~d.rf \. 
 
 m . 
 
 THE PROPOSED 
 
 V*\ 
 
 MISSION TO LAKE NYASSA: 
 
 ISbangcUsttc, IStiucattonal, auti EntiustrtaL 
 
 BEING THE SUBSTANCE OF 
 
 AN EXPLANATORY STATEMENT SUBMITTED TO THE COMMISSION 
 OF THE FREE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND, WEDNESDAY, 
 
 MARCH 3, 1875, 
 
 BY 
 
 
 ALEXANDER DUFF, D.D., LL.D. 
 
 EDINBURGH: 
 
 ANDREW ELLIOT, 17 PRINCES STREET. 
 
 1 8 75. 
 
PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 A strong desire having been expressed that the explanatory 
 statement submitted to the last meeting of the Commission of 
 the General Assembly, relative to the proposed Mission to Lake 
 Nyassa in Central Africa, should be published separately for 
 general information, I have endeavoured, through the aid of 
 copious notes kindly furnished by the reporter of the Daily 
 Review, to reproduce it as nearly as possible in the form in which 
 it was delivered. The chief difference will be found in this,—that 
 some portions of the friendly correspondence with the respected 
 Convener of the Acting Committee of the Established Church, 
 originally referred to only in substance, are now, for the greater 
 satisfaction of all concerned, given entire. 
 
 A. D. 
 
THE PROPOSED MISSION TO LAKE NYASSA. 
 
 The members of the Commission must be aware that since last 
 Assembly the idea of extending our South African Mission north¬ 
 wards into Central Africa had taken root, and was beginning to 
 bear fruit. At the same time there seem to have arisen in some 
 quarters certain misconceptions which it is most desirable to 
 remove. We have been charged with narrow-mindedness, sec¬ 
 tarianism, presumption, monopolistic exclusiveness, and such 
 like. And these objections, and the state of feeling thence 
 arising, have operated in preventing some, even of our own 
 people, from coming forward to contribute to the organization 
 of the mission as they otherwise would have done. It there¬ 
 fore appeared expedient to our Standing Committee, which 
 met on Monday last, that an explanatory statement on the 
 subject should be laid before this meeting of the Assembly’s 
 Commission ; and the task of so doing was laid upon me. It 
 is in the name of our Foreign Missions Committee, therefore, 
 that I now desire to address the House. 
 
 At the outset I must emphatically disclaim attributing any of 
 the objections already indicated to sinister feelings, such as envy 
 or malice, jealousy or uncharitableness. No; I impute them 
 entirely to ignorance, and to the misconceptions of which ignor¬ 
 ance is always the prolific mother. Instead, therefore, of dealing 
 with the subject in a controversial or antagonistic spirit, I shall 
 simply endeavour to lay before you, in a plain, straightforward 
 manner, the real facts connected with the history of the proposed 
 Mission, and leave it to all candid and ingenuous minds to draw 
 their own inference. And when those who now speak in ignor¬ 
 ance of the facts come to know them, I cannot help thinking 
 that they themselves will be among the first to withdraw their 
 objections. Let'me, then, glance hurriedly at the leading facts 
 from the beginning. 
 
4 
 
 THE PROPOSED MISSION 
 
 You are aware that the Established Church of Scotland, as 
 such, never had a Mission anywhere in Africa. But about fifty 
 years ago, individual members of that Church and individual 
 members of other Churches did form a Glasgow South African 
 Missionary Society, with the view of planting the gospel in 
 Kaffraria. It was a Catholic Association, and had agents belong¬ 
 ing to different Presbyterian Churches. Among the founders 
 were the celebrated Dr. Love, after whom the Central Station 
 ‘ Lovedale ’ has been named; and Dr. Burns of the Barony— 
 father of the late estimable Mr. James Burns, whose superabun¬ 
 dant liberalities in every great and worthy cause have embalmed 
 his memory in the grateful hearts of multitudes—after whom 
 the flourishing station of Burnshill has been named. At the 
 Disruption in 1843, the original Association was broken up. 
 Ministers belonging to the Establishment adhered to the Free 
 Church, those belonging to the United Presbyterian Church 
 adhered to that Body. In this way two independent Missions 
 were formed, each having its own separate agency and territory. 
 And thus originated the Free Church Missions to the Kaffirs of 
 South Africa. 
 
 But the founders of that Mission never looked upon it as an 
 undertaking that was to be limited to British Kaffraria. All 
 along, from the time it was first planted, the hope was indulged 
 that it might some day become a centre and basis of operations 
 that would radiate, in various directions, over the Continent of 
 Africa; and, amid all vicissitudes of devastating wars or changes 
 in the sovereign power, as well as the certainty that many years 
 might elapse before any material extension was possible, the 
 sanguine hope of such ultimate extension was ever stedfastly 
 kept in view. As a rule, our design, as circumstances might 
 permit or warrant, was to proceed in a cautious manner onwards, 
 copying military tactics by slowly and surely advancing in suc¬ 
 cessive parallel lines, and making each successive line the new 
 basis of further extension. Since, due north of us, the Pro¬ 
 testant French Missionaries worthily occupied Basutoland ; and 
 beyond these, north of the Yaal River, Dr. Moffat and his co¬ 
 adjutors of the London Missionary Society laboured so successfully 
 among the Bechuana tribes;—our purpose was to proceed in 
 a north-easterly direction between the Drakenberg range of 
 mountains and the sea. In that direction, accordingly, out- 
 stations have, from time to time, been planted. A few years 
 
TO LAKE NY ASS A. 
 
 5 
 
 ago two principal stations, with sub-stations, were established 
 beyond British Kaffraria, to the east of the great Kei River. 
 And last year, beyond these again, it was resolved to plant a new 
 station, owing to the remarkable movement of the native people 
 and chiefs, who, excited by the reports of the wonderful doings 
 at Lovedale, earnestly besought that an infant seminary of a 
 similar kind might be founded among themselves ; and towards 
 securing for it the necessary buildings, contributed, within three 
 months, the sum of £1500 !—an achievement, so far as I know, 
 altogether unprecedented in modern Missions. 
 
 But while proceeding, as a rule, in tins gradual piecemeal way 
 of continuous extension, it never was intended that we should 
 exclusively limit ourselves to that process. If God, in His 
 providence, should open up a door, wide and effectual, anywhere 
 along the North-eastern Coast, we were prepared to overleap the 
 intermediate space, enter in, and take possession of any field to 
 which we might be fairly invited. It was in this way that we 
 were led, some years ago, to cross Independent Kaffraria and 
 plant a mission in Maritzberg, the capital of the British Colony 
 of Natal; with a strong out-station to the north-east, at Impol- 
 weni, distant about twelve miles. And latterly, more than a 
 hundred miles to the north of that, has been planted the memo¬ 
 rial Gordon Mission, in honour of the memory of a godly 
 and beloved member of the noble family of Aberdeen, who 
 have supported it with princely munificence, and in the 
 conduct and management of it have honoured our Committee 
 with the most generous confidence. Its energetic superintendent, 
 Dr. Dalzell, is at present on a short visit to this country, and 
 will soon return to the scene of his important labours. Firmly 
 planted as his mission now is, near the northern extremity of the 
 Colony, adjoining the surrounding wild Zulu tribes,—the object 
 is to push on, as providential circumstances favour us, towards 
 the Limpopo River and Delagoa Bay; and onwards still, until 
 the day arrive when missionaries, working simultaneously from 
 the south and from the north, may, in the triumphs of faith and 
 love, and successful evangelism, confront each other; and, shak¬ 
 ing hands across the great Zambesi River, jointly proceed to the 
 west, and establish themselves in the very heart of Africa, at the 
 Victoria Falls,—the most remarkable phenomenon of the kind, 
 in a geological point of view, on the surface of the globe; to be 
 doubtless at some future day, as the present wonderful faci- 
 
6 
 
 THE PROPOSED MISSION 
 
 lities of travel still further increase, frequented by crowds of 
 European and American visitors, when the Falls of the Rhine 
 and Niagara become stale ! 
 
 From all this it may at once be seen that the extension of 
 our already existing mission in a north-easterly direction has 
 never been lost sight of. On the contrary, that it has been 
 continually kept steadily in view is apparent from the following 
 extract from a report submitted by Dr. Tweedie, than whom 
 there never was a more laborious or indefatigable Convener of 
 our Foreign Missions Committee, to the General Assembly in 
 1861, or fourteen years ago. Here is the passage :— 
 
 ‘ To one subject more, the committee think it proper briefly to refer. 
 Some months ago, a proposal was made to them, on the part of a 
 preacher of the Free Church, and a student who has nearly completed 
 his theological course at the New College, to commence a mission in 
 Africa, somewhere in the countries laid open by the enterprise of Dr. 
 Livingstone. Those who made the suggestion were prepared to proceed 
 to that country along with some others, when the necessary inquiries 
 and arrangements had been made. For some time the suggestion was 
 scarcely entertained; but, noticing the ardour and the intrepidity of 
 those who had formed the plan, it was at last laid before the committee 
 by the convener, and duly considered. All, however, that we could 
 do in the circumstances was to make inquiry. A correspondence has 
 been opened with Dr. Livingstone, through the Foreign Office in 
 London, and no further step can be taken till his answer be received. 
 It was the mind of the committee that such an enterprise could not be 
 entered upon by them, except upon condition of funds being raised to 
 carry it on, separate and apart from their present revenue. But, since 
 the proposal was first made, it has met with the favour of some liberal 
 friends of the cause of missions and others; and, as the result, it is 
 possible that that proposal may become a fact without at all encroach¬ 
 ing upon any funds of the Church. It is intended that the proposed 
 mission should embrace the ordinary evangelistic and scholastic modes 
 of operation, along with medical and industrial efforts for the temporal 
 welfare of the heathen. Meanwhile, it may be enough to say that the 
 original projector of such a mission, the Rev. James Stewart, is about 
 to proceed to Africa, at the expense of private friends, to inform himself 
 as to the best location for the enterprise, and to gather other needed 
 intelligence.’ 
 
 Mr. (now Dr.) Stewart did then proceed to the Zambesi, and 
 there joined Dr. Livingstone. The members of the English Uni¬ 
 versities Mission were then endeavouring to establish themselves 
 in the neighbourhood of the Lake Shirwa, on the mountainous 
 
TO LAKE NY ASS A. 
 
 7 
 
 heights to the east of the Shire River, under the leadership of 
 the late Bishop Mackenzie; to whose memory an amiable, 
 talented, and much lamented minister of our Church, Dr. James 
 Lewis, has paid the following disinterested and generous tribute : 
 —‘ The record of his simple self - dedication, noble unselfish¬ 
 ness, heroism without display, cheerfulness under all trials, and 
 singular union of feminine gentleness with calm energy of will, 
 and loving, unfaltering submission to duty, will yet summon 
 many a soldier to the mission ranks, prepared to follow in 
 self-sacrificing love the footsteps of Charles Frederick 
 Mackenzie.’ 
 
 After his return from this adventurous expedition, Dr. Stewart 
 laid the results of his observation and inquiries before our 
 Foreign Missions Committee. The disastrous issue, however, 
 of the English Mission and other causes, interposed to prevent 
 any decisive action being then taken. Still, the subject was 
 never dropped. When Dr. Stewart was asked, upwards of eight 
 years ago, to proceed to Lovedale, to strengthen the Mission 
 Seminary there, I can testify that one of his difficulties was the 
 possible diversion from his favourite scheme of invading Central 
 Africa which his acceding to such a course might entail. On the 
 contrary, I took it upon me to assure him, that his going to 
 Lovedale, and helping to raise the Institution there to a position 
 which might command the respect and confidence of the Cape 
 Colony abroad and the Church at home, would be one of the 
 surest means of enabling him to realize his long and fondly 
 cherished design. Happily he agreed to go. And has not the 
 result amply justified, if not exceeded, all our most sanguine 
 anticipations 1 Steadily has the Mission been increasing in 
 efficiency and strength, as well as enlarging the area of its 
 operations. And, whereas at first the people were so rude 
 and barbarous, that in order to induce them to allow their 
 children to attend school for education, they required to be, 
 in a manner, bribed by the offer of clothes, board, lodging, and 
 instruction gratis, with the addition of brass wire, beads, and 
 other trinkets to boot!—for some years past they have been in 
 the habit of paying so much for educational fees, board, and 
 lodging, with an annually augmenting increment, that last year 
 the aggregate thus contributed actually exceeded a thousand 
 pounds! So that, in point of fact, the central Institution at 
 Lovedale, — embracing the higher educational and industrial 
 
8 
 
 THE PROPOSED MISSION 
 
 departments,—has now, by general consent, become the largest 
 and most influential in the whole South African Mission-field ! 
 
 The Committee becoming cognizant, year by year, of all this 
 growth and expansion, had their desires for extension northwards 
 —only partially suspended or held in abeyance by temporarily 
 repressive influences—powerfully reawakened. Owing to the 
 establishment of a monthly line of steamers along the Eastern 
 Coast, thereby rendering its principal ports easily accessible, the 
 attention of the Committee had, for a considerable time past, 
 been anxiously turned to the discovery of some suitable locality 
 in that direction. From the circumstance of several young men 
 of the great Somali tribe, between Zanzibar and Cape Guardafui, 
 having visited Bombay, and been trained in our Institution there, 
 it was thought that they might be employed as useful agents in 
 establishing a Mission in their own country. More mature 
 inquiry, however, led us wholly to abandon, in the meanwhile at 
 least, any such idea. Upwards of two years ago, when Sir Bartle 
 Frere visited Edinburgh, after his philanthropic and successful 
 mission to Zanzibar, Dr. Mitchell and myself, who knew him 
 well in India, had an earnest interview with him, at which he 
 kindly gave us much information and valuable suggestions 
 relative to the establishment of a Mission settlement in the 
 interior, and its vital bearings on the suppression of the slave 
 trade. About the same time Dr. Wilson of Bombay wrote to 
 the effect, that as far back as the latter part of 1865, when Dr. 
 Livingstone was there, previous to his embarking on his last 
 African enterprise, he not only suggested to him (Dr. W.) the 
 desirableness of an effective Mission in the neighbourhood of 
 Lake Nyassa, behind the Portuguese territory; but, through 
 him, earnestly recommended that the Free Church should at once 
 take up a position there, because he had great confidence in the 
 tenacity of purpose, the resolute perseverance, and indomitable 
 energy of the Scottish character. At that time no actual steps 
 were taken ; but last spring, while the subject was under serious 
 consideration by the Committee, Dr. Stewart arrived from 
 South Africa, in connection with his own multifarious Mission 
 affairs in Kaffraria. He was, of course, naturally consulted re¬ 
 garding it; and it was soon discovered that his judgment, as the 
 result of a somewhat similar experience, with respect to the most 
 advantageous location for a Mission, entirely coincided with that 
 of Dr. Livingstone; in other words, that the place pointed out 
 
TO LAKE N It ASS A. 
 
 9 
 
 by Livingstone years before was the very part of the country 
 which, above all others, he would recommend for the commence¬ 
 ment of such a Mission. Dr. Stewart, in addressing our General 
 Assembly, on Tuesday, 26th May last, after referring to sundry 
 proposed memorials to Dr. Livingstone, said :— 
 
 ‘ He hoped with all his heart that all these would succeed to the 
 utmost wishes and expectations of them supporters. But what he would 
 now humbly suggest was—the establishment by this Church, or several 
 churches together, of an institution at once industrial and educational, 
 to teach the truths of the gospel and the arts of civilised life to the 
 natives of the country; and which should be placed on a carefully 
 selected and commanding spot in Central Africa, where, from its position 
 and capabilities, it might grow into a town, and afterwards into a city, 
 and become a great centre of commerce, civilisation, and Christianity. 
 And this he would call LIVINGSTONIA.’ 
 
 That, so far as I know, was the first occasion on which the 
 word ‘ Livingstonia ’ was applied to a mission station in Central 
 Africa. It has since been borrowed without acknowledgment by 
 others, and freely used for their own distinctive purposes. In 
 that respect, however, I have nothing to complain of; they are 
 abundantly welcome to the title; and there is ample room yonder 
 for more than one Livingstonia. As in America each State has 
 its own Washington, in honour of the renowned father of the 
 great Republic; so may every Presbyterian Church in Scotland 
 have its own Livingstonia to commemorate the exploits of the 
 Scotsman who was the greatest geographical explorer of modern 
 times, or, indeed, of any time. Lake Nyassa is upwards of 200 
 miles long in a straight line, or as long as between Berwick and 
 J ohn O’Groat’s House, and from 30 to 60 miles in breadth ; and 
 being surrounded with wooded mountains and well-watered 
 valleys, with fertile and well-peopled plains—all constituting a 
 series of grand and magnificent landscapes—there is ample space 
 for many Livingstonias. There may be one at either end, and 
 one about the centre, on either side, and many smaller ones 
 between. And if the day were only come when it shall be 
 encompassed by a cordon of Livingstonias, the death-knell of 
 that accursed system, the slave trade in that quarter, would 
 assuredly be rung out. 
 
 We have been told that we were ridiculously ambitious, in 
 being desirous of raising a national monument to Dr. Livingstone, 
 without consulting the nation about it. Now, we never had the 
 
 B 
 
10 
 
 the proposed mission 
 
 ambition of raising a national monument to Dr. Livingstone. It 
 would require the nation to do that, and not a single church. 
 Our experience of the difficulties attending such an undertaking 
 were not of an assuring kind. You have only to look to the 
 summit of the Calton Hill, and you there soon find a standing 
 monument of the difficulties connected with the completion of a 
 national monument, even when the persons and the achievements 
 to be commemorated were the grandest in modern European 
 history. And, still more recently, some of us had painful experi¬ 
 ence of the difficulties connected with the erection of a national 
 monument, in the hopeless collapse of the attempt to rear one 
 in honour of the man who was the greatest Scotsman of any 
 time, not even excepting the Bruce of Bannockburn—that peer¬ 
 less Scotsman of Scotsmen, John Knox! All this was enough 
 to discourage any one from encountering the bootless task of 
 attempting to rear a national monument, even to the greatest of 
 men. Our aim was altogether of a humbler order. The inten¬ 
 tion was entertained of founding a Mission settlement some¬ 
 where in Eastern Central Africa, apart altogether from the death 
 of Livingstone. But as the movement was in progress when 
 tidings of his death reached the country, it was most natural to 
 associate with it the name of the most illustrious of recent 
 Scotsmen; more especially as he was the man who had revealed 
 the peculiarities of the whole of the Nyassa region, and who 
 had recommended us to found a Mission there; and as, in addi¬ 
 tion to this, Dr. Stewart happened to be one of surviving four who 
 had attended the melancholy obsequies of his (Dr. L.’s) wife on 
 t he banks of the Zambesi, and afterwards the still more melancholy 
 obsequies of the great traveller himself, in the temple and sanc¬ 
 tuary of the mighty dead on the banks of the Thames, in West¬ 
 minster Abbey. Our scheme, therefore, was not commenced in 
 the way of ambition ; it was brought about in the natural course 
 of events; it was dictated solely by a sense of ordinary duty. 
 Since its inauguration, we have been going on with it quietly, 
 silently, unobtrusively, unostentatiously, but steadily,—saying 
 little or nothing about it in public, until it should be somewhat 
 ripened; printing nothing, publishing nothing, in the form of 
 programmes, or bulletins, or proclamation of philanthropic in¬ 
 tentions or grandiose designs. Our motto has been, ‘ Deeds, not 
 words; ’ and the event, by God’s blessing, may show that those 
 who said, wrote, and published least, were honoured to do most. 
 
TO LAKE NY ASS A. 
 
 11 
 
 There were, indeed, great and many difficulties in the way. 
 One difficulty, for instance, was that of raising the necessary 
 funds to meet the heavy initial expenses, apart from our stated 
 annual revenue. But when the scheme was fairly propounded, 
 liberal offers of assistance were spontaneously made by some of 
 our ever generous Glasgow merchant princes — some offering 
 £1000, and others £500 each — so that the Committee was 
 cheered by the prospect of obtaining sufficient means altogether 
 independent of the ordinary funds. 
 
 Another difficulty was to find a man every way competent to 
 head and guide so arduous and hazardous an expedition into a 
 region thickly bestud with great and manifold perils—perils con¬ 
 nected with a tortuous and intricate river navigation and mala¬ 
 rious influences, with cataracts and marshes, savage beasts, and 
 still more savage men. Dr. Stewart would have been the man 
 of our choice. But the necessities of Lovedale and the Transkei 
 territory, where extensive operations are wholly in abeyance till 
 his return, imperatively demand his early presence there. And 
 since, to save a twelvemonth, the expedition must start, at latest, 
 early in May, we had to look about elsewhere for the fitting man. 
 But where, within the bounds of the United Kingdom, was such 
 a man to be found ] At last Dr. Stewart thought of one man, 
 whose acquaintance he had made fourteen years ago on the 
 Zambesi—the man who had conducted so successfully the search 
 expedition in cpiest of Dr. Livingstone—Mr. Young, of the Boyal 
 Navy. He knew him to be a thoroughly Christian man—a man 
 of judgment and tact, experience and practical wisdom—a man 
 of zeal, energy, and enterprise—and withal, a man brimful of 
 pity and compassion towards the poor down-trodden natives of 
 Africa, for whose liberation from the yoke of their tyrant 
 oppressors he would be ready to risk his own life. Mr. Young, 
 therefore, was the man. From oral and written communications 
 with him, Dr. Stewart soon ascertained that he was quite ready 
 to head our mission party, and conduct them to a proper settle¬ 
 ment on Lake Nyassa, if he could only obtain leave for two 
 years from the Admiralty. But how could such leave be secured 1 
 Our Glasgow friends very earnestly united in a powerful memo¬ 
 rial to the Admiralty on the subject. Captain Wilson, of the 
 Royal Navy, whose acquaintance Dr. Stewart had also made on 
 the Zambesi fourteen years ago, very kindly and generously 
 exerted his good offices with such of the Lords of the Admiralty 
 
12 
 
 THE PROPOSED MISSION 
 
 as lie happened to know personally. The result of all this was 
 the granting of the desiderated leave of absence, on certain 
 reasonable terms, which our Committee were fully prepared to 
 implement. 
 
 A third difficulty was one connected with the well-known slavery 
 proclivities of the agents of the Portuguese Government, as well 
 as their restrictive regulations at the mouth and along the course 
 of the Zambesi, which runs through their territories. Here 
 again Providence interposed in our behalf. Our excellent and 
 ever helpful friend, Mr. William MacKinnon,—the head of the 
 great Steam Navigation Company which runs a line of steamers 
 along the whole Indian shores, from the Persian Gulf to the 
 Straits of Malacca, and from Bombay across to Zanzibar,—when 
 about to extend his line southward along the African coast, 
 entered into friendly negotiations with the Portuguese Ambassa¬ 
 dor and Consul-General in London, which resulted in obtaining 
 an official document commending the members of our expedition 
 to the favour and protection of the Portuguese authorities in 
 Eastern Africa. 
 
 Other minor difficulties, to which, in order to save time, I need 
 not more particularly refer, having been satisfactorily surmounted, 
 and a competent staff of agents conditionally engaged, a regular 
 contract was entered into with a firm of shipbuilders in London 
 for the construction of the peculiar boats necessary for convey¬ 
 ance up the Zambesi, for transport in sections over the mountain 
 range of the Shire cataracts, and for the ultimate navigation of 
 the sea-like Nyassa lake. For these vessels, the plans, the specifi¬ 
 cations, and estimates were sent down to our shipbuilding friends 
 in Glasgow for their suggestions and final approval. 
 
 When all things were thus advanced into a state of com¬ 
 parative readiness for starting at the proper season, and we felt 
 warranted to invite public attention to our proceedings and 
 designs, the objections alluded to at the outset began to be freely 
 circulated, much to the discredit and injury of our projected 
 enterprise. Now, as already said, the best and most Christian 
 way of obviating or removing these is to revert to a brief, plain, 
 prosaic statement of facts. 
 
 At an early period, Mr. Young of Kelly, a personal friend of 
 Dr. Livingstone, and a respected member of the Reformed Pres¬ 
 byterian Church, came forward and offered £1000 towards the 
 new enterprise. It was then felt by our Foreign Missions Com- 
 
TO LAKE NY ASS A. 
 
 13 
 
 mittee that they could not do less than 'ask the Foreign Missions 
 Committee of that Church to co-operate with us in the work. To 
 this proposal they readily and cordially consented. That agree¬ 
 ment, therefore, was the first demolisher of the grand charge of 
 bigotry and sectarianism. 
 
 Further, in January this year, Dr. Macrae of Hawick, Convener 
 of the Special Committee appointed by the Established Church 
 to prosecute a somewhat similar mission enterprise into Central 
 Africa, addressed an official note to me, stating that some form 
 of co-operation between the Foreign Mission Committees of both 
 Churches had been suggested. The letter was duly submitted 
 to our Committee, from whom it received an amount of respectful 
 attention proportionate to the importance of the matter to which 
 it related, and the position of the Established Church of Scotland, 
 on whose behalf it was written. But, from the extreme vague¬ 
 ness and indefiniteness of the suggestion, and in the absence of 
 all details, the result of their most careful deliberation was, that 
 the best answer they could return to Dr. Macrae’s communication 
 would be to let him know frankly, fully, and in the most friendly 
 spirit, what their present position and views were respecting 
 their projected mission to East Central Africa. This, therefore, 
 at their request, and in their name, I endeavoured, with all duo 
 deference and respect, to accomplish. 
 
 In so doing, after referring briefly to most of the leading points 
 now related to the Commission, I drew special attention to the 
 fact that our projected Mission was only a step in advance, or 
 simply an extension of our present African work. Our intended 
 position at Nyassa would be closely linked, in many ways, to 
 Lovedale,—receiving much help from it, and contributing some¬ 
 thing to it in return,—so that the two Missions would be made 
 beneficially to act and react on each other. If the proposed 
 settlement on Lake Nyassa by Cod’s blessing succeeded, it was 
 already Dr. Stewart’s purpose, when he went there about a year 
 hence, to take fifty or sixty young natives with him to Love- 
 dale, train them there in industrial habits, useful knowledge, 
 and, above all, the truths of the Christian faith, send them back 
 as propagandists of the useful arts and true religion ; and con¬ 
 tinue to carry on this reciprocal process until Livingstonia should 
 have not only its primary and secondary schools, but its own 
 higher gymnasium or Collegiate Institution too. This view of the 
 case therefore seemed to present a difficulty in the way of full 
 
14 
 
 THE PROPOSED MISSION 
 
 joint co-operation which might he found insuperable, as we 
 could not expect the Established Church to co-operate directly in 
 support of a Mission of which its intimate relationship with that 
 of Lovedale was designed to be an essential feature. 
 
 It would thus be seen, so far as we were concerned, that it was 
 not a case of our entering a wholly new sphere for wholly new 
 work, in which a new managing body, drawn from different 
 Evangelical Churches, might possibly step in with advantage. 
 Eminently desirable as such joint action might be in certain 
 circumstances, it might only lead, in the particular case now con¬ 
 templated, to needless complication and embarrassment, since it 
 was scarcely possible that a new body, entering on the work for 
 the first time, could step in and be able wholly to harmonize with 
 the old body in all the past work, in such a way as to hold out 
 the prospect of going on in full sympathy with the future. 
 Apart, therefore, from all other difficulties, which our Committee 
 were not disposed to magnify, but which they could not but 
 foresee as very likely to occur, it seemed impracticable to effect 
 a full and complete joint conduct of a Mission, which must 
 necessarily bear so different a relation to the two Churches—the 
 one having already extensive Missions in Africa, and the other 
 having none. On the whole, it appeared to our Committee that, 
 in present circumstances, the two Churches should maintain their 
 independent position ; each, in humble reliance on G-od’s grace 
 and help, desiring and endeavouring to carry out, with mutual 
 feelings of kindliness and goodwill, the special Mission provi¬ 
 dentially assigned to it; and that their Missionaries in Africa, as 
 elsewhere, be left to the influence of catholic opinion and common 
 zeal for the advancement of Christ’s cause and kingdom, to be 
 cordially sympathizing with, and helpful to, each other. 
 
 After such explanatory statements as these, my letter to Dr. 
 Macrae was concluded as follows :— 
 
 ‘ And this leads me to remark, that whatever church or society suc¬ 
 cessfully pioneers the way for Missions in Central East Africa, the 
 experience which it gains will be of no small value to all who set them¬ 
 selves to propagate the gospel in that region. In a country so vast 
 there is ample room for all our churches. 
 
 £ Should it be our lot to lead the van as pioneers, I need hardly assure 
 you that our Committee will have much pleasure in giving you all the 
 information and assistance in their power. At present, also, if our 
 experience in African work can be in any way serviceable for entering 
 
TO LAKE NY ASS A. 
 
 ■i * 
 
 Id 
 
 the field, it will afford us the greatest satisfaction to answer any ques¬ 
 tions on the subject. With reference to Mr. Young I have only to state, 
 that since he is already engaged for a stated period as an agent of the 
 Free Church, the Committee will, I am confident, be greatly pleased 
 that in that capacity he render to the agents of the Established Church 
 such counsel and aid as his experience in Africa may enable him to 
 proffer. And should you be led to place a Mission anywhere in the 
 region of the Lake Nyassa, then the two Missions might be able to 
 render each other important counsel and aid, as they now do in India. 
 They might in many ways co-operate ; and, in point of fact, under the 
 compression of surrounding barbarism, would feel prompted to do so, 
 almost as much as if they were Mission stations planted by the same 
 Church. Among Evangelical Missionaries in heathen lands cordial 
 relations and mutual assistance are happily the rule, and not the excep¬ 
 tion ; and no one can reasonably doubt that there would be such 
 brotherly kindness and genial co-operation between the two Scotch 
 Presbyterian Missions in the heart of down-trodden, slavery-cursed 
 Africa. Allow me, therefore, to assure you of the earnest desire of my¬ 
 self and all my brethren in the Committee, that a rich blessing from on 
 high may rest on the projected Mission of your Church ; that the two 
 Missions may be like twin sisters, whose dwellings may for a time be 
 separate, but who are united by the closest ties of affection and devo¬ 
 tion to a common cause, even the evangelization of a lost world, in the 
 consummation of which alone the Divine Reedemer will see the full 
 fruition of the travail of His soul, and be satisfied.’ 
 
 In acknowledging the receipt of this letter Dr. Macrae was 
 kindly pleased to say, ‘ I thankfully acknowledge your kindness 
 and courtesy in so candidly communicating your views respecting 
 the proposed operations of the Free Church in its mission to 
 East Africa. I will take the liberty of laying it before the meet¬ 
 ing of our Acting Committee. Meanwhile, permit me to say that 
 nothing could be further from our wish than to interfere in the 
 remotest degree with the fulfilment of your plan, which I trust 
 may be blessed for its great end—the introduction of the blessings 
 of the gospel of peace, and light, and life into regions now held by 
 the prince of darkness.’ 
 
 Soon afterwards a note was received from Lord Polwarth, a 
 member of the Acting Committee of the Established Church, 
 asking whether I might not meet Dr. Macrae and himself un¬ 
 officially, and then ascertain on what points, if any, there might 
 be friendly co-operation of some kind bet'ween our respective 
 Committees. To such unofficial conference I could not possibly 
 object; as it is always a delight and a profit to confer with a 
 
16 
 
 THE PROPOSEP MISSION 
 
 noble, right-minded, right-hearted man like Lord Polwarth,—a 
 man of such shrewd practical sound sense, such thorough business 
 habits, such candour and ingenuousness, and withal, of such a 
 catholic • Christian spirit, that he would willingly embrace the 
 whole living evangelism of the world in his arms of love. 
 
 A meeting, accordingly, was held of the most friendly descrip¬ 
 tion, which lasted two hours. At the close, the idea of a con¬ 
 ference between delegates from both Committees was suggested, 
 to consider the points on which co-operation to a certain extent 
 might be profitably carried out. Dr. Macrae kindly agreed to 
 commit to writing the points suggested by himself and Lord 
 Polwarth. 
 
 When the proposal to hold a conference on these points was 
 submitted to our Committee, it was cordially and unanimously 
 agreed to. The conference of appointed delegates was soon 
 after held, by mutual agreement, in our Mission Offices. Of 
 the result of the deliberations of this conference, the following is 
 the minute which was unanimously adopted :— 
 
 ‘As the slave-hunting region around Lake Nyassa is so large and 
 populous as to afford abundant scope for many missions, it is expedient, 
 under present circumstances, that each Church should appoint its own 
 body of management at home, send out its own staff of agents, and have 
 its own stores and supplies, as well as its distinct settlement and field 
 of labour. The settlements, however, should not be so far from each 
 other as to render easy intercourse at all difficult, it being most desirable 
 that they should render each other all possible assistance. The missions 
 should have joint property in boats for sea and river communication. 
 A committee should be appointed in this country'to make arrangements 
 in regard to the joint property. Whether both missions shall proceed 
 to Lake Nyassa this year or not, there does not appear to be any real 
 difficulty in their rendering each other mutual help in various ways, and 
 particularly in the way already mentioned. The members of the Free 
 Church Committee also agree to recommend to their Foreign Mission 
 Committee as follows :—In case of the mission of the Established Church 
 going out a year hence, the mission of the Free Church will be instructed 
 to yield it all the aid in its power; and in particular that, circumstances 
 permitting, Mr. Young, with all available force, will be requested to 
 meet the mission party at the mouth of the River Zambesi, and conduct 
 them to then' destination on Lake Nyassa.’ 
 
 This minute, on being duly submitted to the Foreign Missions 
 Committee of the Free Church, was cordially agreed to. Surely 
 this whole course of friendly procedure was entirely antagonistic 
 
TO LAKE NY ASS A. 
 
 17 
 
 to the idea of anything like narrow-minded bigotry or exclusive 
 sectarianism. 
 
 Since, at the conference, it transpired that there was little pro¬ 
 bability of the Established Church being in circumstances to 
 send out a complete mission staff this year, Dr. Macrae subse¬ 
 quently wrote to say, that ‘ it would be desirable if a gentleman 
 engaged to act as assistant missionary on their staff were allowed 
 to proceed with our mission party to their destination on Nyassa. 
 He is,’ continued Dr. Macrae, ‘ Mr. Henderson, son of a former 
 minister of the parish of Kinclaven ; a man of excellent character 
 and missionary spirit, who, after having been some years at the 
 Edinburgh University, went out to Queensland to manage some 
 property there, and lately returned to resume his studies. We 
 have the best recommendations in his favour. He is strong and 
 active, of various resources, of sound judgment and good temper, 
 and desirous to dedicate himself to his Master’s work in the 
 missionary field. Our Sub-committee have agreed to a condi¬ 
 tional engagement with him. If it were agreeable to your Com¬ 
 mittee that he should accompany your expedition, we should, of 
 course, provide for his outfit, passage, and maintenance; he, on 
 the other hand, engaging to put himself under the conduct of 
 Dr. Stewart, and to render to your party all the work and assist¬ 
 ance in his power. Your Committee would come under no 
 obligation on his account, and ours would incur no debt to yours 
 except for any stores afforded him. He would act as our pioneer, 
 and furnish us with any facts that might interest us about the 
 country and the people ; and when at Nyassa, would endeavour 
 to find out the best location for us, and be acquiring the Nyassan 
 language. I trust your Committee will agree to the arrangement, 
 which will be the precursor to continued sympathy and harmony 
 of action between the missions.’ 
 
 To this request our Committee at once cordially agreed, pro¬ 
 vided that, on making Mr. Henderson’s personal acquaintance, 
 Dr. Stewart and Mr. Young, who would have chiefly to do with 
 him, were satisfied that he was one with whom they could work 
 in perfect harmony. 
 
 After making his personal acquaintance, Dr. Stewart and Mr. 
 Young were thoroughly satisfied that Mr. Henderson was a man 
 of the right stamp, with whom they could act in complete accord 
 of views and feeling. Mr. Henderson was then asked, for the 
 satisfaction of our Committee, to commit to writing his under- 
 
18 
 
 THE PROPOSED MISSION 
 
 standing of Dr. Macrae’s instructions to him. This he did in the 
 following admirable letter, addressed to Dr. Stewart, which does 
 the greatest credit alike to his head and heart:— 
 
 4 In a letter received from Dr. Macrae about ten days ago, when he 
 was under the impression that you were to be the leader of the expedi¬ 
 tion to Lake Nyassa, he says, with reference to myself, “You would go 
 out under Dr. Stewart, giving his staff any help you could.” How I 
 propose to interpret that instruction I pretty fully explained on Saturday. 
 I shall, I hope, be ever willing to help the party in any way Mr. Young 
 thinks I can do so to most advantage. 
 
 ‘ From conversations with Dr. Macrae, I gathered that I am further 
 expected—(1.) To be able to point out a suitable locality for the Estab¬ 
 lished Church Mission party when they come out. This I expect to do 
 very easily; for, from what I understand Mr. Young to say, he knows 
 more than one spot where a party could be placed to much advantage. 
 I should, of course, examine the sites indicated by Mr. Young. (2.) To 
 send to the Committee some account of the country and its inhabitants, 
 and to advise as to what tradesmen, stores, etc., should be sent out. 
 That I can do without writing any account of the proceedings of the 
 party I accompany. (3.) To give some time to acquiring the language. 
 (4.) Generally to familiarize myself with the people, and their ways and 
 customs, so as to be able to deal successfully with them. In these pecu¬ 
 liar circumstances I must be guided more by the spirit than by the letter 
 of any instructions I receive. We must, above all, have confidence in 
 each other, else I am sure the plan had better not be attempted. Keep¬ 
 ing in view that the great object of both parties is identical, I shall 
 endeavour to identify myself with your party so long as I am associated 
 with it. I trust, however, that Mr. Young will not forget that I am 
 supposed more particularly to be acquiring the kind of experience that 
 will best fit one for being of service in establishing another Mission 
 station which might be regarded as an auxiliary to the original station, 
 and therefore placed at a spot indicated or approved of by Mr. Young. 
 
 4 In fine, I am sure that if I abide by Mr. Young’s directions, I shall 
 both satisfy the Church that sends me out and take the course most 
 conducive to the end all the Churches have at heart. My salary and 
 passage - money will be paid by the Established Church Committee. 
 They even expressed a willingness to make some payment to your funds 
 for my maintenance, etc.; but I understood you on Saturday to say that, 
 so long as I was of service to your party, no such charge would be 
 made. If you are not satisfied with the proposed arrangement, perhaps 
 you will be kind enough to state the terms on which you are willing that 
 I should join your party,—still regarding me as sent by the Established 
 Church Committee. 
 
 4 If I am to accompany you, it might be advisable for me to make the 
 acquaintance of any members of the party who may be in Edinburgh.’ 
 
TO LAKE NY ASS A. 
 
 19 
 
 On this letter being submitted to our Committee, it was 
 cordially and unanimously agreed that, should it he endorsed 
 with the imprimatur of Dr. Macrae, they would he rejoiced at 
 the prospect of his accompanying our mission party. On 
 conveying this final decision to Dr. Macrae, he was pleased 
 to reply as follows :— 
 
 ‘ I have received with much pleasure your welcome letter, containing 
 the gratifying information that your Committee had unanimously agreed 
 to our Mr. Henderson accompanying your mission to Nyassa, on the 
 terms expressed in his letter to Dr. Stewart of date 22d February. 
 
 ‘ I have considered Mr. Henderson’s letter, and as he has fairly ex¬ 
 pressed my instructions, I have much pleasure in endorsing it as you 
 wish, and in agreeing to hold it as the basis of arrangement between 
 your mission and him. 
 
 ‘ I doubt not your mission staff will find him a most sincere, upright, 
 and able and willing coadjutor. 
 
 ‘ I am greatly gratified that this preliminary arrangement has been so 
 cordially made. It gives me much hope for the future. For myself, I 
 can say that I desire that every step to the establishment of our mission 
 may be conducted with entire simplicity; and that in all our endeavours 
 after co-operation, I shall act openly and without reserve, not seeking 
 any separate advantage, but the mutual prosperity of what, I trust, will 
 turn out to be co-related Christian Settlements destined under the 
 favour of our Lord to be the nurseries of regenerated people.’ 
 
 Surely in these last proceedings there is not the slightest 
 tincture of bigotry, sectarianism, or monopolistic exclusiveness. 
 
 So much for our most amicable negotiations with the Com¬ 
 mittee of the Established Church. 
 
 But it was also mooted that we had acted scurvily towards 
 the United Presbyterian Church, that we had overlooked it, or 
 shut it out, as if we had done it an intentional slight. As 
 nothing in the world was further from our intention, I felt it to 
 be my duty to go to Dr. MacGill, the honoured secretary of its 
 Mission Board ; and, after informing him of the entire leading 
 circumstances of the case from beginning to end, I asked him 
 frankly to tell me whether he or his Board regarded our action 
 as a slight to them, or whether they intended to commence a 
 mission of their own in the Nyassa region, or to join with any 
 other body in supporting one. Nothing could be more hearty or 
 gratifying than Dr. MacGill’s reply. He expressed the greatest 
 surprise at the allegation that we had offered his Board or Church 
 any slight in the matter. Such an idea had never crossed his 
 
20 
 
 THE PROPOSED MISSION 
 
 own mind, nor, so far as lie knew, the mind of any other. On 
 the contrary, he strongly declared that neither he nor his Board 
 had any right whatever to expect any statement or explanation 
 on onr part, and expressed his warmest and most grateful 
 thanks for all the information then spontaneously communicated 
 to him. He also added, that whatever might he done hereafter, 
 his Church had never entertained the thought of starting a 
 mission of their own in the Nyassa region at present, nor of 
 joining any other in so doing. Their hands were already quite 
 full—having, as a Church, recently taken up three great new 
 fields, — Spain, China, and Japan. Any extension of their 
 African Missions contemplated by them would be from Old 
 Calabar on the West Coast, in the direction of the Niger, into 
 Central Africa. But they rejoiced to see the Free Church enter 
 so heartily into the Central East African field ; and would be 
 ready not only to sympathize with, but to assist them in this 
 fresh movement in any way in their power. 
 
 Having found him so exceeding friendly, I then ventured to 
 suggest to him one way in which this might even now be done. 
 
 Already a gentleman who had varied experiences in South 
 Africa as a trader, a teacher and evangelist, and on whose 
 services we had fully calculated, having been medically examined, 
 was pronounced, in his present state of health, unfit to join our 
 missionary staff. Regarding another who earnestly desired to 
 go out in the twofold capacity of medical and ordained mission¬ 
 ary, it had been found that he could not complete his medical 
 studies in time to join the expedition this season, but in spirit 
 he was joyfully prepared to do so next year. In the mean¬ 
 while, a gentleman, Mr. Laws,—possessed in a high degree of 
 the requisite qualifications, and inflamed with the missionary 
 spirit, who, having attended the Theological Hall of the United 
 Presbyterian Church, might soon be licensed and ordained, and 
 would also very shortly complete his studies for a medical de¬ 
 gree,—had signified his anxious desire to embark on the Nyassa 
 enterprise, if he obtained the sanction of the Mission Board of the 
 United Presbyterian Church, with which he sustained some pro¬ 
 spective relationship. Could we have a loan of his services for 
 a year or two 1 Dr. MacGill at once entered with his accustomed 
 warmth and energy into the proposal. A meeting of the United 
 Presbyterian Board was held on Tuesday, last week, at which 
 the following finding was come to :— 
 
TO LAKE NY ASS A. 
 
 21 
 
 ‘ After consideration of the whole case relating to the Nyassa Mission 
 and Mr. Laws, the Board agree to the request of the Nyassa Mission 
 Committee to give them the benefit of Mr. Laws’ services for two years, 
 —it being understood that this Board shall be entitled to re-claim his 
 services at the end of that period, or as soon thereafter as they shall 
 deem it expedient to do so ; and that it be stated to the said Committee 
 that Mr. Laws’ salary, to the extent of £300, has been provided by the 
 trustees of a fund connected with the United Presbyterian Church, 
 bequeathed by the late Geo. Laing, Esq.’ 
 
 Nothing, surely, could well exceed the promptitude, brotherly 
 kindness, and generosity of this action ; or the perfect freedom 
 from anything like bigotry or sectarianism, on either side, which 
 characterized the whole of the negotiation. 
 
 Once more, look at the public meeting recently held in Queen 
 Street Hall. Dr. Thomson, moderator of the United Pres¬ 
 byterian Church Synod, opened it with a fervent prayer. The 
 Right Honourable Lord Moncreiff, an office-bearer of the Free 
 Church, whose patronymic has long been hereditarily associated 
 with the cause of civil and religious liberty, worthily presided. 
 His introductory address on the occasion was eminently catholic 
 and liberal in tone, Christian and generous in sentiment, sound 
 and orthodox in doctrine; and -withal characterized by that epi¬ 
 grammatic terseness and elegance of expression by which the 
 noble Lord’s public speeches are usually distinguished. Among 
 the other speakers were Captain Wilson of the Royal Navy, 
 an Episcopalian; Rev. Horace Waller, the learned editor of 
 Dr. Livingstone’s last Journals, and a rector of the Church of 
 England; Mr. Edward Young of the Royal Navy, who is neither 
 Episcopalian nor Presbyterian; Dr. Goold of the Reformed 
 Presbyterian Church; Dr. MacGill of the United Presbyterian 
 Church ; and Dr. Macrae of the Established Church of Scotland, 
 —all of whom united with members of the Free Church, lay 
 and clerical, in warmest expressions of sympathy with the 
 great undertaking, and in fervent wishes for its triumphant 
 success. Than all this what could be more catholic — more 
 absolutely free from the dark and narrow spirit of an exclusive 
 bigotry or scowling Pharisaic sectarianism t 
 
 In spite, therefore, of many dark surmises and suspicions, yea, 
 and sinister utterances to the contrary, I utterly misinterpret the 
 prevailing spirit and temper of the great bulk of the ministers, 
 office-bearers, and membership of this Church, if they will not 
 
22 
 
 THE PROPOSED MISSION 
 
 rejoice in the brotherly approaches now indicated on the part of 
 our leading Presbyterian communions, on the broad and catholic 
 basis of a common interest in the divinely-prescribed work of the 
 world’s evangelization; and not merely condone the Foreign 
 Missions Committee for the steps they have taken, but award to 
 them the meed of a generous and cordial approval. This leads 
 me, without breach of confidence, to add that there were others 
 of a higher mark still in the world’s estimation who were not 
 unwilling to take advantage of our preparations, which we would 
 readily have agreed to,- had it not appeared wiser and safer for all 
 parties, at present, to work out their own several schemes,—the 
 members of the different missions individually as much as possible 
 aiding each other. But in the kindly and fraternal co-operation, 
 to a certain extent, of the four great branches of the Scottish Pres¬ 
 byterian family, in carrying the seeds of civilisation along with 
 the gladsome light and liberty of the everlasting gospel into the 
 dark places of the earth, which are still full of the habitations of 
 horrid cruelty, I am verily persuaded that this Commission of the 
 Venerable Assembly will only discern some faint prognostication 
 of the happy day when all shall be reunited in one grand national 
 Church—to her members and friends £ fair as the moon, clear as 
 the sun,’ but to her enemies ‘ terrible as an army with banners.’ 
 And surely it was not without a special providence—a divine 
 precognition—that the stranger from the country, who was com¬ 
 pelled against his will to carry the literal wooden cross, then 
 employed as the instrument of ignominy and pain, along with the 
 blessed Saviour, who had fainted under the burden, up the mount 
 of humiliation and shame, was a native, not of Judea, or Asia, or 
 Europe, but of Africa. May we not hence, without being unduly 
 fanciful, indulge the thought that, in the marvellous evolutions of 
 providential retribution, when that which is first is so often put 
 last, and the last first, the natives of poor long-oppressed and 
 down-trodden Africa shall yet arise from the dust, and in their 
 regenerate, sanctified, and ennobled state, be privileged to march 
 in the van of the mighty procession that shall bear aloft, not the 
 visible symbol of ignominy and pain, but the true cross—the 
 source and fountainhead of the world’s salvation; in other words, 
 hold forth the doctrine of Jesus Christ and Him crucified—to 
 the merely carnal eye the darkest, but to the eye of faith the 
 most luminous point in the moral universe of God — around 
 which, as its central sun, the redeemed brotherhood of all 
 
TO LAKE NY ASS A. 
 
 23 
 
 kindreds and tribes, and peoples and nations, shall revolve for 
 ever and ever, in one perpetual chorus of peace, harmony, and 
 love 1 
 
 Sir Henry Moncreiff said he supposed the Commission would 
 receive this statement, and express their satisfaction at the manner 
 in which Dr. Duff had brought it forward. 
 
 Principal Rainy said he thought it was most essential that they 
 should not allow this statement to pass—a statement made with 
 more than usual of Dr. Duff’s accustomed felicity and force— 
 without trying, however feebly, to express the singular satisfac¬ 
 tion with which they had listened to it. He was sure they all 
 might envy Dr. Duff in presiding over the inauguration of what 
 they must all feel to be a powerful, as they trusted it would prove 
 a successful enterprise. If much was not said either in reference 
 to the Mission itself, or to the appeal now made by Dr. Duff, in 
 regard to the Commission’s approbation of the spirit in which 
 the Committee had acted, it was simply for this reason, that 
 while Dr. Duff had spoken as the representative of the Foreign 
 Missions Committee, no man was more entitled to speak with 
 authority as representing the mind of the Commission and of the 
 whole Church to which he belongs. 
 
 MURRAY AND GIBB, EDINBURGH, 
 PRINTERS TO HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE. 
 

 
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