MAR 1 ^ 1946 1941-1945 IN GRATEFUL MEMORY OF THOSE WHO DIED IN THE SERVICE OF THEIR COUNTRY. THEY STAND IN THE UNBROKEN LINE OF PATRIOTS WHO HAVE DARED TO DIE THAT FREEDOM MIGHT LIVE, AND GROW, AND INCREASE ITS BLESSINGS. FREEDOM LIVES, AND THROUGH IT THEY LIVE- IN A WAY THAT HUMBLES THE UNDERTAKINGS OF MOST MEN. INDIANS IN THE WAR Honor for Indian Heroism Awards for Valor (Lists) Ceremonial Dances in the Pacific by Ernie Pyle A Choctaw Leads the Guerrillas An Empty Saddle We Honor These Dead (Lists) Navajo Code Talkers by MT/Sgt. Murrey Marder Indians Fought on Iwo Jima Wounded in Action (Lists) Indians Work for the Navy by Lt. Frederick W. Sleight To the Indian Veteran Indian Women Work for Victory Prisoners of War Released A Family of Braves Indian Service Employees in the War The material in this pamphlet was collected for the 1945 Memorial Number of Indians at Work, before the magazine was discontinued because of the paper shortage. Many devoted workers spent much time and effort to get these stories, and the photographs which accompany the lists were loaned by the families of the boys whose names will be found here. We wish to express our gratitude to all of those who made this record possible. The casualty lists and the lists of awards and ^ decorations continue those begun in Indians at Work for May-June 1943 and carried on in the November-December 1943, May-June 1944, and September-October 1944 issues. They are not complete, and it is hoped that when the peace has come, the whole story of the Indian contribution to the victory may be gathered up into one volume. Awards of the Purple Heart have not been indicated here because every soldier wounded in action against the enemy is entitled to the decoration, and the award should be taken for granted. NOVEMBER 1945 United States Department of the Interior — Office of Indian Affairs Chicago 54, Illinois 1 9 12 14 15 16 25 28 30 42 44 49 50 51 53 Haskell Printing Department 2 - 15 - 46 — 15,000 HONOR FOR INDIAN HEROISM The war has ended in victory for the United Nations, and after a troubled period of read- justment and reorganization, peace will come ot last. The story of the Indians' contribution to the winning of the war has been told only in part; and new material will be coming in for many months. As one of the Sioux boys says, "As a rule nowadays the fellows don't go in for heroics." But already the Indian record is im- pressive. In the spring of 1945, there v/ere 21 ,767 Indians in the Army, 1 ,91 0 in the Navy, 121 in the Coast Guard, and 723 in the Ma- rines. These figures do not include officers, for whom no statistics are available. Several hundred Indian women are in the various branches of the services. The Standing Rock Agency, North Dakota, estimates that at least fifty girls from that jurisdiction are in uniform. The Office of Indian Affairs has recorded 71 awards of the Air Medal, 51 of the Silver Star, 47 of the Bronze Star Medal, 34 of the Dis- tinguished Flying Cross, and tv/o of the Con- gressional Medal of Honor. There are un- doubtedly many more which have not been re- ported. Many of these ribbons are decorated with oak leaf clusters awarded in lieu of addi- tional medals. It is not unusual to see an Air Medal with nine oak leaf clusters, or twelve, or even fourteen. The casualty lists are long. They come from theatres of war all over the world. There were many Indians in the prison camps'of the Philip- pines after the fall of Bataan and Corregidor, and later there were many more on Iwo Jima and Okinawa. There were Indians in the 45th Division in Sicily and Italy. They were at Anzio, and they took part in the invasion on D-Day in Normandy. A Ute Indian, LeRoy Hamlin, was with a small troop which made the first con- tact with the Russians across the Elbe on April 25. Another Ute, Harvey Natchees, v/as the first American soldier to ride into the center of CpI. Henry Boke, Jr., ond Pfc. George H. Kirk, Navajo code talkers, operate a portable rodia set on Bougainville. Official 1:. S. Marine Corps Photo. See page 25. Berlin. Pfc. Ira Hayes, Pima, of the Marines, was one of the six men who raised the flag on the summit of Mt. Suribachi. Once in a while, an Indian diving into a foxhole when shells began to burst, would find himself face to face with another member of his race, and they would start talking about Indian problems as they waited for the enemy fire to cease. When there was only one Indian in an outfit, he was inevitably called Chief, which amused him and perhaps pleased him a little. The Indian people at home have matched the record of their fighting men. More than forty thousand left the reservations during each of the war years to take jobs in ordnance depots, in aircraft factories, on the railroads, and in other war industries. The older men, the women, and the children, who stayed at home, increased their production of food in spite of the lack of help. The Indians invested more than $17,000,000 of restricted funds in war bonds, and their individual purchases pro- bably amount to twice that sum. They sub- scribed liberally to the Red Cross and to the Army and Navy Relief societies. The mothers of the soldiers organized War Mothers clubs in their communities, and every soldier received letters and gifts while he was in the service. The clubs helped to entertain the boys who came home on furlough, and now that the war is over, they are making plans for war memorials in honor of the fallen. Reflecting the heroic spirit of Indians at war in every theater of action, the list of those specially selected to receive military honors grows steadily. We shall never know of all the courageous acts performed "with utter disregard for personal safety," but the proved devotion of all Indian peoples on the home front and the conspicuous courage of their sons and daughters in the various services en- title them to share in common the honors be- stowed upon the few here noted. 1 CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR The blue star-5prinkled ribbon of the highest award of all is given for "conspicuous gallan- try at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty." Relatively few of these medals have been given, and the nation may well be proud of the fact that two Indians thus far have won it. The story of Lt. Ernest Childers, Creek, was told in Indians at Work for May- June 1944; that of Lt. Jack Montgomery, Cherokee, in the January-February number, 1945. DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS The highest aviation honor is given for heroism or extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight. The ribbon is blue, with a white-bordered red stripe in the center and white stripes near the ends. Thirty or more Indians have been awarded this medal T-Sgt. Harold E. Rogers, Seneca, with his flying mascot Mister thus far, and their stories have been told in various issues of Indians at Work. Mention has already been made of Lt. William R. Fredenberg, Menominee, of Wis- consin, who wears this ribbon and also has the Air Medal with seven oak leaf clusters. The citation for the DFC reads as follows; "Lieutenant Fredenberg demonstrated su- perior skill in the execution of a dive-bombing attack upon a heavily defended marshalling yard wherein he personally destroyed three lo- comotives and thereafter in the face of heavy and accurate enemy fire remained in the tar- get area strafing installations until his am- munition was exhausted. The outstanding flying ability and tactical proficiency which he exhibited on this occasion reflected the highest credit upon himself and his organiza- tion." Sgt. Shuman Shaw, a full-blood Paiute from California, was wounded on his third mission as a tail-gunner on a B-24 Liberator, but he stayed with his guns and shot down two of the enemy, with three more probably destroy- ed. During his 22nd mission, while raiding strategic installations at Budapest, he was again seriously wounded. On both occasions he was given plasma. Sgt. Shaw has the Dis- tinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Presidential Unit Citation, and the Purple Heart with oak leaf cluster. AIR MEDAL, DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS Harold E. Rogers, Seneca from Miami, Okla- homa, was reported missing in action on July 3, 1944, when his plane failed to return from a mission over Budapest. Sgt. Rogers had flown 25 missions with the 8th Air Force in England, and then served as instructor in the United States for six months. He went back into ac- tion, this time with the 1 5th Air Force, based in Italy. He wore the Air Medal with nine oak leaf clusters, and the Distinguished Flying Cross. The Purple Heart was awarded to him posthumously. His wife, a Potawatomi from Kansas, who now lives in Hollywood, was a student at Haskell Institute with her husband, and Sgt. Rogers was studying law at the time 2 he entered the service. He also attended Sher- man institute and Riverside Junior College. SILVER STAR TO A YOUNG ARTIST A soldier who is cited for gallantry in action, when that gallantry does not warrant the award of a Medal of Honor or a Distinguished Service Cross, is given the Silver Star. This decoration was awarded posthumously to Ben Quintana, a Keres, from Cochiti Pueblo. According to the citation, Ben was "an am- munition carrier in a light machine gun squad- ron charged with protection of the right flank of his troop which was counterattacked by su- perior numbers." The gunner was killed and the assistant gunner severely wounded. "Pri- vate Quintana," the citation continues, "re- fused to retire from this hazardous position and gallantly rushed forward to the silenced gun and delivered a withering fire into the enemy, inflicting heavy casualties. While so engaged he was mortally wounded. By this extraordinary courage he repulsed the coun- terattack and prevented the envelopment of the right flank of his troop. Private Quin- tana's unflinching devotion to duty and hero- ism under fire inspired his troop to attack and seize the enemy strong point." With Ben Quintana's death the country has lost one of its most promising young artists. At the age of 15, he won first prize over 80 contestants, of whom 7 were Indians, for a poster to be used in the Coronado Cuarto Cen- tennial celebration. Later, he won first prize and $1,000 in an American Magazine contest in which there were 52,587 entries. SILVER STAR TO SHERMAN GRADUATE Captain Leonard Lowry, a graduate of Sher- man Institute, also wears the Silver Star. He was a first lieutenant at the time of the cita- tion, which says: "He was advancing with an infantry force of 500 men when they were halted by the enemy and the leading elements were pinned down. It was imperative that this force get through. Lt. Lowry assumed command and directed temporary security measures. He then organized a small com- bat patrol and personally led it in storming the enemy elements that were delaying the Pfc. Ben Quintana, gifted ortist of Cochiti Pueblo, owarded the Silver Star posthumously for gallantry in action. Photo by Harold U. Walter Albuquerque, New Mexica. unit's advance." Capt. Lowry has been wounded several times. LED THE WAY FOR TANKS The Shoshones proudly claim Marine Pfc. Leonard A. Webber, of Fort Hall, Idaho, who received his Silver Star "for gallantry and in- trepidity while serving with the Second Marine Division, during action against enemy Japan- ese forces on Torawa, Gilbert Islands, from November 22 to November 23, 1943. During this period, when radio communication was out, he performed duties as runner between the tank battalion commiand post, tanks, and infantry front line positions, with utter dis- regard for his own personal safety in the face of heavy enemy gunfire. His skill and devo- tion to dufy contributed greatly to the main- taining of communication of tank units. His conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity were in keeping with the highest tradition of the Uni- ted States Naval Service." Later, for action in 1944, Leonard Webber, now a Corporal, received the Bronze Star. This decoration is awarded for meritorious or 3 The parents of Blaine Queen, Cherokee, receive his Silver Star heroic achievement or service, not involving participation in aerial flight, in connection with military operations against an enemy of the United States. The citation for the Bronze Star reads: "For meritorious achievement in action against the enemy on Saipan and Tinian, Mari- anas Islands, from 15 June to 1 August, 1944, while serving as a reconnaissance man in a Marine tank battalion. With aggressive de- termination and fearless devotion to duty Cor- poral Webber reconnoitered routes of advance for tanks in the face of intense enemy fire. On one occasion, he led a tank platoon over ex- ceedingly dangerous and perilous terrain, while under heavy mortar and small-arms fire, to support the infantry advance and make it possible for his tank platoon to inflict severe casualties on the enemy. His cool courage and outstanding ability contributed in a large measure to the success of the tank operation. His conduct throughout was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service." SILVER STAR FOR A CHEROKEE The mother and father of Pvt. Blaine Queen received the Silver Star posthumously awarded to their son for heroism in action in Germany. Pvt. Queen, a Cherokee from North Carolina, was with a platoon engaged in sharp action with the enemy. They were under heavy fire from nearby enemy positions, and when their am- munition began to run dangerously low. Pvt. Queen volunteered to leave his foxhole and go for the needed supplies. As he ran he was mor- tally wounded, but in spite of his wound he kept on toward his destination until death overtook him, A POTAWATOMI LEADS THE WAY Pfc. Albert Wahweotten, Potawatomi from Kansas, received the Silver Star from his com- manding general last February in Germany. According to the citation, Pfc. Wahweotten, armed with an M-1 rifle and a bazooka, worked his way 200 yards beyond the front lines to a house occupied by the enemy. In spite of heavy fire, he crawled to within ten yards of the house, which he set on fire with the bazooka. Then he went into the burning building and captured twelve Germans, eliminating the last enemy resistance in the town. INITIATIVE, BRAVERY, AND GALLANTRY An lowa-Choctaw, also from Kansas, was another winner of the Silver Star for gallantry in action against the Germans. When his su- perior officer was disabled, Pfc. Thurman E. Nanomantube took over the duties of section leader of a heavy machine gun section, and with complete disregard for his own safety ran across fifty yards of open ground, swept by heavy fire, in order to help a gunner whose gun was not working properly. When the battalion was pinned down by artillery fire, he gave first aid to two wounded men and handled another skillfully in order to keep him from becoming the victim of combat exhaustion. The citation praises Pfc. Nanomantube for his initiative, bravery, and gallantry DECORATION FOR A PAPAGO An engineers outfit, in combat for 1 65 con- tinuous days on Luzon, needed the bulldozer which Pfc. Norris L. Galvez, Papago of Sells, Arizona, was driving up the road. Pfc. Norris was told that the Japs had two automatic weapons firing across the road ahead, but he decided that the bulldozer must go through and unhesitatingly drove the unprotected ma- chine through the field of fire, an action which brought him a citation and the Silver Star. HERO'S SON RECEIVES MEDAL Alec Hodge is only six years old, but he knows what war means. He knows, too, the pride with which soldiers receive their medals, for on Alec's small chest was recently pinned the Bronze Star posthumously awarded to his father, Pfc. Otto Hodge, a Yurok-Hoopa, who was killed in action in Italy. The youngster stood straight, as befits the son of a warrior, and listened to the words of the citation: "For heroic achievement in action against the enemy from September 10 to September 23, 1944." Then he solemnly shook the proffered hand of Brigadier General Oscar B. Abbott, who made the award. The ceremony was held at the Areata Naval Auxiliary Air Station near Eureka, California, on April 6, 1945. Alec has two uncles in the service. One, Fireman Henry Hodge, is on sea duty in the South Pacific, while the other. Pvt. James Hodge, is serving in Europe. Both uncles are graduates of Sherman Institute and are the sons of Mrs. Carrie Hodge of Trinidad, Cali- fornia. ORDEAL BY FIRE The citation accompanying the Bronze Star Medal awarded to Pvt. Houston Stevens, Kicka- poo from Shawnee, Oklahoma, reads: "For heroic achievement near St. Raphael, France, on 1 5 August 1 944. Struck by an aerial bomb as it neared shore during the invasion of Southern France, LST 282 was burning fiercely and ammunition aboard was exploding con- tinuously. Unmindful of the intense heat and the exploding ammunition. Pvt. Stevens manned a 50-caliber machine gun located within ten yards of the explosion. Though his hair and eyebrows were singed by the spread- ing flames, he remained at his post and con- tined to fire the gun at the enemy plane. By his devotion to duty. Pvt. Stevens prevented additional damage by the plane. His action re- flects credit upon himself and the armed forces of the United States." WITH THE FAMOUS IVY LEAF Sgt. Perry Skenandore, Oneida from Wiscon- sin, wears two rows of ribbons, as well as the blue bar for the Presidential Unit Citation. He has been awarded the Silver Star, the Bronze Star with oak leaf cluster, and the Soldier's M.edal. His European theater rib- bon carries three battle stars and the bronze arrow which stands for the invasion of Nor- mandy. Sgt. Skenandore is a member of the 4th Infantry Division, the Ivy Leaf, a fight- ing outfit which is described by a Stars and Stripes correspondent as follows: "After 199 days, ending March 9, in con- tinuous contact with the German army, the 4th Division closed a chapter that carried it through some of the most famous battles of the present war. "Starting on August 24 with the headlong rush into Paris, which they liberated the next day, the 4th's men never lost sight of the grey-uniformed Wehrmacht until they had it on the run towards the Rhine. "Included in the nearly seven months of grinding up Nazi hordes were the mad dash across Northern France and Belgium; the lib- eration of such towns as Chauny, St. Quentin, St. Hubert, Bastogne, and St. Vith. The doughs never stopped their eastward drive un- til they had bowled through the Siegfried Line. The 4th Division was the first unit to enter German soil on September 11. "History has recorded their successful but 5 bloody Battle of the Huertgen Forest and their magnificent stand before the city of Luxem- bourg m those dark days of Decem.ber, when, according to Lt. Gen. George Patton, Jr., 'a tired division halted the left shoulder of the German thrust into the American lines and saved the city of Luxembourg.' "From this action the Ivy Leaf Division went over to the offensive, crossing the Sure River and eating into the bulge the enemy had built up. Switching to the St. Vith sector, they fought their way through the Siegfried Line in exactly the same place where they had pushed through in September. This made four times they had passed through the maze of steel and concrete that was once considered almost impregnable." Sgt. Skenandore has a good deal to tell about his division and its accomplishments against the Nazis, btit little information about himself. The ribbons, however, speak for him. HELD THE LINES The Bronze Star Medal was awarded to Corporal Calvin Flying Bye, Sioux, of Little Eagle, South Dakota, "for heroic achievement in Germany on 29 and 30 November 1944. . . During these two days, when his division at- tacked a fortified enemy town, communication lines between the forward observer and his battalion were severed. In spite of heavy en- emy fire which was falling not more than 15 yards from him, he checked the lines and con- stantly maintained them without getting any sleep for 48 hours. His courage and devotion to duty reflect great credit upon himself and the military service." AN ALASKAN SCORES Pfc. Herbert Bremner, TIingit, of Yakutat, Alaska, has been given the Bronze Star for heroic action in Holland: "While the Anti-Tank Platoon which was supporting the assault battalion was moving its weapons forward to engage four enemy tanks which were holding up the progress of the battalion, two of the prime movers were damaged by intense mortar and machine gun fire, and it was necessary to repair them be- fore they could be used to move the weapons into position. Without regard for his personal safety. Private Bremner manned the machine gun, which was in an exposed position on top of one of the vehicles. His determined, ac- curate fire forced the enemy tanks to with- draw, thus permitting the battalion to ad- vance to its objective. The high standard of courage of Private Bremner was a large fac- tor in enabling the battalion to gain its objec- tive and is a distinct credit to this soldier and the military service." INSPIRED HIS COMRADES Marion W. McKeever, Flathead, from Mon- tana, was awarded the Bronze Star posthum- ously "for meritorious achievement in connec- tion with military operations against the ene- my at Bougainville, Solomon Islands, on March 10, 1944. During a counterattack to destroy the enemy forces, when his platoon made an advance against enemy positions. Pvt. Mc- Keever moved up aggressively to engage the enemy. Moving up as far as possible he crossed a machine gun lane and the enemy opened fire, killing him instantly. Because of his daring movement in spite of the heavy fire, he was one of the most forward men of the platoon. His action was cool and brave and was an inspiration to all who served with him." THE BRONZE STAR FOR AN INFANTRYMAN A posthumous award of the Bronze Star Medal was made to CpI. Jack E. Mattz, Yurok- Smith River Indian from Grants Pass, Oregon. During an assault on enemy lines in Holland, CpI. Mattz crept forward toward a dugout con- taining a large number of the enemy, killed several of them with his sub-machine gun, and when his ammunition ran out, accounted for the rest by using hand grenades. A few hours later he was killed by shell fire. SAVED BY PARTISANS Two Indian gunners with the 1 5th Air Force, based in Italy, had similar stories to tell of parachute jumps in Balkan territory. S-Sgt. Cornelius Wakolee, Potawatomi, from Kan- sas, was forced to bail out over Yugoslavia when his Liberator bomber was hit by heavy flak. He was reported missing on October 14, and returned to duty some six weeks later, af- ter a long walk, guided across enemy-held territory by Yugoslav partisans. Some months afterward, T-Sgt. Ray Gonyea, from the Onon- daga Reservation, New York, made a similar jump and landed in a village held by the par- tisans, who helped him and his crew back to their base — after an hilarious celebration. Sgt. Gonyea holds the Air Medal with two oak leaf clusters, and the Purple Heart. Sgt. Wakolee has three clusters to the Air Medal. PURPLE HEART, FOUR CLUSTERS Danny B. Marshall, Creek, from Holdenville, Oklahoma, has evaded death dozens of times and has been wounded eight times. Five of his wounds required hospital treatment, but the other three times he had first aid and did not report at a hospital. He has been hit in the face, head, arms, leg, and back, and has the Purple Heart with four clusters, the Bronze Star, the Good Conduct medal, the Combat Infantryman's Badge, and five battle stars for service in Italy, including the Anzio beach- head and Rome, and the invasion of Southern France. A SUBMARINE VETERAN "The greatest thrill of all," said John Red- day, Sioux, from South Dakota, "was to pass through the Golden Gate and set foot again on American soil." This remark was made after 21 months' service in a submarine patrolling South Pacific waters. During this time the sub sank fourteen and damaged seven enemy vessels. Among them was one of Japan's largest freighters, which was destroyed by gunfire alone. The thrills and dangers of submarine war- fare were many, according to Redday. Once a sub-chaser, disguised as a transport, discov- ered them while they were surfaced, and depth charges fell all around them before they could submerge. The charges were so terrific that the overhead motors were sheared off. An- other time an enemy destroyer caught their propguard with a grappling iron and pulled them forty feet toward the surface before they could get away. In escaping they dived far below normal depth and the pressure was so greot that water leaked in from all sides. Redday was transferred to the Veterans' Hospital at Minneapolis a year ago because of John Redday tuberculosis, and is slowly improving in the free ajr of his homeland. A NAVAJO FIGHTS ON TWO FRONTS Dragging one wounded soldier, helping sup- port another, his own back and legs torn by shrapnel, a twenty-year-old Navajo made his way across three hundred yards of knee-deep snow. Safe in his own lines again, he did not bother to go to the aid station. This is only one of the stories told about Sgt. Clifford Et- sitty, a star patrol scout of the Western front. Another time he was within 30 yards of the enemy when a machine gun opened up on his patrol. "The Chief," as he is known in the Army, flattened out and with six shots finish- ed the half-dozen Nazis who barred his way. Etsitty received his first Purple Heart on Attu,' where he killed 40 Japs in 20 days. This was night ambush detail. Clad in white snow suits, the soldiers lay in wait for enemies and picked them off as they approached. The cold, dangerous work ended when a bursting mortar shell smashed the Navajo's jaw and sent him to the hospital for seven months. As soon os he was discharged, he was sent to the 99th Division and continued his remarkable career on the German front. FORESIGHT AND SOUND DECISION The Bronze Star has also been received by Staff Sgt. David E. Kenote, .Wisconsin Meno- minee, "for meritorious service in connection with military operations against an enemy of the United States, in France, from 1 August 1944 to 31 October 1944. Sgt. Kenote inaug- urated a system of stock records and a proce- dure for requisitioning which enabled the Ad- jutant General, Third United States Army, suc- cessfully to supply and distribute War Depart- ment publications and blank forms to Third Army troops. The foresight of this non-com- missioned officer, and his careful planning and energetic execution achieved continuous sup- ply during all phases of a rapidly moving op- eration. His pians were simple and workable, and his decisions were sound. The zealous devotion to duty of Sgt. Kenote reflects great credit upon himself and the military forces of the United States." Sgt. Jimmy Decloy, Apache, stands guord at the gateway to Rome as rhe U.S. Army enters the city 8 AWARDS FOR VALOR CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR Lt. Jack C. Montgomery Cherokee, Oklahoma Lt. Ernest Childers Creek, Oklahoma SILVER STAR S/Sgt. Francis B. Brave Sioux, Oklahoma Lt. William Sixkiller, Jr Cherokee, Oklahoma Pfc. Warren Gullickson Sioux, South Dakota Pfc. James R. Alexander Lummi, Washington CpI. Leonard Webber Shoshone, Idaho Lt. James Sulphur Creek, Oklahoma T/4 Roger K. Paul Blackfeet, Montana Sgt. Knowiton Merritt Klamath-Modoc, Oregon Sgt. Perry Skenandore Oneida, Wisconsin Pfc. Ben Quintana Cochiti Pueblo, New Mexico CpI. Vincent Village Center Sioux, South Dakota T/Sgt. Joseph Lawrence Sioux, South Dakota Pfc. Francis Shaw Paiute, Nevada Pfc. Philip Kowice Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico Lt. Jack C. Montgomery Cherokee, Oklahoma Sgt. Bob Allen Choctaw, Mississippi Pvt. Blaine Queen Cherokee, North Carolina Pvt. Eugene Roubideoux Sioux, South Dakota Pfc. Alonzo Enos Pima, Arizona Pfc. Albert Wahweotten Potawatomi, Kansas Sgt. Clifford Etsitty Navajo, New Mexico Bert G. Eaglehorse Sioux, South Dakota Pfc. George W. Walker Cherokee, North Carolina Sgt. Leo Upshaw Navajo, New Mexico Pfc. Thurman E. Nanomantube lowa-Choctaw, Kansas Pfc. Norris L. Galvez Papago, Arizona Pvt. Vincent Hunts Horses Sioux, South Dakota DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS Lt. William R. Fredenberg. . Lt. Richard Balenti S/Sgt. Peter N. Jackson.. S/Sgt. Shuman Shaw S/Sgt. Neil McKinnon S/Sgt. Alfred Dalpino T/Sgt. Theodore S. Breiner S/Sgt. Ernest DuBroy Lt. Alfred Houser S/Sgt. Albert Lopez Lt. Edward Tinker S/Sgt. Archie Hawkins. . . . S/Sgt. Steve Brown T/Sgt. Harold E, Rogers. . S-Sgt. Robert C. Kirkaldie. Menominee, Wisconsin . . . Cheyenne-Haida, Oklahoma Hoopa, California Paiute, California . . .Yurok, California (1 cluster) Shoshone, Idaho Sioux, North Dakota Blackfeet, Montana (3 clusters) , .Apache, Oklahoma (1 cluster) Delaware, Oklahoma . .Osage, Oklahoma (2 clusters) Sioux, South Dakota Paiute, Nevada Seneca, Oklahoma Assiniboine, Montana S-Sgt. Francis B. Brave T>4 Roger K. Paul Pfc. Alonzo Enos 9 AWARDS FOR VALOR Pfc. James R. Aiexander S-Sgt. Albert Lopez Lt. Chorles Edward Harris AIR MEDAL S/Sgt. Roger Worlee Paiute, Nevada (9 clusters) S/Sgt. Shuman Shaw Paiute, California (3 clusters) T/Sgt. Waldron A. Frazier Sioux, South Dakota S/Sgt. Cornelius L. Wakolee. .Potawatomi, Okla. (3 clusters) S/Sgt. Clifton J. Rabideaux. . . .Chippewa, Minn. (5 clusters) S/Sgt. Peter N. Jackson Hoopa, California T/Sgt. Oliver Gibbs Chippewa, Minnesota (3 clusters) Lt. Charles Smith Bannock, Idaho S/Sgt. Alfred Dalpino Shoshone, Idaho (12 clusters) Lt. John Cook Mohawk, New York T/Sgt. Orus Baxter, Jr Creek, Oklahoma S/Sgt. Abe Zuni Isleta Pueblo, N. M. (3 clusters) T/Sgt. Forrest J. Gerard Blackfeet, Montana S/Sgt. Jesse LaBuff Blackfeet, Montana (2 clusters) Sgt. Floyd Monroe Blackfeet, Montana (1 cluster) Lt. Kenneth M. Lee Sioux, South Dakota (1 cluster) Pfc. Albert E. Fairbanks. . . .Chippewa, Minnesota (1 cluster) S/Sgt. Earl M. Thomas Lummi, Washington (1 cluster) Sgt. Cloyd I. Gooday Apache, Oklahoma T/Sgt. Kent C. Ware Kiowa, Oklahoma (2 clusters) Lt. Myers Wahnee Comanche, Oklahoma (clusters) S/Sgt. Fred B. Larmer Sioux, South Dakota Sgt. John C. Rustemeyer Sioux, South Dakota T/Sgt. Cleveland J. Bordeaux Sioux, S. Dak. (4 clusters) Sgt. Lawrence R. Morris Iowa, Kansas S/Sgt. John Lee Redeagle Quapaw, Oklahoma S/Sgt. Albert Lopez Delaware, Oklahoma (1 cluster) S/Sgt. Glenn Black Quileute, Washington (4 clusters) Sgt. Joseph Black Quileute, Washington Lt. John C. Dirickson Osage, Oklahoma (1. cluster) S/Sgt. Blaze Savage ; Chippewa, Minnesota S/Sgt. Archie Hawkins Sioux, South Dakota S/Sgt. Steve Brown ! Paiute, Nevada T/Sgt. Harold E. Rogers Seneca, Oklahoma(9 clusters) Lt. Charles E. Harris Pawnee, Oklahoma (1 cluster) S-Sgt. Robert C. Kirkaldie. . . Assiniboine, Montana (3 clusters) DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS (BRITISH) Lt. Gilmore C. Daniel (RCAF) Osage, Oklahoma DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER (BRITISH) Lt. Gilmore C. Daniel (RCAF). . Osage, Oklahoma SOLDIER'S MEDAL Sgt. Perry Skenandore Oneida, Wisconsin 10 AWARDS FOR VALOR BRONZE STAR MEDAL Pfc. Herbert M. Bremner. , S/Sgt. David E. Kenote . . . . Pfc. William A. Davis. . . . CpI. Samuel Powvall Pfc. Bernard Tracy Pfc. Otto Hodge CpI. Leonard Webber CpI. Jimmy Begay Sgt. Louis Provost Pfc. Harvey Natchees. . . . Pfc. Danny B. Marshall. . . T/5 Calvin Dailey Pfc. Roy Toledo Walter Key Biye, AOM 2/c, Pfc. Augustine Smith S/Sgt. Walter J. Roberts.. CpI. Calvin Flying Bye. . . . CpI. Bert Orben Good T/5 Warren Adams Lt. Myron W. Anderson . . Pvt. Marion McKeever. . . . Sgt. Perry Skenandore .... Pfc. Joe C. Lewis CpI. Ramon Juan T/3 John E. Snyder Pfc. John W. Kionut Sgt. Lanert Brown Eyes. . . . CpI. Garfield T. Brown. . . . Sgt. Norman Janis Pfc. Carl Broken Rope. . . . Donald O'Neal Sgt. Bert H. Jefferson. . . . Pfc. Leonard Johnny Pfc. August L. Smith Lt. James M. Ware Pvt. Lester D. Douglas . . . Nat Becenti Sgt. Jose'P. Benavidez Pfc. Harvey Walking Eagle CpI. Jack E. Mattz Pvt. Houston Stevens Sgt. Leo Upshaw Sgt. Augustine Chico CpI. Ralph Andres CpI. Lyndreth Palmer. . . . Pvt. LeRoy HamI in Pvt. Vance Broken. Rope . . . Pvt. Leonard White Bull. . . Pvt. Alex Hernandez Pfc. Clyde Smith .^.Tlingit, Alaska Menominee, Wisconsin Chippewa, North Dakota Mission, California Navajo, New Mexico Yurok, California Shoshone, Idaho Navajo, New Mexico Omaha, South Dakota Ute, Utah Creek, Oklahoma Otoe, Oklahoma Navajo, New Mexico Navajo, Arizona Paiute-Klamath, Oregon Seminole, Oklahoma Sioux, South Dakota Chippewa, Minnesota Blackfeet-Gros Ventre, Montana Blackfeet, Montana Flathead, Montana Oneida, Wisconsin Papago, Arizona Papago, Arizona Seneca, New York Caddo, Oklahoma Sioux, South Dakota . . . Sioux, South Dakota Sioux, South Dakota Sioux, South Dakota Arapahoe, Wyoming Lummi, Washington Nooksack, Washington . . . . Makah-Lummi, Washington Osage, Oklahoma Navajo, New Mexico Navajo, New Mexico Isleta Pueblo, New Mexico Sioux, South Dakota Yurok, California Kickapoo, Oklahoma Navajo, New Mexico Papago, Arizona Papago, Arizona Kiowa, Oklahoma Ute, Colorado Sioux, South Dakota Sioux, South Dakota Sioux, South Dakota Hualapai, Arizona 11 Pfc. William A. Davis Pfc. Thurman Nanomantube S-Sgt. Archie Hawkins CEREMONIAL DANCES IN THE PACIFIC (One of the last stories wrtten by Ernie Pyle before his tragic death on /« Island was about the Indians of the First Marine Division on Okinawa. It is reprinted here by permission of Scripps-Howard Newspapers and United Feature Syndicate, Inc. The ceremonial dances, according to Marine Combat Correspondent Walter Wood, included the Apache Devil Dance, the Eagle Dance, the Hoop Dance, the War Darrce, and the Navajo Mountain Chant. Besides the Navajos, Sioux, Comanche, Apache, Pima, Kiowa, Pueblo, and Crow Indians took part in the ceremonies.) By ERNIE PYLE Okinawa — (By Novy Radio) — Bock nearly two years ago when I was with Oklahoma's 45th Division in Sicily and later in Italy, I learned that they had a number of Navajo In- dians in communications. When secret orders had to be given over the phone these boys gave them to one an- other in Navajo. Practically nobody in the world understands Navajo except another Na- vajo. Well, my regiment of First Division Marines has the same thing. There are about eight In- dians who do this special work. They are good Marines and are very proud of being so. There are two brothers among them, both named Joe. Their last names are the ones that are different. I guess that's a Navajo custom, though I never knew of it before. One brother, Pfc. Joe Gatewood, went to the Indian School in Albuquerque. In fact our house is on the very same street, and Joe said it sure was good to see somebody from home. Joe has been out here three years. He is 34 and has five children back home whom he would like to see. He was wounded several months ago and got the Purple Heart. Joe's brother is Joe Kellwood who has also been out here three years. A couple of the others are Pfc. Alex Williams of Winslow, Ariz., and Pvt. Oscar Carroll of Fort Defiance, Ariz., which is the capital of the Navajo reser- vation. Most of the boys are from around Fort Defiance and used to work for the Indian Bureau. The Indian boys knew before we got to Okin- awa that the invasion landing wasn't going to be very tough. They were the only ones in the convoy who did know it. For one thing they saw signs and for onother they used their own influence. Before the convoy left the far south tropical island where the Navajos had been training since the last campaign, the boys put on a cere- monial dance. The Red Cross furnished some colored cloth and paint to stain their faces. They made up the rest of their Indian costumes from chicken feathers, sea shells, coconuts, empty ration cans and rifle cartridges. Then they did their own native ceremonial chants and dances out there under the tropical palm trees with several thousand Marines as a grave audience. 12 13 In their chant they asked the great gods in the sky to sap the Japanese of their strength for this blitz. They put the finger of weakness on the Japs. And then they ended their cere- monial chant by singing the Marine Corps song in Navajo. I asked Joe Gatewood if he really felt their dance had something to do with the ease of our landing and he said the boys did believe so and were very serious about it, himself in- cluded. "I knew nothing was going to happen to us," Joe said, "for on the way up here there was a rainbow over the convoy and I knew then ev- erything would be all right." Novajos donee on o beach in the Solomons. Photo U. S. Army Signol Corps A CHOCTAW LEADS THE GUERRILUS In April 1945, after more than three years as a guerrilla leader in the Philippines, Lt. Col. Edward Ernest McClish came home to Ok- mulgee, Oklahoma, where his family, who had refused to believe him dead, waited for him. Some of his story has been told in American Guerrilla in the Philippines, by Ira Wolfert, and other details have been added in a report given to the Public Relations Bureau of the War De- partment by Col. McClish. It is an extraordi- nary tale of accomplishment against great odds. Lt. Col. McClish, a Choctaw, who graduated from Haskell Institute in 1929 and from Bacone College two years later, was called to active duty in the National Guard in 1940, and early in 1941 he arrived in the Philippines, where he became commander of a company of Philip- pine scouts. In August he went to Panay to mobilize units of the Philippine Army there, and as commander of the Third Battalion he moved his men to Negros, where they were stationed when the war broke out. Late in December they crossed by boat to Mindanao, and there all the Moro bob battalions were added to McClish's command. The Japanese did not reach Mindanao un- til April 29, 1942, shortly before the American capitulation on Luzon, and Col. McClish's men fought them for nearly three weeks. When forces on the island finally surrendered, Mc- lish, a casualty in the hospital, some distance from headquarters, was fortunately unable to join his men. Instead of capitulating he began to organize a guerrilla army. By September 1 942, he had an organization of more than 300 soldiers, with four machine guns, 150 rifles, and six boxes of ammuni- tion. Some American and Filipino officers had escaped capture and joined the staff. In the early stages of the organization, McClish got word of a Colonel Fertig, of the Army En- gineers, who was working along similar lines in the western part of Mindanao, and he managed to reach Fertig by travelling in a small sailboat along the coast. The two men decided to con- solidate their commands, and Colonel Fertig asked McClish to organize the fighting forces in the four eastern provinces of the island as the 1 1 0th Division. Organization was at first very difficult. In- dependent guerrilla bands had sprung up all over the island, some of them composed of robbers and bandits who terrorized the villages. Some were anti-American, says Colonel Mc- lish. Most of them lacked military training and education. But slowly the work proceeded. The bandits were disarmed and jailed; the friendly natives were trained, and young men qualified to be officers were commissioned. By the spring of 1943 McClish had assembled a full-strength regiment in each of the three pro- vinces, a fourth had been started, and Division headquarters staff had been completed. Simultaneously with the military organiza- tion, civil governments were set up in each province. Wherever possible, the officials who had held jobs in pre-war days were reappointed, provided that they had not collaborated with the Japanese. Provincial and municipal offi- cials worked hand in hand with the military, and helped greatly to build up the army's strength. Because of the shortage of food, reports Colonel McClish, a Food Administrator and a Civil and a Judicial Committee were appointed to begin agricultural and industrial rehabilita- tion. Army projects for the production of food and materials of war were begun throughout the Division area, and all able-bodied men be- tween the ages of 1 8 and 50 were required to give one day's work each week to one of these projects. They raised vegetables, pigs, poultry, sugar cane, and other foods. The manufacture of sugar, soap, alcohol, and coconut oil was started. Fishing was encouraged. In some of the provinces food production was increased beyond the peacetime level. The civilians real- ized that they were part of the army, and that only a total effort could defeat the enemy. The public relations office published a news- paper, and headquarters kept in communica- 14 tion with the regiments in each province by radio^ by telephone (when wire was available), or by runner. The guerrillas acquired launches and barges which had been kept hidden from the Japanese, and these were operated by home-made alcohol and coconut oil. Seven trucks provided more transport, but it was safer and easier to use the sea than the land. In order to maintain their motor equipment, they "obtained" a comiplete machine shop from a Japanese lumbering company in their territory. From September 15, 1942, to January 1, I 945, while McClish's work of organization and administration was continuing, his guerrilla forces were fighting the Japanese, and more than 350 encounters — ambushes, raids on pa- trols and small garrisons, and general engage- ments — were listed on their records. One hund- red and fifteen men were killed and sixty-four wounded. Enemy losses were estimated at more than 3000 killed and six hundred wounded. The guerrillas finally made contact with the American forces in the South Pacific and sup- plied them with valuable information about the enemy which was extremely helpful when the time for the invasion of the Philippines came at last. They did their part in bringing about the final victory in the Pacific. AN EMPTY SADDLE "If I should be killed, I want you to bury me on one of the hills east of the place where my grandparents and brothers and sisters and other relatives are buried. "If you have a memorial service, I want the soldiers to go ahead with the American flag. I want cowboys to follow, all on horseback. I want one of the cowboys to lead one of the wildest of the T over X horses with saddle and bridle on. "I will be riding that horse." Such were the written instructions left by Pvt. Clarence Spotted Wolf, full-blood Gros Ventre, with his tribesmen. He was killed December 21, 1944, in Luxembourg. Pvt. Spotted Wolf was born May 18, 1914. He entered the service in January, 1942, and a year later was transferred to a tank battalion. He went overseas in August, 1944. On January 28, in Elbowoods, North Dako- ta, the memorial service he had foreseen was held in his honor. It was an impressive cere- mony. The Stars and Stripes presided over the winter-bare hills where Clarence Spotted Wolf's family and friends carried out his wishes. There were soldiers; there were cow- boys; and his own saddle had been placed on the T over X horse, which was led in the pro- cession. It is pleasing to fancy the spirits of brave warriors long departed watching benign- ly from the Happy Hunting Grounds. As for the empty saddle — who knows? Pvt. Clarence Spotted Wolf 15 Adam Harney Thomas Throssell Reginaldo Helms WE HONOR THESE DEAD Lonnie Allen ARIZONA Apache (San Carlos) Pacific Adam Harney Apache (San Carlos) France Ernest Stanley Apache (San Carlos) Luxembourg Johnnie Goodluck Navajo France Haskell A. Osife Pima Antony Jose Pima Joe Terry Pima Willacot Anton Pima Robert E. Allison Pima Joshua Morris Pima Leander Shelde Pima Joseph Thomas Pima Percy Osife Pima Fred Washington Pima Phillip Largo Pima Thomas Throssell Papago U. S. A. Alfred Perkins Pima Leyte Alfred Ferguson Maricopa France Frank Banashley Apache (Fort Apache) Luzon Thomas Altaha Apache (Fort Apache) Italy Ralph Aday Apache (Fort Apache) Germany Norman Puhuquaptewa Hopi Luxembourg Walter Nelson Navajo Luzon Stetson Pahayeoma Hopi Leyte Walter Keyannie Navajo Luxembourg Kayah Gale Navajo Pacific Harold Poncho Hopi France Clarence Beeson Hopi Germany Allen Honawahoya Hopi Pacific Roy Hoahtewa Hopi 'Philippines Alfonso Zeyouma Hopi U. S. A. Eugene Mansfield 'Hopi U. S. A. Alton Kidde Apache (San Carlos) Pacific Evans Reede Apache (San Carlos) New Britain Frank Reede Apache (San Carlos) Luzon Edmund Smith Navajo Germany Silas Lefthand Navajo Luzon Fred R. Loukai Navajo Burma Felix Ashley Navajo Pacific Sam J. Earl Navajo Luzon Antonio J. Alvarez Papago France Alonzo Antone Papago Belgium Ventura B. Carlos Papago Italy Venito M. Condio Papago Luzon Austin Francisco Papago Luzon Lawrence Garcia Papago Italy Joe Gonzales Papago Luzon Joe C. Lewis Papago Luzon Dennis Manuel Papago Pacific Fred James Pima Pacific Henry Isaac Norris Papago England Joseph Hendricks Papago Luzon Stephen Thomas Carrillo Papago Okinawa Johnston Peters Pima Germany Edward Harris Papago Okinawa 16 Raymond T. Carrillo Papago Okinawa Alfred Tsosie Navajo Bougainville El wood King Navajo Iwo Jima Joe Singer Navajo Philippines Tom Singer Navajo Peleliu Walter Key Biye Navajo CALIFORNIA Pacific Reginaldo Helms Mission (Soboba) Belgium John P. Emeterio Sacramento Belgium Otto Hodge Yurok Italy Baron D. Risling Hoopa U. S. A. Romaldo Natt Yurok Germany Joe Blacktooth Mission (Pala) Japan Augustine Quevas Mission (Santa Ysabel) Japan Lee M. Angel Mission (Mesa Grande) Germany Gilbert Cleland Mission (Mesa Grande) Germany George Estrada Mission (Mesa Grande) Saipan Steve Levi Mission (Torres-Martinez)Saipan Merced Norte Mission (Los Coyotes) France Gene Pablo Mission (Santa Ysabel) Pacific Philip Peters Mission (Pauma) U. S. A. Fred Rodriguez Mission (Rincon) Germany Bob Smith Mission (Mesa Grande) Germany Wilfred Ward Mission (La Jolla) Germany William Besoain Karok Melvin Cadoza Hoopa (Smith River) Saipan Henry Davis Hoopa (Weott) John Duncan Hoopa (Wailaki) Holland Charles L. Henderson Hoopa (Mattole) James Ladd Klamath Italy Eugene Lewis Yurok Iwo Jima Jack Mattz Yurok Holland Leonard W. Mosely Hoopa (Eel River) Floyd Pilgrim Klamath Arthur Case, Jr. Karok COLORADO Albert Box Ute Leyte Wilbur Washington Ute Italy Elmer Lewis Navajo IDAHO James Burt Shoshone Luzon Howard Cutler Shoshone Atlantic Stanley George Shoshone Europe Matthew Honenah Shoshone Europe Nelson Ingawanup Shoshone Europe James Mosho, Jr. Shoshone Europe Adolph Alexie Coeur D'Alene KANSAS Okinawa William Lasley Potawatomi Italy Herbert H. DeRoin Iowa France Paul G. Wamego Potawatomi Germany Edgar H. Goslin Kickapoo MINNESOTA Pacific Daniel McKenzie Chippewa Holland James L. Johnson Chippewa France Jacob Anderson Chippewa 17 France Stephen Thomas Carrillo Ernest Stanley Daniel McKenzie Lawrence Carl Murry Williamson Sam Dives Backwords Adolph King Chippewa Lewis E. Taylor Chippewa George Sheehy Chippewa Francis S. Bushman ^ Chippewa James I. Cook Chippewa George Kelly Chippewa Peter Morgan Chippewa Vincent Zimmerman Chippewa John S. Mercer Chippewa Joseph Weaver Chippewa Ralph Robinson Chippewa Richard Johnson Chippewa Jesse J. Tibbetts Chippewa Sylvester Charboneau Chippewa Lyman Tanner Chippewa Richard Boshey Chippewa Wesley Eagle Chippewa William Potter Chippewa Robert TeJohn Chippewa Hubert Williams Chippewa Richard Sailor Chippewa France Germany Italy Manchukuo Luzon France France Europe Germany Belgium Germany Africa English Channel At Sea Luzon Belgium Pacific Italy Luzon Belgium France Martin E. Simons Chippewa Pacific Robert Belland Chippewa Italy Eddie Brown Chippewa Italy George Brunette Chippewa U. S. A. Dominic Misquadace Chippewa Lawrence Carl Chippewa Luzon Dean Ottershaw Chippewa Pacific Clifford John Antell Chippewa Pacific MISSISSIPPI Bob Allen Choctaw Solomons Gibson T. McMillan Choctaw Luzon Emmett Jackson Choctaw Germany Able Sam Choctaw Germany John Day Isaac Choctaw U. S A. Raymond Martin Choctaw Germany MONTANA Murry L. Williamson Blackfeet Luzon Fredrick Bauer, Jr. Sioux Luzon Sam Dives Backwards Cheyenne Luzon George B. Magee, Jr. Blackfeet France Wilbur Spang Cheyenne U. S. A. Daniel L. Pablo Flathead Germany Warren L. Gardipe Flathead Philippines Leonard R. Jette Flathead Joseph 0. Pronovost Flathead Pacific William Pronovost Flathead Louis C. Charlo Flathead Iwo Jima Oswald A. Felsman Flathead France Pascal Bohn Flathead Belgium Julian A. Pablo Flathead Philippines Clarence L. Marengo Flathead Italy Elmer C. Ladue Flathead Fredrick E. Kasko Flathead Isaac A/att Flathead Germany Elvin Matt Flathead Germany Harvey W. Ducharme Flothead 18 Germany Francis Heavyrunner BIqc'h ffcet France Eugene Horn Blcck-!eet Leyte William Wolftaii Block -feet France Fred DeRoche Block feet Belgium Patrick Reevis Blockieet Luzon William Allison, Jr. Blockieef Germany Charles Stewart Block feet Pacific Roger K. Paul Block tee t France Melvin Rides at the Door Block-ieet Germany Joseph Long Knife Assiniboine Luzon Benjamin Chopwood Assinjboine Italy Pius Wing AssiniDotne France Richard King, Jr. Assiniboine France Murphy Gunn Assiniboine NEBRASKA Pacific Thomas H. Harrison Winnebogo NEVADA France Seymour Arnot Woshoe Pacific Stanley Winnemucoo Paiute Francis Shaw Paiute Africa Henry West, Jr. Paiule Scott Green Paiule Arthur F. Jones Paiule Africa Mike Drew Paiule Italy Edward Joe Washoe Peleliu Sidney Jack Paiule Europe Clarence Hanks Paiule Europe Warren Wilson Paiule NEW MEXICO Pacific James Romero Lagurx) Pueblo Alex Fragua Jemez Pueblo France Pablo Fragua Jemez Pueblo Ben Quintana Cochiti Pueblo Philippines Anthony Mitchell Navojo France Osborne Sam Navajo Jack Antonio Acomd Pueblo Germany Jose R. Lucero Isleto Pueblo Alfonso G. Nahkoi Navojo Palau Islands Aghe Beligoody Navcjo France Silas Yazzie Navojo Italy Jim Tom Navojo Navojo France David Harvey Germany Bernard Dolan Apoche (Mescalero) Belgium Martin Aragon Laguna Pueblo France Kee Y. Chico Navojo France Earl Ayze Navojo France Vincent Wemytewa Zuni Germany Harry White Navcjo Italy John C. Nelson Novojo Leyte Paul G. Chaves Acoma Pueblo Jose Cruz Duran San Felipe Pueblo Jose C. Tenorio San Felipe Pueblo Pacific Raymond Rosetta Santo Domingo Pueblo Richard Jamon Zuni Luzon Joe Ben Navajo Luzon Hilario Armijo Jemez Pueblo Germany Cypriano Herrera Tesuque Pueblo 19 Europe Louis M. Chorlo Patrick Reevis Francis Heavyrunner Blaine Queen Adam West Driver Johnnie Buckner Jimmie Weahke John Wesley Romero Harley Kanteena Paul Kinlahcheeny Jose E. Lopez George Vicenti Frank Lucero Jose Chewiwi Jose Romero Vicenti Mirabal Sam Morgan Edgar Lunasee Jose F. Mirabal Mariano Pacheco Paul Fernando Joe B. Garcia Ted Bird Jimmy Rodriguez Marce L. Korris Harold White Sidney David Jay Delawashie John Martin Collins Moses Henry Powless Sylvester Thompson Silas William Chew Ernest Printup Archie Oakes Louis Barnes Andrew Cook Francis Jock Clarence Carnon John Seabrean Carroll Patterson Kenneth Fatty Linas Snow Roland Redeye Harlan Laye Francis Waterman Kenneth Parker Raymond John Frank Doxtator Mark J. Rattler Isaac Ross Vernon Sneed Enos Thompson William Taylor, Jr. Adam West Driver Jeremiah Toineeta Blaine Queen Richmond Lambert Edward Hardin Clarence Murphy Joshua Shell Zuni Laguna P'j.eb'o Zuni Navajo Santa Aro Isleta Puebio Santa Ana- Paeolo Taos Pueblo Navajo Zuni Santa Clara P jeblo Laguna Puebio Laguna Puebio Santo Dominego Pueblo Santo Domingo Pueblo Laguna Puebio Scnto Domingo Pueblo Navajo Navojo Navajo ' Navajo NEW YORK Seneca Onondaga Mohawk Tuscarora Tuscarora Mohawk Mohawk Mohawk Mohawk T onawanda-Seneca Tonawanda-Seneca T onawanda-Seneca Onondaga Seneca Seneca Seneca Onondaga Seneca Seneca Seneca NORTH CAROLINA Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Italy Belgium Italy Iwo Jima Romania Pacific Europe Pacific Germany Iwo Jima Philippines Italy Germany Europe Germany Okinawa Italy Philippines Philippines Philippines Germany Tarawa France Europe Europe Europe France Manila At Sea At Sea Sicily France France France Germany Tarawa Pacific Pacific Germany Luxembourg Pacific Iwo Jima Germany Germany Germany Pacific U. S. A. Okinawa 20 NO"’H DAKOTA A'>ora Sic>^.x (Fort Totten) 6'c.-s Ventre Sic-^.x {Standing Rock) O'- ppewa SiOwix (Standing Rock) Si£>i;x (Standing Rock) StC‘bix (Standing Rock) Donald Hosie Philip Lohnes Clarence Spotted Wolf Leonard Red Tomahawk William A. Davis Joseph R. Agard Wallace J. Demery Louis Calvin Noel Matthew American HorseSic^ux (Standing Rock) Reuben Mashunkashey Moses Red Eagle Mathson Whiteshield Jim N. Chuculate Charles E. Sam Zock L. Smith George D. Coons Cornelius Hardman, Jr. James L. Douglas David Cross, Jr. Wesley Osage Cyrus Packer Kingsley Allrunner Wayne Beartrack Nelson Bearbow Levi Hosetosavit Rayson Billy Davis Pickens Dan Roebuck Lewis E. Wade John Floyd Wall Edmond Perry John Carney Johnson Harjo Charles W. Imotichey Hershel L. Malone Orus Baxter, Jr. James Sulphur Willie Scott Charles G. Keighley Owen Mombi Whitney Holata Sam Fixico Johnnie Buckner James Paul Fireshaker John Wallace Andrew Brokeshoulder T. P. Hattensty 05£-ge Osc‘ge . Cr-eyenne-Arapaho Five Civilized Tribes Five Civilized Tribes PC"-CO Pc-vr^ Pc - CO Creek Cc-c^o-Cheyenne Cheyenne Cheyenne Cheyenne Cheyenne Cheyenne Comanche Cr-c-ctaw Choctaw Chc-ctaw Chc-ctaw Chc-ctaw Choctaw Ct cctaw Seminole Chickasaw Ch ckasaw Creek Creek Creek Osoce Choctaw Seminole Seminole Creek Pcr.ca Chc-ctaw Ch-c-ctow Choctaw 21 Holland New Britain i_uxembourg Leyte New Guinea Marianas Ireland Belgium Germany Earle Defender Sic-..j( (Standing Rock) Italy Joseph Goudreau StC'jiX (Standing Rock) Germany Paul Yankton S»-:mx (Fort Totten) France Harold E. Rogers OKLAHOMA Se'cca Europe Grant Gover Pc'«»r-te France Dennis W. Bluejacket SF-civcree-Cherokee Europe George Choate, Jr. Charles Edward Harris C’-'tyenne-Arapaho Pc«r^e France Luxembourg Italy Luxembourg Belgium Germany Germany Luxembourg Philippines Philippines Pacific Europe U. S. A. U. S. A. U. S. A. France Sicily Sicily Africa Germany Pacific France Italy England Germany France France Germany Germany England Mediterranean Pacific Okinawa Africa Sicily Anzio Cornelius Hardman, Jr. Grant Cover James Sulphur James L. Johnson Lewis E. Taylor Vincent Village Center Billie Jack Choctaw New Guinea Paul B. Blanche Choctaw Osborne L. Blanche Choctaw ■ Japan Ray Bohanon Choctaw Europe Aaron Cusher Choctaw Hanson H. Jones Choctaw Walter D. McClure Choctaw Aaron Watkins Choctdw LeRoy McNoel Choctaw Marion Ruling Horrls Sac and Fox Tinian Andrew Warrior Shawnee . . Lee Edward Ahcheko Sac and Fox Pacific Thomas P. Carter Sac and Fox Paul K. Stevens Kickapoo Donald Beaver Caddo . Europe Raymond Brown Wichita ‘‘ Europe Thomas Chockpoyah Comanche Europe Matthew Hawzipta Kiowa Germany Melvin Myers Comanche- Europe Lyndreth Palmer Kiowa ' • Europe Louis Rivas Comanche ' Europe Ben Trevino, Jr. Comanche Europe Gilbert Vidana Comanche Europe Joe Guoladdle Kiowa Pacific Nathaniel Bitseedy Kiowa- Apache U. S A. Dan Madrono, Jr. Caddo Europe Forrest Tabbyyetchy Comanche U. S. A. Mont Bruce Williams Caddo U. S. A. John Stevens Choctaw Europe Lewis Mitchell Creek ? • Atlantic Joseph J. King Ottawa Germany Johnnie F. Gokey Sac and Fox Luzon Joseph G. Bratton Osage ‘ Pacific Bennett H. Griffin Osage France Clabe C. Mackey Osage Germany Joseph L. LaSarge Osage Italy Harold L. McKinley Osage Philippines Rudolph McKinley Osage France Frank Riddle, Jr. Osage Pacific Milton Otis Ririe Osage Panama Harold B. Smalley Osage Pacific Eugene E. Slaughter Osage Pacific Clarence Tinker, Jr. Osage Mediterranean Robert E. Warrior Osage France Elmer C. Weinrich Osage Germany William Silas Coons Pawnee Italy Charles G. Red Bird Cheyenne Pacific William Sixkiller, Jr. Cherokee Saipan Henry W. Conowoop Comanche Luzon Floyd Primeaux Ponca OREGON Raymond L. Enouf Klamath Pacific Roscoe Dick Warm Springs Philippines Gilbert Yahtin Warm Springs Belgium Wesley Morrisette Walla Walla Italy 22 Guy L, Archambeau Daniel L. Quickbear Joseph Running Horse Raymond Lodge Skin Warren C. Bonnin Floyd Bear Saves Life Philip G. Atkinson Reuben E. Redfeather Stanley C. Rogers Ole j. Johnson . James L. Janis Waldron Frazier Stanley Goodbird Joseph Supangi William Keoke Louis LaBelle Arthur F. Sanders Norman Redthunder Jacob Wood Alexander DuMarce Robert Lee White Charles Under Baggage, J Elmer A. Feather William Bird Horse George D. LaPlant Levi Traversie Art Blue Arm Fred Colombe Winfield Loves War Joseph Hairychin Thomas Crow Necklace William Flying Horse Vincent Village Center Aaron G. Bettelyoun Louis Raymond Cottier Clement Crazy Thunder Matt Good Shield Jacob Herman, Jr. James LaPointe, Jr. Francis Leon Killer Chester Maple Leroy No Neck Norman Portwood Earl J. Two Bulls Thomas Waters Chester Afraid of Bear George Ladeau Pierre Paul Lee Leonard Q. Smith Albert Chief Eagle Silas Running Eagle James L. DeMarsche Roy A. Brandon Earl J, Dion William J. Dion Lorenzo W. Collins Howard Brandon SOUTH DAKOTA Sioux (Yankton) Sioux (Rosebud) Sioux (Rosebud) Sioux (Rosebud) Sioux (Yankton) Sioux (Pine Ridge) Sioux (Rosebud) S(Oux (Rosebud) Sioux (Rosebud) Sioux (Sisseton) S'Dux (Pine Ridge) Sioux (Cheyenne River) SiOux (Sisseton) Sioux (Sisseton) S'OLix (Sisseton) Sioux (Sisseton) Sioux (Sisseton) Sioux (Sisseton) Sioux (Sisseton) Sioux (Sisseton) Sioux (Sisseton) .S'OLIX (Pine Ridge) Sioux (Sisseton) Sioux (Standing Rock) Sioux (Cheyenne River) S'OLIX (Cheyenne River) S'OLIX (Cheyenne River) Sioux (Rosebud) Sioux (Standing Rock) S'Oux (Standing Rock) S'oux (Standing Rock) S'OLIX (Standing Rock) S'OUX (Standing Rock) S'OLIX (Pine Ridge) Sioux (Pine Ridge) S'OUX (Pine Ridge) S'OUX (Pine Ridge) S'OUX (Pine Ridge) S'OUX (Pine Ridge) S OLix (Pine Ridge) Sioux (Pine Ridge) S'OUX (Pine Ridge) S'OUX (Pine Ridge) S'OUX (Pine Ridge) Sioux (Pine Ridge) S'OUX ^Pine Ridge) Sioux (Pine Ridge) S'CiLix (Yankton) Sioux (Yankton) S'OUX (Pine Ridge) Sioux (Pine Ridge) Sioux (Rosebud) Sioux (Rosebud) Sioux (Rosebud) Sioux (Rosebud) S'OUX (Rosebud) S'DUX (Rosebud) 23 U. S. A. Africa Peleliu Germany Guam France France France Luzon Germany Luxembourg U. S, A Africa France Italy France France Germany Europe Biak Island U. S. A. France Luzon Europe Luzon Europe Pacific France Luzon Belgium Holland Leyte I wo Jima New Guinea Holland Pacific Germany Pacific Holland English Chonnel Leyte Luzon U. S. A. U. S A. U. S, A. Pacific U. S. A. U. S. A. Tarawa Guam Africa France Germany Iwo Jima Waldron Frazier Charles Under Baggage, Jr Felix Ashley Joseph White John H. Kittles William Dempsey Austin Jesse Cuny Charles Swimmer Joe Kitto Lester Red Boy Vincent Fast Horse Sioux (Pine Ridge) Sioux (Pine Ridge) Sioux (Pine Ridge) Chippewa Sioux (Pine, Ridge) Sioux (Pine Ridge) UTAH Nelson Tonegates Ute Ansel G. Wanzitz Ute Samuel C. Abrahamson Charles Schultz, Jr. Richard Wood Roy Knight John Bobb Melvin Ross Martin James John H. Kittles Herman John Norman Simmons Horry J. Cheholtz Richard J. Ackley Matthew Johnson Joseph Graverette Robert Duffy Joseph Motchoma Donald J. Brisk Robert A. Cornelius Melvin Jordan Marvin Johns Joseph Ninham Joseph J. White Milan St. Germaine Thomas Soldier Arnold Tepiew Joseph Komanekin James C. Ford, Jr. Alpheus Decorah George N. Johnson Edmund Cornelius :iaude Goggles Chester Arthur Villiam Trosper ohn L. Brown .ee Wadda .averne Wagon (ichard Pogue lidney Bush peorge Antelope WASHINGTON Colville Lummi Clallam Swinomish ' Swinomish i Muckleshoot Snoquaimfe Lummi Nisqually ' Quinaielt Taholah WISCONSIN Chippewa Winnebago Chippewa ,■ Menominee Oneida Oneida Oneida Oneida Oneida Winnebago Chippewa Menominee Menominee Menominee Chippewa Winnebago Winnebago Oneida WYOMING Arapahoe Arapahoe Arapahoe Arapahoe Shoshone Shoshone Shq:shone Shoshone Arapahoe 24 Germany Germany Luzon Belgium Pacific Pacific Germany . France Manila France Germany Belgium Germany Italy Luzon Italy Belgium Okinawa Philippines Italy Europe Belgium France France Germany France France France France France Burma France Italy Pacific Leyte Belgium mmO CODE TALKERS ‘ . by MT Sgt. Murrey Murder Muriite Corps Combat Correspondent Reprintec by {>eymission of The Marine Corps Gazette Through the Solomotis, in the /Vlonanas, at Peleliu, Iwo Jima, and almost ever/ island where Marines have stormed asho't' irvthis war, the Japonese have heard a stronge ' language gurgling through the earphones O'? their radio listening sets — a voice code wbicti defies de- coding. To the linguistically keen eo' ii shows a trace of Asiatic origin, and a lot o* wf*at sounds like American double-talk. This stronge tongue, one of the most select in the world, is Navajo, embellished with improvised woros and phras- es for military use. For three yeors it has served the Marine Corps well for transmitting secret radio and telephone messages in combat. The dark-skinned, black-haired Novajo code talker, huddled over a portable radio or field phone in a regimental, divisional oi corps com- mand post, translating a message into Navajo as he reads it to his counterpart on the receiv- ing end miles away, has been a familiar sight in the Pacific battle zone. Permission to dis- close the work of these American Indians in marine uniform has just been granted by the Marine Corps. Transmitting messages which the enemy cannot decode is a vital military factor in any engagement, especially where combat units are operating over a wide area in which com- munications must be maintoineci by radio. Throughout the history of worfcire, military leaders have sought the perfect code — a code which the enemy could not breoi- down, no matter how able his intelligence staff. Most codes are based on the codist's native language. If the language is a widely-used one, it also will be familiar to the eritimy ond no^ matter how good your code may be the enemy' eventually can master it. Navajc, however, is one of the world's "hidden" languages; it is termed "hidden," along with other Indlon lang- uages, as no alphabet or other symDols of it exist in the original form. There o-’t only about 55,000 Navajos, all concentrated in one region. living on Government reservations and intense- ly clannish by nature, which has confined the tongue to its native area. Complicating the Navajo language, there are dialect variations among the tribes, and in some cases even dialects within a tribe. Except for the Navajos themselves, only a handful of Americans speak the language. At the time the Marine Corps adopted Navajo as a voice code it was estimated that not more than 28 other persons, American scientists or missionaries who lived among the Navajos and studied the language for years, could speak Navajo fluently. In recent years, missionaries and the Interior Department's Bureau of In- dian Affairs have worked on the compilation of dictionaries and grammars of the language, based on its phonetics, to reduce it to writing. Even with these available it is said that a fluen- cy can be acquired from prepared texts only by persons who are highly educated in English and who have made a lengthy study of spoken and written Navajo. One of the reasons which prompted the Marine Corps to adopt Navajo, in preference to a variety of Indian tongues as used by the AEF in the last war, was a report that Navajos were the only Indian group in the United States not infested with German students during the 20 years prior to 1941, when the Germans had been studying tribal dialects under the guise of art students, anthropologists, etc. It was learned that German and other foreign diplo- mats were among the chief customers of the Bureau of Indian Affairs for the purchase of publications dealing with Indian tribes, but it was decided that even if Navajo books were in enemy hands it would be virtually impossible for the enemy to gain a working knowledge of the language from that meager information. In addition, even ability to speak Navajo fluently would not necessarily enable the enemy to de- code a military message, for the Navajo dic- tionary does not list military terms, and words used for "jeep,” "emplacement," "battery," "radar," "antiaircraft," etc., have been im- provised by Navajos in the field. The adoption of code talkers by the Marine Corps stemmed from a request for Navajo com- municators by Maj. Gen. Clayton B. Vogel, then Commanding General, Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet. A report submitted with his re- quest said a Navajo enlistment program would hove full support of the Tribal Council at Win- dow Rock, Arizona, Navajo Reservation. Acting on this request the Marine Corps' Division of Plans and Policies in March 1942 sent Col. Wethered Woodworth to make a fur- ther report on the subject, and a test was made at the San Diego, Calif., Marine Base to deter- mine the practicality of Navajos as code talk- ers. The test revealed that the Navajos who vol- unteered for the experiment could transmit the messages given, although with some variation at the receiving end resulting from the lack of exact words to transmit specific military terms. For example, "Enemy is pressing attack on left flank" would come out "the enemy is attacking on the left." Proper schooling in military phraseology, it was believed, could correct this variation, and the following month the Marine Corps author- ized an initial enlistment of 30 Navajos to as- certain the value of their services. The enlistment order required that recruits meet full Marine Corps physical requirements and have a sufficient knowledge of English and Navajo to transmit combat messages in Nava- jo. The recruits were to receive regular Marine training, attend a Navajo school at the Fleet Marine Force Training Center, Camp Elliott, Calif., and then receive sufficient communica- tions training to enable them to handle their specially qualified talent on the battlefield. All the recruits spoke the same Navajo basi- cally, but there were certain word voriations. In Navajo, the same word spoken with four dif- ferent inflections has four different meanings. The recruits had to agree on words which had no shades of interpretation, for any variation in an important military message might be disastrous. As might be expected in any group 26 of youths, finey were not equal in educotion or intelligence. Some of the military terms were very complex to the unschooled; all hod to be able to understand them thoroughly in order to translate them into their native language. Some were not easily adaptable to communica- tions work.- It was difficult in several instances for non-Navajos to instruct the recruits in Ma- rine Corps activities; a few marine instructors were u noble to cope with the typical Indian im- perturbability. On the other hand, many of the recruits were well-educated, intelligent and quick to learn. A number had worked for the Bureau of In- dian Affoirs os clerks, and almost all the Na- vajos had’ the highly developed Indian sensory pe.>'ceptions. There were some recruits like PFC Wilsie H. Bitsie, whose father is district supervisor of the Mexican Springs, N. Mex., Navajo District. Bitsie became an instructor in the Navajo School at Ctimp Elliott for a time, and helped work out the much needed military terms. He went on to join the marine Raiders and at New Georgia hfs Navajo ability helped the Raiders maintain contact with the Army command at Munda whflo the marines knocked out Jap- anese outposts in the jungle to the north. Other code talkers went with the Third Ma- rine Division and the Raiders to Bougainville. There some manned distant outposts, main- taining cqnfdCt in Navajo by radio. It was found best to hdVe close friends work together in teams of two, for they could perfect their code talk by personal contact. The men Tn their units learned that in addi- tion to their language ability the Navajos also could be'gdod marines. They could do their share of fighting and they made good scouts and messengers. There had been concern in some quarters that dark-skinned Navajos might be mistaken for Jops. In the latter days of the Guadalcanal action one Army unit did pick up a Novajo communicator on the coastal road and mes- saged the marine command: "We have cap- tured a Jap in marine clothing with marine identification tags." A marine officer was start- led to find the prisoner was a Navajo, who was 27 only bored by the proceedings. The code talkers went on into more cam- paigns, proving their ability, and the Navajo quota in the Marine Corps rose from 30 to 420. At their TBXs they transmitted opera- tional orders which helped us advance from the Solomons to Okinawa. It was found that the Navajos are not neces- sary at levels lower than battalions. For mes- sages between battalions and companies the extra security is not required and speed is the paramount issue. The III Amphibious Corps reported that the use of the talkers during the Guam and Peleliu operations "was considered indispensable for the rapid transmission of classified dispatches. Enciphering and deciphering time would have prevented vital operational information from being dispatched or delivered to staff sections with any degree of speed." At Iwo Jima, Navajos transmitted messages from the beach to division and Corps com- mands afloat early on D-day, and after the di- vision commands came ashore, from division ashore to Corps afloat. Last April authority was granted to establish a re-training course for Navajos at FMFPac. Under this plan, five code talkers are taken from each division to attend an intensive 21- day course which gives emphasis to plane types. ship types, printing and message writing, a.nd message transmission. These Navajos then re- turn to their divisions to instruct the remaining men. It is emphasized that code talkers work out successfully only where interest is shown by the command and where training continues between operations. As for the Navajos themselves, they prob- ably are not any more enthusiastic about the concentrated schooling than most young ma- rines would be about schooling, for they are amused at being regarded as different from other marines. On rare occasions, though, they do lapse in- to some typical Indian gyrations. Ernie Pyle, in one of his last dispatches from Okinawa, de- scribed how the First Division's Navajos had put on a ceremonial dance before leaving for Okinawa. In the ceremony, they asked the gods to sap the strength of the Japanese in the as- sault. According to a later report, when the First Division met the strong opposition in the south of Okinawa, one marine turned to a Navajo code talker and said, "O.K., Yazzey, what about your little cere- mony? What do you call this^" "This is different," answered the Navajo with a smile. "We prayed only for an easy land- ing." Preston Toledo ond his cousin Frank, with o marine artillery regiment in the Pacific. Of- ficial U. S. Marine Corps Photo INDIANS FOUGHT ON IWO JIMA Mony Indions porticipoted in the fonnous ac- tion on Iwo Jima. The most celebrated of these is Pfc. Ira H. Hayes, a full-blood Pima from Bopchule, Arizono, one of three survivors of the historic incident on Mount Suribachi, when six Marines raised the flag on the sum- mit of the volcano, under heavy enemy fire. He served on Iwo Jima for 36 days and came away unwounded. Previously he had fought ot Vella La Vella and Bougainville. Because of the nation-wide attention won by Rosen- thal's dramatic photograph of the flag-raising, symbol and expression of the invincible Amer- ican spirit, Hayes and his two comrades. Phar- macist's Mate John Bradley and Pfc. Rene A. Gagnon, were brought back to this country to travel extensively in support of the Seventh War Loan. In the photograph on the opposite poge, Hayes is pointing out his position in the flag-raising patrol. On May 1st, more than 1000 Indians of the Pima tribe gathered at Bapchule to pay honor to their fellow tribesman and to celebrate his safe return. A barbecue feast, under a can- opy of brush, was followed by an impressive religious ceremony, with prayers led by Pro- testant and Catholic missionaries and songs by several church choirs. Mrs. Hayes, Ira's moth- er, asked two of the girl soloists to sing the hymn, "He Will Deliver." The National Congress of American Indians gave a luncheon in honor of Hayes and his comrades in Chicago on May 19, at which a brief speech by Hayes was broadcast. At this meeting he was made first commander of the American Indian Veterans' Association. Phar- macist's Mate Bradley stated in an interview that Hayes was "a marked man on the island because of his cool level-headedness and ef- ficiency." He refused to be leader of a pla- toon, according to Bradley, because, as he ex- plained, "I'd have to tell other men to go and 28 get killed, and I'd rather do it myself." When he and the two others were ordered home to take part in the War Loon campaign, Hayes was reluctant to leave his fighting comrades, and, after a few weeks in the United States, requested that he be returned to overseas duty, where he felt he would be of greater value to his country. A second Indian, Louis C. Charlo, Flathead, from Montana, climbed Mount Suribachi with a Marine patrol shortly after the flag was raised on its summit. He was killed in action not long afterward, fighting to keep the Stars and Stripes on the mountain. Louis was the grandson of Chief Charlo of Nez Perce war fame, a leader who maintained his friendship with the white people throughout those try- ing times. Among Indians listed as wounded on the is- land are Pfc. Ray Flood, S'oux, from Pine Ridge; Verne Ponzo, Shoshone, Fort Hall; Or- ville Goss, Sidney Brown, Jr. and Richard J. Brown, Blockfeet; Robert Spohe, Jicarilla Apa- che; Thomas Chapman, Jr., Pawnee, and Will- iam M. Fletcher, Cheyenne, from Oklahoma; Joseph R. Johnson, Papago, Arizona; Pfc. Glenn Wasson and Pfc. Clarence L. Chavez, Poiute, Nevada; and Richard Burson, Ute, from Utah. Killed were Pvt. Howard Brandon, Rose- bud Sioux; Pfc. Clement Crazy Thunder, Pine Ridge Sioux, whose photograph appeared in the May-June 1943 issue of Indians at Work; Pfc. Adam West Driver, Cherokee, from North Car- olina; Pvt. Eugene Lewis, Yurok, California; and Paul Kinlahcheeny, Navajo. Leland Cha- vez, S 1-c, Paiute, Nevada, is reported missing in action. Sgt. Warren Sankey, Arapaho, from El Reno, Oklahoma, was one of the crew which first knocked out a Japanese tank on Iwo Jima. Pfc. Ira H. Hoyes Offic id Marine Corps Photo Two Flothead Indian brothers, Daniel and John Moss, Marines from Ariee, Montana, met unexpectedly on I wo Jima, and both came safely through the fighting. Their father, Henry Moss, served with the Marines in the First World War. One of four survivors of his com.pany is Pvt. Clifford Chebahtah, Comanche, of Anadarko, Oklahoma. Pvt. Chebahtah was injured on I wo Jima and was granted a two weeks' fur- lough at home. "1 was lying in a foxhole when I saw our boys raise the flag on the top of the volcanic mountain of Suribachi, and cold shivers ran down my spine," he said. 29 Manuel Lucas George Stevens Womack Povotea WOUNDED IN ACTION ARIZONA Paul Hendricks Papago Germany Manuel Kisto Papago Germany Fernando Lopez Papago Europe Nelson Lopez Papago Belgium Nolia Lopez Papago Belgium Hanson Norris Papago France Raymond Norris Papago Germany Louis Ortegas Papago France Ralph Patricio Papago Holland Ignacio B. Santos Papago France Rovelto Siquieros Papago Germany Victor B. Stevens Papago Germany Jose V. Wilson Papago Italy Patrick J. Franko Papago France Joseph R. Johnson Popago Iwo .lima Burton A. Narcho Popogo Guam Manuel T. Lucas Papago Germany Andrew J. Mendez Papago Germany Augustine Chico Papago New Guinea Francisco S. Jose Papago New Britain Henry Harvey Papago New Britain Alonzo Enos Pima New Guinea Jose Patricio Papago Pacific Robert Perry Reede Apache (San Carlos) Germany George Smith Apache (San Carlos) New Guinea Laurie Tungovia Hopi Italy Andrew Nutima Hopi Harry Chinn Apache (San Carlos) Luxembourg Roger Dickson Apache (San Carlos) Belgium George Stevens Apache (San Carlos) France Clark Tungovia Hopi Luzon Louis M. Valdez Papago France William Brown Apache (San Carlos) Germany Chester Buck Apache (San Carlos) Luzon Joe Bush Apache (San Carlos) Germany David Miles Apache (San Carlos) France Patrick Morgan Apache (San Carlos) North Africa Stanton Norman Apache (San Carlos) Belgium George Patten Apache (San Carlos) Luzon Womack Pavatea Hopi Germany Sylvester Mahone Hualapai France Wallace Querta Hualapai Saipan CALIFORNIA Shuman Shaw Paiute Europe Benjamin D. Oscar Yurok Holland Walter Campbell Porno France Samuel Powvall Mission Germany William 1. Reed Yurok Pacific Kenneth Frank Yurok Pacific Harvey McCardie Hoopa Cornelius Morehead Hoopa (Smith River) Eldred Norris Yurok-Hoopa Albert Richards, Jr. Hoopa (Eel River) U. S. A. Fred W. Scott Hoopa Albert Bartow Klamath 30 Clarence Bennett Leon Chose Shan Davis Vernon Davis Wilfred Ferris Benonie Harrie Adolph Brown Martin Brown Theodore Chutnicut William Coleman Lester Elliott Pablo Largo Frank Laws Thomas Laws Pat Leo Peter Leo Donald Jamieson Marcus Paipa Antonio Ento Frank Subish Kenneth Nombrie Florian Lyons Carmel Valenzuelo Senon Arenas Anthony Burch Allen Corel John Werito Curtis Toledo Raymond Lopez Lawrence Bagley Eldon Blackhawk Waimmie Chedahap Kenneth Cosgrove Roger E. Galloway Franklin Hootchew Orlin Judson Kenneth Kutch Herbert LeClair Thomas LaVatta Layton Littlejohn Steve Perdash Verne Ponzo John B. Riley Jarvis Roubidoux Milton LaClair James Kagmega (Kegg) Orlando P. Green Elwin Shopteese Edward Rice Abel John Ira B. John Solomon Batiste Albert Williams Newton Williams Gilbert Abbey Hoopa (Salmon River) Kiamath-Hoopa Klamath Italy Klamath-Hoopa Klamath iCarck /Mission (Baron Long) Gei many Mission (Baron Long) Germany Mission (Los Coyotes) Pacific Mission (Campo) Ge: many Mission (/Manzanita) Germany Mission (Campo) italy Mission (M.orongo) Pacific Mission (Morongo) Pacific Mission (Santa Ysabel) Germany Mission (Santa Ysabel) Germany Mission (Rincon) Okinawa Mission (Santa Ysabel) Pacific Mission (Campo) Italy Mission (Mesa Grande) Germany Torres-Martinez Italy Mission (Pala) Germany .Mission (Soboba) Pacific Mission (Cahuilla) Germany COLORADO Ute Belgium Ute Holland Navajo Pacific Navajo Pacific Navajo Pacific IDAHO Shoshone Europe Shoshone Europe Shoshone-Bannock Europe Shoshone-Bannock Europe Shoshone Europe Shoshone-Bannock Europe Sioux . Europe Shoshone-Bannock Pacific Shoshone Europe Shoshone Europe Bannock Europe Shoshone Europe Shoshone Iwo Jima Shoshone Pacific Shoshone Pacific KANSAS Potawatomi France Potawatomi France Potawatomi Germany Potawatomi France Potawatomi Pacific LOUISIANA Coushatta Pacific Coushatta Pacific Coushatta Pacific Coushatta Europe Coushatta Europe Coushatta Pacific 31 Shuman Shav/ Joseph R. Johnson Verne Ponzo William Good Raymond F. Roberts Sam Spottedeagle Irving J. Theodore MICHIGAN Saginaw Pacific Thurlow McClellan Ottawa-Ch ippewa Palaus Daniel Bellanger MINNESOTA Chippewa France John Northrop Chippewa France Eugene Johnson Chippewa Cassino JirPirnie Lussier Chippewa Harry Fairbanks Chippewa France William Jourdain Chippewa Maurice Kelley Chippevv'a Germany Stanley Nordwall Chippewa Johnson Roy Chippewa Germany Simon Desjarlait Chippewa Belgium Delmar Needham Chippewa George L. Mason Chippewa Germany Wallace D. Stewart Chippewa France William Good Chippewa Germany Raymond F. Roberts Chippewa France Robert King Chippewa France Harry Smith Chippewa Fronce Frank N. Lajeunesse Chippewa Normandy Frank A. Toutloff Chippewa Pacific George H. Trombley Chippewa Luzon Edward George Burns Chippewa Guam Herbert Beaulieu Chippewa Germany Albert Whitecloud Chippewa New Guinea Louis Livingston Chippewa Leyte John Davis Chippewa France James Deschamps Chippewa France Mark Naganub Chippewa Jeffrey Duhaime Chippewa Stephen Zimmerman Chippewa Leyte Lloyd Paro Chippewa Germany Andrew Amyotte Chippewa William Amyotte Chippewa Eugene Amyotte Chippewa Germany Burdette Shearer Chippewa Louis Dunn Chippewa Germany Phillip Roy Chippewa Luzon Everett Ojibway Chippewa Germany Eugene Savage Chippewa Germany Gerald Sheehy Chippewa Italy Clifford Danielson Chippewa Italy Robert Wendling Chippewa Germany Eugene Howes Chippewa Italy William Howes Chippewa Pacific Frank Billy MISSISSIPPI Choctaw Pacific Bethany Morris Choctaw Europe Hudson Tubby Choctaw Europe Willie Thompson Choctaw Europe Sidney Wilson Choctaw Europe J. C. Willis Choctaw Mediterranean John Lee Gibson Choctaw Europe 32 MONTANA Max Small Cheyenne Edward Sam Bixby Cheyenne Dale Spang Cheyenne Jasper Tallwhitemon Cheyenne Ben Bearchum Cheyenne Robert Bigback Cheyenne Russell Fisher Cheyenne Elmore Limberhand Cheyenne Arthur Youngbear Cheyenne George Nequette Blackfeet Europe John McKay Blackfeet Italy Frank Baker Blackfeet Italy John A. Gobert Blackfeet Leyte Clarence Cadotte Blackfeet Europe Harry Schildt Blackfeet Pacific Orville Goss Blackfeet Iwo Jima Sidney Brown, Jr Blackfeet Iwo Jima Stanley Bird Blackfeet Philippines Eugene Heavyrunner Blackfeet Philippines Samuel Spottedeagle Blackfeet Philippines Emil Bearchild Blackfeet Richard J. Brown Blackfeet Iwo Jima Warren Oliver Clark Flathead Pacific Henry Lozeau Flathead Pacific Peter Stiffarm Gros Ventre France Calvin Bigby Assiniboine Germany Rufus Bradley Gros Ventre Pacific August Decelles, Jr. Gros Ventre Pacific Charles Decelles Gros Ventre Iwo Jima Billie Snell Assiniboine Saipan Thomas Joseph Bell Gros Ventre Pacific Bert Larsen Gros Ventre France Thomas Ball Assiniboine NEBRASKA Italy Elwood Harden Winnebago NEVADA France Dickson Hooper Shoshone Italy Carl Dick Shoshone Germany Raymond Blackhat Shoshone Germany Pacheco Gibson Shoshone NEW MEXICO Guam Hiram R. Brown Acoma Pueblo Francis J. Johnson Acoma Pueblo Manuel R. Cata San Juan Pueblo Regorio Calabaza Santo Domingo Pueblo Dempsey Chapito Arsenio Sanchez Zuni Cyrus Mahkee Zuni Guam Jose B. Valdez Isleta Pueblo Jose P. Lucero Jemez Pueblo James Mitchell Navajo France Richard H. A