HUNGER AND REVOLUTION. 
 
 BY THE AUTHOE OF “DAILY BEEAD." 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 EFFINGHAM WILSON, 18, BISHOPSGATE STREET WITHIN. 
 Price Sixpence. 
 
V- Id ':Jy 
 
HUNGER AND REVOLUTION. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Let it not be said that we, who point out the intimate 
 connexion which exists between Hunger and Revolu¬ 
 tion, are the revolutionists. There can be no se¬ 
 curity for either person or property, while a prohi¬ 
 bition exists against tlie importation of food; therefore 
 they are the revolutionists, who stand in the way of 
 the grievance being redressed. There are many persons 
 who ignorantly imagine that no such thing as famine 
 can exist, so long as they have only to send to the baker 
 or the butcher, and obtain a full supply for their 
 families ; and the argument with such persons is, that 
 “ there is abundance of food, it is merely money that is 
 wanted.” 
 
 Yes, there is abundance for the rich, and perhaps there 
 never was a famine when this was not the case; but if, as 
 is known to be the fact, more than one hundred millions 
 of bushelsof wheathave been received from foreign coun¬ 
 tries, and entered for home consumption during the last 
 five years, it will be admitted that there was insufficient 
 without this addition. Nowas long as there is adeficiency 
 of food, however abundant money might be made, some¬ 
 body must have an insufficient quantity. The griev¬ 
 ance is, that notwithstanding this addition of one 
 hundred millions of bushels, thousands of individuals 
 have been unable to obtain food for their families, and 
 
2 
 
 thousands have died by the numerous slow diseases 
 which low diet and insufficient quantity occasion, and 
 thousands have been compelled to quit the land of 
 their fathers for a foreign clime, for,.owing to.the peculiar 
 working of the sliding scale, no part of this hundred 
 millions of bushels of wheat could be admitted for 
 consumption at the period it was most wanted. It was 
 locked up by Act of Parliament, to prevent its being 
 consumed until the price had attained an unnaturally 
 high mark; and what is still worse, the employment 
 of the population, who w'oUld have produced commo¬ 
 dities to be sent to the countries whence the corn is 
 derived, was thus prevented; From being withheld 
 altogether for many months and suddenly liberated, an 
 apparent superabundance at one part of the year was 
 occasioned, which was soon discovered to be a defici¬ 
 ency for the whole year. 
 
 Surely the law-makers of the present day cannot be 
 aware of the intimate connexion which exists between 
 Hunger and Revolution. The convulsion and anarchy 
 which occurred in a neighbouring nation at the close of 
 the last century, and which ij; has been the fashion to 
 attribute to infidelity or to anything but the real cause, 
 are in fact to be attributed to the circumstance that 
 those who performed the labour of society were des¬ 
 titute of an adequate supply of food for their physical 
 wants; and if our legislators possessed any tolerable 
 share of wisdom, they would see the absolute necessity 
 of giving the utmost freedom to the population obtain¬ 
 ing a.full supply of food, without which there can be 
 no safety for the state or for individuals. For persons 
 to argue as we every day hear argued, “ there is plenty 
 of food if persons have the money to pay for it,” is 
 
about as absurd as tliat which is related of the unfor¬ 
 tunate queen of Louis XVL, who on being told the 
 people were starving because they could not obtain 
 bread, said “Why should they die for want of bread- 
 when there is such abundance of nice plum-cakes, 
 which may be bought for twosons each? ” Poor ignorant, 
 mistaken woman! couldst thou and those by whose coun¬ 
 sels thou wert guided, have seen the true position of 
 the case, what evils might have been spared to your¬ 
 selves and your unhappy country. May our states¬ 
 men and our electoral bodies take warning in time 
 from the mistakes of others. 
 
 “ The French Revolution : A History,” by Thomas 
 Carlyle, furnishes such striking proofs of the real 
 causes which produced that catastrophe, that we are 
 induced to make the introduction of extracts from that 
 publication the groundwork of the following pages; 
 adding an urgent recommendation, to those within 
 whose reach it may be, to study the whole of the 
 original with care. The numerous instances which Mr. 
 Carlyle’s work furnishes of the share which an insuf¬ 
 ficiency of food had in causing the Revolution, are 
 very striking; and, be it observed, the work was pub¬ 
 lished with no view of aiding the Anti-Corn-Law agita¬ 
 tion, on the contrary, it came from the press some 
 years before the formation of the Anti-Corn-Law 
 League. 
 
 The first extract bearing on the subject is rather a 
 remarkable one. 
 
 “ Turgot is altering the Corn-trade, abrogating the absurdest Corn-laws; 
 there is dearth, real, or were it even ‘ factitiousan indubitable scarcity of 
 bread .”—The French Remiulion. ■■ A History. By Thomas Carlyle. Vol. I. 
 page 48. 
 
 Observe that Turgot, who was the minister, saw it 
 
 B 2 
 
necessary to alter the law. This was a few years 
 before the fatal explosion. Perhaps, if instead of 
 altering he had entirely abolished it, the results 
 rhight have been different. The author calls them 
 the’ “absurdest Corn-laws.” They might be the 
 most absurd which had then existed; but assuredly 
 they equalled not in absurdity the English Corn-laws, 
 which with certain modifications have existed from 
 1815 to 1843. 
 
 He proceeds to show the indifference of the French 
 government to the welfare of the masses of the people, 
 and the great influence which hunger had in causing 
 the calamities Avhich ensued. 
 
 “ And you know not what it is you are stripping haver, or as you call it, 
 governing; what, by the spurt of your pen, in its cold dastard indift'er- 
 ence, you will fancy you can starve always with impunity; always till the 
 catastrophe come !”—Vol. I. page 49. 
 
 “ Hunger they Imve for all sweet things; and the law of Hunger: but 
 what other law ? Within them, or over them, properly none I” —Vol. I. 
 page 52. 
 
 “—a cheerful marchlng-mnsic. If indeed that dark living chaos of 
 Ignorance and Hunger, five and twenty million strong, under your feet, 
 •—were to begin playing!”—Vol. I. page 08. 
 
 “-Twenty-five dtirk savage Jlillions, looking up, in hunger and weari¬ 
 ness.”—Vol. I. page 75. 
 
 “ The voice of the poor, through long ye.ars, ascends uiiirticulate, in 
 Jacqueries*, meal-mobs.'’ —Vol. I. page 75. 
 
 , It would seem that, as in England so in France, 
 Swing was actively engaged, and that the blame of 
 the high price of food was attributed to the bakers 
 instead of the law-makers. The Times and several 
 other newspapers were very assiduous last summer, 
 in attributing all the evils to the poor bakers instead 
 of the land-owners. 
 
 “ —in material fire; by the number of nocturnalconfl.agrations, or of 
 hanged liakers.^* —Vol. I. page 89. 
 
 At last it became necessary to levy taxes on the 
 
ricli as well as the [joor, as in England it has been 
 found necessary to levy a Property Tax; and of 
 course, in neither countries do the rich like being 
 taxed themselves, half so well as taxing others. 
 
 “ Foolish enough! These Privileged Classes have been used to tax; levying 
 toll, tribute, and custom, at all hands, while a penny was left: but to be 
 themselves taxed !”—Vol. I. page 104. 
 
 The reason for having to resort to a Property Tax 
 was precisely the same as in England, namely, that 
 any further increase upon the indirect taxation failed 
 to yield an increased amount. 
 
 “ Taxes on the Privileged Classes cannot be got registered; are intolera¬ 
 ble to our supporters themselves: taxes on the Unprivileged yield nothing, 
 —(IS from a thing drained dry more cannot be drawn.”—Vol. I. page 127. 
 
 Still the imposition of the Property Tax did not 
 add to the quantity of food. 
 
 “To so many other evils, then, there is to be added, that of dearth, per¬ 
 haps of /atni/ie.”—Vol. I. page 151. 
 
 After some time there were hopes held out of a 
 better state of things. 
 
 “The weary day-drudge has heard of it; the beggar with his erust 
 luoistened in tears. AVhat! To us also Ims hope reached; down even to 
 us ? Hunger and hardship are not to be. eternal ? The bread wo extorted 
 from the rugged glebe, and, with the toil of our sinews, reaped and ground, 
 and kneaded into loaves, w.as not wholly for another, then; but we also 
 shall eat of it, and be filled A''ol. I. page 174, 
 
 An election is to take place. 
 
 “ In thosegi-eat days, what poorest speculative craftsman but will leave his 
 workshop; if not to vote, yet to assist in voting? On all highways is a 
 rustling and bustling. Over the wide surface of Franco, ever and anon, 
 through the spring months, as the Sower casts his corn .abroad upon the 
 furrows, sounds of congregating .and dispersing; of crowds in deliberation, 
 acclamation, voting by ballot and by voice,—rise discrepant towards the 
 car of Heaven. To which political phenomena add this economical one, 
 that Trade is stagnant, and .also Bread getting dear.”—Vol. I. page 173. 
 
 Still it fails to increase the quantity of food. 
 
 “ In the opening spring, there come rumours of forestalment, there come 
 lung’s Edicts, Petitions of bakers against millers; and at length, in the 
 month of April,—troops of ragged Lackalls, and fierce cries o{ starvation!’' 
 —Vol. I. page 17a. 
 
 Of course the starving multitudes collected in groups. 
 
6 
 
 as they did in tlie month of August last in this country,- 
 and demanded food wherever they could find it. 
 
 “ If poor famishing men shall, prior to death, gather in groups and crowds, 
 as the poor fieldfares and plovers do in bitter weather, were it but that 
 they may chirp mournfully together, and misery look in the eyes of misery; 
 it famiihing ,men (what famishing fieldfares cannot do) should discover, once 
 congregated, that they need not die white food is in the land, since they are many, 
 and with emyty wallets have right hands: in all this, what need were there of 
 Preternatural Machinery ? ’’—ol. I. page 180. 
 
 “—grim individuals, soon waating to grim multitudes, and other multi¬ 
 tudes crowding to see, beset that Paper-Warehouse; demonstrate, in loud 
 ungrammatical language (addressed to the passions too), the insufficiency of 
 sevenp^e-halfpmny a-day.”—Vol. I. page 183. 
 
 It was recently ascertained that 19,500 persons in 
 Leeds had only a penny-three-farthings per head per 
 day on which to subsist, that 17,000 individuals in 
 Paisley had only a penny a-day each, and that the 
 population of Stockport, Bolton, and other places in 
 Lancashire, were in a similar destitute situation! 
 Frenchmen would not quietly endure sevenpence- 
 halfpenny a day, and it is expected that the English, 
 with their “ Rule Britannia” and “ Britons never will 
 be slaves,” are quietly to submit to starve on a penny 
 a day! 
 
 ■ “ Poor Lackalls, all betoiled, hcsoiled, encrusted into dim defacement 
 into whom nevertheless the breath of the Almighty has breathed a living 
 soul! To them it is clear only that eloutheromaniac Philosophism has yet 
 baked no bread.”—V ol. I. page 186. 
 
 —what low infinite groan, fast changing into a growl, comes from Saiut- 
 Autoine*, and the Twenty-five Millions in danger of starvation I"—Yoi. 
 I. page 220. 
 
 “There is the indisputablest scarcity of corn;—ho it Ai'istocrat-plot, 
 d’Orleans-pldtjOfthis year; or drought and hail of last year: in city and 
 province, the poor man loolm desolately towards a nameless lot.”—Vol. I. 
 page 221. 
 
 The increase of pamphlets was one of the pheno¬ 
 mena of that day, as of this. 
 
 „ “ In Monsieur Dessein’s P.miphlet-shop, close by, yon cannot without 
 
 ■ strong elbowing get to the counter : every hour produces its pamphlet, or 
 
litter of pamplilets; ‘ there were tliirteeu to*day, sixteen yesterday, ninety- 
 two last week.’”—Vol. I. page221. 
 
 But the want of food was still the prominent griev- 
 
 “ Deputation of tliem arrives, with dolorous message about the ‘dearth of 
 grains,’ and the necessity there is of casting aside vain formalities, and 
 deliberating on this.”—Vol. I. page 222. 
 
 “ But now, above all, while the hungry food-year, which i-uns from Au¬ 
 gust to August, is getting older; becoming more and more a famine-year ? 
 With ‘meal-husks and boiled grass,' Brigands may actually collect; and, 
 in crowds, at fann and mansion, howl angrily. Food! Food! It is in vain to 
 send soldiers against them: at sight of soldiers they disperse, they vanish 
 as under ground; then directly re-assemblo elsewhere for new tumult and 
 plunder.”—Vol. I. page 230. 
 
 The idea of the population resisting was considered 
 absurd, as it is now in this country. 
 
 “The Parisians resist? sconifully cry Jlesseigneurs. As a meal-mob 
 may! They have sat quiet, these five generations, submitting to all.”— 
 Vol. I. page 238. 
 
 And still, while the few were living in luxury, and 
 denying the existence of distress, others were 
 
 —living on meal-husks and hoiled grass.”—Vol. I. page 238. 
 
 At last it was found, as it will be found in every 
 country where bayonets and bullets are sent instead 
 of bread, that the army could not be relied on. 
 
 “—at Bdthune lately, when there rose some ‘riot about grains,’ of 
 which sort there are so many, and the soldiers stood drawn out, and the 
 word ‘Fire!’ was ^ven,—not a trigger stirred; only the butts of all 
 muskets tattled angrily against the ground.”—^Vol. I. page 239. 
 
 And the people destroyed the custom-houses at the 
 inland towns. 
 
 “ Nevertheless the hungry poor are already bm-ning Town Banders, 
 tohere Tribute on eatables is levied; getting clamorous for food.”—Vol. I. 
 page 243. 
 
 Whatever the poor might suffer, no famine visited 
 the clergy; and in England neither archbishops, 
 bishops, deans, archdeacons, rectors, nor vicars, suffer 
 much from the Corn-Laws at present.. 
 
8 
 
 “At the Maison de Saiut-Lazare, Lazar-House once, now a Correction- 
 House with Priests, there was no trace of arms; but, on the other hand, 
 com, plainly to a culpable extent. Out with it, to market; in this scarcity 
 of grains!”—Vol. I.page 252. : ' 
 
 “ Well, truly, ye reverend Fathers, was your pantry filled; fat are your 
 larders; over-generous your wine-bins, ye plottuig exasperators of the 
 Poor; traitorous forestallers of bread -Vol. I.page 253. 
 
 One of the most unpopular individuals, who had 
 treated lightly the sufferings of the people, was the 
 first.who fell a victim to the popular fury. 
 
 “ —old Foulon is alive;—the extortioner, the plotter, who would make the 
 people eat grass!—Merciless boors of Vitiy unearth him; poimce on 
 liim, like hell-hounds.—His old head, which seventy-feur years have 
 bleached, is bare; they have tied an emblematic bundle of grass on his 
 back; a garland of nettles and thistles is round liis neck: in this manner; 
 led with ropes; goaded on with curses and menaces, must ho, with his old 
 limbs, sprawl forward; the pitiablest, most uupitied of all old men.—Vol. 
 I. page 287. 
 
 “ His Body is dragged through the streets; his Head goes aloft on a 
 pike, the mouth filled with grass: amid sounds as of Topliet, from a grass¬ 
 eating people.”—Vol. I. page 288. 
 
 Even an abundant harvest failed to bring the re¬ 
 quired relief, for there stood a Corn-Law to interpose. 
 
 “Heaven has at length sent an abundant harvest; but what profits it 
 the poor man, when Earth with her formulas interposes?”—Vol. I. page 
 313. 
 
 And abundance reached not the people of France, 
 neither has it reached the people of this country, al¬ 
 though thanksgivings were offered up in all the parish 
 churches and cathedrals in England for the abundant 
 harvest. 
 
 “ Dragoons with drawn swords stand ranked among the corn-sacks, 
 often more dragoons than sacks. Meal-mobs abound; growing into mobs of 
 a still darker quality.”—Vol. I. page 313. 
 
 And the streets of Leeds and Bradford and Man¬ 
 chester, and other manufacturing towns are familiar 
 with dragoons with drawn swords. 
 
 « Did we not see tliem, in the year 1775, presenting, in sallow faces, in 
 wretchedness and raggedness, tlieir Petition of Grievances; and, for aiiswej', 
 gettiug a brand-new Gallows forty feet high? Hunger and Darkness, 
 through long years ! ”~Vol. I. page 314. 
 
9 
 
 Did we not see them, in the year 1819, in sallow 
 faees, in wretchedness and raggedness, present their Pe¬ 
 tition of Grievances, and, for answer, getting yeo¬ 
 manry-cavalry with drawn swords, to cut down and 
 ride over them on the field of Peterloo? “Hunger 
 and darkness, through long years ! ” 
 
 And the constitution being infringed, and their own 
 constitutions injured by penury, they cry out for a 
 Charter, the Suffrage, and a Constitution. 
 
 “ Which Constitution, if it be something and not nothing, what can it 
 be hut bread to eat ?”—Vol. I. page 315. 
 
 The effects of want might be seen on the haggard 
 faces of the population. And who can visit the densely 
 populated districts of England and not be struck with 
 similar facts ? 
 
 “ The Traveller, ‘ walking up hill bridle in hand,’ overt.akos ‘ a poor 
 womanthe image, as such commonly are, of di-udgery and scarcity; 
 
 ‘ looking sixty years of age, though she is not yet twenty-eight.’ Vol. I. 
 page 315. 
 
 Nor did parliamentary eloquence avail there, nor 
 will it avail here. 
 
 “ There have been Notables, Assemblages, turnings out and comings in. 
 Intriguing and manoeuvring 5 Parliament:u-y eloquence and .arguing, Greek 
 meeting Greek in high places, has long gone on ; yet still bread comes not. 
 The harvest is reaped .and garnered; yet still tee have no bread. Urged by 
 despair .and by hope, what can Drudgei^’ do, but rise, as predicted, and pro¬ 
 duce tlie General Overturn Vol. I. p.age 310. 
 
 At last the fatal hour arrives. 
 
 ■ “ Fancy, then, some Five full-grown Jlillions of such gaunt figures, with 
 their haggard faces; in woollen ynpes, -with copper-studded leather girths, and 
 high ruiofs,—starting up to ask, .as in forest-ro.arings, their w.ashed Upper- 
 Classes, after long unreviewed centuries, virtually this question: How have 
 yo treated us; how have ye taught us, fed us, and led us, while we toiled for 
 you ? The answer can be read in flames, over the nightly summer-sky. 
 T/iis is the feeding and leading we have had of you : Ejiptiness,— of pocket, 
 of stomach, of head, and of heart. Behold there is nothing in us; nothing 
 but what Nature gives her wild children of the desert: Ferocity and Appe¬ 
 tite ; Strength grounded on Hunger Did ye mark among your Eights of 
 Jl.an, that man was not to die of starvation, while there teas bread reaped by him 1 
 It is .among the Mights of Man. 
 
 Seventy-two Chateaus have flamed aloft in the JIaeouuais and Beaujolais 
 
II 
 
 A general strike for higher wages of the operatives 
 succeeds, but neither does that increase the quantity 
 of food, nor even does the demolition of the Bastille. 
 Neither did the general strike in the month of August, 
 in this country. 
 
 “ —there is a strike^ or union, of Domestics out of place; who assemhlc 
 for public speaking; next, a strilce of Tailors, for even they %Yill strike and 
 speak; further, a strike of .Tournejinen Cordwainers; a strike of Apothe¬ 
 caries : so dear is bread.’*'* —Vol. I. page 330. 
 
 “ With difficulty: amid jubilee and scarcity —Vol. I. 339. 
 
 ‘^To the Parisian common man, meanwhile, one thing remains incon¬ 
 ceivable : that now when the Bastille is down, and French Liberty restored, 
 yravi should continue so dear*’’ — Yo\. I. page 339. 
 
 “And our mouths, unjUled with breadf are to be shut, under penalties ?— 
 Ruthless Patrols; long supei*fine harangues; and scanty ill-baked loaves.— 
 Wlierc will this end ? ”—Vol. I. page 340, 
 
 “Hunger whets everything, especially Suspicion and Indignation. Reali¬ 
 ties themselves, in this Paris, have grown unreal: preternatural. Phan- 
 tiisms once more stalk through the brain of hungry France. 0 ye laggards 
 and dastards, cry shrill voices from the Queues, if ye had the hearts of 
 men, ye would take your pikes and second-hand firelocks, and look into it; 
 not leave your wives and daughters to he starved."-~Yo\. I. page 342. 
 
 “ But as for the coming up of this Regiment do Flaiidre, may it not be 
 urged that there were Saint-IIuruge Petitions, and continual meal~jnobsV* 
 —Vol. I. page 343. 
 
 The poor wretches contrast their owni condition with 
 tliat of the inmates of the palace. 
 
 “Yes, here with us is famine; but yonder at Versailles is food ; enough 
 and to spare ! Patriotism stands in (pieuo, shivering hungcrstruck, insulted 
 by Patrollotism*; wliile bloodymiuded Aristocrats, heated with excess of 
 high living, trample on the National Cockade.—Are we to have military 
 onfall; and death also by starvation Vol. I. page 348. 
 
 And the women are roused to action. 
 
 “ Sullen is the male heart, repressed by Patrollotism; veboment is the 
 female, irrepressible.—^Men know not what the pantiy is, when it grows 
 empty, only house-mothers know. 0 women, wives of men that will only 
 calculate .and not act 1 Patrollotism is strong; but Death, bys/arvalion and 
 military onfall, is stronger.”—^Vol. I. page 350. 
 
 “ A thought, or dim I’aw-material of a thought, was fennen ting all night, 
 universally in the female head, and might explode. In squalid garret, on 
 Monday morning. Maternity aw.akes, to hear children teceping for bread. 
 Miiternity must forth to the streets, to the herb-markets and Bakers’ 
 queues; meets there with hunger-stricken JIaternity, sympathetic, exaspeiu- 
 tive. 0 we unhappy women 1 But, instead of Bakers’ queues, why not to 
 Aristocrats’ palaces, the root of the matter ?”—A’’ol. I. page 353. 
 
 “—‘a young woman’ seizes a drum,—sets forth, beating it, ‘uttering cries 
 
 • A word coined to express the system of keeping the people quiet by means of 
 multiplied patrols of the National Guard.—Arf. 
 
They proceed to the House of Representatives. 
 
 “Yonder, or nowhere in the world, is Iread laked for ns.”—Voh 1 
 
 pnge 3G5. 
 
 “ National Assembly shall now, therefore, look its august task directly ii 
 the face: regenerative Constitutionalism has an nnregeuerato Saiisculottisu 
 hodily in front of it; crying, ‘ Bread! Bread’”’ —Vol. I. page 307. 
 
 “ Innumerable squalid women heleagner the President and Deputation 
 insist on going with him: has not his ILijesty himself, looking from tin 
 window, sent out to ask. What we wanted ? ‘Bread .and speech with tin 
 King,’ that was the answer.”—Vol. I. p.age 368. 
 
 “ President Mounier, unexpectedly augmented by Twelve Women, co 
 piously escortedby Hunger and Eascality*, is liimself mistaken for a group.’ 
 —Vol. I. page 308. 
 
 “ His words were of comfort, and that only: there shall he provision sen 
 to Baris, if provision is in the world; grains shall circulate free as air; miller, 
 shall grind, or do worse, wliilc then- mill-stones endure.”—Vol. I. page 371. 
 
 “Neither Maillard nor Vice-President can restrain them, except withii 
 wide limits; not even, e.xcept for minutes, can the lion-voice of llir.abe.au 
 though they applaud it: but ever aud auon they break in upon the regene 
 ration of Prance with cries of: ‘ Bread; not so much discoursing I’—So insen 
 sible were these poor creatines to bursts of Pai-liamentaiy eloquence !”- 
 Vol. I. page 370 . 
 
 “ Bread ; not so much discoursing! ” is the answei 
 out of doors now to the “ Parliamentary eloquence.’ 
 Part of the multitude visit the royal palace at Ver¬ 
 sailles, and a strange scene of disorder ensues. 
 
Penal Code? The tU 
 
 occasional remarks; aslcs, ‘ AVhat is the use of 
 
 Tims tliey, chewing tough sausages, discussing the Penal Code, make 
 night hideous.”—A^ol. I- page 380. 
 
 Fancy a bevy of those whom the Times designates 
 “hen-chartists,” with Sir Robert Peel and Lord John 
 Russell, partaking of sausages together in the House 
 of Commons; the speaker occasionally crying “ Order, 
 Order!” 
 
 “Till one o’clock, then, there will be three parties. National Assembly, 
 National Rascality, National Royalty, all busy enough. Rascality rejoices; 
 women trim themselves with tricolor. Nay motherly Paris has sent her 
 Avengers sufficient ^cart-loads of loaves;^ which are shouted over, which are 
 gi-atefully consumed. The Avengers, in return, arc searching for grain- 
 stores; loading them in fifty waggons; that so a National King, probable 
 harbinger of all blessings, may be the evident bringer of plenty, for one.” 
 
14 
 
 The king, the queen, and the prince, are at last 
 obliged to yield to the popular torrent, 
 
 “ Consider this: Vanguard of National troops; with trains of artillery; of 
 pikemen and pikewomen, mounted on cannons, on carts, hackney-coaches, 
 or on foot:—tripudiatiug, in tricolor ribbons from head to heel; loaves 
 stuck on the points of bayonets, green boughs stuck in gun-baiTels. Next, as 
 main-march, ‘fifty cart-loads of corn,' which have been lent, for peace, from 
 the stpi-es of Versailles. Behiud which follow stragglers of the Gavdo-du- 
 Corps; all humiliated, in Grenadier bonnets. Close on these comes the 
 Boyal Carriage: come Eoyal Carriages; for ther-e are an Hundred National 
 Deputies too, among whom sits Miraheau,—Iris remarks not given. Then 
 finally, pell-mell, as rear-guard, Flandre, Swiss, Hundred Swiss, other 
 Bodyguards, Brigands, whosoever cannot got before. Between and among 
 all wliich masses, flows without limit Saint-Antoine, and the Monadic 
 Cohort. Menadic especially about the Boyal Carrmge; tripudiatiug there, 
 covered with tricolor; singing ‘ allrrsrve songspointing with one hand to 
 the Boyal Carriage, wlriclr the allusions hit, and pointing to the Provisiorr- 
 waggons, with the other hand, and these words, ‘Courage, Friends 1 tVe 
 shall not want hretrd now; we are hrirrgurg you the Baker, the Bakeress, 
 and Baker's Boy.’ Vol. I. page 401. 
 
 . “Such Patriotism as snarls dangerously, and shows teeth, Patrollotisnr 
 slrall suppress; or far better, Boyalty shall soothe down the angry hair of 
 it, by gentle pattings; and, most effectual of all, by fuller diet." —Vol. II. 
 page 5. 
 
 The second volume of the work, as the first, abounds 
 with evidence of the influence which a deficient supply 
 of food for the mass of the population had in occa¬ 
 sioning the dreadful results which ensued. 
 
 “ Sansculottism has the property of growing by what other things die of: 
 by agitation, contention, dis<arrangernent; nay in word, by what is the 
 symbol and frrrit of all these: Hunger. 
 
 In such a France as this. Hunger, as we have remarked, can h.ardly fail. 
 The Provinces, the Southern Cities feel it in their turn; and what it brings: 
 Exasperation, preternatural Suspicion.”—Vol. II. page 23. 
 
 “ The month is still October when famishing Saint-Antoine, in a moment 
 of passion, seizes a poor Baker, innocent ‘ Franpois theB.aker;’ and hangs 
 him, in Constantinople wise;—but even this, singular as it may seem, does 
 not cheapen bread!" —^Vol. II. page 23. 
 
 “ With Famine and a Constitutional theory of defective verbs going on, all 
 other excitement is conceivable.”—Vol II. page 28. 
 
 “ In fact, to the Patriot cliildren of Hope themselves, it is undeniable that 
 difficvdties exist: emipating Seigneurs; Parlements in sneaking but most 
 malicious mutiny (though the rope is round their neck); above all, the most 
 decided ‘deficiency of grains.'"—Hah II. page 56. 
 
 “ If grmns are defective, the fault is not of Nature or National Assembly, 
 hut of Art and Antinational Intriguers. Such malign individuals, of the 
 scoundrel species, have power to vex us, while the Constitution is a-raaking. 
 Endure it, ye heroic Patriots: nay rather, why not cure it ? Grains do grow, 
 they lie extant there in sheaf or sack; only that regraters and Boyalist 
 plotters, to provoke the people into illegality, obstruct the transport of 
 grains. Quick, ye organised Patriot Authoritie.s, armed National Guards, 
 
meet together; unite your good-will; in union is tenfold strength: let the 
 concentred flash of your Patriotism strike stealthy Scoundrelism blind, 
 paralytic, as with a coup de soleil." —Vol. 11. page 50. 
 
 “And so, with the Now-year, the signal is hoisted; for is not a National 
 Assembly, and solemn deliverance there, at lowest a National Telegraph ? 
 Not only grain shall circulate, while there is grain, on highwags or the Ithone- 
 waters, over all that South-Eastern region.”—Vol. 11. page 59. 
 
 If the law-makers of France had earlier suffered the 
 “ free circulation,” what evils might not have been 
 prevented! 
 
 “And now, especially, when tlie*Febnmry swearing hns set tlieni all 
 agog! From Brittany to Burgundy, on most Plains of France, under most 
 City-walls, it is a blaring of trumpets, waving of banners, a constitutional 
 mancouvring: under the vernal skies, while Nature too is putting forth her 
 green Hopes, under bright sunshine defaced by the stormful East; like Pa¬ 
 triotism victorious, though with difficulty, over Ai*isto cracy and defect of 
 grain 1 ”—Vol. II. page 59. 
 
 “—the vast Champ-dc-Mars wholly hung round with black mnrtcloth,— 
 which mortcloth and expenditure Marat thinks had better have been 
 laid out in bread, in these dear dags, and given to the hungrg living Pa¬ 
 triot.”—Vol. II. page 135. 
 
 “The People are sinking toward ruin, near starvation itself: ‘My dear 
 friends’ ’ cries he, ‘ your indigence is not the fruit of vices nor of idleness, 
 you have a right to life, as good as Louis XVI., or the haiipiest of the 
 century. What man can say he has a right to dine, when gou have no IrcadV" 
 —Vol. II. page 149. 
 
 “ Add ever, like a constant growling accomp.animent of bass Discord: 
 scarcity of vork, scarcitg of food. The winter is hard .and cold; ragged 
 Bakers’ queues, like a black tattered flag-of-distress, wave out ever and anon. 
 It is the third of our Hunger-yents this new ye.ar of a glorious Revolution. 
 The rich man when imuted to dinner, in such distress-seasons, feels bound 
 
 Vo^IL page ™ ** 
 
 It is the fifth of our hunger-years, and we endure 
 it. We are more patient, long-suffering animals than 
 our neighbours of France; no wonder they taunt 
 us by saying we should exchange the name of John 
 Bull for John Ass, from the “exemplary patience” with 
 which we bear ill treatment from our task-masters. 
 
 “ Every dog, the Adage says, has its day: has it; has had it; or will have 
 it. For the present, the day is Lafayette’s and the Constitution’s. Never¬ 
 theless ifiinyer.and Jacobinism, fast growing fanatic.al, still work; their day, 
 were they once fanatical, will come.”—Vol. II. page 134. 
 
 This is Sir Kobert Peel’s and the landlords’ day: 
 “ nevertheless hunger and Jacobinism still work; their 
 
10 
 
 day,'were they once fanatical, will come,’' and a 
 dreadful day will it be, if not prevented by timely 
 
 “Earthward there is the Typhon of Anarchy, Political, Heligious; sprawl¬ 
 ing hnndred-headed, say with Twenty-five million heads; wide as the 
 area of France; fierce as Frenzy; strong in very//unyer. Vol. 11. page 
 189. 
 
 It would seem too, that as in England, so in France, 
 there was Sugar monopoly as well as Corn monopoly. 
 
 “ Add Hunger too: for Bread, alw.ays dear, is getting de.arer: not so mnch 
 as Sugar can he had; for good reasons. Poor Simoneaii, Mayor of Etampes, 
 in this Northern region, hanging out his Red Flag in some riot of grains, is 
 trampled to death hy a hungiy, exasperated People. What a trade this of 
 Mayor, in these times ! Vol. U. page 303. 
 
 “With factions, suspicions, wantofbreadaai stigar, it is verily what they 
 call (lechire, tom, asnnder, this poor countiy: France and ail that is 
 French.”—Vol. II. page 304. 
 
 And yet this Sugar enormity was not so great as 
 in England, seeing that it is an undoubted fact, that 
 at present Brazil sugar might be sold in London and 
 Liverpool at less than two-pence per pound; for which, 
 owing to the system of monopoly, the consumer is 
 charged sevenpence! 
 
 “ ‘ —the Age of Cliivalry is gone,’ and could not hut go, having now pro¬ 
 duced the stiU more indomitable Age of Hunger." —Vol. II. page 313. 
 
 “—have we not for the present a Volunteer Ally, stronger than .all the rest: 
 namely. Hunger ? Hunger; and what rusliing of P.anic Teiror this and the 
 sum-total of our other miseries may hi-ing ! For Sansculottism grows by 
 wh.at all other things die of. Stupid Peter Bailie almost made .an epigram, 
 though unconsciously, and with the P.atriot world laughing not at it but 
 at him, when he wrote: ‘ Tout m Ken ici, pain tnonjiie,’ All goes well here, 
 victuals not to he had.”—Vol. II. page 334. 
 
 “ Thus has the Age of Chivalry gone, and that of Hunger come.”—Vol. II. 
 page 360. 
 
 “ It is also an indisputable, unaccountable or accountable fact that Grams 
 are becoming scarcer and scarcer. Riots for grain, tumultuous Assemblages 
 demanding to have the price of grain fixed, abound far and near.”—Vol. III. 
 page.lOJ. 
 
 “ Think also if the private Sansculotte has not his difficulties, in a time 
 of dearth! Bread, according to the People’s Friend, m.iy be some ‘six sons per 
 pound, a day’s wages some fifteen;’ and grim winter here. How the Poor 
 Man continues living, and so seldom starves; by miracle! Happily, in these 
 days, he c.™ enlist, and have himself shot by the Austrians, in an unusually 
 satisfactory manner: for the Rights of Man.”—Vol. III. p.igeT08. 
 
 If a poor fellow enlists now and is shot, he has not 
 
•the salisfaclion to know tliat his death prpmotcs tiie 
 Rights of M^n ; for, unfortunaiely, it tends to establisli 
 the Wrongs of Man, as the Canadian, Syrian, Indiaii 
 and Chinese expeditions testify. 
 
 — Commandant. Sauterre, m Ihis so straitened condition of thefionr-market, 
 and §tatc of Equality and Liberty, proposes, through the Newspapers, .two 
 remedies, or,at least palliatives; Firsts that all classes of men should live, 
 two'days of tlie week, bn potatoes; then second, that every man should hang 
 Ids dog. Ilcreby, as tlie Commandant thinks, the savings, which indeed he 
 . computes to so many sacks, would be very eousiderable. A cheerfuller form 
 of inventive-stupidity than Commandant Sauterre’s dwells in no human 
 souI.”~VoI. III. page 10». 
 
 Surely .our degislators must have had this pre¬ 
 cedent in view, when they brought in a bill for the abo¬ 
 lition of DogNCarts instead of the abolition of Corn- 
 Laws. If the dogs of the poor nien are to be hanged, 
 we hope some one will have the spirit to follow it up by 
 bringing in a bill fordhe abolition of fox-hounds. 
 
 “Cut as to the origin of those Grain Fiots, is it not most probably your se¬ 
 cret Royalists again ?—And so there shall be Cakers’ Queues, by and by, 
 more shaiqi-tempered than ever: oneverv Baker’s door-rabbet an iron ring, 
 and coil of rope; whereon, .ynth firm grip, on this side and that, we form our 
 Queue: but mischievous deceitful persons cut the rope, and our Queue 
 becomes a ravelnient; ^yIlel•efol•o the coil must be nuidc of iroii' ebain. 
 Also there shall be Prices of Grain well fixed; but then no grain pur- 
 chaseablc by them : bread not to be had except by Ticket from the Mavor, 
 few ounces per mouth daily; after lonji 
 . cliain of tlie Queue. And Uumjer sliall si 
 cion, whetted to the Preternatural pilch, 
 natural‘shapes of Godsiii their wrathfuliic 
 .and gloom of that fire-ooeaii, ’ wlien '1 i-ov 
 
 “—‘ concealed Royalists,’ aided by llun^ei', prouucc 
 —VoMII. page 120. 
 
 [The King of France] —declines refreshment, in t 
 tlien, seeingCliauinettebusy' witlia.sniaU loaf whirli a 
 witii liiin, says, lie ivill take a bit of bread. It is tire 
 breakfasted but sliglitly in a morning of sucli dr 
 Cbaumette breaks bis lialf-lo.if: tlie King eats of tlie cr 
 Carriage, eating; asks now.wliatliosiiall do ivitli the i 
 clerk takes it from him; dings it out into tlie street, 
 to fling out bread, in a time of dearth. Jly grandino: 
 inette, ‘ used to say to me. Little b 
 cannot make one.’ ‘Jlonsiour CIn 
 . motlier seems to liave been a sensibi 
 
 “ Consider.also tins otlier cry, beard loud I __... 
 
 else kilt us!’ Bread tmi Equality; Justice on the 'I'niitoiy tiuit ive ma 
 Bread! ”—Vol. 111. pttge RIG. 
 
 •vitli firm grip, on tl-.c 
 ; andWratliandSnsiii- 
 -astbo.se other pretor- 
 ;ernedstalking,‘inglare 
 ’-Vol. III. page 1011. 
 ce Riots about Graiti.” 
 
18 
 
 “ So, with Theatre-riots, and ‘Dread, or else kill ns;' with Eage, 
 preternatural Suspicion, does this wild Paris pipe.”—-Vol. III. page 137. 
 
 " It was but yesterday there came a Deputation of Washerwomen with 
 .Petition; complaining that not so much as soap could be had; to say nothing 
 of bread, and'condiments of bread. The cry of women, round the Salle de 
 Manege, was heard plaintive i‘Du painct du savon,’ Broad and soap.”—A'^ol. 
 III. page 1C2. 
 
 “Not bread to eat, nor soap to wash with.”—Vol. III. page 104. 
 
 “ Neither is there bread; neither iS there soap: see the Patriot women 
 selling out sugar, at a just rate of tweuty-two sous per pound! ”—A''oL III. 
 page 178. 
 
 Perhaps, as in England, their earnings being ab¬ 
 sorbed in purchasing food, unable to procure soap, 
 they were taunted with being “ the unwashed.” 
 
 ■ “.And; now frorii six o’clock, this Monday morning, one perceives the 
 Baker’s .Queues unusually expanded, angrily agitating themselves. Not the 
 Baker alone, but two Section Commissioners to. help him, manage with 
 difSculty- the- daily distribution of loaves. Soft-spoken assiduous, in the 
 etirly candle-light, are Baker and Commissionere: and yet the pale chill 
 February sunrise . discloses. an unpromising scene. Indignant Fenialo 
 Patriots,,partly supplied with bread, rush now to the shops, declaring that 
 they will have groceries. Groceries enough: sugar-bairels rolled forth into 
 the streets. Patriot Citoyennes weighing it out at a just rate of elevenpence 
 a pound; likewise coffee-chests, soaii-chests, nay cinnamon and cloves- 
 chests, with aquavilie and other forms of alcohol,—at a just rate, which some 
 do not pay; the pale-faced Grocer silently wringing his hands! ”—Vol. III. 
 page 162. 
 
 Hear what follows, ye bread-taxers, and ye who vote 
 for bread-taxers; the very words will exactly apply 
 at present, merely substituting the word England for 
 France. 
 
 “Or rather we will say, this Senatorial war might have lasted long; and 
 .Party tugging and throttling with P.arty might have suppressed and 
 smothered one another, in the ordinary bloodless Parliamentary way; on one 
 condition: th.at France had been at least able to e.xist, all tlie while. But 
 this Sovereign People has a digestive faculty, and cannot do witkout bread ” 
 —Vol. III. page 182. 
 
 Ye Peels and Gladstones, who make speeches 
 about free trade in the ab.stract, while at the same 
 time you deny the practical application of it, hear 
 this! 
 
 “ Who are they that, carping and quarrelling, in their jesuitic most mode¬ 
 rate way, seek to shackle the Patriotic movement ?—That when we ask for 
 hreadi and a' jraximinn fixed-price, treat us with lectures on Free-trade in 
 grains? Can the human stomach satisfy ou Free-trade; 
 
and are w«.to fight the Austrians in a modorato manner, or in an ininio- 
 dorate? This Convention must be purged.^'' —Vol. III. page 180. 
 
 Of course the most absurd reniedies are pro[)osed. 
 
 “ Patriotism must live; the ‘ cupidity of farmers ’ seems to liavo no bowels. 
 Wherefore this Law of the Maximum, fixing the highest price of grains, is, 
 with infinite effort, got passed; and shall gradually extend itself into a 
 Maximum for all mauuer of comestibles and commodities: with such scram¬ 
 bling and topsyturv}nug as may be fancied ! For now, if, for example, the 
 farmer will not sell ?. The farmer shall be forced to soli. An accu¬ 
 rate Account of wbat grain he has shall be delivered in to the Constituted Au¬ 
 thorities :, let Iiiin see that he say not too much; for in that case, liis rentt, 
 taxes and contributions will rise proportionally: let him see tliat he say 
 not too little; for, on or before a sot day, we shall suppose.in April, less than 
 one-third of this declared quantity must remain in his haiais, more than 
 two-thirds of it must have been thra.slied and sold. One can denounce him, 
 and raise penalties.^^— Y ol. III. page 197. 
 
 “ —with ^laxiinum andBakers’ queues, with Cupidity, Ilnngcrf Denunci¬ 
 ation and Paper Money.”—Vol. HI. page 199. 
 
 But tile storm has gathered, and awful are the re¬ 
 sults. Let the careless and indifterent read, mark, 
 and learn. 
 
 ‘‘ It is as if Twenty-jive millions, risen at lenglh into the Pythian mood, had stood 
 up simultaneously to say, with a sound which goes through far lands and times, 
 that this Untruth of an Existence had become insupportable. 0 yc Hypocrisies 
 and Speciositics, Royal Mantles, Cardinal plush-cloaks, yc Credos, Formulas, Re¬ 
 spectabilities jair-painted Sepulchres full of dead men's bones,—behold, ije appear 
 to vs to bealtogethcr a Lie. Yet our Life is not a Lie; yet our Ilunyer and Misery 
 is not a Lie! Behold, ivc lift up, one and alt, our Twenty-Jive million right-hands ; 
 and take the Heavens, and the Earth and also the Pit of Tophet to rvitness, that 
 either.yc shall be abolished, or else tec shall be abolishedT —Vol. III. page 28C. 
 
 “ -—and we here, cast out, abhorred, ‘ picking offals from the street; ’ agita¬ 
 ting in Baker’s Queue for our two ounces of bread ! ”—A^ol. III. page 420. 
 
 “ Floods of hungry women, of squalid Iiungry men; ejaculating: ^ Bread, 
 Bread and the Constitution of Ninety-three !'* Paris has risen, once again, 
 like the Ocean-tide; is flowing towards the Tuilerics, for Bread and a Con¬ 
 stitution. Tuileries Sentries do their best: hut it serves not: the Oecaii-tide 
 sweeps them away; inundates the Convention Hall itself; howling, ^Bread, 
 and the Constitution /’ 
 
 Unhappy Senators, unhappy People, there is yet, after all toils ami 
 broils, no Bread, no Constitution. ‘ Bread, not bursts of Parliamentary elo¬ 
 quence!' so wailed the Menads of Jllaillard, five years ago and more ; so 
 wail ye to this hour.”—Vol. HI. page 420. 
 
 Yes, ‘ Bread, not bursts of parliamentary elo¬ 
 quence.’ Hear this, ye who deliver speeches of 
 three and four,hours' duration. 
 
 Again the storm rages. 
 
 ‘^Sausculottisiiilias risen, yet again, from it.sdcatU-lair; waste, wild-flow- 
 
iiigj'fe ''tl^e' unfriuffalSeaJ Siiilit-Aritoine'is afo'o^-: * Z?rW alul'the Consti¬ 
 tution of'^Mtfefy-tht'ce/ 'sbsminds it;' so 'statfdS it^Wfitteh' with'chalk'on the 
 hat^of, men.^^Jhej^ Iiave, their pikes^ thoir firelocl^; Paper pf Gviovaiices; 
 standards^;'"printedIPrdclaihatidri, ^rawn'^up m quite official mahiier,—con- 
 •sldeniig'tUi&y-and'sdfeo cpnsidgriiij'th‘at,-4'they;'a>niibh-0iiduringSovdreign 
 tPed^le/areinThiurrection'^ will h'ivP'Bife’dd'lMd'thVGdP'stitutionof Ninetv- 
 'tliree. And'so’the Bamets ard seized.-alid'the^eheM/c' heats,'and tocsins 
 ■d?6couree''disc6fd.-. ®ack'deluges-oVeraow tlic-Tuileries:;''spite Pt-sehtries, 
 'the-Sahctudry'itseif is myaded-:'enter/to dur Order ot'.the'Day^Wtorrent 01* 
 
 • dishevelled‘woraenj waiUiig,' ^ Bread!'- Bread ' PfeMdeut may'>Yell cover 
 
 -lumsQlf.;^—A^oLm. page 420;'' 'i" ■ . ' 
 
 ‘‘What a'dayj'phce more! Women are'driyen out'rmen storln irresist- 
 ■ibIyin rcWlcb‘all-^<iorrid'oi4,-thUhder''at all gdtbs, -'Deputies^'putting forth 
 'hOpdjobtc^tjConjiiipX'S'dmi-Ahtome r^'GSy ‘'and (>)nstltution.’ Klqior 
 'lids'risen ’thaf the ^Coiivdiitidn is'assassinating the woriidn:’- criishing and 
 riishih^/elhligbrhnd'furor I ‘ Tlie'bak'dOore iRive^eco'me as oak^tambbiirines, 
 sounding under the axe of Saint-AiifeoiiloV plaster-work crackles, wbod- 
 Avoi^fc'hboms afiil'jingles; dbdr starts'up’;^bursts in'Saint-Aiitoiue witli 
 frenzy and vociferation, wdtli 'Rag-standards, printed’Proclamation, dmm- 
 niusic rastpnishmont to eye and,ear. Gendarmes, loyal Sectioners charge 
 'throtr^h'the'other' door ; 'they are re-cliarged; musketry exploding: Saint- 
 ,Antoine paunot be expelled.Obtesting Deputies obtest vainly; Respect 
 the President; approach not the President! Deputy Feraiid, stretching 
 out his hands, baring his bosom scarred in the Spanish wars, obtests vainly: 
 thrpatens.aiid,-resists vainly. Rebellious. Deputy of the Sovereign, if thou 
 ...liaye'fought, IiaveHot.we too? We have no bread,no Coustitution!”— 
 Vol. III. pagc>427. ‘ . 
 
 And, after all, hear the summary with which the 
 eloquent author concludes. W'e hear much of tlie 
 horrors of the French devolution, and fraught, with 
 horrors undoubtedly it was; yet itis obvious th-al such an 
 .event is to be dreaded by the rich, and those who are 
 livingfat their, ease regardless of the suSerings of 
 those beneath them, but that the starving multitudes 
 have much less to apprehend frOm such a'catastrophe. 
 
 /‘This Convention, now gi*own Anti-Jacobin, did, with an oye justify 
 .and fortify itseiijpubhsli Lists of vOiat tlieReign pf Terror had perpo- 
 , trated:, Lists of Persons Guillotined., ^ The Lists, ■ cries’ splenetic 'Abbe 
 Jloiitgaillard, were not’complete. They contain the naines of, Ho w many 
 persons thinks the reader?—Two Thoi'isahd all but'a few. Tliero'wore 
 
 • above Four Thousajid, cries I^Iontgaiilard : so many were guillotined, fusil¬ 
 laded, noyaded, done to dire death; of whom Nine Hundred were women. It 
 
 ‘ is a'lion-ible sum of human lives, M. TAbbe;—some ten times as liiany shot 
 rightly on a field of battle, and one, niight have had his Glorious-'NTctoiy with 
 Te Dewn, It is not far from thc'two-huhdredtli parfof wliat perished in the 
 entire Seven Years War. By which Seven Years great 
 
 Fritz wrench Silesia from the gi'cat Tlieresa '; and a Pompadour,’stung by 
 epigrams, satisfy herself thatHlie cotild not be an Agnes Sofel? The head 
 
of man is a strange vacant sounding-shcil, Jt. I'Aljbt'; anil slnilies Coclior 
 to small pnqiose.'' . • ■ . 
 
 But what if History, somcwliere on this Planet, wore to hear pf a Nation, 
 the third soni of whom hail not for thirty weeks each year as many third- 
 rate potatoes as wonld sustain him ? * History, in that cas.e, feels hound to 
 consider that slarmtion is siurva/ion ; that starvation from atjc to arjc presup¬ 
 poses much: History ventures to assert tliat the French' Saiiseulottc of 
 Ninety-tliree, who, roused from long death-sleep, could rusli at once to tlie 
 frontiers, and die fighting for ah immortal Hope and Faith of Deliveraiico 
 forhiih and his, , was hiit tlio i^coMcZ-iiliserablest of men ! The Irisli 
 Sans-potato, had he not senses tlien, nay a soul ? In his frozen darkness, 
 ft was bitter for him to die famishing; bitter to see liis children famish. 
 It, was bitter for him to lje iibeggar,a liar and a knave— 
 
 Such things were'; sucli things are; and tliey go on in silence peaceably : 
 aiid Sausculottisms follow thein. History, looking bade over this Ivrance 
 through long times, back to Turgot’s time for instance, .when dumb Drudgery 
 staggered up to its King’s Palace, and in wide expanse of sallow faces, srpialor 
 aiid >vingedriiggcdness,presented liieroglyphically its Petition of Grievances; 
 and for answer got hanged, on a ‘ new gallows forty feet high,’—confesses 
 mournfully /hat there is no period to he met'- with, ih which the general Twenty-Jivt 
 Millions of France suffered less than in this period which they nameltcipn of Terror I 
 But it was not tlie Dumb jMillions'tliat suffered here; it was tlic Speaking 
 Thousands,and, Hundreds, jmd Unifs; wlio shriejcedaiid published, and made 
 the world ring with tlieir wail, as they could and sliould: that is the grand pe¬ 
 culiarity. TIil^ friglitfullest Births of Time are licvcr the loiid-speaking^jies, 
 for .these soon die; they arc the silent .ones, which can live from century to 
 century!' Anardiy, iiatcful as Death, is abhorrent to the vdiolc nature of 
 man; and so must itself soon die. 
 
 Wherefore let all men know wluit of depth and of height is still revealed 
 in inan; 'and, with fear and wonder, witli just sympatliy and just antipatliy, 
 with deaf eye and open heart,,contemplate it and appropriate it; and draw 
 innumerable inferences from it. Tliis inference, for example, ajnoug the 
 first: That if ‘ the pods of this lower ivorld will sit on their glUlcrinp thrones, 
 indolent as Fpicurus' pods, with the livinp Chaos of Ignorance and llunper leel- 
 tcrinp uncared-for at their feet, and smooth Parasites preaching. Peace, peace, 
 whentherc is nopcace,' then the dark Chaos, it would seem, will rise", has risen, 
 and 0 Heavens ! has it not. tanned their skins into breeches for itself 1 That 
 there be no second SansculoUism in our Earth for a thousand ijcuis, let us un¬ 
 derstand tvcllichdt the first tea's; and let Rich and Poor of us go and do other- 
 wiseP—YpL III. page 4[VX 
 
 .If .these extracts are not sufficient to convince the 
 most incredulous, of the intimate connexion subsisting 
 between Hunger and Revolution, nothing short of 
 experience can convince them. And it cannot too 
 strongly be impressed upon all, that the real authors 
 of insurrections and promoters of revolution, are those 
 who do not lend their aid in feeding the hungry, by 
 
 Ivc'i'ort oi lhe Iiit^h Pour-Law Coiiimiti^it'n, 1S3G. 
 
22 
 
 assisting to piit ane'rid to the monster-grievance of 
 the Gorn-Laws., . ^ ■ . ’ ' ■ ' ; 
 
 In connecting the.two phenomena Hunger and Re¬ 
 vel utio.o, we arejhorne out by other writers besides the 
 pile from .whoni;We have quoted so largely. Indeed, 
 history abounds with examples of the influence which 
 poverty. and destitution have jiad in producing con- 
 y ulsipns in all past times; and the apprehension of 
 similar results, in ourown day,ds not confined to those 
 Who are called‘‘ Alarmists.’- 
 
 ; And vvhat sort of a revolution would it be, which 
 was occasioned by hunger and political dissatisfaction 
 blended? .Mr, Malthus, Who.was a great advocate for 
 keeping'down the number of the people to the quantity 
 pf.fodd, but.seems in a. great measure to have lost 
 sight'of bringing tip the quantity of food to the num- 
 ^ler of the people, said,— 
 
 ' Ifipolitical discontents were Wended with the cries of hunger, and a 
 ' revolution were to take. place by’-the instnimentality of a mob clamouring 
 for' want' of food, the consequence would be unceasing change and unceasing 
 carnage, the bloody career of which nothing but the establishment of some 
 complete’despotism could aiTest,” —“Mafihus on Population,'*^ Book IV, 
 Chap.vi, ^ •’ 
 
 Let the peaceable, the quiet, and the orderly arouse 
 themselves, to the threatening danger, and join in 
 averting it by impressing on the government the ab¬ 
 solute necessity 6f removing all re.sfrictions on the ad¬ 
 mission of human food. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 In taking a retrospect of Mr. Carlyle's work, we are 
 struck with several other parts as having an analogy to 
 the state of things in this country at the present time. 
 For instance, the public mind appears to have been in a 
 state of excitement, roused from its long slumber, and 
 ready to adopt things and systems which had pre¬ 
 viously been considered visionary and Utopian. It is 
 scarcely possible to take up a periodical at present, 
 without finding something about Mesmerism ; and in 
 that day,— 
 
 —observe Herr Doctor Mcsmer; in liis spacious Sfagnotic Halls.”— 
 Vol. I. page 73. 
 
 That period too, brought forth its Claude Fauchet 
 and its Socialism.— 
 
 “On tlie other hand, Claude Fauehot, preparing mankind for a Golden 
 Age now apparently just at hand, has opened ins Cerclc Social, ivitli clerks, 
 corresponding hoards, and so forth; in the precincts of the Palais Eoyal— 
 Vol. H. page 183. 
 
 In the present day, instead of Claude Fauchet and 
 the Social Circle, we have Robert Owen and the 
 Social Square. True, the idea of all mankind being- 
 well fed, well clothed, well lodged, and well taught, 
 is held by those who consider themselves the rational 
 portion of society (though Mr, Owen calls his society 
 “ The Rational Society,” and the rest of the world 
 irrational) to be building castles in the air. And 
 
although the Established priesthood have continually 
 pointed to “ mansions in the skies” as the reward 
 of those who will submit to be starved here with 
 “ exemplary patience, ” yet when any attempt is 
 made to better the condition of the people on earth, it 
 is set down as a fiction, under the appellation of 
 “ building in the air; ’ an unfortunate term, it must be 
 admitted, for tliose who make a trade of selling 
 (and at a dear rate too) a reversionary interest' to 
 p'alaces in the clouds. However, at siidh periods 
 the idea of a temporary residence in the air does not 
 deter'meii frb'ra making experiments. ■ 
 
 “ A'Vlmt will' not inorMs attempt ?—SVill Victonous Anitlysis 6‘c’alo tho 
 vci'x Heayeiis then? , j; .. i , 
 
 Pai-is lio'ai-s ivitli e.agef wonder i P.iris sli.all cre longsbe. From Kiivoil- 
 loii's.PaperXvarehonse tlierc, in the lUie St. Antoine,—the new Moiilgolfiiir 
 air-ship launches' itself. Ducks and poultry|h,ave been home skyward: hut 
 now shali' men he hofnb.—So, riding on windbags,' will ilien scale the Em- 
 pyrodn.”—Vol. I. page 73. . . ' 
 
 It is now gravely proposed to convey troops to 
 India in five days by, steam through the air, and a bill 
 wiis actually introduced into the House of Comrrions 
 last week, by.Mr. Roebuckj under the title of “The 
 Aerial Transit Bill.” 
 
 In short, the state of the public mind and of public 
 affairs bore a great resemblance to those in the present 
 day. 
 
 ; .“Apart from financial Deficit, tlie.M'orld is ivliolly in sucli a iiow-fangled 
 liumoiifi all things workiiig lobWfrom tlieifold fasteniiigs,-towavdsncw 
 issues and coinbiiiations.*?—Vol. I. page 09.. - 
 
 'All this might have been written in 1843. 
 
 , “.Meanwhile, snchihingsycheeriiig. as they arc, tend little to cheer the 
 national creditor, or indeed the creditor of .any kind. In midst of uni- 
 vbraal'portentous d'6nb(, wliat certiiinty can seem so certain as money in 
 the-pur^e, and the ryisdom of keeping it tliere? Trading Speciilation, Com¬ 
 merce of all jiindSj'h'as iisfar as'possible coirio toa'deadpause; and Uie 
 hands.of theLind'ustrious lie .Idle'iri his bosom; Frightfiirehongh, when 
 now tile rigour of seasons has also done its'part, and to scarcity of work is 
 addid scarcity of fbdd !”-Vol. I. pdgo l'79. 
 
25 
 
 The uniiuietcst hiimoiir possesses all men; ferments, seeks issue, in 
 pamphleteering, caricaturing,'projecting, declaiming; vain jangling of 
 tlionght, -word' and deed. 
 
 It is Spiritual Bankruptcy, long tolerated; verging now towards 
 Economical- Bankruptcy, and become intolerable. Eor from the lowest 
 dumb rank, the inevitable misery, as was predicted, has spread upwards. 
 In every man is some obscure feeling that his position, oppressive or 
 else oppressed, is a false one: all men, in one or the other acrid dialect, 
 as assaulters or as defenders, must give vent to the unrest tb.at is in them. 
 Of such ’stuff national well-being, and the glory of I'ulers, is not made. 0 
 Lomenie, what a wild-he.aving, waste-looking, hungry and angry world hast 
 thou, .after lifo-long effort; got promoted to take charge of!""- —Yol. I. 
 page 114. 
 
 May we not say, “ O Peel, wliat a wild-heaving, 
 waste-looking, hungry and angry world hast thou, 
 after life-long effort, got promoted to take charge of!” 
 Here is a picture of a Paris parliament.— 
 
 ‘‘Wlmt will not people bless; in their extreme need ! Seldom Imd the 
 Parlemeut of Paris deserved much blessing, or received mueb. An isolated 
 Body-corporate, which, out of old confusions (while the Sceptre of the Sword 
 ■was confusedly stnigglingto become a Sceptre of the Pen), had got itself to¬ 
 gether, better and worse, as Bodies-corpdratc do, to satisfy some dim dcsiro 
 of the world, and many clear desires of individuals; and so had grown, in 
 the course of centuries, on concession, on acquirement and usurpation, to 
 be what we see it: a prosperous Social Anomaly, deciding Lawsuits, sanc¬ 
 tioning or rejecting Laws; and withal disposing of its places and offices by 
 sale forready money,—which method sleek President Henault, after medi¬ 
 tation, will demonstrate to be the indifferent-host. 
 
 ■ In such a JJodfj, e.visting by purchase for ready money, (here could nol he 
 excess of public sjnrit; there miylU well be excess of eayerness to divide the puhlio 
 spoil .^’—Vol. 1. page 121. 
 
 The parliament at Westminster might be thought to 
 be sitting for the picture,—we may think so, but we 
 must not sag so, for that miglit be considered 
 “ Breach of Privilege.” 
 
 Here is a Paris minister.— 
 
 “ JL de Calonne lias stretched out an Aaron’s rod over France; miracu¬ 
 lous ; and is summoning qiiitc unexpected things. Audacity and hope al¬ 
 ternate in him with misgivings; though'the sanguine-valiant sidecarrics it. 
 Anon he writes to an intimate friend, ^Je nie/ais pilie a moi-mane (I am 
 an object of pity to myself);’ anon, invites some dedicating Poet or Poetaster 
 to sing ^ this Assembly of the Xotables, and the Revolution that is pre¬ 
 paring.”*—Vol. I. page 101. 
 
 Did the minister who shrinks from the individual re¬ 
 sponsibility of his own acts, sit for Ibis portrait ? The 
 
26 
 
 new Poet Laureate may tunc liis lyre to ‘this As¬ 
 sembly of the Notables, and the Revolution that is pre¬ 
 paring.’ Truly an, assembly of Not-a6Zes or Not-wil- 
 lin^s. ' 
 
 . Whilst , so large a proportion of the established 
 priesthood in all countries, are arrayed against the ame¬ 
 lioration of the condition of the people and the im¬ 
 provement of institutions, it is gratifying to find occa¬ 
 sionally One who comes out from amongst them. 
 
 “i Abljit Sieyes left Chartres Cathedral, and canoury and hook-shelves 
 there; hiis’let his tonsiire grow, and come to Paris witli a secular head, of 
 the most irrefragable Sort, to ask tiu-ee questions, and answer them: ‘ What 
 is the Third Estate ? All. What has it hitherto been in our form of govern¬ 
 ment? Nothing'. ' What does it want ? To become Something. 
 
 ..The, result of wliich comes out simply : ‘The Third Estate is the Na- 
 tiqn.V’—Vol. I. pagelfi?. , 
 
 ; And the' Church .of England furnishes among her 
 Ministers some honourable exceptions to the great 
 iriajority, who are opposed to every political and social 
 improvement. 
 
 Mention is made moreover of a Fourth Estate as 
 well, as a.Third Estate; this Fourth Estate is not without 
 a parallel. 
 
 “ A Fourth Estate, of Able Editors, springs up j increases and multiplies ; 
 irrepressible, incalculable.”—■\’’ol. I. page 327. 
 
 Conservatives, too, there were'in those days, and 
 how'very like our modern Conservatives. 
 
 “On the other hand. Monseigneur d’Artois, with other Princes of the 
 Blood, publishes, in solemn Memorial to the King, that, if such things be 
 listened to. Privilege, Nobility, Jlonarchy, Clitu'ch, State, and Strong-box 
 are lin danger. In danger truly: and yet if yon do not listen, are they out 
 of . danger ? It is the voiceof all France, this sound that rises. Im¬ 
 measurable, manifold; as the sound of outbreaking waters: ivise were he 
 who knew what to do in it,—if not to fly to the mountains, and hide him¬ 
 self!”—'Vol. I. page 108. 
 
 Mark also, how naturally the consequences ran in 
 the same, train as they have taken both before and 
 since. 
 
.“Under whicli hat or nightcap of tiioTweiity-fiveinillions, this pregnant 
 Idea first rose, for in some one lioad it did rise, no man can now say.— 
 But remark, at least, how natural to any agitated Nation, which has Fait!?, 
 this business of Covenanting is. The Scotch, believing in a righteous 
 lleaven above them, and also in a Gospel, far other than tlie Jean-Jacques 
 one, .swore, in their extreme need, a Solemn League and Covenant,—as 
 Brothers on theforlom-hope, and imminence of battle, who embrace looking 
 Godward; and got the whole Isle to swear it; and even, in their tough 
 Old-Saxon Ilobi-ew-Presbyterian way, to keep it more or lessfor the 
 thing, as such things are, was heard in Heaven, and partially ratified there; 
 neither is it yet dead, if thou wilt look, nor like to die. The French too, 
 with their Gallic-Ethnic excitability and effervescence, have, as wc have 
 seen, real Faith, of a sort; they are hard bestead, though in the middle of 
 Hope: a National Solemn League and Covenant there may be in France 
 too; under how different conditions; with how different developenient and 
 
 Note, accordingly, the small commencement; first spark of a mighty 
 firework: for if the particular hat cannot be fixed upon, the particular Dis¬ 
 trict,can. On the 29th day of last November, were National Guards by the 
 thousand seen filing, ii-om far and near, with military music, with Municipal 
 officers in tricolor sashes, towards and along the Ilhone-stream, to the little 
 town of Etoile. There witli ceremonial evolution and mauceuvre, with 
 faiitaroiiading. musketry-salvoes, and what else the Patriot genius could de¬ 
 vise, they made oath and obtestation to stand faithfully by one another, under 
 Law and King; in ‘particular^ to have all manner of graiusy tvhilc grains there 
 were, freely circulaled, in spite both of robber and regrater. This was the 
 meeting of Etoile, in the mild end of November 1789.”—Vol. II. page 57. 
 
 And the mode of operating on the public mind at 
 that period, how similar to the present. 
 
 “ They have tlieir Agents out all over France; spealdng in tou-n-houses, 
 market-places, highways and byways; agitating, urging to arm; all hearts 
 tingling to hear. Great is the fire of Anti-Aristocrat eloquence; nay 
 some, as Bibliopolic Momoro, seem to hint afar off at something which 
 smells of Agrarian law, and a surgery of tho over-swoln dropsical strong¬ 
 box itselff’—Yol. III.page 10. 
 
 Except that the only armour now recommended is the 
 armour of reason and argument, and the audiences 
 are now shown how by moral force only, they may 
 obtain their just rights. 
 
 It is now taught, 
 
 ' “ That man can co-opemte and hold communion with man, herein lies 
 his miraculous strength.”~VoI. 11. page 153. 
 
 The representation given of a larger town joining, 
 after a smaller one has commenced, is no unapt re- 
 
28 
 
 presentation off what may be-'witnessed in the present 
 day. 
 
 “But now; if a inei'o emptyEeview, followed,byHevipw-dinner, ball, 
 .an'd such gesticulation and'flirtatibtf as there may be, interests the happy 
 County-to'wn, and'makes it the envy of surrounding County-towns, how 
 miicli'more might this! In a fortnight, liirger Montilimart, half ashamed 
 of-itself, will do as good, antfbetter. On tlie Plain of Jlonte'lim^rt, or wliat is 
 equally sonorous,.‘under, tlie Walla of Montdlimart,’ the thirteenth of Do- 
 ceihbef‘sees hew gathering and obtestation; six thousand strong; and 
 now indeed, lyith these three remarkable improvements, as unanimously re¬ 
 solved on there. Firk, tliat the men'of Montdlimart do federate with the 
 alfea!dyfederated men of Etoile. Second, that, implying not expressing the 
 eirciilatioii of grain, they ‘swear,in the face of God and their Countiy with 
 mucltmore enipliasi^ and comprehensiveness, ‘ to obey all decrees of the Na¬ 
 tional Assembly, and see them obeyed till death, jiisqii'a la. mart.* 'J'hird, 
 and m'ost imi^ortant, that official record of .all this be solemnly delivered in, to 
 the National Assembly, to M; ‘de Lafayette,'and ‘ to the Eesfofer of French 
 liberty;’-who shall-all t.ake what bqnifort'fi-om it tlioy c.ah. Thns does 
 larger'JJon'tdlimailt'vindicjite'its Patriot importance, and‘m.aintain its rank 
 in the municipal's6ale;”—'Vpl. H. page 58.' , ' ■ 
 
 .Shakespeare said, .1,, 
 
 “ All the world’s a stage,' and all the men and women merely' players.” 
 
 No one knew-better than he the superiority of real 
 actions and scenes, over acted actions and fictitious 
 scenes. Mr. Carlyle.sho.ws the superiority of the real 
 to the artificial. ' ' 
 
 .“Such scenes, coming of.forethought, were they world-great, .apd never 
 so cunningly devised, ai-o at bottom maiqly pasteboard .md paint. E.ut the 
 others are'Original; emitted from the great ey.er-living .heart of Nature 
 herself: what figure theg will assume is unspeakably significant. To us, 
 therefore,.let the French National Solemn League, and Federation, be the 
 highest -recorded triumph of the ■The'spi.ih Ai-t ;■ triumplmnt surely, since 
 the.wh.olerPit, which was of Twenty-tive Millions, not only chaps liands, but 
 does'ilself'sprin'g on the boards''and passionately'set to playing there. 
 Anfl,being,.such, be.it treated as such: with sin.cerecursp.iy admiration; 
 with wonder from afar.” —■\’'ol. 11. page 07. 
 
 And so we now see the stage of Drpry-Cane jheatre 
 usedi.^s la.plEtfoTmjifr.om which,,popular orat.qi^,deliver 
 their addresses, not on im'agiiiary'but on real'griev¬ 
 ance A; .while gallery, pit; and boxes; are filled to over- 
 flowihg by‘listening thousands, who catch the enthu¬ 
 siasm and carry it forth to their respective circles. 
 
Oiie is forcibly reminded in these scenes, of the best 
 days of the Grecian republics; thoug'li, 'it is true, neither 
 in Athens nor in Sparta did there exist'a band of aris¬ 
 tocrats to lock up the food of the people. Such a 
 band would not have been-endured for a single day. 
 
 We have before mentioned the niultiplication of 
 pamphlets at the'period of the French Revolution, as 
 one of the phenomena of the times. The millions of 
 pamphlets issued and to be issued, by societies and by 
 individuals, can only be likened to what took place 
 at the period referred to. 
 
 “ The king’s Treasury is niiniing towards tho lees; and Paris ‘ eddies with 
 a Hood of iiainpliluts.’ Wol. I. iMgo 133. 
 
 “Indeed, .aiiart from all other things, this ‘invitation to thinkers,’ and tho 
 gi-cat change now at hand are enongU to ‘arrest the circidation of capital,’ 
 and forward only tliat of pam 2 >hlets.’’—A'ol. I. jiage 152. 
 
 “And then as'toPainijhlets—in figurative language, ‘it is-a sheer snowing 
 of pamphlets; like to snow np the Government thoroughfares.’”—Yol. I. 
 page 107- 
 
 “And so, the clamour still continuing, and tlio PampliletsVol. I. 
 page 171 . 
 
 “Pamphlctceving opens its abysmal throat wider and wider: never to 
 close more.”—Vol. I. page 327. 
 
 . Nor is the effect produced by a pamphlet to be 
 despised. The dissemination of a pamphlet had no 
 -small influence in freeing-America from the yoke of 
 •the English aristocracy. 
 
 “Nor is our England without her missionaries. She. has her live-saving 
 Needham; to whom was solemnly presented a ^civic swoi-tl,’—long since 
 rusted into nothiiighess. Her Paine: rebellious Stay-maker; unkenipt; 
 who feels that he, a single Necdleman, did by his ‘ Common Sense' Pamphlet, 
 free America;—that he can and will free all this World; perhaps even 
 the other.”—A''ol. IE page 29. 
 
 In these periods of public excitement the demo¬ 
 cratic spirit spreads, and even the ballad-singer as- 
 "sists-in the dissemination. 
 
 “Discontent with wliat i.s around n.s, still more with what is ahovo ns, 
 goes on incrc.asing; seeking over new vents. 
 
 Of Street Dallads, of Epigrams that from of old tempered Despotism, 
 wc need not .speak.”—Vol. I. page 73. 
 
.“Laijighter.and lo^c;^balla(l-singor, pamphleteer; epigram and carica¬ 
 ture': what mnd'of public'opiuibn is tliis,—as if'the Cave of tlie Winds 
 were.burstinglbose!”-rr!Vol. I. page 107:;! ,. ’ . . . 
 
 . As illustrating,may bC; .mentioned two inci¬ 
 dents Avhicti occurred, last week; , A baggarman ap¬ 
 plied; for alms. ;G,n being rebulfedj he drew, himself 
 up .with M'amiair of:importance, and said,We are 
 all becoming, a nation, of beggars,—-beggars. and rob- 
 .bers,!”. Shortly after, were met two men of the tribe 
 of ballad-singers, Instead, of “ Black-eyed Susan” 
 and the usual stock in trade of a similar class, they 
 were chanting a duet of political conundrums ; one ut¬ 
 tering the “Why ?” the other the “Because.” Amongst 
 the rest they said, “ Why is Sir Kobert Peel like a 
 counterfeit shilling?” Which was responded to by the 
 other with, “Because he’s a precious bad Boh.” Bob 
 being the cant phrase for a shilling. “ Why are the 
 Whigs and Tories like a stale fish and a stinking fish?” 
 “ Because one i&ypy had, and the other a great deal 
 worse.” 
 
 It is. announced in the newspapers that Mr. Livesey 
 of Preston, editor of “ The Struggle,” is about to pub¬ 
 lish Anti-Corn-Law ballads for street-singing ; Anfi- 
 Corn-Law hymns already exist; the dissenting minis¬ 
 ters are giving Anti-Corn-Law sermons; the Church 
 furnishes an Anti-Corn-Law liturgy,—“from plague, 
 pestilence, and famine, good Lord deliver us ;” Colonel 
 Thompson has produced an Anti-Corn-Law catechism; 
 the founder of Christianity has himself given us an 
 Anti-Corn-Law prayer, “Give us this day our daily 
 bread;” and the Nation is becoming one great Anti- 
 Corn-Law League. 
 
 The state of the French finances was very similar 
 to that of the English. 
 
" Wliat to do witli the Finances ? This indeed is the great <i\iostion; a 
 small blit most black weatlier-symptomj which no radiance of universal 
 hope can cover.”—Vol. I. page C5. 
 
 These same Finances give trouble enough; no choking of the Deficit; 
 which gapes ever, Give^ give /”—Vol. II. p. 12. 
 
 The last quarterly returns of our government mani¬ 
 fest a pretty considerable deficiency, and ‘ Give, give,' 
 is still the cry. The French adopted one measure for 
 meeting the exigency, which has not recently been 
 tried in England; butas our reverend clergy are now di¬ 
 recting attention to the period of the Reformation, we are 
 reminded that the great founder of the Reformed 
 Church, Henry Vin “by the grace of God, King, De¬ 
 fender of the Faith,” tried it in his time, and as he 
 was so good a Churchman, why should it not be tried 
 by so good a Churchwoman as Queen Victoria ? 
 
 “To appease the Deficit we ventiive on a iiazardous step, sale of tlio 
 Clergy’s Lands and superfluous Edifices; most hazardous. 
 
 Clerical property may he made the Xatidn’s, and the Clergy hired scr- 
 
 “ The Clergy must he ‘ invited'to melt their superfluous Church-plate,— 
 in the Royal Jliiit.—Vol. I. page 337. 
 
 There were not wanting pious prelates then, to stand 
 up for the throne, meaning by the throne Tithes and 
 Church-rates. Had they known or cared how to pre¬ 
 serve the throne, it would have been manifested in an en¬ 
 deavour to improve the condition of the people ; that 
 being the only solid foundation on which to secure 
 the throne. 
 
 “Last and greatest, see, for one moment, the Ahhe Jlaury; with his 
 Jesuitic eyes, his impassive brass face, ‘ image of all the cardinal sins.’ Iii- 
 domilahle, uuqueuchahle, he fights jesuitico-rhetorically; witii toughest 
 lungs and heart; for Throne, espcc'mlhj for AHar and TMcs. So that a shrill 
 voice exclaims once, from tlie GaUery : ‘ ilcssieurs of the Clergy, you have 
 
 p. 307. . ’ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 After this hint the clergy were found more com¬ 
 plying. 
 
,32 
 
 “—behold Bishop Tome, a poiistitutjoual Prelate, not of sovere niorab, 
 demaiidiiig, that ti’oligious costunies and ^uch oitrieatuoes’ ,bc abolished. 
 Bishop Toriid warms, catches fire; finishes by untying, and indignautlyfling- 
 ingoii the fable, as if for gage,or .bet, his .own pontifical, cross. AVhich 
 cross, .at .any rate, is instantly covered .by .the .cross of Tc^Detm r.auchct, 
 tlien by other crosses, and insignia, till all arc stripped; this clerical Senator 
 clutchuig off his skult-c,ap, that other his frilltoollai;^—lest .Fanaticism re¬ 
 turn onus.”—A''ol. 11. p.age 329. 
 
 A vast quantity of abuses of long standing, appear to 
 liave been swept a,\vay with these. 
 
 rArHiemomble night, .tUis I|ourth of Awirnst: Dignitaries temporal and 
 spiritual;'Peers, Archbishops, Pafleinoht-Prosidents, each outdoing tlie 
 other in.patrio.tic devotedness, come successively to throw their (untenable) 
 -possessionson the/altar of the fatlierland.’ With louder and louder vivats, 
 for'indeed it is ‘'after dinner’ 'too,—they abolish- Titlies, Seignorial Dues, 
 Gabelle, excessive Preservation pf Gadio; nay Privilege, Immunity, Feudal¬ 
 ism root and bi*anch; then appoint a Pe Dcmmi for it; and so, finally, dis¬ 
 perse about three in the morning, striking the, stars with their sublime 
 -heads.”—A’'ol; I. page 305, 
 
 Certainly a fine afternoon’s work, and well worthy 
 of commemoration by a Te JDeum. It will take a long¬ 
 time to sweep off similar injustices in England, if wc 
 are to move no faster than the Tories or the Whigs 
 move. It is true the Whigs abolished ten bishop¬ 
 rics in Ireland; but they afterwards created twelve 
 new ones in the North of England and the Colonies. 
 That must be an Irish mode of working subtraction, 
 by addition. 
 
 An improved mode of levying church-rates was in¬ 
 troduced at this period. It consisted in levying the 
 rate ^q}on the church, instead of submitting to be rated 
 iy the church. 
 
 “ All Church-bells must down into the fumaco to make cannon; all 
 Church-plate into the mint to make money.”—Vol. III. page 16, 
 
 “ Above all things there come Patriotic Gifts, of Churcli-furnitnrc. The 
 remnant of bells, except for tocsin, descend from their belfries, into tlio 
 National melting-pot, to make cannon. Censei-s and all sacred vessels are 
 beaten broad; of silver, they arc fit for tlie poverty-stricken Jlint; of 
 pewter, let them become bullets, to shoot the ' enemies du t/enre himtahi.' 
 Dalmatics of plush make breeches for him avIio had none; linen stoles uill 
 clip into shirts for the Defenders of the Countiy.”—Vol. III. page 314. 
 
33 
 
 We havereiul several accounts lately, where a Church, 
 the most richly endowed of any in Europe, has carried 
 off the chairs, tables, and sofas of free-born English¬ 
 men, in order that the goods and chattels so seized 
 under the name of church-rate, might be sold to pay 
 for washing the priest’s surplice, purchasing wine for 
 the Lord’s supper, and perpetuating rites and cere- 
 nionies which the individuals consider to be supersti¬ 
 tious, and in the efficacy of which they conscientiously 
 disbelieve. Now, if a Church ^<;^7L’esort to this system, 
 can it be matter of surprise that the injured par¬ 
 ties should endeavour to obtain restitution on the 
 first favourable opportunity, or that addresses like the 
 following should be issued,— 
 
 “ From sequestered Townships come Addresses, stating plainly, though in 
 Patois dialect, That ‘ they will have no more to do with tlie black animal 
 called Curay, animal noir, appellc Vol. iii. page 314. 
 
 and that those who took the name of ministers of the 
 religion of Jesus, should have to betake themselves to 
 the same occupation which it is not improbable was 
 pursued by himself in his youth ; for it is known that 
 Joseph, his foster-father, was a carpenter, and titat 
 the ministers appointed by him were fishermen, tent- 
 makers, and other working-men. 
 
 “ From far and ne.iv, all through Noveinhor into December, till the work 
 is accomplished, come Letter's of renegation, come Curates wlio ^arc learn¬ 
 ing to be Carpentev.s/ Curates with theii- new-wedded Nuns.”—Vol. iii. 
 page 314. 
 
 That these changes should excite some consterna¬ 
 tion, is what might be expected. 
 
 “In remote rural districts, whither Philosophism has not yet radiated, 
 where a heterodox Constitution of the Clergy is bringing strife round the 
 
 coin, it appears prolrahle tliat the End of the World cannot bo far olK”— 
 Vol. II. page nl 
 
 Indeed, tiie changes at tiiat period were very 
 sweeping. 
 
34 
 
 “ One reverend thing after another ceases to meet reverence: iii visible 
 material combustion, chateau after chateau mounts up; in spiritual invisible 
 combustion, one authority after another. With noise and glare, or noisily 
 and unnoted, a whole Old System of things is vanisliing piecemeal: on the 
 morrow thou shall look and it is not.”—Vol. II. page 147. 
 
 In England the prisons in tlie rural districts are 
 filled with transgressors,against the game-laws. The 
 poor peasants, unable to obtain mutton or beef, ven¬ 
 ture to take one of the birds of the air, or the wild 
 animals which run by the road-side,—things in which 
 no man ought to claim a property, for they are the re¬ 
 sult of no man’s labour, unless the labour of the man 
 who can obtain them. At the period we are referring 
 to in France, an English traveller in that country, 
 Arthur Young, was 
 
 “ —‘pestered for some days past,’ by shot, lead-drops and slugs, ‘rattling 
 fiveorsixtimes into my chaise and about my cars;’ all the mob of the coun- 
 tiy gone out to kill Game!”—Vol. I. page 321. 
 
 Again, 
 
 “ On the Cliffs of Dover, over all the Marches of France, there appear, 
 this autumn, two Signs on the Earth: emigi'iuit flights of French Seigneurs; 
 emigrant winged flights of French Game! Finished, one may say, or as good 
 as flnished, is the Preservation of Game on this Earth.”—Voll 1. page 322. 
 
 ' Observe, the emigration referred to was not that of 
 the working bees,^ but the drones of society. 
 
 “ —it is the iceonii Ernigratlon tliis that has now come; most extensive 
 among Conunons Deputies, Noblesse, Clergy; so that ‘ to Switzerland 
 alone there go sixty thousand.’ Vol. I. page 399. 
 
 These are the sort of men who give as toasts, 
 “The land we live in, and may those who don’t like 
 it leave it.” And so they left it, and far better was it 
 that they should go, than that they should remain and 
 continue to make the country unbearable to the people 
 at large. 
 
 Besides, though the nation was thus deprived of 
 those valuable members of society called “ the landed 
 interest,” fortunately they did not carry away the land 
 in their great-coat pockets. 
 
36 
 
 “ —all Euugmiits are declared Traitors, their property Ijecoine National; 
 tliey are ‘ dead in Law,’ save indeed that for o«r behoof they shall ‘ live yet 
 fifty years in Law,’ and what heritages may fall to them in that time be¬ 
 come National too !”—Vol. III. page 195. 
 
 When a “landed interest” are so infatuated that 
 they are not content with their land, but insist on con¬ 
 fiscating tlie hard earnings of the people by imposing 
 Corn-Laws, is it to be wondered at, that they are 
 visited with such a retribution ? And yet the French 
 Corn-Law was not half as iniquitous as the English 
 Corn-Law. 
 
 They had trusted to the military as their last re¬ 
 source, but they trusted to a broken reed. 
 
 A Council of Officers can decide merely that there is no decision : 
 Colonels infonn him, ‘ weeping,’ that they do not think their men will fight.” 
 —Vol. I. page 257. 
 
 “ Why new military force was not called out ? New military force \vas 
 called out. New military force did arrive, full gallop, with drawn sabre: 
 but the people geutly ‘laid hold of their bridlesthe dragoons sheathed their 
 swords; lifted their caps by w’ay of salute, and sat like mere statues of 
 dragoons,—except indeed that a drop of liquor being brought them, they 
 ‘drank to the King and Nation M*ith the greatest cordiality!’ ”—A’'ol. I. 
 page 241. 
 
 “ Soldiers, as w’e often say, do revolt: were it not so, several things which 
 are transient in this world might be perennial. 
 
 Over and above the general quarrel which all sons of Adam maintain 
 with their lot here below, the grievances of the French soldiery reduce 
 themselves to two, First that their Officers are Aristocrats; secondly 
 that they cheat them of their Pay. Two gi'ievances; or rather we might 
 say one, capable of becoming a hundred; for in that single first pro¬ 
 position, that the Offieex-s are Aristocrats, what a multitude of corollaries 
 
 what you may call a general raw-material of grievance, wlierefrom indi¬ 
 vidual gi’ievancc after grievance wall daily body itself forth.”—Vol. II. 
 page 102. 
 
 “ —Aristocrats almost all our Officers necessarily are; they have it in the 
 blood and bone.”—Vol. II. page 103. 
 
 And have we not a system of castes amongst the 
 military, which must render the army perfectly insecure 
 as a ground of dependence for upholding oppression 1 
 Have we not aristocratic officers ? Have we not the 
 system of flogging ? Do we not hear of a Lord Car¬ 
 digan inflicting corporal punishment on a Sunday 
 morning, in a place of worship, at the close of Divine 
 
service ? Moreover.reacling and information are finding 
 their way amongst the bullets and the bayonets. Several 
 regiments have their subscription-libraries, consisting 
 of many hundred volumes, which are moved with their 
 baggage from place to place. 
 
 One of the changes introduced in France was that 
 of a progressive property-tax, an ascending tax ; we 
 have progressive taxes in England, but they are 
 descending taxes. In the ratio that a man is poor, 
 so does he pay a larger and larger proportion of liis in¬ 
 come, or his earnings, to the state. Now in France 
 they put the weight in the other scale. 
 
 “So there come ImpCls Pngressifs, Asceadio" Taxes; wliich consame, with 
 fast-increasing voracity, tlie ‘snpertiuous-rcvenne’ of men: heyond fifty 
 pounds a-year yon are not exempt; rising into the hundreds you hloed 
 freely; into the thousands imd tens of thousands, you bleed gushing. Also 
 thcrecome Requisitions; there conies ‘ Forced-Loan of a Jlilliard.’so'ineFiftv 
 JliUious Sterling; which of coui-se they that hare must lend. Unc-\ami.led 
 enough: it has grown to be no country for the Rich, this; but a countrgfor 
 the Poor Vol. HI. page 198. 
 
 In short, riches were found to be something very dif¬ 
 ferent from what they had been imagined; and the 
 paper system on which they were founded, exploded. 
 The Scripture says “.riches make to themselves wings, 
 and fly away.” No wonder, when they are of paper, 
 government paper-kites, that they do fly away. Hear 
 what became the value of the government paper-cur¬ 
 rency, the bank-notes, or exchequer-bills, or assig¬ 
 nats. 
 
 ‘“ComhienV said one, to a Ilackney-coaclunan, ‘AVhat fare?’ ‘SLx 
 thousand Uvres,’ anyvverod he: some tlu-ee liundi*ed pounds sterling, in 
 Paper-money.”—Vol. III. page 4iy. 
 
 Persons in England who hold exchequer-bills and 
 bank-notes, consider themselves rich; but if from 
 lending their aid to starve the people, the time shall 
 come that it requires three hundred pounds of such 
 
money for a hackney-coach fare, they will not find their 
 riches of much service. 
 
 That many scenes of enormity attended this mighty 
 convulsion is unquestionable. At one time we find,— 
 
 “ The tocsin is pealing its loudest, the clocks inaudihly striking Three, when 
 poor Abhd Sicard, with some thirty other Nonjurant Priests, in six car¬ 
 riages, fare along the streets, from their preliniiuaiy House of Detention at 
 the Town-hall, westward towards the Prison of the Ahhaye. Carriages 
 enough stand deserted on the streets; tliese six move on,—through .angry 
 multitudes, cursing as they move. Accursed Aristocrat Tartuffes, this is 
 the p.ass ye have brought us to! And now ye will break the Prisons, and 
 set Capet Veto, on horseback to ride over us ? Out upon you. Priests of 
 Beelzebub and Jloloch; of Tartuffery, lIammon,and the Prussian Gallows, 
 —tcMch !/e name Mother-Church and God! * * » • The thirty 
 
 Priests are tom out, are massacred about the Prison-Gate, one after one,— 
 
 only the poor Abbe Sicard, whom one Jloton a watchmaker, knowing him, 
 
 heroically tried to save, and secrete in the Prison, escapes to tell.”- Vol. 
 III. p.ige 30. 
 
 “The Axe clanks down; a King’s Life is shorn away."—Vol. HI. page 
 153. 
 
 “ This huge Insurrectionary llovement, which we liken to a broiiking out 
 of Tophet and the Abyss, has swept away Royalty, Aristocracy, and a King's 
 life.”—Vol. III. page 159. 
 
 But why was it so ? Mr. Carlyle shall answer,— 
 not Richard Carlile, the lately deceased heretic, wliom 
 the Church, grown, like the Devil, ‘wiser than of yore,’ 
 would bury, because that, it found, was the way to 
 vex his surviving relatives,—but Thomas Carlyle, the 
 historian, the philosopher, the man of letters,—the 
 writer in Fraser and other Tory publications,—tlie 
 lecturer at the West-End Institutions, to ladies and 
 gentlemen who go with their splendid equipages. 
 What does he say was the cause of these mighty 
 events ? 
 
 “ Hunger and nakedness, and nightmare oppression lying heavy on 
 Twenty-five million hearts; this, not the wounded vanities or contradicted 
 philosophies of philosophical Advocates, rich Shopkeepers, niral Noblesse, 
 was the prime mover in the French Revolution; as the like will tie in all 
 such Iteeolulions, in all countries."-Vo\. III. page ICO. 
 
 "Through all time, if we read aright, sin was, is, will be the parent 
 of misery." This land calls itself most Christian, and has crosses and 
 cathedrals; but its High-priest is some Rochc-Aymon, some Xccldace-Car- 
 dinal Louis do Rohan. The voice of the poor, through long years, ascends 
 inarticulate in Jacqueries, meal-mobs; low-whimpcrmg ot infinite moan: 
 
Yes, freedom for industry was what they required; 
 —to be allowed to exchange the results of their own 
 labour, for food and the other necessaries of life, witli- 
 out the fetters and restrictions of the monopolists. 
 This is what we have long required, and it has been 
 denied. 
 
 “XVe arc uow, thcrclurc,-oi to that black i.rcciimoiis Abyss: ttl.ithci 
 J1 tliiugs luvc long bccu ten>lii-.g; «hcre, having now arrived on the giddy 
 verge, they hurl down, in confused ruin; headlong, iiell-mell, dou n, down. 
 
 Attend to it ye niiirlitv and ve noble, yo who govern 
 England, aye, and tliat ill-fated country livland tuit. 
 .\tteDd to it Sir Robert Reel and your colleagues, and 
 let her most gracious majesty the Queen on her throne, 
 surt’er not the example to be without its effect.