COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE 
 
 HEALTH SCIENCES STANDARD 
 
 HX64080285 
 RA1 231 .L4 G72 1913 An investigation as 
 
 RECAP 
 
 RA 
 
 1231 
 
 ,L4 
 
 G72 
 
 1913 
 
 V 
 
 ^f 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 & 
 
\* V*/3 
 
 WEALTH 
 SCIRNCKS 
 LIBRAKY 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2010 with funding from 
 
 Open Knowledge Commons 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/investigationastOOgrah 
 
.+ T" /-/ CWnmbia IMwtalty , 
 
 g^, U. II, NewYorHi 
 
 AN INVESTIGATION 
 
 AS TO 
 
 The Danger of Poisoning from Lead and 
 
 Arsenic in Industries Located Outside 
 
 of Greater New York 
 
 By C. T. GRAHAM-ROGERS, M. D. 
 
 Medical Inspector of Factories 
 AND 
 
 JOHN H. VOGT, B. S. 
 
 Factory Inspector 
 
 Reprint of Appendix VIII to Second Report of the New York State 
 
 Factory Investigating Commission, submitted to the 
 
 Legislature January 15, 1913 
 
 ALBANY 
 
 J. B. LYON COMPANY. PRINTERS 
 
 1913 
 
/ 
 
c- r^u. 
 
 APPENDIX VIII 
 
 AX INVESTIGATION AS TO THE DANGER OF POISON 
 ING FROM LEAD AND ARSENIC 
 
 IN INDUSTRIES LOCATED OUTSIDE OF GREATER 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 BY 
 
 C. T. Graham-Rogees, j\L D., 
 
 /// ' ' 
 
 Medial f us pec tor of Factories 
 
 AND 
 
 John H. Vogt, B. S. 
 Factory Inspector. 
 
/25l 
 
 ■14 
 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Hon. John Williams, 
 
 Commissioner of Labor, 
 
 Albany, N. Y. 
 
 Sm. — Upon request of the State Factory Investigation Com- 
 mission an investigation was undertaken as to the danger of lead 
 and arsenic poisoning in industries located outside of Greater 
 ~Nevr York City. 
 
 It was the aim of the present investigation to determine where 
 the danger point in the industry, or process of manufacture was, 
 how it could be eliminated or guarded, and the health of the 
 worker protected; also, the relationship of the worker and the 
 industry to the question of poisoning. 
 
 This necessitated not only an inspection and examination of 
 the industry and various processes of manufacture, a chemical 
 analyses of the ingredients and raw material used, and the atmos- 
 pheric conditions under which the work was carried on, but also a 
 physical examination of the workers. The latter undertaking 
 presented difficulties, as a proper and complete physical examina- 
 tion requires considerable time, and in many cases the workers 
 declined to undergo the ordeal, therefore this portion of the in- 
 vestigation was limited to inquiries, a superficial physical examin- 
 ation, and in some cases estimation of haemoglobin and urine 
 analysis. 
 
 Together with Factory Inspector John IT. Vogt, to whom was 
 entrusted the supervision of the analytical work, visits were made 
 to factories wherein lead and arsenic or their compounds wore 
 used, or reputed to be used. 
 
 In view of the short time allotted for the work, it was an 
 impossibility to cover every industry, or even every factory of a 
 particular industry, so as to make the investigation a complete 
 one, but an effort was made to cover at least one or more fact" 
 in each industry and so make the investigation an intensive one. 
 
 During the course of the work it was found that in many in- 
 dustries modern methods and recent chemical advance- had pro- 
 
1084 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 vided harmless substitutes for the more dangerous ingredients 
 formerly used, but nevertheless, analyses of conditions were made 
 as confirmatory records. 
 
 The lack of reliable morbidity, and even mortality statistics, 
 makes the compilation of comparative data a difficult task, and 
 as there is, in many instances, a vast difference between the pro- 
 cesses of manufacture, and ingredients used in industries in this 
 State, as compared with the same processes and industries in 
 foreign countries, especially Great Britain, the splendid statistics 
 gathered by the authorities abroad, are not, in all cases, applicable 
 for comparative data. 
 
 Most important factors are personal hygiene and housing con- 
 ditions, but these questions the Department was unable to take 
 up ; it was understood that the Commission would endeavor to 
 study these problems. 
 
 It will be readily seen then that the conclusions arrived at are 
 based upon actual facts so far as the industries are concerned, and 
 upon observed conditions of the employees while at work or about 
 the factories. The task of definitely placing the burden of 
 responsibility is a difficult one, but in so far as the processes of 
 manufacture are concerned the work was lightened. By means of 
 physical and chemical determination, the exact cause, and the 
 definite danger point have been determined, and definite as well 
 as practical safeguards have been recommended. 
 
 The results of the investigation are by no means final, and it is 
 intended to pursue further investigation as to the industries' part 
 in the question, as well as undertake research work as to the 
 effect upon the human economy, so that if possible, the danger of 
 poisoning may be entirely eliminated. 
 
 That the report may be comprehensive, the general discussion 
 has not been confined to our findings in the industries visited, 
 but includes historical, chemical, and toxicological references. In 
 the preparation of the report, numerous works of reference have 
 been consulted, and as is often the case, specific mention may have 
 been inadvertently omitted, a bibliography has therefore been 
 appended. While not as complete as could be wished for, it is 
 hoped that the list of references may be of aid to those engaged in 
 further research. Through the courtesy of the Board of Directors, 
 
Appendix VIII- Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 10S5 
 
 there was placed at our disposal, the use of the laboratory of St. 
 Bartholomew's Clinic. Through the kindness of President Rush 
 Rhees, and Prof. Victor Chambers of the Rochester University, 
 we were favored to have the use of a small research laboratory in 
 the chemistry building of the university. The enjoyment of 
 these privileges where analytical work could be performed to a 
 completion was of inestimable value and aid in completing the 
 investigation. 
 
 The investigation was not merely confined to analyses of atmos- 
 pheric conditions, but analyses were made of urine, gloves, cloth- 
 ing, materials used in various processes of manufacture, water 
 in which the workers had previously washed their hands, towels. 
 dust, and floor sweepings. 
 
 LEAD POISONING. 
 
 Lead is a metal which has been known from the earliest times. 
 It is mentioned in Job xix, 24. It was used by the Romans to 
 make water pipes which were soldered by lead and tin, and 
 articles made from it bearing Roman inscriptions and dates are 
 still preserved. Pliny mentions the metal as " plumbum nigrum " 
 and " plumbum album," and uses the word minium in its present 
 sense of red lead. Dioscorides described a substance "molubdania," 
 which was undoubtedly litharge. The wdiite lead of the present 
 day was well known to Gober in the eighth century, and lead 
 salts, red lead and litharge (both oxides of lead) were known to 
 the alchemists, who designated lead by the sign of Saturn ^. 
 Small weights of lead have been found among Viking remains 
 dating as early as the tenth century. 
 
 The earliest discovery of lead on the American Continent is 
 recorded fourteen years after the landing of the first English 
 settlers in Virginia. In 1621 lead was found in the vicinity of 
 Jamestown near Falling Creek. The increased demand for 
 bullets by the settlers furthered the search for the metal. The 
 French settlers also induced the Indians to hunt for the metal, for 
 which they in turn gave them trinkets and even firearms. Some 
 time elapsed before, by accident, it was found that the Indians 
 living in the vicinity of Wisconsin and Iowa were busily engaged 
 in making the metal from ore. They readily reduced the metal 
 44 
 
1086 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 from the ore by building fires over masses of the ore and digging 
 small trenches away from the fire into which the metal could run. 
 Thus was the beginning of the lead industry, the field of which 
 has reached such enormous porportions. 
 
 On account of the many uses to which lead can be put in the 
 arts, and its wide distribution over the earth, large quantities are 
 mined in many countries in Europe, South America, Asia, and 
 North America. Native lead is of rare occurrence, found in but 
 few places, and then only in a laminated form. The metal is 
 chiefly obtained from the minerals galenite, cerussite, and 
 anglessite. Until recent years the metal was obtained from no 
 other source than from the mineral galenite which contains approx- 
 imately 86.6% lead, and 13.4% sulphur. Large deposits of 
 galean or galenite are found in Great Britain, Germany, Spain. 
 Norway, Turkey, France, Isle of Man, Scotland, Wales and the 
 United States. The Colorado smelting works which came into 
 importance in 1878, yielded in 1887, 70,000 tons of the metal. 
 The works and mines are located at Leadville where much of the 
 ore occurs as cerussite, a native carbonate of lead. Idaho, Utah. 
 Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Montana 
 are also large producers of lead. According to " The Mineral 
 Industry " by Charles, published in 1911, no new mines were dis- 
 covered since 1910. The amount of crude lead production in the 
 United States during 1911 amounted to 400.988 tons as compared 
 to the production in 1910 of 392.704 tons. 
 
 In New York State, lead is found in the form of galenite at 
 Rossi e, St. Lawrence County in gneiss, the vein being three to 
 four feet wide. It is found near Wurtsboro, Sullivan County, 
 associated with pyrite. At Ossining-on-the-Hudson. cerrussite is 
 found with some galenite (galena). At Otisville. Orange County, 
 where in 1910 some prospecting was done at the Phoenix lead- 
 zinc mine, a vein was reported at 350 feet from the tunnel mouth, 
 the vein being drifted upon for 200 feet. At Macomb, St. Law- 
 rence County, where galenite (galena) associated with blend and 
 almost pure calceiteis was found, a 20-ton concentrating mill had 
 been in operation up to 1911. Lead is found in millstone grit 
 in a large vein at Ancram. Columbia County. These localities 
 are at present producing no metal whatever. It is probable that 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead axd Arsenic Poisoxixg. 1087 
 
 the workings cannot be successfully carried on with any profit 
 due to the remoteness from railroads, and the low grade of the ore. 
 
 Chemistry. 
 
 Lead (Plumbum) is a bluish white, soft metal, having a bright 
 metallic lustre when freshly cut or melted. It is readily oxidized 
 when exposed to the air, but suffers very little loss when compared 
 with other metals. It can be readily scratched with the human 
 nail, easily cut with a knife, and makes a streak on paper. On 
 account of its softness it can be readily rolled into sheets when 
 cold, and its low melting point, 663° F.-334° C, makes it a decid- 
 edly useful metal for casting type, pipe, ornaments, etc. 
 
 There are two oxides necessary to notice. 
 
 Litharge or lead oxide, contains 92.82% of lead. It is either 
 in crystalline scales, a fused mass, or a powder, varying in color 
 from yellow to reddish yellow or orange, and when prepared 
 below the melting point is called " massicot." 
 
 Minium or red lead is a compound of protoxide of lead with 
 the dioxide. It is of a brilliant red color. 
 
 Sulphate of lead contains 73.61% lead, when produced arti- 
 ficially is a heavy white powder insoluble to a great extent in 
 water. The sulphate can be readily changed into the carbonate 
 by boiling it with solutions of the alkaline carbonates. The sul- 
 phate, fused with cyanide of potassium, yields metallic lead. 
 
 Acetate of lead, sugar of lead, is found commercially in white 
 spongy masses composed of acicular crystals. It may also be 
 found in flat four-sided prisms. It has a sweet metallic taste and 
 is soluble in water. 
 
 Chloride of lead contains 74.48% of lead and is in the form of 
 brilliant crystalline needles. 
 
 Carbonate of lead, white lead, is composed of a mixture of neu- 
 tralcarbonate of lead and hydrate of lead. 
 
 As a pigment we have chromate of lead and a bichromate of 
 lead. 
 
 Before entering upon the analytical work where it was known 
 that very small amounts of lead were to be dealt with, it was nec- 
 essary to consult the latest text books for methods to conduct 
 quantitative and qualitative analyses. After considerable experi- 
 
108S Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 uienting, the most reliable, accurate and speedy method adaptable 
 to atmospheric analysis proved to be that of Schwarlz m idified 
 by Diehl, and still further modified by Mr. Vogt. 
 
 In all operations for atmospheric analysis, where, owing to the 
 nature of the work lead was supposed to exist, large volumes of 
 air. not less than 1,000 litres, were aspirated through a battery 
 of specially designed wash bottles containing doubly distilled 
 water, by means of an air pump. The exact capacity of the pump 
 having been definitely determined, the exact amount of air pass- 
 ing through the solution was known. After securing a sample, the 
 solution in the bottle was decanted, the suspended material in the 
 solution dissolved in nitro-hydrochloric acid, the solution evap- 
 orated to a small bulk, to which is added sulphuric acid, and 
 allowed to stand for at least twenty-four hours. The solution is 
 again evaporated until fumes of sulphuric acid appear, distilled 
 water is then added, and the solution run through an asbestos 
 filter devised by Mr. Vogt. The residue after thorough washing 
 is transferred to a flask and strong ammonium acetate added. 
 whereby the sulphate of lead is dissolved. The residue is again 
 filtered, the filter being treated with hydrochloric acid, water, and 
 finally acetate of ammonium and hot water. To the filtrate placed 
 in the flask is added the solution of potassium 
 
 bichromate in excess, whereby the lead is precipitated in the form 
 of chromate. The excess of potassium bichromate is estimated by 
 tottoo solution of soclic thiosulphate. The two standard solu- 
 tions were in every case standardized before every series of tests, 
 in order to obtain exact results. 
 
 In some cases the lead was determined colormetrically by the 
 addition of sodic sulphate and dissolving the lead sulphate in 
 ammonium acetate as before mentioned, the brownish color formed 
 indicates the presence of lead, corresponding to the exact bulk of 
 the solution to be tested. By means of this method accurate 
 results were obtained. 
 
 In the examination of gloves, aprons, clothing, floor sweepings 
 and water from the washings of the hands of men and women. 
 the method employed was as follows: 
 
 First, all organic matter was destroyed by using one of the 
 well known methods according to Prescott. then dissolving the 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. L089 
 
 residue, filter and convert into the form of a lead sulphate and 
 estimate, either gravimetrically or volumetric-ally by means of the 
 methods previously mentioned and modified by Schwartz. 
 
 In the analyses of urine for the presence of lead, large quanti- 
 ties of urine are necessary, as well as plenty of time, so analyses 
 along this line was limited. The method employed was as follows: 
 
 A litre of urine was evaported to dryness on a water bath, the 
 residue moistened with nitric acid, and when effervescence has 
 ceased, the bright colored residue was transferred to a platinum 
 crucible, heated and carefully ignited. The crucible and con- 
 tents together with distilled water were placed in a beaker, hydro- 
 chloric acid added, filtered hot and washed with hot water. To 
 the filtrate was added ammonium hydrate and ammonium sulphide 
 for the purpose of precipitating the lead with phosphates a-nd 
 iron. The filtrate was washed by decantation, an excess of hydro- 
 chloric acid added to dissolve the sulphide of iron and the phos- 
 phates. After standing some hours, the mass was filtered, washed 
 with boiling water, and to the residue of the filter nitric acid 
 added; after washing into a beaker, the material was evaporated 
 to dryness, dissolved in a very little acetic acid and a very small 
 quantity of sulphuric acid added, sufficient, however, to cause 
 complete precipitation. A cloudy precipitate indicated lead, 
 which was placed in small cylinders about six inches long which 
 was compared with a similar cylinder containing an equal amount 
 of a trial sample of sulphate of lead. By comparison of the 
 colors it was easy to calculate the amount of lead present, where 
 the color did not compare, new trial samples were made until 
 the colors matched. 
 
 Where doubt existed as to the presence of lead in the atmos- 
 phere, the microscope was used upon samples obtained in places 
 where colors known to be of lead origin were used. 
 
 Toxicology. 
 
 Lead, more than any other substance has engaged the attention 
 of writers and investigators for many years, and the literature 
 relating to the subject is voluminous. In fact, it would seem that 
 the lasl word had been written and published upon lead poison- 
 ing, especially in connection with industrial life, and further 
 
10 C JO Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsexic Poisoxixg. 
 
 investigation would merely emphasize facts already established as 
 to the danger and ravages incidental to its use. 
 
 The fact has been fully established that lead and its compounds 
 are poisonous, the toxicity being in direct proportion to the solubil- 
 ity in the human economy. 
 
 Notwithstanding the researches and investigations made as to 
 lead poisoning, there is still considerable discussion as to the means 
 of absorption of lead into the system. 
 
 All authorities agree that it is absorbed through the alimentary 
 tract, and this has been a definitely accepted fact for years. 
 
 It is asserted that there is absorption through the respiratory 
 tract, and Dr. Goadby seems to have proved the accuracy of this 
 theory. This would seem to confirm the findings of Tanquerel 
 des Planches in 1840. 
 
 Considerable doubt exits as to whether lead is absorbed through 
 the skin. Many authorities claim it is impossible if the skin 
 is unbroken and healthy. M. Manouvriez and Prof. Proust assert 
 that it is absorbed through the skin, and this view seems to be 
 taken by a number of German authorities. 
 
 It was impossible to go into these matters owing to lack of 
 time and proper facilities, so that no conclusions as to the last 
 two theories can be ventured. As a result of close observations I 
 am of the opinion that no matter whether the lead is inhaled, or 
 deposited on the skin, there is always the liability of some of it 
 entering the alimentary tract. 
 
 The susceptibility of individuals to lead poisoning varies con- 
 siderably, though it is well known that children and females are 
 affected more quickly than male adults. 
 
 In many cases symptoms of poisoning have occurred within a 
 very short period after exposure to the poison. It is reported 
 that fifteen and twenty years have elapsed before any trouble 
 was experienced. In my own experience cases have been seen 
 where symptoms developed over ten years after the individual 
 had been entirely away from the influence of lead in any form. 
 
 It is fully conceded that the acute form of lead poisoning is 
 rarely seen in workers engaged in the industries; it is deemed 
 advisable, however, to describe the symptoms of the various forms. 
 
 Acute lead poisoning. The symptoms of this form usually 
 occur after large quantities of a soluble salt, such as the acetate, 
 
Appendix YI1I — Lead and Absenic Poisoning. 10U1 
 
 is taken into the alimentary tract. There is a sweet metallic taste 
 in the mouth, and pain in the epigastrum, followed by colic. At 
 times there is vomiting of a whitish liquid or curds. \\ irh the 
 increased gastro-intestinal irritation, diarrhoea occurs, or the 
 astringent action of the lead may result in constipation. I he 
 feces are black in color, due to the action of the sulphuretted 
 hydrogen in the intestines converting the lead salts into the form 
 of a sulphide. There is excessive thirst. Cramps in the calves 
 of the legs are complained of, and muscular twitching may be 
 noticed. In fatal cases there may be spasms, coma, and collapse. 
 
 Owing to the insidious nature of the poison, and the absorption 
 of small quantities over a long period, the form of industrial lead 
 poisoning seen is usually chronic. 
 
 Chronic lead poisoning. The symptoms of this form are at- 
 tributable to disturbances of nutrition, and of the gastro-intestinal 
 and nervous systems. Xo poisoning presents such a variety of 
 symptoms which similate those of many diseases, or even other 
 poisoning. 
 
 Disturbances of nutrition. The primary symptom is a marked 
 anaemia, resembling to great extent that of pernicious anaemia, 
 or anaemia of renal disease. The percentage of haemoglobin and 
 the number of red blood cells are reduced, but there is no change 
 in the absolute number of leucocytes. In my opinion, the least 
 sign of anaemia in a worker, confirmed by blood examination, 
 should be sufficient cause to remove him from the influence of 
 lead and begin treatment for poisoning. 
 
 The presence of a bluish line of the gums has always been 
 considered as diagnostic of lead poisoning, even where all other 
 signs fail. It is pointed out by Prof. Osier that it may be con- 
 founded with a line on, not in, the gums, which is readily re- 
 movable by cleaning the teeth. In my experience, many cases 
 with marked symptoms of poisoning have not shown the least 
 sign on the gums, and in a large number of workers who were 
 not exposed to lead in any form, a blue condition of the gums 
 was found, due to an irritation and retraction of the gums result- 
 ing from tartar deposits on the teeth. 
 
 Gastro-intestinal symptoms. Among the first symptoms of lead 
 poisoning is the " colic."' known under various names as Colica 
 
1092 Appendix VIII — Lead and Aksenic Poisoning. 
 
 saturnina, Colica pictonum, painters' colic, Devonshire colic. The 
 pain is of an intense character, generally in the region of the 
 umbilicus, coming on in paroxysms of long or short durations, 
 but relieved by pressure upon the abdomen. Poisoning exhibits 
 itself in the form of dyspepsia or indigestion and severe constipa- 
 tion, and there may be merely attacks of nausea and vomiting. 
 
 Nervous symptoms. These are usually in the form of a 
 paralysis termed " lead palsy," or affections of the brain termed 
 " lead encephalopathy.'' So much has been published relating to 
 these forms that but brief mention will be made of them. 
 
 The type of paralysis best known is that of the extensor muscles 
 of the fingers and wrists, producing the well described " wrist 
 drop." Preceding this condition there is usually an arthralgia 
 with pains in the joints and muscles. The knees are usually first 
 affected, next the elbow and shoulder joints. At times the muscles 
 of the chest and neck are affected. 
 
 Encephalopathy is not at all common and is due to the action 
 of lead upon the nerve centres. The symptoms include convul- 
 sions, delirium, coma, asphasia, hysteria and insanity. 
 
 The diagnosis of lead poisoning should not be difficult, when 
 there is a history of exposure to lead, but many patients are 
 treated for rheumatism, stomach trouble, nervous troubles, liver 
 trouble, syphilitic paralysis, and even operated upon for appendi- 
 citis, when the case is one of lead poisoning, the cause of which 
 has been entirely overlooked. 
 
 Where there is danger of mixed poisoning, such as arsenic, 
 there may be slight difficulty of diagnosis. This is discussed in 
 the report on arsenic poisoning. 
 
 Lead is stored up in the organs of the body for an indefinite 
 length of time, and, when eliminated, it is in very small amounts 
 through the urine, hence there are a large number of diseases re- 
 motely caused by the absorption of the lead. 
 
 Attention is called to the fact that analysts as a rule seek for 
 lead in all cases of suspected adulteration of food or drink, and 
 that cases may be traced to the use of lead pipe for drinking water 
 or beverages. Thus care must be taken not to indiscriminately 
 place the burden upon the industries. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Hi'.): 
 
 old 
 
 )d 
 
 m 
 
 Dr. Layet prepared a table of professions where the worker 
 was exposed to lead poisoning. There are 111 of these, as follows : 
 
 Use of color in matches. 
 Manufacture of coach tops. 
 
 Coverings of wagons and coach 
 hood-. 
 
 Manufacture of leather varnish. 
 
 Manufacture of vitrified bottles. 
 
 Manufacture of gloves. 
 
 Manufacture of pewter and lead 
 toys. 
 
 Manufacture of white rubber. 
 
 Waxed linen, and napped cloth 
 
 Varnished furniture. 
 
 Chemical furnaces. 
 
 Making of bottle caps. 
 
 Glazed cardboard and paper. 
 
 Manufacture of chromate of 
 had. 
 
 Manufacture of white lead. 
 
 Making of colored crayons. 
 
 Making of steel augers and bits. 
 
 Making of watered paper. 
 
 Making of enamelled ware. 
 
 Manufacture of pins. 
 
 Making of metallic cloth. 
 
 Oxychlorate of lead. 
 
 Toy makers. 
 
 Making of musical instruments. 
 
 Making of cartridges. 
 
 Making of minium and massi- 
 cot. 
 
 Making of litharge. 
 
 Making of acetate of lead. 
 
 Making of shot. 
 
 Making of putty. 
 
 Making of tinted satin paper. 
 
 Refiners of lead. 
 
 Lead fitters. 
 
 Cloth singers. 
 
 Cloth dressers. 
 
 Artistic paints. 
 
 Laundresses. 
 
 Bakers burning old woo< 
 
 oven. 
 Bronzers. 
 Brush makers. 
 Color grinders. 
 Workers in hair. 
 Manufacture of cardboard. 
 Hatters. 
 Beltmakers. 
 Armorers. 
 
 Tinkers. 
 
 Chauffeurs and mechanicians. 
 
 Colorers of official paper bands. 
 
 Makers of cigarette paper and 
 wrappers. 
 
 Iron wire workers. 
 
 Shoemakers. 
 
 Dressmakers. 
 
 Decorators of porcelain. 
 
 Lace makers. 
 
 Stamping of embroidery pat- 
 terns. 
 
 Solderers of can-. 
 
 Gilders on wood. 
 
 Cabinet maker-. 
 
 Enamelers of electric porcelain. 
 
 Bookkeepers using sealing wax. 
 
 Assaying precious metals. 
 
 Tinning or silvering metal. 
 
1094 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Making of organ pipes. 
 Making of material for pasting 
 
 on windows to decorate. 
 Making of crockery. 
 Making of artificial flowers. 
 Plumbers and tinners. 
 Lead workers and founders. 
 Casters and polishers of letters. 
 Casters of brass, bronze, etc. 
 Manufacture of paste jewels. 
 Printers, compositors. 
 Journalists, proof readers. 
 Lithographers. 
 Lead rollers. 
 Lapidaries. 
 Fur dressers. 
 Carpenters, and handlers of old 
 
 wood. 
 Dealers and mixers of colors. 
 Jewellers. 
 Workers in copper. 
 Lead miners. 
 Workers in glazes. 
 Making metallic capsules. 
 Fasteners of bottles with wire. 
 
 Making of cut glass. 
 
 Makers of perfumes. 
 
 Pharmacists. 
 
 Painters. 
 
 Coach painters, scrapers and 
 
 giazers. 
 Decorators and painters. 
 Making plumbers' supplies. 
 Polishing of cameos. 
 Pewterers of tin. 
 Enamellers of porcelain. 
 Passamenterie. 
 Cloth cutters. 
 Pile cutters. 
 Glass cutters. 
 Locksmiths. 
 Calico printers. 
 Telegraphists. 
 Weavers. 
 Making of tile. 
 Wire drawers. 
 
 Handling of public documents. 
 Making of glass. 
 Glaziers. 
 
 This is an interesting list, but when it is considered how wide- 
 spread is the use of lead and its compounds it might seem that 
 a list prepared of the few professions where there is no danger 
 would speedily attract attention. 
 
 Statistics collected relating to lead poisoning are voluminous, 
 but this fact stands prominent in all, namely, the danger appears 
 greatest among painters, white lead makers, and workers in 
 potteries. 
 
 The result of the first year of compulsory reporting of indus- 
 trial poisoning in this State would indicate that the greatest 
 number of cases of lead poisoning occurred among painters, and 
 next among workers at storage batteries, and only a few cases 
 among white lead workers. 
 
Appendix YiII — Lead and Absenic Poisoning. 1095 
 
 A number of lay investigators report finding large numbers 
 of poisoning among -white lead workers in this State, but as no 
 white lead works came within the scope of this investigation the 
 statistics cannot be verified. From my own experience in visits 
 to white lead works, there are probably many true cases not 
 reported or recognized, and it is possible that many cases are 
 wrongly diagnosed as leaded. 
 
 Industeies. 
 
 To properly investigate every industry wherein there was re- 
 puted to be danger from lead poisoning would prove a task of 
 gigantic proportions covering a long space of time, and to make 
 a complete study of the subject in but a few of the industries 
 where most danger exists is a task of herculean aspect. 
 
 An endeavor was made to investigate as many industries as 
 possible, and especially the factories having had cases occur 
 which were reported to the Department. A table is appended 
 showing the results of our visits. 
 
 During the course of our visits experiments were tried to dis- 
 cover some means for ascertaining the presence of lead in the 
 system, before the manifestation of any symptoms, but all proved 
 unsuccessful. One method proved of value in another direction. 
 A French authority had reported that the use of an alkaline solu- 
 tion of sodium sulphide applied to the skin would aid in detect- 
 ing the presence of lead in the system when there were no other 
 signs. A 10% alkaline solution of sodium sulphide was made 
 up and tried, but with no results, even on cases showing marked 
 symptoms, but it did serve to show the presence of lead on the 
 skin when the worker failed' to wash properly. Some one hun- 
 dred workers were tested after they had washed their hands thor- 
 oughly with soap and water after the day's work, or at noon time. 
 Upon applying the sulphide solution, 65% showed the presence 
 of lead (through the formation of a gray spot where lead sulphide 
 was formed upon combination with the alkaline sodium sulphide), 
 showing the absolute necessity of some means guaranteeing clean- 
 liness. In several plants, where a popular brand of washing 
 powder was used, fifteen workers who used the powder were ex- 
 amined and no lead found. It is probable that the ingredients of 
 the powder converted such lead as was not removed into an in- 
 
1096 Appendix VI J I — Lead axd Absenic Poisoning. 
 
 soluble sulphate, proving this type of cleanser to be an excellent 
 one, and a means for prophylaxis. 
 
 In the description of the various industries visited, an attempt 
 has been made to group them under special headings or classifica- 
 tions. In many instances there have been carried on in one 
 plant a number of processes which might be grouped under differ- 
 ent headings. In such cases the process has been referred to 
 under the heading and the plant described as a whole. 
 
 Mining: 
 
 The danger in mining arises from the dust created, as well as 
 from the workers soiling their hands and" body. The danger from 
 dust during the process of drilling can be eliminated, and in the 
 Leadville, United States, mines drills are fitted with an arrange- 
 ment to exhaust the dust generated. 
 
 Two mines at. Mac-comb were visited, but they had not been 
 worked in many months. At the larger mine the former foreman 
 wias interviewed, and though he claimed never to have had 
 any symptoms of lead poisoning, his appearance was very much 
 like that of a lead anaemia. He stated the shaft was 75 feet 
 deep with drifts of about 150 feet. Water filled the mine almost 
 to the top of the shaft. Information was secured that several of 
 the miners had suffered from severe colic, caused, it was said, by 
 drinking water in the mine. 
 
 Industries Where Lead and its Alloys are Used. 
 Smelting: 
 
 One small plant was visited where lead was extracted from junk. 
 It was little more than a shed, and no work was in progress at 
 time of visit. Pots were covered and provided with a hood to 
 carry off the fumes. Soap, towels and goggles were furnished. 
 It was admitted that meals were eaten near the pots. One man 
 was seen, he was anaemic, and, in my opinion, suffering from 
 effects of lead. 
 
 Lead Pipe: 
 
 In making lead pipe, the lead is melted in pots, then run into a 
 chamber where it is forced out through a mould of the size de- 
 sired, or, as in the case of plumbers' supplies, of a certain shape, 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1097 
 
 and then sawed off. In the manufacture of cable- for electrical 
 use, the core is passed through the hydraulic chamber and covered 
 with the lead in exactly the same way as lead pipe is made. The 
 cable is then coiled on a reel. 
 
 The danger in the process is from the fumes of the metal pot, 
 and the escape into the air of oxides resulting from the cooling 
 of the metal. There is also danger to the worker from getting the 
 metal or oxides upon the skin, as in handling the product with 
 unprotected hands. 
 
 Solder: 
 
 Solder consists of lead and tin with sometimes an addition of 
 copper or zinc. The amount of lead in the alloy is at times 50% 
 or more, according to the softness of solder required. 
 
 Fourteen plants were visited where lead pipe, solder, or lead 
 cables were made. 
 
 Lead works. This is a two-story building, the first floor of 
 which is devoted to making lead pipe and solder. The floor is 
 170 feet by 60 feet, with 12 feet height of ceiling. Doors and 
 windows are located on one side and at front and rear end. Along 
 one side of the building, and in a depression of the floor, are situ- 
 ated a number of solder pots and machines. In a dark corner at 
 one end, about rive feet from the floor, is another solder machine, 
 and on the light side of the building in front are two pipe 
 machines, the lead pots of which are hooded. Five of the solder 
 pots are hooded, but one tin and solder pots has no hood. 
 
 In the making of plumbers' supplies (traps, etc.), after sawing 
 off from the machine the edges are trimmed by filing, and then 
 a -mall brass cap is soldered in the seal of the trap. There are a 
 number of way- then in which the workers are liable to be affected 
 by the lead used. Fifteen men arc employed, none under eighteen, 
 and mostly all adults. 
 
 While it is a difficult matter to keep a place of this character 
 clean, there was room for improvement, as pig lead and sheet 
 lead, together with dross and oxides, were scattered about. It 
 was claimed the place was cleaned twice or three times a week, 
 but twice a day is not any too often. During the work the men 
 are furnished with gloves, which T noticed they wore. There was 
 one sink, but no hot water. Meals were eaten in the shop. 
 
1098 Appendix VIII — Lead ajstd Arsexic Foisoxixg. 
 
 In this place a clean pair of gloves was furnished one worker 
 and analyzed after one day's use, with the following result, lead 
 present, .0061 grams. A pair of gloves said to have been used 
 for three days was analyzed and showed 1.37 grams lead. Air 
 samples taken at machines while in operation showed no lead 
 present. 
 
 A number of the workers are anaemic and complain of having 
 had stomach trouble, one was undoubtedly a true case, having been 
 employed two years, and having suffered from colic. One worker 
 had been sixteen years with the firm, was robust, showed no 
 symptoms, but had a distinct blue line along the edges of the gum, 
 and in my opinion was leaded. 
 
 Lead Company. This plant formerly made white lead, but now 
 simply acts as a storage, and on the first floor fronting the street 
 has a lead pipe machine. The room is 80' x 50' and 12' in height. 
 The lead pots are provided with a hood, and blades are fitted to 
 main shaft to aid in circulating air. Gloves are furnished to the 
 workers; hot and cold water and soap are provided. Meals are 
 eaten in room where pipe is made. General conditions in this 
 place are good, and an analysis of the air failed to show any lead 
 present. The men have been employed a number of years, are 
 cleanly, and no cases of plumbism were found. 
 
 Metal Company. This plant is devoted to the manufacture of 
 solder and babbitt metal. The building is a comparatively new 
 one-story brick structure with a concrete floor. Its dimensions are 
 50' x 60' and 40' to the peak of the roof. There are four metal 
 pots situated under a very efficient hood. The metal is dipped 
 from the pots and poured into moulds, during the operation the 
 workers wear gloves furnished by the firm. The place is kept 
 clean, and hot and cold water is provided. Xo meals are eaten 
 in the lead room. There are three employees who have been with 
 the firm some twenty years, and showed no symptoms of plumb- 
 ism. Analysis of air showed' no lead present. 
 
 Plumbers' Supply Co. This firm manufactures lead pipe and 
 solder. A portion of the building is devoted to this work. First 
 floor, 50'x25 / , height, 12': the place is a very open one. There 
 are two pipe machines, the lead pots of which are hooded. One 
 case was found. He had been working seven years at lead, and 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1099 
 
 for five years has been suffering from 'muscular and nervous 
 troubles. He was anaemic and had the blue line on gums. He 
 took no precautions, such as wearing gloves, and was not very 
 cleanly as to person. 
 
 The second floor is of the same dimensions as the first and is 
 devoted to the making of solder. There is one lead pot hooded, 
 and solder is ladled out into moulds. There is one worker who 
 has been seven years a solder maker, and for four years has been 
 suffering from lead. He takes no precautions, is not clean, and 
 drinks. Has a blue line in gum. 
 
 The firm furnishes no gloves to the workers, and there is hot 
 water only when the boiler used for heating the plant is in opera- 
 tion. General conditions in the plant are fair. 
 
 A number of can companies were visited where solder was made, 
 and are described under soldering. 
 
 Three plants were visited where lead cable was made and are 
 described further on in the report. 
 
 Two foundries made their own babbitt metal. 
 
 Two storage battery plants made lead castings and are described 
 under a special heading. 
 
 Company. This firm makes carborundum wheels and during 
 the finishing, lead is used to busk (fasten) in the iron center of 
 the wheel which fits on the spindle of the shaft. There are eight 
 men engaged at this work, and there are four small pots in the 
 center of the room. The shop is 60' x 200' x 17' high. An 
 exhaust system is installed to remove dust from the dressing 
 wheels, but at time of visit was not working effectively and con- 
 siderable irritating dust was present in the air. There was no 
 wash room for this portion of the works, but goggles and respira- 
 tors are furnished, but seldom worn. Xo lead was found in sam- 
 ples taken, and no cases were found. There is room for needed 
 improvement. Gloves should be supplied the lead workers, and 
 the pots should be hooded. Proper washing facilities should be 
 installed. 
 
 Several locomotive works were visited, and it was stated lead 
 was used for filling in the counterweights on the driving wheels, 
 and for babbitt on the bearings, the work being done practically 
 
1100 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 in the open. ISTo work was being done during the time of our 
 visit, and no cases of plumbism could be found. 
 
 Two newspapers were visited where linotypes were used, also 
 stereotyping done, and are described further on. 
 
 Lead as a Tool Hardener : 
 
 With the forging of various steel objects, lead is used as a 
 hardening agent. The steel is heated to a red color, then 
 plunged into a pot of lead heated to about 1500° F. and then 
 forged. During the process, the worker is exposed to the danger 
 of the lead fumes, and also from the dust containing the oxide 
 which results from cooling and during forging. 
 
 Arms Co., ISTo. 1. This firm manufactures fire-arms (guns), 
 and uses lead for tempering the safety springs of the guns. The 
 lead is placed in small pans on an open fire and springs dipped 
 in them. In the shop is a vacuum system of ventilation. Wash- 
 ing facilities are provided. The place is clean and no cases were 
 found. ISTo lead was being used at time of visit. 
 
 Arms Co., No. 2, Blacksmith Shop. Lead is used for hardening 
 special steel, none being used at time of visit. When in use is in 
 a small lead crucible with no hood. Place clean, no cases found 
 among the three workers. 
 
 Cartridge Department. This in on the first floor of the office 
 building, and is a large light room, 70' x 50' x 12'. A lead cable 
 is fed to a machine which cuts the size of bullet. The bullet is 
 put in a tumbler then fed to another machine which swages on 
 a brass or nickel jacket, other machines fasten the bullet into the 
 cartridge. 
 
 The machines are all operated by females; at the lead slug 
 machines (3), the girls alternate in feeding slugs and removing 
 swaged bullet. The danger is in the handling of the lead cable 
 and slugs with the bare hands, especially as females are very 
 liable to lead poisoning. ISTo gloves are furnished, and none were 
 used. The place is very clean, and special toilet and washing 
 facilities are being installed. The girls are very clean and no 
 cases were discovered. 
 
 Cutlery Company. This firm manufactures razors, and uses 
 lead during forging, and later in tempering. The forge room 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1101 
 
 occupies the first floor. There are eight forges, each supplied 
 with a lead pot provided with a hood. There is one special hard- 
 ening pot provided with a hood and exhaust fan. The place is 
 clean, washing facilities are provided and men are given time to 
 wash up. No meals are eaten in forge room. Air samples showed 
 no lead, and no cases of plumbism were found. 
 
 File Company. Files are no longer cut by hand on a lead 
 base but are made by machinery, lead, however, is used for tem- 
 pering. This plant is a small one employing five men. There 
 is one metal pot which is not hooded. The men are furnished 
 gloves. No washing facilities are provided. No cases of plumb- 
 ism were found. 
 
 Several large wire works were visited and it was claimed that 
 lead was not used, lime and fish oil being the material used for 
 hardening and tempering, and no evidences could be found that 
 lead was used in the annealing ovens. 
 
 In several large plants where tempering of steel was done, they 
 claimed that no lead was used, and that saltpetre was used entirely 
 for tempering purposes. 
 
 In one plant, described further on, lead was used as an alloy 
 with aluminum. 
 
 Smelting Company. This firm makes special alloys, babbitt 
 metal and solder. At time of visit no melting was being done, 
 and a number of workers were on a spree. There are 20 metal 
 pots with no hoods and only natural means for ventilation in 
 use. Fifty tons of lead a year are used. There are no facilities 
 for washing other than cold water. No respirators or gloves are 
 furnished, and meals are eaten in smelting room. No cases of 
 lead poisoning were Been among those at work, but this is not 
 conclusive that the' others may not be leaded. Conditions in this 
 plant need considerable improving. 
 
 Brass, Tinning and Soldering: 
 
 In the casting of brass, lead is added just before pouring the 
 metal from the crucible into the moulds. The addition of lead 
 makes the metal soft and less brittle, being necessary where the 
 brass is to be turned in lathes. The amount of lead varies with 
 the degree of softness required. Red brass contains practically no 
 45 
 
1102 Appendix VIII — Lead and Aksenic Poisoning. 
 
 lead, whereas the yellow variety contains from ^ to 5 per cent 
 of lead. The principal danger is from the fumes, those exposed 
 being the casters who place the lead in the crucible, and the 
 moulders who pour off into the flasks. It is reported that the 
 turners of brass are also liable, but no evidence could be found 
 to confirm this statement. 
 
 Three large plants were visited having foundries, and a special 
 description of these are given further on. 
 
 Brass Company. Casting room, 30' x 60', 20 feet high to Texas 
 roof with louvre windows. Room, is almost entirely open on three 
 sides. There is one metal pot hooded. The percentage of lead 
 used varies from 6 to 10%. There is no wash room or drying 
 room, and meals are eaten in the foundry. General condition of 
 the foundry is not good, and the workers are not careful as to 
 personal hygiene. The caster who handles the lead admits having 
 had lead poisoning, but shows no symptoms other than slight 
 anaemia. Five other workers examined admit having had the 
 " chills " (zinc poisoning), but give no evidence of lead poisoning. 
 Analysis of air showed no lead present. 
 
 Xo symptoms were found among the brass turners. 
 
 Valve Company. This company makes valves and hydrants. 
 Moulding. This department is situated in a building 120' x 53' 
 and 18' high, having a Texas roof with louvre windows. There 
 are two Schwartz crucibles for melting brass. These are under 
 a hood which is connected to the boiler stack. The percentage 
 of lead used never runs over 4%. Forty men are employed in this 
 department, none showed any evidences of lead poisoning, but 
 several admitted having had the ' ague,' which is also another 
 name for zinc poisoning. 
 
 Hydrant Department. Lead is used for caulking in brass nip- 
 ples or nozzles, and there is one pot where babbitt is made ; the 
 pot is hooded. One worker has been at this for fifteen years, gives 
 no symptoms, but has typical lead pallor. At time of visit he 
 was heating his lunch at the lead pot. An anaylsis of sample taken 
 at the breathing level of the lead pot showed 5 milligrams of lead 
 per cubic metre of air. 
 
 Although general conditions in the place were good, no special 
 precautions were taken against plumbism. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aesenic Poisoning. 1103 
 
 Manufacturing Company. This firm makes pumps and 
 employs lead very seldom; the largest percentage used is 6%. 
 The shops are ventilated by a combined plenum and exhaust sys- 
 tem. Washing facilities are good. Thirty men are employed in 
 the foundry, and no evidences of plumbism were found. 
 
 Tinning : 
 
 In the process of tinning lead is used when a dull or dead 
 finish is required, about two-thirds lead being used. In the bright 
 finish lead is practically never used except when the tin will 
 not run good, then about 8-10% lead is used. 
 
 Harness Hardware Co. The tinning room occupied the fourth 
 (top) floor of one of the buildings. The room was 40' x 60' x 12' 
 high, and contained pots for tinning and japanning. There was 
 one pot containing tin for a dead finish, the percentage of lead 
 was 66f. None of the pots were hooded, and ventilation was 
 by natural means. No tinning was being done at time of visit. 
 Washing facilities are provided. It was admitted meals are eaten 
 in the room and no special precautions taken to avoid lead poison- 
 ing. There are six males employed, but no cases of plumbism 
 were found. 
 
 Copper & Brass Co.: 
 
 Tinning Department. This is a portion of the rolling mill, 
 which is practically entirely open on all sides. There are five 
 tin pots hooded, and in front of each pot is an inclined bench 
 about 7' x 3'. A plate of copper is laid on the bench and a boy 
 wipes it off with a jute mop wet with the flux, the tinner then 
 ladles the tin out of the pot and pours it on the copper, the sur- 
 plus being wiped off by another helper. ISTo lead was found in 
 the tin used, or in the air in the vicinity of the pots. ISTo cases 
 of plumbism were found. During the process there is consider- 
 able smoke. (Dr. Collis of Great Britian, recommends the hood- 
 ing of the benches as well as the pots. ) There are ample washing 
 facilities. The helpers are Polish and Italian, the tinners Irish- 
 American. 
 
 Casting Room. This is off the rolling mill and is 200' x 50', x 
 40" high. The roof is Texas, louvred. The room is practically open 
 on three sides. There are ninety pots or crucibles, the tops of 
 
1104 Appendix VIII — Lead and Aesenic Poisoning. 
 
 which are flush with the floor, and no yellow or lead brass was 
 being cast. The highest amount of lead ever used is 2%. There 
 are washing facilities, but men furnish their own gloves. Ninety 
 men are employed, and no cases of plumbism could be found, 
 though history of " chills " were given by many. 
 
 East Mill, Casting Room. This is a building 100' x 150', x 40' 
 high with a Texas roof louvred, the building being practically 
 entirely open on all sides. The amount of lead in the brass used 
 was 2 % . There are six crucibles on the style of the Schwartz, and 
 with no hoods. Sixty males are employed, but no cases of plumb- 
 ism were found. There are washing facilities, and men are per- 
 mitted to eat meals in the foundry. ISTone of the workers were 
 very careful as to matters of personal hygiene. 
 
 Soldering: 
 
 This is a process of fastening joints together to make them 
 tight, it is usually accomplished by hand, though in the manufac- 
 ture of cans it is often done by machinery. 
 
 In hand soldering the parts to be soldered are wiped clean 
 and a dilute solution of hydrochloric (muriatic) acid used to 
 remove oxides, sometimes rosin is used as a flux. A pointed cop- 
 per iron, the tip of which is covered with tin (and known as the 
 solder iron), is heated, and the tip is applied against a small 
 bar of solder which melts and runs along the crevice or seam to 
 be tightened. 
 
 The danger is from the fumes generated, and also from the 
 handling of the solder in the bare hands. Some solder remains 
 on the iron and this is liable to volatilize when the iron is heated 
 in the small gas oven termed the furnace. 
 
 In the machines, the solder is placed in long troughs which 
 are heated by gas. A traveller carries the can along and the seam 
 dips into the solder, then a little further along, the surplus solder 
 is removed by buffing wheels. In this process the danger is not 
 only from the fumes of the solder pots, but also from the dust 
 created by the buffing wheels, and in the oxides formed when the 
 solder cools. 
 
 In soldering, the furnaces should be hooded, and in the 
 machines, the solder pots and buffers should be hooded and 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aksenic Poisoning. 1105 
 
 attached to an exhaust fan. All workers handling solder should 
 have gloves. 
 
 Stamping Company, No. 1. In this factory both tinning and 
 soldering were done. Tin pots were hooded and analysis showed 
 no lead was used. Soldering is done all over the factory, gas 
 furnaces, not hooded, used to heat the irons. Gloves are furnished 
 to the workers and are used. No cases of plumbism were found. 
 Some of the stamped ware is painted, and in the paint shop one 
 man was found. He had been employed fifteen years, and though 
 giving no evidence of symptoms, had the typical pallor of plumb- 
 ism. Hot and cold water was furnished for washing. Meals 
 were eaten in the factory. General conditions as to cleanliness 
 were good. Air samples taken where soldering was carried on 
 showed no lead. 
 
 Stamping Company, ]STo. 2. This plant does tinning and solder- 
 ing, but was shut down for inventory at time of visit. Analysis 
 of sample from tin pots showed no lead. Both males and females 
 are employed at soldering, and a patent soldering iron heated 
 by gas is used. There was no evidence of there ever having been 
 any cases of plumbism among the workers. 
 
 There is a special lunch room for the employees, also a wash 
 room having hot and cold running water. General conditions in 
 the plant are good. 
 
 Sprinkler Co. This firm makes fire sprinklers, but the only 
 work requiring handling of lead done in the factory was solder- 
 ing the fusible plugs in the sprinkler. This was in a small room 
 25' x 25' x 14' high, on the third floor, and was well lighted. 
 Five men are employed. There was one solder pot completely 
 enclosed and piped to the chimney. Washing facilities were pro- 
 vided and no meals eaten in the room. ISTo cases of plumbism 
 were found. 
 
 In a number of plants visited, soldering was carried on, and 
 is described further on. 
 
 Use of Lead or Tin Foil: 
 
 One large chocolate factory was visited where foil was used 
 to wrap the chocolates in. Girls were employed at the work. The 
 factory was a modern one with the best sanitary equipments and 
 comforts for the employees, and all precautions were taken to 
 
1106 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 safeguard the health of the workers. An analysis of the foil used 
 
 showed slight traces of lead present. No evidences of plumbism 
 
 were found among the workers and the danger from the use of 
 this foil is practically nil. 
 
 Tin Cans: 
 
 Can Co., No. 1. This is a large, light, airy one-story factory 
 building 125' x 125' x 14', with a saw-tooth roof. All work is 
 done automatically by machinery. There are thirteen seam solder- 
 ing machines and six end soldering machines. The solder pots 
 and buffers on the machines are all under hoods connected with 
 an exhaust system, and no fumes or gases are appreciable. Tests 
 showed lead present, 3.6 milligrams per cu. metre of air. Sam- 
 ple taken at the lead pot of a seam soldering machine. There 
 are ample washing facilities but no hot water. Soap is furnished 
 and time given the workers to wash up in. No cases of plumbism 
 were found. 
 
 Can Co., No. 2. This company makes its own solder. 
 
 Solder Department. This is in a building 60' x 25' x 14/ high, 
 light and airy, five males employed. There are four solder pots 
 hooded and connected with an exhaust fan. There is one machine 
 for flat solder, the metal pot of which is hooded. No solder was 
 being made at time of visit. The men wear gloves while at work. 
 One of the workers, who had been there five years, had a slight 
 pallor, but was rather a doubtful case. There were no special 
 washing facilities and meals were eaten in the room. 
 
 Hemming room. This is a room 40' x 40' x 25' high. A solder 
 hem is stamped on the edges of can tops by machinery. Seven 
 machines were in operation, with girls as operatives. There is 
 danger in this process through contact with the lead and the 
 workers should wear gloves. No cases of plumbism were found. 
 Girls are cleanly and go home for meals. 
 
 Solder room. This is a large light room 175' x 50' x 40' high. 
 The roof is a Texas with louvre windows. There are four lines 
 of machines. Machines are hooded, but, owing to changes being 
 made in type of hoods, side seam soldering machine had no hood. 
 A sample of air taken showed 2.6 milligrams of lead per cubic 
 metre of air, and samples taken at end soldering machines which 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aksenic Poisoning. 1107 
 
 were hooded showed 1.6 milligrams of lead per cubic metre of 
 air. This was probably due to the disarrangement of the hoods 
 over the machines. The temperature of the solder was 800° F. 
 considerable below the point of volatilization. Gloves are 
 furnished workers who handle the solder. There are no special 
 washing facilities and meals may be eaten in the solder room. 
 One worker who gave no history of symptoms had the blue line 
 in the gums. Another worker complained of leg cramps and 
 indigestion. Both were undoubtedly cases of plumbism. One 
 case was reported from this factory, but could not be found. 
 
 Can Co., No. 3. This plant makes their own solder. Solder 
 room is a small dark place off the engine room. At the time of 
 visit it was closed. 
 
 Can soldering. This is a building 200' x 75' x 45' high, the 
 roof having a Texas with louvre windows. There are employed 
 200 males and 100 females. The females do not handle solder. 
 All machines are equipped with hoods leading to exhaust fans. 
 There are no special washing facilities and meals are eaten in the 
 room. Tests showed no lead present, and no cases were found. 
 There is room for considerable improvement in this plant. 
 
 Can Co., No. 4. This is a small plant where hand soldering 
 is done. Only four men employed at soldering. Workers are 
 supplied with gloves, towels and soap, there is also hot and cold 
 water, but meals are eaten in solder room. No cases of plumbism 
 were found. 
 
 Industries Where Lead Compounds are Used. 
 Paints and Colors: 
 
 In the manufacture of dry colors the pigment is first dried 
 then put into mills for grinding. In the manufacture of paints, 
 which are really oil colors, the dry color is put into a mixer, oil 
 added, and by means of rotary paddles in the mixer the oil and 
 color are combined and a body formed, which is used for paint. 
 The principal danger in these processes is from dust created in 
 handling the dry powder. After the color has been put in the 
 mixer with oil, the only danger is from the material getting on 
 exposed portions of the workers' skin and not being washed off 
 properly. 
 
1108 Appendix VIII — Lead and Absenic Poisoning. 
 
 Paint Works, 'No. 1. This is a small plant making oil paints, 
 vermin exterminator and paris green. (See also arsenic report.) 
 Both lead and arsenic colors are made. Very little grinding is 
 done, and none at time of visit. The work is done on the second 
 floor, the room being irregular in shape but averaging 
 60' x 45' x 14' in height. No provisions are made to keep down 
 or remove dust created in handling the dry color. Washing facil- 
 ities are inadequate, and workers are unaware of the nature of 
 the ingredients used. 
 
 One worker mixing and grinding for three years gave evidences 
 of plumbism. 
 
 On boy, sixteen years old, at work on mixers for only a few 
 months, had typical lead pallor and gave evidences of plumbism. 
 
 Paint Works, !No. 2. This plant makes oil paints and putty. 
 It is an old three-story brick building situated on the river front. 
 Third floor. Here are two chaser mills, which are really large 
 grindstones continually wheeling around in a circular receptacle, 
 and so grinding the contents very fine, and at time of visit were 
 not operating. The mills are entirely open, and when in use, the 
 dry lead color is dumped in, oil added, and the chaser started. 
 The result is considerable dust, and the heavy incrustations of 
 lead on the floor and paint on the workers ; clothes prove this. 
 The color is run down through hoppers to the mixing machines 
 on the second floor. Here all the work is done in oil, but the 
 floor is covered with thick layers of paint, and the workers' clothes 
 and hands are covered with it. The percentage of lead used is 
 about 25. There are no washing facilities and meals are eaten 
 in the factory. ISTo provisions whatever are made for taking care 
 of dust, and the workers, mostly foreigners, know nothing of the 
 dangerous nature of the materials used. 
 
 One worker was found with the blue line of the gums. 
 
 Another worker had typical lead pallor. Neither gave any 
 symptoms, but both were undoubtedly leaded. 
 
 The building is unsanitary, and vast improvement will have 
 to be made to make it safe for workers exposed to lead. 
 
 Paint Works, No. 3. This is a large plant making oil colors; 
 white lead was formerly made, but not any more. A large part 
 of the output is a paint having baryta and zinc as the basis in 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1109 
 
 place of lead, and which, it is claimed, does equally as good work 
 as a lead paint. 
 
 The building where the lead paint is made is three stories, the 
 upper stories being used for mixing and grinding. At the time of 
 visit no grinding of dry lead was being done. The colors after 
 being mixed in oil are filled into cans for sale purposes. Nine 
 males and three females are employed. Hot and cold water, soap, 
 and individual towels are furnished by the firm. Rooms are par- 
 titioned off the mixing rooms for hanging up clothes and eating 
 lunch. The majority of the men and girls ate their lunch in the 
 mixing rooms, and the superintendent did not think it of much 
 moment. But few of the workers washed up before eating, and 
 none seemed to attach any danger to the use of lead in the work. 
 No hoods were provided for the chaser machines, and no special 
 means were installed to take care of any dust created. 
 
 Putty room. This is a one-story building, 25' x 40' x 10' high. 
 There is one large chaser mill entirely open. Very little lead 
 putty is made, when used it varies from 8 to 35% lead, the rest 
 is whiting, linseed and corn oil. The danger is when the dry 
 material is placed in the chaser. At time of visit there was no 
 dust, and so no lead showed in air samples. Two men are em- 
 ployed. No cases of lead were found among the workers, which 
 is rather strange considering conditions found at time of visit. 
 There is room in this place for improvement of conditions. 
 
 Paint Works, No. 4. This is a small plant making oil paints. 
 Only a little mixing was being done at the time of visit. The 
 place is clean, light, and airy. There are but two or three workers 
 employed beside the proprietors. Washing facilities are ample, 
 and care taken to clean up personally. No meals are eaten in the 
 paint room. No cases of plumbism were found. 
 
 Paint Works, No. 5. This is a small plant, employing three 
 men. Place is light. No dry colors were being handled at time 
 of visit. Hot and cold water, soap and towels furnished. One 
 worker admitted having been treated for lead poisoning two years 
 ago, now shows no symptoms. This man chews tobacco. General 
 conditions good, but no provisions to keep down dust. 
 
 Four other plants were visited, but no lead was used, as they 
 made metallic paint, which has iron as a basis. 
 
1110 Appendix VIII — Lead and Aksenic Poisoning. 
 
 Varnish : 
 
 In the manufacture of varnish, lead is used to color and aid in 
 quick drying. The lead compounds used are lead acetate, litharge, 
 and red lead. The varnish is placed in large kettles and heated, 
 while heating, the litharge mixture is sprinkled over the top, then 
 mixed in. 
 
 The danger is from the dust, both in the mixing room and while 
 sprinkling on top of the varnish kettle. 
 
 Varnish Co. This firm makes varnish and enamel, the latter 
 being really a colored varnish. 
 
 Dryer or mixing room. This is a small room 20' x 15' x 12' 
 high, having one skylight in roof. The colors are kept in bins, 
 and when weighed out a scoop is used, there being no provision 
 to take care of any dust created. At time of visit no mixing was 
 being done. The men wear gloves ; and of three seen, none showed 
 evidences of plumbism. 
 
 Chimney room. Here are five chambers, about six feet square, 
 with an opening in the rear leading to a large chimney, and a 
 coal furnace in the centre of the chamber. The large kettles of 
 varnish are run into the chamber over the furnace, and the worker 
 sprinkles the lead mixture on top with a shovel. From observa- 
 tion, most of the dust is carried away from the worker toward the 
 chimney opening. 
 
 On one floor of the main building color mixing is done dry for 
 making enamels. But one worker was seen at time of visit, he 
 wore respirator and gloves, but no mixing was being done. The 
 mills are all tightly enclosed, but there is no method to handle 
 the dust created in scooping from the barrels to the mills. 
 
 The firm tries to have a sanitary factory, special wash room 
 with shower baths is provided, and towels and soap furnished. 
 In the majority of the other processes in the plant, dust and fumes 
 are handled by hoods and exhaust systems. No cases of plumbism 
 were found or reported from 'this plant. 
 
 Oilcloth: 
 
 But one factory outside of Greater New York makes oil cloth. 
 In this plant baryta and zinc have replaced white lead as a basis 
 for colors, and they claimed lead colors are not used at all. This 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Absenic Poisoning. 1111 
 
 firm makes their own varnish, and in this process litharge is used. 
 The amount used varies from three ounces per gallon of linseed 
 oil to eight ounces per 100 gallons of linseed oil, depending upon 
 the heaviness required. 
 
 It was admitted that chrome (lead colors) were used at times, 
 also that several years ago there had been some cases of lead 
 poisoning among the workers who handled the varnish containing 
 the small percentage of litharge. 
 
 The plant consists of a series of old one-story brick structures. 
 The mixers are situated in rooms which are practically all open, 
 but with no provisions for taking care of the dust created in 
 putting dry color in. There was being installed at time of visit 
 a dustless mixer. The colors are carried by an inclosed elevator 
 to an upper platform and then dumped into the mixer, the entire 
 process being enclosed so as to keep down the dust. 
 
 Linseed oil room. This is practically an open brick building, 
 100' x 50' x 15'. The pots are on top of a brick furnace. Over 
 the pots is placed a cloth hood, connecting with an iron vent pipe, 
 to remove fumes. The oil is pumped up into the kettles, and the 
 worker sprinkles the litharge on with a shovel. During this proc- 
 ess very little dust was noticeable. There are washing facilities, 
 but no gloves, respirators, soap or towels are furnished. The 
 workers do not seem to realize there is any danger from the lead 
 used. Most of the workers wash up, and go home to meals. No 
 cases of plumbism were found. 
 
 Artificial Leather: 
 
 This is practically oil cloth, and is made in the same way, with 
 the exception that the coating is a secret process in which nitro- 
 cellulose (gun cotton) is used. 
 
 There is but one plant in the State making this material, and 
 the danger from lead is in the use of chrome colors. Arsenic 
 colors are also used at times. 
 
 The colors are mixed into a paste, then carried to the machine 
 (which is long and enclosed), here it is placed in receptacles at 
 one end of the machine and applied evenly to the backing fabric 
 by means of rollers. The long enclosed runway is for drying 
 purposes. 
 
1112 Appendix VIII — Lead and Aesenic Poisoning. 
 
 In oil cloth, after drying on of pattern, the fabric is run through 
 a set of rollers and varnish poured on, then into another drying 
 room. 
 
 The danger from lead poisoning in this plant is confined prac- 
 tically to the compounding room, from the dust created in 
 handling the dry colors, and in the mixed product adhering to the 
 unprotected skin. 
 
 The mixing building is 100' x 100' and roof averaging 14/ in 
 height. There is a marked odor of amyl present from the nitro- 
 cellulose used. Six males are employed. The colors are dumped 
 into open pans and caster oil added. During this process there 
 is quite some dust. The mixture is then run through a set of 
 rollers to thoroughly mix, and is then put in cans and taken to 
 the coating room. The lead colors are used as follows, white lead 
 2%, chrome green 20%. The analyses of the air taken near the 
 mixing failed to show the presence of any lead, but upon micro- 
 scopic examination, fine green particles were seen which undoubt- 
 edly were chrome green, proving that very minute quantities of 
 lead compound were present in the atmosphere as a result of 
 mixing. iSTo special means were provided to take care of dust 
 created during course of mixing. The coating rooms were under- 
 going alterations at time of visit. Washing facilities are pro- 
 vided, and no meals are eaten in the factory. The company has 
 a physician, but no cases of plumbism were ever reported, and 
 none could be found at time of visit. 
 
 In this plant there should be a system of ventilation, and an 
 exhaust system to take care of dust and fumes. 
 
 Potteries: 
 
 A special report on the pottery industry will be found in the 
 report of the Commissioner of Labor for the year 1909. In it 
 are described at length the various processes. In this investigation 
 attention was directed mainly to the processes where lead was used. 
 These are glazing and decorating. 
 
 In glazing there has been considerable controversy as to leadless 
 glazes, the best of authorities agreeing that lead is necessary, but 
 the danger may be minimized by using fritted lead, which is raw 
 lead, borax and silica fused together at a high temperature. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1113 
 
 The majority of the potteries decorate either by hand or by 
 means of litho transfers, and some make their own transfers. 
 This, of course, is really a branch of the lithographing industry, 
 and the danger resulting is from the dust arising in handling 
 colors containing lead. 
 
 Pottery No. 1 (see Plant No. 1, 1909 J. Conditions were 
 changed since the time of the special investigation, it was noted 
 that in the glaze dipping boys who had been assistants when last 
 seen were now dippers. Conditions as to cleanliness are some- 
 what better, and aprons are furnished in the dipping rooms, also 
 soap and towels. 
 
 Front dipping room. One male and two females. Female 
 helpers' hands were washed after four hours' work and samples 
 of the water analyzed. There was found 2.1 grams of lead, show- 
 ing the danger of handling food without washing hands first. This 
 was only from handling the ware after it came from the dipping 
 tub. 
 
 Rear dipping room. Here were four males and eight females. 
 No cases of plumbism were found. One of the dippers was a 
 robust young man who at time of last visit was a thin boy acting 
 as assistant. The workers all declared they washed up thoroughly, 
 and at time of visit they did, which may account for the absence 
 of cases. 
 
 Hand decorating room. This is a small light room on the sec- 
 ond floor. There were six females applying colors by means of a 
 small brush. Small girls grind the colors in oil, using a mortar, 
 which is usually their first job, for after a few weeks at this they 
 go at bench work. In the large decorating room are a number of 
 young women and men who line the ware (decorate with fine 
 stripes) with bronze color. Often the china is tinted. This is 
 done under a hood connected with an exhaust. Tinting is usually 
 done by young girls. 
 
 In the making of the litho transfer a press is used, and the color 
 applied to an engraved plate. A very thin paper is run between 
 the color plate and rollers and receives the impression. Young 
 girls cut the paper into strips for easy application to the ware. 
 The transfer, color side to ware, is applied, rubbed with a small 
 tool to aid in fastening design, and then the paper is cleaned off, 
 leaving the color design on the ware. 
 
1114 Appendix VIII — Lead and Aksenic Poisoning. 
 
 As the colors used in decorating are ground in oil, there is little 
 dust seen in this portion of the work. There is a wash room, 
 with hot and cold water, and soap and towels are furnished. 
 Meals are eaten in the decorating rooms. No cases of plumbism 
 were found. 
 
 Plant No. 2 (see No. 2, 1909). This pottery is one of the 
 largest in the State. An attending physician is employed, and 
 printed notices warning of the danger from lead are posted 
 throughout the building. 
 
 Dipping room. Three male dippers and three boys to carry 
 dipped ware to drying rack were employed. Gloves are not used 
 by the dippers. Because of the high temperature and the stacks 
 of dipped ware drying, it is a difficult matter to keep the room 
 free from dust. Fritted lead is used in the glaze, and the dipping 
 room is kept dampened during the day, and thoroughly cleaned 
 at the end of the work day. Analysis of sample of air taken in 
 the centre of the dipping room showed lead, due undoubtedly to 
 the slight dust from the drying ware. In cleaning the glazed ware 
 before going in and after coming f rom the kilns, all work is per- 
 formed under hoods, and dust is removed by exhausts. 
 
 In the lithographing department 12 females are employed. 
 After the litho transfers come from the presses they are dusted 
 with flour by hand, then run through a machine to dust off the 
 flour. All processes of hand dusting are done under hoods, and 
 all machines are provided with exhaust systems. Twelve quarts of 
 milk are furnished daily to the workers. 
 
 The general conditions in this plant are excellent for a pottery. 
 Washing facilities are provided, no meals are permitted to be 
 eaten where lead is used, and the workers are encouraged to 
 observe the rules of personal hygiene. No cases of plumbism 
 were found among the workers, and no cases were recorded by the 
 physician. 
 
 Another large pottery was visited, but no work was being car- 
 ried on. It was evident that means were being taken to make it 
 as sanitary as possible upon resuming operations. 
 
 In the report of the British Commission as to lead in potteries, 
 they attach the greatest danger to the use of lead in glazing, and 
 find that in the color portion of the work there is not much cause 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1115 
 
 for alarm. While the amount of lead used in the decorating of 
 china is small in comparison to glazing, and the amount of dust 
 encountered slight, the danger is present, and the workers should 
 be as carefully guarded as where the danger is greater. 
 
 Glass. There are two kinds of glass manufactured. A flint 
 glass containing no lead, and used principally for bottles, and a 
 glass containing lead compounds, and other poisonous ingredients. 
 (See also arsenic report.) 
 
 The purpose of the lead is to make a glass that is soft enough 
 to work, as in making art glass, and some compounds are used for 
 coloring purposes. 
 
 The lead and other compounds are weighed and mixed in one 
 room, then taken to the furnace room and mixed with a quantity 
 of old glass ; the entire mixture is then put into the furnace or pot, 
 and fused. The material in the pot is kept in a liquid state by 
 high temperature, and into this the glass blower dips his pipe, 
 taking out the amount he wishes to work. 
 
 The greatest danger is from the handling of the dry ingredients, 
 and inhaling the dust created during the weighing and mixing. 
 
 Six glass factories were visited, but analyses of material showed 
 but two of them used a lead glass. 
 
 Glass Works, ]STo. 1. This is one of the largest glass works in 
 the world, making glass of all colors and for all purposes. There 
 is a small emergency operating room in connection with the plant, 
 but no regular attending physician. 
 
 Mixing Room. This is a long room off the old furnace rooms. 
 Several males are employed here, and there are two large mixing 
 machines. The material is weighed out and shovelled into an 
 open trough. After the full amount is put into the trough, it is 
 taken to the mixers and either shovelled in, or dumped into a 
 receptacle which is hoisted to the top of the mixer and there 
 dumj)ed. During the processes no measures are taken to carry 
 away the dust created. The men are furnished respirators but 
 none wear them. No special washing facilities are provided, and 
 the men ate their meals in the room. The help are all foreigners 
 and not clean. 
 
 Two cases of plumbisrn were found. 
 
 One worker had been there thirteen years, and had been sick 
 with muscular pains for one year. Blue line of gums was marked. 
 
1116 Appendix VIII — Lead and Absenic Poisoning. 
 
 Another worker had been there a little over a year, he had 
 epilepsy, also complained of muscular pains and showed a marked 
 blue line of the gums. 
 
 The new furnace room is as near perfect as such a room can 
 be. The only danger is to the workers mixing the ingredients and 
 dumping into the furnaces. ~No precautions are taken to guard 
 against dust. 
 
 Analyses of samples taken in mixing room showed 3.3 mg. lead 
 per cubic meter of air. This shows the danger present. 
 
 ISTone of the workers exposed to the danger are aware of it, and 
 as they understand very little English, it is hard to make them 
 understand. There is room for considerable improvement in this 
 plant. 
 
 Glass Works, No. 2. This is a large glass works making art 
 glass. At the time of the visit no mixing was being done. Lead 
 is used in the form of litharge, red lead, and chromes. The mix- 
 ing is done in an old portion of the building, but a new mixing 
 room is under course of construction, and will be made as hygienic 
 as possible. 
 
 The furnace room is not very well lighted, owing to the building 
 being an old stone structure. Samples of air taken near the fur- 
 naces failed to show any lead upon analyses. 
 
 There are no special precautions taken in this plant beyond fur- 
 nishing respirators to the mixers, who will not wear them. The 
 majority of the help are foreigners, and have no knowledge of the 
 danger of poisoning from the ingredients used. Washing facilities 
 are inadequate, and the majority of the help do not wait to wash 
 up before leaving, or eating meals. RTo cases of plumbism could 
 be found, but none of the mixers were seen, which may account for 
 this fact. 
 
 Cut Glass: 
 
 The manufacture of cut glass consists in cutting 
 designs and patterns on a piece of glassware known as a blank. 
 Most of the glass cutters have the blanks made by the large glass 
 works. The process of cutting is as follows. 
 
 The design is first cut into the blank by emeries, and is termed 
 rough finish. The design is now gone over with a pumice finish 
 termed a smooth finish. During the cutting processes, sand and 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1117 
 
 dirt get into the designs and must be removed, so the ware is 
 washed in soap and water, but as this fails to remove all the silica, 
 stronger measures are necessary. The ware is coated with paraf- 
 fine and beeswax, leaving the surface to be cleaned free, and is 
 then dipped into hydrofluoric acid. The acid dissolves the sand 
 and silica, and would also dissolve the glass, but it is quickly 
 transferred to sulphuric acid to neutralize further action. The 
 ware is again rinsed in water and sent to the refmishers. Here the 
 glass is treated with wooden or felt wheels, and also brushed with 
 a putty containing lead and tin. The ware is cleaned and finally 
 wrapped in tissue paper for the market. 
 
 The danger from lead poisoning in the industry is in the use of 
 the putty, and the workers who rennish and handle the ware after 
 putty finishing are most exposed. 
 
 The polishing with the putty is a wet process, but the material 
 scatters all over and dries quickly, so that there is quite some dust 
 containing lead resulting from the work. 
 
 Factory, No. 1. This occupied several floors in one of the build- 
 ings of a large glass works. One floor was devoted to cutting and 
 finishing. But two men were using putty at time of visit. The 
 process is a wet one, and workers' clothes as well as hands and face 
 were spattered with the material used. Very little information 
 could be secured as the workers were foreigners, and no cases of 
 plumbism were seen, though one case had been reported to the 
 Department as having worked in this place. There were no 
 special facilities for washing, and meals were eaten in the w^ork 
 rooms. The workers had no knowledge as to the poisonous nature 
 of the material used. 
 
 Factory, No. 2. This plant has its blanks made by a large glass 
 works. The refinishing room is 70' x 40' x 25' high, and very 
 light. There are 12 males who alternate on the different processes 
 including the putty finishing. The men are mostly Italians, but 
 understand that lead is used in the putty. Soap is furnished for 
 washing. Respirators are furnished the men but not used. The 
 place is kept clean, but the workers do not follow the rules of 
 personal hygiene very closely. 
 
 46 
 
1118 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Six cases were found showing the blue line of the gums, but 
 only four gave any symptoms, these suffered from indigestion and 
 muscular pains. 
 
 This firm made its own putty in a special outbuilding. The 
 room was 20' x 30' x 10' high, well lighted. There were two pots 
 hooded. Only one worker employed, and he was not in the room 
 continually. Lead from the lining of tea chests was used, and the 
 proportions were two-thirds lead and one-third tin. 
 
 In this industry the principal measures to be taken are clean- 
 liness, especially on the part of the worker. While there may be 
 some dust in the air it is negligible, as the results of our analyses 
 failed to show any lead present in the samples taken. 
 
 Bubber Goods: 
 
 In the manufacture of rubber goods lead compounds are used 
 as an aid in vulcanizing, curing or hardening of the rubber as 
 well as for pigmentation or coloring purposes. 
 
 After the gum rubber has been thoroughly washed to remove 
 the dirt, it is put through a masticator, which is a machine having 
 revolving rollers which makes the rubber smooth and firm. The 
 rubber is now run through a set of rollers in the machine called 
 the grinder, and the pigment compound gradually added until it 
 is thoroughly mixed. Sometimes the addition is done at the mas- 
 ticator, as both machines are similar in their action. The rubber 
 is now ready for any purpose, and in many cases is made into 
 material which is vulcanized, that is, put into a heating chamber, 
 and, with the addition of sulphur, made hard and durable. The 
 temperature of the chamber is not sufficient to volatilize the lead, 
 and merely causes a imiting of the sulphur and compound to form 
 a sulphide. The rubber is dusted with talc or chalk before going 
 in the chamber, and the sulphur mixture is placed in a small ves- 
 sel on the floor inside of the chamber. 
 
 The danger exists principally where there is dust created in 
 handling the dry pigment combination, such as mixing and 
 masticating. 
 
 It is claimed by some authorities that poisoning has occurred 
 from handling the sulphide, but if this is true it is only in isolated 
 cases. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aesenic Poisoning. 1119 
 
 Samples of air taken at the heating chambers and in the finish- 
 ing of the vulcanized product showed no lead present. An an- 
 alysis of rubber as it came from the mixer showed about 25% 
 lead present, and an analysis of the vulcanized product showed 
 almost the same percentage, showing that the danger is practically 
 confined to the compounding and mixing. 
 
 Five plants were visited where lead was used in the rubber, 
 three are described under electrical works. 
 
 Eubber Co., No. 1. This is a large plant manufacturing rub- 
 ber goods for all purposes, and of all colors. The building is a 
 modern four-story concrete structure, ventilation by natural 
 means. 
 
 Weighing room. This is a large light room on the first floor, 
 partitioned off from the mixing room. Ingredients are kept in 
 bins, and hand scoops are used in taking material out to be weighed 
 and sifted. No special means are installed to carry away dust 
 generated during the handling process. New mills are being in- 
 stalled wherein mixing, weighing and filling of containers is all 
 inclosed and no dust escapes. At time of visit no mixing or 
 weighing in this room was being done. Samples of air were 
 taken, but showed no lead present. 
 
 Mixing room. The machines were in separate inclosures, but 
 with no exhaust connection to handle the dust. A sample taken 
 in one room during putting in of ingredients showed eight milli- 
 grams of lead per cubic meter of air. The worker was covered 
 with dust, had been fifteen years in the factory, two years at 
 mixing, and yet showed no evidences of plumbism. He claimed 
 to be cleanly, and did not drink or use tobacco. All the workers 
 engaged in the weighing and mixing processes were covered with 
 dust, and did not use the respirators furnished. No cases of 
 plumbism were found. 
 
 In the rubber, litharge and chromes are used, and it was stated 
 that to every pound of rubber there was about three-quarters of an 
 ounce of litharge, which does not seem to agree with the findings 
 of our analyses. 
 
 Analyses' of air were taken in the cementing room, where the 
 vulcanized product is assembled and finished, but no lead was 
 found, due to the fact that the room was extremely free from 
 
1120 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 dust. No cases of plumbism were found. It was admitted that 
 the workers in this- process are very migratory, and mostly for- 
 eigners who understood very little English. But in my opinion 
 there is very little danger in handling the vulcanized product. 
 
 The firm has adequate washing facilities on each floor, they 
 furnish the workers exposed to dust with respirators, and try to 
 keep the factory sanitary. The character of the help are not of 
 a class who follow strictly rules of personal hygiene. 
 
 Rubber Co., No. 2. This is a small plant making rubber tubes 
 and tires for motor vehicles. X o weighing was being done at 
 time of visit, and but one mixer running. 
 
 The compounding room is large and light, but no provisions 
 are made for exhausting dust. There was one worker present. 
 He had been here three months and was some four years in the 
 rubber business. Was anaemic and gave history of gastrointes- 
 tinal trouble, and in my opinion was suffering from plumbism. 
 
 There were four mixers, none of which were provided with 
 means for taking care of dust created. At the one mixer in 
 operation no ingredients were being added. Gloves were fur- 
 nished the workers, but there are no special washing facilities, 
 and meals are eaten in the factory. There is room for much 
 needed improvement in this place to make it safe. 
 
 Enamelled letters: 
 
 In this industry the letters are first cast and then enamelled in 
 different colors. The casting material may be of lead or other 
 metal, and the enamel is really a paint baked on. The danger is 
 from handling lead and colors containing lead, and the fume9 
 arising during casting of lead. 
 
 Plant No. 1. This is a small factory occupying a two-story 
 frame structure. There are five males and fifteen females em- 
 ployed. There is one small metal pot not hooded. Letters are 
 of cast lead, and when cool are finished by filing, which is done 
 by the young women. There are no special provisions for wash- 
 ing, and workers go home to meals. The general condition of the 
 place and workers as to cleanliness was good. No cases of plumb- 
 ism were found. 
 
 Plant No. 2. This is a small plant employing three men. 
 Fifty per cent lead is used in the material of which the letters 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aksenic Poisoning. 1121 
 
 are made. The lead metal pot is small and unliooded. There 
 are no special washing facilities, no meals eaten in the place. No 
 cases of plumbism were found. 
 
 Enamelled Ware: 
 
 One large plant manufacturing enamelled household ware was 
 visited. Analyses of the ingredients used for enamelling failed 
 to show any lead present. 
 
 Dyeing: 
 
 Two large woolen mills and one large carpet plant were visited, 
 and analyses of the dyes used and samples of fabric made failed 
 to show any lead present. 
 
 Two large silk mills and one silk thrower were visited. In 
 the preparing of silk, termed throwing, nothing is used but soap 
 and water, with oil for finishing. 
 
 In dyeing and weaving of silk tin instead of lead is used for 
 weighting or giving body to the silk, and no lead dyes are used. 
 Samples of silk were analyzed and no lead found. 
 
 Shoes: 
 
 A number of large shoe factories were visited, but it was 
 claimed that no lead preparations were used in dyeing or finish- 
 ing. Samples of different preparation were secured and analyzed. 
 
 In two of the plants visited tan shoes were made, and before 
 leaving the factory were examined and slight defects of finish 
 were touched up with a tan dressing. But one or two men were 
 employed at this work. The analyses of these tan dressings 
 showed that they contained small quantities of lead, probably as 
 a chrome. The average number of bottles used is about twelve a 
 year, or twenty-four ounces of mixture. The workers handling 
 the fluid were not very clean, but no cases of plumbism were 
 found. It is evident that in this industry the only danger from 
 lead is in the retouching of the tan shoes, and is limited to a very 
 few workers. 
 
 Coated Paper: 
 
 Two large plants were visited where coated paper was made. 
 It wa9 claimed no lead was used, and analyses of the ingredients 
 used failed to show any lead present. None was found in the air. 
 
1122 Appendix VIII — Lead and Aksenic Poisoning. 
 
 Harness Making: 
 
 A number of harness manufactories were visited, but no lead 
 was found to be used in dressing or finishing the leather. In 
 punching holes in various portions of the harness some workers 
 used a small lead plate as a base, but many used a thick piece of 
 leather for the same purpose. ~Eo cases of plumbism could be 
 found, and it seems rather remote to classify the work as one liable 
 to poisoning from lead. 
 
 Chemical Works: 
 
 One plant was visited where chlorine products had been made 
 in a lead lined chamber (see also arsenic), but this had been done 
 away with and concrete chambers were now used. They had 
 never seen any cases of plumbism during this work. 
 
 One plant making sulphuric acid was visited. In this indus- 
 try large lead chambers are used during the process of manufac- 
 ture, and the acid at times becomes contaminated. Samples of 
 the acid were analyzed, but no lead was found. Samples of the 
 fumes in the plant failed to show any lead. ISTo cases were found, 
 and the superintendent said he had never seen any evidences of 
 leading in all the years he had been connected with acid making. 
 Poisoning in this industry is probably an uncommon occurrence. 
 
 Jewellers: 
 
 A number of jewellers were visited as to the use of lead. Some 
 of the solder used contains a minute quantity of lead, but enough 
 is not used to be dangerous. Formerly precious stones were set 
 in a lead bed during the process of cutting and polishing, but 
 plaster of paris is now used. The danger in this industry from 
 such work is certainly not dangerous. 
 
 One large concern was visited where ornaments were made of 
 lead and then enamelled. 
 
 The lead is melted in small pots which are provided with hoods 
 and pipes. The lead is poured into small moulds and later on 
 enamelled. Only males are engaged at casting. 
 
 In the enamelling, colors are ground and mixed in inclosed 
 machines. The product when ready for use is an oil mixture, 
 and there is no dust in its use. Small amounts of the colors are 
 applied to the novelty (which may be of any metal) by means of 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aksenic Poisoning. 1123 
 
 a small metal point. The novelty is then put into a special oven 
 and at high temperature practically baked on. The ovens are 
 hooded and piped to an exhaust pipe. Thirty females are em- 
 ployed in putting on the color or enamel, but none showed any 
 evidences of plumbism, or were any cases known of. 
 
 While the quantity of enamel used by each worker is small, still 
 there is the remote possibility of getting it into the system through 
 lack of cleanliness. 
 
 Embroidery : 
 
 A number of embroidery places were visited and samples of 
 the powder in use analyzed. ISTo lead was found present. The 
 only danger in this work would be from the use of lead carbonate 
 as a pow^der for tracing patterns, but it seems very remote, as 
 none of the manufacturers use it, or recommend its use. 
 
 Dairy Implements: 
 
 A number of cases of poisoning had been reported from a firm 
 making a cream separator. A visit was made to the plant, and 
 it was discovered that in a portion of the finishing process of 
 some of the parts a black putty consisting of 65% lead was put 
 on the metal part, put into an oven for baking, and after harden- 
 ing was sandpapered. 
 
 The room was a. large light room on the first floor of a new 
 building, ventilated by a plenum system. An analysis of the air 
 of the room showed no lead, but a sample taken at the breathing 
 level of a worker while sandpapering showed 68.8 milligrams of 
 lead per cubic litre of air, clearly proving the danger was from 
 inhaling the lead-laden dust created during the process of sand- 
 papering. The remedy in this case is an exhaust system. 
 
 Four cases of lead poisoning were found in this part of the 
 plant. 
 
 One worker showed blue line of gums and had colic off and on 
 for two months. 
 
 Another worker, employed one year, gave no history of any 
 symptoms, but gums showed blue line. 
 
 Worker had been employed for eight months then remained 
 away for eighteen months. Had slight blue line of gums and 
 complained of wrist and arm trouble. 
 
1124 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 The star case was a worker who had been there for ten years 
 and was being treated by a physician for stomach trouble. He 
 was anaemic, had blue line of gum, and a marked paralysis (wrist 
 drop) in both wrists. He was unaware of the fact that he was 
 suffering from lead poisoning, and no one in the factory ever 
 thought of such a thing. 
 
 This firm also does tinning and soldering. No lead is used in 
 the tin, and no cases of plumbism were found in the tinning shop. 
 
 Soldering is done both by hand and machine in a large, light, 
 airy shop. The machines are gradually replacing the hand work. 
 Neither the solder pots of the machines nor the furnaces of the 
 hand solderers are provided with hoods or exhaust systems. No 
 cases of plumbism were found among the solderers. 
 
 The firm have ample washing facilities, but furnish no towels. 
 They aim to have a sanitary factory, but do not realize the danger 
 incidental to the use of lead. The workers should be instructed 
 as to the danger, and special precautions, such as exhaust systems, 
 use of respirators, and personal cleanliness, should be insisted on. 
 
 Several burial casket firms were visited, but they claimed that 
 the only way lead was used was in soldering, and that to a limited 
 extent. No cases of plumbism were found, and no conditions were 
 found which would indicate any danger to the workers from lead 
 poisoning. 
 
 Painting: 
 
 That painters are liable to lead poisoning is a common fact. 
 There is no doubt that a large percentage is due to faulty personal 
 hygiene. In indoor work there is no doubt a part of the danger 
 lies in sandpapering or scraping paint, and it was with this phase 
 of the work we tried to confine ourselves. The plants visited were 
 those where vehicles were made. In order to get a good surface 
 for a fine finish, the various portions of vehicles, but more espec- 
 ially the body, is sandpapered both before and after the application 
 of paint. During the process of sandpapering a fine dust is 
 created, and inhaled by the worker. If lead is on the part being 
 sandpapered, there is, of course, danger of inhaling the fine par- 
 ticles set loose. 
 
 In the majority of plants, there is plenty of floor space in pro- 
 portion to the workers, but on account of storing of stock which is 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1125 
 
 bulky, and the few workers grouping together, it is as bad as 
 working in a confined space. 
 
 Seven plants were visited where vehicles were made. 
 
 Plant, No. 1. This is a large plant making carriages and auto- 
 mobile bodies. The floors of the various buildings were large, 
 light and airy, with but few workers on each floor. No special 
 washing facilities; and meals are eaten in the factory. No cases 
 of plumbism could be found. It was difficult to secure informa- 
 tion from the workers. Samples of air taken in the room showed 
 no lead present, but a sample taken at the breathing level of one 
 worker who was leisurely sandpapering a wheel showed 2.2 milli- 
 grams of lead per cubic metre of air, proving the dangerous nature 
 of the work. A great many of the workers were anaemic and if 
 every one could be given a strict physical examination, plumbism 
 would probably be found to exist in many. 
 
 At quitting time, the alkaline sodium sulphide solution was ap- 
 plied to the hands of twenty workers who had washed up prepara- 
 tory to going home. Fifteen showed the presence of lead still on 
 the hands, proving uncleanliness, one of the causes of poisoning. 
 
 There seemed a disposition on the part of the workers to regard 
 very lightly the dangers incidental to the use of lead, and, as a 
 rule, most of them used tobacco for smoking and chewing. 
 
 Plant, No. 2. This is a small place devoted principally to repair 
 work. Four men are employed. No sandpapering was being done 
 at time of visit. Washing facilities consisted of a sink and cold 
 water. All the workers chewed tobacco, and were careless in their 
 habits. No history of any symptoms could be obtained, though 
 two of the workers looked as if the anaemia was due to lead. 
 
 Plant, No. 3. This was formerly a large carriage factory, but 
 now makes automobile bodies. The building is large and old 
 fashioned, with poor light and badly ventilated, but the workers 
 are few. No sandpapering was being done. No special washing 
 facilities are provided, and the head of the firm sees no danger 
 from lead. Meals are eaten in the shop. It was claimed that in 
 40 -years only one case had occurred in the place. 
 
 Of the six men employed, two could be classed as leaded. 
 
 One worker had been nine years at outdoor work and one in- 
 doors. He was markedly anaemic, but claimed to have no symp- 
 
1126 Appendix VIII — Lead and Ausenic Poisoning. 
 
 tarns, and there was no gum line. He chewed tobacco but was 
 clean as to person. 
 
 One worker, 25 years of age, had been a painter for eight years. 
 He gave no history and had no gum line. Examination showed 
 him to be tubercular, and in my opinion leaded. 
 
 Plant, ISTo. 4. Ten men are employed in this plant and in place 
 of lead priming, a rub filler, consisting of shellac, japan dryer, 
 barium sulphate, silica, and linseed oil, is used. No dry rubbing 
 is done, water and pumice being first used, then sandpaper. Hot 
 and cold water is provided, and men furnish their own towels. 
 Meals are eaten in the factory. 
 
 The workers are very clean as to habits, and no cases of plumb- 
 ism could be found. 
 
 Plant, No. 5. This is a large carriage manufactory, employing 
 50 men. No special washing facilities other than hot and cold 
 water furnished. Meals are eaten in the facthory. The men are 
 as a rule clean, but many use tobacco for chewing. 
 
 Two workers were seen who admit having been treated for lead 
 poisoning a number of years ago, but claim that by being clean 
 and careful they have had no return of symptoms. Other than 
 slight anaemia, no signs of plumbism could be found. No cases 
 were found among the other workers. 
 
 Another plant visited will be described under motor vehicles. 
 
 In the following plants there are a number of processes, each 
 entirely separate from each other, but it is deemed advisable for 
 the sake of clearness to describe each plant in entirety, instead of 
 each process separately. 
 
 Printing and Lithographing : 
 
 One of the largest lithographing firms in the State was visited 
 and studied. The building was .a modern structure with all sani- 
 tary conveniences. The Departments taken up were color mixing, 
 bronzing, pressroom, stone cleaning. 
 
 The plant was ventilated by means of a plenum system, and 
 ample washing facilities, hot and cold water ; soap and towels were 
 furnished. The plant was kept very clean. 
 
 Bronzing. This was a large, light room, partitioned off the 
 pressroom. All machines were entirely inclosed and connected 
 with an exhaust system. One man cleaned up all dust with a 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aesenic Poisoning. 1127 
 
 vacuum cleaner. Despite these precautions the room and the 
 clothes of the men were covered with the bronze powder. 
 
 In Dr. Collis's report on bronzing, there seemed to be an opinion 
 that lead poisoning from bronze powder is almost nil, and the 
 amount of lead found in the samples of bronze powder submitted 
 to the Government chemist contained but slight traces of lead. 
 
 This seems to bear out our own investigation. In a number of 
 samples of bronze powder analyzed no lead was found present, 
 and no cases of plumbism could be found among the workers. 
 
 Pressroom. During the lithographing, the pressmen get color 
 on their hands and clothes, and, as the colors contain lead, there is 
 some danger. ISIone of the workers examined showed any symp- 
 toms of plumbism, but this may be due to the fact that they were 
 cleanly in their habits. Twenty workers were tested after wash- 
 ing up, and no lead was found present on the hands. 
 
 Stone Cleaning. In order to use the lithographing stones again 
 the color is washed off with benzine, the design ground off and the 
 stone dressed. The workers engaged at these processes were all 
 found to be very robust and exhibited no symptoms of plumbism. 
 
 Color Mixing. This was done in a large, light room. There 
 were two grinding machines, and one pony mixer which was 
 entirely inclosed. 
 
 One man did the color mixing and had been there a number 
 of years. He gave a history of symptoms which indicated plumb- 
 ism, and upon my advice decided to see a physician. 
 
 In order to determine to what extent the mixer was exposed, 
 an analysis of wash water was made. The color mixer had been 
 mixing chrome colors all morning, and at noon he wiped his 
 hands as clean as possible with cotton cloth, and then washed them 
 with soap and water. An analysis of the water in which he had 
 washed showed 3.74 milligrams of lead carbonate, a further proof 
 of the part personal hygiene plays in plumbism. 
 
 Printing: 
 
 Two daily newspapers were visited. 
 
 Daily, INTo. 1. Composing Room. This was on the top floor of 
 an old building poorly ventilated. There Mere 21 linotype ma- 
 chines. On thirteen the pots were piped to a chimney, and on 
 eight the pots were piped to an exhaust fan in the stereotype 
 
1128 Appendix VIII — Lead and Absenic Poisoning. 
 
 room. All connections were poorly made. The floor is kept clean. 
 Analyses of air showed no lead present. Of the 40 workers, none 
 gave any evidences of plumbism. The foreman had been many 
 years in the business and for years had set type by hand. He was 
 gradually losing his sight and could not account for it. In my 
 opinion, he was really suffering from the results of being leaded. 
 
 Stereotyping. This is a portion of the composing room. There 
 are two metal pots heated by coal. Over the pots are collapsible 
 hoods piped to a 24" exhaust fan in the window. Analyses failed 
 to show any lead present in the air. There were 5 workers, all 
 robust, and no evidences of plumbism could be found. 
 
 Daily, No. 2. Composing Room. This was on the second floor 
 of what had evidently been a former dwelling. The room was 
 70' x 25' x 12' high, and contained seven linotypes the pots of 
 which were piped to the periphery of a 30" exhaust fan in window. 
 The room is entirely unfitted for such purpose. No lead was 
 found in the air, and no cases of plumbism were found. 
 
 Stereotyping. This was in the rear of the first floor and con- 
 nects with pressroom. There is a sort of shaft extending 20' up- 
 ward from the ceiling and capped with a skylight having louvre 
 windows. The place is not clean, and the one metal pot is hooded. 
 No lead was found present in the air. The four workers were 
 very robust, and showed no signs of plumbism. 
 
 This bears out the result of former investigation by the Depart- 
 ment to the effect that the danger from fumes from metal pots are 
 not very grave. The danger is from the oxides floating around as 
 dust, and the dust from lead allowed to accumulate on the floor. 
 
 In order to determine the danger incidental to job or hand type 
 setting, the worker on one paper washed up after setting type all 
 morning, and an analysis of the water showed 1.30 milligrams of 
 lead present. This is proof of the danger in handling material 
 containing lead, and the necessity for perfect cleanliness in order 
 to avoid taking it into the system. 
 
 Storage Batteries {Electric Accumulators.) : 
 
 According to the Department returns, out of 67 cases of lead 
 poisoning reported among indoor workers (23 of painters), 15 
 occurred among storage battery workers, which would seem to 
 indicate the industry as a very dangerous one. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aksenic Poisoning. 1129 
 
 Storage batteries are made as follows: 
 
 First the grid is cast out of lead, it may be solid or have small 
 perforations. If cast solid it is put through a machine to swage 
 or roughen by finely scored lines. The grids are thoroughly 
 cleaned of oil by means of benzine and are ready for pasting. 
 The grids are used for the positives, and the sponge lead for the 
 negatives. The grids are now smoothly covered w r ith a paste con- 
 taining a lead compound and sulphuric acid. They are then 
 placed in tanks of sulphuric acid for 48 hours to form. The 
 plates are again cleaned, burned off, and arranged in series. The 
 smaller posts and connections are soldered in and the batteries 
 made up in different sizes as required. There are different types 
 of batteries and the process varies somewhat with each type. 
 
 Plant, No. 1. This is a large concern making a modification of 
 the Plante cell, and also the paste type. 
 
 Casting Room. This is an open room 60' x 25' x 14', there are 
 six lead pots with no hoods or exhaust system. Of the twenty 
 workers, ten are young boys engaged in trimming the lead grids. 
 Gloves are worn during the process, but the place is dirty. 
 Analyses of the air of this room showed 3.4 milligrams of lead 
 per cubic metre of air. 
 
 Pasting Room. This is just off the casting room. Despite the 
 fact that the tables on which grids are pasted have an exhaust at- 
 tachment, the room is not clean. There are seventeen employees 
 who wear gloves furnished by the firm. Little attention is given 
 by the workers to whether the gloves are in good repair. "Where 
 attention was called to gloves in bad shape, and new pairs were 
 given out, the workers started to put their dirty hands in the new 
 gloves, illustrating how little attention is paid to personal hygiene. 
 
 Analyses of air in this room showed 4.2 milligrams of lead per 
 cubic metre of air. 
 
 Assembling. This is a room 60' x 50' x 30'. Ventilation is by 
 natural means. Here the plates are burned off by means of a 
 small bunsen torch, and then soldered together in series, or groups, 
 and placed in sealed cells. There are only a few workers at each 
 branch of the work, and they sometimes alternate. No gloves are 
 worn, and there are no special devices for removing dust or fumes. 
 A sample of air taken at lend burning bench during work showed 
 
1130 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 2.6 milligrams of lead per cubic metre of air, emphasizing the 
 need of an exhaust system. The tables are dampened several times 
 during the day, and the floors cleaned, but this does not remove 
 the danger. 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap and towels are provided for men in 
 lead processes, and cathartic pills are furnished free. The hands 
 of ten workers who handled the pasted grids were examined after 
 they had washed up, and lead was found present on all. 
 
 Three cases of poisoning occurring in this plant were reported 
 to the Department. During the visit the following cases were 
 found. 
 
 Casting. Three of the boys engaged in trimming grids showed 
 typical anaemia, but as they could speak no English, further in- 
 formation could not be secured. They were all under 18, and had 
 been working several months. 
 
 Pasting. Information was hard to secure, as workers spoke 
 little English. One case worked three months. Anaemic, marked 
 line on gums. Polish worker, no history could be obtained. 
 Anaemic, line on gums. Four cases were seen with marked pallor, 
 but no history could be obtained. 
 
 Polish worker being treated by a physician for lead poisoning 
 but still continuing at work. 
 
 Assembling. Two lead burners reported to the Department 
 showed marked symptoms and still continued at same w T ork. 
 
 One lead burner, employed ten years, gave no history, but had 
 well marked anaemia and gum indications. 
 
 In a small room off the pasting room the weighing and mixing 
 is done. No means are taken to keep down the dust, and the 
 worker is a Pole who understands no English, and showed evi- 
 dences of plumbism. 
 
 General conditions in this plant need remedying. There is need 
 for measures to take care of dust and fumes. The workers should 
 also be informed of the danger of poisoning. 
 
 Plant, No. 2. This is a large plant making Plante and paste 
 batteries. Each department is in a separate building. 
 
 Casting. This is a large, light building with mechanical means 
 for ventilation. All metal pots are hooded, and men wear respira- 
 tors and gloves. Despite these precautions, an analysis of the air 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aksenic Poisoning. 1131 
 
 at the pots showed 1.0 milligram of lead per cubic metre of air, 
 probably due to oxides formed on cooling of metal, or carried in by 
 workers coming from the pasting department. 
 
 Pasting Room. This is a large, light room, and pasting is done 
 on tables provided with an exhaust. Twenty workers are em- 
 ployed, mostly foreigners who speak no English. 
 
 The men are furnished gloves, but they are of little protection 
 as the workers take them off, handle the lead with bare hands, and 
 then put the dirty hands back into the gloves. Despite the ex- 
 haust system, the workers slop the paste over the floor and on the 
 benches. The air analyses showed 1.2 milligrams of lead per 
 cubic metre of air. The foreman said it was hard to get them to 
 keep clean, and despite orders against eating, they would bring in 
 sandwiches and eat them with dirty hands. As an example of 
 uncleanliness, the condition of the drinking water cooler was 
 proof. Upon taking off the cover, red lead was seen on top of the 
 water, so it was no wonder the workers were poisoned. 
 
 Just off the pasting room was the weighing room. Here every 
 precaution was being taken. In every process where the dry lead 
 was handled, such as weighing and mixing, it was done under a 
 hood connected with an exhaust. The wwkers wore gloves and 
 respirators, and were careful in all their methods of handling the 
 lead compounds. 
 
 Forming Rooms. These are in separate building, light and 
 airy, but no special means for removing acid fumes from tanks. 
 Workers wear rubber gloves. There are never more than five men 
 at work in the rooms. 
 
 Assembling. This is a large, light building. There are only 
 eight workers on assembling. 
 
 Burning Off Room. This is a large light room. Ten men are 
 engaged in burning, and ten in soldering. A machine for group 
 soldering has been installed and is equipped with an exhaust sys- 
 tem ; this does much to lessen the danger. The men are not as 
 careful as they might be in these departments, though means for 
 protection are furnished by firm who endeavor to keep the 
 rooms free from dust. An analysis of the air at the burning off 
 benches showed 1.8 grams of lead per cubic metre of air. This is 
 conclusive that there is danger attending this process. 
 
1132 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 The firm endeavors to protect the workers as far as it is pos- 
 sible for them to do so. Wash rooms with hot and cold water and 
 soap powder are provided, and workers are allowed fifteen minutes 
 to wash up in. Tests of workers who merely used soap showed 
 that lead was not all removed, whereas those who used the wash- 
 ing powder showed no lead. Gloves and respirators are furnished, 
 but in many cases are not used. 
 
 Despite all the precautions taken in this plant, there were thir- 
 teen cases reported to the Department as occurring among its em- 
 ployees. Most of these cases were found to be among the pasters. 
 
 During the visit, four cases were seen in the pasting room, and 
 a greater part of the workers looked suspicious. 
 
 One case was found in the assembling room. 
 
 One case was found in the burning off room. 
 
 One case was found in the forming room. 
 
 I am of the opinion that in this plant the many cases are due to 
 faulty personal hygiene, and emphasizes the fact that the workers 
 must be educated, and warned of the danger. 
 
 The greatest danger seems to be in the weighing of the ingred- 
 ients, and the pasting of the grids, due to the large quantities of 
 dust containing lead oxides. There is less danger in handling the 
 negative plates which contain lead sulphate and are hard. The 
 positive plates are composed of lead oxide. 
 
 There is no doubt of the dangerous nature of the storage battery 
 industry, and the need for measures applicable not only to the 
 industry, but also to the employees, is fully emphasized. 
 
 Electrical Equipments: 
 
 Plant, ISTo. 1. This firm makes various electrical supplies, and 
 comprises a lead cable department, a brass foundry, and numerous 
 assembling departments. The departments where lead is used 
 are as follows: 
 
 Brass Foundry. This is in a large, light building, 50' x 60' 
 x 25' high, the roof being a Texas with louvre windows. There 
 are 9 crucibles, the tops of which are flush with the floor. The 
 lead used does not go over 5%. Seventeen workers are employed 
 The caster had been at this sort of work for seven years and gave 
 no history of plumbism, but showed a faint line in the gums. In 
 my opinion he had some lead absorption. No other cases were 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aesehto Poisoning. 1133 
 
 found. There were no special provisions for washing other than 
 hot and cold water, and meals were eaten in the foundry. 
 
 Cable Department. This was in a room 100' x 300' x 12' high. 
 There are three machines, the metal pots of which are not hooded. 
 Eight men are employed, and none wear gloves which are fur- 
 nished by the company. Meals are eaten in this room. 
 
 Xo lead was found upon analyses of the air, due probably to 
 the enormous air space, and but one machine working. 
 
 Pocket Lamp Battery Department. In this room some hand 
 soldering is done by females, and lead foil used in making batter- 
 ies is handled by girls. Xo work was being done at time of visit. 
 
 The general conditions of this plant are fair, but no special 
 precautions are taken to guard against lead poisoning. One case 
 was reported to the Department as occurring in a cable worker 
 in this plant. This worker was not seen, but there was soen 
 another case in this department. He was anaemic, and the gum 
 indications were marked. 
 
 Plant, Xo. 2. This plant makes cables, and has a rubber de- 
 partment and a lead department. 
 
 li ubber Department: 
 
 Weighing Room. This is a large room with a balcony for reach- 
 ing the hoppers of the mills. The mills are enclosed, but there are 
 no special means for dealing with the dust created in handling the 
 dry materials used. The room is quite dusty, and but one worker 
 was seen wearing a respirator. An analysis of the air of this room 
 showed 1.0 milligram of lead per cubic metre of air. 
 
 Incorporating Room. This is a long room off the cable room. 
 There are 4 rubber washers, and 6 incorporating machines, which 
 are merely sets of revolving rollers set close together. There are 
 no special means for handling the dust created during process of 
 feeding the incorporators. There is a muslin hood over the top of 
 each machine, but this is to prevent dirt getting into the rubber 
 mixture. The floor is kept clean, but an analysis of the air 
 showed 2.9 milligrams of lead per cubic metre of air. Xone of 
 the workers vore respirators or gloves. 
 
 Lead Cable. This is in the main building which is spacious. 
 There is one lead cable machine, the metal pot of which has no 
 47 
 
1134 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 hood. Tliere are eight men employed. Very little attention is 
 paid to their personal appearance, and in handling the lead, gloves 
 are seldom worn. ISTo lead was found in the air. 
 
 The company furnish no means for safeguarding the workers 
 against lead, and washing facilities are merely running water. 
 Many improvements are necessary to make the work safe. 
 
 One case of lead poisoning was reported to the Department as 
 occurring in a worker at this plant. 
 
 Four cases were seen at time of visit. 
 
 One worker in the weighing room had gastro-intestinal trouble 
 and showed signs of beginning nervous trouble. 
 
 Three workers at the incorporating rolls had typical lead 
 anaemia, but gave no history of illness. 
 
 Plant, Xo. 3. This plant makes copper wire and has a rubber 
 department. At time of visit alterations were being made in this 
 portion of the plant. The principal danger in this place was con- 
 fined to the weighing of the pigments and the mixing of the rub- 
 ber. The weighing room was a small closet like room, and one 
 American did all the weighing. ~Ro special means were used to 
 keep down the dust, and no respirator was worn. The mixers were 
 in the main room, but not provided with any exhaust system. It 
 is intended to put this department in a separate building. No 
 cases of plumbism were seen. 
 
 Plant, Wo. 4. This is one of the largest manufacturers of elec- 
 trical goods in the world. The various departments are, in some 
 instances, industries in themselves. Each department has its own 
 building. The following departments were visited : 
 
 Brass Foundry: 
 
 This occupies a building 250' x 100" x 30' high, well lighted, 
 and ventilated by natural means. 110 men are employed. There 
 are seven crucibles arranged under a shaft leading to roof. Seven 
 under a large hood with duct to roof, and two single crucibles, each 
 with a hood and duct connection to roof. The amount of lead used 
 in the brass varies from % to 4%. Excellent wash rooms and lava- 
 tories were in the building, but no towels were furnished. 'No 
 cases of plumbism were found, and the foreman had never heard 
 of lead poisoning among the brass workers. Many admitted hav- 
 ing had the " chills." 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1135 
 
 Cable Department. This was carried on in a building 
 200' x 100' x 30' high. There were four machines, the lead pots 
 of which were not hooded. The workers wore gloves. Xo lead 
 was found in the air, and no cases of plumbism were seen. 
 
 Rubber Work: 
 
 Weighing Room. This was a room partitioned off the main 
 portion of the second floor. There were a number of grinders and 
 mills, and a balcony for feeding bolting machines. There was no 
 exhaust system for handling the dust, and on one side of the room 
 two 30" exhaust fans were set in the window. The place was very 
 dusty, and upon attention being called to the action of the fans 
 in making conditions worse, they were stopped. In the mixtures 
 used, as high as 70% litharge was used. An analysis of the air 
 showed 6 milligrams of lead per cubic metre of air. Meals were 
 eaten in this room. 
 
 Mixing, This was done on the first floor, the room measuring 
 300' x 100' x 14-' high. There were 10 rolls or masticators, and 
 are used for incorporating the pigment in the rubber. None of 
 the machines have an exhaust system. Respirators are furnished 
 but not worn, as it is claimed they irritate the face. One-half hour 
 is allowed for meals, which are eaten in the same room. Workers 
 do not wash up, claiming they have not sufficient time. Analyses 
 showed 0.5 milligrams lead. 
 
 Seven cases were found in this department, all gave evidences 
 of colic and muscular pain, were anaemic, and had the gum line. 
 
 It was strange that this department should be so lacking in safe- 
 guards, as in another department (described later), where machines 
 of a similar character were in use, exhaust systems were installed. 
 
 Insulating Department. In this department some litharge was 
 used. All mixers, masticators and calenders were equipped with 
 hoods connected with an exhaust system. All weighing and 
 handling was done under hoods. 
 
 In one of the buildings, hand soldering of small parts is carried 
 on. There are ten pots hooded and connected to an S" exhaust 
 fan. Girls are employed at the soldering. Xo cases of plumbism 
 were found. 
 
 The washing facilities in each building are splendid, but no 
 towels are furnished. There is a small emergency hospital in the 
 
1136 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 plant with a nurse in constant attendance, but there is no regular 
 attending physician. 
 
 A conference was held with the manager and heads of depart- 
 ments, which resulted in measures being at once taken to remedy 
 faulty conditions. 
 
 Motor Vehicles: 
 
 This is a large plant and comprises a number of departments 
 connected with machinery and vehicle manufacturing. 
 
 Foundry. This is a large, light, airy concrete building at the 
 river front. 18 males are employed. Brass and aluminum are 
 cast. It was admitted that lead was used in both mixtures. Lead 
 was found in the air 2.58 milligrams per cubic metre. 
 
 Machine Shop. This occupies the floor of an old building and 
 is divided into various lathe and turning operations. The 
 aluminum metal is used for running boards and for gear cases. 
 The foreman did not know there was any lead in it, and asked if 
 lead was a poison. In one portion of the room were two workers 
 casting babbitt bearings. Pots were not hooded. 
 
 Paint Shop. This includes portions of two floors and one 
 small building, and is devoted to finishing automobile bodies. 
 There were 40 men engaged in painting and sandpaper- 
 ing. ISTone had been with this firm very many months. Most of 
 the men chewed tobacco and were not very clean. Two admitted 
 having suffered from plumbism, and one remarked that " if paint- 
 ers would keep clean they would not be leaded, as he had learned 
 by his own experience." 
 
 Washing facilities are inadequate, and no special precautions 
 were taken to insure cleanliness. Meals were eaten in all parts 
 of the factory. 
 
 One case was reported to the department from this plant. He 
 was a young foreigner and had been doing painting. When seen 
 he was at work in the machine shop. The only symptoms he 
 showed was slight anaemia, and had cramps once in a while. 
 
 In the paint shop ten of the workers had a typical lead pallor, 
 and in the babbitt casting the two workers showed evidences of 
 being leaded. Tests made on the hands of some of the painter? 
 showed they did not remove the lead by washing. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aesenic Poisoning. 1137 
 
 Conditions need remedying in this plant, especially in the pro- 
 cesses where the workers are exposed to the action of lead. 
 
 A number of factories were visited where processes were carried 
 on in which it was reputed there was danger from lead. Among 
 these were musical instruments, making of colored cloth, arti- 
 ficial flowers, brush makers, hatters and lacemakers. But no 
 evidence could be found in support of this theory. 
 
 Conclusions. 
 
 The result of the investigation has brought forth a number of 
 important facts, many of which confirm the findings of previous 
 investigators, and emphasizes the need for further scientific 
 investigation. 
 
 That danger exists in many industries is clearly proven. In 
 many instances the proprietors themselves are unaware of the 
 presence of lead in the material used, or the danger therefrom. 
 
 It has been shown that in some industries other ingredients 
 have been substituted in the place of lead. 
 
 It is apparent that medical supervision is necessary for workers 
 exposed to lead and its compounds. 
 
 There are certain industries more dangerous than others, and 
 for these, special regulations are necessary, such are vhite lead 
 works, colors, paints and varnishes, potteries, storage battery 
 works, smelting and making of alloys, solderings, rubber goods. 
 
 Lead poisoning can be prevented by proper removal of all dust, 
 fumes, gases and vapors, and by cleanliness on the part of the 
 worker. 
 
 It is clearly shown that many of the workers do not make use 
 of the means provided for their protection. 
 
 There is necessity for an active campaign of education not only 
 among the workers, but also among employers so that the danger 
 and the remedies may become familiar to both. 
 
 Recommendations. 
 
 In the industries, a general law or regulation is not always 
 practical, or capable of enforcement, for what may be just in one 
 case would be unjust in another. It is recommended that the 
 Labor Department be given authority to formulate special regula- 
 tions for special industries using lead, modeled after the regula- 
 
1138 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 tions adopted by Great Britain and Germany. The Department 
 should also possess the power to add to such rules new sections as 
 may be required by changes in the industries or processes of 
 manufacture. 
 
 The following industries are among those for which special 
 rules should be formulated: 
 
 Manufacture of white lead. 
 
 Manufacture of dry colors. 
 
 Manufacture of lead oxides. 
 
 Manufacture of paints and varnish. 
 
 Manufacture of storage batteries. 
 
 Potteries and china makers. 
 
 Smelting, making of alloys and plumbers' supplies. 
 
 Manufacture of articles from metallic lead. 
 
 Manufacture of rubber goods where lead is used. 
 
 Painting of manufactured articles. 
 
 The following recommended regulations are merely general in 
 character : 
 
 ISTo female, or male minor under eighteen, should be permitted 
 to handle any lead compound in dry or powdered form, or be 
 employed in any process where dust containing lead compounds 
 may be generated during the manufacturing process. 
 
 Xo worker should be employed in using lead without the posses- 
 sion of a medical certificate, and should have a periodical examina- 
 tion, at least once in six months. 
 
 Where large quantities of lead are used, the firm should have 
 regular medical supervision!. 
 
 Respirators, gloves, overalls and headcoverings should be fur- 
 nished the workers, and the same cleansed or renewed at least 
 once a week. 
 
 A dry room free from dust should be provided where the 
 worker may hang such clothing as is not worn while at work. 
 There should also be provided a separate place for keeping respira- 
 tors, overalls and headcoverings used while at work. 
 
 Washing facilities consisting of hot and cold water, soap, nail 
 brushes, and individual towels, should be furnished. There should 
 be at least one tap or basin for every 5 workers. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aesenic Poisoning. 1139 
 
 No food or drink should be brought into any room where lead 
 is used, and a special lunch room should be provided for the 
 workers. Workers in lead should have a light warm meal before 
 starting work in the morning. 
 
 The use of tobacco in any form should be prohibited during 
 working hours. 
 
 All dust, fumes, gases or vapors created, should be removed 
 effectively at the point of origin, and in a direction away from 
 the worker. This is best accomplished by an exhaust system. 
 
 When a worker is found suffering from plumbism, he or she 
 should be provided with employment where no lead is used. 
 
 Xotices shall be posted warning of the danger from the use of 
 lead, and giving rules for prophylaxis. This should be printed in 
 several languages. 
 
 A record should be kept of all cases of illness, the record book 
 to be readily available for inspection by officers of the Labor 
 Department. 
 
 Time should be given the workers to wash up in, and at least 
 one hour should be allowed for meals. 
 
 All workrooms should be thoroughly cleaned up by a wet process 
 at least once a day, and, where the dust is hard to handle, should 
 be dampened down several times during the day. 
 
 In order to prevent plumbism, it is necessary for the worker to 
 realize that he or she must obey certain necessary rules of hygiene, 
 otherwise regulations merely obeyed by the industries are entirely 
 in vain. 
 
 Workers should realize that cleanliness is all important, and use 
 should be made of the facilities furnished. 
 
 No food or drink should be brought into the factory, and no 
 meals should be eaten in any room but the lunch room. Tobacco 
 in any form should not be used during working hours. 
 
 The measures supplied for protection during work should be 
 used and taken care of, and no apparatus for removal of dust, or 
 fumes should be interfered with or rendered useless. 
 
 Workers should submit to proper medical examination, and 
 upon the first sign of illness report at unco to the physician. 
 
 Workers suffering from plumbism should not return t<> any 
 work which exposes them still further to lead. 
 
1140 Appendix VIII — Lead and Absenic Poisoning. 
 
 Care should be taken by workers so that other workers may not 
 be exposed to the danger of poisoning through their carelessness in 
 handling material, or in matters of personal hygiene. 
 
 AKSEKLC POISONING. 
 
 Arsenic, meaning literally male arson (from the notion of the 
 alchemists that metals were of different sexes), was known to the 
 early Greeks. Aristotle gave it the name of " sandaraka," and 
 Theophrastus mentions it as " arsenikon." These substances were 
 undoubtedly sulphides of arsenic. Olympiodorus, a Greek alche- 
 mist, obtained the oxide or white arsenic by roasting arsenic sul- 
 phide, and in the arts of the ancients these substances were used 
 to impart a white color to copper. 
 
 Arsenic is found as an impurity with many of the minerals, but 
 the more common ores are realgar, orpiment, arsenic pyrites or 
 mispickel, and arsenolite. Xo arsenic is mined in the United 
 States. Some 6,000,000 pounds of arsenic are imported annually, 
 mainly from England and Germany. 
 
 Chemistry. 
 
 Arsenic is a brittle, steel gray solid ; upon being freshly broken 
 it has a metallic lustre which disappears slowly in a moist atmos- 
 phere. Heated in the air it volatilizes without melting at tem- 
 peratures above 212° F. — 100° C, and rapidly vaporizes at a 
 dull red heat. The vapor is of a golden yellow color and has an 
 odor of garlic. 
 
 There are many compounds of arsenic, but in the industries it 
 is necessary to notice the following: 
 
 Arsenious oxide or arsenic trioxide is the most important, and is 
 often called " arsenic " or " white arsenic." There are two com- 
 mon varities, a white, granular powder and an amorphous, glass- 
 like solid. It has no odor, but has a faint metallic taste. 
 
 Scheele's green or Paris green, is a hydrocupric arsenite, con- 
 taining 52.8% of arsenius anhydride. 
 
 Schweinfurt green, Vienna green, emerald green, is a cupric 
 arsenite and acetate, containing 58.4% of arsenious acid. 
 
 Orpiment, or Arsenic trisulphide, contains 60.98% arsenic, is 
 crystalline, and of a brilliant color. For industrial purposes it is 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1141 
 
 prepared artificially by subliming one part of sulphur with two 
 parts of arsenic trioxide. The resulting product varies in color 
 from yellow to red according to the relative quantities of the 
 ingredients used. 
 
 liealgar, arsenic sulphide, contains 70.01% of arsenic. The 
 commercial product averages 75% of arsenic. 
 
 .Realgar is found native in ruby red crystals, and is also found 
 at times associated with lead. It is prepared artificially for the 
 industries by heating together nine parts of arsenic and four parts 
 of sulphur, or, one hundred and ninety-eight parts of arsenious 
 anhydride with one hundred and twelve parts of sulphur. 
 
 Arseniuretted hydrogen, arsine, is a colorless inllammable gas 
 of fetid, garlicky odor. One litre contains 95.69% arsenic. 
 Oxygen or air and arseniuretted hydrogen, make an explosive mix- 
 ture. Chlorine decomposes the gas with great energy, combining 
 with the hydrogen and setting free arsenic as a brown cloud, any 
 excess of the chlorine combines with the arsenic as a chloride. 
 
 For many years the ordinary and best known qualitative 
 test for ansenic has been the simple one known as Marsh's test, but, 
 as antimony gives the same result as arsenic, the test is not reliable 
 unless carried out very finely. 
 
 In atmospheric analyses where minute quantities of arsenic may 
 be present, and a quantitative analyses is necessary, it is of import- 
 ance that the method adopted be of extreme accuracy. In this 
 conection the following method was pursued : 
 
 In all cases one thousand litres of air was aspirated through a 
 battery of specially constructed gas-wash bottles, containing doubly 
 distilled water. After securing the sample, nitric acid and sul- 
 phuric acid are added to the v ater to convert into a soluble form 
 such arsenic as may be present. The solution is then evaporated 
 until fumes of sulphuric acid come off. The mass is now trans- 
 ferred to a small florence flask which has a tube bent at double 
 right angles leading into a high gas-wash bottle containing dis- 
 tilled water. To the contents of the flask is added one gram of 
 ferrous sulphate. Heat is applied to the flask and hydrochloric 
 acid run in. The acid is run in through a thistle-tube fitted with 
 a stop cock. Chloride of arsenic forms in the presence of arsenic, 
 which is soluble in the water contained in the gas-wash bottles. 
 After completing the operation of the formation of arsenic 
 
1142 Appendix VIII — Lead and Ajrsenic Poisoning. 
 
 chloride, and mo more will distill, the gaseous residue remaining 
 in the apparatus is aspirated through a watery solution. In order 
 to guard against outside atmospheric contamination and prevent 
 collapse of the flask with a liability of sucking back of the liquid 
 into the flask, a small check valve was placed on the flask. The 
 chloride of arsenic collected in the large gas-wash bottle is now 
 treated with sulphuretted hydrogen and a stream of carbon dioxide 
 passed through the solution to dispel any sulphuretted hydrogen 
 which may remain in excess. The resulting precipitate of 'arsenic 
 sulphide is now collected upon an accurately weighed filter paper, 
 and the result calculated. 
 
 In the analyses of dust, solutions and materials, use was made 
 of the many accurate methods described in the textbooks on ehem- 
 istry, those in Prescott and Johnson being given preference. 
 
 Toxicology. 
 
 Blyth, an eminent English authority, in an early edition of his 
 work on poisons, states that " arsenic causes so many deaths both 
 in man and cattle, that it comes under the notice of the chemist 
 more frequently than any other poison." 
 
 In the list of industrial poisons prepared by a Committee for 
 the International Association for Labor Legislation the following 
 preparations of arsenic are found: 
 
 Arsenic, white arsenic, arsenious acid. 
 
 Arsenic acid. Arseniuretted hydrogen. 
 
 Orpiment. Realgar or Ruby sulphur. 
 
 Cochineal or Vienna Red. 
 
 Aceto-arsenite of copper ( Schweinf urt, Vienna, or Emerald 
 green). 
 
 Arsenite of copper (Scheele's green or Paris green). 
 
 Of these, white arsenic and arseniuretted hydrogen are ex- 
 tremely dangerous. Small doses, as 2 or 3 grains of the white 
 arsenic, being oftentimes fatal. 
 
 Absorption of the poison into the system may occur in one of 
 the following ways: 
 
 Through the alimentary canal (stomach and intestines). 
 
 Through the respiratory tract (lungs, etc.). 
 
 Through the mucous membranes of the nose and throat. 
 
 Through the skin. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1143 
 
 In considering arsenic poisoning generally, we may do so under 
 three forms : Acute, chronic, and a form limited to purely local 
 lesions. 
 
 In acute arsenical poisoning, such as results from accident, 
 suicide, or homicide, the arsenic enters the system through the 
 alimentary tract, but in cases of industrial poisoning this occurs 
 only where the workers take their meals into workrooms contain- 
 ing quantities of arsenic, especially in the form of dust, or fail to 
 wash their hands and face properly, either before eating, or upon 
 completing the day's work and leaving for home. 
 
 In acute poisoning the following symptoms usually occur within 
 a short time after exposure : 
 
 Intense epigastric pain, a metallic taste in the mouth, and, at 
 times, salivation. There is intense thirst, colic, diarrhoea, and 
 suppression of urine, or bloody urine. The heart action is feeble, 
 and there may be palpitation. There may be cough and oppressed 
 breathing, oedema (swelling) of the eyelids or general oedema. 
 Some cases exhibit no gastro-intestinal symptoms, but suffer a 
 sudden collapse, passing into a coma resembling a narcotic poison- 
 ing, or exhibit symptoms resembling cholera. 
 
 Arsenic may be gradually absorbed into the system in very 
 small quantities covering a long space of time, and i- capable of 
 being stored in the body, especially in the tissues of the brain, 
 spinal cord and the liver, resulting in chronic arsenic poisoning, 
 the poison as a rule entering the system through the respiratory 
 tract and mucous membranes as a result of exposure to arsenic 
 dust or fumes. 
 
 The usual symptoms of chronic arsenic poisoning are debility, 
 anaemia, and urticaria (skin rash). There may be diarrhoea, or 
 a mucous, discharge from the bowels which is considered by Dr. 
 Lloyd as a significant sign'. There may be redness or even bleed- 
 ing from the gum-. Multiple neuritis and paralysis may often 
 develop as a later result, resembling to a great extent the results 
 of lead poisoning. Where the individual is exposed to the effects 
 of both lend and arsenic there is liability of a wrong diagnosis. 
 The following are points for differential diagnosis: 
 
 I. end. Paralysis confined to the extensor muscle- <>f the wrist 
 and first phalanges. Pure motor paralysis is seldom present. 
 Sensory disturbances are slight or usually absent. 
 
1144 Appendix VIII — Lead and Ajrsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Arsenic. Paralysis may attack wrist, more often involves the 
 corresponding muscular groups of the lower extremities., and often 
 involves the muscles of the thigh and upper arm. Pure motor 
 paralysis is always present. Sensory disturbances are marked. 
 Rapid wasting occurs and the atrophied muscles present the reac- 
 tion of degeneration. At times the extensor and peroneal muscles 
 are involved causing a gait termed by Dr. Butler, " the steppage 
 gait," In arsenical poisoning there is oftentimes a fine tremor 
 present resembling that caused by lead, mercury and alcohol. The 
 local form results as a rule from the action of dust containing 
 arsenic upon the skin and mucous membranes. In the presence 
 of moisture the arsenical compounds are very irritating and pos- 
 sess caustic properties. The points of attack are usually the 
 hands, forehead, neck and genitals, parts of the body usually moist 
 from perspiration. 
 
 The lesions usually appear with greatest severity upon the 
 hands, as those members are constantly wet from contact with 
 solutions, and come in closer contact with the toxic material 
 through continual handling. 
 
 In the nose the mucous membrane becomes highly inflamed-, 
 there is excessive coryza. In serious cases there is a perforation of 
 the septum (the cartilage partition between the nostrils), and 
 termed rhinitis perforans. 
 
 The local lesion may first appear as a slight eczema, the erup- 
 tion soon becoming pustular, and if neglected are very apt to 
 develop into painful ulcers. 
 
 Many dermatologists (Kirchgasser, Lepine, Beaugrand) have 
 described a brown pigmentation of the skin as typical of arsenic 
 poisoning. Sir Thomas Oliver calls attention to the fact that 
 arsenic has the effect in some people of predisposing to cancer. 
 Hutchinson believes that its absorption in the system over a long 
 period may cause epithelioma. 
 
 Arsenic is eliminated rapidly through the kidneys and the skin, 
 but is attended with marked irritation, as is manifested by nephri- 
 tis (kidney disease) and skin eruptions. 
 
 It has been demonstrated by Prof. Brouardel that the milk 
 of nursing mothers will absorb arsenic that may be in the system, 
 and that it may take as long as forty days to eliminate one dose. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Absenic Poisoning. 1145 
 
 Prof. White states that arsenic passes from the mother to the 
 foetus. This would indicate that a grave danger exists both to 
 mother and child in exposing women to the effect of arsenic. 
 
 At the International Congress of Hygiene held in Paris in 
 1880, a report on arsenic poisoning in the trades was presented 
 by Gubler and ISTapias. In the report was a tabulation of indus- 
 tries using arsenic in some form, and are as follows : 
 
 Workers on lead frames. 
 
 Workers on colored paper. 
 
 Color grinders. 
 
 Foundry workers. 
 
 Wire drawers. 
 
 Printers. 
 
 Paper glazers. 
 
 Paper cutters. 
 
 Makers of velvet. 
 
 Cloth dressers. 
 
 Dyers. 
 
 Cloth printers. 
 
 Painters (outdoor). 
 
 Color makers. 
 
 Painters and decorators. 
 
 Artificial flower makers. 
 
 Artificial foliage makers. 
 
 Makers of green lamp shades. 
 
 Leather curriers. 
 
 Dressmakers. 
 
 Aniline workers. 
 
 Smelters of mineral arsenic. 
 
 Makers of arsenious acid. 
 
 In 1892 Dr. Layet of Paris prepared the following table of 27 
 trades or professions wherein the workers were exposed to the 
 danger of arsenic poisoning: 
 
 Workers employed in the preparation of arsenic and arsenious 
 acid. 
 
 Workers employed in the smelting of tin and pewter. 
 
 Workers employed in the smelting of cobalt. 
 
1146 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Founders' of copper. 
 Founders of zinc. 
 Workers in the aniline industry. 
 
 Manufacture of iron sulphate by the action of sulphuric acid 
 on old iron. 
 Chemists. 
 
 Arsenical color works. 
 Manufacture of colored paper. 
 Manufacture of artificial leaves and foliage. 
 Aeronauts. 
 
 Inflaters of toy balloons. 
 Bronzers of metal. 
 Manufacture of vault lights (glass). 
 Colorers and curriers of leather. 
 Tinters and dressers of cloth. 
 Tanners. 
 Taxidermists. 
 
 Manufacture of artificial stones. 
 Jewellers. 
 
 Manufacture of glass and crystal. 
 Drawing of zinc wire. 
 Hatters. 
 
 Manufacture of colored crayons. 
 Manufacture of artificial soda (salt wort). 
 Manufacture of glucose. 
 
 Reference to the numerous works on industrial diseases, indus- 
 trial hygiene, forensic (legal) medicine, and chemistry, shows the 
 following occupations listed under those wherein there is danger 
 to the worker from arsenic poisoning: 
 
 Furriers. 
 
 Manufacture of candles and wax ornaments. 
 
 Manufacture of japanned goods. 
 
 Manufacture of carpets. 
 
 Fancy bookbinding. 
 
 Preservation of wood. 
 
 Manufacture of gloves. 
 
 Manufacture of sheep dip. 
 
 Electroplating. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1147 
 
 Lithographing and bronzing. 
 Manufacture of artificial leather. 
 Manufacture of oilcloth and linoleum. 
 Manufacture of cut glass. 
 Manufacture of hat linings. 
 Manufacture of beer. 
 Soaking of silk cocoon. 
 Enamelling. 
 
 This presents rather a large list of occupations and would 
 seem to confirm the statement of Blyth's. Notwithstanding the 
 danger from arsenic poisoning in the industries, the literature 
 on the subject is rather meagre, and the special investigations 
 undertaken are rather disappointing in their reports. A splendid 
 report is that of the Commission appointed by the Department 
 of Commerce and Industries of France, but it is over twenty 
 years since they completed their labors. 
 
 Processes of manufacture have, since then, undergone succes- 
 sive changes, due to improvement in machinery, and the advance- 
 ment made in the science of industrial chemistry, whereby 
 harmless substitutes have replaced the arsenic preparations. 
 
 In the report of Dr. Legge (H. M. Medical Inspector of Fac- 
 tories in Great Britian) for 1900, there are reported seven cases 
 of poisoning in color works, and thirteen cases from arseniuretted 
 hydrogen, while in his report for 1910, there are only reported 
 two cases in color works, and two cases in arsenic refining. 
 
 During the first year of reporting in this State there were 
 reported two cases in color workers, one case in paint works, and 
 one case in a tanner. 
 
 This would indicate that the danger is limited to a very few 
 industries, but in order to secure confirmatory proof, an endeavor 
 was made to get at least some information in regards to the occu- 
 pations mentioned in the foregoing tables. 
 
 The folowing cases of arsenic poisoning cited by various observ- 
 ers are of interest, and emphasizes the need for intensive investi- 
 gations of industries for the purpose of discovering the use of 
 poisonous materials: 
 
 Blyth reports a case of poisoning from inhaling the fumes from 
 arsenical candles. 
 
1148 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Sajou cites (from the N. Y. Medical Record, March 30, 1889) 
 cases of arsenical poisoning in children attending a Christinas 
 party. The symptoms were finally traced to the burning of can- 
 dles containing Scheele's green. 
 
 Inquiries were pursued into this subject, and it was ascertained 
 that arsenic was not used in candles, the aniline colors and 
 chromes (lead) being used. Some colored candles were secured 
 and analyzed, but no arsenic was found. 
 
 Hehne reports the occurrence of arsenic poisoning among a 
 number of workers in an English brewery, and the symptoms were 
 traced to the use of glucose made with contaminated sulphuric 
 acid. Dr. Reynolds of Manchester found as high as 2.6% of 
 arsenic in the acid, and as high as four grains per pound in the 
 glucose. Analyses of the beer showed a large percentage of 
 arsenic, and it estimated that 6,000 persons suffered poisoning, 
 70 with fatal results. It was also found that the malt dried in 
 English malt kilns was contaminated with arsenic, resulting from 
 the use of coal. It is asserted that all coal contains pyrites, 
 and this mineral is again contaminated with arsenic. Glucose, 
 it must be remembered, is used in the manufacture of a large 
 number of food products. 
 
 During our investigation we were unfortunately unable to 
 study this subject. 
 
 Dr. Legge reports the following cases: 
 
 A worker engaged in putting copper tubes in a muffle furnace. 
 
 A case of arseniuretted hydrogen occurring in a worker em- 
 ployed at galvanizing iron. 
 
 A number of cases in chemical works. 
 
 Several cases in a copper recovering plant. • 
 
 A case of a mixer of dehairing solution in a tannery. 
 
 The following extract is from an article by Murrell and Hale, 
 British Medical Journal, July 11, 1896: 
 
 A preliminary report as to the presence of arsenic in cigarette 
 wrappers: Out of seventeen series of different kinds of 
 cigarettes and tobacco, arsenic was present in the labels of six, 
 or more than a third. The arsenic in these cases was present in 
 such large quantities that no difficulty was experienced in dem- 
 onstrating the fact. Suggestion that, as the inhalation of arseni- 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1149 
 
 ous acid, even in minute quantities for a considerable time pro- 
 duces cough, haemoptysis, expectoration and loss of riesh, which 
 are readily mistaken for phthisis, the advantage of accurate 
 knowledge concerning this subject is most apparent. 
 
 The cigarette paper of six brands manufactured in this State 
 were analyzed and no arsenic found, but this investigation was 
 not sufficiently extensive to render a definite decision. 
 
 Murrell states that arsenic is used in the binding of books, and 
 that the dust which collects on the top of bookcases in libraries 
 contains considerable quantities of arsenic. 
 
 Inquiries among bookbinders failed to confirm this statement, 
 and analyses of a number of samples of dust taken from the books 
 and bookcases in the chemical library of the University of Koch- 
 ester failed to show any arsenic present. 
 
 Industries. 
 
 In pursuing the investigation, the industries were grouped 
 under the following headings : 
 
 Industries wherein arsenic or compounds of arsenic are 
 manufactured. 
 
 Industries wherein arsenic or preparations or arsenic are used 
 in the process of manufacturing processes. 
 
 Industries wherein materials liable to be contaminated with 
 arsenic are manufactured or used. 
 
 In many of the industries visited both lead and arsenic were 
 reputed to be used, therefore the description of the plant has been 
 incorporated in the report on lead poisoning. 
 
 There are a number of industries wherein arsenic is used, 
 which are located in Greater New York, the same type of indus- 
 try not being found in any other portion of the State, so that, 
 while not included in the investigation, still it is deemed advisa- 
 ble to make some reference to them. 
 
 The following are industries visited wherein it is reputed that 
 arsenic poisoning may occur : 
 
 Industries Wherein Arsenic and Its Compounds are Manu- 
 factured. 
 The mining or extraction of arsenic is not carried on in this 
 State, and the conclusions of the French Commission on Indus- 
 
 48 
 
1150 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 trial Poisons were, that poisoning among workers engaged in 
 handling minerals containing arsenic, or engaged in extracting 
 it, were rare. I was informed by the former manager of a large 
 lead mine in the West, that a number of cases of mixed poisoning 
 (lead and arsenic) occurring among the miners had come under 
 the observation of the company doctor. 
 
 Arsenic Colors: 
 
 There is but one plant outside of Greater ISTew York engaged 
 in this process, and at the time of our visit no work was being 
 carried on in this portion of the plant. The factory is a small 
 one situated in a small village near the river, the products are 
 paints, vermin exterminator for plants and arsenic greens. In 
 the vermin exterminator, two per cent arsenious acid is used. 
 
 The building used for the arsenic color is about fifty feet 
 square, and consists of two .stories. Five males are employed. 
 The first floor is devoted to manufacturing, bolting and packing. 
 ~No means are in use for dust extraction, and no respirators are 
 furnished or worn. The second floor is devoted to the mixing 
 mills and is very dusty. ~No provision is made for keeping down 
 the dust- or exhausting it, ISTo samples were taken for analyses 
 as the arsenic processes were not in operation. 
 
 One worker was examined, he had been employed for thirty- 
 two years and showed no symptoms, and gave no history of ever 
 having had arsenic poisoning. 
 
 Workers in arsenic color are extremely liable to arsenic poison- 
 ing, exhibiting itself in skin eruptions, especially upon the hands, 
 termed, " arsenic pock," and by some French writers as 
 " rossignol," or " Cholera des doigts." During visits paid to the 
 color works located in Greater jSTew York the cases of poisoning 
 seen by me showed a rash on both the hands and face. The irri- 
 tant action of arsenic dust was fully demonstrated in the case 
 of Inspector Yogt and myself. After spending several days 
 exposed to the dust, the mucous membranes of our noses were 
 inflamed for some time afterwards. An analysis of air from one 
 of the packing rooms showed .303 Grams of paris green per cubic 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aksenic Poisoning. 1151 
 
 meter of air, and further analyses showed that of this, .093 Grains 
 was arsenic. 
 
 Dr. Collis reports the finding of several eases of perforation of 
 the septum of the nose, this I have not seen, and Dr. Legge also 
 reports that he has not seen such cases. 
 
 In this industry the danger is from the dust, especially in the 
 processes of drying, bolting and packing. 
 
 Aniline Works: 
 
 There is but one aniline works outside of Greater New York, 
 and is situated in the open near the river. Upon inquiry it was 
 ascertained that arsenic had not been used for many years, and 
 both the manager and chief chemist rendered every assistance 
 to prove the truth of the statement. 
 
 By some writers it was reputed that the danger existed in the 
 preparation of rosaniline. This could not be verified. 
 
 Industries Wherein Arsenic or Preparations of Arsenic are Used. 
 Colored and Glazed Papers: 
 
 Three large factories of this industry were visited, all were 
 located in the open country, and, owing to the necessity of large 
 space for drying purposes, the air space in proportion to the num- 
 ber of workers was enormous. 
 
 In this industry the danger was reputed to be due to the use 
 of arsenic colors. Samples of the ingredients used were obtained 
 and analyzed, but no arsenic was found. Xone of the worker- 
 examined showed any symptoms, and no histories could be 
 obtained of any illness among the workers resembling arsenic 
 poisoning. The superintendent of one factory, a Frenchman of 
 many years' experience, informed me that many year- ago arsenic 
 poisoning did occur among the workers in this industry, but that 
 within the last fifteen years the only ingredients used are aniline 
 colors, barium, caseine and clay. The firm very kindly permitted 
 ns to examine book of supplies purchased, and this, together with 
 the result of our analyses, confirmed the fact of no arsenic being 
 used. 
 
1152 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Paint Works: 
 
 Six paint factories were visited, three used arsenic colors but 
 to a limited extent, the principal output being lead colors. At 
 the time of the visits arsenic was not being used. I^o cases of 
 poisoning were found among the workers, and all information 
 as to whether there had ever been any cases was negative. 
 
 That there is danger cannot be doubted, for the reports of other 
 countries, and the report of one case to the Department demon- 
 strates the fact. The process wherein the danger lies is from the 
 dust created in handling the dry arsenic color. In this industry 
 there is danger of mixed poisoning, and the industry is described 
 at greater length in the report on lead poisoning. 
 
 Rubber Goods: 
 
 Five plants were visited where rubber was used, in but one 
 was arsenic used. This was a large plant situated in the open 
 country, and manufacturing rubber goods exclusively. Very 
 small quantities of arsenic were used, and that at great intervals 
 for coloring purposes. At the time of our visit none was being 
 used. The workers liable to poisoning were those engaged in com- 
 pounding and at the mixing rolls, !No cases of poisoning were 
 found, and none were reported. Samples of ingredients being 
 used at the time of our visit, as well as of the finished product, 
 were secured and analyzed. ISFo arsenic was found. A further 
 description of the plant is included in the lead report. 
 
 Manufacture of Glass: 
 
 The French Commission reports that in the manufacture of 
 glass, upon putting the mixture in the furnace a portion of the 
 arsenious acid volatilized, and its odor was very appreciable. 
 They cite the investigations of Boedker de Witten, made in 1862, 
 which showed that only one-fifth of the arsenic remained in the 
 mixture, four-fifths volatilizing, with the result that the fumes 
 in the chimneys contained considerable arsenic. A further 
 analysis of the fumes showed 0.42 5p. 100 arsenious acid. The 
 Commission finds that the danger is greater from the dust. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 115o 
 
 Six glass factories were visited, of these, two used arsenic for 
 the purpose of producing a white or milky-colored glass. One 
 factory visited is reputed to be one of the largest glass factories 
 in the world. At this plant white arsenic is used in the propor- 
 tion of one-half pound of arsenic to every twelve hundred and 
 fifty pounds of other ingredients. In the process of mixing and 
 of placing mixture in the furnaces, no conditions were observed 
 as reported by the French Commission, but this may have been 
 due to the result of modern methods in use at the plant. 
 
 The danger exists in the mixing room, due to the handling of 
 the dry arsenic which is shoveled into the open mixing trough. 
 The amount of arsenic placed in each batch is very small, and 
 the total amount used during the year is only a few hundred 
 pounds. The greatest danger is from lead poisoning, and for 
 that reason the industry is considered more fully in the report 
 on lead poisoning. 
 
 Analyses of samples of air taken during mixing, and in the 
 furnace rooms failed to show the presence of arsenic. 
 
 As the workers who are directly exposed to the danger of 
 poisoning were foreigners who understood very little English, it 
 was difficult to obtain much information as to illness. None of 
 the men exhibited any symptoms of arsenic poisoning, and it was 
 asserted that there had never been any cases previously. 
 
 At the second plant visited, no mixing was being done at the 
 time of- our visit, and it was stated that no arsenic glass was 
 being worked just then. 
 
 Samples of air were secured from the furnace room and the 
 analyses failed to show any arsenic present. ISTo cases of arsenic 
 poisoning were found, and none were reported. 
 
 Electroplating : 
 
 Five plants were visited where electroplating was carried on 
 extensively. It was ascertained that while arsenic was formerly 
 used for the production of French gray (a form of oxidizi 
 bronzing and brass plating, but at present it was not used owing 
 to improved methods. The opinions of the head platers inter- 
 
1154 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 viewed were all to the effect that the use of arsenic was unneces- 
 sary, and that they did not use it. 
 
 We were permitted to examine the list of supplies purchased 
 and found no account of arsenic. Analyses of the solutions in 
 use failed to show the presence of arsenic, and an examination 
 of the workers failed to show any symptoms of poisoning. ]STo 
 cases were reported. 
 
 In two of the plants several assistant platers were questioned 
 very closely, and they admitted that if over rushed with work 
 requiring brass plating, they surreptitiously used small quantities 
 of arsenic which they purchased themselves. The proportion of 
 arsenic used was two ounces to one hundred gallons of solution. 
 The largest amount ever used in one year was one hundred pounds. 
 This was reported by a very large concern where it had formerly 
 been used in the production of grays. 
 
 }\~all Paper: 
 
 Poisoning from wall paper has been the subject of a great 
 many writers and the cases cited are numerous. In the past 
 many noted investigators have proven that danger did exist. 
 
 It was asserted that the action of certain moulds upon the 
 arsenical organic matter in wall paper produced a volatile oil 
 which rendered poisoning through the lungs possible. 
 
 One wall paper factory was visited, and it was ascertained that 
 aniline colors alone were used, arsenic colors having been dis- 
 pensed with as a result of the many cases of poisoning reported 
 and its effect upon the sale of wall paper. Xo cases of poisoning 
 among the workers were reported. Several samples of wall paper 
 were analyzed but no arsenic was foimd. 
 
 Hay ward and Warner report that of 537 samples of wall paper 
 examined, 75% contained more than 0.1 grain of arsenic per 
 square yard. Two of the samples came from England. Five 
 samples contained less than 0.1 grain. Two were from England, 
 one from France and one from Germany. Xinety per cent of the 
 samples contained less than .016 grains per square yard. 
 
 Dr. Legge cites a case of poisoning from wall paper. An 
 analysis of the paper showed it to contain '"'.001 of a milligram 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1155 
 
 of arsenic per gram of paper. Clean unused white foolscap paper 
 has been found to yield a very higher proportion of arsenic." 
 
 This tends to show that at the present time, very little danger 
 from poisoning exists in the wall paper industry. 
 
 Japanning : 
 
 This is a variety of varnishing used on leather, but mostly for 
 cheap household utensils. 
 
 Three large plants were visited where japanning was carried 
 on extensively. It was ascertained that at one time the arsenic 
 colors were used in small quantities for producing delicate opaque 
 colors, but had now been discarded. Analyses of the solutions 
 used showed no traces of arsenic, and no cases of poisoning among 
 the workers could be found. 
 
 Enamelled Ware: 
 
 One large plant making high grade enamelled ware for house- 
 hold purposes was visited. Analyses of ingredients used showed 
 no arsenic to be present. 
 
 Dyeing, etc.: 
 
 Various writers have reported cases of poisoning from yarns 
 and cloth goods as a result of using arsenic as a mordant. 
 
 In a case of reputed poisoning from embroidery yarn, Dr. 
 Legge had Dr. Thorpe analyze several shades of green worsted 
 used. Dr. Thorpe reported the yarns practically free from 
 arsenic. 
 
 Two large woolen mills were visited, and the head dyers stated 
 that arsenic was not used. Analyses of the dyeing solutions 
 failed to show arsenic present. 
 
 One large carpet factory was visited. It was stated that only 
 aniline colors were used, and that they used no preparation of 
 arsenic. Analyses of solutions used failed to detect any arsenic. 
 
 One large plant was visited where plush and upholstery trim- 
 mings were manufactured. It was claimed only aniline colors 
 were used. Xo arsenic was found in the dyes. 
 
 In none of these industries could any cases of arsenical poison- 
 ing be found, nor has any ever been called to my attention. 
 
1156 Appendix VIII — Lead and Aksenic Poisoning. 
 
 Artificial Leather. Oilcloth: 
 
 One large plant was visited where artificial leather was manu- 
 factured. It was admitted that arsenic colors (greens) were 
 used, but in small quantities and at great intervals. At the time 
 of our visit no material requiring the use of arsenic was being 
 manufactured. 
 
 The danger is confined to the color mixing room. Here the 
 workers handle the dry colors and are liable to poisoning through 
 inhalation of the dust created. 
 
 No cases of arsenic poisoning were found among the workers, 
 and there was no history of any poisoning among the workers at 
 any time. 
 
 One large oilcloth plant was visited. The manager stated that 
 no arsenic colors were used. No cases of arsenic poisoning were 
 found, and no arsenic was found in the colors used. 
 
 Artificial Flowers and Foliage: 
 
 The danger in this industry was reputed to be from the use 
 of the arsenic greens for the purpose of dyeing and dusting the 
 material. 
 
 A number of factories were visited. It was stated that for 
 many years past nothing but aniline colors had been used. A 
 number of samples were secured, which upon being analyzed 
 failed to show any traces of arsenic. 
 
 Tanning of Leather: 
 
 Dr. James G. Parker, an English authority on leather, states 
 that in the process of tanning, realgar (arsenic sulphide) is used 
 for the purpose of depilation (removing of hair from the hide). 
 The realgar is slaked with the lime, and is used in the production 
 of the finer light leather, such as glace kid and glove kid. This 
 method produces a very smooth grain (the use of sodium sulphide 
 tends to make the grain harsh and bold) and is, therefore, very 
 suitable for the purpose, but it is very expensive. 
 
 In 1895 " Le Comite consultatif d'hygiene publique de 
 France " reported that the solution for fine leathers contained 4 
 to 10 Kilos of orpiment to 400 Kilos of lime and 20 Hectolitres 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1157 
 
 of water. The irritant action of the orpiment resulted in " le 
 cholera des doigts " (a skin affection of the fingers, resulting in 
 painful ulcers). They further reported that there was danger 
 in the handling of skins preserved by means of a solution of 
 arsenious acid and sodium carbonate, these skins coming prin- 
 cipally from Australia, Tasmania, iSTew Zealand and the Platte. 
 
 Blyth states that tanners formerly employed a mixture of 
 ninety parts orpiment and ten of quicklime, under the name of 
 " liusma," but the alkaline sulphides from gas works have 
 replaced it. 
 
 Three large tanneries were visited. The head of one of the 
 plants, a tanner of many years' experience and an authority on 
 tanning', stated that for a great many years past, arsenic had not 
 been used, as lime was much cheaper for the purpose of dehair- 
 ing; besides, improved dehairing machinery had rendered the use 
 of arsenic unnecessary. These statements were confined by all 
 the tanners visited. Samples of the solution used in each plant 
 were taken and analyzed. The results of the analyses showed no 
 arsenic present. 
 
 A case of arsenic poisoning in a tanner was reported from a 
 hospital in Greater New York, but upon investigation the patient 
 could not be found, and the tannery where he worked had not 
 been given. 
 
 Prom the results of our investigation, I am rather of the opin- 
 ion that the case was not a true arsenic poisoning. 
 
 Taxidermy: 
 
 This art is limited to a few isolated individuals, and to the 
 public museums of natural history, or in connection with college 
 or university museums. While the workshops of taxidermists 
 are not inspected by the Department, it was deemed advisable to 
 include the subject in the investigation. 
 
 The danger in taxidermy is from the use of white arsenic. This 
 is incorporated in the preserving soap, and consists usually of 
 40% white arsenic. The white arsenic is also used as a dusting 
 powder on the inside of the specimen before stuffing. 
 
1158 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Montagu Browne, an English authority, states that an efficient 
 substitute may be used, consisting of soap, whiting, chloride of 
 lime and musk. 
 
 Mr. Donovan, of the American Museum of Natural History, 
 informed me that an alum mixture may be used in place of the 
 arsenic powder. He stated that in his fifteen years' experience 
 with arsenic he had never been poisoned, nor had he known of 
 any cases, though in the hands of unskilled workers there is a 
 danger. 
 
 Several taxidermists were visited and all admitted using 
 arsenic, but denied ever having been poisoned. No cases have 
 so far been brought to my attention. 
 
 Furriers: 
 
 Haywood and Warner report having examined 47 samples of 
 fur to be used as articles of dress, of which 11 samples contained 
 from 20 to 1,700 times as much arsenic as would be allowed by 
 the Massachusetts laws, which limits the amount to .10 grains 
 per square yard in papers and woven fabrics, and .01 grain per 
 square yard in dress goods and articles of dress. It is presumed 
 that this amount is added during the process of preparing the fur. 
 
 This subject was investigated shortly before undertaking the 
 present investigation, and a full account will be found in the 
 report of the Commissioner of Labor for the year 1912. The 
 results of the investigation do not confirm the findings of Hay- 
 ward and Warner, as no arsenic was found in any of the sam- 
 ples analyzed. 
 
 A number of furriers were visited during the course of the 
 present investigation and they denied using any arsenic, stating 
 that it was liable to ruin the fur. 
 
 No cases of poisoning were found among the fur workers, 
 nor have any cases been brought to my notice. 
 
 Bronzing and Lithographing : 
 
 Dr. Collis, in a special report on bronzing, states that " bronz- 
 ing powders consist of copper, zinc and aluminum, with small 
 and negligible traces of tin, lead, arsenic and iron. Of ten sam- 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1159 
 
 pies of gold and bronze powder analyzed six contained slight 
 traces of arsenic. Three silver and aluminum powders contained 
 no arsenic, and six colored powders contained no arsenic, but did 
 contain coal tar dyes. The analyses were made by Dr. Thorpe 
 and Mr. Hooper of the Government Laboratory. 
 
 The question of arsenic poisoning is not discussed in the report, 
 and the conclusions would seem to indicate that danger from 
 arsenic poisoning does not exist. 
 
 Two large plants were visited and the bronzing departments 
 carefully investigated. Xo oases of arsenic poisoning were found, 
 and none were known of. Analyses made of a number of samples 
 of bronzing powder failed to show the slightest trace of arsenic 
 present. 
 
 Lithographing : 
 
 The danger in this process is reputed to result from the use of 
 arsenic colors. 
 
 Two large plants were visited, no symptoms of arsenic poison- 
 ing were found among the workers, and analyses of the colors used 
 failed to show the presence of arsenic. 
 
 In one plant a sample of the water in which the color mixer had 
 washed his hands, after the morning's work, was carefully analyzed 
 for traces of arsenic, but none was found. 
 
 These results tend to confirm the findings of the British in- 
 vestigation as to the absence of danger from arsenic poisoning in 
 the processes of bronzing and lithographing. 
 
 Colored Crayons: 
 
 jSTo factories were visited where crayons were made, but it was 
 ascertained through inquiries that aniline colors alone were used. 
 A number of colored crayons were secured and analyzed. In none 
 of them was the slightest trace of arsenic found. 
 
 Industries Wherein Materials Liable to be Contaminated 
 With Arsenic are Manufactured or Used. 
 
 Chemical Works: 
 
 In this industry Dr. Legge reports a number of cases poisoned 
 through arseniuretted hydrogen gas, and attributes it to the use 
 of impure acids. Several of the eases were fatal. 
 
1160 Appendix VIII — Lead and Aesexic Poisoning. 
 
 Visits were made to two chemical plants but little information 
 could be obtained. It was denied that any cases of poisoning bad 
 occurred, and it was impossible to obtain any samples for analyses. 
 
 One plant manufacturing sulphuric acid was visited. At the 
 time of the visit there was a leak in one of the pipes leading from 
 the still, so the air was heavily charged with acid fumes. Analyses 
 failed to show any arsenic present, and no cases of poisoning 
 could be found, inquiries failed to show that the workers had ever 
 shown any symptoms attributable to arsenic. 
 
 Copper and Brass Foundries: 
 
 In these industries the danger is attributed to the presence of 
 arsenic in the copper used. During the process of melting the 
 copper, fumes of arseniuretted hydrogen are generated. The 
 workers most exposed to this danger are the casters or furnace 
 tenders. 
 
 Three large copper plants and six plants with brass foundries 
 were visited. Careful examination failed to show that any of the 
 workers had suffered from arsenic poisoning. Samples were 
 secured during the time of pouring off, and also from the fumes 
 in the pots, but no traces of arsenic were discovered. This does 
 not, however, prove that there is no danger, and in my opinion a 
 much more intensive and wider investigation should be under- 
 taken before rendering any decision. 
 
 Galvanizing : 
 
 In this industry the danger is attributed to the fumes of 
 arseniuretted hydrogen due to the use of impure acid and zinc. 
 
 Four plants were visited. Analyses of the fumes from the gal- 
 vanizing pots showed no arsenic present. Analyses of the hydro- 
 chloric acid used also failed to show any arsenic impurity present. 
 
 The majority of the help were all foreigners who understood 
 very little English, and were not long at the work. Thus it was 
 impossible to secure any -definite information as to poisoning. 
 While the results of our investigation would seem to indicate that 
 no danger from arsenic poisoning exists, it is not conclusive, as at 
 some time or other, despite all precautions, an impure acid might 
 be used with fatal results. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1161 
 
 Conclusions. 
 
 The results of the investigation may be summarized as follows : 
 
 Arsenic and its compounds are powerful poisons, and their use 
 in the industries is attended with danger to the health of workers 
 exposed to them. 
 
 Poisoning may occur accidently through the use of material 
 which, unknown to the worker, contains arsenic as an impurity. 
 
 Poisoning may occur through the handling of or exposure to 
 the dust of arsenic or its compounds. 
 
 The form of poisoning most seen is that limited to local lesions 
 of the exposed portions of the body (hands and face), and to the 
 mucous membranes of the nose. 
 
 The greatest danger exists in industries devoted to the manu- 
 facture of Paris green and Vienna green. 
 
 Danger exists in the following industries: Paint works; plant 
 vermim exterminator ; glass works, other than bottle and window 
 glass; artificial leather and oilcloth; electroplating; taxidermy; 
 rubber goods, other than for insulating purposes. 
 
 In a number of industries there is danger of a mixed poisoning, 
 which is liable to render a proper diagnosis difficult. 
 
 The majority of the workers are unaware of the poisonous 
 nature of the material handled, and where precautions are taken 
 it is only because lead compounds are also used. 
 
 The danger can be minimized by the removal of the dust or 
 fumes at the point of origin and in a direction away from the 
 worker. 
 
 The danger may be obviated by the industry furnishing ade- 
 quate facilities for cleanliness, and by the workers making use of 
 the facilities and observing proper rules for personal hygiene. 
 
 A periodical physical examination should be made of workers 
 employed in handling arsenic or its compounds. 
 
 Recommendations. 
 
 The prophylaxis of arsenic poisoning rests as much with the 
 worker as with the proprietors of the industry. 
 
 Tn all factories where arsenic is used, or where there is danger 
 of accidental poisoning, there should be kept on hand, and in an 
 
1162 Appendix VIII — Lead a.\d Aesexic Poisoning. 
 
 accessible place, the ingredients for freshly preparing the arsenic 
 antidote, ferric hydroxide. 
 
 General Regulations for Employers where Arsenic or its Com- 
 pounds are Used: 
 
 Xo female or male minor under 18 years of age shall be em- 
 ployed in handling arsenic and its compounds, or in any occupa- 
 tion where they may be exposed to dust, fumes or vapors contain- 
 ing arsenic or its compounds. 
 
 There shall be provided proper washing facilities with a suffi- 
 cient supply of hot and cold water, soap, nail brushes and towels 
 (individual). 
 
 Where dust is created, as in the processes of dusting, grinding, 
 sieving, mixing or brushing, respirators, overalls and head cover- 
 ings shall be provided, and kept in a cleanly condition. It shall 
 be incumbent upon the proprietor to see that they are used. 
 
 Where dust, fumes, gases or vapors are generated as a result of 
 handling material, or during the process of manufacture, means 
 shall be supplied to remove same completely at the point of origin, 
 and in a direction away from the worker. 
 
 Xo article of food or drink shall be permitted to be brought into 
 any room where arsenic or its compounds are used, and no worker 
 shall be permitted to partake of any food or drink in such room. 
 
 Xo worker shall be employed without a certificate from a phy- 
 sician as to physical fitness, and the worker shall be examined at 
 least once in six months. 
 
 Xo worker who has been absent through illness shall be per- 
 mitted to return to work without a physician's certificate to the 
 effect that he is physically fit. 
 
 If a worker who has been in contact with arsenic complains of 
 feeling ill, the employer shall have him examined by a physician, 
 to determine if there is poisoning. 
 
 The use of smoking or chewing tobacco during the hours of 
 labor shall be prohibited. 
 
 A place free from dust shall be provided for the purpose of the 
 worker keeping such clothes as are not required during his work. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1163 
 
 Regulations for Employees: 
 
 Workers should make use of the washing facilities and wash up 
 thoroughly before eating any meals, or before leaving for home. 
 
 ISTo food or drink should be brought into any room where arsenic 
 or its compounds are used, and no food should be eaten there. 
 Tobacco should not be used in any form Avhile at work. 
 
 Kespirators, overalls and head coverings should be worn while 
 at work, and discarded before eating meals or leaving for home. 
 
 ISTo worker shall interfere with the means provided for ventila- 
 tion, or the removal of dust, fumes, gases or vapors. 
 
 If ill, report at once to the person in charge for examination by 
 the firm's physician. 
 
 Regulations where Arsenic Impurities may Exist: 
 
 Where acids, which may contain arsenic impurities, are used in 
 large quantities, the acid shall be tested before use, and if found 
 to contain impurities, the workers shall be warned, and provisions 
 made to safeguard them. 
 
 In chemical works where workers are required to enter tanks, 
 chambers, or confined spaces, containing ingredients liable to con- 
 tain arsenic impurities, provisions shall be made for thoroughly 
 ventilating such places, and for analyzing contents, and the worker 
 shall not enter such tank, chamber, or confined space, unless no 
 danger exists. 
 
 Where fumes liable to contain arsenic (through impurities of 
 materials used) exist, mechanical means for general ventilation 
 shall be installed, and means shall be provided for removing the 
 fumes at point of origin. 
 
 Regulations for Color Works: 
 
 ISTo compounds of arsenic shall be ground, sieved, mixed, or 
 handled, except by means of, or in an apparatus completely en- 
 closed so as to prevent the escape of dust, or where an efficient ex- 
 haust system is installed to remove the dust entirely at the point 
 of origin. 
 
 Overalls, head coverings and respirators shall lie furnished for 
 all workers, and shal 1 be washed or renewed once a week. 
 
1164 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 A room, dry and free from dust, shall be provided where the 
 worker may leave such clothing as is not worn during his hours of 
 work. A separate room shall be provided for keeping overalls, 
 head coverings and respirators in. 
 
 Adequate washing facilities shall be provided, consisting of a 
 sufficient supply of hot and cold water, soap, and individual towels 
 and nail brushes. 
 
 ~No food or drink shall be permitted to be brought in to any 
 portion of the factory excepting in such room as shall be set aside 
 for that special purpose. ISTo food or drink, or the use of tobacco 
 in any form, shall be permitted in any portion of the factory ex- 
 cepting the lunch room. 
 
 Every factory shall employ a physician who shall examine all 
 applicants for work, and re-examine all workers at least once every 
 three months, suspending any worker showing symptoms of 
 poisoning. 
 
 If absent through illness, no worker shall be re-employed with- 
 out a physical examination by the physician. 
 
 All physical examinations and cases of illness shall be recorded 
 in a special book for that purpose, the same to be accessible for 
 inspection by the Labor Department. 
 
 A suitable room entirely separate from rooms where processes 
 of manufacture are carried on, shall be set aside as a lunch room, 
 and no worker shall be permitted the use of such room until after 
 removing and leaving outside, overalls, head coverings and respira- 
 tors, and has thoroughly washed up. 
 
 Regulations for Employees: 
 
 All workers upon feeling ill should report at once to the attend- 
 ing physician. 
 
 All workers should observe the rules of personal hygiene, as 
 cleanliness is the best antidote, therefore, use should be made of 
 the facilities provided for cleanliness. No meals should be par- 
 taken of before removing work clothes and thoroughly washing up. 
 
 ISTo food or drink should be brought into, or partaken of, in any 
 room of the factory excepting the lunch room. Tobacco should 
 not be used in any form during working hours. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1165 
 
 Workers should wear the overalls, head coverings and respira- 
 tors provided, removing same, and depositing them in the place 
 provided, before washing up, entering the lunch room, partaking 
 of food, or leaving for home. 
 
 jSTo apparatus or means for removing dust should be interfered 
 with or rendered ineffective. 
 
 In conclusion it may be stated, that while the history of poison- 
 ing from arsenic would seem to indicate a condition of remarkable 
 safeness in the industries, it must be remembered that the indus- 
 tries wherein the greatest danger lies have not been included in the 
 investigation. 
 
 I would recommend that provision be made for a further inten- 
 sive investigation into arsenical poisoning. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 C. T. GRAHAM-ROGERS, 
 
 Medical Inspector of Factories. 
 
 49 
 

 1166 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 FACTORIES VISITED WHER 
 
 Lndustby. 
 
 Employees. 
 
 Male 
 
 I Fe-I 
 male 
 
 Portion of plant 
 visited. 
 
 Material used. 
 
 Ventilation. M 
 
 Reduction of metals . 
 
 Special alloys 
 
 Plumbers' supplies. . . 
 
 Pipe drawing 
 
 Solder and Babbitt 
 metal. 
 
 Plumbers' supplies. . . 
 
 Carborundum . 
 Firearms 
 
 9 Firearms . 
 
 Cutlery. 
 
 Files and rasps 
 
 Brass goods 
 
 Valves and hydrants. 
 
 Harness hardware . . . 
 Brass and copper. . . . 
 
 Stamped ware 
 
 Automatic fire sprink 
 
 ler. 
 Tin cans 
 
 Tin cans 
 
 40 
 10 
 
 90 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 Melting room 
 
 Pipe and solder room. 
 
 Pipe room . 
 
 i Solder casting room. . 
 
 Lead pipe room . 
 
 year. 
 
 Metallic lead, 50 tons a 
 
 year. 
 Metallic lead, amount 
 
 not given. 
 
 Metallic lead, 4-5 tons a 
 day. 
 
 Metallic lead, 20 tons a 
 year. 
 
 Metallic lead, 2 tons a 
 day. 
 
 14 | Meltingj-oom Metallic lead, 30 tons aj Natural _£ doors ai 
 
 windows; _met 
 pots hooded. . . 
 
 Natural doois ai 
 wndows. 
 
 Natural doors ai 
 windows; 2 lea 
 and 5 solder pc 
 hooded. 
 
 Natural doors ai 
 windows; air pa 
 dies driven 1 
 power; 2 lead_po 
 hooded. ___ i 
 
 Natural doers, ^wi 
 dows and louv 
 roof; metal po 
 under large hoo 
 
 Natural doors _ ai 
 windows ; 2 ^ lei 
 pots hooded. 
 
 Natural; 1 lead p 
 hooded. 
 
 Exhaust system < 
 grinders. 
 
 Natural doors ar[( 
 windows. 
 
 Natural doors ai 
 windows. 
 
 Vacuum system. 
 
 Je! 
 
 Exhaust fan over oi 
 large lead pot; les 
 pots hooded. 
 
 Natural doors ar 
 windows. 
 
 Natural windows ar 
 Texas roof; 1 lei 
 pot, hooded. 
 
 Natural; hood ov 
 crucibles. 
 
 Natural. 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Solder room . 
 
 6 
 
 ^"heel dressing and 
 
 fini shing . . 
 
 Blacksmith shop 
 Cartridge dept 
 
 Machine shop 
 
 Blacksmith shop .... 
 
 Blacksmith shop . . 
 Casting room 
 
 Foundry 
 
 Hydrant dept . 
 
 9 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 Tinning room 
 
 Casting room 
 
 Casting room, East 
 
 Mill. 
 Soldering room. . . . 
 
 Metallic lead 
 
 not given. 
 Metallic lead, 
 
 year. 
 Metallic lead 
 
 not given. 
 Metallic lead, 
 
 year. 
 Metallc lead, 
 
 not given. 
 
 Metallic lead, 
 not given. 
 
 Metallic lead, 
 not given. 
 
 , amount 
 150 lbs. a 
 i amount 
 400 lbs. aj 
 amount, 
 
 amount 
 
 Metallic lead, amount 
 
 not given. 
 Metallic lead, and lead 
 
 paint. 
 
 Metallic lead, 
 
 Paint shop 
 
 Solder room . . . 
 Soldering room. 
 
 Solder making . . 
 Hemming room . 
 Soldering room. 
 
 Metallic lead, amount 
 
 not given. 
 Metallic lead, amount 
 
 not given. 
 Metallic lead, amount 
 
 not given. 
 Lead colors, amount not 
 
 given. 
 Metallic lead, amount 
 
 not given. 
 Metallic lead, 900 lbs. a 
 
 day. 
 
 Metallic lead. 
 Metallic lead. 
 
 Natural windows. 
 
 Natural windows'ai 
 
 Texas roof louvn 
 Place all open;j,Tex 
 
 roof with louvn 
 Natural doors ai 
 
 windows. 
 Natural doors ar 
 
 windows. 
 Natural: 1 solder fu 
 
 nace hooded. 
 Machines hooded I 
 
 exhaust. 
 
 Metallic lead, £ ton a 
 day. 
 
 Natural and 4 sold 
 pots with exhaui 
 
 Natural doors ai 
 windows. 
 
 Machines hooded ai 
 piped. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 1167 
 
 LEAD OR ARSENIC WAS USED. 
 
 Air analysis. 
 
 Cases op 
 Poisoning 
 
 Welfare. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Ar- 
 
 Remark8. 
 
 'To lead present 
 
 'Jo tests, melting pots idle. . . . 
 
 ,T lead present 
 
 le; 
 
 jplead present 
 
 ile; 
 
 le' 
 
 j ea ead present 
 
 ' lea 
 
 j ea ead 'present 
 
 j ea ead present 
 
 .ead "present 
 
 a '^ests 
 
 'ead present 
 
 leafests 
 
 i o lead present 
 
 To lead present 
 
 To lead present 
 
 To lead present 
 
 mg. lead per cu. in. air at 
 metal pot. 
 
 To tests, pot idle 
 
 To lead present 
 
 To lead present 
 
 To lead present 
 
 To lead present 
 
 To lead present 
 
 (6 mg. lead per cu. m. air at 
 
 solder pot. 
 To lead at end where girls feed 
 
 machines. 
 To tests 
 
 fo lead present 
 
 t seam soldering machine pot 
 1.3 mg. lead per cu. m. 
 
 .t end soldering machine pot 
 2.(5 mg. lead per cu. m. 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap 
 towels and goggles fur 
 nished. 
 
 Sink and cold water 
 
 Cold water, gloves fur- 
 nished. 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap and 
 gloves furnished. 
 
 Hot and cold-water, gloves 
 furnished. 
 
 Cold water. 
 
 Cold water. 
 
 Hot and cold Twater, respi- 
 rators, gloves and goggles 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap 
 furnished. 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap 
 furnished. 
 
 Hot and cold water 
 
 Hot and cold'water. 
 
 Gloves furnished . 
 
 Hot and cold'water 
 
 Hot and cold water 
 
 Hot and cold water 
 
 Hot and cold water 
 
 Hot and cold water 
 
 Hot and cold water, gloves 
 furnished. 
 
 Hot and cold water and soap 
 Cold water and soap 
 
 Gloves furnished 
 
 Cold water and gloves fur 
 nished. 
 
 Dirt floor clean; 1 lead pot has no 
 hood. 
 
 2 lead pots, no hood; meals eaten in 
 lead room. 
 
 1 solder pot no hood; meals eaten in 
 lead room; wood and brick floor 
 untidy; gloves analyzed after 1 
 day's use .00610 grams lead; after 
 3 days' use 1.37 grams of lead. 
 
 Wood floor; metal dross on floor. 
 
 Concrete floor clean. 
 
 Wood floors clean: meals eaten in 
 room. 
 
 Wood floor clean; meals eaten in 
 
 room. 
 Wood floor dusty; 4'smallflead pots 
 
 no hood; 8fworkers?useTlead. 
 1 lead pot. no hood: cement flooi 
 
 clean; meals eaten iniroom. 
 Wood floor clean. 
 
 Dirt floor clean; men given time to 
 wash up. 
 
 1 lead pot, no hood; no washing fa- 
 cilities. 
 No washing or drying room. 
 
 Babbitt metal; heating food on metal 
 
 pot; 1 case in hydrant painter; 
 
 meals eaten in shop. 
 Wood floor clean; 1 lead and tin pot: 
 
 no hood; meals eaten in room. _ 
 Cement floor clean; meals eaten in 
 
 room. 
 Cement floor clean; meals eaten in 
 
 room. 
 W T ood floor clean; solder furnace not 
 
 hooded; meals eaten. 
 
 Wood floor clean. 
 
 *■ hour given help to wash up. 
 
 Wood floor clean. 
 
 Wood floor clean; meals eaten in 
 
 room. 
 Sold put on cold by machine; wood 
 
 floor clean. 
 Exhaust system temporarily disable^; 
 
 some hoods being changed; vro 0( j 
 
 floor clean: meals eaten in room. 
 
1168 
 
 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 FACTORIES VISITED WHERE LEA]* 
 
 Industry. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Tin cans 
 
 Tin cans 
 
 Colors and paints. . . . 
 
 Paints 
 
 Paints 
 
 Paints 
 
 Paints 
 
 Varnish and Enamels 
 
 Oil cloth 
 
 Artificial leather. . 
 China ware 
 
 China ware 
 
 Electric insulators 
 Glass 
 
 Glass 
 
 Cut glass 
 
 Cut glass 
 
 Employees. 
 
 Fe- 
 male. 
 
 200 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 50 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 Portion of plant 
 visited. 
 
 Soldering room. 
 Soldering room. 
 Mixing room. . . 
 
 Packing room. . 
 Grinding room . 
 
 Mixing room. . , 
 
 Mixing room. 
 
 Putty room. 
 
 Mixing room. 
 Mixing room. 
 Mixing room. 
 
 Chimney room . 
 
 Enamellmixing room. 
 Mixing room 
 
 Material used. 
 
 Metallic lead, several 
 tons daily. 
 
 Metallic lead, amount 
 not given. 
 
 Linseed oil, lead carbon- 
 ate, oxides, chromes, 
 arsenic. 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 Varnish room . 
 Mixing room. . 
 
 Glaze dipping 
 
 Litho transfer dept. 
 Glaze dipping 
 
 Lead, carbonate, oxides, 
 and chromes, amount 
 not given. 
 
 Linseed oil, lead colors. 
 
 Arsenic greens, lead car- 
 bonate, oxides and 
 chrome, 200 tons a 
 year. 
 
 Lead carbonate and ox- 
 ide, whiting, linseed 
 oil. 
 
 Lead carbonate, oxides 
 and chromes. 
 
 Lead carbonate and ox- 
 ides, 500 lbs. a week . 
 
 Lead carbonate and ox- 
 ides, 200 tonsla year. 
 
 Lead carbonate, oxides 
 
 and chromes, 2_tons a 
 
 year. 
 Lead carbonate, oxides 
 
 and chromes. 
 Lead carbonate, oxides 
 
 and chromes, amount 
 
 not given. 
 Litharge 
 
 Decorating room . . . 
 
 Lead fusing room. . . . 
 
 Mixing and weighing 
 room. 
 
 Furnace room. 
 
 Finishing room. 
 Putty room. . . . 
 Finishing room. 
 
 "Ventilation. 
 
 Castor oil, lead carbon- 
 ate, chromes, arsenic 
 greens. 
 
 Lead carbonate 
 
 Lead carbonate and 
 
 chromes. 
 Lead carbonate 
 
 Metallic lead, 5 tons a 
 year. 
 
 Lead carbonate and ox- 
 ide, 500 tons a year 
 arsenic, 6 tons a year 
 
 Lead carbonate and ox- 
 ide in furnaces, 50 
 tons a year; arsenic, 1 
 ton a year 
 
 Lead'putty 
 
 Metallic lead 
 
 Machines hooded witt 
 
 exhausts. 
 Natural doors anc | 
 
 windows. 
 Natural windows. 
 
 le£ 
 Natural windows. P° 
 
 Natural windows. 
 
 ar 
 pai 
 
 Natural windows. ' 
 po 
 
 ? 
 
 Natural windows^ 1 * 13 
 
 DUV) 
 
 iiooi 
 
 Natural windows^ , aB 
 
 „ lea 
 
 Natural windows.- P ( 
 
 Naturalwindows. 1 i 
 
 Natural? windows.. an |i 
 skylight. 
 
 an 
 
 Natural chamber I 
 with flues to s $ 
 foiikettles. 
 
 Natural windows. 
 
 Naturaljwindows. 
 
 Natural kettles'hood 
 ed to vent pipe. 
 
 Natural windows an< , 
 skylights. 
 
 Natural windows. 
 
 Exhaust over dust 
 ing and machines 
 
 Natural doors am 
 windows. 
 
 Natural tinting don 
 under hood wit] 
 exhaust. 
 
 Natural doors an< 
 windows, lead pot 
 under brick hood 
 
 Natural windows am 
 skylights; arches t 
 other rooms. 
 
 Natural windows. 
 
 Natural windows an 
 
 skylights. 
 Natural windows'an 
 
 skylights. 
 Natural windows an 
 
 skylights. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 I ARSENIC WAS USED — Continued. 
 
 1169 
 
 Air analysis. 
 
 Cases of 
 Poisoning. 
 
 Welfare. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Ar- 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 lead present 
 
 lead present 
 
 lead or arsenic present .... 
 
 lead or arsenic present. . . . 
 
 /gad present, no dusty pro- 
 ess, at time.of visit and tests 
 
 lead present, no dusty pro- 
 38S( at time of visit and tests 
 
 du^ty processes at time of 
 isit,. 
 
 lead present 
 
 WttB 
 
 lead present 
 
 tests 
 
 dry mixing being done, no 
 sad present. 
 
 lead present 
 
 nt traces of lead under mi- 
 roscope. 
 
 ces of lead found 
 
 lead present 
 
 ces of lead found 
 
 lead present 
 
 tests, no lead being run . . . 
 
 ighinjr 3.3 mg. lead per cu. 
 
 letre, no arsenic. 
 
 :ing 2.6 mg. lead per cu. 
 
 letre, no arsenic. 
 
 lead or arsenic present. . . . 
 
 3 lead present 
 3 lead present 
 lead present 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Meals eaten in room; wood floor clean. 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap Hand soldering furnaces, not hooded ; 
 towels and gloves. ! meals eaten; place clean. 
 
 Hot and cold water | Mills and grinders open; wood floor 
 
 dirty. 
 
 Hot and cold water. 
 
 No arsenic manufacturing; no pre- 
 visions for handling dust. 
 Wood floor dirty; no provisions to 
 keepjdown dust; meals eaten in ail 
 rooms. 
 
 I Wood floor dirty; no provisions to 
 
 keep down dust; meals eaten in all 
 rooms. 
 Hot and cold water, soap and Rooms partitioned off mixing room 
 towels. for dressing and lunch room. 
 
 Many'males and females eat-Ilunch in 
 the mixing rooms. 
 
 Hot and cold]water, soap and Wood floor clean; no dry colors be- 
 
 towels. ing handled at time of visit. 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap and! Wood floor clean; no dry colors be- 
 
 towels. ing handled at time of visit. 
 
 Hot and cold water, shower No handling of dry colors at time of 
 
 baths, soap and towels:! visit. 
 ■ respirators and gloves fur- 
 nished. 
 
 Hot and cold water. 
 
 Hot and cold water, com- 
 pany physician. 
 
 Company has a physician, 
 notices are posted. 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap 
 towels and mills furnished 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap, 
 towels and aprons fur- 
 nished. 
 
 Sink and cold water. 
 
 Respirators furnished, emer- 
 gency hospital. 
 
 Water, sonp and respirators 
 
 furnished. 
 Water, soap and respirators 
 
 furnished. 
 Soap and water 
 
 Mills inclosed. 
 
 New mixer being installed. 
 
 Concrete floor clean; strong odor of 
 amyl. 
 
 Floors dampened during day; cleaned 
 once a dav. 
 
 Analysis of wash water used by one 
 girl- Floors dampened during{day, 
 mopped at night. 
 
 No dust removers on litho transfer 
 work. 
 
 No lead used in porcelain glaze; an- 
 alyzed none found. 
 
 No provisions to keep down; men do 
 not wear respirators. 
 
 riace old and poorly lighted; no miN- 
 ing being done. 
 
 Wood floor clean; workers careless: 
 
 do not use respirators. 
 Floor clean. 
 
 Wood floor clean; only few finishers 
 at work; 1 case reported to depart- 
 ment, not there. 
 
1170 Appendix VIII — Lead aht> 
 
 Arsenic Poisoning. 
 factories visited where lei 
 
 
 Industry. 
 
 Employees. 
 
 Portion of plant 
 visited. 
 
 Material used. 
 
 Ventilation. 
 
 o 
 
 M ale 
 
 Fe- 
 male. 
 
 37 
 
 .33 
 
 39 
 40 
 
 41 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 Rubber tubes and 
 S tires. 
 
 Enamelled letters. . . . 
 Enamelled letters. . . . 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 Jewelry and novelties 
 
 Cream separators. . . . 
 
 Wheels and carriage 
 
 bodies _ 
 Automobile bodies. . . 
 
 Carriage painting. . . . 
 Automobile bodies. . . 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 4 
 5 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 15 
 30 
 
 8 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 150 
 2 
 
 12 
 45 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 20 
 17 
 12 
 
 50 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Main room 
 
 Lead carbonate, oxide, 
 chromate, arsenic col- 
 Lead carbonate, oxide, 
 chromate, arsenic col- 
 ors .... 
 Lead sulphide combined 
 in rubber. 
 
 Lead carbonate and. ox- 
 ides. 
 
 Lead carbonate and ox- 
 ides. 
 
 Lead chambers in use. . 
 
 Metallic l?>d and lead 
 colors. 
 
 Metallic lead and lead 
 
 colors. 
 Lead puttyjcontaining 
 
 65% lead. 
 
 Natural doors ; 
 windows. 
 
 Natural doors ( 
 windows. 
 
 Natural doors 
 windows. 
 
 Natural doors 
 
 windows. 
 Natural @ doors 
 
 windows. 
 Natural doors 
 
 windows. 
 Natural s. doors 
 
 windows. 
 Natural doors 
 
 windows. 
 Enamel ovens t 
 
 nected with 
 
 haust. 
 Natural metal 
 
 hooded. 
 Plenum system. | 
 
 Natural windows 
 skylights. 
 
 Natural doors 
 windows. 
 Natural doors 
 
 windows. 
 Natural doors 
 
 windows. 
 
 . 
 Natural doors 
 
 windows. 
 Natural * doors 
 
 windows. 
 
 Natural f doors 
 
 windows. 
 Plenum system. 
 Natural doors _ i 
 
 dows and skylig 
 Plenum system; 
 
 haust system"' 
 
 bronze machine 
 2-24 inch exh: 
 
 fans; pots of 1 
 
 type and stereol 
 
 machines hoode 
 30 inch exhaust 
 
 linotypes hood 
 
 and piped. 
 Natural air si 
 
 metal pot hooi 
 Natural windows 
 
 skylights. 
 Exhaust system 
 
 pasting tables. 
 Natural doors 
 
 windows. 
 
 Metal pots conn 
 
 to exhaust. 
 Exhaust system 
 
 pasting tables. 
 All operations 
 
 nected to exha 
 Exhaust system. 
 
 
 Setting up room 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 47 
 
 43 
 49 
 
 50 
 -,1 
 
 Lead colors and varnish 
 Lead colors and varnish 
 Lead colors and'varnish 
 
 Lead colors and varnish 
 Lead colors and varnish, 
 
 Lead colors and varnish, 
 
 Lead colors used ....._. 
 Lead colors and arsenic 
 greens. 
 
 Metallic lead in type. . . 
 
 Metallic lead in type. . . 
 
 Metallic lead in type. . . 
 
 Metallic lead, 24 tons a 
 
 day. 
 Lead ox de compounds. 
 
 Burning off pasted 
 plates. 
 
 Metallic lead, 30 tons a 
 
 day. 
 Lead oxide compound. . 
 
 Finishing room 
 
 Lithographing 
 
 Press room 
 
 Color mixing room. . . 
 
 Linotype and stereo- 
 type room. 
 
 Linot3'pe room 
 
 o 
 
 Storage batteries .... 
 Storage'batteries .... 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Weighing room 
 
 Burning off room. . . . 
 
 
 Burning off pasted 
 plates. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aksenic Poisoning. 
 
 I ARSENIC WAS USED — Continued. 
 
 1171 
 
 Air analysis. 
 
 Ca.ses of 
 Poisoning 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Ar- 
 
 Welfare. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 lead or arsenic present. 
 
 ig. lead per cu. metre air, no 
 .rsenic. 
 
 lead present . 
 
 tests, no weighing being 
 done, 
 lead present 
 
 lead present 
 
 lea d present 
 
 lead present, no arsenic . . . 
 lead present 
 
 lead present 
 
 :tre of room no lead present! 4 
 rea thing level of sandpaper I 
 8.8 mg. per cu. m. 
 lead present I 
 
 mg. lead per cu. m. at level 1 
 f sandpaper, no lead in cen- 
 re of room, 
 lead present | ' 
 
 lead present 
 
 lead present 
 
 lead present 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lead present 
 
 lead present 
 
 lead or arsenic present. . . . 
 lead or arsenic present. . . . 
 lead present 
 
 lead present . 
 
 lead present 
 
 mg. lead per cu. m. of air. 
 
 mg. lead per cu. m. of air. 
 m» lead per cu. m. of air 
 t lead burner. 
 mg. lead per cu. m. of air 
 t pots. 
 
 mg. lead per cu. m. of air. 
 
 lead Dresent 
 
 mg. lead per cu. m. of air 
 t burners' table. 
 
 Wood floor clean; no weighing being 
 done; men do not use respirators. 
 
 Workers covered with dust, pl;v e 
 dusty. 
 
 Concrete floor clean; odor of naphtha 
 and benzine strong. 
 
 Wood floor clean; no hoods over 
 mixers. 
 
 Wood floor clean: meals eaten; no in- 
 gredients being added tojmixer. 
 
 Wood floor clean; metal pot not 
 hooded. 
 
 Wood floor clean; metal pot not 
 hooded. 
 Acid chamber leaking. 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap. . . Wood floor clean; meals eaten in shop. 
 
 Hot and cold water, respi- 
 rators furnished. 
 
 Gloves furnished, S mg. lead 
 per_ cu. metre air, no ax : 
 senic. 
 
 Hot and cold water 
 
 Cold water, gloves furnished 
 Cold water, gloves furnished 
 
 Cold water 
 
 Cold water ! 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap . 
 Hot and cold water, soap . 
 
 Wood floor clean. 
 
 Concrete floor clean; putty applied 
 by hand, baked on, then sand- 
 papered.- 
 
 Wood floor clean; no hoods over 
 solder furnaces or machines. 
 Cold w T ater Wood floor clean. 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap. . 
 
 Cold water. 
 
 Cold water 
 
 Cold water 
 
 Hot and cold water. 
 
 Hot and cold water. 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap and 
 towels furnished. 
 
 Vacuum cleaner for floors 
 
 and benches. 
 Cold water, soap and towels 
 
 Concrete floor clean. 
 
 Wood floor clean; no sandpapering 
 
 at time of visit: meals eaten. 
 Wood floor clean; no sandpapering 
 
 at time of visit: meals eaten. 
 Wood floor dean: no lead filler used 
 
 wet pumice and rubbing done: 
 
 meals eaten in room. 
 Wood floor clean: meals eaten in shop. 
 
 Cleaning off of litho stones done in 
 
 one portion of room. 
 Mixers open: pony mixer enclosed: 
 
 no provisions for handling dust. 
 Analyses of bronze powder showed no 
 
 lead or arsenic present. 
 Wood floor clean- Stereotype room 
 
 is a portion of the composing*(lino- 
 
 type) room. 
 
 Cold water soap and towels Wood floor clean. 
 
 Cold water Wood floor; dross scattered about. 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap. 
 towels and gloves fur- 
 nished, also pills if asked 
 for. 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap and 
 soap powder, towels, 
 gloves and respirators fur- 
 nished. 
 
 Gloves in poor shape: no hoods over 
 metal pots. 
 
 Place dirty; men careless* 
 
 Wood floor clean; tables dampened 
 
 during day. 
 Materia] on floor: litharge found in 
 
 water cooler; wo kers unclean. 
 
 1 case of_ lead poisoning was from 
 assembling room. 
 
1172 
 
 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 FACTORIES VISITED WHERE LEj 
 
 
 1 
 
 Employees. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Industry. 
 
 
 
 Portion of plant 
 visited. 
 
 Material used. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Male. 
 
 Fe- 
 male. 
 
 
 54 
 
 Electrical equipment. 
 
 110 
 
 • 
 
 Brass foundry 1 
 
 Metallic lead, amount 
 not given. 
 
 Natural crucibles 
 der hood. 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 Cable department . . . 
 
 Metallic lead, amount 
 not given. 
 
 Natural windows, 
 Texas roof, louv 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Rubber _ insulating, 
 weighing room. 
 
 Lead oxides, amount 
 not given. 
 
 2-30 inch exhaustfi 
 in window. 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 Rubber insulating, 
 
 Lead oxides compound, 
 amount not given. 
 
 Natural windows 
 doors. 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 60 
 
 
 Metallic lead, amount 
 not given. 
 
 Solder furnace hoo 
 to exhaust. 
 
 55 
 
 Electrical equipments 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 Natural Texas r 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 Cable department.. . . 
 
 
 Natural. 
 
 56 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 Lead cable room .... 
 
 
 Natural meta 
 hooded and 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Natural windo a 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 ing room. 
 Rubber cable, mixing 
 
 Lead oxide compounds. 
 
 skylights. 
 Natural windo 
 
 skylights. 
 Natural windf? 
 
 Texas roof, 1 Q 
 
 1 
 
 57 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 T. GRAHAM-ROGERS, » 
 
 Medical Inspector of Fa 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Absenic Poisoning. 
 
 ARSENIC WAS USED — Continued. 
 
 1173 
 
 Air analysis. 
 
 Cases of 
 Poisoning. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Ar- 
 
 Welfare. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 lead present 
 
 lg. lead per cu. metre air. 
 
 m?. lead per cu. metre at 
 nasticators. 
 lead present 
 
 lead oresent . • . ._ 
 
 m?. per'cu. m. air 
 
 mg. per cu. m. air at mixers 
 
 ices of lead present. 
 
 Hot and cold water, soap. . . 
 
 Hot and cold water 
 
 Hot and cold water and res- 
 pirators. 
 
 Hot and cold water and res- 
 pirators. 
 
 Hot and cold water 
 
 Water 
 
 Hot and cold water, gloves 
 furnished. 
 
 Water ] 
 
 Water \ 
 
 AVater J 
 
 Concrete fioor and dirt; meals^ eaten 
 in room. 
 
 Metal pots not hooded. 
 Men do not wear ^respirators furn- 
 nished. 
 
 Men do not wear respirators fur- 
 nished; meals eaten in_room. 
 
 Wood floor clean. 
 
 Men not clean; meals eaten in room. 
 
 Wood floor not clean: men do not 
 wear gloves and are not clean. 
 
 Meals eaten in the factory and the men 
 are not clean. 
 
 Flow brick and dirt; men careless. 
 
 JOHN H. VOGT, B. S., 
 
 Analyst. 
 
1174 
 
 Appendix VIII — ■ Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a a' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■3 
 
 
 ■3 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o3 d 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 o- 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 o o 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 _4 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 . OS 
 
 T3 a 
 
 s 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 J3-C 
 
 
 
 
 ■v 
 
 c 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 03'- 
 
 to; rji 
 (NCN 
 
 Pi 
 
 o 
 
 ~o 
 
 
 
 
 
 © © 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 - £ 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 £ 
 
 E- 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 E. 
 
 E- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OOOO • • C 
 
 
 co "* 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 "3 
 
 0003 ■ ■ -* 
 
 
 O 1> 
 
 IN 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 hNNN • ■ C 
 
 
 c oc 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 <r 
 
 • • 
 
 
 3 
 
 OMrn ro • • C 
 
 
 o c 
 
 c: 
 
 
 
 
 ■< 
 
 c 
 
 t> 
 
 
 g 
 
 O 
 
 ' i-i ' ' • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t> c 
 
 c 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 • • 
 
 
 -3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 c3 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GQ 
 
 d 
 
 a 
 
 *o 
 o 
 Q 
 m 
 
 a 
 A 
 
 =3 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 c3 
 
 ; ; a 
 
 . . Pi 
 . . O 
 
 : :S 
 
 Pi 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 • O 
 
 • 4 
 
 • MX 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 QQ 
 
 d 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 "2 
 
 a 
 
 a : : : 
 . . . 
 
 Pi . . . 
 
 a 03 • • 
 
 a-o : : 
 
 a 
 
 T3 
 
 O 
 
 > 
 
 
 a 
 la 
 
 ' '. d 
 o 
 
 ■. :-d 
 
 • -HO 
 
 - ;•* 
 
 " u 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 -3 
 
 :.S3Si?M 
 
 : £ ^2-^-3 
 
 . o a 9 3 S 
 . g a m o p 
 
 • ^§2f 
 
 •3O03-22E 
 
 • 071 ©'3 03 c 
 
 m d a >»c 
 
 Tl o^-^n £ 
 
 ? a cj 3 J 
 
 Ui-m.SM 5 o-r< e 
 r a S «--5 ^^> 
 
 .S^S oZ 
 
 d 
 
 DO 
 03 
 
 a 
 
 d 
 
 "2 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 02 :| : i" 
 
 .A J1 ■ C 
 
 >lM >> 4 
 
 • ; 
 
 a 
 .1 
 
 *o 
 
 A 
 -p 
 M 
 
 (5 
 a 
 
 > 
 
 b a 
 
 aj 
 
 S^ 
 
 fe a 
 
 °d 
 a u 
 
 72 o 
 
 3 O 
 
 03 03 B H • --ii 
 
 -co" a : :^ 
 SSi» : : 2 
 " « S : Ik 
 •!"!'> : !*S 
 
 S§2g • : -5t 
 o o o • • 3-fc 
 
 — 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 0] 
 
 [ — 
 - 
 - 
 
 3 a -2 ag_ a c 
 rt >« a ° >>2= -"3 r 
 
 ^5 c ^ CO M O U W U^ 
 
 O^O o-d O S3 O - 
 
 '■ '■ 
 ■ 
 
 h! 
 
 
 333^ : :m 
 
 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 l> 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 fc< 
 
 & 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '■ '. ^ 
 
 
 09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • p. 
 ■ a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >>o»_2 
 
 
 (H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pi Pi ^ 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a d 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 °^l 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 (Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 n 03 
 .3 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 u o a 
 
 03 03 . 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 "Sh 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 •€■? 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 > 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 n) © a "" 
 
 h 2 o o a 
 o-^_2 2 a 
 
 c 
 
 "1 
 
 
 
 C3 
 
 1* 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 > 
 
 
 G 
 
 J3 
 
 a m 
 
 
 03 
 3 
 
 
 
 •^ O a! a'— 
 
 
 =3 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 
 ^a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 a 
 >> 
 -p 
 
 u 
 
 d 
 
 cX--< 
 
 d > 
 
 
 4 
 
 u 
 
 1^**8 
 
 F- 
 
 c 
 
 kg 
 
 -3 
 
 C3 
 
 
 
 ja 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 ;rJ 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 .> .> . » u ^ •« 
 -£-£ £ 03^,2-2 
 ° O S"3; a a M 
 
 a O 9 o3 bO bO 
 
 1 
 
 "2 
 
 a 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 bO 
 
 c3 
 
 Pi 
 O 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 = 
 
 a 
 
 bi 
 
 a" 
 
 
 'a^ 
 h 
 g— 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 1 § 
 X 
 
 d" 
 
 "3 
 a 
 
 p? 
 a 
 
 d 
 '.B 
 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 bo 
 
 _d 
 'u 
 a 
 — 
 "o 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 aa.*j_a 3 2c 
 'fl'aS"'.'> , > =s 
 
 •too* 
 
 ■g-g a ;s d.s 
 
 "3 
 
 c 
 E 
 c 
 
 'a 
 
 U u 
 O 
 *o 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 Pi 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 
 
 m 
 
 C3 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 .5 
 
 2 
 
 Pi 
 
 03 
 
 a 
 m 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 CD 
 
 p. 
 
 
 
 ,^^^§«^<: 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 3 
 
 PM 
 
 O 
 
 S 
 
 O 
 
 m 
 
 osH 
 
 « 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 '. '. © 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 }< 
 
 o3 
 
 <D 
 
 © d a' a"_©^a g 
 q o3 03 o3 o3 c3 q 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GO 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 "3 
 
 "2 
 
 ~ 
 
 •2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 g 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 § 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pi • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : : d 
 
 = 
 
 c 
 
 '2 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -p . 
 
 03 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 0-3 
 
 
 T3 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "■+3 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o o o 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a-s 
 
 
 3* 
 
 
 
 
 
 -3j3j3 
 
 -= 
 
 
 to 
 
 3 
 en 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : d a 1 
 
 03 03 > 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 'to 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 <! 
 Z 
 
 z 
 
 El 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 is 
 
 
 
 t-4 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .S 03 
 
 
 < 
 
 3 
 
 > a 
 
 • .Ohhh 
 
 ; to Moo a 
 
 . fl s * 
 
 ,'J ° o o ,„ 
 
 .2n - - s 
 
 C 
 
 E-4 
 
 a 
 
 01 
 
 d 
 
 03 
 
 3 
 
 .2 
 
 2 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 
 a 
 "5 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 
 
 n 
 
 b 
 c 
 
 a 
 
 
 a 
 
 b 
 
 : 
 : 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 b 
 
 c 
 c 
 e 
 
 1 
 
 ?43 
 
 03 3 
 ^> 
 Pi Pi 
 
 a a 
 
 c3 03 
 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 72 
 
 u-.^ g 03 03 ,- 
 
 -C 
 
 -3 
 
 "3 
 
 S3" 
 
 d 
 
 c3 
 
 § 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 Pi U 
 
 a a 
 
 
 C 
 1 
 
 c 
 C 
 
 3 C 
 
 I" 
 
 >0 
 
 ■I c 
 
 >"7 
 
 ! < 
 
 . i-> tH <D 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 -*- 
 
 i 
 
 
 < 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 ■- 
 
 
 
 
 ■- 
 
 
 ■- 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 X!j3 
 Sl-O 
 3 3 
 
 ^J 
 
 « 
 
 „ r s 
 
 ws 
 
 ^ 
 
 Or. 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
 Eh 
 
 S« 
 
 O 
 O 
 > 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 n 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1175 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 In compiling the following bibliography an endeavor has been 
 made to afford a ready reference to specific articles relating to the 
 subjects investigated. The material is as nearly up to the present 
 date as it was possible to ascertain. 
 
 There -have no doubt been a number of articles overlooked, and 
 to have enumerated all the references in works on medicine and 
 hygiene would have been an enormous task, so they were omitted. 
 
 A general bibliography of occupational diseases has been pre- 
 pared by Dr. Andrews, of the American Association for Labor 
 Legislation, and will be found in " American Labor Legislation 
 Review," Vol. 2, No. 2, June, 1912. 
 
 A bibliography on Occupational Mortality, compiled by Dr. 
 Hoffman, may be found in Bulletin No. 79 of the United States 
 Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Labor. 
 
 Both have been of help in the compilation of this work. Refer- 
 ence was also made to the " Bulletin of the International Com- 
 mission for the Study of Occupational Diseases." 
 
 The references are not merely industrial plumbism, but includes 
 the entire field of medical research relating to lead or arsenic 
 poisoning. 
 
 Lead: 
 
 Alcohol u. Bleiarbeiter. Sociale Praxis. Berlin, p. 1326. 
 
 Arbeiterschutz in Akkumulatores-fabriken in Deutschland. 
 Sociale Praxis. No. 34. 1908. 
 
 Arbeiterschutz in der Bleiglasurfabrikation u. das kaimner- 
 gericht. Berufsgenos. No. 2. 1908. 
 
 Aubertin. Convuslions, oedeme, aigue du poumin, hemorragies 
 surrenales dans la saturnisme experim. Soc. Med. Hop. Paris. 
 VII. 10. '08. 
 
 Andrews, J. B. Deaths from industrial lead poisoning in New 
 York State in 1909-1910. U. S. Bureau of Labor Bulletin No. 95. 
 July, 1911. 
 
 Action populaire, Rhedms. Extraits des discours prononces 
 au Senat sur: Interdiction de la ceruse a l'interieur des baitments. 
 Reims. Paris. 1908. 
 
1176 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Albreekt, H. Beruf skrankkeiten der Buckdrucker. Sckmollers 
 Jakrbuck f . Gesetzgebung usw. Bd. XV. 
 
 Adalbert. Maladies ind. Provenant de la manipulation des 
 accumulateurs. Annales de Hyg. Pub. et Med. Leg. Vol. VIII. 
 1908. 
 
 Agasse-Lafont et Heim. Les reactions kematiques du presa- 
 turnisme. Acad, de Medicine, Paris. XII. 8. 1908. 
 
 Albert-Levy et A. Pecoul Lavair des ateliers: imprimeries a 
 mackines linotypes. Annal. Observat. Municip. Paris. VII. 
 1907. 
 
 Abelsdorff Bleierkrankungen in gewerbl. Betrieben. Con- 
 cordia, Berlin. No. 17. 
 
 Aerztlicker Dienst in den Bleibetrieben Frankreicks. Sociale 
 Praxis. No. 35. 
 
 Altieri, E. Un oaso di associazone tosica da plombo ed alcol. 
 Lavoro, Milan. No. 8-9. 
 
 Bestimmung von Bleistaub u. Bleidampf en den Arbeits raumen 
 mit Blei arbeitenden Industrien. Zeitsck. f. Gewerberkygiene. 
 No. 4. 1904. 
 
 Bernardet, Troisier. Cas d'intoxication saturnin avec menin- 
 gitis, anaemie, et ictere. Tribune Medicale. No. 21. 1908. 
 
 Bleyer, E. Ein Betrag z. Aetologie d. Bleivergiftung. Mediz. 
 Klinik. Berlin. No. 24. 
 
 Bleivergiftung der Anstreicker. Arbeitskutz. Vienna. 
 
 Bleivergiftung in Pransesknupfereien. Sociale Praxis. No. 
 11. 1908. 
 
 Bleivergiftung in kuttenmann u. gerwerbl. Betreiben. K. K. 
 Arbeits Amt. Holder. Vienna. I-V. 1908. 
 
 Bekampfung der Bleivergiftung. Zeitsck. f. Gewerbkyg. No. 
 9. 1908. 
 
 Bleiwassersatz in den Neiderland, Soc. Praxis. No. 34. 1908. 
 
 Balland. Influence du sat rnisme sur la marcke de la grosses. 
 Paris. 1896. 
 
 Blum, P. Untersuckungen uber die Bleivergiftung und deren 
 Verkuting in industriellen Betrieben. M. Perles, Prankfort-a- 
 Main, 1900. Ueber das Sckicksal des Bleis im Organismus usw. 
 Wiener med. Wockensck. No. 13. 1904. 
 
 Brouardel. Intoxication ckronique par le Plomb. Annales 
 d'kygiene publique. Pebruary, 1904. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aesenic Poisoning. 1177 
 
 Bassia, A. T. Industries insalubres. Rapports sur leurs dan- 
 gers et les moyens de les prevenir, particulierement dans l'indus- 
 tries des allmnettes et ces qui fabriquent ou employment des 
 colleurs de plomb. G. Fischer. Jena, 1903. 
 
 Bennett, S. B. A visit to a white lead works. San. Record. 
 London. 41. '08. 
 
 Bacquais. Hygiene de l'industrie de caoutchouc. Ann. 
 d'Hyg. Vol. 2. 1901. 
 
 Boulin. Hygiene des ateliers d'appret des stoffes de soir. 
 Annales d'Hygiene. Vol. 1. 1901. 
 
 Bottrich. Ueber die gesundheitliche Bedentung des Aufen- 
 thaltes in dem Formierraumen von Akkummulatorenfabriken. 
 Therap. Monatschr. Berlin. No, 17. 1903. 
 
 Becker. Ueber Gesundheitsschadigungen durch Bleifarben- 
 hiiltige Tapeten. Zeitsch. f. Medizinalbeamte. No. 11. 1908. 
 
 Bertarelli, E. La legge f rancese contro il saturnismo e i tentative 
 di sostituzione della biacca. Crit. Soc. XII, 16. 1908. 
 
 Brassert, H. Unfall und Bleilahmung. Aertz. Sachverst. 
 Zeits. Berlin. No. 22. 
 
 Binswanger. Ein Fall von Bleiintoxikation. JSTaturw. med. 
 Gesell. Jena. XVII, 2. 1910. 
 
 Bleivergiftung in Tonwarenf abriken. Zeitsch. f. Gewerberhyg. 
 No. 24. 1908. 
 
 Bonhoffer. Psychosen bei Bleivergiftung. Deut. Med. Woch. 
 49, 1910. 
 
 Benthaus, A. Ausgang u. Prognose der Bleilahmung. Univ. 
 Jena, 1911. 
 
 Barbe et Delmas. Saturnisme a forme de demence paralytique. 
 Soc. psychiat. Paris. Nov. 16, 1911. 
 
 Barthe, L. Contribution de la chimie a la caracterisation de 
 l'empois saturnin. Journal de Bordeaux, No. 30. 
 
 Bleivergiftung u. Staubkrankheiten in Topfereibetreiben. So- 
 cial Technik. Berlin. H. 6. 
 
 Blum, F. Medizinisches liber die Bleivergiftung. G. Thieme, 
 Leipzig. 1912. 
 
 Boulin, M. Les donderies des plomb. Extrait Bullet, de 
 l'inspect du travail. Paris. No. 5-6. 1907. 
 
1178 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Breton, J. L. L'interdiction de la ceruse dans l'industrie de la 
 peinture. French Sec. Internat. assoc. Lab. Legis. Series 3, 
 No. 1. 
 
 Burton, Wm, The hygiene of the Pottery Trade. Shaw lec- 
 tures on Industrial Hygiene. London. 1908. 
 
 Carozzi, L. Inchiesta igienico-sanitaria neU'industria poli- 
 grafica in Italic Italian Sec. Intern. Assoc. Lab. Leg. No. 2-6, 
 1911. 
 
 Calmettes, E. Le saturnisme. Prophylaxie, legislation com- 
 parer Giard et Briere. Paris. 1910. 
 
 Chyzer, Bela. Des intoxications par le plomb se presentant 
 dans la ceramique en Hongrie. A. Sohmidl. Budapest. 1908. 
 Az akkumulatorokkal kaposolatosan elofordulo ipari betegsegekroL 
 Gyogyaszat. Vol. 45. 1905. Ueber die im ungarischen Ton- 
 warengewerbe voekommenden Bleivergiftungen. Jena, 190S. 
 Gewerberkrankheiten die in Verbindung mit Akkumulatoren 
 auftreten. Pest. med. Chir. Presse. 87. Budapest. 1906. 
 
 Color Industry. Conipte Rendu de la .Soc. Biologic No. 30. 
 Paris. 1908. 
 
 Claisse. Diagnostic et traitment de la colique de plomb. La 
 Clinique. No. 18, 1908. 
 
 Carozzi, L. I pericoli della biacca nelFind. della coloritura. 
 Lavoro. No. 6. Milan. 
 
 Collina, G. Sul valore semeiologico delle ernazie granularie dei 
 lavortori del plombo. Gazette Osped. e Clinich. Milano, No. 123. 
 
 Carnot. Le saturnisme disparait. Progres Medical. Paris. 
 Sept. 4, 1910. 
 
 Comby. Saturnisme chez les enfants. Arckiv. med. des En- 
 fants. January, 1910. 
 
 Camus, J., et Nicloux, M. Essai de la neutralisation des sels de 
 plomb au niveau des centres nerveux. Societe Biologie. No. 19, 
 1910. Toxicitie des sels de plomb sur les centres nerveux. Leur 
 periode d'incubation. Soc. Biolog. Paris. No. 19. 
 
 Carozzi, L. Per la diagnosi precocissima del saturnismo. Cor- 
 riere Sanitario. Milan. No. 31, 1910. 'Come difenderci dal 
 saturnismo. Milano Socit. LTmanitaria. 1909. 
 
 Capitan. Patologie dans la ceramique des Anciens Peruviens. 
 Acad. Med. Paris. Vol. VI, No. 1. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1179 
 
 Carles, J. Les abces de fixation dans le saturnisme. Gazette 
 hebdomadaire des sciences Med. Bordeaux, June 20, '10. 
 
 Charron. De l'intoxication saturnine par les papiers de tenture. 
 These de Bordeaux. Vol. Ill, No. 19. 
 
 Carles, J. Leucocytes et absorption des >sels de plomb. Journal 
 de Bordeaux. No. 8, 1910. 
 
 Claude e Levy Valensi. Diplegie brachiale polynevritique a 
 debut apoplectiforme et troubles rnentaux au cours d'une intoxica- 
 tion saturnine chronique. Soc. Neurol. Paris. Nov. 5, 1908. 
 
 Chyzer, A. Maladies industrielles prevenant de la manipulation 
 des accumulateurs. Ann. de Hyg. Pub. et Med. Leg. IX, 1908. 
 
 Crisafulli, E. Contribute alio studio del saturnismo mentale e 
 nervoso. Ramazzini. Florence. No. 9, 1910. 
 
 Davis, I. P. Diseases occurring in manufacture of rubber boots 
 and shoes. Tenth Ann. Report N. J. Board of Health. Trenton, 
 1887. 
 
 Duckering, G. E. Cause of lead poisoning in the tinning of 
 metals. Journal of Hygiene. London. Vol. 8, 1908. See also 
 Report of Chief Factory Insp., Great Britain. 
 
 Ducrot, M. Le saturnisme. dans le typographic Bulletin 
 5-6 Bulletin de l'inspection du travail. Paris. 1906. 
 
 Dupuy, J. Le saturnisme dans le professions et les villes mari- 
 times (St. Nazaire). Hygiene general, et applique. Paris. No. 
 7, 1910. 
 
 Dieselhorst, G. Bleiausscheidung nach innerl. Gebrauch von 
 plumbum acet. Berliner Klinik. Woch. H. 30, 1908. 
 
 Debove. Hysterisme toxique chez un saturnin alcoolise. Journ. 
 des Practiciens. No. 15, 1908. 
 
 Dauve, O. Contribution a l'etude experim. du saturnisme. 
 Archiv. int. pharm. et therap. Vol. 17. 
 
 De Stefano. Qualche forma di nefrite saturnina. Gazzat. int. 
 di med. Oct. 23, 1910. 
 
 Dreyer, A. Ueber Wassermannsche Reaktionen bei Bleiver- 
 giftungen. Dentsch. Mediz. Wochen. No. 17, 1911. 
 
 Devoto, L. 18 mesi di Clinicaidei verniciatori di j\lilano. 
 Lavoro. Milan. No. 23, 1911. Le alteraxioni dei vasi, dei renie 
 delle articolazioni nel saturnismo cronico. Lavoro. Milan. No. 
 5-6, 1911. 
 
1180 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 De Vooys, P. Bericlit liber Bleivergiftung in den poly- 
 grapkiscken Gewerben in den Xiederlanden. Xederland. Bleiver- 
 giftung in der Xiederlandiscken keramiscken industrie, Xeder- 
 landseke Vereiniging voor wettelijke beskerming van Arbeiders. 
 Section der Inter. Ver. F. gesetzlicken Arbeitersckutz. Amster- 
 dam. 1908. 
 
 Drancourt. Etude sur les conditions d'hygiene des ouvriers des 
 fabriques d'accummulateurs electriques. Annals d'hygiene. Paris. 
 Vol. 1, 1903. 
 
 Elsaesser. Die besonderen Sckadlickkeiten des Blei- und Silber- 
 kiittenbetriebes und ihre Verhiiting. Vrtljsck. f. Geriohtl. Med. 
 Berlin. 1903. 3F. 25, 26. 
 
 Einrichtung u. Betrieb der nach den allg. Berggesetz errickte- 
 ten Blei und Zinkkiitten. Zeitsck. f. Gewerbkyg. Vienna. ISTo. 
 18, 1908. 
 
 Enquete betr. die Ursacken u. Bekampfung der Bleivergif- 
 tungen in Buckdruckereien, Stein druckereien, usw. u. in Sckrift- 
 giessereien. Sociale Bundsckau. Vienna. Vol. IX, ISTo. 6. 
 
 Einricktung u. Betrieb von Blei und Zinkkutten (Verordnung). 
 Concordia. Berlin. F. IX, Xo. 9. 
 
 Erkebungen iiber Bleiweissgefakrdung der maler auf Berliner 
 Bauten. Soc. Praxis. Berlin. Xo. 5, 1908. 
 
 Erlenmeyer, E. Blei-u. Eisenbilanz bei experimen. Ckron. 
 Bleivergiftung. Disser. Freiburg. Bd. 1, June, 1911. 
 
 Fantus, B. Tke diagnosis and treatment of plumbism. Illinois 
 Med. Jour. Springfield. Vol. 17, 1910. 
 
 Fiirst, M. tiber die wirtsckaftlicken und gesundkeitlicken Ver- 
 kaltniss der in niekt fabrikmassig betriebenen Wiisckereien, Blei- 
 ckereien und Plattereien besckaftigten Personen. Arckiv. F. 
 socizale Med. u. Hyg. Leipsic. 1905. Xo. 2. 
 
 Forestier. Goutte saturnine ckez une jeune pastelliste. Soc. 
 med. des Hop. Paris. VI, 27, 1908. 
 
 Fnongfia. Impotenza da saturnismo. Bolletino Cultori di 
 Scienze Medicke e Xaturali. Cagliari. Vol. VII, Xo. 11. 1908. 
 
 Fiessinger et Peigney. Contribution a l'etude du syndrome 
 kematol. de l'intoxic. saturnine, des alterations des globules rouges 
 au cours de la colique plomb. Arckiv. mal. eours, vaisseaux. 
 Paris. 1909. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1181 
 
 Fritscher. Chron. Plumb vergiftung u. Epilepsia. Centbl. f. 
 Medizinalbeamt, No. 9, 1910. 
 
 GesuncUieitsgefalirduiig (Die Grosser) durch das Blei. Sociale 
 Praxis. Berlin. No. 36, 1908. 
 
 Golperin-Teytelmann, Stroul. Die basophilen Granula der 
 roten Blutkorperchen b. Bleivergiftung. Klini. und experm. 
 Unterschungen. Bonn. 1908. 
 
 Gelly. D'un stigmate professionel non descrit des peintres- 
 decorateurs. Rev. med. del' est. Nancy. 1907. 39. 
 
 Gallard, P. L'hygiene de l'ouvrier anx Etats-Unis. Paris. 
 1905. 
 
 Gibson, J. L. Plumbic ocular neuirty in Queensland children. 
 British Med. Journal. Vol. XI, No. 14, 1908. 
 
 Gilbert. L'intoxication par le plomb et ses composes. Acad. 
 Roy. de Med. de Belgique. Vol. X, No. 31, 1908. 
 
 Goadby. Pathology of Lead Poisoning. XVI Cong. Int. Med. 
 Buda Pest. 1909. 
 
 Goadby, K., and Goodbody, P. W. The pathology of lead 
 poisoning. London Lancet, p. 1492. 1910. 
 
 Gutmann, L. J. tieber das wesen der Plumb gicht. Disserta- 
 tion. Berlin. August, 1909. 
 
 Guyot, Yves. La ceruse et la methode experimentale. Paris 
 Alcan. 1909. 
 
 Gintl, von W. u. Rambousek. Zur Frage der Bleigefahr in der 
 Keramik. Concordia. Berlin. P. 311. 1911. 
 
 Gotze. Hematoporphyrinuric bei der Bleivergiftung. Wiener 
 Klin. Wochensch. No. 50, 1911. 
 
 Gouget R. Nephrite saturnine et nephrite goutteuse. Dans 
 Lecons de Clin. med. Masson. Paris. 1911. Encephalopathie 
 saturnine. Dans Lecons de Clin. med. Masson. Paris. 1911. 
 
 Guillain. L'intoxication saturnine. Journal des pratic. No. 
 39, 1911. 
 
 Hamilton, A. White lead industry in the United States. U. S. 
 Bureau of Labor Bulletin No. 95, 1911. Report of the Illinois 
 Comm. on Occupational Diseases. 1911. Lead poisoning in 
 Illinois. Journ. A. M. A. April 29, 1911. Lead poisoning in 
 Illinois. Amer. Assoc. Lab. Leg., No. 10, 1910. Lead poisoning 
 in Illinois. Amer. Econ. Assoc. 1911. 
 50 
 
1182 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Hamilton, A. M. On manufacturing establishments where lead 
 and arsenic are used. Report N. Y. City Board of Health. 1872. 
 Hobbs, Wm, E. Industrial lead poisoning. N. Y. Med. Journ. 
 1898. Pp. 323, 325. 
 
 Hoffman, F. L. U. S. Bureau of Labor Bulletin No. 79, 1908. 
 U. S. Bureau of Labor Bulletin No. 82, 1909. 
 
 (In these will be found splendid bibliographies.) 
 
 Hahn, M. Ziir Verhuting der Bleivergiftung. Trans. 1st Int. 
 Con. Occup. Diseases. Milan. 1906. 
 
 Hitzig. Studien iiber Bleivergiftung. 
 
 Heubel. Pathogenese u. Symptomatologie der chron. Bleiver- 
 giftung. Berlin. 1871. 
 
 Heim, P. u. Herbert, A. Methoden z. Nachweisung u. quan- 
 titativen, Bestimung von Bleistaub u. Bleidampf en den Arbeits 
 raumen, mit Blei Arbeitenden Industrien. Zeitsch. f. Gewerhyg. 
 Vienna. No. 4, 1904. 
 
 Harvier et Mosny. Amaurose saturnine; trouble functionel ou 
 lesion? Soc. med. Hop. Paris. XVII, 1, 1908. 
 
 Hjelt, Vera. Undersokningaf nalarbeterskornas yrlcesforhal- 
 landen i Pinland. Helsingfors. 1908. 
 
 Hirtz. De 1' element arteriel dans les intoxications oxy car- 
 bonees. Acad. Med. Paris. IV, 7, 1908. 
 
 Helhner. Krankenvorstellung (congenitale Bleivergiftung?). 
 Verhandl. Aerzt. Gesellsch. Charitie. Vol. V, No. 27. 
 
 Hoover, E. M. Case of Lead poisoning. Journ. Ind. State 
 Med. Assoc. April, 1910. 
 
 Holmes, J- Lead poisoning. British Med. Journ., No. 2582. 
 1910. 
 
 Hertz, R. tieber die vital f ahrbare Granularsubstanze der roten 
 Blutkorp., ihre Natur u. Beziehungen zu ihre sorgen, basoph. 
 Punktierung. Deutsch. Med. Woch. No. 52, 1910. 
 
 Hinze, V. Behandlung des chronischen Saturnismus mit 
 Pixationabssessen nach der Methode von Jaquea Carles. Berliner 
 Klin. Woch. No. 26, 1910. 
 
 Hermann, E. Bleivergiftung nochals Betriebsunfall anerkannt. 
 Med. Klinik. Berlin. No. 51, 1911. 
 
 Isaac. Demonst. von 3 Fallen chron. Blei-intoxication. Verein 
 d. Aertze. Wiesbaden. Nov. 1, 1911. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Aesenic Poisoning. 1183 
 
 Kaup, I. Blei u. Phosphorvergiftung in den gewerbl. Betrieb. 
 Oesterreichs. Tatschen u. Aufgaben der Gesetzgebung. Bericht. 
 erstattet der Int. Verein f. gesetz. Arbeiterschutz. Vienna. F. 
 Deuticke. 1902. Bleivergiftimg in der keramisehen Industrie. 
 Berlin. 
 
 Jehle, L. Die Gesundsheitverhaltnisse in dein Buchdruckereige- 
 werbe. Golebiewskis Archiv. f. Unfallheilkunde usw. Bd. III. 
 1901. 
 
 Klebe, H. Die gewerbliche Bleivergiftung imd ilire Ver- 
 hiitung. Muenchen. T. Ackerman. 1911. 
 
 Kaltenbach (Fraulein) Statist. U. Kasuist. Betrage zur 
 chron. Bleivergiftung. Dissertation. Leipzig. 1908. 
 
 Kumita. tieber die oertl. der Bleivalze im Gewerbe hervor- 
 gerufenen Verandderungen. Virchow's Archiv. Bd. 193. 
 
 Knierirn, H. Eineseltenere Legalisation von abgelargertem 
 Scbwefelblei. ("leisauni) b. chron. Bleivergiftung. Deut. Med. 
 Wocb. ISTo. 42, 1910. 
 
 King, A. The early diagnosis of industrial lead poisoning. Int. 
 Cong. Occup. Dis. Brussels. 1910. 
 
 Kahn et Bloch Paralysie generale ou demence saturnine. Soc. 
 psychiatrie. Paris. Dec. 21, 1911. 
 
 Ivoelsch, P. Zwei Vergiftungsfalle b. Beschlupfen frischge- 
 pichter Faesser. Concordia. Berlin. No. 20, 1911. 
 
 Legge, T. M. Industrial lead poisoning. Journ. Hyg. Vol. 
 1, 1901. Eeports as Chief Medical Inspector of Factories in 
 Report of Chief Factory Inspector, Great Britain. 1900-12. 
 
 Legge, T. M. Report on the manufacture of paints and colors 
 containing lead as affecting the operatives employed. Home Office. 
 London. 1905. See reports of medical inspector on special lead 
 industries. 
 
 Landrieux, D. Intoxication saturnine par le braise. Revue 
 d'hygiene. 1879. 
 
 Lewin, L. Uber die Wirkung des Bleis auf die Gebarmutter. 
 Berlin Klinish. Wochen. Xo. 41, 1904. 
 
 Levmann, Dr. Die Bekampfung der Bleigefahr in der Indus- 
 trie. Im Autrage des Int. Arbeitsamts zu Basel. Jena, 1908. 
 
 Laffite. De l'intoxication saturnine. Thes. Bordeaux. 1907- 
 1908. 
 
1184 Appendix VIII — Lead and Absenic Poisoning. 
 
 Lepine, R. Alcoolisnie, encephalopathie convulsive sans reac- 
 tion meningee f oie gras, f aible quantitie de plomb dans les visceres. 
 Sociale Rundschau. Vienna. No. 1, 1908. 
 
 Lead and dust in pottery works. Journ. A. M. A. Vol. LV, 
 No. 4. 
 
 Lead Poisoning in the potteries. British Med. Journ., No. 
 2592. 
 
 Lazellj E. W. An unusual case of lead poisoning. Col. Med. 
 Journ., Sept., 1910. 
 
 Lavene, P. A., and Van Slyke, D. D. Insoluble salts (lead) of 
 Amino-acids. Journ. Biolog. Chem. Baltimore. Oct., 1910. 
 
 Lewin, L. Das toxisehe Verhalten von metallischen Blei u. 
 besonders von Bleigeschossen in tierischen Koerper. Arcbiv. f. kl. 
 Chir. Bd. 94. II. 4. 
 
 Loeper et Pinarol. Meningite saturn, aigue preooce: forme 
 meningitique complete. Soc Hop. Med. Paris. Feb. 24, 1911. 
 
 Loydold. Die Bleivergiftung im Toepfergewerbe in England. 
 Soc. Med. u. Hygiene. Hamburg. No. 4, 1911. 
 
 Muller, R. Die Bekampfung der Bleigefabr in Bleihutten. 
 Jena. 1908. 
 
 Massini, G. De saturnismo e sua propilassi negli adetti alle 
 aeti grafiche. 1st Int. Cong. Occup. Dis. Milan. 1906. 
 
 Marie, A. Presence du plomb dans l'encehale d'un paralytique 
 generak syphilitique et saturnune. Soc. Med. Hop. Paris. Jan- 
 uary 17, 1908. 
 
 Mosny et Pinard Meningite saturnine. Tomassi. Ill, 28, 
 1908. 
 
 Mosny et Laubry L'intoxioation satuminee professionelle. 
 XIV Cong. Hyg. Berlin. 1908. 
 
 Minet, J. et Verbaegbe, E. Paralysie saturnine du type brach- 
 ial sup. Soc. Med. du Nord. Nord. Medicale, Lille No. 335. 
 
 Minet et Fontan. Traitment de l'intoxication saturnine par 
 les abees de fixation. Echo Med. du Nord, Lille. No. 36. 1910. 
 
 Morris, R. S. Nuclear particles in the arythrocytes. Archiv. 
 of Int. Med. March, 1910. 
 
 Moyens d'eviterle saturnisme dans les fonderies de plomb. 
 Revue d'Economie Indus. Paris. No. 6. 1910. 
 
 Mitchell, J. K. Case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or lead 
 poisoning. Phila. and N. Y. Neurol. Soc. Dec. 18, 1909 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning-. 1185 
 
 Meillere, G. Importance prophylactique du diagnostic et du 
 traitment precoce du saturnisme profess. Int. Cong. Occ. Dis. 
 Brussels. 
 
 Murgia, E. Richerche sperimentali sul l'assorbimneto e sulla 
 eliminazione del solfuro di pioinbo puro. Revue d'hyg. Paris. 
 No. 1-2. 1911. 
 
 Messary, (de). Paralysie radiale a type de paral. saturnine 
 due a une poliomylite chron. cervicale chez des syphilitiques. 
 Soc. Neurol. Paris. Vol. VI, No. 1. 
 
 Mosny, Dupuys-Dutemps et Saint-Girons. Amaurose saturnine 
 suivie d'hemianopsie passagerie d'origine corticale dans le decours 
 d'une crise aigue recente, precoce, de colique de plomb. Soc. Med. 
 Hop. Paris. May 12, 1911. 
 
 Mosny et Saint-Girons. Meningite saturn. et suaigue avec 
 hemiparesie motrice passagerie. Soc. Med. Hop. March 17, 
 1911. 
 
 Mazzi, V. Contributo clinico e speriment. alio studio dell'awel- 
 enamento cronico da piombo. Ramazzini, Florence. P. 660. 
 1911. 
 
 Morelli. Corea dopo intossi caz. saturn. cronica. Clinica Med. 
 Italiana, Milan. March, 1911. 
 
 Montheuil, M. Rapport sur les experiences comparatives des 
 peintures au blanc de ceruse et la blanc de zinc executees l'annexe 
 de T'lnstitut Pasteur. Aug., 1902. Oca., 1907. Revue 
 d'Hygiene, Paris. No. 3. 1908. 
 
 Norton, IT. G. Dangers of the potters' trade from the life in- 
 surance standpoint. Med. Exam, and Pract. Vol. 16. 1906. 
 
 Naegeli, O. Bleineurasthenie, eine Parellele zur traumatischen 
 Neurosen. XXVI. Cong, for Int. Med. Weisbaden. April, 
 1909. 
 
 Pagels, E. Welche Forderungen stellt die Hygiene bei der Ver- 
 wendung. des Bleies in der Akkumnlatoreniendustrie. Dissertat 
 on Lipzig. May, June, 1910. 
 
 Pagliano et Corsy. Meningite saturnine et pseudo-syndrome de 
 Weber. Marseilles Medical. Vol. V. No. 1. 1911. 
 
 Pernssia, F. Bleivergiftung u. Wassermannsche Reaktion. 
 Dents. Med. Woch. No. 34. 1911. 
 
 Sulla istogenesi della nefrite cronica da piombo. Lavoro, Milan. 
 No. 21. 1911. 
 
11S6 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Rindfleisck. L'kron. Bleivergiftimg mit Encepkalop. saturn. 
 und sckweren Blutveranderungen. Stadt. Krankenaust. zu Dor- 
 mimd. Vol. X. Xo. 13. 1908. 
 
 Hold. Bleivergiftimg. Gesell. f. inn. Med. Vienna. Vol. XII, 
 Xo. 19, 1908. 
 
 Rambousek. Beitrag z. Patkologie der Bleivergiftimg. Con- 
 cordia, Berlin. Xo. 1909. 
 
 Bold. C'hron. Bleivergiftung mit unbekannter Aetologie. 
 Gesell. f. inn. Med. Vienna. Vol. XL Xo. 19, 1908. 
 
 Rambousek, J. Die Bleierkrankung. Zeitsch. f. aerztl. Forth 
 Bd. 6. Xo. 7, 1909. Beitrag z. Patkologie des Stoffwecksels u. des 
 Blutes b. Ckroniscker Plumbum Vergiftung. Zeitsck. f. exp. 
 Patk. Bd. VII. 
 
 Reggiani, C. Granulazioni basofile negli organi emopoietici di 
 animali avvelenati con piombo. Soc. Med. Parma, Jan. 18, 1910. 
 
 Riva, A. Sulla modalita di eliminazione del pb. colleurine e 
 sulla combinazione delpb. nell 'organismo. Slini a Med. Italian a, 
 Milan. Xo. 9, 1911. 
 
 Sprenger. tiber Bleierkrank. der Arbeiter > Akkumulatoren- 
 fabriken Berlins und Ckarlottenburgs. Zeitun. der Zentral. f. 
 Arbeitswoklfakrtseinricktungen, 1895. 
 
 Sternberg. Erfakrungen liber gewerbl. Bleivergiftimg. in 
 AYien. Separatabdruck aus 'Das Oesterrickiscke Sanitatswesan' 
 X^o. 32-39. 1906. 
 
 Stoekkausen. De litkargyrii fumo noxio morbiiico equasque 
 metallico frequentiori niorbo, vulgar dicto 'kiittenkatze.' Gosler. 
 1556. 
 
 Sckut, P. Barker. Berickt iiber das Verbot des Gebranckes von 
 Bleifarben und uber die Versucke mit bleifrein Earben in den 
 Xiederlanden. Xederlandscke Ver. voor vcettilijke beskerming 
 van Arbeiders. etc. Amsterdam, 1908. 
 
 Sable, M. F. Sur un cas d'kysterie saturnine suivie de poly- 
 nevrite Gperison de la polynevrite et persistince des troubles 
 kysteriques. Journ. des Sciences Med. Lille. Xo. 23, 1908. 
 
 Sckmidt. Ueber den diagnosticken Wert der Blutuntersuckung 
 bei Bleivergiftimg. D. m. W. m. 26. Med. Gesell. Wien. XI, 
 19, '08. als Deutsck. Med. Wock. Xo. 46, 1909. Untersuck- 
 ungen b. experim. Bleivergiftimg. Deuts. Arckiv. Klin. Med. 
 Bd. 96. H. 5-6. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1187 
 
 Sabrazes, J. A propos du sang des saturnine et cle la question 
 de la polycromatophile, des hematies granulo-reticulo-filamenteuses. 
 et des hematiques a granulations basopbiles. Folia Haernat. Arch. 
 Bd. IX. H. I. 
 
 Sommerfeld. Die Beseitigung der Bleigefahren in Bleihiitten. 
 Concordia, Berlin. No. 10, 1910, also XXXIX Bd. 2 Sup. Heft, 
 19. Vierteljahrft. f. Gericht 1. Med. u. Oeffentl. Sanitaetswesen. 
 
 Sicard-Blocb. Saturnisme et paralysie generale. Reaction des 
 Wassermann. Soc. Med. Hop. Paris. July 7, 1910. 
 
 Straub. IJeber experim. chron. Bleivergiftung. XXV Wander- 
 versamml. sudwest Dent. Xeurologen u. Innerartze in Baden- 
 Baden. May, 1910. 
 
 Sternberg, M. Pathologie u. Friihdiagnose der Bleivergiftung. 
 Wiener Klin. Wocben. Xo. 50, 1910. 
 
 Scbmitter. Wassermannsche Reaktion bei Bleivergiftung. 
 Deutsch Med. Wochenseh. Xo. 22, 1911. Lavora, Milan. 
 No. 16. 
 
 Snover, C. H. Chronic Lead Poisoning. Journ. A. M. A. Xo. 
 24, 1911. 
 
 Sterzt. Atypische Bleilahmung durcb ein Traumaausgelost. 
 86th Versamm' Psych. Verein. Rheinprovinz in Bonn. VI-17. 
 
 Tanquerel des Planches. Traite de la maladie du plomb. 
 Paris, 1840. 
 
 Totb von der. Beseitigung der gewerbl. Bleigefahr in Allge- 
 meinen. Xiv. Cong. Llygiene. 
 
 Teleky, L. La probizione della biacca di plombo in Austria. 
 Ramazzini, Florence. Xo. 7, 1908. Abnorm. Lokalisation der 
 Bleivergiftung. K. K. Gesell. Aertze, Wien. XII-4-1908. 
 Bleivergiftung mit ungewonlich Ursache. Wiener Aertze Ver- 
 amml. XII-4-1908. tJeber die Lokalisation der Bleilahmung. 
 Gesell. f. inn. Med. in Wien. May 13, 1909. 
 
 Teleky, L. Die Gewerbl. Bleivergiftung in Oesterrich. XIV 
 Cong. Hygiene. Berlin, 1908. Gewerbl. Blievergiftungefalle 
 mit seltener Enstehungsursache. Med. Reform Xo. 14, 1908. 
 Bleivergiftung. K. K. Gesell. d. Aertze, Wien. June 3, 1910. 
 
 Turner, J. On lead poisoning in childhood. Boston Meil. & 
 Surg. Journ. Apr. 30, '09. 
 
 Trembur. Die Blievergiftung von hygien. Standpunkt u. iieber 
 Erfahruno;en welche in neurer Zeit im Bleihiitte betrcff. die Vcr- 
 
1188 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 kiitung d. Bleivergiftung gemackt worden sind. Klinich. Jakr- 
 bucJi. 111-22. 1910. 
 
 Talsky, H. Die Edelsteinschleifer und die Bleivergiftung. 
 Cong. Occupat. Diseases. Brussels, 1910. 
 
 Taniel, E. J. P. Traitment du saturnisme grave per les abces 
 de fixation. These, Lille. February 20, 1911. 
 
 Tedeschi, E. Sulle neuriti a forma atasica ne saturnismo. 
 Tommasi. (8 IIX. Naples, IS T o. 8. 1911.) 
 
 Trautmann. Enstehung, Erkennung u. Verkiitung der Bleiver- 
 giftung. Vierteljakrft. f, gericktl. Med. Oeff. Sanitaetswesen. 
 Oct., 1911. 
 
 Weber. Tiber die biskerige Wirksamkeit der Gesetze gegen 
 Bleivergiftung usw. Vierteljahrschft. f. ger. Med. u. OefT. 
 Sanitaetswes. F. 3 Bd. 27 H. 2. 
 
 Wachter, K. Die gewerbl. Bleivergiftung. u. ihre Bekampfung 
 in Deutscken Beiek. G. Braunscke, Karlsruhe. 1908. 
 
 Weiser, M. Zur Kenntnis der Sekstoerungen b. Bleivergiftung. 
 Dissertation. Leipsic. January, February, 1909. 
 
 Wilke, R. Bleivergiftung in der Keramiscken Industrie der 
 JSTiederlande. Concordia, Berlin. Kb. 8, 1909. 
 
 Windsckeid. Kann eine Bleilakmung durck einen Unfall 
 ausgeloest werden Aerzt. Sackverst Zeits. Berlin. ISTo. 9, 1909. 
 
 Williams, C. Lead amblyopia and presentation of a case of 
 left komonymous lateral kemianopsia due to lead poisoning. 
 Annals of Optkal. St. Louis. No. 4, Oct., 1911. 
 
 Yoder, J. J. Ckronic lead poisoning as a diagnostic factor in 
 appendicitis. Journ. Hoy. Inst. Pub. Health. London, Oct., 
 1910. 
 
 Zur. Frage d. Bekampfung der Bleivergiftung. Sckw. 
 Blaetter f. Wirtsch. u. Sozialpolit. XVIII-23-24. 1910-11. 
 
 Arsenic: 
 
 Bloch, L. Action de arsenic sur le sang et les organes hema- 
 topoistques; etude experiment. Paris, 1908. 
 
 Cazeneuve, H. P. La Fucksine au point de vue de la toxi- 
 cologic et de la kygiene. Annales de Hygiene. 1892. 
 
 Brouardel. Arsenic. Annales de Hygiene. 1885 and 1889. 
 Paris. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Absenic Poisoning. 1189 
 
 Draper, F. W. Arsenic in certain green colors. Third Annual 
 Report Mass. State Board of Health. 1872. 
 
 Dubitzki, L. O. Einnuss von Arsenwasserstoff auf den Organ- 
 ismus. Zeitsch. fur Gewerberhygiene. Vienna. Xo. 8, 1908. 
 
 Duchesne et Michel. L'Industie du papier peints. Revue de 
 Hygiene. Paris, 1882. 
 
 Empoisonnements par H. Arsenie. Revue Scient. Paris, X. 
 21, 1908. 
 
 Griswold, S. Case of poisoning from working in Scheele's 
 green. X. Y. Journ. Medicine. Vol. 5, Xo. 3, 1858. 
 
 Gardner. Empoisonnements par H. Arsenie. La Clinque. 
 August, 1908. 
 
 Glaister, J. Poisoning by arseniuretted hydrogen. Edinburgh, 
 1908. Industrial poisoning by gases of arsenic and phosphorous. 
 Trans. Cong. Industrial Diseases. Brussels, 1910. 
 
 Guy, W. A. Occupations that have to do with Emerald Green. 
 Fifth Report of the Officer of the Privy Council. London, 1863. 
 
 Glibert. Report Chief Medical Inspector. Rapports du Minist. 
 Travail, France. 
 
 Hamilton, A. Report Illinois Commission Occupational 
 Diseases. 1910. 
 
 Hoffer. Arsen bezw. Arsenwasserstoff vergiftungen. Zeitsch. 
 fur Gewerberhygiene. Vienna, Xo. 8, 1908. 
 
 Haywood and Warner. Arsenic in Papers and Fabrics. Bull. 
 Xo. 86, Dep't. of Agriculture. Bur. of Chem. Washington, 1904. 
 
 Joachim. Ueber Blutveranderungen b. Vergiftung mi Arsen- 
 wasserstoff vergiftung. Deutsch. Archiv. Klin. Med. Bd. 100, 
 1910. 
 
 Legge, T. Reports of Chief Medical Inspector of Factories. 
 Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories. Great Britain. 
 
 Murrell and Hale. Report on Cigarette papers. British Med- 
 ical Journal. July 11, 1896. 
 
 Pratt, E. Report on Arsenic. X. Y. State Factory Commis- 
 sion. 1912. 
 
 Riehl, M. Verschiedene Arsenwirkung b. Muskelarbeit uns bei 
 Muskelruhe. Muenchener Med. Wochensch. XII 22, 1908. 
 
 Salkowski, E. Ueber den Xachweis des Arsen im Harn. 
 Zeitsch. fur Physiolog. Chemie. Bd. XXXVI. 
 
1190 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Taylor and Traubshaw. A Report of six cases of Arsenical 
 poisoning from a coke stove. British Med. Jour. Dec. 16, 1911. 
 
 Fr. von den Yelden. Ein ungewohnlicher Fall von Arsen- 
 wasserstoff vergiftung. Friederichs Blatter f. gericht. Med. 
 Sept., 1910. 
 
 Reference Works Containing Articles on Lead and 
 Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Albrecht, H. Handbuch der Praktiscken Gewerbekygiene. 
 1896. 
 
 Arlidge, J. T. Hygiene, diseases, and mortality of occupations. 
 Percival & Co. London, 1892. 
 
 Blyth, A. W. Poisons. Giffin & Co. London, 1903. 
 
 Bauer. Gesundheitsgefahliche Industrien. Jena, 1903. 
 
 Angey, C. Les risques prof essionneles : les accidents and les 
 maladies du travail. Rosseau, Paris. 1907. 
 
 Bassia, A. T. Industries insalubres. G. Fischer. Jena, 1903. 
 
 Bauer, F. Aerzte als gewerbe-inspectores. Seitz & Schauer, 
 Munchen, 1905. 
 
 Bender, W. Industrial Hygiene. Berlin, 1906. 
 
 Blandet. Maladies des professions insalubres. Paris, 1845. 
 
 Clausen, E. Handbuch der Practischer Gewerbe Hygiene. E. 
 Oppenheim. Berlin, 1894-1896. 
 
 Coreil, L. Les industries insalubres. Dunod & Pinet. Paris, 
 1908. 
 
 Carr, H. Our domestic poisons. London, 1879. 
 
 Eulenberg, H. Handbuch der gewerbe-Hygiene auf experi- 
 menteller Grundlage. Berlin, 1876. 
 
 Dammer, O. Handbuch der Arbeitershohlfahrt. F. Enke. 
 Stuttgart, 1902. 
 
 Doehring, C. F. W. Factory Sanitation. E. S. Bureau of 
 Labor, Bulletin 44. 
 
 Kober, G. M. Industrial Hygiene. L T . S. Bureau of Labor, 
 Bulletin 75. 
 
 Hoffman, F. L. Mortality from consumption in Dusty Trades. 
 U. S. Bureau of Labor, Bulletins 79, .82. 
 
 Harrington. Hygiene. 
 
Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 1191 
 
 Guer, E. Les establissnients insalubres. Berger Levrault et 
 Cie. Paris, 1883. 
 
 Granjuz. Poison industrel. 1901. 
 
 Guyot, A. Le Question Maladies Professioneile. Paris, 1907. 
 
 Parry, L. A. The risks and dangers of various occupations and 
 their prevention. Scott, Greenwood & Co. London, 1900. 
 
 Poincare, L. Traite de Hygiene Industriel. G. Masson. 
 Paris, 1886. 
 
 Lloyd. Occupational Diseases. Twentieth Century Practices 
 of Medicine. Wood. N. Y. 
 
 Ramazzini, B. A treatise on diseases of artificers. London, 
 1750. 
 
 Sommerfeld, Th. Handbuch der Gewerbekrankheiten. Berlin, 
 1898. 
 
 Oliver, Sir Thos. Dangerous Trades. Murray. London, 1902. 
 Diseases of Occupation. Methuen. London, 1908. 
 
 Thackrah, C. T. The effects of arts and trades on health and 
 longevity. Longman. London, 1831. 
 
 Vernois, M. Traite pratique d'hygiene industrielle. J. B. 
 Baillere et fils. Paris, 1869. 
 
 Weyl, T. Handbuch der arbeiter Krnaken. G. Fischer. Jena, 
 1908. 
 
 Hirt. Die Kankheiten der Arbeiter. Leipzig, 1875. 
 
 Layet, A. Poisons Industriel. Paris, 1903. Hygiene Indus- 
 trielle Encyclop. d'hygiene et med. pub. Paris, 1891. 
 
 Pfeiffere und Proskauer. Encyclopaedia der Hygiene. Vogel. 
 Leipzig. 1903. 
 
 Roth, E. Gewerbehygiene. G. J. Goschen. Leipzig, 1907. 
 Kompendium der Gewerberkrankheiten. R. Schoetz. Berlin, 
 1904. 
 
 Rambousek, J. Lehrbuch der Gewerbe-hygiene. A. Llartleben. 
 Wien n. Leipzig. 
 
 Korn, G. Allegemeine Gewerbe-Hygiene. Leipzig, 1902. 
 
 Pronst. Traite d'Hygiene. Paris. Poison Industriels. Re- 
 port of Committee. 
 
 Minist. du Commerce, de ^Industrie, etc. Office du Travail. 
 Paris, 1901. 
 
 Legge, T. M. Report Chief Medical Inspector of Factories. 
 
1192 Appendix VIII — Lead and Arsenic Poisoning. 
 
 Collis, H. T. Report Medical Inspector of Factories. Reports 
 Chief Factory Inspector. Great Britain. 
 
 Gilbert, L. Report of the Chief Medical Inspector. Reports 
 Minister of Labor. Belgium. 
 
 Graham-Rogers, C. T. Report of Medical Inspector of Factor- 
 ies. Reports of the Com m issioner of Labor, ISTew York State. 
 
 Tardieu, A. Etude medico-legalet clinique sue l'Empoisson- 
 ment. Paris, 1867. 
 
 Beck, T. B. & J. B. Elements of Medical Jurisprudence. 
 Phila., 1860. 
 
 Guy & Ferrier. Principles of Medical Jurisprudence. Lon- 
 don, 1881. 
 
 Wharton & Stille. Medical Jurisprudence. Philadelphia, 
 1884. 
 
 Woodman & Tidy. Handbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxi- 
 cology. London, 1887. 
 
 Taylor, A. S. Manual of Medical Jurisprudence. Philadel- 
 phia, 1892. 
 
 Devergie. Medicine legale. Paris. 
 
 Casper. Handbook of the practise of Forensic Medicine. 
 London, 1861. 
 
 Maschka. Handbuch der Gerichtlichen Medicine. Tubingen, 
 1882. 
 

 DUE DATE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : m 
 
 1 • ■ ■ 
 
 ;- - > ; - 
 
 Ho , U (.' 
 
 m\ 
 
 'M 
 
 ■ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 201-6503 
 
 
 Printed 
 In USA 
 
CUL CONVERSION LABEL 
 
 »0 4 1 2 790966 
 
 HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY