.-Sorfesque poposcit. And asked for an oracle." According to the legend, Deucalion consulted the sanctuary of Themis, on Mount Parnassus, for the purpose of ascer- taining in what way the race of man might be restored. Sor,« is here used in its general sense of an oracular response. Tl.e prim- itive import of the term, however, refers to the practice so frequent in the Italian nations, of endeavouring to ascertain the future by the drawing of lots, a practice that prevailed even in many of the an- c"nt lulian temples.-Pa»4.ri»^ ani,,^ &c. "And the soften- ing stones grew gradually warm with life." The stones were the Z.S of their mother," which the oracle directed Deucalion and Pyrrha to throw behind thcm.-Votum. "Their every wish. - ' ^cnrs^. "Their every pursuit." Literally " their runmng to and (ro.'--No^ est farrago libeUi. " From the mot ey subject of my little work." Farraoo literally means " mixed fodder for cat- tle. Here, however, it is figuratively employed to indicate a med- '^Q"?!! »»>' a^ritU., &c. "When did a deeper gulf of avarice open on the view?" Literally, " a more ample bosom. A metaphor borrowed from the Roman dress. The «»». was a part rf the toea hanging down in front, over the bosom, like a slmg l^oling^a kind of receptacle in which -ous thin^couM be carried. It answered, therefore, the same purpose as a modem ■ T pocket. Some commentators, however, make sinus mean here the bosom of a sail, and consider the idea to be, " when were the sails of avarice more widely spread ?" The explanation which we have adopted appears the more natural and forcible. — Alea quando hcec animos. " When did gambling like this of ours sway the minds of men?" We have given hcec, the ingenious conjecture of Heinecke. The common reading is hos, " When had gambling its present spir- its?" or, making hos equivalent to tot^ "When did gambling influ- ence so many minds?" With animos, whether we read hoec or hosy supply cepit. — Loculis comitantibus. " Caskets accompanying them." They do not go to the gaming-iable, as we would say, with purses, but the steward brings a whole money-chest, which is staked and played for at once. Loculus means a small casket, divided into com- partments, and made of ivory or wood. — Luditur. Taken imperson- ally. 76-81. IHspensatore armvjero. "The steward being the armour- bearer." ' he steward supplies the gold, the weapons of gambling warfare. — Simplex. "Common" or "ordinary." — Sestertia centum. *' A hundred thousand sesterces." About $3900. — Reddere. " To give (what is merely his due)." Reddo here carries with it the idea of bestowing something that is due for services performed. — Quis totidem, &c. With quis supply avus from the succeeding clause.— Secreto. "By himself," i.e., without his clients. — Sportula parva, &c. " A little basket has its seat," i. c, is placed. Parva, incor- rectly rendered here by some " diminished," is purposely employed to mark the contrast between the size of the basket and the rich patron's supper of seven /ercula. The Romans, in the days of free- dom, entertained their clients, after the latter had attended them in public, at a supper, which was called coena recta. But, after the ex- tinction of liberty, when the clients had lost all political influence, instead of being regularly entertained, they merely received a por- tion of food in a small basket called sportula, which they carried to their own homes. For the sake of convenience, it soon became cus- tomary to give an equivalent in money, the sum established by gen- eral usage being 100 quadrantes (about 24 cents). The donation in money, however, did not entirely supersede the sjyortula in kind, as may be seen from Jurenal himself (iSa^ iii., 230, seqq.). — Prima limine. The sportulcB were placed in the vestibule of the mansion. — Turbce togat(p. Said contemptuously of the Romans thronging to receive the sjyortula. The toga was always worn by clients when at- tending on their patrons. 82-85. Ele. The steward, or dispenser of the dole ; not, as some I ' «! >r.^ \ 126 NOTES ON SAT. I. maintain, the master. — Suppositus. '* A fraudulent substitute? More literally, "put in the place of another." In order to guard against imposition and fraud on the part of the applicants, a regular roll was kept at each mansion of the persons entitled to receive the sportula. The individuals, moreover, were required to appear in person.— 7/>«>s Trojugenas. " The very descendants of the Trojans," «. «., men of some of the oldest families in Rome, but now so reduced in means as not to be ashamed to come forward as applicants for the dole.— iVb6t5«iwi. " With us poor folk." 86-93. Da pratori, &c. The language of the steward to one of his assistants.— 5crf Uhertirms prior est. "But there is a freedman here before them.'* The reply of the assistant to the steward.— 7n- quit. " Exclaims the freedman." Supply libertims. The freedman gays this on overhearing the remark of the assistant.— iVorcr//i«, "learned in the \aw.''—Triumphales. "The triumphal statues." Supply statuas. These were the statues of some of the most distinguished men of tie republic, with which Au- gustus had adorned his forum. — Nescio quis yEijyptius, &c. "Some Egyptian and chief tax-gatherer or other." Alabarches is meant to be explanatory of ^Egyjitius. The Alabarchcs appears to have been the chief magistrate of the Jews r.t Alexandria ; but whose duties, as far as the government was concerned, consisted in raiding and paying the taxes. The term is derived from akdCirj, "ink," and upxti. The common text \\2ls Arabarchcs, "Arabian prefect," a title sometimes given to the governor of the district of Thebais, in the time of the empire. The true reading, however, \s AJabarchcs. The person alluded to is unknown, and various conjectures have been fruitlessly started. 116-124. Vestibulis abeunt, &c. "At length the old and wearied clients depart from the vestibules." The poor clients, after attend- ing their lordly patron during the whole day, have now escorted him to his home, and have ranged themselves in the vestibule, in eager expectation of being invited to supper. But no such invitation comes, and they depart at length to their respective homes, with the paltry boon of a hundred quadrantes. — Vota. "Their eager wishes," t. «., for the coma recta, — Quanquam longissivia, crty. Their signet-rings were taken from their fin- gers when dead, and the forged wills were sealed with them. — Pen- silibus plumis. "On pensile feathers," i. e., on downy bed suspend- ed aloft. The reference is to the bed or mattress in the lectica. — Quum venict contra. ""Ay, and wlien he shall come full in front," I. 6., when he shall meet you. The friend now speaks. — Accusator erit, &c. " There will be an accuser (ready for the one) who shall only have uttered the remark, " That's he," i. e., it will be danger- ous even to say ns much as *<■ That's he." You will immediately be informed against How then can you seriously think of openly sat- irizing such a person- After accusator supply ejus^ as the antece- dent to qui. — Securus licet commiftas. " With perfect impunity may 3'ou match in fight,'* £. c, you may, without any fear of giving of- fence, handle some epic theme, such as the combat between JEneas Jind Tumus, or the wounding of Achilles by Paris. Or you may se- lect some mythological legend, such as that of Hercules and Hylas. — Nutli gnwis est. " Is troublesome to no one," i. c, gives rise to Jingry foehngs in no one. — Percussus. " Wounded by Paris." Sup- jily a Paridc — Multum qucesitus. Supply ab Jlercule. — Umamque se- cutus. Beneath the waters of the fountain. — Quoties Lucilius ardens. *^*As often, however, as some glowing Lucilius." — Rubet. "Red- dens,*' I, e.f with mingled anger and shame. — Frigida est criminibus. '**Is chilled with the consciousness of many a crime." — Culpa. ** Guilt."— /rrp. " Angry feelings." — Ante tubas. Before the trum- pets sound the signal for the conflict ; in other words, before you be- gin to write your satires, and make your onset upon the guilty. — Gakatum. " One who has donned the helmet," t. c, the soldier -when helmeted and ready for the fight. As appears from Trajan's column, the soldiers, when not going into battle, wore the helmet suspended from the right shoulder. — Duelli, Old form for belli^ and put here for pralii. r/*^ 132 NOTES ON SAT. III. Experiar quid concedatuVy &c. Concluding remark of the poet. Since it is dangerous, then, to attack the living, I will try how far it may be allowed me to satirize the dead. The poet, however, only adheres to this determination in appearance, since he still continues to attack the powerful, but does it under fictitious names. — Qi/orw/i Flaminiay &c. The laws of the Twelve Tables forbade all burials within the city. Places for burial, therefore, were usually by the sides of the great roads leading to Home, and on some of these roads the tombs formed an almost uninterrupted street for many miles from the gates of the city. — Latina. The Flaminian Way has already been mentioned. The Latin Way led from Rome to Beneventum. SATIRE m. ARGUMENT. Umbvitius, an aruspex, and friend of the author, disgusted at the prevalence of vice and the disregard of unassuming virtue, is on the point of quitting Rome ; and, when a little way from the city, stops short to acquaint the poet, who has accompanied him, with the causes of his retirement. These may be arranged under the fol- lowing heads : That Flattery and Vice are the only thriving arts at Rome. In these, especially the first, foreigners have a manifest ad- vantage over the natives, and, consequently, engross all favour : that the poor are universally exposed to scorn and insult : that the gen- eral habits of extravagance render it difficult for them to subsist : that the want of a well-regulated police subjects them to number^ less miseries and inconveniences, aggravated by the crowded state of the capital, from all which a country hfe is happily free ; and on the tranquillity and security of this last he dilates with great beauty, (^Evana.') 1-9. Confusus, " Greatly troubled. — Amid. Umbritius. — Quod destinet. *' Because he intends, as he tells me." Obser^•e the force of the subjunctive. (Madvif/y § 357, a.) — Vacuis Cumis. " In thin» ly-inhabited Cumoe.** Literally, " empty Cumce,** t. «., empty when compared with the overflowing population of Rome. Cumae, now decayed, and with a scanty population, had been the ancient cap- ital of Campania, and had contained at one time G0,000 inhabit- Ants. It was celebrated as the residence of the earliest Sibyl.— NOTES ON SAT. III. 133 Atque mum civem, &c. "And to give at least one citizen to the Sibyl."— Janua Baiarum est. *' It is the gate of Raise." The road leading to Baiae passed through Cumae, passengers going into Cumse on one side, and coming out on the other, as through a gate. Baise was a celebrated watering-pWce in Campania, situate in a beautiful country, which abounded in warm mineral springs.—G^ra/ttm litus amceni secessus. *' And a pleasing shore of delightful retirement." The allusion is to the entire shore between Cuma; and B&ivd.— Pro- chytam. Trochyta was a small rocky island off the coast of Campa- nia, near the promontory of Misenum. It is now Procida.—Subu- ra. The Subura or Suburra was one of the most frequented streets of Rome, inhabited by the lower classes, and containing a great number of shops and brothels. Nam quid tarn iniserum, &c. Wretched and lonely as any place may be, yet it is better to be there than at Rome, where you have so many dangers and harassing disquietudes to apprehend.— t/^ non deter ius credas. " That you will not believe it worse."— iSortc urbis. "Of this cruel city.'* Rome is here called sceva, from the constant alarms which it occasions.— ^< Augusto recitantes, &c. There is much malicious humour, as Gifford remarks, in this climax : fires, falling of houses, and poets reciting their verses in the dog-days ! In the hottest montli, when every one who could ran away from Rome, those who remained behind were called upon to help make an audience for these incessant spouters. 10-1 1. Seddum tola domus, &c. " But while his whole household is being ^towed away in a single wagon," t. c, all his family and furniture.— /?efl&i U7ia. This little touch marks very graphically the scanty means of Juvenal's friend. The reda was a travelling wag- on or car on four wheels. It was the common conveyance used by the Romans for travelling, and was intended to carry both per- sons and h&gga^e.—SubstUit. " He stopped." Umbritius and Ju- venal had walked in advance while the wagon was being packed, and Umbritius stops here with the poet to wait for the arrival of the \chic]e.— Vetere8 arcus. The arches of an aqueduct are meant, the droppings from which kept the ground in this quarter constantly ^Qi. — Madidamqite Caj*enam. "And the moist Capenian gate.^ Supply j>ortam. The epithet madidam has been explained in the previous note. The Capenian gate was one of the most celebrated of all the Roman gates, and from it issued the Appian Way, lead- ing at first to Capua (whence the epithet Capena applied to the gate), but subsequently to Brundisium. It is new called Porta di S' Sebastiano, IP 134 NOTES ON SAT. III. 12-10. Hie Jnst without the Capenian gate began the vale of Egeria, containing the grove of Diana, in which Numa, according to the legend, used to have his interviews with the nymph Egeria. In this grove were the grotto and fountain of Egeria, and an old temple of the Camenae. — Nocturme cdintituebai arnica. "Used to make appointments with his nocturnal female friend." According to the legend, Numa received from the nymph Egeria, who was one of the Camenae, his instnlctions respecting the forms of worship which he introduced. The grove in which the king had his inter- views with the goddess was dedicated by him to the Camenrc. With constituehat we may here mentally supply teinpus colloquendi. — Delubra. There were often more than one deluhrum within the same rifxevogy or sacred inclosure. — Locantur. " Are let out." The Jews used to frequent woods near running water for sacred worship. — Quorum cophinusy &c. "Whose furniture is a basket and bundle of hay." The basket contained their stock of provisions, for they could not touch the food of Gentiles. The bundle of straw was in- tended to sen'c as a bed. — Mercedem pendere. "To pay a rent." — Mcndicat. " Swarms with mendicants." 17-20. Descendimus. Umbritius and I. — Dissiinlles verls. "All unlike the true ones," i.e., to what they had been in their natural state. Art had so altered them, and decked them with ornaments, that their native beauty and simplicity were quite lost. — Quanto pnv- sentitts cssety &c. " How much nearer in influence would be the pre- siding deity of the spring," ». c, how much more nearly should we feel the influence of that Egeria to whom the fountain ^ conse- crated. We have given here the conjectural emendation prcesenti- us, which is now adopted in the best editions. The common read- ing is prctstantius ; " How much better off would the deity of the spring have been." — Ilerba. "The herbage." — Nee injermiim viola- rent, &c. " And no marble infringed the native limestone." There was now a marble basin where previously had been the native bed of stone. — Toplium. A species of coarse limestone, called by the Italians t^f/a, r.nd formed by the deposition of springs holding car- bonate of lime in solution. 21-28. Artibtts honestis. "For virtuous practices." — NuUa emolu- menta laborum. "No recompense for honest industry." — Res. "My property." — Ilerc. Old form for heri, which latter would not bo ad- missible into the verse. — Deteret exiguis aliquid. "Will lose some- thing of the scanty portion that remains." Literally, "will wear away" or " diminish." — Projioninms. I and my family. — Fatigatas.. "Wearied" wi:h the loncj flight from Crete. — Exult. According to b^ai NOTES ON SAT. III. 135 some acconnts, Daedalus first alighted in his flight at Cumne, where he erected a temple to Ai)ollo, in which he dedicated the wings that had enabled him to make his escape. Compare Virg. ^h., vi., 14, seqq.—Duin prima et recta senectus. "While my old age is still fresh and erect."— Quod torqueat. " Something to spin." Clotho, Lache- sis, and Atropos were the three fates.— Subeunte. " Supporting." Literally, "going beneath."— J5aci7fo. Diminutive for the simple laculo, a characteristic of the Latinity of Juvenal's age. 20-33. Artorius. Artorius and Catulus are representative-names for a particular class of persons, who were neither over-nice nor scrupulous in their selection of means for the acquisition of gain. — Qui nigrum in Candida vertunt. A proverbial form of expression, re- ferring to those who arc not deterred by the mean or dirty nature of any job, if it only promise to be a profitable one. — JEdem condu- ccre. " To contract for the building of a temple." In this and what immediately follows, the allusion is to those who manage to get contracts for lucrative public works.— F/Mwiina. " For the damming up of rivers," ». e., confining to their beds rivers which have over- flowed their banks. Some, less con-ectly, make the clearing of riv- ers to be meant ; while others think that there is a reference to the monopolizing of the public fisheries.— PortMs. "The cleansing of harbours." Here again the commentators are at variance. Some re- fer the term to the constructing or repairing of harbours ; others to the farming of the harbour-dues, or jwrtoria. It seems better, how- ever, to make it mean the clearing of the mud and sand from har- bours. — Siccandam eluviem. " The draining of some quagmire." This is generally supposed to refer to the cleansing of the public cloaca', but such an explanation does not appear to suit the strict meaning of siccarc. We have preferred, therefore, the interpreta- tion of Ileinrich, who mentions the Tontine Marshes as one instance of the kind. Portandum ad busta cadaver. These men contracted also for the care and management of funerals, and in particular for the .burning of the corpse. Bustum denotes the place Vhere the dead body was * burned, and the term was specially employed when this place was contained within the sepulchral inclosure. When the body was burned apart from such inclosure, the spot was called ustrina (or us- trinum), and meant, in fact, a public burning-ground. Considerable remains are still exlant of a large burning-place on the Appian Way, about five miles from Rome. — Et prahere caput, &c. "And to set up for sale the (servile) head beneath the mistress-spear." Liter- ally, " to offer the venal head," &c. The spear was set np in the !»^ 136 NOTES ON SAT. III. forum to show that an auction was going on there. Hence thing, eo sold were sa.d to be sold sub hasta. The term domino implies the nght of dB,«sal of all things and persons there put up. Hence the allusion m the text would appear to be a class of individuals who bought a drove of slaves on speculation, and then sold them a-^ain at pubhc auction, Heinrich makes the passage refer to pemns who, when eveo^ other means of making money have failed, or, when they have squandered their all, put themselves up for sale He changes the domina to domino, making this last indicate the pur- chaser, who obtains in this way the dominium, or right of owner- ship over them. " . 34-37. Quondam hi comidnes, &c. Tliese men, says Umbritius once use to blow the horn at provincial cxhibiUonl, anrrnd upon strolling companies of gladiatorial prize-fighters, led around by thcr i,„,.te from town to town. The horn was sounded to call the ZLl^Z '*'*"="''.'"?*''"'""' "' "'« "'"'''^ consequent upon the frequent blowing of the horn, or else to the force of the blast.-J/«- n^a nuncedunl. "Now tliemselves exhibit public shows." These were exhibitions given gratuitously to the people for the purpose of gaining public ayour, hence the employment of munera for Wo..- U,sopMcevuij. " By means of the upturned thumb of .he mob " generally on the spectators. If ,hcy wished him to be saved thev C^^Z .;":,""""", ^-- "-«- /— , ..to save-Tr spare ); but ,f they wished him put to death by his antaRonist they tunied the thumb upward (hence ;„,/&e™ ,Jere, 'Ho 1^1 Quernhbet occuiunt, &c. When the mob have sig„ifi;d their plcas- ::Lt::te:;:f';;rr.'°"""^^"^-°^^ . 38-iO. Condua,ntforica>. "They farm the public Jakes." The /oncicium.—Me nemo mimstro, &c. He alludes to the extortion and plundering practised by the governors of provinces, and the aid af- forded them in this by their followers, whom they were careful to select as their jninistri and comites, with this special object in view. —Et exstincta; corpus, &c. " And a useless tnink with its right hand completely disabled." Literally, "And the useless trunk of an ex- tinct right hand." The employment of the genitive is very remark- able here, and exstinctce dextrac/. "■ Shady." Oftaais has sometimes been rendered here as equivalent to turbuknii, " turbid with gold," in reference to the auriferous sands of the river. But Martial, himself a Spaniard, gives the true idea, when, in speaking of the Tagus, he calls it " obscurus umbris arbornm,'* Ep. i., 60, 16. — Somno. " Your natural rest." — Ponenda. " That ought to be re- jected." For deponenda. They are merely given as hush-money. —Tristis. *' With dejected brow." 58-61. QucB nunc divitibusy &c. Umbritius now proceeds to men- tion a new reason for withdrawing from Rome, the influence name- ly exercised by foreigners, and more particularly the Greeks, over the minds of the rich, and the consequent neglect of old and faith- ful retainers. — Pudor. Umbritius blushes for his country while mak- ing the disclosure. — Non possum ferre, &c. " I cannot endure, Qui- rites, Rome converted into a Grecian city." Literally, *'I cannot endure a Grecian city," i. c, Grajcised Rome. The term Qtnrites contains a hit at the Romans, who are, in reality, no longer worthy of the name. — Quamvis quota jwrtio^ &c. "And yet how small a portion of its dregs are the Greeks themselves." With Adiaiy which is the nominative plural, supply sunt. Some editions give Achace^ as an adjective, agreeing with/rpci5, " And yet how small is the pro- portion of Gnecian dregs." Observe the peculiar force of quotct^ " how great comparatively," t. e., how small. 62-65. Jam pridem Syrusj &c. Besides the Greeks, the Syrians and other Asiatics have long been flocking to Rome, and introduc- ing Eastern manners, and music, and corruption. The tide of these new-comere pouring into the capital is as if the Orontes, the great river of Syria, were joining its waters with those of the Tiber. — Otordas obliquas. "The crooked harps." Chordas, the strings, is put for the harp itself. The reference appears to be to the sam- lucoy a species of triangular instrument. The harp and flute were very often played together ; hence cum tibicine in the text. — Gentilia tifmpancu "Its national tambourines." Chiefly used in the worship of Cybele. 66-67. Rusticus ille tuus, *' Thy rustic of former days." Obsene the force of iile as referring to what is now remote, and has long since gone hy.— Rusticus. A graphic term for the hardy and prim- itive Roman of the olden "time. — Sumit trechedipna. "Puts on the- trechedipna." Juvenal means to lash not only the introduction of effeminate Grecian manners and costume, but also the accompany- 139 H ing inroad of Greek terms into the Roman tongue. We have, there- fore, puqKjsely retained here, in translating, the Greek form' of the word. What is meant by trechedipna is difficult to say. The term is derived from rpe^c., "to run," and delnvov, "supper," and the scholiast explains it as ''Vestimenta parasitica currentium ad ccenam " It would seem to have meant, therefore, not, as som^ suppose, the thm supper-robe, but a garment like the endromis, worn by those who were hastening to the banquet, parasites for instance, and of a thick texture, to obviate the eflects of sudden exposure when heated. Sonre, however, make the trechedipna to have been a kind of dress shoes.— Et ceromatico, &c. " And wears the niceteria on his neck anointed with ceroma." The niceteria (vcKvr^pta) were rewards for victory in gj-mnastic contests, such as collars, or chains of gold, rings, &c. By the term ceroma {Kvpopa) is denoted an unguent for'wrest^ lers, made of oil and wax. 68-71. Aha Sicyone. Sicyon, the capital of Sicyonia, in the Pe- loponnesus, lay in a northwestern direction from Corinth. The ear- lier city was situate in a plain, but was destroyed by Demetrius Poliorcetes, who built a new one on the high ground close to the Acroi^hs.- Amydone. Amydon was a town in Macedonia, on the River Axius.— ^nJro. Andros was the most northerly, and one of the largest of the Cyclades, and lay to the southeast of Euboea.— Samo. Samos was one of the principal islands of the ^gean, lying oft- the coast of Ionia, and separated from it only by a narrow strait Observe that, in scanning this hne, the third foot is | md hlc I the long final vowel in Samo losing one of its component short vowels by elision, and the remaining one being lengthened by the arsis.— Trallibns. Tralles was a flourishing commercial city of Asia Minor reckoned sometimes to Ionia and sometimes to Caria, and lying on the Eudon, a branch of the Utji^ndiev.-Alabazidis. Alabanda was an inland to>vn of Caria, near the River Marsyas, to the south of the Ma^ander. It was one of the most corrupt and luxurious towns of Asia mnor.-Esquilias. The Esquiline and Viminal hills, two of the seven on which Rome stood, are here put for the city itself.- Vtscera magnarum domuum, &c. "Destined to be the very vitals and the lords of powerful families.** * 72-80. Jngenium velor, &c. " Unto one and all are given a quick wit, desperate impudence," &c. Supply omnVms sunt, equivalent to omnibus ah ipsa natura data sunt.—Iso'o torrentior. "More rapidly fluent than Isa^us." The ablative of the person instead of the abla- tive {sermone) of that which belongs to him. {Madvig, § 280, Obs. 2 ) The individual hero meant is not the celebrated Attic orktor, the V i 140 NOTES ON SAT. III. i I preceptor of Demosthenes, but a sophist and rhetorician of As- syria, who resided for s«ne time at Kome in the days of Pliny the younger, and of whom the latter speaks in terms of the highest praise. {Epist. ii., 3.) He seems to have enjoyed a very great reputation as a declaimer, and to have been particularly strong in extempore sj^eaking.— ^-Je. "Tell me."— P«e volunt, &c. This line is a fee- ble one and regarded as spurious by some editors. Others consider It out of place. 101-106. Transi gymnasia. "Pass over to their very schools of i ■ i i 142 NOTES ON SAT. III. philosophy." Some render this, *' Pass by their gymnasia," t. «., let us say nothing of their schools of exercise, and of the ordinary herd of Greeks, whom these may be said to represent, but let us turn to a graver crime. This explanation, however, has very little, if any thing, to recommend it. — Facinus majoris aboUtP. *' A crime of the larger cloak," i. c, a crime committed by one of their philosophers himself. The ordinary abolla was a kind of short cloak, not differ- ing materially from the sagum, and fastened by a brooch under the neck or upoi^the top of the shoulder. It was originally worn by the military, but subsequently by all classes. The major abolla^ however, was a species of large cloak, or wrapper, worn more espe- cially by philosophers, and hence is here taken figuratively for the philosopher himself, the garment for the person who wore it. — Sto- tens. P. Egnatius Celer is meant, a follower of the Stoic sect in the time of Nero, whQ gave false evidence against Bareas Soranus, a most exemplary man, upon which the latter was capitally con- victed. Egnatius received Large rewards from the emperor. What made the conduct of Egnatius the more atrocious was, that he be- longed to a sect which prided itself on its strict code of morals, and that he had teen the client, and intimate friend, and philosophic teacher of his victim.— OcctWiV. "Killed,'' t. e., by his false accu- sations. — Discipulumque. Ritter (Philologusy v. 567, seq.) conjec- tures Discipulamqne, making the reference to be, not to Soranus, but to his daughter Servilia, who was put to death with her pafent. — Bipa nutritus in ilia, &c. " Though reared on that bank," &c., t. e., though reared in the philosophic schools of Tarsus. The allusion is to the bank of the River Cydnus, in Cilicia, where stood the city of Tarsus, famed for its schools of philosophy. According to the le- gend, the winged horse Pegasus lost a hoof (raptor) here, whence the name of the city. Juvenal, following a different account from the ordinary one, makes Pegasus to have dropped here a " wing-feath- er" merely. Commentators find a great difficulty here, because Dio Cassius makes Egnatius to have been a native of Bery tus, in Phoe- nicia, not of Tarsus ; and hence, in order to reconcile Juvenal's ac- count with that of the legend respecting the origin of this latter city, they make ripa in the text embrace the idea of the whole coast of southern Asia Minor and Phoenicia ! Others, again, suppose the poet to be speaking, not of Tarsus, but of Thebes or of Corinth. The whole difficulty disappears, however, if we only bear in mind that nutritus does not necessarily imply natus, and that Egnatius, though bom at Berytus, might very well have been reared and edu- cated at Tarsus. NOTES ON SAT. 111. 143 Gorqonei caballi. The winged horse Pegasus sprang from Me- dusa after her head had been struck off by Perseus. His sire was Neptune, who had appeared unto the Gorgon in the form of a horse or a bird. Juvenal shows his contempt for every thing Grecian by applying the term caballus, which properly means a pack-horse, to the winged steed of the Muses. 107-112. Protogenesy &c. These names are most probably ficti- tious. The common text gives the third one as Erimarchtis, for which we have substituted Ilermarchtis, with the best recent edi- tions, as a more genuine Greek form. .The name Hermarchus oc- curs in Cicero, where the old editions, less correctly, give Hermachus. — Oentis vitio. " From the inherent vice of his race." — Solus habet. "Keeps him entirely to himself." — Facilctn. "Too ready." — De veneno. The employment here of de veneno for the genitive veneni is meant to imply an abundant stock of venom, from which a por- tion is taken. — Submoveor. " I am gradually dislodged." Observe the force of sub in composition. — Tempora. "The recompenses." Put iox /ructus teiuporum, as Heinrich remarks. — Servitii. A very graphic term for the toilsome and ill-requited attendance of the cli- ent upon his haughty patron. — Nusquavi, Supply quam Roma. — Minor. " Of less account." The loss is soon supplied by some flattering Greek. 113-117. Quod porro officium, &c. "Besides, not to flatter oun selves, what service or what merit can come from the poor man Jiere, even though he make it his earnest care," &c., t. c, to tell thq plain and humiliating truth, what service can the poor man render^ what merit can he plead, even though he be zealous enough, &c.— . Node. "While it is still dark," i. c, even before the break of day The levees of the rich and powerful were held early in the mom* ing. — Togatus. The clients were expected to wait upon their pa- tron in full attire, of which the toga formed the most conspicuous part. — Cum Prator, &c. The poor man stands no chance of being noticed, when even the higher magistrates are hastening on the same errand, and are treading, as it were, on the heels of the lictor, who cannot go fast enough to please them. The Praetor UrbamtSf or City Praetor, is meant, and by coUega, farther on, the Prcctor Peregrinus. — Lictorem. The praetor originally had six lictors, but subsequently he was attended by two lictors within the city, and by six without. — Dudum vigilantibus orbis. " Childless matrons hav- ing long since been awake," i. c, having long since been up and expecting morning calls. — Ne prior Albinam, &c. The contest be- tween these two worthies is, which shall have the better chance of being named in the wills of these rich dowagers. ) .' 144 NOTES ON SAT. III. NOTES ON SAT. III. 145 118-120. Da testem Romce. " Troduce me a witness at Rome." We have here a new ground of complaint on the part of Umbritius. The truth of a man's testimony is estimated at Rome, not by the goodness of his character, but by the amount of his wealth. — IIo&- i)€s numinis Idmi. "The host of the Ida;an divinity," ». e., of Cy- bele, who is here called "Idaan," from Mount Ida, an early seat of her worship. The individual meant is P. Scipio Nasica. When the Romans, during the second Punic war, brought the image of Cybele from Pessinus to Rome, the oracle at Delphi directed them to place the goddess in the hands of the most virtuous man (opti- mus vir) in the state; or, to adopt Livy's language (xxix., 11), "£/if eaiHy qui vir optimus Roimz essety hospitio excifteret" The Senate thereupon decided that Nasica was the most virtuous citizen in the state, and he was therefore sent, along with the Roman matrons, to Ostia, where the vessel lay that had conveyed the image to Italy. Scipio, having received the statue from the priests who had charge of it, conveyed it to the land, where it was placed in the hands of the matrons, who brought it to Rome, and placed it in the temple of Victory on the Palatine Hill. (Lty., xxix., 14). — Vel qui servavit, fee. L. Cajcilius Metellus, who, in B.C. 241, rescued the Palladi- um when the temple of Vesta was in flames, but lost his sight in consequence. — Trqndam. Trembling, not at the approach of the flames, but at the defiling contact of mortal hands. 121-127. Protenus ad censum. "ITie question is first asked as to his income." Supply quceritur. — Jugera. Commonly rendered "acres," and this version will answer for ordinary purposes. In strictness, however, ihQjugerum was less than two thirds of an En- glish acre. — Paropside. "A side-dish." The jmropsis was em- ployed for serving up the smaller and more exquisite portions of a meal, like the French entrie. Hence the inquiry in the text is the same, in fact, as "What sort of table does he keep?" — Fidei. " Credit as regards his oath." — Samothracum et nostrorum. " Of the Samothracian and our own country's gods." The Samothracian divinities were the Cabiri. Samothrace was a small island in the northern part of the -^gean Sea, opposite the mouth of the Hebms, in Thrace. — Dis ignoscentibus ipsis. The gods, instead of punish- ing his perjury, excuse him on account of the temptations to which he is exposed by his destitute condition. 12^140. Hie idem. This same poor fellow." — Lacema, " His cloak." The lacema was a loose kind of cloak or mantle, open in front, and fastened by a buckle or brooch under th» throat. It was, moreover, sufficiently ample to be worn over the toga or any other garment, and had a hood, which could be raised over the head so as to conceal the features, or avoid the sight of any unpleasant ob- ject. — Sordidula. " Is somewhat soiled." — Rupta pelle patet. *' Gapes with its upper leather burst."— Fc/*i consuto, &c. The poet's language here is humorously metaphorical. By vulncre is meant the rupture of the shoe, and by cicatrix the awkward " seam'* on the cobbled patch, exhibiting to view the coarse thread in the new-made stitches. — //j^m^ "Exclaims the superintendent of •eats.'* Supply designator. This functionary was somewhat like the modem door-keeper of a theatre. Every seat was numbered, the space allotted to each being marked by a line drawn on each side of it, and the billet of admission (tessera theatralis) specified the number of the seat which the person was to occupy, and which was shown to him by the designator when he entered the theatre.— Pnlvino equestri. In B.C. 68, the tribune L. Roscius Otho carried a law which regulated the places in the theatre to be occupied by the different classes of Roman citizens, and which enacted, in par- ticular, that fourteen rows of benches should be assi^med to the equestrian order.- Cujus res legi, &c. The amount of In equestri- an fortune was 400,000 sesterces, and a person not having this was excluded from the fourteen rows. Bankrupts lost their seats Many persons, moreover, belonging to the equites, whose estates were impaired, feared to take their seats, until Augustus ordained that no eques, whose father or himself had at any time possessed 400,000 sesterces, should be liable to the penalties of the law {Suet., Aug., U.)-Et sedeant hie. The designator's speech is taken up by Umbntius, and continued with indignant irony. Lenonum pueri, &c. Men of the vilest origin or character now " take the equestrian seats, if they have but the requisite sum to con- stitute an equestrian fortnne.-Nitidi prceconis. " Of some spruce cner. —Inter jnnnirapi eultosjuvenes, &c. "Amid the smartly-dress- ed youths of some feather-snatcher, and the scions of some lanista." Ihe term pmmrapus properly means any gladiator matched with a bamnite or Thracian, each of whom wore feathers {pinnce) in their helmets, which it was the object of their opponent to " snatch awky." Hence the name given them, from pinna and rapio.-Lanistce. 4h% lamstay^Bs the keeper of a gUdiatorial school.-5ic libitum vano, &c According to Umbritius, the law of Otho was prompted by mere caprice on the.part of a vain and frivolous man.-Q«t nos distinxit. Who made distinctions between us.** 141-144. Quis gener hie placuit, &c. Another evil attendant upon poveny at Rome, the disacIVantages, namely, under which men of G 146 NOTES ON SAT. HI. small fortunes labour with respect tomarriagc.—Atqve jmellc^ sard- nuHs impar. "And if not a match for the raoney-bags of the young lady."— Qmw pauper scribitur heres f Who, asks Umbritius, ever re- members a poor man in his will, so as to make him his heir? — Quando in cansilio, &c. "When is he taken into consultation, even by the jediles ?" «. c, when does he sit as assessor to an ffidile ? Un- der the republic, the aedilesbip was a highly honourable office, and was ranked among the magistratus viajorcs. In the time of the em- pire, howeyer, the powers of the axliles were gradually diminished, and their functions exercised by new officers, and hence Dio Cas- sius (55, 24) remarks that, even in the days of Augustus, no one was willing to hold so contemptible an office, so that this emperor was reduced to the necessity of compelling persons to take it. By adiks in the text, therefore, are meant, in fact, the lowest class of magis- trates or public officers.— J^/itnc facto, &c. According to Umbri- tius, there is need of another secession to the ^fms Sacer, in order to regain the lost rights of the lower orders, and restore once more political equality.— OA/w. In the sense ofjamdudum. A character- istic of the Silver Age of Latinity.— Tenues Quirites, " The Romans of slender means." 145-151. Uaud facile emergunt, &c. Another evil. Tlic expense of living at 'Rome. —Virtutibus. " Merits." — /fc« aivjusta domi. "Narrow means at hom«." — Magno. "Costs a large sum." Sup- ply constat pretio.— Ventres. "The keeping." Supply constant.— Pudet. "One feels ashamed here.'* — Quod turpe negavit, &c. "Which he denied to be disgraceful, who was transferred on a sud- . den to the Marsi," &c. The reference is to Curius Dentatus, tho conqueror of the Samnites and Sabines. The Marsi belonged to tho Sabellian race. Many editions read negabit, making the remark of the poet a general one ; " which he will deny to be disgraceful, if transferred on a sudden," &c., i. e., if he shall witness their plain and simple mode of life. But the ordinary reading is to be preferred. Juvenal is fond of deducing examples from the great and good men of earlier days.— Contentusque illic, &c. "And was there content with a bowl of blue and coarse earthenware." The culullus was a bowl or drinking-cup of earthenware. Some read here cucullo, tho cucuUus being a kind of hood or cowl attached to some other gar- ment, such as the lacema, sagum, Ac. 162-157. Pars magna Italioe, &c. Umbritius, wishing to show more clearly that one might live in other places much less expen- sively than at Rome, instances the article of dress. In many parts of Ita^y, as he remarks, where they lived in rustic simplicity, the NOTES ON SAT. III. 147 people went dressed in the tunic, never wearing the toga, the ordi- nary habit of the men at Rome, during all their lifetime.— iVm mor~ tuus. The corpses of ordinary citizens, among the Romans, were arrayed in a white toga ; magistrates in their official robes.— ZTer- boso tkeatro. The first permanent theatre even in Rome itself was that built by Pompey of hewn stone.— 6'« qmndo. " If at any time." Quando for aliqwindo. — Majestas. "The solemnity." — ran^/cm. At the expiration of the year, or at the conclusion of the serious piece. In either case it is meant to denote a previous eager long- ing.— Redit. Final syllable lengthened by the arsis. — Pulpita. "The stage." Strictly speaking, pufpitum is that part of the stage upon which the actors stood when they delivered their dialogues or speeches.— ^xoe//Mm. " Interlude." The exodimi was not a farce, as has commonly been supposed, but an old-fashioned and laughable interlude, deriving its name from k^ and ddog, and indicating some- thmg not belonging to the main representation.— PersowcB paUenHs hiatum. "The wide-distended mouth of the ghastly mask." The dramatic mask covered the whole head, having the mouth more or less open, in order to increase the volume of sound. On the pres- ent occasion, the unnaturally distended mouth indicates the 7nandu- cus, a grotesque kind of masked character, with an enormous mouth set full of teeth, in order to excite merriment by his ugliness and voracious propensities, whence the name. 158-166. Habitus. "Costumes.*' Later Latin for res^tmento— mc. In the rural districts of Italy.—Simiks. " Arrayed alike " -Orchestram. In the Greek theatres, the orchestra was the place where the chorus performed its evolutions. In the Roman theatres - on the contrary, as the Romans had no chorus to their dramatic rep- resentations, it was occupied by the senators and persons of distinc- tion. In the present instance, therefore, the term is employed to denote, not only the Decuriones, or rural senate, but also the upper classes m the rural theatre, or, as we would sav, the country gentle- men, who would occupy seats nearer the stage than the rest of the audience.— Cu/t velamen honoris. "As the attire of distinguished preferment." -^i:rf///6u^. Put here for "magistrates" generally. The aediles in the rural districts, though resembling in their func- tions and duties the a^diles at Rome, were, as might be expected, of more consequence than the latter.-^,c. "Here at Rome, on the contrary "-t^Ara vires. "Beyond one's means. "-Interdum aliena, &c. Sometimes the money (for making this appearance) is ob- t^ned from another's strong-box," i. e., by borrowing, &c.-Vitium. me living beyond one's means, in consequence of the ambition of 148 NOTES ON SAT. III. NOTES ON SAT. III. the poorer classes to make a display and ape the wealthy. Quid elasj &c. In the shape of a bribe to the domestics of the gre^t man, in order that, aft«r long dancing attendance, you may at len^;th bo admitted to his morning levee. Observe the force of aliquando. Cossum. Cossus is here a fictitious name for some wealthy noble- man of the day. — Te respiciat. '*May look over hb shoulder at you." The great man merely deigns to give one glance of con- temptuous indifference, without uttering a syllable in reply to the morning salutation of his inferior. — Veiento. Juvenal may possibly mean Fabricius Veiento, an infamous informer and flatterer under Domitian. 167-170. Ilk metit barbam, &c. "That one lops off* the beard, this one cuts the locks of some favourite minion." The wealthier Romans, on arriving at early manhood, used to dedicate the first shavings of their beard and the pollings of their hair (worn uncut up to this time) to some deity, most commonly Apollo, and the day when this was done was celebrated as a festival. The clients on such occasions were accustomed to bring presents. In the present instance, the hair of some young favourite slave is lopped for the first time, and the presents consist of cakes, nominally as an offer- ing to the god, but in reality to be eaten by the guests. So many of these complimentary cakes, moreover, are sent in honour of the event, that they are actually sold to get rid of them, thus fonning an important perquisite for the slave— Libis venalibus. " Of venal cakes." These cakes were a kind of gingerbread, made of flour, honey, and oil.— Accipe^ et istud, &c. "Listen still farther, and take this as a leaven unto your feelings," i. c, and let it work like leaven within your spleen.— Et otitis auger e, &c. *' And to increase the private gains of pampered slaves." The peculium of a slave was the money or property which he could accumulate and hold with his master's consent. 171-173. Quis timet, &c. Another evil connected with the living at Kome, namely, the insecure state of the dwellings of the lower classes, and tktt constant danger of ^res.—Prameste. Either used here in the feminine, in imitation of the Greek {Upaivearoi:, ov, r}), or else having wbe understood, with which ^c/tV/a is to agree. Com- pare Virg^jEn., viii., 561. The ordinary gender oi Prcmeste is neuter. This was one of the most ancient towns of Latium, and was situate on a steep and lofty hill about twenty miles southeast of Rome. In consequence of its lofty situation, it was a cool and healthy residence in the great heats of summer. Its remains are to be seen at the modem Pakestrina, — Ruinam, "The fall of a 149 \ i iVi hoase. -Uls,nus. Vokinii, one of the most ancient and powerful of the c.t.es of Etruria, was situate on a lofty hill at the nLhellu em extremuj- of the Lacus Vulsiniensis, now Lake ot Bolsena U was razed to the ground by the Romans, and the inhabitants Com- pelled to settle on a less defensible site in the plain. On thU latte'r " «'^ ;ror.r™ ^"^T-^'--^^- ^^^^ i^ here eat; simple, from the ease with which Sextus Tarqui„i„s is said to h.ve duped .ts .nhabitants. It stood between Rome and Pr^nest^ and was .„ earlier t.mes one of the most powerful of the Latta bur, .. e at Tibur, situate on sloping heights. Tibur, now TivoK ky on the slope of a hill, upon the left bank of the Anio, sixteen miles northeast of Rome. JJ"""/' ^'""' '*^''* >*"'»• "Supported on only a slender prop. In many parts of Rome, the dwellings of the lower orders Sr r/"" h"" ': """T P""' "' ''"'"'' '" '^'^P *em from tW h.n . '""' " ''«"'"'™ ""''•""g- The prop supports the budding, just as the flute-player supports the singer in a public performance.-.Va,„ sic L.b^tibus olsta, &c. "For L this w^y the ^ses ^ytb iU^t^us supply incohs, not parietibus, as some d" S^ refers to the propping up or shoring. Some editions read « Z «o, and change juu,,, u^u, in the succeeding line, to a^tJt Z 17Z 'Zl-f "'-<'- "Without apprehensio'n... ' 178-183. 77/«.. In the country. If the houses in the city do not Uimble down, still they are in constant danger of being burL'^idor ■-Jamposc,t a^„., &o. The repetition of^am thi^e times is ~ ^denote the progress of the Cr..- Ucale,i. A playfulXrnt W nottheTcT, ''T,'^'"'" (^"•. "-. 3>0), and denoting here, not the next^oor neighbour, as we might at fii^t suppose buf he owner and occupant of the house itself in which the Z'hL broken out, and who has rented the upper stories to poor tenants - ^n^i, transfer, " Is removing his furniture of inferior value "He has al^ady removed the more valuable articles of proper^, and nf« « engaged in saving his less valuable chattels. Th^^mTam to show how long the fire has been raging, and yet during all h^ staiL rT r' "^T"^ " ^'°8'« '"■'"«''' "I»" "- POO' t-ant up Hei^rK l^ ?'' ^'- " ^""^ "■'^'» "O-T -ow smTes for you " Hemnh makes ,.W equivalent here to ,■„ dbmo, i„ ^ UiS\ « much beuer, however, to give it the force of L JmicuJZ ~ r« nes.^ You are sound asleep and unconscious ^your dan J _ -Nam Si trepidatur &c "PnriV*K« i t . •'""^ "**"ger. — 'yiaaiur, &,c. jaiKuaiov, or ^at/caf, means a species of white shoe worn by Athenian gymnasiarchs anfl Egyp- tian priests, and hence Pha:casianus will be phoBcasio indutm, i. e., Gracus. This, however, is very far-fetched. Porulos. " Cases." * The forulus was a dwarf book-case, or cabi- net for books, not permanently fixed to the walls like the armari- urn, but forming a small movable repository for a few favourite m- thors—Mediamque Minervam. "And a bust of Minena." The Greek Trporo(iri.-Modium. " A whole peck." The modius was the Roman corn-measure, equivalent nearly to our peck, not, as some suppose, to our bushel. It contained sixteen sextarii, or the sixth part of a Greek medimnus, that is, nearly two gallons English— Mehora et plura reponit, &c. "Persicus, now the most richly pro- vided of the destitute, actually replaces what he has lost by better and more numerous things." Asturius is here called Persicus (i. e , " the Persian") in derision, on account of his luxurious style of liv- ing and the great wealth he had possessed. ^Or6or«/«. Incorrectly rendered by some, "Of childless men." The reference is to his losses by the fire, and lautissimus orborum is purposelv meant as a pleasant oxymoron. • * . 204-212. SijH>tes avelli Circensibus. "If you can tear yourself away from the Circensian games." Supply ludis. The Circensian games were so called from their being celebrated in the Circus Maxrmus. The Romans, particularly the lower orders, were pa^- sionately attached to them. Compare Sat., x., 81. -Sorce, &c Three small towns in Latium arc here mentioned, where one might / / ^. ^. 152 NOTES ON SAT. III.« NOTES ON SAT. III. 153 live peaceably and happily. Sora was on the right bank of the Liris, to the north of Arpinum. Fabrateria was on the right bank of the Treras, in the territory of the Volsci. Fnisino, originally a town of the Hemici, was in the valley of the River Co^as.—Paratur. « Is to be purchased."— Q«a«/i nunc, &c. " For as much as you now hire some dark hole (in the city) for a single year.** Supply tanti&t the commencement of the clause.— Htc. In these country towns.— Puteusque brevis, &c. The springs are so high that no rope is required, but the bucket can be dipped at once into the well, a matter of no little importance in a country where so much watering was wanted as in Italy.— Vive hidentis amans. Here pass your days in cuhivating your httle spot of ground. The bidens was a strong and heavy two-pronged hoe, here put figuratively for husbandr}- in general.— Ca/f» vUHcus horti. " And the dresser of a neat garden." ViUicus is properly a superintendent or overseer ; here, however, it stands for hortulanus, or colonus gtn^r&Wy. —Pythagoreis. The Pyth- r.goreans, in general, abstained from animal food, owing to their belief, *it is said, in the metempsychosis, and obsen-ed a vegetable diet. Such, at least, is the common account, and the one followed in the text, though the best authorities contradict it. Est all({uid. "It is always something." Compare^ the Greek, Ifjri Ti.—Recessu. "Nook."— f/niMs sese dominum, &c.* "To have made one's self the owner even of a single lizard.'* The green lizard is very abundant in the gardens of Italy. Hence the text means, to have made one's self owner of a spot of ground no larger than that on which you may stand a chance of finding a lizard ; in other words, a very small spot of ground. 213-219. TV^»<^- *' From want of sleep." Another evil at- tendant upon living at Rome is the perpetual noise in the streets, occasioned by vehicles passing at all hours, so as to prevent one's sleeping. This, to people who are sick, is often attended with fatal consequences.— Serf ilium langvorem, &c. "Although (it must bo confessed) food imperfectly digested, &c., brought on that exhaustion in the first instance." A side hit, in passing, at the luxurious mode of Hfe pursued in the city, even by persons of limited means. The being kept awake, therefore, merely finishes what intemperance and excess began.— J/entona. " Hired lodgings." These were gener- ally on the great thoroughfares, or in other noisy parts of the city, and, moreover, next to the street. None but the rich could afibrd to live in houses in the retired parts of the city, or spacious enough to have bed-chambers remote from the noise in the streets. They, therefore, who would sleep at Rome, must be at great expense, which none but the opulent could afford. -^ >i Magms opibus, &c. •' One obtains sleep in the city only at a great outlay."— ^rc cmvida «umdrc. "The revilings of thestand. ing team," i.t the mutual revilings of the teamsters brought to a stand-still. J/a«rfraispropcrIy"apenforcattIe,"andisthen taken to signify the "cattle" themselves, as here a "team" of horses or muIes.-Z)™». .. Even from a Drusus," i. e., even from one as le- thargic as the Emperor Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Drusus) is said to have been. Some editors are in favour of reading urso iorDruso and Jacobs recommends vit^sve for vitulisqu^ ; but the answer in both cases ,s the same: the poet, namely, by a stroke of wit, makes Drusus and the sea-calf, or seal, a creature proverbial for sluggish- ness, to belong to one and the same fraternity. 220-224. Si vocat offidum. " If duty calls him." By ojicitim is here meant attendance upon the levees of the great. Urabritius hanng shovm the advantage enjoyed by the rich in being able to afl ford themselres quiet repose, notwithstanding the constant noises in the city, which break the rest of the poorer classes, now proceeds to mention another privilege which they possess, in being able to trav- el rapidly along the crowded streets, lolling in their litters, while he poor are, with great difficulty and at great risk, slowly making their w-ay on foot.-Ingenti Liiumo. " By the aid of his strapping Liburnian." The tall and sturdy natives of Liburnia, whose coun try Jay along the northeastern shore of the Adriatic, were much em- ployed at Rome as litter-bearers.-5«;«r ora. "Above their up- turned faces. Observe the force of ora.-ObiUr. « By the way " -Oausa/encstra. The windows were glazed with a kind of trans- parent stone, called &;« specularis, and were supplied with curtains -Ante ta,nen venict. He will lose no time, however, by all this, for.' n whatever way he may employ himself on the route, he will be sur^ 2T,"2oo '"; P'-'^o.^f 'J«^«'"'«on before us poor foot-passengei.. 225-220 Undapnor. " The wave (of the multitude) that rolls on before, -^fayno ay,«fc. " In dense column of marchr-Assere duro. " With the hard pole of a litter."-/„c«ri,. " Knocks."-jr<^ tretan.. "A nine-gallon cask." The ,netreta was an Athenian measure for liquids^ containing ,2 conr^i (x^e,), and 144 .onJXa,, or a^tnine gallons English.-P,„,«a crura lu,o. Supply ™ea>„ ._ Planta mox und>que, &c. " Presently I am trodden upon, on every G2 „flPSHK"ft. 154 NOTES ON SAT. III. side, by some huge splay-footed fellow." — Clavus militis. "The hob- nail of some soldier's shoe." The shoe worn by the Roman soldiery of the rank and file, including the centurions, but not the superior officers, was called caliga. It consisted of a close shoe, entirely cov- ering the foot, and baring a thick sole studded with nails. It was bound by straps across the instep and round the bottom of the leg. —//I ^gito mihi haret, " Keeps sticking in my toe." With digito supply petHs. 230-234. Norme videSj en5o et tern- pero. "I parcel out and economize." Only a certain portion cf ^e wick, and that a very small one, is to be allowed for going a 4 t NOTES ON SAT. III. 157 certain distance.— Proamia. " The prelude," «. c, the way in which it begins.— Stat contra. " He takes his station full in front."— For- tior, "Stronger than yourself."— ^ceto. "Vinegar," t. e., sour wine.— Cbnc//e. Beans boiled in the shell, a common dish among the poorer people, and which was very filling.— ^ec^tVe porrun, "Chopped leek." There were two kinds of leek, the secHle and capitatuni, of which the former was the coarser sort.— Ferrca*. Sheep's heads were among the parts given away to the poor at the Saturnalia and other festivals. 277-281. Ede, ubi const stas. "Tell me where you take your stand." Implying that he was one of the regular fraternity of beg- gai-s.— 7« qua proseucha. " In what Jewish praying-house." This is said contemptuously, as if the poor man were not only a beggar, but (what was worse) a vagabond Jew. The proseuchat ('n-poae^xai) were Jewish oratories, or houses of prayer, usually built without the walls of a city, by the river or sea side.— ^< tentes. For sive tentes. —Tantmdem est. "'Tis all one."— PanVcr. "Equally in either event."— Vadimoniafaciunt. " Make you give bail for the assault.** They pretend to be the party aggrieved, and insist on your finding bail for the alleged assault. Consult, as regards vadimonia, the note on line I5d.—Pugnis concisus. "Cut up with fisticuffs."— ^dbra^ " Supplicates." 263-288. Nee tamcn haec tantum vietuas. Now come the dangers from robboi-s.— Z)eenV. To be pronounced as a dissyllabic.— Clausis domibus, &c. All the houses being shut up, and the shops closed, there is no help to be had.— Omnis ubique, &c. " Every fastening of the chained shop has every where become fixed and silent." Lit- erally, " every fixed fastening, &c., has become silent." The shut- ters were fastened by a strong iron chain running through each.— Agit rem. " Does your business."— ^mato quoHes, &c. AVhen the banditti became so numerous in any spot as to render traveUing dangerous, it was usual to detach a party of military from the capi- tal to scour their retreats, the inevitable consequence of which was that they escaped in vast numbers to Rome, where thcv continuecf to exercise their old trade with probably more security than before. —Pomtina pahs. " The Pontine marshes." This was the name of a low marshy plain on the coast of Latium, between Circeii and Ter- racina, said to have been so called from an ancient town Pontia, which disappeared at an early period. The plain is about 24 miles long, and from 8 to 10 miles in breadth. The marshes are formed chiefly by the rivers Nymphajus, Ufens, Amasenus, and some smaller streams, which, instead of finding their way to the sea, spread over r r i'S :*-»•.? :-^J i I \ 158 NOTES ON SAT. III. this plain. Hence the plain is converted into a vast number of marshes, the miasma arising from which is exceedingly unwhole- some in summer. GaUinaria pinus. "The Gallinarian pine forest." A forest on the coast of Campania, occupying the sandy shore which extends from the mouth of the Vultumus toward Cumae. It was a favourite resort of banditti, and was, in consequence, often guarded by bands of soldiery. Strabo speaks of it as a forest of brushwood, but, from Juvenal's language, it is evident that there was also a wood of tall pine-trees, such as grow luxuriantly on many of the sandy shores of Italy. — Tanquavi ad vivaria, "As unto some vast preserve." Ob- serve here the force of the plural. Vivarium is a very general term for any place in which beasts, fowls, fish, or any kind of animals were kept alive, either for the purposes of gain or pleasure. 290-295. Qua/brnace graves j «fec. Though there is no* forge or anvil but rings with the clank of chains, yet all is ineflectual for the suppression of crime. The regular prose order would be, (ittafor^ naccj qua incude, non graves catencef — Catence. Supply conjiciuntur or fabricantur. — Modus. " Quantity.** Supply consumitur. — Marra: et sarcula. " Mattocks and hoes." The former of these words still exists in both Italian and Spanish; and in French, inane denotes the hoe used in vineyards. From sarculum comes, through the French, the English verb *' sarcle," to weed com. — Proavorum dta- vos. " Our forefathers of early times." The order is, Pater^ avus, proavusj abavus, atavus, tritavus. He means, therefore, eight gen- erations back at least. — Tribunis. The military tribunes with con- sular power were first appointed B.C. 444, sixty-five years after the abolition of the regal government ; and the tribunes of the commons sixteen years after the same event. — Uno car cere. This prison we« bidlt by Ancus Martins (LtV., i., 33). Servius Tullius added the dungeon, called from him Tullianum. The next prison was built by Appius Claudius the Decemvir. (Lti?., iii., 67.) 296-303. His alias poteram, &c. " To these I might have sub- joined other and more numerous reasons (for leaving Home)." Ob- serve the employment of poteram here in the imperfect indicative, to denote what might have been done, but is not done (Afadvig^ § 348, Obs. 1). — Sed jumenta vacant. The wagon, as soon as it was loaded, set out and overtook Umbritius ; and now it was waiting to depart. — Nam mihi commota, «<' become subject to Rome, one might purchase "a whole estate" („aro,) for what was laid out on this sur-mallet.-^^;»i<,. Land would be^rl ably cheap ,n Apulia, from its barrenness and unwholesome ^ and the prevalence of the wind Atabulu,. Compare Horace, Sal 27-32. Glutisse. "To have gorged." Hence our word "clut- ton^ through the French. The low Latin verb is j/„«o, and the term is evidently derived from the sound made by the gu;gli„g of hqnor as it passes down the throat. He now pn>ce' ds to'Ttttck D„^ mman._/„diperaacp/b;ms. " Gloomy." Recentem. "Fresh."— Tamm Mc proj*erat. Although the weather was so favorable for preserving the fish from being tainted, yet the poor fisherman made as much haste to reach the emperor's palace at Alba as if it had been now summer time. 59-60. Utque lacus suberanf. " And when now the broad bosom of the lake lay beneath him." Observe the force of the plural in lacus. The reference is to the Lacus Albanus, lying at the foot of Mons Albanus, and now called Lago di Albano. It was about 14 miles to the southeast of Rome. On the side of the mountain, as it. sloped upward from the lake, stood the villa of Domitian, his fa- vourite place of residence, called Arx Albana, from its commanding situation, in line 144. The verb suberant denotes that the fisherman was ascending Uie high grounds towards the imperial villa, and that the bosom of the lake lay spread out below him. Some, less cor- rectly, render the clause, "and when the lakes were near at hand." One MS. has sujierant for suberant, according to which lacus will be the accusative, and the reference will be to the fisherman und the inquisitores together: "And when now they are leaving the lake behind them." Heinrich, who condemns suberant, conjectures pro- perat for properant, and refers it to the fisherman alone— Quanquaia dimta. Alba was destroyed, according to the Roman legend, by Tullus Hostilius, as a punishment for the treachery of its general Metius Fufetius. The city was never rebuilt, but its temples were spared, and among them that of Vesta, containing a portion of the 166 NOTES ON SAT. lY. sacred fire brought from Troy to Italy. — Vestam minorem. **The lesser Vesta." Called '* lesser" here, as compared with the splen- dour of her worship at Rome, which had been established there by Numa. 61-67. Obstitit intranti, " Impeded him on entering." This ob- struction was occasioned by the turba salutatrix at the gates of the villa. — Ut cessit. *'As they made way for him." — Valvce, Most commonly used in the plural, VikQjbresy because the doorway of every building of the least importance contained two doors folding together. — Exclusi spectant^ &c. *' The senators shut out behold the envied dainty let in." Observe the force of the plural in opsonia.— Itur ad Airiden. "He makes his way to (the Roman) Atridcs." Another burlesque on the epic style. Domitian is the Roman Aga- memnon, and the equal of -the latter in imperious arrogance. Itur is taken impersonally.— Piccn*. " He of Picenum." Ancona, as before remarked, stood in the Picenian territory. — Majora, "What is too great. — Genialis. "As one peculiarly joyous." A dies geni- alis was one on which it was deemed right to give loose to festivi- ty, and to offer to one's genius libations of wine, incense, flowers, &c. Hence to indulge in hilarity was not unfrequently expressed by "<7ento induhjere,''' ^^ genium curare'' or ^^phcare.'' — Propera sto' machum laxare saginis. " Hasten to relieve your stomach of the dain' ties with which it is now loaded." Literally, *' from its crammings" or " stuflSngs." This relief was usually obtained by means of emet- ics. — Tua in secula. " For thy age," i. c, for thy reign. 68-70. Ipse capi voluit. The very fish itself was ambitious of bein^ taken, in order to gratify the palate of so renowned a monarch.—' Quid apertius r &c. "What could be more fulsome? and yet the great man's crest arose." This piece of flattery, which some would have thought too transparent to have been received, yet pleased Do- mitian, and gratified his pridrox- imus admissionuniy and the proximi being under a tnagister admis- sionuin^ or grand chamberlain. The admissionales were usually frcedmen. On the present occasion, a native of Liburnia fills the office. The Libuniians also, as we have already seen, were usually selected at Rome as litter-carriers. — Jam sedit. " He has already taken his scat," t. e., Domitian has already taken his seat on the throne, and awaits the presence of the Senate on important busi- ness admitting of no delay. — Abolla. The Roman lawyers, in the time of the empire, wore the larger abolla, in common with the phi- losophers of the day. (Consult note on Sat. iii., 102.) This re- minds us of the modem form of expression by which the members of the legal profession are still called "the gentlemen of the long robe." — Pegasus, A Roman jurist under Domitian, one of the fol- lowers or pupils of Proculus. Nothing is positively known of any \\Titing8 of his, though the Senatus consultum I^gasianum, passed in the time of Vespasian, when Pegasus was consul suffectus with Pusio, probably took its name from him. He was now Prcefectus Urbi. Attonitce positus, &c. "Lately set as farm-bailiff over the as- tounded city." • The villicus was a slave who had the superintend- ence in chief of all the stock and business of a farm, the supervision of the other slaves, &c. Rome is now regarded by Domitian, in his insolent despotism, as nothing but a large farm or domain, crowded with slaves, and the office of prefect of the city, so important under good emperors, now shorn of all its power, become, in fact, nothing more than that of superintendent of farm-slaves, &c. Hence the 168 NOTES ON SAT. IV. h I i peculiar force of attomtfCj the city being lost in stupid amazement at the overbearing tyranny of Domitian. — Tunc "In those days," I. e.j under a Domitian and others like him. — Optimus. Supply erat. — Sanctissimus. " Most conscientious." — Omnia tractanda in- ermijustitia, " That all things ought to be administered by justice unarmed." He was a time-server, not daring to wield the sword of justice with vigour ; for, since it was impossible to punish the greater criminals, he thought it but fair to connive at petty offen- ces. 80-92. Crispijucunda senectus. " The pleasant old age of Cris- pus," f. e.y Crispus, that pleasant old man. Vibius Crispus was an- other worthy but cautious man, and remarkable for his numerous good sayings. Among these last was the well-known one, when he was asked whether there was any one with Domitian. "No." he replied, " not even a single fly." Crispus was an orator, of t;reat wealth and influence, and a contemporary of Quintilian, by whom some fragments of his speeches are presencd. His orations were remarkable for their pleasant and elegant style. — Cujus erant mores^ &c. "Whose character was, like his eloquence, all mildness of sentiment," t. c, the mild and pleasing tone of his private character was like that of his mode of speaking in public. — Rcgenti. " To one ruling over," i. dotus (ii., 67; iv., 191) and Strabo (xvu., p. 82S).-Artes Patricias. The artifices to ;hich the Roman patncians disgracefully had recourse, in order to save their hves.-iV^c„,„ ,//«/, &c. " That primitive cunning of thine." It .s here called " pr.mitive," because it would not pass current now, m the days of Domitian. The allusion is to the well-known stor; of Brutus having counterfeited idiocy in order to escape the fate of his elder brother, who had been put to death by Tarquin.-a.r- 6a,o.mi^nere regi. « To impose upon an old-fashioned king." Lit- umes, and therefore more simple and credulous than one of the present d^y. It was 444 years before barbers were introduced into Borne. They first came from Sicily. 0^^ r "f ."^"'e-'-Q-"'- i9nMlis. He had n^ nobility of birth to bring him into danger, but then he had ofl-ences to an- T,Z : "^. T*** *^ "'"^ ^""y equal.-7!,rfn^. Bnbrius GaUns IS n^eant, who had assisted in suppressing the insurrection among the soldiers after the fall ofOtho, and whom Vespasian had subseqLt- ly sent against the Sarmata.-Oj?i«.<. veteris, &c. The schoUast says that be seduced an imperial princess named Julia, the datigh- ■ ■*^<<— ^*^ «\ 170 NOTES ON SAT. iV, ter of Titus. — Et iamen improbiory &c. ** And yet more lost to fham© than the satire-writing Nero,** i. e., more abandoned and profligate than even Nero himself had been, who was so hardened in guilt as to have written a satire on Quintianus Afranius, a senator of disso- lute life, in which he taxed him with the very excesses of which ho himself was guilty. 106-111. Mcntani, Curtius Montanus, described here as a corpu- lent epicure and parasite, enjoyed a fair reputation in early life] His unwieldy paunch prepares us here for the prominent part which he is to bear in the debate.— 3/a/M/j/io sudans amomo, " Reeking with momiog unguent," t. ?., with perfume, though so early in the day.—^mowa. The amoroum was a shrub, with a white flower, from which a very costly perfume was made. It grew, according to Pliny, in India, Armenia, Media, and Pontus. Its most common epithet, however, is Assyrium. This perfume was one oft! 3 ingre- dients used in embalming ; hence the allusion ia/mera. - Pompewx. Of this individual nothing farther is known.— Teww/ jugtJos, &c. " In severing men's throats with insinuating whisper," t. e., by means of the secret accusations against them, which he whispered into the imperial ear.— /Wcw. Cornelius Fuscus was slain with a great part of his army in an expedition against the Dacians. Domitian had in- trusted him with the command. He had previously, however, dis- tinguished himself under Vespasian.— ZJuci*. Dacia, after its bound- aries had been fixed under Trajan, answered to what is now the Banat of Temesvar ; Hungary, east of the Theiss; the whole of Transylvania; the Bukowina; the southern point of Galiciay Mol davia west of the Pruth, and the whole of WaOachja^—MamKn-ea meditatusy &c. After having studied the art of war in a marble vil- la, and not in a camp. 112-117. Veiento. Fabricius Veiento had been banished in the reign of Nero, A.D. 62, for haring published several libels. He afterward returned to Rome, and became, in the reign of Domi- tian, one of the most infamous informers and flatterers of that tyrant.— Ca/tt/fo. Catullus Messalinus had been governor of the Libyan Pentapolis under Vespasian and Titus, where he treated the Jewish provincials with extreme cruelty. He was, in consequence, recalled, but eluded the punishment due to his crimes through Do- mitian's interest with his father and brother. Under Domitian he became notorious as a delator. Josephus represents him as dying in extreme torments, aggravated by an evil conscience. Juvenal calls him " blind" (cacus), and the younger Pliny also speaks of him aa **lumnibus cqp-^'-o™a»ee, draw by r.ieans of r.,pes anZZf . ^ J"^^ *"™"?' ""de to fi-xed into the outer ,™ll ^ ^ """"'"•' '" " ""'"'''^ "^ ™a«t3 lating influence." O^TrJT'^r^ "'"'° ""'"'=" ''^ '^^ '''"^^ sect, perhaps the '^./^lo^r^.rreZ'-totr '""^'-'^ '^ merely a wasp or stineintr-beo T, • T ' "^^ *°"« ""ke it stinging or stimulating'Tnlt'ce Is' It w" ""'l.''^™"™'^ for the >i -*^; -«"' ~ 172 NOTES ON SAT. IV. NOTES ON SAT. IV. 173 had to wound their own arms or legs, and either to offer up the blood or drink it themselves, in order to become inspired with a warlike enthusiasm. This, however, was afterward softened iiovm into a mere symbolic act. These priests were called Bellonarii, and hence fanaticus is here the same in fact as Bellonarius. 125-128. Beffem aliquem. Probably, as Gifford suggests, a sarcas- tical allusion to Decebalus^ whose nanie could not be brought into Terse, but whose exploits were the opprobrium of Domitian's reign. — Temone. The pole of the car put for the car itself. — ylmra- gus. This British monarch is otherwise unkno\vn. Later legends tell of an Arviragus converted by Joseph of Arimathea. Another is introduced into Shakspeare's Cymbeline.— Perej/nna est beJlua. One thing was certain, that, .nasmuch as the fish was a foreign one, it denoted some foreign conquest.— .^Md^^. "Tlie sharp fins." These sharp fins (literally "stakes") portended the spears which Domitian was to drive into the backs of his conquered foes.— //oc de/ttit mumy &c. He was so diffuse in his language that nothing, in fact, was wanting to complete his history of the fish, except to tell where it had been produced, and how old it was. 129-134. Quidnam igitur censes? Domitian now speaks, and pro- ceeds to put the question to the assembled senators individually. Obsen-e the employment of censeo, the official term on such occa- sions.— ConaVt/Mr.? ' as it to be cut up?'* Present used for the future, in a case requiring immediate action. {Madcig, § 339., Obs. 2-) — Testa aha. "A deep dish."— Qike tenui muro, &c. *' Which shall inclose its spacious circumference with a thin wall," i. c, it is to be a large and deep round dish, with thin sides. The thinness of the earthenware, according to Pliny, constituted its excellence.— Prometheus. The case urgently demands some potter no less cun- ning in his craft than was Prometheus of old, who gave proof of his skill by forming the first man out of c\&Y-—Argillam atque rotcan, &c. Clay is the material, and a solid wheel, revolving horizontally, the engine on which the potter forms his ware.— Fu/uli tua castra sequantur. To guard, not against the foe, but against large fish be- ing spoiled by delay in cooking. 135-142. Noverat ilk, &c. He was an old court-glutton, and well acquainted with the luxury of former emi^roTB.—Noctesque Neronis, &c. "And the nights of Nero now half spent." Nero, according to Suetonius, used to prolong his banquets from midday to mid- night. — Aliamque faviem, " And a second appetite." Suetonius says that this was sought to be procured by warm baths in winter, and cold baths in summer. As ab^ady remarked, however, emetics were frequently employed for the purpose.— Foiemo. The Falemian was a fiery, full-bodied wine of Campania.— C/ift/^ edendi. " Expe- rience in eating." No one was a greater connoisseur in good eat- ing than Montanus. — Circeiis naia forent, &c. All the localities mentioned in the text were famed for their oysters. Circeii was an ancient town of Latium, on the promontory Circeium, and was fabled to have derived its name from its having been the residence of Circe. The " Lucrine rock" indicates the Lacus Lucrinus, in Campania, be- tween Baiae and Puteoli. By the "Rutupian bed" is meant Rutu- piae or Rutupae, now Richborough, a port-town of the Cantii, in the southeastern part of Britain.— F/ semel aspecti, &c. " And he told the shore of a sea-urchin looked at but once," i. c, at the first glance. 143-148. Misso. For dimisso. — Albanam in arcem. ** Into his lofty Alban abode," .*. c, his filla situate on rising ground. Com- pare note on line 59.— Z)wj: nuignus. " The great chief." Said iron, ically of Domitian.— Oz^a's. The Catti were a powerful German tribe, occupying what answers now to Hesse and the adjacent coun. tnes.—Si/gambris. The Sygambri were another powerful German tribe, dwelling at this period between the Lippe and the Sieg.— Dicturus. "In order to communicate." Both the Catti and Sy- gambri were troublesome enemies to Domitian. He appears, how- ever, to have gained some advantages over the former in A.D. 84. —A nxia prcEcipiti, &c. « Some alarming dispatch had come on hur. ried wing." The words prmcipiti penna are merely figurative, and do not refer, as some erroneously suppose, to any peculiar custom on the part of the Romans in transmitting intelligence. CCasaub. ad loc.) * 149-153. Tota ilia tcmpora scpvitice, Tlie last three years of Do- mitian's reign are especially meant, forming as they do one of the most frightful periods that occur in the history of man. We have given ilia here as a more emphatic reading than the common t/&.— Sedperiit. Domitian was assassinated in A.D. 96, in the 45th year of his age, and the IGth of his reign. He was succeeded by Nerva. -- Cerdonibus. " By men of lowly birth." Equivalent to ignobiUhus, Cerdo properly means one who works for hire, a day-labourer, a low mechanic, and then a person of lowly condition generally. The as- sassins of Domitian were persons of lowly origin, officers of his court whom ho had intended to put to death himself; and hence the se- vere reflection on the pusillanimity of the patricians implied by the closing lines of the^satire. The tyraiit shed the blood of the noblest families with impunity; but when he began to single out victims from the lower orders, his own ruin ensued.— //oc nocuiL " This / 174 NOTES ON SAT. V. end of the republic, but uuderle ell T"' "''°"*'°"='' "" «■« the noblest fan,iUe,'i„ Ro:' ^ Sj^lTf th" °"' "^ "' was one of Domitian's victims- hulh^ZT r ' °°"*'" '"'"*« Boman nobles in general ' ° ^"'"''" ''«'"* f"' "-e SATIRE V. ARGUMENT. Under pretence of advising one Trebin, m «!«.•/• of Virro. a man of rank .ndlnLitZZ^,^"' ""^ *' ""« • . spirited detail of the insults and I'nln^i^lZr^T """ were subjected bv the nVh „, .1. ■^""cations to which the poor count of the poUticd conn , '"'"""■'■ncnts to which, on ac- round one, the fo™crL„.T" T" *" ^^""g-i'hed from a common u'sagc-Z^^ « triX^r a^S ""*, '""" "' -- taken into his train by M^cenZ^Zh u T ° ''"'' ""erward foonery, and finallv admi fed ""^ The h 11/"'''^ "^ "" ''"^- whom he became a favour," te I t e de 0^ oT°,''"'"'"' """ to great destitution by his dissinatinn ! 7 ^* ""^ ""'"'=«<1 Ge^ris, &c. "At the i.n^„ ?T . "'""^agance-ZBij^^ from th^ marked dkreucei^^he t f °' ^'"^""■" ^neqlT n.e allusion is toApidus L^b! ^ '""'o'-Ptible though he was." the days of Augustus' ndTSr ot """" ""' >""""« - site must be so lost to all senT.f 7^ "'"™'''' *<=• ^ P"™" tha^one would besitr^^r^er:^^-^^^^^^^ 6-11. Fn^a/it«. « More easily satisfied » /7 7 • "S-PPose. however, even this litfS t W^a^LT-'f T""' ^'^ pose a man to want even this IitH» .i... • I . ' *'' *"P- -here you can take yourlnd anX c ""''^ ™""''" '• -' J uDu ana Deg. Crq>tdo properlj means NOTES ON SAT. V. 175 »» any raised basement upon which other things are built or supported, as of a temple, altar, obelisk, &c. Here, however, it denotes the trottoir, or raised causeway for foot-passengers on the side of a Roman road or street. An illustration of this is given in the ruins of Pompeii.— Pon*. Consult note on Sat. iv., ll5.^Teg€tis. The teges was a coarse rug worn by beggars.— 2>»;«ufta brevier, « Short- er by the half."— Zan^/nc injuria coence f *' Do you set such a value on a supper so insulting ?" i. e., will you endure for the sake of a supper the gross contumelies that await you at the great man's ta- ble ? Literally, " Is the insult of a supper of so much value (in your eyes) ?''—^e;ttna. « Craving."— Po/. «r faith." We have adopted here the elegant emendation of Ruperti. Many of the MSS. give quum possis honestius, which violates the measure, the final syllable of possis being long. Tlie Bipont edition reads ;Iosa* in the sense of mendicas. Jahn and others prefer possit, making fames the subject.— //AV. The beggar's stand, either on the fool^ pavement or the bridge.— rrcwere. "To shiver."— ^< sordesfar^ m, &c. "And munch a filthy piece of dog's bread." The an- cients were accustomed to make a coarse kind of bran-bread, which they broke up and mixed with dog's-meat, as food for their animals. (Compare the Latin term caniccE.) 12-15. Fige. " Bear it in mind." Supply animo. So in vulgar English : " Regard it as 2ijixed fact:*— Discuynbere jussus. " When invited to take a place at table." Literally, « to recline (at table)," in allusion to the Roman mode of reclining at meals. We would say, " Wlien asked to dinner."— il/erce. ping to tie his shoes. The Uiptla was the lappet on each side of the shoe, through which the strings {corrigice) that tied it on the foot passed. Ne tota salutatrix, &c. «' Lest by this time the whole saluting crowd may have completed their round," i. «., lest he may be too late-for the time of morning levee. The text does not mean that clients waited upon several patrons in succession, which would bo directly contrary to Roman custom, but that clients were accustom- ed to go round, each to- his particular patron. These visits com- bined form what is here called orbem. Compare Lucian, A'.; ..., 22 : nepi^iovrec ^v Km'Xt^ Hjv iroliv.^Siderilms dubiis. *♦ Wlien the stars are now beginning to fade." This is intended to mai k a very early period of the mommg.^Aut illo tempore, &c. " Or else, at that time w^en the chill wains of slow Bootes are alone revolving." This marks a somewhat later period of the morning, though stiU qnite early, when the other stars have disappeared, and only the most northern constellations are still seen moving around. In the language of poetry, the other stars have sunk l>cneath the ocean, but Bootes and the two Bears, inasmuch as they never sink below our horizon, still appear in the heavens, marking, therefore, the pe- nod immediately preceding the dawn. Compare Statins, Theh., iii., 683, seq.—Frigida, Because so near the north pole. — Waco! In the plural, because both the Bears or Wains are meant.-^Boot,-;;,^e/,o constrictus &c A common crab, hemmed in with half an egg." t e scantilv a«r* niched with half an egg sUced.-reraiis cj''^::::::!!^::^ 182 NOTES ON SAT. V. Ill accustomed to give a feast in honour of the dead, generally on the ninth day after the funeral. It was done to appease their shades, and consisted of a little milk, honey, water, wine, and olives. These articles were placed commonly at the entrance of the tomb. " A fftneral supper," therefore, came to mean a very scanty one. — Ex- igua patella. Observe that patella^ although a diminutive itself, is made still more so by the epithet exiyua. 86-91. Vena/rano. Supply oleo. Venafrum, a town in the north- em part of Samnium, near the River Vultumus, and on the con- fines of Latium, was famed for its olives and oil.— Pallidus. "All sickly of aspect." The cabbage had turned yellow from long keep- ing, and had then been carelessly boiled. But, what is still worse, the oil to be poured over it is quite rancid, and fit only to be used for lamps.— ///« I ta. Aurelius Cotta, another munificent individual of Nero's time --Titulis. " Titles of ancestn-," /. c, a Ion;, line of ancestors. By Utuhare here meant the inscriptions on the images of ancestors, and which marked the antiquity and nobihty of a line.^Fasdbus. The higher offices of magistracy are meant. The/a*ce* were the bad-es of dictatorial, consular, and praetorian power.-t// cccnes civilUer. That you entertain at supper just as one citizen should another " *. e., as an equal with equals ; that when you give a supper-party, you consider all your guests as fully on an equality with yourself and that you fare precisely as they fare, sharing in common with them all that the banquet may afford,-I>iv€s tibi, jxiuper amich If you follow the rule just laid down, you may be as parsimonious* as you please when entertaining your friends, and as luxurious and gluttonous as you choose when supping by yourself.- 67 nunc muUl A hit at the richer class of the day. 114-119. Anseris jecur. This was reckoned a very great luxury and in order to increase the size of the liver, the geese were shut up smgly in dark and extremely warm coops, too narrow to allow them to turn, and their food was scientifically varied and regulated. Dried figs, chopped fine, formed their principal aliment toward tho end of the process. Their drink consisted of water mingled with honey. In the Strasburg mode, at the present day, the win'ter is the season prefen-ed, coolness being deemed important. Consult St John, Hellenes, vol. ii., p. 2-:Q.--Ansenbus par AUilis, - A crammed fowl, equal in size to geese." Supply avl.. A fatted capon is prob- ably meant.-/'^./. "Golden-haired." Imitated from the Homeric sav% mieaypo^.-Dlgnusferro Meleagn. Not inferior in size to the one slain by Meleager at the famous Calydonian boar-hunt - Aper. Consult note on Sat. i.,125.-Traa Trebio, &c. Virro now directs his attendant to help Trebius plentifully, and presses him to taste the delicacies of the table.— Po«e ad Trehium. "Place before Trebius." The preposi- tion ad has here the same force as in ad pedes, ad mamm.^Vis fro- ter ah ipsis iUbus. " My dear brother, will you take some of these dainty dishes." Bia literally signifies "entrails," of which some very choice dishes were made. Under this head, however, many other dainty dishes may be comprehended.— /Vafcr. This was a courteous appellation between equals.— To* estis fr aires. "You and he are brothers.*' 136-145. Dominns et domini rex, "A lord and a lord's lord " The meaning of the whole passage is this : If you wish to become not only a domineering patron over your own retainers, but even over the patron himself of other retainers, you must be childless ; vou must have neither son nor daughter to inherit your estate. Then aU the legacy-hunters, whether poor or rich, will worship you - NuUus uHparvulus, &c. A parody on Virgil, ^„., iv, 327, seqq.^ Jucundum et carum. He means to legacy-hunters.-5erf tm nunc Mi- gcde panatr&c. The case will be different, however, if the rich Trebius live with a female not united to him in lawful matrimony • for, even if she present him with three boys at a birth, Virro will not be afraid of being supplanted by these, since they are natural children ; and he will even make them little presents in order to win over the father.^Migak. The common but less correct form is Mycale. Compare I/Orvil/e, ad Charit., p. 247, and Ileinnch, ad loc. —Ipse, Y'lvro.— Viridem thoraca, "A little green corslet." A mimic piece of armor, to be worn by children plaving at soldiers. Some, less correctly, render thoraca by " stomacher."— .l//;«ma5 ««- ces, " Filberts."— i2(>5ra^«;«. Which the little fellow begs for to buy playthings, cakes, or irxnX.—Ad mensain, &c. Virro goes so far as to beg Trebius to bring one of the little darlings with him when he comes to dine at his house. 146-148. Tliibus amicis. "Before lowly friends," i.e., his poor clients.— ^nct>,Vc5. " Of doubtful character." There are several species of the mushroom kind, some of which are poisonous, and it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them.— Boletus. "A mushroom of the best sort."- 5erf quales. He means such as were not poisoned, —Ante ilium uxorxs. " Before that one furnished by his wife," t. e., by Agrippina, who poisoned him with it. The botanical naLie of this species of mushroom is Agaricus Casareus, or " imperial agar- NOTES ON SAT. V. 187 IC It IS common in Italy, and is brought to the markets there for sale. Tlie Romans esteemed it one of the greatest luxuries of the table. The notorious Locusta supplied the empress with the poison which the latter introduced into this, her husband's favourite dish. — Nil amplius edit. Hence Nero jocosely called mushrooms " the food of the gods," in allusion to the apotheosis of Claudius. (Sue- ton., Ner.j 33.) 149-155. lieliquis Virronihus, " The rest of his brother Virros." —Potm. " Fruits." Pulpy fruits in general are indicated by this term, such as apples, pears, peaches, &c.—PhcBacuin. Homer de- scribes the gardens of Alcinous, in the island of Phajacia, as fiUed with perpetual fruits. Hence an eternal autumn reigned there. The ancients sought, erroneously however, to identify Homer's fa- bled island of Pha;acia with Corcyra.— *Soror/6w5 Afris. Alluding to the far-famed garden of the Ilesperides, the daughters of Atlas, King of Mauritania.— ^Sca^ic mali. "A scurf-covered thing of an apple."— /tt aggere. « On the rampart." The agger of the Pncto- rian camp is meant, and the allusion is generally supposed to be to a monkey exhibited riding on a goat, chewing an unsound apple, and equipped as a soldier with shield and helmet. The animal, tlms accoutred, is taught, under the terror of the lash, to huri the jave- hn like a mounted horseman. The only objection to this mode of cxplammg the passage is, that strict Latinity requires ex (not ab) hrsuta cnpella. Some, however, think that a raw recruit is meant, and therefore read Ursuto Capelk, making this latter term to be a proper name, and to indicate the ca^npidoctor, or drill-sergeant, who taught the recruits their exercises. The difficulty here, however, is, that the instrument for correcting soldiers was not iheJlageUum, but the vitis Hence Lobeck {Aqlaoph., p. 1325) supposes a barbarian recruit (txrunculum barbarum) to be meant. The first interpretation, however, appears to be the better one, and is given, moreover, by the scholiast, who, in reference to the apple, remarks, -quale simia manducat.^ ^ 156-1G5. Forsitan iwpenscF, &c. Juvenal now appears to be act- ing the rhetorician, and shifting his ground, in order to rouse the anger or excite the hatred of Trebius against Virro, by attributing the conduct of the latter not so much to meanness after all, as to a settled intention to insult and annoy.-//oc agit, &c. " Why, he docs this, in fact, that you may feel hnrtr -P/orante gula. " Than deplonng gluttony," ,*. e., than a parasite in all the agonies of dis- appointed huns^r.^Ffundere. - To give vent to."-Prmo molari. With closely.prossed grinder." The teeth have no food between to keep them asunder.-Tam nudus. « So utterly destitute. "-///u,«. 188 NOTES ON SAT. VII. "Him and his insolence." — Etruscum tmero^ &c. "If the Etruscan gold fell to his lot when a boy, or else the knot merely, and the badge afforded by the leather band of the poor," i. «., if bom a Ro- man, whether of rich or humble parents. The allusion is to the bulla^ as worn by the Koman boys up to the period of assuming the manly gown. The children of the rich wore one of gold, those of the poor one made of leather. The former consisted of two con- cave plates of gold, fastened together by an elastic brace of the same material, so as to form a complete globe, within which an amulet was contained. The bulla of the poor was made in a similar way, but of leather, and was worn attached to a thong or band {lorwn) of the same material. The thong or band in both cases passed around the neck, and the bulla was suspended from it, hanging on the breast. Observe that nodus is employed here in the sense of " knob" or "boss," as "knot" often is in English. 16G-173. Spes bene canandi vos decipit. Your love of gluttony gets the better of your reflection, and deceives you into a belief that, however ill-treated you may have been before, this will not happen again. — Ecre dabitjam, ttc. The soliloquy of the expectant para- site.— C/"w/6tt5. " The haunch."— il/inor aitiiis. '" That diminish- ed capon." After the great man has now helped himself from it. — Inde. "Hence," ». c, owing to this constant state of expectation. — Parato^ intactoqve^ &c. " With your bread clinched in your hand, ready for action, and yet still untouched (by the expected food),** ». c, because you are still lying in silent e.xpectation of the good things which are to come. — Sapit. " Shows his wisdom." — Et debes. "You ought also so to do." — Qmndoqtie. "Some day or other.** The meaning is, One of these days we may expect to see you play- ing the morio^ or clown in a pantomime, with shaven head, or sub- mitting to any servile indignities. You will prove yourself richly deserving of such scurvy fare as you are insulted with at Virro*8 ta- ble, and of just such a patron as Virro to give it to you. SATIRE VII. ARGUMENT. This Satire contains an animated account of the general discour- agement under which literature laboured at Rome. Beginning with poetry, it proceeds through the various departments of history, law, oratory, rhetoric, and grammar, interspersing many curious anec- dotes, and enlivening each different head with such satirical, hu- NOTES ON SAT. ni. 189 morous, and sentimental remarks as naturally flow from the sub- ject. The date of this Satire is uncertain. The mention of the The- bais (v. 83), which was completed A.D. 94, forbids us to place it earlier than the last year of Domitian's reign. But the opening lines, which speak of the arts as reviving under Cassar's smile after a period of neglect, will not apply to Domitian's time. It only re- mains for us, therefore, to inquire whether they may be best refer- red to Nena, Trajan, or Hadrian. Hadrian may be left out of the account; for, though he was an encouragcr of learning, yet it can- not be said that it was neglected by his predecessor Trajan. Nerva is addressed by Martial in words very similar to tliose of Juvenal : "Conti(/it Ausoniii' procerum jnitissimus anltr iVert'a,"w, the regular term hi^mgJlaheUum.^Armaria. * Cabinets." By annanum is meant an armoire, cabinet, or cup- board for keeping domestic utensils, clothes, monev, curiosities or any articles in daily use. It stands also for a book-case.-^ fovioc« Pacci, &c. " The Alcithoe of Paccius,- &c. We have here the ti- tles of three tragedies written by .vTetched poets, and which were sold along with the other lumber. The common but erroneous reading is Alajonen Bacchi. Alcithoe, daughter of Minyas, kinc. of Orchomenus, was changed into a bat for having refused to shar°e in ^e worship of Bacchus.-7^.6a.. The scene of the tragedies of (Edipus Rex, the Seven against Thebes, and the Epigoni. ( Welck-^ «•, Grtech. Tmg„ iii., 1490.)-//oc satins, &c. This line of life however, mean as it may appear, is still getting your bread honest^ ly, and far better than hiring yourself out as a false witness.-Fa- ^ant equues Asiani, &c. Alluding to persons who do thus perjure themselves, fellows who were originally Asiatic slaves from Cappa- docia, and Bithynia, and Gallo-Gra^cia, but who have now, by per- jnij and cheating, amassed equestrian fortunes.- Q«„„y««;;. et Cap. Padoces, &c. Heinrich very justly regards this line as a mere in- NOTES ON SAT. Vll. jgj terpolation.— yl/^era Gallia. "The other Pnni « • ^ Gallo-Gr.cia.-^«./. ,«,,. .^l "^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^ -> Galatia, or chalked feet. Consult note on Sa^.i: ll^Tr^Z " ^^^.^ "^ over for sale." - J^raauat. "Bnngs 17-21. Nen«> tamen, &c. A compliment for the rei,r„i„ or, from whom another golden a-^e in lltZT ^^ ^'"^'- - ^o^. " Melodious eSon " /T " '"^ -^---Elo^ui- has chewed the bay" IZT ~^""""1'^ ^'''"ordit. "And chewing bav-leaves bv wilt T' f''" '"^"^^"r"., from their srired.i„<; ^ro*^!!:' *i tr :itt r "-r" '"- men!" This form of exDres,inn i. ' '"' '"''•'=' y<"">? tion of those addresscdT« TA 1 ™^'' •""""' '° ^''" ""« a«en! observers, in which c^s^ Ui^! 1 '""""' '"""''"^'^ "' °>«~ •'Auend,'' and somotire, :s TZT "'"" *" "" '^"«"^'' '^™ to action. In ,he foZ' " • ' "''*''"* '"'"'"'^«' '»«'«"? them also uttered by 'LcXren »:"""' '" """""' "'^^--d.-as ccs._.V„,^4 "ObTecT, f ".""^ '■'"' "■" "^°S ""« ""^Pi- "The kindness of ou?em"ror"^ ''"''"'•':" -^ ^"i^enL coloured note-book." There fs a ^"'f'^"' '""' °^ *•"* ^'"^™- •'-0 meaning of these words We hf f n ""r" "'"P'"'"" "'-'" poses that a species JZZ' , ^"^^'"'^^ Heinrich, « ho sup- of parchment^ d:e.::~r-''f J' ""'"' "'"> "■<= '-- *e«. will her be empWdIn the ~'»r'^*"'"'' ^» "'"' '- »ould be used to contShe ve^ L that m hf""- '"''" " "^^ at the moment to the poet -!rl? "'^'.""8'" ^"Eg«« themselves -Te/esinc. TelcsinusTar^ .T "'"• ^*'"'. '• «•, the fi,«. d-^ssed. The name i 7/ ^' '" '^'""" ""' »«*-» i» ad form, however, r„rS::rtTr" '" *'''"'"'• '"'" '- tions-Claude. " Lock hTm ua" T ' " '""'"' "" '"^"^ with the book-worm," ,' eZ Z TT ^"'""'^^ "^^^ome "As they lie stored aw^^^^VJl^^'rCt r'^'^^'^-^"'^-'- a sleepkss night." AfL ,-, 'T ' ''*''* ""'' y" many The allusion in^Ua^ to E "'' '^""^''^ "''"'' ^'^^^f-^' your nam>wga4t."lrlL' .?r'^"""-^"^-'"'««'- "In Poets were crowned not only with W bTJ^ ''°"''"-^«'-- «ce, Od. i., 1, 29 : "I>octJuZZ^^' "^^ ^""P^^ «or. ""cro. A meagre imace." Rv »i,:= • J'"''ttum. —Imagine recompense for the pains it costf til, •'"""'! ""' ""'^ " "^^S™ ,' 192 NOTES ON SAT. VII. If lie libraries were adorned with the busts of writers who had distin- guished themselves. — S/>€s nulla ulterior. " You can hope for noth- ing more than this empty honour." — Tantum admirari, &c. As children admire and praise the beauty of the peacock, which is of no service to the bird, so the rich patron gives you compliments merely, but no substantial j)roofs of patronage. — Junonis avem. The peacock came from India into Asia Minor, and thence into the island of Samos, where it was consecrated to Juno. The coins of Samos bore the impress of a peacock. 32-35. yEtas patiens^ &c. " That period of life which is able to endure," &c. You little think that while you are thus spending your time to little pur|)ose, in comj)osing verses, the most valuable portion of your existence, in which you might lay up a provision for the future, is passing rapidly away. — Tcedia tunc subetmt cmi'uos. "Then weariness creeps over the spirits," i.e., as age approavhes. — Facunda et nuda senectus. "A tuneful and yet destitute old age." 36-37. Artes. "The devices resorted to," t. c, by your supposed patron, in order that he may have a plausible excuse for doing noth- ing for you. He makes verses himself, and gives you poem for poem, and expects praise for his own compositions — Que?7i colis, &c. " To whom you now pay reverence, having abandoned both the temple of the Muses and that of Apollo," t. c, whom you, having abandoned your fealty to the Muses and Apollo, are now reverenc- ing and offering homage to as a mere present deity. The temple of the Muses (or, rather, of Hercules Musagetes) was dedicated by Fulvius Nobilior, and restored by Marcius Fhilippus ; that of Apol- lo was erected by Augustus on the Palatine Hill. These edifices were used both as libraries and as places where men of letters might assemble for the purpose of conversation or recitation. They are both deserted here by Telesinus for the hall of his wealthy but nig- gardly patron. 38-47. Propter mille annos. On the score of his priority merely by a thousand years. In other words, he judges of poetry as of wine, by its age, as if Homer had little else save his antiquity to recommend him. — Aut si dulcedine^ &c. If, however, you are par- ticularly anxious to recite your poems, and care more for fame than money, he will lend you some untenanted mansion for the purpose, which has long been barred up, and is full of dirt and cobwebs. He will furnish you also with an applauding audience of his freed- men and clients, but as for contributing any portion of the expens^, that is quite out of the question ; all this will fall to you. — Maculo- aas cedes. " Some mansion all soiled with dirt." The common NOTES ON SAT. VII. 193 text has Maculoms as a proper name. But this is evidently a cor- rupt reading.— /-erraiw. " Barred up.^—Servire. " To be at your service." — Sollicitas imitatur portas. "Is like the anxious gates (of some besieged city)." — Extrema in parte ordinis. "At the far- thest end of the row." He places his freedraen in the back rows, that they may give the cue, unobserved, for frequent plaudits. — Disponere. " To place in different parts of the room." His clients he distributes over the benches, that their loud plaudits may appear to come from all i)arts of the room. — Regum. " Of these great lords." — Suhsellia. The "benches" in the body of the room. — Et qucB condwto, &c. " And the side seats which hang supported by the hired beam.** The anahathra were temporary wooden seats, rising one above another like a flight of stairs, and placed round the sides of a room. They were supported by timbers from below. — Quaque reportandis, &c. "And the orchestra which is placed there with its seats to be carried back," i. c, carried away and paid for when the performance was over. By orchestra is here meant the row of chairs in front for the accommodation of the higher class of company, just as the orchestra in the Roman theatre was resenred for the Senate and persons of distinction. — Reportandis cathedris. To be returned, after the recitation, to the person from whom they were hired. 48-62. Nos tamcn hoc agimus. " Yet still we ply this (unprofita- ble) task." Compare note on line 20. — Sterili. *' Sterile," be- cause affording us no prospect of any return for our trouble. — Si discedas. " Even if you try to draw off," t. c, to abandon the pur- suit of writing. — Ambitiosi consuetudo mall. Evil ambition, which it is so customary for poets to be led away by. — Scribendi cacoethes. " Itch for scribbling."— ^«7ro. " Distempered."— iVbra publica vena. "No vein that marks the common herd." — Nihil ezpositum deducere. "To spin out no \'ulgar theme." — Nee qui communis &c. "And who strikes off no hackneyed productions of the common stamp." Moneta is here employed in the sense of a stamp or die for coin- ing. — Qualem nequeo monstrare^ &c. " Such a one as I cannot point to, and only feel in soul," i. c, the poet such as I can conceive, but cannot point out among living men. Observe that monstrare is not, as some suppose, equivalent here to describere (" describe in words"), a signification that does not belong to it, but means " to point to." (Compare Sat. viii., 45.) Juvenal here touches on the inquiiy whether the idea can be adequately realized, which has been warmly discussed, not only in ancient times, but by different schools, philo- sophical and theological, in our own day. (^Mayor, ad loc.y—Omnis ii 194 NOTES ON SAT. VII. / acerbi impaiiens. *' Exempt from every thing embittering," i. e^ every thing that can embitter existence. — Aonidum, " Of the Aoni- an maidens," i. c, the Muses. By both the Greek and Roman poets Bceotia is often called vlonia, from the Aones, an ancient peo- ple of the land, and the adjective Aonius is in like manner used as synonymous with Boeotian. Hence the Muses, who frequented Mount Helicon in Bceotia, are styled Aonide*^ and also Aoni(B so- rores, — Pierio. "Pierian,*' ». c, sacred to the Muses, who were called Pierides from Pierioy near Mount Olympus, where they were first worshipped. — TJiyrsumve contingere. "Or to handle the thyr- sus,'* f. «., to feel poetic inspiration. The thyrsus of Bacchus was believed to communicate inspiration generally. Compare the ^reek ^paon^TJye^.—Sana, "When of sober mood," i. c, cowed down, and rendered tame and spiritless by the wants and troubles of life.— ^m. " Of that pelf."— 5a/«r. " Full of good cheer." If Horace ever felt what it was to want, it was but for a short time. He was m comfortable circumstances before the battle of Philippi, and three years after it he was taken inlo the favour of Maecenas. —Etta! Consult Hor., Od. ii., 19, 6 : "£«« / recenti mens trepidai metUy'* &c. 64-71. Feruntur. "Are hurried onward." The "lords of Cyr- rha and Nysa" are respectively Apollo and Bacchus. Cyrrha was the port of Crissa, on the Crisssean (a bend of the Corinthian) Gulf, and Crissa itself lay to the southwest of Delphi, and on the route pursued by pilgrims to the latter place. Nysa, in India, was the legendary scene of the nurture of Bacchus. The name indicates " both a place and a mountain, particularly the latter.— JDuas cvras, "Two sources of care," i. c, poetry and the providing of necessa- ries.— iVec de iodice paranda attonitce. " And of one not bewildered about procuring a blanket," ». f., how to get enough to buy one. The lodix was a coarse and rough sort of blanket, chiefly manufac- tured at Verona, used sometimes as an outside wrapper, at others as a counterpane for a bed, and also as a nig for the floor.— Oirru,* et equos, &c. In this and the following line Juvenal alludes partic- ularly to yEn., 2, G02, seqq., and 7, 445, seqq. The latter is the splen- did passage where Alecto discovers herself to Tumus.— AW» si Ftr- gilio, &c. Had not Virgil been in easy circumstances, the energy of his genius would have flagged. Virgil, by the bounty of his pa. trons, lived in comparative affluence.— Pwrn " A slave."— roimi- Hk, " Comfortable."— Z>fe.v5e/. To be read as a dissyllable. Ob- serve that deesset and caderent are for defuissent and cecidissent. So fftmeret, in line 71, for gemuisset, {Zumpt, § 625.)—^ crinibus. s 1 NOTES ON SAT. VII. 195 "From the locks of Alecto."— /S«rda nihil gemeret^ &c. "The si- lent trumpet would have sent forth no dread re-echoing sound," t. e^ the trumpet staned to silence. The adjective surdus signifies "mute" as well as " deaf." So /ccj^f in Greek. Juvenal alludes to the fine passage in JEn., 7, 511, seqq., where Alecto arouses with the horn the rustic population of Latium. The buccina originally was a particular kind of horn, formed in spiral twists ; afterward, when made of metal, it had a bent form, with an enlarged mouth and was one of the three wind instruments with which signals were made, or the word of command given to the soldiery. 72-78. Poscimus. " And yet we require." More forcible with- out the interrogation. We require that a poor, standing poet equal the best efibrts of former days.— Cothumo. The cothurnus, or bus- kin of the tragic actor, put for tragic composition itself.— Cujus et alveolosj &c. " Whose Atreus obliges him to pawn both his sauce- boats and cloak." Atreus is the title of a tragedy which he is com- posing, and, while engaged on this, he has to pawn his very table utensils and clothing to keep himself from stan-ipg. Observe that pignerat here literally means "gives to pawn," being equivalent to pi'jneri dat. — Aon hahet infclix Numitor, &c. Ironical. Numitor is the name of some rich patron, who, of course, is quite poor when his friends want aid, and very unhappy at not being able to give them any thing, but who, at the same time, has money enough to scjuander upon his pleasures, or wherewith to purchase some useless curiosity, such as a tame lion, the keeping of which entails a heavy expense. — QuintiUa:. Some female friend. — Leonem. For his viva- rium. This was no uncommon fancy among the rich Romans. — Constat leviori, &c. Irony again. — BeUua. " The huge beast." Con- sult note on Sat. iv., \2Q.—Ninnrmn. "No diO\x\it:'—Capimt plus, "Hold more." 79-81. Lucanvs. M. Annaeus Lucanus, the celebrated poet, and author of the Pharsalia, who inherited a large fortune from his fa- ther. He was at first a favourite with Nero, but excited at length that emperor's literary jealousy, and, having subsequently joined the •conspiracy of Piso, was put to death in the 2Gth year of his age.— Jaceat. On a lectus. Compare line 105. — Marmoreis. " Adorned with marble statues." — Serrano. Sarpe assigns to this Serranus the Eclogues which have come down to us under the name of Calpur- nius Siculus. (Qua^st. PhiloL, Rostoch, 1819.) — Tenuique Saleio. Saleius Bassus, poor in purse, but rich in merit and poetical talents. On one occasion he received a present of five hundred sesterces from Vespasian, and this sum, though small, was suflicient perhaps to 196 NOTES ON SAT. VII. make Domitian neglect him. — Gloria quantalibet quid erit t " Of what avail will glory be, however great ?" 82-89. Curritur. " People run in crowds." — Ad vocem juamdam. To the modulation of the voice great attention was paid in recita- tions. — Amicce Thebaidos. "Of the favourite Thebais." The sub- ject of the Thebais of Statius is the war between Eteocles and Poly- nices, sons of (Edipus, for the crown of Thebes. — Promisitque diem. "And has fixed a day for reciting it." Notice was given publicly in such cases by a programma or edictum, or what we would term " a bill." Pressing invitations were also sent to the author's friends. — Statius. P. Papinius Statius, a native of Neapolis. He was famed for the brilliancy of his extemporaneous effusions, and gained the prize three times in the Alban contests. From Juvenal's language we might infer that, in his earlier years at least, he had to struggle with poverty ; but he appears to have profited subsequently by the patronage of Domitian, whom he addresses in strains of the most fulsome admiration. He may justly claim the merit of standing in the foremost rank among the heroic poets of the Silver Age. — Tanta libidine vulgi. " With so much eager desire on the part of the mul- titude." — Fregit subsellia. A figurative form of expression to indi- cate loud and oft-repeated applause. — Esurit. " He stanes." — Pa- ridi. This Paris was the celebrated pantomime, and the favourite of Domitian, and these lines of Juvenal upon him are commonly, though perhaps not very correctly, supposed to have been the cause of the poet's banishment. — Intactam Agave n. "His unpublished Agave,'* i. e., as yet unexhibited on the stage. Hcinrich supposes this to have been a pantomimic ballet on some tragic subject. — Mi- liti(E honorein. "High military preferment." — Semestri vatuni, &c. "He encircles the fingers of poets with the gold conferring six months' rank," i. e., the equestrian ring. Seniestris here refers to an honorary military commission, conferred on favourites, even though not in the army, and called " Semestris tribunatus militmn.*' It lasted for six months only, but conferred the privilege of wearing the eques- trian ring, with perhaps others. 90-97. Tu Cajnerinos, &c. The Camerini and Bareie are put hero for rich nobles generally. If the poet wishes to succeed, he must not go to them. He must pay court to the actor Paris, who, by his performances on the stage, and more particularly in the two pieces entitled Pelopea and Philomela, has so won the favour of Domitian as to be allowed to bestow high offices, not only on the authors of these pieces, but on whomsoever else he may please. — Pelopea. A piece turning on the legend of Pelopea, daughter of Tbyestes, and > NOTES ON SAT. VII. 197 mother of -^gisthus. — Philomela. A piece having for its subject the story of Philomela, metamorphosed into a nightingale. — Ilaud tamen invideas vati, vn to us. — Rerum. "Of facts." — Oj)erum lex. "The law that regulates such works," t. e., the rules of historic composition, which compel the writer to be particular in his narration of facts,, and, consequently, to be more diffuse than in other departments of composition. — Apertce. "Even after it has been opened up," ». e., upturned, as it were, by the plough. — Acta legenti. " To one read- ing the public register." By acta is here meant a kind of gazette or public chronicle, published daily at Rome by the authority of the govenunent, during the latter times of the republic, and also under 198 NOTES ON SAT. VII. the empire, and corresponding in some degree to a modem news* • paper. It contained an account of the proceedings of the Senate, the edicts and decisions of the magistrates, births, deaths, marriages, accidents, &c. By legenti is here meant the actuariusy who made a transcript of the actOy and used to read them aloud for the amuse- ment of the company at table. Compare Pctronius, 63 : " Actua- riusj qui tanquam wins acta recitavit." 105-107. Sed genus ignavum, &c. "But (historians, you will re- ply, are) a lazy race, who delight in the couch and the shade,** ». c, in a life of Hterary leisure, away from the bustle of public life. This is the excuse on the part of the rich for neglecting them — Lecto. The ancients had couches made purposely for writing and studying. Hence the historian is called an idle and lazy fellow, who writes lolling on a cowoh.— Umbra. A sedentary life is meant, what Cicero calls ''vita umhratilisr. (Tusc. Disp., ii., 27.) This kind of life is often spoken of with contempt by both Greeks and Romans, who daily devoted some time to athletic exercises in the open air, and whose institutions (those of Athens and republican Rome at least) required all citizens to take part in public affairs. — Die igitur quid causidids, &c. The poet now takes up the case of the lawyers, and proceeds to show how little they also make by their profession.— Prcestent, " Bring in." On the legal restrictions upon the fees of the causidici, consult Diet. Ant., § v.. Lex Cinda.—Et magno comites, &c. *' And the briefs that accompany them in a big bundle." By libelli, however, which we have here rendered freely, are meant, in fact, depositions of witnesses, extracts from laws, Ac. 108-114. Ipsi magna sonant. "They themselves talk grandly enough (of their gains)," «. c, they boast of their extensive and lu- crative practice in the law courts. This they do particularly on two occasions : first, before a creditor of their own, whom they aro anxious to impress with a high opinion of their professional gains, in order that he may be less solicitous about repayment of his debts ; and, secondly, before some rich litigant, who comes to them with an important and doubtful case, and from whom they wish to squeeze a larger fee by leading him to entertain a very lofty notion of their professional standing. (Madvig, ad loc.)—Vel si tetigit la- tusj &c. *' Or if one still more urgent than he has nudged their side, who comes with his great account-book to sue for a doubtful debt." — Nomen. This word was of extensive use in money transac- tions. Properiy, it denoted the name of a debtor registered in a banker's or any other account-book, and hence it came to signify the articles of an account, a debtor, or a debt itself.— Cart yb^. I I NOTES ON SAT. VII. 199 "The hollow bellows," i. e., ©f cheeks and Ixxno^.—Conspviturqw sinus. "And each bosom is all bespattered with foam." They talk about themselves till they foam at the mouth and bespatter the «tnt«, or bosom of the toga — Vcram messem. "The actual har- vest,** i. e., of their professional labours.— If/nc. "In the one scale."— 5o/ttm russati Lacernce. " The single fortune of the red- clad Lacema." Supply patritnonium. Lacema was a favourite charioteer of Domitian's, and belonged to the "Red party.** The parties or factions of the Circus were distinguished by the colours which they wore. 115-121. Consedere duceSy &c. A parody on Ovid's account of the dispute between Ulysses and Ajax for the armour of Achilles. (i/e^,«iii., 1, seq.) It is here humorously introduced to describe the proceedings in a court of justice. The duees in the present in- stance are the judges.— Pal/^dus Ajax. "A pallid Ajax.'* Ajax stands here for the barrister, sallow from confinement ^at the desk, and not bronzed by the sun like the weather-beaten hero in Homer- Some, however, rcfar pallldus to anxiety for success. — Dubia pro libertate. "In behalf of freedom called in question,*' t. e., in be- half of a client whose title to freedom is disituted.—Bubuleo judiee. "With a neat-herd for a juryman." The allusion is to the court of the centumviri. There were, in all, 35 city and country tribes, from each of which were chosen three judices or jurymen. These were called, in round numbers, centumviri, though the whole amount- ed to 105. Owing to this arrangement, it often happened that ig- norant rustics had to decide upon knotty points. After the changes introduced by Augustus, the office of Judex was no longer an hon- our, but a burden. Any free male adult who had no*! been con- demned for a criminal offence might, it would seem, now sit as jt*- dex. (Diet. Ant.y s. v.)—Jecur. Some suppose that a blood-vessel in the lungs is meant, as the ancients in general were but indiffer- ent anatomists.— F«>an^ur. " May be fixed up." When advocates gained an important case, the triumph was made known by the en- trance of their houses being decorated with palm-branches.— S'cofo- rum. "Of your staircase." These poor laAvjcrs here referred to lived in garrets, and could, therefore, only deck with evergreens the staircase leading up to their apartments. — Q;/ocema, as the leg. Rather the pema was a part of the pcfaso, although For- cellini thinks otherwise. The important distinction is that the per- 200 NOTES ON SAT. VII. NOTES ON SAT. VII. 201 na was smoked or salted, whereas ihcpctaso was eaten fresh. Our pleader receives one small of size and musty (siccus) besides. (Mat/^ orjodloc.) — Pelamidum. *' Of young thunnies." These were salt- ed and brought to Rome, where they afforded a cheap diet. The name palamyde is still given them at Marseilles. — Aut veteres, A/ro- rum, &c. " Or some shrivelled onions, the monthly allowance of African slaves." The allusion appears to be to the monthly rations of onions allowed to African slaves, who were accustomed to plenty of them in their own country, — Tiberi devectum. Poor wine, brought down the Tiber from, the northern vineyards, such as those of Veil and Etruria generally, and not up the river, from the southern ones of Campania.— Za^^cB. Consult note on *Sa/. v., 29.— 5» quater effisti. There must be a full stop after effisti, and a comAa after lagejuB, The fee consists of five jars of wine for pleading four times. 122-I2i, ^Aureus mus. " A single gold piece.'' If you have been lucky enough to touch a gold piece for a fee, you cannot pocket any thing until you have satisfied the claim of the attorneys. The aureus varied in Value. It was, at this time, worth about sixteen shillings sterling.— /m/e cadunt partes, &c. " The shares of the at- torneys, fixed by previous agreement, are deducted therefrom." In Cicero's time these pragmatici (attorneys or solicitors) were confined to Greece. The Roman advocates were then in the habit, if igno- rant of a point of law, of referring to learned men of rank, such as the Scaevolae, &c. Under the successors of Augustus, however, there was not the same encouragement for the leading men to study that science, and therefore the advocates were obliged to adopt the Gre- cian method. Quintilian forcibly depicts the embarrassment of those causidici who, themselves ignorant of law, rely for all legal arguments on these attorneys. (Inst. Or., xii., 3, 1, seq.)— Quantum Hcet. " As much as the law allows," The Lex dncia de Muneribus forbade any one to take any thing for his pains in pleading a cause. In the time of Augustus it was confirmed by a senatus consultum, and a penalty of four times the sum received was imposed on the advocate. In the time of Claudius, however, the law was so far modified that an advocate was allowed to receive ten sestertia; but in Trajan's time this permission was so far restricted that the fee was not to be paid till the work was done.— Z"^ jne/ius nos erpmus. Observe that et is here for et tamen, " and yet," as in Greek, Kai for KaiTOL. The pronoun nos is emphatic : " We, poor lawyers." 125-133. Hujus. Depending on vestibulis.-^Currus yEneus, &c. Indicative of the triumphs gained by his ancestors.— Bd&i^ore. <« Charger." Supply equo. — Curvatum hostile minatur. "Aims the bending spear." So exquisitely is the statue wrought, that the spear seems to tremble as it is poised. — Statua lusca. ^milius was represented as closing one eye to take better aim. This vagary of ^milius, which is here ridiculed, namely, in choosing, though a man of peace, to be represented on a war-horse, seems to have taken mightily at Rome, and to have had a great many imitators. .—Sic. " In this same way," ». e., by foolishly imitating -^milius, and wanting to appear rich in order to draw clients. — Conturhat. "Becomes involved." Supply rationes. A legal form of expres- sion. So deficit immediately after, " fails," t. c, becomes insolvent. ^Magno cum rhinocerote. " With a huge rhinoceros' horn of oil." Such a horn would be very expensive, and Tongilius, therefore, does this in order to appear rich. The animal is put for its horn ; so elej>Iias for ivory. — Vexat. He annoys the people at the baths, not only by the condition of his retinue, who have followed him through the miry streets, and are themselves muddy and dirty, but also by the numbers (turbo) comprising his train. — Juvenes longo premit, licity of lawsuits. — Mercedem ponere linguoe. " To set a reward upon your tongue," i.e., to let your tongue for hire. 150-154, Declarnare duces f He now proceeds to show that the NOTES ON SAT. VII. 203 teachers of rhetoric, who instructed young persons in the art of declamation, are, if possible, still worse off than the lawyers.— O ferrea pectora Vetii. " Oh, bosom of Vettius, steeled against fa- tigue!" Vettius Valens, an eminent professor of rhetoric, is sup- posed by some to be meant here. The correct form of the name is Fettius, not Vectius. — Quum perimitj &c. Alluding to the declama- tions of the pupils against tyranny. — Numerosa. In this sense the word belongs to the Silver Age. The Augustan wTitcrs use it in no other than "rhythmical," " harmonious," &c. — Nam qucecunqu€f &c. Whatever the class learn by reading over at their seats, this they repeat standing, the very same lines in the same sing-song tone and twang. The instructor, it would appear, first taught them the pro- nunciation and utterance while they were sitting, and then gave them directions about the gesture and action, at which time they stood up, and repeated the same things over and over again, the master all the while exerting himself to show them the best method of si>eaking and action.— Pcr/ercf. "Will rehearse from beginning to end."— Occu//< miseros, &c. " It is the cabbage continually re- produced that kills the Nvi-etched masters." An allusion to the Greek proverb, 6ic Kpu/iCi] Mvaro^. The poet means that the hear- ing of the same things constantly (like cabbage warmed up and scned at table many times to the same person) must be surfeiting and disgusting enough to wear out and tire the poor masters to a docentis^ &c. " The fault of the teacher, it seems, is alleged (as a reason for non-payment)." — In Iceva parte viamilkv. Some of the ancients made the seat of wisdom *and understanding to be in the heart. — Nil salit Arcadico juveni. " There is not a spark of energy in this scion of Arcadia." Arca- dia was famed for its breed of asses, which were in request in every part of Greece (Varro, R. R., ii., 1, 14 ; P/in., //. N.y viii., 43, 68) ; hence Arcadicus juvenis is here the same as " blockhead." Per- haps, however, it is better to make the reference to be to the low reputation for intelligence which the Arcadians had among the oth- er Greeks. lGl-164. Sexta quaque die. We would say, regularly once a week. It appears from Quintilian (x., 5, 21) that it was customary to hear classes on stated days (" Consuetudo «lassium certis diehvn audiendarum**). — Dims Hannibal, &c. No themes were more com- mon in the Roman schools of declamation than those drawn from the movements of Hannibal. — An petal Urbem^ &c. The question was often mooted in the schools whether Hannibal ought not to have marched to Rome immediately after the battle of Cannae. This was Maharbal's adviee.^-^ln post nimbos, &c. This usage of an an is only poetical, and does not properly belong to classical prose. (Zumpt, § 654, sub Jin.) The allusion in nimhosy &c., is to the storm, which, according to Livy (xxvi., 11), discouraged Hanni- bal, when, in the fifth year after the battle of Canna; (B.C. 211), he did march upon the Roman capital, and which induced him to draw off his forces into Apulia. Livy's account, however (which may be compared with those of the deliverance of Delphi from the troops of Xerxes and of Brennus), would seem to be a mere fable. It was unknown to Polybius (ix., 6, h).^Circumagat. In the sense of ab- ducat. 165-170. Quantum vis stipulare. " Bargain for as much as you please," i. «., ask any sum you choose. The teacher is here sup- posed to be addressing some third person, and declares himself ready to give the latter any sum he may choose to ask, on condition Aat he got this stupid boy's father to hear him declaim and go trough his school exercises as often as he has done. Parents were ACcyBtosie4 tQ visit occasionally the Roman schools, with their coD' I \ nections and friends, and listen to the exercises of their sons. — Quod do. " What I am perfectly willing to give." The present in a future sense. — Ut. *' On condition that." — Ast alii sex, &c. The connection is as follows : Not one instructor merely complains thus, but many do. Several, indeed, have abandoned the profession of teaching, and have betaken themselves to that of the law, where they now declaim in loud accents (conclamant'), and plead real in- stead of imaginary causes. — Sophistce. Professors of rhetoric and belles-lettres are meant. That the word sophist originally denoted a teacher, chiefly of rhetoric, such as Gorgias was, has been shown by Mr. Grote in his chapter on the Sophists. — Raptore relicto. " The abductor (of Helen) being abandoned by them." They have now abandoned all fictitious declamations about Paris. — Fusa venena si- lent. No more declamations now are heard about poison " poured into another's cup." Some think that the allusion here is to the le- gend of Medea and Creusa, but it is more likely to be a general one. — Mains ingratusque maritus. A general case of ill-treatment on the part of a husband. Some suppose Jason to be meant, others Theseus. We have an imaginary case, however, in Seneca (ii., Chntr., 13), that would seem to apply best. — Et quae jam veteres, &c. " And the drugs that heal the now aged blind." This is gen- erally supposed to allude to the story of ^son, the father of Thes- eus, restored to youth by Medea. Some, however, more correctly make the reference to be to an imaginary case, where a step-moth- er discovers her step-son preparing a medicament for the purpose of curing his father's blindness, and accuses him of mixing poison for his parent. — Mortaria. Literally, " mortars," and then, figura- tively, medicines brayed in a mortar, &c. 171-175. Sibidabit ipse rudem. "Will discharge himself." Lit- erally, " will give himself the rudis.'* This was a stick with a knob at the end, or else blunted at the point, employed by gladiators and soldiers while learning the art of attack and defence, and usually presented to a gladiator when he received his discharge. JuvenaJ advises the teacher of rhetoric, who has now turned lawver, to aban- don this latter profession also, as being no better than the one which he has left, and to pursue some totally different vocation. — Adpug^ nam. *' To real conflicts," i. c, to the actual collisions of the bar. — RJietorica nb nmhrn. " From the retirement of the rhetorician's school." Umhra is here put for the vita umbratilis, the retired life, spent, as it were, in the shade, that is, led by those Avho pursue such studies. Consult note on line 105. — Qua vilis tessera venit, &c. *' From which the miserable corn-ticket has come," t. c, with which 206 NOTES ON SAT. VII. it has been purchased. The poorer citizens were furnished month- ly, on the nones, by the magistrates, with a small tablet of lead (tessera), which, on being presented to the keepers of the public granaries, entitled the bearers to a certain quantity of corn. These tallies, as appears from the text, were transferable ; those who were QOt in want of com disposed of them for a trifling sum. Consult JOict. Ant,f s. V. Frumentarice Leges. — Quippe hcec merces lautissima. ** Since this is their most splendid reward," t. e., this is all they can expect to make by their labours. Ironical. 176-177. Chrysogontis qttanti doceat, &c. He now proceeds to tho teachers of music, and shows how much better they were paid than those who gave instruction in the more solid branches of education. Chrysogonus was a favourite singer, and Pollio a favourite musician, but both of them men of very loose principles. The wealthy nobles placed their sons, at an enormous expense, under the tuition of these two worthies, from whom they learned every thing that was bad. — Artem scindes Theodori. " You will tear up the * Art* of Theodo- ras." Theodoras of Gadara was an eminent rhetorician in the time of Tiberius, and wrote several works, of which a few fragments arc preserved by Quintilian. His " Art of Rhetoric" is here particularly referred to, and the meaning of the passage is this : Make but a trial of the gains of music-masters, and you will tear up your "Elements of Rhetoric," i. c, will abandon the schools of declamation for this more lucrative emplojrmcnt. The common reading is scindcns, which some explain by " going into all the details of the treatise of Theodoras." But this will make Chrysogonus and Pollio teachers of rhetoric themselves. Heinrich, on the other hand, considers scin- dens to be for proscindens, in the sense of " deriding" (cutting yjt for the amusement of their pupils). The trae reading, however, is tho one which we ha^^^e given in the text. 178-185. Balnea. The Roman baths, both public and private, were remarkable for their magnificence. — Sexcenils. " Will cost six hundred thousand sestertii." Supply millibus sestertiorwn constahunt. The sum here given would be equivalent to 1^23,400. — In qua geste- tur dominus, &c. Consult note on Sat. iv., 5. — Anne serenum ex.tpcc' tetf *'Is he to wait, forsooth, for fair weather?" No: let him drive about under cover, where there is no fear of splashing the mules.;— i/ic potius. " Here rather does, he wish to take his exer- cise." Supply gestari vult. — Numidarum. The Numidian marble was in high repute. It had a dark surface variegated with spots. — Ciznatio. "A banqueting-hall." The cotnatio in rich houses was fitted up with great magnificence. — Algentem rapiat soiem, " Catch NOTES ON SAT. VII. 207 the cool sun." The rich had dining-rooms facing different quarters, according to the season of the year, with a southern aspect for the winter, and an eastern one for the summer. The former is here probably meant. — Qttanticumque domus. Supply constabit. However expensive the house may have been, money will be forthcoming for the purchase of a structor and a cook ; but only a small pittance, grodgingly given, for the education of a son. — Qui /ercula docte componat. An artiste, or arranger of the dishes, technically called structor. Compare note on Sat. v., 120. — Qui pulmentaria condat. " To prepare the food." The cook is meant. Pulmentaria is a gen- eral term for victuals, and is derived from puls^ a thick pap or pot- tage made of meal, pulse, &c., and which the Romans long used as food before they became acquainted with bread. The true reading here is condat (from condcre), not condit (from condlre, " to season"). The subjunctive is required by the context, not the indicative. Lach- mann conjectures condiat, to be pronounced as a dissyllable. 186-188. S('ster!ia duo. About %19>. — Quintiliano. The cele- brated rhetorician. — Ut multum. »' As a great dea.V'—Filius. " His son's education." Here intrusted to Quintilian. — Undc igitur tot, &,c. Juvenal instances Quintilian as a rich man, whereas the youn- ger Pliny, in a letter which does, as Gifford remarks, equal honour to himself and his master (for such Quintilian was), talks of his moderate fortune, and makes him a present of 50,000 sesterces ($1950) as a contribution toward the outfit of a daughter about to be married. It must be borae in mind, however, that Juvenal here employs a tone of declamatory exaggeration, and that he speaks with evident, though suppressed bitterness of the good fortune of Quintilian, probably in consequence of the flattery lavished by tho latter on the hated Domitian. It must be observed, also, that though the means of Quintilian may not have been so ample as to render an act of generosity on the part of a rich and powerful pupil in any way unacceptable, still the handsome salary which he received from tho state (100,000 sestertii = $3900) must have appeared boundless wealth when compared with the indigence of the troops of half- starved grammarians who thronged the metropolis, and whose mis- eries are so forcibly depicted by Juvenal.— ASa/fus. " Forests." P.ut figuratively for acres or landed property. 189-196. Exempli novorum fatorum transi. "Pass by instances of unprecedented good fortune (like Quintilian's)," i. c, Quintilian's case, however, is only to be regarded as an instance of rare good luck, and must not be mentioned as an example for others. The idea, therefore, intended to be conveyed by the text, when freely ^m 208 NOTES ON SAT. VII. NOTES ON SAT. VII. 209 expressed, will be this: "Do not instance Quintilian unto me as a proof of the incorrectness of my remarks respecting the miserable compensation of rhetoricians. He is only an instance of great good luck, and an instance, too, that very rarely occurs." — Felix et pulcher et acer. " He who has luck is both handsome and talented.** Ju- venal means that luck is every thing. Observe that acer here is equivalent to acris ingenii. — Generosus. " Well-born." — Appositam nigrce lunam^ &c. He becomes also a senator, and wears the cres- cent on his foot. Senators wore a kind of high shoe, like a buskin, of soft black leather, having the letter C woven or embroidered on the top of the foot. This C (compared to a crescent, luna) is sup- posed to have referred to the original number of 100 (Cttitum) sen- ators. — Aiutce. The material taken for the boot itself. The term properly means a kind of leather softened by means of alum. — Ja- culator. ** Debater." So called facetiously from his hurling argu- ments, as it were, against his opponents. — Et si perfrixit. " Even though he has a bad cold.** From perfrigcsco. — Distat. " It makes all the difference." — Te excipiant. "Welcome you,** i. e., preside over your natal hour. — Rubentem. A new-bom infant looks red, owing to its thin and tender skin. 199-202. Ventidius. Ventidius Bassus is meant. He was a na- tive of Picenum, and was taken prisoner in the Social War by Pom- peins Strabo (B.C. 89), and carried captive to Rome. When he grew up to man's estate, he got a poor living by undertaking to fur- nish mules and vehicles for those magistrates who went from Rome to administer a province. In this humble employment he became known to Julius Caesar, whom he accompanied into Gaul. In the civil war he executed CaBsar*s orders with ability, and became a fa- vourite of his great commander. In B.C. 43 he was made praetor. After Ca;sar*s death he sided with Antony, and the same year with his praetorship was made consul suffectus. He subsequently was sent by Antony against the Parthians, over whom he gained a bril- liant victory, for which he obtained a triumph.— 7tt//tM«. Servius TuUius, born of a slave, but who became the sixth king of Rome. — Servis. Alluding to Servius Tullius. — Capticis. Ventidius is meant. — Felix tile tamen. The reference is now again to Quintilian. — Corvo quoque rarior alio. The Latiuity of tamen quoque is some- what harsh. 203-206. Vance sterilisque cathednv. " Of this fruitless and bar- ren profession,** i. c, the teaching of rhetoric. — Cathedra. The in- structor's seat is here put for the profession itself of a teacher. — Thrasyjnachi exiltu. Thrasymachus of ChaJcedon was one of the earliest cultivators of the art of rhetoric, and a contemporary of Gorgias. Suidas very erroneously makes him a pupil of Plato and Isocrates. He opened a school of rhetoric at Athens, but, meeting with no encouragement, hung himself. — Secundi Carinatis. Secun- du8 Carinas was a rhetorician of the time of Caligula, by whom he was expelled from Rome for having, by way of exercise, declaimed on one occasion against tyrants. — Hunc. Socrates is meant, not, as some erroneously think, Carinas. — Ausce conferre, " You who had the heart to bestow upon him.** Socrates was condemned to death by the Athenians, and compelled to drink hemlock. 207-214. Di. Supply either date or dent. — Tenuem et sinepondere terram. This was a common wish on the part of survivors toward their friends, and was generally indicated on monuments by the let- ters S. T. T. L., an abbreviation for Sit tihi terra levis^ " Light lie the earth on thee.'* — Spirantesque crocos, «tc. The ancients used to strew fragrant flowers annually on the tombs of their departed friends, and they even believed that flowers grew spontaneously on their graves, so that the shades of the deceased enjoyed a perpetual spring. — Metuens virgm jam grandis. "In awe of the rod, though now grown up,** ». c, regarding, even when large of size, his precep- tor Chiron with respectful deference. — Cantabat. "Learned to sing," «. c, to sing and to accompany his voice on the lyre. — Patriis in montibus. Mount Pelion in Thessaly, the abode of the Centaurs. ^Citharcedi cauda magistri. " The tail of his master, the harper.'* Chiron, being a Centaur, was half man, half horse. — Sed Rufum at- que alios^ &c. Times arc now changed, and so far are the masters from meeting with reverence from their pupils, that it is a common practice for the scholar to beat the master. The Rufus here re- ferred to was, according to the scholiast, a native of Gaul. He is represented in the text as charging Cicero with barbarisms or pro- vincialisms. Jahn reads qwm toties for qui toties, making his own scholars to have nicknamed Rufus " the Allobrogian Cicero.** We have followed the common text with Heinrich.— ^//<>6roj7a. "The Allobrogian." The AUobroges were a Gallic people, dwelling be- tween the Rhodanus (R/ione) and Isara (here), as far as the Lacui Lemannus, or Lake of Geneva^ and, consequently, in the modem' Dauphine and Savog. 215-221. Qttis gremio, er/tnew<. "Whither tend," i.e., of what real value are?— 5t luditur aim pemox. "If the dice are played with all night long." In prose, aka peniox would be in the abla- tive, and luditur would be an impersonal. — Numantinos. Scipio Africanus the younger, who forced Numantia to surrender, B.C. 133, received for this the surname of Numantinus. — Luci/eri. The planet Venus was called Vesper or Hesperus in the evening, and Lucifer or Phosphorus in the morning. — Duces. " Those leaders of old," i.e., your martial forefathers. — Cur Allobrogicis, res He means, Kank virtue above high birth, and let it take precedence even of the consular fasces. 24-29. Prima mild debes, rocem. {Gesn., Thes.— Mayor, ad loc.)~Gcetuiice, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Cossus received the surname of GiHulicus from his victory over the Gajtuli, A.D. 6, in the reign of Augustus. He had been consul in B.C.I ,^Seu tu Sihnus. Supply es. Silanus was a cognomen of the Junian gens. The reference hero is particu- larly to the son-in-law of the Emperor Claudius, who, as Tacitus says (Ann.y xvi., 7), " Oaritudine generis, et modeata juventa pracel- khaV'—Patrim contingis ovanti. " Thou fallest to the lot of thy re- joicing country." Contingere is said of good fortune, accidere of mis- fortunes. — Ostn invento. Osiris was the great Egyptian divinity and husband of Isis. The allusion in the text is to the great festival of the finding the scattered remains of the god, who had been dis- membered by Osiris. The cry of the populace on this occasion was EvpiJKaMEv, avyxaipufiev. * 30-38. Qui indignus, eror here.-.EM.Vc;.. Such slaves were much used at Rome, and always commanded a high price. -Europen. -A Europa7» Daughter of Agenor, and sister of Cadmus.-^Scai/c veiusta. " With long-standing mange."-^icccE lamhentihus, &c. -Licking (in their hunger) the edges of tha lamp, now diy.--^,' quid adhu^ est. An asyndeton for sen quid (scil. aliud) adhuc est. Compare the Greek Kat el Ti dUo. (Toup, Emend in Suid., p. 207.) - Ergo. Since a great name is sometimes ironically applied.-iVe tu sic Cretims, &c ^ Lest you in this same way be a Creticus," &c., i. e., lest it may l.e mere irony m him who thus addresses you. The common reading is ne tu sis, for which we have not hesitated to give ne tu sic, the conjec- ture of Junius and Schrader. Supply sis. - Creticus. - A Creti-. cus." Q. Caicilius Metellus, consul B.C. 69, in the two following years completed the conquest of Crete, for which he received the surname of Creticus. — Camerinus. Servius Sulpicius Camerinus was consul B.C. 500, and in the early period of the republic other members of the family filled high offices. Under the empire the Camerini again appear in history. (Dio Cass., Ixiii., 18.) 39-43. Rubein Plaute. C. Rubellius Blandus married (A.D. 33) Juha, daughter of Drusus, the son of Tiberius. By her he had a sor^ Rubellius Plautus. The latter was thus the great-grandson of liberius, and the great-great-grandson of Augustus, in consequence of Tiberius haWng been adopted by Augustus. Descended thus from the founder of the "Roman empire, Plautus incurred the jealousy of Kero, and was put to death by him. He is the individual alluded to m the text. The common reading is Blande, for which we have given Plaute, the conjectural emendation of Lipsius. It is evident i ill '■•Ml 216 NOTES ON SAT. VIII. that the son, not the father, is meant, since the words tumes alto Dmsorum stemmate can only apply to the former, who w^as descend* ed from tlie Drusi through his mother Julia. — Et te conciperet, Ac. "And a mother should conceive you who shines resplendent with the blood of lulus,'* i. e., and on account of which you should de- serve to be born of a Julia. We have given et te, the conjecture of Heinrich, in i)lace of the common reading ut te, and which makes the connection plainer. If, however, u( be retained, it must be re- garded as equivalent to et ut, and even then makes an awkward construction. The Julian tjens, it will be remembered, claimed de- scent from lulus, the son of ^neas. — Non qu(r. vcntoso, A-c. " Not one that weaves for hire beneath the shelter of the windy rampart.'* The reference is to the ngger, or rampart of Servius Tullius (com- pleted and enlarged by Tarquinius Superbus). This was a moimd on the eastern side of the city, on which were raised a waii and towers, and which extended from the CoUine gate to the Esquiline. {Fahretti, ap. (Jncv., t. iv., p. 1751.) The height of the mound and wall cx])Oscd the place to the winds, whence tlic epithet ventostts. At the base of the mound were establishments for weaving, Ac, where the poorer classes worked for daily wages, and in the vicinity of which they dwelt. 44-50. Inquit. Says Rubellius. — Qnontm nemo queat, &c. Of such obscure parentage as to be unable to trace out the birth-place of your parents. — Cex-ropides. " A descendant of Cecroj)S." Cecrops was a hero of the Pelasgic race, and the first king of Attica. The patronymic, therefore, is here emjdoyed, not in its literal sense, but figuratively, merely to denote a jHirson of royal and ancient lineage. — Vivas. " Long life to you." Ironical. Sir, I wish you long life and much joy of your noble descent. — Taincn. Though you scorn the poor. — (j,mrUein. Not used in the singular by good prose writ- ers. It is found in poets and in some legal formuLt. — Nofnlis in- docti. "Of some ignorant noble." Xobilis is here employed as a substantive. Compare Sat. vii., 170: " Veteres cwcos " and C/c, L<^t., 54: *^ Insipicus Jbrtunatus.^* — De pltbe tof/ata. "From the gowned crowd," i. c, from this herd of low-born civilians. Togata is op{)osed to annis indnstrius, the tof/a being the garb of peace and of the law-courts. Tlie general idea is this : Among low-bom ci- yilians will be found great lawyers, among low-born soldiers great captains. — Qui juris nodos, &c. "One that shall solve the knotty points of the law and the enigmas of the statutes." Students of law in their fourth year were termed Lytin {Ivrat), or soiutore^, he- cause they were then occupied with the ^^/iesjtonsii Pauli,^* which were regarded as ?o many ?ynrir^ or soiutiones. NOTES ON SAT. VIII. 217 51 -CO. Ilic. Another plebeian. — Petit Euphraten. He serves against the Parthians and Armenians. — Domitique Batavi, &c. "And the eagles that keep watch over the conquered Batavi." Aquilas put for legiones, the main standard of the legion being the eagle. The Batiivi, or Batavi {Lnean), were a German people, who occupied the country between the rivers Rhenus,Vahahs, and Mosa. They made an unsuccessful attempt, under Claudius Civ^s (A.D. CD), to shake off the yoke of Rome. — Industrius. " Ever active." — Truncoqm siimllimus Hertncc. "And most like a Hermes-trunk.'* The Ilcrmie (or Mercuries) were a particular kind of statues, in which only the head, and sometimes the bust, was modelled, all the rest being left as a plain four-cornered post, a custom which de- scended from the old Pelasgic style of representing the god Mercn- ry. The noble, therefore, who has nothing but his birth to recom- mend him, is as useless as if he had neither hands nor feet. — Dis- crimine. " Point of difference."— ///<. The Hermes-trunk.— Twa vivit imago. "Whereas thy image is endowed with life," «. c, thou art a breathing statue. — Teucrorum proles. Alluding to the descent of the Julian gens from lulus and the regal line of Troy. — Gcneroscu " Highly bred."— Forruz. " Spirited."— iVCT;j/>e sic. " It is on this score surely." After an interrogation the Latins often give an af- firmative reply hy nempe when the case is too clear to admit of any doubt. {Hand, ad Turs., iv., p. IGl. )—Facili. "Conquering with ease." — Fervet. "Glows," i.e., with frequent clapping. — Rauco. " Hoarse with many a shout." 61-G5. Fuga. "Speed." — Primus. "Foremost." — Sed venale pccus Coryphcei, &c. " But the brood of Coryphaius and the poster- ity of Hirj)inus are put up for sale, if victory has but rarely perched on their yoke." For a literal translation, supply venalis w ith poster- itas. Coryphaeus and Hirpinus are the names of two horses cele- brated for their speed. The former of these appellations is of Greek origin, Ko[yvrunzw, the excellent emendation of Salmasius (ad Solin., p. Cl.y-Tiiuiis. The titles marked either on a tomb or on the pedestal of a statue.— //ono/w. The honorary titles of fore- fathers— Z>crfi/«tt.». Markland (ad Stat., p. 48) conjectures dabimus. This, however, weakens the meaning. 71-78. Juvenem. Rubellius Tlautus. — Fama. " Report."- P/c- numque Nerme profwiquo. Consult note on line 39.— /m«c. " la general." Generally 8j>eaking, it is only now and then that you will meet with an example of due consideration for others in that rank of nre.—Sengux cowinunU. "Tlie courtesies of good breeding." Not to be rendered by our phrase "common sense," which means something quite different. The idea of Juvenal is well given in SirW. Hamilton's Reid, p. 759, a, as cited by Mavor: "An ac- quired perception or feeling of the common duties ind proprieties expected from each member of society, a gravitation of opinion, a sense of conventional decorum," &c.—Fortuna. « Condition of life."— CVn.«r/ luude tuonim. "To be valued for the renown of your ancestors." Compare line 2.-Noluerim. " I don't think I would NOTES ON SAT. VIII. 219 like." The subjunctive elegantly employed to denote a modest and friendly expression of opinion. (Madvig, § 350, b.) — Futurce laudis. " Worthy of the praise of posterity." Obser^'e the peculiar employ- ment of the genitive. — Rmnt. " Fall in ruins." — Stratus humi. " Strowed on the ground," «. e., that trails along the ground. Vines were commonly trained on trees, especially on the elm. The idea is : If you owe the support of your fame entirely to that of others, let the latter be removed, and you will be like a vine which has been deprived of the aid of the elm, along which it was wont to climb, and now trails along the ground. — Vidaas. The training of the vine along the tree is termed, by the Latin jjoets, marrying the former to the latter. 79-86. Esto. " Strive by your own merits to become." — Arbiter. The arbiter decided according to equity, the judex according to strict law. — IVmlaris. This most cruel of all the Sicilian tyrants seized ui)on the government of Agrigentum about 570 B.C. His brazen bull passed into imperishable memory. This piece of mech- anism was hollow, and sufficiently capacious to contain one or more victims inclosed within it, to perish in tortures when the metal was heated. The cries of these suftering ])risoners passed for the roar- ings of the animal. The artist was named Perillus, and was said to have been himself the first person burnt in it by order of the despot. Consult Grote, Tlist. of Greece, vol. v., p. 274. — Admoto. " Brought near," t. e., placed before your eyes. — Animam praferre pudori. "To prefer life to honour." — Vivendi perdere causas. " To part with the true motives for existing," i. c, to sacrifice life's true and only end. The only causes that make life truly valuable, the only motives to existence are, according to the heathen view, however, truth, and suniving fame. — Digmts inorte perit, &c. " He who is desening of death is dead, even though he sup," &c. He who prefers existence to honour descnes to lose existence ; and he wl«o dcsenes to lose it is nlrcinly dead, even though he indulge in all manner of luxuri- ous and sensual excesses. To live is to live virtuously and worthily. An opposite course of life is only moral death. — Gaurana. Gaums, or, rather, monies Gauraniy was the name given to a volcanic chain of hills between Cuma; and Neapolis, which produced excellent wine. At their foot lay the oyster-beds of Baia; and of the Lucrine lake. — Cosmi toto aheno. " In a whole cauldron of (the jierfume of) Cosmus." This was the name of a celebrated perfumer of the day, mentioned repeatedly by Martial. 87-97. Exspectata diu, &c. He now proceeds to advise Ponticus •8 to his government of the province which he has long been wait- \M\ 220 NOTES ON SAT. VIII. ing for. — Ir itants of the province arc meant, according to KujKjrti. It is bet- ter, however, to suppose, with lleinrich, that actual allies are here spoken of, unto whom the Romans had left kings only in name. — Vacuis exsucta. Hypallage for vacua ezsuctis. — Fulmine. The fig- ure turns not so much on the severity of the j)unishment as on its being a sudden and unexpected one amid so much public corrup- tion. — Capita. Cossulianus Capito, a Roman advocate in the rcigus of Claudius and Nero. In A.D. 5G he obtained Cilicia as a prov- ince, and in the year following was accused by the Cilicians of ex- tortion. Having been condemned, he lost, in consequence, his sen- atorian rank. But he afterward received this back through the mediation of Tigellinus, his father-in-law, and subsequently came forward as the accuser of Thrasea Pictus, who had supported the cause of the Cilicians against him, and had been instrumental in bringing about his condemnation. Capito was rewarded by Nero with an immense sum of money. — Numitor. No governor of Cilicia p bearing this name is mentioned in history. — PlraUv Cilicum. '• Pi- rates of the Cilicians," i. «., robbers of those who had once l>een robbers themselves. The Cilicians in former days had been notori- ous for their bold piracy, and were put down at length by Pompcy. — Qnum Pansa eripiat^ &c. Since what one governor leaves you, his successor plunders. This line, in many MS8. and editions, is erroneously placed after the 9Gth.— Prarowf-w, Clurrippe, &c. "Cha;- rippus, look around for a crier to sell your i)atched clothes at auc- tion." The idea is. Waste no more time or moncv in endeavour- ing to bring oppressive governors to justice. Sell at auction the lit- tle that remains of your impoverished property, and when you have placed the proceeds of the sale out of the reach of extortionate gov- ernors, give over complaining.— ^Mror. *' Downright madness."— Naulum. " The passage-money to Rome." Do not waste the little remnant of your fortunes in an unprofitable journey to Rome to ac- cuse your plunderer. 98-104. Neqtie vulnus eratjKtr, &c. They could better afford then to be deprived of superfluities, than to be stripped of necessaries now. — Sociis. The dative. — Modo. " But recently." Some give modo here the force of tantwnmoih, and make modo victis mean " only subdued, not yet plundered." The former, however, is the more natural explanation. — Spartana chlamys. " The Spartan mil- itar}' scarf." The epithet Spartana here refers to its purple colour, one of the localities where the murex was obtained being the prom- ontory of Taenarus, in Laconia. The chlamys was not, as some NOTES ON SAT. VIII. 22 J suppose, a mantle or cloak, but a species of scarf worn by youths, soldiers, hunters, &c. The usual mode of wearing it was to pass one of its shorter sides round the neck, and to fasten it by means of a brooch, either over the breast, in which case it hung down the back, reaching to the calves of the legs, or over the right shoulder, so as to cover the left arm, as is seen in the well-known example of the Belvidere Apollo. — Conchylia Coa. "The purples of Cos." Tiie shell-fish put for garments coloured with the dye which it yielded. The island of Cos was famed for its purple dye. — Par- rhasii. l^arrhagius, the celebrated painter, was a native of Ephesus, and contemporary with Zeuxis. He flourished about B.C. 400. — Myronis. Myron, one of the most famous of the Greek statuaries, and also a sculptor and engraver, was bom at Eleuthera;, in Boeo- tia, about B.C. 480. — Phidiacum vivebat ebur. " The ivory of Phid- ias seemed instinct with life." Literally, " the Phidian ivory lived." Phidiiis, the greatest sculptor and statuary of Greece, was a native of Athens, and was born about the time of the battle of Marathon, B.C. 490. He constructed the Propylaa and Parthenon. His chief works were the statue of Minerva in the Parthenon, and that of Jupiter at OljTnpia. Many of his productions' were in gold and ivorj', or chryselephantine. — Polydeti multus labor. " Many an elaborate work of Polycletus." Consult note on Sat. iii., 198. — IlariE sine Mentors nicnsce. " Few were the tables without a Men- tor," i. e., without a cup of Mentor's chasing. Mentor, the most celebrated silver-chaser among the Greeks, must have flourished before B.C. 3oG. His works were vases and cups, and were most highly prized by the Romans. Cicero describes the efforts made by Vcrrcs to possess himself of a Mentor, the property of one Diodorus (Terr., iv., 38, seqq.). 105-112. DolahelUi. There were three depredators of this name. (1.) Cn. Cornelius Dolabella, impeached by Ca;sar for extortion as proconsul of Macedonia, but acquitted. (2.) Cn. Dolabella, praj- tor of CiHcia, accused by M. Scaurus, and found, guilty of a like of- .fence. (3.) P. Cornelius Dolabella, Cicero's son-in-law, and gov- ernor of Syria, who seems to have been the worst of the thi«e. — Antonius. C. Antonius Hybrida, younger son of Antonius the ora- tor, uncle and father-in-law of the triumvir. After his consulship, in which he was Cicero's colleague (B.C. C3), he received Macedo- nia as his province, and grievously oj)pressed it. He was afterward condemned and banished, probably on a charge of rejtetundif. — Sa- crilegus. This epithet is purposely reserved for Verres, as pre-emi- nently worthy of it. Verres was prator of Sicily, impeached bj «) 22 NOTES ON SAT. VIII. Cicero, and condemned. It is satisfactory to find that at last he fell a sacrifice to the same detestable rnj)acity for which he is hero stigmatized, being proscribed by M. Antony, wlio took a fancy to his Sicilian rarities, and could not obtain them by fair means.— Navibus altis. "In their deeply-laden ships." — Ofctt//a sjiolia. They called them " spoils," and yet dared not show them.—iVwrc* depace triumphos. "More triumphs from peace (than were ever won from war)," ». c, more plunder and ornamental works, such as usu- ally grace a triumph.— ^^ pater amienti, &c. So that there is no longer any possibility of making good their losses.-^Spectafnle. "Worth looking at."— /« adicula. "In a niche." By (fdicula is properly meant a shrine, niche, or canopy, with a frontispiece sus- pended by columns constructed within the cella of a temple, and under which the statue of the divinity was jilaced.— //u5. The " reapers" here meant are the Africans, from whom Rome derived her princi- pal supply of com.— Vacantem. " Having leisure only.** It was the policy of the Roman emperors to amuse the i)eople with shows, &c. Compare Sat. x^ 80 : " Buas tantum res anxius optat, Panem tt Cir- censes.**— Quanta autem inde, &c. But if you do commit this foul wrong, what will you gain by it, seeing that Marius lately stripped the impoverished Africans of their all ?—Dirce. Because by plun- dering Africa you stane Rome.— iVar/tw. Consult note on Sat. i., H.—Disdnxerit. "Stripped.** Dlscingere properly means to re- NOTES ON SAT. VIII. 223 move the girdle, ungird. This, in the case of a thinly-attired race like the Africans, passes very easily into the cognate meaning of to strip, &c.—Fortihus et miscris. " Unto those avIio are bold as well as wretched.*'— ^S/>o//aa*A-. " Unto them, even though plundered of every thing else.'* 125-134. Quod modo proposui, . kal>eiur. That is, in exact proportio^. to the rank in hfe of him who offends.-Q„o mifu te solitum, Jc, .^^yh' vaunt yourself to me, accustomed as you are to affix your seal to forged wills HI the veiy temples which your grandsire erected," ,' . why vaunt your pedigree to me? you that are accustomed, &e Supply jactas. The sealing and witnessing of wills was usually ,>er* afterward directed. A forged will is here substituted for the true one, which the degenerate noble has abstracted. Wills, af-. l,einc. !X ''w-r T " ''"^^"' "'^ ^^'^^^ valuables.-^..o.i.-o rZ ^ With a Santonic cowl." This was the same as the Bardo- ZftZT ': " '''?' '' ^"'"^ ^^^^"^'^' -^^^- hood attaced to ,t made and worn by the Santones, who occupied the coast of pete": m "'"' ^^^^%«~ or Garonne, ke name oTt,^ ^clases were erected along the great roads leading forth fi;m Eom . such as the Appian, Flaminian, and Latin Ways. Compai. ttl f r*T, ^''''' ^'"'^ ^"""•^^^ "^^'"^^ ^h« 1«^ ^nd depraved Trin: t'Tr °^'"^^^: ^^ ^-^"^^^^^ - ^h-^P-- ^- chariot, eenng. The fashion was introduced in compliment to Nero.-Car, wheels used l"T'"T "'',' '^'"'^ '^ ^"^^"^^ ^'^^"^^ -"»^ *-o "The hi f IT " '"^ '^ *'" hixurious.-/>/.,./, Za^,,„^. The bloated Lateranus.'' Plautius Lateranus u n.eant. He was condemned to death by the Emperor Claudius (A.D. 48) in consc- the br n-lr ^"^"»"%T.^^ '''"^^"^' '"' J'^^^«°^^ - ---t of Britain. lie was deprived, however, of his rank as senator, but was aftenvard restored to this on the accession of Nero in A.D. 56. Ten sZov r p'""' -7 ''"^' ''°^"^ '''''^ ^^ 'ook part in the con- have r ' '°^ ''" ^"' *' ^'''^- '^^^^ ^''^''^ I-^ «f ^h- M«S- them nrTri ^° P^^'" of Xa/^a««., but others, and among them one of the best, give the latter reading, which we have adop^ NOTES ON SAT. VIII. 225 ed with Heinrich, Jahn, and others, and so again in line 151. The Daraasippus mentioned in line 185 is a quite different character.— Muito sujffiamine. " With the frequent drag-chain." The introduc- tion of the drag-chain, as Badham remarks, has a Iwjal propriety: Home, with its seven hills, had just so many necessities for the fre- quent use of the sufflamen. — Sed sidera testes, &c. "But the stars strain on him their attesting eyes." Some prefer making testes here a nominative. 150-155. Honoris. "Of elevated office," i.e., the consulship.— Xusquam. Not even in the most public place. — Trepidahit. Takes an accusative here by a poetic and rare usage. Compare Sat. x., 21. — Ac virga prior annuet. " And will be the first to give him the salute with his whip." This is called in Greek KpooKwelv ry /luff- Tiyiy an expression employed by Dio Cassius, in speaking of Cara- calla, when that emperor appeared as a charioteer, and saluted the umpires (Ixxvii., 10). The term prior im[)lies that he does not turn away his head in shame, but tries to catch his friend's eye by the movement of his whip. — Infmdet. Theophrastus makes it a char- acteristic of the uypoiKoc, or boorish man, rolg viro^vyiotg IfiCaXelv Tuv x^pTov. (Oiaract.j 4.) — Ilordea. Horses in Italy are fed on barley, not on oats.— Zawafa*. " The woolly victims." Used sub- stantively, like lanigcr, bidetis, &c. — Rohumque juvencum. "And the red steer." Red oxen were most highly valued. We have given robum here, with Orelli, Madvig, Jahn, and Mayor. The common text has torvum. The ejiithet robiis is an archaic one, and pur- j)oscly employed here to harmonize with more NumcE in the succeed- ing line. As regards its meaning, compare the words of Paulus Di- aconus (ed. Lind., p. 134) : " Robum rulro colore et quasi rufo siy- nijicari, nt bovem quoqiic rttstici appellant, vianifestum est. . . . Ilinc et homines valentes et honi coloris robusti." 15G-1G2. More Numce. Numa was the founder of the Roman ritual. The consuls offered an ox to Jupiter Capitolinus on en- tering upon their office, and also to Jupiter Latiaris on the Alban Mount. — Eponam. Epona was the patron-goddess of grooms and horses. Images of her, either statues or paintings, were frequently seen in niches of stables. Various inscriptions in honour of her are given by Orelli (402, 1792, seqq.). Some MSS. give Ilipponam, ac- cording to the Greek form 'innuvav, omitting solum. Gifford pre- fers this latter form on account of the tameness, as he thinks, of the epithet solam. But solam is by no means tame here. It shows, on the contrary, that, even amid the most solemn rites, he thinks of her alone, and that all his thoughts are engrossed by horses and K2 226 NOTES ON SAT. VIII. NOTES ON SATi Vlil. 227 stables. — Faciei olida, &c. Referring to rude representations of Epona and other deities painted on the stalls.— 0//cia. " Rant"— Pervigiles instaurare j>opinas. "To repeat his visits to the taverns open all night long."— Obvius assiduo, &c. "The SjTO-Phcenician, wet with his constant perfumes, runs to meet him, the Syro-Phceni- cian that dwells at the Idumaan gate." Under the Romans, Phce- nice, which was included in the province of Syria, received the name of IvfxxpoiviKTi, to distinguish it from Syria proper. It com- prised the narrow strip of land between Mount Lebanon and the Mediterranean, from Aradus in the north to Carmcl in the south. —Amomo. Compare Sat. iv., 108. — IdtmecB porta. The gate at Rome, near the arch of Titus, through which Vespasian and Titus entered the city in triumph after their victories in Palestine.— //o«- pitis affectu, " With all the studied courtesy of a host." That the caujx>nes invited passers-by to enter appears from Cicero, ;>ro Ghent., § 163. The Syro-Phoenicians were famous for their insinuating ad- dress.— C^a«c. A Coj>a Sj/risca (a Syrian female castanet-danccr) accustomed to exhibit in taverns.- .Swcc/wc/a. " With gown tucked up," t. c, nimble, active. This was done by tightening the girdle. The opposite term is discinctus. 1G4-172. Desisti nemfie. "You have given it up, you mean to say." ^ Ultra. "Beyond that period."- Z?ra'c sit quod turjntcr audes. To err is human, but to persist in error is gross folly.- Crimina. " Faults."- rAemaru/n. These //*m«« were connected with and formed part of the po;nndile, superintended the games of the circus and the theatrical representations. The person who exhibited the games, &c., sat on a place elevated like a puli)it or tribunal. li)5-ll>i>. Finge tamen gladios, &c. *' Imagine, however, on the one hand, the swords (of a tyrant), and i)lace, on the other, the stage. AVhich is the better alternative ?" To show how utterly disgraceful is this appearing on a public stage, the poet says that even death it- self, in case you refused to obey an order so to appear, would be in- finitely preferable. Some commentators refer gladios here to gladi- atorial exhibitions, and make the meaning to be that even, to lose one's life as a public gladiator is better than to appear as an actor. We have followed Madvig's interj^retation, which is the only true one. — Mortem sic quisquam exhorruit, &c. The idea is. Who would be such a craven as not rather to forfeit existence than to appear as an actor, and associate with so vile a crew as the performers of the jjiy Y—Zehfypus T/iymeks, &c. " The jealous husband of Thymele, the fellow-actor of the stupid Corinthus." Two actors are here given as a fair specimen of the whole histrionic fraternity, with whom it would be such degradation to associate. The first of these is Latinus, of whom mention is made in Sat. i., 34 ; the other is Corinthus, a sort of theatrical buflbon or harlequin. — Res hand mira tamen, e*« auctoribus. Orestes acted by direction of Apollo.— Inter pocula. Juvenal follows the Homeric account, according to which JEgisthus innted Agamemnon, on his return home, to a re- past, and had him and his companions treacherously murdered during the feast. In iEschylus, a bath is the scene of the murder. ^Sednec Electro', &c. He never imbrued his hands in the blood of a sister or a wife. Orestes married his cousin Hermione, daugh- ter of Menelaus and UelQU.—Conjugii. For covjugis.—Aconita. Nero poisoned Britaunicus, Domitia, and Antonia ; he twice at- tempted to poison his mother, but she was secured by antidotes. lie thought of poisoning the whole Senate. (Sucf., Ner., 43.)— //i sccna. Before singing on the stage in the public theatres, Nero practised in a private theatre. 221-223. Troica non scripsit. " He never wrote a poem on Tro- jan'^evems!" Among his other follies, Nero composed an epic poem entitled Troica, which he recited publicly in the theatre. (Dio Cass., Ixii 29.) On Nero's poems, consult Tacitus, Ann., xiii.,3; xiv., 16, &c. Some affirmed that he was not the author of the works which went by his name, but Suetonius (Ner., 52) had seen some originals, with erasures and corrections, all in his handwriting.— Quid enim Vergiuius, &c. Ironical. What crime, of all that Nero committed in his cruel tvranny, more called for vengeance than the haring composed so stupid a poem?-TV^/«iu5.-L.Verginius Ru- fus, consul A.D. C3, was governor of Germania Superior A.D. 08, when Julius Vindcx, propraetor of Gaul, i^se against Nero. Vindex haring offered Galba, governor of Hispania Tarraconcnsis, the em- pire, Galba also revolted. Verginius marched against Vindex. At Vesontio (Besani^on) the two generals had a conference, and, it was said, agreed to unite against Nero. Owing to a mistake, however, their armies joined battle, and Vindex, being defeated, fell by his own hand. Verginius aftenvard repeatedly refused the empire. He lived until A.D. 97, when his funeral oration was pronounced by Tacitus, who was consul that year. Pliny the younger, his neigh- bour and ward, speaks of him in the highest terms of praise.— Ca/^a. Successor to Nero in the eminre.-Qnod Nero, &c. The common text ends the previous line with a mark of interrogation, and has here Quid Nero, commencing a new interrogative sentence. *< rf n 232 NOTES ON SAT. VIII. NOTES ON SAT. VIII. 233 224-230. Generosi princi/ns. " Of a high-born prince." Ironical. ^Gaudentis fmh, &c. " Delij^hiinj; to have liis high rank prosti- tuted by disnrraceful singing on a foreign stage, and to have earned the parsley of the Grecian crown." We have adopted cantu, with Jahn and Mayor, as preferable to saltu, the more common reading. Nero was in Greece A.D. G7, into which year he crowded all the Grecian games. He received no less than 1800 crowns, partly in compliment, and partly for his so-called victories at these games ; and on his return to Rome he entered the city in triumph, wearing on his head an Olympic crown of wild olive, and bearing in his hand a Pythian crown of bay, while he had the catalogue of his victories Iwrne before him. The parsley crown mentioned in the text had special reference to the musical contests connected with the Nemean games, in which games a crown of parsley was- the prize.— //,.v^7;,*a. "The trophies." Ironical. The Romans used to hang their insignia around the pedestals of their ancestors' statues, or, if there were no statues, they appended them to the imagines in the atrium.— Domiti. Domitius was the name of l)otli the father ami grandfather of Xero. His father was Domitius Ahcnobari)us, gov- ernor of Transalpine GsLVxX.— ThycsUv. Vindex also chargedNero with ai)pearing in this character {Dio Cass., Ixiii., 9).— 5yr/«a. "The long trailing robe." The surma (m^p^a) was a long robe, trailing on the ground, more particularly worn ui)on the tragic stage by actors who performed the parts of divine or heroic pci^onages. It was intended to give grandeur and dignity to the person, and at the same time to conceal the unsightly aj.jKiarance of the high-soled buskin, or cothurnus, at the back of the actor.— Antigomr. Nero himself wrote a tragedy named Antigone— J^crsonam Mcnalippcs. " The mask of Melanippe." Mclanipije, daughter of ^Eolus and Eurjdice, l)ore to Neptune^ twins, iEolus and Boeotus. Two of the tragedies of Euripides borj her name.— TLV de marmoreo, &c. Not the colossal statue (120 feet high) of Nero himself, which stood in the vestibule of the golden house (Suet., Ner., 31), for this was of brass, but most probably the statue of a Domitius. Some commen- tators, misled by a passage in Suetonius (A'cr., 12), suppose the statue of Augustus to be meant, but the reference there is to a crown, not to the lyre itself. 231-236. Tuis natalihus. " Tlian thy lineage." Catiline was the descendant of an ancient patrician family, which had sunk into pov- erty. His great-grandfather and his great-great-grandfather both bore the name of M. Sergius Silo, and were both distinguished men. -^Cethegi. Cethegus also was descended from an old patrician line. Compare. Horace (£>. ad Pis., 50), ''cinctutis Cethegis:'—Arma ta- men, &c. Compare Pint., Cic, 18 ; Ck., Cat., iii., U, &c. ; Sail., Cat., 43 &c.— Ut Draccatormn pueri, &c. "As though you had been the sons of the bracca-wearing Gauls and the descendants of the Senones," i.e. of the hereditary and inveterate enemies of Rome. The Latin term bracca is the same as the Scottish " breeks" and the English "breeches." They were a kind of trowsers or pantaloons worn by the Gauls and many other ancient nations. Braccata, however, was a name specially given by the Romans to what was afterward the Provincia Narbonensis, and the allusion in the text appears to be particularly to the Allobroges, a Gallic people in this quarter, who had been invited, through their ambassadors, to join in the conspiracy of C&tiVmc. — Senonum. The Senones in Gaul were bounded by the Parisii on the north, and the -^dui on the south. Their name still sur\ives in that of the town Sens. A band of them settled on the Adriatic, between Ravenna and Ancona. Tliis was the nation which took and burned Rome, R.C. SdO.— Tunica violesta. " With the tunic of torture." Consult note on Sat. i., UO.—Sed vigilat consul. On the night of the 1st of November, B.C. C3, Catiline had planned an attempt on Cicero, who, however, frustrated his purpose. Compare Cic, Cat., 1, 8: '' Jntelliges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem, quam te adperniciem reipublicir .'' 237-243. llic vovus Arpinas. " This * new man' of Arpinum." Cicero was a native of Arpinum, and of equestrian, not patrician origin. The appellation " novus homo'' was applied by the Romans to a plebeian who first attained a curulc office, and was the founder of his family's nobilitas. Metellus Nepos, in a debate with Cicero, often asked, "Who is your father?" (Plut., Cic, 2G).—Mmiicipalis. A term applied to a native of a vmnidpium. There were various kinds ofmunicipes, some enjoying the full rights of Roman citizens, others only a portion of such rights. Tlie natives of Arpinum be- longed to the former class. The term muniapalis would be em- ployed by a Roman noble with a mcar.—Galeatum j>onit, &c. The Roman knights, under Atticus, were stationed by Cicero in the Capitol. Sestius also brought troops from Capua. {Cic, Ep. ad Att., ii., 1, 6 ; pro Sest., U.^-Attonitis. " For the bewildered cit- izens, "-/n omni monte. This is the reading of the scholiast, and is adopted by Jahn. The common text has in. omni gente, which commentators explain by de omnipopulo. Our reading, however, is far suiKirior, and is the same as in tota urhe. Another reading is in omniponte, in allusion to the arrest of the ambassadors of the Al- lobroges at the Mulvian bridge.— To^a. "The peaceful toga." n 234 NOTES ON SAT. VIII. I The toga was the robe of peace, the sagum the cloak of war. The reference U to Cicero in his civil capacity as magistrate. — Leucade. "From Leucadia." The reference is to the battle of Actium. Leu- cadia, now Santa Maura, an island oft' the western coast of Acama- nia, was in reality 240 stadia distant from Actium, but is hero put poetically for the scene of the conflict itself. — Thessalue campis. The battle of Philippi is meant ; but there is either an error in ge- ography here, by which Philippi is confounded with Pharsalia, or else Thessaly is put by a bold poetic license for Thrace. Merivalo (Hist. Rom. Enip.^ iii., 214) charges the Roman writers with direct error in making the battle of Philippi to have been fought on the same spot as the battle of Pharsalia. — AbstuUt. Supply wow, from the previous clause. — Udo coedibus assiduis gladio. These words are supposed by some to refer to the brutal cruelty of Augostug after the battle. 244-253. Patrem Patriiv. This title was first given to Cicero by Catulus, in the Senate (Cic. pro Sest.y 121). — Arpinas alius. The celebrated Caius Marius. Cicero often names him as his fellow- townsman. Marius was bom at the village of Cereatie, near Ar- pinum, B.C. 157. — Volscorum. Arpinum belonged originally to the Volsci, afterward to the Samnites, from whom it was wrested by the Romans. — Poscere viercedes. " To ask for his wages." So indigent is the family represented to have been from which the future saviour of Rome arose, that young Marius is said to have worked as a com- mon peasant, for wages, before he entered the ranks of the Roniaii army. — Nodosamfrangebat, &C. " lie broke the knotted vine-sap- ling with his head," t. e., he had it broken about his head. The vine-sapling was the centurion's baton of ofiice, as well as his in- strument of punishment. — Cimhros. Alluding to the famous inroad of the Cimbri and Teutones. They defeated successively six con- sular armies, until, in the end, they were conquered by Marius, B.C. 101, in the Campi Raudii, near Vercellaj. — Exdpit. " Sustains," t. «., braves. — Stragem. The Cimbri arc said to have lost in the bat- tle with Marius 100,000, or even 140,000 men.— A/q/ora cadavcra. The Cimbri, like the Germans, were remarkable for their stature. —Nobilis coliega. ** His nobly-born colleague." Q. Lutatius Catu- lus, consul with Marius B.C. 102. Juvenal follows the popular opin- ion, which gave to Marius the whole merit of having saved Rome. Another version, however, derived confessedly from the comment- aries of Sulla, and probably also from the historical work of Catu- lus himself, gives the whole honour of the victory to the latter. The testimony of these two authorities, h.owever, cannot be received with confidence, since they were bitter enemies of Marius. NOTES ON SAT. VIII. 235 254-2G0. Piebeia/uerunt nointna. " Their very names were ple- beian." — Pro totui legtonibus, &c. The father, son, and grandson all bore the name of P. Uecius Mus, and all devoted themselves for their country, the first in a war with the Latins, the second in one with the Gauls, the third in that with PjTrhus. Compare Arnold, Hist. Rom., ii., 509. — Pro totis legionibus, &c. The legions were Ro- man, the auxiliaries were the forces of the allies, the Latin youth were the flower of Latium. — Suffidunt dis in/emis, &c. Juvenal comes very near the formula of self-devotion given in Li>7^viii., C) : *^ Exercitum Diis Manibus viatrique terrce deberij'^ It was believed that if a leader would consent to this sacrific(i of himself, the mis- fortunes which impended over the combatants would all, by this pi- ous and patriotic act, be transferred to the foe. — Pluris enim Deciif &c. "For the Decii were more highly valued by them." Supply erant. — AncilUi natus, &c. The allusion is to Senius Tullius, who was the son of Ocrisia or Ocriculana, a captive from Comiculum. His mother became a female slave of Tanaquil, the wife of Tar- quinius Priscus. — Trabeam. The trabea was a white robe with a border, and broad horizontal stripes (trabes') of purple, worn by the Roman kings, and afterward by the consuls. Ser^'ius (adyEn., vii., C12) mentions three kinds of trabea; one wholly of purple, which was sacred to the gods ; another of purj^le and white, worn by the kings and consuls, and also by the equites ; and another of purple and saffron, which belonged to augurs. The consuls wore the tra- bea in public solemnities, such as opening the temple of Janus. The equites likewise wore it at the transvectio, and on other public occasions. Hence the trabea is mentioned as one of the badges of the equestrian order. — Diadema. The diadcma of the ancient kings was a fillet or ribbon, not a crown. — Meruit. " Won." — llegum tUti- mus iile bonorum. *'That last of good kings." He was succeeded by Tarquinius Supcrbus. 261-208. Laxabant. " Attempted to loosen." Observe the force of the imperfect. — Juvenes ipsius consuiis. The sons of Brutus, put to death by their own father's sentence for this nefarious conspira- cy against the new-bom liberties of their country. — Magnum aliquid. " Some glorious achievement." — Coclite. Horatius Codes kept the troops of Porsena at bay while the bridge was broken down behind him, and, when this was done, he plunged into the Tiber and re- joined his comrades. — Mticius. Mucins Scajvola, baring assassina- ted the secretary of King Porsena instead of the monarch himself, thnist his right hand into the fire on the altar, and held it there without flinching. — Et quce, &c. Clojlia, who had been given as a ,h M m fll II 236 NOTES ON SAT. VIII. hostage to the Tuscans, made licr escape, and swam, on horseback across the Tiber, which then divided the Etrurian and Roman ter- ritones -/„,;,.r,/>e^. After the surrender of the city {dedita urbe racJhsL, iii., 72) to Torsena, the Romans lost thci'r territory on the right bank of the river. {Niebuhr, R. JJ.^ i., 54e.)-Servus A slave of the Aquilii, who were among the conspirators to restore the Tarqums.-,]/a/ro«w iufferidus. When Brutus died, the Roman matrons mourned a whole year for him, as for a parent. Of like honour t.his slave was deemed worthy. But the sons of Brutus died by public execution, after having been flogged like slaves.-Z:...;« pruna securi^ The.first legal, as opposed to arbitrary- execution. ^0 J-. / a. Malo jHiter tibi, &c. The concluding idea of the Satire 19 given as follows by Ilolyday : It were better to be the son of an umvorthy Thersitcs, so that one's self were an Achilles, than to be a Thersites, though one were the son of an Achilles. But, savs he by way of jeer, to the noblest Roman, thou canst not properiv de' nve thyself better than from the company which assembled at Rom- ulus s ^y\um.^yEacida, A Homeric name of Achilles, son of Peleus, the son of yEacus. Achilles is contrasted with Thersitcs as being not only the bravest, but the fairest of the Greeks - IW- camaarrna. Made by Vulcan, at the request of Thetis, to supply the place of those lost with Patroclus.- AV tan.en, &c. If you were indeed nobly born, it would avail you little; in fact, however, your pedigree be it as long as it may, ends at last in a shepherd or a bandit of the asylum. (Mayor, ad loc.y-Ut longe, &c. « However far you go back, and however far you trace your name." Supply ut with the second longe.-Deduds. " Vou do but derive. "-/«/«;«/ asylo Romulus, according to the legend, in order to augment the number of his subjects, established an asvlum or sanctuary for the reception of all who would fly thither from ser^•itude, from debt, or trom justice.-Pa5/or. Romulus and Remus were shepherds, and 80 were their immediate followers.--.l«; Uhd quod dicere nolo. As we say m English, Or some one no better than he should bo. NOTES ON SAT. X. 237 i SATIRE X. ARGUMENT. The subject of this inimitable Satire is the vanity of human wishes. From the principal events in the lives of the most illustri- ous characters of all ages, the poet shows how little happiness is promoted by the attainment of what our indistinct and limited views represent as the greatest of earthly blessings. Of these he instances wealth, power, eloquence, military glory, longevity, and personal accomplishments, all of which he shows have proved dan- gerous or destructive to their respective possessors. Hence he ar- gues the wisdom of acquiescing in the dispensntions of Heaven ; and concludes with a form of prayer, in which he points out, with great force and beauty, the objects for which a rational being may presume to approach the Almighty. There is a celebrated imita- tion of this poem by Dr. Johnson. (Evans.) m l-G. Gadibus. Gades (now Cadiz) is here regarded as tiie western limit of the earth. It stoo'd on a small island, separated from the main land by a narrow channel. It was a colony of the Phoeni- cians, and their chief commercial settlement outside the Pillars of Hercules. Its Phoenician name was (Jaddir, "a fortified inclosure." ^-Usque Auroravi. " Even to the farthest east." Aurora had her al»ode in the farthest east, and came forth in the dawn of morning from the eastern Oceanus. Obser^•e that tisqw without arf, except in the names of cities, is of rare occurrence even in the poets. — Dignoscere. " To discriminate between." — Reinota erroris nebula. "The mist of error being removed from the mental view." — Ratione. "With reason as our guide," t. <»., on rational grounds. — Quid tarn dextro pede condpis. " What do you so auspiciously enter upon." Observe that dextro pcde is for /austo pede, i. a., feUciter or fauste. — Ut te non pomiteat. *' That you will not, in all likelihood, repent of." Obser\'e the force of the subjunctive. — Peracti. " Accomplished." 7-15. Optantibus ipsis. "Themselves desiring it," i. e., they pray for what, when granted, involves their own ruin. — Difaciles. "The too easy gods," i*. c, turning too ready and indulgent an ear to the foolish prayers of their votaries. — Nocitura. "Calculated to harm." — Toga. " In the robe of peace," i.e., in civil life. — Multis. As, for instance, to Demosthenes, Cicero, &c. — lUe. Milo of Crotona, the celebrated athlete. There were different accounts of his death. Iv 238 NOTES ON SAT. X. m The common one makes him to have been devoured hy wolres while his hands were wedged in the trunk of the tree, which he in vain endeavored to rend. According \o another, when a pillar of the house in which he was gave way, he supported the roof until aU the rest who were present had made their escape, and was him- self then crushed by the falling timbers. (Strab., >i., p. 263.)— P«- rtit. Last syllable lengthened by the arsis.— ^fmnyt/Za/. " Chokes out of existence," ». «., causes to be strangled. They are strangled on account of their riches.— Patrimonia. " Ordinary patrimonies." —Quanto. Not preceded by tanto, which latter, however, is pre- 8upposed.--Zy«/a-«a. The Greek 0aXa/va, our whale. After the conquest of Britain by the liomans, it is not improbable that they may have acquired some knowledge of the baicena mysticetus, or great Greenland whale, and that this may be " the whale of Britain" to which Juvenal alludes. — re//v>onYr«., dins vjitur. ^\licn Nero used to plunder the rich. 16-18. Longiuum. C. Cassius Longinus, the celebrated jurist, governor of Syria A.D. 50, in the reign of Claudius. He was ban- ished by Nero in A.D. 66, because he had among his ancestral im- ages one of Cassius, the famous conspirator against Ca'sar. He was recalled, however, from banishment by Vcspasian.-i^^rrvm. TmU- ranor^nn ades. This palace, on the site of the modern Lateran, stood, amid many sj.lendid mansions, on the east of Mount Ca-lius. Under Nero it belonged to the illustrious Plautii Laterani ; but after the consul elect, Plautius Lateranus, had, from patriotic motive, engaged m Piso's conspiracy, and had been condemned and put to death, ,t seems to have been forfeited to the Caesars. On the gift of the palace to the popes, who have held it since the fourth centun-, consult Tdlemonu Emp., iv., 141.-C«^ac./a. "The garrets of the poor. C^aculmn properly means " an eating-room," and as this was usually m the upper part of the house, the word came to be used much more commonly in our sense of "a room up stairs," and the plural ccmacula to designate the whole suite of rooms con- tamed ,n an upper story. As the upper stories at Rome were chie% occupied by the poorer classes, a sense of inferioritv is fre- quently implied by the term, and hence our words - attics" or " gar- ""^^o ir^i '" '"'^ ''''^'' ^""'•'^^ *^« '""^^ appropriate translation. lJ-^7. Panm licet, &c. Even though you may not be so rich afl to become an object of the emperor\. avarice and cruelty, vet vou cannot travel by night with the paltry charge of a little silver plate without fear of your life from robbers, who will cither dispatch you with the sword or knock you down with a i.ike.-f/,«6ra„i. "The NOTES ON SAT. X. 239 ijhadow." As regards the accusative here, compare note on SaU viii., 152. — Vacmis, " With empty purse." — Prima fert vota. " The prayers that are generally the first put up." — Divitice, crescant ut oftes. " Are that riches, that political influence may increase." Ut is to be supplied in the first clause. As regards the distinction be- tween diviticB and opes, compare the remark of Cicero (LceLy 6.) : ^^Expetuntur divitiaj ut utare; opes, ut cohiris.'' — Ut maxima toto, &c. The idea is, that we may have a larger capital than any one else at interest in the banker's hands. — Fictilibus, " From earthen- ware." ISupply j;a5is. — Gemmata. "Jewelled." Compare /Saf. v., 41. — Sctinum. Compare Sat. v., 3-t. — Lato ardebit in auro. " Shall flash in the wide gold," t. c, in the capacious goblet of gold. 28-35. Jamm iijitur laudasj &c. "Do you not now, then, com- mend the fact, that of the two sages, one used to laugh," &c. The two sages are Democritus of Abdera and Ileraclitus of Ephesus, and the idea intended to be conveyed is as follows : Since, then, men are so blind and unhappy as thus to pray for their own ruin, do you not, accordingly, agree with Democritus in deriding their folly, and with Ileraclitus in lamenting their misery ? Jam is here equiv- alent to quum hoc sit (Hand, ad Tursell, iii., p. 147), and ne is used where we might have looked for norme., as apa for up' ov. (Mayor, adloc.)—Fldmt contrarius auctor. "^Vhile the teacher of views di- rectly ojiposite was accustomed to weep." Auctor is here employed in the sense ojf doctor. Compare Cicero, de Off., ii., 2 : " Catijtpus auctor ;" and Horace, Od. i., 28, 14 : " (Pythagoras) auctor naturoi veriquc.'" — Sedfaci/ui cuivis, &c. " But the harsh censure of a sneer- ing laugh is easy enough for any one." Obsene that rigidi, though bcloni;in2 in construction to cachinni, refers in fact to censura. — Unde. " From what fountain-head."— Urbibus illis. " In the cities of those regions." Abdera, his native place, is particularly meant. — Pratexta. The robe of magistracy, white, with a broad border of puri^lc. — TrabetE. Consult note on Sat. viii., 259. — Tribunal. The court of the praetor and judices in the basilica. The tribunal was a raised platform at one extremity of a law court, upon which the curule seats of the judges and other persons of distinction who wished to attend the proceedings were placed. It was sometimes of a square form, and constructed within the external wall of the court. At other times it consisted of a semicircular absis or alcove (hemicyclium) projecting beyond the external wall of the edifice. 36-37. Quidsividisset, &c. The idea is. What food for laughter would not Democritus have discovered in our Circensian games, where the praetor presides in triumphal insignia, and needs a slave m 'ill &• ft ii '■■ fn 240 NOTES ON SAT. X. (I to remind him that he is a man l—Currihus alth. Driving through the city was only allowed to triumphant generals, to the higher magistrates, and to priests on solemn occasions. The prohibition however, though often renewed, was not well observed. {Becker GaUuSj iii,, 8.) — Circi, A detailed account of the Circensian pro- cession is given by Dionysius (vii., 72). , The procession moved from the Capitol into the arena of the circus, and was intended as the o|)eniMg of the games. All those who meant to exhibit in the circus, as well as persons of distinction, bore part in it. The prajtor, who was to preside at the games, rode in a triumphal car, arrayed in triumphal gown and tunic. In describing this proces- sion, however, Juvenal has mixed ui> with it many things that were strictly confined to a triumphal celebration, as, for instance, the crown, the sceptre, and the eagle surmounting this last. But n tri- fling inconsistency like this would not deter our author from >ie\>- ping out of the way in order to make his ridicule more poignant. The consul, too, is mentioned farther on instead of the prator, to mark the contrast more strongly between the high public function- ary and the slave. 38-42. Tunica Jovis. This was otherwise called tunica palniata, from its being adorned with embroidery representing palm leaves. It was termed tunica JmHs because taken from the temple of Jupi- ter Capitolinus, where it was kept along with the tof/n picta. This last was a robe embroidered with gold on a purple ground.— /'«/« Sarrana ferentein, &c. " Wearing the Tyrian hangings of the em- broidered toga." The toga picta is meant. With pictiv supply acu. Its cumbrous folds, resembling curtained drapery, are satirically called " hangings," or tapestry.— 5armna. The eariier Latin name for Tyre was Sarra. The Oriental form was Tsor or Sor, from which the Carthaginians adopted Tsar or Sar as a dialectic vari- ation ; and the Romans, receiving the term from these last, made out of it Sarra, and the adjective Sarranus equivalent to Ti/rius.— Magmc coromr. The triumphal crown of gold, originally of bay.— Quippe tenet snidans, &c. The commander, who triumphed, origin- ally wore merely a crown of Delphic bay around his brows. After- ward, when the gold crown was introduced, the chaplet of bay was retained, while Iwhind him stood a public slave, holding over his head a golden Etruscan crown ornamented with jewels.—^/ siU consul ne piaceat, &c. " And in order that the consul may not please himself (too much), the slave is borne along in the same chariot," I. «., may not be too much elated. The presence of a slave in such a place at such a time seems to have been intended to avert " invid- NOTES ON SAT. X. 241 ia" and the influence of the evil eye ; and for the same purpose, a fascinum, a little bell, and a scourge were attached to the vehicle. Tertullian tells us that the slave ever and anon whispered in the car of the general the warning words, ^^ Respice post te, homineni memento tc." 43-55. Da nunc. "Add now." — Sceptro qucc surgit ehumo. *'^Vhich is in the act of rising from the ivory sceptre." The gen- eral bore in his right hand a branch of bay, and in his left a scep- tre, surmounted by an eagle in the act of soaring. — Pnvcedentia longi agviinis ojjicia. "The long array of clients marching before his car to do him honour." — Nivcos, " In snow-white togas." On public occasions a brighter white than ordinary was given to tho toga by rubbing it with argillaceous earth. — Ad frccna. "By the bits," I. c, walking by his horses' heads. — Dcfossa. " Buried deep." A hit at both stingy patrons and mercenary clients. — Tunc quoque, '* Even in those days." — Adomncs occursus hominum. " At all meet- ings of his fellow-men," i. e., in every place where human beings met. — Prudentia. "Acute sagacity." — Vcrvecum in patria. "In the native country of mutton-heads," t. c, blockheads. Literally, "of bell-wethers," or " of wether-sheep." Abdera, in Thrace, the native place of Dcmocritus, was proverbial for the stupidity of its inhabitants. — Crassoque sub aere. "And beneath a thick (Boeotian) atmosphere." Bceotia had a thick and heavy atmosphere, in con- sequence of the vapours rising from the valleys and lakes. Hence the Athenians, who lived in a j)ure and transparent atmosphere, ascribed dullness to their Boeotian neighbours. — ^fandaret laqueuin. "Would consign a halter," i.e., would bid her go and hang herself. — Mediumque ostenderet ungucm. "And would show her his middle nail," i. €., would point his middle finger at her in scorn. This was regarded as an act of gross insult, the other fingers being at the same time contracted and bent downward. Hence the middle finger was often called '^^ digitus injarnis." — ^rgo supervacua, G-6i. Subjecta. " Exposed."— /*«//»««. "List." A brts* plate attached to the statues of eminent persons, and containing a pomj)- ous enumeration of their titles and honours. With merf^it supply alios.— Descendunt, "Descend from their pedestals."— /^fs/frnywe •tqumtur. They " follow the rope," which was used to pull thera down from their elevated i)osition, and after>vard to drag tlicm through the streets.- i?»j,ar«//,. Triumphal statue* are meant— ImjHicta. "Driven home."— Of f/<7. "Hacks."- 7am «rm/tf«M/. u€8. Many statues of bronze had been erected in honour of Sejanu.^. These were melted down as soon as he was disgraced.— Cr<7w/. "Cracklcss in the flame."— 5f;Vmas. A most happily-chosen in- stance of the instability of imperial as well as popular fiivour. No subject ever ascended to such a height of power, none ever fell from it so rai)idly into disgrace and ruin. Scjanus was put to death, Oct. 18, A.D.31, having been in favour witli Tiberius for the sjjace of si.xteen years.— To^o orbe sccunda. Scjanus, as i)refect of the jinu- torian guard, almost rivalled the imperial i>ower and authoritv. (Compare Becker, R6m. Ah., ii., 3, «. 121^.}— Sartngo. " A fniug- pan." This was a sort of pan used in the Roman kitchens for a variety of puqwscs, such as roasting, melting fat or butter, cook- ing, &c. Cr>-71 . Pone domi lauros, &c. To understand, as Gifford remark* tlic little drama which follows, we must suppose one of those whe had witnessed the commencement of Scjanus' punishment hasten- ing home to announce the intelligence, and prepare his public dem- onstrations of loyalty and joy. The dialogue passes between him and his neighbours.— C/'c/a/Mw. If an ox perfectly white could not be found, any dark spots in the victim selected were rubbed over with chalk.— 6Vo. The hook by which the bodies of the condemn- ed were drawn to the scaie)." Tuta would have been too strong here. — Augustwn. "As Augustus," i. «., as emperor. — Ex quo svffragia nulli vendimus. The last blow was given by Tiberius. Compare the language of Tacitus {Ann.^ {., 15): ^^ Turn pri mum e campo comitia ad patres translata sunt." The election of all the magistrates now |)assed over from the people to the Senate.— EJ'udlt curas. " They have thrown off all (public) cares." A metaphor taken from emptying a vessel by pouring out f •* j. » 244 NOTES ON SAT. X. the liquor.— //;7)er/«m, fasces. Dictatorsliips, consulships, pnctor. %\n^s.—Legiones. Terhaps the command of armies, or the military tribuneships, two thirds of wiiich were assigned in the comitia {Lie. vii., 6; ix., 30. Mai/or, ad loc.)— Omnia. In apposition.— P^wm el Grcenses. Largesses of corn monthly, and the sports of the circus, are all that the once sovereign jjeople now require. Compare note on Sat. vil, 174. At a later i)eriod, instead of distributing com every month, wheaten bread (annona civica) was given to the peoj Aram. From Lit., xxxv., 10, and xl., 45, the altar of Mars would appear to have been not far from the polling-place {omk), in the Campus Martins. {Becker, R6m. Alt., i., p. 269.) — Sed videant servi, &c. But let our slaves see us insulting the traitor's body, lest they accuse us as not having given this proof of our loyalty. The rule of Roman law {Cod., x., 11, 6, seq.) was, that no slave should give evidence against his master ex- cept in cases of high treason, when they could be examined by tor- ture in order to elicit information. Tiberius, however, evaded the rule by ordering that the slaves should be purchased by the actor pubKcus. {Tac, Ann., ii., 30.)—Cervice ohstricta. "With fettered neck." A figurative expression merely for an arrest, and not to be taken in a literal sense. ri NOTES ON SAT. X. 245 91-98. ////. The Latinity of i7// . . . ilium, instead ofhuic . . . ilium, 13 worthy of notice. Comjjare Ovid, Her., 3, 28 : "//& gradu propior sanguinis, ille conies." — Sunimas curules. " The highest curule seats," I. e., honours. Supply sellas. The sella curulis was reserved for dic- tators, censors, consuls, " here used substantively. Compare Statins, 6y.. i., 4 51 "s/ who is J^I Ih f f : T.^'"''"^'^- ^ metaphor, taken from one >v«o IS pushed forward to his fall. feinn'the'pr«r'"' "^'^ """^-" " "> "• I-icinius Crassus, .%> tain to o,l,„,. ^ '^^I«.S »nU others like them, not, as some main- ta n, ,o othe« of the same name. Compare note on Sal. i., 94.- pHe, w re!" it V: *"*""f -*"'/- Veo- frequently used in re- .r /' uT """■">»■""' 'o <>»■• '•"Iloquial "»hv."-.V««, „., e™« C^'«^ "T '"''''" '•'=--"-^'%'"'- "Ambitiou..--6V„- .™»Cire™. Proscquna was daughter of Ceres.-5/cca. "Blood- J-s" ri^' ^''''"'""' "'•^""'"'"' *'• '^'" "■-'» "f "'o-S'" « »» f"'- Demosthenes and C.eero, and yet that eloquence was their n.in.- ro,» Q„,„^<„4„. ..TH„„g,. „„ ,,i, y,.i i„„ ,,^,ij„,.,.. wWch w? r:: (°'.<2"""»«"'™) -as « festive sacred to Minena, «I..ch was celebrated on the^Dth of March („. , f "; ^' °"P»«"y ''«"»1 only one day, but was aftenvard extended to five days. These five days were the schoolmastet*' M days, and on the first day they received their pav, or entrance- fee, hence e, led Mn.cnal, though Horace seems to imply .hat the fees were paid every month. There was another festival, called the lesser Qu.nquatrus, on the ides (13th) of June, when the Tibicines went through the city in proccssiou to the temple of Mincrva.- / \\ NOTES ON SAT. X. 247 Qtusquis adJiuc uno, &c. " Whoever pays court to Minerva, pur- chased as yet with only a single as," t. e., the youngest boy, at the bottom of the school, who has not as yet paid his fee to the master more than once. Some read parcam for jxirtam, which Heinsius explains as follows : "Q«a pmr parce adhuc est imbutus:' The com- mon lection is j)referable.— Cosfos. The vapsanas is meant, the slave who carried the box or capsa containing the young master's gchoolbooks. 118-128. Peril. Contracted form of the perfect. Not used by \\Titers of the Augustan age. {Madvig, Opusc. Alt., p. 225, seq.)— Exundanii. "Outpouring." — //Ji/cnjo manm, &c. Popilius Lenas, who cut off Cicero's head and hands, carried them to Antony, who rewarded him with a civic crown and a large sum of money, and •ordered the head to be fixed between the hands to the Rostra.— Ciiusidici pusilU. "Of an inferior pleader."— 0/or<«natom natam, &c. *'0 fortunate llome, really bom when I was consul," t. c, whose natal day may date from me as consul. This is a verse of Cicero's, which has been often ridiculed fur its unfortunate jingle. It belonged to a poem on Cicero's consulship, the third book of which he quotes in a letter to Atticus (ii., 3). Cicero, however, was not ashamed of the sentiment, for he rciHjats it in prose, " Xontt Decembres ! qtm me consule/uisth, cfjo diem vere natalem hujus urbis;' &c. (Or.,pro Flacc.)—Antoni f/lidos. ^ic. Quoting Cicero's own words, " Contempsi Catilintn gladio.^, uon pertimescam tuos.'* (Phil, ii., 46.) The idea conveyed in the text is, He might have braved the anger of Antony also if his speeches had been as tame as his poems.— i'ofent, &c. "Rush- ing along torrent-like, and controlling (at pleasure) the reins of the crowded theatre."— r/ieafrt. Where the popidar assemblies were held, according to Grecian custom. 129-132. Bis adversis. "With adverse gods."- Q«em/>afcr arden- Hs, &c. The father of Demosthenes was not a blacksmith, as Juve- 11 - I. III!! 248 NOTES ON SAT. X. I'l nal here represents, but a man of substance, a, appear, from hi. sons speeches against Aphobus and Onetor. He was owncrof a sword facto,7, it is true, but that was only one item in the sum ,f h.s fortune. Nor did he send his son .0 a rhetorician. Wh™ d«.d the orator was on., seven yen« of a^e. Lucian ^Me, Z^ Jiave faUen m o the same error as Juvenal. A truer account is given by L.ban.us ( F.V. De.no.>L, p. 2, ,^ j,„-^,_ ,j ^^ ' 7^1 tr- "f "'^ ^"'""••" ^ ''■'""'-- Action a 8m,th.-/J/l«„ra. It is probable that, during the latter vea« of hts mmonty, Demosthenes privately prepared himself for the c^er age of „.a„hood, he availed himself of the instruction of {.J -lany w«h for mU.tary renown, and the honours connecrcd with nnhtary achjevements. Mere empty pageantry- Witness Uauni- bal, Alexander, Xerxes.-rn..«V. "Trunk-formed." Enuivalcnt to . ,n..,co /ac,!s.-nucc.^. "The cheek-piece." The Greet 7T:t .frr '"""I '""' ""'= "" '"^^ ^ide!a.tached by hfu^; soas .0 be hfted up and down at pleasure. In active e..orcise the ^^ were fastened under the chin.-0.,„„, ,„„„„. . shorn of •13 He, .. .., wuh ,K.Ie broken short ofr.-A,,h,,re. " The «tern- TTdtof "^'t '™,"" "'■"'""""' ""^"•*"»« •» ">« Greek a,»/„.. el'oTa bird. "'""'• """""'"" "=''"""'"8 that of the fe«>l,. e^ of a bird s wing commonly placed on the stern of a ship._5™- IdT T'""''. r '""' ■"'"•"" "' '"O"™^ ""«=" '» -". -"1- Co^n „ "'"".""■''"' ■^'-^-M./^alor. Old form for u,v.era,r. Compare 5«/. .v., 28.-Ca„»a» *aA,„V. " Has he derived the incen- for, ',7 ".'""" "'"'"'""• *'• '''"' ''*'=" '»' '*^T'» «">'-"'«3 virtue Its rewards. On the subjunctive ,o,i„, consul. AfaJ,;„ L. O., § 34,s. tZuT ""''"'" ""':•" ^""'""« "- "•« inscrip,i;L on marUe monuments. _ ^rf <,«<.■ .l.-^riend„ &o. "When for the , """ "ir* !^''' ""= '"«''"<=vous strength of ,he bar«n fig- tr^e .s all suffic.ent." The sturdy growth of the wild fig-trec, whi 'h forces .t. way through walls, is often alluded ,0 by the ^oets. J- •; ;.t^'^*^^""'"'*"'""- "^^■«'K'' *« "^ho' of Uannitol." ~vi A- ^""'"'"''' •■• '•' '^ "O' I»Ke enough to satisfy.-.£ecn strewed or covered over." The allusion is to the bridge of Iwats over the Hellesi)ont made by order of Xerxes. — .l/MWfs. Drunk dry by the myriad hosts of Xerxes. (Compare Ilerod., vii., 21, 2; 43,' 1.) Namely, the Sca- mander, the Melas, the Onochonus, and Epidanus (Id. ib., lOG, 3). —Prandente. " Lunching."— Z:^ qufp. "And what else." — 5o«- tratus. Of this poet nothing is known.— J/m/iV/w alls. "With pin- ions moist with wine." Hence the extravagance of his flights. 179-187. Ille. Xerxes.— In Corum, &c. Herodotus says nothing ofthis.— Z?ar6flrM«. Ironical— ^Kolio carcere. Alluding to the de- scription given in Virgil, .i^:«., i., 51, seqq.—Ennosigctvm. The Greek 'ILvvoalyaiov Latmieed. An Homeric epithet of Neptune. *' The earth-shaker."- J/*VjMjf id sane. " It was, it must bo confess- ed, an act of more than ordinary clemency," i.e., it must be allow- ed that the punishment was slight.— Qi/irf.f non et, &c. We have adopted here the emendation of Weber, as given by Jahn. The ^ common reading is mitius id sane, quod non tt stigmate, &c., which ' directly contradicts the statement of Herodotus, who says expressly that he branded the Hellespont. {Herod., vii., 35.)—IIuic quisquatn \ v». NOTES ON SAT. X. 251 vellet, &c. The idea is, Would any god be willing to serve so hard a master? — Ncmpe una nave, &c. Herodotus (viii., 115, seqq.) be- lieved that Xerxes, having left a part of his forces with Mardonius, marched to the Hellespont, which he crossed with the remnant of . his troops. Another account, however (c. 118), stated that he fled in a Phccnician ship from Eion, in Thrace, on the Kivcr Strymon, and that, in a storm, many of the passengers threw themselves over- board to lighten the vessel. Juvenal, however, seems to say that Xerxes fled at once from Salamis in a single ship, the course of which was im])eded by floating bodies. 188-101. Ua spatiurn vita', &c. The train of ideas is as follows : All pray for long life, yet old age brings with it deformity, and de- cay, and dotage. At the best, however hale and hearty the aged may be, they must be often pained by seeing their nearest kin struck down around them. So Nestor, Pcleus, and Laertes mourn- ed for their sons. Hai)py had it been for Priam had he died before the rape of Helen ; yet Priam's fate was not so hard as Hecuba's. »So, too, Mithradatcs, Croesus, Marius, and Pompey, all proved the truth of Solon's saying, that " no man is to bo counted happy before death."— ^c<:/o vultu. " With the erect look of health." 192-205. Dissimilcmque sui. "And unlike its former self." — Pellem. "Hide." — Tabraca. Now Tabarca, on the coast of Nu- midia. Strabo (xvii., p. 827) and Herodotus speak of the mount- ains and woods of this coast as swarming with apes. — Plurivia sunt Juvenum, ttc. The idea is, Youtlts differ one from another in feat- ures or in strength ; the old, on the contrary, are all alike feeble and ill-favoured. — Madidtque infantia nasi. Compare the scholiast, *V/a nam senibius humor de naso ut infant ibus jtendet J" — Ut cafttatori vioreat, &e. The idea is, Loatlisome even to the fortune-hunter, who will stay by your side when wife and sons are driven away. 206-220. Ctt/iarado. A better reading than the citharoedu^ of tlie common text. — Seleucus. A musician, apparently a citharoe- dus. Such artists were highly paid. Their professional costume, too, was exceedingly splendid. Compare Auct. ad Ilerenn., iv., GO. •^Et quibus aurata, &c. "And one of those whose custom it is to glitter in gold-bedecked robe." As regards the lacema, compare Sat. iii., 129. — Qtta parte. Whether in the orchestra (Sat. iii., 135) as a senator, or in the fourteen rows as an eques. — Qm» vix corni- nnes, &c. Trumpeters were employed to give the signal in the the- atre. (Compare Seneca, Ep. 84, § 10.) — Quern dicat venisse, &c. The slave must bawl iti his master's ear the name of a visitor or the hour of the day. Sun-dials, as well as clepsydne, were found ^ #1 m .!« P! liiliil 252 NOTES ON SAT. X. I ! i ll ir ill in private houses. More commonly, however, slaves watched the public dials on the temples or basilica;, and reported the hours to their masters. {Mayor, ad loc.y-Gelido jam in cor}H>re. »' In his now chilled immar^Themison. Not to be confounded with the physician of Laodicea, who flourished in the first century B.C., and founded the sect of the Methodid. — Basilus. Some fraudulent member of a sodetas or partnership.— .Socio*. " Partners in busi- ness."— Quo tondente, &c. Repeated from Sat. i., 23. ^ 221-232. Ille humero, &c. Ho now returns to his description of the oU.— Pallida. « Bloodless."— Z>iW«ircr£f rictmn suetus. " Once accustomed to open widely his distended jaws." — 3/a/cr ;>;«««. *' The parent bird, herself fasting."— />ei„c//fw. " That idiocy."— Quos eduxit. " Whom he has brought up." Kduxit for cducmit— Codice sarvo. " By an unfeeling will." If a man had disinherited his own children, or passed over his parents, or brothers, or sisters, the will was in form a good will; but if there was no sufficient rea- son for the inheritance, the persons aggrieved might have an nc tion, entitled ''InoffiiHosi testamenti querela.^— Phialen, Some fe- male of loose character.— ylr/i>m oris. " Of an artful mouth." 233-238. Ll. " Even supposing, however, that." The idea is. Even though the old man's mind should retain its vigour, still Lc must sec his family die around h\m. — I}uccnda sunt. "Are to l)0 led forth."— Sororibiis. " Of sisters' ashes."— Clade domus. " The death blow in their house.** 239-250. Rex Pylius. Nestor, king of Pylos, in the Peloponne- sus, who, according to Homer, had outlived two generations of men, and was reigning at the jK^riod of the Trojan war over a tl'.ird. If we reckon, with Herodotus, three generations to a century, Nestor would have been at this time seventy or eighty years old. Others, however, understand by a generation {yeveu) a ccntur>-.— Co/tiiV^. The crow is fabled by Ilesiod to live nine generations of men.— Nimirum. "No doubt. "-Z>,Wm/,V. ^^VxM ofirSuos jam dextra, &c. This the Greeks expressed by araTrf^Ta'Cfaeat. They counted on the left hand as far as a hundred, then on the right up to two hundred, and then again on the left for the third himdred, and so on. — Novum mustum. "The new-made wine." — iVm/o stamine. *' The too-prolonged thread of existence."— yl«///cH-/.i. Antilochus, BOX) (^ Nestor, slain by Memnon, son of Aurora. Compare Horace, Od. ii., 0, U.— Cnr hwc in tempora duret, " Why he himself lingers on to this period."— /?«;>/,//«. "Prematurely snatched away."— Alius. Laents.—Ithamm natantem. "The swimming Ithacen«ian," ». e., the ship^vrecked Ulysses. li 1 NOTES ON SAT. X. 253 251-265. Incolami Troja. " Troy remaining safe the while,*' t. c, with Troy still standing.— ^ssarac/. Electra, daughter of Atlas, Iwre to Jupiter Dardanus, father of Erichthonius, father of Tros, fa- ther of Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymede. Priam was son of Laome- don, son of Ilus ; Capys, son of Assaracus, was father of Anchises. (/l/w//ot/., iii., \2.) — Funus. "His corpse." Put for cadaver.^ Cassandra. *Both Cassandra and Polyxena survived their father, but they could not lament at his burial. — Lon(ja dies. "Lehgth of davs." Tunc miles tremulus, &c. Compare Virgil, uEn.^ ii., 509, scq.—Joi'is. Ilercrcan Jove is meant, ZfiV tpKeloc, the household god, so called because his statue stood in the ep«of, or front court. Priam was slain before his altar by Pyrrhus, son of Achilles.— Z?o.ura/ro. The preposition is here employed with the ablative, in- stead of the simple ablative only, on account of the personification. — Utcunque. " However." The idea is, However it may have been, he died the death of a human being, not that of a dog, as Hecuba did.— CamVio rictu. "With a canine distention of the jaws." Alluding to the well-known metamorphosis of Hecuba. 2GG-276. /iV/cm Ponti. The celebrated Mithradates.— Cra^«w». It has been shown by Grote that the visit of Solon to Croesus (Ilerod.^ i., 30, seqq.) is unhistorical.— Ultima spatia. " The closing scenes.'* Literally, " the last heats." A metaphor borrowed from the Ro- man circus. The competitors had to run seven times round the spina, and each course round was called a sjmtium or " heat." — Mtntumarum. Minturnaj was a town of Latium, near the mouth of the Liris. In the marshes in the vicinity of this place Marius en- dcavoured to conceal himself from the cavalr}' of Sylla, but was dis- covered, and dragged to prison at Mintumaj. — Mcndicatus victa, &c. Alluding to the well-known story of Marius sitting on the ruins of Carthage. — Hinc causas hii/buere. " Had all their origin from this." '-Circumducto captivorum afjmine, &c. Juvenal means after his tri- umph over the Teutones and Cimbri had been ended.— Animam opi- viam. " His soul glutted with glory." 277-282. Provida. " In her foresight," i. €., foreseeing the mis- fortunes that would befall him if he continued to live.- Optandas. "To be really wished for by him," t. c, for which he should actually have prayed, in order that it might have cut life short, and saved fu- ture trouble.— .1/m//*c urbes. The people of Neapolis first offered sac- rifices for his restoration to health. The neighbouring people fol- lowed their example, and the thing thus going the round of Italy, 254 NOTES ON SAT. X. I' i H f It Tn7 T' r ""* ^'"' '^«'«''™'<='l « festival for several davi (/ /«<., J ,<. Pom,,., r.J.y-Foriuna ymus. The good fortune of Pom pcy was no ess eelebrated than that of Sulltt._5^,.„„„„. " Spared by d'sease,- . ,., by ,he fcver.-Ca/,„< a4«u/.V. Pompcv, after hU flight from Pharsalia, sought refuge in Egyp^ b«, was pm ,o death before he came to land, being fifty-eight year, of age! His head v>-as eut off and brought to C«sar, who had eome to £g^pt not „ ment , .., the degradation of being beheaded._L«„„/«,. This .Bd,v,d«a^ and Cethegus were aceomplices in the conspiracvof Cat- .Une, and were strangled in the Tulli<.„.„„, or prison at Kome on m:^t: "" "" ''\^T"'^'-C'-""-«- CatUine feU on', fleld of battle, aga.nst the forces of Antonius the proconsul, at Pis- tona m Ltrurta. According to Dio Cassius, however, his head w.,s cut off and sent to Rome (xxxviii., 40). 283^290. /or,«am. - Beauty."!- J/of//f„ 0„unnurc). " I„ sub- Uucd tone. -Majore murmure. " I„ louder accents."- 6^*,^ ad dehnas rotoru,n, " Even unto the delight of vows," i. .., offel. „n vows so splendid as to prove delightful even unto a god. Some less correctly, render it, "Carrying her fond wishes even to the verge of WT"''r;rf "''""*^"^"^ >'«" »« ^»"^^« "'« for this?"-A„cr.7/a. \\ifeofCollat.nus.-7?„/,A.. Unknown.- IVr^^^Wa. The intended victim of Appius Claudius.— Concordia. *' The union " 291-304. Sanctos licet, ar.n/... The parents of the youth.-5.rf casta, *c. But If he be chaste, asks the mother, what harm can beautv do him? Nay, replies the poet, what did tkeir resolute puritv avail Ilippolytus or Bellerophon ?-6>are ;,ro;,o,//.;„. «. His virtumis re- solve. -//i;v>o/y/o. The story of Ilippolytus, son of Theseus, false- ly accused by Vh^dra.-nelierophonti. The story of Bellerophon and Sthenobo^a, wife of Pnetus, king of Arpos.-//a.r. Pha^dra.- J^t seconcusserc amber. "And both aroused themselves to venge- ance. —Cressa. Ph.-edra was daughter of Minos, king of Crete.- ^um stimuLs odio, &c. " When shame sets goads to hatred," i . e., sets sharper spurs to her hate. 305-311. Q>,idnam fuadendum, &c. "What course you think •hould be recommended to him." The allusion is to the marria-a lij' NOTES ON SAT. X. 255 of Mcssalina with C. Silius, as related by Tacitus, Ann., xi., 12. This happened A.l). 48, when her hui^band, the Emperor Claudius, was at Ostia. — (tcnlia patricio'. Not exactly correct. Silius was the son of a general distinguished by his victories over the Gauls and Bclgx ; but the gens was plebeian. — Flarnmeolo jxirato, " With the bridal veil all ready." The marriage veil, worn by Roman brides, was of a deep and brilliant yellow colour, like a flame, from which circumstance the name arose. Obser\e i\idX Jlammeolum is a dimin- utive oi Jlammeum; not, however, meaning small in size, but of a very fine and thin texture, and, consequently, of greater value. — Jlortis. The gardens of Lucullus are probably meant ; although, from Tacitus {Ann., xi., 12, 27) and Dio Cassius (Ix., 31), it would seem that the marriage was celebrated in the house of Silius. — Ritu antiqM).—\moxig other formalities, a dowrj' too is brought, according to ancient rite. — Daies centcna. " A million of sesterces." E^jual to 831>,000. — Sif/natorihus. "Witnesses to the settlement." 312-320. Ttt. Silius is meant. — Lejitimr. "In due form of Uw-.^'—Quid phccat. "Which alternative is to please."— Lwcerna.?. "The evening lamps," i. c, nightfall. — *S'c/c/ tdtimus. It was with great difficulty, after all, that Narcissus prevailed on Claudius to or- der Messalina's execution ; and she was put to death at last without his knowledge.— 0/ASf7Me;«e«,. "Lost to all jud- ment."— Pa«;>^r Ajncius. " An Apicius reduced to jKJverty " By Apicius here is meant any extravagant glutton. Tlie name how- ever, particularly indicates the noted gourmand in the time of Ti- berius. Consult note on Sat. iv., 22.-Omnis ronvictus, &c. " Eveiy dinner-party, the baths, the knots of loungers." Convictus, in the Latimty of Juvenal's time, was equivalent to convivium. As regards the ThermcB, consult note on Sat. vii., 233; and in ilfustration of NOTES ON SAT. XI. 257 the term stationes^ compare the language of Pliny (Ep. i., 13 ; xi., 9) : ^'■Locus %bi otiosi in urhe deguntj et varils sermonibus tempus ter- unt." — De liutilo. Supply loqmmtur. — Juvenalia. Earlier and rarer form for juvenilia. — Sufficiunt galeae. Supply portanda. Alluding to his being fit to bear arms. — Ardcns. Sup])ly est. A much better reading than ardent^ a mere conjectural emendation, without MS. authority. 7-11. Non cogente quideniy &c. The tribune has not, indeed, as- signed over Rutilus's estate to his creditors, and so driven him to engage himself to the lanista for his bread, but yet he has not in- terposed to save him from a degradation worse than slavery. By the tribune is here meant the tribunus plebis, who appears to have had a kind of judicial authority under the empire. — Scripturus leges, &c. Gladiators had tp write out the rules given by their trainer, and also the words of command, in order to learn them by heart — liegia verba. " Imi)erial commands," i. e., commands requiring im- plicit obedience. — Multos jtorro vides, &c. The idea is, There are many spendthrifts over head and ears in debt, whom the often- eluded creditor is sure to meet at the market. — Macelli. The ma- rellnn was an inclosure or building which sened as a market. It differed, however, from the forum, which was an open area sur- rounded by colonnades, and in which the market was held uf>on stated davs in each week. — Vivendi causa. "Inducement to live." 12-20. Egregius. Comparative adverb. Lucretius (iv., 4C9) uses a similar form, but the reading there is uncertain. — Et cito casurus, i;r/^ yb.s-.vor. Slaves, as a punishment, were put in irons, and made to dig in the fields, &c.— Sicri terga suis. " Flitches of the smoked swine."— /2ara pendcntia crate. "Hanging from the wide-barred rack." The rack hero stands in the kitchen.— Aa/a//riMw Lirdnm. "Bacon as a birth-day tTQaC'—Accedente. " Being added."— (^««;/j dabat. "Afforded any." A part of the victim was burnt, and the remainder was eaten by the offerer, or so\d.—Solito maturius. He left his work betimes for so rare a treat.— 7>owiW a monte. "Where he had been at work, dig- ging and subduing the soiL 89-99. Quum tremerent autein, &c. " When men, however, trem- bled at the Fabii." The most famous censor of the Fabia gens was Q. Fabius IMaximus Rullianus, colleague of P. Decius, B.C. 804. — Scveros ccnsoris mores, &c. The censors here alluded to were M. Livius Salinator and C. Claudius Nero, B.C. 204. These individu- als had long been enemies, and their long-smothered resentment now burst forth, and occasioned no small scandal in the state. Ju- venal's view of the matter is not correct. — Nemo inter euros, &c. " No one thought that it was to be ranked among subjects of anxious care and serious concern." — Qualis testudo. Namely, whether great or small. In Juvenal's time, however, when tortoise-shell was used by the rich and luxurious for inlaying the couches at entertainments, no exi)ensc was spared to procure the largest and finest pieces. — Fulcrum. " Couch-foot." Decorated with sphinxes and other fig- ures. — Xudo. "Bare of ornament." — Parvis Icctls, &c. The regu- lar form of exj)ression would have been kctus jmrvtis nudo latere et /rente trrca. i^xit /rons in* !li unes that, as he was going along by the temple of Vesta, he heard, amid the silence of the night, a voice louder than human, bidding him tell the magistrates that the Gauls were coming. — /I w/iV„. Supply est.—Pcrafjcntihus. " Performing."— fVcftVw. " While still of earthenware." Referring to the primitive statues of the god.— Violatus. " Profaned."- Z>omj" natas. Of home-growth. Not, for instance, the foreign citrus. Compare Sat. i., (VA.—Mensas. Tho extravagance of the Romans in their tables is almost incredible.— Nucem. "Nut-tree." The walnut is mcant.—/^/«>;«^>«5. Compare Sat. iv., 38.— />awia. "The doc," i «., the venison.— OW/e*. Cir- cular tables, called also monoporlia, because supported upon a single foot and stem, which, in the present instance, is of nory.—arande ebur. "A huge mass of ivory:'— SuhUmis pardus. "A tall lcof>- ard." The ivory is cut into the figure of a leopard, supporting the table. The leopard Iwlonged to the tegcnds of Bacchus, hence the figure of one supports here the convivial iahXQ.—Dnitibus ex iUis. "Made of those tusks."— /»or/a Syenen. Syenc, now Assouan, n frontier town in southern Egypt, was held by three coliorts. Hcneo porta may be taken strictly for the gate of the place, through which nil traffic from ^Ethiopia must pass. Others, however, since the valley of the Nile is greatly narrowed below Syenc, understand hy ]>orta the pass thus formed. Sycne is the j»lace to which, accord- ing to the common account, Juvenal was subsequently l)anishcd. {Mayor, ad lor.) — Celeres. " Active." — Ohsninor. "Of duskier hue." — />;w.sm//. "Has shed." The elephant changes its tusks only once in its life; but not then, as Juvenal says, "«i/«fW, rapt^ tiqm graves.'' {Mayor, ad lor.)—NalHithiro. The Nabatha-i were an Arabian people, whose original settlements were in the northwest- ern part of the jMininsula, and who became subsequently verj' pow- erful by inland traffic. Their cai)ital was the celebrated rock-hewn Petra. • 120-140. Orexis. "Appetite." The costly table gives an edge to the appetite.— xVaw jns argenteus, &c. A table with legs of sil- ver is as vulgar and shabby in the opinion of our voluptuaries (i7//>, i. e., divitifnis) as a ring of iron.— O/rro. " I ghun."— /i>m cxiquas. "My scanty means."— .4(/,o. " In so much that."— Tesselht. " My dice." Of six sides, not to be confounded with the tall of fonr.-^ Calculus. A counter, used for jdaying the lud>is latruncuhrum and duodecim scHpfornm, a sort of draughts. Calculi were commonly of glass.— ///.,. '* By means of these." The bone-handled knives will not taint the dishes car^•ed. — Pejor. " Any the worse." Stntctor, "a carver." Compare Sat. v., TJO. — 0//mw pcrgula. NOTES ON SAT. XI. 263 y ♦ 'I t^\ " Every caning-school." PcrgulcL, literally and in a general sense, meant any kind of building added on to the side of a house or other edifice beyond the original ground-plan. Then, among other special meanings, it indicated a lecture-room or school, in which any art or science is taught. — Trypheri. Compare the Greek Tpv<^tp6c, "effem- inate," "voluptuous," i«//s, and make subduccre mean " to take off neatly by the can-ing-knife." But /urtis is much more playful. — Incidtus. "Plainly clad." — Afrigore tutus. Wearing warm and coana cloth- ing, and not, like a favourite page in a great house, rustling in silks. — Phryx avt Lycius. The Asiatic slaves were in high request. — A viangone petitus. " Purchased from the slave-dealer." — In vrng- no, &.C. "When you shall ask for wine in a large cup." Supplj^ jtoculo. Another reading is et mogno, " and at a great price," which nuist then be taken with what precedes. — iMtinc. Not in Greek, for he knows nothing of that language. — Tonsi rectique. "Close- cropped and straight." Recti refers to their not being curled.^ Suspirat. " lie sighs after." — A r dens purpura. "The glowing pur- ple." — Diffusa. Compare Sat. v., 30. Home-made wines ar8 meant, not Chian or Falemian. 158-lCl. Multos. We have purposely substituted this for alios, the common reading, after having omitted a part of the text. — Con- ditor Iliados cantabitur. A lector was employed to read during meals. — Dubiam fadentia palmam. " Rendering the palm doubtful," i.e., contesting the prize with the Homeric poems. — Quid rcfert, idlcm versus, cnses of the gam. s.— Pace. "With the permission." — Totain Bomam cajnt. Indicating the eagenicss with which all ranks flocked to these games, as well as others of the kind. — Fragor. '-A burst of applause." — Kvcntum viridis panni. " The success of the green uniform." Four chariots generally contended, the drivers Injing distinguished by four colours. 175-184. Si deficeret. " If it should fail." — Cannarum in puhrre. In the battle of Cannaj the Roman army faced the south, and the Carthaginian the north, and Hannibal thereby gained the advantage of having the wind called the Vulturnus behind him, which drove clouds of dust into the face of the enemy, from the parched fields around. Cannie was in Apulia, on the south bank of the Aufidus, about six miles from its mouth. — Consuiibus. JEmilius Paullus and Terentius Varro. — Sponsio. "Betting." — Cult(e puelUv. "Some neatly-dressed maiden." — Contracta cuticula. "Let our skin, >\Tink- Icd with age." — Togain. ** The toga-wearing crowd." — Jam nunc in balnea^ &c. The usual time for bathing was the eighth hour (2 o'clock). The tenth hour is also named. That some bathed at the sixth hour (noon) appears from Martial (x., 48, 1, seqq.). Here Ju- venal proposes to bathe at once, though it wants a whole hour of noon. {Mayor, ad lac.) — Salvaf route. "With unblushing brow." — Talis vita'. "Even of such a life as this." Frequenting feasts and indulging in idleness may be occasionally pleasant enough ; but a continuance of this mode of life, for many days in succession, would prove a source of great weariness. — liarior usus, " A more moder- attt as«.* NOTES ON SAT. XII. 265 SATIRE XIL ARGUMENT. Catullus, a valued friend of the i)oct, had narrowly escaped ship- wreck. In a letter of rejoicing to their common friend Corvinus, Juvenal describes the danger that his friend had incurred, and his own hearty and disinterested delight at his preservation, contrasting his own sacrifices of thanksgiving at the event with those offered by the designing legacy-hunters, by which the rich and childless were attempted to be*ensnared. (Eva7is.) 1-9. Natali die. "Than my own natal day." The birth-day was sacred to the Genius, to whom they offered wine, incense, and flowers, abstaining from bloody sacrifices. — Festus cespes. "The festal altar of turf." The altar of green turf which the poet had erected on the present occasion, thus suiting his devotion to his cir- cumstances. — liegina\ Supply (fa'M7«. Temples were built in hon- our of Juno Regina by Camillus and M. ^milius {lAv.f v., 23 ; xxxix., 2). The title is frequent in inscriptions. (Mayor^ ad loc.)—Gor- gone. Ablative of the instrument. As Minena bore the Gorgon's head on her shield, the term Gorge is here used for the shield. The Gorgons, according to one legend, dwelt in Africa, near the confines of Mauritania. — Extensum. It was esteemed a very bad omen if the victim did not go willingly to the sacrifice. It was always led, therefore, with a long, slack rope. — Tarpeio Jovi. To Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva belonged separate ccUtje in the Capitoline temple, and hence they arc frequently invoked together. — Coruscat. "Sways to and fro.'* Compare the scholiast, " Movet, sicut telum." — Ferox vitulus. »'It is a spirited calf."— Z>Mccrc. "To drain."— Fearaf. " Buts." Literally, " teases." 10-16. Similisque affectibus. "And equal to my wishes." — His- pulla. A female of disreputable character, alluded to by the poet in Sat. vi., 94. — Piger. " Slow-paced." — Ostendens. " Giving evi- dence of." — CUtumni. The Clitumnus (now Clitumno) falls near Mevania, in Umbria, into the Tinia, a tributary of the Tiber. It vas celebrated for the clearness of its waters and the beauty of the cattle that pastured on its banks. — Sanguis iret, &c. The blood and neck would go to the altar, i. €., the ox chosen for his fulness of blood and for his thick neck. {Mayor, ad loc.) — A grandi mints- tro. <'By the strong assistant." Grandis here is meant to imply M m «• r-r iii « i 266 NOTES ON SAT. XII. fall physical development. The victim was, in most cases, not kill, cd by the priests who conducted the sacrifice, but by an assistant, termed jx>pa (for which ministro is substituted in the text), Avho struck the animal with a hammer before the knife was uscd.—'.lw- CatuUus. ct. 17-28. Et. " Also."— AVasiV. Some read ami, *' escaped from," giving et the ordinary force of " and," and continuing the sentence with densce, but this makes an awkward tautolog\-.— xVm6c una. " In one dense cioxuXr—Subitusquc antennas, &c. " And a sudden bolt smote the saU-yards." Ignis is here what wc would terra " the electric fluid."— Co«/ern posse velis ardentihus. " Could be compared witli blazing sails," t. c, with a ship on ^ivQ.^Omniafiunt talia, &c. The storm realized the most fearful inventions of poctrv.— (7cnM* ecce aHud discriminis. Besides the wind and lightning, Catullus had to endure the loss of his property.— /^cru//,. " A second time."— .Sor- tis ejusdem. That is, of shipwrcck.-A'f quam votiva, &c. Person* m peril of shipwreck often vowed to some deity a painting of their dangers and escape in case they got safe to land. —Pii^ores quis nescit, &c. The Romans made so many vows to the Egyptian god- dess Isis, whom the traders and mariners regarded as their j)atron- ess, that many painters got their bread by drawing votive paintings, which were hung up in her temples. 3(M0. Qmm pienus, &c. The hold was half full, or full up to the middle. --Evertentilyus. "Tiynng to lay low." The idea is this; AVhen now, the ship pitching from side to side, the helmsman could not save the tottering mast. We have given arbori, LachmannV conjecture, in place of the common arboris, which affords no intel- ligible meaning. (Mat/or, ad hc.y—Deciderejactu, &c. " He bcgap to compound with the winds by throwing overboard." — Funditc. "Throw overboard."— J/fFcma<»6u5. Compare Sat. i., 54.— yl/r/«« alias, &c. " As well as others, the very fleece of which the quality of the generous pasture has tinged," i. ?., other attire, dved on the sheep's back by the nature of the herbage. — JpKiim vestinm pccus. The verjr sheep that yield the cloth. The pastures spoken of were on the banks of the Bsetis, or Guadalqaiver, the waters of which river also, together with the surrounding atmosphere, were said to add to the effects of the pasture, all combined giving a golden tinge to the fleeces of the sheep.— Fon^r efp-er/ins. " The excellent water." Fons for aqiia.—Btvticus aer. Baitica is now Andalusia. 41-49. Mittere. "To cast into the sea." For dcmittcrc—Par- thenio. Parthenius must have been a silversmith, since lances and craUra are in apposition with argentum. {Mayor^ ad he.)— Una NOTES ON SAT. XII. 267 eratera capacem. "A mixer that would hold three gallons." The una contained 24 sextarii, nearly three gaWons.—rholo. Pholus, the centaur, is meant. Compare Virg., Georg., ii., i55.—Conjuge Ftisci. Noted for her intemperate habits.— i^caMtcf . « Look after," t. e', provide. ora postquam, &c. The construction \^ jyostquam tcmpora vectoris (crant) propitia, /atumque (ejus erat) valentius Euro. — Mcliora pensa ducunt. "Draw kindlier tasks." The phrase ducere pensa alludes to the action of the spinster who "draws" the wool or flax from the distaff as she spins it, and this she continues until the "task" assigned her is finished.— £"< stami- nis albi lanijicfe. "And are spinsters of a white thread." The white or black threads of the Parca3 were supposed to symbolize the good or bad fortune of the mortal whose yam Clotho was spinning :ir 268 NOTES ON 6AT. XII. NOTES ON SAT. XII. 269 m m ^Inopi miserabilijij &c. " In piteous plight ran along by a poor contrivance."— Veslibus. The garments of the crew. — xitquc novcr- caliy &c. Alba Longa is meant, founded by lulus, who left Lavin- ium to his stepmother Lavinia. Though twenty miles from the coast, it formed a conspicuous landmark. — Candida scro/a. Com- pare Virg., ^En., iii., 390.— 7:< unnqumn vish, 6iQ. "And famous for thirty dugs, never seen before." With each a pig sucking at it. A sight never seen before. 73-80. //j/ro/. Supply nam.— 7 Wi^a5i«r/«.'ja,'ing a profound silence and paying the closest attention to the rites. This was always recommended during a sacrifice, that there might be no ill-omened disturbance and interruption.- /arra imponite cultris. The salted meal (moh salsa), here called /arra, was sprinkled on the sacrificial knives, as well as on the head of the victim.— .l/o/^5/oco«, &c. Alluding to the turf altars mentioned in verse 3.Sacro quod prastat, &c. " The sacred business, which is most important, being gone through with in due form." Allud- ing to the sacrifices mentioned in the beginning of the Satire, namely, to Juno, PaUas, and Tarpeian Jove, and therefore more important than those to the Lares.- Parra simulacra. The little images of the Lares.— Fro^tVi nltentia cera. " Shining brightly with brittle wax." They were covered over with a kind of varnish, of which wax formed the main ingredient. 87-90. Nostrum Jovem. lie means his domestic Jove, or th« Jove who was the tutelary deity of his abode. So Cicero had a household Miner^-a. — Jactabo. " I will scatter." Put for spargam. Compare the Greek ^j'//o6aAcZv. — Omnes violte colores. Put for violas omnis colons. " Violets of every hue." — Erexit. " lias set up." — Et matutims, &c. "And celebrates the festivities with lamps lighted in the morning." It was customary on any joyful occasion to adorn the gates of the house with branches of bay, and with lamps even in the daytime. By the term viatutinis the poet means to convey the idea that he will light them early, out of zeal toward his friend, so that they might burn from mom to night. 91-108. Nee suspecta tibi, &c. The general idea is this : Wonder not, then, Corvinus, at my rejoicings, nor question their sincerity. He for whom I raise so many altars is no childless person, that a fortune-hunter should pay him court. Even those who would sac- rifice their own children to gain the favour of the childless rich would think any the smallest attention thrown away upon the father of three sons. (Mayor, ad loc.^^Libet exspectarCy &c. " You may wait long enough for one who will expend ui)on so unproductive a friend," &c. — Verum hac nimia, \Tittcn full of vows. — Ilecatovibcn. The hecatomb properly consisted of oxen, 100 being sacrificed simultaneously on 100 differ- ent altars. But sheep or other victims were also offered. — Quate- nus. " Since." They vow, indeed, a hecatomb of oxen, since they cannot vow one of elejihants, the latter animal not being produced among us. — Sidcre. "Climate." — Arboribus Rutulis, &c. Tumus was king of Ardea, among the Rutuli. Here there were stables for the elephants which the emperors kept for exhibition in the theatre or amphitheatre. — Tyrio. Carthage being a colony of Tyre. — Nos- tras ducibus. The Ilomans first employed elephants in battle in the war against Philip, B.C. 200. — Regi Molosso. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, of which country the Molossi were a people. — Coliortes. "Whole cohorts." Exaggeration, of course. In Maccabees, 1, 6, 35, seqq., each elephant carries thirty-two soldiers in a tower, bo" sides the Indian driver.— Partem aliquam. " No mean portion.' » 270 NOTES ON SAT. XII. T.US, Ac, that .hat ivory h not led,"&c. More li.erallv, "There i, „t delay, as far as Xovius is concerned," &c. The idea I's, As elephant! are not procurable in Italy, it is no fault of Novius's or PacSs ^ those victims are not at once obtained for the health of Galita Novms and Pacuvius were t»o fortunc-l„,nters.-//W ,*„,„"; elephant.-6V,//,W. To be taken ,vi,h i„re,._Z,„-,. The Lares- STctudC"- " ^""^ '"'" "'"" """ '"-'•" •■• - •«" •-« viu's""l'" ""T "0"''»f "'«««'«<> fellows." He means Pacu- Z'Z^' 71 """""• " " ^°" ^'' ''™ """^o "■- to im- molate. -IM greye .er,oru,n, &c. It „as a common belief, as ,ve ^e from the legend of Alcestis, that the sacrifice of one life mi.h" redeem another. (J/„,„, „j foc.)-r.«,„. The head of th^i im mtended for sacrifice was always encircled with a fillet.-AUI V.SO (lucre, .., 99.)_/.-,«- „<,„ ,,„„,, &c. Pacuvius will dcvo9, C7), the last two alone come here into question. Clinton {Fast liom. ad Ann. 118) and Lipsins (Qu^est., Epist. iv., 20) assume that L. Fonteius Capito, consul A.D. 59, is here intended. If so the date of the Satire will be A.D. 119. {Mmjor, ad lac.) 18-31. An nihil in melius, SiC. The idea is, Have von learned no wisdom from your long experience? Tl.e j.hilosopher's victory over fortune is indeed the highest, yet it is no slight thing to l>c taught submission in the school of life. (Majfor, ad loc.y^Dunmus. *' We deem."-yar/arc. " To try to shake off," ,-. e., to fret under. — Q«rB tam/esta dies, &c. The idea is. What dav, no matter how holy, is not profaned by bringing to light instances of all sorts of crime ?-P^ride. " Poison." The box put for the poison contain- -ed in it. Pj^xis is properly a coffer or casket of boxwood, ^-ns^/f.— Thebarwn porta'. Egyptian Thebes had one hundred gates; Bcro- tian nicbes seven. The latter is here meant. The mouths of the Nile were also seven.-AW atas, &c. " The ninth age of the worid IS now being passed through by us, and times worse than the days of iron." There is considerable doubt about the tnie reading here. One of the best MSS. has nun€ for mna, so that the mean- ing will then be. Now we live in an age and times worse than the Iron Age. Tliis latter rcAding is adopted by Jahn, Mavor, and others. We have preferred, however, the common text, regarding, with Ileinrich, the epithet "non«" as a species of satiric hyperbole — Etjwsuit. "And has imposed one." 32-37. Quanta Fasidimn, &c. "As the vocal sportula praisca NOtES ON SAT. XIII. 273 Faesidius when he pleads,'* i. «., as that with which the sportula, that gives them tongues, makes his clients applaud him. Compare Sat. i., 103 ; x., 4C. — Senior bulla dif/nissime. " Man advanced in years, and yet most worthy of the bulla," t. e., most fit to wear the bulla of boyhood, and to be regarded as a mere child. The bulla was worn until the toga virilis was assumed. Compare Sat. v., 1C4. The meaning of Juvenal is. Well, my old friend, are you at sixty, years of age such a child as not to know ? &c. — Veneres. " Charms." — Vulgo moveat. "Will in all likelihood excite amid the crowd." — Esse. " Is really i)resent." — Rubenti. " Red with the blood of victims." The blood was |)ourcd on the altar from a vessel, termed ill Greek aTi old and its contents have become nisty. —Prodif/iosajidaf, &c. "It is a very prodigj- of good faith, and worthy of (being recorded in) the Tuscan books." SThc marvellous events of the year were registered by the Etruscans in their sacred records, in order that, if they portended the displeasure of the gods, they might be duly cxpiutcd.— C«roH«M. " Crowned for sacrifice"— Bimembri. " Half human, half bnitc." Compare Livy, xxxvii., 11 : " Cum ekphanti mpite pnerum mtum." The epithet bimembiis is also applied to the Centaur.— J/erat, &c. " Whicli (each) comer of his cajmcious strong-box had with difficulty con- tained," t. «., his money-chest filled in ever}- corner.— '/aw/oriA: ct pronum, &c. The idea is. So prone are mortals to despise the gods, who are witnesses to all their actions, if they can but hide them from the eyes of men. — f'lW,' constantia vuitus. "The unshaken firmness of the look put on by him."— Tarjma/ulmim. The thun- derbolts of Capitoline Jove are meant.— /Va/wca//*. The//ai«ca was properly the "pike" used by the ancient Germans.— CVrrAtt» spicuh vatu. "The darts of the phophet-god of Cirrha." Apollo is meant. Compare Sat. vii., G4. — Puelbr. Diana. — Pater ^Egai Nejytune. At .Egaj, in Eubcea, Neptune dwelt beneath the sea {Horn., II, xiii., 21), and between Imbros and Tencdos he had a grotto. (Jb., 33.) — Annammtaria. "The arsenals."— Cbmcrfar/i, &c. The father pledges liimsclf to eat (like Tliyestes) his son's licad if he breaks his faith. — Phario aceto. The vinegar of Egyi)t was more celebra- ted than its wine. 8G-94. Casibwi. "The accidents." — Au^o rcctore. "With no one to guide it." Ablative absolute. — Volcente vices. ** Bringing round the revolutions." — Intrepidi. " They are fearless as to con- sequences." — Et jHJcrat. Observe that et has here the force of "and yet." — Scrum. " lie reasons with himself." Sui>\Ay cor/itat. — Ids. Blindness, th^ most common of Egyptian disea.^es, was su[>- jKjscd to be the peculiar infliction of Isis. The worship of this god- dess was introduced into Rome in the time of Sulla, jjnd, though tlic Senate made many attempts to suppress it, yet the new relig- ious rites took deep root at Rome, and became extremely popular. Under the early Roman cmiKsrors the worship of Isis became firmly established. — Lumina. On which a curse may have been invoked. —Sistro. The sistnim was a sort of rattle used by the Egyptian priests in the religious ceremonies of Isis. It consisted of a num- l)cr of metal rods inserted into a thin oval frame of the same ma- terial. To this a short handle was attached, by which it was held up and rapidly shaken, so as to make the rods give out a sharp and rattling noise. Isis herself was described as holding a sistrum in her right hand. — Alnego. " I disown." 95-99. Tanti. " Of so much importance," i. e., such mighty mat- ters as toxounterbalance the joy of jMDSsessing a large sum of mon- ey.— /^au;>cr locupletem, &c. " Neither let Ladas, if poor, hesitate to wish for the gout that waits on wealth, if he needs not Anticyra nor Archigenes,*' i. e., a poor man, though swift as Ladas, unless ho Ikj crazy (needing, therefore, the hellebore of Anticyra, or the aid of the physician Archigenes), will pray for riches even with the gojit. — Ladas. A >-ictorious runner at the Olympic games in the time of Alexander the Great. — Anticyra. There were two places of this name, !x)th famous for producing hellebore, the great reme- dy with the ancients for madness. One was in Thocis, on a bay {SinvLs Anticj/ranus) of the Corinthian Gulf; the other on the Maliac Gulf in Thessaiy, near the mouth of the River Spercheus. — Archi- fjcne. Archigenes was an eminent Greek physician, bom at Apa- mea, in Syria, and who practised at Rome in the time of Trajan. — iiuid enim pra^tat. "For what avails." — Esuriens Pisaea, &c. "Tlie hungry branch of Pisa's olive," i.e., the branch that will af- ford no f,Vcr- *o fato. " With a different fate," i. e., with results widely different —Conjirmant. "They strive to encourage."— /Vtrcet/iV. He leads the way before you, as if in the utmost haste to clear himself by oath. Observe the change of number here, which is frequently found when a class is spoken of.—Immo. "Or rather."— F^xare " To worry you to put him to the test."— Aam quum magna, &c He is thus eager to appeal to the gods, because effrontery is mis- taken by many for the security of innoccncc.^Superest. " Abounds " —Mmum mjit iUe, &c. " He acts as good a farce as the runaway buffoon-slave of the witty Catullus," i, r, the acting of the fal.'e swearer is quite as good a farce as the buffooneiy of the mnawav slave in the Phantom of Catullus. Compare Sat. viii., 186. Tiic runaway slave, in this j.lay, - dominum traxit^ as the scholiast sav., perhaps to the altar, to receive his oath that he was free-boru. {Mayor, ad he.) 112-119. Stentora.- Stentor was a herald of the Greeks in the Trojan war, whose voice was as loud as that of fifty other men io- gGther.—Gradicus. Mars, when wounded by Diomede, roared, ac- cording to Homer, as loudly as ten thousand men. (//., v., 859.)— Vel mannoreus. » Even though formed of marble."-/« carbone tuo. "On thy coal,"t.«., in thy censer.— aar^r 5o/«ta. '* From the loosened wrapper."- 67 video. For quantum video.- Vagelli. Va- gellius was a desperate fool, to whom, nevertheless, a statue had been erected. He is the same with the one mentioned in Sat. xvi., 23. Some read Dathylli. The reference will then be to the j.anto- mime Bathyllus, no very reputable character. 120-123. ^cci>e. "Hear." ^Vii^\Ay auribus.—Solatia. He means "consolations" derived, not from the doctrines of philosophy, but from the dictates of common sense. The individual who can offor these is the poet himself.— r«mca. "By a tunic alone." The tunic was not worn by the Cynics, whereas the Stoics wore both the tunic and the pallium or cloak over this.-A'bn Epicurum susjndt. " Who has no reverence for Epicurus."— JE-xi^tu. Uetum, A-c. Thp garden of Epicurus, says Gifford, was a school of temperance, and would have afforded little gratification, and still less sanction, to those •ensuaHsts who, in turning hogs, flatter themselves that they arc becoming Epicureans. 124-134. Dnbii (Tffri. " The sick whose cases are desperate." Observe that (rgri is here used substantively.- Vei disdpulo. " Even to on apprentice." The idea is, A philosopher might be required to console one suffering from a more serious calamity ; a less skil- ful practitioner may heal your wound.— Philippi. Philippus must have iKJcn an inferior practitioner of the day.— Tarn detestabile fao- tujn. Alluding to the conduct of his false friend.— P/ana pabna. "With the Hat palm," i.e., with open lydlm.—Quandoquidem acceptOy &c. When a man has had losses, he closes his house as for a fu- neral.— T'es^em diducere, &c. ^'Content with merely tearing the upper edge of the tunic," t. e., in order to bare the hrcasU—Hwnore coacto. " With moisture got together for the occasion." 135-142. Sed si cuncta vides, &c. This is the nature of the con- solation that is offered by the i>oet, who represents to his friend the frequency, not only of the same, but of much greater injuries than what he has suflcrcd, and that he is only sharing in this the com- mon lot of mankind.— 67 decics lectis, &c. "If, when the obligation has been read over ten times on the oi)positc side," t. c, has been read over by the creditor's advocate time after time. We have fol- lowed the explanation of Madvig, who makes diversa parte equiva- lent here to a parte contraria advcrsarii. (Mayor, ad loc.) — Vana su- pervacui, &c. " They, whom their own handwriting, and the sardo- nyx, their principal signet-ring, that is carefully kept in its ivory casket, openly convict, assert (nevertheless) that the signature of the invalid tablet is a forger\-," i. c, of the tablet or obligation thus rendered nugatory. Ligni is for tabcihe, tlic tablets having been made of thin deal.— Cemma princeps. Literally, " the principal gem." riiny says (//. xV., xxxvii., C) that the sardonyx was the principal gem cmi)loycd for seals.— O delicia^ ! " My choice sir!" —GallincT flius albcv. Equivalent to/cUcitcr natus, white Iwing the lucky colour. "The son of a white hen" was a proverbial expres- sion, as it still is in French, " Icfils de lapoule bianche." (Mayor, ad loc.)— Vilcs pulli. " A worthless brood." 143-1 G 1 . Bile. * ' Choler."— Confer. ' ' Compare (with what has befallen you)." The gcneraU^ea is, You might have been assailed by a hired robber, or have seen your house burned down by an in- cendiary. {Mayor, ad loc.) — Primos quumjanua, &c. So as to pre- clude all possibility of csca\)C.—Adorandce robiginis. " Of venerable mst," ». «., of venerable antiquity, liobigo is not to be taken here in its strict sitnsc.—Pojmbrum dona. It was customary for commu- nities and kings to send cups, and crowns, and other valuable offer- ings to the temple of Capitolinc Jove, and those of other deities.— Minor sacrilegus. " Some sacrilegious wretch on a smaller scale." —Bracteolarn. "His leaf-gold." — ^n dubitet, &c. The idea is, Should he shrink from these petty thefts, who has often melted /■, 278 NOTES ON SAT. XIII. NOTES ON SAT. XIII. 279 down Jupiter? {Mayor, ad loc.y^ArtiJices. - The compounder - —Deducendum. "The one deserving of being launched/' The parricide. The first who undenvent this punishmcTit was V Malle olus, convicted of murdering his mother. {Liv. Ixviii.. Ep }^IIuc quota jmrs. " How small a portion is this." Compare ^a/. iii CI —Gailtcus. Rutilius Gallicus, Pro'fectm Urbis under DomiUan ~ Una domus. That, namely, of Gallicus*. Spend a few days in his court, and then, if you can, when you have learned what others suf- fcr, complain of your own lot. 1G2-173. Qhu tumdum, &c. Crimes are not more wonderful in Rome than goitres amid the Alps.-3/eroe. The great island of the ^lle, formed i,y the Astapus and Astaboras. Its chief town Meroc was a city of priests, and had a temple of Ilammon. Rit'ter sup^ IK)ses It to have comprised the whole of Sennaar. {Mayor, ad lo<'.) -Genda qnis stupmt, &c. The Germans are described as havin ^ hght blue eyes, and fair or red hair, which they rendered still more bnght by a peculiar kind of soap.-A'f ^adido, &c. "And at him twisting his horns with moistened curl, ,-. .., having his moistened curls twisted into horns. The epithet madido refers to the use of the soap mentioned in the prenous uoto.-Xempe quod. "WTiv ^cause."_W. ^'To meet." (/W, rw/., i., 84; 3%or. ^ loc,)^Ulucres. The cranes. They were Wlieved to come from the country around the Strjmon, in Thrace. Compare Virg., Georg., i., 120.-/Vy„.,„,. Alluding to the warfare between the in,nnies and cranes Compare Stat. SyK i., vi., 57, from which It appears that Domitian exhibited a spectacle of pigmy gladiators. -Quanquam eadem, &c. Though the combat, so ridiculous to us, is often witnessed.-Pe^e uno. The legendaiy height of the pigmies Mould be thirteen and a half inches, that being the measure of the Greek Trvy/z//, whence the term Uvynaioi is derived 174-18G. NuUane j>erjun\ &c. The train of ideas is as follows: Shall perjurj-, asks Calvinus, go unpuryshed? Suppose, is the re- ply, the cnminal to be given over to execution at our will; his death will not repair your present loss, nor secure you against a hke wrong for the future; but you will encounter, if ;ou shed only a few drops of blood, the detestation of mankind. Yet. it may t« retorted, revenge is sweet, &c. (Mayor, ad loc.)-So.p.serit. Equiv- alent to redletur.-Sedcorpore trunco, &c. Incorrectly supposed by .ome to be uttered by Calvinus. It is, in fact, a continuation of Juvenal 3 remark, and invidiosa is not to be rendered "enviable " as some give if, but " calculated only to produce odium."-^/ vin- dicta. The reply of Calvinus.-iVen,;,<./,oc, Woe/,-. "Ay, fools think go." The rejoinder of the poet. Supply censent.—Chrysippus. The Stoic, a pupil of Zeno and Cleanthes, the latter of whom he suc- ceeded as head of the Stoic school.— rAa/e/ts. Tlialcs of Miletus, a celebrated Ionic philosopher, and one of the seven wise men.— Dulcique senex, &c. Socrates. Mount Hymettus was not far from Athens. It is here called " sweet," because famous for its honey.— Qui partem accejitoc, &c. Socrates was condemned to die by drink- ing the juice of the hemlock.— ^ccusa/or/. Meletus is meant, who in^Plato appears more i)rominently than the other two accusers, Anytus and Ij\co\\.—NoM. With the force of noluisset. So mild and gentle was the character of the sage, that he would have re- fused his very accuser a portion of the contents of the cup, if the latter, in a fit of rci)entance, had wished to die either for him or along with him. 187-198. Felix. "Blessed power!" AVith the culogium here pronounced on philosophy, comi)are the language of Cicero {Tusc. Qtta:st., 5, 5) : " Vitir JVii'iosophia dux, virtutis imligatrix, expultrixque viliorumr— Prima docet rectum. To know what is right is first neces- sary, in order to do it.— Contin^io sic colli ge quod. Infer this at once from the fact that.— Kcasisse. " To have escaped unpunished."— JIabet attonitos. " Keeps in constant terror." yl«omyhcn new, was harsh and unwholesome. {Mayor, ad loc.)-InduIsii Has granted him."- TVr.sa.«. " After having been tossing to and iro. - Te vxdet in somnis, &c. Thee, the man whom he has in- jured— r,*a sacra et major i„utr,o, &c. The ancients regarded ai)- pantions as sacred, and (as fear magnifies its objects) they were al- ways supi)osed lo appear greater than the life. 225-235. Ad omnia fuhjurapalknt. Cicero docs not use ad thus to denote the occasion of fear. IJand, TurselL, i., 101.-Pn/«o quofiue murmure cceli. " Even at the first rumbling of the skv "- lortuitus. Trisyllable. Compare pituita (I/orat., Fp. i., I,'l08; \"-',f'J^*^- "^•'""^ h^^fortultus with the long penult, as a quadrisyllable (OJ. ii., 15, 17). That tliunder was fortuitous was the opinion of the Epicureans. - r«,/or«m rahie. Some believed that the violence of the winds caused a collision of the clouds, and thus produced thunder.-^Wice/. - Is fraught with retributive jus- tice - Idut hoc dilata sermo. "As if merclv deferred by this brief calm," i.e., as if delayed by one fair day,' on purjxjse after- ward to fall the heavier.-Zaniu. cristam, 'e to live than they. 236-249. Natura mahrum. « The character of bad men."— 5»/. perest constantia. - They have resolution enough and to spare."- Ad mores damnalos. " To her depraved courses." Custom becomes second nature.-£)Vc/i/;/» ,mc4 drc " Once banished from his now l^ardened hrovr.^-Dabit in laqueum, etc « This false friend of ouw NOTES ON SAT. XIV. 281 will fall into the snare of temptation." — Uncum. Compare Sat. x., 66. — Rupem. Compare Sat. x., 170. — Surdnm^ nee Tiresiam. You will confess that the gods have an ear for your prayers and his per- juries, and an eye from which no crime can escape. Tiresias was the blind soothsayer of Thebes. SATIRE XIV. ARGUMENT. The whole of this Satire is directed to the one great end of self- improvement. By showing the dreadful facility with which chil- dren copy the vices of their parents, the poet points out the neces- sity as well as the sacred duty of giving them examples of domestic purity and virtue. After briefly enumerating the several vices which youth imperceptibly imbibe from their seniors, he enters more at large into that of avarice, of which he shows the fatal and inevita- ble consequences. Nothing can surjiass the exquisiteness of this division of the Satire, in which he traces the progress of that pas- sion in the youthful mind, from the paltry tricks of saving a broken meal to the daring violation of every principle human and divine. Having placed the absurdity as well as the danger of immoderate desires in every point of view, he concludes with a solemn admoni- tion to rest satisfied with those comforts and conveniences which nature and wisdom require, and which a decent competence is eas- ily calculated to supply. (Evans.) 1-9. Fascine. Nowhere else mentioned. — Fama digna sinistra. **Desening of a bad name," t. c, disgraceful or disreputable in their nature.— .ViViWw rchus. " To things other^vise bright," t. e., to a condition in life otherwise brightly prosjjcrous. — Davinosa. " Rmnons.^—Buliatus. " While yet wearing the bulla," i. e., while yet a mere boy. Compare Sat. v., Idi.—Arma. " Weapons." The dice.— Pan:o/ritilh: *'In his ovm little dice-box." fhe/Htillus was of similar construction to those still in use, with graduated in- tervals on the inside to give the dice a rotator)- motion during their descent. — il/c/i«.«f. Better than the harres. — Radere tubera terra. " To peel truffles." Compare Sat. v., 1 \G.—Boletum condire. "To season a mushroom."— Fodem jure. " In the same sauce" with the mushroom, truffle, and other similar dfimties.—Ficedulas. "Beca- ficos." A small bird is meant, which fed on figs. It was the only 282 NOTES ON SAT. XIV. bird of which epicures allowed the whole to be eaten. It was con- sidered a piece of high luxury to have these birds dressed and ser^-ed up at table in the same sauce with truffles, &c.^Nebwone parents, &c. " His epicure parent, and hoary gluttony pointing out the way." Gourmands could not trust the cook to prepare the choicer dishes. 10-14. Quwn Septimus aimus, &c. After the completion of the sixth year, Plato directs that boys and girls be separately educated. (Za7., vii., 4, p. 794.) — Nondum omni dente renato. " All his teeth being not as yet renewed," t. «., before all his second teeth have as yet come. Compare Pliny (// iV., vii., 16) : ^^Editis in/antibm pri- tribres dentes septimo gignmtur meme: iidem anno septimo deddunt aiUqne sufficimturr—BarbatoH magistros. Philosophers, to instil abstinence and temperance. — Lauto paratu. « In sumptuous style."— J%«a culina. Of his sire. 15-25. Mitem animum, &c. For milemne animuin, &c. *' Docs Ru- tilus inculcate a merciful disposition ?" &c., ». «., teach his son for- bearance.— J/oc/ici^ erroribus frquos. « Indulgent to venial faults." —Nostra materia constare. " Are formed of matter like our own " Construe twstra with materia, not with corpora.— £t nuUam Sirena, &c.^ *'And compares no Siren to scourges," t. e., and thinks no Si- ren 8 song can equal the sound of scourgcs.-Antip/uxtes. King of the cannibal La^strygones. - Trepidi Laris. - Of his trembling household."-Z>«o prof,ter lintea. " On account of t^vo towels," ,-. e., for stealing a couple of towcls.-Quid smdet juveni. « What kind of advice does that man give to his own son ?" i. e., what kind of doctrine docs he preach to him ?-Mirc. " With strange delight." —Inscnpta ergastula. "The work-house full of branded slaves." Literally, " branded work-houses." The abstract for the concrete, the place of correction for those contained in it. Compare SaL viii., ISO.— Career rustirm. The country prisons, f ,r the confine- ment of slaves, were generally under ground. 26-40. Sic naturajubet. " Such is nature's lasv.^-Magnis quum •ubeunt, *c. "When they insinuate themselves into our minds from those who have great influence with us," ,'. e., when vice is recommended by a parent's authority.— //o-c. " These practices." —Quibm arte benigna, drc "Whose hearts the Titan has formed with kindly art, and moulded out of a better clav." Prometheus is meant.—Fugi^da. " That ought to be shunned."-/:^ monstrata diu, &c. "And the routine of inveterate dcpravitv, that has long been before their eyes, attracts them on." Orbita is properly "the irack of a wheel," then "a beaten track" generally, and hence, fig- NOTES ON SAT. XIV. 283 nratively, a course or routine of life. — Hujus enim vel una, /o ovo. When they broke the shell. 80-89. ^Edijicator erat Cetronius, &c. The general idea is, If the father impair his estate . / building villas of costly marble in fash- ionable localities, no wonder that his son yet more prodigally wastes what remains. If the father observes the Sabbath, and abstains from meats forbidden by the Jewish lawgiver, no wonder that the son, having been early trained to neglect his country's laws, becomes a proselyte, bound to the obscnance of the whole Mosaic law.— Caieta, Caieta, now Gaeta, was situate on the Sinus Caietanus, in Latium.— riiwris. Tibur, now Tn-oii, lies twenty miles northeast of Rome, chiefly on a rocky hill, on the left bank of the Anio.— Pranestinis. Consult note on Sat. iii., 190.— (/rorci* martnoribus. The marbles of Paros, Pentelicus, Ilymettus, Carjstus, Tanarus, and Sparta were celebrated.— Zon^<.7M«. From Synnada in Phrygia, or from Numidia.— /brMna; ndem. The splendid temple of Fortune at Praeneste.- //erc«/^•«. That of Hercules at Txhxxr.—Posides. A freedman of the Emperor Claudius, who amassed immense wealth. He must have built a mansion in Kome rivalling the very Capitol. —Sic habitat. "Is thus lodged," i. e., so magnificently.— To/aw hanc. Namely, the part that still remained.- rwrAanV. ' "Squan- dered." Turbare is here for conturbare or decoqucre.—AttoiUt. For in altum toiiit. 90-98. Sortiti metuentem, &c. " Having obtained for their lot a father fearing Sabbaths^" i.e., whose lot it is to have a father that fears, &x^.—Metuentem, The heathen conceived the God of the Jews NOTES ON SAT. XIV. 285 ro be a malignant being. — Nil prater nubes, &c. This gross concep- tion of the Romans arose from the Jews having no visible repre- gentation of Deity. They thought, therefore, that they worshipped merely the clouds and the material heaven or blue sky. — Ncc dis- tare putant, &c. They think it as abominable to eat the one as the other. — Arcano roluminc. The Pentateuch or Five Books of Moses, 'especially the one containing the Levitical law. A copy of the Pentateuch was kept in every synagogue, locked u\) in a press or chest (area), and never exposed to view unless when brought out to be read at the time of worship. At the conclusion of the service it was returned to its place and again locked up. — Ignava. " One of sloth." — Ei partem vita; non attiyit vllam. " And came into con- tact with no part of life," i. c, and was kept distinct from the ordi- nary duties of life. 99-113. Spoiite tamenjuvenes, &c. The train of thought is as fol- bws : To other vices the young are prone of themselves : to avarice their fathers must train them (99-117). Accordingly they stint themselves and their household, and, the love of money growing with their wealth, they by fair means or foul possess themselves of their neighbours' estates (118-147). For now a single proprietor will own a larger tract than Rome did under the kings. It is this haste to be rich which causes crime (148-170). The Marsian father of old warned his sons against luxury ; nowadays a father urges his sons to make money by any, even the meanest arts (171-199). What wonder, then, if the son goes a step farther, and seeks his fortune by perjury and murder? nay, if, to satisfy that love of gain which he has inherited from his i)arent, he attempts that parent's life? (200-247). — 7nviti quoqm. "Even against their will." — FaUit enim vitiumy &c. " For vice sometimes deceives under the guise and covering of virtue." An instance of this is given immediately after in the case of avarice, which passes with many for frugality.— Triste habitu. " Grave in bearing."— Frtij^i. " A frugal character." •^Uesperidum serpens, &c. " The serpent of. the Hesperides or of Pontus." The former guarded the golden apples of the Hesperides, the latter the golden fleece among the Colchi. The Romans re- garded Colchis as a part of Pontus, it hanng been made subject to this country by Mithradates Eupator.— //mwc de quo loquor. The avaricious man.—Acquirendi. " Of his own fortune." The com- mon text has atque verendum.—Sed crescunt qmcunque nwdo, &c. The idea is. But if one's fortune is thus to grow, every means must be employed, the forge must be always heated, the anvil always busy.— £< pater ergo. "The father, therefore, also," i.e., the f 286 NOTES ON SAT. XIV. father, therefore, as well as the people (v. 107), admires the ara- ncious. ull^^^^'' ^''^"* *""'''• '"*'' avaricious. -^«n< yu^Jam, Ac There are certain first elements of all vices," ,'. c, certain rudi" ments or beginnin-s. The father does not all at once bid his sons to be covetous, but insinuates into their minds, by little and little sordid principles. This he does first (protinus) ; but anon (mor), as* the pupu advances, he inculcates an insatiable thirst for gain - Mtmmas ediscerc sordes. "To become adepts in the most tfetty means of stingy saving."- Ca.^>a/. "He pinches."- JW/o /m^o. AVith an unjust measure," i.e., an unfair allowance of food Slaves had a certain allowance of com, olives, figs, vinegar, and wme, cither by the month or the day.-A^e emm, &c. The idea IS, For indeed he can never bring himself to eat up at once cveir crust of mouldy bread, but keeps some, along with a portion of vcs- terday s mince, for the succeeding Aay. -Medio SepterM. " Eveu m the middle, of September." This was the hottest and most un- healthy month at Rome.- Co«c/.m astivi, &c. "The bean scaled up along with a portion of summer lacertus." Tlie lacertus was a species of sea-fish. Some render it " stockfish," others " pilchard " Both It and the beans would be hard to keep in summer; hence the epithet >'^^- or possid...-IImc tor,nenta. This seU.torturo.--jr^entis t-iverefato. "To live with a beggar's fate, .. e., to lead a beggar's life.-(^««,«. - Although. "-£-/ nnnus W: optat, &c. "And yet he who has it not wishes for it less." 1 he poor man looks no farther than for a supply of his present grants ; he Dever thinks of any thing more. Obsene that et is here for et tamen.^Et proferre fines Ubet, &c. - And it takes vour fancv to extend your boundaries, and your neiphl>our's com-knd seem; to you more extensive an^ prp/«or. " More plentiful." As for grown men after a hard day's v,'ork.—Pultibus. As this species of porridge was a national dish, we have the expression '' pultiphagus barbams'' ap- plied by Plautus in the sense of Romams {Most., iii., 2, 144).— /nde. He means from avarice.— Pro/>eran malvriter mentions the robbery here spoken of. It seems to have alarmed capitalists, so that they again committed their hoards to Castor's temple as more secure. {Mayor, ad loc.) Flora. The Floralia were first sanctioned by the government A.U.C. 514, the year that Livius Andronicus began to exhibit. They were celebrated with great license from April 28 to May 1. — Cereris. The Cerealia were celebrated by Circensian games, April I.^Cifheks. Tlie Mcgaksia were instituted B.C. 203, when the image of the Great Mother was brought from Pessinus to Rome. (Compare Sat. iii., 118.) These games were celebrated from April 4 to April ^.—AuUra. "The scenic representations." AuIom prop- erly means the curtain of the theatre. — Humana negotia, " Is the actual business of life." 257-263. Jactata petauro. " Projected from the petaurum." The petaurum was a theatrical machine, the precise character of which has never been ascertained. Some make it to have been a kind of sec-saw. Others, more correctly, describe it as a wheel hanging loose in the air, on which two jugglers took their seats, and the one endeavoured to keep it steady, the other to make it oscillate. If either were thro^vn off, he had to leap through flames and burning hoops. {Mayor, ad loc.) — Rectum descender e funem. Compare verse 264.— Cori/cm. Corycus was the name of a town, promontory, and cave in Cilicia. The town Corjcus (now Kurku) lay between the mouths of the Lamus and Calycadnus, and became a place of great trade under the later Roman emperors. Twenty stadia to the north of the town was the Corycian cave, a deep valley inclosed by high rocks, where the best saffron grew.— Coro. Corns is properly the N.W. wind, and is called by the Italians Maestro.— Tollendus. " To be tossed up and down.^ — Perditus ac vilis, &c. " Reckless (of danger), and the trader in vile and strong-smelling sacks." Sacci is here the singular put for the plural. The hags of saffron arc meant. It does not follow, however, from the language of Juvenal, ■» 292 NOTES ON SAT. XIV. that the cargo was either worthless or oflfcnsivc to the smell. The poet merely wishes to express his contempt for such luxuries, which men risked their lives to procure, in order thereby to amass rapid fortanes. — IHmjue piissum. *'Tlic rich raisin-wine." Supply vimm. It was so called because made of i^apes spread out {pandoy jmssus) in the sun to dry. — Munidpes Jot is. *'The countrymen of Jove." In playful allusion to the legend of Crete's having been the birth- place of Jove. — Lagenag. Compare Sat. vii., 121. 264-275. Uic tamaiy /€r. *' For the sake of," i. c, to make up the number of. — Phs hwninum^ &c. There are more men on the sea than on the land, such is their eagerness to be rich. -- Car/nithium. The part of the JEgean near Carpathus (now Scarpanto), an island be- tween Crete and Rhodes. Ships on their way to Asia Minor often met with rough weather hQrc.—(»'ntuitiqae. The Gietuli, as remark- ed in a pre\-ious note (Sat. x., 158), occujiied the country to the south of Morocco ; here, however, the Gatuh. (vquora must lie to the cast of Calpe (or Gibraltar). The S\Ttes, so dangerous to the com fleets from Libya, seem to be meant. — Calpe. Cal|>e (Gibraltar) and Abyla, on the opposite side, were known as the Pillars of Hercules, which arc often spoken of as the extreme west; vet even this "world's end'* the adventurous trader leaves far behind him.— Jo- cSie^ Ilercnleo, Ac. Posidonius and Epicunis pretended that when the sun sank in the Atlantic, it hissed like red-hot iron plunged into water. According to the popular belief, the Sacrum Prtimon- torium, on the Atlantic coast of Hispania, now Cape St. Vincenty was the place where the sun plunged with his chariot into the sea. — Tensofdk. *' With well-distended purse." Compare 5ecamc insane NOTES ON SAT. XIV. 293 after the arms of Achilles were awarded to Ulysses, and in his mad- ness committed great havoc among the herds and flocks of the Greeks, mistaking them for his cnemkts.—Itluicuw. " The Itha- censian." Ulysses.— i'arca< tunicisy &c. " Though he spare tunics and cloaks," t. c, his tunic or his cloak. Prichard (On Insanity^ p. 26) quotes from an Italian physician's description of raving mad- ness, or mania: " A striking and characteristic circumstance is the propensity to be quite naked. The patient tears his clothes to tat- ters." (Mayor, ad loc.)—Curatoris. A curator or guardian was al- ways appointed by the prajtor in the cases of persons of unsound mind, in accordance with the provisions of the Twelve Tables.— ^d summum htus. " To the topmost edge," t. c, to the very top of the bulwarks.— Tabuli distingmtur unda. " Is i>arted from the water by a single y\&nk."—Titulos faciesque. The legend and head of the emperor on the coin. 284-294. Solcite funnn. " Loose the cable."— i*7>«'^''- Indian pci)i)er was brought on camels to Alexandrea, and there shipped for VMme.— Fascia nigra. A dark belt of clouds resting on the horizon. -yEstivum tonat. " It is summer thunder," i. c, it is only a sum- mer thunder-shower.— Zonam. A broad belt is meant, worn by men around their loins, and made double or hollow, like our shot-belts, for the purpose of carrying money .-3/o./o. " But \^ie\y. "-Tagus. Compare Sat. iii., r^'o.-Pactolus. The Pactolus, now Sarabat, was a small river of Lydi:i, rising in Mount Tmolus, flowing past Sar- dis, and falling into the Ilcrmus. Its golden sands were exhausted in Strabo's time ; still, its riches were proverbial among the poets. ^Frigida velantes inguina. " Covering his nakedness."-£< pi^ta se tempcstate tmtur. Those who had escaped from shipwreck or any other imminent calamity used to carry about a painting of the oc- currence, to excite compassion and obtain alms from the charitable. 295-'>99. Tantis parta malis, &c. The train of ideas is as follows : The rich are troubled by fear of fire. Diogenes may break his tub but it will not trouble him. Nature is content with very little, and he who desires no more is wise. He who is dissatisfied with a com- petency would be dissatisfied even with the hoards of Croesus.- Dispositis hamis. "With leathern buckets all in rows. Obsen^e that Mmi are " hooks," but hdmcB " leathern buckets. Originally the thumviri mpiudes were intrusted with the protection of the city from fires. From the time of Augustus, however, this became the duty of the Prafectus vigilum, or prefect of the seven cohorts of night police. Among the means employed for extingnislung fires were siphoncs (syringes) and hama^ (huckeis).-Ele.tro. ""His elec n 294 NOTES ON SAT. XV. » t lis tram. Not »mber, but a compound of four f.fihs of gold and one fifth of silver, and resembling amber in look.-yv,r,y,V.. Svnnada •n Phrygia, was famed for its marble.- 7e««>etore the days of Epicurus. Socrates died B.C. 399 ; Epicurus, B.C. 270. --^a^/«,. ';Philosophy."-^er/^,. - Too strict."- re c/««Je.e. Tohemyou in."-^o..n.. "Of our own times."-/:^ce .umma.n. Make up the sum." Four hundred thousand sesterces. Compare t^rtT" ^^^-^^"^^ r^"^ '^ '•"^«'« fraJnt, &c. -If this also con- dissatisfaction. -F«c /er/m <7« ^rfn^n/a. " Make the third four hondred (sestertia)," ,'. .., make it, by the union of three equest L" " W la^"^'' '•''' "^'^'''^■^' '' ^-^'^^^ sestertii J;remlum. Nnr^ -^ """"" """ ^'"""^ "^ *'*^ ^^g'^ »« "t^rallv mcant.- ^am.,.. Narcissus, Pallas, and Callistus, three freedm;n of Cl.u- dius, amassed enormous wpnlrh tt -, \''"'"'^" *** ^''"^ note on 5a/. x., SoT. ^^-^'^-^--em occu^ere ;«^.. Consult NOTES ON SAT. XV. 295 SATIRE XV. ARGUMENT. their s^tish and ferocious bigotry, of which he gives an atrocious kst an t'"%'T'''- '''^ ^""^"«^^" ^^ ^'- Satire, which is a JUS and beautiful description of the origin of civil society (infinite- y superior to any thing that Lucretius or Horace has delivered on ^e subject), founded, not on natural instinct, but on principles of mutual benevolence implanted by Deity i„ the breast of man, and of man alone, does honour to the genius, good sense, and enlight- ^ened morality of the author. (Evans.) 1-7. Volusi Bithynice. " Volusius Bithynicus." Who this Vo- lusius was, and what was the origin of the word BithynicMs, is un- known. A Bithynicus was a friend of Martial (vi., 50, Jj).—QmUa demens, &c. The train of ideas is as follows : The Egyptians wor- ship all kind of monstrous things. They even regard it as a sin to eat an onion or a leek, but have no abhorrence of feeding on human flesh. Of all the marvellous stories told by Ulysses to the Phaea- cians, none are so strange and incredible as those of the cannibal Cyclopes and Lajstrj'gones ; but deeds of horror not less atrocious hive been witnessed in Egypt, not in a fabulous antiquity, but in our own civilized days. (Mayor, ad hc.y^Crocodihn. Compare Herodotus, ii., 69.— iZ^tn. Compare Cic, N. D., i., 3Q.—Cercopitheci. A long-tailed ape is meant.— i>i/Huf to magica, &c. "Where the magic chords resound from the halved Memnon," t. c, broken in half. Memnon, in the ^thiopus of Arctinus, one of the poems which formed the epic cycle, was described as son of Aurora and Tithonus, who was slain by Achilles before Troy, and afterNvard re- ceived the gift of immortality. By the Alexandrine Avriters this legend was connected with the statue of the Egyptian king Ame- noV or Phamenoph, whose name can still be read on the statue. (Mayor, ad loc.) On the whole subject, consult Anthon's Classical Dictionary, s. v. Mevmon.^Atque vetus Thehe, kc. By its so-called hundred gates Egyptian Thebes was distinguished from the Boeotian one, which had seven gates. 8-18. Nemo Dianam. They worship the hound, but forget to worship the goddess of the chase herself.— Porn/m et ccepe. "A leek and an onion."— Lanafi.? animalibus. They never eat sheep or lambs.— Fefuw capellie. The goat was sacred to Pan, and worship- ped in the Mendesian nome.— Carnibus humanis, &c. Cannibalism was not legalized in Egypt. Such an instance as is mentioned be- low (verse 33, seqq.) was exceptional. — Quum narraret UUxes. "Were Ulvsscs to relate."- ^fctnoo. Alcinous, the Phaeacian king, to whom Ulysses related his adventures.— C7< mendax aretalogus. "As a lying babbler." The epithet aretalogus is properly applied to a Stoic or Cynic parasite, who would hold forth upon virtue for the entertainment of the company ; hence it came to signify gener- ally a babbler, a romancer.-/n mare nemo, &c. The poet supposes one of the company, who had heard these strange stories told by Ulysses, to express his surprise that no one threw the narrator of Bu^h falsehoods into the sea.-^itaV. For abjidt. The other com- pounds of iacio are often subject to a similar change for the sake of the mctK.-Veraque Charybdi. A real Charybdis, not a mere 290 NOTES ON SAT. XV. NOTES ON SAT. XV, 297 creature of the fancy, such as he had been romancing about -K„ pen.. "For inventing." More literally, inventing'asTedoeO.: Referring to the stor^ that they were cannibals ^^• 19-25. Com^rrentia saxa C^anea. "The clashing Cvanean rocks " The Symplegades, rocky islands at the norther^ entrance onl crA K^'T™- ''''*'""' ''■'•«'' Uly-es left the pXTf consequently does „„t expressly include Elpenor nlng the" (Ma^r, aJ loc.y-P„p,Uu,a P,..aca. The Ph^aiians were idenHfiTd b, the anccnts w,th the people of Corcyra, the modern CorT-jt nnn,„.u,.. ,u, &o. "And who had drawn a ve^ small portion of pt ent wme from the Corcyrean bowL" The Ph^aciaVrs were v^ i™;;::, -lis "" -' -- '° ^--— — re«tf rfit' "■'"'; *'; ""y'"' ■'"' '"^' "" •"' '"^'^ ^foTC he w™t iT ', "'rf ',"•'"'" '"" "f' °» "•''-•h he mailed .hence was wrecked, he landed alone in Pha^acia. (Od,,ss v ir.-. ,^„ \ ftought „, A sober Pha>ae.an might well have rejected the u„su,k ported assertions of Ulysses, but my sto^, though strange, may L S. e ' u " uT """ "•" """" '■«"='>■• « « »>«-««d ''- ^J " ^^•"''•'le, on account of the metre. .The allusion i, e ther to Q Jumus Rusticus, who was consul A.D. 119, or to Apni- contT ^'"""%~"»»' A-D. 84. Some, in order to avoid the «.ntraet,o„ read y^co, but no consul of this name appears before A.Da82, at wh,ch date Juvenal eould not have been living.-^u/^r. nonh ; n 'Z '" '. """* '"' "'' "■* ~'"'"7- ^optus lay to the nonh of Omb., and south of Tentyra. It was the capital of the «Th. . "r*' '".^^^^ ^''*'""'- ^h'P' di^harged their cargoes fLT K^^""" "f »«■*»'<'« ""d Myoshormus, in the Arabian Gulf, from which caravans conveyed them to Coptos. There are ruins of cothurnus, or thick-soled tragic buskin, is here put for tragedy itself. ^uamqmm omnia syrmata volvaa " Th/^«,,K «^ ♦ trade them** " Th. ^ ^""^ *°"* *''''^'' ^''^'"^ tragedy *'^'"' ""^ ^'""P^'^^ '^® ^°°«' sleeping train of 1,^ 33-36. Inter Jmitimos. " Between two neighbouring communi- tiear—Vetus atque antiqua. The epithet cmtiquus is applied to what was' long ago ; hence antiqui mores, the good old times ; antiqui am- id, those who were friends in days of yore, as, for instance, The- seus and Pirithous : on the other hand, vetus indicates what has long been, hence "inveterate," "experienced," as vetus jniles. Hence noml (what is seen for the first time, strange) is opposed to antiquus, and recens (fresh, what has lasted but for a short time) to vetus. (Mayor ad loc.)—Ombos. Ombi, now Kum Ombu, north of Syene, on the right bank of the Nile, in Upper Eg}Tt, or Thebais.-re^f^r- ra. Now Denderah, in Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, and capital of the Tentyritic nome. As Ombi and Tentyra were separated by several important cities, they were not, strictly speak- ing finitimi; it seems more probable that Juvenal uses this term somewhat laxly, than that he was mistaken as to the locality of cither city. Relatively to the Romans, any two towns in the same district might be called neighbours. 37-46. Odit uterque locus. The Ombitaa worshipped crocodiles, the Tentyritaj were famous for their skill in taking them, hence they quarrel.— So/os. The exclusivencss of their worship, as of the Dru- idical and Jewish, was opposed to the Roman principle.-^/opuU The Omhitcs.—Inimicorum. The Tentyrites.— Perw^t/»?«/m«.9 intcrdum sol invenit. The number seven was held sacred by the Egyptians ; hence their fes- tivals were sometimes celebrated for seven d^^ys in succession. (Svhol, ad loc.)-IIorrida sane .T.ijyptus. The idea is, Egypt, it is true is rude and savage, but in the article of luxurj-, the rabble, barbarous as they are, equal the people of Canopus themselves, at least in that part of the country where I have been. Compare, as recrards Canopus, Sat. i., 2\. — Quantum ipse notavi. Hence it ap- pears that Juvenal had visited Egypt. Most lives of the poet, fol- lowing the pseudo-Suetonius, relate that he was sent to Egypt, when eighty years of age, as prefect of a cohort stationed at Syene, and that this, under the appearance of an honorary appointment, was in reality meant as a species of exile. A story incredible in itself, and apparently derived from the present passage. (Mayor, adloc.) 47-53. Adde quod, &c. One motive of the attack was the wish to spoil the sport of the revellers ; a second was the hope that they, in their drunken helplessness, might fall an easy prey.-/)e madi- dis " Over men soaked with wine."-A/6ro. " With the undilu- ted juice of the grape."-/«c/e. " On the one side." The Ombites. N2 298 NOTES ON SAT. XV. it wlu e. The black was n Moor. The Ombites could not afford t« employ a sk.lful Alexandrean; .hey had to be content ZtkZVn fenor subst.tute. So, for the costly perfumes of tower nZ^tZ used such (,ualiacu„,.e) as they had. (Ma^or, arf /bc.)-}/L' S n««,od.u^. "On the other side was hung-yLe." The^-enlC on the contrary, were fasting, and their hatred, like their "m"' was fierce and msa.iable. Their hatred was like a hungry apZte " 'o^e Si-i^r '^'"^ '° -- ''• (•'^'«'- «<'^- ""2 54-71. Aarfa. « Unanned."_^9„-„rc,. "One might see » Tl,» ject. (.Y<.d.,j, § 3,0.)-J „//,„ ,/,-,„,viv... "HalAd faces " i , more or less mutila,ed.-^ft„ ^ad... "Features quite differ;^ from the usual ones," i.,., ,o disfigured as not to be known fo The same. &/.,•.,„,». "From lacerated cheeks."-7C,r bL^I as the fray is, " still."-^, /,^,fe „^„„ „^^ ,. ^ ™-,/,*;"^^^ gaged ,„ bojish encounters."-^, .«,„« ^, &c. Andfrnd ed s « .he^t, where U the use of so great a riot if no life i to be fake: oftl"^^ pir , f '% ^"""'^ "»•?-*«»'.-/*>. "To those m Omb,.es aro meant, who flee before the reinforced Tentyrit ' jacent to the shady palm." The " s^adv „!■ '" ?°'-™' "''" of palm."_//,„.. "Tlerc„,K>„ " ■• , „■".''"''" " r>ut for "groves Q"«b™. One of the OmM" " ^ T^ '° f' '""'•^' "'■«"'- bit," r • , '""■ ^'^'""'^'/•a'-ticulai. "Pieces and b.te. -Carrots oss,h,,. "The very- bones bein. g„a,ved "-Z dron, or roast him on spits." From decoxit i„ ,i.„ « . , ».«st supply "roas^=d"with ..n^ t^ ' "„ . ""' t"^ "' am f«r fr^w. ifrwotM. feimilar instances of zeucroa M-90. //„ .auJere l,bet, dc. The idea is, Here we may rejoice NOTES ON SAT. XV. 299 ^■ that fire, the gift of Prometheus, which was brought from heaven, and which is the symbol of civilization, was not profaned by these savages. — Raptum. "Stolen." — Prometheus. Compare >Sa<. i v., 132. — Te. Volusius. — Mordere. "To chew." — An prima volupta- tem^ &c. For, in the case of so great a crime, doubt not whether the first that ate was gratified ; whether only in the first transport of rage they enjoyed their horrid feast. — Ultimus autem, &c. " The last one, too, who stood waiting for his turn," &c. 93-107. Vascones. Now the Basque nation, between the Ebro (Iberus) and Pyrenees, in the modern Navarra and Guipuzcoa. — Prodiixere animas. " Prolonged their lives." The chief cities of the Vascones were Calagurris (now Calahorra) and Pampelo (now Pamjiehma). It is doubtful which of these two places held out in the manner alluded to in the text. They were besieged by Pom- pey and Metellus, and were so reduced by famine that, to maintain inviolate their engagements with Scrtorius (who was then no more), they devoured their wives and children rather than surrender. — Fortuncc invidia. "The spite of Fortune."— C7//ma. "The last extremity." Supply t/Zscnrntna. — Casus ex tremi. " The very height of human suffering." Literally, "extreme sufferings." — Egestas. "Starvation." — IIvJus enim, quod nunc agitur, *)., -Eztendere. "To beat out." In the sense of extundere, which some editions actually read.-P^thagoras. Holding the doctrines of the metempsychosis, Pythagoras was averse to shedding the blood of any animal, and, according to the ordinary account, forbade the eating of flesh. According, however, to other authorities (Diog. La- ert., viii., 20), he enjoined abstinence only from the wether, and the ox used in ploughing. Aristotle, however, says only from certain parts of animals and some kinds of fish («;>. Cell., iv., 1 1 ; Diog. La- trt., viii., 19).— //tfc monstra. '^uch atrocities as these."— A'^ ven- tri indulsit, &c. -And did not even indulge his appetite with every kind of pulse." Pythagoras enjoined on his discij.lcs abstinence from beans. The reason of this prohibition has never l)ccn clearly ascertained. SATIRE XVI. ARGUMENT. Under the pretense of pointing out to his friend Gallus the ad- vantages of a military life, Juvenal attacks with considerable spirit the exclusive privileges which the army had acquired or usurped, to the manifest injury of the civil part of the community. l-U. Fehcts pro'mta mmtur. " The advantages of military serr- ice when fortunate." - (,a//6. Martial often addresses a 'friend named Gallus, perhaps the same with the one here mentioned.- Nam si subeuntur, &c. -For if a camp distinguished by success be only entered, then may its gate receive me, a timid recruit, under ' the influence of some auspicious star." — Hora. "One hour." — Gen- itrix. Juno, the mother of Mars. Samos was sacred to her, and here she had a famous temple. — 7-15. The first privilege, which is common to all ranks in the army, is, they hold so fast together that no civilian dares to accuse them op give evidence against them. — Ne tepulsare, &c. "That no civilian must dare to strike you." Ne is used because " subest tiotio impediendi vel prohibendi.'* (Hand, TurselL, iv., 42. Mat/or, ad loc.) — Togata. The toga was the robe of peace, as the sagum was of war. — DL^simulet. " That he must dissemble." Equivalent to ut dissimulet, the conjunction ut being supplied from ne. — Et nigram in facie, &c. "And the black bruise in his face with its livid swellings ; and the eye left in its socket in- deed, but the physician giving no hopes that it will be restored." Literally, -promising nothing." — Bardaicus judex, &c. "ABard^ic judge is assigned to him who wishes to get these things punished, namely, a soldier's shoe, and stout calves at the capacious benches." The epithet Bardaicus is derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe (Bardici or Bardiai), of rude and rapacious habits. Marius is said to have had a body-guard of slaves who flocked to him, chiefly Illyr- ian, whom he called his " Bardiiti." A Bardiac judge, therefore, in the present case, will be a rude, overbearing military man, from whom the civilian may cxjject no redress. The terms calceus and sune will then be in comic apposition with Bardau'jts jtidex, and the general idea will be as follows : If the injured man of peace seek redress, a soldier's shoe and stout shanks sit in judgment on the bench. Some connect Bardaicus at once with calceus, m the sense of militaris. The idea, however, will be the same. — Camilli. Camil- las first introduced a standing army ; before which time the soldiers might, in winter, prosecute their suits at home. 17-24. Jtmtissiiua centurionum, &c. ' - Most just (of course) is the decision of the centurions." Ironical, since the military judge will always favor his own comrades. — Nee inihi deerit ultio, &c. " Nor will due satisfaction be wanting unto me, if a ground for just complaint be alleged." Ironical again. He will get, in reality, no satisfac- tion. — Curahilis ut sit vindicta, &c. Their vengeance for your pros- ecution of their comrade will be matter of serious concern, and will fall heavier on you than the original injury. — Deckvnatoris mulino corde Vagelii. "The mulish heart of the dedaimer Vagellius," i.e., the mulish rhetorician Vagelii us. He is here called "mulish" from his foolhardiness and obstinacy in undertaking causes which no man in his sober senses would have advocated. Vagellius was an advocate of Mutina (now Modena), and hence some read Mutinensi 304 NOTES ON SAT. XVI. NOTES ON SAT. XVI. 305 4/ for muIino.—Quum duo cntra haUas, &c. " When you have only two legs, to stumble against so many soldiers' shoes, so many thousands of hob-nails." As regards the rriZ/V/a, compare note on Sat. iii., 220. 25-34. Quis tarn procul ahsit, &e. The idea is, Who will venture so far from the city to accuse a soldier ? Besides, what friend is ready, like Pyladcs, to devote his life for his friend ?—3/oA?;« ag- geris ultra. "Beyond the mole of the rampart," i.e., within the rampart of the camp.— Py/b^/e*. Alluding to the legend of Orestes and Pylades, and the scene that took place at the altar of the Tau- ric Diana.~Z:«cn/wcE siccentur potius, &c. Let us dry up our tears at once, and not importune our friends, who, on one pretext or another, will certainly put us off, to bear us company in our hazard- ous enterprises, and to give their evidence when the judge calls for witnesses. (Mai,or, ad loc.y-A udeat Hie, &c. " Will the man, who- ever he may be, dare to say, * I witnessed the transaction?' "— Af credan dignum barba, &c. The idea is, I will believe such a man deserving of being ranked with the noblest worthies of the gwd old times. The early Romans wore the hair of the head and of the beard uncut. Barbers were not introduced into Komc until A.U C. 454, or B.C. 300. They came from Sicily.— />acfore the ceniumviri) were heard in the order in which application had been made to the priutor. 44-50. SubselUa tantum stenmntur. "The benches alone are ■prcad with ctishions," i. c, are got ready. The benches of the judges are got ready, but the judges are not ready, and there is no quorum to commence business. — Tuvi. Wliile waiting for the judges to apjMiar and open cown.—Fanmdo ponenie lacerr.as, &c. While the i)lcadcr Ca;dicius is laying aside his lacerna, and pre- paring to address the court (when it shall have opened) in his toga. The tacema was worn over the to^a.—Mictnriente. " Obeying a call of nature." — /^arnft digredimur,