'^^J^o^RfrS 
 
 HX64083357 
 QM555 .Ar3 
 
 iaboiHi 
 
q^^555 
 
 N^r^ 
 
 Columbia Wini\)tv&itp <^'^^'t 
 in tfie dtp of i^etD Porli » 
 
 ^cl^ool oC Bental anb <!^ral burger? 
 
 I^eference Eibrarp 
 
A LABORATORY GUIDE 
 
 IN 
 
 HISTOLOGY 
 
 By 
 
 LESLIE BRAINERD AREY, Ph.D. 
 
 Associate Professor of Anatomy in the Northwestern 
 University Medical School 
 
 PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON 
 
 W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY 
 1917 
 
Copyright, 1917, by W. B. Saunders Company 
 
 ay\5'5 5' 
 
 
 PRINTED IN AMERICA 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The purpose of this book is to furnish laboratory instruc- 
 tions adapted for use in any standard course of normal His- 
 tology. With the exception of gross anatomy, no laboratory 
 subject today enjoys more uniformity of presentation than 
 does Histolog^^ In the study of the fundamental tissues 
 greater flexibiUty of treatment exists than in the micro- 
 scopic anatomy of organs, yet in both definite routine struc- 
 tures must be observed and their inter-relations and sig- 
 nificance emphasized. For this reason it is hoped that a labo- 
 ratory guide designed to accomplish these ends, without 
 reference to the peculiarities of any particular course, may 
 prove useful. 
 
 For the most part, directions involving fresh tissues and 
 organs, or specially stained and treated preparations, illus- 
 trative of uncommon features, have been omitted. This is 
 done not with the intention of minimizing their importance^ 
 but because it is in these minutiae that courses vary most. 
 
 An attempt has been made to put the treatment through- 
 out on an inductive basis. Rather than presenting a mere 
 h'st of structures to be identified, in so far as is practicable, 
 the student is led to scrutinize, explain, and reach indepen- 
 dent conclusions. The frequent interjection of appropriate 
 queries should relieve the instructor of much tedious and 
 often belated individual quizzing and directing. 
 
 L. B. A. 
 Chicago, III. 
 August, 1 917. 
 
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive 
 
 in 2010 witii funding from 
 Columbia University Libraries 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/laboratoryguideiOOarey 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction ii 
 
 PART I.— CYTOLOGY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Cell and Cell Division 14 
 
 Resting Cell, 14; Amitosis, 15; Mitosis, 15. 
 
 PART II.— HISTOLOGY. 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 The Epithelial Tissues 16 
 
 Simple Epithelia, 16; Pseudo-st ratified Epithelia, 17; 
 Stratified Epithelia, 17; Modified Epithelia, 18. 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 The Sustentative Tissues 20 
 
 Connective Tissue, 20; Cartilage, 23; Bone, 24; Blood, 
 26; Bone Marrow, 28. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Muscular Tissues 29 
 
 Xon-striate (Smooth) Muscle, 29; Striate Muscle, 29. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The Nervous Tissues 31 
 
 Cells, 31; Fibers, 32. 
 
 PART HI.— MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF ORGANS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 The Circulatory System ^^:^ 
 
 Capillaries and Precapillaries, ^^-j Arterioles and Venules, 
 3^; .Arteries, 34; Veins, 35; Heart, 35; Lymph Vessels, 35. 
 
 CHAPTER MI. 
 
 The Lymphatic Organs 36 
 
 Diffuse Lymjjhoid Tissue, 36; Lymph Nodules, 36; Tonsil, 
 37; Lymi)h (jiand or -Node, 37; Hemolymph (Hand or 
 -Node, 38; Spleen, 38. 
 
 9 
 
lO CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. PAGE 
 
 The Ductless Glands 40 
 
 Thymus, 40; Thyreoid, 40; Parathyreoid, 41; Supra- 
 renal, 41; Carotid Gland, 42; Hypophysis (Pituitary 
 Body), 42; Epiphysis (Pineal Body), 43. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Serous and Mucous Membranes and Glands 44 
 
 Serous Membranes, 44; Mucous Membranes, 44; Glands, 
 44. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 The Digestive System 46 
 
 The oral cavity, 46; Lip, 46; Teeth, 46; Tongue, 47; 
 Soft Palate, 48. 
 
 The digestive tube, 48; Esophagus, 48; Cardio-esopha- 
 geal Junction, 49; Stomach, 49; Small Intestine, 50; 
 Large Intestine, 51; Rectum and Anus, 52; Blood Vessels 
 of the Digestive Tube, 52; Nerves of the Digestive Tube, 
 52. 
 
 The glands of digestion, 52; Salivary Glands, 52; Pan- 
 creas, 54; Liver, 54. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 The Respiratory System 57 
 
 Larynx, 57; Trachea, Bronchi and Bronchioles, 57; 
 Lung, 57. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 The Urinary System 59 
 
 Kidney, 59; Ureter, 60; Bladder, 61; Urethra, 61. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 The Reproductive System 62 
 
 Male genital organs, 62; Testis, 62; Ductuli efferentes, 
 63; Ductus epididymidis, 63; Ductus deferens, 64; Semi- 
 nal Vesicle, 64; Prostate, 64; Penis and Male Urethra, 65. 
 Female genital organs, 66; Ovary, 66; Uterine Tube, 
 67; Uterus, 68; Decidual Membranes, 69; Vagina, 70; 
 Mammary Gland, 70. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 The Skin and Cutaneous Appendages 71 
 
 Skin, 71; Nails, 72; Hair, 73; Sebaceous Glands, 73; 
 Sweat Glands, 74; Mammary Gland, 74. 
 
 Index 77 
 
A LABORATORY GUIDE IN 
 HISTOLOGY. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The directions in this manual are designed to economize 
 the student's time by reducing to a minimum the mis- 
 directed energy which is inevitable when an unfamiliar 
 subject is pursued without guidance. The instructions for 
 each topic are arranged in logical sequence and should be 
 followed in the order given. 
 
 Theoretically it is desirable to approach laboratory work 
 with one's mind unbiased by preconceptions derived from 
 texts. Owing, however, to the crowded curriculum this 
 time-consuming method is impracticable. Hence it is 
 essential to prepare for each laboratory period by reading 
 previously an account of the work to be covered that day. 
 In this way a preparation and perspective are gained which 
 can not be obtained by using the laboratory as a reading 
 room. 
 
 The ability to make accurate observations is the hardest 
 of all accomplishments, yet it is the one indispensable req- 
 uisite for scientific achievement. To merely look and to 
 intelligently observe are distinct processes. How often 
 have we looked at our watch only to have to immediately 
 look again when asked the time! Endeavor to develop 
 the ability to make independent observations and conclu- 
 sions, avoiding, in so far as possible, slavish dependence on 
 books. Follow Agassiz's advice: ^ Study Nature not books.' 
 
12 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 Students often waste much time by not planning their 
 work and properly distributing the available working time. 
 Always begin by studying preparations under low magni- 
 fication, thereby learning the general topography or archi- 
 tecture; finally, under high magnification, systematically 
 work out the detailed structure part by part. 
 
 Become thoroughly familiar with a preparation before 
 attempting to draw it. Draw only when its structure has 
 been mastered, a suitable field chosen, and when a decision 
 has been reached as to the features to be portrayed and the 
 size and style of drawing which will best accomplish this end. 
 
 Remember that the making of drawings is not Histology. 
 It is, however, a successful method of teaching Histology. 
 The act of carefully drawing an object in its accurate pro- 
 portions, and of representing faithfully its minute anatomy 
 automatically fixes its structure upon the mind. Moreover, 
 it both stimulates further observation and the correction 
 of erroneous ideas, for it is astounding how imperfect one's 
 knowledge appears when an attempt is made to express it 
 pictorially. 
 
 Drawings should portray the actual preparations studied. 
 The adaption of text figures or the including. of features not 
 seen personally constitutes one type of intellectual dis- 
 honesty. 
 
 Some students seek to excuse poor or slovenly drawings 
 on the basis that they 'are not artists.' Although the 
 natural aptitude for drawing varies, the failure to produce 
 creditable work is inexcusable. Poor drawings are due to 
 insufficient knowledge of the structures involved, and to 
 lack of neatness, care, and endeavor. So-called artistic 
 drawings are often worthless as accurate observational 
 records, whereas patience, interest, and a sharp pencil need 
 never fail to produce an acceptable result. 
 
INTRODUCTION, 13 
 
 Finally, do not fall into the error of basing conclusions 
 on single observations — the particular region you observed 
 may have been atypical or have involved artefacts or 
 pathological changes. Unfortunately Histology, of neces- 
 sity, deals largely with sections confined to a single plane. 
 Learn to analyze a structure and to reconstruct it mentally 
 as a visualized model. Avoid becoming a two-dimensional 
 histologist: 
 
PART I.— CYTOLOGY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 THE CELL AND CELL DIVISION. 
 
 A. Resting Cell. 
 
 1. Squamous cells. Place scrapings from the inside of 
 the cheek on a slide, add a drop of alcohol and cover with 
 cover-slip. Note the scale-hke cells, their shape, granules, 
 and prominent nuclei. Are such cells living? 
 
 2. Liver cells of salamander. Study single cells inten- 
 sively, noting: shape and size of cells and nuclei; cell mem- 
 brane; cytoplasm; spongioplasm (cytoreticulum) of fused 
 cytoplasmic granules; hyaloplasm (cytolymph) occupying 
 interstices; nuclear membrane; chromatin net; chromatin 
 knots (karyosomes) ; karyoplasm. 
 
 3. Mammalian ovum. Study the large spherical ova 
 only, disregarding the surrounding follicle cells and other 
 ovarian tissue. In addition to the structures seen in (2) 
 observe the distinctly rounded nucleolus. Define a nucle- 
 olus; a karyosome. 
 
 4. Multipolar nerve cell. (From ventral horn of spinal 
 cord.) Identify and study: cytoplasm; ^Nissl granules^; 
 cell processes; nucleus; nucleolus. 
 
 Compare corresponding structures in the several types of 
 cells studied. What do you conclude as to the structure of 
 protoplasm? Functions of nucleus and cytoplasm? 
 
 14 
 
THE CELL AND CELL DIVISION. 15 
 
 B. Amitosis. 
 
 Study budding cells of yeast or constricting epithelial 
 cells of' bladder. Note various stages in the formation of 
 daughter cells. 
 
 C. Mitosis. 
 I. Study stages in the mitotic division of animal or plant 
 cells. (Centrosomes and astral rays are not present in the 
 cells of flowering plants.) Become famihar with the char- 
 acteristic features of the following stages: 
 
 (a) Prophase : Loose and close spireme; formation of 
 chromosomes; nuclear membrane?; equatorial plate 
 in side and end view; centrosome? 
 
 (b) Metaphase: Nuclear membrane?; chromosome 
 division; spindle; asters. 
 
 (c) Anaphase: Stages in the migration of chromo- 
 
 somes to the poles of the spindle. 
 
 (d) Telophase: Formation of daughter nuclei; reap- 
 pearance of nuclear membrane; centrosome?; divi- 
 sion of cytoplasm; general return to resting condi- 
 tion. 
 
 What does the compUcated process of mitosis accompHsh? 
 Significance of chromosomes? What are the causative 
 stimuH of cell division? 
 
 2. Compare with normal mitoses stages from pathological {cancerous) 
 tissue. Observe multipolar and asymmetrical types. 
 
PART II.— HISTOLOGY. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 THE EPITHELIAL TISSUES. 
 
 A. Simple Epithelia. 
 
 1. Squamous. 
 
 (a) Mesothelium. Study surface of mesothelium, from 
 the mesentery, the cell outHnes of which have been 
 made prominent by treatment with silver. Note : 
 shape of cells; sinuous cell boundaries; position 
 and shape of nucleus. 
 
 Explain the silver deposit. What is intercellular ce- 
 ment? Define a mesothelium. 
 
 (&) Endothelium. Study silvered preparation of capil- 
 laries. Compare the shape and outhne of cells with 
 those of a mesothelium. Define an endothelium. 
 
 (c) Squamous Epithelium (e.g., amnion). In transverse 
 sections, note the spindle shape of cells and posi- 
 tion of nuclei. What would be their appearance 
 in surface view? Could you model a cell with clay? 
 
 2. Cubical. 
 
 (a) Transverse sections (e. g., allantois). Note the shape 
 of the cells and the position and size of their nuclei. 
 
 {h) Surface view (e.g., allantois). Observe the regu- 
 larity of the design. How many sides have the 
 cells? Reason? Frequency of exceptions? 
 
 3. Columnar. 
 
 (a) From the small intestine. Note: shape of cell; 
 16 
 
THE EPITHELIAL TISSUES. 1 7 
 
 free end; basal end; cuticula; basement membrane 
 {membrana propria) ; position of nucleus; arrange- 
 ment of cytoplasmic granules; unicellular (goblet) 
 gland cells; intercellular cement; ter?ninal bars. 
 
 In the goblet cells, note: position of nucleus; cyto- 
 plasm; secretion; character of the secretion and 
 stages in its formation; discharged cells. 
 
 What is a cuticula? Cuticle? Structure of basement 
 membranes? Origin and function of goblet cells? 
 Does a goblet cell die after it discharges? 
 
 (b) Compare the columnar epithelium just studied 
 with that of the colon. 
 
 B. Pseudo-stratified Epithelia. 
 
 1. From epididymis. Note: basal cells; fusiform cells; 
 columnar cells; the latter bear false (non-vibratile) cilia 
 which may appear to be fused into 'brushes.^ 
 
 2. From trachea. The columnar cells bear true cilia. 
 How does this type of epithelium merit its name? In 
 
 what situations does it occur? Do the three cell types repre- 
 sent growth stages? 
 
 C. Stratified Epithelia. 
 
 1. Transitional. 
 
 (a.) From an undistended bladder. Note the number of 
 
 strata and the basal, club-shaped, and squamous 
 
 types of cells. How does this tissue merit its name? 
 
 (b) From a disteftded bladder. Compare with (a). Explain the changed 
 a[)|)earan(c. 
 
 2. Stratified squamous. 
 
 (a.) I-roni the front oj the cornea. Note that this epithelium, although 
 but a few cells deep, shows inter^rades between columnar and 
 squamous cells. 
 
1 8 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 (b) In a typical section, note: basement membrane; 
 the gradual transition in: (i) the shape and size 
 of cells; (2) the condition of the nucleus; (3) the 
 cytoplasmic structure; ^prickle cells' with 'inter- 
 cellular bridges^' their function? 
 
 How is a stratified epithelium originally formed? Does 
 a similar process continue throughout life? Do 
 cilia or unicellular glands ever occur? Explain the 
 causes of cell flattening. 
 
 3. Stratified cubical. 
 
 e. g., Epidermis of an amphibian. Compare with preceding. 
 
 D. Modified Epithelia. 
 
 1. Glandular. 
 
 (a) Unicellular. Goblet cells have been studied in a 
 previous exercise (p. 17). 
 
 (b) Multicellular. Study vertical section of the skin 
 
 of an amphibian. Note: lumen of gland; duct; 
 shape of component cells. From what cells was 
 this gland derived? 
 (The cytology of gland cells and the structure of various 
 glands will be studied in detail later in the course.) 
 
 2. Ciliated. 
 
 (a) Stained preparations. Length and size of cilia? 
 
 How many cilia to a cell? Views as to structure 
 and action? 
 
 (b) Intestinal epithelium of the clam. Insertions, note: cilia ending in 
 
 basal bodies (centrosomes?), from which a brush of cytoplasmic 
 fibrillce extends along one side of the nucleus. 
 
 (c) Action of cilia. Examine scrapings from a frog's 
 
 throat placed in normal salt solution. Observe 
 
THE EPITHELIAL TISSUES. 19 
 
 ciliary action. How do cilia accomplish effective 
 work? In a small sheet of epithelium in surface 
 view observe the successive wave effects. Com- 
 pare with waves in water or in a wind-blown 
 field of grain. 
 Pigmented. 
 {a) Pigmented retinal epitlielium. Note: position of 
 nuclei and the pigment-free, adjacent cytoplasm; 
 pigment granules. In lower vertebrates pigment 
 changes its position in darkness and in light. Does 
 this occur in man? 
 ih) Pigmented epidermal cells. Do all cells of the 
 epithelium contain pigment? 
 Neuro-epithelium. 
 
 (a) Gustatory sense cells. Study taste cells from taste 
 
 bud of tongue. Observe the spindle shape and the 
 sensory bristle at the free end. 
 
 (b) Olfactory sense cells. Spindle-shaped cells whose 
 
 round nuclei occupy a middle zone in the epi- 
 thelium. 
 
 (c) Auditory sense cells. Note the numerous hairs. 
 
 Their function? 
 
 (d) Visual sense cells. Identify the rod and cone cells 
 of the retinal epithelium and the various differenti- 
 ated portions of these speciaUzed cells. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 THE SUSTENTATIVE TISSUES. 
 
 A. Connective Tissue. 
 I. Embryonic. 
 
 Mesenchyme. Study the mesenchymal cells of a young 
 embryo. Are there discrete cells? What is a 
 syncytium? What occupies the intercellular 
 spaces? What is the significance of studying this 
 embryonic tissue at this point? 
 
 II. Loose fibrous tissue. 
 
 1. Reticular tissue. 
 
 (a) Examine under very low magnification a thin slice of a lymphoid 
 
 organ which has been subjected to tryptic digestion, leaving the 
 connective-tissue framework alone. Observe the minutely 
 branching trestle-work of reticular tissue. Focus freely. 
 
 (b) Study the reticulum in sections of a lymphoid 
 organ. Note: cells; their shape; position of 
 nucleus; fibrillce; anastomosing processes; sharp- 
 ness of cell outlines. 
 
 How does reticular tissue differ from mesenchyma? 
 What occupies the interstices between cells? 
 Where in the body is reticular tissue found? 
 What is 'lymphoid tissue^? 
 
 2. Mucous tissue. 
 
 (a) Study a region in a transverse section of the umbili- 
 cal cord, remote from blood vessels. Note: cells; 
 nuclei; character of cytoplasm; cell processes; in- 
 
THE SUSTENTATIVE TISSUES. 2l 
 
 tercellular matrix. Do all processes anastomose? 
 Is this tissue a syncytium? Nature of matrix? 
 Is mucous tissue found in adults? 
 (b) Study a region fiear blood vessels. Note : modifica- 
 tion of cell shapes; mucin; white fibers and their 
 relation to cells. How are white fibers formed? 
 3. Areolar tissue. 
 
 (a) Tease a small shred of subcutaneous fascia in nor- 
 mal saline. Mount and examine. Note: wavy 
 bundles of white fibers; do either fibers or bundles 
 branch?; single, hair-like, tense elastic fibers; 
 anastomoses? 
 
 Compare size of single white and elastic fibers. Adap- 
 tation of areolar tissue to its uses? 
 
 Draw I per cent, acetic acid under cover slip with 
 filter paper. Observe immediately and explain 
 result. 
 
 (b) Sections of the digestive tube show well areolar 
 tissue between the epithehal and muscular layers; 
 with ordinary stains elastic libers are not seen. 
 
 (c) Study preparations of teased fascia stained, e. g., with orange G 
 
 and orcein. What can be said of the specificity of these stains? 
 Follow single elastic fibers and observe anastomoses. 
 
 (d) Study films of areolar tissue stained with methylene blue. Ob- 
 
 serve various forms of 'conneclive tissue corpuscles' in the inter- 
 spaces and, rarely, migratory granular leucocytes ('mast' cells, 
 etc.). 
 
 III. Compact fibrous tissue. 
 
 I. Elastic tissue. 
 
 (a) Tea.sed or sectioned ligamentum nuchas of ox. 
 
 Note: size, shape, and anastomoses oi fibers; fiber 
 sheath?; interiibrillar substance?; what is it? 
 
 (b) Study elastic tissue in a section of aorta stained 
 diflferentially for elastin. Look for branching and 
 
22 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY, 
 
 anastomoses. Where else in the body does dense 
 elastic tissue occur? 
 
 (c) Study in surface view an elastic membrane dissected from an aorta. 
 Why called a 'fenestrated membrane^? Revise your knowledge 
 derived in (b). 
 
 2. Tendon {compact white fibrous). 
 
 (a) Transverse sections. Note: epitendineum {vagina 
 fibrosa); peritendineum (radial septa); blood ves- 
 sels; perifascicular septa {endotendineum) ; fasci- 
 culi; tendon cells; their' shape, wing-like processes, 
 and nuclei; primary fiber bundles; fibrillce? Real 
 shape of tendon cells? Relation of cells to fiber 
 bundles? 
 
 (b) Longitudinal sections. Note: psirallel fiber bundles; 
 fibrillce?; nuclei; their arrangement. 
 
 Fitness of tendon for its uses? What is the structure of 
 ligaments, fascice, and aponeuroses? 
 
 IV. Modified connective tissue. 
 I. Adipose tissue. 
 
 (a) Study stages in the formation and coalescence of 
 fat droplets (specifically stained) forming in con- 
 nective tissue. (If such preparations are not avail- 
 able, similar stages in the elaboration of fat drop- 
 lets may be found in mammary gland cells.) 
 
 (b) 'Signet^ fat cells. These represent moderately 
 distended cells in connective tissue, free from pres- 
 sure. Observe the position of the cytoplasm and 
 its abundance near and remote from nucleus. 
 Resemblance of cell to signet ring? Is fat actually 
 present in this preparation? Explain. 
 
 (c) Aggregated fat cells (e.g., in the panniculus adi- 
 
 posus). Observe separation into lobules by un- 
 
THE SUSTENTATIVE TISSUES. 23 
 
 modified connective tissue. Shape of cells? Rea- 
 son? Functions of adipose tissue? 
 
 (d) Study in surface view mesentery stained with hematoxylin and 
 Sudan III or Scharlack R. With what structures are fat cells 
 chiefly associated? Significance? Staining activity of hema- 
 toxylin? Of Sudan III? Specificity of the fat stain? Its use as 
 a test? Other specific fat stains? 
 2. Pigment cells. 
 
 Obser\-e pigment cells from the dermis of an amphibian or 
 the scale of a fish. Note: nucleus; cell processes; melanin 
 granules in cytoplasm. 
 
 Constancy of processes? Correlation of pigment distribution 
 and body color in living animal? 
 
 B. Cartilage. 
 Hyaline cartilage. 
 
 (a) Mount fresh sections of articular cartilage (e. g., frog's femur) in 
 
 picric acid solution. Note: perichondrium; cartilage cells {single 
 and in groups) and their arrangement; appearance of cells near 
 and remote from perichondrium; cytoplasmic granules; matrix; 
 blood vessels? 
 
 Significance of cartilage cell groups? 
 
 (b) Study sections of hyaline cartilage. Note: peri- 
 chondrium (outer and inner layer) and its compo- 
 sition; transition to cartilage; youngest cartilage 
 cells; single mature cells and cell groups; lacuncE; 
 lacunar capsule; matrix; blood vessels? 
 
 What are the events of perichondrial cartilage growth? 
 Explain the relation of matrix, lacunar capsule, 
 lacunar, and cells from the standpoint of inter- 
 stitial cartilage growth. Explain presence of more 
 or less isolated cells and cell groups from the 
 standpoint of growth; can intermediate stages be 
 found? Do lacunar exist in life? What h' gristle'? 
 Distribution of hyahnc cartilage in the body? 
 
24 LABOEATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 2. Elastic cartilage. 
 
 In sections (stained for elastin), note: perichondrium; 
 cell groups; capsules; matrix; elastic fibers and their anasto- 
 moses; white fibers?; relation to perichondrium; blood 
 vessels? 
 
 Color of fresh tissue? Reason? Occurrence of elastic 
 cartilage in the body? 
 
 3. Fibro-cartilage. 
 
 In sections, note: shape, structure, and arrangement of 
 cells; their relation to matrix; arrangement of white fibrous 
 tissue bundles; perichondrium? Distribution of fibro-car- 
 tilage? 
 
 Compare critically hyaline, fibro-, and elastic cartilage. 
 
 C. Bone. 
 I. Adult bone. 
 
 {a) Decalcified long bone. In a transverse section, note: 
 periosteum; number and composition of its layers ; 
 perforating fibers (of Sharpey); their purpose?; 
 periosteal {outer circumferential) lamellce; Haversian 
 systems; interstitial lamellce; endosteal {inner cir- 
 cumferential) lamellce; endosteum; marrow cavity; 
 with what does it connect?; marrow, 
 {b) Ground bone. 
 
 {a') Transverse sections. The organic matter has 
 been removed by maceration. Note : periosteal 
 lamellce; Volkmann's canals; Haversian systems; 
 concentric Haversian lamellce; lacunce; canalic- 
 uli; interstitial lamellce and arrangement of 
 their lacunae. 
 What occupies Haversian canals? ; lacunae? ; canalic- 
 uli? Inter-relation of these structures? Rela- 
 tion of lacunae to lamellae? 
 
THE SUSTENTATIVE TISSUES. 25 
 
 {b') Longitudinal sections. Observe anastomoses of 
 Haversian canals and systems and their rela- 
 tion to the marrow cavity. Identify all struc- 
 tures possible. 
 
 (c) In decalcified preparations of peeled-off lamellae viewed on the 
 flat (or by means of text figures) observe the fibrous basis of 
 lamella. What are the decussating fibers (of Sharpey)? 
 
 2. Development of bone. 
 
 (a) Intramemhranous ossification. 
 
 In sections of developing membrane bone, note: 
 periosteum and its inner layer of osteoblasts; con- 
 nective-tissue matrix; bone spicules and matrix; 
 osteogenic fibers at the growing tips of spicules 
 continuous with connective- tissue fibers; osteo- 
 blasts; bone cells; osteoclasts; Howship's lacunce. 
 
 Become famihar with the role of each of the 
 above in the process of early and late bone forma- 
 tion. 
 
 (b) Intracartilaginous ossification. 
 
 In sections of an ossifying cartilage bone, note: 
 perichondrium and its transition to periosteum; 
 structure of the outer fibrous and inner osteogenic 
 layer of periosteum; periosteal buds of 'irrupted' 
 osteogenic tissue. 
 
 Near center of cartilage observe the center of 
 ossification with its primary marrow cavities. From 
 the extremities toward this center note the change 
 in the shape, size, and arrangement of the cartilage 
 cells. Identify: calcifying cartilage matrix; bony 
 spicules and matrix; osteoblasts; bone cells; osteo- 
 clasts; Ilowship's lacunce. 
 
 By what means and how completely is calcified 
 cartilage resorbed? Acquire a vivid mental picture 
 
26 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 of the complete process of intracartilaginous ossi- 
 fication in light of the preparation before you. 
 What is the ultimate fate of bone formed in this 
 way? Observe the intramembranous ossification 
 taking place under the periosteum. Its relation to 
 the adult 'long' bone? How do long bones in- 
 crease in diameter and in length? Origin of 
 Haversian systems? Interpretation of interstitial 
 lamellae? 
 
 D. Blood. 
 I. Erjrthroplastids and leucocytes. 
 
 (a) Make a fresh preparation of amphibian blood. 
 Note: erythrocytes: their size; shape; color; nucleus; 
 leucocytes: their relative abundance; size; shape; 
 
 . pseudopodia; nucleus; cytoplasmic granules; ecto- 
 plasm? Select an active leucocyte and observe its 
 changes in form and ameboid movement. 
 
 (b) Make a fresh preparation of undiluted human blood 
 and examine immediately. Note: single erythro- 
 plastids; rouleaux; leucocytes and their relative 
 abundance; crenated corpuscles. Explain all con- 
 ditions observed. 
 
 (c) Make a fresh preparation of human blood diluted 
 
 in .85 per cent, saline solution. Note: erythro- 
 plastids: their shape (make many observations in 
 surface and edge view) ; color; nucleus?; changing 
 appearance of red corpuscles at high and low focus; 
 leucocytes: their shape, cell processes?; ameboid 
 movements;? nucleus; cytoplasmic granules. 
 
 (d) To the preparation last used add .4 per cent, saline solution by 
 
 drawing it under the cover glass with filter paper. Shape of ery- 
 throplastids? Next draw under tap water. Observe immediately 
 and explain the occurrences of the entire experiment. What is 
 ' taking '? What are ' blood shadows '? 
 
THE SUSTENTATIVE TISSUES. 27 
 
 (e) Make a new fresh preparation of human blood and dilute with .11 
 per cent, saline solution. Observe the effect on red corpuscles 
 and formulate a rational explanation for all the phenomena ob- 
 served in (d) and (e). 
 
 2. Blood platelets. 
 
 Prick finger through a drop of methyl violet in .85 per 
 cent, saline solution. Mount and examine. Note: 
 leucocytes and their nuclei; blood platelets: their 
 shape, relative size, frequency, and structure; ten- 
 dency to aggregate in groups? What are platelets? 
 Origin? Function? 
 
 3. Stained smears. 
 
 In stained preparations determine the approximate rela- 
 tive frequency of red and white corpuscles. Study carefully 
 the cytology of leucocytes according to the following classi- 
 fication : 
 
 (i) Lymphocytes (about the size of red corpuscle or 
 somewhat larger): narrow rim of non-granular 
 cytoplasm; round checkered nuclei. 
 
 (2) Large mononuclear leucocytes (two or three times 
 
 size of red corpuscles) : considerable non-granular 
 cytoplasm; pale, round or bean-shaped nuclei. 
 
 (3) Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (larger than red cor- 
 puscles) : granular cytoplasm ; nucleus variously 
 constricted. 
 
 (a) Eosinophiles (oxyphiles) : coarse eosinophilic 
 granules. 
 
 (b) Basophiles (mast cells): coarse basophilic 
 granules. 
 
 (c) Neutrophiles: fine neutrophiHc granules. 
 Compare critically each type with the others and esti- 
 mate the relative frequencies. Do true polynuclear 
 forms occur? Are blood platelets present? Which 
 types are most actively ameboid and phagocytic? 
 
28 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 Primary origin of basophilic and eosinophilic 
 granules? 
 
 4. Fibrin. 
 
 Study stained fibrin. Note: fibrin filaments and their arrangement; 
 blood platelets; relation of platelets to fibrin; significance? 
 
 5. Blood crystals. 
 
 Exainine crystals of (a) hemoglobin and (b) hemin and observe their size> 
 shape, color, and relation to one another. Compare. . 
 
 6. Technique of smears and staining. 
 
 (a) Wright's Blood Stain. 
 
 (i) Touch drop of fresh blood to slide or cover glass (cleaned with 
 alcohol). With a quick, even stroke of a cover glass spread this 
 drop into a thin film. Wave smear preparation in air to hasten 
 drying. 
 
 (2) Cover preparation with Wright's stain and allow it to act for 
 one minute. 
 
 (3) Add to the stain on the film about an equal amount of distilled 
 water, drop by drop, until the stain becomes translucent {not 
 transparent) and a yellowish, metallic scum appears on the sur- 
 face. Let stand for two and one-half minutes (not longer). 
 
 (4) Decolorize by dipping preparation into distilled water until the 
 thinnest parts of the film are pinkish orange when held to the 
 light. The original blue coloration should practically disappear. 
 
 (s) Draw off surplus water, blot gently, and set away to dry. 
 (6) When thoroughly dry, mount in balsam. 
 
 (b) Jenner's Blood Stain. 
 
 (i) Stain smears for two to five minutes. 
 
 (2) Rinse briefly in water, blot, dry, and mount. 
 
 E. Bone Marrow. 
 
 1. Red bone marrow. In sections and smears, note: 
 megakaryocytes; myelocytes; stages {erythroblast; normo- 
 blast) in the formation of erythroplastids; various types of 
 leucocytes; reticulum; fat. 
 
 Shape of megakaryocyte nucleus (decide only after study- 
 ing many)? Function of megakaryocytes? Name all func- 
 tions of embryonic and adult bone marrow. In what situa- 
 tions does it occur? 
 
 2. Yellow bone marrow. Compare with red marrow as 
 to structure, function, and distribution. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 THE MUSCULAR TISSUES. 
 
 A. Non-striate (Smooth) Muscle. 
 
 1. Teased cells. Note: shape of isolated cells; shape, 
 position, and size of nucleus; sarcoplasm, perinuclear cyto- 
 plasm; myofibrils? 
 
 2. Sections (e. g., bladder; intestine). 
 
 (a) Observe the inter-relation of cells cut longitudinally. 
 Compare apparent lengths of cells with isolated 
 elements. Explain. Compare shape of nuclei 
 with those of connective tissue; diagnostic value? 
 
 (b) In fibers cut transversely, note: shape and variable 
 size oi fibers; position oi nucleus; intercellular ma- 
 terial; arrangement in bundles. Explain variable 
 size of fibers and inconstancy of nucleus. Distribu- 
 tion of smooth muscle in the body? 
 
 3. Blood supply. In sections of injected smooth muscle observe capillaries 
 and their anastomoses and relation to muscle fibers. 
 
 B. Striate Muscle. 
 I. Cardiac muscle. 
 
 1. Longitudinal sections. Note: shape, size, and 
 branching of 'cells'; sarcolemma; intercalated discs; 
 shape and position of nuclei; sarcoplasm; myofibrils; 
 light (isotropic) and dark (anisotropic) bands; inter- 
 muscular connective tissue. 
 
 Do intercalated discs mark cell boundaries? Is 
 there always a nucleus between two successive discs? 
 Search preparation for evidence on these points. 
 
 2. Transverse sections. Note: fiibers; their varia- 
 ble shape; position of nuclei; sarcoplasm; position of 
 
 29 
 
30 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 myofibrils; sarcolemma; intermuscular connective tissue; 
 capillaries. Explain frequent absence of nuclei. 
 II. Skeletal muscle. 
 
 1. Teased fibers. Tease a small fragment of fresh 
 muscle in normal saline solution and examine. Note: 
 size and shape of fibers; myofibrils; cross striations; 
 nuclei; sarcolemma. 
 
 Add I per cent, acetic acid and observe again. 
 
 2. Longitudinal sections. Note: size and shape of 
 fibers; branching?; endomysium and its nuclei; sarco- 
 lemma; shape, position, and number of muscle cell 
 nuclei; sarcoplasm; myofibrils; sarcostyles {Koelliker's 
 columns); light (isotropic) bands, bisected by Krause's 
 membrane (Z); dark {anisotropic) bands bisected by 
 Hensen's membrane (M); on either side of Krause's 
 membrane an accessory membrane (N) . 
 
 The Z Hnes divide the fibers into homologous 
 segments (sarcomeres) . Number of nuclei to a fiber? 
 Is the fiber a syncytium? Length of a fiber? Study 
 the sarcolemma in torn or shrunken fibers. 
 
 3. Transverse sections. Note: epimysium; perimy- 
 sium; fascicles; endomysium; blood vessels; sarcolemma; 
 sarcoplasm; nuclei; their position; areas of Cohnheim; 
 fibrils. 
 
 Relation of Cohnheim's areas to Koelliker's 
 columns? Interpretation of Cohnheim's areas? What 
 visible changes occur in muscle fibers during contrac- 
 tion? Theories of contraction? Why do muscles en- 
 large with exercise? Compare critically cardiac and 
 skeletal muscle. 
 
 4. Blood supply. In sections of injected skeletal muscle observe the abun- 
 dance of anastomosing capillaries and their intimate relation to muscle fibers. 
 
 5. Relation of muscle to tendon. Study longitudinal sections through the 
 junction of the two. Observe the mode of insertion and attachment of muscle 
 fibers. Do muscle fibers end abruptly? 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 THE NERVOUS TISSUES. 
 
 A. CeUs. 
 
 1. Multipolar cell (of spinal cord). Note: nucleus; 
 nucleolus; chrojuatin? ; cytoplasm; neurofibrils; Nissl gran- 
 ules?; dendrons and their number; axon; how distinguished 
 from dendron?; implantation cone {axon hillock). 
 
 Toluidin blue preparations. Compare structures with 
 those just seen. Note: size, number, and location of 'Nissl 
 granules.' Are they found in dendrons? In axons? Func- 
 tion? Causes and significance of chromatolysis? 
 
 2. Purkinje cell (of cerebellum). Note: shape of cells; 
 axon; collaterals?; dendrons and extent and system of 
 branching. 
 
 3. Pyramidal cell (of motor cortex). Note: shape; di- 
 rection of apex; axon collaterals?; dendrons; branches. 
 
 4. Spinal ganglion cell. Note: cell structure; intra- 
 cellular neurofibrils?; short intra- or extracapsular den- 
 drons? ^ end discs'?; fused axon and dendron; its intracapsu- 
 lar convolutions; do its components again separate?; 
 capsule and its relation to the surrounding connective tissue. 
 
 5. Sympathetic ganglion cell. Compare with (4) structure 
 for structure. Wherein do they differ? 
 
 Size limits of nerve cells? What is a neuron? Its maxi- 
 mum length? Define an axon and dendron. Function of 
 each . 
 
 6. Neuroglia cells and fibers. IdcniUy' spider' and' mossy' 
 cells. Appearance and distribution of fibers? Their rela- 
 tion to the cells? Origin and function of neuroglia tissue? 
 
 31 
 
32 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 B. Fibers. 
 
 I. Myelinated fibers. 
 
 1. Teased fibers. Note: axis cylinder; neurofibrils?; 
 
 myelin sheath; myelin segments; incisures and seg- 
 ments of Schmidt-Lantermann; their interpreta- 
 tion?; neurilemma {sheath of Schwann); it's, nuclei; 
 nodes of Ranvier; internodal segments. 
 
 Why does osmic acid stain myelin black? Is 
 the myelin sheath cellular? Its probable function? 
 What is a possible explanation for the existence of 
 nodes of Ranvier? Length of neurilemma cells? 
 
 2. Transverse section of a peripheral nerve trunk. Note: 
 
 epineurium; perineurium; endoneurium; Rente's 
 sheath; fascicles; fibers; axis cylinder; neurofibrils; 
 neuroplasm; myelin sheath; neurilemma. 
 
 Are fibers uniform in size? Significance? Are 
 the neurilemma and sarcolemma homologous 
 structures? 
 
 3. Study preparations which show the neurokeratin framework selec- 
 
 tively stained. In silvered preparations observe the 'cross of 
 Ranvier ' at the nodes. Explain. 
 
 II. Unmyelinated fibers. 
 
 Observe: axis cylinder; neurilemma?; sheath nuclei. 
 Do nodes occur? 
 
 III. Nerve terminations. 
 
 Study preparations showing: free nerve endings ; muscle spindles; tactile 
 and lamellar corpuscles, motor end plates, etc. 
 
PART III.— MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF ORGANS. 
 
 CHAPTER VT. 
 
 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 
 
 A. Capillaries and Precapillaries. 
 
 1. Study capillaries in pia mater or mesentery. Note: 
 endothelium; endothelial nuclei; cell boundaries ; supporting 
 sheath? How can the diameter of these vessels in micra 
 be estimated? 
 
 2. In the same preparation find precapillaries. Presence 
 of other coats besides endothelium? How can arterial pre- 
 capillaries be distinguished from venous precapillaries? 
 Distinguish the nuclei of endothelium, smooth muscle, and 
 connective tissue by their shape and orientation. 
 
 3. Observe the shape and orientation of endotheUal cells 
 in silvered mesentery or pia mater. Nuclei? 
 
 4. Study (e.g., in placental villi) transverse sections of 
 capillaries and precapillaries. 
 
 B. Arterioles and Venules. 
 
 1. Examine larger vessels in the pia mater or mesentery. 
 Distinguish an outer (connective tissue) coal, middle {muscu- 
 lar) coat, and inner {endothelial) coat. Differentiate the 
 nuclei of these coats. 
 
 2. In sections find an arteriole and venule of the same size. 
 
 Si 
 
34 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 Note: tunica intima; tunica media; tunica externa. Com- 
 pare their relative thicknesses. Relative size of lumina? 
 
 (a) Arteriole. In the tunica intima peripheral to the 
 
 endothelium distinguish the internal elastic mem- 
 brane. Is it a complete membrane? What funda- 
 mental tissues comprise the media and externa? 
 
 (b) Venule. Compare the intima carefully with that 
 of the arteriole. Internal elastic membrane? 
 
 C. Arteries. 
 
 1. Transverse section of a medium-sized artery. Observe 
 the relative thickness of the three tunics and the funda- 
 mental tissues in each. 
 
 (a) Tunica intima. Note: endothelium; how many- 
 cells thick?; subendothelial layer; what funda- 
 mental tissue is it?; internal elastic membrane; to 
 which tunic does it belong? 
 
 {b) Tunica media. Note: arrangement and relative 
 amount of elastic and muscular tissue; reason?; 
 presence of elastic membranes? ; reason? 
 
 (c) Tunica externa. Is it sharply delimited? Tissues 
 present and their arrangement? Note: external 
 elastic membrane; is it a single membrane?; to 
 what tunic does it belong? ; vasa vasorum. 
 
 2. Transverse section of the aorta. Compare intensively 
 with medium-sized artery. Note: difference in tunica 
 intima; composition of media; amount and disposition of 
 elastic tissue; relative thickness of tunics. 
 
 3. Examine a fenestrated membrane mounted on the flat. Propriety of 
 this name? 
 
 4. For comparison study a small artery. Observe the 
 .relative thickness of the tunics and compare the amount 
 
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 35 
 
 and distribution of elastic tissue in small-, medium-, and 
 large-sized arteries. 
 
 D. Veins. 
 
 1. Transverse section of a medium-sized vein. Observe 
 the relative thickness of the three tunics. Follow the direc- 
 tions above for a medium-sized artery. Do the following 
 structures occur: internal elastic membrane?; elastic tissue 
 in media?; external elastic membrane? Compare with 
 medium-sized artery part for part. 
 
 2. Study for comparison a small vein. Is there a sub- 
 endothelial layer? Note relative thickness of tunics and com- 
 pare with a medium-sized vein and a small artery. 
 
 3. Longitudinal section through a vein and valve. Note: tunics of vein; 
 arrangement of smooth muscle in media; tunics involved in the valve; con- 
 stituent, tissues of valve. 
 
 E. Heart. 
 
 In a section identify the three layers corresponding to 
 the tunics of a blood vessel. In the epicardium observe an 
 outer mesothelium and inner areolar tissue. Between the 
 cardiac muscle fibers of the myocardium note the endomysium. 
 The endocardium consists of endothelial and subendolhelial 
 layers. 
 
 F. Lymph Vessels. 
 Transverse section of the thoracic duel. Identify the 
 three tunics. Which type of blood vessel does it most 
 closely resemble? Compare with a blood vessel of the same 
 caliber. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 THE LYMPHATIC ORGANS. 
 
 A. Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue. 
 
 1. Study the structure of lymphoid tissue (formerly called 
 adenoid tissue). What fundamental tissue forms the 
 branched and anastomosing meshwork? Identify the va- 
 rious types of cells occupying the interstices. 
 
 2. Observe the diffuse lymphoid tissue beneath the epi- 
 thelial lining of the intestinal tract. 
 
 B. Lymph Nodules. 
 
 1. Solitary nodules. 
 
 These may be found just beneath the intestinal epi- 
 theHum. Note: their greater compactness, which delimits 
 them from the surrounding diffuse lymphoid tissue; pale 
 germinal center; does every nodule possess one?; mitoses. 
 
 Compare the cells in the germinal center and periphery 
 with respect to the amount of cytoplasm and the size and 
 stainability of their nuclei. Why is the germinal center 
 pale? Appropriateness of this name? 
 
 Compare with the more frequent solitary nodules of the 
 appendix. 
 
 2. Aggregate nodules (Peyer's patches). 
 
 Examine a section of the small intestine passing through a 
 Peyer's patch. Are the constituent nodules confluent or 
 separated by fibrous tissue? 
 
 Compare with the nodules of the appendix. 
 
 36 
 
THE LYMPHATIC ORGANS. 37 
 
 C. Tonsil. 
 
 1. Palatine tonsil. 
 
 Study vertical sections. Note: epithelium; how many 
 cells thick?; branching crypts; diffuse lymphoid tissue; 
 lymph nodules; germinal centers; capillaries; trabeculce; 
 connective-tissue capsule; mucous glands. 
 
 Does the tonsillar tissue invade the suhmucosa? Infil- 
 tration of epitheHum by leucocytes? Where most frequent? 
 What are 'salivary corpuscles^? Why is the tonsil a fre- 
 quent portal of infection? 
 
 2. Lingual tonsil. 
 
 Compare its structure with the palatine tonsil. Observe 
 the central pit, or crypt, of each lymphoid mound. These 
 mounds in the aggregate constitute the 'lingual tonsil.' 
 
 3. Pharyngeal tonsil. 
 
 Note: lymph nodules; epithelium; pits; the lobulation 
 and poorly circumscribed Hmits of the mass. 
 
 What are the 'adenoids' of clinicians? What are 'tubal 
 tonsils '? 
 
 D. Lymph Gland or Node. 
 
 1. General architecture. (From sections of an entire 
 gland.) Note: hilus; capsule and septa-like trabeculce exten- 
 ding inward from it; cortex and lymph nodules; medulla and 
 medullary cords; peripheral lymph sinus; cortical and medul- 
 lary lymph sinuses; blood vessels. 
 
 2. Detailed structure. 
 
 (a) Capsule and cortex. Note: capsule and trabeculce; 
 their constituent tissues; relation of reticulum to trabeculce; 
 lymph nodules; their number and relation to trabeculae; 
 germinal centers and types of cells present; relation of nodule 
 to sinuses; peripheral sinus; endothelial lining?; connection 
 
38 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 of peripheral with central sinuses; relation of central sinuses 
 to trabeculae. 
 
 (b) Medulla. Note: medullary cords; germinal centers?; 
 sinuses and contents; endothelial lining?; blood vessels; 
 their relation to trabecules. 
 
 (c) Look for evidence of phagocytosis by leucocytes and 
 by reticulum cells. What are the functions of lymph 
 glands? Are lymph sinuses well-defined endothelial tubes 
 or merely irregular, washed-out channels in the lymphoid 
 tissue? Have they an endothelial lining, and if so is it 
 complete? 
 
 Be able to trace the complete course of the lymph and 
 blood into and out of the gland. Do the blood capillaries 
 and lymph sinuses communicate? 
 
 E. Hemolymph Gland or Node. 
 
 Compare part for part with the lymph gland, using the 
 outline above. Are there distinct lymph nodules or ger- 
 minal centers? A distinct cortex and medulla? Observe 
 carefully the sinuses and their contents. Are there said 
 to be lymphatic connections? Functions of hemolymph 
 gland? Where found? Normal color? 
 
 F. Spleen. 
 
 I. General architecture. Study vertical sections in a 
 region near the capsule. Note: capsule; at right angles to 
 it interlobular trabecules which bound lobules; intralobular 
 trabeculce; splenic nodules {Malpighian corpuscles); ger- 
 minal centers?; splenic pulp; arteries; veins. 
 
 About how wide is a splenic lobule? Into how many 
 compartments is it said to be divided? Significance? 
 
THE LYMPHATIC ORGANS. 39 
 
 2. Detailed structure. 
 
 (a) Connective-tissue framework. In the capsule dis- 
 tinguish the outer tunica serosa; what is its structure?; a 
 more common name for it? Identify the inner tunica al- 
 buginea; what fundamental tissue present?; how does it 
 merit its name? Composition of trabecules?; relation of 
 trabeculae to the reticulum?; presence of veins in trabeculae. 
 
 (b) Splenic nodule. Note: kinds of cells present; mi- 
 toses; 'centrar artery; its usual position? Why are two 
 central arteries frequently observed? Occurrence of ger- 
 minal centers? Determine if possible the density of the 
 reticulum at the center and periphery of nodules. 
 
 (c) Splenic pulp. Note: pulp cords; intercordal splenic 
 sinuses showing fenestrations in transverse section; erythro- 
 plastids; nucleated erythroblasts? ; lymphocytes; other leu- 
 cocytes. 
 
 Identify the splenic cells with large rounded nuclei and 
 considerable cytoplasm; evidence of phagocytic action?; 
 what type of leucocyte do they resemble?; are the two 
 identical? Smear preparations of the pulp tissue are in- 
 structive. 
 
 What are the functions of the spleen as indicated by your 
 observ^ations? Compare with hemolymph gland as to 
 structure and function. Contrast the spleen with a lymph 
 gland. 
 
 3. Blood supply. If sections of injected spleen are avail- 
 able, study the relation of the arteries and veins to each 
 other and to the septa and splenic nodules. In any case 
 understand thoroughly the complete circulation of the 
 blood. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 THE DUCTLESS GLANDS. 
 
 A. Thymus. 
 
 1. General architecture. In sections, identify: lohes; 
 lobules, each invested with a fibrous capsule which serves 
 also as an interlobular septum; intralobular septa; cortex; 
 medulla; thymic (Hassal's) corpuscles; blood vessels. 
 
 Are cortex and medulla sharply demarked? Occurrence 
 of germinal centers? Extent inward of intralobular septa? 
 May the medulla interconnect lobules? 
 
 2. Detailed structure. Identify the types of cells found 
 in the close-meshed reticulum. Mitoses? What differen- 
 tiates the lymphoid tissue into a distinct cortex and medulla? 
 
 Study a thymic corpuscle. Where found? Note: central 
 cells; number?; their appearance and contents; peripheral 
 cells; their arrangement; stainability of the corpuscle; 
 views as to its origin? 
 
 Origin of the lymphocytes? How much of the thymus is 
 of entodermal origin? 
 
 What functions may be inferred? Action of its internal 
 secretion? Correlation between size of thymus and age of 
 the individual? 
 
 Contrast critically the thymus, spleen, and lymph gland. 
 
 B. Thyreoid. 
 
 I. General architecture. In sections, identify: fibro- 
 elastic capsule; interlobular septa; lobules; follicles; colloid; 
 interfollicular stroma and blood vessels. 
 
 40 
 
THE DUCTLESS GLANDS. 4 1 
 
 2. Detailed structure. 
 
 (a) Follicular epitJtelium. Note: number of cells thick; 
 correlation of follicle size, cell shape, and amount of colloid 
 content ; position of nucleus; character and stainability of 
 cytoplasm; basement membrane? 
 
 Examine the character of the colloid. Cells, vacuoles, or 
 other inclusions? Why usually a spiny border? Relation 
 of colloid to the internal secretion? 
 
 (b) Interfollicular stroma. Constituent tissues? Observe 
 the rich vascular supply and its intimate relation to the 
 folHcles; significance? 
 
 Trace the probable path of exit of the internal secretion. 
 Functions of the thyreoid? 
 
 C. Parathyreoid. 
 
 Study sections. Identify: thin capsule; lobules?; cellu- 
 lar cords or masses; connective- tissue stroma; blood vessels. 
 
 Examine the cellular cords or masses and observe the 
 poorly staining chief cells and acidophile cells. Note the re- 
 lation of the abundant sinusoidal capillaries to the gland 
 tissue. Is colloid ever found? 
 
 Origin, location, and function of the parathyreoids? 
 
 D. Suprarenal. 
 
 1. General architecture. Study vertical sections. Iden- 
 tify: capsule; in cortex, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, 
 and zona reticularis; compare their breadths; medulla; blood 
 vessels. 
 
 2. Detailed structure. 
 
 (a) Cortex. Note: fibre-elastic capsule; delicate tra- 
 beculcB extending inward and bearing capillaries; shape and 
 
42 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 arrangement of cells in each zone; intimate relation to 
 capillaries; fat- vacuolated cells of z. fasciculata; pigment- 
 containing cells of z. reticularis. 
 
 (b) Medulla. Note: cellular cords and masses; usual 
 stellate appearance of chromaffin cells; reason?; their inti- 
 mate relation to sinusoids; veins; arteries; nerve trunks 
 and cells? 
 
 Correlate the adult structure of the suprarenal with its 
 development. What is adrenalin? Where formed and its 
 function? What is the chromaffin reaction? 
 
 3. Blood supply. By means of injected sections, or texts, 
 learn the course of the blood. 
 
 E. Carotid Gland. 
 
 In sections observe the spheroidal cell masses embedded in connective 
 tissue and the constituent cords of chromaffin cells bordered by sinusoidal 
 capillaries. What is its origin, location, and probable function? Compare 
 with descriptions of the coccygeal gland. Is the latter a chromaffin organ? 
 
 F. Hypophysis (Pituitary Body). 
 
 1. General topography. (Sagittal sections.) Identify: 
 capsule; anterior {glandular) lobe; inter glandular cleft; 
 intermediate portion with colloid-iWed cysts; posterior {neural) 
 lobe. 
 
 2. Detailed structure. 
 
 (a) Anterior lobe. Note: fibrous capsule; delicate tra- 
 becul(E extending inward from it; epithelial cords; branch- 
 ing and anastomoses? ; shapes of cells and their varieties as 
 to the character and stainability of their cytoplasm; ar- 
 rangement of these types of cells in the cords; relation of 
 cords to sinusoidal capillaries. Compare the anterior lobe 
 with the parathyreoid. 
 
THE DUCTLESS GLANDS, 43 
 
 (b) Intermediate portion. Observe: interglandular cleft 
 and its lining; epitheKum-lined cysts containing 'colloid'; 
 character of each ; relative abundance of capillaries as com- 
 pared to anterior lobe. 
 
 (c) Posterior lobe. Study the delicate capsule and the 
 neuroglia cells and fibers. 
 
 How does the hypophysis develop and what functions 
 are ascribed to the anterior and intermediate lobes? 
 
 G. Epiphysis (Pineal Body). 
 
 In a section, observe: capsule; Irabeculce; poorly defined /ofcc^; pigment- 
 containing cells; acerviilus cerebri {brain sand) ; rich blood supply. 
 
 WTiat is the ^pineal eye' of certain lizards. Has the epiphysis any known 
 function in man? 
 
 Name all other organs with internal secretion not yet 
 studied. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 SEROUS AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES AND GLANDS. 
 
 A. Serous Membranes. 
 
 Study sections of serous membranes. Kind of epithelium? 
 What special term is applied to it? Nature of tunica pro- 
 pria? What is the subserous layer? In what situations is 
 it absent? What are 'stomata' and how are they inter- 
 preted? Character of the secretion and its use? 
 
 How do serous membranes compare with synovial mem- 
 branes and burscB in structure? 
 
 B. Mucous Membranes. 
 
 Study sections of mucous membranes from various loca- 
 tions. Compare in each the type of epithelium, membrana 
 propria* (basement membrane), and tunica propria. Occur- 
 rence of a muscularis mucosa? In what locations is the 
 tunica propria infiltrated with lymphocytes? What other 
 structures course in the tunica propria? Compare the tunica 
 propria and submucosa as to structure, compactness, and 
 function. Presence of glands in submucosa? Where do 
 mucous membranes occur? Functions? 
 
 C. Glands. 
 
 I. Physiologic types. Mucous and serous glands. Study 
 sections in detail. Compare: cytoplasm and secretion; 
 
 * Prominent in trachea. 
 44 
 
SEROUS AND MUCOUS MEMBIL\NES AND GLANDS. 45 
 
 their character and stainability; position and shape of 
 nucleus. In a mixed gland (e. g., submaxillary) these con- 
 trasts are sharp. 
 
 Difference in the fresh secretions of the two types of 
 gland? Learn the secretory cycle in each type and find 
 illustrative stages. What is a ^crescent'' or ^demilune'? 
 How is its secretion carried away? 
 
 The ductless glands have been studied (pp. 40-43). Specialized types, 
 such as cytogenic glands (p. 62) and sweat and sebaceous glands (pp. 73-74) 
 will be taken up later in the course. 
 
 2. Histologic types. Observe the following types: (i) 
 
 simple tubular (e. g., intestinal glands or crypts); (2) con- 
 voluted tubular (e.g., sweat glands); (3) branched tubular 
 (e.g., gastric glands); (4) simple and branched saccular 
 (sebaceous glands). 
 
 Occasionally instructive sections of compound glands are 
 found: (i) compound tubular (e.g., kidney; testis); (2) 
 compound tubulo-alveolar (e. g., salivary glands; pancreas); 
 compound saccular (mammary gland). 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 I. The Oral Cavity. 
 
 A. Lip. 
 
 In a vertical section, note: differences in thickness, com- 
 pactness, and structure of epidermis and oral epithelium; 
 variations in height of connective- tissue papillce; why is the 
 hp red?; transitions at edge of lip; presence of hairs, se- 
 baceous glands, and sweat glands in skin, and of labial glands 
 (what type?) in submucosa. 
 
 Compare the looseness of the mucous membranes of the 
 lip, tongue, and hard palate, and the skin of the back of the 
 hand. 
 
 B. Teeth. 
 
 1. General topography. Examine a longitudinal section 
 of an entire tooth. Identify: crown; neck; root; pulp cav- 
 ity; root canal; enamel; cement; dentine. 
 
 2. Detailed structure. 
 
 (a) Decalcified tooth. Study the contents of the pulp 
 cavity in sections. Note: reticular tissue; blood vessels; 
 nerves?; odontoblasts and their dentinal (Tomes') fibers ex- 
 tending into the dentinal canals. 
 
 Function of the odontoblasts? How many dentinal 
 fibers to an odontoblast? Their function? Why is den- 
 tine sensitive to pain? 
 
 If the section is of a developing tooth, identify the inner 
 
 46 
 
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 47 
 
 enamel epithelium and its component amelohlast cells. Ob- 
 sen-e the cuticular Tomes' processes extending from the in- 
 dividual odontoblasts. How is enamel formed? 
 (b) Ground sections. 
 
 (a') Enamel. Note: enamel prisms; their shape, ar- 
 rangement, and markings; contour lines (ofRetzius) ; 
 enamel-dentine junction ; interglobular spaces. 
 (W) Dentine. Observe the dentinal tubules. What is 
 their shape, arrangement, and relation to the pulp 
 cavity? Study their branching and anastomoses. 
 Identify the contour lines {of Owen) and the granu- 
 lar layer (of Tomes) . 
 (c') Cement. Observe the lacunce and canaliculce. Are 
 lamellcB well marked? What is cement and how is 
 it formed? 
 
 C. Tongue. 
 
 1. General architecture. Study vertical sections. Note: 
 mucous membrane and lingual papillce; dense submucosa 
 and regional variations in the firmness with which the 
 mucosa is bound to it; lingual glands; lingual tonsil?; 
 longitudinal, transverse, and vertical muscle bundles; lin- 
 gual septum. 
 
 What is the method of insertion of muscle fibers into the 
 connective tissue of the mucous membrane? 
 
 2. Lingual papillae. 
 
 (a) Filiform (and conical) and fungiform papillce. Note : 
 their relative abundance; shape; fitness of their names?; 
 primary and secondary connective-tissue elevations, or 
 papillce, extending into them ; presence of taste buds? 
 
 Compare the cornification of epithelium in the two. 
 
 (b) Vallate papillce. Propriety of name? Note: re- 
 stricted location of taste buds and secondary papillce; von 
 
48 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 Ehner's glands; what type of gland? Where do the duels 
 open? 
 
 (c) Foliale papillce. Compare with vallate. How do 
 they differ in gross appearance? Relative development in 
 rabbit and man? 
 
 (d) Tasle bud. If possible distinguish: darker and more 
 slender laste cells ending in cuticular bristles which extend 
 into the taste pore; paler and more robust supporting cells. 
 
 D. Soft Palate. 
 
 Study vertical sections. Note: variation in epithelium 
 on nasal and oral surfaces; taste buds?; palatine glands; 
 fat; muscle. 
 
 The palatine, lingual, and pharyngeal tonsils have been treated under 
 lymphoid organs (p. 37). 
 
 II. The Digestive Tube. 
 
 In studying the digestive tube it is important to recog- 
 nize the unity of architecture throughout. Each division 
 from within outward possesses the following coats: (i) 
 mucosa, including the muscularis mucosce; (2) submucosa; 
 (3) muscularis, with its inner circular and outer longitudinal 
 layers; (4) serosa or adventitia. 
 
 Compare carefully the structure and relative extent of 
 development of these parts in the various divisions of the 
 digestive tube. 
 
 A. Esophagus. 
 
 Study sections preferably at various levels. Note : mucous 
 membrane; charsicteroi epithelium; cormectiye-tissue papillce; 
 lymph nodules?; direction of fibers in muscularis mucosce. 
 In the submucosa observe the ' deep ' esophageal glands and 
 
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 49 
 
 their long ducts; type of gland cell? Study the structure 
 and arrangement of the muscular coats and of the fibrous 
 cuiventitia. 
 
 Significance of extensively folded mucosa? How are 
 the various coats affected by the passage of food? What is 
 the distribution of striated muscle? Is the adventitial coat 
 a serosa? 
 
 B. Cardio-Esophageal Junction. 
 
 Study longitudinal sections, observing the abrupt transi- 
 tion between the two types of epithelium. 
 
 Compare the ^ superficiaV esophageal glands with the 
 'deep' ones already studied as regards depth of position 
 and stainability. Are superficial glands located elsewhere 
 in the esophagus? 
 
 Observe the type of epithelium lining the cardia and com- 
 pare the cardiac glands with the superficial esophageal 
 glands. Mucous cells? Acidophilic cells? Interpretation of 
 cardiac glands? Extent of area occupied? 
 
 C. Stomach. 
 
 1. Compare vertical sections through various regions. 
 Note: folded mucosa; absence of papillce; gastric pits; 
 glands; lymph nodules?; muscularis mucosce; how many 
 layers?; submucosa; muscularis; presence of an innermost 
 oblique muscular layer?; serosa; how is it different from the 
 adventitia of the esophagus? 
 
 2. Cardia. This has been studied in conjunction with 
 the esophagus. 
 
 3. Fundus or corpus. 
 
 (a) Mucosa. Study vertical sections in detail. Deter- 
 mine the shape, length, and extent of branching of the 
 
50 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 gastric {fundus) glands and their relation to the gastric pits 
 (foveoli). Tunica propria? Compare the surface epithe- 
 lium with that of the pits. Why do not goblet cells occur? 
 
 (b) Gastric glands. Identify in each a neck, body, and 
 fundus. Is there a distinct lumen? Observe the shape, 
 position, and relative abundance of chief cells. Location of 
 the nucleus and the character and stainability of the cyto- 
 plasm? Make similar observations on the parietal cells; 
 where are they most numerous?; how does their secretion 
 reach the lumen? What functions are attributed to each 
 t3Ape of cell? 
 
 4. Pylorus. Compare the pyloric and fundic epithelium 
 as regards : depth of pit; length and tortuousness of gland; 
 shape of gland cells and character of their cytoplasm. Nature 
 of the secretion? 
 
 D. Small Intestine. 
 I. Duodenum. 
 
 (a) Identify in sections the various coats and compare 
 with esophagus and stomach. Note: plica circulares; 
 papillce; intestinal {Lieherkuhn' s) glands; duodenal {Brun- 
 ner's) glands. 
 
 (b) Mucosa. Study the columnar epithelium, noting 
 gohlet cells and the striate cuticula. In the tunica propria 
 observe the diffuse lymphoid infiltration and occasional 
 lymph nodules. How do the latter affect the villi and 
 glands over them? What coats are responsible for (i) 
 plic(E circulares; (2) villi? 
 
 (c) Villi. In villi cut variously observe the core of 
 lymphoid tissue and identify the axially placed lacteal and 
 the delicate blood vessels. Smooth muscle fibers? What is 
 the shape of an entire villus? 
 
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 51 
 
 (d) Intestinal glands. Depth of penetration into mucosa? 
 Branching? If possible identify the granule cells of Paneth. 
 Their significance? Are these glands actual out-pocketings 
 of the surface epithelium or merely crypts formed by con- 
 tiguous vilh? How may glands and villi be distinguished 
 in transverse section? 
 
 (e) Duodenal glands. Where located? Appearance and 
 stainabiHty of the cells and nature of secretion? Where do 
 the ducts open? 
 
 2. Jejunum and ileum. 
 
 Follow the directions for the duodenum. Does the duod- 
 enal (B runner) type of gland occur? Relative prominence 
 of plicce circulares? True shape of entire jejunal and ileal 
 villi? Look for aggregate lymph nodules (Peyer's patches) 
 and compare with sohtary nodules. Location of aggregate 
 nodules? 
 
 E. Large Intestine. 
 
 1. Colon. 
 
 Study sections. Note: absence of plicce circulares and 
 villi; columnar, lining epithelium; does it contain goblet 
 cells?; elongated intestinal glands with abundant goblet 
 cells; frequent solitary lymph nodules; are these confined to 
 the mucosa?; arrangement of longitudinal muscle coat into 
 tcenice; thickness of longitudinal coat between ta:niaj? 
 Relative length of intestinal glands in large and small in- 
 testine? 
 
 2. Appendix or vermiform process. 
 
 Compare with colon. Tcenice? Observe the extreme 
 infiltration of the mucosa by lymphocytes and the number 
 and position of the more or less confluent lymph nodules. 
 Is the muscularis mucosce intact? 
 
52 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 F. Rectum and Anus. 
 
 In a longitudinal section observe the step-like transition in epithelia. 
 Size of rectal glands? Other differences from colon? Composition of internal 
 and external sphincter? Type of circumanal glands? 
 
 G. Blood Vessels of the Digestive Tube. 
 
 Examine sections of injected stomach or intestine. Dis- 
 tinguish the intramuscular- and extensive submucous plex- 
 uses, whence axial arteries extend into the villi and periph- 
 erally placed veins descend the villi to retrace the arterial 
 course. Richness of blood supply in the several coats? 
 
 What is the arrangement of the lymphatics? 
 
 H. Nerves of the Digestive Tube. 
 
 Examine for nerve cells the various sections already 
 studied. Look for the myenteric plexus between the muscle 
 coats; for the submucous plexus in the submucosa. If 
 heavy-metal preparations are available, cells and fibers are 
 easily demonstrated. 
 
 Central origin of these fibers? Probable peripheral dis- 
 tribution? Functions? 
 
 III. The Glands of Digestion. 
 A. Salivary Glands. 
 
 The small glands {labial, lingual, palatine, and von Eb- 
 ner's) have been studied in connection with the oral cavity 
 (pp. 46-48). 
 
 I. Parotid. 
 
 (a) General architecture. In sections, identify: capsule; 
 septa; lobules; interlobular ducts; intralobular ducts; alveoli 
 or acini; blood vessels. 
 
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 53 
 
 (b) Detailed structure. 
 
 (a') Alveoli. Note: shape; size oi lumen; gland cells; 
 character and stainability of their cytoplasm; 
 zymogen granules^; position of nucleus; basement 
 membrane. 
 
 The parotid is a compound tubulo-alveolar gland ; ex- 
 plain. Is the parotid a serous, mucous, or mixed 
 gland? 
 
 (b') Du^t system. Continuous with the alveolus is the 
 intercalary {intermediate) duct, of flattened cells; 
 n^t in order is the secretory {salivary) portion, of 
 simple columnar cells with basal striations; finally 
 comes the excretory portion with cells pseudostrati- 
 fied or in two layers. 
 
 Distinguish these divisions in transverse and longitu- 
 dinal section. Determine which are interlobular, 
 intralobular, or both. 
 
 2. Submaxillary. 
 
 Is the general architecture and duct system like that of 
 the parotid? Estimating from their relative frequencies in 
 sections, how do the intercalary and secretory ducts compare 
 in length with those of the parotid? 
 
 Identify mucous, serous, and mixed alveoli and compare 
 as to shape, size of lumen, character and stainability of 
 cytoplasm, and position of nucleus. What is the proportion 
 of mucous to serous alveoli? What are ^crescents' or 'demi- 
 lunes'^ Their abundance and significance? How is their 
 secretion drained? 
 
 3. Sublingual. 
 
 Compare with the submaxillary. Is there a distinct 
 capsuled Judging from their frequency in sections, are the 
 secretory ducts long or short? Do intercalary ducts occur? 
 Are there any purely serous alveoli/ Can this be decided 
 
54 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 from single sections? Compare with submaxillary for 
 frequency of crescents and the total ratio of serous to mucous 
 cells. 
 
 B. Pancreas. 
 
 1. General architecture. In sections, identify: lobules; 
 capsule; inter- and intralobular septa and ducts; alveoli or 
 acini; pancreatic islands {of Langerhans) ; blood vessels. 
 
 2. Detailed structure. 
 
 (a) Alveoli. Note: shape (compare with parotid); 
 lumen?; basement membrane; gland cells;, position of nu- 
 cleus; zymogen granules and their position; centro-alveolar 
 or centro-acinal cells; what are they? Nature and function 
 of glandular secretion? 
 
 (b) Duct system. Elongated intercalary {intermediate) 
 ducts, continuous with centro-alveolar cells, pass over into 
 interlobular {excretory) ducts. Distinguish these divisions. 
 Do secretory ducts occur? 
 
 (c) Pancreatic islands. Observe their size, shape, fre- 
 quency, position, and relation to neighboring alveoli. Shape, 
 character, and stainability of the cells? Note their ar- 
 rangement into anastomosing cords and the intimate relation 
 to capillary sinusoids. Ducts? Do connections exist be- 
 tween islands and alveoli or their ducts? Functions of 
 the islands? 
 
 What gland does the pancreas most resemble in struc- 
 ture and function? Compare, enumerating five important 
 structural differences. 
 
 C. Liver. 
 I. General architecture. Study sections of pig and hu- 
 man liver. Identify: capsule {of Glisson); lobules; their 
 size, shape, and arrangement; interlobular septa; at the 
 
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 55 
 
 angles of the lobules, portal canals containing each a branch 
 of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct; central vein 
 of lobule, from which radiate sinusoids separated by cords or 
 trabecules of liver cells; suhlohular veins coursing indepen- 
 dently in the interlobular connective tissue. 
 
 In what essential respect does the liver of the pig differ 
 from that of man? 
 
 2. Detailed structure. 
 
 (a) Connective-tissue framework. Fundamental tissues 
 present in the serous capsule? In the interlobular septa? 
 Can an intralobular reticulum be identified? What are 
 stellate cells {of Kupfer) ? 
 
 (b) Portal canal. Look for these at the angles of lobules. 
 Identify: thin-walled interlobular veins (branch of portal), 
 the largest of the three chief components; interlobular ar- 
 tery (branch of hepatic), the smallest of the three; bile duct, 
 intermediate in size. Search also for lymphatic vessels and 
 nerves. 
 
 (c) Parenchyma. In the lobules observe the radial cords 
 of hepatic cells. Arrangement and anastomoses? How 
 many cells thick are the cords? Character of cytoplasm? 
 Presence in cytoplasm of fat globules or pigment? May 
 cells have more than one nucleus? Mark the intimate re- 
 lation to bordering sinusoids. 
 
 (d) Duct system. If heavy-metal preparations are avail- 
 able,* study the arrangement of intralobular bile capillaries. 
 With how many cells is each in contact? Structure? In 
 sections of portal canals examine the epithehum and fibro- 
 elastic coat of the interlobular bile ducts. Method of union 
 between interlobular bile ducts and bile capillaries? 
 
 3. Blood supply. Study sections, preferably injected. 
 
 * liile ca|)ill;irits arc also i)romincnt in ordinary sections of salamander 
 liver. 
 
56 ■ LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 Blood enters the liver through the interlobular branches of 
 the hepatic artery and portal vein, already seen within portal 
 canals. Quantity, quality, and destination of blood in 
 each? Within lobules note the extent of radial capillary 
 sinusoids, their anastomoses, and convergence to the intra- 
 lobular {central) vein. Look for lobules cut to show the union 
 of central and suhlohular veins; the latter are easily identified 
 by their thick walls and isolated position in the interlobular 
 connective tissue. Into what vessels do the sublobular 
 veins drain? Obtain a vivid conception of the complete 
 course of the blood. 
 
 Are ^hepatic lobules^ comparable to lobules of other 
 glands? What are 'portal lobules'? 
 
 4. Gall bladder. In vertical sections, identify: mucosa; submucosa? ; 
 musciilaris; serosa. Type of folded epithelium? Goblet cells? Mucous 
 glands? Definite arrangement of muscularis? 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 
 
 A. Larynx. 
 
 In a section of the larynx, note : type of epithelium; tunica 
 propria; lymphoid cells; submucosa; type of gland; muscle; 
 cartilages; more than one type of cartilage? 
 
 Vocal cords. Observe the type of epithelium; its close 
 relation to the fibrous, elastic 'cords'; elastic cartilage?; 
 suhmucosa? 
 
 B. Trachea, Bronchi and Bronchioles. 
 
 1. Trachea. Study transverse sections. Note: mucous 
 membrane; type of epithelium; goblet cells; prominent 
 basement membrane; character of tunica propria; sub- 
 mucosa; nature of its tracheal glands; adventitia containing 
 tracheal cartilages; trachealis muscle. 
 
 2. Bronchus. Compare with trachea as regards: epi- 
 thelium; presence of cartilage plates; presence of muscularis 
 muco'sce; abundance of glands; relation to pulmonary and 
 bronchial blood vessels. 
 
 3. Bronchiole. Compare with bronchus as regards: epi- 
 thelium; glands; cartilage; relative development of mus- 
 cularis mucosce; blood vessels. 
 
 C. Lung. 
 
 I . Bronchi and bronchioles are continued into respiratory, 
 or terminal, bronchioles, with epithelia ranging from the low, 
 
 57 
 
58 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 columnar, ciliated type to flattened, non-ciliate, and non- 
 glandular respiratory epithelium; the latter is partially com- 
 posed of non-nucleated plates. Next in order are the alveolar 
 ducts, having respiratory epithelium and scattered bundles 
 of smooth muscle. Thence non-muscular atria are usually 
 recognized, leading into the alveolar sacs, which terminate in 
 pocket-hke alveoli of respiratory epithelium. 
 
 Identify the above divisions, both in transverse and 
 longitudinal section, and study their structure in detail. 
 Understand thoroughly the histology of the alveoH and 
 their relation to capillaries. 
 
 2. In vertical sections, identify and study: mesothelium 
 and thin tunica propria of pulmonary pleura; subserous 
 layer (fibro-elastic) ; interlobular septa; interalveolar septa. 
 
 3. Blood supply. Study injected sections, observing 
 the profuse capillary net and its intimacy to the alveoH. 
 Through sections and texts discover the complete pul- 
 monary and bronchial circulations, giving special attention 
 to the association of definite blood vessels with the various 
 divisions of the respiratory tree. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 THE URINARY SYSTEM. 
 
 A. Elidney. 
 
 1. General architecture. In a longitudinal section of an 
 entire kidney, identify: capsule; cortex; medulla; hilus 
 leading into the renal sinus, which is hned by the pelvis and 
 calyces; renal (Malpighian) pyramids, each projecting, as a 
 renal papilla, into a calyx; renal columns (of Bertin) formed 
 by the cortex dipping down between pyramids to the renal 
 sinus; in cortex, the radially arranged pars radiata (medul- 
 lary rays) alternating with the pars convoluta (labyrinths) ; 
 in the pars convoluta, renal {Malpighian) corpuscles. 
 
 2. Detailed structure. 
 
 (a) Learn from preparations of uriniferous tubules isolated 
 by teasing, and from reconstruction in texts, the size and 
 shape of the various divisions and their order of sequence. 
 
 (b) Cortex. Study radial and tangential sections. Ob- 
 serve the capsule (constituent tissues?), numerous blood 
 vessels, and the scanty interstitial tissue. 
 
 In the pars convoluta, note: renal corpuscle; its glomerulus 
 (afferent and efferent vessels?) ; glomerular {Bowman's) cap- 
 sule and its visceral and parietal epithelium; neck, its posi- 
 tion and epithelial transition; proximal and distal convo- 
 luted tubules; arched collecting {junctional) tubules. 
 
 In the pars radiata, note: proximal convoluted tubules 
 Cspiral portion); ascending limb of Ilenle's loop; straight 
 collecting tubules. 
 
 (c) Medulla. Study radial and tangential sections. 
 
 59 
 
6o LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOCA'. 
 
 Note: descending and asce)idi}!g limbs of Ilcnic's loop: 
 Eenle's loop: collecting tubules: papillary ducts. 
 
 (d) Compare the various tubules as regards: size; caliber 
 of lumen; size and shape of cells: character and stainability 
 of cytoplasm; basement membrane. 
 
 Examine proximal convoluted tubules for 'rodded' cyto- 
 plasm and state of preservation of free edge. How is the 
 size of its lumen said to vary with functional activity? 
 
 How far into the medulla may Henle's loops dip? Is 
 there any correlation between the position of Henle's loop 
 in the medulla and of its renal corpuscle in the cortex? 
 What is the correlation between the depth of position of 
 Henle's loop and the length and disposition of its thin seg- 
 ment? 
 
 How abundant are renal corpuscles just beneath the 
 kidney capsule? Relative size of alTerent and etTerent 
 arterioles of glomeruli? Significance? Where are water 
 and salts probably excreted? Where urea? Importance 
 of a glomerulus at the very beginning of a renal tubule in 
 light of its flushing function? 
 
 What constitutes a 'renal lobule'; or renculus, the ana- 
 tomical unit of the kidney? 
 
 3. Blood supply. Study radial sections of injected kid- 
 ney and text figures. 
 
 Identify: {di) Arteries — interlobar; arciform; interlobular; 
 afferent and efferent arterioles of glomerulus; glomerular 
 capillaries; arteriole rectce. What is a rete mirabile^ 
 
 (b) Veins — capillaries of cortex and medulla; stellate; 
 interlobular; arciform; venules rectce; interlobar. 
 
 B. Ureter. 
 
 Transverse sections. Note: folded mucosa: tunica pro- 
 pria; poorly demarked submucosa; muscular is; adventitia. 
 
THE URINARY SYSTEM. 6l 
 
 T\pe of epithelium.'* Observe the intimate relation of the 
 abundant capillaries to it; are any capillaries intra-epi- 
 theUal? Glands.^ Number and arrangement of muscle 
 coats? How do these differ in the upper and lower halves 
 of the tube? Is there a tunica serosa? Explain. 
 
 Understand the gross and histologic relations between the 
 ureter, renal pehis, calyces, and papiUary ducts. 
 
 C. Bladder. 
 
 1. Vertical sections. (The general appearance varies 
 greatly \\-ith the degree of distension.) Identify similar 
 coats as in the ureter. 
 
 Note: presence or absence oi folds in the mucosa; binu- 
 cleate epithelial cells?; epithelial pits or cryptsf; glands?; 
 solitary lymph nodules?; interlacing muscle bundles; can 
 separate muscular coats be distinguished?; tunica serosa? 
 
 2. Distended bladder. Examine vertical sections for changes in the epi- 
 thelium and muscularis. What has happened to the epithelial celk? 
 
 D. Urethra. 
 
 1. Female urethra. 
 
 Transverse sections. Identify: folded mucosa; tunica 
 propria; broad submucosa containing many thin-walled 
 veins; muscularis. Is there an adventitia? 
 
 In detail, note: t\-p€ of epitlielium; urethral glands; 
 nature of their secretion?; broad venous channels in sub- 
 mucosa (corpus cavernosum) and extending into muscularis; 
 number and arrangement of muscular coats. Is the female 
 urethra erectile? With what portion only of the male 
 urethra does the entire female urethra correspond? 
 
 2. Male urethra. This will be studied in connection with 
 the penis (p. 65). 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 I. Male Genital Organs. 
 
 A. Testis. 
 
 1. General architecture. • Study sections (preferably lon- 
 gitudinal) of an entire testis. Identify: tunica albuginea; 
 tunica vasculosa; mediastinum, from which radiating septula 
 divide the testis into lobules; within lobules convoluted 
 seminiferous tubules, continuous with straight tubules which 
 anastomose in the mediastinum to form the rete testis; 
 ductuli efferentes; epididymis; ductus deferens?; blood vessels. 
 
 2. Detailed structure. Note: seminiferous tubules; their 
 fibrous wall, basement membrane, and stratified epithelium; 
 various strata in the latter exhibiting stages in spermato- 
 genesis; sustentacular cells {of Sertoli) and the distinctive 
 position, shape, and appearance of both cells and nuclei; 
 interstitial cells in the connective- tissue stroma; their size, 
 amount of cytoplasm and cytoplasmic inclusions (pigment 
 granules, fat droplets, or rod-like crystalloids). 
 
 What is a cytogenic gland? How long are uncoiled semi- 
 niferous tubules? Do tubules branch, anastomose, or ex- 
 hibit bhnd ends? How many tubules to a lobule? What 
 functions are ascribed to the sustentacular cells? What to 
 the interstitial cells? 
 
 3. Spermatozoa. 
 
 (a) Identify the head, neck, and tail. Shape of head on the 
 flat and in profile? Relative length of head and tail? 
 
 62 
 
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. 63 
 
 Length of spermatozoa? When and where do they first 
 become motile? Rate of swimming? Orientation to ciliary 
 
 currents? 
 
 (b) Lh'hig spermatozoa. Cut fresh epididymis (preferably of a dog) 
 into small pieces and place in normal saline solution. Mount a drop of the 
 mixture and examine. Observe motility and variations in vigor. Study 
 the undulatory lashing of the tail. 
 
 4. Spermatogenesis. Developmental stages occur in 
 order at successive levels from periphery to lumen of 
 seminiferous tubules. Note: spermatogonia, next to base- 
 ment fmmhrane; primary spermatocytes (largest in size); 
 secondary spermatocytes (about half size of preceding); 
 spermatids (about half size of preceding); spermatozoa. 
 
 Which stages exhibit mitoses? Find several stages in the 
 transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa. Homolo- 
 gize the various parts of a spermatozoon with the cellular 
 constituents of an unchanged spermatid. 
 
 B. Ductuli effer antes. 
 
 Study sections of a lobule of the epididymis. Note: al- 
 ternate groups of columnar cells (usually cihated) and cu- 
 boidal cells (occasionally cihated) producing an irregular 
 lumen; acidophilic and clear cells and their distribution; 
 vesicular masses of secretion?; distinct basement membrane; 
 circular layer of smooth muscle; connective-tissue stroma. 
 Arc the cilia motile? 
 
 C. Ductus epididymidis. 
 
 In sections of ducts cut variously, observe: type of epi- 
 thelium; character of cytoplasm; matted cilia; basement 
 membrane; circular muscle layer; connective-tissue stroma. 
 
 Compare with efferent ducts. Are the cilia motile? 
 
64 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 What effect has the secretion of the epithehum upon sper- 
 matozoa? 
 
 D. Ductus deferens. 
 
 Transverse sections. Note: mucosa; type of epithelium; 
 absence of cilia; tunica propria; robust muscularis; num- 
 ber, arrangement, and relative thickness of muscle coats; 
 adventitia. 
 
 How does the ampulla differ in structure from the duct 
 proper? 
 
 E. Seminal Vesicle. 
 
 Vertical sections. Note: sacculations, Yioneycombed-iviih. 
 epithelial pits and folds; mucosa; type of epithelium; glands?; 
 tunica propria; muscularis; number and arrangement of 
 muscular coats; adventitia. 
 
 Identify the contents of the lumen. What is the chief 
 function of the seminal vesicle? 
 
 Compare the structure of the ejaculatory duct with that 
 of the ductus deferens (ampulla) and seminal vesicle. 
 
 F. Prostate. 
 
 Vertical sections. Note: capsule continuous with a dense 
 stroma; constituent tissues?; sacculated a/yeo/v ty^&oi epi- 
 thelium?; prostatic concretions, their occurrence, size, and 
 markings; how interpreted? 
 
 Nature of prostatic secretion? What constitutes semen? 
 To which histologic type of gland (p. 45) does the prostate 
 belong? 
 
 From sections or texts learn the structure of the bulbo- 
 urethral glands. Probable function? Homologue in the 
 female? 
 
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. 65 
 
 G. Penis and Male Urethra. 
 
 1. Corpus penis. 
 
 (a) General topography. Study transverse sections. 
 Identify: epidermis; corium; subcutaneous; panniculus 
 adiposus?; corpora cavernosa penis; corpus cavernosum 
 urethra (c. spongiosum) ; tunica albuginea; pectinijorm 
 septum; trabecule; blood vessels and spaces; urethra. 
 
 (b) Detailed structure. Composition of tunica albuginea? 
 Number and arrangement of layers? Why is the septum 
 called 'pectiniform'? Constituent tissues of trabecules? 
 Location and characteristics of helicine arteries? Note the 
 thick-walled blood vessels with localized intimal swellings, 
 and tHe endothelium-lined venous spaces of the erectile tissue. 
 
 Understand the course of the blood in the flaccid and 
 erect penis, and the mechanics of erection. Compare the 
 penis and clitoris in structure. 
 
 (c) Male urethra. Note: mucosa; type of epithelium; 
 urethral glands (of Littre); tunica propria and submucosa 
 permeated by venous spaces of the erectile tissue; muscularis? 
 tunica albuginea. 
 
 Learn the difference in the prostatic, membranous, and 
 cavernous urethra as regards epithelium and muscularis. 
 The entire female urethra corresponds to how much of the 
 male urethra? 
 
 2. Glans penis. Note: Difference in the epithelium on 
 the outer and inner surface of the prepuce; close adherence 
 of the epithelium of the glans; glands of Tyson?; sensory 
 corpuscles. 
 
 Gross relation of glans to corpus penis? 
 
66 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 II. Female Genital Organs. 
 A. Ovary. 
 
 1. General topography. Study sections of an entire 
 ovary. Identify : hilus; cortex; germinal epithelium; tun- 
 ica alhuginea; follicles and their location; cortical stroma; 
 corpus luteum?; corpus albicans?; medulla; medullary 
 stroma; blood vessels. 
 
 2. Detailed structure. 
 
 (a) Cortex. Note: germinal epithelium; how different 
 from ordinary mesotheHum?; tunica albuginea and cortical 
 stroma; their constituent tissues? ; 'interstitial' cells?; pri- 
 mary and vesicular {Graafian) follicles; their distribution 
 according to degree of development. 
 
 (b) Vesicular {Graafian) follicles. Study a maturing fol- 
 licle. From without inward, note: theca folliculi; its 
 fibrous tunica externa and vascular tunica interna; mem- 
 brana propria; stratum granulosum; cavity, or antrum, con- 
 taining liquor folliculi; cumulus oophorus; corona radiata; 
 zona pellucida; ovum. 
 
 In ovum, observe: vitelline membrane?; cytoplasm, con- 
 taining deutoplasm; nucleus; chromatin cords; nucleolus. 
 
 How many ova are present at birth? Is this number 
 subsequently increased? How many mature in a life-time? 
 Views regarding the origin of the zona pellucida and liquor 
 folHculi? Views as to the mechanics of follicle rupture? 
 Look for atretic follicles. 
 
 (c) Oogenesis. Search for stages illustrating follicular 
 development. Study: (i) change in size and deutoplasm 
 content of ova; (2) appearance and increase in thickness of 
 zona pellucida; (3) change from a single layer of flattened 
 or cubical follicular cells, through stages of solid, stratified, 
 radiating epithelium, to the formation of a cumulus oophorus 
 
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. 67 
 
 and stratum granulosum by the accumulation of liquor fol- 
 liculi; (4) arrangement of the loose stroma into the theca, 
 with its two tunics. 
 
 With what stages in spermatogenesis do the ova seen cor- 
 respond? What stage in spermatogenesis corresponds to 
 the mature ovum and polar bodies? 
 
 (d) Medulla. Observe the loose stroma, absence of fol- 
 licles, and abundant Mood vessels. 
 
 3. Corpus luteum. In sections, identify: fibrous capsule; 
 corpus hcemorrhagicum; plicated zone of lutein cells cut into 
 radial cords by vascular connective -tissue traheculce; size, 
 shape, and character of lutein cells; their fat-vacuolated 
 cytoplasm. 
 
 Origin and history of the components of the corpus 
 luteum? Origin, structure, and fate of the corpus albicans? 
 Do the corpus luteum verum and corpus luteum spurium differ 
 histologically? Functions? 
 
 B. Uterine Tube. 
 
 1. Isthmus or ampulla. Transverse sections. Note: 
 mucosa; plicoe; type of epithelium; areas of non-ciliated 
 cells?; mucous cells or glands?; vascular tunica propria; 
 does it contain smooth muscle?; muscularis; number and 
 arrangement of its coats; adventitia; serosa? 
 
 Functions of cilia? Is a submucosa recognizable? May 
 the muscular coat be considered a muscularis mucosa? 
 Compare part for part the uterine tube, ductus deferens, 
 and ureter. 
 
 2. Infundibulum. Compare sections of the fimbriated 
 end of the tube with the lower portion just studied. Rela- 
 tive development of lumen, plicce, and muscularis? Do 
 villi occur? Are the mucosa and serosa continuous at the 
 infundibular margin? 
 
 5 
 
68 Laboratory guide in histology. 
 
 C. Uterus. 
 
 1. Resting uterus. 
 
 (a) General topography. Study transverse sections of an 
 entire uterus of a child or lower mammal. Identify: lumen; 
 mucosa {endometrium); its extreme thickness and glands; 
 muscularis {myometrium) ; number and arrangement of 
 the muscle coats; serosa {perimetrium). 
 
 Size of lumen in life? Is there a submucosal 
 
 (b) Detailed structure. (Vertical sections of adult uterus.) 
 (a') Mucosa. Note: type of epithelium; ciHated areas?; 
 
 tunica propria; its vascularity and highly cellular 
 character; uterine glands; their shape and lining 
 epitheHum. 
 How do the glands of the corpus and cervix differ as 
 regards shape and secretion? What are 'ovules of 
 Naboth'? Function of the cervical glands during 
 pregnancy? 
 
 (b') Muscularis. Distinguish the number, arrange- 
 ment, and relative thickness of the poorly defined 
 muscle coats. Propriety of the term 'stratum 
 vasculare^ for the middle layer? Can the inner 
 coat be regarded as an hypertrophied muscularis 
 mucosce? 
 
 (c') Serosa. Constituent tissues? 
 
 2. Menstruating uterus. Study vertical sections. Com- 
 pare with normal uterus as regards: thickness of mucosa; 
 condition of epithelium and tunica propria; enlargement of 
 blood vessels and glands; hemorrhages, subepithelial and ex- 
 ternal. 
 
 Extent of destruction of the mucosa? Method of repair? 
 Understand the stages of the menstrual cycle and the views 
 regarding its significance. 
 
TIIE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. 69 
 
 D. Decidual Membranes. 
 
 1. Decidua vera. Vertical sections of pregnant uterine 
 wall. Observe the amnion and chorion lying on the decidua 
 vera; the latter is di\isible into a superficial compact and 
 a deep cavernous layer. 
 
 Note: absence of titerine epithelium and glands in the 
 compact layer; laterally stretched glands in the cavernous 
 layer; decidual cells; their size, shape, and number of nuclei; 
 their origin?; muscularis; size of muscle cells. 
 
 2. Decidua basalis and placenta. (Vertical sections.) 
 
 (a) General topography. Identify: in placenta foetalis, 
 amnion, chorion, chorionic villi (free and attached), inter- 
 villous blood spaces; in placenta uterina {decidua basalis), 
 compact layer, septa, blood vessels, cavernous layer, glands? 
 
 (b) Detailed structure. 
 
 (a') Observe under low magnification an immersed chorionic villus, 
 noting its broad main slems and profuse terminal branches. 
 
 (W) Chorionic villi in section. Observe: axial tissue 
 and vessels; inner epithelial layer (of Langhans)? ; 
 outer syncytial layer; syncytial knots; canalized 
 fibrin. 
 
 (c') Decidua basalis. Follow directions for decidua 
 vera above; in addition observe septa and their 
 contents and attached chorionic villi. 
 
 3. Blood supply. Trace the course of maternal and fetal 
 blood. What simple fact indicates that these do not 
 mingle? Why is the absence of clotting in the intervillous 
 spaces remarkable? What functions are ascribed to the 
 chorionic syncytium? 
 
70 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 E. Vagina. 
 
 Vertical sections. Note: mucosa; rugae; type of epi- 
 thelium; absence of glands; papillce; lymph nodules?; mus- 
 cularis; number and arrangement of its coats, fibrous adven- 
 titia. 
 
 A loose, vascular layer deep in the tunica propria is some- 
 times regarded as a suhmucosa. 
 
 F. Mammary Gland. 
 
 This will be treated with the derivatives of the skin 
 (P- 74). 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 THE SKIN AND CUTANEOUS APPENDAGES. 
 
 A. Skin. 
 
 1. General features. With a lens examine the volar 
 surface of the index finger.- Observe the sulci and crista 
 and the rows of sweat gland pores on the latter. Compare 
 the skin of the palm and dorsum of the hand and of the 
 forearm. 
 
 2. Vertical sections (preferably of palmar or plantar sur- 
 face) . 
 
 (a) Epidermis. Identify: (i) stratum germinativum com- 
 posed of a basal layer of columnar cells and of overlying, 
 polygonal prickle cells; mitoses? (2) stratum granulosum, 
 a double or triple row of coarsely granular, flattened cells; 
 (3) stratum lucidum, a thin, clear layer with indistinct nuclei 
 and cell boundaries; (4) stratum corneum, a thick, poorly 
 staining layer of progressively flattened and cornified cells. 
 
 How does the skin of the general body surface differ from 
 that of the palm or sole as regards the number of strata 
 present and the thickness of each? Where is the pigment 
 of a white brunette located? Of a negro? What is the 
 histology of 'freckles' and of 'tan'? Views as to pigment 
 origin? Learn the chemical transformations accompany- 
 ing the physical changes in the history of an epidermal cell. 
 
 (b) Corium or derma. Distinguish a poorly demarked, 
 superficial papillary layer and a deep, looser and coarser 
 reticular layer. What is the general direction of the inter- 
 lacing fibers? 
 
 71 
 
72 LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 In the papillary layer identify numerous conical papilla 
 bounded by a basement membrane and containing vascular 
 loops or occasional tactile corpuscles. 
 
 (c) Subcutaneous. Identify bands of areolar tissue con- 
 taining lobules of fat. Find here and in the deep corium 
 sweat glands, sebaceous gland^, hair follicles, and occasional 
 lamellar corpuscles. 
 
 What constitutes a panniculus adiposus? 
 
 B. Nails. 
 
 1. General topography. Examine longitudinal and 
 transverse sections. Identify: nail body overlying the 
 longitudinally ridged nail bed and ending distally in the 
 free edge, with its subjacent hyponychium; nail root, begin- 
 ning at the lunula and nail groove (sulcus), with its over- 
 hanging eponychium, and extending proximally over the 
 nail matrix. 
 
 2. Detailed structure. 
 
 (a) Nail root. Note: epidermal fold of the sulcus in 
 which Hes the nail plate; stratum germinativum; stratum 
 granulosum? What layer does the nail plate represent? 
 Which layer comprises the eponychium? Its extent into 
 the sulcus? Explain the progressive thickening of the nail 
 distad and the general method of nail growth. Extent and 
 interpretation of the lunula? 
 
 (b) Nail body. Compare with the nail root. Relation 
 of hyponychium to nail bed? Relation of nail plate to epi- 
 dermal strata at lateral margins? Significance of the nar- 
 row Hght band seen just proximal to the free edge of a nail? 
 Interpretation of white spots in the nail plate? Rate 
 of nail growth? Are nails replaced after total removal? 
 
THE SKIN AND CUTANEOUS APPENDAGES. 73 
 
 C. Hair. 
 
 1. General topography. In longitudinal sections, iden- 
 tify: shaft; root; bulb; follicle, consisting of an inner and 
 outer epithelial root sheath and a connective-tissue sheath; 
 papilla; angular insertion of hair; sebaceous glands; arrec- 
 tor muscles. 
 
 2. Detailed structure. Transverse and longitudinal sec- 
 tions. From without inward, note: connective-tissue sheath 
 with an outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner hyaline 
 (i. e., basement membrane) layer; outer root sheath, a con- 
 tinuation of the stratum germinativum ; inner root sheath, 
 with an outer Henle's layer (single row of non-nucleated 
 cells), a middle Huxley's layer (two or three rows deep), 
 and a cuticle of cornified scales; hair, with an outer cuticle, 
 middle cortex, and inconstant medulla. 
 
 Ascertain the structural differences at various levels 
 from texts and longitudinal sections, and find corresponding 
 transverse sections. Note especially the changes in the 
 hair cuticle and cortex from shaft, through root, to bulb. 
 Contents of the papilla? In light of its development 
 homologize all layers of the hair follicle with unmodified 
 skin. 
 
 Position of arrector muscles and sebaceous glands with 
 respect to each other and to the angular insertion of the 
 hair? Explain ^ goose flesh.' What cells in the hair bear 
 pigment? Causes of whitening of the hair? Method and 
 rate of hair growth? Method and frequency of replace- 
 ment? Will hairs forcibly removed be replaced? 
 
 C. Sebaceous Glands. 
 Longitudinal sections. Identify: fibrous sheath; base- 
 ment membrane; alveoli; duct; its relation to the hair fol- 
 
74 - LABORATORY GUIDE IN HISTOLOGY. 
 
 licle; shape and character of basal and central cells of al- 
 veoli; progressive stages in fatty, cellular degeneration. 
 
 What is the composition and use of sebum? Distribu- 
 tion of sebaceous glands? What are 'black heads' and 'wens'? 
 
 D. Sweat Glands. 
 
 1. General topography. Study vertical sections of skin. 
 Observe: position and size of coiled, secreting fundus; size 
 and course of duct; its point of entrance, with respect to 
 papillae, into the skin; epidermal portion of duct; pore. 
 
 2. Detailed structure. Note: connective-tissue sheath; 
 basement membrane; smooth muscle fibers oiiundus; type of 
 epithelium of fundus; character of its cytoplasm; type of 
 epithelium of duct in corium; structure of duct in epider- 
 mis; its pronounced spiral epidermal course. 
 
 Composition and use of sweat? Occurrence of modified 
 sweat glands? 
 
 E. Mammary Gland. 
 
 1. General topography. Study vertical sections or text figures, 
 through the nipple and underlying corpus. Identify: lohes; lobules; inter- 
 lobular connective tissue and fat; alveoli; lactiferous ducts; lactiferous sinus; 
 nipple; areola. 
 
 2. Active gland. In sections, note: interlobular and 
 interalveolar connective tissue; alveoli; basement membrane; 
 type of alveolar epithelium; its variations in form and fat 
 droplet content; ducts and their contents. 
 
 If available, study osmic preparations, but in any case 
 understand the secretory activity of the epithelium. Com- 
 pare with a sebaceous gland. Is fat elaborated by the 
 gland cells or merely transferred through them? What is 
 said to help the fat droplets of milk remain in emulsion? 
 
THE SKIN AND CUTANEOUS APPENDAGES. 75 
 
 What are ' untch milk ' and ' colostrum '? Origin of ' colostrum 
 corpuscles '? 
 
 To which histologic type (p. 45) does the mammary gland 
 belong? Compare with sweat glands in development and 
 structure. Significance? What are the areolar glands (of 
 Montgomery) ? 
 
 3. Resting gland. Compare with lactating gland as 
 regards : adipose and connective tissue; glandular tissue and 
 ducts; size and contents of their lumina. With the cessation 
 of lactation do alveoli degenerate in part or merely shrink? 
 Postclimacteric history? Structure of the male mamma? 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Adipose tissue, 22 
 
 Adult bone, 24 
 
 Aggregate lymph nodules, 36 
 
 Amitosis, 15 
 
 Amnion, 69 
 
 Anaphase, 15 
 
 Anus, 52 
 
 Appendages, cutaneous, 71 
 
 Appendix, vermiform, 51 
 
 Areolar tissue, 21 
 
 Arteries, 34 
 
 tunica externa of, 34 
 
 intima of, 34 
 
 media of, 34 
 Arterioles, 33 
 
 Basophiles, 27 
 Bladder, 6i 
 
 gall, 56 
 Blood, 26 
 crystals, 28 
 platelets, 27 
 stain, Jenner's, 28 
 
 Wright's, 28 
 supply of decidual memV^ranes, 69 
 of kidney, 60 
 of liver, 55 
 of spleen, 39 
 vessels of digestive tube, 52 
 Bone, 24 
 adult, 24 
 
 decalcified, long, 24 
 development, 25 
 ground, 24 
 marrow, 28 
 
 red, 28 
 yellow, 28 
 Bronchi, 57 
 Bronchioles, 57 
 Bud, taste, 48 
 
 Capillaries, 33 
 Cardia, 49 
 
 Cardiac muscle, 29 
 Cardio-esophageal junction, 49 
 Carotid gland, 42 
 Cartilage, 23 
 
 elastic, 24 
 
 fibro-, 24 
 
 hyaline, 23 
 Cell, 14 
 
 division, 14 
 
 liver, of salamander, 14 
 
 mast, 27 
 
 multipolar, of spinal cord, 31 
 
 nerve, 31 
 
 multipolar, 14 
 
 Purkinje, 31 
 
 pyramidal, 31 
 
 resting, 14 
 
 spinal ganglion, 31 
 
 squamous, 14 
 
 sympathetic ganglion, 31 
 Cement of teeth, 47 
 Chorion, 69 
 Chorionic villi, 69 
 Ciliated epithelium, 18 
 Circulatory system, 33 
 Colon, 51 
 
 Columnar epithelium, 16 
 Connective tissue, modified, 22 
 Corium, 71 
 Corpus luteum, 67 
 
 of stomach, 49 
 
 penis, 65 
 Crystals, blood, 28 
 Cubical epithelium, 16 
 
 stratified, 18 
 Cutaneous aj)pendages, 71 
 Cytology, 14 
 
 Decalcified long bone, 24 
 Decidua basalis, 69 
 
 vera, 69 
 Decidual membrane, 69 
 Dentine, 47 
 Derma, 71 
 
 77 
 
78 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Digestion, glands of, 52 
 Digestive system, 46 
 
 tube, 48 
 
 blood vessels of, 52 
 nerves of, 52 
 Ductless glands, 40 
 Ductuli efferentes, 63 
 Ductus deferens, 64 
 
 epididymidis, 63 
 Duodenal glands, 51 
 Duodenum, 50 
 
 Elastic cartilage, 24 
 
 tissue, 21 
 Embryonic tissue, 20 
 Enamel of teeth, 47 
 Endocardium, 35 
 Endothelium, 16 
 Eosinophiles, 27 
 Epicardium, 35 
 Epidermis, 71 
 Epithelia, modified, 18 
 
 pseudostratified, 17 
 
 simple, 16 
 
 stratified, 17 
 Epithelial tissues, 16 
 Epithelium, ciliated, 18 
 
 columnar, 16 
 
 cubical, 16 
 
 glandular, 18 
 
 neuro-, 19 
 
 pigmented, 19 
 
 squamous, 16 
 
 stratified cubical, 18 
 squamous, 17 
 
 transitional, 17 
 Eponychium, 72 
 Erythroplastids, 26 
 Esophagus, 48 
 
 Female genital organs, 66 
 urethra, 61 
 
 Fibers, nerve, 32 
 myelinated, 32 
 unmyelinated, 32 
 
 Fibrin, 28 
 
 Fibro-cartilage, 24 
 
 Fibrous tissue, compact, 21 
 white, 22 
 loose, 20 
 
 Foliate papillae, 48 
 
 Follicle, Graafian, 66 
 Fundus of stomach, 49 
 
 Gall bladder, 56 
 Ganglion cell, spinal, 31 
 
 sympathetic, 31 
 Gastric glands, 50 
 Genital organs, female, 66 
 
 male, 62 
 Gland, carotid, 42 
 
 ductless, 40 
 
 duodenal, 51 
 
 gastric, 50 
 
 hemolymph, 38 
 
 intestinal, 51 
 
 lymph, 37 
 
 mammary, 74 
 active, 74 
 resting, 75 
 
 mucous, 44 
 
 of digestion, 52 
 
 para thyreoid, 41 
 
 parotid, 52 
 
 salivary, 52 
 
 sebaceous, 73 
 
 serous, 44 
 
 sublingual, 53 
 
 submaxillary, 53 
 
 suprarenal, 41 
 
 thymus, 40 
 
 thyreoid, 40 
 
 sweat, 74 
 Glandular epithelium, 18 
 Glans penis, 65 
 Graafian follicle, 66 
 Granules, Nissl, 14 
 Ground bone, 24 
 
 Hair, 73 
 Heart, 35 
 
 Hemolymph gland, 38 
 Hemolymph-node, 38 
 
 Hyaline cartilage, 23 
 Hyponychium, 72 
 Hypophysis, 42 
 
 Ileum, 51 
 Intestinal glands, 51 
 
INDEX. 
 
 79 
 
 Intestine, large, 51 
 
 small, 50 
 Intracartilaginous ossification, 25 
 Intramembranous ossification, 25 
 
 Jejunum, 51 
 
 Jenner's blood stain, 28 
 
 Kidney, blood-supply of, 60 
 detailed structure, 59 
 general architecture, 59 
 
 Large intestine, 51 
 
 Leukocytes, 26 
 
 large mononuclear, 27 
 polymorphonuclear, 27 
 
 Lingual papillae, 47 
 tonsil, 37 
 
 Lips, 46 
 
 Liver, 54 
 
 blood supply of, 55 
 cell of salamander, 14 
 detailed structure, 55 
 general architecture, 54 
 
 Long bone, decalcified, 24 
 
 Lungs, 57 
 
 Lymph gland, 37 
 nodules, 36 
 aggregate, 36 
 solitary, 36 
 vessels, 35 
 
 Lymphatic organs, 36 
 
 Lymph-node, 37 
 
 Lymphocytes, 27 
 
 Lymphoid tissue, diffuse, 36 
 
 Male genital organs, 62 
 
 urethra, 61, 65 
 Mammalian ovum, 14 
 Mammary gland, 74 
 
 active, 74 
 
 resting, 75 
 Marrow, Iwne, 28 
 
 red, 28 
 
 yellow, 28 
 Mast cells, 27 
 Membranes, mucous, 44 
 
 serous, 44 
 Menstruating uterus, 68 
 
 Mesothelium, 16 
 
 Metaphase, 15 
 
 Mitosis, 15 
 
 Mononuclear leukocytes, large, 27 
 
 Mucosa of duodenum, 50 
 
 of stomach, 49 
 Mucous glands, 44 
 
 membranes, 44 
 
 tissue, 20 
 Multipolar nerv'e cell, 14 
 Muscle, cardiac, 29 
 
 non-striate, 29 
 
 skeletal, 30 
 
 smooth, 29 
 
 striate, 29 
 Muscular tissues, 29 
 Myelinated nerve fibers, 32 
 Myocardium, 35 
 
 Nails, 72 
 Nerve cells, 31 
 
 multipolar, 14 
 fibers, 32 
 
 myelinated, 32 
 unmyelinated, 32 
 terminations, 32 
 Nerves of digestive tube, 52 
 Nervous tissues, 31 
 Neuro-epithelium, 19 
 Neutrophils, 27 
 Nissl granules, 14 
 Node, hemolymph-, 38 
 
 lymph, -37 
 Nodes of Ranvier, 32 
 Nodules, lymph, 36 
 aggregate, 36 
 solitary, 36 
 Non-striate muscle, 29 
 
 Oogenesis, 66 
 Oral cavity, 46 
 Ossification, intracartilaginous, 25 
 
 intramembranous, 25 
 Ovary, 66 
 
 Ovum, mammalian, 14 
 Oxyphiles, 27 
 
 Palate, soft, 48 
 I'alatine tonsil, 37 
 Pancreas, 54 
 
8o 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Papillae, foliate, 48 
 
 lingual, 47 
 Parathyreoid gland, 41 
 Parotid glands, 52 
 Penis, 65 
 
 corpus, 65 
 
 glans, 65 
 Peyer's patches, 36 
 Pharyngeal tonsil, 37 
 Pigmented epithelium, 19 
 Pituitary body, 42 
 Placenta, 69 
 Platelets, blood, 27 
 Precapillaries, 33 
 Prophase, 15 
 Prostate, 64 
 
 Pseudo-stratified epithelia, 17 
 Purkinje ceU, 31 
 Pyramidal cell, 31 
 
 Ranvier's nodes, 32 
 Rectum, 52 
 Red bone marrow, 28 
 Reproductive system, 62 
 Respiratory system, 57 
 Resting cell, 14 
 
 uterus, 68 
 Reticular tissue, 20 
 
 Salia'^ary glands, 52 
 Sebaceous glands, 73 
 Seminal vesicle, 64 
 Serous glands, 44 
 
 membranes, 44 
 Skeletal muscle, 30 
 Skin, 71 
 
 Small intestine, 50 
 Smears, technic, 28 
 Smooth muscle, 29 
 Soft palate, 48 
 Solitary l)anph nodules, 36 
 Spermatids, 63 
 Spermatocytes, 63 
 Spermatogenesis, 63 
 Spermatogonia, 63 
 Spermatozoa, 62 
 Spinal cord, multipolar cell of, 31 
 
 ganglion cell, 31 
 Spleen, 38 
 
 Spleen, blood supply of, 39 
 detailed structure, 39 
 general architecture, 38 
 
 Squamous cell, 14 
 epithelium, 16 
 stratified, 17 
 
 Stain, Jenner's blood, 28 
 Wright's blood, 28 
 
 Staining, technic, 28 
 
 Stomach, 49 
 mucosa of, 49 
 
 Stratified epithelium, 1 7 
 cubical, 18 
 squamous, 18 
 
 Stratum germinativum, 71 
 granulosum, 71 
 
 Striate muscle, 29 
 
 Sublingual glands, 53 
 
 Submaxillary glands, 53 
 
 Suprarenal gland, 41 
 
 Sustentative tissues, 20 
 
 Sweat glands, 74 
 
 Sympathetic ganglion cell, 31 
 
 Taste bud, 48 
 Teeth, 46 
 
 cement of, 47 
 
 enamel of, 47 
 Telophase, 15 
 Testes, 62 
 Thymus gland, 40 
 Thyreoid gland, 40 
 Tissue, adipose, 22 
 
 areolar, 21 
 
 connective, 20 
 modified, 22 
 
 diffuse lymphoid, 36 
 
 elastic, 21 
 
 embryonic, 20 
 
 fibrous, compact, 21 
 white, 22 
 loose, 20 
 
 mucous, 20 
 
 muscular, 29 
 
 nervous, 31 
 
 reticular, 20 
 Tongue, 47 
 Tonsils, 37 
 Trachea, 57 
 
 Transitional epithelium, 17 
 Tunica externa of arteries, 34 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Tunica inlima of arteries, 34 
 media of arteries, 34 
 
 Unmyelinated ner\'e fibers, 32 
 Ureter, 60 
 Urethra, 61 
 
 female, 61 
 
 male, 61, 65 
 Urinar)' system, 59 
 Uterine tube, 67 
 Uterus, 68 
 
 menstruating, 68 
 
 resting, 68 
 
 Vagina, 70 
 Veins, 35 
 Venules, 33 
 
 Vermiform appendix, 51 
 Vesicle, seminal, 64 
 Villi, chorionic, 69 
 of duodenum, 50 
 
 Wright's blood stain, 28 
 
 Yellow bone marrow, 28 
 
COLLEGE TEXT=BOOKS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Wo Eo SAUNPEIKS COMPANY 
 
 West Washington Square Philadelphia 
 
 London : 9, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden 
 
 Wirmmtli 
 
 O]ry©ii(0)gy 
 
 Laboratory Manual and Text-Book of Embryology. By Charles 
 VV. Prentiss, A. M., Ph. D., formerly Professor of Microscopic 
 Anatomy in the Northwestern University Medical School, Chi- 
 cago. Large octavo of 400 pages, with 368 illustrations, many in 
 colors. Cloth, $3-75 net. 
 
 This lew work on Embryology is both laboratory manual and descrip- 
 tive lext-book. It is the only recent single volume describing the 
 chick and pig embryos usually studied in the laboratory, giving you as 
 well a concise, systematic account of human embryology. The descrip- 
 tions of the chick and pig embryos to be studied in the laboratory cover 
 over 100 pages and are illustrated with ij2 instrticlive illustrations, 
 most of them original. 
 
 Dr. J. W. Papez, Atlanta Medical College: " It is the only book that 
 has fulfilled my needs exactly. I am using the book this session and 
 will continue to use it in the future." 
 
 Introduction to Neurology. By C. Judson Herrick, Ph. D., Pro- 
 fessor of Neurology in the University of Chicago. i2mo of 360 
 pages, with 137 illustrations. Cloth, $1.75 net. 
 
 This work will help the student to organize his knowledge and to 
 appreciate the significance of the nervous system as a working mechan- 
 ism. It presents the actual inner workings of the nervous mechanisms 
 in terms that he can understand at the very beginning of his course in 
 psychology, general zfxilogy, comparative anatomy, and general 
 medicine. 
 
Saunders' College Text-Books 
 
 cFiiirlaiffidl^s Biology 
 
 Biology: General and Medical. By Joseph McFarland, M. D., 
 Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology, University of Pennsyl- 
 vania. i2mo of 457 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $1.75 net. 
 
 Just Issued. New {3d) Edition. 
 
 This work is particularly adaptable to the requirements of scientific 
 courses. There are chapters on the origin of life and its manifesta- 
 tions, the cell and cell division, reproduction, ontogenesis, conformity 
 to t)^e, divergence, structural and blood relationship, parasitism, mu- 
 tilation and regeneration, grafting, senescence, etc. 
 Prof. W. R. McConnell, Pennsylvania State College: "It has some 
 admirable features, the most valuable of which is the careful resume of 
 the subjects of heredity and evolution." 
 
 Drciw^s lirwm'^tmhTB.tm Zoology 
 
 Invertebrate Zoology. By Oilman A. Drew, Ph. D., Assistant Di- 
 rector of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. 
 1 2mo of 213 pages. Cloth, $1.25 net. New (2d) Edition. 
 
 Professor Drew's work gives the student a working knowledge of com- 
 parative anatomy and leads him to an appreciation of the adaptation 
 of the animals to their environments. It is a practical work, express- 
 ing the practical knowledge gained through experience. The type 
 method of study has been followed. 
 
 Prof. John M. Tyler, Amherst College: "It covers the ground well^ 
 is clear and very compact. The table of definitions is excellent." 
 
 DaMgkciirfty^s EcoiaomEe Zoology 
 
 Economic Zoology. ByL. S. Daugherty, M. S., Ph. D., Professor 
 of Science, Missouri Wesleyan College; and M. C. Daugherty. 
 Part I — Field and Laboratory Guide: i2mo of 276 pages, inter- 
 leaved. Cloth, $1.25 net. Part II — Principles: i2mo of 406 
 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. 
 
 Not only does this work give the salient facts of structural zoology and 
 the development of the various branches, but also the natural history 
 — the life and habits. It emphasizes the economic phase throughout. 
 
 Prof . V. E. Shelf ord, University of Chicago: "It has many merits 
 and is the best book of the kind on the market." 
 
Saunders* College Text-Books 
 
 Nutritional Physiology. By Percy G. Stiles, Assistant Professor 
 of Physiology at Harvard University. i2mo of 288 pages, 
 illustrated. Cloth, $1.25 net. New {2d) Edition. 
 
 Dr. Stiles' new work, takes up each organ, each secretion concerned in 
 the process of digestion, discussing the part each plays in the physiol- 
 ogy of nutrition — in the transformation of energy. In fact, the key- 
 note of the book throughout is " energy" — its source and its conserva- 
 tion. The illustrations and homely similes are noteworthy. 
 
 Prof. M. E. Jaffa, University of Cahfornia: "The presentation of the 
 matter is excellent and can be understood by all." 
 
 The Nervous System and Its Conservation. By Percy Goldthwait 
 Stiles, Assistant Professor of Physiology at Harvard University. 
 izmoof 230 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $1.25 net. 
 
 Prof. Stiles' wonderful faculty of putting scientific things in language 
 within the grasp of the non-medical reader is nowhere better illustrated 
 than in this book. He has a way of conveying facts accurately with 
 rifle-ball precision. This new book is really a physiology and anatomy 
 of the nervous system, emphasizing the means of conserving nervous 
 energy. 
 
 iniMinffigiini raysE© 
 
 Human Physiology. By Percy Goldthwait Stiles, Assistant 
 Professor of Physiology at Harvard University. izmo of 400 
 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $1.50 net. 
 
 This new physiology is particularly adapted for high and normal 
 schrwls and general colleges. It presents the accepted facts concisely 
 with only a limited description of the experiments by which these facts 
 have been establi'^hed. It is written by a teacher who has not lost the 
 point of view of elementary students. Professor Stiles has a unique 
 and forceful way of writing. He has the faculty of making clear, even 
 to the uns( ientific reader, physiologic processes more or less difficult 
 of comprehension. This he does by the use of happy teaching devices. 
 The illustrations are as simple as the text. 
 
Saunders' College Text-Books 
 
 General Bacteriology. By Edwin O. Jordan, Ph. D., Profe';=nr 
 of Bacteriology, University of Chicago. Octavo of 66g pages, 
 illustrated.. Cloth, $3.25 net. Jusl Out— New isth) Edition^ 
 
 This work treats fully of the bacteriology of plants, milk and milk 
 products, dairying, agriculture, water, food preservation; of leather 
 tanning, vinegar making, tobacco curing; of household administration 
 and sanitary engineering. A chapter of prime importance to all stu- 
 dents of botany, horticulture, and agriculture is that on the bacterial 
 diseases of plants. 
 
 Prof. T, J. Burrill, University of Illinois: "I am using Jordan's Bac- 
 teriology for class work and am convinced that it is the best text in 
 existence." 
 
 Bacteriologic Technic. By J. W. H. Eyre, M. D., Bacteriologist 
 to Guy's Hospital, London. Octavo of 525 pages, illustrated. 
 Cloth, $3.00 net. Second Edition. 
 
 Dr. Eyre gives clearly the technic for the bacteriologic examination of 
 water, sewage, air, soil, milk and its products, meats, etc. It is a work 
 of much value in the laboratory. The illustrations are practical and 
 serve well to clarify the text. The book has been greatly enlarged. 
 The London Lancet: " It is a work for all technical students, whether 
 of brewing, dairying, or agriculture." 
 
 Firdd^i S©e1 Ba(steirE©l©gy 
 
 Soil' Bacteriology. By E. B. Fred, Ph. G., Associate Professor of 
 Agricultural Bacteriology, College of Agriculture, University of 
 Wisconsin. i2mo of 170 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $1.25 net. 
 
 Dr. Fred has very carefully prepared a laboratory manual arranged 
 primarily for students of soil bacteriology, soil chemistry, physics, and 
 plant pathology. It is the outgrowth of many years' experience. The 
 instructions he gives are unusually clear and definite, being based on 
 quantitative results. He sets down a series of practical exercises on soil 
 micro-organisms, on the nitrogen, carbon, sulphur, iron cycles, etc. 
 
Saunders' College Text-Books 
 
 HeIFs M©rmal Mistokgy 
 
 Normal Histology and Organography. By Charles Hill, M. D., 
 i2mo of 483 pages, 337 illustrations. Flexible leather, $2.25 net. 
 
 New (3d) Edition. 
 
 Dr. Hill's work is characterized by a brevity of style, yet a complete- 
 ness of discussion, rarely met in a book of this size. The entire field 
 is covered, beginning with the preparation of material, the cell, the 
 various tissues, on through the different organs and regions, and end- 
 ing with fixing and staining solutions. 
 
 Dr. E. P. Porterfield, St. Louis University: " I am very much gratified 
 to find so handy a work. It is so full and complete that it meets all 
 requirements." 
 
 BdKm, Da¥E(dl(0)lFlFp H^fesir's Hkfeology 
 
 Histoiogy. By A. A. Bohm, M. D., and I\I. von Davidoff, 
 M. D., of Munich. Edited by G. Carl Huber, M. D., Professor 
 of Embryology at the Wistar Institute, University of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Octavoof 528 pages, 377 illustrations. Flexible cloth, I3. 50 
 net. Second Edition. 
 
 This work is conceded to be the most complete text-book on human 
 histology published. Particularly full on microscopic technic and 
 staining, it is especially serviceable in the laboratory. Every step in 
 technic is clearly and precisely detailed. It is a work you can depend 
 upon always. 
 
 New York Medical Journal: "There can be nothing but praise for 
 this model text-book and laboratory guide." 
 
 (icifeir^s MiHiLairy HygkinKi 
 
 Military Hygiene and .Sanitation. By Lieut.-Col. Frank R. 
 
 Keeper, Professor of Military Hygiene, United States Military 
 
 Academy, West Point. i2mo of 305 pages, illustrated. Cloth, 
 
 $1.50 net. 
 You get here chapters on the care of troops, recruits and recruiting, per- 
 sonal hygiene, physical training, preventable diseases, clothing, equip- 
 ment, water-supply, foods and their preparation, hygiene and sanitation 
 of posts, barracks, the troopship, marches, camps, and battlefields; dis- 
 posal of wastes, tropic and arctic service, venereal diseases, alcohol, etc. 
 
Saunders' College Text-Books 
 
 Owcgm^s TireaitinnKEiniit ©f lEm®irg(Biriici(ig 
 
 The Treatment of Emergencies. By Hubley R. Owen, M. D., Sur- 
 geon to the Philadelphia General Hospital. i2mo of 500 pages, 
 with 249 illustrations. 
 
 Dr. Owen's book gives you not only the actual technic of the procedures, 
 but also the reason why a particular method is advised. This makes 
 for correctness. You get chapters on fractures of all kinds, on contu- 
 sions and wounds, going fully into symptoms, treatments, and complica- 
 tions. Particularly strong is the chapter on gunshot wounds, which 
 gives the new treatments that the great European War has developed. 
 You get the principles of hemorrhage, together with its constitutional 
 and local treatments. You get chapters on sprains, strains, disloca- 
 tions, burns and scalds, etc. The book is complete; it is thorough; 
 it is practical. 
 
 Brady^i P(iiri(0)inial Hamlftk 
 
 Personal Health. By William Brady, M. D., Elmira, New York. 
 1 2mo of 407 pages. Cloth, $1.50 net. Just Issued. 
 
 Dr. Brady teaches you how to take care of yourself, how to forestall ill- 
 ness, how to apply sound, practical judgment to the routine of your 
 daily life. He gives you a clear idea of the causes of ill-health of any 
 kind. He prescribes simple treatments when these are sufiScient. He 
 carefully indicates the stage at which professional advice should be 
 sought. He knows what you want, for fifteen years' experience has 
 taught him. . 
 
 The Prevention of Disease. By Kinelm Winslow, M. D., formerly 
 Assistant Professor of Comparative Therapeutics, Harvard Uni- 
 versity. i2mo of 348 pages, illustrated. Cloth, I1.7S net. 
 
 This book is a practical guide for the layman, giving him briefly the 
 means to avoid the various diseases described. The chapters on diet, 
 exercise, tea, coffee, and alcohol are of special interest, as are those on 
 the prevention of cancer, colds, constipation, obesity, nervous disorders, 
 tuberculosis, infantile paralysis, sex hygiene, decayed teeth, colds, 
 enlarged tonsils and adenoids, and the diseases of middle age. The 
 work is a record of twenty-five years' active practice. 
 
Saunders' College Text-Books 
 
 Veterinary Bacteriology By Robert E. Buchanan, Ph. D., Pro- 
 fessor of Bacteriology, and Charles Murray, B. Sc, D. V. M., 
 Associate Professor of Veterinary Bacteriology, Iowa State College 
 of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Octavo of 590 pages, illustrated. 
 Cloth, $3.50 net. New (2d) Edition. 
 
 Professor Buchanan's new work goes minutely into the consideration 
 of immunity, opsonic index, reproduction, sterilization, antiseptics, 
 biochemic tests, culture media, isolation of cultures, the manufacture 
 of the various toxins, antitoxins, tuberculins, and vaccines. 
 B, F. Kaupp, D. V. S., State Agricultural College, Fort Collins: " It is 
 the best in print on the subject. • What pleases me most is that it con- 
 tains all the late results of research." 
 
 Sksomi^s Aimaifeoinffiy ®f D®inni(g§iti€ Aimnmiik 
 
 Anatomy of Domestic Animals. By Septimus Sisson, S. B., V. S., 
 Professor of Comparative .Anatomy, Ohio State University. Octavo 
 of 930 pages, 725 illustrations. Cloth, $7.30 net. New {2d) Edition. 
 
 Here is a work of the greatest usefulness in the study and pursuit of 
 the veterinary sciences. This is a clear and concise statement of the 
 structure of the principal domesticated animals — an exhaustive gross 
 anatomy of the horse, ox, pig, and dog, including the splanchnology of 
 the sheep, presented in a form never before approached for practical 
 usefulness. 
 
 Prof. E. D. Harris, North Dakota Agricultural College: " It is the best 
 of its kind in the English language. It is quite free from errors." 
 
 ophthalmology for Veterinarians. By Walter N. Sharp, M. D., 
 Professor of Ophthalmology, Indiana Veterinary College. i2mo 
 of 210 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. 
 
 This new work covers a much neglected but important field of veter- 
 inary practice. Dr. Sharp has presented his subject in a concise, crisp 
 way, so that you can pick up his book and get to " the point " quickly. 
 He first gives you the anatomy of the eye, then examination, the various 
 diseases, including injuries, parasites, errors of refraction. 
 Dr. George H. Glover, Agricultural Experiment Station, Fort Collins: 
 " It is the best book on the subject on the market." 
 
Saunders' College Text-Books 
 
 The Horse in Health and Disease. By Frederick B. Hadley, 
 D. V. M., Associate Professor of Veterinary Science, University 
 of Wisconsin. i2mo of 260 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $1.50 net. 
 
 This new work correlates the structure and function of each organ of 
 the body, and shows how the hidden parts are related to the form, 
 movements, and utility of the animal. Then, in another part, you get 
 a concise discussion of the causes, methods of prevention, and effects 
 of disease. The book is designed especially as an introductory text to 
 the study of veterinary science in agricultural schools and colleges. 
 
 KsiMpp^i P©"Mlftiry CMlftMir(i 
 
 Poultry Culture, Sanitation, and Hygiene. By B. F. Kaupp, M. S., 
 D. V. M., Poultry Investigator and Pathologist, North Carolina 
 Experiment Station, izmo of 417 pages, with ig? illustrations. 
 
 Cloth, $2.00 net. 
 
 This work gives you the breeds and varieties of poultry, hygiene and 
 sanitation, ventilation, poultry-house construction, equipment, ridding 
 stock of vermin, internal parasites, and other diseases. You get the 
 gross anatomy and functions of the digestive organs, food-stuffs, com- 
 pounding rations, fattening, dressing, packing, selling, care of eggs; 
 handling feathers, value of droppings as fertilizer, caponizing, etc., etc. 
 
 \cK\ Dk(iai(ii ©ff 
 
 Diseases of Swine. With Particular Reference to Hog-Cholera. 
 By Charles F. Lynch, M. D., D. V. S., Terre Haute Veterinary 
 College. With a chapter on Castration and Spaying, by George 
 R. White, M. D., D. V. S., Tennessee. Octavo of 741 pages, 
 illustrated. Cloth, $5.00 net. 
 
 You get first some 80 pages on the various breeds of hogs, with valu- 
 able points in judging swine. Then comes an extremely important 
 monograph of over 400 pages on hog-choJera, giving the history, causes, 
 pathology, types, and treatment. Then, in addition, you get complete 
 chapters on all other diseases of swine. 
 
Saunders' College Text-Books 
 
 L^ik^s Efemdimte ©f MM£ri£fl(0)irii 
 
 EUmenta of Nutrition. By Graham Lusk, Ph. D., Professor of 
 Physiologj', Cornell Medical School. Octavo of 402 pages, illus 
 trated. Cloth, $3.00 net. Second Edition. 
 
 The clear and practical presentation of starvation, regulation of tem- 
 perature, the influence of protein food, the specific dynamic action 
 of food-stuflfs, the influence of fat and carbohydrate ingestion and of 
 mechanical work render the work unusually valuable. It will prove 
 extremely helpful to students of animal dietetics and of metabolism 
 generally. 
 
 Dr. A. P. Brubaker, Jefferson :\Iedical College: " It is undoubtedly the 
 best presentation of the subject in English. The work is indispensable." 
 
 [©wdf S P 
 
 Dii©gy 
 
 Physiology. By William H. Howell, M. D , Ph. D., Professor 
 of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University. Octavo of 1020 pages, 
 illustrated. Cloth, $4.00 net. iVea, (6tK) Edition. 
 
 Dr. Howell's work on human physiology has been aptly termed a 
 " storehouse of physiologic fact and scientific theory." You will at 
 once be impressed with the fact that you are in touch with an expe- 
 rienced teacher and investigator. 
 
 Prof. G. H. Caldwell, University of North Dakota: "Of all the text- 
 books on physiology which I have examined, Howell's is the best." 
 
 Hygiene. By D. H. Bekgky, M. D., Assistant Professor of Bac- 
 teriology, University of Pennsylvania. Octavo of 529 pages, illus- 
 trated. Cloth, $3.00 net. New {$lh) Edition. 
 
 Dr. Bergey gives first place to ventilation, water-supply, sewage, indus- 
 trial and school hygiene, etc. His long experience in teaching this sub- 
 ject has made him familiar with teaching needs. 
 
 J. N. Hurty, M. D., Indiana University: " It is one of the best books 
 with which I am acquainted." 
 
lo Saunders' College Text-Books 
 
 iri©iffiaJi injgmnm 
 
 Personal Hygiene. Edited by Walter L. Pyle, M. D., Fellow 
 of the American Academy of Medicine. i2mo of 543 pages, illus- 
 trated. Cloth, §1.50 net. New {6th) Edition. 
 
 Dr. Pyle's work sets forth the best means of preventing disease — the best 
 means to perfect health. It tells you how to care for the teeth, skin, 
 complexion, and hair. It takes up mouth breathing, catching cold, 
 care of the vocal cords, care of the eyes, school hygiene, body posture, 
 ventilation, house-cleaning, etc. There are chapters on food adulter- 
 ation (by Dr. Harvey W . Wiley), domestic hygiene, and home gymnastics. 
 Canadian Teacher: "Such a complete and authoritative treatise 
 should be in the hands of every teacher." 
 
 Personal Hygiene and Physical Training for Women By 
 Anna M. Galbraith, M. D. lamo of 393 pages, illustrated. 
 Cloth, $2.25 net. New (2d) Edition. 
 
 Dr. Gaibraith's book meets a need long existing — a need for a simple 
 manual of personal hygiene and physical training for women along sci- 
 entific lines. There are chapters on hair, hands and feet, dress, devel- 
 opment of the form, and the attainment of good carriage by dancing, 
 walking, running, swimming, rowing, etc. 
 
 Dr. Harry B. Boice, Trenton State Normal School: "It is intensely 
 interesting and is the finest work of the kind of which I know." 
 
 Exercise in Education and Medicine. By R. Tait McKenzie, 
 JVI. D., Professor of Physical Education, University of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Octavo of 585 pages, with 478 illustrations. Cloth, $4.00 
 net. New {2d) Edition. 
 
 Chapters of special value in college work are those on exercise by the 
 different systems: play-grounds, physical education in school, college, 
 and university. 
 
 D. A. Sargent, M. D., Hemenway Gymnasium: "It should be in the 
 hands of every physical educator." 
 
Saunders' College Text-Books _J^ 
 
 ImmtdUtc Care of the Injured. By Albert S. Morrow, M. D., 
 Adjunct Professor of Surger>', New York Polyclinic. Octavo of 
 360 pages, 242 illustrations. Cloth, $2.50 net. Second Edition. 
 
 Dr. Morrow's book tells you just what to do in any emergency, and it 
 is illustrated in such a practical way taat the idea is caught at once. 
 There is no book better adapted to first-aid class work. 
 Health: "Here is a book that should find a place in every workshop 
 and factory and should be made a te.xt-book in our schools." 
 
 Am^ricaini Illlll^yi§ilirait@(dl Dktfloinimiry 
 
 American Illustrated Medical Dictionary. By W. A.Newman 
 DoRLAND, M. D., Member of Committee on Nomenclature and 
 Classification of Diseases, American Medical Association. Octavo 
 of 1 137 pages, with 323 illustrations, 119 in colors. Flexible 
 leather, $4.50 net; thumb indexed, $5.00 net. New (8th) Edition. 
 
 If you want an unabridged medical dictionary, this is the one you 
 want. It is down to the minute; its definitions are concise, yet accu- 
 rate and clear; it is extremely easy to consult; it defines all the newest 
 terms in medicine and the allied subjects; it is profusely illustrated. 
 John B. Murphy, M. D., Northwestern University: "It is unquestion- 
 ably the best lexicon on medical topics in the English language, and 
 with all that, it is so compact for ready reference." 
 
 American Pocket Medical Dictionary. Edited by W. A. New- 
 man DoRLAND, -M. D. 693 pages. Flexible leather. $1.25 net; 
 thumb index, $1.50 net. New igth) Edition. 
 
 A dictionary must be full enough to give the student the information 
 he seeks, clearly and simply, yet it must not confuse him with detail. 
 The editor has kept this in mind in compiling this Pocket Dictionary. 
 
 I. V. S. Stanitlaua, M. D., Medico-Chirurgical College: "We have 
 been strongly recommending this little book as being the very best." 
 DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULARS OF ALL BOOKS SENT FREE 
 
Date Due 
 
 /l^S^ ? ^ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 lie B 
 
 1PI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
(^556 
 
 Ar3 
 oop.2 
 
 Arey 
 
 A laboratory guide in histology. 
 
 ^ OEC 5 195!?U » S-^Ji^