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MEMORIAL OF THE LIFE AND WORK 
 
 OP 
 
 CHARLES MOREHEAD, M.D., 
 
 P.E.C.P., CLE. 
 
\ 
 
MEMOEIAL 
 OF THE LIFE AND WOKK 
 
 OF 
 
 CHAELES MOEEHEAD, 
 
 M.D., F.E.C.R, CLE., 
 
 FIKST PEINCIPAL OF GKANT MEDICAL COLLEGE, 
 BOMBAY. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 HERMANN A. HAINES. 
 
 Printed for Private Circulation only. 
 
LONDON 
 PRINTED BY W. H. AJjIiEN AND CO., 13. WATEKLOO PT.ACE, S.A7. 
 
PREPACB. 
 
 A FRIENDSHIP of nearly forty years with the late Dr. 
 Morehead, gives me the privilege of saying a few 
 words by way of preface to this Memorial, especially 
 as besides myself only two or three of the original 
 Professors of Grant College Bombay are now living. 
 It is a pleasing retrospect to review years of almost 
 daily intercourse with Dr. Morehead, and to recall a 
 period — very precious in our several careers — when 
 we were his associates in the early days of Native 
 Medical Education in Western India. Lapse of time 
 has not dimmed our recollection of his calm sagacity, 
 his devotion to duty, and his clear and far-seeing 
 views. The interval has rather enhanced our appre- 
 ciation of his great example, of his teachings and 
 writings, and of his long and valuable labours in 
 India. His memory is consequently cherished by 
 us with feelings of deep veneration and attachment. 
 
VI PKEFACE. 
 
 To this tribute of affectionate regard I need only 
 add, that his Daughter and representative, acting 
 upon my suggestion, entrusted the preparation of 
 this Memorial of her father's life and work in India 
 to Mr. Hermann A. Haines of the India OfiBce, who, 
 by his talents and position, as well as from being 
 a son of the late Dr. Eobert Haines of Bombay (a 
 distinguished contemporary of Dr. Morehead's at 
 Grant College), appeared well qualified for the duties 
 of Editor. The accompanying able sketch, the result 
 of a close study of the materials placed at his dis- 
 posal, may be taken as giving a faithful and impartial 
 delineation of the mind and character of the first and 
 most eminent Principal of Grant College, Bombay — 
 Dr. Charles Morehead. 
 
 W. C. COLES, M.D., 
 
 Surgeon-Major (Retired), 
 Formerly Professor in Grant College. 
 
 E. I. U. S. Club, 
 
 14, St. James' Square, London, S.W. 
 1st October 1884. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHAPTER I.— Early Yeaes .... 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. — Grant Medical College and its 
 
 First Principal . . . . . .12 
 
 CHAPTER III. — Later Connection with Grant 
 
 College . . . . . . ,53 
 
 CHAPTER IV.— Writings and Later Life . . 67 
 
 Appendices . . . . . . .102 
 
THE LIFE AND WORK 
 
 OF 
 
 CHARLES MOREHEAD, M.D. 
 
 EREATA. 
 
 Page 32, last line, for Mr. Peel read Dr. Peet. 
 
 „ 87, eleventh line from bottom, for 1869 read 1859. 
 „ 95, fifteenth line from top, for 1852 read 1854. 
 „ 101, thirteenth line from bottom, /or Miss Morehead read Dr. 
 Morehead's brother, Mr. Robert A. A. Morehead, of Sydney, 
 
 Edinburgh, and, for the last years of his life, Rector of 
 the parish of Easington, in Yorkshire. The father is 
 described in the Memorials of the Life and Writings of the 
 Rev. Robert Morehead — published in 1875 by his son, who 
 is the subject of this memoir — as a man of high and 
 noble aims, and of great literary and poetic gifts. The 
 following testimony, by another hand, of the father's 
 worth is to be found in the preface : " Perhaps few per- 
 sons in any sphere have left behind them a character 
 more beautifully marked by everything that was amiable, 
 liberal, and purely Christian. In this city (Edinburgh), 
 where the excellence of the author's character and the 
 extent of his acquirements were imiversally admitted 
 
 1 
 
THE LIFE AND WORK 
 
 OF 
 
 CHARLES MOREHEAD, M.D. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 EAKLT YEAES. 
 
 Chaeles Morehead was born on the 8th of February 
 1807, in Edinburgh, being the second son of the E.ev. 
 Robert Morehead, D.D., who was, at that time, one of the 
 ministers of St. Paul's Episcopal Chapel, and Dean of 
 Edinburgh, and, for the last years of his life, Eector of 
 the parish of Easington, in Yorkshire. The father is 
 described in the Memorials of the Life and Writings of the 
 Rev. Eohert Morehead — published in 1875 by his son, who 
 is the subject of this memoir — as a man of high and 
 noble aims, and of great literary and poetic gifts. The 
 following testimony, by another hand, of the father's 
 worth is to be found in the preface : " Perhaps few per- 
 sons in any sphere have left behind them a character 
 more beautifully marked by everything that was amiable, 
 liberal, and purely Christian. In this city (Edinburgh), 
 where the excellence of the author's character and the 
 extent of his acquirements were universally admitted 
 
 1 
 
Z CHAKLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 and honoured, he was regarded with a love and respect 
 not surpassed bj the homage paid to any of his contem- 
 poraries." No doubt, from a father's character of such 
 description, Charles Morehead derived much of the no- 
 bility, earnestness, and ability which were conspicuous 
 in his own life. His mother was Margaret, the daughter 
 of the Rev. Charles Wilson, Professor of Church History 
 in the University of St. Andrews, and second cousin and 
 sister-in-law to the late Lord Jeffrey. She, too, was re- 
 markable for energy and individuality of character, as 
 well as for wit and humour, anecdotes of which are still 
 preserved among the traditions of the family. In the 
 Memorials of Dr. Eobert Morehead, a description is given 
 of the wife, the light that brightened his life's path : " a 
 self-denying, loving nature, a wise and cultivated intelli- 
 gence, a heart rejoicing in all that is great and good in 
 man, and sorrowing with all that is weak and erring and 
 suffering, a genial and impressive wit, and a constant 
 sense of the beauties and the marvels of creation, inter- 
 woven with an abiding veneration of the Creator." In 
 spite of the engrossing cares of her children, she was 
 constantly engaged in schemes for the good of others, 
 and, in her views on many subjects, she proved herself to 
 be in advance of her own age. The accomplishment of 
 drawing, which Dr. Morehead afterwards found so useful 
 in describing hospital and sanitary arrangements and 
 in other matters, he owed to the fact that his mother 
 had insisted on his being taught the use of the pencil in 
 an age when it was by no means the fashion to include 
 drawing in a boy's education. Her early advocacy of 
 drinking-fountains for the people, imitated in after years 
 by Dr. Charles Morehead, took a practical shape in a 
 fountain of a rough kind which she set up in the high- 
 road near Easington Rectory, in Yorkshire, in the place 
 
EAELY YEARS. 6 
 
 of which there now stands a handsome one in stone, 
 erected to her memory, as the inscription says, " by five 
 sisters, grand-daughters of the Rev. Eobert Morehead, 
 D.D." At Craigcrook, her brother-in-law Lord Jeffrey's 
 house, Dr. Charles Morehead frequently, as a young man, 
 met Sydney Smith, Miss Edgeworth, Carlyle, Mrs. Car- 
 lyle, and other notable men and women of the literary 
 world of that j)eriod, of all of whom he seems to 
 have carried away clear and lasting recollections ; his 
 memory for faces and scenes being so great, that he was 
 wont in later life to say that he had in his mind photo- 
 graphs of all his friends and acquaintances. 
 
 Separated, as were their spheres of action, by the whole 
 breadth of India, the two brothers, William and Charles, 
 maintained a lively interest in one another's schemes for 
 the good of the natives of India. 
 
 Charles Morehead had four brothers and four sisters, 
 and was, as has been said, the second son, the elder 
 brother being William Ambrose Morehead, who entered 
 the Madras Civil Service, and concluded a highly dis- 
 tinguished career, by being, for five years, a Member of 
 Council at Madras, and, as senior member of the Council, 
 he was twice called on to of5.ciate as G-overnor of the 
 Presidency.* 
 
 Dr. Morehead received his early education at the High 
 School of Edinbursrh, which he left for a course of studv 
 at Glasgow ; and there the lectures from which he con- 
 sidered that he derived special advantage were those of 
 Professor Jardine, on Moral Philosophy, in Glasgow Uni- 
 versity, at which he used to sit next to John Stirling, as 
 
 * In a letter from Madras, Dr. Maclean, now Professor of 
 Clinical Medicine in the Army Medical School at Netley, wrote to 
 Dr. Morehead, " Your brother is a most popular Governor. The 
 people, black and white, would be glad to see him permanently in 
 office." 
 
 1 * 
 
4 CHAKLES MOKEHEAD. 
 
 a fellow- student. With reference to these lectures, it may 
 be observed that in 1860, when Dr. Morehead was con- 
 sulted regarding the medical curriculum and examina- 
 tions of candidates for degrees at the London University, 
 which was then under reconsideration, he strongly advised 
 that a preliminary knowledge of logic and moral philo- 
 sophy should be required of all students of medicine, on 
 the ground that, from Professor Jardine's teaching, an 
 influence was left behind in his own mind, which affected 
 for good all its workings in after life. Leaving Glasgow, 
 Dr. Morehead entered the medical classes in the Edin- 
 burgh University, where he made himself conspicuous, 
 both winning honours in the science classes, and attract- 
 ing, by his zealous devotion to the study of clinical 
 medicine, the notice of Professor Alison, whose clerk he 
 became at the end of his course. 
 
 After Dr. Morehead' s death, a friend, Dr. W. Wood, of 
 New York, writes of his " old college friend, ' Charlie ' 
 Morehead. It is nearly, if not quite, sixty years since I 
 saw him, and yet I can recollect his jolly, pleasant ways, 
 as if I had heard him speaking but yesterday." 
 
 Dr. Morehead also proceeded to Paris, in 1826, where 
 he studied for more than a year under the famous phy- 
 sician Louis, and an intimate correspondence was after- 
 wards maintained between master and pupil, till the 
 death of the former. He was likewise, while in Paris, a 
 favourite pupil of Laennec, the inventor of the stetho- 
 scope, an instrument for the use of which Dr. Morehead's 
 remarkably acute sense of hearing made him peculiarly 
 qualified. 
 
 The clique of Edinburgh students who were at that 
 time in Paris is mentioned by Dr. Charles J. B. Williams* 
 
 * Memoir of Charles J. B. Williams, M.D., p. 34, 35. 
 
EAKLY YEAES. 5 
 
 in the following terms : " In these drawing lessons I was 
 joined by several of my former fellow-students at Edin- 
 burgh, and we often had pleasant companionship in 
 visiting the Jardin des Plantes, Pere la Chaise, St. Cloud, 
 Versailles, and other objects of interest in or near Paris. 
 They, and others afterwards, made up a pretty numerous 
 party of advanced students, who attended the hospitals 
 and classes together when the season began. It is plea- 
 sant to record their names, although very few survive to 
 the present day : Robert Young, afterwards of Camber- 
 well ; Prestwood and Henry Lucas, of Brecon ; Charles 
 Morehead, afterwards Professor of Medicine in Grant 
 College, Bombay." 
 
 This account of Dr. Morehead's early years may be 
 concluded by the following sonnet, written, while he was 
 at Paris, by his father, under the title of " A Prayer for 
 William and Charles " : — 
 
 God of my fathers, from thy throne sublime, 
 Whose eye has followed all my wanderings vain, 
 And guided me — I trust, to peace again, — 
 
 So watch my sons, in this their dangerous prime, 
 
 Where'er before thee, in whatever clime, 
 Him, whom the Indian shores afar detain, 
 And him, who sojourns on the banks of Seine ; 
 
 To Thee, that art in every Place and Time, 
 The same G-od, be they faithful and intent 
 
 Simply to do Thy will, nor give their heart 
 To youth's seducing snares ; but soon repent, 
 
 If, for a season erring, nor depart 
 
 From their first love ; but still Thy holy lore 
 Eeverence, their parents, and their native shore ! 
 
 This sonnet is interesting, both as an indication of the 
 nature of the influence under which Dr. Morehead was 
 educated, and as giving, in the form of a prayer, what 
 may be taken as a just description of his actual cha- 
 
6 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 racter. " Faithful and intent simply to do G-od's will," 
 Dr. Moreliead was in a remarkable degree. 
 
 Dr. Moreliead finally graduated in medicine in the 
 Edinburgh University in 1828, and it was in 1829, when 
 he was twenty-two years old, that he entered the Bombay 
 Medical Service ; and, presently, after two years of the 
 usual routine duty of a medical officer attached to a re- 
 giment, he received an appointment on the personal staff 
 of the Governor of the Presidency, Sir Robert Grant,* 
 who was then intensely engrossed in all schemes for 
 favouring education and science, and especially medical 
 science, in India ; and of whom it was saidf that " he 
 justly considered the state of medical knowledge, or, 
 rather, ignorance and quackery, in India to have the first 
 claim on his sympathies. He regarded medicine as the 
 link which, in all ages, has been found to connect the 
 less favoured nations of mankind with the more advanced 
 ones in the easiest manner. The benefit is projected so 
 boldly ; and the difference of results between the scien- 
 
 * Sir Robert Grant (1785-1838), who belonged to an ancient Scotch 
 family, was the second son of Charles Grant, an esteemed philan- 
 thropist, and was born in 1785. He studied in Cambridge, where 
 he graduated in 1806. In 1807 he became a member of the Eng- 
 lish Bar, and, in 1826, entered Parliament as Member of the 
 Inverness burghs. He was sworn a Privy Councillor in 1831, and 
 was appointed Governor of Bombay in 1834. He died at Da- 
 poorie, in Western India, July 9, 1838. While in India, he 
 published several works. In the year after his death, his elder 
 brother, " Lord Glenelg," published, in a volume entitled Sacred 
 Poems, twelve of his poetical pieces. In the preface he explains 
 that they had been written by his brother at different periods of 
 his life, and that some had already appeared in periodicals. 
 These hymns show that there was in the heart of their author a 
 rich vein of spiritual life. " Oh worship the King," " Saviour, 
 when in dust to Thee," and "When gathering clouds around I 
 view," are well known, and are to be found in almost every 
 collection of hymns. — Sinriers and Songs of the Churchy p. 395, 
 Miller ; Longmans & Co., 1839. 
 
 t By the Bishop of Calcutta, in his address at the laying of the 
 foundation stone of the Grant Medical College. 
 
EAKLY YEAES. Y 
 
 tific treatment of diseases, and] the guesses of hereditary 
 presumption, is so enormous, tangible, and directly affect- 
 ing human life and happiness, that no prejudice of edu- 
 cation or religious caste can long withstand the benefit." 
 The two main reasons which made Sir Robert Grant pe- 
 culiarly anxious to establish an Indian medical profession 
 among the natives of India were, firstly, his natural grief 
 at the unnecessary loss of life and suffering caused by the 
 gross ignorance of native ^practitioners, and, secondly, his 
 belief that, by establishing a system of medical education, 
 the first, and, at present, the only possible step would be 
 taken towards raisino; the o;eneral tone of education in 
 Western India. This conviction was likewise held by Dr. 
 Morehead, who wrote* about the same time that " of 
 pursuits, to the followers of which learning was an 
 essential constituent, and not a mere accomjolishment, the 
 medical profession was the only one of which an early 
 footing in India could be anticipated." 
 
 In November 1835, the first move may be said to have 
 been made in the required direction, by the establish- 
 ment of the Bombay Medical and Physical Society, of 
 which Dr. Morehead, whose work it to a great extent 
 was, at once became the Secretary ; and he continued to 
 fulfil the duties of this post with the most conscientious 
 thoroughness for twelve years, being at the same time a 
 constant contributor to the Transactions of the Society.f 
 
 * Preface to the first volume of Transactions of the Medical and 
 Physical Society of Bombay. 
 
 t How valuable the work of the Medical and Physical Society- 
 has been, appears from a remark by Dr. Sylvester in a preface to 
 one of the Reports : " I observe some of the chief est medical men 
 and writers of books in England have drawn the substance of their 
 articles on sunstroke, leprosy, dysentery, from our publications, 
 which should be sufficient reward for labours past to encourage us 
 to continue." Some of the publications here referred to were 
 undoubtedly from Dr. Morehead's pen. 
 
8 CHARLES MOEEHEAD. 
 
 The seven tirst reports were issued under his auspices, 
 the first volume containing an interesting preface, in 
 which he set out clearly the scope and aims of the So- 
 ciety. He pointed to the vast field for scientific re- 
 search afforded by the Bombay Presidency, with its 
 " opportunities of observing diseases in much variety of 
 circumstances — in Europeans from infancy to middle age, 
 the newly arrived, tiie long resident, the temperate, the 
 intemperate, the habituated to one climate, and to many ; 
 all the variety of native population, with their different 
 pursuits, habits, and modes of life, in regard to food, 
 clothing, and habitation, &c." Much was to be hoped, 
 he thought, from a wide and methodical observation of 
 meteorological phenomena, and of their relation to health, 
 from the investigation of the influence of physical agents 
 on life, such as the diminished capacity of generating 
 animal heat in a warm c''mate or season, from the care- 
 ful observation of small-pox epidemics in India, and 
 from a study of the effects of the treatment of tropical 
 disease by mercury ; for it may be mentioned that Dr. 
 Morehead was strongly opposed to the excessive use of 
 mercury, so popular in the profession at that time. At- 
 tention was also drawn to the question of the propriety 
 and of the best mode of rearing European children in 
 India. And, as if these objects were not sufficient for 
 the society's work, Dr. Morehead further urged in this 
 preface, that it had a yet nobler mission, which " ought 
 to constitute the highest aim of its ambition, viz. the 
 giving of the permanent benefits of medical science to 
 the people of India, by introducing an efficient system 
 of medical education." 
 
 The real difficulties in the way of creating a native 
 Medical Profession were clearly seen by Dr. Morehead. 
 "It is not pretended," he said, " that there is any diffi- 
 
EAELY YEARS. ^ 
 
 culty in repeating to the native student the facts of 
 anatomy, chemistry, materia medica, or the principles of 
 the practice of medicine, as taught in the European schools. 
 This is a task sufficiently simple, but, let its success be 
 as unbounded as its most sanguine advocates could desire, 
 still it may be contended that more is required before the 
 gift of medical science to the people of this country be 
 raised to its full value. These views, if just, do not tend 
 to sanction delay, but to urge the necessity of study on 
 the part of the medical teacher, and, further, to show 
 that there is scope not merely for the operations of suc- 
 cessful imitation, but also for the adaptations of original 
 genius." He thought that there should be a special 
 modification of the principles of practice to suit the cir- 
 cumstances of the native practitioners, and he preferred 
 for Indian medical students, and for Indian medical 
 science generally, the old-fashioned method of medical 
 enquiry which began with the study of the effects of 
 external agencies on health, instead of the more modern 
 mode, which, relying chiefly on morbid anatomy, seeks, 
 to rise from a knowledge of the ultimate phenomena of 
 disease to the more general knowledge of their initiatory 
 laws. The warning, so fully realised in his work afterwards, 
 is repeated, that " to be slavish imitators of the doctrines 
 and systems of European schools is to show that we do 
 not estimate our position here at its true value to science." 
 The remarks in this preface which are here alluded to, 
 were, to some extent, a forecast of the method of in- 
 struction which Dr. Morehead actually established after- 
 wards at the Grant Medical College, but, before the time 
 came for the founding of that institution, he was to 
 make himself still more qualified for the work by en- 
 gaging in another educational movement in the Bombay 
 Presidency, from which he undoubtedly gained great ex- 
 
10 CHARLES MOEEHEAD. 
 
 perience and knowledge of the average mental capacities of 
 the natives, and of their character and modes of training. 
 In 1840 Dr. Morehead was appointed Secretary to the 
 newly-created Board of Education. The first two Reports, 
 issued while he was Secretary, show the work done by the 
 Board, and their principles of action. Almost every edu- 
 cational institution in the Presidency seems to have been 
 inspected and described, even to the details of its history; 
 improvements of every sort were carried out or recom- 
 mended ; inefficient masters were remanded to normal 
 schools for instruction ; vernacular class-books, in which 
 many schools had hitherto been starved, were supplied 
 more abundantly, and more cheaply ; and new translations 
 into the native dialects were made where such were 
 wanted. In all this, a sound education was the main 
 object. But Dr. Morehead and his colleagues would not 
 have the education given by Government thought lightly 
 of. There was danger of a kind of demoralization arising 
 from the very eagerness of Government to extend educa- 
 tion, an eagerness which the Board found had been often 
 taken advantage of. Districts had petitioned for schools 
 without really requiring them, without being able or 
 willing to make full use of them ; and public money had 
 thus been wasted in one direction, which might have been 
 profitably employed in another. Tests were, therefore, 
 wanted to distinguish the deserving from the undeserv- 
 ing, and these the Board tried to impose, by requiring 
 that suitable school-houses should be built and kept in 
 repair at the expense of the surrounding districts, and by 
 exacting small fees from any student to whom this pay- 
 ment was no serious hardship. This, which was a very 
 considerable change from old conditions, seems to have 
 been successful, and to have afforded the best " means of 
 testing whether the liberal intentions of Government 
 
EARLY YEARS. 11 
 
 were met by corresponding sincerity on the part of people 
 who petitioned for schools." 
 
 Perhaps the most interesting feature of the policy of 
 the Board of Education, while Dr. Morehead was Secre- 
 tary, was their effort to obtain the co-operation of the 
 local magnates and influential men in support of the 
 various schools throughout the Presidency. It was an 
 attempt, successfully made, to inaugurate a policy of 
 local self-government in India, so far, at least, as re- 
 garded this one class of national institutions. And the 
 arguments by which the Board recommended the con- 
 stitution of local school committees were not unlike those 
 now put forward by Lord Ripon and his adherents in favour 
 of the municipal and district committees of their last 
 Local Self-Government measure. It was hoped by this 
 means to relieve the officers of Government from some of 
 their cares and labours of supervision, which might be 
 undertaken more effectually by the voluntary co-operation 
 ■of the members of the new committees, and at the same 
 time to awaken a more general interest in questions con- 
 nected with education.'* 
 
 The second Eeport of the Board, issued under Dr. 
 Morehead's auspices, is dated the olst March 1843 ; and 
 on the day before, that is, the 30th of March 1843, the 
 foundation stone was laid of an institution which was to 
 give a most important addition to the highest department 
 of education in Bombay, an institution which was closely 
 connected with the remainder of Dr. Morehead's life, and 
 which owed to him, in great measure, its birth and final 
 success, and was named after the Governor of the Pre- 
 sidency, that is, Grant Medical College. 
 
 * Tlie views of the Board, and a summary of their work, may 
 be seen in an extract from their second Report, which will be 
 found as Appendix L, at the end of this Memoir. 
 
12 CHAKLES MOEEHEAD. 
 
 CHAPTEK IT. 
 
 GRANT MEDICAL COLLEGE AND ITS FIEST 
 PRINCirAL. 
 
 Early in 1838, while he was Secretary to the Board 
 of Education, l>r. Morehead received an offer from the 
 Grovernor to accompany Sir Alexander Burnes on his 
 second mission to Afghanistan. This is referred to in 
 the following interesting extract from a letter written by 
 Dr. Morehead on the occasion of the late Afghan war of 
 1878:— 
 
 " This is a miserable business, this Afghan complica- 
 tion. Of course, a slap on the face may not be quietly 
 accepted ; but, as to the wisdom of holding up your 
 cheek to the smiter, there may be two opinions. How it 
 carries me back to the former ^asco ! I remember form- 
 ing one of a small group of listeners around Alexander 
 Burnes in the Government House at Malabar Point, when 
 he was under orders to proceed to Cabul as Envoy to 
 counteract the schemes of the Russian Envoy who was 
 there. He said, alluding to his previous journey, which 
 had made him a lion, * I am going now with different 
 objects ; to work, not to produce effect,' or something to 
 that purpose. Sir Eubert Grant proposed to me ta 
 accompany him as medical officer. I declined, saying 
 
GRANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 13 
 
 that my ambition did not lie in that direction, and that I 
 ■did not possess the requisite qualifications. He asked 
 me then to name someone else. I named Lord, who had 
 lately arrived with introductions from Spring Rice, 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time. Lord went, 
 and you know the end. He was appointed one of the 
 Political Assistants — active and energetic. He was killed 
 leading a cavalry charge in one of the border raids." 
 
 On this occasion, as always, Dr. Morehead, understand- 
 ing his own powers, put aside, without regret, what to 
 another might have been a strong temj^tation to enter a 
 more promising and brilliant employment. Practice in 
 his own profession, work in his own department, and zeal 
 on behalf of medical education, were not so likely to lead 
 to fame and early honours as the special duties of poli- 
 tical missions. But mere honour and fame were never 
 objects of Dr. Morehead' s ambition ; rather did he limit 
 his desires to his own profession, wishing both to perfect 
 himself as a physician — and his ideal of the perfect 
 physician was peculiarly high — and to aid in raising the 
 profession to which he belonged to the loftiest standard 
 of purity and intelligence of which it was capable. For 
 realising these ambitions there were, of course, more 
 opportunities in Bombay, than he could have found if he 
 had embarked on a political career. And his opportunity 
 was not long in coming. Even when this offer was made 
 him, the new scheme of medical education in Bombay was 
 already taking shape, which developed afterwards into 
 the Grant College, of which Dr. Morehead was the first 
 Principal, having been one of the most active and 
 influential in establishing it. It is not alleged that but 
 for Dr. Morehead medical education could not or would 
 not have been established in Western India, though, but 
 for his co-operation, its introduction might have been 
 
14 CHAKLES MOKEHEAD. 
 
 considerably delayed and its final success might have 
 been very different. 
 
 Grant Medical College was not the first medical school 
 founded in India. It was established more than ten 
 years later than the one in Calcutta, which had already 
 attained considerable success ; and the Madras Medical 
 School also preceded Grant College by some years. Even 
 in Bombay itself, a Medical School — the earliest of its 
 kind in India — had been instituted by the Government 
 under Mr. Elphinstone, though, after six years of unsatis- 
 factory existence, it had been abolished when Lord Clare 
 was Governor. Though some men of more special know- 
 ledge and insight could see that this failure had been 
 due to accidental defects of the particular institution, yet 
 the fact that a medical school had been tried and found 
 wanting had discouraged the whole educational move- 
 ment in Bombay, and many men of position and experi- 
 ence boldly declared that the time had not yet come 
 when an Indian medical profession in the Bombay 
 Presidency could be hoped for, and that any attempt to 
 introduce thorough medical education among the natives 
 was for the time impracticable. It need hardly be said 
 that Dr. Morehead was not among these pessimists. By 
 his representations to Government, and especially by the 
 Report of a Committee of the Bombay Medical and 
 Physical Society, which he, as Secretary, drafted and 
 forwarded to Government; he proved that the previous 
 failure of the Bombay Medical School was not a proper 
 cause for discouragement, as it had been due to inherent 
 defects in that institution ; defects which its Principal, 
 Dr. McLennan,* had at the time pointed out to Govern- 
 
 * The character and career of Dr. McLennan are spoken of in 
 an address by Dr. Morehead, at Grant Medical College in 1857, 
 announcing the endowment of a new scholarship and medal, as 
 
GEANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 15 
 
 ment, but Grovernment had declined to remedy ; lie 
 referred to successes at Calcutta and Madras, to show 
 that there was a demand for native practitioners trained 
 on European principles. Moreover, the indigenous me- 
 dical systems of India were such a crying abuse that 
 another experiment, even more precarious, would be justi- 
 fiable. For the native practice of medicine was, indeed^ 
 a glaring blemish in the midst of a government profess-^ 
 ing enlightenment. To Dr. Morehead " the demoralizing 
 effects of the irrational, superstitious, and, too often, 
 criminal empiricism, which so often prevailed," demanded 
 immediate treatment ; and, without doubt, if the reports- 
 
 the results of a public subscription, to preserve the memory of 
 Dr. McLennan in Bombay. " There is," he said, " a natural pro- 
 priety in desiring to preserve, in connection with a Medical 
 College, the memory of a physician of rare endowment and 
 sagacity, and there is a moral propriety in desiring to kee^^ ever 
 before the minds of our Indian graduates, the bright example of 
 one in whom the moral and intellectual qualities which dignify 
 the profession of medicine, were blended in admirable harmony ; 
 in whom firmness was tempered by tenderness, patience, and 
 charity ; in whom quick perception was regulated by sound and 
 cautious judgment ; and who in all the relations of life was 
 guided by high principles of honour and integrity. But there is a 
 special propriety in associating the name of McLennan with 
 Grant Medical College. As Member of the Board of Education, 
 he strengthened the hands of the Principal by support, steady, 
 generous, and confiding. As Government Examiner, he fixed the 
 standard of diploma with judgment and equity, and threw around 
 the crowning act of the success of the College the halo of his own 
 great professional reputation." On Dr. McLennan's retirement 
 in 1855, after thirty-four years' service, the Governor in Council 
 recorded his -''high sense of the long and meritorious services 
 of this eminently able and zealous medical officer, who has 
 throughout his career been honourably distinguished by devoted 
 and successful endeavours to promote the public interests in every 
 position he has occupied " ; adverting with " peculiar satisfac- 
 tion," " specially to the unvaried zeal and ability by which his 
 labours in the cause of native medical education have been 
 characterized." On Dr. McLennan's death in 1874, at the age of 
 seventy-three, a graceful notice in memory of him was written for 
 private circulation among his friends, by Dr. Morehead. 
 
16 CHAELES MOEEHEAD. 
 
 of the time were to be believed, there was something; 
 ludicrous, if it had not been terrible, in the indigenous 
 systems. Surgery, it seems, was an art of which the 
 native practitioners were wholly ignorant, nor did they 
 attempt any except the most elementary operations ; and 
 no wonder, considering that their traditional notions of 
 anatomy were not based on any real knowledge, but on 
 some wholly untrue theories as to the proportions and 
 numbers of the parts of the human body. Their medical 
 practice was almost as unscientific. Some were mineral 
 doctors, using mineral remedies only ; others patronized 
 nothing but vegetables for effecting their cures. One 
 practitioner, who had the largest custom in one of the 
 largest towns of Western India, was reported to have 
 been in the habit of prescribing rubies and pearls ground 
 to powder to strengthen the heart ; and all were wont 
 to supplement their prescriptions by charms, amulets, 
 and incantations ; and, when their drugs produced no 
 cure, or, rather, aggravated the patient's disorder, they 
 were seldom at a loss to attribute their failure to op- 
 posing influences of supernatural agents. Besides, the 
 customary education of these native practitioners was by 
 no means such as could raise the profession, if it can be 
 so called, from these depths of ignorance and super- 
 stition. The education of the most learned Brahmin 
 Weid or Mussulman Hakeem consisted in observing the 
 practice of some friend or relation (usually of his own 
 father, for the profession was, to a great extent, heredi- 
 tary), and in perusing portions of the Shastras, and of 
 some other medical books of little value, drawn from 
 Arabic sources; but even these sources of information 
 were not always available to would-be practitioners. 
 Some had never found the opportunity of apprenticing 
 themselves to older doctors, others were without the 
 
GKANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. l7 
 
 books referred to, or were unable to read them when ac- 
 quired. Still the most utter absence of education was 
 often insufficient to prevent these men from setting up 
 as independent practitioners, or the sick from resorting to 
 them. The margin of ignorance could be, and always 
 was, well filled in with superstitious practices and im- 
 postures. There were, indeed, some real remedies, chiefly 
 consisting in herbs and simples, which were known to 
 the best-trained native doctors ; but these were few and, 
 with hardly an exception, already included in, though 
 forming but a small part of, the materia medica of our 
 European schools. 
 
 Under these circumstances, was it wonderful that Dr. 
 Morehead, who had always a high ideal of his own pro- 
 fession, was most anxious to begin to introduce a change? 
 The failure of the earlier medical school in Bombay was 
 not to him, or to the Committee of the Bombay Medical 
 and Physical Society appointed to report to Government 
 on this subject, an argument against offering a scientific 
 medical education to the natives of Western India, but 
 only a proof that it should be offered in fuller measure 
 than before. There had been five chief defects in the 
 earlier college which would have to be avoided in any new 
 institution. Sir Robert Grant, following the lines of the 
 Medical and Physical Society's Eeport, thus states them 
 in his able minute.* Firstly, instruction had been given 
 in the vernaculars of Hindustanee and Mahratta, though 
 in the former there were only a few meagre translations 
 of European medical tracts, and in the latter absolutely 
 none ; secondly, the previous training of the students had 
 been insufficient, most of them on entering the school 
 showing only a moderate knowledge of their own ver- 
 
 * Dated, March 1838. 
 
18 CHAELES MOEEHEAD. 
 
 naculars, and a slight acquaintance with arithmetic ; 
 thirdly, in the college course the study of practical ana- 
 tomy had been altogether omitted ; fourthly, the con- 
 trolling body, consisting of a fluctuating Medical Board, 
 not appointed with special reference to their qualifica- 
 tions for this duty, were ill-adapted for the management 
 of the institution ; and, lastly, as there had been no hos- 
 pital attached to the school, practical training of the 
 students was impossible, and how, then, could it be ex- 
 pected that efficient practitioners would be the outcome of 
 the college course ? With these objections to the old 
 school before him. Sir Robert Grant was " of opinion that 
 a seminary should be established for the education of 
 natives, with a view to qualify them for the practice of 
 medicine and surgery ; that the pupils should, however, 
 possess a considerable amount of preparatory education ; 
 that the several branches of medical knowledge should be 
 thoroughly taught in the seminary, the medium of in- 
 struction being the English language ; that the practical 
 study of anatomy should be particularly, though with 
 judgment and caution, enforced ; and that a hospital for 
 natives, and also a vaccination department, should, in 
 some way or other, be connected with the establishment.'* 
 Again, with respect to the final object of the school, this 
 minute quotes, with approval. Dr. Morehead's view that 
 it should be " the education of natives, to fit them for the 
 useful and safe practice of surgery and medicine, and not 
 the training of the hospital servants of the State," It 
 had been, in fact, a half-hearted desire to create an inde- 
 pendent native medical profession, and, at the same time, 
 to train a class of hospital apprentices and subordinate 
 attendants in Government dispensaries, which had helped 
 to shipwreck the former school, and, to shun this rock in 
 the future, the sole aim was to be the nobler one of 
 
GEANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 19 
 
 bringing into existence a profession of native doctors 
 which should, some day, rival the professional bodies of 
 Europe.* 
 
 This elaborate minute of the Grovernor's, which became 
 afterwards a sort of charter of the Grant Medical Colleere, 
 was one of his last official acts before his early death, 
 which took place on the 9th of July 1838. On the 28th 
 of July, a meeting was held to adopt measures for pre- 
 serving his memory in Bombay, at which it was resolved 
 that there was a peculiar propriety in commemorating 
 Sir Robert G-rant in connection with the cause of education 
 of the natives, of which he was the enlightened friend, 
 the eloquent advocate, and the liberal patron and sup- 
 porter ; and, farther, that on condition that the Medical 
 College, so ably planned and so zealously advocated by 
 Sir Eobert Grant, be established and bear his name, the 
 fund be applied, under the direction of a committee to be 
 nominated by the meeting, to the erection of a suitable 
 buildino; for that seminarv, or the foundation of scholar- 
 ships, to be conferred, after public competition, on its 
 most deserving pupils. The subscriptions amounted to 
 Rs. 44,800, to which the Court of Directors agreed to add 
 an equal sum for the construction of suitable and hand- 
 some college buildings ; also, about the same time, a new 
 Native General Hospital, on a large scale, was erected in 
 Bombay, thanks to the liberality of that most patriotic 
 citizen. Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, who gave Rs. 1,00,000 
 for that purpose, on condition that the East India Com- 
 pany should expend an equal sum, which they consented 
 to do. It thus happened that the Medical College and 
 New Hospital were constructed about the same time, and 
 
 * The above remarks are based on records at the India Office, 
 consulted by permission. 
 
 2 * 
 
20 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 in close connection with each other, so that, at the open- 
 ing of the College, the instructors and students found 
 ready at hand an abundant field of observation and 
 practical training. With a view to making the arrange- 
 ments of the College and Hospital as suitable as possible, 
 Dr. Morehead was constantly on the spot supervising the 
 work of construction, and was, throughout, a most useful 
 assistant to the architect, until, finally, he received both 
 buildings under his own charge, as Superintendent of 
 the College and of the Hospital. To the European 
 General Hospital, which was a separate institution. Dr. 
 Morehead had been appointed Assistant-Surgeon in 1838. 
 
 The foundation stone of Grant Medical College was 
 laid on the 30th of March 1843, on which occasion the 
 Bishop of Calcutta delivered an address in eulogy of the 
 late Governor, and, speaking of the College, said that 
 he was persuaded that if it were possible for their late 
 beloved friend to know what they were engaged in, he 
 would infinitely prefer the practical and humane memo- 
 rial to his name of such an institution, to the barren 
 renown of a monumental pile. 
 
 It was not till October 1845 that the new buildings 
 passed from the charge of the architect to that of the 
 Superintendent, Dr. Morehead. But after this, there was 
 no further delay ; the entrance examination of the 
 students was held on the 20th of the same month, and 
 the first lectures were delivered on the 1st of November 
 1845. 
 
 So much it has been necessary to say with respect to 
 the history of medical education in Bombay previous to 
 the opening of Grant Medical College, in order to bring 
 out in clearer outline the chief work of Dr. Morehead's 
 life, as Principal of Grant Medical College. It was not 
 only that the system of education, which shall presently 
 
GKANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 21 
 
 be described, was sound, well adapted to its purpose, and 
 to a great extent original, but that the one aim to 
 which this system of education was but a means, 
 namely, the creating of a native medical profession, with 
 the same high qualities which distinguish the medical 
 profession in England, was never lost sight of. It was 
 not the immediate success of his school which Dr. More- 
 head was most anxious to secure, but the advancement 
 of medical science in India, and the substitution of a 
 scientific medical practice in the place of the evil em- 
 piricism of the native practitioners. It was, he con- 
 sidered, only in proportion as these objects were effected 
 that the school itself could be reckoned successful. 
 
 Now, the Grant College once opened, every detail of its 
 arrangements, and its whole method of instruction, were 
 planned and mainly executed by Dr. Morehead ; so that, 
 by describing certain features of its system of educa- 
 tion, may be best shown his views regarding medical 
 education, as well as his powers of organization. The 
 descriptions shall be, as far as possible, in his own 
 words, taken from the early Reports of the College while 
 it was under his charge. 
 
 As Secretary of the Medical and Physical Society, in 
 a passage already quoted, Dr. Morehead had stated his 
 opinion that to be slavish imitators of the doctrines and 
 systems of European schools, would be to show that men 
 did not estimate their position in India at its true 
 value to science ; and now that he was himself in a po- 
 sition to determine the course of instruction, he proved 
 himself to be no " slavish imitator " of foreign methods. 
 He took as his model neither the European schools of 
 his early exj)erience, nor the Bengal College, which he 
 paid a special visit to Calcutta to study before Grant 
 College was opened ; but he wished rather to set an ex- 
 
9,9 
 
 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 ample which these other schools might in some respects 
 follow to their own advantage.* Fortunately, his con- 
 nection with the Board of Education had given him a 
 just knowledge of the standard of education in Indian 
 schools, and a true appreciation of the character and 
 intellectual capabilities of the natives ; and it was by 
 the light of the knowledge thus attained, and by a 
 regard to the causes of the failure of the earlier Bom- 
 bay Medical College, rather than in a spirit of copying, 
 that he determined the system of instruction which made 
 Grant College a success. 
 
 The chief feature of the Grant College education, in 
 virtue of which it was, from the outset, far in advance 
 of any other medical school of the time, was the careful 
 imparting to the students of practical instruction at the 
 bedside of the sick. And on this point Dr. Morehead 
 thus writes in one of his early Eeports : " And now I 
 would observe that success cannot be said to attend the 
 efforts made by the Indian Government to establish 
 medical education, unless the graduates, on leaving the 
 schools, are qualified for the safe and successful prac- 
 tice of medicine aud surgery. If they are so, they will, 
 in a reasonable time, acquire the confidence of the com- 
 munity, aud be preferred to irregular and unqualified 
 practitioners. This is the true test of instruction fol- 
 lowed in our Indian medical schools. ... It cannot be 
 too frequently inculcated, more particularly on the non- 
 professional public, that the mind may be stored with 
 
 * That Dr. Morehead himself hoped such might be the result 
 is shown from a statement in one of his Reports, that " he had 
 placed on record the details of a most important department of 
 medical instruction, with the hope that it might be of use to the 
 teachers in the schools of Great Britain, and other countries, in 
 many of which clinical instruction is undoubtedly defective." 
 
GRANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 23 
 
 facts of chemistry and anatomy, physiology and materia 
 medica, and yet be a perfect blank as regards that kind of 
 knowledge which fits for the safe practice of the art of 
 medicine. This fitness can only be acquired by actual, 
 patient, and continuous observation of disease, and of the 
 action of remedies at the bedside of the sick, and by ap- 
 plying to these, in their proper place and order, the neces- 
 sary facts previously acquired of the elementary branches 
 of medical science which have just been named. It is to 
 this that the term clinical instruction is applied. Upon 
 the manner in which it is conducted, the usefulness and 
 efficiency of a medical school mainly depend. 
 
 " It has already been observed that medical schools 
 in Europe are frequently defective in this important part 
 of education ; yet there are very many excellent practi- 
 tioners of medicine in these countries. The truth is that 
 they acquire their practical knowledge, not by the cliniciil 
 training of teachers, but by self clinical education, either 
 when students, or after they have left the schools, and 
 been pronounced qualified to practice medicine. 
 
 " Though it be true, then, that the profession of me- 
 dicine can never, as a whole, occupy its proper position 
 in a country nnless the system of education and test 
 examination be sound in principle and honestly con- 
 ducted, still, it is equally true that, however perfect the 
 system of collegiate discipline may be, the profession 
 can never reach its most advanced state unless there 
 be an after course of persevering and patient education 
 on the part of its followers. 
 
 " The spirit that leads to this may, no doubt, to some 
 extent be excited and encouraged by the example and 
 precepts of those who are engaged in collegiate instruc- 
 tion, and by the institution of societies for self -improve- 
 ment ; but these means will not go far towards forming 
 
24 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 a body of matured, conscientious, and scientific medical 
 practitioners, unless they are brought to bear on minds 
 humble, industrious, and impressed with a sense of re- 
 sponsibility." 
 
 Ample means were provided for clinical instruction 
 of the few students at this time, by the Jamsetjee Je- 
 jeebhoy Hospital, already mentioned, which was adapted 
 to accommodate 240 males and 60 females, and where 
 the numbers annually treated were 3,700 in-patients and 
 5,400 dispensary out-patients. Two wards were set apart 
 as clinical medical and clinical surgical wards, for which 
 the professors of medicine and surgery respectively daily 
 selected, from the patients admitted into the hosj)ital, 
 those whose cases were most appropriate for the instruc- 
 tion of the students. These wards were daily visited by 
 the professor and students, and the instruction lasted for 
 not less than an hour. It must, however, be remembered 
 that systematic instruction at the bedside was much more 
 feasible at the Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Hospital than it 
 would be in a London Hospital, for the reason that the 
 instruction upon the case was given in English, which the 
 patients, with hardly an exception, did not understand.* 
 
 His system is thus described in a Report : " By means 
 
 * This advantage was fully appreciated and constantly referred 
 to by Dr. Morehead ; while he considered that the difficulty in 
 England of medical instruction in the hearing of the patients was 
 to be got over by a large use of technical terms not generally 
 understood. In a letter to a friend, in 1873, he writes : " I see 
 that much of medical novelty consists in new words. I do not 
 object to this, because I observe that it must be specially useful in 
 clinical teaching, as admitting of much being said before the 
 patient that would hardly be admissible if expressed in language 
 intelligible to the patient. Laennec's bedside remarks were in 
 Latin ; with Indian patients — natives — English does very well ; 
 but with English patients, if you do not use Latin, a large in- 
 fusion of technical terms is necessary." 
 
GRANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 25 
 
 of conversation, explanation, interrogation, the attention 
 of the students has been kept more fixed and interested, 
 and their powers of observation and reflection more 
 carefully exercised. These objects, most important to 
 keep in view in the education of all youth, are more espe- 
 cially necessary in regard to those who have not had the 
 advantage of that early mental discipline and training 
 which is the privilege of the young of the educated 
 classes of other countries." 
 
 And, to help the students to carry out a plan of case-^ 
 taking 8jnd reporting, which was required of them. Dr. 
 Morehead drew up, for their use, a memorandum of hints- 
 in which, as he says, " he endeavoured, on the one hand, 
 to guard against superficial and careless observation, and,, 
 on the other, to avoid a system which aims at minuteness 
 and variety of detail beyond the capacity of many 
 students, and not compatible with the circumstances of 
 ordinary medical practice ; and which, moreover, I cannot 
 help thinking, tends to withdraw the attention of ordi- 
 nary minds from the prominent points of a case and to fix 
 it on subsidiary and, as regards treatment, unimportant 
 detail. I would not, however, wish to be supposed, from 
 these observations, to undervalue the patient and miiiuto 
 investigation of disease. I merely desire to express my 
 belief that the system in question is not the best suited 
 for the general purposes of useful clinical instruction, or 
 the capacity of the great body of medical students and 
 medical practitioners." 
 
 And, with reference to the clinical instruction at Grant 
 College, Dr. Morehead was most careful to impart to the 
 students a gentle and sympathetic manner in dealing with 
 patients. " I have always felt it," he says, " to be part 
 of the duty of a clinical teacher to take care that the 
 manner of those engaged with the sick, and all the ar- 
 
26 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 range ments relative to tlieir treatment, should be charac- 
 terised by a spirit of humanity, by a strict regjard for 
 their feelings, and a reasonable regard for their pre- 
 judices. 
 
 " The teacher must, therefore, be watchful of his own 
 manner and bearing towards the sick. It has been my 
 practice to require the students to examine and interro- 
 gate the patients before me, not only with the view of 
 instructing them in the right method of observing, but 
 also with that of correcting defects in their general 
 manner and bearing towards the sick. 
 
 " This observance, trifling though to some it may seem, 
 is not an unimportant part of clinical instruction, for its 
 tendency is practically to inculcate the importance of a 
 much neglected part of medical practice — I mean the 
 treatment and management of the mind of the patient. 
 Inattention to this duty has done much to lessen the 
 efficiency of the regular practitioner of medicine, and 
 attention to it may explain, to a certain extent, the success 
 that may attend the arts of the empiric." 
 
 Dr. Morehead's own manner towards his patients was 
 most gentle, courteous, and humane, and he was most 
 particular that the students of Grant College should not 
 by their bearing dishonour the reputation of the College. 
 Once, when it came to his knowledge that a clinical clerk 
 had positively ill-treated a patient in the hospital, he 
 forbad his ever having again the responsibilities of clinical 
 clerk or attendant in the hospital, and was hardly dis- 
 suaded from altogether dismissing the offender from the 
 College. 
 
 Beside these qualities of the heart. Dr. Morehead was 
 endowed by nature with extreme delicacy of touch, which 
 became especially useful to him when he was required to 
 handle the sick. And in his teaching, as in practice, he 
 
GBANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 27 
 
 was wont to lay great stress on gentle and careful 
 nursing. True to bis Scottish temperament, he also dis- 
 played in his own practice, and required, with inflexible 
 •sternness, of his pupils, and, it may be added, of his 
 colleagues and subordinates, strict regularity. There is a 
 story related by Dr. G-iraud, the first Professor of Che- 
 mistry and Materia Medica, who was also afterwards 
 Principal of the College, that, having one day, owing 
 to urgent business, been a few minutes late for lec- 
 ture, he received a letter from Dr. Morehead, saying 
 that no private business, however urgent, should inter- 
 fere with lectures, and Dr. Giraud added that from that 
 time he never missed one. " The regularity of Professors 
 here," he said, " has been traditional." 
 
 Such regularity and discipline Dr. Morehead could not 
 have exacted of his colleagues, had he not conformed to 
 yet stricter rules himself. One of his successors at a later 
 time described him as an enthusiast ; and so he was, if 
 enthusiasm means a man's giving up his whole energies 
 "to the cause he has in hand. Between the College and 
 Hospital almost all his day was spent ; nor at night was 
 he ever altogether unexpected in the Hospital, where he 
 often came, at any hour of the night, when he thought 
 that any patient was entering a critical period of his 
 disease, or because he wished to see whether the Hospital 
 attendants were punctual in dispensing the medicines 
 which it was necessary for the patients to receive at 
 stated times. By thus himself seeing, however great the 
 inconvenience, that every rule was carried out, and every 
 arrangement satisfactory, he infused a spirit of energy 
 •a,nd zeal into the whole body of students, especially as 
 his colleagues, of whom the first were Dr. Peet and Dr. 
 Giraud, cordially co-operated in all his efforts. Dr. 
 McLennan, Member of the Board of Education, in re- 
 
28 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 porting to Government on the question of addioL; two- 
 new Professors of Midwifery and Jurisprudence to the 
 College staff, wrote : " No one who has had the oppor- 
 tunity, which I have enjoyed, of seeing the great weight 
 of duty which presses on all these officers, and who has 
 witnessed, as I have done, the unwearied industry and 
 attention with which their most important avocations 
 are performed, can come to any other conclusion than 
 that no amount of assiduity or diligence can enable them 
 to compass more than they now perform," 
 
 The clinical instruction at Grant College lasted for not 
 less than two years for each student ; and, undoubtedly,, 
 the praise of originating a systematic and thorough 
 course of practical instruction and examination at the bed- 
 side of the sick belongs to Dr. Morehead, and it was owing 
 to this cause that the graduates of the College were from 
 the very first so well qualified to practise their profession,, 
 and procured for the Grant College a sound reputation. 
 
 In April 1851, the first batch of graduates, having 
 passed the examination satisfactorily, received diplomas; 
 and it must have been gratifying to Dr. Morehead on this 
 occasion to receive the congratulations of the Hon. Sir 
 Erskine Perry, Member of Council, who presided on this 
 occasion. " For myself," he said, " individually, I cannot 
 describe the interest with which I have watched the 
 progress of this experiment during many years past, 
 nor the admiration which I have felt at the exertions 
 displayed by the gentlemen employed in conducting it. 
 . . . We have heard from the Principal who the distin- 
 guished statesman was who called this institution into 
 life ; and there is nothing so insignificant a person as 
 myself can say that will add to the reputation of Sir 
 Robert Grant. His fine intellect, comprehensive mind, 
 and wide philanthropy are well known to the community ;. 
 
GEANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 29 
 
 l)ut it may be observed, that, if an inertness of tempera- 
 ment was sometimes ascribed to him, it never had a 
 place in any of his labours connected with this College. 
 . . . But the name of another individual it is my duty 
 to bring forward, without whose persevering exertions 
 and steady enthusiasm, concealed under the calmest de- 
 meanour, the statesman -like views of Sir Robert Grant 
 might never have been realised. Of the Principal of 
 this College, of the zealous, thoughtful, benevolent, 
 earnest Dr. Morehead, it is difficult to speak in his pre- 
 sence as I could desire, and as his merits dictate. His 
 own modest and retiring nature would desire that his 
 name should pass unnoticed, and I feel satisfied that a 
 sufficiently rich reward he finds, for all the painful hours, 
 the laborious years, he has spent in connection with this 
 institution, in the innate satisfaction he must feel in 
 witnessing the complete success which has crowned his 
 exertions. But society has a duty to perform in signal- 
 ling with its approbation the man who has rendered it 
 meritorious service, and this duty is performed all the 
 more cheerfully when such service is perceived to have 
 been bestowed, as in the present instance, wholly with- 
 out ostentation, without the slightest reference to sel- 
 fish emoluments, or mere popular applause. Dr. More- 
 head has been most ably seconded by the colleagues 
 whom Government has associated with him in these 
 duties. But I am confident that in the language which 
 I have been employing, I shall be considered, both by 
 these colleagues and by all who are acquainted with the 
 workings of this College from its commencement, rather 
 to understate the praise which is due from his perse- 
 vering, judicious, and enthusiastic labours. I ought not, 
 however, to omit, what I am satisfied from my observation 
 must be the case, that, in his relation to these young 
 
30 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 men whom I see before me, his spirit of justice, mild 
 demeanour, and parental attention to their interests have 
 obtained for him a permanent position in their grateful 
 bosoms, which, I trust, no lapse of time or change of 
 situation will obliterate." 
 
 The remarks just quoted, with which the extract from 
 Sir Erskine Perry's speech concludes, point to another 
 marked characteristic of the Grant College in its early 
 years, namely, the students' affectionate regard for the 
 professors, which was due to their knowledge that the 
 professors were ever ready and anxious to help them. 
 Their regard for Dr. Morehead was especially strongs 
 as was proved by the way in which his memory was 
 revered many a year after he had left India, and by the 
 frank and grateful tone in which several of his old 
 pupils corresponded with him after his return to Eng- 
 land. Naturally reserved as he was. Dr. Morehead had 
 touch, as it were, of his pupils. Only provided that 
 they were trying to use their opportunities at Grant Col- 
 lege well, he was willing to put himself to any incon- 
 venience and trouble in behalf of their interests ; and 
 because they knew by his words and acts that this was so, 
 they confided in him willingly. If, on the other hand, 
 there had been want of effort on the students' part, 
 Dr. Morehead was as careful to show his displeasure ; 
 while, if any principle of the College rules had been vio- 
 lated, little allowance was made for the offender's weak- 
 ness. The College discipline was, undoubtedly, severe^ 
 but it was not resented, because, in whatever concerned 
 their real interests, the students aj:)preciated the Prin- 
 cipal's patience, kindness, courtesy, and generosity. There 
 was in him, too, a calm and sustained enthusiasm for his 
 work and his profession, by which he succeeded in in- 
 spiring the early students with somewhat of the same 
 
GEANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 31 
 
 spirit, all the more remarkable because esprit cle corps^ 
 is not a feeling which is commonly found in Indian 
 schools or similar institutions. 
 
 This esprit cle corps which existed among the students, 
 Dr. Morehead was anxious should be maintained among: 
 the graduates ; and he hoped that it might develop into 
 an esprit de corps of the new medical profession in India. 
 It was necessary, then, that there should be some more 
 visible bond of union between the members of the pro- 
 fession ; and, accordingly, as soon as ever some half-dozen 
 graduates had received their diplomas, he inaugurated a 
 Medical Society, the account of which he thus gives in his 
 Eeport for 1851-2 : — " He takes a very narrow and errone- 
 ous view of the j^urposes of education who would limit them 
 to the communication of a certain circle of knowledge. We 
 here cannot thus regard the subject ; we cannot feel that our 
 duties and responsibilities towards you have been accom- 
 plished by merely teaching you facts of chemistry, ana- 
 tomy, physiology, pathology, materia medica ; we have, to 
 the best of our ability, to discipline your mind to atten- 
 tive observation, reflection, recollection, reasoning ; and 
 we do so, not only that you may be the better able to 
 acquire, arrange, and trace the relations of the facts of 
 these sciences, whilst you are students here, but because 
 we know that, after you have left these halls, and become 
 engaged in the busy scenes of active life, each act of your 
 professional career to be useful must involve attentive 
 observation, recollection, and reasoning. 
 
 " This discipline of mind, then, is of paramount im- 
 portance to you all ; it cannot be urged too strongly, too- 
 often upon your attention. It is true that while you are 
 students here, the opportunities of impressing these prin- 
 ciples upon you are of frequent occurrence, but I cannot 
 conceal from myself that when you go forth into active 
 
32 CHAELES MOEEHEAD. 
 
 life, and associate with those who have Dot enjoyed ad- 
 vantages similar to yourselves, that the temptation will 
 be great to lapse into idleness ; and this is an additional 
 reason why we are desirous that you should leave the 
 College not only well grounded in medical science and 
 art, but also well armed with good and steady habits and 
 firm resolves ; nor am I without hope that, with the view 
 ■of counteracting these adverse influences to which you 
 may be exposed, we shall be able to devise some means of 
 correspondence and intercourse, by which your connec- 
 tion with your teachers may be in some degree continued, 
 and your minds maintained in active and attentive in- 
 terests in these our noble and common pursuits." 
 
 " The importance of contriving means of encouraging 
 in the young medical men of India those habits of con- 
 tinued systematic study and accurate observation, without 
 which there can be no successful cultivation of medical 
 science or useful practice of medical art, was felt by my 
 colleagues equally as by myself. We knew that in 
 European countries the institution of societies had done 
 much towards developing and maintaining a spirit of 
 scientific co-operation and of friendly professional inter- 
 course ; and we came to the conclusion that the same 
 means, rightly used, might be made in this country to 
 conduce to the same useful ends. 
 
 " Under these views the Grant College Medical Society 
 has been established. It, in the first instance, has been 
 restricted to the professors and graduates of the Indian 
 colleges ; it has been joined by all the professors and 
 graduates of this College, as well as by Dr. Mouat, the 
 able and indefatigable Secretary of the Bengal Council of 
 Education. Mr. Peel* was elected President; Dr. Coles* 
 
 * Professors of Grant College. 
 
GEANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 33 
 
 and Mr. Bhao Dajee,* Vice-Presidents, and Mr. S. 
 ■Carvalho,* Secretary. 
 
 "After tliese preliminary arrangements had been 
 -effected, the Society was formally opened in the Library 
 of the College in the first week of January last ; on this 
 ■occasion the President delivered a most instructive and 
 impressive address, which has been printed for the use of 
 the members of the Society. Monthly evening meetings 
 take place in the College, when a communication on some 
 medical subject is read and calmly discussed; cases 
 and preparations are then brought forward, and the 
 microscope, when required, is used to assist in their 
 explanations. 
 
 " If this Society be conducted in accordance with the 
 sound and excellent principles inculcated by its Presi- 
 dent, and with the spirit which has characterised its 
 early proceedings, there can be no doubt of its success, 
 both as a means of self-improvement of its members and 
 ■of advancing medical science and practice. But if this 
 spirit pass away, and languor and indifference take 
 possession of us, then the bright visions of the dis- 
 tinguished founder of the College will never be realised ; 
 each succeeding year, it is true, may add to the number 
 of our Indian graduates, but unless there be that after- 
 course of persevering study and self-improvement which 
 the operations of this Society are intended to foster and 
 encourage, then these graduates — I state it as a firm con- 
 viction of my mind — these graduates will never become 
 enlightened cultivators and practitioners of medicine." 
 
 Thus founded, the Grant College Medical Society has 
 been a great success. Its co-operation was very soon 
 solicited by the Medical Board in their efforts to intro- 
 
 * Graduates of Grant College. 
 
34 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 duce the practice of vaccination into Bombay, which was 
 sorely needed considering the great mortality in the city 
 from small-pox, reckoned at more than 4,000 in the 
 years 1848 and 1852.* The papers read before the 
 Society were in many cases of very considerable interest 
 and value, some being afterwards accepted in the Trans- 
 actions of the Medical and Physical Society of Bombay. 
 It is needless to say that Dr. Morehead always continued 
 to give every possible encouragement and aid to this 
 Society. Towards the end of his Indian career he pre- 
 sented a large and valuable collection of books to the 
 Society ; and afterwards, when he was in England, he 
 more than once brought it before the notice of the 
 profession by reviewing at length its Transactions in 
 the Edinburgh Medical Journal. 
 
 The passages already quoted indicate the views regard- 
 ing the medical profession which Dr. Morehead desired to 
 instil into the graduates of Grant College. But still it 
 may be well to give a few extracts from his address, 
 at the presentation of diplomas to the first batch of 
 graduates, which present most clearly his own high views 
 of his profession, and the spirit with which he tried to 
 enforce them on his pupils : 
 
 " You are the first approved and accredited agents in a 
 great work of national amelioration. You are to go forth 
 
 * " In 1854, with the view of co-operating with the Medical Board 
 in extending vaccination in the island of Bombay, they (the 
 graduates) practised it gratuitously in sixteen new stations, in 
 addition to those of Government ; and in order to f amiHarize the 
 natives with the advantages of the discovery of Jenner, 1,500 
 copies in EngUsh, and 10,000 in Marathi and Guzerathi, of a 
 memorandum drawn up by Dr. Morehead (with whom originated 
 the idea), were printed and distributed ; a small sum having been 
 raised among them to defray the expenses." — Extract from the 
 annual Address, by the President, to the Grant College Medical 
 Society, delivered IBth January 1880. 
 
GEANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 35 
 
 armed with great powers of conferring inestimable bene- 
 fits on others, not only in mitigating their physical 
 suffering and soothing their mental anxieties, but also in 
 enlightening and elevating their minds. Should you fail 
 in this great mission, should the expectations of the 
 great and good man whose generous advocacy of the 
 interests of the people of this country has thrown open to 
 you the portals of science, and been the means of placing 
 you in the proud position which you are about to fill ; 
 should these expectations be doomed to disappointment, 
 where will the blame lay P I must not conceal from you 
 that it will be with yourselves. 
 
 " You well know that all human pursuits whose aims 
 are good and useful, rise or fall in their character, 
 according to the intellectual and moral endowments of 
 those by whom they are cultivated. Of no pursuit is this 
 more true than of the profession of medicine. When 
 studied and practised by scientific and conscientious men, 
 it is indeed a noble pursuit. Reflect calmly on its aims, 
 consider its acts, and you will find it impossible to view 
 it in, any other light than this. ... 
 
 " I have been led to make allusion to this, the true 
 point of view from which the profession of medicine 
 should be regarded, rather with the object of suggesting 
 reflections to the mind of those who do not care to think 
 of these things, who do not clearly understand why it is 
 that the art of medicine has been from time to time a 
 favourite theme with the satirist, who fail to perceive that 
 the profession of medicine is brought into relation with 
 human nature in its hours of physical suffering and 
 mental weakness, and that, while this relationshi2> is an 
 arena suitable for the exercise of our best faculties and 
 affections, it is also one most favourable for the dishonest 
 practices of the ignorant pretender. It would be well 
 
 3 * 
 
36 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 were these facts more generally and more clearly borne in 
 mind ; it would tend to a juster appreciation of an 
 honourable and useful profession, and serve to silence 
 the flippant comments of uneducated and unthinking 
 men. 
 
 " There is still a subject to whicli I would invite your 
 attention, and on which I would venture to offer to you a 
 few words of caution. You must carefully guard yourself 
 against feeling disappointment if you do not, so soon as 
 you wish, or perhaps so soon as you deserve, attain to that 
 degree of professional success which the sanguine expecta- 
 tions of youth, or the partial judgment of friends may 
 have led you to anticipate. . . . Never forget that the 
 life of a medical man, if rightly spent, is one of constant 
 study and observation and progressive improvement. 
 Each year as it passes finds him wiser and more capable 
 of performing the important duties of his calling. And 
 this truth, which, rest assured, will in the course of years 
 become a conviction of your own minds, is not unknown 
 to others. Fix these principles in your minds ; never rest 
 satisfied with your acquirements ; always look beyond to 
 some point of knowledge to which you may endeavour to 
 ascend ; and, under the guidance of rules of action such 
 as these, with patience, perseverance, just humility, and 
 integrity, you may be sure that the time will come when 
 your success will equal all just and reasonable expecta- 
 tions." 
 
 The method of medical science which Dr. Morehead 
 was constantly enforcing on his hearers, was the inductive 
 method ; as for the abstract sjDeculations of different 
 medical schools, whether Hindoo, Greek, Arabic, or 
 Modern European, — " Let us," he said, " regard them 
 merely as part of the history of the literature of medicine, 
 and of the history of the human mind ; and while we do 
 
GEANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 37 
 
 credit to the genius and the industry of the great men of 
 former ages, let us not fail to view their imaginative 
 speculations, but as the wanderings of great minds in 
 directions in which light was not to be found, and as 
 beacons set up to warn us from giving way to the 
 temptation of indulging in similar delusive dreams." 
 
 Again, in dealing with the faulty systems of medicine 
 of India and of other countries, he counselled his 
 students, in accordance with the inductive method, not 
 wholly to set them aside, but to take from each and from 
 all, the facts of science which they severally contained, 
 and appropriate them to the purpose of the art as prac- 
 tised by themselves. "But," he says, "we must be 
 certain that the facts are really facts, that they rest 
 upon the testimony of competent, careful, and truthful 
 observers." And again, he says, " Do not regard, in a 
 spirit of proud depreciation, the pretensions of Homoeo- 
 pathy, Hydropathy, and Mesmerism. Examine them by 
 the rigid rules of the inductive philosophy. Take and 
 apply to the purposes of your art what you find in them of 
 well authenticated fact, but discard the speculation with 
 which the facts are, in general, so abundantly inter- 
 woven." 
 
 In 1852, or seven years after the completion of Grant 
 College, an important addition to the Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy 
 Hospital was opened in the shape of a lying-in hospital, 
 the want of which had been felt as a most serious defect 
 in the hospital as originally constructed. The Eeport of 
 the committee of that institution thus refers to Dr. More- 
 head's connection with its establishment : 
 
 " But while the committee testify to the generosity of 
 Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, who placed at their disposal 
 the means of erecting the hospital, and to the skill, taste, 
 and labours of the officers of Engineers who planned and 
 
38 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 executed the work, they must not omit to record at this, 
 the close of their connection with the Obstetric Institu- 
 tion, that it is to the indefatigable Principal of the 
 Grant Medical College, Dr. Morehead, that the public is 
 indebted for suggesting the formation of this important 
 addition to the means of instruction in the noble institu- 
 tion over which he presides, and this valuable refuge to 
 the f)Oor women of the Presidency requiring medical skill 
 and care in their hour of danger. It has been he, too, 
 who has watched the progress of the work now completed, 
 and smoothed away any difficulties that have arisen." 
 
 By way of recording the debt Bombay owed to Dr. 
 Morehead for helping to provide this lying-in ward to the 
 Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Hospital, it was decided that, in 
 addition to the tablets commemorative of the sources 
 from which the funds for the establishment of the insti- 
 tution had been derived, there should also be a tablet 
 bearing the following inscription : " To Charles Morehead, 
 M.D., Principal of the Grant Medical College, the Public 
 is indebted for the suggestion that this Institution should 
 be p>rovided, and for untiring exertions in superintending 
 its establishment." 
 
 The means of instruction afforded by Grant College 
 were thus ample. AVith the results Dr. Morehead more 
 than once declared himself disappointed. One of the 
 chief causes for this comparative failure was in the 
 deficient preparatory education of the students ; the de- 
 plorable effects of which were seen, as Dr. Morehead 
 stated in one of his addresses, not only in the Grant 
 College, but equally in the Bengal Medical College and 
 every other collegiate institution in India. An attempt 
 to influence the training in the preparatory English 
 schools by raising the standard of the College matricu- 
 lation examination failed. This defect of early training. 
 
GEANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 39 
 
 together with the want of steady attention on the part of 
 the students at the College, made Dr. Morehead complain 
 that there was a great disproportion between the results 
 and the opportunities But his chief regret was that the 
 native graduates, whether of Bombay or Calcutta, did not 
 deyote themselves to their profession with that conscien- 
 tious industry which gives siich a high tone to the medical 
 profession in England. In a passage of one of his 
 addresses he says that he had carefully watched among 
 the graduates of both the Bombay and Bengal Colleges 
 for any indication of this right spirit, but had found no 
 evidence of it. " There is," he says, " generally existing 
 in their minds the conviction that with the close of the 
 College curriculum, there is completion of education. 
 This is, indeed, the rock on which the Indian student 
 generally wrecks his prospect of being really useful in 
 the practical affairs of life. ... At the period when, in 
 civilised Europe, the real education of life is only about 
 to begin, he conceives himself to be already perfect, 
 enters upon projects for teaching his more ignorant 
 countrymen, regenerating his country, and lays claim to 
 the consideration and honours which in other countries 
 are only aspired to by, and accorded to, the tried and ripe 
 intelligence of manhood. This is to be deplored ; for, 
 unless it be corrected, unless the fallacy be removed, 
 there can be no real, steady, progressive advance in the 
 civilisation of India." 
 
 As the Bengal Medical College had been utilised for 
 the instruction of the subordinate medical establishment, 
 so it was to be expected that Government would wish to 
 turn to account the educational opportunities of Grnuit 
 College for the training of the subordinate service of the 
 Bombay Presidency. Accordingly, in 1850, measures 
 were adopted for effecting this object. Fifteen of the 
 
40 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 most intelligent medical apprentices were attached to the 
 Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Hospital, and received instruction 
 in Grant College in anatomy, chemistry, and materia 
 medica. For the immediate object the policy was success- 
 ful, as these student apprentices thus received a very 
 thorough training. Dr. Morehead, however, saw a danger 
 in the introduction of this class of students ; and in the 
 next Report he added, with regard to the change, the 
 warning that, " though a very useful and expedient 
 purpose, it was altogether secondary to that highly 
 imjDortant and national object, the improvement of the 
 defective medical practice in the provinces of Western 
 India, which the establishment of this College was 
 intended to accomplish." And, again, in another Report 
 two years after, when the number of student apprentices 
 had further increased, he pointed out the danger which 
 would result if the number of College students much 
 exceeded that which the hospital was capable of ade- 
 quately instructing, in which case the efficiency of the 
 clinical system, and of necessity of the medical school, 
 would begin to decline. And he went on to say : " Such^ 
 however, I apprehend, is not the popular idea, nor that 
 generally entertained by the high authorities who control 
 and regulate the medical colleges of India. They, if I 
 mistake not, would judge that school to be the most 
 successful and the most efficient which showed the 
 greatest number of students on its rolls. The true test 
 of the efficiency of a medical school is the just relation 
 being observed between the number of students and the 
 clinical means, and the right use of these means. As 
 soon as this relation is deranged on the side of numbers^ 
 the school must necessarily begin to decline. My belief 
 is that the clinical means of this school are sufficient for a 
 roll of fifty students. If these numbers at any time 
 
GEANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 41 
 
 become much increased, and the clinical means remain as 
 at present, I venture with much confidence to express a 
 very firm conviction that from that time the efficiency 
 and usefulness of the school will begin very sensibly to 
 decline, and that the object of its institution, viz. the- 
 giving to the people of this Presidency a class of truly, 
 not merely nominally, qualified medical practitioners will 
 soon cease to be realised."* 
 
 Indeed, with increased numbers it would be difficult for 
 the Principal of the College to get an Examiner's Report 
 couched in the following terms :t — " On these important 
 subjects, and particularly in medicine, the students gave 
 convincing proofs of their admirable training, and of the 
 extraordinary care and systematic fidelity and attention 
 with which they have been instructed." It was thus Dr. 
 Morehead's first care that the graduates of G-rant Medical 
 College should go forth fully qualified to practise medi- 
 cine and surgery, and, being satisfied of their fitness to- 
 do so, he was wont to use his whole influence to help them 
 to found a practice. And, with this view, from the day 
 the first batch of graduates received diplomas, he dis- 
 continued his own private practice, and, if invited after- 
 wards to take a case, he would often say in refusing : 
 " So-and-so," naming one of his former pupils, " is well 
 qualified, and lives near you ; apply to him. If he needs 
 my advice and help, I will gladly give it to him." 
 
 * In a letter, written in April ISo-t, to Dr. Alexander Grant, who 
 was then Secretary to the Bengal Medical Board and Surgeon to 
 the Governor-General, Dr. Morehead wrote, " I will send you a 
 copy of the last College Eeport, and write to you also, because 
 there is one point I should like Lord Dalhousie to be impressed 
 with, the absolute necessity, to the efficiency of a medical school 
 in India, that the number of students be not in excess of the 
 clinical means." 
 
 t Report bv Dr. Don in 1854. 
 
42 CHAKLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 This trait of Dr. Morehead's conduct is thus referred to 
 in a Bombay paper : " Dr. Morehead had a large practice 
 among the native public, which he gave up as soon as the 
 first batch of graduates was passed and declared qualified 
 to practise medicine. And, as a rule, he never after- 
 wards took up a single native case, except in consultation 
 with a 2^upil of the Grant Medical College. Such was 
 the veneration in which Dr. Morehead was held, that even 
 three times the amount of fee would have been willingly 
 paid, if accepted. But he had chosen his path, and fol- 
 lowed it on jDrinciple. Dr. Peet, in time, walked in the 
 footsteps of his great predecessor. Dr. Giraud took, we 
 believe, no practice among the native public at all. And 
 the living enthusiasm, deep research, and high attain- 
 ments of his lamented successor,* are not likely soon to 
 be equalled within the College walls." 
 
 Thus, before Dr. Morehead left India, the aim of Sir 
 Robert Grant had been, to some extent, realised ; the 
 people of Western India had been given a practically and 
 well trained body of medical practitioners, who by skilful 
 and conscientious exercise of their art so recommended 
 themselves to their countrymen as to take the place of 
 the Hakeems and Weids who, from want of adequate 
 education, were necessarily incompetent to exercise me- 
 dicine and surgery with safety and success. Before Dr. 
 Morehead left India, " there were thirty -three graduates 
 of the College practising in Bombay, and two in the Mo- 
 f ussil ; and nineteen in the employment of Government 
 or of native Princes, and nearly all resident in the Mofus- 
 sil, and in charge of civil dispensaries. Several of the 
 private practitioners in Bombay were receiving from 
 Es. 700 to Rs. 1,000 a month, and none realised less than 
 Es. 150 to Rs. 200." 
 
 * Dr. Haines. 
 
GEANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 43 
 
 The institution, organization, and early results of Grant 
 College have thus been described at length, because they 
 constitute the chief work of Dr. Morehead's life ; and the 
 account of this portion of his life may well be concluded 
 by quoting the, so to speak, official tributes of praise paid 
 to him. when his connection with the Grant College 
 ceased. Thus, in 1857, when Dr. Morehead was trans- 
 ferred to an acting appointment as Superintending Sur- 
 geon at Poena, and it seemed unlikely that he would 
 again revert to his former charge. Dr. Giraud, who was 
 then acting as Principal, thus spoke of him : " When it 
 is remembered that to his exertions, under the approving 
 eye of the enlightened statesman whose name it bears, 
 this College owes its very existence, that under his wise 
 and cautious, and yet liberal and practical management, 
 it has grown into so complete an institution that it may 
 challenge comparison with the medical schools of Europe, 
 it will be seen that his removal to another sphere of 
 duty is an event which could not be passed over in 
 silence ; especially by one who counts it among the 
 greatest privileges of his life to have been for so many 
 years associated with him, and who, in common with every 
 other professor and every student, has found his saga- 
 cious, kind, and willing counsel, and his bright and active 
 example, a sure and safe guide in difficulty, and an ever- 
 present stimulus to exertion. But any exj)ressions here 
 recorded of the veneration and esteem in which we have 
 held our Principal, are utterly inadequate to represent 
 the depth of our grateful feelings." 
 
 After Dr. Morehead's final retirement, his successor^ 
 Dr. Peet, in his Report for 1860-61, thus made mention 
 of him : " Before detailing our proceedings during the 
 session, I desire, upon the part of my colleagues and my- 
 self, to record our deep sense of the loss we have sus- 
 
44 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 tained by the retirement of Dr. Morehead from the office- 
 of Principal. Compelled by ill-health, in the year 1859,. 
 to seek for change of climate, his connection has now 
 finally ceased. Associated as I have been with Dr. More- 
 head for many years, as a colleague and a friend, it would 
 ill become me to speak of him in terms of eulogy ; but 
 it is impossible, in justice to the College or myself, that 
 we can be content with a simple announcement of his 
 retirement. Not only was the College organized and 
 matured by him with an amount of forethought and 
 judgment which have been rarely equalled, but scarcely 
 a step has been taken towards its foundation with which 
 he is not identified. Enjoying the privilege of a close 
 personal friendship with the distinguished individual 
 whose name it bears, and to whose memory it has been, 
 erected as a tribute, he was an active participator in 
 every measure that was adopted by Sir Robert Grant for 
 establishing a system of medical education in the Presi- 
 dency. Entering upon his duties at an age when judg- 
 ment is ripened by experience, he engaged in the 
 performance of them with the vigour and enthusiasm 
 which every man feels in carrying out a scheme of his 
 own creation. His success has been unmistakable ; not 
 only is it known in this country by its fruits, and by the 
 testimony of all who are capable of judging of it, but it 
 has been acknowledged in another place, by the selection 
 of Dr. Morehead for appointment to one of the most 
 honourable offices * that can devolve upon a teacher of 
 medical science. But now that we are bidding our late 
 Principal ' farewell,' we do not think of him only as the 
 successful teacher. We, both Professors and Students,. 
 
 * In 1859 Dr. Moreliead was offered the Professorship of 
 Clinical Medicine at Netley. 
 
GRANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 45 
 
 -cannot but call to mind his unvarying kindness and sym- 
 pathy ; his deep sense of justice and of duty, his truth- 
 fulness, his consistency, his self-denial. Never led by 
 impulse, with a mind regulated by the closest self- 
 discipline, during a period of fifteen years that I have 
 been associated with him, a murmur was never uttered 
 either by his colleagues or his pupils against the justice 
 of his decisions. Greatly as all who have the promotion 
 of education at heart must regret Dr. Morehead's de- 
 parture, they have the satisfaction of knowing that his 
 influence does not wholly depart with him. He leaves 
 behind him the results of his experience in a medical 
 book,* which, whilst it has raised him to the highest 
 rank as a pathologist and a physician, will exercise a 
 lasting influence upon the study and practice of medicine 
 in this country." 
 
 Dr. Morehead's constitution, though originally strong, 
 was gradually impaired by the unhealthy climate of 
 Bombay, and by his habits of constant and strenuous 
 application. He had lived and worked in India continu- 
 ously a quarter of a century when, in 1854, or nine 
 years after the opening of Grant Medical College, he was 
 obliged by ill-health to apply for furlough on sick cer- 
 tificate to Europe. The day before his departure he was 
 presented with an address by the students and graduates 
 of the College, expressing the affection with which they 
 regarded him. 
 
 Dr. Morehead's leave was, in the first instance, granted 
 for a period of one year, but was afterwards extended for 
 six months, partly with a view to his bringing out his 
 work on Indian diseases, which will presently be described. 
 His diary for this period contains records of visits to 
 
 * Clinical Researches on Disease in Indi 
 
46 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 some fifty different medical schools and hospitals, in; 
 which he carefully observed and noted any features which 
 suggested themselves to him as possible improvements to 
 be adopted in Grant College or Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy 
 Hospital. As to general principles he was not led to alter 
 his former views. He thus records his impressions of 
 Enorlish medical schools in 1854 : " I think the class of 
 medical students better in London than in Edinburgh. 
 The system of hospital attendance compared to that in 
 India is certainly inadequate, i.e. three a week for Surgeon 
 and Physician. What would we, with our daily two visits 
 in India, think of that ? The explanation is the gratui- 
 tous character of the attendance in England ; its being^ 
 quite subsidiary to private practice. A clinical system 
 related to such a condition of hospital attendance must 
 be defective. The Calcutta system has partaken somewhat 
 of the laxity of the English system, but that of Bombay 
 has not at all. Hence its greater completeness." 
 
 Early in 1853, during three months' leave Dr. Morehead 
 had also the opjDortunity of contrasting the systems of 
 instruction prevailing at Madras and Calcutta. After a 
 visit to the General Hospital at the former Presidency, he 
 
 made the following entry in his diary: "Dr. A 's 
 
 medical clinical visit. — The patients in great part Euro- 
 pean; and the advantage that we have in clinical in-- 
 struction, in being able to speak freely before the patients, 
 struck me much. On points of practice he spoke sensibly, 
 but there is evidently no close system of clinical instruc- 
 tion, yet they think it efficient. My impression is that our 
 students do not make nearly so much of their advantages 
 as they ought, and that we give more application to the 
 subject ; and I fear much of it is lost from the poverty of 
 much of our material. . . . Again I would state my 
 strong impression that, for all the seed we sow, we do 
 
GRANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 47 
 
 not, from inattention in our students, reap proportionate 
 fruit." 
 
 " I have no doubt in my own mind," lie writes, " that 
 the College suffers from there not being an efficient re- 
 sponsible single executive iu dividual ; the Council is a bad 
 substitute ; nothing can be more striking than the fact 
 that no individual knows anything but of his own de- 
 partment. This makes it difficult to acquire informa- 
 tion." 
 
 An interview which Dr. Morehead had with Lord Dal- 
 housie, the Governor-General, at this time, is recorded in 
 his journal. The Governor-General is described as '' very 
 agreeable and kind ; simple, natural, with good manners ; 
 very gentle and manly." He " alluded to the College at 
 Bombay, the Hospital here, and the proposed new build- 
 ings for the College ; then to the undoubted good to the 
 country from the Bengal College — his own observation. 
 His views regarding the employment of the English 
 pupils ; would not make them professors, as leading all 
 who might go to England to look for the same. . . . 
 Conversation then on their private practice, and alluded 
 to advantages of our graduates from Parsee community. 
 Then he spoke of vaccination ; praised the Bombay sys- 
 tem of supervision. I said it was not extended with 
 extent of Presidency, and not so efficient as when insti- 
 tuted by Grant College Medical Society from reduction 
 of establishment ; he told me it was to be tried in Cal- 
 cutta. He first adverted to difficulty of preserving lymph 
 in the northern Provinces ; told me of six Burme>se chil- 
 dren and their mothers having been sent by a Missionary 
 Society, vaccinated, and returned home. I adverted to 
 Dr. Jenner's contem})lated plan of transmitting the vac- 
 cine to India. Then the question of legislative enact- 
 ments, requiring inoculation ; disapproved of them, as 
 
48 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 impracticable to carry out, as not certain that inoculation 
 was not better tban nothing. I said the question could 
 hardly be considered, unless preceded by an efficient 
 system of vaccination. That, he said, had been quite his 
 view. . . . Asked me when I was going back ; whether 
 Lord Falkland was going to stay. I stated the impres- 
 sion that he wished it. He said he knew he did ; he 
 made no secret of it. Said he had been glad he had seen 
 me, — and so it ended." 
 
 When Dr. Morehead was about to leave Calcutta, he 
 made a careful resume of his opinions on medical education 
 as carried on there, the Principal of the Bengal College 
 having asked him to give his unreserved impressions on 
 the subject, and whether the Reports of the College had 
 been sufficiently impartial. The following is the note in 
 Dr. Morehead' s journal : — 
 
 " General disapj^ointment in the aspect of everything 
 connected with the College. The physical and intellec- 
 tual feebleness of the Bengalee student. The too little 
 respect with which the graduates are treated ; there is no 
 attempt to give them a more independent bearing and 
 sentiment ; my shaking hands with them was an inno- 
 vation; and yet, as students, they are too much left to 
 their own devices ; hence the neglect of hospital atten- 
 dance. The opportunity given to cramming at the end 
 of the session. The mode in which the military class 
 usurps the practical materials of instruction. The neg- 
 lect of chemistry and practical pharmacy. Now, as 
 regards the College, the anatomical materials ample, most 
 ample — indeed, too profuse ; it leads to a careless use. The 
 rooms, dirty. The characteristic of everything medical 
 I have seen in Calcutta, is want of cleanliness, order, 
 system, tidiness. . . . Dr. Mouat told me that he had 
 inspected the Government Dispensaries in the North- 
 
GKANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 49 
 
 West. The character of the sub-assistants was, in almost 
 all cases, good for surgery ; that is, as far as regards a 
 few operations, lithotomy, &c. ; but, medically, imperfect ; 
 the people had no confidence in them, and they showed 
 no practical ability. This is what I have all along felt 
 must be the case, and it is satisfactory to find it proved, 
 to find confirmed the feeling I have always had, that 
 we will make nothing permanently good of our medical 
 colleges, at least, not what it should be, unless we form 
 honest, good, practical men in medicine and surgery ; 
 and there is only one way in which this can be done — 
 by an extensive hospital arrangement, and by assiduous 
 and honest application of it by really sound experienced 
 practical teachers, who will labour with patience, temper, 
 and love. But where are these to be got ? This is the 
 great difficulty." 
 
 All the hospitals, dispensaries, and medical schools 
 which Dr. Morehead visited in Egypt, Italy, Switzerland, 
 France, Germany, England and Scotland, are described, 
 or rather criticised, in much the same way in his diary. 
 Even after his final retirement from the Indian service, 
 he maintained his interest in systems of medical educa- 
 tion. 
 
 Thus, by the experience of his own work in Bombay, 
 and by his observation of other schools, Dr. Morehead 
 was one of the most qualified to give an opinion on 
 questions respecting medical education. Accordingly, 
 when the whole system of medical instruction and edu- 
 cation was being considered by the University of London 
 in 1860, Sir James Clarke applied to Dr. Morehead for 
 his counsel. 
 
 Replying to Sir James Clarke, Dr. Morehead wrote : 
 " Scheme I have none to suggest. There seemed to be a 
 pretty general agreement on what, I fancv, are the lead- 
 
 4 
 
50 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 ing principles. (1) Improved preliminary mental train- 
 in p- ; (2) practical examination so as to force practical 
 teaching ; (3) no furtlier subdivision of examination, 
 which tends to destroy the habit of viewing the various 
 branches of medical study in their just connection to each 
 other." 
 
 It was one of the characteristics of Dr. Morehead that 
 he was always seeking to add to his stock of knowledge, 
 and that he was constantly making observations with a 
 view to turning them practically to account in his own 
 sphere of action. Moreover, he made a point of always 
 recording, if not publishing, all conclusions of any im- 
 portance to his work, which he might have arrived at 
 after mature consideration. In a Grant College Eeport, 
 after describing certain alterations he had introduced to 
 remedy defects in the system of instruction, he says: 
 "They are, it is true, not very important, and might 
 easily have been corrected without this formal record; 
 but I have thought it well to adopt the present course, 
 believing it to be the duty of everyone who is engaged in 
 practical pursuits to place the results of his experience, 
 however limited, at the disposal of those who succeed 
 him in the same pursuits. It is in this way only that 
 steady progress can be made." 
 
 In 1856 Dr. Morehead returned to India, but not to 
 preside for any length of time over Grant College and its 
 neighbouring hospital; for in 1857 he was removed to 
 Poena, to act as Superintending Surgeon, an important 
 post at that time, when the Mutiny put to the strain 
 every part of the Indian military organization. The 
 duties of the post are thus described by the then Secre- 
 tary to the Principal Inspector-General, who possessed 
 peculiar opportunities of becoming acquainted with the 
 work of administration as well as executive medical 
 
GBANT MEDICAL COLLEGE. 51 
 
 officer : " Troops, as they arrived in Bombay for tlie sup- 
 pression of the Mutiny, were despatched by rail to 
 Poona, where they were equipped for field service, and 
 rapidly jDushed on up country. The strain on the Me- 
 dical Department for subordinates and medicines was 
 great, so that the establishments were weakened and 
 partly disorganized. Forethought, energy, and tact were 
 required to cope with the sudden and overwhelming 
 difficulties. Dr. Morehead's services were invaluable, as 
 he was ever on the alert, personally superintended the 
 arrangements, and inspired those under him cheerfully to 
 perform their important duties, to the great advantage 
 of the public service. The valuable aid Dr. Morehead 
 rendered was duly acknowledged by the Head of the 
 Medical Department." 
 
 Dr. Morehead returned to his substantive appointment 
 of Principal of Grant College, in 1858 ; but was soon 
 again compelled, in the following year, to return to Eng- 
 land on sick certificate. On his departure his former 
 pupils again presented him with an address, even more 
 appreciative than their former one. 
 
 "Esteemed and Beloved Principal," it said, "we 
 scarcely know how to express adequately our grief and 
 sorrow at the painful announcement that you are about 
 once more to leave these shores for your native land, and 
 the more so because your failing health should have ren- 
 dered such a step necessary. 
 
 " Were we certain that we should, at some future 
 period, have the happiness of welcoming you back to the 
 Institution, with the origin and early progress of which 
 your name will ever be identified, and to the success and 
 well-being of which your best days and best energies both 
 of body and mind have been devoted, we could not have 
 parted with you without much pain and regret. But 
 
 4 * 
 
52 CHAELES MOEEHEAD. 
 
 conscious as we are of the extreme improbability of our 
 ever having the good fortune of being placed under your 
 fostering care and direction, it is impossible for us ade- 
 quately to estimate the loss which your departure will 
 entail upon ourselves and our country, 
 
 "Of the innumerable acts of beneficence and mercy 
 which have characterized your long and honourable career 
 in India, and the inestimable blessings which you have 
 been mainly instrumental in conferring on her, it is not 
 for us to speak ; but we cannot be insensible to the 
 lasting and ever-increasing obligations under which we 
 are placed towards you for the blessings which we derive 
 as students of the Grant Medical College. 
 
 "We desire, therefore, to convey to you the deepest 
 sense of our gratitude towards you, and the profoundest 
 sentiments of veneration which we entertain for so dear a 
 person as yourself. We trust that we shall continue to 
 live in your kind remembrance, and that we may always 
 feel that we have a friend in our revered Principal. 
 
 "With these few words, and with our heart's desire 
 and prayer for your future happiness, we bid you a solemn, 
 and affectionate farewell." 
 
53 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 LATEB CONNECTION WITH GRANT COLLEGE. 
 
 De. Moeehead's official retirement did not take place 
 till January 1862 ; and, in 1859, lie was offered the Pro- 
 fessorship of Clinical Medicine at the New Army Medical 
 School at ISTetley, instituted for the training of candidates 
 for the British and Indian Medical Services. This offer 
 he finally declined, partly from considerations of health, 
 and partly because the War Office refused their consent 
 to certain stipulations which he proposed regarding his 
 rank as Professor of the School. 
 
 Dr. Morehead did not, however, on retirement, cease to 
 take an interest in Grant College, and the students who had 
 there studied under him. He was still held to be their best 
 champion when they felt themselves labouring under any 
 grievance ; as, for instance, when he was appealed to by 
 the Hon. Mr. Juggonath Sunkersett, an influential citizen 
 of Bombay, to use his influence towards reversing a late 
 decision of the Government, by which natives were ex- 
 cluded from the Indian Medical Service. Dr. Morehead's 
 reply contains the following interesting remarks : — 
 
 " It was a subject of much regret to me that the 
 prospective abolition of an exclusive Indian Medical 
 
54 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 Service should have led to the disaj^pointment of the- 
 hopes of my young friend Muncherjee Beranjee, and 
 other Indian graduates from the other Indian Presidencies. 
 The similar step in respect to the Indian Army caused 
 the same kind of disappointment to some of my young 
 friends here, who had been trained for and promised 
 cadetships, but who had not the means of entering the 
 Eoyal Army through interest or purchase. I mention 
 this that you may understand that the altered system of 
 Indian Government has not affected the prospects of the 
 natives of India only, but has extended also to the young 
 men of Great Britain. I have, however, the belief that before 
 many years elapse, our Indian medical graduates, if they 
 continue true to themselves and their profession, will find 
 that the amalgamation of the services and the gradual 
 extinction of a local European medical service will be for 
 their advantage. Its tendency must be to throw, ultimately, 
 much of the medical duty of India into their hands, such 
 as the duties with native troops, of civil stations, of vac- 
 cination, &c. It surely matters little whether, when in 
 the execution of such responsible duties, they are pos- 
 sessed, or not, of a military commission. Their status^ 
 under all circumstances, will depend on the degree of 
 responsibility entrusted to them, their professional ability 
 and respectability of character, and not on a military com- 
 mission. Bhao Dajee, and others, will tell you that, on 
 the question of competing for assistant-surgeoncies, I 
 have held, from the commencement, one invariable oi)inion,. 
 and have never hesitated to express it when apj^lied to. 
 I have always endeavoured to explain that a sphere of 
 usefulness in private life, with the status in a community 
 which necessarily attends it, is the highest object of ambi- 
 tion with medical men in European countries, especially in 
 England, and that a j^osition in the army, or any other public 
 
LATER CONNECTION WITH GEANT COLLEGE. 55 
 
 service, is always regarded as a secondary object ; that as 
 the field of private practice, and the position of an edu- 
 cated and high-toned physician, were, as yet, unoccupied 
 in Indian communities, it behoved the Indian graduates 
 to supply this want in the first instance, and, in doing so, 
 to aim at the highest object of medical ambition. 
 
 " You know how, from the commencement, I became 
 identified with Sir Robert Grant in this question of 
 medical education. I shared his opinions and his prin- 
 ciples, because I believed them to be right, and, while 
 connected with the College, I never ceased to hold them. 
 The object which Sir Robert Grant had in view in advo- 
 cating the establishment, on the liberal footing which was 
 adopted, of a medical college was, that the advantage of 
 an educated and an honest profession of medicine might 
 be extended to the people of Western India. He knew 
 that this could not be effected without securing a liberal 
 provision and a good social position for the native phy- 
 sicians, that is, the agents engaged in carrying out his 
 contemj)lated measure of philanthropy. But individual 
 interests were not with him the leading and primary 
 object of the Medical College. According to my manner 
 of viewing the subject, the best interests of individuals 
 and the public good fully harmonize. Those who think 
 otherwise, however, and consider that a commission in the 
 army is a better provision for the graduates of the Grant 
 College, forget that they are at variance with the primary 
 object of the institution, and that they lose sight of the 
 philanthropic policy which alone justified the liberal 
 footing on which the College was established. 
 
 " You will not, I fear, thank me for these sentiments, 
 but you will, I trust, give me credit for consistency, 
 candour and sincerity. Though we may not think alike 
 on some points, and though I am no longer in a position 
 
bQ CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 to prove my continued interest in the advancement and 
 prosperity of a people among whom the best days of my 
 life have been happily passed, you will, I hope, believe 
 that it still exists unabated, and that my thoughts often 
 revert to my kind friends and my congenial pursuits in 
 Bombay," &c. 
 
 It was mainly due to Dr. Morehead's representations, 
 and the co-operation of Dr. Parkes, the Professor of 
 Military Hygiene in the Army Medical School at Netley, 
 who was a member of the General Council of Medical 
 Education, that the claims of Grant College, as a medical 
 educational institution, were recognised in 1870, its di- 
 ploma being then accepted by the Medical Council equally 
 with the diplomas of the medical schools of the United 
 Kingdom. 
 
 There were, moreover, several of the graduates of 
 Grant Medical College who came to England and ex- 
 perienced kindness at the hands of Dr. Morehead, who 
 was always anxious to show interest and sympathy in 
 these young Indian students at a time when they most 
 wanted it, being away from their country. He even ex- 
 tended his kindness to the sons of his former pupils, as 
 is to be seen from the beginning of a letter he received 
 from Dr. Blaney. The letter, which is dated 20th June 
 1871, reads thus : " Few incidents in my life have 
 afforded me more gratification than your letter of the 19th 
 of May. I wrote my former letter in some uncertainty 
 as to how it might be received, and yet I must confess I 
 should have known you better than to have entertained 
 any doubt of a cordial recognition. It is indeed a plea- 
 sure to know that time and new associations have taken 
 away none of your regard from your humble fellow- 
 labourers of a quarter of a century ago. My wife joins 
 me in thanking you for your cordial reception of our dear 
 
LATEK CONNECTION WITH GKANT COLLEGE. 57 
 
 Idoj. The absolute separation that subsists between us 
 naturally causes us to feel especially grateful for any 
 kindness displayed to our children. You who have been 
 so long in India, do not require to be assured of what 
 our own feelings must be when we learn from our son 
 that you have welcomed him for the sake of an old pupil 
 and subordinate, and that you have appeared pleased to 
 see him.'' 
 
 In 1872, in a letter to Mr. Lisboa, one of his early 
 pupils. Dr. Morehead refers to another incident showing 
 his kindness and sympathy towards students of Grant 
 College, previously unknown to himself, who had come to 
 England to complete their medical studies. " I have," 
 he writes, " been visited by two Parsee students of the 
 Grant Medical College, who have gone to Aberdeen to 
 complete their studies, and I have advised and assisted 
 them as far as I could. But all this is wrong, and seems 
 to imply that the means of being educated in India do 
 not exist. A hospital in this country is not the practical 
 school for those who are to be physicians to the natives 
 of India, at least, for the foundations of their principles 
 and practice. I quite approve of Indian graduates, when- 
 ever they can, enlarging their experience and knowledge 
 by a year or two in this country ; but the foundation 
 should be Indian. Judging from the dispensary system 
 now in vogue all over India, medicine and surgery have 
 become very simple matters. It will very soon be found 
 that the only difference between it and the old Weid 
 system which Sir Robert Grant and others wished to 
 correct is that the evil has become extended and bears a 
 Government stamp." 
 
 The conclusion of this extract expresses the disappoint- 
 ment felt by Dr. Morehead at the perversion of the 
 principles on which Grant Medical College had been in- 
 
58 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 stituted. Bj constant reiteration of these principles he- 
 had done his best to keep them in the mind of the Go- 
 vernment. But Governments in India are ever fluctua- 
 ting ; and the danger of first principles being forgotten 
 was early foreseen by Dr. Morehead. In the first flush 
 of the early success of the Grant College in 1851, he had 
 carefully placed on record the following remark : " Who, 
 I should ask, that has lived in this country (India), has 
 not witnessed well-digested plans of public good marred 
 in their execution, simply because, in the changes of 
 Government and the fluctuations of Society, the grand 
 principle on which they were based has been forgotten 
 and overlooked, and its place usurped by secondary and 
 subordinate purposes." After this introduction he had 
 stated in the clearest terms, such as have been already 
 quoted in this Memoir, the real and true principles on 
 which the College had been founded, and the philan- 
 thropic policy which alone justified its institution. But 
 after Dr. Morehead's departure, these first principles 
 began to be forgotten. Indeed, two years after, contrary 
 to his advice and in spite of his warnings, vernacular 
 classes for the instruction of native students in Marathee, 
 and afterwards Guzerathee, were added to the scheme of 
 the Grant College. His own attitude towards this inno- 
 vation was thus described by Dr. Morehead : " About a 
 year after my retirement, in 1859, from a fourteen years' 
 tenure of the Principalship, the idea was conceived of 
 adding a Vernacular Department to the College. The 
 subject was discussed by me with my successor. Dr. Peet, 
 by letter in the form consonant to the official and friendlv 
 relations which had subsisted between us for many years. 
 I argued against the measure, urging that it was an 
 error in principle, certain at some time or other to prove 
 detrimental to the original and main object of the insti- 
 
LATER CONNECTION WITH GRANT COLLEGE. 69* 
 
 tution. The vernacular class was, however, established, 
 and has since been in great favour with the authorities 
 of the College, the Department of Education, and the 
 Local Government." 
 
 For a time, indeed. Dr. Morehead's successors were 
 actuated bj the same self-devotion and enthusiasm as had 
 been characteristic of himself ; but, after 1866, the tone 
 of the institution seems to have declined ; at least, so> 
 thousjht those who were most interested in the success of 
 the Grant College. The following extract from a letter 
 to the Times of India, in February 1871, gives a specimen 
 of this feeling of regret : "I have one or two things to 
 mention in addition, which fully bear out the superiority, 
 the earnestness, and efficiency of the old system of 
 lectures, class and annual examinations, and clinical 
 instruction planned by Dr. Morehead, and zealously 
 carried out by his immediate successors in the College.. 
 By the great earnestness and zeal with which they 
 performed their task, by their sense of honour and their 
 just and impartial decisions, by their sound practical in- 
 structions and their superior attainments, by the entire 
 absence in them of pride or presumption, I say, by the 
 possession of these noble qualities, the names of More- 
 head, Peet, Ballingall, and Haines will ever remain so 
 dearly cherished in the hearts of all their pupils." 
 
 Very soon after Dr. Morehead's retirement. Grant 
 College, along with most other educational institutions of 
 Bombay, found that it had fallen upon evil times. The 
 sudden opening of new routes of communication with the 
 interior, the pushing forward of great railways and other 
 public works, and, above all, the immense impetus to 
 cotton cultivation, and to trade, in the Presidency, which 
 was due to the shutting of the American ports by the 
 Civil War, all these things turned men's minds to com- 
 
60 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 merce, and other money-making pursuits, rather than to 
 intellectual occupations. This derangement of social 
 conditions was not at once remedied, as far as regarded 
 the prospects of Grant College, by the collapse of credit 
 and consequent widespread ruin which dealt such a blow 
 at the progress of Bombay in 1S66-7. As a consequence 
 of the disjointed state of society, the number of students 
 in Grant College declined; whereas in 1856 there had 
 been forty-seven regular students, twenty-three student 
 apprentices, and eight hospital assistants, in 1866 there 
 were only twenty regular students, twenty-nine student 
 apprentices, and twenty-five of th^ xiew vernacular class. 
 Still, though the numbers had declined, the education 
 had been carried on with the same spirit, and the results, 
 as regarded the efficiency of the graduates, were not 
 unsatisfactory. But then, from one cause or another, a 
 change for the worse in this respect, also, set in. A writer 
 in Native Opinion, in April 1871, thus described the 
 present condition of the College : " The system seems to 
 have lost its tone. We have the courses of lectures, the 
 orthodox terms and attendances, the wards and their 
 paraphernalia, but the spirit seems to be gone. The en- 
 thusiasm, the high professional feelings, the tone and 
 the discipline seem to have either departed or to be 
 dormant." 
 
 To Dr. Morehead, the decadence of Grant College, 
 which had been so especially his own creation, and was 
 still the object of his affectionate interest, was the 
 source of unfeigned disappointment and regret ; and he 
 was likewise disappointed at the collapse, as it then ap- 
 peared, though it was afterwards revived, of the Medical 
 and Physical Society of Bombay ; this collapse, too, being 
 chiefly due to the want of interest on the part of the 
 medical officers of the Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Hospital and 
 
LATEE CONNECTION WITH GKANT COLLEGE. 61 
 
 Professors of G-rant College, who, in Dr. Morehead's time, 
 had been its principal supporters. It would not have 
 been characteristic of Dr. Morehead to watch the pros- 
 pects of the medical profession in Bombay decline without 
 raising his voice and exerting his influence to rescue it, 
 if possible, from further declension. And so, after some 
 thought as to what might be the best means of striking 
 an effective blow, he determined, on his own initiative, to 
 write a memorandum to the Secretary of State on the 
 condition of Grant College. This memorandum he after- 
 wards printed, with a preface, dated October 1870, 
 explaining his reasons for writing and publishing it.* 
 
 It was, perhaps, natural that this publication, however 
 carefully drawn up, should not please the then Principal 
 of Grant College ; at any rate, on the next presentation 
 day of the College, the Principal, Dr. Hunter (now Sir 
 W. Guyer Hunter), took the opportunity of replying, in 
 his Report, to Dr. Morehead's criticisms — " strictures," as 
 he called them, though they had been quite impersonal 
 in character ; and his roseate views of the existing state 
 of the College were reflected by the representative of the 
 Government who presided on the occasion, the Hon. Mr. 
 Tucker. Upon this, Dr. Morehead wrote a further note, 
 which he circulated privately, declaring that he had been 
 unable to find anything calculated to modify, in the least 
 degree, tbe argument in his memorandum. " On the con- 
 trary," he said, " I observe further foreshadowings of 
 decay, not only in the increasing numbers, but also in the 
 misconception of principles and the quantitative idea 
 of prosperity which pervade the Report and the speech of 
 the chairman." 
 
 * It is reproduced in full at the end of this Memoir as Appen- 
 dix II. 
 
62 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 The Bombay Native Press took up the matter with 
 •considerable interest, for a considerable period ; and the 
 letters of the early graduates testified to the admiration 
 and affection with which Dr. Morehead was regarded by 
 his former pupils. At the next annual meeting of the 
 •Grant College, it was evident that Dr. Morehead had 
 gained ground ; the officiating Principal, acting in Dr. 
 Hunter's absence, referring to him in the following 
 terms : — " The system of teaching, as at present pursued 
 here, is that inaugurated by Dr. Morehead, except that it 
 is wanting in the strict supervision he exercised over both 
 professor and student; such strict supervision over our 
 increased numbers in these days would be impossible, 
 and, if exercised over the Professorial Staff, would be less 
 patiently tolerated. Since Dr. Morehead's day, we have 
 multiplied the subjects to be taught, and each subject 
 has become a much more extended science. The College 
 is, no doubt, adorned by this multifarious learning, and 
 the memory of the students is, moreover, enlarged, but 
 it is at the expense of faculties indisputably higher. We 
 have but fallen into a very practical error, viz. that of 
 teaching so much that little is properly learned. Most of 
 our graduates leave us with minds distracted by the un- 
 meaning profusion of subjects set before them. As a 
 rule, they hold all we teach them on faith, commit all to 
 memory, and, when their examinations are passed, lose 
 almost entirely the result of their labours. It is the dex- 
 terous gleaner in the narrow field that reaps the most 
 thorough education. . . . The poor success of our can- 
 didates at the University examinations is, I believe, 
 mainly due to the dissipation of mind I have alluded to, 
 as well, perhaps, also to the fact that from the increased 
 numbers, they receive from their professors less support 
 and stimulus than formerly. Few students in this 
 
LATER CONNECTION WITH GRANT COLLEGE. 63 
 
 •country can dispense with such support and stimulus ; 
 they do little, indeed, if left to themselves." 
 
 The next College Report showed that Dr. Morehead 
 had won a victory along the whole line. Dr. Sylvester, as 
 acting Principal, saying: " I have been induced to remark 
 that the state of the school is not discouraging, because 
 Dr. Morehead, the first Principal of this College, wrote to 
 the Times of India, in March last, stating that the Uni- 
 versity system of India, and the vernacular incubus, 
 had brought this school to a state of ' pitiable decline.' 
 Dr. Morehead may be fairly called the pioneer of 
 medical education in this country. Not one of his suc- 
 cessors has ever laboured here as he did ; not one takes 
 the lasting interest in the success of this institution 
 which he continues to do. He was an enthusiast, and 
 procured an amount of zealous work from those who 
 taught with him that is not likely to be obtained again, 
 while the present system of allowing teachers to eke out 
 their insufficient salaries by private practice is continued 
 on this account. Dr. Morehead's opinions are entitled 
 to great respect, and, I am sure, are held in the highest 
 esteem by those who graduated under him in this College. 
 Dr. Morehead's objection to the vernacular incubus 
 I believe to be well founded, and those classes press us 
 sorely in our need of space." 
 
 The Chairman, the Hon. Mr. Tucker, who again pre- 
 sided, confessed himself in his succeeding speech to have 
 been converted. " We have heard," he said, " from Dr. 
 Sylvester that, in his opinion, there is some foundation 
 for the report that the scheme of instruction imparted in 
 the College is not so sound and deep as it could be 
 wished to be ; and he has told you that he considers some 
 subjects might be advantageously omitted from the 
 course, and a more strict and penetrating knowledge 
 
64 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 insisted -upon in the others. I regret that this should 
 be so, for it, to a certain extent, confirms Dr. Morehead's 
 views on the subject, which, up to this time, I had 
 thought were without sufiicient foundation." 
 
 It proved how much Dr. Morehead was still appre- 
 ciated in Bombay nearly twenty years after he had ceased 
 to act as Principal of Grant College, that the very men- 
 tion of his name was, on this occasion, received with 
 loud cheering. Dr. Morehead, wishing still further to 
 complete his success, and, in his desire to secure to the 
 institution its old efficiency, wrote to Mr. Tucker explain- 
 ing his views on the subject; but, learning afterwards 
 that Mr. Tucker was on the point of leaving India finally, 
 he sent a copy of his letter for publication in the Times 
 of India* 
 
 And, writing soon afterwards to one of his early col- 
 leagues. Dr. Morehead, after speaking of this letter ta 
 Mr. Tucker, and expressing his conviction that " the day 
 of reckoning was inevitable," if the policy of sending 
 out imperfectly educated youths, yet accredited by the 
 Government, were continued, says : "I went over this 
 subject with Edward Goodevef the other day, and I 
 found that his Bengal mind ran in the same groove; 
 indeed, not three days since, in the Times' Indian corre- 
 spondent's letter, there is mention of the ignorance and 
 delinquency of the native assistants in the famine 
 and fever districts. How any sound intellect, with 
 any knowledge of medical education and practice, 
 and of the moral constitution of the Indian mind, 
 can fail to see this, is beyond my comprehension. . . . 
 In regard to vernacular text-books, I said they were 
 
 * This letter, which is dated 11th March 1874, will be found as 
 Appendix III. to this Memoir. 
 
 t Late Principal of the Calcutta Medical College. 
 
LATER CONNECTION WITH GRANT COLLEGE. 65 
 
 useful, but that the only way of convincing the people of 
 the good of medicine was by the demonstration of its 
 usefulness and success, and the only way of doing this 
 was being careful that you did not accredit any who 
 were not thoroughly qualified for this practical demon- 
 stration." 
 
 Three years after this letter, in 1877, Dr. Morehead 
 had the satisfaction of knowing that his advice had been 
 so far followed, that the vernacular classes were being 
 removed from the Grant College to Poona and Ahmed- 
 abad ; but that he was not yet satisfied with the educa- 
 tion given at the College may be shown by an extract 
 from another letter to the same former colleague, 
 dated the 21st of February 1877 : " So far it is well. 
 The vernacular incubus is in j^rocess of removal ; but 
 I do not think that there is anything encouraging in 
 the Principal's Report or Mr. Gibbs' speech. . . . The 
 impression left on my mind from the Report is that the 
 College, as a practical school of medicine, or, rather, as a 
 school of practical medicine, is in a rotten condition, with 
 little chance of being recovered from it. I shall ask 
 Atmaram to tell me what the Medical and Physical 
 Society is about. You will always remember that At- 
 maram and self started together with it forty years ago. 
 Thirty-first Report of the College ! — it is an old story, but 
 I do not feel it so ; and yet it is not an agreeable re- 
 trospect. It is not pleasant to have your garden of 
 roses ploughed and harrowed over, and planted with 
 hemlock and thistles ; and yet there may, or perhaps must, 
 be some good end to be worked that we cannot fathom. 
 I feel much in the same way towards the present method 
 of Indian Education, and to much of the policy — too 
 much clap-trap, too much of the fashion of the hippo- 
 drome and the pantomime." 
 
 5 
 
66 CHAKLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 A year afterwards, 3rd May 1878, he wrote again, in 
 a less disappointed strain; and with this extract, this 
 phase of Dr. Morehead's life may be concluded : " I send 
 you what I conceive will he my last say regarding Grant 
 College, partly as an antidote to previous growls, partly 
 because it is, as yet, more a matter of promise and 
 prospect than an accomplished fact." What Dr. Morehead 
 thus called his last say was an article in the Edinburgh 
 Medical Journal for May 1858, reviewing the last two 
 Reports of Grant College, which concluded with con- 
 gratulating Grant College on the course of usefulness and 
 honour, lying before it in the future, as the certain fruit 
 of able administration, an appreciative Government, and 
 a grateful people. 
 
 An extract from the Report of Grant College for 
 1882-3, may be in place at the end of this chapter. In 
 a retrospect of its history, the Principal, Dr. H. Y. Carter^, 
 says : " In 1845 this institution was inaugurated with a 
 total of 12 students. During the succeeding five year& 
 the annual totals were 13, 18, 17, 22, 27. Numbers thence 
 fluctuated greatly until 1866, when, from an almost 
 minimum of 14, they have steadily increased to a maxi- 
 mum in the current year of 283.* . . . Undoubtedly the 
 highly creditable success of the early College graduates- 
 was largely due to the intimate teaching then practicable.. 
 The present Report cannot be ended without a due' 
 allusion to the recent lamented demise of Dr. Charles- 
 Morehead, the sagacious organiser, and for fourteen, 
 years the widely-honoured Principal of Grant College." 
 
 * The numbers have still further increased, according to the 
 Report of 1883-4, to 289, besides an altogether new class of female 
 students, already numbering 12, 7 being Christians and 5 Par- 
 sees. The demand for more space is very strong, the increasing 
 classes having quite outgrown the means of instruction. 
 
r>7 
 
 CHAPTER lY. 
 
 WEITINGS AND LATEE LIFE. 
 
 During his connection with the Medical and Physical 
 Society, Dr. Morehead had contributed frequent papers to 
 its Transactions. Many of these dealt with cases which 
 he had had opportunities of observing in the European 
 General Hospital, and in the Native Hospital, of which 
 he was Chief Physician, and, in his own words, he " had 
 long entertained the desire of contributing to the re- 
 sources of practical medicine in India." Writing in De- 
 cember 1853, to Dr. Grant, he said : " And now I am 
 going to trouble you with views and speculations of my 
 own. You know the importance I attach to the clinical 
 department of our medical schools — my belief that the 
 success of the Government scheme of medical education, 
 if it is to be measured by the advantages it confers on 
 the people, must be contingent on the real practical fitness 
 of the graduates. If so, then there is an important want 
 yet to be supplied ; we must, I think, all acknowledge 
 that there is no work on the diseases of India that re- 
 presents the present state of medical practice, none that 
 attempts to modify the application of its principles to the 
 peculiarities of native habits and constitutions. The 
 
 5 * 
 
68 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 graduates, therefore, have not, at present, after they leave 
 College and enter upon the duties of their profession, 
 that assistance which the writings of practical men are 
 calculated to give. They have no good book of practice 
 to which to refer. It has always seemed to me that the 
 basis of a practical work of this kind ought to be the 
 accumulated records of our clinical wards. With this 
 view all the cases of the clinical wards here, during the 
 six years that clinical instruction has been in operation, 
 have been carefully preserved and arranged ; and I have 
 looked to the time when I might be able so to digest 
 and shape them, as to make them generally useful. 
 Whether in the form of Reports, similar to those written 
 by me of some of the important diseases, or in some 
 other way, is a question of detail I have hardly yet fairly 
 considered. Then I have thought that my Reports of the 
 European General Hospitals, and the notes and informa- 
 tion I have collected from other sources, might be 
 brought with advantage to bear on the same practical 
 end. The object in view, however, has not reference 
 merely to the graduates of Grant College, but has rela- 
 tion to those of India generally. It was partly under 
 this feeling, that, last cold season, I visited Calcutta and 
 Madras that I might have the advantage of observing the 
 medical institutions in those places, and, by personal 
 intercourse with my professional brethren, learn some- 
 thing of the tone of medical opinion and practice among 
 them \ and, with the same view, I have it in contempla- 
 tion to travel in December and January 1854-55, from 
 Bombay to Calcutta, by Agra, &c., and see you all again. 
 This contemplated completion of clinical instruction I 
 have always felt will be best done in England. There is 
 not time for it here. Moreover, it should not be done 
 till there has been the opportunity of observing the 
 
WEITINGS AND LATER LIFE. 69 
 
 medical institutions as they now exist in Europe, and of 
 noting the tone of medical opinion and practice in 
 England and elsewhere ; not that one's practical con- 
 clusions regarding the diseases of India are to be 
 influenced thereby, but this extended experience must 
 serve to show points of difference and coincidence which 
 it may be of importance to notice. It must tend also to 
 bring the mind up to the level of the subject. My 
 present wish and intention is to leave India for a time, at 
 the beginning of 1855, and to execute the work I have 
 been endeavouring to give you some idea of, before I 
 return — if I return at all. Now, as I shall feel that in 
 carrying out this plan I shall still be engaged in native 
 medical education — I honestly believe not the least 
 important part of it, because more pernqanent, more 
 widely applicable — I venture to hope that the Govern- 
 ment may so far recognise and appreciate the imj^ortance 
 of the object as to leave me the privilege of returning to 
 my appointment in the Grant College, should I wish to 
 do so, and of permitting the two years of my absence 
 to count as service. In September next I shall have 
 completed twenty-five years of uninterrupted service. It 
 is not only on account of the personal advantages that I 
 shall be desirous of this indulgence. The support and 
 countenance of the Government will facilitate the execu- 
 tion of the work ; and it will proceed with more weight 
 from one actually holding the ai^pointment I now fill 
 than from one who has retired from it and passed into 
 private life ; at least, so it strikes me. Now, please 
 reflect on all that I have now written and assist me if you 
 can. I hardly know whether the subject is of such 
 nature and importance as to trouble Lord Daliiousie with 
 it, or whether it is right to do so." 
 
 The next extract of letter written in April 1854, also to 
 
70 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 Dr. Grant, shows that Dr. Morehead was obliged to 
 modify the plans be had explained in the previous letter. 
 ** You must excuse," he writes, " a short note. I have 
 been ill with dysentery and fever, and, though now well 
 of these, am left so weak and unfit for work that I am 
 advised to go to England, and I feel that my leaving 
 India is a necessity. I leave by the steamer of the 20th 
 of May. Lord Elphinstone has, as you anticipated, been 
 very kind, and I go with a year's leave on the new rules. 
 In regard to the book matters, my first object must be 
 the recovery of health. The Medical or Education Board 
 will formally press upon this Government the expediency 
 of the Court being recommended to ask me to stay in 
 England another year to execute that work." 
 
 The Honourable Court of Directors accepted the 
 recommendation which was duly made, and granted 
 Dr. Morehead an additional year's furlough counting as 
 service, with a view to his publishing a book on Indian 
 medical practice ; and it was, accordingly, under these 
 auspices that the Clinical Researches on Disease in India 
 was brought out. Written, as Dr. Morehead says, 
 primarily for the benefit of the Indian graduates who 
 might " often, for many years to come, be placed in 
 positions remote from their professional brethren, and in 
 circumstances ill adapted for the prosecution of patho- 
 logical research," he felt no hesitation in illustrating his 
 statements with full details of cases that had come under 
 his observation. 
 
 But, though the pages are full of the records of special 
 cases, they are not less remarkable for their philosophic 
 views regarding diseases in general. The most important 
 of these are summed up in a passage in the introduc- 
 tion, which will bear quoting : 
 
 " In comparing the tropical and temperate climates of 
 
WEITINGS AND LATEE LIFE. 71 
 
 the globe, we find that in the former there are two 
 additional causes of asthenia and cachexia more or less 
 prevailing, viz. the influence of long-continued elevation 
 ■of temperature and of malaria. 
 
 " Malaria is the exciting cause of intermittent and re- 
 mittent fever, and will be frequently referred to in con- 
 nection with these diseases. It causes cachexia also, either 
 by means of frequent febrile recurrences, or by the exercise 
 of a slower and a gradual influence on the system. 
 
 " We judge of the presence of the invisible agency 
 termed malaria, by certain derangements of the animal 
 system which we attribute to its influence ; for as yet all 
 other means of investigation have failed in detecting its 
 presence and determining its nature. 
 
 " A certain elevation of temperature acting on the 
 earth's surface, previously moistened, is essential to the 
 production of malaria. It is generated more certainly 
 while the process of drying is going on, and in degree 
 bears proportion to the rapidity with which the process 
 is effected. 
 
 • " Eeference has been made to those asthenic and 
 cachectic states which predispose to disease of all kinds, 
 and the importance of a right appreciation of their influ- 
 ence in the etiology of disease in India will be frequently 
 explained in various parts of this work. Malaria has 
 also been named as a predisposing and exciting cause, 
 .and it now remains for me shortly to allude to the other 
 ordinary exciting causes of disease in India. Of these, 
 external cold is the most common. In judging of the 
 facility of the reduction of the temperature of the surface 
 •of the body in India, we must bear in mind the dimi- 
 nished power of generating animal heat in warm climates 
 or asthenic states ; that consequently in these the tempe- 
 rature of the surface of the body may become reduced 
 
72 CHAELES MOKEHEAD. 
 
 under degrees of external cold inadequate to produce thi^ 
 effect in colder climates or stronger constitutions. 
 
 " It has been already hinted that the general type of 
 disease in India, both in Europeans and natives, is 
 asthenic ; therefore the law in respect to this, which ha& 
 been observed in other countries, may be inferred to be 
 equally true of disease in India, viz. that inflammations. 
 in asthenic habits are generally characterised by obscurity 
 of symptoms and slowness of progress. 
 
 " These features of asthenic disease often conduce, in 
 India, to neglect of application for relief till disorgani- 
 zation of structure has well advanced ; and they, more- 
 over, tend to mislead the practitioner in respect to the 
 stage which has been reached, and thus create the 
 erroneous impression that the morbid changes have been 
 rapidly effected. 
 
 " This belief in the severity of inflammatory disease in 
 India originating in the manner which has just been 
 explained, naturally gave rise to the doctrine that disease- 
 in India required to be met by a freer use of antiphlo- 
 gistic remedies. But, if the statement previously made, 
 relative to the prevalence of asthenic forms of disease, be 
 correct, then it follows that blood-letting, mercury, purga- 
 tives, and all other antiphlogistic remedies, should be 
 used with greater caution, not with more freedom, in 
 medical practice in India than in colder climates." 
 
 Having occasion, in the body of his book, to make 
 statements similar to those in the foregoing paragraph, 
 Dr. Morehead added the note : " I write this with con- 
 fidence, not merely from the negative evidence of success 
 attending the opposite course of treatment ; but from 
 the positive evidence of having witnessed the evils I 
 describe. I have before me cases, to be afterwards 
 ciuoted, of my earlv practice in India, which prove 
 
WKITINGS AND LATER LIFE. 7S- 
 
 these truths, and show that they were not then familiar 
 to me." 
 
 In one of the reviews, of which many appeared in the 
 leading medical journals of the time. Dr. Morehead's 
 method in this book is described as being " the same 
 throughout, varying only with the number of facts and 
 the extent of the exposition. The prevalence and causes 
 of the particular disease are first exhibited, then the 
 symptoms, and next the treatment. Selected cases illus- 
 trate the observations of the text, and hospital statistics 
 show the monthly proportions of admissions, deaths, &c. 
 As the object is to assist practice, the book is printed so 
 that the cases may be passed by by those who wish to 
 master the principles contained in the text. At the same 
 time a catalogue raisonnS, in the form of an index, pre- 
 sents a continuous view of the cases, with a reference to- 
 the page where they will be found, for those who may wish 
 to study the particular facts of disease by themselves." 
 
 The medical reviews, almost without exception, accorded 
 the book very high praise, of which the. two following 
 paragraphs* may be considered as a specimen. 
 
 " The medical works which come under our notice are 
 commonly more or less of two kinds ; one, written as 
 introductions to practice, more theoretical than practical,, 
 more specious — if the products of clever intellects — than 
 useful, ephemeral in their origin, and as ephemeral in 
 their end ; the other and the more rare, composed with a 
 totally different intent, and of a totally different cha- 
 racter, embodying the results of a large and long 
 experience, making additions to our stock of medical 
 knowledge, and becoming — and deservedly — like the 
 
 * Taken from The British and Foreign Medico-Ghirurgical Review 
 of January 1857. 
 
74 CHAKLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 works of Hippocrates and Aretgeus amongst the ancients ; 
 of Sydenham, Laennec, and, may we not say of Bright, 
 amongst the moderns ; a permanent portion of the litera- 
 ture of our 23rofession, treasuries of facts constituting the 
 foundations of the philosophy of medical science. To 
 remark that the work which we are about to review 
 belongs to, or even assimilates to the latter class, is 
 certainly bestowing on it a very high compliment ; and 
 yet so much does it display of research, so much of 
 original observation, with other qualities of a high order, 
 that, as we believe, it fully justifies the opinion we have 
 formed of it." 
 
 " We cannot finally lay down the pen without express- 
 ing the satisfaction we have derived, and not only from 
 the matter — the contents of these volumes — but also from 
 the style of their composition, at once clear, simple, and 
 correct. And we have had a like feeling produced by 
 finding throughout their pages a liberal criticism exer- 
 cised, or an acknowledgment made of the labours of 
 others in the same field, accompanied by generous notices, 
 and, we have no doubt, just eulogiums, of professional 
 brethren, especially the deceased, who have contributed 
 to the diffusion and advancement of medical science in 
 India. It is pleasing and refreshing to think of the 
 manner in which this science is exercising a beneficial 
 influence in the Eastern world, not limited to India, but 
 extending even from the Bosphorus to beyond the 
 Granges, even to the ' Celestial Empire ' ; and whilst, in its 
 immediate action, serving the cause of humanity in the 
 divine office of relieving human suffering, in its indirect 
 and reflex action, promoting the introduction of the 
 exact sciences, and a humanizing and elevating philo- 
 sophy." 
 
 The Clinical Researches were published in 1856, in two 
 
WEITINGS AND LATER LIFE. 75 
 
 -octavo volumes; and, having been well received by the 
 profession at large as a standard authority on the diseases 
 ■of India, the first edition was sold out in the course of 
 four years. Accordingly, in 1860 a second edition was 
 brought out. It is thus described in the Lo7idon Medical 
 Review of January 1861 : " This second edition is by no 
 means a mere repetition of the first ; it is contained in one 
 instead of two volumes ; many of the cases in the first 
 are omitted in the second, new ones are introduced, and 
 such a selection has been made, that not much more than 
 half the number are used. All this has been done with 
 great advantage to the reader, and, we think, with no 
 detriment to the book as a work of reference, or as a text- 
 book for the student. The occasional occurrence of 
 typhoid fever in India, which, in the first edition, was 
 said to be unknown, is here recognized and acknowledged, 
 while two chapters on sunstroke and the Hill Sanataria of 
 the Deccan have been added." 
 
 The following is a copy of a letter, dated 1st September 
 1860, Dr. Morehead received from Miss Florence Night- 
 ingale, in acknowledgment of a copy of his work which 
 he had sent to her : 
 
 I am extremely indebted to you for your kind thought of 
 me in sending me your most valuable work on disease in India. 
 
 The opinion of all those whose opinions are really worth having 
 on the subject, unite in testifying to its worth and completeness. 
 
 Would you do me the favour of accepting a copy of the new 
 edition of my little work on nursing, and you will much oblige 
 
 Yours faithfully and gratefully, 
 
 Floeence Nightingale. 
 
 P.S. — All who were interested in the Army Medical School 
 deeply regretted your refusal to accept the medical professorship, 
 as an irreparable loss to the efficiency of the school. 
 
 As the opinion of one whose opinion was really worth 
 
76 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 bavins:, may be quoted a letter, dated 2nd September 
 1860, from Dr. Parkes, M.D., F.E.S., and Professor of 
 Mibtary Hygiene at tbe Army Medical Scbool at Netley : 
 " Two days ago," it runs, " I received tbe new edition and 
 tbe old. I put off writing till I could look tbrougb tbe 
 new volume. I congratulate you beartily upon it ; it is 
 an improvement on tbe first edition, wbicb is saying a 
 great deal. Wben I bad read it, tbe epitbet or expression 
 wbicb occurred to me as proper to describe it was tbat it 
 is a ivise book. Tbat deep tbougbt and matured judg- 
 ment wbicb constitute vjisdom is visible in every page, and 
 I mucb mistake if it is not tbe greatest gift tbat tbe 
 profession in India bave ever bad. I only bope it will 
 form tbe minds of all tbe young men wbo go out bence- 
 fortb ; and if tbey imbibe a little of its sagacity, candour, 
 and tborougb bonesty, wbat good it will do ! But excuse 
 me once more for saying tbat tbe regret I bave so often 
 felt tbat you are not to personally inflaence tbe future 
 race of Indian surgeons,''' came keenly back wben I was 
 reading tbe book. I tbink tbe cbange in tbe printing is a 
 great improvement, and tbe book's portability will be a 
 good tbing for all locomotive men." 
 
 Dr. H. Y. Carter, Acting Principal of Grant College, at 
 a meeting of tbe Grant College Medical Society, at wbicb 
 it was determined to raise a memorial to Dr. Morebead, 
 says of bis book : " Taking a brief review of Dr. More- 
 bead's professional life-work as displayed in bis Researches 
 on Disease in India, some useful lessons may be learnt. 
 We see bere tbe valuable results of indomitable industry, 
 metbodical arrangement, and babitual concordance of 
 tbougbt and language ; sucb being tbe fundamental 
 
 * Another reference to Dr. Morehead's refusal of the Profes- 
 sorship of Medicine at Netley. 
 
WKITINGS AND LATER LIFE. 11 
 
 ■qualities all must possess who aim at extending the 
 limits (yet too narrow) of medical science. In no slight 
 degree, indeed, industry, mental effort, and exactitude 
 must always be exercised by the successful practitioner; the 
 •opposites, incompatible with real advance, being dilatory 
 mental application, and hasty inference from too super- 
 ficial observation at the bedside. I also find nothinor in 
 Dr. Morehead's writings to encourage the crude treatment 
 of disease by merely attending to actual symptoms, at the 
 cost of disregarding the lesions underlying morbid signs. 
 Few writers, indeed, have insisted so much as Morehead 
 upon the importance of principles of treatment ; almost 
 every page of his work (well termed a ' great ' work by 
 Dr. Parkes) seems to impress this ; and there is no doubt 
 whatever, that medical men in India are deeply indebted 
 to our author for a vast amendment of the mode of 
 dealing with disease prevalent before his time." 
 
 The part of his book which Dr. Morehead himself con- 
 sidered of the most value is described in a letter, written 
 in 1873, to a friend in the profession, when, after speak- 
 ing of various medical books, he says : " Do not think me 
 vain if I ask you, at some leisure time, to read with care 
 the Introductory chapter of my second edition. I cannot 
 but think that in the etiology of disease in India I am 
 still considerably ahead of the names you mention. It 
 is on the condition of predisposition that I think them 
 so defective, that is, on constitutional states — their 
 Tarieties, degrees, causes, and universality of influence. 
 As to the hypothetical entity malaria, I cannot get on 
 without it, in my present state of ignorance, but I should 
 not be surprised if it be proved a phantom. In regard 
 to the diathesis of periodicity and antiperiodic remedies, 
 ^nd the relation of diathesis to malaria, do not let us 
 forget Sam Dickson's Fallacies, and, above all, Balfour's 
 
78 CHARLES MOEEHEAD. 
 
 sol-lunar influence. I told Dickson, mucli to his disgust^ 
 that all his ideas were to be found in Balfour's treatise in 
 the last century, and asked him if he had never read 
 it, &c. You, I have not the least doubt, can and have 
 traced the periodicity doctrines much further back — 
 possibly even to Hippocrates." 
 
 Speaking again of his work in a letter to his publishers 
 Dr. Morehead says : 
 
 " The work is not a compilation ; it is a record of care- 
 fully digested facts of original observation, has held and 
 still holds a high place as a standard work on Indian 
 medicine, within the scope and aim of its intention. It 
 cannot be superseded in the future, not from any special 
 merit of the author, but because, from changes in the 
 character of the service, the advantages and conditions 
 which he enjoyed are not likely again to be combined in 
 one individual." 
 
 Dr. Morehead had, however, been disappointed at the 
 high price at which the book was sold, especially in India, 
 where he had most of all wished it to be within the reach 
 of the students of Grant College. Shortly before his 
 death he wrote to his publishers a letter, from which the 
 above extract has been taken, with a view of making an 
 arrangement with them which, by giving up the author's 
 share of profit on their sale, might allow the remaining 
 copies of the second edition to be sold in India at a 
 cheaper rate without prejudice to the trade. The 
 arrangement could not, however, be effected. 
 
 A large number of copies of his work Dr. Morehead 
 sent for distribution, through the India Ofiice, to medical 
 institutions in India, as appears from a letter from the 
 Acting Principal of the Madras Medical College, dated 
 June 1882, in which the receipt of ten copies of Dr. 
 Morehead's book is acknowledged. 
 
WRITINGS AND LATEE LIFE. 79 
 
 " Your letter of the 13th April last was received in due 
 course, but remained unanswered until the arrival of the 
 parcel containing the ten copies of your well-known work 
 (second edition). 
 
 " As a young man, the first edition of your work was 
 very useful to me, and now, after more than a quarter of 
 a century, I hope to obtain some valuable hints from the 
 second edition. 
 
 " Whatever changes may occur in the views of the 
 profession, and in the methods of inquiry, your book will 
 always retain its value as a work of reference, seeing that 
 it is a careful record of personally observed facts collected 
 by one whose name stands high as a distinguished teacher,. 
 a successful clinician, and a sound physician." 
 
 The great purpose of Dr. Morehead's life had through- 
 out been the advancement of medical science and the 
 creation of a scientific Indian profession of medicine, with 
 a view to which the Grant College had been established 
 and so admirably carried on. Upon this object he had, 
 as it were, focussed all his energies ; and so, while narrow- 
 ing the sphere of his ambitions, he had made his activities 
 all the more intensely felt in the space to which he had 
 limited them. He had, on the whole, won a very striking 
 success, and he had proved the possibility, even without 
 extraordinary materials, of imparting to the native mind 
 the kind of practical knowledge, and of endowing it with, 
 the kind of professional enthusiasm, which men had pre- 
 viously denied that it ever could attain to, and which ia 
 certainly a rare growth in such a soil. And by his work 
 Dr. Morehead had won for himself the kind of reward 
 which gratified him most, the sincerest gratitude and 
 most affectionate regard of his pupils and of those for 
 whom he laboured. This reward he received in a larger 
 measure than he could have hoped for, had he occupied a 
 
€0 CHAELES MOREHEAD. 
 
 similar position in this country. Indeed, it maj be said 
 that one of the chief compensations to Europeans for the 
 banishment of an Indian life is the sure opportunity of 
 obtaining, by a career of usefulness and devotion to duty, 
 the meed of " boundless love, and reverence, and regret " 
 of the people they have faithfully served. In English 
 society this is often offered in too stinted measure ; 
 whether it be due to the circumstance that England so 
 far expects every man to do his duty, that she will not 
 sufficiently appreciate the self-devotion of a life spent for 
 the public good, or that we have in us less of the faculty 
 •of reverence and are less demonstrative in our feelings of 
 gratitude ; at any rate the fact remains that in India, 
 where perhaps a loyal devotion to duty is considered a 
 rarer virtue, a career of usefulness, energy, and justice, is 
 sure to be most widely appreciated and admired, and will, 
 through the channels of gratitude, win for itself an 
 influence on the lives of others which is to a great extent 
 denied to it in the more matter-of-fact conditions of 
 English society. Of this appreciation and influence Dr. 
 Morehead had a large portion ;* and in them he found 
 his chief reward and gratification ; not, indeed, that he 
 was without honour and appreciation at the hands of 
 Government. On the contrary, in 1861 he was appointed 
 to the post of Honorary Surgeon to the Queen, three of 
 these appointments having been at that time opened to 
 
 * Referring, in a letter to Dr. Alexander Grant, in 1881, to the 
 late Dr. Goodeve, formerly Principal of the Calcutta Medical 
 College, Dr. Morehead wrote : " The warm expression of his old 
 pupils and native friends are very gratifying, but not more than 
 was to be looked for, because, in my experience, they do not lack 
 gratitude. On several occasions — one or two of them quite recent 
 — I have had visits from groups of young Bombay students, 
 sons and nephews or friends of old pupils, the bearers of kind 
 greetings." 
 
WKITINGS AND LATER LIFE. 81 
 
 the members of the Indian service. The minute of the 
 Principal Inspector General of the Medical Department, 
 Bombay, in which Dr. Morehead's claims to this dignity 
 were preferred to Grovernment, may be quoted as indi- 
 cating the very high esteem in which his services were held. 
 
 " Surgeon-Major Charles Morehead, M.D., entered the 
 service in 1829, and has consequently served the State for 
 upwards of thirty years. 
 
 "Throughout the whole of his career he has devoted 
 himself with zeal and energy to the performance of his 
 professional duties. As the founder of the only societv 
 now existing for the promotion of medical knowledge in 
 India, and the contributor of the most valuable papers 
 published by it, he has done much to extend the know- 
 ledge of medical science, and to improve the practice of 
 the medical art. 
 
 " But his labours have not been restricted to the acquire- 
 ment and extension of medical knowledge. In conjunction 
 with the late Sir Robert Grant, Governor of the Presi- 
 dency, Dr. Morehead planned and organized the Grant 
 Medical College, of which he was for fifteen years the 
 Principal, during which period it afforded, under his able 
 management, an education scarcely second to that of any 
 similar institution in Europe. 
 
 " In the year 1852, whilst on temporary leave in England, 
 for the recovery of his health. Dr. Morehead was com- 
 manded by the Honourable Court of Directors to embody 
 the results of his extensive experience in a medical work 
 upon the diseases of Tropical countries. 
 
 " The result has been the production of a system of 
 medicine which, whilst it raises Dr. Morehead to the 
 highest rank as a Pathologist and Physician, reflects 
 honour upon the body of which he is a member, and is a 
 lasting monument to his zeal and ability. 
 
 6 
 
82 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 " Nor have Dr. Morehead's talent and devotion to his 
 duties been less conspicuous in an administrative capacity, 
 As the Superintending Surgeon of the Poonah Division of 
 the Army during the memorable years 1857 and 1858, he 
 gained the highest commendation for the foresight, the 
 judgment, and the inventive readiness with which he pro- 
 vided for every emergency, and for the practical sagacity 
 which he brought to bear on every circumstance affecting 
 the health of the troops in his division. 
 
 " As the highest authority on the principles and practice 
 of medicine in Western India, Dr. Morehead has long 
 been acknowledged by his brother officers, and he presents 
 a remarkable instance of the extent to which administra- 
 tive powers of no mean order may be combined with the 
 most profound practical acquaintance with every branch 
 of his profession, and I consider him to be the most 
 meritorious officer in the department under my control, 
 and highly worthy of the honour now proffered by Her 
 Majesty to the Indian medical service." 
 
 In 1860, Dr. Morehead was elected a Fellow of the 
 Eoyal College of Physicians ; and, in 1881, a farther 
 honour was conferred on him by Government, when, in 
 company with three other Indian medical officers, he was 
 made a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, on 
 which occasion there was a neat stanza in the number of 
 Punch for July 16, 1881, paying a tribute of praise to the 
 quartet of Indian doctors : 
 
 The Indian Empire Order may right well the guerdon be, 
 Of gallant men who worked full hard beyond the Eastern sea ; 
 And doctors do stern duty there, a thousand dangers sharing, 
 So here 's a health to Morehead, Chevers, Barnett, and to Waring. 
 
 In replying to a friend's congratulations on this event. 
 Dr. Morehead says, with reference to the ceremony of 
 
WKITINGS AND LATER LIFE. 83 
 
 investiture : " The day at Windsor was very liot and the 
 fatigue considerable. I had never been in the Castle 
 before, and was much struck with its stately palatial 
 aspect. The ceremonial was kindly and considerate 
 without being imposing. I saw my old Poona friend, Sir 
 William Muir — very kindly in many ways — in his office. 
 In regard to the honour itself : as I considered myself to 
 have passed into the fossiliferous strata, it is flattering to 
 find oneself still regarded as one of the existing species, 
 and I fancy that this is somewhat the feeling of Chevers 
 and Waring ; but less, as they were less fossilized. The 
 manner of it is, as I think I gathered, something of this — 
 Changes have taken place, and others in prospect, affecting 
 in some respects the old service, which had complained of 
 want of share in honours, &c. This kind of thing, you 
 know, I never took any personal interest in, mistakenly I 
 now think. The number of candidates for the service was 
 on the decrease ; hence the necessity of something, met 
 by great improvement in the retiring pensions, and this 
 act in respect to self, Chevers and Waring as repre- 
 senting the three Presidencies. It is a good beginning, 
 and will, I doubt not, have a good effect on the 
 service." 
 
 Among Dr. Morehead's many letters of congratulation 
 on this occasion, was one from Dr. Alexander Grant, 
 saying : "I have been very glad to see your name in a 
 recent Gazette, but, as in the case of my venerable friend 
 Forsyth, it is a very tardy acknowledgment of the 
 services of one who so long stood at the head of the 
 medical literature and medical education in India. That 
 distinction can scarcely be added to by this decoration: 
 however, it is welcome to you, I hope, and I beg to offer 
 to you my very cordial congratulations. I have always 
 thought that the founders of the medical schools of India 
 
 6 * 
 
84 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 were truly epoch-working men for the civilization of 
 Asia. No act of British administration has been so suc- 
 cessful or will be more enduring." After speaking of other 
 friends, Dr. Grant proceeds : " Fayrer has just sent me for 
 perusal a letter from our friend, Mouat,* who thus speaks 
 of you : ' I was glad to see two names this morning whom 
 I have always considered as ornaments to our service and 
 an honour to our profession, Morehead and Chevers. The 
 recognition they have received is far below their deserts, 
 yet must be welcome as an indication that the fountain of 
 Honour has discovered them.' " 
 
 Nor did his old friends and pupils in India neglect this 
 opportunity of sending Dr. Morehead a congratulatory 
 address, though it was now more than twenty years since 
 he had last seen them. 
 
 " We, the President and members of the Grant College 
 Medical Society, graduates of the Grant Medical College, 
 and of the University of Bombay, desire to offer you our 
 sincere and hearty congratulation on the honour which 
 Her Imperial Majesty, the Queen-Empress, has been 
 pleased to bestow on you, in enrolling you among the 
 members of the Order of the Indian Empire. It is now 
 more than half a century since you first landed in 
 India, and twenty -two years have passed since you left us 
 to enjoy well-earned repose in your native country. The 
 long and eminent services rendered by you to the people 
 of India and to the cause of humanity, have not, we can 
 assure you, been forgotten by the inhabitants of this city 
 and of this country ; and we rejoice that these services 
 have at length been acknowledged and stamped with 
 
 * Late Professor in the Calcutta College, and Inspector-General 
 of Prisons, and Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals ; now one 
 of the Local Government Inspectors, 
 
WRITINGS AND LATER LIFE. 85 
 
 public recognition. The active interest with which you 
 still watch, from your retirement, the proceedings of our 
 body and the progress in the Grant Medical College, of 
 which you were respectively the founder and the first 
 Principal, and your constant exertions to promote their 
 usefulness, are highly appreciated by us, and will long 
 entitle you to our gratitude and admiration. As your old 
 pupils, friends and admirers, we desire to place on record 
 our satisfaction at the honour conferred upon you by Her 
 Imperial Majesty. That you may long be spared to wear 
 the decoration, is our earnest wish." 
 
 To this Dr. Morehead replied : 
 
 " Dear Friends, — Your cordial and affectionate con- 
 gratulations on my being appointed a Companion of the 
 Order of the Indian Empire are very grateful to me. On 
 leaving India in 1854 and 1859, I was honoured with 
 similar and other tokens of approbation and esteem, but 
 those were naturally inspired by the generous impulses of 
 youth and the severance of a union of warm regard which 
 had subsisted for a series of years. 
 
 *' Now, however, after two and twenty years having 
 elapsed, to be assured that these feelings still survive, 
 unchilled by distance or by time, undisturbed by the 
 battle of life or the attractions of worldly success, is a 
 gratification which I am unable fitly to express ; but I 
 can truly afiirm that the old times, with their emotions 
 and associations, are at this moment not less warmly 
 cherished than when, thirty-five years ago, we first met in 
 the lecture-room of Grant College, and watched together 
 at the bedside of the sick in the wards of Jamsetjee 
 Hospital. Your address has recalled to my mind the 
 best and happiest memories of the past. 
 
 " It was to clear the way and be the example to a native 
 profession of medicine in Western India that the Medical 
 
86 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 and Physical Society was formed ; but alas ! after forty 
 years of memorable service, it has passed from among- 
 you, leaving, however. Grant College and a valuable series 
 of published transactions, the records of its history. 
 Thus, on the society which you so worthily represent, now 
 entering on the fourth decade of its useful labours, has 
 devolved the lofty mission of maintaining, in the sight of 
 your people, the noble profession of medicine, honourable 
 and pure in all its moral, social, and scientific relations. 
 It is, therefore, to me a constant delight to regard your 
 present thrice-elected President, and others of the loyal 
 band which first listened to my voice, guiding your 
 counsels, encouraging your efforts, increasing your stores 
 of knowledge, and pointing you onward to the goal of 
 honour which is the sure reward of all who work honestly, 
 patiently, and well. 
 
 " I thank you most sincerely for this tribute of kind 
 sympathy and remembrance, which I shall ever prize with 
 pleasure and with j^ride." 
 
 And certainly Dr. Morehead was wont to look back to 
 the memories of his Indian career with pleasure, if not 
 with pride ; and to his former colleagues he always felt 
 himself under the strongest obligations, and took a 
 most sympathetic interest in their after-life and occupa- 
 tions. 
 
 Upon hearing that one of the early Professors of Grant 
 College, who had retired from the service and been living 
 in England, was attacked with paralysis. Dr. Morehead 
 wrote in August 1881 to a mutual friend : 
 
 " I thank you very much for your account of Peele. 
 Pray say to him, with my kindest regards, how much 
 concerned I have been at his illness, and how glad I am 
 to have tidings of his improvement. The memories and 
 associations of our prime are the most enduring and most 
 
WEITINGS AND LATER LIFE. 87 
 
 pleasing in their retrospect, when, as in his case, they 
 are unshadowed by a cloud of any kind." 
 
 In writing to another later colleague, who was Honorary 
 Physician and Secretary to a Cottage Hospital, he said, 
 in April 1877: 
 
 "I am much obliged by your interesting Report of 
 your Cottage Hospital.* The subject, in several of its 
 aspects, was, in a measure, new to me, and you show so 
 well the great benefits that result to the sick, to the 
 community, and to the profession from the system, and 
 also the success that the enerc^v and manasrement of a few 
 
 Ok/ O 
 
 right-minded, intelligent men may bring about. Tour 
 pamphlet must do good, I think." 
 
 In a notice of Dr. Morehead, after his death, the editor 
 of the Edinhurgh Medical Journal wrote of him : — 
 " Though he rather shunned medical gatherings, those 
 of us privileged to know him soon discovered what a 
 store of medical wisdom and knowledge he possessed, and 
 how fully he kept up, not only his information, but his 
 interest in all professional progress." 
 
 After his retirement in 1869, Dr. Morehead lived, for 
 the most part, in Edinburgh, and spent much of his time, 
 thoughts, and energies as a well-wisher and an amateur 
 critic of various local institutions, and as a disputant in 
 many of the vexed medical questions of the day. The 
 zealous interest which he showed in the administration 
 and reform of Grant College has already been described. 
 Somewhat of the same spirit of earnest conviction 
 characterized his advocacy of other practical questions. 
 For instance, in the years 1868 to 1870, an animated dis- 
 cussion being carried on in Edinburgh as to the site 
 
 * A Uevieio oj the Working of the Bourton-on-the-Water Village 
 Hospital from its Commencement in 1861 io 1877. By W. C. Coles, 
 M.D. 
 
88 CHAELES MOEEHEAD. 
 
 and mode of construction of the new Rojal Infirmary, 
 Dr. Morehead, as soon as he had carefully formed his 
 own opinions on the subject, sought to enforce his views 
 by writing a series of letters to the Edinburgh papers, 
 which were marked by his usual unbiassed, and, one may 
 say, philosophical method of treatment. He also drew 
 up a note on the plans of the new Hospital Buildings in 
 1870, which was given in to one of the managers, its chief 
 object being to induce the architect to dispense with 
 " ornamental projections, turrets, and chimney-gables, 
 which interfered with ventilation, sunlight, and cleanli- 
 ness, and added to the cost of construction." Dr. More- 
 head's own views on the matter are expressed in a letter 
 to a friend at this time (1880) : 
 
 " I have no enthusiasm in it. They are too fast for 
 me. There is much outlay on what is not bread, which 
 ought not to be the case with a charity of this kind. In 
 a hospital connected with a medical school, there are two 
 contending interests — that of the patients, and that of the 
 students. The difficulty is to touch the true balance. 
 Here, I think, it tends to incline too much to the side of 
 the students : a system of medical education which does 
 not, at all points, keep before the mind of the student, as 
 a leading star, the paramount interests of the sick, is 
 defective in princij)le." 
 
 It would, perhaps, be tedious to describe other letters 
 and notes written by Dr. Morehead, on various subjects, 
 such as on the controversy whether oral or finger-sign 
 speaking were the best system of communication for 
 deaf-mutes, Dr. Morehead being strongly in favour of the 
 latter method, and on other minor topics.* But the most 
 
 * One of these was a sketch of Medical Progress in India, which 
 was included by Dr. W. W. Hunter in his account of the Moral 
 
WRITINGS AND LATER LIFE. 89 
 
 noteworthy of his papers were concerned with questions 
 of medical science and sanitation. On the subject of the 
 prevention and treatment of Cholera, he engaged in a 
 controversy, in 1866, with Dr. Parkes, especially attacking 
 the General Order of Sir Hugh Rose, then Commander- 
 in-Chief ; not but that he thought it often a very neces- 
 sary and judicious measure to move troops attacked by 
 cholera at once, and put them under canvas, but because 
 he strongly objected to having such a definite command 
 laid down in a General Order, without leaving any dis- 
 cretion to the medical authorities on the spot, a condition 
 of things which he considered derogatory to the profes- 
 sion, an impediment to scientific inquiry, and liable to 
 lead, under unfavourable cii'cumstances, such as of bad 
 
 and Material Progress of our Indian Empire, and may be quoted 
 here : — 
 
 " At an early period of the British intercourse with India, the 
 climatic conditions of health necessarily commanded attention, 
 indicated (1) by the separate treatises of a series of medical 
 observers, starting from the latter part of the eighteenth century 
 and continuing up to the present time : (2) by the Reports of the 
 ^Medical Boards of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, of the great 
 outbreak of cholera in 1817 ; the Medico-topographical Reports of 
 1825-40 of the chief stations of the Madras Presidency by the 
 Medical Board of the Presidency : (3) by the transactions of the 
 Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta (1823-39), and of 
 Bombay (1837-76) ; Indian Annals of Medical Sciences (Calcutta), 
 from 1855 onwards ; and by other medical journals in those 
 Presidencies through different periods : (4) by the Medical Educa- 
 tion of the natives of India, commencing with the Vernacular 
 Medical Schools in Calcutta and Bombay, between 1820 and 1830, 
 developing between 1835 and 1850 into the Medical Colleges of 
 Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, and in later years extending into 
 Medical Schools at Hyderabad (Deccan), Nagpore, Agra, Lahore, 
 Balrampur (Oude), Patna, Dacca, Poena, Ahmedabad: (5) by 
 vital statistics, which from 1827 take a marked place in the 
 medical literature relative to India, and has become, since the 
 appointment of Sanitary Commissioners in 1863, its characteristic 
 and leading feature." 
 
90 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 weather, to far greater mortality than would otherwise 
 have been occasioned. 
 
 Another Indian medical question which interested Dr. 
 Morehead in 1870 and 1871, was that of stationing 
 European troops at Hill Sanataria * during the hot season 
 of the year. And he was one of the most ardent advo- 
 cates of the system, since adopted, of stationing our 
 troops in the hills during the hot season, and forming 
 camps of exercise for them in the plains during the cold 
 months. 
 
 Other medical papers written by Dr. Morehead, after 
 his retirement, discussed the pathology of various diseases, 
 such as enteric fever,t pneumonia, and hepatitis. And 
 at the request of the Epidemiological Society, to which 
 he was, for many years. Secretary for the East Indies, he 
 drew up a table of diseases, accompanied with a note on 
 nosological arrangement. 
 
 A number of memorial notices of friends or former 
 colleagues constituted another class of writings from Dr. 
 Morehead's pen. From a sense of public duty, as well as 
 of personal affection, he was always ready to pay the 
 tribute of a biographical notice to any friend who, in his 
 opinion, had lived a good and useful life. And it was in 
 a like spirit of filial duty that, towards the end of his 
 life, he published the memorials of his father Dr. Robert 
 Morehead,:]: who had died in December 1842, at Easington 
 
 * Cf. Articles by Dr. Morehead in The Transactions of the 
 Bombay Medical and Physical Society, vol. iv. p. 193 and p. 208 ; 
 and vol. vii. p. vii. 
 
 t A note by Dr. Morehead on this subject, with an introduction 
 by Dr. Chevers, is reprinted from The Medical Times and Gazette 
 of 13th January 1883, at the end of this Memoir, as Appendix 
 III. 
 
 X Memorials of the Life and Writings of the Rev. Robert Morehead, 
 D.D. Edmonston & Douglas. 1875. Octavo. 
 
WKITINGS AND LATER LIFE. 91 
 
 in Yorkshire, the parish of which he had been rector for 
 ten years. Of his " aim " in writing this book, he speaks 
 in a letter to Dr. Coles (7th January 1876) : 
 
 " It originated in a wish to preserve some of the sonnets 
 in print for private use. This led me to look into the 
 letters and journals, of the existence of which I only had 
 been aware within the last three or four years. This, 
 with several other incidental circumstances, led me on. It 
 was a risky proceeding ; but I have had no reason to 
 regret it. It has interested many people, and, I hope,, 
 done harm to none. There are, as you can conceive, 
 interests more especially Scottish ; but it is pleasing to 
 find that it is not altogether unacceptable where these 
 interests cannot exist. I think you see that the book 
 requires more than a cursory reading." 
 
 The Edinburgh Daily Review thus described the book t 
 " This volume of combined autobiography, biography, and 
 works in verse and prose, is edited by a son who passed 
 through a most successful and honourable career in th& 
 Bombay Medical Service. The work is well done — with 
 taste, with reticence, yet with sufficient fulness, so that it 
 is indispensable to all who are interested in Scottish 
 society and literature at the end of the last and the be- 
 ginning of the present century. Dr. Morehead's eldest 
 son was a Madras civilian, who so distinguished himself 
 by showing the milder virtues of his father in the work of 
 administration, that he rose to be Acting-Governor of the 
 Province, which he left amid the regrets of all classes* 
 Not only as the father, but as the friend of distinguished 
 Anglo-Indians, there are, hence, not a few references to 
 the great men of that class who have passed away, but 
 who, while they lived, reflected a lustre on their native 
 country. Thus, Mountstuart Elphinstone, ' who twice 
 refused a crown,' to wit, the position of Governor- General, 
 
92 CHARLES MOREHEAD, 
 
 was an intimate friend of the subject of this volume, and 
 we thank the editor for his contributions of letters to the 
 life of that great and good statesman, which has yet to be 
 written." 
 
 On the same subject is the next letter, from Dr. John 
 Brown, the author of Rah and His Friends, and a well- 
 known literary man in Edinburgh : 
 *' My dear Principal, Doctor, and Friend, 
 
 " I got from H his copy of the Memorials 
 
 last night, and was delighting myself with them, when 
 your kind note and gift came. It is a delighful book ; 
 such a record of worth and lovableness is rare enough, 
 and, as far as I have gone, it is put together by a filius 
 haud degener. But I have only tasted it as yet. That 
 on Dante is most excellent ; Jeffery's letters delightful ; 
 such a persistent, unbroken love and friendship it is good 
 to see. You may be sure I found out my * bag o' the 
 bee,'* and read it and fed on it with equal shame and 
 satisfaction, quite aware that I had no right to it, but 
 swallowing it and relishing it all the same. It is good 
 for us all, especially for the young, to know something 
 more of that great old time, when men were men and 
 principles were principles. Thanks again, and tell Miss 
 Morehead that she must try and like her father still a 
 little more than ever, for this good and modest work 
 of his. . . ." 
 
 In a letter to his sister. Dr. Morehead again described 
 his object in editing the Memorials of his father: "As 
 regards these Memorials, there has not been time for any 
 one to read them since they were published. I have 
 explained to you my action in the matter. Some select a 
 
 * A Reference to a passage in p. 406 of the Memorials, where 
 Dr. Brown is alluded to with words of praise. 
 
WEITINGS AND LATEE LIFE. 93 
 
 bust, others a picture, &c., to comniemorate those whom 
 they love. I have chosen this form as most likely to be 
 useful and acceptable to our father's descendants, and it 
 will be enough for me to feel that I have not altogether 
 failed in the execution." 
 
 The present memoir of the son has originated in a 
 somewhat similar desire of his daughter. Miss Morehead, 
 to pay honour to her father and to perpetuate the 
 memory of one who lived for a noble aim, and mainly 
 succeeded in his life's work ; while the impersonal quality, 
 if it may be so called, which this memoir has assumed, 
 springs from a double cause, — first, that in his public 
 dealings the life of the first Principal of Grant College 
 was unmarked by unusual incidents ; and secondly, be- 
 cause. Dr. Morehead having been peculiarly reserved and 
 impatient of inquisitiveness, while accustomed to speak 
 little of himself, it would ill become a writer having a 
 real respect to his memory to compile his memoirs in a 
 manner which would have been distasteful to him. He 
 would have acknowledged — none more so — the advisa- 
 bility of publishing any record which might add to the 
 practical and useful experience of his successors in the 
 field of medical education ; but he was averse to the mo- 
 dern tone of many biographies, which deal too largely 
 in gossip of various kinds. It may, therefore, suffice to 
 point out the characteristics of Dr. Morehead in his 
 intercourse with others. The energy, earnestness, and 
 principle which gave its strength to his character, have 
 already appeared in the earlier pages of this memoir ; 
 these were, however, combined with a conciliatory manner 
 which would avoid opposition, so far as opposition could 
 be avoided without surrender of principle. His opinions 
 were always the result of careful and impartial considera- 
 tion; they were marked by strong sense, a wise judgment 
 
94 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 and discretion ; while, in carrying out his opinions, or 
 impressing them on others, he acted with steady patience 
 and tact and courtesy. And, in truth, this tact and 
 courtesy arose out of a genial appreciation of character 
 and a real sympathy and kindness of heart towards those 
 with whom he came into intercourse. But with all this 
 kindness and sympathy, and notwithstanding a vein of 
 Scotch humour,* which added a further pleasure to his 
 society, perhaps the most striking characteristic of Dr. 
 Morehead was his reserve. He always bore himself with 
 a stately dignity which almost forbad familiarity even on 
 the part of those with whom he was most intimate. This 
 reserve was combined, too, with a certain imperiousness 
 of thought and manner, which displayed itself especially 
 when what he considered the fundamental principles of 
 any right course of action seemed to him to have been 
 disregarded or denied. 
 
 This reserve of Dr. Morehead is well exemplified in his 
 diary, which he kept for several years, which contains 
 scarcely any reference to his emotions or feelings on any 
 occasion, but which consists chiefly of professional ex- 
 periences, and criticisms called for by any event which 
 had occurred, or by any institution he had inspected. 
 
 Dr. Morehead's general appearance was striking. One 
 who knew him in 1845, speaks of " his tall erect figure, 
 upright carriage, snow-white hair — which it was when I 
 first saw him — strong and luxuriant, and not the white 
 hair of old people, as he was under 40 at the time." 
 It may also be remarked that his eyes, beneath their 
 straight eyebrows, had ever a keen and penetrating look, 
 often touched with the gleam of humour, while the deter- 
 
 * A friend, in acknowledging the receipt of a photograph of 
 Dr. Morehead, writes to Miss Morehead: "I can see in it the 
 well-known expression of suppressed fun as strong as ever." 
 
WBITINGS AND LATEK LIFE. 95 
 
 mination of his character was well denoted by the firm- 
 set mouth and well-shapen chin, features which were, 
 however, in later life concealed by his white moustache 
 and long patriarchal beard. 
 
 In 1844, Dr. Morehead had married Harriet Anne, 
 daughter of the Ven. George Barnes, D.D., the founder 
 of the Bombay Education Society, first Archdeacon of 
 Bombay, and, after his return from India, Archdeacon of 
 Barnstaple, Devon. To Dr. Morehead's very great sorrow, 
 his wife died two years after their marriage, leaving him 
 with two children, the elder a son and the younger a 
 •daughter, at whose desire the present memoir has been 
 compiled. The son, Charles Eivett Morehead, was struck 
 down by fever in the early promise of boyhood, and died 
 at Scarborough on the 15th October 1852. He was buried 
 •close to his grandfather's and grandmother's graves, at 
 Easington, where Dr. Morehead's brother, the Eev. George 
 Jeffrey Morehead, was rector in succession to their father. 
 The following entry occurs in Dr. Morehead's diary re- 
 specting the funeral. " On Wednesday, the 18th, dear 
 Charlie's funeral took place. It was a rainy and bois- 
 terous day. The rain ceased as we approached Easing- 
 ton, but the wind blew high and keen. As we passed 
 round the Eectory grounds and the Church- gate, we were 
 joined by George, his wdfe, and a few of his friends, and 
 we passed from the carriage, following the cofQn into the 
 church, and I found myself, for the first time, under the 
 tablet to my father's memory ; and then to the church - 
 jard, close to my father's and mother's graves, and there 
 the dear boy w^as placed." 
 
 In 1863, Dr. Morehead's elder brother, William 
 Ambrose, died soon after his retirement from the Madras 
 CJivil Service ; and seventeen years later, in September 
 1880, another of his brothers, the Eev. George Jeffrey 
 
96 CHAKLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 Morehead, died, and was buried at Easington, where he 
 had been rector, in succession to his father, for forty 
 years. On this occasion Dr. Morehead thus wrote to a 
 friend who was not personally known to his brother : 
 
 " The melancholy intelligence of my dear brother's 
 death came unexpectedly upon me, for I had hoped and 
 believed that he was in a fair way of recovery, but a 
 change took place in his state, and his most useful life 
 came to a close. Two months ago, he was in full work. 
 Always four services, and sometimes five, every Sunday, 
 with a distance of four miles between his churches, and 
 an earnest devotion to his parish work, and to his duties 
 as a magistrate, a combination not now often made ; but 
 in the former days ' Cleveland ' was an outlying corner 
 of Yorkshire, and it was difficult to find able and con- 
 scientious men for the magisterial work. Often have I 
 advised him of his numerous services, but his answer 
 always was that he performed the last with more ease 
 than the first. The funeral took place at Easington. You 
 can well conceive that forty years of a life like this, com- 
 bined as it was with the most genial manners, and a fine 
 manly bearing, filled the church and churchyard with a 
 crowd of mourners, men and women. It was a most 
 impressive scene." 
 
 The library which had belonged to the father, the Eev. 
 Dr. Robert Morehead, was dispersed, chiefly among the 
 members of the family, after the death of his son and 
 successor in the parish of Easington. This breaking up 
 of the family library is referred to in the next extract 
 from a letter to his sister. Lady Lowther. 
 
 " I am delighted that you wish to appropriate the Edin- 
 burgh Eevieio ; it includes the whole period of Jeffrey's 
 editorship, and represents the first great epoch of the 
 Review, and is, therefore, complete from that point of 
 
WEITINGS AND LATER LIFE. 97 
 
 view, and full of associations for you. I had thought of 
 the Wilton shelves, as its most desirable resting-place, 
 but feared it might operate as a bag of dynamite on its 
 Oonservative brethren ;* as it is, I regard it merely as a 
 wholesome leaven, and a pleasant flavour for the doctrines 
 that will surround it." 
 
 In August 1881 his sister, Matilda Lockhart Morehead, 
 to whom he had been greatly attached, died. Her 
 character was well described by him in a letter to a 
 friend, who had condoled with the family at her death. 
 
 " Tour very kind letter, and Mrs. C 's tender sym- 
 pathy, have been much appreciated by us. I do not 
 know that I have ever before experienced so just and 
 true a recognition of my dear sister's high and peculiar 
 qualities, as the impression they seem to have left after 
 so short an acquaintance with Mrs. C . Her sym- 
 pathies so warm, so universal, so frank and unreserved, 
 and so practical at the same time, and with a cheerfulness 
 and ready wit that never failed, even at times of suffering 
 which had much clouded and chequered her life. And 
 all this was rooted in, and sprang from, the most simple 
 and unbounded Christian faith. A tree thus known by 
 its fruits . . . . " 
 
 The close of Dr. Morehead' s life is thus described by 
 one who was constantly with him. 
 
 " After the death of his brother George, and of his 
 sister — the sorrow having been borne with his usual 
 fortitude — those who watched Dr. Morehead closely, could 
 not but notice a certain failure in bodily strength, though 
 his mental faculties remained unimpaired ; and this was 
 
 * In allusion to the political doctrines of the Rt. Hon. James 
 Lowther, late Chief Secretary for Ireland under Lord Beacons- 
 field's Government, to whose mother, Dr. Morehead's eldest sister, 
 the letter is addressed. 
 
 7 
 
9S CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 not unremai'ked by himself, but was quietly accepted as 
 the natural consequence of advancing age. In the spring 
 of 1882, he paid visits amongst various relatives and 
 friends in the south of England, many of whom wev& 
 struck by his calm and gentle bearing, and who felt that 
 they might, perhaps, be seeing him for the last time. 
 During the early summer he quietly remained, for the 
 most part, in his own home in Edinburgh, and on the 
 22nd of August he went, with his daughter, to visit Sir 
 Charles and Lady Lowther, at Wilton Castle, Eedcar, York- 
 shire, when he expressed the greatest pleasure at seeing his 
 sister again, and enjoyed with her the sight of many of 
 his father's books, which had been carefully arranged on 
 the shelves of the library. About this time, and on the 
 day after his arrival at Wilton, he seemed to look better 
 and stronger than he had done of late, but on the morn- 
 ing of the 24th, shortly after breakfast, at which time he 
 had seemed to be well and cheerful, the end came very 
 suddenly, from an attack of syncope, and thus a noble 
 spirit was gently released, without apparent pain or 
 suffering. To those who loved him best the old, familiar 
 words came back with peculiar strength and comfort : ' He 
 was not, for Grod took him.' 
 
 " A few days later the earthly remains were laid in the 
 beautiful Dean Cemetery of Edinburgh, very near to the 
 grave of his brother William, to whom during life he 
 had been closely united by strong ties of sympathy and 
 affection." 
 
 Various short notices of his life appeared in the local 
 and medical journals and in the Indian papers, and one 
 was issued by the Royal Society of Edinburgh of which 
 Dr. Morehead had been a Fellow since 1860. All alike 
 testified to his very great worth. But, passing over these, 
 it will be enough to quote two letters concerning him. 
 
WEITINGS AND LATER LIFE. 99 
 
 written by Mr. Claude Erskine, late of the Bombay Civil 
 Service, and formerly Director of Public Instruction in 
 Bombay ; and by Sir Joseph Fayrer, K.C.S.I., F.E.C.P., 
 Physician to the Queen, the Prince of Wales, and the 
 Secretary of State for India in Council, and President of 
 the Medical Board at the India Office. 
 
 The former, writing to Miss Morehead, having mentioned 
 that he had read with great interest the " In Memoriam " 
 notice of Dr. Morehead, reprinted from the Edinburgh 
 Medical Journal for October 1882, says : 
 
 " It must be a comfort to you, in your sorrow, to know 
 that those who knew him best were those who valued him 
 most. The notice is written with much feeling, and 
 seems rightly to dwell on some of those traits of cha- 
 racter which you would wish to keep alive in the memories 
 of all who knew him ; his active kindness, his devotion to 
 a noble profession, his quiet wisdom, and real goodness. 
 The assurance thus given that his love of truth and duty, 
 and his power of kindling it in younger men, were known 
 to and felt by those about him, must be some comfort to 
 you now. And yet it must also make his loss doubly 
 hard to you who were so much to him, and to whom he 
 was so much. I had known your father for very many 
 years, and always felt and shall feel a true respect and 
 regard for him, and his character, and work in life. 
 When I met him in London this summer, he seemed to be 
 looking uncommonly well, and the sudden tidings of his 
 passing away came upon us like a shock, in spite of his 
 fulness of years." 
 
 The following are Sir Joseph Fayrer's words : 
 
 " Dr. Grant has told me that you would like me to 
 record my opinion of the estimation in which your 
 lamented father was held by his brother medical officers 
 in India. I think I do not err in saying that no medical 
 
 7 * 
 
100 CHAELES MOREHEAD. 
 
 officer ever stood higher in their estimation, none who 
 was more respected, or whose opinions were more highly 
 valued. 
 
 " For my own part I can say that, having known him 
 by his writings for many years, I considered it one of the 
 happiest events of my life when I made his personal 
 acquaintance, and realised the extraordinary powers and 
 goodness of the author, with whom I had hitherto been 
 acquainted only by his books. He was a great Physician 
 in the best and highest sense of the term, a great bene- 
 factor to medicine and of the people of India ; and one of 
 whom we are all justly proud. His death, though it 
 occurred in the fulness of time and not before he had 
 contributed invaluable material to our stock of Indian 
 medical learning and experience, is an irreparable loss, 
 and one that is deplored alike in India and at home. The 
 only consolation, and it is a great one to those who loved 
 and valued him, and also sympathise with you in your 
 great bereavement, is, that, as he lived an honoured and 
 useful life and left his ripe knowledge and exjDerience for 
 our benefit, so he died full of years and wisdom and the 
 affection of troops of friends, and, we may hope, in the 
 assurance of an enduring reward in the higher and better 
 life, for which his own here was such a fitting preparation. 
 He will long be held in loving memory by many friends." 
 
 On the news of Dr. Morehead's death being brought to 
 Bombay, the Grant College Medical Society at its next 
 meeting passed two resolutions to the eJQEect (1) " That this 
 society deeply deplores the death of Dr. Charles More- 
 head, and puts on record its sense of lasting gratitude to 
 him who was at once its father, guide, and warm supporter 
 up to the time of his death " ; and (2) " That the 
 graduates of Grant Medical College, Licentiates of Medi- 
 cine of the University of Bombay, friends and admirers 
 
WKITINGS AND LATER LIFE. 101 
 
 of Dr. C. Morehead, be invited to raise subscriptions to 
 perpetuate his memory in connection with the Grant 
 Medical College in some suitable shape to be afterwards 
 agreed upon by a Committee." 
 
 The amount raised accordingly by Dr. Morehead's 
 friends both in England and India was Rs. 5,000 ; and, 
 since his memory was already commemorated iu Grant 
 Medical College by his bust, which had been placed in 
 its vestibule by the subscriptions of friends on his final 
 departure from India, the whole of the Rs. 5,000 invested 
 in 4 per cent. Government paper was offered to, and 
 accepted by, the Bombay University for the purpose of 
 endowing a Scholarship, to be awarded annually to the 
 graduate in medicine of Grant Medical College who 
 showed the highest proficiency in clinical medicine, the 
 Scholarship being entitled, " The Charles Morehead 
 Scholarship in Clinical Medicine." The first twelve 
 winners of this prize will also each receive a handsomely 
 bound copy of Dr. Morehead's book of Clinical Researches , 
 with a portrait of him at the beginning, which have been 
 presented by Miss Morehead. 
 
 And thus Dr. Morehead's name will always be cherished 
 in the Medical College which he himself inaugurated, and 
 specially remembered in connection with that branch of 
 medical science of which he was the most approved 
 master. His high standard of duty and devotion to his 
 profession is still remembered as a tradition of that 
 institution, and his example remains as a motive among 
 its students to an earnest life. It has justly been said of 
 him that in the long list of those who, in India, have done 
 honour to the medical profession, and of whom that 
 profession may be justly proud, there are few names more 
 deserving of fame than that of Charles Morehead. 
 
102 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Extract from Second Report of the Board of Educa- 
 tion, of which Dr. Morehead was Secretary. 
 
 The tendency of our proceedings in regard to Vernacu- 
 lar Education, has evinced our conviction that the primary 
 instruction of the people should be conducted exclusively 
 in the vernacular language of the respective provinces ; 
 and that it is essential to permanent and real success, that 
 the exertions of Government should be responded to by 
 that degree of co-operation on the part of the people, 
 which will suffice to give evidence of a sincere desire on 
 their part to avail themselves of the benefits of education. 
 It is with this latter view that we have attached so much 
 importance to the constitution of local school committees, 
 consisting of representatives of the different classes of the 
 community, and that we have insisted so rigidly on the 
 provision, by the people, of school-houses, and on the 
 payment of a fee by the pupils. Whereas on the part of 
 the controlling authority we trust that we have shown 
 our sense of the importance of practically demonstrating 
 the advantages of education by advancing the educated ; 
 of exercising a vigilant system of superintendency over 
 the schools ; of providing well-trained masters, and of 
 preparing a series of vernacular school-books, calculated 
 
APPENDIX I. 103 
 
 to impart a degree of moral and intellectual training to 
 the body of the people, and to lay the foundation of a 
 vernacular literature to be made, we would hope, ulti- 
 mately available for the improvement of the adult popu- 
 lation, by means of village libraries in connection with 
 the schools, and their committees. It is in relation to this 
 latter object (the preparation of a series of vernacular 
 school-books, and ultimately of an improved vernacular 
 literature) that we view with so much satisfaction the 
 practical direction which has been given to the course of 
 study, in the Sanskrit College, to the training of young 
 men as Sanskrit, English, and vernacular scholars, the 
 instruments by whom this vernacular literature will be 
 created. 
 
 The measures resolved on, or proposed, in regard to the 
 English schools, show that we are of opinion that the 
 course of instruction pursued in them should be suitable 
 for the preparatory education of those members of the 
 community who have higher objects in view than a course 
 •of primary instruction is calculated to provide for ; who 
 aim at qualifying themselves for the higher offices con- 
 nected with the State, for different professions, as mer- 
 chants, teachers, civil engineers, physicians, lawyers, &c. 
 In fact, we consider that the English schools should 
 represent the Secondary ScJiools of a system of national 
 education, analogous in position to the gymnasia in 
 ■Germany and Prussia, and the grammar schools in Eng- 
 land. It is under this view of the object of these schools 
 that we insist on a preliminary course of primary instruc- 
 tion in the vernacular schools as a condition of admis- 
 sion ; that we enforce the payment of a higher fee ; that 
 we provide for the honorary admission of pupils distin- 
 guished in the vernacular schools, and of whose future 
 •career good may be anticipated ; that we have been desir- 
 ous to obtain masters of considerable acquirement and 
 ■experience ; and that we have traced the occupation in 
 after life of the young men who have been educated in 
 these schools. 
 
 If the course of instruction followed in the English 
 
104 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 schools is intended to be preparatory as regards those 
 students who aim at qualifying themselves to follow a 
 special profession, it remains, to complete a system of 
 national education, that there must be institutions in 
 which these special professions are taught. In the- 
 scholarships and the upper division of the Elphinstone 
 National Educational Institution, we have as yet in this 
 Presidency but the nucleus of this highest department 
 of education. It is, however, our expectation to be 
 enabled before long to make a most important addition, 
 by establishing a class for the practical and efficient train- 
 ing of surveyors and civil engineers ; and thus afford the 
 means of giving to the course of instruction that special 
 direction for which the wants of the country at present 
 afford the freest scope. 
 
105 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 A Memorandum on Grant Medical College, Bombay,. 
 bj Dr. C. Morehead, M.D., F.E.C.P., dated October 
 
 1870. 
 
 I LEARN, from the Times of India of the 9th September,, 
 that the following memorandum, which was submitted 
 to the Secretary of State for India in February last, is 
 under the consideration of the Department of Education 
 of Bombay, and the subject of public discussion ; but 
 that its purport is very imperfectly and partially known. 
 
 As there need be no mystery respecting an important 
 question of public instruction, I print the paper for the 
 information of those who may be interested in the subject 
 to which it relates. It was not my object to review the 
 whole system of the Grant Medical College as now exist- 
 ing, but merely to point out what seemed to me the fatal 
 tendency of some of its j^resent principles and practices. 
 It might have been useful to have extended the inquiry 
 to such points as the increase and manner of selection of 
 the professors, the methods of clinical instruction and 
 of test examination, the decadence of the Medical and 
 Physical Society, &c. ; but I thought it wiser to confine- 
 myself to an immediate and pressing danger. 
 
 It might also have been well to show that medical 
 
106 CHARLES MOEEHEAD. 
 
 education in Great Britain is at present in an unsatisfac- 
 tory and unsettled state ; that its tendency to be too 
 discursive and extended in its subjects, too didactic, too 
 little practical, clinical, and demonstrative in its methods 
 of teaching and examining, is being generally admitted ; 
 and that the removal of these defects is the basis on 
 which suggestions for improvement mainly rest. When 
 Grant Medical College was first organized, the defects in 
 the system of medical education in this country were 
 fully understood and purposely avoided ; but of late years 
 this fact would seem to have been lost sight of and im- 
 perfections to have crept in, which medical educationists 
 are now endeavouring to correct in British schools. Thus 
 the vantage ground of prevention, originally occupied by 
 Grant College, has been, not wisely, abandoned. An 
 inquiry into the entire subject of medical education in 
 the presidency of Bombay would have further led me to 
 point out that the proposal to remove the vernacular 
 medical classes from Grant College to the large civil 
 hospitals at Poona and Ahmedabad, must, in addition to 
 the protection of Grant College, tend to a large develop- 
 ment in the usefulness of these provincial hospitals, and 
 to an influence for good, in many ways, on the population 
 of the cities of Poona and Ahmedabad, with their im- 
 portant surrounding districts. 
 
 Memorandum. 
 
 1. The Eeport of Grant Medical College, Bombay, for 
 the year 1868-69, which appears in the Times of India, 
 of the 7th of January, convinces me that the College is in 
 jeopardy, and that I shall fail in my duty to the Govern- 
 ment of India if I do not point out what seem to me to 
 be the dangers. 
 
 2. For my title to state my opinions, I would refer to 
 the Exports of the College from its origin in 1845 to 1862, 
 which include the period during which I was Principal, 
 and the two years which succeeded my retirement from 
 the ofiice. 
 
APPENDIX II. 107 
 
 3. To prevent needless repetition, I would request atten- 
 tion to the short section* on " Medical Education," which 
 will be found in my sketch of Sanitary Progress in the 
 Presidency of Bombay from 1830 to 1860, at p. 148 of 
 the Sanitary Report issued by the India Office in July 
 1869, as necessary to the full understanding of the 
 following observations. 
 
 3. The object of the College was to create a class of 
 scientifically educated native medical practitioners, to take 
 the place of the uneducated practitioners, who were an 
 evil, not a benefit, to the country. To effect this, three 
 conditions were insisted on : (1) A preliminary education 
 sufficient to fit the mind for the ajjprehension of the 
 medical sciences ; (2) Instruction through a language 
 (English) possessed of a past and progressing medical 
 literature ; (3) Adequate clinical instruction, and clinical 
 test examination. 
 
 5. By the dogma, that in order to the efficiency of a 
 medical school there should be a relation between the 
 number of the students and the size of the affiliated 
 hospital, is meant that every student should, for suffi- 
 cient periods, be engaged in discharging the duties of 
 •clinical clerk and surgical dresser, under the immediate 
 direction of the Professors of clinical medicine and 
 ■clinical surgery. 
 
 It is very true that in the large medical schools of 
 Europe this is impracticable, and, in consequence, these 
 schools are very generally defective as regards this 
 indubitably fundamental principle of medical education. 
 It would be interesting to take the last thirty or forty 
 years of medical education in Great Britain, and to 
 inquire whether or not the medical men who have risen to 
 Teputation in that period, have not almost invariably been 
 of the class of house-physicians and surgeons, clinical 
 clerks and surgical dressers. No doubt many good prac- 
 titioners have not had these advantages ; but in a country 
 
 * Reprinted by Dr. Morehead in an Appendix to this Memo- 
 randum, but omiited in this Memoir. 
 
108 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 like this, witli a largely-stocked medical profession, public- 
 services, numerous hospitals, and other institutions rela- 
 ting to health, the friction of rivalry and the dictates of 
 conscience prompt to an after-course of self-education, by 
 which the defects of collegiate training are in part cor- 
 rected. But these conditions of after self-education do 
 not exist, nor are they likely to exist for a century or 
 more, in India ; hence the necessity for the rigid obser- 
 vance of the principle in question in medical education in 
 India ; and hence the further corollary, that those who 
 are enq-ao;ed in conducting: medical education in India 
 commit a grave error if they accept without reserve, as 
 models, the existing systems of medical education in 
 Europe. 
 
 6. From 1835 to 1860, the progress of education in the 
 higher English schools in the Bombay Presidency fell far 
 short of the expectations which were justly founded by 
 Sir Robert Grant on the data before him when he wrote 
 his minute of 1838 ; hence the College laboured under the 
 disadvantage of an insufficient supply of adequately 
 trained students. The remedy for this evil lay in the 
 imj)rovement of the secondary schools, not in restless 
 attempts to forego the fundamental principles of medical 
 education. 
 
 7. The Medical College, as conceived by Sir Robert 
 Grant, and conducted from 1845 to 1851, was especially a 
 department of public instruction, subject to the Board of 
 Education ; but now, the Government, not being able to 
 apprehend the principles of medical education, or to 
 realise that the progress must be slow, and that three or 
 four truly qualified practitioners annually were a sure 
 good, but that ten or twenty imperfectly educated were a 
 certain evil and a lapsing back in the direction of the state 
 of matters which the College had been instituted to 
 correct, began to have misgivings about the expense and 
 the small number of students ; hence, in 1851, the 
 advanced apprentices of the subordinate European 
 medical establishment were sent to Grant College for a 
 short curriculum of study. This was done without dis- 
 
APPENDIX II. 109 
 
 advantage to the original object of the Institution. They 
 were English-speaking youths, competent to follow the 
 lectures, they had already had some hospital training ; 
 their number, and the number of the regular students, 
 were such that there was no interference with the clinical 
 studies of the latter. Carefully watched, it was of great 
 service to the European branch of the Medical Depart- 
 ment, and did not injure the College ; but it established 
 a distinct connection between the College and the Medical 
 Department, and consequently introduced the germ of 
 possible discord between them. 
 
 8. In 1860, probably owing to the transition state of 
 the Department of Public Instruction, and the larger 
 demands of an increasing civilization for an educated 
 agency, the number of the regular students declined, and 
 now a vernacular class of pupils was added to the College, 
 thereby establishing another connection between the 
 College and the Medical Department, and introducing a 
 further germ of possible discord, and this at a time when 
 the connection with the Department of Public Instruction 
 had dwindled to very small proportions from the great 
 decrease in the number of regular students. The objects 
 of the vernacular class were two : 1st. To improve the 
 efficiency of the Native Branch of a Subordinate Medical 
 Establishment. 2nd. To provide a class of independent 
 practitioners for the smaller Mofussil towns. The first 
 ■object is a legitimate and useful one ; but it should have 
 been carried out independently of Grant Medical College. 
 The large Civil Hospital at Poona, is the proper place for 
 the Marathee class, and the large Civil Hospital at 
 Ahmedabad for the Guzerathee class, and both in con- 
 nection with the Medical Department, not that of Public 
 Instruction. A scheme of this kind was suggested by me 
 to the head of the Medical Department in 1858, when I 
 officiated as Superintending Surgeon of the Poona Divi- 
 sion ; but the time was unsuitable for pressing the 
 measure. 
 
 9. The vernacular classes, innocuous, perhaps, to Grant 
 College, when the total number of all classes was small. 
 
110 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 carried with them, in their increase, the sure conditions^ 
 of the destruction of the College as a branch of national 
 education, because they must disturb the efficiency of 
 the clinical department. This is no theory ; for it is what 
 I witnessed in the Bengal College in 1853, when the 
 vernacular students performed the hospital wori^, and the 
 regular students " walked " the wards. To anyone con- 
 versant with the details of clinical instruction, this must 
 appear the inevitable consequence of large numbers of 
 different classes, with different interests, utilizing a fixed 
 and limited means of instruction. 
 
 As regards the second object of the vernacular classes, 
 viz. the providing a class of independent private practi- 
 tioners for the smaller Mofussil towns, I would only 
 remark that if there be any truth in the principles set 
 forth in the previous paragraphs of this Memorandum, 
 the idea of communicating a knowledge of the science 
 and practice of medicine sufficient for safe independent 
 practice, in a short curriculum, to minds with only a 
 preliminary vernacular training, and of considering that 
 a class of men ignorant of languages with a past and pro- 
 gressing medical literature, can constitute an educated 
 profession of medicine, is to my mind a delusion, and 
 diametrically opposed to the principles in accordance with 
 which Grant Medical College was established and con- 
 ducted for fifteen years and more. 
 
 10. It is very evident, from the last Report of the 
 College, that the subsidiary purposes of the College, viz. 
 the vernacular and apprentice classes, are seriously 
 encroaching on, if not absolutely usurping, the place of 
 the chief and original purpose, and it is, therefore, no 
 wonder that the Medical Department has contended with 
 the Education Department for supremacy in controlling 
 the Institution. 
 
 11. The time has now come for the India Office to 
 interfere, and to reduce the tangled state into which the 
 College is fast passing, into something of order and con- 
 sistency. Nor will it be difficult to achieve this. The 
 present number of regular students, or undergraduate- 
 
APPENDIX II. Ill 
 
 class, as it is now termed, is sixty-six, sufficient to re- 
 establish firmly the College as a branch of national 
 education. The European apprentice class is fifty-five. 
 These may be left as heretofore, caution being c^iven that 
 this class is not to be permitted to disturb the clinical 
 system of the undergraduate class ; and caution bein^ 
 further given that in respect to the class of under- 
 graduates, preliminary fitness, and number in relation to 
 the clinical means of the hospital, not absolute numbers, 
 are the most important conditions, and the vouchers of a 
 trustworthy success. The Marathee (vernacular) class, 
 forty-six in number, for the improvement of the Subor- 
 dinate Medical Department, with its teachers, to be 
 transferred to the Hospital (Sasoon) at Poona. The 
 Guzerathee (vernacular) class, if required for the Subor- 
 dinate Medical Department, to be opened in the Hospital 
 at Ahmedabad. 
 
 12. It would be important also to inquire, • as closely 
 related to the status and character of an educated national 
 profession of medicine, into the state of Grant College 
 Medical Society. 
 
 13. I gather from the Report of 1868-69, and from 
 rumours that have otherwise reached me, that there are 
 other questions affecting the welfare of the College under 
 discussion, and undetermined. It would seem that an 
 assimilation to the College of Bengal, of some kind or 
 othei', is under contemplation. On this T would recom- 
 mend that great caution be observed, for it is altogether 
 reversing what was done subsequent to 1853 ; then the 
 defects were with Bengal, Grant College being the model, 
 both as regard its clinical methods and form of govern- 
 ment. 
 
 14. We have seen that Grant College was placed under 
 the control of the Board of Education, but it now remains 
 to mention that Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Hospital, the prac- 
 tical school of the College, and the extension of a former 
 Native General Hospital, continued to receive its commis- 
 sariat and medical supplies through the same channels 
 as the other hospitals of the Presidency, and to be subject 
 
112 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 to the general control of the head of the Medical Depart- 
 ment. The Principal of the College was also the Head 
 of the Hospital, and the two institutions worked in perfect 
 harmony, without any attempt on the part of the Medical 
 Department to interfere with the special relation of the 
 Hospital to the Medical School. It is sought, I believe, 
 now to place the Hospital under the control of the Educa- 
 tional Department, as well as the College. After ten 
 years' absence from Bombay, I may not speak positively 
 on this point ; but, looking at the question from the 
 standpoint of my former experience, I am unable to 
 realise the necessity or expediency of the measure. I 
 am aware that the Hospital of the Bengal College has 
 always been sej^arate from the Medical Department, but 
 its origin was very different from that of Jamsetjee 
 Hospital. When the Bengal College was established, 
 it possessed no affiliated hospital. In time, it became 
 evident that a practical school or hospital was necessary. 
 A small one was formed, and placed under the authorities of 
 the College ; but though added to from time to time, it re- 
 mained insufficient for the purposes of practical instruction 
 till 1853. The present Hospital of the Bengal Medical Col- 
 lege was opened during my visit to Calcutta in February 
 1853. There is, therefore, nothing in the origin or history 
 of the Hospital of the Bengal College, to justify its being 
 regarded as a model for Bombay, where the College and 
 Hospital originated in their present proportions and rela- 
 tions, and worked in perfect harmony with all other 
 departments, for fifteen years or more. 
 
 February, 1870. 
 
113 
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 
 Letter from Dr. Morehead to the Honourable H. P. 
 St. George Tucker, Member of Council, Bombay, 
 with Preface. 
 
 To tbe Editor of the 
 
 Times of India ^ Bombay. 
 
 Sir, — When, two mails past, the original of which the 
 enclosed is a copy was forwarded to Bombay, I was 
 unaware that Mr. Tucker's period in Council was so near 
 its close. I am, therefore, uncertain whether the letter 
 can have reached before his departure ; at all events, it 
 cannot have been received by him in time to admit of his 
 giving heed to its contents. Under these circumstances, 
 I am induced to request you to be kind enough to give 
 it a place in your journal. 
 
 I cannot doubt that Mr. Tucker will concur with me 
 in opinion, that the publication of reasonable comments 
 on Medical Education in India is not to be deprecated, 
 but rather much to be desired. 
 
 I am. Sir, 
 
 Your obedient Servant, 
 
 C. MOREHEAD, M.D., 
 Late Principal of Grant Medical College, 
 Edinburgh, 
 
 25th March 1874. 
 
 8 
 
114 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 Edinburgh, 11 North Manor Place, 
 March 11, 1874 
 
 My Dear Mr. Tucker, — I have followed with much 
 interest the newspaper reports of Grant College for 1871, 
 *72, and '73, and bave read with much pleasure jour last 
 Address in January. I am sorry to observe that you are 
 soon to leave India, for the College is in a position in which 
 the results of your careful study of its wants and interests 
 would be of great advantage to its future, and I earnestly 
 hope that before you leave, you may be able to put the 
 house in order, or in train of being so. 
 
 I should like, therefore, to tell you how the matter 
 strikes me at present, and I am sure you will excuse the 
 abruptness of my jottings. Refer to the introduction to 
 the first Report of the College, and you will find a Resolu- 
 tion (No. V.) which states that the fund subscribed by the 
 admirers of Sir Robert Grant would be made over to the 
 Government, " on condition that the Medical College, 
 so ably planned and so zealously advocated by Sir Robert 
 Grant be established and bear his name." The copy of 
 Sir Robert's minute of March 1838, which I possessed 
 as Secretary of the Organizing Committees from 1838 to 
 1843, was bound and placed by me in the records or 
 library of the College, and is, I presume, still there. This 
 minute might even now be printed as of historical interest 
 and otherwise useful. There were four fundamental 
 principles in Sir Robert Grant's plan. (1) Education 
 for independent medical practice, not of assistants in 
 Government hospitals ; (2) sufficient preliminary train- 
 ing ; (3) instruction through the English language ; (4) 
 education thoroughly practical. Therefore, the additions 
 of classes of European hospital apprentices and vernacular 
 classes, were steps at variance with the pledge given by 
 Government to the public ; and when the numbers in 
 these classes so increase and encroach on the practical 
 teaching means of the College as to render impracticable 
 the carrying out Sir Robert Grant's plan in its integrity 
 and reality, I do not see that the Government can, in 
 good faith, do otherwise than remove elsewhere these 
 
APPENDIX III. 1 1 5 
 
 additions, and then keep up the practical means, in pro- 
 portion to the increasing number of regular students. 
 Therefore, transfer the Marathee class, with its teaching 
 staff, to the Sassoon Hospital at Poona, and call the 
 school by the name of the native gentleman who has 
 contributed most largely to it. Form the Guzerathee 
 class in the same manner in the Hutteesing Hospital at 
 Ahmed abad. Thus you will utilise and improve these 
 hospitals, and familiarise the people of the interior with an 
 improved medical system. The cost of teaching material 
 need not be much — a room for practical anatomy, another 
 for a simple teaching chemical laboratory, a lecture room, 
 a collection of specimens of the materia medica, &c. The 
 student of these vernacular schools should, on leaving, 
 have sufficient knowledge of English to enable them to 
 advance in medical knowledge, and not stop within the 
 limited circle of their vernacular text-books. No student, 
 after a three-years' curriculum, should be put in inde- 
 pendent charge of a dispensary, or in any other position 
 of indejDendent practice, till he has gone through a pro- 
 bation of from two to five years in a hospital, under a 
 competent medical officer, which is, in other words, to say 
 till he has had sufficient clinical experience, and exhibited 
 other qualities of fitness for responsible duties. 
 
 European student apprentices should be attached to 
 the European hospitals at the Presidency, as their prac- 
 tical school, and attend the College classes so long as 
 there is space in the class-rooms. 
 
 The present number of undergraduates, 113, is in 
 excess of the practical means of the College — that is, if 
 the practical methods formerly in use be really, not merely 
 nominally, maintained. 
 
 The present practical means — the dissecting room, the 
 chemical laboratory — are exactly what they were on the 
 opening of the College in 1845. The only real addition 
 to the clinical means, since I left in 1859, are fifty beds 
 in Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Hospital. On my return to India 
 in August 1856, I laid before Government suggestions 
 for increasing the accommodation of the College building, 
 
 8 * 
 
116 CHAELES MOREHEAD. 
 
 and for making the Hospital dead-house fitted for patho- 
 logical teaching. Dr. Cook, I observe, dwells on this 
 latter purpose in his Report for 1873. There should be 
 no loss of time in making the additions and modifications 
 necessary to increase the teaching accommodation, for the 
 number of undergraduates is still likely to increase; 
 and if it is allowed to go much heyond the practical 
 means of instruction, lax methods, difficult to eradicate, 
 ■will gain hold of the institution. 
 
 Now let us turn to the relations of Grant College to 
 the University of Bombay. You will realise the fact that 
 from 1850 to 1859 (I confine myself to what I personally 
 know) the methods of Grant College were far in advance 
 of other schools, and that the superiority was of the kind 
 which the British Medical Council has been, for years 
 past, in vain struggling to bring about in the United 
 Kingdom. This vantage ground was occupied by Grant 
 College when the University of Bombay became the 
 examining body of the students of Grant College. The 
 course of action ought to have been easy enough, viz. to 
 leave the College on its vantage grounds as to methods of 
 instruction and examination, by simply changing the title 
 of certificate of fitness from " Diploma of Grant Medical 
 College," to that of " Degree of Licentiate of Medicine 
 of the University of Bombay," and by the Council of the 
 University, instead of the Government, appointing the 
 Board of Examiners. The session and terms and periods 
 of examination had been fixed with great care, so that 
 the courses of anatomy, chemistry, medicine, surgery, 
 physiology, and materia medica should be complete and 
 continuous ; and above all, that there should be no inter- 
 ruption of the winter term, from the 1st November to 
 the 15th March, either by holidays, examination, meet- 
 ings, or any other kind of contrivance, because it was the 
 season when the energies of teacher and student were at 
 their best, and was the only period when practical 
 anatomy could be studied with advantage and comfort. 
 The University, forgetting the great difference in the 
 climate and social and educational circumstances of Lon- 
 
APPENDIX III. 117 
 
 don and Bombay, adopted the methods and periods of 
 medical examination of the University of London, and led 
 to an alteration in the session and terms of Grant College. 
 It is, I think, most desirable that these arrangements 
 should be again most carefully considered, on the principle 
 that everything should give way to efficiency of instruc- 
 tion and of test examination in Bombay, irrespective 
 altogether of other places and circumstances. My idea 
 would be to revert to the original session and period of 
 examination, that the University should appoint four 
 examiners unconnected with the College, one for medicine, 
 another for surgery, a third for midwifery, a fourth for 
 medical jurisprudence ; that they should be formed into 
 a Board of Examiners, one being the President ; that the 
 examinations should, as formerly, be open to the public, 
 should be written, oral, and practical, and that chief 
 weight should be attached to the two latter forms ; that 
 the examiner in each subject should have at least two of 
 his fellow-members present as assessors. That the " First 
 Examination " in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia 
 medica, and botany, should be conducted by the professor 
 of the subject, in the presence of at least two of the 
 Board of Examiners, as assessors ; these subjects require, 
 as examiners, persons who either are, or very recently 
 have been, teachers of them ; and in Bombay the field is- 
 restricted to the actual professors — indeed, the same is 
 the practice and the necessity of the University of Edin- 
 burgh. In respect to the clinical examination, something 
 of the method and thoroughness of the system explained 
 by Dr. McLennan, in Appendix T to the Report for 1852-3, 
 should be resumed. It is far superior to any of the 
 methods observed in this country, most of which are of 
 recent adoption, and all of which are subsequent, by 
 two or three years, to the establishment of clinical exami- 
 nation in Bombay. I agree with Dr. Sylvester (in his 
 Keport of 1871), in the expediency of removing from the 
 medical curriculum separate courses on pathology, 
 hygiene, comparative anatomy, and dental surgery. They 
 distract the time and attention of the students. A refe- 
 
118 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 rence to the old syllabuses will show that these subjects, 
 can be, for medical purposes, sufficiently and more 
 methodically taught in their natural connection with 
 medicine, surgery, the institutes of medicine, and medical 
 jurisprudence, provided the professors arrange their 
 courses so in harmony with each other as to economise 
 the time and labour both of teachers and students. 
 
 University lectures on hygiene, comparative "anatomy, 
 geology, &c., would be of great use in Bombay — uncon- 
 nected, however, with Grant College, and the medical 
 curriculum. With the limited field of selection of medical 
 professors, and the too frequent changes which take place, 
 there is also an evident practical advantage in reducing 
 the number to the minimum compatible with perfect 
 efficiency — the usage of the majority of the best medical 
 schools, and the present aims of the Medical Council of 
 the United Kingdom. 
 
 There is still a subject I wish to notice before ending 
 this already too lengthy letter. It may be objected to 
 my argument against numbers, that, in 1872, there were 
 1,046 students of different kinds in the Bengal Medical 
 College, and that the ambition of Bombay, of late years, 
 has been to walk in the footsteps of Bengal. Now, my 
 ambition — and I think it should still be the ambition of 
 Grant College — was to keep clear of the defects of Bengal. 
 Eefer to p. 113 of the Appendix Y of the Report 
 for 1852-53, already adverted to, and you will find an 
 extract, from the Report of the Examiner of the Bengal 
 College, on the defective state of clinical teaching, and 
 the practical inefficiency of the graduates in 1852. During 
 February 1853, I had ample opportunity of inspecting 
 the Bengal College, and I have now before me the journal 
 which 1 kept at the time, and I know that the Govern- 
 ment Examiner's Report was a mild one. The Bengal 
 College, at that time, was a good anatomical school, but 
 had no pretension to being a pratical school of medicine. 
 The regular students were not even taught to comjjound 
 medicines ; this work was done by the vernacular pupils. 
 It was with these facts fresh in my mind that I, on my 
 
APPENDIX III. 119 
 
 return to Bombay, drew up the Appendix T, witli great 
 care, in the hope of keeping Grant College for ever free 
 of such entanglements and conditions of decay. The 
 hospital alluded to in the Calcutta Examiner's Report 
 was opened when I was in Calcutta. It had 272 beds ; 
 eighty-four of them for Europeans. This is still the 
 Hospital of the Bengal College ; and I observe from the 
 Report on Calcutta Medical Institutions for 1871, that 
 the number treated in that year in this Hospital, was 
 4,395, from which — taking the experience of Jamsetjee 
 Hospital as a datum — I infer that the beds do not exceed 
 300, and that these are the means of clinical instruction 
 of 1,046 students. If so, what was true in 1852, must be 
 very trae of 1874. 
 
 The Punjab experience of Sir George Clerk, that the 
 graduates of the Bengal College were not practically 
 efficient, and that the vernacular students were more prac- 
 tical, was correct, and he drew from this the conclusion 
 that the English classes were a mistake, and the ver- 
 nacular classes the right thing. In ignorance of many of 
 the facts, this was a natural enough non-professional 
 conclusion ; but I need not take up your time or my own 
 in showing how entirely illogical it was. In 1852, and 
 anterior to it, the vernacular pupils did almost all the 
 hospital work ; the English students did little or none 
 of it. 
 
 When I sat down to write to you, I did not contemplate 
 so great a trespass on your time ; but the recollection of 
 times long past, and of old friendship, will, I am sure, 
 lead you to receive this letter in the spirit in which it has 
 been written. 
 
 Believe me, very truly yours, 
 
 C. MOREHEAD. 
 
120 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 APPENDIX ly. 
 
 Extract from Dr. Chevers's Practical Notes on the 
 Ordinary Diseases of India. 
 
 Reprinted from the " Medical Times and Gazette," 
 January 13, 1883. 
 
 Dr. Charles Morehead, a man whose admirable pub-^ 
 lished works and noble personal character were universally 
 esteemed by the profession in India, has passed from 
 among us in advanced old age, but without any appear- 
 ance of bodily infirmity, and with a mind clear, wide, and 
 deep — a fountain of living water, fresh and bright to the 
 very last. Every word written and spoken by Dr. More- 
 head upon Indian disease is so valuable that I consider 
 myself justified in citing the following passages from his 
 recent correspondence : — 
 
 Dr. Morehead*s latest Commentary upon the True Enteric 
 and other Fevers of India.* 
 
 The following was Dr. Morehead's reply to my inquiry 
 as to his inesent views regarding the occurrence of True 
 Enteric Fever in India : — 
 
 " August 9, 1879. 
 
 " Our friend Grant has forwarded your note to me, and 
 it has reached me this morning. I am absent in the 
 
 * With this should be read an extract from a recent letter from 
 the same authority to Sir Joseph Fayrer, at p. 170, Climate and 
 Fevers of India 
 
APPENDIX IV. 12T 
 
 country, away from all books, and shall be so till the 19th, 
 when I return to Edinburgh ; so that what I write to- 
 you, without delay, is from recollection, but yet suffi- 
 ciently accurate, I believe, for your purpose. 
 
 " Eefer to * Typhoid Fever ' in the Second Edition of 
 my ' Clinical Researches,' and to my Report of Sanitary 
 Progress in Bombay from 1830-1860 in the second vol. 
 of the India Office Sanitary Reports (1868), head ' Typhoid 
 Fever,' and you will find the degree to which the opinion 
 in the First Edition of the ' Researches ' is altered ; and 
 please do not, kindly, refer to me in connexion with this 
 question without carefully considering these references.* 
 Now, in respect to what has been written of Enteric 
 Fever in India since these dates — to the extent that I am 
 informed of it — I would say, that the anticipations formed 
 by me, as expressed in the concluding suggestions of the 
 remarks on Typhoid Fever, in my Second Edition, of a 
 probable epoch of confusion, have been realised ; and I 
 hope that the time is near when the subject will be cleared 
 of its doubts and difficulties. I am not acquainted with 
 any Clinical Report of Enteric Fever in India — I mean, 
 which gives the history of an epidemic, including recovered 
 cases as well as fatal, and the ratio of deaths to reco- 
 veries ; and until this is done the literature of the subject 
 is manifestly incomplete. What I know of it in ttiese 
 later years is from post-mortem reports, chiefly those 
 incorporated by Bryden in his Statistical Papers. I 
 stated in the suggestions above referred to, that we were 
 not justified in concluding that where there was Peyerian 
 ulceration there had of necessity been Enteric Fever. In 
 addition to the exceptions mentioned by me " [at page 
 161, Second Edition. — N.C.], "you will find in my chapter 
 on Measles in the First Edition of my ' Researches,' one 
 or two fatal cases in which there was Peyerian disease, 
 
 * Eeference to my chapter on True Enteric Fever in India 
 {Medical Tivies and Gazette for September 20 and 27, 1879, 
 pp. 336 and 363) will show that this injunction was strictly 
 obeyed. — N.C. 
 
122 CHAELES MOREHEAD. 
 
 and, if I mistake not, Dr. Harley has somewhere also 
 referred to this connexion. Now, this pathological fact 
 has been in great measure overlooked in these later 
 years in India, and it has been almost universally assumed 
 that the presence of Peyerian ulceration after death is 
 evidence of there having been Enteric Fever during life. 
 I believe it would not be difficult to pick out many of 
 Bryden's reported cases, of which this is a forced and 
 improbable interpretation. In many of them, after six 
 or eight days' illness, there is extensive ulceration. This 
 does not accord — I mean such morbid results after a few 
 days' illness — with the history of Enteric Fever in Euro- 
 pean countries, and it ought not to be accepted of the 
 disease in India, unless supported by undoubted symp- 
 toms during life, and the clinical histories of coincident 
 recovered cases. On this point, however, I would remark 
 that it is not improbable that it will be found, if it has 
 not already been proved, that we may fairly look for 
 modifications in the course of the disease as occurring in 
 India, compared with this country, as, for example, in a 
 more marked remittence, and in a more rapid course and 
 a greater mortality, but still not to the degree which 
 belief in Bryden's cases would imply. 
 
 " I cannot but think that writers on this disease, and 
 on others common to Europe and India, are too dogmatic 
 in formulating the etiology, the symptoms, and pathology 
 too exclusively from observation in Europe, and that the 
 history of many diseases, as observed in these two fields 
 conjointly, has yet to be written. I feel sure that much 
 of the obscurity, the contradiction, and difference of 
 opinion rest on this, I would say, self-evident principle. 
 I have one observation further — I cannot accept the state- 
 ment so often put forth, that enteric fever was habitually 
 overlooked by those of my generation of observers. I 
 can say for myself, that I went to India familiar with the 
 fact that, as described by Louis, there was a form of 
 continued fever with Peyerian disease, and I of course 
 followed the discovery made by Jenner some fifteen years 
 afterwards, that this was a fever distinct from typhus ; 
 
APPENDIX IV. 123 
 
 and it is not likely that, not working with my eyes closed, 
 I should frequently have overlooked it, if it had come 
 under my observation. There is a case of mine, in a girl 
 of the Byculla Schools" — [this is Case 35, of Caroline 
 Smith, at page 95 of the Second Edition. The observation 
 (which Dr. Morehead cites here from memory, not having 
 then his book to refer to) is, " the glands of Peyer were 
 distinct, and there were three or four round ulcers, each 
 the size of a split pea ; cicatrisation had commenced." — 
 N.C.], — "which has been several times referred to as an 
 instance of this oversight ; it will be found that the 
 ulcers in the small intestines were cicatrised — evidence 
 that they were the result of some previous illness, and 
 not of the fever from which she succumbed. But it is 
 useful to refer to particular cases, and I do not think 
 that we are unreasonable in demurring to the verdict that 
 we were ignorant and careless observers, and in continuing 
 to insist that, in our several fields of observation in India, 
 from 1830-60, Enteric Fever was rare, and that its clinical 
 history in India since its greatest frequency has yet to be 
 written ; for, assuredly, during this period there has been, 
 and there still continues to be, as I believe, much confusion 
 and error on the subject of Fevers in India." 
 
 In a letter, dated two days subsequently. Dr. Morehead 
 observes : — " One further remark before leaving this sub- 
 ject. In a prefatory note to No. 5, Medical and Physical 
 Society s Transactions, Bombay, somewhere about 1843, 
 I explained that it was my constant practice to examine 
 all the organs, not only those expected to be diseased, 
 and specially to open the entire tract of the intestinal canal, 
 and I explain my several reasons for so acting. I men- 
 tion this now as an additional reason for the confidence 
 with which I maintain that I could not — except^in a very 
 occasional instance — have overlooked the existence of 
 Peyerian ulceration in Indian fevers." 
 
 The following observations occur in a commentary upon 
 my chapter on the True Enteric Fever of India, which 
 Dr. Morehead most kindly sent me. I had remarked, 
 " When Dr. Morehead published the first edition of his 
 
124 CHARLES MOREHEAD. 
 
 treatise, in 1856, he believed that this malady " [Enteric 
 Fever] " did not occur in India, although the type of 
 disease, in some of the cases which he recorded, closely 
 resembled that of Enteric Fever — a fact which he clearlv 
 observed when, after describing Case 32, he added, 
 * While retaining this case in its original position, I must 
 admit that recent inquiry may suggest that it was true 
 typhoid, not adynamic remittent.' " Upon this Dr. More- 
 head remarks, " At page 337 you rightly interpret me, 
 with this slight exception : I do not know that you quite 
 recognise that it hangs exclusively on one case (32). 
 Therefore, instead of 'the type of some of the cases,' it 
 should read ' one case.' It was that of a man of the 
 15th Hussars, quartered for some months in the Town 
 Barracks of Bombay, the sick beiug sent to the General 
 Hospital under my care. It was, therefore, if Enteric, a 
 sporadic case in a body of men exposed to the same 
 influences; therefore, taken in its connection, it proves 
 little as to the existence of Enteric in Bombay in those 
 days (1840). Case 35 is another which I am said " 
 [not by me — N.C.] " to have mistaken. A girl, after 
 eight days of febrile symptoms, dies ; at the end of the 
 ileum were three or four small ulcers the size of a split 
 pea; cicatrisation had commenced. Could this lesion be 
 regarded as the result of the eight days' febrile condition, 
 or could it be regarded otherwise than [as] an antecedent 
 lesion? And yet on these two cases, — in the first of which, 
 when first reported in the Transactions of the MedAcal and 
 Physical Society, I remarked on the appearances as resem- 
 bling those of the European Continued in one of its forms, 
 and this six years before Jenner wrote, — it is affirmed 
 that I was in the habit of overlooking Enteric Fever and 
 calling it Remittent. 
 
 " Then further note that the case which I first observed 
 in 1856, and which showed me that Enteric Fever was 
 to be admitted, occurred to me before I had seen the 
 Reports of Ewart, Scriven, Goodeve (' Clinical Researches,' 
 second edition, page 160). Could you have stronger 
 evidence that I had not been purblind during the thirty 
 
APPENDIX IV. 125 
 
 jears of my Indian practice, and that it would be quite 
 as reasonable for European physicians to maintain that 
 my not having witnessed scarlet fever in India was 
 simply an error in diagnosis from having mixed it up 
 with measles, with which I was familiar, as physicians in 
 Europe had done — before Home, some hundred years 
 ago ? Medicine can never progress as a science if we 
 cut the Gordian knot of difficulties by assuming ignorance 
 and incompetency in the observers who have preceded us, 
 unless the indications are so manifest as not to be evaded. 
 I entirely agree in the very exceUent remarks which you 
 make as to the course which ought to be pursued in the 
 future. I do not pretend to have seen the greater number 
 
 of the Reports which have come from India, as " 
 
 ** for these are not accessible to outsiders, but I have 
 seen sufficient to convince me that there is much loose- 
 ness and inaccuracy and want of the close method and 
 precision which clinical obser^^atiou and record require 
 before they can Vte received with perfect confidence. In 
 a word, the hobby has become rampant and run away 
 with its riders, which, as you observe, is exactly what I 
 predicted, but it has occurred to an extent I could not 
 have ventured to anticipate. 
 
 " One word of doubt. I am not sure that you inter- 
 pret rightly the reference which you make at page 336 of 
 your paper, antecedent to 'Twining'" [[ give a citation 
 from Annesley, which Dr. Lyons holds to be evidence 
 that enteric fever was observed by that authority in India. 
 — N.O.]. "Tome the incident seems to resemble what 
 I describe at page 24, ' Clinical Researches,' second edition, 
 beginning at the Mortality, and on the top of page 28 " 
 [Intermittent complicated with diarrhoea or dysentery. — 
 N.C.], " much more than anything allied to Enteric, and 
 I am quite sure that these were not Enteric." 
 
LONDON : 
 FEINTED BT W. H. ALLEN AND CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACE. 
 
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