COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE linfjpi7^,^!, E .y CES STANDARD HX00051160 um KA mm% 'nt'10', iv . fc ; '■ j . v. i V^fl * x\\< ■Nfe * XV v ^Jt=^ Columbia ^Hnitiersfttp \ in tfie Cttp of J^teln Porfe College of pfjpsirians anb burgeons Reference litbrarp -^Pf --=Ai-.'* «*•' w \ W* wm mm Ik 'k / APPLETONS' CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY VOL. III. GRINNELL -LOCK WOOD Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/appletonscyclo03wils Sij'tjyA.BHan ITew TStX APPLETONS' CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY. JAMES GRANT WILSON AND JOHN FISKE As it is the commendation of a good huntsman to find game in a wide wood so it is no imputation if he hath not caught all. Plato. VOLUME III. GRINNELL-LOCKWOOD NEW YORK D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 1, 3 and 5 BOND STREET 1888 Copyright, 1887, By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. LIST OF PORTRAITS OE" STEEL. ARTIST ENGRAVER PAGE Lincoln, Abraham Hesler Hall Frontispiece Hamilton, Alexander Gilbs Jackman Face 56 Hancock, Winfield Scott Bogardus Rail 72 Harrison, William Henry Marceau Knight 96 Hayes, Rutherford Birchard Landy Hall 134 Irving, Washington Plumb Hollyer 360 Jackson, Andrew Longacre Hall 373 Jefferson, Thomas Brown Hall 415 Johnson, Andrew Brady Hall 436 Lee, Robert Edward Bradley Hall 668 SOME OF THE CHIEF COIsTRIBTTTOKS TO APPLETONS' CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. Adams, Charles Kendall, President of Cornell University. Agassiz, Alexander, Author and Professor. Allan, Col. William., Aide-de-Camp to '-Stonewall" Jackson. Allibone, S. Austin, Author " Dictionary of Authors." Amory, Thomas C, Author " Life of General Sullivan," etc. Bancroft, George, Author " History of the United States." Barrett, Lawrence, Author "Life of Edwin Forrest." Bayard, Thomas F., Secretary of State. Bigelow, John, Author "Life of Franklin," etc. Boker, George H., Poet, late U. S. Minister to Eussia. Botta, Mrs. Vincenzo, Author and Poet. Bradley, Joseph P., Justice United States Supreme Court. Brooks, Phillips, Author " Sermons in English Churches." Carter, Franklin, President of Williams College. Champlin, John Denison, Author " Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings." Chandler, "William E., Ex-Secretary of the Navy. Clarke, James Freeman, Author "Ten Great Religions," etc. Cooper, Miss Susan Fenimore, Author "Rural Hours," etc. Conway, Moncure D., Miscellaneous Writer. Coppee, Henry, Professor in Lehigh University, Pa. Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, P. E. Bishop of Western New York. Courtenay, 'William. A., Mayor of Charleston, S. C. Cullum, Gen. George W., Author " Register of West Point Graduates," etc. Curry, Daniel, Late Author and Editor. Curtis, George Ticknor, Author " Life of James Buchanan," etc. Curtis, George William, Author and Editor. Custer, Mrs. Elizabeth B., Author " Boots and Saddles." Daniel, John W., United States Senator from Virginia. De Costa, Benjamin F., Historical Writer. De Lancey, Edward F., Ex-President Genealogical and Biographical Society. Didier, Eugene L., Author " Life of Edgar Allan Poe." Dix, Morgan, Rector of Trinity Church, New York. Doane, William C, P. E. Bishop of Albany. Drake, Samuel Adams, Author "Historic Personages of Boston," etc. Draper, Lyman C, Secretary of Wisconsin Historical Society. Dupont, Col. Henry A., Of Delaware, late U. S. Army. Eggleston, George Cary, Editor New York " Commercial Advertiser." Fiske, John, Author and Professor. Frothingham, Octavius B., Author "Life of George Ripley." Gayarre, C. E. A., Author " History of Louisiana." Gerry, Elbridge T., Member of New York Bar. Gilman, Daniel C, President of Johns Hopkins University. Goodwin, Daniel, Member of Blinois Bar. Greely, Gen. A. W., U. S. A., Author "Three Years of Arctic Service." Green, William Mercer, Late P. E. Bishop of Mississippi. Greene, Capt. Francis Vinton, United States Engineer Corps. Hale, Edward Everett, Author " Franklin in France," etc. Hay, Col. John, Author "Life of Lincoln," etc. Henry, William Wirt, Of the Virginia Historical Society. Higginson, Col. T. W., Author •' History of the United States," etc. Hilliard, Henry W., Late U. S. Minister to Brazil. Hoppin, Professor James M., Of Yale College. Vlll SOME OF THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTORS. Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward, Author " Later Lyrics," etc. Huntington, "William R., Rector of Grace Church, New York. Jay, John, Late U. S. Minister to Austria. Johnson, Gen. Bradley T., Member of Maryland Bar. Johnson, Rossiter, Author " History of the War of 1812," etc. Johnston, William Preston, President of Tulane University. Jones, Horatio Gates, Vice-President of Pennsylvania Historical Society. Jones, John William, Secretary of Southern Historical Society. Jones, William Alfred, Author " Character and Criticism," etc. Lathrop, George Parsons, Author " A Study of Hawthorne," etc. Latrobe, John H. P.., Member of Maryland Bar. Lincoln, Robert T., Ex-Secretary of War. Lodge, Henry Cabot, Author " Life of Hamilton." Long, Col. Charles Chaille, Late of the Egyptian Army. Lowell, James Russell, Late U. S. Minister at Court of St. James. Mathews, William, Author " Orators and Oratory," etc. McMaster, John Bach, Author " History of the People of the United States." Mitchell, Donald G., Author " Reveries of a Bachelor," etc. Mombert, J. I., Miscellaneous Writer. Norton, Charles Eliot, Professor in Harvard University. O'Connor, Joseph, Editor Rochester, N. Y., "Post-Express." O'Neal, Edward A., Governor of Alabama. Parker, Cortlandt, Member of New Jersey Bar. Parkman, Francis, Author " Frontenac," " French in Canada," etc. Parton, James, Miscellaneous Writer. Phelan, James, M. C, Editor Memphis, Tenn., "Avalanche." Phelps, William Walter, Member of Congress from New Jersey. Pierrepont, Edwards, Ex-Attorney-General United StPtes, Porter, David D., Admiral United States Navy. Porter, Gen. Horace, Late of Gen. Grant's Staff. Preston, Mrs. Margaret J., Author and Poet. Puron, Dr. Juan G., Spanish Author and Editor. Read, Gen. J. Meredith, Late U. S. Minister to Greece. Reid, Whitelaw, Editor New York " Tribune." Ricord, Judge Frederick W., New Jersey Historical Society. Robinson, Ezekiel G., President of Brown University. Romero, Mattias, Mexican Minister to the United States. Royce, Josiah, Professor in California University. Sanborn, Miss Kate, Miscellaneous Writer. Schurz, Gen. Carl, Ex-Secretary of the Interior. Sherman, William T., Late General of United States Army. Smith, Charles Emory, Editor Philadelphia " Press." Spencer, Jesse Ames, Author and Professor. Stedman, Edmund C, Author "Poets of America," etc. Stiles, Henry R., M. D., Author " History of Brooklyn, N. Y." Stoddard, Richard Henry, Author "Songs of Summer," etc. Stone, William L., Author " Life of Red Jacket," etc. Strong, William, Ex-Justice United States Supreme Court. Stryker, William S., Adjutant-General of New Jersey. Tucker, J. Randolph, Member of Congress from Virginia. Waite, Morrison R., Chief Justice United States Supreme Court. Warner, Charles Dudley, Author and Editor. Washburne, Elihu B., Late U. S. Minister to France. Welling, James C, President of Columbian University. Wilson, Gen. Jas. Grant, President Genealogical and Biographical Society. Winter, William, Poet and Theatrical Critic. Winthrop, Robert C, Ex-United States Senator. Young, John Russell, Miscellaneous Writer. To this list other names icill le added as the icork progresses. Among the Contributors to the third volume of " Appletons 1 Cyclopaedia of American Biogra- phy " are the following : Col. William Allan, Aide-de-camp to Gen. Jackson. Jackson, Thomas J. (" Stonewall "). Marcus Benjamin, F. C. S. Hale, Edward Everett, The Livingston Family, and other articles. S. G. W. Benjamin, Late U. S. Minister to Persia. Articles on Painters and Sculptors. Arthur E. Bostwick, Ph. D. Harrison, William Henry, Kendall, Amos, and other articles. James C. Brogan. Articles on Roman Catholic Clergymen. Mrs. Isa Carrington Cabell. The Howe Family, The Kirkland Family, and other articles. Lieut. C. G. Calkins, IX. S. N. Jones, John Paul, Lawrence, James. Rev. Jas. Freeman Clarke, D. D. Hull, William. Prof. Henry Coppee, Author. Hooker, Joseph. Gen. George W. Cullum, TJ. S. A. Halleck, Henry Wager. George William Curtis. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Maturin Livingston Delafield. Lewis, Francis, Lewis, Morgan. Edward F. De Lancey, Ex-President New York Genealogical Society. Heathcoate, Caleb, Johnson, Sir William, Jones, Thomas, and Family. George Cary Eggleston, Journalist, and Author of ' Lee, Robert Edward. Prof. John Fiske. Hutchinson, Thomas, Jackson, Andrew, Lafayette, Marquis de, Lee, Charles, Lee Family, of Virginia. Jeannette L. Gilder. Kellogg, Clara Louise. A Rebel's Recollections. Rev. D. A. Goodsell, D. D. Articles on Bishops of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. Gen. Adolphus W. Greely, U. S. A. Hall, Charles Francis, Hayes, Isaac Israel, Kane, Elisha Kent, Lockwood, James Booth. Jacob Henry Hager, Journalist and Translator. Hancock, Winfield Scott, Lee, Ann, and other articles. John R. G. Hassard, Author and Journalist. Hughes, John, Archbishop. Col. John Hay, Author and Poet. Lincoln, Abraham. Joel T. Headley, Author of "Washington and his Generals." Knox, Henry. William Wirt Henry. Henry, Patrick. Henry W. Hilliard, Late TJ. S. Minister to Brazil. Gwin, William M., King, William R., and other articles. Edward Hopper. Hicks, Elias. Frank Huntington. Kent, James, Law, John, and other articles. Rev. William R. Huntington, D. D. Huntington, Frederick 1)an. A. S. Isaacs, Ph. D., Editor "Jewish Messenger." Articles on Hebrew Clergymen. John Jay, Late TJ. S. Minister to Austria. Articles on the Jay Family. Gen. Bradley T. Johnson, Late of Confederate Army. Johnston, Joseph E., and other articles. Rossiter Johnson, Author of " History of the War of 1812-'15." Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Hunter, David, and other articles. CONTRIBUTORS TO THE THIRD VOLUME. Col. William Preston Johnston, President of Tulane University, New Orleans, La. Hampton, Wade, Johxstox, Albert Sidxey. Rev. John "William Jones, D. D., Secretary of Southern Historical Society. Lee, Fitzhugh, Lee, George Washixgtox Custis, and other articles. Rev. Asahel C. Kendrick, D. D., Author of " Life of Emily C. Judson." Adoniram Judsox axd Family. Charles R. King, M. D. Rufus Kixg axd Family. Rufus King. Articles ox the Kixg Family. Samuel A. King, Aeronaut La Mountain, Johx, and other articles on aeronauts. John H. B. Latrobe. Kexxedy, Johx Pexdletox. Col. J. Granville Leach. Articles ox Pexxsylvaxiaxs. Henry Cabot Lodge, Author. Hamilton, Alexaxder. Neil Macdonald. Ixglis, Charles, Jacksox, James, of Georgia, and articles on Canadian statesmen. Donald G. Mitchell. Irvixg, Washixgtox. Rev. S. E. Ochsenford, D. D. Articles ox Lutherax Clergymen. Joseph O'Connor, Journalist. Kexdrick, Asahel Clark, Kerr, Michael Crawford. Francis Parkman, LL. D., Historian. La Salle, Robert C. de. James Parton, Aufhor and Essayist. Jeffersox, Thomas. James Phelan, M. C, Editor "Memphis Avalanche." Houston, Samuel, Johxsox, Andrew, and other articles. Mrs. Margaret J. Preston, Author and Poet. Hayxe, Paul Hamilton. Gen. J. Meredith Read, Late U. S. Minister to Greece. Hudson, Henry. Frederick "W. Ricord, Librarian of the New Jersey Historical Society. Herbert, Henry William, Hornblower, Joseph C, and other articles. Hermann Ritter. Articles on South and Cextral Americans. Col. Thomas J. Scharf, Late of Confederate Army. Hill, Ambrose Powell. Gen. Carl Schurz, Ex-Secretary of the Interior. Hayes, Rutherford Birchard. Rt. Rev. Edmund de Schweinitz, D. D. Articles ox Bishops of the Moravian Church. Gen. Henry H. Sibley. Little Crow. Miss Esther Singleton. KlEFT, WlLHELM, Laurens. Henry, and other articles. Rev. Jesse Ames Spencer, D. D., Author of " History of the United States." Articles on Bishops of the Protestant Epis- copal Church. Henry R. Stiles, M. D., Author of "History of Brooklyn, N. T." Harrison, Gabriel. "William L. Stone, Author of '• Life of Brant." Hay, John, Johnson, Sir John, and other articles. Rev. B. T. Tanner, D. D. Articles on Colored Clergymen. "William. Christian Tenner, Graduate of the University of Paris. Hugues, Victor, Lesseps, Ferdinand de, and other articles. Charles Dudley "Warner. Hawley, Joseph R., Howells, William Dean. John WiUiam "Weidemeyer. Jefferson, Joseph, Kemble, Charles and Frances Anne, and other dramatic and musical articles. Gen. J as. Grant Wilson. Halleck, Fitz-Greene, Hull, Isaac, Kemble, Gouyerneur, Lenox, James. and other articles. John Laird Wilson, Author and Journalist. Keene, Laura, Kidd, William, and other articles. John Russell Young, Late U. S. Minister to China. Jewell, Marshall. APPLETONS' CYCLOP/EDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. GRINNELL GRINNELL GRINNELL, Joseph, merchant, b. in New Bed- ford, Mass., 18 Jan., 1789 ; d. there, 7 Feb.. 1885. He came to New York, and in 1815 aided in estab- lishing the firm of Fish and Grinnell. His two younger brothers became members of the firm in 1825, and in 1828 Joseph retired, and his place was taken by Robert B. Minturn. Joseph resided at New Bedford for fifty-six years, and was presi- dent of the Marine bank, the Wamsutta mills com- pany, and the New Bedford and Taunton railroad. He was a member of the governor's council in 1839-'41, and in 1843-51 was a representative in congress, having been elected as a Whig. His niece and adopted daughter married the poet N. P. Willis. — His brother Henry, merchant, b. in New Bedford, Mass., in 1800 ; d. in New York city, 30 June, 1874, was graduated at New Bedford acad- emy in 1818, and in the be- same year came clerk in a commission - house in Pine street, New York. In 1825 he was made a member of the firm of Fish and Grinnell, after- ward Grinnell, Min- turn and Company. He was much inter- ested in geography, and especially in arc- tic exploration, and in 1850, at his own expense.fittedoutan expedition to search for Sir John Frank- lin, from whom noth- ing had been heard in five years. The expedition sailed from New York in May, 1850, under com- mand of Lieut. E. J. De Haven, with Dr. E. K. Kane as surgeon and naturalist. It discovered land in lat. 75° 24' 21", which was named Grinnell Land, in honor of Mr. Grinnell. In 1853, in con- junction with George ' Peabody, he spent $50,000 in the equipment of the second Franklin search expedition, giving it also his personal supervision. This expedition was placed in charge of Dr. Kane, and the government bore part of its expenses. Mr. Grinnell also contributed freely to the Hayes expedition of 1860, and to the " Polaris " expedi- tion of 1871. He retired from business in 1852, but in 1859 engaged in insurance. Mr. Grinnell VOL. III. 1 was throughout his life an earnest advocate of the interests of sailors, and was the first president of the American geographical society, in 1852- ! 3, and a vice-president from 1854 till 1872. — His daugh- ter, Sylvia, married Admiral Ruxton, of the Eng- lish navy, and in 1886 presented to that society a crayon portrait of her father, framed in wood taken from the ship " Resolute." (See Belcher, Sir Edward.) — Another brother of Joseph, Moses Hicks, b. in New Bedford. Mass.. 3 March, 1803 ; d. in New York city, 24 Nov., 1877. entered a New York counting-house in 1818, and, after several voyages as supercargo, became in 1825 a member of the firm of Fish and Grinnell. In 1839-41 he was a representative in congress, having been elected as a Whig. He was a presidential elector on the Fremont ticket in 1856, and in 1869-70 collector of the port of New York. He became president of the chamber of commerce in 1843, was a member of the original Central park commis- sion, and in 1860-5 a commissioner of charities and correction. He gave liberally toward Dr. Kane's arctic expedition of 1853, and toward the National cause during the civil war. He was presi- dent of the Union club from 4 Sept., 1867, till 5 Nov., 1873. Mr. Grinnell was one of the merchant- princes of New York, and enjoyed the friendship of Daniel Webster and William H. Seward. GRINNELL, Josiah Bushnell, congressman, b. in New Haven, Vt, 22 Dec, 1821. He was graduated at Oneida institute in 1843 and at Au- burn theological seminary in 1847, entered the ministry of the Presbyterian church, and preached seven years in Union A T illage, N. Y., Washington, D. C., and New York city. He founded the Con- gregational church at Grinnell, Iowa, in 1854, and preached there gratuitously for several years, but afterward retired from the ministry and became an extensive wool-grower. He was a member of the state senate in 1856-60, special agent of the post- office department in 1861-3, and in 1863-7 was a representative in congress, having been elected as a Republican. He was a special agent of the treasury department in 1868, and in 1884 was ap- _ pointed commissioner of the U. S. bureau of animal industries. When in the Iowa senate Mr. Grinnell took an active part in the formation of the state free-school svstem, and was also the correspondent and confidant of John Brown, entertaining him and his companv. -In my library," says Mr. Grinnell in a recent letter, " secretly, in the gleam of bayonets, and near a miniature arsenal for the 2 GRISCOM GR1SWOLD protection of a score of ex-slaves, he wrote a part of his Virginia proclamation." Mr. Grinnell was active in aiding the escape of fugitive slaves, and at one time a reward was offered for his head. He has been connected with the building of six rail- roads, and has laid out five towns, including that of Grinnell, Iowa, which was named for him. Re gave the proceeds of the sale of building-lots in that town to Grinnell university, now merged in Iowa college, and was for some time its president. He has published " Home of the Badgers " (Mil- waukee, Wis., 1845) ; " Cattle Industries of the United States " (New York, 1884) ; and numerous pamphlets and addresses. GrRISCOM, John, educator, b. in Hancock's Bridge, Salem co.. N. J., 27 Sept., 1774; d. in Bur- lington, N. J., 26 Feb., 1852. His education was acquired at the Friends' academy in Philadelphia, and later he was given charge of the Friends' monthly-meeting school, in Philadelphia, with which he continued for thirteen years. In 1806 he removed to New York, where he was actively en- gaged in teaching for twenty-five years. He was one of the first to teach chemistry, and gave public lectures on this subject to his classes early in 1806. When the medical department of Queen's (now Rutgers) college was established in 1812, he was appointed to the chair of chemistry and natural history, which he held until 1828. His colleague, Dr. John W. Francis, said of him that " for thirty years Dr. Griseom was the acknowledged head of all teachers of chemistry among us " in New York. He was the projector of the New York high-school, an institution on the Lancaster or monitorial sys- tem of instruction, which had great success from 1825 till 1831, under his supervision. For many years Dr. Griscom's lectures were given in the " New York Institution," which had been built in 1795 for an almshouse. Halleek, in his " Fanny," thus alludes to the building and its occupants : " It remains To bless the hour the Corporation took it Into their heads to give the rich in brains The worn-out mansion of the poor in pocket, Once 'the old almshouse,' now a school of wisdom, Sacred to Scudder's shells and Dr. Griseom." From 1832 till 1834 he had charge of a Friends' boarding-school in Providence, R. I., also lecturing in various places on chemistry and natural philoso- phy. Subsequently he resided in Haverford, Pa., and then in Burlington, N. J., where he was town superintendent and trustee of public schools, and also was associated in the reorganization of the common-school system of New Jersey. During his residence in New York he was instrumental in or- ganizing the Society for the prevention of pauper- ism and crime, which was the parent of many im- portant reform movements. For many years he contributed abstracts of chemical papers from the foreign journals to Silliman's " Journal of Science." He was also the author of " A Year in Europe " (New York, 1823), and " Monitorial Instruction " (1825). See a " Memoir of John Griseom," by his son (New York, 1859). — His son, John Haskins, physician, b. in New York city, 14 Aug., 1809 ; d. there, 28 April, 1874, was educated in the Collegi- ate school of Friends, and, after studying medicine under Dr. John D. Godman and Dr. Valentine Mott, was graduated at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1832. A year later he was appointed assistant physician to the New York dispensary, becoming physician in 1834. From 1836 till 1840 he was professor of chemistry in the New York college of pharmacy. In 1842 he was made city inspector, but a year later became visiting physician of the New York hospital, and continued as such until within a few years of his death. In 1848 he was appointed general agent of the commissioners of emigration, which office he filled until 1851. Dr. Griseom was identified with the management of the New York prison associa- tion, the Juvenile reformatory, the Home for the friendless, the New York sanitary association, the Social science association, and the New York asso- ciation for the advancement of science and art, of which he was one of the founders and first presi- dent. He wrote much and ably on medical, sani- tary, hygienic, and scientific topics, contributing largely to the medical journals, and was the author of "Animal Mechanism and Physiology" (New York, 1839) ; " Uses and Abuses of Air for the Venti- lation of Buildings " (1850) ; " An Oration before the Academy of Medicine " (1854) ; " Prison Hygiene " (Albany, 1868) ; " Use of Tobacco and the Evils resulting from It " (New York, 1868) ; and " Physi- cal Indications of Longevity " (1869). GRISWOLD, Alexander Viets, P. E. bishop, b. in Simsbury, Conn., 22 April, 1766 ; d. in Bos- ton, Mass., 15 Feb., 1843. He manifested great precocity in childhood, and learned to read fluently at three years of age. It was intended that he should receive a collegiate training at Yale, but the Revolutionary war prevented. Instead of going to college, young Griswold took to himself a wife in 1785. He next devoted himself to the study of law, at the same time continu- ing his labors on the farm. He was con-, firmed by Bish- op Seabury, on his first visit to Simsbury par- ish, and became a communicant at the age of twenty. Not liking the law as a profession, he resolved to study for the ministry. He was received as a candidate for holy orders in the summer of 1794, and dur- ing his preparatory course officiated as lay reader in several neighboring towns. He was ordered deacon by Bishop Seabury, 3 June, 1795, and ordained priest by the same bishop, 1 Oct., 1795. During the next ten years he had charge of three parishes where he had served as lay reader before ordination — Plym- outh, Harwinton, and Litchfield, Conn. He also taught the district school in the winter, and did not disdain manual labor among his parishioners. In 1804 he accepted an urgent call to the rectorship of St. Michael's church, Bristol, R. I. Six years later he was invited to Litchfield, and was prepar- ing to remove thither, when he was elected to the episcopate over a diocese of which he was the first and only bishop, i. e., " The Eastern Diocese," con- sisting of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- chusetts, and Rhode Island. This was in May, 1810. At first, through modesty and self-distrust, he positively declined the office ; but others urged his acceptance, and he at last yielded. He was consecrated in Trinity church, New York, 29 May, GRISWOLD GRISWOLD 1811. He received the degree of D. D. from Brown in 1810, from Princeton in 1811, and from Harvard in 1812. In addition to his episcopal duties, Bishop Griswold continued in charge of his parish at Bris- tol, R. I., but in 1830 removed to Salem, Mass., as it was nearer to Boston, and accepted the rector- ship of St. Peter's church. In 1835, however, he resigned this charge, and devoted himself wholly to his episcopal work. Suffering from the infirmi- ties of age and from ill health, he proposed to the convention, in June, 1838, the election of an assist- ant. An eminent presbyter was chosen, but de- clined. In 1842 another election was held, and the Rev. Dr. Eastburn, of New York, was chosen. It was the last ordaining act of the venerable dioce- san to consecrate Dr. Eastburn to his office, which was done in Trinity church, Boston, 29 Dec, 1842. On the death of Bishop White, in 1836, Bishop Griswold, under the canon, became the presiding bishop. With health much broken he continued to work to the last, and the end came suddenly. He was on his way to call on Bishop Eastburn on 15 Feb., 1843, when, just as he reached the door*, he fell, and died instantly of heart disease. Bishop Griswold's publications were various sermons and addresses on special occasions; "Discourses on the Most Important Doctrines and Duties of the Christian Religion " (Philadelphia, 1830) ; " The Reformation and the Apostolic Office " (Boston, 1843) ; and " Remarks on Social Prayer Meetings " (1858). See " Life of Bishop Griswold," by Rev. I. S. Stone, D. D. (Philadelphia, 1844.)— His grand- nephew, Casimir Clayton, artist, b. in Delaware, Ohio, in 1834, is the son of Ezra Griswold, who as- sisted in editing and publishing the first newspaper in Columbus, Ohio. Casimir studied wood-engrav- ing in Cincinnati, and removed to New York about 1850. His only instruction in painting was from an elder brother. His first picture was exhibited at the National academy in 1857, and he was made &n associate in 1866, becoming an academician in 1867. In 1859 he was one of the original members of the Artists' fund society. Mr. Griswold has lived in Rome since 1872. Among his works are " De- cember" (1864) ; " Winter Morning" (1865) ; " The Last of the Ice " (1867) ; " August Day, Newport " {1868) ; " Early Spring " (1869) ; " Purgatory Point, Newport " (1870) ; " Lago de Nemi " (1874) ; " Monte Spinelli, Unitria"; and "Mar Albano." GRISWOLD, Hattie Tyng, author, b. in Bos- ton, Mass., 26 Jan., 1842. Her father was Rev. Dudley Tyng. Miss Tyng removed in early life to Wisconsin, and became a teacher in the high-school at Columbus in that state. In 1863 she married Eugene S. Griswold. She is the author of many tales and poems in periodicals, and has published "Apple-Blossoms," poems (Chicago, 1878), and ■" Home Life of Great Authors " (1886). One of her best-known pieces is " Under the Daisies." GRISWOLD, John Augustus, manufacturer, b. in Nassau, Rensselaer co., N. Y., 11 Nov., 1818 ; d. in Troy, N. Y, 31 Oct., 1872. He went to Troy in 1839, and was for a time an inmate of the family of his uncle, Gen. Wool. He became interested in the Rensselaer iron company, in which he was afterward the principal partner. He was mayor of Troy in 1850, and was an active supporter of the National government during the civil war, aiding in raising three regiments of infantry, as well as the " Black-horse cavalry," and the 21st New York, or " Griswold light cavalry." In 1861, in connec- tion with C. S. Bushnell and John F. Winslow, he contracted to build Ericsson's " Monitor," and it was mainly due to him that the vessel was com- pleted in the hundred days allowed by the govern- U&Z^AM^JlZ^. ment for her construction. The "Monitor" was built at great pecuniary risk, as her price, $275,000, was not to be paid till it had been practically shown that she could withstand the enemy's fire at the shortest ranges. Mr. Griswold was elected to congress in 1862 as a war Democrat, but sub- sequently joined the Republicans, and was re-elected by them, serving al- together from 1863 till 1869. He was an efficient member of the committee on naval affairs, and effectively defend- ed the policy of the government in the construction of monitors when it was attacked in the house. He also aided in building the monitor " Dictator." In 1868 he was the Republican candidate for governor of New York, but was defeated, though his party claimed that he received a majortiy of the votes actually cast. Mr. Griswold did much to advance the prosperity of Troy, and contributed liberally to its charities. He was a trustee of Rensselaer polytechnic institute in 1860-'72. GRISWOLD, Matthew, governor of Connecti- cut, b. in Lyme, Conn., 25 March, 1714 ; d. there, 28 April, 1799. He was a representative in the legislature in 1751, a member of the council in 1759, and in 1775 was one of the committee of safety, and an ardent patriot. He was also a judge, and afterward chief justice of the superior court, lieutenant-governor of the state, and governor in 1784-'6. In 1788 he was president of the State con- vention that ratified the constitution of the United States. Yale gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1779. — His son, Roger, governor of Connecticut, b. in Lyme, Conn., 21 May, 1762 ; d. in Norwich, Conn., 25 Oct., 1812, was graduated at Yale in 1780, studied law, and began to practise in Norwich in 1783, becoming eminent in his profession. He re- turned to Lyme in 1794, was elected to congress as a Federalist, and served five successive terms, from 1795 till 1805. About 1798 Mr. Griswold had a personal difficulty, on the floor of the house, with Matthew Lyon, of Vermont, for which an un- successful effort was made to expel the latter. He declined the office of secretary of war offered him by President Adams just before the end of his term in 1801, and in 1807 was made a judge of the Con- necticut supreme court. He was a presidential elector on the Pinckney and King ticket in 1809. lieutenant-governor of Connecticut in 1809-11, and in the latter year was chosen governor, dying in office. He received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard in 1811, and from Yale in 1812. Gov. Griswold was an earnest Federalist, and was re- garded as one of the foremost men in the nation in talents, political knowledge, eloquence, and legal ability. While he was governor, he refused to fur- nish four companies of troops for garrison purposes at the president's requisition, as they were not wanted to " repel invasion." GRISWOLD, Rufus Wilinot, editor, b. in Benson, Vt., 15 Feb., 1815 ; d. in New York city, 27 Aug., 1857. Much of his early life was spent in traveCpartly in the interior of the United States. GRISWOLD GROSE and partly in central Europe. As a youth he was apprenticed to the publisher of a newspaper, where he acquired a knowledge of type-setting and the routine of a publication-office, and sometimes acted as assistant editor. Tiring of the press-room, he studied theology, and became a minister of the Baptist denomination. He preached with success, and had obtained the degree of D. D., when he sud- denly forsook the pulpit to become a journalist and book-compiler. Prom 1841 till 1843 he edited, with great credit, "Graham's Magazine," published in Philadelphia. Thereafter he became associate edi- tor of several weekly newspapers in Boston and New York city, among them the " New Yorker," " Brother Jonathan," and " New World." In 1852 he edited the "International Magazine" in New York city, which was for a time a rival to Harper's, but was afterward absorbed by that periodical. Gris- wold was an indus- trious worker, and his publications show him to have been a thoughtful writer and a man of extensive reading. But his estimates of contemporary American writers, with manyof whom J&s^ /^-i^u^ia he came , int0 liter ; c/Ci^fi^ " u "~ ~3~ a ry ail d personal rivalry, is frequent- ly partial and perverted. His works include " Poets and Poetry of America" (Philadelphia, 1842), which has passed through twenty editions ; " Bio- graphical Annual " (1842) ; " Christian Ballads and other Poems" (1844); discourse on the "Present Condition of Philosophy " (1844) ; " Poets and Poet- ry of England in the Nineteenth Century " (1845) ; "Prose Writers of America " (1846) ; " Washington and the Generals of the Revolution," in connection with other writers (2 vols., 1847) ; " Napoleon and the Marshals of the Empire," with Horace B. Wallace (2 vols., 1847) ; " Female Poets of Amer- ica " (1848) ; " Sacred Poets of England and Amer- ica " (1849) ; " The Republican Court " (New York, 1854) ; and " Scenes in the Life of the Saviour." He also compiled "Curiosities of American Lit- erature," which was attached to an American edition of Isaac DTsraeli's writings, and edited the earliest edition of Milton's prose works published in the United States. He was also one of the edi- tors of the " Works of Edgar Allan Poe " (3 vols., New York, 1850), and to this publication he fur- nished a biographical sketch, which has been much criticised. At the close of Griswold's career he was engaged in a revision of his several works on American literature. GRISWOLD, Stanley, senator, b. in Torring- ford, Conn., 14 Nov., 1763 ; d. in Shawneetown, 111., 21 Aug., 1815. After working on his father's farm and attending the district-school, he entered Yale, where he was graduated in 1786. He was then prin- cipal of a high-school for a year, studied divinity, and on 20 Jan., 1790, was installed as colleague pastor at New Milford, Conn., where his eloquence and social qualities made him popular. He ear- ly became an admirer of Thomas Jefferson, who was then regarded by most of the New England clergy as little less than an atheist, and in 1797 he was excluded from the association of ministers of which he was a member on account of alleged het- erodoxy. His congregation, however, supported him, and he continued to preach in New Milford till 1802, when he resigned. In 1801 he delivered a sermon at a Democratic jubilee in Wallingford, Conn., avowing political sentiments so unusual for a New England clergyman that he became widely known. After preaching for a short time in Green- field, Mass., he abandoned the pulpit, and in 1804 edited with spirit and ability a Democratic news- paper at Walpole, N. H. In 1805 he was appointed by President Jefferson secretary of Michigan terri- tory, but shortly afterward resigned on account of some difficulty with the governor, Gen. William Hull, and removed to Ohio. In 1809-'10 he served in the U. S. senate, having been appointed to fill a vacancy, and was afterward U. S. judge for the Northwest territory, holding this office at the time of his death. He published the sermon alluded to above, with the title "Overcome Evil with Good" (Hartford, 1801 ; 2d ed., New Haven, 1845). GROESBECK, William Slocomb, lawyer, b. in New York city, 24 July, 1815. He received an academic education, studied law, practised in Cin- cinnati, and was in 1851 a member of the State con- stitutional convention. In 1852 he was a member of the commission to codify the laws of Ohio. He was in congress from 7 Dec, 1857, till 3 March, 1859, serving on the committee on foreign affairs, was a member of the peace congress in 1861, and in 1862 a member of the Ohio state senate. He was elected a delegate to the National union con- vention held in Philadelphia in 1866, and was one of the counsel for President Johnson in the im- peachment trial of 1868. Mr. Groesbeck was nomi- nated for the presidency in 1872 by a convention of Liberal Republicans who were dissatisfied with Horace Greeley, but the ticket was entirely for- gotten during the excitement of the canvass, al- though Mr. Groesbeck received a single electoral vote for the vice-presidency. He was appointed in 1878 U. S. delegate to the International monetary congress held in Paris. GROOME, James Black, statesman, b. in Elk- ton, Cecil co., Md., 4 April, 1838. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1861, joined the Democratic party, and was a member of the con- vention that framed the present constitution of Maryland, was a member of the house of dele- gates in 1871 and 1873, and, on the election of Gov. Whyte to the U. S. senate in 1874, became governor for the remainder of the term. He then returned to Elkton, and engaged in the practice of law until 1879, when he became U. S. senator, re- taining his seat until 1885. GROSE, William, soldier, b. in Dayton, Ohio, 16 Dec, 1812. Both of his grandfathers served in the Revolution, and his father was a soldier in the war of 1812. The son received a common-school education. He was a presidential elector on the Pierce ticket, and an unsuccessful Democratic can- didate for congress in 1852, but joined the Repub- lican party on its formation and was elected to the legislature in 1856. He was chosen a judge of the court of common pleas in 1860, but resigned in August, 1861, and recruited the 36th Indiana in- fantry, of which he became colonel. At Shiloh his regiment was the only part of Buell's army that joined in the first day's fight, and after the engage- ment he commanded a brigade. He was with the Army of the Cumberland in all its important battles, served through the Atlanta campaign, and, at the request of Gens. Sherman and Thomas, was pro- moted brigadier-general of volunteers, receiving notice of his appointment while under fire in front GROSS GROSS of Atlanta. He was at Franklin and Nashville, and after the close of hostilities was president of a court-martial in Nashville till January, 1866. Hewas collector of internal revenue in 1 866-' 74, an unsuc- cessful Republican candidate for congress in 1878, and one of a commission to build three state hos- pitals for the insane, in 1884-'6. In 1887 he was again a member of the Indiana legislature. GROSS, John Daniel, clergyman, b. in Ger- many in 1737 ; d. in Canajoharie, N. Y., 25 May, 1812. During the Revolution he was exposed to many perils as pastor of a church on the frontier. At its close he removed to New York city. He was professor of German in Columbia in 1784-'95, and professor of moral philosophy in 1787-95. He was a regent of the University of New York in 1784, and a trustee of Columbia in 1787. He became wealthy by buying soldiers' land-warrants. The last ten years of his life were spent on a farm. The degree of S. T. D. was conferred on him by Columbia in 1789. He published " Natural Prin- ciples of Rectitude " (New York, 1795). GROSS, Samuel David, surgeon, b. near Eas- ton. Pa., 8 July, 1805 ; d. in Philadelphia, 6 May, 1884. He studied medicine, was graduated at Jef- ferson medical college in 1828, and began practice in Philadelphia, employing his leisure in translat- ing medical works from the French. He settled in Easton in 1829, in 1833 was appointed demon- strator of anatomy in the Medical college of Ohio, at Cincinnati, and in 1835 professor of pathological anatomy in the same institution. Here he deliv- ered the first systematic course of lectures on mor- bid anatomy ever given in the United States. Five years later he became professor of surgery in the University of Louisville, Ky., and in 1850 suc- ceeded Dr. Mott in the University of New York. By request of his associates, he returned to Ken- tucky and resumed work there, after only a single session in New Y'ork. He was one of the founders and early presidents 4fi s '}>~-*?mm* *JTV of the Kentucky state medical socie- ty. While in Louis- ville he published an elaborate " Re- port on Kentuckv Surgery" (1851), in- cluding a biography of Dr. Ephraim Mc- Dowell, of Danville, in that state, in sup- port of the claims that he was the orig- inator of ovarioto- my in 1809. In 1856 he was chosen pro- y/ /) C^ ^r/s £essor of sur g er . v ™ 66/ . oU- tP^Vy 6 ' Jefferson medical college, Philadel- phia, which post he occupied until within two years of his death, when he resigned on account of ad- vancing vears and desire for repose. He founded with Dr. T. G. Richardson in 1856 the " Louisville Medical Review," a bimonthly, of which only six numbers were issued. They afterward established in Philadelphia the "North American Medico- Chirurgical Review," which continued to appear till the civil war. Shortly after settling in Phila- delphia he founded, with Dr. Da Costa, the Philadel- phia pathological society, of which he was the first president. In 1862 Dr. Gross was made a member of the Royal medical society of Yienna. In 1867 he was elected president of the American medical association, and in 1868 a member of the Royal medico-chirurgical society of London, and of the British medical association. In 1872, during his second visit to Europe, the University of Oxford, at its one thousandth commemoration, conferred on him the honorary degree of D. C. L. ; and that of LL. D. was given him by the University of Cam- bridge. He was a member of numerous medical and surgical associations at home and abroad, and was unanimously elected president of the International medical congress which met in Philadelphia in September, 1876. Dr. Gross made many original contributions to surgery. In 1833 he made experi- ments on rabbits, with a view to throwing light on manual strangulation, which are described in Beck's " Medical Jurisprudence." He was the first to suggest the suturing of divided nerves and ten- dons, wiring the ends of bones in certain disloca- tions, laparotomy in rupture of the bladder, and many other operations, and was the inventor of numerous instruments, including a tourniquet, an instrument for extracting foreign bodies from the ear or nose, and an apparatus for the transfusion of blood. His original investigations were varied, though often carried on with insufficient means and amid adverse surroundings. He began in early life to contribute to medical literature, edited the '" American Medical Biography " (1861) : and published " Diseases and Injuries of the Bones and Joints " (Philadelphia, 1830) : " Elements of Patho- logical Anatomy" (2 vols., 1839; 3d ed., 1857): " Wounds of the' Intestines " (1843) ; " Diseases. In- juries, and Malformations of the Urinary Organs " (1851 ; enlarged eds., 1855 and 1876) ; " Results of Surgical Operations in Malignant Diseases " (1853) ; "Foreign Bodies in the Air - Passages " (1854): " Report on the Causes which Retard the Progress of American Medical Literature " (1856) : " System of Surgery " (2 vols.. 1859 : 6th ed., with alterations. 1882) ; " Manual of Military Surgery " (1861 ; Japa- nese translation. Tokio, 1874); "John Hunter and his Pupils " (1861) ; " History of American Medical Literature," two lectures (1875) ; and with others "Century of American Medicine" (1876). — His son, Saniuel "Weissell, surgeon, b. in Cincinnati. Ohio, 4 Feb., 1837, was educated at Shelby college, Ky., and studied medicine in the medical depart- ment of the University of Louisville, and at Jeffer- son medical college, Philadelphia, where he gradu- ated in 1857. He settled in Philadelphia, and soon delivered lectures on surgical anatomy and opera- tive surgery, and subsequently on diseases of the genito-urinary organs, in the Jefferson medical college, and on surgical pathology in the College of physicians, Philadelphia. He was brigade-sur- geon "and major of volunteers during the entire civil war, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel at its termination. He has been surgeon to the How- ard hospital, the Philadelphia hospital, and the hos- pital of the Jefferson medical college, and in 1882 was appointed professor of the principles of sur- gery and clinical surgery in the latter institution. He' has received the degree of LL. D. He is a member of various medical associations, and is the author of a " Practical Treatise on Tumors of the Mammary Gland " (New York, 1880), and a " Prac- tical Treatise on Impotence, Sterility, and Allied Disorders of the Male Sexual Organs " (Philadel- phia, 1881 ; 3d ed., 1887). He rewrote and edit- ed "Gross on the Urinary Organs" (1876). and rendered his father material assistance in the com- position of several editions of his " System of Sur- o-erv." He has contributed many papers on sur- gical subjects to periodical medical literature, in- cluding- several on " Tumors of the Breast."— An- other son, Albert Haller. lawyer, b. in Louisville, 6 GROSS GROW Ky., 18 March, 1844, studied at the University of Virginia, and in 1864 was graduated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. He was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1867, and in 1868 appointed U. S. attorney for New Mexico, which office he re- signed on account of ill health. He was elected in 1882 a member of the select council of Philadelphia. In 1885 he declined the U. S. consulship at Athens, Greece. He has delivered numerous public ad- dresses, in one of which, in 1874, he was among the first in the country to advocate cremation as the proper method of disposing of the dead, and has published numerous poems, and various instru- mental and vocal compositions, some of the latter in the French and German languages. He is, with his brother, Dr. Samuel W. Gross, editing the " Autobiography " of his father, and preparing a work on " Cremation." GROSS, William Hickley, archbishop, b. in Baltimore, Md., 12 June, 1837. After studying in St. Charles college, he entered the novitiate of the Redemptorist order in 1857, and was ordained priest in 1863. After attending wounded soldiers in the hospitals about Annapolis, and preaching to the negroes, he was assigned to missionary duty in various places, but was attached to St. Alphon- sus's church in New York city for five years, and then became superior at the church of his order in Boston. He was consecrated bishop of Savan- nah on 27 April. 1873, and in 1884 he became archbishop of Oregon. Bishop Gross has done much for the education of the freedmen. GROVER, Cuvier, soldier, b. in Bethel, Me., 24 July, 1829 ; d. in Atlantic City, N. J., 6 June, 1885. He was graduated at the U. S. military acad- emy in 1850, entered the 1st artillery, and served on frontier duty till 1853, and on the Northern Pacific railroad exploration from 14 April, 1853, till 17 July, 1854. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant, 3 March, 1855, and captain of the 10th infantry, 17 Sept., 1858, and served at various western stations. He became brigadier-general of volunteers, 14 April, 1862, and was transferred to the Army of the Poto- mac, where lie took part in many battles. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel on 5 May for services at the battle of Williamsburg, Va., and on 31 May, colonel, for gallantry at Fair Oaks. At the second battle of Bull Run his brigade fought under Gen. Hooker, and distinguished itself by a bayonet charge. Being transferred to the Department of the Gulf, he took command of a division of the 19th corps from 30 Dec, 1862, till July, 1864, was in command of the right wing of the army besieging Port Hudson, La., in May, 1863, was promoted major, 31 Aug., 1863, and commanded a division in the Shenandoah campaign from August to Decem- ber, 1864. He was wounded at the battle of Cedar Creek on 19 Oct., 1864, and brevetted major-general of volunteers the same day for gallantry at Win- chester and Fisher's Hill. On 13 March following he was also brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, and major-general, U. S. army. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, 24 Aug., 1865, and again returned to frontier duty until 7 Nov., 1866, when he was transferred to Jefferson barracks, Mo., until 6 Feb., 1867. He was promoted lieutenant- colonel of the 38th infantry, 28 July, 1866, assigned to the 3d cavalry in 1870, and made colonel of the 1st cavalry, 2 Dec, 1875, which rank he held dur- ing the remainder of his life. GROVER, Lafayette, governor of Oregon, b. in Bethel, Oxford co., Me., in 1823. He was edu- cated at Bowdoin college, and afterward studied law in Philadelphia, where he was admitted to the bar in 1850. He soon after settled in Salem, Ore- gon. He was elected prosecuting attorney of the territory in 1851, and in 1853 auditor of public ac- counts. He also served three terms in the terri- torial legislature, saw some service in the Indian wars of Oregon, and in 1854 was appointed a com- missioner to adjust the claims of citizens against the United States. Two years later he became one of the commissioners to investigate claims arising out of the Indian war of 1855-'6. In 1857 lie was an active member of the convention that framed the constitution of the state, and was elected, as a Democrat, its first representative in congress, tak- ing his seat in February, 1859. He subsequently resumed the practice of law, but from 1867 till 1870 was engaged in the milling business. He was chairman of the state central Democratic com- mittee, was elected governor of the state in 1870, and re-elected in 1874 for the term ending Sep- tember, 1878. Gov. Grover resigned his office, 1 Feb., 1877, having been elected to the U. S. senate to succeed James K. Kelly, and took his seat, 8 March, 1877. He was succeeded in 1883 by Joseph N. Dolph. In 1876 Gov. Grover refused to issue a certificate of election as presidential elector to Dr. J. W. Watts, Republican, and gave it instead to E. A. Cronin, Democrat, who had received the next highest number of votes, on the ground that the former had held the office of postmaster when he was chosen. On 19 Dec. the governor published an elaborate argument in defence of his action, but it was annulled by the electoral commission, who decided that Watts's ineligibility merely created a vacancy in the electoral college, which the other members from Oregon were empowered to fill. GROW, Galusha Aaron, statesman, b. in Ash- ford (now Eastford), Windham cc, Conn., 31 Aug., 1824. When ten years old he removed to Susque- hanna county, Pa., where he attended a district- school and pursued a preparatory course in Frank- lin academy, Harford. He was graduated at Amherst in 1844, studied law in Montrose, and was admitted to the bar of Susquehanna county, 19 April, 1847. He soon afterward set- tled in Towanda, and became a partner of David Wilmot. He practised law until the spring of 1850, when feeble health compelled him to seek out - door pursuits, and he engaged in farming, surveying, and gathering hem- lock bark for tanner- ies. In the fall of 1850 he received and declined a unanimous nomination to the legislature, tendered by the Democratic party. A few weeks later, David Wilmot, Free-soil, and James Lowrey, Pro-slavery, candidates of the Democratic party for congress, withdrew from the contest on an agree- ment that the two branches of the party should unite upon Mr. Grow as a candidate. The conven- tions reassembled, placed Mr. Grow in nomination, and, after an exciting campaign of one week, he was elected over John C. Adams, Whig. He took his seat in congress in December, 1851, being its youngest member, and continued to represent the " Wilmot district " for twelve successsive years, although he had severed his connection with the Democratic GROWDON GRUNDY 8 arty on the repeal of the Missouri compromise. [is period of service was distinguished by the legis- lation on the Missouri compromise, the Kansas troubles, and the Homestead and Pacific railroad bills, as well as the election of Speaker Banks and the presidential campaigns of Fremont and Lincoln. He rendered important services on the committees on Indian affairs, agriculture, and territories, being a member of the latter six years and its chairman four. His first speech was delivered upon the homestead bill, a measure which he continued to urge at every congress for ten years, when he had at last the satisfaction of signing the law as speaker. At the convening of the first or extra session of the 37th congress, 4 July, 1861, he was elected speaker, and held the position until 4 March, 1863, when, on retiring, he received a unanimous vote of thanks, the first vote of the kind given to any speaker in many years. He was a delegate to the National Republican conventions of 1864 and 1868, and chairman of the Pennsylvania state committee during the latter campaign. In 1857 he was a victim of the National hotel poisoning. He spent the summer of 1870 in California, Oregon, and British Columbia, and in 1871 he settled in Hous- ton, Tex., as president of the International and Great Northern railroad of Texas, remaining there until 1875, when he returned to Pennsylvania and took an active part in the state election of that year and the presidential campaign of 1876. In the autumn of 1876 he declined the mission to Russia. GROWDON, Joseph, jurist, b. in England ; d. in Pennsylvania, 9 Dee., 1730. He was the son of Lawrence Growdon, of Cornwall, England, who was largely interested in the tin-mines. He came to this country shortly after Penn's arrival, and settled in Bucks county, Pa., where he took up 10,000 acres. In 1684 he was chosen to the assem- bly of Pennsylvania, was thereafter almost continu- ously chosen to this body until 1722, and for eleven years was speaker. From 1687 till 1703 he was a member of the provincial council, under the admin- istration of Gov. Penn and Lieutenant-Governors Evans and Gookin. In 1690 he was commissioned one of the judges of the supreme court, and held this office for several years. In 1707 he was ap- pointed chief justice of the court, which place he held until 1716. He filled the many offices of trust committed to him with marked ability, and but few men in the province in his day attained to a higher degree of usefulness. — His son, Joseph, lawyer, b. in England ; d. in Pennsylvania in 1738, was appointed attorney-general of Pennsylvania, 7 March, 1726, and served in that capacity till his death. In 1735 he was appointed advocate for the crown in the vice-admiralty. — Another son, Law- rence, jurist, b. in Pennsylvania, 14 March 1694 ; d. there, 1 April, 1770, was a merchant at Bristol, England, in 1730. In 1734 he was chosen to the assembly, in which body he remained until 1738, in 1747 became a member of the provincial council, and was for twelve years a justice of the supreme court of the province. In conjunction with Rev. Richard Peters, secretary of the land-office, he was appointed commissioner for running a "temporary boundary" with Maryland, Col. Gale and Mr. Chamberlayne being the Maryland commissioners. He was a man of large wealth. — His daughter, Grace, Avas the wife of Joseph Galloway, the distinguished lawyer and Tory. — Grace, daughter of Joseph Growdon, the elder, became the wife of David Lloyd, who was speaker of the assembly, councillor, attorney-gen- eral, and , chief justice. GRUBE, Bernhard Adam, missionary, b. in Germany in 1715 ; d. in Bethlehem, Pa., 20 March, 1808. He studied at Jena, united with the Mora- vian church, and in 1746 was sent to Pennsylvania, where he was employed in the Indian mission and ministry of his church. His contributions to the department of American philology were a " Dela- ware Indian Hymn-Book" and a "Harmony of the Gospels " (Delaware) (Friedensthal, Pa., 1767). GRUND, Francis Joseph, author, b. in Bo- hemia in 1805 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 29 Sept., 1863. He was educated at the polytechnic school in Vienna, and in 1825 became professor of mathe- matics in the military school at Rio Janeiro, Brazil. He settled in Philadelphia in 1826, and for many years was connected with the press. In 1854 he was appointed U. S. consul at Antwerp, and in 1860 was transferred to Havre and made diplo- matic agent to the south German states. He was chosen editor of the Philadelphia " Age," a Demo- cratic newspaper, in April, 1863, but soon became a Republican and resigned the post. He pub- lished, besides numerous essays and addresses, " Exercises in Arithmetic " (Boston, 1833) ; " Ameri- cans in their Moral, Religious, and Social Rela- tions" (1837); "Aristocracy in America" (1839); and a German campaign life of Gen. William Henry Harrison (Philadelphia, 1840) ; and translated Her- schel's " Astronomical Problems." GRUNDY, Felix, statesman, b. in Berkeley county, Va., 11 Sept., 1777 ; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 19 Dec, 1840. He was a seventh son. His father, an Englishman, came to this country early in life. In 1779 he removed to Red Stone Old Fort, near what is now Brownsville, Pa., and in 1780 to Ken- tucky. In both places the family were much ex- posed to Indian depredations, and three of Grundy's brothers were killed by the Indians dur- ing his infancy. His first instruction was received from his mother, who was an ambitious woman of strong character, and he then went to Dr. James Priestly's Bardstown acade- my. His mother wished him to enter the medical profes- sion, but his natu- ral tastes led him to the law, which he studied under George Nicholas. He was elected to the Kentucky constitutional convention in 1799, and from that year till 1806 was a member of the legislature. He introduced a bill to establish the circuit court system, which was passed over the governor's veto, and in 1802 had a debate with Henry Clay, then as little known as himself, on banks and bank- ing, in which was foreshadowed the future course of both in national politics. In 1806 Grundy was appointed a judge of the supreme court of errors and appeals, and in March, 1807, he became chief justice. The salary being too small to enable him to live comfortably, he resigned, and in the win- ter of 1807-8 removed to Nashville, Tenn., to practise law. Here he achieved a great reputa- tion as a criminal lawyer. He defended 105 crim- inals on capital indictments, of whom but one was executed. In 1811 he was elected to congress as a war Democrat, and was re-elected in 1813, but resigned next year on account of the illness of yy/z^ ^//"s£ 8 GRYMES GUAL his wife. During the financial depression that followed the war of 1812. he was in 1819 elected to the Tennessee legislature, where he opposed all relief laws, but successfully advocated the estab- lishment of the state bank*. In 1820 he was ap- pointed a commissioner to settle the boundary-line dispute with Kentucky. In 1829 he was elected to the U. S. senate for the unexpired term of John H. Eaton, as an avowed Jacksonian. His speech in 1830 on Foote's resolution was regarded by many in Tennessee as leaning toward nullification, but in the Jackson-Calhoun imbroglio Grundy criticised both participants. In 1832 and 1833, when he was a candidate for re-election, in spite of a letter from Jackson approving his course, he was bitterly op- posed by administration organs, but was finally successful after a long contest. In the senate he was chairman of the committee on post-offices and of the judiciary committee. He supported and defended nearly all of Jackson's measures. In 1838 he entered* Van Buren's cabinet as attorney- general, but only served from September, 1838, to December, 1839," when he resigned, having been re-elected to the senate on 19 Nov. in place of Ephraim H. Poster. On 14 Dec. he resigned his seat on the ground of ineligibility, as he had been still attorney-general when chosen, but he was at once re-elected. In 1838, being instructed to vote against the sub-treasury system, he did so, though favoring it. He opposed all protection except that which is incidental to a tariff levied for revenue, favored the compromise bill of 1833, and suggested and was a member of the committee that revised it. He lies buried in the Nashville city cemetery, where a monument has been erected to his memory. His most finished oration was that delivered on the death of Jefferson and Adams. He was a man of commanding presence, gentle, and amiable. The legal literature of the southwest is filled with anecdotes about him. His last political act was to speak in Tennessee for Van Buren against Har- rison. During this contest Henry Clay, who was passing through Nashville, visited Mrs. Grundy, and, on being told where her husband was, said : " Ah, I see ! Still pleading the cause of criminals." GRYMES, John Randolph, soldier, b. in Vir- ginia about 1746; died there in 1820. In 1776 he joined the royal army under Lord Dunmore at the head of a troop of horse that he had himself raised. In a letter to Lord George Germain, Lord Dunmore said that Mr. Grymes was, " from his fortune, posi- tion, and strict honor, a valuable acquisition to the royal cause." The same year he was expelled from his estate, and all his negroes, cattle, and personal property fell into the hands of the patriots. He joined " the rangers," a battalion of horse, in 1777, and at the close of 1778 resigned and went to England, where he was agent for prosecuting the claims of the loyalists in Virginia. When the in- vasion of Napoleon was apprehended the loyalist Americans in London offered, with the king's ap- proval, to form themselves into a company, and Mr. Grymes was appointed ensign. While in Lon- don he* married his cousin, the daughter of John Randolph, last royal attorney-general of Virginia, and niece of Peyton Randolph, president of the Continental congress. He afterward returned to the United States, settled in Orange county, Va., and became a wealthy slave-holder and planter. — His son, John Randolph, Jr., lawyer, b. in Orange county, Va,, in 1786 ; d. in New Orleans, La., 4 Dec, 1854, removed to Louisiana in 1808. At the battle of New Orleans he volunteered as aide to Gen. Jackson, and was complimented in the despatches of the commander to the war department. Mr. Grymes was engaged during his practice in almost every case of importance in the courts of New Orleans and the surrounding, counties. He was one of Gen. Jackson's counsel in the U. S. bank case, and opposed Daniel Webster in the city of New Orleans against Mrs. Myra Clark Gaines. He held at different periods the offices of U. S. district attorney and attorney-general of the state, served in the legislature several terms, and was a member of the State constitutional convention. During his professional career he fought two duels, in one of which he was severely wounded. GUACANAGARI (gwa-cah-nah-gar'-e), Haytian cacique. He was one of the five native kings who ruled over Hayti at the time of the discovery of the island. He sent a message to Columbus in De- cember, 1492, begging the latter to come to his residence. He received the Spaniards with great courtesy, and when he heard of the shipwreck of one of the vessels of Columbus he invited the dis- coverer to stay at his residence. In 1493 the neighboring caciques attacked the fortress La Na- vidad, which had. been built by Columbus, and massacred the Spanish garrison. Guacanagari and his subjects fought in the defence of the Spaniards, but were routed, their leader wounded, and his village burned to the ground. When Columbus returned on his second voyage, Guacanagari sent his brother to greet the admiral. He refused to take part in the plan formed by Caonabo in 1494 to exterminate the foreign invaders, and incurred thereby the hostility of his fellow-caciques. He informed Columbus of this secret league, and as- sisted him in his expedition against the Indians that were assembled at the Vega, in March, 1495, under Manieaotex. This conduct excited the ha- tred of all the caciques of the island, and he fled to the mountains, where he died in obscurity. GUAL, Pedro (goo-ahl'), South American pa- triot, b. in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1784; d. in Guayaquil, Ecuador, 6 May, 1862. He was gradu- ated at the University of Caracas in 1809, and soon afterward emigrated to Trinidad, to escape imprisonment for having expressed revolutionary opinions. He returned to Caracas on hearing of the revolution of 1810, was elected a member of the legislature in 1811, and also acted as secretary to Gen. Miranda, After the surrender of the Re- publicans in 1812, Gual escaped to New York, but afterward returned to Cartagena. He was obliged to flee again to St, Thomas, but subsequently be- came governor of Cartagena, and then ambassador to the United States from Colombia. He was ad- mitted to the bar in Washington, D. C, and began to practise law, when Bolivar summoned him to join the expedition of Montilla and Brion in 1816, which resulted in regaining the provinces of Car- tagena, Santa Marta, and Rio Hacha. These provinces were united in one state, of which Gual became governor. While member of the congress of Cucuta he was made minister of finance and foreign affairs, and afterward held the same office in Bogota till 1826. He was a member of the American assembly which met in Mexico in 1826. From 1828 till 18*37 he lived in retirement, when he was sent to Europe by the government of Ecuador, and caused Spain to acknowledge the independence of that country. In 1848 he removed to Caracas, where he lived in retirement during the administration of Monagas. On 15 March, 1858, there was a revolt against Monagas, and the National convention appointed Gual president of the provisional government. He restored order, and was appointed president of the council of state by Gen. Castro, but resigned, and was elected dep- GUANOALCA GUBERT uty to the National convention of Valencia. In 1859 he was elected vice-president of the republic, and in the next year G-ual occupied the executive chair, acting with energy raising troops against the insurgents of the east. He resigned his office in 1861, and retired to private life in Guayaquil, where he remained until his death. (xUANOALCA (goo-an-o-ahl'-ka), Araucanian cacique, b. in the valley of Puren in 1530 ; d. in Mariguefiu in 1591. In his early youth he offered his services to the Araucanian toqui, or general-in- chief, Caupolican, and participated against the Spaniards in all the battles of the war for inde- pendence, which lasted from 1541 till 1600. At the head of his tribe, he was at the capture of Fort Tucapel in November, 1553, and the subsequent defeat and death of Valdivia in the same place in 1554. He continued to lead his tribe in the na- tional strife for liberty, and used to penetrate into the midst of the Spanish hosts, to avoid the effect of the fire-arms, and engage a hand-to-hand fight, so that his whole body was soon covered by wounds and scars. In 1587, at the head of 1,000 Indians, he captured the fort of Puren, which was, how- ever, recovered two days afterward by the Span- iards, on the arrival of re-enforcements. In 1588, at the death of the toqui Cadiguala, Guanoalca was elected by the united tribes as commander-in-chief, and at their head invested again the fortress of Puren, which after a time was abandoned by its defenders for want of provisions, and destroyed by the Indians. He also gained in that year two important victories at Trinidad and Espiritu Santo, and made an unsuccessful attack on the fortress of Mariguenu. In the two following years he con- tinued the warfare with varying fortunes, captur- ing some forts and destroying several settlements, and when, in 1591, he invested Mariguenu again with a strong force, he was, notwithstanding his age and numerous wounds, the first in the assault, but was killed by the stroke of a battle-axe. GTJARDIA, Tomas, president of Costa Rica, b. in Bagaces, province of Guanacaste, 17 Dec, 1832 ; d. in San Jose, Costa Rica, 6 July, 1882. He en- tered the army in 1850, fought against William Walker's filibusters in 1855, and was promoted captain. He afterward became colonel, and in 1866 military commander of the province of Ala- juela, but being persecuted on account of his po- litical opinion by the administration of Jesus Jimenez, he resigned in 1869, and soon put him- self at the head of other malcontents. On 27 April, 1870, he took the government palace by surprise, and made the president prisoner. Dr. Bruno Carranza was appointed provisional presi- dent, with Guardia as commander-in-chief of the military. Carranza resigned on 8 Aug., and Guar- dia was chosen provisional president, but, as the national assembly continued hostile, he abdicated and retired to Alajuela. On 7 Oct. the garrison of that city pronounced in his favor, and he was proclaimed dictator, and subsequently chosen presi- dent. In 1874 and 1878 he was re-elected, and was in fact the irresponsible ruler of the republic, but notwithstanding this, and his strenuous oppo- sition to Central American union, his government did much for the country, fostering public schools, and protected agriculture. He began the building of an interoceanic railway, against the advice of en- gineers, and at the time of his death the republic was about $20,000,000 in debt, with the road still unfinished. He also built telegraph-lines over the republic and left over 400 miles established. He was defeated in the elections of 1882, but died a few weeks before the end of his term. GTJARDIOLA, Santos (war-de'-o-lah), president of Honduras, b. in Tegucigalpa in 1812 ; d. there in 1862. He entered the army at an early age, and his daring and cruelty in the civil wars of Central America earned for him the name of the " Tiger of Honduras." In an effort to overthrow the govern- ment of his native state in 1850, he was defeated and banished. In 1856 he joined the Nicaraguan forces as general of division, was defeated first by Walker, then by Munoz, and returned to Honduras, where, by a revolutionary movement, aided by Guatemala, he was elevated to the presidency. He crushed all revolutionary movements with an iron hand, and the republic enjoyed comparative peace under his rule ; but he made some liberal laws, and thereby became obnoxious to his former supporters, the clergy. They openly preached dissension from the pulpit, and in 1862 Guardiola was overthrown by a new insurrection and assassinated. GUAR10NEX (war-re-o-nex'), Haytian cacique, d. in June, 1502. He was one of the five native kings who ruled over the island at the time of the discoveiy by the Spanish. He permitted Colum- bus in 1494 to build the fortress named " Concep- cion," in the midst of his territory, and submitted without resistance to the Spanish domination and the payment of a tribute. In 1496 he embraced the Christian faith, but relapsed into his old re- ligion. He afterward rose in arms against the Spaniards, and entered the league formed against them by the other caciques, and was seized and im- prisoned, but after some time set at liberty. In 1498 he entered into a conspiracy with Francisco Roldan, the chief judge, against the adelantado Bartolome Columbus. The conspiracy was discov- ered, and Guarionex fled with his family and a small band of retainers to the mountain fastnesses of Ciguay, whence he made several descents into the plains, laying waste the villages of the natives who continued faithful to the Spaniards. The adelantado marched against him with a large force, and compelled him to retire to the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the mountains, where he was finally surprised, and brought in chains to Fort Coneepcion in 1500. He was kept a prisoner, and finally sent to Spain by the new governor, Alonso de Ojeda, together with the ex-commis- sioner, Bobadilla, and Roldan, and they all perished in the hurricane that had been predicted by Chris- topher Columbus, in June, 1502. GrUBERT, Louise, singer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa. ; d. in Baltimore, Md., in 1882. Her paternal grandfather was a French officer, who had served under the first Napoleon, and her father was a Cuban. At the age of fifteen she sang the "In- flammatus " from Rossini's " Stabat Mater," at a concert in Philadelphia, and soon afterward took part in numerous concerts for charitable purposes. While she was still pursuing her education, the Sisters of the Visitation from Georgetown, D. C, established a branch of their order in Philadelphia, where Miss Gubert became one of their pupils, and determined to embrace a religious life. A few years after her father's death she accompanied Bishop Whelan to Wheeling, Va., and in a short time en- tered the community of Visitation nuns established there, where the spiritual name of Sister Mary Agnes was conferred on her. Through her skill and energy the school acquired a wide reputation. Before the academy was removed to its present lo- cality, at Mount de Chantal, she was visited by all the distinguished musicians who passed through Wheeling. Among her best songs were " The Erl- King," by Schubert, and the principal arias from "Der Freischutz." The last time that she sang 10 GUELL Y RENTE GUERRERO in the convent was on the occasion of a first com- munion, when, without the organ accompaniment, she rendered one of Father Faber's hymns. GUELL Y RENTE, Juan (goo-ell'), Cuban au- thor, b. in Havana in 1815 ; d. in Madrid, Spain, in 1875. He was educated in Havana, and went to Spain in 1835, where he entered the army, but after several years returned to his native city. He was a member of the Spanish cortes several times. He published a volume of poems (1843) ; " Hojas del Alma," poems (1844) ; " IJltimos Cantos " (Madrid, (1859) ; and " Noches de Estio " (1861).— His brother, Jose, author, b. in Havana in 1818 ; d. in Madrid, Spain. 20 Dec, 1884, went, in 1835, to Barcelona, Spain, where he received, in 1838, the diploma of LL. D. After spending several years in his native city he returned to Spain, and in 1848, notwithstand- ing great opposition from high quarters, married Dona Josefa Fernanda, sister to the king consort. Giiell suffered many hardships on account of this marriage ; his wife was deprived of all the rights and honors belonging to her royal birth, and he was banished from Spain. He went to France, and remained there several years, taking part in many of the conspiracies of the Liberals against the Spanish government. In 1879 Giiell was elected senator for Havana to the Spanish cortes. He published " Amarguras del Corazon," a volume of poems (Havana, 1843) ; " Lagrimas del Corazon," poems (Madrid, 1846) ; " Leyendas Americanas," which have been translated into English, French, Italian, and German (1856), and other works in Spanish. He also wrote much in French, including the novels " Neludia," " Les deux folies," " Cathe- rine Ossuna," " Les amours d'un negre," and " Philippe II. et Don Carlos devant 1'histoire," an historical work which shows much research (1878). GUEMES Y HORCASITAS, Juan Francisco (guay'-meth), Cuban statesman, b. in Oviedo, Spain, in 1682 ; d. in 1768. He took part in the wars of the beginning of the 18th century, and from 1734 to 1746 was governor of Cuba. He or- ganized the judicial system of the island, founded hospitals, established a general post-office, caused the construction of several first-class men-of-war, fortified Havana, and in 1739 sent a successful ex- pedition to the relief of St. Augustine, Fla., be- sieged by the English. In 1742 he sent another expedition to South Carolina. In 1746 he was ap- pointed viceroy of Mexico, and there also he intro- duced many reforms. In 1755 he returned to Spain, and was brevetted captain-general, and created count of Re- villa Gigedo. — His son, Juan Vicente, count of Revilla Gigedo, vice- roy of Mexico, b. in Havana, Cuba, about 1734; d. in Madrid, Spain, 2 May, 1799, was educated in Spain, en- tered the army, took part in the siege of Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783, was promoted lieutenant-general, and in 1789 appointed vice- roy of Mexico. He im- mediately began one of the most beneficial administrations " that Mexico ever had under Spanish rule. He re- formed the financial management, finished the paving of the principal streets of the capital, had the open sewers and canals filled up and subter- ranean sewers provided, cleaned the principal square, established free primary schools, and be- gan a carriage-road to Vera Cruz. He also estab- lished the botanical garden in Mexico, and sent scientific expeditions to Bering strait and the strait of Juan de Fuca. But he was calumniated at court, was relieved of the government, 12 July, 1794, and spent his ^last days in Spain. GUENUCALQUIN (gwe'n-noo-kal-keen'), Arau- canian cacique, b. in the valley of Ilicura, Arauco, in 1599 ; d. there in 1634. From his early youth he participated in the struggle against the Spanish invaders of his country, and was elected cacique of his tribe in 1626. He attacked the Spanish army in the defile of Robleria in 1630, and after a protract- ed fight routed them with heavy loss. His gal- lantry and strategic ability caused him to be elected toqui by the united tribes of Arauco in 1631. In 1632 Guenucalquin was advised by his chiefs to surprise the Spanish camp in the night, but he re- fused, saying that he did not wish to be accused by the enemy of having taken advantage of the dark- ness. In the battle that took place on the follow- ing morning the Indians were gaining the advan- tage, when the second chief of the Araucanian army, Putapichion, was killed, and in their desire to rescue his body the Indians became confused and put to flight. After this defeat, Guenucalquin collected the scattered forces again, and continued his inroads into Spanish territory till their army invaded Arauco once more, and he was killed in a bloody battle in his native valley. GUERNSEY, Alfred Hudson, editor, b. in Ver- mont in 1825. He was for several years editor of "Harper's Magazine," and from 1872 till 1876 was an associate editor of the " American Cyclo- paedia," to which he contributed numerous articles. He has also written largely for periodicals, mainly on historical subjects, and is author, jointly with Henry M. Alden, of " Harper's Pictorial History of the Great Rebellion," Mr. Guernsey writing the eastern campaigns (2 vols., New York, 1862-'5), and of " The Spanish Armada " (1882). GUERRERO, Teodoro (ga-rayr'-ro), Cuban au- thor, b. in Havana, Cuba, in 1825. He went te Spain to be educated, returned to his native coun- try in 1845, and began his literary career by pub- lishing " Teodorelas," a volume of poems. In 1855 his drama " La Escala del Poder " was performed at Madrid, and his comedy " La Cabeza y el Cora- zon" at Havana in 1861. Guerrero has taken a great interest in educational matters. He has published " Lecciones de Mundo," which has gone through many editions, "Anatomia del corazon," "Cuentos de la Salon," "Historia intima de Seis- Mujeres," and novels and pieces for the theatre. GUERRERO, Vicente (ger-ray'-ro), president of Mexico, b. in Tixtla, Mexico, in 1783 ; d. in Cui- lapam, Mexico, 14 Feb., 1831. He distinguished himself in the battle of Izucar, 23 Feb., 1812, and after the defeat of the revolutionists at Puruaran went to the south of Mexico and gained several victories over the Spaniards. In 1816 he was de- feated in Canada de las Naranjos. but soon after- ward he defeated Zavala and Reguera in Azoyu. The Spanish general Apodaca then offered to par- don him if he would yield, but- he refused. The death of Morelos, Matamoros, and Mina, the im- prisonment of Bravo and Rayon, and the par- don accepted by Teran, almost put an end to the revolution, and Guerrero was the only general that continued to resist the Spaniards, until the victory of Tamo, 15 Sept., 1818, revived the cause and enabled him to gain other victories. When GUESS GUIGNAS 11 he was convinced that Iturbide desired the inde- pendence of Mexico, he joined him ; but when Itur- bide caused himself to be proclaimed emperor, he opposed him and was defeated and wounded in the battle of Almo- longa, 23 Jan., 1823. Guerrero was appoint- ed a member of the ex- ecutive council when the Republicans were victorious, and exiled Iturbide. Afterward Bravo was elected head of the so-called Esco- ces party, and Guer- rero of the Yorkino. The rivals met in bat- tle, Bravo was defeat- ed, and Guerrero be- came president of Mex- ico. But he was soon deposed in favor of Santa - Anna, fled to the south, and made war upon the administration until January, 1831, when he was inveigled on board an Italian ship, and delivered to his enemies. He was condemned by a court-martial and shot. GUESS, George, or SEQUOYAH, a Cherokee half-breed, inventor of the Cherokee alphabet, b. about 1770; d. in San Fernando, northern Mexi- co, in August, 1843. He cultivated a small farm in the Cherokee country of Georgia, and was known as an ingenious silversmith, when, in 1826, he in- vented a syllabic alphabet of the language of his nation of eighty-five characters, each representing a single sound. This is probably the most perfect alphabet ever devised for any language. He used the characters that he found in an English spelling-book as far as they went, though he knew no language but his own. In 1828 a newspaper called the " Phoe- nix " was established, part of which was printed in Guess's alphabet, and it was also used in printing a part of the New Testament. Guess was not a Christian, and is said to have regretted his inven- tion when he heard that it had been used for the latter purpose. He accompanied his tribe in their emigration beyond the Mississippi, and in 1842 went with other Indians to Mexico. GUEST, John, jurist, b. in England; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 8 Sept., 1707. He received a university education in England, and probably en- gaged in the practice of the law before coming to this country. In 1701, shortly after his arrival in Philadelphia, he was commissioned by William Penn to be chief justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, and presiding judge of the courts of common pleas, quarter sessions, and the orphans' court of the city and county of Philadelphia. He served as chief justice in 1701, 1702, and 1705, as an associate justice in the same court in 1704, and as presiding judge of the other courts from 1701 till 1706. He was invited by Penn to a seat in his council in July, 1701, and continued a member of this body untii his death. GUEST, John, naval officer, b. in Missouri in 1821 ; d. in Portsmouth, N. H., 12 Jan., 1879. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1837, and in 1843 became passed midshipman, and was attached to the steamer " Poinsett " in the survey of Tampa bay in 1844-'5. In 1850 he was made lieutenant, and in 1866 captain. He served in 1845-'8 on the frigate " Congress " in the Pacific, on the coast of Mexico during the Mexican war, and took part on shore in several sharp engagements. In 1854 he was second in command of the seamen and ma- rines of the U. S. steamer " Plymouth," boarded at Shanghai a Chinese man-of-war and liberated a pilot-boat crew, and was also in a severe and vic- torious fight with the Chinese rebels, who endeav- ored to plunder the foreign residents of the city in April of the same year. He was in command of the boats of the " Niagara," and cut out the Con- federate steamer " Aid," under the guns of Fort Morgan, in August, 1861. Capt. Guest commanded the " Owasco," of Admiral Porter's mortar flotilla, in the bombardment and passage of Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, and commanded the same ves- sel at the bombardment of Vicksburg in the sum- mer of the same year, receiving the highest praise from his superiors. He commanded the iron-clad " Lehigh " and the steamer " Itasca " at both of the Fort Fisher engagements. He was promoted to commodore in 1873, and at the time of his death was commandant of the Portsmouth navy-yard. GUIDO T SPANO, Carlos, Argentine poet, b. in Salta, 8 March, 1832. He was graduated in law at the University of San Carlos, Buenos Ayres, in 1853, practised in Buenos Ayres, and in 1862 was elect- ed deputy to the Federal congress, where he became one of the leaders of the National party. In 1865 he was elected president of the national congress, but when the war with Paraguay be- gan he resigned, and served as lieu- tenant-colonel. In 1872 he was elect- ed to the national senate, and was its president for four years. Dur- ing the yellow-fe- ver epidemic of 1871 he was one of the members of the popular commission for the relief of the sufferers. He is now (1887) keeper of the national records in Buenos Ayres. He began to write verses while still in college, and has gained reputa- tion as a poet. The greater part of his poems have been collected in his book " Hojas al Viento " (Buenos Ayres, 1871). Guido is one of the most popular poets of the Argentine. GUIGNAS, Ignatius, clergyman, b. in France about the end of the 17th century. He was a mem- ber of the Society of Jesus, and founded the mis- sion of St. Michael the Archangel among the Sioux, in what is now Minnesota, in 1727. After beginning his mission labors, he was forced to abandon the work, owing to a victory of the Foxes over the French. He attempted to reach the Illinois coun- try in 1728, but fell into the hands of the Kieka- poos and Mascoutens, allies of the Foxes, by whom he was detained prisoner five months, and was con- stantly in danger of death. After a time he was condemned to be burned alive, but was saved by an old man who adopted him. He afterward received supplies from the Illinois missionaries, and used these to gain over the Indians, whom he induced to make peace. He was taken to the Illinois coun- try, and left on parole until November, 1729, when the Indians took him back to their canton. On being liberated he seems to have returned^ the Dakota mission, where he was laboring in 1736. bwUv &fMUW- 12 GUIGUES GUMILLA GUIGUES, Joseph Eugene Bruno, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in Gap, France, 28 Aug., 1805 ; d. in Ottawa, Canada, 9 Feb., 1874. He decided early in life to devote himself to the church, and entered the congregation of the Oblate Fathers. He soon gained the highest rank in the order, was sent to Canada on a special mission in 1844, and shortly afterward appointed superior and perpetual visitor of the Oblates of Canada. In 1847 the see of Ottawa was created, and, at the request of the bishop of Montreal, Father Guigues was nominated its first bishop, and was consecrated 30 July, 1848. The country under his jurisdiction was at this time sparsely settled, and most of the population was of a floating character. His whole diocese contained only five priests and between four and five thousand Roman Catholics. He set to work to obtain priests from France and Ireland, and his success increased the tide of emigration, which was beginning to flow into the valley of the Otta- wa. He established a house of the Oblate Fathers at Notre Dame du Desert, a hundred miles from the city of Ottawa, which supplied him abundantly with missionaries. Another mission was founded at Temiscaming. He was instrumental in found- ing the College of Ottawa, opened institutions that were conducted by the Sisters of Charity and the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, and established a large number of schools under the care of the Christian Brothers. An orphanage at Ottawa, and houses of refuge for the infirm and old, owed their existence to him. He was particularly anxious to strengthen the French element in Upper Canada, and contributed much to arrest the emigration which had been setting eastward, while his aid and advice drew many French Canadians to settle in the valley of the Ottawa. At his death the num- ber of priests had increased from five to seventy- five. There were a hundred and fifteen churches in the diocese, and the number of Roman Catho- lics was considerably over seventy-five thousand. GUILD, Curtis, journalist, b. in Boston, Mass., 13 Jan., 1827. He was educated in the Boston public schools, and at sixteen years of age entered a merchant's office, but in 1847 became connected with the Boston "Daily Journal," and has since devoted himself to journalism. He founded in 1859 the Boston " Commercial Bulletin," and since that date has been its editor-in-chief. Mr. Guild was president of the Boston commercial club in 1882-'3, and has been president of the Bostonian society since 1882. For more than forty years he has contributed to almost every department of current literature. He is the author of " Over the Ocean," a series of sketches of European travel, first published in the " Commercial Bulletin " (Bos- ton, 1871) ; and " Abroad Again " (1876). GUILD, Reuben Aldridge, author, b. in West Dedham, Mass., 4 May, 1822. He was graduated at Brown, in 1847, and in 1848 was appointed libra- rian of the university, which place he has held to the present time (1887). Under his charge the library has increased from 17,000 to 66,000 volumes. In 1878 a fire-proof library building was completed, in accordance with his own wishes and sugges- tions. The classification of the library, the ar- rangement of the books, and the card catalogue, have been highly approved. In 1874 he received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Shurtleff col- lege. In 1877 he travelled in England and Scot- land, visiting the great libraries of Oxford, Cam- bridge, London, Edinburgh, and Glasgow. Be- sides current articles, including many on Free- masonry, he is the author of " Librarian's Manual, a Treatise on Bibliography, with Sketches of Pub- lic Libraries" (New York, 1858); "Life, Times, and Correspondence of James Manning, and the Early History of Brown University " (Boston, 1864) ; " History of Brown University, with Illus- trative Documents " (Providence, 1867) ; " Bio- graphical Introduction to the Writings of Roger Williams " (1866) ; " Chaplain Smith and the Bap- tists " (Philadelphia, 1885) ; and has edited " Rhode Island in the Continental Congress, 1765-1790," by William R. Staples (Providence, 1870) ; " Lit- erary and Theological Addresses of Alva Woods," with a life (1868); "Letter of John Cotton, and Roger Williams's Reply " (1866) ; and " Queries of Highest Consideration," by Roger Williams (1867). GUINZBERG, Aaron, rabbi, b. in Prague, Bohemia, in 1812 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 20 July, 1873. After a thorough rabbinical and general education in his native city, he was appointed rabbi of Libochowitz, Bohemia. In 1846 he wrote a spirited defence of Judaism, and demanded political emancipation for the Jews of Austria. His work, " Dogmatisch-historisch Beleuchtung des alten Judenthums," was dedicated to Sir Moses Monte- fiore, but its tone was too liberal for the government, and soon after its publication he emigrated to the United States, where he officiated as rabbi in Balti- more, Rochester, and Boston. Dr. Guinzberg was a man of considerable erudition, which he strove to utilize for the moral advancement of his brethren and the vindication of his religion. He was favor- ably known as a teacher of distinction at various institutes of learning. He was a frequent con- tributor to the Jewish and general press, and his writings were usually of a polemic character. He belonged to the conservative school. GULDIN, John C, clergyman, b. in Bucks county, Pa., in 1799 ; d. in New York city in 1863. He studied theology under Herman, and it is sup- posed that he was licensed to preach in 1820. Mr. Guldin was known as the "Apostle to the Germans." From 1820 till 1842 he preached in the counties of Chester, Montgomery, and Franklin, Pa., re- moved to New York in 1842, and was pastor of a congregation, and general missionary to the Ger- mans. He superintended the German publications of the American tract society, and was the chief editor of the hymn-book that has since been adopted by the Presbyterian church for the use of its German congregations. GULICK, Peter Johnson, missionary, b. in Freehold, N. J., 12 March, 1797 ; d. in Kobe, Ja- pan, 8 Dec, 1877. He was graduated at Princeton in 1825, and studied for two years at the theo- logical seminary there. He was licensed to preach by the presbytery of New Brunswick in 182 7 , and was ordained by the same presbytery in October of that year. In November he left Boston for the Hawaiian islands under commission of the Ameri- can board of commissioners for foreign missions, and was stationed on various islands of the Ha- waiian kingdom. In 1874 he went to Japan, and there passed the last days of his life with a son who was also a missionary. GUMILLA, Jos6, Spanish missionary, b. in Barcelona, Spain, in 1690 ; d. in Madrid in 1758. He entered the Jesuit order in 1708, and in 1714 was sent as a missionary to South America. He was sent into different provinces successively, and while performing the duties of his ministry was a close observer of the manners of the inhabitants. He gave all the time his missionary labors allowed him to the study of natural history, and during his journeys collected plants unknown in Europe, formed collections of insects, and dissected the animals that the Indians brought him after hunt- GUMMERE GURLEY 13 ing or fishing. Having been appointed superior of the missions on the Orinoco in 1728, he sailed up this river and visited all the settlements, Indian as well as Spanish, that were situated in this prov- ince. He was appointed rector of the College of Carthagena in 1734, and of that in Madrid in 1738. He published " El Orinoco ilustrado y de : fendido : historia natural, civil y geografiea de las naciones situadas en las riberas de esto gran rio " (enlarged ed., 2 vols., with plates, Madrid, 1745). The history of the Orinoco has been often reprinted. The best edition is probably the one published at Barcelona (2 vols., 1791). It was translated into French by Eidous (3 vols., Paris, 1758). Unlike that of most Spanish writers, Gumilla's style is re- markable for its simplicity. The Abbe Raynal, in his " Histoire du commerce des Europeens dans les deux Indies " has borrowed some of his most effec- tive passages from the work of Gumilla. GUMMERE, John, educator, b. in Willow Grove, Pa., in 1784; d. in Burlington, N. J., 31 May, 1845. For more than forty years he was a successful teacher in the towns of Burlington, N. J., Horsham, Pa., Rancocus, N. J., and Westtown, Pa., and conducted with his son, Samuel J., a boarding-school in Burlington. In 1833-'43 he was professor of mathematics, and part of the time Erineipal, of the Friends' college at Haverford. te then returned to the Burlington academy, where he remained until his death. He became a mem- ber of the American philosophical society in 1814, and in 1825 was given the degree of M. A. by Princeton. A memorial of his life was printed for Srivate circulation by W. J. Allinson (Burlington, r. J., 1845). He published " A Treatise on Sur- veying " (New York, 1814), and " An Elementary Treatise on Theoretical and Practical Astronomy " (1822). — His brother, Samuel R., educator, b. in Horsham, Pa., 3 March, 1789 ; d. in Burlington, N. J., 13 Sept., 1866, was the principal of a board- ing-school for girls at Burlington from 1821 till 1837, and was known as a successful teacher. In 1840-'50 he was clerk of the chancery court of New Jersey. He published "Treatise on Geog- raphy " (Philadelphia, 1817) ; " A Revision of the Progressive Spelling-Book " (1831) ; and a " Com- pendium of Elocution " (1857). GUNDLACH, Juan, Cuban naturalist, b. in Marburg, Hesse-Cassel, in 1810. His father was professor of physics and mathematics of the uni- versity of his native city. Young Gundlach was graduated there as doctor of philosophy in 1837 and in 1839 went to Cuba, where he began to make collections in natural history. He has continued this work to the present time (1887), with the ex- ception of a few years before 1875, when the in- surrection in the island compelled him to reside in Porto Rico. In 1867 he arranged the Cuban col- lections at the Paris exposition, receiving a silver medal for his services. His name is associated with over sixty species, including one of land mol- lusks called " Gundlachia Hjalraarsoni," and two called " Unio Gundlachi." At his death his large and valuable collections will become the property of the island of Cuba. Gundlach is a member of scientific societies in all parts of the world, and has published numerous papers on natural history, which have been reprinted in the annals of the " Academia de Ciencias de la Habana." GUNN, Donald, Canadian jurist, b. in Falkirk, Caithness-shire, Scotland, in September, 1797 ; d. in St. Andrew's, Manitoba, 30 Nov., 1878. In 1813 he went to the northwest, and entered the service of the Hudson bay company, in which he remained ten years. In 1823 he settled at Red river, and was for about twenty years one of the judges of the court of session, being president of the court for a part of that time. When the legislative council was instituted in Manitoba he became a member, and retained his seat until that body was abolished in 1876. He was thoroughly versed in the natural history of the northwest, and contrib- uted many papers on this subject to the " Miscel- laneous Collections of the Smithsonian Institu- tion," and other publications. He was a member of the board of management of Manitoba college. GUNN, James, senator, b. in Virginia in 1739; d. in Louisville, Ky., 30 July, 1801. He received a common-school education, studied law, was ad- mitted to the bar, and removed to Savannah, Ga., where he practised his profession. He was elected as U. S. senator to the 1st congress, and was re-elect- ed in 1789. Mr. Gunn was one of the members of congress who voted for establishing the seat of government at Washington. GUNNISON, John W., engineer, b. in New Hampshire in 1812 : d. near Sevier Lake, Utah, 26 Oct., 1853. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- tary academy, became 2d lieutenant of topographi- cal engineers, 7 July, 1838 ; 1st lieutenant, 9 May, 1846 ; and captain, 3 March, 1853. He served in the Florida war of 1837-'9, was engaged for near- ly ten years in the survey of the northwestern lakes and in the improvement of the harbors, and in 1849-51 was associated with Capt. Howard Stans- bury in making maps of the Great Salt Lake re- gion, drawing up an able report on his work. In 1853 he had charge of the expeditions and survey of a central route for a railway from the Missis- sippi river to the Pacific ocean. While thus en- gaged he was murdered, with seven of his explor- ing-party, by a band of Mormons and Parvante In- dians, his body being pierced by seventeen arrows and otherwise mutilated. He is the author of a " Historv of the Mormons of Utah: Their Domes- tic Polity and Theology " (Philadelphia, 1852). GURLEY, Phineas Densinore, clergyman, b. in Hamilton, Madison co., N. Y^., 12 Nov., 1816; d. in Washington, D. C, 30 Sept., 1868. He was graduated at Union in 1837, with the highest hon- ors of his class, and at Princeton theological semi- nary in 1840. After holding pastorates in Indian- apolis, Ind., and Dayton, Ohio, he accepted in 1854 a call from the F street church in Washington, D. C, which in 1859 was united with the 2d Pres- byterian church of the same city, and continued to be the pastor of both congregations until his death. In 1859 he was chosen chaplain of the U. S. sen- ate. Dr. Gurley numbered among his regular hearers several presidents of the United States, among them Mr. Lincoln, at whose death-bed he was present, and whose funeral sermon he deliv- ered. He took an active part in the negotiations that resulted in the union of the old-school and new-school branches of the Presbvterian church. GURLEY, Ralph Randolph," clergyman, b. in Lebanon, Conn., 26 May, 1797; d. in Washington, D. C, 30 July, 1872. He was graduated at Yale in 1818, removed to Washington, D. C. and was licensed to preach as a Presbyterian, but was never ordained. From 1822 till 1872 he acted as the agent and secretary of the American colonization society, visited Africa three times in its interests, and was one of the founders of Liberia. He also went to England to solicit aid in the work of colo- nization. During the first ten years of his agency the annual income of the societv increased from $778 to $40,000. He delivered addresses in its be- half in all parts of the country, edited " The Afri- can Repository," and, besides many reports, wrote 14 GURNEY GUSTAFSON the " Life of Jehudi Ashmun " (New York, 1839) ; " Mission to England for the American Coloniza- tion Society " (1841) ; and " Life and Eloquence of Rev. Sylvester Larned " (New York, 1844). GURNEY, Francis, soldier, b. in Bucks county, Pa., in 1738 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 25 May, 1815. He volunteered in the provincial army in 1756, served under Gen. Israel Putnam, and came to be regarded by that officer in the light of an adopted son. Gurney was present at the capture of Louis- bourg, Cape "Breton, 25 July, 1758, and at the close of the war joined the expedition against the French West India islands, and assisted in the taking of Guadeloupe, 27 April, 1759. On his return he en- gaged in commerce in Philadelphia, and at the be- ginning of the Revolutionary war assisted in the organization and drilling of troops. Although at first he refused to accept a commission, Mr. Gurney was made captain in a regiment of infantry raised by authority of the province. The following year he entered the regular army, was appointed lieuten- ant-colonel, and was present at the battles of Iron Hill, Branclywine, and Germantown, in the first of which he was wounded. After the war he returned to mercantile pursuits in Philadelphia, where he resided until his death. He was for several years warden of the port, during which period he origi- nated and carried out an important improvement in the buoys and beacons in Delaware bay. He was repeatedly elected to the lower branch of the legis- lature, and subsequently sent to the senate. He was also a trustee of Dickinson college, county ■commissioner, and director of various institutions. In the whiskey rebellion of 1794, Col. Gurney com- manded the 1st regiment of the Philadelphia bri- gade, which was composed of young men of good family and education. At a critical period of the Revolutionary war, when there was great difficulty in procuring supplies for the American army, Mr. Gurney was one of several residents of Philadel- phia who gave their bonds to the amount of about £260,000 for procuring them. The amount of his personal subscription was £2,000. GURNEY, William, soldier, b. in Flushing, N. Y., 21 Aug., 1821 ; d. in New York city, 3 Feb., 1879. At the beginning of the civil war he was engaged in business in New York city. In April, 1861, he entered the National service with the 7th regiment, of which he was a member, for the three months' term. At its conclusion he accepted a commission as captain in the 65th New York, known as the " Fighting Chasseurs," and served in that capacity through the early campaigns of the war. In 1862 he was appointed assistant inspect- or-general and examining officer on Gov. Morgan's staff. In July of that year he received authority to raise a regiment, and in thirty days he had re- cruited the 127th New York, at the head of which he returned to the field, joining the 23d army corps. In the following October he was assigned to the command of the 2d brigade of Gen. Aber- crombie's division. In 1864 he was ordered with his brigade to join Gen. Gilmore's command on the South Carolina coast, and in December, having been severely wounded in the arm in an engage- ment at Devoe's Neck, was sent north for treat- ment. Before he had been completely restored to health he was assigned to the command of the Charleston post, and while there was promoted brig- adier-general of volunteers for gallantry in action. After he was mustered out of the service in July, 1865, he returned to Charleston and established himself in business. In October, 1870, he became treasurer of Charleston county, and held the office until 1876. He was a presidential elector in 1873, and in 1874 was appointed a centennial commis- sioner by President Grant, and elected a vice-presi- dent of the commission. GUROWSKI, Adam, Count, author, b. in the palatinate of Kalisz, Poland, 10 Sept., 1805 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 4 May, 1866. He was a son of the Count Ladislas Gurowski, who was an ardent admirer of Kosciusko, and who lost the greater part of his estates through having participated in the insurrection of 1794. Having been expelled in 1818, and again in 1819, from the gymnasia of War- saw and Kalisz for revolutionary demonstrations, young Gurowski continued his studies at various German universities. Returning to Warsaw in 1825, he became identified with those opposed to Russian influence, and was in consequence several times imprisoned. He was active in organizing the revolution of 1830, in which he afterward took part. On its suppression he escaped to France, where he lived for several years and adopted many of the views of Fourier. He was also a member of the na- tional Polish committee in Paris, and became con- spicuous in political and literary circles. His estates had meantime been confiscated and he himself con- demned to death ; but in 1835 he published a work entitled " La verite sur la Russie," in which he advocated a union of the different branches of the Slavic race. The book being favorably regarded by the Russian government, Gurowski was recalled, and, although his estates were not restored, he was employed in the civil service. In 1844, finding that he had many powerful enemies at court, he left secretly for Berlin and went thence to Heidel- berg. Here he gave himself to study, and for two years lectured on political economy in the Uni- versity of Berne, Switzerland. He then went to Italy, and in 1849 came to the United States, where he engaged in literary pursuits and became deeply interested in American politics. From 1861 till 1863 he was translator in the state department at Washington, being acquainted with eight languages. Before coming to this country he had published " La civilisation et la Russie " (St. Petersburg, 1840) ; " Pensees sur l'avenir des Polonais " (Ber- lin, 1841) ; " Aus meinem Gedankenbuche " (Bres- lau, 1843); "Eine Tour durch Belgien" (Heidel- berg, 1845); " Impressions et souvenirs " (Lausanne, 1846) ; " Die letzten Ereignisse in den drei Theilen des alten Polen " (Munich, 1846) ; and " Le Pansla- visme" (Florence, 1848). During his residence in the United States he published " Russia as it Is" (New York, 1854) ; " The Turkish Question " (1854) ; " A Year of the War " (1855) : " America and Eu- rope " (1857); " Slavery in History " (1860) ; and " My Diary," notes on the civil war (3 vols., 1862-'6). GUSTAFSON, Axel Carl Johan, author, b. in Lund, Sweden, about 1847. His father is a clergyman, and Axel was educated in his native town. At the age of twenty-one he came to the United States, was naturalized, and began to write for the press. Becoming interested in the temper- ance movement, he contributed to a Boston jour- nal an article on the Gottenburg system of grant- ing licenses, which led to an investigation of the different licensing systems of the world. He also became a contributor to several of the leading pe- riodicals. Soon after coming to this country he married Mrs. Zadel Barnes Buddington, who has since greatly assisted him in his literary work. Going to England, Mr. and Mrs. Gustafson met Samuel Morley, the philanthropist., who induced the former to change his intention of writing a work on the abuse of tobacco, and discuss the liquor question instead. " The Foundation of Death " (London, 1884) was the outcome of this GUTHEIM GUTHRIE 15 change of plan. This work discusses the use of liquor among the ancients, the history of the dis- covery of distillation, liquor adulterations, the effects of alcohol on the physical organs and func- tions, the social and moral results arising from the drinking habit, heredity, the use of alcohol as a medicine, and includes an inquiry into the meth- ods of reformation. It has passed through three editions, and been translated into Swedish, German, French, Spanish, Malagasy, Burmese, and Mah- ratta. Mr. and Mrs. Gustafson are now (1887) pre- paring a series of school-books, intended to incul- cate their views on the temperance question. — His wife, Zadel Barnes Budding-ton, author, b. in Middletown, Conn., about 1840, early began writ- ing verses, stories, and sketches. Subsequently a paper by her in favor of the abolition of capital punishment attracted general attention. For two years she was political editor of a Massachusetts journal. Of her tribute to the poet Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier wrote : " I can only compare it with Milton's ' Lycidas ' ; it is worthy of any living poet at least." Her poem of " Little Martin Crag- han," based on the true story of a boy lost in Pitt- ston mines through an act of heroism, became very popular. Mrs. Gustafson (who by her first mar- riage was Mrs. Buddington) has published " Can the Old Love f " (Boston, 1871) ; " Meg, A Pastoral, and other Poems " (Boston, 1879) ; and a new edi- tion of " Zophiel," by Maria Gowen Brooks, with a sketch of the author (Boston, 1879). GUTHEIM, James Koppel, clergyman, b. in Menne, Westphalia, 15 Nov., 1817; d. in New Or- leans, La., 11 May, 1886. He came to the United States in 1843, and was called as minister of a Cin- cinnati synagogue in 1846. In 1850 he assumed charge of a synagogue in New Orleans ; but in 1863, refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the Union, he left New Orleans, and preached in Montgomery, Ala., and Columbus, Ga. At the close of the civil war he returned to New Orleans and was called to the New York Temple Emanuel in 1868. In 1872 he became minister of the New Orleans Temple Sinai, where he preached until his death. He took much interest in educational and charitable work, and was at one time president of the New Orleans board of education. The state senate adjourned on the dav of his funeral. GUTHERS, Karl, artist, b. in Switzerland in 1844. He was brought to the United States by his parents in 1851. His father settled in Cincinnati and was the first to introduce terra-cotta objects of art into this country. The son began his pro- fessional career by modelling clay in his father's studio. He afterward studied under a portrait- painter in Memphis, Tenn., and in 1868 went to Paris, where he studied with Cabasson and Pils, and was a pupil at the Academie des beaux arts. At the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war, he went to Belgium, studying in Brussels and Ant- werp under Stalleart and Robert. He took up his residence in Rome in 1871, where he executed his first important work. He returned to Memphis in 1873, painting portraits and figure-pieces in oil and water-colors. In 1874 he removed to St. Louis, where he was connected with the art department of Washington university, and was instrumental in the organization of the school and museum of fine arts in the life class in which he taught from 1876 till 1883-4. In the latter year he went to Paris, where he has since remained, studying in the Julian school. To the Centennial exhibition at Philadelphia he sent his " Ecce Homo " and his "Awakening of Spring," receiving for the latter work a medal and diploma. GUTHRIE, James, statesman, b. in Nelson county, Ky., 5 Dec, 1792; d. in Louisville, 13 March, 1869. He was educated at Bardstown, Ky., and studied law under John Rowan. In 1820 he began practice in Louisville, and at once entered on a successful career at the bar. He was elected to the lower house of the Kentucky legislature in 1827, and was a member of the upper house from 1831 till 1840. In 1840 he was president of the convention that framed the present constitution of- the state. He was secretary of the U. S. treas- ury, under the administration of Franklin Pierce from 1853 till 1857. In 1865 he was elected U. S. senator, but resigned in 1868 on account of declin- ing health. He was president of the Louisville and Nashville railroad from 1860 till 1868. GUTHRIE, John Julius, naval officer, b. in Washington, N. C, in 1814; d. at sea, near Cape Hatteras, in November, 1877. He became a mid- shipman in 1834, passed midshipman in 1838, and lieutenant in 1842. He served in the Mexican war and in the attack on the barrier forts in Canton river, China, in November, 1856, where he displayed gallantry. He pulled down the Chinese flag, which he presented to North Carolina as a trophy, and received the thanks of the legislature. In 1861, at the beginning of the civil war, he resigned his commission and entered the Confederate ser- vice. He was on active duty in New Orleans, and also commanded the "Advance," running the blockade between Wilmington and the Bermudas. At the close of the war he removed to Portsmouth, Va., and in 1865 was the first officer of the regular service who had joined the Confederates to be pardoned by the president. His disabilities were removed by a unanimous vote of congress. He was appointed in 1870 superintendent of the life- saving stations from Cape Henry to Cape Hatteras, and was drowned while endeavoring to succor the passengers and crew of the U. S. steamship " Hu- ron " in a storm off Cape Hatteras. GUTHRIE, Samuel, chemist, b. in Brimfield, Mass., in 1782; d. in Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., 19 Oct., 1848. He studied medicine, and was among the earliest laborers in practical chemistry in the United States. He invented and first manufac- tured percussion pills, also inventing the punch- lock for exploding them. This lock took the place of the old flint-lock in fire-arms, and was in turn superseded, after Dr. Guthrie's death, by the per- cussion-cap. In the course of his experiments he sustained lasting injuries and nearly lost his life from an accidental explosion. He also invented in 1830 a process for the rapid conversion of po- tato starch into molasses, which he published in Silliman's -'American Journal of Science," to which he contributed occasional papers on sci- entific subjects. Dr. Guthrie was an original dis- coverer of chloroform, independently of the con- temporaneous researches of Soubeiran, Liebig, and Dumas — made at the same time, but unknown to Guthrie. His chloroform was distributed and his process repeated and verified by the elder Silli- man at Yale college in 1831, while the publication of Soubeiran and Liebig's discoveries were made in January and March, 1832, respectively. Dr. Guthrie's process was by distilling together alco- hol and bleaching-powder and afterward purify- ing the distillate, thus obtaining pure chloroform. The exact composition of this substance, termed by Guthrie a "spirituous solution of chloric ether,' remained unknown till 1834, when Dumas pub- lished the results of his investigation, and named it chloroform. A committee of the Medico-chirurgi- cal society of Edinburgh awarded to Dr. Guthrie 16 GUTIERREZ GUY the merit of having first published an account of its therapeutic effects as a diffusible stimulant in 1832. — His son, Alfred, mechanical engineer, b. in Sherburne, ST. Y., 1 April, 1805 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 17 Aug., 1882, removed with his parents to Sack- ett's Harbor in 1817, where he studied medicine and chemistry with his father, being his assistant at the time of his discovery of chloroform. For ten years he practised medicine, but an aversion to that profession led to his engaging in other occupations. In 1846 he settled in Chicago, where he advanced the idea of supplying the summit level of the Illinois and Michigan canal with water by raising it from Lake Michigan with steam power. The hydraulic works of this canal in Chi- cago were designed by him and constructed under his supervision, and when completed they were capable of handling a larger volume of water than any other similar works then in existence. In consequence of having a capacity greater than was required by the canal, they were operated for several years in lifting the sewage of Chicago to the canal, which then passed on to its ultimate dissipation in the Gulf of Mexico. Dr. Guthrie's great work was his conception of the U. S. steam- boat inspection laws. The terrible steamboat dis- asters of 1851 led him, at his 1 own expense, to visit the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, where he studied the defective building and the reckless management that resulted in serious loss of life and property. He made numerous drawings with explanations, which were presented to congress, and finally drafted the bill that was enacted in 1852. It is estimated that prior to 1849, 45 per cent, of these river steamboats were lost by dis- aster, while in 1882, on 5,117 vessels, the loss of life was only one to each 1,726,827 persons. — An- other son, Edwin, physician, b. in Sherburne, N. Y., 11 Dec, 1806 ; d. at the Castle of Perote, Mexico, 20 July, 1847, studied medicine with his father, but subsequently abandoned that profes- sion and settled in Iowa, where he held public office. Soon after the beginning of the war with Mexico, he raised a company of Iowa volunteers, of which he became captain, and went to the seat of war. He was wounded in the knee dur- ing the engagement at Pass La Hoya, and, after suffering two amputations, died. Guthrie county, Iowa, is named in his honor. GUTIERREZ, Jose" Nicolas (goo-te-er'-reth), Cuban physician, b. in Havana, Cuba, in 1800. He was graduated in medicine in his native city in 1826, soon attained eminence in his profession, and filled the chairs of anatomy, pathology, and clinics in the University of Havana. He founded in 1840 the " Repertorio Medico Habanero," the first medi- cal review published in Cuba, now called " Cronica Medico-Quirurgica de la Habana." Since 1853 it has borne on its title-page his likeness with the inscription, " Founder of the medical press in Cuba." With Dr. Zambrana he founded, in 1861, the Academy of sciences of Havana, and in 1874 a museum of natural history, annexed to the acade- my. Dr. Gutierrez is a correspondent and member of the Phrenological society or Paris, of the medi- cal academies of Madrid, Cadiz, and New Orleans, of the Lyceum of Rome, and other scientific socie- ties. He is now (1887) engaged in a project to erect a suitable building for the Academy of sci- ences. His published works include " Importancia de la Quimica en la Medicina " (1821) ; " Catecis- mo de Medicina physiologica " (1826) ; and " Lec- ciones de Anatomia " (1854). GUTIERREZ, Santos, South American soldier, b. in Cocui, Colombia, 24 Oct., 1820 ; d. in Bogota, 6 Feb., 1872. He began his military career in 1840. In 1851 he fought against the Conservatives, and became an active member of the Liberal party. In 1854 he overthrew the dictatorship of Melo by gain- ing the battles of Pamplona, Tierra-Azul, and Bo- gota. From 1859 till 1863 he was the recognized leader of the Liberals, and gained the battles of La Concepcion, Hormezaque, Tunja, Usaquen, Bo- gota, and Santa Barbara. In 1839 he was admitted to the bar. From 1840 he occupied many offices, serving the state as judge, representative, senator, governor of Boyaca, secretary of state, and com- mander-in-chief of the army. He was president of the republic from 1868 till 1870, and then retired to private life, although his successor offered him the place of minister to Europe. GUTIERREZ DE ESTRADA, Jos6 Maria, Mexican statesman, b. in Campeehe in 1800; d. in the city of Mexico in 1867. He inherited a fortune, held office under Iturbide, and was for a short time secretary of foreign relations. Dis- heartened by the rapid changes of government, he resolved in 1835 to abandon his country, settled first in Paris, afterward lived at several courts, and sent to the National congress a pro- posal for the establishment of a monarchy in Mexico, which was read in the session of 20 Aug., 1840. Through his second wife, the Countess von Lutzow, daughter of the Austrian minister in Rome, he gained access to the Austrian court, and in 1864 the Mexican commission arrived in Mira- mare to offer the imperial crown to Maximilian. In the suite of that prince he returned to his native land, but died soon afterward. GUTIERREZ DE LARA, Bernardo, Mexican patriot, b. in Guanajuato in 1778 ; d. in San An- tonio Bejar, 15 March, 1814. When Hidalgo and Allende, after the defeat of Calderon in 1811, were on their way to the United States to reorganize their forces, Gutierrez met them, early in March, to offer his services. He was appointed colonel, and sent as commissioner to Washington, where he ai'rived in August. His mission was not recog- nized, and he came to New Orleans, where he or- ganized a force of 450 men. He marched to Texas in February, 1812, captured the town of Nacog- doches and the presidio of Trinidad, and a few days afterward the bay of Espiritu Santo, where he found important stores of ammunition and pro- visions. The Spanish governor of New Leon and Texas besieged Gutierrez in Trinidad, but after four months the latter made a sally and broke through the enemy's lines. In August of the same year he defeated the royalists at Rosillo, capturing all their artillery, and shortly afterward gained other victories, making him the master of New Leon and Texas. But Alvarez de Toledo, who had been appointed commissioner to Washington, en- tered there into secret transactions with the Span- ish minister, and also instigated Gutierrez's forces to demand the execution of the governor of Leon and Texas. When their commander, in a moment of weakness, submitted, Alvarez appeared in his camp with accusations, and brought about a mu- tiny which deposed Gutierrez and appointed Alvarez general-in-chief. Gutierrez was patriot enough not to abandon the army in the hour of need, as Arredondo was approaching with an over- whelming force to crush the patriots. The revolu- tionary army, disconcerted by the change of lead- ers, was defeated, and Gutierrez died in the battle. GUT, Peter, Canadian publicist, b. in Ville- Marie, Canada, 11 Dec, 1738; d. in Montreal in January, 1812. He lost his father at the age of eleven, and was educated in the College of Quebec GUY GUYOT 17 and in France. On his return to Canada in 1758 he commanded a troop at the battle of Carillon, and in 1759 at that of Montmorency, distinguish- ing himself in both engagements. After the capitu- lation of Montreal in 1760 he went to France, but returned to Canada in 1764. He took an active part in the defence of Montreal against Gen. Rich- ard Montgomery, and signed the capitulation of that city. While remaining faithful to Great Brit- ain, he became dissatisfied with her treatment of Canada, and in 1784 was elected president of the committee that was organized in Montreal to draw up and present to the government a list of griev- ances. He was active in the agitation for an elect- ive chamber, and continued it until the constitu- tion of 1791 was granted. He also labored for higher education, and succeeded in having the Col- lege of Saint Raphael established at Montreal. He also endeavored to prevent the alienation of the property of the Jesuits, but without effect. He had been previously made a judge, and held this office till his death. — His son, Louis, b. in Mon- treal, 28 June, 1768 ; d. there in February, 1840, studied law, and received his commission as notary in 1801. He served in the war of 1812, and rose to the grade of major of the 5th battalion of Cana- dian militia. On the conclusion of the war he was appointed colonel and requested by the governor, Sir James Kempt, to adopt measures for reorganiz- ing the militia of Montreal. To this task he de- voted himself so energetically up to 1830 that his health was seriously impaired. In 1831, he was named a member of the council by William IV. This nomination was received with great favor by the French Canadians, who considered Mr. Guy as their representative. He was elected to nearly every public office within their gift. GUY, Seymour Joseph, artist, b. in Green- wich, England, 16 Jan., 1824. He studied under Ambrosini Jerome in London, and came to Xew York in 1854, where he still (1887) resides. He be- gan to paint portraits, and met with success, but afterward turned his attention to genre pictures. He was elected associate of the National academy in 1861, academician in 1865, and was one of the original members of the American society of painters in water-colors in 1866. His subjects are chiefly scenes and incidents drawn from child-life. He exhibited at the academv " The Good Sister " (1868); "After the Shower/' "More Free than Welcome," and a portrait of Charles L. Elliott (1869); "The Little Stranger" and "Playing on the Jew's Harp " (1870) ; " The Street Fire " (1871) ; "Fixing for School" (1874); "The Little Orange- Girl " (1875) ; " Cash on Hand " (1877) ; and " See Saw, Margery Daw " (1884). GUY, William, clergyman, b. in England in 1689 ; d. near Charleston, S. C, in 1751. He was appointed in 1712, by the Society for the propaga- tion of the gospel, assistant minister in St. Philip's church, Charleston, and the same year was elected minister of St. Helena parish, Port Royal island. Having received only deacon's orders, he went, in 1713, to England, where he was advanced to the priesthood, and was sent back by the society as missionary in the same parish. His field of labor was very large, and included the lands occupied by the Yamassee Indians. Mr. Guy was unwearied in the discharge of his duties, but when the Yamas- see war began, in 1715, he narrowly escaped with his life by taking refuge on board an English ship that was lying in the river, bound to Charleston. He was next sent as missionary to Xarragansett, R. I., where his labors were very effective. After the lapse of two years — from 1717 till 1719 — find- VOL. III. — 2 ^- ft^7(- ing that his health was seriously affected by a northern climate, he was transferred, at his own request, to South Carolina. He became rector of St. Andrew's church, about thirteen miles from Charleston, and continued there until his death. Mr. Guy was highly esteemed by the society under whose auspices he labored, as was shown by their appointing him in 1725 their attorney in the prov- ince, to receive and recover all bequests and dona- tions made to them, and to give acquittances. GUYOT, Arnold, geographer, b. in Boudevil- liers, Xeuchatel, Switzerland, 28 Sept., 1807 ; d. in Princeton, N. J., 8 Feb., 1884. He was educated at Chaux-de-Fonds, and then at the college of Xeu- chatel, where he was the classmate of Leo Lesque- reux. In 1825 he went to Germany, and resided in Carlsruhe withthe parents of Alex- ander Braun, the botanist, where he met Louis Agas- siz. From Carls- ruhe he went to Stuttgart, and there studied at the gymnasium, returning to Xeu- chatel in 1827. He then determined to become a min- ister, and in 1829 started for Berlin to attend lectures in the university. While pursuing his studies he also attended lec- tures on philosophy and natural science. His lei- sure was spent in collecting the shells and plants of the country, and he was introduced by Hum- boldt to the Berlin botanical garden, where op- portunities for examining the flora of the tropics was afforded him. In 1835 he received the degree of Ph. D. from the University of Berlin, and pub- lished a thesis on "The Natural Classification of Lakes." He was then a private tutor in Paris for four years, and in the summer of 1838, at Agassiz's request, visited the Swiss glaciers, and communi- cated the results of his six weeks' investigation to the Geological society of France. The laminated structure of ice in the glaciers was originally pointed out by him in this paper, and his discovery was subsequently confirmed by Agassiz, Forbes, and others. In 1839 he returned to Xeuchatel. and became the colleague of Agassiz, as professor of history and physical geography in the college there. The academy in Xeuchatel was suspended by the grand revolutionary council of Geneva in 1848. and. being urged by Agassiz, Guyot came to this coun- try in that year, and settled in Cambridge, where he was soon afterward invited to deliver a course of lectures at the Lowell institute. These, trans- lated bv Prof. Cornelius C. Felton. were published under the title of "Earth and Man " (Boston. 1853). and gained for him a wide reputation. The Massa- chusetts board of education retained his services as lecturer on geography and methods of instruction to the normal schools and teachers' institutes. He was occupied with this work until his appointment, in 1854, to the chair of physical geography and geology at Princeton, which he retained until his death, being for some time senior professor. He was also for several years lecturer on physical geography in the State normal school in Trenton, N. J., and' from 1861 till 1866 lecturer in the Prince- 18 GUZMAN GUZMAN ton theological seminary on the connection of re- vealed religion and physical and ethnological sci- ence, also giving courses in the Union theological seminary in New York and in Columbia college. At the Smithsonian institution he delivered five lectures in 1853 on the "Harmonies of Nature and History," and in 1862 six lectures on " The Unity of Plan in the System of Life." He founded the museum in Princeton, which has since become one of the best of its kind in the United States. Many of its specimens are from his own collections, or were gathered by his students on the exploring expedi- tions sent out to the Rocky mountains from Prince- ton. His scientific work in the United States in- cluded the perfection of plans for a national system of meteorological observations. Most of these were conducted under the auspices of the Smithsonian institution, where Joseph Henry early gained for him the virtual management of the meteorologi- cal department. In connection with this work he , published " Meteorological and Physical Tables " (Washington, 1852 ; revised ed., 1884). The selec- tion and establishment of numerous meteorological stations in New York and Massachusetts were con- fided to him, and he also made a study of the alti- tudes of the Appalachian chain. This vacation work extended over thirty-two years, and was completed in 1881. Prof. Guyot was a member of many scientific societies, at home and abroad. He was one of the original members of the National academy of sciences. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Union in 1873. Prof. Guyot was a delegate, in 1861, from the Presbyterian church in the United States to the convention of the Evangelical alliance held in Geneva, and in 1873 he contributed a valuable paper on " Cosmog- ony and the Bible " to the meeting held in New York. Between 1866 and 1875 he prepared a series of geographies and a series of wall-maps, for which he received a medal of progress at the Vienna ex- hibition in 1873. He was associated with Fred- erick A. P. Barnard in the editorship of "John- son's New Universal Cyclopaedia" from 1874 till 1877, and wrote many of the articles on physical geography and similar topics. His papers were usually read at the meetings of the American asso- ciation for the advancement of science or the Na- tional academy of sciences, and then published in the "American Journal of Science." He was the author of valuable biographical memoirs of Carl Bitter (1860) ; James H. Coffin (1875) ; and Louis Agassiz (1883) ; also " A Treatise on Physical Ge- ography " (New York, 1873) ; and " Creation, or the Biblical Cosmogony in the Light of Modern Sci- ence " (1884). See the memoir by James A. Dana in " Biographical Memoirs of the National Acad- emy of Sciences " (Washington, 1886). GUZMAN, Agustin, Guatemalan soldier, b. in Quezaltenango in the latter part .of the 18th century ; d. in Guatemala, 12 Oct., 1849. After the independence of Central America was estab- lished, Guzman joined the Federalists, and for his capture of the fortress of Omoa was promoted gen- eral in 1829. In February, 1840, he was taken prisoner, carried to Guatemala, and thrown into a dungeon. On 18 March, Gen. Morazan captured the city and liberated him, but the next day was driven out. Guzman l-emained in hiding in Gua- temala, emigrating afterward to Salvador. In August, 1848, Carrera's government fell, and Guz- man returned ; but when Carrera regained power, 9 Aug., 1849, Guzman was again persecuted. The Liberal party chose him for their military leader, and he made a daring attempt on the city of Gua- temala in the night of 12 Oct., and had captured the main square, when a cannon-ball killed him, and his followers fled. GUZMAN, Joaquin Eufrasio, Central Ameri- can statesman, b. in Cartago, Costa Rica, in 1801 ; d. in San Miguel, Salvador, about 1875. In the dissensions between the Federal and Centralist par- ties, Guzman joined the former, and became lieu- tenant-colonel. He was elected vice-president of Salvador in 1844. with Gen. Malespin as president, and when, in the same year, war was declared with Guatemala, Guzman became acting president, while Malespin commanded the army in person. After- ward, while Malespin was making war on Nicara- gua, Guzman pronounced against him, 2 Feb., 1845, and was joined by the greater part of the inhabitants of the capital, and a portion of Males- pin's little army. Malespin was deposed, and Guz- man assumed the executive office till the end of the presidential term. Malespin, with a force from Honduras, invaded the state, but was defeated and assassinated. Guzman was rewarded by the assem- bly with the rank of general of division, but fa- vored a free election, and in 1848 delivered the office to his successor, Aguilar. He was several times elected to the legislative assembly, the coun- cil of state, and the prefecture of the department where he ^resided. GUZMAN, Nuno Beltran de, Spanish con- queror, b. in Guadalajara, New Castile, in the latter part of the 15th century ; d. in Torrejon de Velasco, Spain, in 1544. He was one of the first judges of the island of Hispaniola, when he was suddenly appointed governor of the province of Panuco, Mexico. He took charge of his govern- ment on 20 May, 1528, and, not finding there the riches that he expected, he began to barter his In- dian subjects for horses and cattle from Hispani- ola. When Cortes retired to Texcoco, Guzman was nominated president of the audieneia, and took charge of the government of Mexico in De- cember, 1528. When Bishop Zumarraga opposed his cruelties, he resolved to set out on a conquer- ing expedition to the west. Early in November, 1529, he left Mexico with 500 Spaniards and 10,000 Indian auxiliaries. He conquered the state of Jalisco, which he called Nueva Galicia, founded the city of Guadalajara on 3 Dec, 1530, and after- ward the towns of Lagos and Tepic, and sent an expedition under Cristobal de Onate to explore the northwestern coast, which penetrated to Culiacan and Magdalena in Sonora. When the new audien- eia under Fuenleal arrived in 1531, Guzman was indicted and ordered to appear in Mexico, but dis- obeyed, and captured Luis de Castilla, who had been sent with a force to subdue him. By roya 1 decree of May, 1533, he was ordered to submit to the captain-general of Mexico, and, seeing him- self abandoned by the greater part of his follow- ers, he resolved to go to Spain. On his arrival in Mexico, he was well received by the new viceroy, Mendoza ; but a few days afterward Perez de la Torre, who had been commissioned by a royal de- cree to judge Guzman's administration, arrived and immediately imprisoned the latter. Guzman was kept in a dungeon over a year, sent to Spain in 1538, and confined in Torrejon de la Vega, where he died in poverty. He is said to have written a description of his conquest, under the title of " No- ticia y Relacion de la Conquista de Michoaean y Jalisco," the manuscript of which is mentioned by Lopez de Haro and Leon Pinelo, and was probably used by Mota Padilla in his " Historia de la Con- quista de da Nueva Galicia." GUZMAN, Rui Diaz de, Spanish-American historian, b. in Paraguay in 1544. The date and GUZMAN-BLANCO GWIN 19 place of his death are unknown. His father em- barked for America in 1540 in the suite of Cabeza de Vaca. The son served at an early age against the Indians, under the command of his father ; and, although in his writings he deplores the ex- termination of the natives and denounces the san- guinary policy of the conquerors, he showed little mercy toward them in the numerous conflicts in which he was engaged. The greater part of his life was passed in the province of Guayra, of which he became commander; but in this office he refused to acknowledge the supremacy of the governor of Paraguay, and was obliged to justify himself before the audience of Charcas. Aided by his notes and information gained from the conquerors, he undertook to relate the discovery and colonization of the Argentine provinces, un- der the title " Historia Argentina del descubri- miento poblacion y conquista de las provincias del Rio de la Plata." The dedication to the Duke of Medina bears date 25 July, 1612. In spite of its great merit, Guzman's work was not issued until De Angelis undertook the publication of the " Co- leccion de obras y documentos relativos a la histo- ria antigua y moderna de las provincias del Rio de la Plata, etc." (6 vols., Buenos Ayres, 1836). It appears in the beginning of the first volume, ac- companied by biographical researches of great in- terest. The work of Guzman has been copied by most historians that have written on the Argentine provinces. The narrative closes with 1575. GUZMAN-BLANCO, Antonio, president of Venezuela, b. in Caracas in 1880. His father, An- tonio, was a Venezuelan journalist and politician. The son was banished by the government of Gen. Castro, and accompanied Gen. Juan C. Falcon in his invasion of Venezuela, becoming his general secretary. After the final defeat of Falcon at Co- ple in September, 1860, Guzman accompanied his chief in his flight, and was sent to the West Indies to solicit assistance. Toward the end of 1861 he landed again with Falcon on the coast of Coro, and after numerous engagements signed on 22 May, 1863, the treaty of Coche, by which arms were laid down, and a general assembly called at Victoria, which elected Falcon president and Guzman-Bianco vice-president. The latter was at the same time secretary of the treasury, and went to London to negotiate a loan. On his return he was for a short time in charge of the executive, and afterward was elected presi- dent of congress. After the over- throw of Falcon in 1868, Guzman left the country, but headed a rev- olution in 1869, and in 1870 be- came provisional president with ex- traordinary pow- ers, ruling the country for years as a dictator. His successor. Gen. Alcantara, died in December, 1878, and there were several revolutionary uprisings, till Guzman assumed the government again. In the elections of 1883 Gen. Joaquin Crespo, one of his friends, was declared president, and Guzman- Bianco became ambassador to France, living with great ostentation in Paris. In 1886 he again as- sumed the presidency. GWIN, William, naval officer, b. in Columbus, Bartholomew co., Ind., 5 Dec, 1832; d. on the Yazoo river. Miss., 3 Jan., 1863. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 7 April, 1847, and was pro- moted until he was commissioned lieutenant, 16 Sept., 1855, and lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862. At the beginning of the civil war he was assigned to the "Cambridge," doing blockading duty on the Atlantic coast. He was ordered in October, 1861, to the brig "Commodore Perry," and in January, 1862, to the command of the gun- boat " Tyler," of the western flotilla, in which he participated in the attacks on Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. He also took part in the battle of Shiloh, and distinguished himself in the expedi- tion up the Yazoo river in company with the " Carondelet," to meet the Confederate ram " Ar- kansas." After the accidental explosion on. the " Mound City " at St. Charles, on White river, by which her commander, Capt. Kelly, was badly scalded, Lieut.-Com. Gwin took charge of the vessel, which he retained until he was transferred to the " Benton," the largest and most powerful of the river fleet. While in command of the latter vessel, and during the attack on Haines's Bluff, on the Yazoo river, he was mortally wounded. GWIN, William McKendree, senator, b. in Sumner county, Tenn., 9 Oct., 1805; d. in New York city, 3 Sept., 1885. His father, the Rev. James Gwin, was a pioneer Methodist minister, and also served as a soldier on the frontier under Gen. An- drew Jackson. After receiving a classical edu- cation, the son studied law in Gallatin, Tenn., but abandoned it for medicine.and took his medical degree in 1828 at Transylvania university. He then removed to Clinton, Miss., and obtained an extensive prac- tice, but in 1833 left the profession, and was appointed by President Jackson U. S. marshal for the district of Missis- sippi. In 1840 he was elected to congress as a Democrat, and became an adherent of John C. Calhoun. Declining a renomination for congress on account of financial embarrassment, he was ap- pointed, on the accession of James K. Polk to the presidency, to superintend the building of the new custom-house at New Orleans. On the election of Gen. Taylor he resigned and set out for Cali- fornia, where he arrived 4 June. 1849. His atten- tion had first been called to that country by 31 r. Calhoun, who, when secretary of state, had laid his finger on the map where San Francisco now stands, saying, " There, when this bay comes into our pos- session, will spring up the great rival of New York." Dr. Gwin took an active part in favor of the for- mation of a state government, and was elected to the convention that was held in Monterey in Sep- tember to frame a constitution. In the ensuing December he was elected U. S. senator for the long term, with Gen. Fremont as his colleague. His ^f/^^'-^^Z^) 20 GWINNETT GZOWSKIE labors in the senate were incessant, and his success was remarkable. He maintained amicable relations with all parties, and his hospitable mansion became a neutral ground, where the leaders of rival factions met on social terms. On his return to California, in 1851. the legislature tendered him the thanks of the state for his services. In the following session he was a member of the finance committee and chairman of that on naval affairs. He secured the establishment of a mint in California, the survey of the Pacific coast, a navy-yard and station, with large appropriations, and carried through the sen- ate a bill providing for a line of steamers between San Francisco, China, and Japan, by way of the Sandwich islands. He was re-elected, and served till 3 March, 1861. At the beginning of the civil war he was arrested on accusation of disloyalty and imprisoned till 1863, when he went to Paris, where he became interested in a scheme to colonize So- nora with southerners. Dr. Gwin was invited to meet the emperor in private audiences, and in- terested him in the project. It is said that, on the invitation of the minister of foreign affairs, he drew up a plan for the colony, which was approved by Napoleon, and then submitted to Maximilian. The latter, who was at that time in Paris, requested Dr. Gwin's attendance at the Tuileries, and, after full inquiry, signified his approbation. Within two weeks after the departure of Maximilian for Mexi- co, Dr. Gwin also left for that country, bearing an autograph letter from the emperor to Marshal Ba- zaine. The latter gave no encouragement to the colonization plan, nor did Dr. Gwin succeed in se- curing from Maximilian any satisfactory assurances of support. He returned to Prance in January, 1865, and in an audience with the emperor frankly exposed the condition of affairs in Mexico. Napo- leon urged his immediate return to Mexico, with a peremptory order to Marshal Bazaine to supply the troops necessary to the full accomplishment of his scheme. This advice was taken, but Dr. Gwin still met with no success, and, demanding an escort to take him out of the country, which was promptly furnished, returned to his home in California. He continued to take an active part in politics, and engaged with energy in the canvass for the presi- dency in 1876 in the interest of Samuel J. Tilden. Dr. Gwin's personal appearance was impressive ; he was tall, finely proportioned, with a massive head, and a face full of animation. GWINNETT, Button, signer of the Declara- tion of Independence, b. in England about 1732 ; d. in Georgia, 27 May, 1777. He received a good education, and after engaging in mercantile pur- suits for a time in Bristol, he emigrated to Charles- ton, S. C, and then removed to Savannah, Ga., where in 1765 he was established as a general trader. In 1770 he purchased a plantation on St. Catherine's island, Ga., and gave his attention to agriculture. Previous to 1775 Mr. Gwinnett had not taken an active part in politics, but the subsequent enthusi- asm with which he maintained the colonial rights early attracted the attention of his fellow-citizens. At the meeting of the provincial assembly, held in Savannah, 20 Jan., 1776, he was appointed a repre- sentative in congress, signed the Declaration of Independence on 4 July, and in October, 1776, was re-elected for the ensuing year. In February, 1777, he was appointed a member of the state gov- ernment, and is said to have furnished the basis of the constitution that was afterward adopted. Af- ter the death of Mr. Bullock, president of the pro- vincial council, Mr. Gwinnett was appointed to the vacant office, 4 March, 1777, and in May, 1777, was an unsuccessful candidate for governor of the / state. During the Revolution, Mr. Gwinnett's property was totally destroyed by the British. At the time that he represented Geor- gia in congress he became a candi- date for the com- mission of briga- dier-general of the continental bri- gade to be levied in Georgia, in opposi- tion to Gen. Laeh- lan Mcintosh, but was unsuccessful. This so embittered his feelings against his successful op- ponent that he seems to have re- garded him as an enemy ever afterward. Various circumstances in- tensified his feeling of animosity, until finally Mr. Gwinnett challenged Gen. Mcintosh to a duel, which was fought on 15 May, 1777. Both contest- ants were wounded, the former so seriously as to result in his death. In 1886 a granite monument in commemoration of the memory of Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton, the Georgia signers of the Declaration of Independence, was placed in front of the city hall, Augusta, Ga. GWYNNE, John Wellington, Canadian jurist, b. in Castle Knock, County Dublin, Ireland, 30 March, 1814. He was educated at Trinity college, Dublin, and came to Canada in 1832. He studied law in Kingston, and was admitted to the bar of Upper Canada in 1837. From 1845 till 1852 he devoted himself to the formation and maintenance of a company for the construction, as part of a scheme of colonization, of a railway from Toronto to Lake Huron. He was an unsuccessful can- didate for the legislative assembly of Canada in 1847, and was appointed a judge of the court of common pleas of Ontario in November, 1868. He declined appointment as one of the permanent judges of the court of appeal of Ontario in May, 1874, and was appointed a justice of the supreme court in January, 1879. He was a member of the law-reform commission in 1871, and of the senate of the University of Toronto in 1873. GZOWSKIE, Casimir Stanislaus (jov'-ske), Canadian engineer, b. in St. Petersburg, Russia, in March, 1813. He is a son of a Polish noble, an officer of the Imperial guard. The son entered the military college in Kremenetz, in the province of Volhynia, when nine years of age, and was graduated there in 1830. In consequence of his connection with the Polish insurrection of 1830-2 he was exiled to the United States, arriving there in the latter year. He supported himself as a teacher of French and German in New York for a time, and subsequently removed to Pittsfield, Mass., where he studied law, and was admitted afterward to the bar of Pennsyl- vania. In 1841 he arrived in Toronto and became connected with the department of public works of Upper Canada. He has been identified with all the important engineering projects of Canada in railway construction, in river and railway bridge building, and in similar enterprises. The Inter- national bridge spanning the Niagara river, which is regarded as a fine specimen of engineering skill, was constructed by Col. Gzowskie and Sir David L. Macpherson. He has been president of the Do- minion rifle association, and in 1879 was appointed aide-de-camp to the queen. HABBERTON HABERSHAM 21 H HABBERTON, John, author, b. in Brooklyn, I N. Y., 24 Feb., 1842. He lived in Illinois from his j eighth till his seventeenth year, and was educated in the common school. He then went to New York, learned to set type in the establishment of Harper and Brothers, and subsequently entered their counting-room. He enlisted in the army as a private in 1862, rose to the rank of 1st lieutenant, and served through the war. He re-entered the employ of the Harpers in 1865, and remained there till 1872, when he went into business for himself, and in six months was bankrupt. He now became a contributor to periodicals, and was literary editor of the "Christian Union" from 1874 till 1877, since which time he has been on the editorial staff of the New York " Herald." His first literary work was a series of sketches of western life. His ''Helen's Babies" (which one publishing-house re- jected because it was too small for a book, another because it was too childish for adults to i*ead, and a third on the ground that its moral tendency would be bad) was published in Boston in 1876. and has sold to the extent of more than 250,000 copies in the United States. Eleven different English editions of it have appeared, besides sev- eral in the British colonies, and it has been trans- lated into French, German, and Italian. " This book," says the author, •' grew out of an attempt to keep for a single day a record of the doings of a brace of boys of whom the author is half owner." Mr. Habberton's other publications are " The Bar- ton Experiment " (New York, 1877) ; " The Jericho Road" (Chicago, 1877); "The Scripture Club of Valley Rest " (New York, 1877) ; " Other People's Children" (1877); "Some Folks," a collection of short stories (1877) ; " The Crew of the Sam Wel- ler " (1878) ; " Canoeing in Kanuckia," in connec- tion with Charles L. Norton (1878) ; " The Worst Bov in Town" (1880); "Just One Dav" (1880); " Who was Paul Grayson ! " (1881) ; " The Bow- sham Puzzle " (1883) ; a humorous " Life of Wash- ington " (1883) : " One Tramp " (1884) ; and " Brue- ton's Bayou " (1886). He has edited selected essays from the " Spectator," " Tatler," " Guardian," and " Freeholder " (3 vols., 1876-8). His first drama, " Deacon Crankett," was produced in 1880. HABERSHAM, James, statesman, b. in Bev- erly, Yorkshire, England, in 1712 ; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., 28 Aug., 1775. Little is known of his parentage, except that it was noble. When he was asked by his sons the meaning of the title " Honorable " prefixed to his name on old letters, he replied that such things were worse than useless in a colony, as they tended to promote pride and unchristian feeling. In company with his friend, George Whitefield, the evangelist, he arrived in Savannah, Ga., on 7 May, 1738, and opened a school for orphans and destitute children at Bethesda, nine miles from that town, but in 1744 became a merchant. In 1750 he was appointed with Picker- ing Robinson a commissioner to advance the cul- ture of silk in the colony, and in 1754 became sec- retary of the province and one of the councillors. In 1767 he was one of the presidents of the upper house of assembly, and in 1769-72 he officiated as governor during the absence of Sir James Wright. He raised at Bethesda the first cotton in the state, and sent the first few bales that were exported thence to England. — His son, Joseph, statesman, b ; in Savannah, Ga., 28 July, 1751 ; d. there, 17 Nov., 1815, was one of the members of the first /^7. y^/^/^7^'a^^ commission appointed by the friends of liberty in Georgia in July, 1774, and one of those who on 11 June, 1775, on receiving intelligence of the skirmish at Lexington, seized the powder in the royal magazine in Savannah for the use of the patriots. In June of that year he was ap- pointed a member of the council of safety, and in July commanded a party that captured a govern- ment ship with munitions of war, including 15,000 pounds of powder. On 18 Jan., 1776, while a mem- ber of the assembly, he raised a body of volun- teers, who took Gov. Wright prisoner, and confined him to his house under a guard. He was appointed ma- jor of the 1st Georgia battalion, 4 Feb., 1776, and. defended Savannah from a British naval attack early in March. Af- ter Savannah was taken in the winter of 1778, he removed his family to Vir- ginia, but on the landing of D'Estaing participated in the disastrous attack on Savannah in 1779. At the close of the war he held the rank of lieu- tenant-colonel. He was a member of the state as- sembly and its speaker in 1785 and 1790, and was postmaster-general of the United States from 25 Feb., 1795, to 28 Nov., 1801. He was president of the branch of the U. S. bank at Savannah from 1802 until the expiration of its charter. — Another son, John, soldier, b. in Savannah, Ga., in 1754: d. near Savannah, 19 Nov., 1799, received a good English education and engaged in mercantile pur- suits. He took an active part in the pre-Revolu- tionary movements, and was afterward major of the 1st Georgia Continental regiment. He was greatly trusted by the Indians, and after the Revo- lution Washington appointed him Indian agent. He was a member of the Continental congress from Georgia in 1785-'6, and was collector of cus- toms at Savannah in 1789-99. — John's son, Joseph Clay, physician, b. in Savannah, Ga., 18 Nov., 1790 ; d. there, 2 Nov., 1855, was educated at Prince- ton and at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was graduated in medicine in 1814. He began practice in Savannah in 1815, continuing there till his death. He was health officer of Savannah, president of the medical society of Georgia, and was noted for his benevolence and for his love of science. — James's grandson, Richard Wylly, con- gressman, b. in Savannah, Ga., in 1786 ; d. in Clarkes- ville, Ga,, 2 Dec, 1842, was graduated at Princeton in 1805, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Savannah, where he attained note in "his profession. In 1835, becoming interested in the gold-mines of that region, he removed to Clarkesville, Habersham co. He was elected a rep- resentative from Georgia in congress and served from 1839 till his death. He was much praised for his resignation of the office of U. S. district attor- ney in 1825, when a collision between the adminis- tration of John Quincy Adams and Gov. George M. Troup was imminent. * Mr. Habersham induced the HACKETT HACKETT Georgia delegation to vote for the appropriation which, carried by a majority of three, enabled Morse to construct his first telegraph-line, from Washington to Baltimore. He was the author of the minority report on the tariff in 1842. — His son, Alexander Wj'lly, naval officer, b. in New York city, 24 March, 1826; d. in Baltimore, Md., 26 March, 1883, entered the navy as midshipman in 1841, became passed midshipman in 1847, master, 14 Sept., 1855, and lieutenant on the following day. On 30 May, 1860, he resigned from the service and became a merchant in Japan, being the first to in- troduce Japanese tea into this country. He re- turned at the beginning of the civil war, and was for six months a prisoner in Fort McHenry. After the war he engaged in business in Baltimore, which he pursued until his death. Besides numerous arti- cles in periodicals he published " My Last Cruise," an account of the U. S. North Pacific exploring expedition (2d ed., Philadelphia, 1857). HACKETT, Horatio Balch, biblical scholar, b. in Salisbury, Mass., 27 Dec, 1808 ; d. in Roches- ter, N. Y., 2 Nov., 1875. He was graduated at Am- herst in 1830, studied theology at Andover seminary until 1834, and afterward at Halle and Berlin, in Germany. He became a tutor in Amherst, in 1835 professor of ancient languages in Brown univer- sity, and in 1839 of biblical literature in Newton theological institution. In 1851-'2 he travelled in Italy, Egypt, Palestine, and other countries. In 1858-'9 he resided several months in Athens, for the purpose of studying modern Greek, as auxiliary to the interpretation of the New Testament, and visited places in and near Greece possessing a bib- lical interest. In 1869 he resigned his professor- ship at Newton, and in 1870 became professor of New Testament Greek in Rochester theologi- cal seminary. In 1862 Amherst conferred on him the degrees of D. D. and LL. D. He published Plutai'ch's " He Sera Numinis Vindicta," with notes (Andover, 1844) ; translated and enlarged Winer's " Chaldee Grammar " (1845) ; and issued a " Hebrew Grammar " and " Hebrew Reader " (1847) ; a " Com- mentary on the Acts " (Boston, 1851 ; new ed., greatly extended, 1858) ; " Illustrations of Scrip- ture suggested by a Tour through the Holy Land " (1855); translation of the "Epistle to Philemon, with Notes " (1860) ; " Memorials of Christian Men in the War " (1864) ; translation of Van Ooster- zee's "Commentary on Philemon," forSchaff's edi- tion of Lange's " Commentary " (1868) ; and trans- lation of Braune's " Commentary on Philippians," with additions, for Lange's " Commentary " (1870). He contributed to the English edition of Smith's " Dictionary of the Bible," and with Dr. Ezra Ab- bott edited the American edition. He also edited the American edition of Rawlinson's "Historical Illustrations of the Old Testament," with notes and appendix (1873). He was one of the Ameri- can revisers of the English Bible, and contributed much to religious periodicals. HACKETT, James Henry, actor, b. in New York city, 15 March, 1800 ; d. in Jamaica, L. I., 28 Dec, 1871. He was educated at Union Hill acad- emy, Flushing, L. I., in 1815 studied a year in Columbia, and for a short time read law. In 1817 he entered a counting-room, and two years after- ward married Katherine Lee-Sugg, an actress. He then removed to Utica, N. Y., to begin business for himself. In 1819 Hackett returned to his na- tive place, and engaged in commercial ventures that led to his financial ruin. He had always a predilection for the stage, as a boy had joined an amateur association, and in 1816 went so far as to appear several times, under an assumed name, with a strolling company in Newark, N. J. After his business failure, inclination and the en- couragement of his wife induced him to venture before the New York public. He began his ca- reer in the part of Justice Woodcock in "Love in a Village," and on succeeding nights per- formed as Sylvester Doggerwood, a part wherein he gave striking imitations of noted actors, sketches of Yankee charac- ters, and a capital representation of one of the Dromios in Shakespeare's " Com- edy of Errors." In the latter he close- ly copied the Jewish visage and peculiar farcical drawl of John Barnes, a noted comedian. His rep- resentations of Yan- kees, western pio- neers, and French- men assured his suc- cess, and on 6 April, 1827, he sought to extend his reputation by appearing at the Covent Garden and Surrey theatres in London. He repeated the experiment of appearing before a Lon- don public in 1832, 1840, 1845, and 1851, but failed to win success. Returning in 1828, he played Rich- ard HI., Monsieur Morbleau, in imitation of Charles Matthews, Rip Van Winkle, Solomon Swop, and Col. Nimrod Wildfire — a wide range of charac- ters. Hackett's " Monsieur Tonson, come again," spoken in the French farce, was for many years a common quotation, and more than once repeated in speeches delivered in congress. His characteri- zation of Rip Van Winkle was that of a genuine Hollander of the heavy Knickerbocker style, en- tirely unlike Jefferson's Germanized representation. Solomon Swop was the first well-drawn character of the conventional stage Yankee. " Col. Wild- fire " was an extravaganza founded on the com- bined characters of Col. Bowie and Daniel Boone. Such were the beginnings of American comedy, all of which must be placed to the credit of James Henry Hackett. In 1829, for a brief period, he be- came co-manager of the New York Bowery theatre, and for a season manager of the Chatham. Aban- doning management, he again made tours through- out the Union, winning a fair degree of success. He became lessee of the New York National theatre in 1837, and was eventually interested in the Astor Place opera-house. In 1840 Hackett added to his repertory O'Callaghan, an Irish character : Sir Perti- nax MacSycophant, a Scottish part ; and the Shake- spearian roles of Falstaff, Hamlet, and King Lear. Hackett's Hamlet was a pronounced failure ; Lear possessed many points of interest that caused much critical comment ; but his Falstaff, for many years, remained the best on the English stage. In 1854 Hackett brought to this country the famous Italian singers Grisi and Mario for a tour of eight months. This venture yielded him a handsome return, and for years thereafter he led a retired life. His last public engagement was in 1871, as manager of the Howard athenasum in Boston. Hackett was a pol- ished gentleman, and the intimate companion of Irving, Paulding, Cooper, Halleck, John Quincy Adams, and other notabilities of his day. He published " Notes and Comments on Shakspeare " (New York, 1863). — His wife, Katherine, actress, b. in England about 1797; d. in Jamaica, L. I.. HACKLEY HADLEY 23 9 Dec, 1845, was the daughter of the English ventriloquist, Lee-Sugg, and began her theatrical career at the age of seven, on the London stage. She came to the United States from the Bir- mingham theatre, and in 1819 appeared at the New York Park, as Miss Lee-Sugg, in the part of Jessie Oatland, in which she displayed a well-trained contralto voice. In the same year she was married, and retired from the stage. After an intermission of seven years, when her husband had failed in business, Mrs. Hackett appeared at the Park theatre, mostly in operettas, and continued to play until 1832. Her last appearance was in 1838, at the National theatre, for her husband's benefit, as Susan in " Perfection." Mrs. Hackett's forte was comedy and operetta, although she sometimes performed tragic parts. In " The Croakers " Halleck thus mentions her : " There's sweet Miss Lee-Sugg — by the way, she's not pretty — She's a little too large, and has not too much grace, Yet there's something about her so witching and witty, 'Tis pleasure to gaze on her good-humored face." — Their son, John Keteltas, lawyer, b. in Utica, N. Y., 13 Feb., 1821 ; d. in New York city, 26 Dec, 1879, was educated at Columbia, and at the Uni- versity of the city of New York, where he was graduated in 1837. He then studied law in Utica, and was admitted to the bar in Albany, N. Y. In 1850-'7 he resided in California, where he was for some time corporation-counsel for San Francisco. He was made assistant corporation-counsel of New York city in 1863, and in 1866 became recorder of the city, which office he held till his death. He was noted for his independence on the bench. HACKLEY, Charles Elihu, physician, b. in Unadilla, N. Y., 22 Feb., 1836. He was gradu- ated at. the University of Pennsylvania in 1856, and at the medical school in 1860. He was sur- geon in the 2d U. S. cavalry in 1861-'4, and was surgeon-in-chief of the 3d cavalry division, Army of the Potomac. He was appointed physician to the New York hospital in 1867, was surgeon to the New York eye and ear infirmary in 1865-'75, and clinical professor of diseases of the eye and ear in the Women's medical college, New York, in 1870-6. He has translated Stell wag's " Diseases of the Eye " (1867); Niemever's "Practical Medicine" (1869); Billroth's "Surgical Pathology" (1871); and has written articles in Wood's " Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences," and other contributions to medical literature. HACKLEY, Charles William, educator, b. in Herkimer county, N. Y., 9 March, 1809 ; d. in New York city, 10 Jan., 1861. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1829, and was assist- ant professor there till 1832. He then studied law, and subsequently theology, and was ordained as a clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal church in 1835. He was professor of mathematics in the University of New York till 1838, and afterward president of Jefferson college, Mississippi, and rector of St. Peter's church in Auburn, N. Y. In 1843 he was appointed professor of mathematics and astronomy in Columbia college, and in 1857 was transferred to that of astronomy alone, which he held till his death. He exerted himself particu- larly to establish an astronomical observatory in New York city. Prof. Hackley contributed to daily and weekly journals and to scientific periodicals, and published a " Treatise on Algebra " (New York, 1846) ; " Elementary Course in Geometry " (1847) ; and " Elements of Trigonometry " (1850). HACKLEMAN, Pleasant Adam, soldier, b. in Franklin county, Ind., 15 Nov., 1814 ; d. near Corinth, Miss., 4 Oct., 1862. His father, Major John Hackleman, fought in the war of 1812. After engaging for a number of years in farming, the son studied law, and was admitted to the bar in May, 1837. He began practice in Eushville, rose rap- idly to distinction in his profession, and in August, 1837, was elected judge of the probate court of Rush county, which office he held till 1841, when he was elected to the state house of representa- tives. After serving for several years as clerk of Rush county, he was, in 1847 and 1858, a candi- date for congress, but was defeated. In 1860 he was a member of the Republican national con- vention at Chicago, and in 1861 of the peace con- ference at Washington. He entered the national service in May, 1861, as colonel of the 16th In- diana regiment, and, after the first battle of Bull Run, served under Gen. Banks in Virginia. He was made a brigadier-general, 28 April, 1862, and in June was ordered to report to Gen. Grant in the southwest. He took an active part in the battle of Iuka and in that of Corinth, where he was killed on the second day of the fight. HADDEN, James M., soldier, d. in England, 28 Oct., 1817. He was an American loyalist, and served under Burgoyne and Cornwallis. He was appointed lieutenant of artillery, 7 July, 1779, was promoted to a captaincy in March, 1784, became colonel in 1804, and major-general in 1811. After the Revolution he went to England, became secre- tary to the Duke of Richmond, and was adjutant- general under Sir Charles Stuart during the stay of the latter in Portugal. HADDOCK, Charles Brickett, author, b. in Franklin. N. H., 20 June, 1796 ; d. in West Leba- non, N. H., 15 Jan., 1861. His mother was a sis- ter of Daniel Webster. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1816 and at Andover seminary in 1819, when he returned to Dartmouth. He occu- pied the chair of rhetoric and belles-lettres there from 1819 till 1838, and that of intellectual phi- losophy and political economy from 1838 till 1854. He was U. S. charge d'affaires in Portugal from 1850 till 1854. He was four years in the New Hampshire legislature, where he introduced and carried the present common-school system of the state, and was the first school commissioner under that system. He was the originator of the rail- road system in New Hampshire, wrote with ability on many subjects, and was thoroughly versed in public law. His anniversary orations, lectures, reports for fifteen years on education, sermons, writings on agriculture, and rhetoric, are numer- ous. He published a volume of addresses and other writings, including occasional sermons (1846), and was a contributor to the " Bibliotheca Sacra," " Biblical Repertory," and other periodicals. HADDOCK, John A:, aeronaut, b. 17 Oct., 1823. In companionship with John La Mountain he made the second of two memorable balloon journeys, for the purpose of testing the upper currents of the at- mosphere as a means of travelling. The two voy- agers left Watertown, N. Y., on 22 Sept., 1859. late in the afternoon, and sailed almost due north to a point 150 miles north of Ottawa city, Canada, making the journey of 300 miles, the greater part of it after dark, in about four hours. HADLEY, James, philologist, b. in Fairfield, N. Y., 30 March, 1821 ; d. in New Haven, Conn., 14 Nov., 1872. He received his early instruction at the Fairfield academy, and also acquired some scien- tific knowledge from his father, who was professor of chemistry in the College of physicians and sur- 24 HADLEY HAGARTY geons of the western district of New York in Fair- field. Subsequently the son became an assistant in the academy, but afterward entered Yale as a jun- ior, and was graduated in 1842. After a year spent as a resident graduate, he entered the theological seminary, where he remained for two years, ex- cept from September, 1844, till April, 1845, when he was tutor in mathematics at Middlebury col- lege. In September, 1845, he became tutor of classical history in Yale, which office he held for three years, when he was appointed assistant pro- fessor of Greek. He continued as such until July, 1851, when he succeeded President Theodore D. Woolsey as full professor, and continued to hold the chair until his death. Prof. Hadley's philological studies made him known throughout the world. He was also well versed in civil law. His course of lectures on that subject was included in the curriculum of the Yale law-school, and was likewise delivered at Harvard. He was also one of the American committee for the revision of the New Testament. Prof. Hadley was one of the original members of the American Oriental soci- ety, and its president in 1870-'2, an active mem- ber of the American philological association and of the National academy of sciences. He was a frequent contributor to reviews, and his larger- works were " A Greek Grammar for Schools and Colleges " (New York, 1860) ; "A Brief History of the English Language," contributed as an intro- duction to Webster's " American Dictionary of the English Language" (Springfield, 1864); and "Ele- ments of the Greek Language " (New York, 1869). After his death there appeared, edited by Presi- dent Woolsey, twelve lectures on "Roman Law" (New York, 1873), and a series of twenty " Philo- logical and Critical Essays" (1873), edited by Prof. William D. Whitney. — His brother, Henry* Ham- ilton, educator, b. in Fairfield, N. Y., 19 July, 1826 ; d. in Washington, D. G, 1 Aug., 1864, was graduated at Yale in 1845, with the highest honors of his class. Subsequently he held the office of tutor for two years, meanwhile pursuing theologi- cal studies, and finally completed his course at An- dover in 1853. He then spent some time in New York studying law,' but returned to New Haven, and there spent more than three years in theologi- cal pursuits, especially in a systematic study of the Hebrew language and the Old Testament scriptures. In 1858 he became instructor of sacred literature in Union theological seminary, New York, and ac- cepted the chair of Hebrew there in 1862. During 1861 he held the professorship of Hebrew in the theological department of Yale. At the beginning of the civil war he was prevented by his friends from enlisting in the army, but paid for two sub- stitutes from his own purse. During the summer vacation of 1864 he offered his time for the work of the U. S. sanitary commission, and was sent to City Point, Va., where his excessive labors and the hot weather induced fever, from the effects of which he died. His publications were confined to articles that he contributed to the " American Theological Review."— Arthur Twining, son of James, political economist, b. in New Haven, Conn., 23 April, 1856, was graduated at Yale in 1876, and then studied in the University of Berlin. In 1879 he became a tutor at Yale, and in 1883 was ap- pointed lecturer on political science, becoming professor of that subject in 1886. He was ap- pointed commissioner ol labor statistics of Con- necticut in 1885, and in that capacity published reports in 1885 and 1886. Prof. Hadley has made a special study of railroads, and contributed much to periodicals on that subject. He has written an article on " Railway Legislation " for the " Ency- clopaedia Britannica " (1885), a series for Lalor's "Cyclopaedia of Political Science" (1884), and " Railroad Transportation ; its History and its Laws " (New York, 1885), which has been trans- lated into French and Russian. HAENKE, Thaddens, South American natural- ist, b. in Kreibitz, Bohemia, 5 Oct., 1761 ; d. in Cochabamba, Peru, in 1817. He studied in the universities of Prague and Vienna, and devoted himself to botany, especially under the guidance of Jacquin, to whose " Collectanea " he contributed an account of the " Flora of the Austrian Alps." In 1789 he entered the service of the Spanish gov- ernment as botanist, in order to accompany Malas- pina in his tour round the world. Having reached Spain too late, he embarked at Cadiz for Monte- video, and, after suffering ship wreck, finally joined Malaspina, in Chili, accompanying him in his voy- age to the north, along the American coast as far as Nootka sound in Vancouver island. He re- turned by sea to the port of Acapulco and trav- elled through every part of Mexico. He then em- barked again, and, after visiting several groups of islands in the South sea, landed at Concepcion, Chili, in 1794. He purchased land thirty miles from Cochabamba, Peru, and passed the rest of his life alternately in Cochabamba or on his estate, on which he opened and worked a silver-mine. He ascended the volcano of Arequipa, and published notes of his geological observations, founded a bo- tanic garden at Cochabamba, and enriched it with exotic plants collected in his travels. He took poison by mistake in 1817, and died from its effects. He bequeathed his botanic collections to his native country, but only a part of them reached their destination. They were placed in the Na- tional museum of Prague. Haenke did not pub- lish any narrative of his explorations, but left numerous notes on his collections and some manu- scripts, which other botanists have utilized. The " Reliquiae Haenkianae " was published after his death (Prague, 1825). In the beginning of this work there is a life of the naturalist by Count von Sternberg. A copy of Haenke's " Introduccion 6 la historia natural de Cochabamba," printed in Lima and dated 15 Feb., 1799, fell into the hands of Azara, who published it in his " Travels in South America." A memoir addressed by Haenke to the governor of the province of Cochabamba, and dated 20 April, 1799, entitled " Memoria sobre los rios navegables que fluyen al Marahon, proce- dentes de las Cordilleras del Peru," was published by Jose Arenales (Buenos Ayres, 1833). HAGrA, Godfrey, philanthropist, b. in Isingen, Wiirtemberg, 30 Nov., 1745; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 Feb., 1825. After emigrating to this coun- try, he settled in Philadelphia, where he became a merchant, and was connected with the principal charitable and mercantile institutions of the city. He was a member of the Philadelphia city council in 1797-1800, and of the Pennsylvania legislature in 1800-'l. He bequeathed an estate valued at $350,000 to charitable purposes. HAG ARTY, John Hawkins, Canadian jurist, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 17 Dec, 1816. He entered Trinity college, Dublin, in 1832, but two years afterward emigrated to Canada, and settled in Toronto. There he studied law, and in 1840 was admitted to the bar of Upper Canada. In 1850 he was made queen's counsel, in 1856 was ap- pointed a judge, and in 1868 chief justice of the court of common ple*s. He was subsequently transferred to the court of queen's bench, and in 1878 became chief justice of Ontario. HAGEN HAGNER 25 HAGEN, Hermann August, entomologist, b. in Konigsberg, Prussia, 30 May, 1817. For the last two hundred and fifty years some ancestor of his has been connected with the University of Konigsberg. Young Hagen was graduated at the gymnasium in 1836, and received his medical degree from the university in his native city in 1840, also studying later in Berlin, Vienna, Paris, and elsewhere. Meanwhile he devoted considerable attention to entomology, and in 1834 published his first paper on " Prussian Odontata." In 1843 he returned to Konigsberg, entered on the general practice of medicine, and for three years was first assistant at the surgical hospital. Prom 1863 till 1867 he was vice-president of the city council and member of the school-board. While holding these offices he was invited by Louis Agassiz to come to Cambridge as assistant in entomology at the Museum of com- parative zoology, and in 1870 was made professor of that science at Harvard. In 1863 he received the honorary degree of Ph. D. from the University of Konigsberg, and he is a fellow of the American association for the advancement of science, besides being a member of other scientific societies. His publications include upward of four hundred arti- cles, of which the most important is his " Biblio- theca Entomologica " (Leipsic, 1862). HAGEN, Theodore, musician, b. in Hamburg, Germany, 15 April, 1823 ; d. in New York city, 27 Dec, 1871. He studied music in his native city and in Paris ; in the latter city from 1841 till 1843. Soon after his return to Germany he became known as a writer on musical topics, especially as a contribu- tor to Schumann's " Neue Zeitschrif t fur Musik " and as the author of a book entitled, in its English translation, " Civilization and Music." He came to New York in 1854, and assumed the editorship of the " Musical Gazette," which was at the end of about six months consolidated with another jour- nal under the title of the " New York Musical Re- view and Gazette," of which in 1862 he became both editor and proprietor. Besides the work men- tioned above he wrote "Musical Novels" (1848). HAGER, Albert David, geologist, b. in Ches- ter, • Vt., 1 Nov., 1817. He was educated in the common schools of his native place, and in 1856 was assistant state naturalist of Vermont. He was assistant state geologist under Prof. Edward Hitch- cock in 1857-'61, and state geologist and curator of the state cabinet of natural history in 1862-'70. In the latter year he was appointed state geologist of Missouri, and since 1877 he has been librarian of the Chicago historical society. Mr. Hager was commissioner from Vermont to the Paris exposi- tion of 1867. He has published " Geology of Ver- mont," with Prof. Hitchcock (2 vols., Claremont, N. H., 1861) ; the annual reports of the Vermont fish commission (Montpelier, Vt., 1866-'9) ; " Eco- nomic Geology of Vermont " ; and a report on the geological survey of Missouri (1871). HAGER, John Sharpenstien, senator, b. in Morris county, N. J., 12 March, 1818. He was graduated at Princeton in 1836, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1840. He settled in Morristown, N. J., practising his profession until 1849, when he went to California. He served in the state senate in 1852-'4, and again in 1867-73. In 1855 he was elected state district judge for the district of San Francisco, and served six years. In 1871 he became a regent of the University of Cali- fornia, which he had been active in establishing. He was elected to the U. S. senate as an anti- monopoly Democrat, and served from 9 Feb., 1874, till 3 March, 1875, filling the unexpired term of Eugene Casserly, resigned. He has since been a member of the convention that framed the present constitution of California, and was president of the convention that adopted a new charter for San Francisco under that constitution. He was ap- pointed in 1885 collector of the port of San Fran- cisco, which office he still (1887) holds. HAGERT, Henry Schell, lawver. h. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 2 May, 1826 ; d. there, 18 Dec, 1885. He was graduated at the Central high-school, Phil- adelphia, in 1842, admitted to the bar, 8 May, 1847, and soon afterward became solicitor for the board of guardians of the poor. After the con- solidation of the city in 1854 he was appointed as- sistant city solicitor, and as such drafted many of the most important city ordinances. He served as assistant district attorney in 1856-7. 1868-71, and 1875-8, and as district attorney in 1878-81. He was especially distinguished as a nisi prius law- yer. In early life he contributed prose and poetry to periodicals ; and after his death a A r olume of his poems, with a memoir by Charles A. Lagen, was printed privately (Philadelphia, 1886). HAGNER, Peter, financier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 Oct., 1772 ; d. in Washington, D.«C, 16 July, 1850. He was appointed a clerk in the treasury department by Gen. Washington in 1793, assistant accountant of the war department in 1797, and third auditor by Mr. Monroe when that office was created in 1817. He served under every admin- istration for fifty-six consecutive years, resigning his office in 1849. Twice by direct votes congress expressed its appreciation of his services in the settlement of large and important claims. This office became at one time so prominent, from the calls made upon its chief by congress, before the institution of the court of claims, that John Ran- dolph, of Roanoke, pausing in debate for a phrase to express his sense of the influence of the Emperor Nicholas in the affairs of Europe, styled him " the great third auditor of nations." — His son, Peter Valentine, soldier, b. in Washington, D. C, 28 Aug., 1815, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1836, and assigned to the 1st artillery. He served on topographical duty, took part in the Florida campaign of 1836-7 with a field battery, was assigned to frontier duty during the Canada border disturbances until July, 1838, and then transferred to the ordnance corps. On 22 May, 1840, he was promoted 1st lieutenant of ordnance. In the war with Mexico he was attached to the siege-train company of ordnance of Gen. Scott's army, brevetted captain for " gallant and merito- rious conduct " at Cerro Gordo, 18 April, 1847, and major for Chapultepec, 13 Sept., 1847. He was wounded at the San Cosme gate in the assault and capture of the city of Mexico the day following. Maj. Hagner made a visit to Europe under orders from the secretary of war in 1848-9, inspecting laboratories and manufactories of percussion-caps, and procuring information upon the systems of artillery and the armament and equipment of troops. He was promoted to captain of ordnance, 10 July, 1851, and major of ordnance, 3 Aug., and was in command of various arsenals and in- spector of powder until the beginning of the civil war. On 25 April, 1861, he was assigned to the duty of ordering, inspecting, and purchasing arms and ordnance stores, and in March, 1862, appointed assistant to the commission on ordnance contracts and claims. He was inspector of the factories mak- ing small arms for the government till 25 Dec, 1863, when he was assigned to the command of the Watervliet arsenal ; was made lieutenant-colonel of ordnance, 1 June, 1863, brevetted colonel and brigadier-general, U. S. army, 13 March, 1865, for 26 HAGOOD HAGUE his services in the ordnance department, and ad- vanced to the rank of colonel of ordnance, 7 March, 1867. He' was placed on the retired list, 1 June, 1881, at his own request, having been in the service for more than forty years. HAGOOD, Johnson, lawyer, b. in West Vir- ginia in 1771 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, in 1816. When he was four years old his father's family re- moved to Ninety-Six, S. C. He was on one occa- sion sent out in the night, when about seven years of age, to procure medical assistance for his father's family, and passed through the scene of one of the guerilla skirmishes so frequent at that time. Sev- eral corpses were lying unburied on the field, and wolves were feeding on them. His nerves were severely tried, but he performed his errand. At the age of fourteen the lad determined to take care of himself, and walked sixty miles to Granby, where he succeeded in obtaining employment in a country store. At the end of a year he went to Charleston and entered a lawyer's office, having access to books, and attending a night-school. He soon began the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1793* at the age of twenty-two, and imme- diately became a partner with his patron, who was elected to congress, and left to young Hagood the entire management of his practice. He practised law until 1813, and attained note in his profession. Mr. Hagood also devoted much attention to natu- ral sciences, was interested in the study of elec- tricity and galvanism, and procured from Europe extensive apparatus for his experiments. He edu- cated his younger brothers and sisters and several children of his poorer neighbors. In 1806 he pur- chased lands, and, gradually withdrawing from practice, devoted himself to their improvement. HAGUE, William, clergyman, b. in Pelham, Westchester co., N. Y., 4 Jan., 1808. He was graduated at Hamilton in 1826, and at the Newton theological institution in 1829. On 20 October of the latter year he was ordained pastor of the 2d Baptist church at Utica, N. Y., where he re- mained until 1831. He has since held pastorates in Boston, Providence, and New York city. He was elected professor of homiletics in the Baptist theological seminary at Chicago in 1869, and later accepted a pastoral charge at Orange, N. J. Dr. ' Hague received the degree of D. D. from Brown in 1849, and from Harvard in 1863. He was also chosen a trustee of the former university in 1837 and of Vassar college in 1861. He is the author of numerous occasional addresses and orations, including discourses on the life and character of John Quincy Adams and Adoniram Judson. He has also published "The Baptist Church Transplanted from the Old World to the New " (New York, 1846) ; " Guide to Conversation on the Gospel of John" (Boston); "Review of Drs. Fuller and Wayland on Slavery " (Boston) ; "Christianity and Statesmanship" (New York, 1855 ; enlarged ed., Boston, 1865) ; " Home Life " (New York. 1855) ; " The Authority and Perpetu- ity of the Christian Sabbath " (1863) ; " The Self- witnessing Character of the New Testament Chris- tianity" (Philadelphia, 1871); and "Christian Greatness in the Minister" (Boston, 1880). — His son, James Duncan, mining engineer, b. in Bos- ton, Mass., 26 Feb., 1836, was educated at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, at the Frei- berg mining-school, and at the University of Got- tingen. On his return to the United States he followed for a time the profession of mining en- gineer, and in 1867 became first assistant geologist on the U. S. geological survey of the 40th parallel, under Clarence King, holding that place for three years. In this connection he prepared the volume on " Mining Industries " (Washington, 1870) for the reports of the survey. He then returned to his profession. Mr. Hague was sent as U. S. commissioner to the World's fair in Paris in 1878, and with the assistance of George F. Becker wrote the report on " Mining Industries at the Paris Exposition of 1878" (Washington, 1880).— Another son, Arnold, geologist, b. in Boston, Mass., 3 Dec, 1840. He was graduated at the Sheffield scientific school of Yale in 1863, after which he spent three years in Germany, studying at the universities of Gottingen and Heidelberg, and at the Freiberg mining-school. In 1867 he returned to the United States, and was appointed assistant geologist on the U. S. geological explora- tion of the 40th parallel under Clarence King. He then went to California, and spent the winter of 1867-'8 in Virginia City, Nev., studying the sur- face geology of the Comstock lode and the chemis- try of the amalgamation process as practised there, and known as the " Washoe process." The re- sults of this study were published in volume iii. of the report of the exploration, under the title of " Chemistry of the Washoe Process." He also contributed to the same volume a chapter on the geology of the White Pine mining district, in which there was first brought to notice the great development of Devonian rocks in the Great Basin of Utah and Nevada. In volume ii. — " Descriptive Geology " — of the report of the explo- ration, which is the joint work of Mr. Hague and Samuel F. Emmons, there is given the results of a detailed geologi- cal survey across the Cordilleras of North America, from the Great Plains to the Sierra Nevada range in California. This work included a geo- logical atlas of maps and sections, which was completed after a great deal of hard- ship, the map of the Great Basin being accomplished before the com- pletion of either the Union or Central Pacific rail- way. On the termination of this work in 1877 he received the appointment of government geolo- gist of Guatemala, and travelled extensively over the republic, visiting the principal mining regions and the centres of volcanic activity. In 1878 he was engaged by the Chinese government to exam- ine gold, silver, and lead mines in northern China. On the organization of the U. S. geological survey in 1879 he returned to the United States, and be- came one of its geologists. He was sent to Ne- vada, and made a report on the " Geology of the Eureka District." In 1883 he was made geologist of the Yellowstone park division, and assigned to the study of the geysers of that district in connec- tion with the extinct volcanic regions of the Rocky mountains. He is a member of scientific socie- ties both in the United States and Europe, and in 1885 was elected to the National academy of sciences. He has made numerous contributions to scientific journals, on lithology. and geology, and is the principal author of the followiug memoirs : " The Volcanoes of California, Oregon, and Wash- ington Territory" (1883); "The Volcanic Rocks fc/L?/*^. HAHN HAINES 27 of the Great Basin " (1884) ; " On the Develop- ment of Crystallization in the Igneous Rocks of Washoe" (1885); "Nevada, with Notes on the Geology of the District " (1885) ; and " The Vol- canic Rocks of Salvador " (1886). HAHN, Michael, politician, b. in Bavaria, 24 Nov., 1830 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 15 March, 1886. While he was an infant his parents re- moved to New York, and a few years later to New Orleans. He was graduated at the high-school of that city, and in the law department of the Uni- versity of Louisiana in 1854. When twenty-two years of age he was elected school-director, served for several years, and at one time was presi- dent of the board. He was antagonistic to the Slidell wing of the Democratic party, opposed Mr. Buchanan for president in 1856, was a strong Douglas advocate, and a vehement anti-slavery agitator. In 1860-1 he was a member of the com- mittee that canvassed the state against secession, and he personally exerted all his influence to pre- vent disunion. Mr. Hahn's opponents charged that in 1861, with all public, state, and parish offi- cers, he took the oath of allegiance to the Confed- erate government ; but the official records show that he renewed his oath of office as notary, but omit- ted the oath of allegiance, and no public notice was taken of the omission. On the arrival of Admi- ral Farragut's fleet in New Orleans, 25 April, 1862, Mr. Hahn took the oath of allegiance to the United States, and represented the 2d congressional dis- trict of Louisiana in congress as a Republican, from 17 Feb. to 3 March, 1863. At the end of his term he returned to New Orleans, advocated the reopening of the Federal courts, and bought and edited the " New Orleans True Delta," in which he advocated emancipation. In March, 1864, he was inaugurated governor of Louisiana. He pos- sessed the full confidence of Mr. Lincoln, who wrote him a letter advising that the elective fran- chise be extended to the negro race, and granting him the additional powers of military governor. In 1865 he was chosen U. S. senator, but did not press his claim to his seat. In July, 1866, while present at the Mechanics' institute in New Orleans during the riot of that month, he was severely wounded. Mr. Hahn became the editor of the " New Orleans Republican " in 1867, and four years later removed to his sugar-plantation in St. Charles parish, where he built the village of Hahn- ville. He was a member of the legislature from 1872 till 1876, and in 1879 was elected district judge, which office he resigned in 1885, on his elec- tion to congress, where he was the only Republi- can member from his state. HAIDT, John Valentine, artist and evan- gelist, b. in Dantzic, Germany, 4 Oct., 1700: d. in Bethlehem, Pa., 18 Jan., 1780. He was educated at Berlin, where his father was court-jeweller. The son studied painting at Venice, Rome, Paris, and London. When he was forty years of age he united with the Moravian church and devoted himself to painting portraits of its clergymen and other pictures, the majority of which represented scriptural incidents. In 1754 he emigrated to America, was ordained a deacon of the church, and began to preach through the middle colonies as an evangelist, at the same time continuing to paint. A gallery of his portraits and several of his other pictures are still preserved at Bethlehem, Pa. Among the latter the most remarkable is a re- duced copy of a large painting which he produced in Germany, representing the first converts of the various nations to which the Moravians brought the gospel, coming to the throne of Christ's glory. Twelve of Haidt's paintings, setting forth inci- dents in the life of Jesus, which formerly adorned the walls of the first church-edifice at Bethlehem, were many years ago sold to a dealer, who realized enormous profits from them. HAIGHT, Benjamin I., clergyman, b. in New York city, 16 Oct., 1809 ; d. there, 21 Feb., 1879. He was graduated at Columbia in 1828, and at the General theological seminary of the Episcopal church in 1831. He was ordained deacon the same year, and priest in 1833. While in deacon's orders he was elected (1831) rector of St. Peter's church, New York, and in 1834 was called to St. Paul's, Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1837 he was elected rector of All Saints', New York, and remained there until 1846. He was chosen professor of pastoral theology in the General theological seminary in 1837, and served the interests of the church in that chair until 1855. In the latter year Dr. Haight was elected an assistant minister of Trinity church, New York, and during the absence of the rector in 1874 held the office of assistant rector. He was a delegate from New York to the general conventions of 1868, 1871, and 1874. In 1873 Dr. Haight was elected bishop of Massachusetts, but declined on account of feeble health. He served as secretary of the Convention of New York for twenty years, and was a member of the standing committee of the diocese for ten years. He was elected a trustee of Columbia college in 1843, and gave much time and attention to the interests of that institution. Dr. Haight was an excellent speaker and debater, and exercised a wide influence in guiding the course of ecclesiastical affairs under anomalous and trying conditions. During the last two or three years of his life he suffered from impaired health caused by overtaxed energies. He published a few occasional sermons and addresses. — His son, Charles C, is an architect, and designed the new buildings of Colum- bia college and the General theological seminary. HAIGHT, Henry Huntley, lawyer, b. in Rochester, N. Y, 20 May, 1825 ; d. in San Fran- cisco, CaL, 2 Sept., 1878. His father, Fletcher M. Haight, was U. S. judge for the district of Califor- nia. The son was graduated at Yale in 1844, stud- ied law, and was admitted to the bar at St. Louis in October, 1846. He afterward removed to Cali- fornia, where he entered on the practice of his pro- fession in 1850. He was appointed U. S. district judge by President Lincoln, and in 1867 was elected governor by the Democratic party, remaining in office until 1871, when he was renominated, but defeated by Newton Booth. He then returned to the practice of law, and was a member-elect of the State constitutional convention. HAINES, Daniel, governor of New Jersey, b. in New York city, 6 Jan., 1801 ; d. in Hamburg, Sussex co., N. J., 26 Jan., 1877. He was graduated at Princeton in 1820, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1823, and settled at Hamburg in 1824. In 1837 he entered public life as a member of the council, and was one of the board of canvassers who resisted the governor in giving certificates of elec- tion to the Whig candidates in the famous " broad- seal " election. In 1843 he was elected governor, and while in office proclaimed the new constitution. His efforts during his one year's term of office left their impress on the common-schools and on the state normal-school, which had been projected by him. In 1847 he was again elected governor, and served for three years. He was afterward chosen a judge of the supreme court, where he served until 1861, and was during his tenure of office a member ex-officio of the court of error and appeals. From 1870 till 1876 he was a member of several judicial 28 HAINES HALDEMAN commissions relating to state boundaries. He was one of the committee on the reunion of the two branches of the Presbyterian church, and aided materially in accomplishing the result. He was influential in establishing the insane asylum in Trenton, the soldiers' home in Newark, and the re- form-school for juveniles in Jamesburg. He went to Cincinnati in 1870 as a commissioner to the National prison reform association, and was one of the committee that met in London in 1872 to or- ganize an international congress on prison disci- pline. He was also president of the Sussex county Bible society, and the oldest living trustee of Princeton college. — His son, Alanson Austin, clergyman, b. in Hamburg, N. J., 18 March, 1830, was graduated at Princeton in 1857, and at the theological seminary there in 1858. He held pas- torates in Berlin, Md., and Amgansett, L. I., till 1862, when he was appointed chaplain of the loth New Jersey regiment. He served till the close of the war, accompanying his regiment in the thirty- six battles in which it was engaged, and since his discharge in 1865 has held a pastorate in his native place. In 1873 he was appointed engineer of the Palestine exploration society, and in that capacity visited the Holy Land, Egypt, and Turkey, making maps, sketches of Oriental scenery, and transcripts of rock inscriptions. Mr. Haines is the author of a " History of the Fifteenth Regiment of New Jersey Volunteers " (New York, 1883), and is a contributor to various periodicals. — Another son, Thomas Ryerson, lawyer, b. in Hamburg, N. J., 15 March, 1838 ; d. near Harrisonburg, Va., 6 June, 1862, was graduated at Princeton in 1857, and in 1860, having been admitted to the bar, en- tered on the practice of his profession in Newark, N. J. On 15 Aug., 1861, he became 1st lieutenant in the 1st New Jersey cavalry regiment, and in March, 1862, was commissioned captain after de- clining an appointment on a general's staff. He had already gained credit as adjutant and regi- mental judge-advocate. He became the victim of a rash movement on the part of the colonel of his regiment. Five miles in advance of its supports, that regiment was driven into the woods near Harrisonburg, and was surprised and cut in pieces by a vastly superior force. While he was bravely endeavoring to rally his troops, Capt. Haines was mortally wounded. HAINES, Richard Townley, merchant, b. in Elizabeth, N. J., 21 May, 1795 ; d. there, 21 Aug., 1870. He was an original member of the firm of Halsted, Haines and Co., dry-goods merchants in New York city. He was one of the founders of the American tract society, a member of its execu- tive committee from the beginning, and for forty years the chairman of its finance committee. He served as a member of its board of direction, and contributed largely to its funds. He was a director and liberal supporter of the American Bible so- ciety, the American board of foreign missions, and many other religious and benevolent institutions, and "the first president of the board of trustees of the Union theological seminary in New York city. HAINES, Thomas Jefferson, soldier, b. in Portsmouth, N. H.. 26 Oct., 1827; d. in Hartford, Conn., 14 Aug., 1883. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1849, assigned to the 1st artillery, and served in Fortress Monroe, Va., after which he became assistant professor of mathe- matics at West Point. He took part in the Flori- da hostilities against the Seminole Indians, as act- ing assistant adjutant-general, and in the early part of the civil war held the same post in the Department of Virginia. He was chief commis- sary of the Department of the Missouri in 1861-"2, and then served as chief purchasing and super- vising commissary in the Departments of the Missouri, Tennessee, and the Northwest from 1862 till 1865, holding the rank of major. He also held this office for the territory between the Mississippi and New Mexico and Utah, and was in charge of affairs of the subsistence department in Illinois and the Department of the Mississippi to the southern boundary of Arkansas. He was bre- vetted brigadier-general on 13 March, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services. He had general charge of the subsistence department throughout the western states and territories from 1865 till 1868, and served as chief of the commissariat de- partment of the south from 1868 till 1873. He was then purchasing and depot commissary at Bos- ton till 1875, when he was made assistant to the commissary-general in Washington, D. C. HAKLUYT, Richard, English author, b. about 1553 ; d. 23 Oct., 1616. He was educated at West- minster school and at Oxford university, where he was appointed lecturer on cosmography, and was the first to teach the use of globes. In 1584, when a master of arts and a professor of divinity, he ac- companied the English ambassador, Sir Edward Stafford, to Paris, where he remained five years. On his return to England he was appointed by Sir Walter Raleigh a member of the company of gen- tlemen adventurers and merchants formed for the purpose of colonizing Virginia. In 1605 Hakluyt was appointed prebendary of Westminster, having before been prebendary of Bristol, and he received afterward the rectory of Wetheringset in Suffolk. He was buried in Westminster abbey. His name is perpetuated in Hakluyt's head, a rjromontory on the northwest end of Spitsbergen, named by Henry Hudson in 1608 ; in Hakluyt's island in Baffin's bay, named by Bylot, and in the Hakluyt society, founded in 1846 for the republication of early voy- ages and travels. He wrote the following books : " Diuers Voyages touching the Discouerie of Amer- ica and Islands adjacent unto the Same" (1582; new ed., 1850) ; " Foure Voyages unto Florida " (1587) ; an improved edition of Peter Martyrs " De Orbe Novo " (1587), which at his suggestion was translated into English by Michael Lok, the London agent of the Muscovy company, under the title " The Historie of the West Indies " ; " The Principal Navigations, Voyages, and Discovei'ies made by the English Nation " (fol., London ; en- larged ed., 3 vols, in 2, fol., 1598-1600 ; new ed. with additions. 5 vols.,4to, London, 1809-12). Be- sides the different voyages, this work contains many curious public documents, such as charters granted by the czar, the sultan, and other mon- archs to English merchants. In many copies the voyage to Cadiz (pp. 607-'19, vol. i., 2d ed.) is omitted, having been suppressed by order of Queen Elizabeth after the disgrace of the Earl of Essex. The additions to the last edition com- prise all the voyages and travels printed by Hak- luyt, or at his suggestion, which were not included in his collection. His unpublished manuscripts were used by Purchas in his " Pilgrims." An analysis of Hakluyt's chief works is contained in Oldys's "British Librarian." Hallam says that " the best map of the sixteenth century is one of uncommon rarity, which is found in a very few cop- ies of the first edition of Hakluyt's ' Voyages.' " HALDEMAN, Samuel Stehman, naturalist, b. in Locust Grove, Lancaster co., Pa., 12 Aug., 1812 ; d. in Chickies, Pa., 10 Sept., 1880. He was educated at a classical school in Harrisburg, and then spent two years in Dickinson college, but HALDEMAN HALDIMAXD 29 was not graduated. Scientific pursuits were ap- proved by his parents, but for a time he was compelled to manage a saw-mill. In 1836 Henry D. Rogers, having been appointed state geologist of New Jersey, sent for Mr. Haldeman. who had been his pupil at Dickinson, to assist him. A year later, on the reorgan- ization of the Penn- sylvania geological survey, Haldeman was transferred to his own state, and was actively engaged on the survey until 1842, preparing five an- nual reports, and per- sonally surveying the counties of Dauphin and Lancaster. In 1840 he began the publication of his monograph on the '■ Fresh-Water Uni- valve Mollusca of the United States," in which he described the Scolithus linea- ris, a new genus and species of fossil plant, the most ancient organic remains in Pennsylvania. During the year 1842-'3 he gave a course of lec- tures on zoology at the Franklin institute, and in 1851 became professor of natural sciences in the University of Pennsylvania. This chair he held until 1855. when he accepted a similar professor- ship in Delaware college. Meanwhile he also lectured on geology and chemistry in the State agricultural college of Pennsylvania, and in 1869 became the first occupant of the chair of com- parative philology in the University of Pennsyl- vania, which he held continuously until his death. Prof. Haldeman made numerous visits to Europe for purposes of research, and when studying the human voice in Rome determined the vocal repertoire of between forty and fifty varieties of human speech. His ear was remarkably delicate, and he discovered a new organ of sound in lepi- dopterous insects, which was described by him in Silliman's " American Journal of Science " in 1848. He made extensive researches among Indian dialects, and also in Pennsylvania Dutch, besides investigations in the English, Chinese, and other languages. Prof. Haldeman was an earnest advocate of spelling reform, and was the author of several manuals of orthography, orthoepy, and etymology. In 1858 he gained the Trevelyan prize over eigh- teen competitors by his essay on " Analytical Or- thography " (Philadelphia, 18*60). He was a mem- ber of many scientific societies, was the founder and president of the Philological society, and one of the early members of the National academy of sciences. During 1851-2 he edited the " Pennsyl- vania Farmer's Journal." He was a contributor to the " leonographic Cyclopaedia" (New York, 1852), and furnished the articles on articulata, insecta. entomology, conchology, radiata, and others. His contributions to scientific literature have been large, and his papers on philology, conchology, entomolo- gy, geology, chemistry, and paleontology include over two hundred titles. He has published, besides works previously mentioned. " Zoological Contribu- tions" (Philadelphia. 1842-3) • "Elements of Latin Pronunciation " (1851) ; an edition of Taylors "Statistics of Coal" (2d ed., 1855); "Tours of a Chess Knight " (1865) ; " Affixes in their Origin and Application" (1865); "Rhymes of the Poets," un- der the pen-name of " Felix Ago " (1868) ; " Penn- sylvania Dutch " (1872) : " Outlines of Etvmologv " (is??): and "Word-Building" (1881). HALDF.RMAN, John Acomiiig, diplomatist. b. in Missouri, 15 April, 1833. He spent his boy- hood in Kentucky, and studied law there, but emi- grated to Kansas in 1854. In his new home he opposed slavery, and was successively private sec- retary to the first governor, judge of the probate court, mayor of Leavenworth two terms, member of both houses of the legislature, and regent of the State university. He was major of the 1st Kansas infantry during the civil war, provost-marshal-gen- eral of the western army, on the staff of Gen. Na- thaniel Lyon, in 1861, and was mentioned in the official report for " gallant and meritorious con- duct " at the battle of Springfield. After the war he travelled extensively. In 1880 he was appointed U. S. consul at Bangkok, Siam, and subsecmently promoted to the post of consul-general by Presi- dent Garfield. In 1882 he was further advanced to the station of minister-resident in Siam. In 1883 Highland university conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. For his endeavors in behalf of civilization in the far east he received the thanks of the Universal postal union. In August, 1885, he resigned his office and returned to the United States. In recognition of his " faithful observance of treaty relations," and of his efforts to suppress a nefarious traffic in spirits under cover of the American flag, his majesty, the king of Siam, honored him with the decoration of knight com- mander of the most exalted order of the white ele- phant. King Norodom tendered the investiture of commander of the royal order of Cambodia in ap- preciation of his efforts to introduce posts and telegraphs into Cambodia and Cochin China. He was honored by the friendship of Gen. Grant, who felt great interest in his mission of peace and justice to Siam, and to the great soldier is as- cribed the declaration that the " minister's career in southern Asia was one of the highest successes in American diplomacy." HALDI3IAND, Sir 'Frederick. British general, b. in the canton of Neuchatel, Switzerland, in Oc- tober, 1718 ; d. in Yverdun, Switzerland, 5 June, 1791. He early entered the Prussian service, but in 1754, with his friend Bouquet, joined the Brit- ish army. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 50th Royal American regiment. 4 Jan.. 1756, and came to America in 1757. He distinguished himself, 8 July, 1758, in the attack on Ticonde- roga, and by his gallant defence of Oswego in 1759 against* the attack of 4.000 French and In- dians under Chevalier de la Come. He accom- panied the army under Amherst from Oswego to Montreal in 1760, and in 1762 was promoted to colonel. He was employed in Florida in 1767. and on his arrival at Pensacola enlarged the fort there, widened the streets, and otherwise improved the place. On 25 May, 1772, he became major- general in America, and in October following colonel of the 60th foot. He returned to England in August, 1775, for the purpose of giving infor- mation to the ministry about the condition of affairs in the colonies, was commissioned a general in America, 1 Jan.. 1776. and in 1777 a lieutenant- general in the army. On 27 June. 1778. he suc- ceeded Sir Guy Carleton as governor of Canada, and administered that office till 15 Nov., 1784, when he was recalled to England. In his adminis- tration of the affairs of Canada he was charged with being severe and arbitrary, and successful ac- tions for false imprisonment were brought against hiin after his return to England. 30 HALE HALE HALE, Benjamin, educator, b. in Newbury- port, Mass., 23 Nov., 1797 ; d. there, 15 July, 1863. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1818, studied theology at Andover, and in 1822 was licensed to preach as a Congregationalist. In 1823 he became tutor in Bowdoin, but subsequently established the Gardiner lyceuin, of which he became principal. Prom 1827 till 1835 (when his chair was abolished) he was professor of chemistry and mineralogy at Dartmouth, and aided in the foundation of its geo- logical and mineralogical cabinet. Meantime, he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church. The winter of 1835-'6 he spent in St. Croix, W. I., for his health. In 1836 he became president of Hobart college, Geneva, N. Y., and held the office till feeble health compelled him to resign on 19 Jan., 1858, when he returned to his native town. He published " Introduction to the Mechanical Principles of Carpentry " (Boston, 1827) and " Scrip- tural Illustrations of the Liturgy " (1835). HALE, Eugene, senator, b. in Turner, Ox- ford, co., Me., 9 June, 1836. He received an aca- demic education, studied law in Portland, was admitted to the bar in 1857, and began to prac- tise at Ellsworth, Me. He was for nine successive years county attorney for Hancock county, was a member of the legislature of Maine in 1867-'80, and was then elected a representative in congress from that state, serving from 1869 till 1879. He was elected to the U. S. senate as a Republican to suc- ceed Hannibal Hamlin, took his seat 4 March, 1881, and was re-elected in 1887. He was appointed postmaster-general in 1874, but declined, and also refused a cabinet appointment by President Hayes. He was a delegate to the Republican national con- ventions of 1868, 1876, and 1880. Mr. Hale has re- ceived the degree of LL. D. from Colby university. HALE, John, clergyman, b. in Charlestown, Mass., 3 June, 1636 ; d. 15 May, 1700. He was graduated at Harvard in 1657. In 1664 he went to Beverly as a religious teacher, and on 20 Sept., 1667, was ordained pastor of the newly organized church at that place — a charge which he retained till his death. He was chaplain in the expedition to Canada in 1690, and in 1734 his services were rewarded by a grant of three hundred acres of land to his heirs by the general court. During the Salem witchcraft trials in 1692, Mr. Hale attended the examinations of the accused persons, and ap- proved of the judicial murders resulting from the charges. He afterward published " A Modest In- quiry into the Nature of Witchcraft" (1697), which indicated a change of opinion relative to the jus- tice of the executions. His only other publication was an " election sermon " of nearly two hundred pages (1684). — His grandson, Robert, physician, b. in Beverly, Mass., 12 Feb., 1703 ; d. 20 March, 1767, was graduated at Harvard in 1721, and subse- quently practised as a physician in his native town. He commanded a regiment under Sir Will- iam Pepperell at the capture of Louisburg in 1745, in 1747 was appointed by the legislature of Massa- chusetts a commissioner to New York to adopt measures for the general defence, and in 1755 was a commissioner to New Hampshire to concert an expedition against the French. He was appointed sheriff of Essex county, Mass., in 1761, and was for thirteen years a member of the legislature. — John's great-grandson, Nathan, soldier, b. in Coventry, Conn., 6 June, 1755 ; d. in New York city, 22 Sept., 1776, was a feeble child, and gave little promise of surviving his infancy; but as he grew up he became fond of out-door sports, and was famous for his athletic feats. His attention was early turned to books, and his father desired him to study for the ministry. Accordingly, he was fit- ted for college by the Rev. Joseph Huntington, and was graduated at Yale in 1773. Dr. Eneas Munson, of New Haven, says of him at this time that " he was almost six feet in height, perfectly proportioned, and in figure and deportment he was the most manly man I have ever met. His chest was broad ; his muscles were firm ; his face wore a most benign expression ; his complexion was rose- ate, his eyes were light blue, and beamed with in- telligence ; his hair was soft and light-brown in color, and his speech was rather low, sweet, and musical. His personal beauty and grace of man- ner were most charming. Why, all the girls in New Haven fell in love with him, and wept tears of real sorrow when they heard of his sad fate. In dress he was always neat ; he was quick to lend a helping hand to a being in distress, brute or hu- man : was overflowing with good humor, and was the idol of all his acquaintances." At his gradua- tion he was engaged with William Robinson and Ezra Samson in a Latin syllogistic dispute followed by a debate on the question, " Whether the educa- tion of daughters be not, without any just reason, more neglected than that of the sons." His class- mate, James Hillhouse, wrote : " In this debate Hale was triumphant. He was the champion of ' the daughters,' and most ably advocated their cause." He then taught school first in East Haddam and afterward in New London. The news of Lexington reached the quiet village where he was teaching, and a town-meeting was at once held. Among the speakers was Hale, who urged immediate action, saying : " Let us march immediately, and never lay down our arms until we have obtained our in- dependence." He at once enrolled himself as a volunteer, and was made a lieutenant in Col. Charles Webb's regiment. In September, 1775, his regi- ment was ordered to Cambridge, where, after par- ticipating in the siege of Boston, he was made a captain in January, 1776. He then went to New York, where, early in September, with a few picked men, he captured at midnight a supply vessel that was anchored in the East river under the protection of the guns of the British man-of-war "Asia." The stores of provisions from the prize were dis- tributed among his hungry fellow-soldiers. About this time he was made captain of a company in the " Connecticut Rangers," a corps known as " Con- gress's Own," commanded by Thomas Knowlton. In response to a call from Gen. Washington, he volunteered to enter the British lines and procure intelligence. Disguising himself as a school-master and loyalist, he visited all of the British camps on Long Island and in New York, openly making observations, drawings, and memoranda of fortifi- cations. As he was about returning, he was ap- prehended and taken before Sir William Howe, who, upon the evidence found in his shoes, con- demned him to be executed before sunrise on the next morning. He was denied the attendance of a chaplain, and his request for a Bible was refused. The letters he had written to his sisters and be- trothed (who was his step-sister) were destroyed before his eyes by the provost-marshal, William Cunningham, so that, as he afterward said, "the rebels should never know that they had a man who could die with such firmness." His execu- tion took place in Col. Henry Rutgers's orchard, near the present junction of Market street and East Broadway. As he ascended the scaffold he said : " You are shedding the blood of the inno- cent ; if I had ten thousand lives, 1 would lay them down in defence of my injured, bleeding country " ; and his last words were : " I only regret that I have HALE HALE 31 mmmi but one life to lose for my country." A little fort, built during the war of 1812 on Black Rock, at the entrance of New Haven harbor, was named Fort Hale in his honor, and a granite memorial was erected at Coventry in 1846. The illus- tration repre- sents Karl Ger- hardt's bronze statue, which was placed in the capitol at Hartford on 14 June, 1887. An address present- ing the statue to the state was made by Charles Dudley Warner, and responded to by Gov. Phi- neas C. Louns- bury. The So- ciety of the Sons of the Revo- lution have at present (1887) undertaken the raising of funds for the purpose of erecting a statue to Capt. Hale's memory in Central park. The manuscript of one of his college orations is preserved by the Linonian society at Yale. President Timothy Dwight, the elder, who was his tutor when at Yale, has commemorated his career in verse. See also " Life of Captain Nathan Hale, the Martyr Spy of the American Revolution," by Isaac W. Stuart (Hartford, 1856), and " The Two Spies, Nathan Hale and John Andre," by Benson J. Lossing (New York, 1886). — Nathan's nephew Nathan, journalist, b. in Westhampton, Mass., 16 Aug., 1784; d. in Brook- line, Mass., 9 Feb., 1863, was graduated at Williams in 1804, was two years a tutor in Phillips Exeter academy, and, removing to Boston, was admitted to the bar in 1810. For four years he followed his profession, and then, with Henry D. Sedgwick, be- came editor of the " Boston Weekly Messenger," the first weekly periodical devoted to literature and politics that was established in the United States. In March, 1814 he purchased the " Boston Daily Advertiser," the first daily in New England, and for many years the only one, and continued its chief editor until his death. In politics this journal was first Federalist, then Whig, and finally Republican, and its influence became very great. It opposed the Missouri bill in 1820 and the Ne- braska bill in 1854, and was the first paper to rec- ommend the free colonization of Kansas. The principle of editorial responsibility, as distinct from that of individual contributions, was estab- lished in its columns. Mr. Hale was editor and publisher of the " Monthly Chronicle " during 1840-'2, and was one of a club that founded the " North American Review " in '1815, and the " Christian Examiner " in 1823. He was acting chairman of the Massachusetts board of internal improvements in 1828, and was an early advocate of railroads in New England. He was first presi- dent of the Boston and Worcester railroad, the first company in New England to use steam power, and continued in that capacity for nineteen years. In 1846 he was appointed chairman of the com- mission for introducing water into the city. He was at various times a member of the legislature, serving in both houses, and was a delegate to two Constitutional conventions. Mr. Hale was an active member of the American academy of arts and sciences, and also of the Massachusetts historical society. In 1816 he married Sarah Preston, sister of Edward Everett. He published an excellent map of New England (1825), and a series of stereo- type maps on a plan of his own invention (1830), being the first maps with names printed in page with type made by the founders, also " Journal of Debates and Proceedings in the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention" (Boston, 1821), and numerous pamphlets on the practicability of rail- roads, on canals, and other topics. — Nathan's broth- er, Enoch, physician, b. in Westhampton, Mass., 19 Jan., 1790 : d. in Boston, 12 Nov., 1848. His father, of the same name, was the first minister of West- hampton (1779-1837). The son was educated at Harvard, where he was graduated in medicine in 1813, and began practice at Gardiner, Me. In 1816 he removed to Boston, where he remained till his death. He was an active member of the Massachu- setts medical society and of the American academy of arts and sciences, and in addition to frequent essays and papers in medical journals was the au- thor of a dissertation on " Animal Heat and Respi- ration " ; " History and Description of the Spotted Fever," which prevailed at Gardiner, Me., in 1814 ; two Boylston prize essays in 1819 and 1821 ; and a work on " Typhoid Fever." — Another nephew of Nathan, David, journalist, b. in Lisbon, Conn., 25 April, 1791 ; d. in Fredericksburg, Va., 25 Jan., 1849, was educated at public schools and by his father, who was a clergyman. He settled in Boston in 1809, and entered mercantile pursuits, but was unsuccessful. In 1827 he came to New York, where he became the associate editor and subsequently joint proprietor with Gerald Hallock of the " New York Journal of Commerce." Under his direction this journal advocated free-trade, the sub-treasury, and other financial measures of the Democratic party. In 1840 he purchased the Broadway Taber- nacle, where an orthodox Congregational church was established. He contributed largely to benevo- lent and religious enterprises, and for many years supported several missionaries. See "Memoir of David Hale, with Selections from his Writings " (New York, 1849).— Nathan, son of the second Nathan, journalist, b. in Boston, Mass., 12 Nov., 1818 ; d. there, 9 Jan., 1871, was graduated at Har- vard in 1838, and at its law-school in 1841, and was admitted to practice in the courts of Mas- sachusetts in 1841, but turned his attention to lit- erary pursuits. From 1841 till 1853 he was associ- ated with his father in the editorial management of the " Boston Daily Advertiser," and in 1842 also undertook the editorship of the " Boston Miscellany of Literature." In 1853, finding that this double duty was too severely taxing his constitution, he retired from editorial work. Subsequently he was for a short time acting professor of mental and moral philosophy in Union college, and was also associated with his brother. Edward Everett, in con- ducting "Old and New."— His sister, Lucretia Peahody, b. in Boston, Mass., 2 Sept., 1820, was educated at George B. Emerson's school in Bos- ton. Subsequently she devoted herself to litera- ture, and was a member of the Boston school com- mittee for two vears. Besides numerous stories contributed to periodicals and newspapers, some of which have been collected in book-form, she has published " The Lord's Supper and its Observance (Boston, 1866) ; "The Service of Sorrow" (1867) ; 32 HALE HALE /m (£t&^^> S~. J^u^ " The Struggle for Life, a Story of Home " (1867) " The Wolf at the Door," No Name Series (1877) " The Needlework Series, including 300 Results (1879) ; " The Peterkin Papers " (1882) ; and " The Last of the Peterkins" (1886). — Her brother, Edward Everett, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass., 3 April, 1822, after studying at the Boston Latin- school, was graduated at Harvard in 1839. He then spent two years as an usher in the Latin- school, and read theology and church history with the Rev. Samuel K. Lothrop and the Rev. John G. Pal- frey. In 1842 he was licensed to preach by the Boston as- sociation of Con- gregational minis- ters, after which he spent several years in ministering to various congrega- tions, passing the winter of 1844-'5 in Washington. His first regular settle- ment was in 1846 as pastor of the Church of the Unity in Worcester, Mass., where he remained until 1856. In that year he was called to the South Congregational (Unitarian) church in Boston, where he still (1887) remains. Mr. Hale's in- fluence has been extensively felt in all philanthropic movements. His book " Ten Times One is Ten " (Boston, 1870) led to the establishment of clubs de- voted to charity, which are now scattered through- out the United States, with chapters in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the islands of the Pacific. These associations have a membership that is supposed to exceed 50,000 in number, and are called "Harry Wadsworth clubs." They have for their motto : "Look up and not down; look forward and not back; look out and not in; lend a hand." The " Look-up Legion," a similar organization among the Sunday-schools, is due to his inspiration, and includes upward of 5,000 members. He also has taken great interest in the Chautauqua literary and scientific circle, of which he is one of the counsellors, and is a frequent contributor to the " Chautauquan." Mr. Hale has served his college as a member of the board of overseers for succes- sive terms, and has been very active in advancing the interests of Harvard. He has also held the office of president of the * B K society, and in 1879 received the degree of S. T. D. from Harvard. As a boy he learned to set type in his father's printing-office, and he has served on the " Daily Advertiser " in every capacity from reporter up to editor-in-chief. Before he attained his majority he wrote his full share in the monthly issues of the " Monthly Chronicle " and the " Boston Miscel- lany." In later years he edited the " Christian Examiner," and also the " Sunday-School Gazette." In 1869 he founded, with the American Unitarian association, " Old and New," for the purpose of giving wider currency to liberal Christian ideas through the medium of a literary magazine. Six years afterward this journal was merged into " Scribner's Monthly." In 1886 he again returned to journalism and began the publication of " Lend a Hand; a Record of Progress and Journal of Organized Charity." As a writer of short stories Mr. Hale has achieved signal distinction. His "My Double, and How he undid Me," published in the "Atlantic Monthly" in 1859, at once caught the popular fancy. " The Man Without a Coun- try," published anonymously in the " Atlantic " during 1863, produced a deep impression on the public mind, and has a permanent place among the classic short stories of American writers. His " Skeleton in the Closet " also well known, was contributed to the " Galaxy " in 1866. He has been associated in several literary combinations, among which is " Six of One by Half a Dozen of the Other" (Boston, 1872), a social romance jointly constructed by Harriet B. Stowe, Adeline D. T. Whitney, Lucretia P. Hale, Frederick W. Loring, Frederic B. Perkins, and Mr. Hale himself, its projector. His historical studies began when he was connected with the " Advertiser," and for six years he was its South American editor, having been led to the study of Spanish and Spanish- American history at a time when he expected to be the reader and amanuensis of William H. Prescott, the historian. Beginning in this way, his studies have increased until he is regarded as an authority on Spanish-American affairs. He has contributed important articles to Justin Winsor's " History of Boston," to his " History of America," to Bryant and Gay's " Popular History of the United States," and frequent papers to the pro- ceedings of the American antiquarian society. Of the latter, perhaps the most important is his dis- covery of how California came to be so named. He has edited " Original Documents from the State Paper Office, London, and the British Museum, illustrating the History of Sir W. Raleigh's First American Colony and the Colony at Jamestown, with a Memoir of Sir Ralph Lane " (Boston, 1860), and John Lingard's " History of England " (13 vols., Boston, 1853). Besides the foregoing he has published " The Rosary " (Boston, 1848) ; " Margaret Percival in America " (1850) ; " Sketches of Chris- tian History " (1850) ; " Letters on Irish Emigra- tion " (1852) ; " Kansas and Nebraska " (1854) ; " Ninety Days' Worth of Europe " (1861) ; with the Rev. John Williams, "The President's Words" (1865) ; " If, Yes, and Perhaps " (1868) ; " Puritan Politics in England and New England " (1869) ; "The Ingham "Papers " (1869); "How To Dolt" (1870) ; " His Level Best, and Other Stories " (1870); " Daily Bread, and Other Stories " (1870) ; " Ups and Downs, an Every-Day Novel " (1871) ; " Sybaris, and Other Homes " (1871) ; " Christmas Eve, and Christmas Day " (1874) ; " In His Name " (1874) ; " A Summer's Vacation, Four Sermons " (1874) ; " Workingmen's Homes, Essays and Stories " (1874); " The Good Time Coming, or Our New Crusade " (1875) ; " One Hundred Years " (1875) ; " Philip No- lan's Friends " (New York, 1876) ; " Back to Back " (1877); "Gone to Texas, or the Wonderful Ad- ventures of a Pullman " (Boston, 1877) ; " What Career % " (1878) ; " Mrs. Merriam's Scholars " (1878) ; " The Life in Common " (1879) ; " The Bi- ble and its Revision " (1879) : " The Kingdom of God" (1880); "Crusoe in New York" (1880); "Stories of War" (1880); "June to May ""(1881) ; "Stories of the Sea" (1881); "Stories of Ad- venture" (1881); "Stories of Discovery" (1883); " Seven Spanish Cities " (1883) ; " Fortunes of Rachel " (New York, 1884) ; " Christmas in a Pal- ace " (1884) ; " Christmas in Narragansett " (1884) ; " Stories of Invention " (Boston, 1885) ; " Easter " (1886); "Franklin in France" (1887); "The Life of Washington" (New York, 1887); and "The History of the United States."— Another brother, Charles, journalist, b. in Boston, Mass., 7 June, 1831 ; d. there, 1 March, 1882, was graduated at Harvard in 1850, and entered his father's em- ploy as a reporter. In 1852 he began the publica- HALE HALE 33 tion of " To-day, a Boston Literary Journal," a weekly of which only two volumes were published, and later became junior editor of the " Daily Ad- vertiser." Meanwhile he also contributed to the " North American Review " and to the " Nautical Almanac." In 1855 he was chosen to the legisla- ture from one of the Boston districts, and continued to be re-elected until 1860, being speaker during his last term, and the youngest man ever chosen to that office. From 1864 till 1870 he was U. S. consul-general to Egypt, and it was largely through his efforts that John H. Surratt was ar- rested and sent back to the United States. In 1871 he returned to Boston, and was elected in that year to the state senate. He was appointed chair- man of the committee on railroads, in which ca- pacity he drew up the general railroad act now in force, and was active in securing its enactment. In 1872-'3 he was assistant secretary of state under Hamilton Fish. He then returned to Boston, be- gan the study of law, and in 1874 was admitted to the bar. In the same year he was again elected to the legislature, and continued to serve in that body for four years. During the latter part of his life he lived in retirement, occupied in literary work, and was much of the time an invalid. — Another sister, Susan, artist, b. in Boston, Mass., 5 Dec, 1838, was educated at the school of George B. Emerson, and then for many years was a suc- cessful teacher in Boston. Subsequently she gave up other instruction that she might introduce the more careful study of water-color painting, which she had followed under English, French, and Ger- man masters. She exhibited in Boston and New York a series of pictures from the White Moun- tains, from North Carolina, from Spain, and other countries in which she had travelled. Miss Hale has been associated with her brother. Edward Everett Hale, in the publication of "A Family Flight through France, Germany, Norway, and Switzer- land," " A Family Flight over Egypt and Syria," " A Family Flight through Spain," " A Family Flight around Home," "A Family Flight through Mexico" (Boston, 1881-'6); and "The Story of Spain" (New York, 1886); and has in preparation " The Story of Mexico." She also edited " Life and Letters of Thomas Gold Appleton" (New York, 1885). — Edward Everett's daughter, Ellen Day, artist, b. in Worcester, Mass., 11 Feb., 1855, was educated under the supervision of her aunt, Susan Hale, and received her first instructions in art from Dr. William Rirnmer, afterward studying under William M. Hunt and Helen M. Knowlton, and in Julien's art-school in Paris. Miss Hale has travelled in Spain and Italy, and has resided in Paris and in London. Her present home is in Bos- ton, where she is engaged in artistic work. She has exhibited " Un Hiver Americain " and " An Old Retainer" in the Paris salon, and "A New England Girl " in the Royal academy, London. HALE, John Parker, senator, b. in Rochester, N. H, 31 March, 1806 ; d. in Dover, N. H., 19 Nov., 1873. He studied at Phillips Exeter academy, and was graduated at Bowdoin in 1827. He began his law studies in Rochester with Jeremiah H. Wood- man, and continued them with Daniel M. Chris- tie in Dover, where he was admitted to the bar, 20 Aug., 1830. In March, 1832, he was elected to the state house of representatives as a Democrat. On 22 March, 1834, he was appointed U. S. district attorney by President Jackson, was reappointed by President Van Buren, 5 April, 1838, and was re- moved, 17 June, 1841, by President Tyler on party grounds. On 8 March, 1842, he was elected to con- gress, and took his seat, 4 Dec, 1843. He opposed vol. in. — 3 the 21st rule suppressing anti-slavery petitions, but supported Polk and Dallas in the presidential canvass of 1844, and was nominated for re-election on a general ticket with three associates. The New Hampshire legislature, 28 Dec, 1844, passed reso- lutions instructing their representa- tives to vote for the annexation of Tex- as, and President Polk, in his message of that year, advo- cated annexation. On 7 Jan., 1845, Mr. Hale wrote his noted Texas letter, refusing to support annexation. The State convention of his party was re- assembled at Con- cord, 12 Feb., 1845, and under the lead of Frank- lin Pierce struck Mr. Hale's name from the ticket, and substituted that of John Woodbury. Mr. Hale was' supported as an independent candidate. On 11 March, 1845, three Democratic members were elected, but there was no choice of a fourth. Subsequent trials, with the same result, took place 23 Sept. and 29 Nov., 1845, and 10 March, 1846. During the repeated contests, Mr. Hale thoroughly canvassed the state. At his North Church meeting in Concord, 5 June, 1845, Mr. Pierce was called out to reply, and the debate is memorable in the political history of New Hamp- shire. At the election of 10 March, 1846, the Whigs and Independent Democrats also defeated a choice for governor, and elected a majority of the state legislature. On 3 June, 1846, Mr. Hale was elected speaker ; on 5 June, the Whig candidate, Anthony Colby, was elected governor ; and on 9 June, Mr. Hale was elected U. S. senator for the term to begin 4 March, 1847. In a letter from John G. Whittier, dated Andover, Mass., 3d mo., 18th, 1846, he says of Mr. Hale : " He has suc- ceeded, and his success has broken the spell which has hitherto held reluctant Democracy in the em- braces of slavery. The tide of anti-slavery feeling, long held back by the dams and dykes of party, has at last broken over all barriers, and is washing down from your northern mountains upon the slave-cursed south, as if Niagara stretched its foam and thunder along the whole length of Ma- son and Dixon's line. Let the first wave of that northern flood, as it dashes against the walls of the capitol, bear thither for the first time an anti- slavery senator." On 20 Oct., 1847, he was nomi- nated for president by a National liberty con- vention at Buffalo, with Leicester King, of Ohio, for vice-president, but declined, and supported Mr. Van Buren, who was nominated at the Buffalo con- vention of 9 Aug., 1848. On 6 Dec, 1847, he took his seat in the senate with thirty-two Democrats and twenty-one Whigs, and remained the only distinctively anti-slavery senator until joined by Salmon P." Chase, 3 Dec, 1849, and by Charles Sumner, 1 Dec, 1851. Mr. Hale began the agita- tion of the slavery question almost immediately upon his entrance into the senate, and continued it in frequent speeches during his sixteen years of service in that body. He was an orator of hand- some person, clear voice, and winning manners, and his speeches were replete with humor and pa- thos. His success was due to his powers of natural 34 HALE HALE oratory, which, being exerted against American chattel - slavery, seldom failed to arouse sympa- thetic sentiments in his audiences. Mr. Hale op- posed flogging and the spirit-ration in the navy, and secured the abolition of the former bv law of 28 Sept., 1850, and of the latter by law of 14 July, 1862. He served as counsel in 1851 in the important trials that arose out of the forcible rescue of the fugitive slave Shadrach from the custody of the IJ. S. marshal in Boston. In 1852 he was nomi- nated at Pittsburg, Pa., by the Free-soil party for president, with George W. Julian as vice-presi- dent, and they received 157,685 votes. His first senatorial term ended, and he was succeeded by Charles G. Atherton. a Democrat, on 4 March, 1853, on which day Franklin Pierce was inaugu- rated president. The following winter Mr. Hale began practising law in Xew York city. But the repeal of the Missouri compromise measures again overthrew the Democrats of New Hampshire : they failed duly to elect U. S. senators in the legisla- ture of June, 1854, and in March, 1855, they com- pletely lost the state. On 13 June, 1855, James Bell, a Whig, was elected U. S. senator for six years from 3 March, 1855, and Mr. Hale was chosen for the four years of the unexpired term of Mr. Atherton, deceased. On 9 June, 1858, he was re-elected for a full term of six years, which ended on 4 March, 1865. On 10 March, 1865. he was com- missioned minister to Spain, and went immediately to Madrid. Mr. Hale was recalled in due course, 5 April, 1869, took leave, 29 July, 1869, and returned home in the summer of 1870. Mr. Hale, without sufficient cause, attributed his recall to a quarrel between himself and Horatio J. Perry, his secretary of legation, in the course of which a charge had been made that Mr. Hale's privilege, as minister, of importing free of duty merchandize for his offi- cial or personal use, had been exceeded and some goods put upon the market and sold. Mr. Hale's answer was, that he had been misled by a com- mission-merchant, instigated by Mr. Perry. The latter was removed 28 June, 1869. Mr. Hale had been one of the victims of the " National hotel dis- ease," and his physical and mental faculties were much impaired for several years before his death. Immediately upon his arrival home he was pros- trated by paralysis, and shortly afterward received a fracture of one of the small bones of the leg when thrown down by a runaway horse. In the summer of 1873 his condition was further aggra- vated by a fail that dislocated his hip. HALE, Robert Safford, lawver, b. in Chelsea, Vt, 24 Sept., 1822 ; d. in Elizabethtown, N. Y., 14 Dec, 1881. He was graduated at the Univer- sity of Vermont in 1842, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar at Elizabethtown, Essex co., X. Y., in 1847. He was surrogate and county judge from 1856 till 1864, regent of the University of Xew York from 1859 until his death, and presidential elector in 1860. He served as special counsel for the United States from 1868 till 1870, being charged with the defence of the " abandoned and captured property claims," and was agent and counsel for the United States before the American and British mixed commission, under the treaty of Washington, from 1871 till 1873. He was a member of congress from 1865 till 1867, and again from 1873 till 1875. HALE, Sahna, historian, b. in Alstead. Cheshire co., N. H., 7 March, 1787 ; d. in Somerville, Mass.. 19 Nov., 1866. His father, David Hale, joined the American army after the battle of Lexington, and served throughout the Revolutionary war. Salma, the third of fourteen children, was apprenticed to a printer in Walpole, X. H. At seventeen he wrote an English grammar (Worcester, Mass., 1804), which was afterward rewritten under the title " A Xew Grammar of the English Language " (Xew York, 1831). At the age of eighteen he became editor of " The Political Observatory." at Walpole, X. H. He then studied law, became clerk of the court of common pleas for Cheshire county, and removed to Keeue. X. H. in 1813. In 1817-34 he was clerk of the supreme judicial court, and in the latter year was admitted to the bar. in 1816 he was elected to congress as a Republican, but declined a re-election. He subsequently devoted himself to the preparation of a '' History of the United States." which gained a prize of 8400 and a gold medal that had been offered by the Ameri- can academy of belles-lettres of Xew York "for the best-written history of the United States, which shall contain a suitable exposition of the situation, character, and interests, absolute and relative, of the American republic, calculated for a class-book in academies and schools." This was first pub- lished under the title of "The History of the United States of America, from their First Settle- ment as Colonies to the Close of the War with Great Britain in 1815 " (1821). It was afterward continued to 1845, and went through many edi- tions. Mr. Hale was a trustee of Dartmouth in 1816, and of the University of Vermont in 1823, and received honorary degrees from each. He was secretary to the commissioners for determining the northeastern boundary-line of the United States, was president of the Xew Hampshire historical society in 1830, a member of the Xew Hamp- shire house of representatives in 1828 and 1844, and of the senate in 1824 and 1845. He was a contributor to newspapers and periodicals, was in- strumental in organizing the first agricultural so- ciety in Xew Hampshire, and in promoting tem- perance, education, the abolition of slavery, and the Unitarian movement. While in congress he opposed the Missouri compromise. His works in- clude " The Administration of John Q. Adams and the Opposition by Algernon Sidney" (Con- cord, X. H., 1826) ; " Conspiracy of the Spaniards against Venice, translated from Abbe Real, and of John Lewis Fieseo against Genoa, translated from Cardinal De Retz " (Boston, 1828) ; " Annals of the Town of Keene, from its First Settlement in 1734 to 1790 " (Concord, X. H., 1826, and a continua- tion to 1815, Keene, 1851) ; " An Oration on the Character of Washington " (Keene, X. H., 1832) ; "Address on the Connection of Chemistry and Agriculture," delivered before the Cheshire county agricultural society (Keene, 1848); and an "Ad- dress before the Xew Hampshire Historical Soeietv in 1828 " (Concord, 1832 ; Manchester, 1870).— His son, George Silsbee, lawyer, b. in Keene, X. H., 24 Sept., 1825, was graduated at Harvard in 1844, studied at the law-school there, and taught in Rich- mond, Va. He was admitted to the bar in Boston in 1850, where he has since been engaged in the practice of his profession. He has been a trustee of various institutions and in the city government of Boston, is a member of the Massachusetts and Xew Hampshire historical and of the Xew Eng- land historic-genealogical societies, president of the American Unitarian association, and has taken ac- tive interest in philanthropic and charitable move- ments. He edited, in connection with George P. Sanger, and later with John Codman, the 16th, 17th, and 18th volumes of the " Boston Law Reporter." was the sole editor of the 16th. 17th, and 18th vol- umes of the "United States Digest." and of the 19th with H. Farnam Smith. He has written " Me- moirs of Joel Parker," some time chief justice of HALE HALE 35 New Hampshire (Boston, 1876), and of " Theron Metealf," of the Supreme judicial court of Massa- chusetts (Boston, 1876). The " Memorial History of Boston" also contains an historical sketch by him of the charities of that city. HALE, Sarah Josepha (Buell), author, b. in Newport, N. H., 24 Oct., 1788; d. in Philadelphia, 30 April, 1879. She was taught by her mother, and her childhood's reading was derived princi- pally from the English poets. In 1813 she married David Hale, a lawyer, brother of Salma Hale, and was left a widow with five children in 1822. Mrs. Hale then resorted to the pen as a means of sup- port, and in 1828 removed to Boston to take charge of the newly established " Ladies' Magazine," which she conducted till 1837. In that year it was united with " Godey's Lady's Book," published in Phila- delphia, and Mrs. Hale became editor of that pe- riodical, but did not remove to Philadel- phia till 1841. In Boston she origi- nated the Seaman's aid society, the par- ent of many simi- lar organizations in various ports. In her position as edit- or she advocated the advancement of women, urging es- pecially their em- ployment as teach- ers, and the estab- lishment of semina- ries for their higher education. The idea of educating women for medical and missionary service in heathen lands was another of her thoughts, and she devoted much labor to securing its practical adoption. This was first attempted through the Ladies' medical mis- sionary society, which was formed in Philadelphia, mainly by her exertions. The object was finally accomplished through the "Woman's union mission- ary society for heathen lands, formed in New York in 1860, with its chief branch in Philadelphia, of which Mrs. Hale was president for several years. Mrs. Hale proposed through her Boston magazine that the women of New England should raise $50,- 000 to complete the Bunker Hill monument, and took a leading part in organizing the fair by which the suggestion was successfully carried out. About the same time she suggested that Thanksgiving- day should be made a national festival, and be held on the same day throughout the country. She continued to urge this for twenty years, not only in her magazine, but by personal correspond- ence with the governors of states and with presi- dents of the United States. President Lincoln adopted her suggestion in 1864, and the observ- ance has now become established. Mrs. Hale re- tired from editorial work in 1877. Her fugitive poems, including " The Light of Home," " Mary's Lamb," and " It Snows," became widely familiar. Her best-known work is " Woman's Record, or Sketches of all Distinguished Women from the Creation to the Present Day " (New York, 1853 ; 3d ed., revised and enlarged, 1869). Her other publications are " The Genius of Oblivion and Other Poems" (Concord, 1823); "Northwood," a novel (Boston. 1827; republished in London as "A New England Tale"; New York, 1852): " Sketches of American Character " (1830) ; " Traits of American Life " (Philadelphia, 1835) ; " Flora's Interpreter " (Boston, 1835 ; reprinted in London) ; " The Ladies' Wreath," a selection from the fe- male poets of England and America (1835) ; " The Wav to Live Well, and to be Well while we Live " (1838); "Grosvenor, a Tragedv" (1838); "The White Veil," a bridal gift (Philadelphia, 1854); " Alice Ray," a romance in rhyme (Boston, 1846) ; " Harry Gray, the Widow's Son," a story of the sea (1848); "Three Hours, or the Vigil of Love" (Philadelphia, 1848) ; " Ladies' New Book of Cook- ery " New York, 1852) ; " New Household Receipt- Book" (1853; 2d ed., Philadelphia, 1855); "A Dictionary of Poetical Quotations " (1854) ; " The Judge, a Drama of American Life " (1854) ; " The Bible Reading-Book " (1854) ; " Manners, or Happy Homes and Good Society " (Boston, 1868) ; and " Love, or Woman's Destiny, with Other Poems " (Philadelphia, 1870). She also edited several an- nuals, including " The Opal " and " The Crocus," also " The Poet's Offering " (Philadelphia) ; " Miss Acton's Cookery"; "Letters of Madame de Se- vigne" (1856); "Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu " (1856) ; and other works. — Her son, Horatio, ethnologist, b. in Newport, N. H., 3 May, 1817, was graduated at Harvard in 1837, and was appointed in the same year philologist to the U. S. exploring expedition under Capt. Charles W T ilkes. In this capacity he studied a large num- ber of the languages of the Pacific islands, as well as of North and South America, Australia, and Africa, and also investigated the history, tradi- tions, and customs of the tribes speaking those lan- guages. The results of his inquiries are given in his " Ethnography and Philology " (Philadelphia, 1846), which forms the seventh volume of the ex- pedition reports. Dr. Robert G. Latham, the Eng- lish philologist, speaks of it as comprising " the greatest mass of philological data ever accumulated by a single inquirer." On the completion of this work he spent some years in travel and in literary and scientific studies, both in Europe and in the United States. Subsequently he studied law, and was in 1855 admitted to the bar in Chicago. A year later he removed to Canada to take charge of an estate acquired by marriage. Mr. Hale took up his residence in the town of Clinton, Ontario, where he has since devoted his time in part to the prac- tice of his profession and in part to scientific pur- suits. He has published numerous memoirs on an- thropology and ethnology, is a member of many learned societies both in Europe and in America, and in 1886 was vice-president of the Amei - ican association for the advancement of science, presid- ing over the section of anthropology. His intro- ductory address on "The Origin of Languages and the Antiquity of Speaking Man" proposed some novel theories which have excited much in- terest and discussion. His other publications in- clude "Indian Migrations as evidenced by Lan- guage" (Chicago, 1883); "The Iroquois Book of Rites " (Philadelphia, 1883) ; and a " Report on the Blaekfoot Tribes," presented to the British asso- ciation for the advancement of science at its Ab- erdeen meeting in 1885. — Mrs. Hale's nephew, Ed- win Moses, physician, b. in Newport, N. H., 2 Feb., 1829. He became a printer in early life, em- ploying his leisure hours in study. He was grad- uated at the Cleveland homoeopathic medical col- lege in 1859, practised his profession for twelve years in Jonesville, Mich., became in 1863 profes- sor of materia medica and therapeutics in the Hahnemann medical college, Chicago, and held the same chair in Chicago homoeopathic college from 1880 till 1884, when he became professor emeritus. In 1871 he began a series of special lectures on dis- 36 HALIBURTON HALL eases of the heart. In addition to his editorial con- nection with various journals he is the author of many monographs and of several treatises, among which are " New Remedies" (2 vols., New York, 1867); "Pocket Manual of Domestic Practice" (1870) ; " Lectures on Diseases of the Heart " (1871) ; and " Diseases of Women " (1875). HALIBUKTON, John, physician, b. in Rhode Island in 1739 ; d. in Halifax, N. S., in 1808. He removed to Halifax, being a loyalist, about 1776, and during the Revolutionary war was a surgeon in the British navy. At its conclusion he returned to practice in Halifax, held several public offices, and was a member of the council. He ranked high in his profession. His wife was a sister of Admiral Brenton. — His son, Sir Brenton, jurist, b. in Rhode Island in 1773; d. in Halifax, N. S., in 1860, studied law and was admitted to the bar. Rising rapidly in his profession, he was appointed chief justice of Nova Scotia, and at the age of eighty-six received the honor of knighthood. The chief justice was highly esteemed as an able, pains- taking, conscientious judge, and a man of kindly disposition and great liberality of opinion. HALIBUKTON, Thomas Chandler, author, b. in Windsor, Nova Scotia, in 1797; d. in Isleworth, England, 27 Aug., 1865. He was admitted to the bar in 1820, and afterward elected a member of the house of assembly. In 1829 he was appointed chief justice of the court of common pleas, and in 1840 became a judge of the supreme court. Two years later he resigned that office and removed to England, where he afterward resided. In 1859 he was returned to parliament for Launceston as a Conservative, holding the seat until the dissolution in July, 1865. Owing to infirm health, he did not offer himself for re-election. In 1858 he received the degree of D. C. L. from the University of Ox- ford. In 1835 he wrote a series of newspaper sketches satirizing the New England character, which were subsequently collected and published under the title of " The Clockmaker, or the Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick, of Slickville " (1837). These were followed by a second series, which ap- peared in 1838, and a third in 1840. Of Judge Haliburton's success in portraying the typical New Englander, President Cornelius C. Feton says: " We can distinguish the real from the counterfeit Yankee at the first sound of the voice, and by the turn of a single sentence ; and we have no hesita- tion in declaring that Sam Slick is not what he pretends to be ; that there is no organic life in him ; that he is an impostor, an impossibility, a non- entity." On the other hand, the " London Athe- naeum " asserts that " he [Sam Slick] deserves to be entered on our list of friends, containing the names of Tristram Shandy, the shepherd of the 'Noctes Ambrosianas,' and other rhapsodical dis- courses on time and change, who, besides the de- lights of their discourse, possess also the charm of individuality." He afterward wrote " The Attache, or Sam Slick in England " (1843 ; 2d series, 2 vols., 1844 ; new ed., 4 vols., 1846), in which British so- ciety is amusingly depicted. Judge Haliburton is also' the author of " An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia" (1828-'39) ; " Bubbles of Canada," " The Old Judge, or Life in a Colony," and "Letter-Bag of the Great Western" (1839); "Rule and Misrule of the English in America" (2 vols., 1851) ; " Yankee Stories " and " Traits of American Humor" (3 vols., 1852); "Nature and Human Nature " (1855-8) ; " Letters to Lord Dur- ham," and " Wise Saws and Modern Instances." He also edited several works, including one on the " Settlement of New England." HALKETT, Sir Peter, bart., soldier, of Pit- firrane, Fifeshire, Scotland ; d. near Pittsburg, Pa., 9 July, 1755. He was the son of Sir Peter Wedder- burn, of Gosport, who assumed his wife's name. The son entered the army, and represented Dun- fermline in parliament in 1734. In 1745 he was lieutenant-colonel of Lee's regiment (the 44th) at the battle of Preston-Pans, was taken prisoner by the troops of the Pretender, and released on parole. Subsequently he was one of the five officers who, in February, 1746, refused to rejoin their regiment on the command of the Duke of Cumberland, and the threat that in the event of non-compliance their commissions would be forfeited. Their reply, " that his royal highness was master of their com- missions, but not of their honor," was approved by the government, and Sir Peter embarked for America in command of his regiment in 1754. He was killed, with his youngest son, James, in the battle of the Monongahela, when Braddock was de- feated. — His nephew, John, author, b. in London, England, in 1768 ; d. in Brighton, England, in November, 1852, was appointed governor of the Bahamas, 5 Dec, 1801, and of Tobago, 27 Oct., 1803. From 1814 till 1819 he was chairman of the board of commissioners of West India accounts. In 1821 or 1822 he visited the United States, and on his return to England (1823) published " His- torical Notes respecting the Indians of North America." He was also the author of a "State- ment," respecting the attempt of his uncle, the Earl of Selkirk, to form a settlement on the Red river, regarding which there are many contradic- tory accounts (London, 1817). HALL, Andrew Douglass, physician, b. in St. George's parish, Hempstead, Queens co., N. Y., 2 July, 1833. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1851, and at Jefferson medical college in 1854. After serving as resident physi- cian in the Episcopal and Pennsylvania hospitals in Philadelphia, he entered on general practice in that city in 1858. In 1863 he was elected attend- ing surgeon to the Wills hospital, and in 1867 surgeon to St. Mary's hospital, which latter office he resigned after five years' service. His specialty is diseases of the eye. He is a member of several medical associations, and, as one of the original members of the Pathological society, has con- tributed numerous papers to its first volume of "Transactions." Articles from his pen on sub- jects connected with ophthalmology have frequent- ly appeared in professional journals. HALL, Arethusa, educator, b. in Norwich (now Huntington), Hampshire eo., Mass., 13 Oct., 1802. She had limited opportunities for obtaining an education, but subsequently made up for early deficiencies by private study. At the age of nine she became a member of the family of Rev. Sylvester Judd, of Westhampton, Mass. She was principal of the Greenland, N. H., academy in 1826, and afterward of that at Haverhill, Mass., where she was the teacher of the poet Whittier. She continued to teach in New England schools until 1849, and in that year came to the Brooklyn female academy (now Packer institute), and after two years' service was associated with Prof. Alonzo Gray in the Brooklyn Heights seminary for young ladies, where she remained as associate principal until 1860. Failing health soon afterward com- pelled her to retire. She published " Thoughts of Blaise Pascal" (Andover, 1846); "A Manual of Morals " (1849) ; " The Literary Reader " (Boston, 1850) ; " Life of the Rev. Sylvester Judd " (Boston, 1854) ; and " Memorabilia of Sylvester Judd, Sr." (printed privately, Northampton, 1882). HALL HALL 37 HALL, Asaph, astronomer, b. in Goshen, Conn., 15 Oct., 1829. He was educated in a common school, and then worked on a farm till he was sixteen years old, after which he followed the trade of a carpenter. In 1853 he began the study of geometry and algebra in Norfolk academy, and afterward went to Wisconsin, where he taught school for several years. He then studied at the University of Michigan for a single term, and after teaching for a year at Shalersville, Ohio, en- tered the observatory of Harvard college as a student. From 1857 till 1862 he was assistant in the observatory, and in August of the latter year was appointed aide in the U. S. naval observatory in Washington. In May, 1868, he was made pro- fessor of mathematics, with the relative rank of captain. He has been connected with all the im- portant astronomical expeditions sent out under the auspices of the U. S. government, including those sent to observe solar eclipses from the Ber- ing sea in 1869, and in Sicily, in 1870. During the transit of Venus in 1874 he had charge of the American party at Vladisvostok, in Siberia, and at the later transit in 1882 was chief astrono- mer of the party stationed in San Antonio, Texas. Prof. Hall has won great distinction by his dis- covery of the moons of Mars. On the night of 11 Aug., 1877, he noticed a small star near the disk of Mars, which, from subsequent examination, he was persuaded was a satellite of that planet. A week later he discovered a second satellite interior to the first, and of somewhat superior brightness. These -discoveries were at once communicated to Joseph Henry, secretary of the Smithsonian institution, by whom they were announced to the principal astron- omers both in Europe and America. Exact calcu- lations were made of their orbits, and Prof. Hall gave to them the names of Deimos and Phobos (Terror and Fear), from the passage in Homer's " Iliad," where these two divinities are mentioned as the attendants of the god of war. His subse- quent work has included important observations of double stars in 1880, and determinations of the orbits of the satellites of Saturn. In 1879 he was awarded the gold medal of the Royal astronomical society of London for his discoveries, and received the degrees of Ph. D. from Hamilton in 1878, and LL. D. from Yale in 1879, and from Harvard in 1886. Prof. Hall is a member of numerous scien- tific societies, both in the United States and Eu- rope, and was chosen vice-president of the Ameri- can association for the advancement of science in 1880. In 1875 he was elected a member of the Na- tional academy of sciences, and in 1883 was ap- pointed to the office of home secretary in that body. His publications have been confined to his specialty, and have appeared in astronomical jour- nals on both continents, and also in the annual volumes of the U S. naval observatory. HALL, Basil, author, b. in Edinburgh, Scot- land, 31 Dec, 1788 ; d. in Portsmouth. England, 11 Sept., 1844. He was the son of Sir James Hall of Dunglass, a writer on architecture and geology ; his mother was the daughter of the fourth Earl of Selkirk. He entered the navy in 1802, and in 1816 commanded the brig " Lyra," which accom- panied Lord Amherst to China. He was made post-captain in 1817, and from 1820 till 1822 was -stationed on the Pacific coast of America. In 1827-'8 he travelled in the United States and Can- ada, and afterward visited various parts of Europe. In the latter part of his life his mind became im- paired, and he died insane. Besides contributions to scientific periodicals and to the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," and minor works of travel, he pub- lished " A Voyage of Discovery to the Western Coast of Corea and the Great Loo Choo Island " (1818); "Extracts from a Journal written in 1820-'22 on the Coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexi- co " (2 vols., 1823-4) ; " Travels in North Ameri- ca " (3 vols., 1829) ; " Fragments of Vovages and Travels " (9 vols., 1831-'40) ; " Schloss Hainfield, or A Winter in Lower Styria " (1836) ; " Spain and the Seat of War in Spain " (1837) ; " Voyages and Travels in Conjunction with Ellis and Pringle " (1840); and "Patchwork: Travels in Stories" (3 vols.), and " Travels in South America " (1841). " Fragments " is generally considered his best work. His book on America aroused great indig- nation in this country by the partial and hostile character of its criticisms. HALL, Baynard Rust, author, b. in Phila- delphia in 1798 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 23 Jan., 1863. He was the son of Dr. John Hall, an emi- nent surgeon on the staff of Gen. Washington, and was left at an early age heir to a large for- tune, but never came into its possession, owing to mismanagement. He was graduated at Union college in 1820, and at the Princeton theological seminary in 1823, and went to the west as a mis- sionary. While there he was pastor of a church in Bloomington, Ind., and president of the college in the same place from 1823 till 1831. Returning to the east, he had charge for seven years of a con- gregation at Bedford, Pa., where he was also the principal of an academy. From 1838 till 1846 he taught in Bordentown and Trenton, N. J., and Poughkeepsie, Newburg, and Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1848 he received the degree of D. D. from Rutgers college. The last years of his life were devoted to preaching among the poor. He published a Latin grammar (1828), and was also the author of " The New Purchase, or Life in the Far West," which enjoyed a wide popularity (New York, 1843) ; " Something for Everybody " (1843) ; " Teaching a Science ; The Teacher an Artist " ; and " Frank Freeman's Barber-Shop " (1852). HALL, Charles Francis, explorer, b. in Roch- ester, N. H., in 1821 ; d. in the arctic regions. 8 Nov., 1871. His early education was acquired in the common school and the local academy. He was blacksmith, journalist, station- er, and engraver in turn. In 1850, while living in Cincin- nati, Ohio, he be- came interested in the fate of Sir John Franklin, and for nine years improved every opportuni- ty to increase his knowledge of Arc- tic America, and especially of the Franklin search. Despite the admira- ble and convincing report in 1859 by Capt. Leopold Mc- Clintock, R. N., of the death of Franklin and the fate of his companions. Hall believed that some members of that expedition still survived and that they and their records could be found. His enthusiasm enlisted the interest of Henry Grin- nell and other friends of arctic research, and by aid of public subscriptions his journey was ren- dered possible. On 29 May, 1860, Hall sailed from 38 HALL HALL New London on the whaler "George Henry," which, commanded by Capt. S. 0. Buddington, was bonnd for Cumberland gulf. Hall returned to New London, 13 Sept., 1862, having been un- successful in his search, but he had acquired much knowledge of Esquimau life, speech, and habits, and had "discovered relics of Frobisher's expedition of 1577-8. The country was in the midst of a great civil war, and he failed, by lecturing or by personal appeals, to obtain sufficient means for a special expedition. Undismayed, he sailed again, 1 July, 1864, sparsely fitted out by private sub- scription, and in August was landed on Depot island, 64° N., 90° W., with boat and provisions. Hall became thoroughly domesticated with the Esquimaux, among whom he passed five years, re- ceiving occasional supplies from whalers. In May, 1869, he reached the southeastern coast of King William's Land, but passed only four days there, as his native companions would stay no longer. Hall gathered up many relics of the Franklin expedition and brought back a skele- ton, supposed to be that of an officer of the " Ere- bus." The Esquimaux informed him of their finding a large tent near Terror bay, with remains of many men, and said that one of the Franklin ships, after being abandoned, made the northwest passage by drifting. After his return in 1869 Hall succeeded in engaging the attention of congress, which authorized " An Expedition to the North Pole," the only one in the history of the nation ; $50,000 was appropriated for the expedition, and a vessel selected from the navy was thoroughly fitted out at an expense of $90,000. The "Po- laris " sailed from New London, 3 July, 1871, Hall commanding, with S. O. Buddington as sailing- master, Dr. Emil Bessels as chief of scientific work, and twenty-four others. The " Congress " accom- panied them as tender to Codhavn, Greenland. There is no doubt that Hall was uncertain as to his route, whether via Jones sound or Smith sound, but he decided on the latter. Favored by a sea unusually free of ice, the " Polaris " passed with- out difficulty through Smith sound into Kane sea, and thence through Kennedy and Robeson chan- nels to the polar sea, where heavy ice was met with. On 29 Aug. the " Polaris " was in latitude 82° 11' N., the highest point at that time ever at- tained by any vessel. Returning southward, she went into winter quarters in 81° 38' N, at Thank God harbor, Greenland. Hall left the ship on 10 Oct. on a sledge journey, during which he reached Cape Brevoort, 82° N. Returning on 24 Oct., he was immediately taken sick and soon died of apoplexy. He was buried near by, in the most northern grave of that time. The death of Hall insured the failure of geographical work. The only extended sledge journey was to the south under Dr. Bessels. A boat journey in 1872, at- tempted by Mr. Chester, reached Newman bay only, but Meyer and Lynn on foot reached 82° 09 N., near Repulse bay, the most northerly land that had been attained up to that time. Capt. Buddington. attempting to return home, left Thank God harbor, 13 Aug., 1872. The " Polaris," beset in Kennedy channel, drifted steadily south- ward with the pack, and on 13 Oct. was near Lit- tleton island. The ship was so badly nipped dur- ing a gale on 15 Oct. that preparations were made to abandon her, and a large quantity of stores were thrown upon the ice, when her ice-anchor slipped, leaving nineteen men on the floe. The floe party, after drifting nearly 2,000 miles and subsisting largely on sea-game, were all rescued by the sealer " Tigress," 30 April, 1872, off the coast of Labrador. Capt. Buddington beached the leak- ing and damaged " Polaris " near Life Boat cove, where a comfortable house was built of the vessel for winter. In the spring of 1873 two boats were constructed. On 3 June the party set out for Upernavik, and after a journey of about two hun- dred miles were picked up near Cape York by the Scotch whaler " Ravenscraig." The Roquette medal for 1875 was awarded to Hall by the So- ciete de geographie of Paris. Hall's arctic work has stood the test of criticism and verification, and the incorrect, misleading charts of the " Polaris " expedition are not chargeable to him. The explo- ration of the west Greenland channel, the discov- ery of the frozen sea, and the extension of Green- land and Grinnell Land a degree and a half of latitude toward the pole, are results that attest the capacity of Hall and justify the epitaph placed by the British polar expedition of 1876 over his grave, as one " who sacrificed his life in the ad- vancement of science," and who had by his expe- perience benefited them, his followers. Hall pub- lished " Arctic Researches " and " Life among the Esquimaux " (New York, 1864). His unique expe- riences during his second expedition have been compiled, under the title of " Narrative of the Sec- ond Arctic Expedition " (Washington, 1879), from his manuscripts, purchased by congress for $15,000 after his death. See also "Arctic Experiences," edited by E. V. Blake (New York, 1874). HALL, Charles Henry, clergyman, b. in Au- gusta, Ga., 7 Nov., 1820. He was graduated at Yale in 1842, studied theology at the General Protestant Episcopal theological seminary in New York, and was ordained deacon in 1844, and priest in the following year. After holding pastorates at Huntington, L. I., West Point, N. Y, and John's Island, S. C, he became rector of the Church of the Epiphany, Washington, D. C, in 1856, and in 1869 was called to Holy Trinity, Brooklyn, N. Y, where he still remains (1887). Previous to the civil war and during that period Dr. Hall carefully avoided politics in his sermons. He has always been a Democrat, but took no active part in politics until 1884, when he made several addresses in favor of the election of Grover Cleveland to the presidency, and was chairman of the Democratic meeting held in Brooklyn in June of that year. Dr. Hall's theo- logical views are broad, and he is clear and incisive as a pulpit orator. He is at the head of the stand- ing committee of his diocese, is chaplain of the 23d New York regiment, a director in the Brook- lyn historical society, and is connected with nu- merous ecclesiastical and charitable organizations* Dr. Hall was the intimate friend of Henry Ward Beecher, and co-worker with him in many religious enterprises, and was chosen by him to officiate at his funeral. He received the degree of D. D. from Hobart in 1860, and from Columbia in 1861. He has published " Commentaries on the Gospels " (Philadelphia, 1867) ; " Protestant Ritualism " (New York, 1871) ; and " Spina Christi " (1883). HALL, Charles Hershall, physician, b. in New- port, Ind., 5 April, 1835. He received his prelimi- nary education in Indiana university, and was graduated at the medical department of Willa- mette university, Ore., in 1868. The next year he settled in Salem, and was in the government In- dian service at Fort Yarnhill in 1871-'3, but re- signed in 1874 to become professor of the theory and practice of medicine in Willamette univer- sity, where he still remains (1887). He is a mem- ber of the Oregon medical society, and the Ameri- can medical association. Since 1876 he has edited the "Oregon Medical Journal." HALL HALL 39 HALL, Christopher Webber, geologist, b. in Wardsborough, Vt., 28 Feb., 1845. He was gradu- ated at Middlebury college, Vt., in 1871, and then became principal of Glens Falls academy. In 1873-'5 he was superintendent of city schools in Owatonna, Minn. He then went abroad and spent three years in scientific study in the University of Leipsic. In 1878 he was called to the chair of geology, mineralogy, and biology in the University of Minnesota, which he still retains (1887). While in Leipsic he performed some lithological work on the geological survey of Saxony, under Credner, and, after being called to the professorship that he now holds, he was appointed assistant geologist on the geological and natural history survey of Minnesota. In 1883 he became an assistant geologist on the U. S. geological survey, and was assigned to the Lake Superior division. He was given the inves- tigation of the crystalline rocks of central and southwestern Minnesota, in which work he is still engaged as far as his professional duties will per- mit. Prof. Hall is a member of scientific societies, and his papers have appeared chiefly as reports of his work contributed to surveys. HALL, David, printer, b. in Edinburgh, Scot- land, in 1714 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 24 Dec, 1772. He learned the printing business at Edinburgh, and afterward worked in London in a printing- house in which Strahan, who became law-printer to the king, was at that time a journeyman. He came to America about 1747, entered into a part- nership with Benjamin Franklin, which was dis- solved in May, 1766, and then formed another with William Sellen. As a member of these Arms he was one of the printers of the " Pennsylvania Ga- zette." The firm of Hall and Sellen were the print- ers of the paper money issued by congress during the Revolutionary war. Hall also conducted a large book and stationery store on his own account. He was well acquainted with the art of printing, a prudent and impartial conductor of the " Ga- zette," and a benevolent man. After his death, his sons, William and David, became the partners of Sellen, and afterward the business was carried on in the names of William and David Hall. William was for several years a member of the Pennsylvania legislature. The business was sub- sequently transferred to William Hall, Jr. HALL, Dominick Augustine, jurist, b. in South Carolina in 1765 ; d. in New Orleans, La., 12 Dec, 1820. He began the practice of law in Charleston, S. C, was district judge of Orleans territory from 1809 till 1812, when Louisiana was admitted to the Union, and was afterward one of its U. S. judges. He resigned his seat on the bench to accept a judgeship of the state supreme court, but was reappointed Federal judge instead, and remained in the U. S. court until his death. In December, 1814, Judge Hall was ordered by the military authorities to adjourn his court for two months, owing to the operations of the British force against New Orleans. In March, 1815, while the city was under martial law, he granted a writ of habeas corpus for the release of Louis Louillier, a member of the state legislature, who was then under arrest, by order of Gen. Andrew Jackson, for exciting a seditious meeting among his troops. Gen. Jackson refused to recognize Judge Hall's authority, and at once ordered Louillier's rearrest and imprisonment, and committed Hall to jail. The latter was released the next morning, and summoned Gen. Jackson to answer for contempt of court in disregarding the writ of habeas corpus, in detaining an original paper, and in imprisoning a judge. The general appeared in person, and, after an argument by counsel, was sentenced to pay a fine of $1,000. But congress refunded him this sum, with interest, in 1844. HALL, Edwin, clergyman, b. in Granville, N. Y., 11 Jan., 1802 ; d. hi Auburn, N. Y., 8 Sept., 1877. He was graduated at Middlebury college in 1826. From 1831 till 1832 he was principal of an academy in Bloomfield, N. Y., and was pastor of the 1st Congregational church at Norwalk, Conn., from 1832 till 1854, when he was elected professor of theology in Auburn seminary. He occupied this chair until 1876, and was professor emeritus from that time till his death. He published " The Law of Baptism " (New York, 1840) ; " The Puritans and their Principles " (1846) ; " Historical Records of Norwalk " (1847) ; " Shorter Catechism with Proofs " (1859) ; and numerous tracts and pamphlets. — His son, Isaac Hollister, oriental scholar, b. in Nor- walk, Conn., 12 Dec, 1837, was graduated in Ham- ilton in 1859, was tutor there in 1861-'3, and in 1864 removed to New York city, where he was graduated at Columbia law-school in 1865, and practised his profession. He visited Syria in 1875, and was professor for two years in the Beirut Protestant college, but returned to the United States in 1877, and associated himself with the " Sunday-School Times," published in Philadelphia. In 1875 he established the column of "Biblical Research " in the " New York Independent." Since 1884 he has been connected with the Metropolitan museum of New York city, and is lecturer on New Testament Greek in Johns Hopkins university. He was the first to read an entire inscription in Cypriote, and has published an important series of articles on that language and its inscriptions. He is an authority on Greek, Phoenician, Himyantic, and other oriental inscriptions, and in 1876 dis- covered in Beirut a Syriac manuscript of the Gos- pels, Acts, and most of the Epistles, an account of which, with fac-simile pages, he published in 1884. The date of this manuscript is between 700 and 900 A. D. Mr. Hall is a member of various archaeo- logical and biblical societies in this country and abroad, and is the author of " A Critical Bibliog- raphy of the Greek New Testament, as Published in America" (Philadelphia, 1884). HALL, Fitzedward, philologist, b. in Troy, N. Y., 21 March, 1825. He was educated at the Rensselaer polytechnic institute, from which he received the degree of civil engineer in 1842, and at Harvard, where he was graduated in 1846. During his collegiate course he published enough German translations anonymously to fill three vol- umes. Immediately on leaving college, he sailed from Boston for Calcutta, where he remained near- ly three years, studying first Hindustani and Per- sian, and subsequently Bengalee and Sanskrit. He supported himself by contributing to local journals not only original matter, but translations in prose and verse from the French, Italian, and modern Greek. After residing five months at Ghazeepore, he removed to Benares in January, 1850, and a month later was appointed to a tutorship in the government college there. In 1853 he was pro- moted professor, and in July, 1855, was transferred to Ajmere as inspector of schools for Ajmere and Mairwara, to which was added the superintendency of the Ajmere government school. His last ap- pointment in India was that of school-inspector for the Sangor and Nerbudda territories, which office he retained from 1856 till 1862. During the Indian mutinies Prof. Hall was besieged for seven months in the Sangor fort. In 1860 he received the degree of D. C. L. from Oxford. Settling in London in November, 1862, he accepted the chair 40 HALL HALL of Sanskrit, and that of Indian jurisprudence in King's college, and also filled other offices. In 1869 he removed to Marlesford, Suffolk, where he still (1887) resides. Prof. Hall was the first Ameri- can to edit (in 1852) a Sanskrit text. He has also discovered several interesting Sanskrit works sup- posed to have been lost, such as " Bharata's Naty- asastra," the " Harshacharita," and a complete, copy of the valuable " Brihaddevata," of which only a small fragment was previously known to exist. The various Sanskrit inscriptions that he has de- ciphered and translated throw much new light on the history of ancient India. He is at present one of the editors of the new English dictionary that is in course of publication at Oxford under the supervision of James A. H. Murray. Prof. Hall's principal works are, Sanskrit : " The Atmabodha, with its Commentary, and the Tattvabodha " (Mirzapore, 1852); "The Sankhyapravachana " (Calcutta, 1856) ; " The Suryasiddhanta " and " The Vasavadatta " (Calcutta, 1859) ; " The Sankhyasara " (Calcutta, 1862), and " The Dasarfipa, with its Com- mentary, and Pour Chapters of Bharata's Natya- sastra " (Calcutta, 1865). Hindi : " The Tarkasan- graha, translated into Hindi from the Sanskrit and English " (Allahabad, 1850) ; and " The Siddhanta- sangraha " (Agra, 1855). Prof. Hall has also edited Dr. J. R. Ballantyne's "Hindi Grammar" (Lon- don, 1868), and published a " Reader " (Hertford, 1870) in that language. Besides other works of a similar character, he has issued " Lectures on the Nyaya Philosophy, Sanskrit and English" (Ben- ares, 1852) ; " A Rational Refutation of the Hindu Philosophical Systems, translated from the Hindi and Sanskrit " (Calcutta, 1862) ; " Recent Exempli- fications of False Philology" (New York, 1872); " Modern English " (New York and London, 1873) ; and "On English Adjectives in -able, with Spe- cial Reference to Reliable" (London, 1877). — His brother, Benjamin Homer, author, b. in Troy, N. Y., 14 Nov., 1830. He was graduated at Har- vard in 1851, and in 1856 was admitted to the bar in Troy, N. Y. He served as city clerk in 1858-9, and was city chamberlain from 1874 till 1877, and again from 1884 till 1885. Mr. Hall has contrib- uted freely to the periodicals of the day, both in prose and verse, and is the author of articles in the " Harvard Book " (Cambridge, 1875), and Sylves- ter's " History of Rensselaer County, N. Y." (Phila- delphia, 1880). He has published " A Collection of College Words and Customs " (Cambridge, 1851 ; revised and enlarged ed., 1856) ; " History of East- ern Vermont, etc." (New York, 1858 ; 2 vols., Al- bany, 1865); and "Bibliography of the United States: Vermont" (New York, 1860). He has edited " A Tribute by the Citizens of Troy to the Memory of Abraham Lincoln " (Troy, 1865). HALL, Francis, journalist, b. in Taunton, Somerset, England, 12 March, 1785; d. in New York city, 11 Aug., 1866. He came to the United States when fourteen years of age, and was ap- prenticed to a printer. In 1811 he entered the office of the New York " Commercial Advertiser," and two years afterward became part owner and co-editor of that journal, with which he remained connected for fifty-three years. He was identified with most of the religious and charitable societies of the city, and was an officer of the Methodist missionary society, the Young men's Bible society, the American Bible society, the American tract society, the deaf and dumb institution, and the New York state colonization society. Mr. Hall was for thirty years recording secretary of the Methodist missionary society, and was deputed to visit the Indian missions of Upper Canada in be- half of that body. About 1833 he united with Messrs. Suckley, Innis, and others in organizing the first "pewed" Methodist church in New York. It was called the " First "VVesleyan Chapel," and stood in Vestry street. In 1854 Mr. Hall received the degree of LL. D. from Wesleyan university. HALL, Frederick, teacher, b. in Grafton,"Vt, in November, 1780 ; d. in Peru, 111., 27 July, 1843. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1803, was a tutor there in 1804-'5, and in Middlebury, Vt., from 1805 till 1806, when he was elected professor of mathematics and natural philosophy there. He remained at Middlebury until 1824, studied medi- cine in 1825-'6, and was graduated at the medical school at Castleton, Vt., in 1827. He afterward held the professorships of chemistry and miner- alogy at Trinity, was president of Mount Hope college near Baltimore, and at his death occupied the chair of chemistry in Columbian college, D. C. Dr. Hall gave to Dartmouth several thousand dol- lars and a valuable cabinet of minerals. He was the author of " Eulogy on Solomon M. Allan " (New York, 1818) ; " Statistics of Middlebury Col- lege," in "Massachusetts Historical Collections," vol. ix. (1840) ; and " Letters .from the East and from the West " (Baltimore, 1840). HALL, George, first mayor of Brooklvn, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 21 Sept., 1795 ; d. there, 16 Sept., 1868. He was a printer, and the greater portion of his life was devoted to the interests of his native city, of which he was a trustee at the time of its incorporation, and under that act became its first mayor. He was an earnest advocate of temper- ance, and did good service in the cause of that re- form. — His son, (Jeorge B., soldier, b. in Brooklvn in 1826, d. there, 24 May, 1864, entered the New , York militia as a private, and rapidly rose through several grades. At the beginning of the Mexican war he was appointed lieutenant in the first regi- ment of New York volunteers, and served at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, and Churubusco. In 1850 he was commissioned major of the 13th militia regiment, and the following year lieuten- ant-colonel. He was a clerk in New York at the beginning of the civil war, and engaged in raising troops. He was elected colonel of the 27th New York regiment, and participated in many engage- ments, from that of the Stafford raid of 1862 to the battle of Fredericksburg. HALL, George Henry, artist, b. in Manchester, N. H., 21 Sept., 1825. His father removed to Bos- ton when the son was four years old. In 1849 George went to Diisseldorf, studied art one year, and removed to Paris, and afterward to Rome, where he opened a studio. In 1852 he returned to the United States and settled in New York city, where he now resides (1887). He was elected an associate in 1853, and in 1868 a member, of the National academy of design. Mr. Hall has A'isited Spain several times, and spent a year in study in Egypt. His specialties are still-life and figures. He has exhibited at the National academy " Pre- cious Lading," a Spanish scene (1868) ; " Thursday Fair at Seville " (1869) ; " A Young Lady of Se- ville and her Duenna " and " Lilacs " (1870) ; " The Four Seasons " (1871) ; " The Roman Fountain " (1874) ; " Autumn " (1877) ; and " Winter," " A Rug Bazaar at Cairo," " Oven at Pompeii " (1887), and " Pomegranates and Grapes " (1887). HALL, Henry Bryan, engraver, b. in London, England, 11 March. 1808; cl. in Morrisania, N. Y, 28 April, 1884. For many years he was employed by the historical engraver to the queen, and exe- cuted all the portrait work in the large plates of that engraver, among them " The Coronation of HALL HALL 41 Victoria," after Sir George Hayter. He removed to New York in 1850, and illustrated many artistic and literary publications. His engravings are chiefly of portraits, twelve of which were of Wash- ington, after different artists. He went into busi- ness in the latter part of his life with his three sons, but devoted his personal attention to etchings of historical characters of the Revolution for the collections of Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet and Francis S. Hoffman. His sons continue the busi- ness in New York, and have engraved many of the steel portraits that illustrate this work. HALL, Hiland, jurist, b. in Bennington, Vt., 20 July, 1795 ; d. in Springfield, Mass., 18 Dec, 1885. He was educated in the common schools, was admitted to the bar in 1819, and elected to the Vermont legislature in 1827. He was state attor- ney in 1828-'31, and served in congress from 1833 till 1843, having been elected as a Whig. He was then appointed bank-commissioner, became judge of the state supreme court in 1846, and in 1850 2d comptroller of the treasury, and land-com- missioner to California to settle disputed titles be- tween citizens of the United States and Mexicans. Judge Hall was an earnest advocate for anti-sla- very, and a delegate to the first National Republi- can convention in 1856. In 1858 he succeeded Ry- land Fletcher as governor of Vermont, and was re-elected in 1859. He was a delegate to the Peace congress that was held in Washington, D. C, in February, 1861. Gov. Hall was president of the Vermont historical society for twelve years, and for twenty-five years was vice-president of the New England historic-genealogical society. He is the author of a " History of Vermont " (Albany, 1868). HALL, James, clergyman, b. in Carlisle, Pa., 22 Aug., 1744; d. in Bethany, N. C, 25 July, 1826. When he was eight years of age his parents re- moved to Rowan (now Iredell) county, N. C. He was graduated at Princeton in 1774. About 1775 he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Orange, and on 8 April, 1778, he was installed pastor of the united congregations of Fourth Creek, Concord, and Bethany, N. C. In 1790 he severed his con- nection with all but the Bethany congregation. During the Revolutionary war he was an ardent patriot, and was instrumental in organizing a com- pany of cavalry, which he led on an expedition into South Carolina, performing the double office of commander and chaplain. Subsequently, when the troops marched into the Cherokee country, Georgia, to encounter the Indians, Dr. Hall ac- companied them as chaplain. In the autumn of 1800, under a commission of the Presbyterian gen- eral assembly, he established a mission at Natchez, which was the first in the series of Protestant mis- sionary efforts in the lower valley of the Missis- sippi. He was for many years a commissioner to the general assembly of his church from the pres- bytery of Orange, and was moderator of that body in 1803. He did much to advance education, and opened at his house an " academy of sciences," in which he was the sole teacher. He published a " Narrative of a Most Extraordinary Work of Re- ligion in North Carolina " (1802), and a " Report of a Missionary Tour through the Mississippi and the Southwestern Country." HALL, James, paleontologist, b. in Hingham, Mass., 12 Sept., 1811. He was graduated at the Rensselaer school (now the Troy polytechnic in- stitute) in 1832, and remained there as assistant professor of chemistry and natural sciences until 1836, when he was made professor of geology. On the organization of the geological survey of New York in 1836, he was appointed assistant geologist s^^a^n^i-exf iA^h^^> of the second district, and in 1837 was made state geologist in charge of the fourth district. He be- gan his explorations in the western part of the state during that year, and from 1838 till 1841 published annual reports of progress. In 1843 he made his final report on the survey of the fourth geological district, which was published as " Geol- ogy of New York," Part IV. (Albany, 1843). Retaining the title of state geolo- gist, he was placed in charge of the paleon- tological work. His results have been em- bodied in the " Pa- leontology of New York " (Albany, 1847-79), of which five volumes have at present been given to the public. In addition to the fore- going, Prof. Hall has prepared a complete revision of the palae- ozoic brachiopoda of North America, with fifty plates. This comprehensive study of the palaeozoic fauna of New York, which is to termi- nate with the base of the coal-formation, has de- manded researches beyond the limits of the state, and Prof. Hall has extended his investigations westward to the Rocky mountains. These ex- plorations have served as the basis of all our knowledge of the geology of the Mississippi basin. The general results of these comparative studies will be found in the introduction to the third volume of the " Paleontology." In 1855 he was offered the charge of the paleontology of the geo- logical survey of Canada, with promise of suc- ceeding Sir William E. Logan as director, but declined the offer. Subsequently he prepared a monograph on the " Graptolites of the Quebec Group" (Montreal, 1865), which was contributed to the Canadian survey. Prof. Hall also held the appointments of state geologist of Iowa in 1855, and of Wisconsin in 1857. For the former he pre- pared the geological and paleontological portions of the two volumes of the " Geological Survey of Iowa " (Albany, 1858-9), and he wrote the chap- ters on physical geography, geology, and paleon- tology for the " Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Wisconsin " (Madison, 1862). The ex- amination and description of the specimens col- lected for the government frequently have been assigned to him, and he has written the paleonto- logical portions of "Fremont's Exploring Expe- dition ; Appendix A " (Washington, 1845) ; "Ex- pedition to the Great Salt Lake " (Philadelphia, 1852) ; " United States and Mexican Boundary Survey " (Washington, 1857) ; and " U. S. Geologi- cal Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel," vol. iv. (1877). In 1866, on the reorganization of the New York state museum, he was appointed director, which place, in addition to that of state geologist, he still holds. In connection with this office he has made each year, in his annual reports, valu- able contributions to science. Prof. Hall has de- voted much time to crystalline stratified rocks, and was the first to point out the persistence and significance of mineralogical character as a guide to classification. He has also laid the foun- dation for a rational theory of mountains. He received the degree of A. M. from Union in 1842. 42 HALL HALL and that of LL. D. from Hamilton in 1863, and from McGill in 1884. Prof. Hall received the quin- quennial grand prize of $1,000 awarded in 1884 by the Boston society of natural history. In 1840 he was one of the founders of the American associa- tion of geologists and naturalists, and after its growth into the American association for the ad- vancement of science was elected president in 1856, delivering his retiring address, on " Contributions to the Geological History of the American Conti- nent," at the Montreal meeting M 1857. He was one of the original members of the National acade- my of sciences. In 1876 he was one of the founders of the International congress of geologists, and was one of the vice-presidents at the session held in Paris in 1878, also in Bologna in 1881, and in Berlin in 1885. He was elected one of the fifty foreign members of the geological society of Lon- don in 1848, and in 1858 was awarded its Wollaston medal. In 1884 he was elected correspondent of the Academy of sciences in Paris, and he is a mem- ber of many other scientific societies at home and abroad. Besides his larger works, most of which have been referred to, he is the author of nearly 250 separate papers, of which a full list, from 1886 till 1882, is given in the " Thirty-sixth Annual Re- port of the New York Museum of Natural His- tory " (Albany, 1884). HALL, John, jurist, b. in Waynesboro, Va., in 1767; d. in Warrenton, N. C, 29 Jan., 1833. He went to North Carolina at an early age, was edu- cated at William and Mary, settled in Warrenton in 1792, and became eminent as a lawyer. He was a judge of the superior court of North Carolina from 1801 till 1818, and of the supreme court from 1818 till 1832. — His son Edward, a distinguished lawyer, became a judge in 1840. HALL, John, clergyman, b. in County Armagh, Ireland, 31 July, 1829. He is of Scottish descent. He entered Belfast college at the age of thirteen, and, notwithstanding his extreme youth, was re- peatedly Hebrew prize man. He was licensed to preach in 1849, and at once engaged in labor as a missionary in the west of Ireland. In 1852 he was installed pastor of the 1st Presbyterian church at Armagh, and in 1858 was called to the church of Mary's Abbey (now Rutland square) in Dublin. He was an earnest friend of popular education, and received from the queen the honorary appoint- ment of commissioner of education for Ireland. In 1867 he was a delegate from the general assem- bly of the Presbyterian church in Ireland to the Presbyterian churches of the United States, and after his return to Ireland he received a call to the Fifth avenue Presbyterian church in New York, which he accepted, entering upon his labors on 3 Nov., 1867. In 1875 a new church edifice was erected for him, at a cost of about $1,000,000, on the corner of Fifth avenue and Fifty-fifth street. In 1882 he was elected chancellor of the Univer- sity of the city of New York. He was selected to deliver the funeral sermon of Chief-Justice Chase, who belonged to a different denomination. Dr. Hall is the author of " Family Pravers for Four Weeks " (New York, 1868) ; " Papers for Home Read- ing " (1871) ; " Familiar Talk to Boys " ; " Questions of the Day " (1873) ; " God's Word through Preach- ing," Lyman Beecher lectures at Yale seminary (1875) ; " Foundation-Stones for Young Builders " (Philadelphia, 1880) ; and " A Christian Home ; How to Make and how to Maintain it" (1883). HALL, Jonathan Prescott, jurist, b. in Pom- fret, Conn., 9 July, 1796; d. in Newport, R. I., 29 Sept., 1862. He early attained eminence as a law- yer in New York city, and during the administra- tions of Tyler and Fillmore was district attorney for the southern district of New York. He was the author of " Reports of Cases in the Superior Court of the City of New York, 1828-9 " (2 vols., New York, 1831-'3). HALL, Louisa Jane Park, poet, b. in New- buryport, Mass., 7 Feb., 1802. Her father, James Park, was a physician, but abandoned his profes- sion and removed to Boston in 1804 to edit the " Repertory," a Federalist journal. In 1811 he opened a school for young ladies in Boston, where his daughter received a good education ; but in 1831 he removed with his family to Worcester. She was almost blind for several years, and during this period her father read to her, and assisted in the preparation of her books. In 1840 she married Rev. Edward B. Hall, a Unitarian clergyman of Providence, R. I. Her works are " Miriam," a dra- matic poem, illustrative of the early conflicts of the Christian church, partly written in 1825 (1837) ; "Joanna of Naples," an historical tale in prose (Boston, 1838) ; and the " Life of Elizabeth Carter." HALL, Lyman, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. in Connecticut in 1725 ; d. in Burke county, Ga., 19 Oct., 1790. He was gradu- ated at Yale in 1747, studied medicine, and re- moved to Georgia in 1752, settling in Sunbury, wherehe acquired a large practice. He took an act- ive part in the pre - Revolution- ary movements, was a member of the conventions held in Savannah in 1774 and 1775, and was influen- tial in causing Georgia to join the othercolonies. In 1775 he was elected by the parish of St. John to congress, and served till 1780. When the British took possession of Georgia he re- moved with his family to the north, and all his property was confiscated by the royal government. In 1782 he returned to Georgia, before the evacu- ation of Savannah, and was governor of the state for one term, after which he retired from public life. HALL, Nathan Kelsey, statesman, b. in Mar- cellus, Onondaga co., N. Y., 10 March, 1810 ; d. in Buffalo, N. Y. 2 March, 1874. He was the son of a New England shoemaker, who emigrated to cen- tral New York in the earfy part of the century. In 1818 the family moved to Erie county, N. Y., where young Hall worked on a farm and occasion- ally at his father's trade. He was educated in the country district-schools, and at the age of eighteen became a student in the office of Millard Fillmore, who was then a practising attorney at Aurora, N. Y. In 1832 he was admitted to the bar and to a copartnership with his preceptor, who in the mean time had removed to Buffalo. In 1836, Solomon G. Haven was admitted as a member of the firm. Mr. Hall was deputy clerk of Erie coun- ty in 1831-2, clerk of the board of supervisors in 1832-8, city attorney in 1833-4, and alderman in 1837. He was appointed master in chancery by Gov. Seward in 1839, and judge of the court of common pleas in 1841. In 1845 he was elected to ?. *^v_ HAMILTON HAMILTON 57 a reproof given him by Washington, and resigned from the staff, but he remained in the army, and at Yorktown commanded a storming party, which took one of the British redoubts. This dashing exploit practically closed Hamilton's military ser- vice in the Revolution, which had been, highly creditable to him both as a staff and field officer. In the midst of his duties as a soldier, however, Hamilton had found time for much else. On his mission to Gates he met at Albany Miss Elizabeth Schuyler, whom he married on 14 Dec, 1780, and so became connected with a rich and powerful New York family, which was of marked advantage to him in many ways. During the Revolution, too, he had found leisure to study finance and government, and his letters on these topics to Robert Morris and James Duane display a remarkable grasp of both subjects. He showed in these letters how to amend the confederation and how to establish a national bank, and his plans thus set forth were not only practicable, but evince his peculiar fitness for the great work before him. His letters on the bank, indeed, so impressed Morris that when Hamilton left the army and was studying law, Moms offered him the piace of continental receiver of taxes for New York, which he at once accepted. At the same time he was admitted to the bar, and he threw himself into the work of his profession and of his office with his wonted zeal. The exclusion of the Tories from the practice of the law gave a fine opening to their young rivals on the patriot side ; but the business of collecting taxes was a thankless task, which only served to bring home to Hamilton more than ever the fatal defects of the confedera- tion. From these uncongenial labors he was re- lieved by an election to congress, where he took his seat in November, 1782. The most important busi- ness then before congress was the ratification of peace ; but the radical difficulties of the situation arose from the shattered finances and from the helplessness and imbecility of the confederation. Hamilton flung himself into these troubles with the enthusiasm of youth and genius, but all in vain. The case was hopeless. He extended his reputation for statesmanlike ability and brilliant eloquence, but effected nothing, and withdrew to the practice of his profession in 1783, more than ever convinced that the worthless fabric of the con- federation must be swept away, and something better and stronger put in its place. This great object was never absent from his mind, and as he rapidly rose at the bar he watched with a keen eye the course of public affairs, and awaited an open- ing. Matters went rapidly from bad to worse. The states were bankrupt, and disintegration threatened them. Internecine commercial regula- tions destroyed prosperity, and riot and insurrec- tion menaced society. At last Virginia, in Janu- ary, 1786, proposed a convention at Annapolis, Md., to endeavor to make some common commer- cial regulations. Hamilton's opportunity had come, and, slender as it was, he seized it with a firm grasp. He secured the election of delegates from New York, and in company with Egbert Ben- son betook himself to Annapolis in September, 1786. After the fashion of the time, only five states responded to the call ; but the meagre gath- ering at least furnished a stepping-stone to better things. The convention agreed upon an address, which was drawn by Hamilton, and toned down to suit the susceptibilities of Edmund Randolph. This address set forth the evil condition of public af- fairs, and called a new convention, with enlarged powers, to meet in Philadelphia. 2 May, 1787. This done, the next business was to make the coming convention a success, and Hamilton returned to New York to devote himself to that object. He obtained an election to the legislature, and there fought the hopeless battles of the general govern- ment against the Clintonian forces, and made him- self felt in all the legislation of the year ; but he never lost sight of his main purpose, the appoint- ment of delegates to Philadelphia, This he finally accomplished, and was chosen with two leaders of the opposition, Yates and Lansing, to represent New York in the coming convention. Hamil- ton's own position despite his victory in obtaining delegates was trying; for in the convention the vote of the state, on every question, was cast against him by his colleagues. He, howe ver, did the best that was possible. At an early day, when a relaxing and feeble tendency appeared in the convention, he introduced his own scheme of gov- ernment, and supported it in a speech of five hours. His plan was much higher in tone, and much sti'onger, than any other, since it called for a president and senators for life, and for the ap- pointment of the governors of states by the na- tional executive. It aimed, in fact, at the forma- tion of an aristocratic instead of a Democratic republic. Such a scheme had no chance of adop- tion, and of course Hamilton was well aware of this, but it served its purpose by clearing the at- mosphere and giv- ing the convention a more vigorous tone. After deliv- ering his speech, Hamilton with- drew from the convention, where his colleagues ren- dered him hope- lessly inactive, and only returned to- ward the end to take part in the closing debates, and to affix his name to the con- stitution. It was when the labors of the convention were completed and laid before the people that Hamilton's great work for the con- stitution really began. He conceived and started •• The Federalist," and wrote most of those famous essays which rivetted the attention of the country, furnished the weapons of argument and exposition to those who " thought continentally " in all the states, and did more than any thing else toward the adoption of the constitution. In almost all the states the popular majority was adverse to the con- stitution, and in the New York ratifying conven- tion the vote stood at the outset two to one against adoption. In a brilliant contest, Hamilton, by argu- ments rarely equalled in the history of debate, either in form or eloquence, by skilful manage- ment, and by wise delay, finally succeeded in con- verting enough votes, and carried ratification tri- umphantly. It was a great victory, and in the Federal procession in New York the Federal ship bore the name of "Hamilton."' From the con- vention the struggle was transferred to the polls. George Clinton was strong enough to prevent the choice of senators, but at the election he only re- tained his own office by a narrow majority : his power was broken, and the Federalists elected four of the six representatives in congress. In this fight Hamilton led. and when the choice of senators was finally made he insisted, in his imperious fashion, 58 HAMILTON HAMILTON on the choice of Rufus King and Gen. Schuyler, thus ignoring the Livingstons, a political blunder that soon cost the Federalists control of the state of New York. In April, 1789, Washington was inaugurated, and when the treasury department was at last or- ganized, in September, he at once placed Hamilton at the head of it. in the five years that ensued Hamilton did the work that lies at the foundation of our system of administration, gave life and meaning to the constitution, and by his policy de- veloped two great political parties. To give in any detail an account of what he did would be little less than to write the history of the republic dur- ing those eventful years. On 14 Jan., 1790, he sent to congress the first " Report on the Public Credit," which is one of the great state papers of our history, and which marks the beginning and foundation of our government. In that wonderful document, and with a master's hand, he reduced our confused finances to order, provided for a funding system and for taxes to meet it, and displayed a plan for the assumption of the state debts. The finan- cial policy thus set forth was put into execution, and by it our credit was redeemed, our union ce- mented, and our business and commercial pros- perity restored. Yet outside of this great work and within one year Hamilton was asked to report, and did report fully, on the raising and collection of the revenue, and on a scheme for revenue cut- ters ; as to estimates of income and expenditure ; as to the temporary regulation of the currency ; as to navigation-laws and the coasting-trade; as to the post-office ; as to the purchase of West Point ; as to the management of the public lands, and upon a great mass of claims, public and private. Rapidly, effectively, and successfully were all these varied "matters dealt with and settled, and then in the succeeding years came from the treasury a re- port on the establishment of a mint, with an able discussion of coins and coinage ; a report on a na- tional bank, followed by a great legal argument in the cabinet, which evoked the implied powersof the constitution ; a report on manufactures, which discussed with profound ability the problems, of political economy and formed the basis of the pro- tective policy of the United States ; a plan for an excise ; numerous schemes for improved taxation ; and finally a last great report on the public credit, setting forth the best methods for managing the revenue and for the speedy extinction of the debt. In the midst of these labors Hamilton was as- sailed in congress by his enemies, who were stimu- lated by Jefferson, led by James Madison and Will- iam B. Giles, and in an incredibly short time, in a series of reports on loans, he laid bare every operation of the treasury for three years, and there- after could not get his foes, even by renewed in- vitations, to investigate him further. Outside of his own department, Hamilton was hardly less active, and in the difficult and troubled times brought on by the French revolution he took a leading part in the determination of our foreign policy. He believed in a strict neutrality, and had no leaning to France. He sustained the neu- trality proclamation in the cabinet, and defended it in the press under the signature of " Pacificus." He strenuously supported Washington in his course toward France, and constantly urged more vigorous measures toward Edmond Charles Genet (q. v.) than the cabinet as a whole would adopt. During this period, too, his quarrel with Jefferson, which really typified the growth of two great po- litical parties.came to a head. Jefferson sustained and abetted Freneau in his attacks upon the ad- ministration and the financial policy, and upon the secretary of the treasury most especially. Hamilton, too, forgetful of the dignity of his of- fice, took up his pen and in a series of letters to the newspapers lashed Jefferson until he writhed beneath the blows. At last Washington inter- fered, and a peace was patched up between the warring secretaries; but the relation was too strained to endure, and Jefferson soon resigned and retired to Virginia. Hamilton was contemplating a similar step, but postponed taking it because he wished to complete certain financial arrangements, and he also felt unwilling to leave his office until the troubles arising in Pennsylvania from the ex- cise were settled. These disturbances culminated in open riot and insurrection ; but Washington and Hamilton were fully prepared to deal with the emergency. A vigorous proclamation was issued, an overwhelming force, which Hamilton accom- panied, was marched into the insurgent counties, and the so-called rebellion faded away. Hamilton now felt free to withdraw from the cabinet, a step that he was compelled to take from a lack of resources sufficient to support a growing family, and he accordingly resigned on 31 Jan., 1795. His neglected practice at once revived, and he soon stood at the head of the New York bar. But even his incessant professional duties could not keep him from public affairs. The Jay nego- tiation, which he had done much to set on foot, came to an end, and the treaty that resulted from it produced a fierce outburst of popular rage, which threatened to overwhelm Washington him- self. Hamilton defended the treaty with voice and pen, writing a famous series of essays signed " Camillus," which had a powerful influence in changing public opinion. He was also consulted constantly by Washington, almost as much as if he had continued in the cabinet, and he furnished drafts and suggestions for messages and speeches, besides taking a large share in the preparation of the " Farewell Address." Hamilton not only corresponded with and ad- vised the president, but maintained the same rela- tion with the members of the cabinet, and this fact was one fruitful source of the dissensions that arose in the Federalist party after the retirement of Washington. Hamilton supported John Adams loyally, if not very cordially, at the election of 1796, and intended to give him an equally loyal support when he assumed office, but the situation was an impossible one. Adams was the leader of the party de jure, Hamilton de facto, and at least three members of the cabinet looked from the first beyond their nominal and official chief to their real chief in New York. If Adams had possessed political tact, he might have managed Hamilton ; but he neither could nor would attempt it, and Hamilton, on his side, was equally imperious and equally determined to have his own way. The two leaders agreed as to the special commission to France, and the commission went. They agreed as to the attitude to be assumed after the expo- sure of the "X. Y. Z." correspondence, and all went well. But, when it came to the provisional army, Adams's jealousy led him to resist Hamil- ton's appointment to the command, and a serious breach ensued. The influence of Washington pre- vailed, however, and Hamilton was given the post of inspector-general. For two years he was ab- sorbed in the military duties thus imposed upon him, and his genius for organization comes out strongly in his correspondence relating to the for- mation," distribution, and discipline of the army. In the mean time the affairs of the party went from HAMILTON HAMILTON 59 bad to worse. Mr. Adams reopened negotiations with France, which disgusted the war-Federalists, and then expelled Timothy Pickering and James McHenry from the cabinet, 12 May, 1800. He alsc gave loud utterance to his hatred of Hamilton, which speedily reached the latter's ears, and the Federalist party found themselves face to face with an election and torn by bitter quarrels. The Federalists were beaten by their opponents under the leadership of Burr in the New York elections, and Hamilton, smarting from defeat, proposed to Jay to call together the old legislature and refer the choice of electors to the people in districts. The proposition was wrong and desperate, and wholly unworthy of Hamilton, who seems to have been beside himself at the prospect of his party's impending ruin and the consequent triumph of Jefferson. He also made the fatal mistake of openly attacking Adams, and the famous pamphlet that he wrote against the president, after depicting Adams as wholly unfit for his high trust, lamely concluded by advising all the Federalists to vote for him. Such proceedings could have but one re- sult, and the Federalists were beaten. The victors, however, were left in serious difficulties, for Burr and Jefferson received an equal number of votes, and the election was thrown in- to the hoiise of representa- tives. The Fed- eralists, eager for revenge on Jefferson, be- gan to turn to Burr, and now Hamilton, re- covered from his fit of anger, threw himself into the breach, and, using all his great influence, was chiefly instru- mental in securing the election of Jefferson, there- by fulfilling the popular will and excluding Burr, a great and high-minded service, which was a fit close to his public life. After the election of Jefferson, Hamilton re- sumed the practice of his profession, and withdrew more and more into private life. But he could not separate himself entirely from politics, and continued to write upon them, and strove to influ- ence and strengthen his party. As time wore on, and the breach widened between Jefferson and Burr, the latter renewed his intrigues with the Federalists, but through Hamilton's influence was constantly thwarted, and was finally beaten for the governorship of New York. Burr then apparently determined to fix a quarrel upon his life-long enemy, which was no difficult matter, for Hamilton had used the severest language about Burr — not once, but a hundred times — and it was easy enough to bring it home to him. Hamilton had no wish to go out with Burr, but he was a fighting man, and, moreover, he was haunted by the belief that democracy was going to culminate in the horrors of the French revolution, that a strong man would be needed, and that society would turn to him for sal- vation — a work for which he would be disqualified by the popular prejudice if he declined to fight a duel. He therefore accepted the challenge, met Burr on 11 July, 1804, on the bank of the Hudson at Weehawken, and fell mortally wounded at the first fire. His tragic fate called forth a universal burst of grief, and drove Burr into exile, an out- cast and a conspirator. The accompanying illus- tration represents the tomb that marks his grave in Trinity churchyard, New York. The preceding one, on page 57, 'is a picture of "The Grange," Hamilton's country residence on the upper part of Manhattan island. The thirteen trees that he planted to symbolize the original states of the Union survive in majestic proportions, and the mansion is still standing on the bluff overlooking the Hudson on one side and Long Island sound on the other, not far from 145th Street. As time has gone on Hamilton's fame has grown, and he stands to-day as the most brilliant states- man we have produced. His constructive mind and far-reaching intellect are visible in every part of our system of government, which is the best and noblest, monument of his genius. His writ- ings abound in ideas which there and then found their first expression, and which he impressed upon our institutions until they have become so univer- sally accepted and so very commonplace that their origin is forgotten. He was a brave and good sol- dier, and might well have been a great one had the opportunity ever come. He was the first political writer of his time, with an unrivalled power of statement and a clear, forcible style, which carried conviction in every line. At the time of his death he was second to no man at the American bar, and was a master in debate and in oratory. In his family and among his friends he was deeply be- loved and almost blindly followed. His errors and faults came from his strong, passionate nature, and his masterful will impatient of resistance or control. Yet these were the very qualities that carried him forward to his triumphs, and enabled him to perform services to the American people which can never be forgotten. There are several portraits of the statesman by John Trumbull, and one by Wiemar ; also a marble bust, modelled from life, by Ceracchi in 1794, of which the accompanying illustration, on page 56, is a copy. A full-length statue of Hamilton stands > in the Central Park of New York. Hamilton was the pi'incipal author of the series of essays called the." Federalist," written in advo- cacy of a powerful and influential national govern- ment, which were published in a New York jour- nal under the signature of " Publius " in 1787-8, before the adoption of the Federal constitution. There were eighty-five papers in all, of which Hamilton wrote fifty-one,. James Madison four- teen, John Jay five, and Madison and Hamilton jointly three, while the authorship of the remain- ing twelve have been claimed by both Hamilton and Madison. As secretary of the treasury, he presented to congress an elaborate report on the public debt in 1789, and one on protective duties on imports in 1791. In the "Gazette of the United States," under the signature " An Ameri- can," he assailed Jefferson's financial views, while both were members of Washington's cabinet (1792) ; under that of " Pacificus," defended in prin,t the policy of neutrality between France and England (1793) ; and in a series of essays, signed " Camillus," sustained the policy of ratifying Jay's treaty (1795). Other signatures used by him in his newspaper controversies were " Cato," " Lucius Crassus," " Pho- cion," and " Scipio." In answer to the charges of corruption made by Monroe, he published a pam- phlet, containing his correspondence with Monroe on the subject and the supposed incriminating letters on which the charges were based (1797). His "Ob- servations on Certain Documents " (Philadelphia, 1797) was republished in New York in 1865. In 1798 he defended in the newspapers the policy of 60 HAMILTON HAMILTON increasing the army. His "Works," comprising the "Federalist," his most important official re- ports, and other writings, were published in three volumes (New York, 1810). " His Official and other Papers," edited by Francis L. Hawks, ap- peared in 1842. In 1851 his son, John C, issued a carefully prepared edition of his " Works," com- prising his correspondence and his political and official writings, civil and military, in seven vol- umes. A still larger collection of his " Complete Works," including the "Federalist," his private correspondence, and many hitherto unpublished documents, was edited, with an introduction and notes, by Henry Cabot Lodge (9 vols., 1885). In 1804 appeared a " Collection of Facts and Docu- ments relative to the Death of Major-General Alexander Hamilton," by William Coleman. The same year his "Life" was published in Boston by John Williams, under the pen-name " Anthony Pasquin," a reprint of which has been issued by the Hamilton club (New York, 1865). A "Life of Alexander Hamilton" (2 vols., 1834-'40) was published by his son, John Church, who also com- piled an elaborate work entitled " History of the Republic of the United States, as traced in the Writings of Alexander Hamilton and his Con- temporaries," the first volume of which contains a sketch of his father's career (1850-8). See also his "Life" by Henry B. Ren wick (1841); "Life and Times of Alexander Hamilton," by Samuel M. Smucker (Boston, 1856); "Hamilton and his Contemporaries," by Christopher J. Rieth- mueller (1864); "Life of Hamilton," by John T. Morse, Jr. (1876) ; " Hamilton, a Historical Study," by George Shea (New York, 1877) ; " Life and Epoch of Alexander Hamilton," by the same author (Boston, 1879); and "Life of Hamilton," by Henry Cabot Lodge (American statesmen se- ries, 1882). A list of the books written by or relating to Hamilton has been published under the title of " Bibliotheca Hamiltonia " by Paul L. Ford (New York, 1886). — His wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Gen. Philip Schuyler, b. in Albany, N. Y, 9 Aug., 1757 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 9 Nov., 1854. At the time of their marriage Hamilton was one of Gen. Washington's aides, with the rank of lieutenant - colonel. She rendered assist- ance to her husband in his labors, coun- selled him in his affairs, and kept his papers in order for him, preserving the large collection of manuscripts, which was acquired by the U. S. government in 1849, and has been utilized by the bi- ographers of Alexan- der Hamilton and by historians, who have traced by their light the secret and personal influences that decided many public events between 1775 and 1804. The accompanying portrait of Mrs. Ham- ilton, painted by James Earle, represents her at the age of twenty - seven. — Their son, Philip, b. 22 Jan., 1782, was graduated at Columbia in 1800, and died of a wound received in a duel 24 Nov., 1801, on the same spot where his father fell ~or\_ three years later. The young man, who showed much promise, became involved in a political quar- rel, and was challenged by his antagonist, whose name was Eckert. After the affair the father re- garded with abhorrence the practice of duelling. He recorded his condemnation in a paper, written before going to the fatal meeting with Burr. — An- other son, Alexander, soldier, b. in New York city, 16 May, 1786; d. there, 2 Aug., 1875, was graduated at Columbia in 1804, studied law, and was admitted to practice. He went abroad, and was with the Duke of Wellington's army in Portugal in 1811, but returned on hearing rumors of impend- ing war with Great Britain. He was appointed captain of U. S. infantry in August, 1813, and acted as aide-de-camp to Gen. Morgan Lewis in 1814. In 1822 he was appointed U. S. district attorney in Florida, and in 1823 one of the three Florida land- commissioners. His last years were passed in New Brunswick, N. J., and in New York city, where he engaged in real-estate speculations. — Another son, James Alexander, lawyer, b. in New York city, 14 April, 1788; d. in Irvington, N. Y, 24 Sept., 1878, was graduated at Columbia in 1805. He served in the war of 1812-'15 as brigade major and inspector in the New York state militia, and. after- ward practised law. He was acting secretary of state under President Jackson in 1829, being ap- pointed ad interim on 4 March, but surrendering the office on the regular appointment of Martin Van Buren, two days later. On 3 April he was nominated IT. S. district attorney for the southern district of New York. The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Hamilton college. He published "Reminiscences of Hamilton, or Men and Events, at Home and Abroad, during Three Quarters of a Century" (New York, 1869). — An- other son, John Church, lawyer, b. in Philadel- phia, Pa., 22 Aug., 1792 ; d. in Long Branch, N. J., 25 July. 1882, was graduated at Columbia in 1809. He studied law, and practised in New York city. He was commissioned a lieutenant in the U. S. army in March, 1814, and served as aide- de-camp to Gen. Harrison, but resigned on 11 June, 1814. He spent many years in preparing me- moirs of his father, and editing the latter's works (see above). — Another son,. William Steven, b. in New York city, 4 Aug., 1797 ; d. in Sacramento, Cal., 7 Aug., 1850, entered the U. S. military acad- emy in 1814, but left before his graduation. He was appointed IT. S. surveyor of public lands in Illinois, and served as a colonel of Illinois volunteers in the Black Hawk war, commanding a reconnoi- tring party under Gen. Atkinson in 1832. He held various offices, removed to Wisconsin, and thence to California. — The youngest son, Philip, jurist, b. in New York city, 1 June, 1802 ; d. in Poughkeep- sie, N. Y., 9 July, 1884, married a daughter of Louis McLane. He was assistant district attorney in New York city, and for some time judge-advo- cate of the naval retiring board in Brooklyn. — Schuyler, soldier, son of John Church, b. in New York city, 25 July, 1822, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1841, entered the 1st infantry, and was on duty on the plains and as assistant in- structor of tactics at West Point. He served with honor in the Mexican war, being brevetted for gallantry at Monterey, and again for his brave conduct in an affair at Mil Flores, where he was attacked by a superior force of Mexican lancers, and was severely wounded in a desperate hand- to-hand combat. From 1847 till 1854 he served as aide-de-camp to Gen. Winfield Scott. At the beginning of the civil war he volunteered as a private' in the 7th New York regiment, and was HAMILTON HAMILTON 61 attached to the staff of Gen. Benjamin F. But- ler, and then acted as military secretary to Gen. Scott until the retirement of the latter. He next served as assistant chief of staff to Gen. Henry W. Halleck, at St. Louis, Mo., with the rank of colonel. He was commissioned brigadier- general of volunteers on 12 Nov., 1861, and ordered to command the department of St. Louis. He participated in the important operations of the armies of the Tennessee and of the Cumberland, was the first to suggest the cutting of a canal to turn the enemy's position at Island No. 10, and commanded a division in the operations against that island and New Madrid, for which he was made a major-general on 17 Sept., 1862. At the battle of Parmington he commanded the reserve. On 27 Feb., 1863, he was compelled by feeble health to resign. From 1871 till 1875 he filled the post of hydrographic engineer for the department of docks in New York city. He is the author of a " History of the National Flag of the United States " (New York, 1852), and on 14 June, 1877, the centennial anniversary of its adoption, deliv- ered an address on " Our National Flag." — Allan McLane, physician, son of Philip, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 6 Oct., 1848, was graduated at the College of physicians and surgeons in New York city in 1870, and practised in that city, devoting his attention to nervous diseases. He invented a dynamometer in 1874, and was one of the first to practise galvano- cautery in the United States, and the first to em- ploy monobromate of camphor in treating delirium tremens and nitro-glycerine in epilepsy. He had charge in 1872-'3 of the New York state hospital for diseases of the nervous system, afterward be- came visiting physician to the epileptic and para- lytic hospital on Blackwell's island, New York city, and lectured on nervous diseases in the Long Isl- and college hospital. In the trial of President Garfield's assassin he testified as an expert in be- half of the government. He edited in 1875 the " American Psychological Journal," is the author of a work on " Clinical Electro-Therapeutics" (New York, 1873), and also of text-books on " Nervous Diseases " (1878-'81), and " Medical Jurisprudence " (1887), and has published in professional journals articles on epilepsy, sensory epilepsy, ascending gen- eral paresis, tremors, and inco-ordination. HAMILTON, Andrew, lawyer, b. in Scotland about 1676 ; d. in Philadelphia, 4 Aug., 1741. His parentage and career in the Old World he seems to have kept secret, as well as his real name. At one time he was called Trent, nor is it known exactly at what date he began to use the name of Hamilton. In his address to the Pennsylvania assembly in 1739 he speaks of " liberty, the love of which as it first drew me to, so it constantly prevailed on me to reside in this Province, tho' to the manifest prejudice of my fortune." Probably Hamilton was his real name, but for private reasons he saw fit to discard it for a time. About 1697 he came to Ac- comac county, Va., where he obtained employment as steward of a plantation, and for a time kept a classical school. His marriage, while steward, with the widow of the owner of the estate is said to have brought him influential connections, and he began the practice of the law. Previous to 1716 Hamilton removed to Philadelphia, and in 1717 was made attorney-general of Penn- sylvania. In March, 1721, he was called to the provincial council, and accepted on condition that his duties should not interfere with his prac- tice. He resigned the office in 1724, and in 1727 was appointed prothonotary of the supreme court and recorder of Philadelphia. He was elected to OrtU/fittl^ the assembly from Bucks county in the same year, chosen speaker in 1729, and re-elected an- nually until his retirement in 1739, with the ex- ception of a single year. Hamilton, in company with his son-in-law, Allen, purchased the ground now comprised within Independence square, Phila- delphia, whereon to erect " a suitable building " to be used as a legislative hall, the assembly, prior to 1729, having met in a private residence. The state-house, afterward Independence Hall, was not completed un- til subsequent to Hamilton's death, the con- veyance to the province being madebyhisson. The crowning glory of Ham- ilton's profes- sional career was his defence of John Peter Zenger in 1735, which he un- dertook with- out fee or re- ward. Zenger was a printer in New York city, and in his newspaper had asserted that judges were arbitrarily displaced, and new courts erected without consent of the legisla- ture, by which trials by jury were taken away when a governor was so disposed. The attorney-general charged him with libel, and Zenger's lawyers, on ob- jecting to the legality of the judge's commissions, were stricken from the list of attorneys. Fearing that the advocate, who had subsequently been ap- pointed by the court, might be overawed by the bench, at the head of which was Chief-Justice De Lancey, a member of the governor's council, Ham- ilton voluntarily went to New York, and appeared in the case. He admitted the printing and publish- ing of the article, but advanced the doctrine, novel at that time, that the truth of the facts in the alleged libel could be set up as a defence, and that in this proceeding the jury were judges of both the law and the facts. The offer of evidence to prove the truth of Zenger's statements was rejected, but Hamilton then appealed to the jury to say from the evidence that they had met with in their daily lives that the contents of the defendant's article were not false. His eloquence secured a verdict of " not guilty." The people of New York and the other colonies hailed the result with delight, since it in- sured free discussion of the conduct of public men. Gouverneur Morris referred to Hamilton as " the day-star of the American Revolution," and the common council of New York passed a resolution thanking him for his services, and presented him with the freedom of the city. His fame spread to England, an account of the trial passing through four editions there within three months. Hamil- ton was for many years a trustee of the general loan-office, the province's agency for issuing paper money, and in 1737 was appointed judge of the vice-admiralty court, the only office he held at the time of his death. — His son, James, governor of Pennsylvania, b. probably in Accomac county, Va., about '1710; d. in New York city, 14 Aug., 1783, was made prothonotary of the supreme court of Pennsylvania when his father resigned that office. He was elected to the provincial assembly in 1734, HAMILTON HAMILTON and re-elected five times. He was mayor of Phila- delphia for a year from October, 1745, and on re- tiring from office departed from a custom that compelled the entertainment of the corporation at a banquet. Instead of this, Mayor Hamilton gave £150 toward the erection of a public building. His example was followed by succeeding mayors, until, in 1775, the sum was devoted to the erection of a city-hall and court-house. Hamilton became a member of the provincial council in 1746. He was residing in London in 1748, when he was commis- sioned by the sons of William Penn as lieutenant- governor of the province and territories. He re- signed in 1754, and when the news of Indian out- rages reached Philadelphia in the autumn of 1755, entered actively on the work of defence, and re- ported to the assembly that a chain of garrisoned forts and block-houses was nearly completed from Delaware river to the Maryland line. Hamilton was again deputy-governor in 1759-'63, and on the departure of John Penn he administered the government as president of the council until the arrival of Richard Penn, in October, 1771. Subse- quently he was acting governor for the fourth time from 19 July till 30 Aug., 1773. He was made a prisoner on parole in 1777, and lived at Northampton during the occupation of Philadel- phia by the British. Gov. Hamilton took an active part in founding several public institutions of Phila- delphia. He was for several years president of the board of trustees of the College of Philadelphia, and was also at the head of the Philosophical so- ciety, when it united with the Society for promot- ing useful knowledge. At the first election for president of the new organization, Hamilton and Benjamin Franklin were placed in nomination, and the latter was chosen. HAMILTON, Andrew, governor of New Jersey, b. in Scotland; d. probably in Burlington, N. J., 20 April, 1703. He was engaged in business as a merchant in Edinburgh, and was sent to East Jer- sey as a special agent for the proprietaries. Hav- ing discharged that mission satisfactorily, he was recommended as a man of intelligence and judg- ment to Lord Neil Campbell, who was sent to that province in 1686 as deputy-governor for two years. He was made a member of the council in. conse- quence, and in March, 1687, became acting gov- ernor on the departure of Lord Neil for England, who was called there on business and did not return. In 1688, East and West Jersey having surrendered their patents, those provinces came under the control of Gov. Edmund Andros, and were annexed to New York and New England. Andros, then residing in Boston, visited New York and the Jerseys, continuing all officers in their places, and making but slight changes in the govern- ment. In consequence of the revolution of 1688 in England, Gov. Hamilton visited the mayor of New York as the representative of Andros, that official having been seized by the New-Englanders in April, 1689. He finally sailed for England, in order to consult with the proprietaries, but was captured by the French, and did not reach London until May, 1690. He was still residing there in March, 1692, when he was appointed governor of East Jersey, and also given charge of West Jersey. Although he administered the affairs of the province to the satisfaction of both the colonists and the pro- prietaries, he was deposed in 1697, " much against the inclination " of the latter, in obedience to an act of parliament which provided that " no other than a natural-bom subject of England could serve, in any public post of trust or profit." Hamilton re- turned to England in 1698, but so great was the disorder and maladministration under his succes- sor, Jeremiah Basse, that he was reappointed, 19 Aug., 1699. He could not, however, right the wrong that had been already done, or repair the abuses that had crept in. Officers were insulted in the discharge of their duties, and the growth of the province was seriously interfered with. In 1701 he was appointed by William Penn deputy-gov- ernor of Pennsylvania, the latter having been called to England to oppose the machinations of those who were plotting to deprive him of his American possessions. On Penn's arrival in Lon- don everything was done to harass him, factious opposition being made to the confirmation of Gov. Hamilton, who was wrongfully charged with hav- ing been engaged in illicit trade. The appoint- ment finally received the royal sanction. In the session of the provincial assembly in Oct., 1702, the representatives of the territories refused to meet those of the province, claiming the privilege of separation under a new charter, and expressing their firm determination to remain apart. Hamil- ton strongly urged the advantages of union, and used all his influence to secure this result, but without effect. He also made preparations for the defence of the colony by organizing a military force. He died while on a visit to his family in New Jersey the year following. It was to Andrew Hamilton that the colonies were indebted for the first organization of a postal service, he having obtained a patent from the crown for the purpose in 1694. — His son, John, acting governor of New Jersey, d. in Perth Amboy, N. J., in 1746. It is not known whether he was born in East Jersey or in Scotland. He is first heard of in public life as a member of Gov. Hunter's council in 1713. He retained his seat under Gov. Burnet, Gov. Mont- gomerie, and Gov. Cosby. In 1735 he was ap- pointed associate judge of the provincial supreme court, but probably did not serve, as he became acting governor on the death of Gov. Cosby, only three weeks after the latter's accession to office, 31 March, 1736. He continued at the head of affairs until the summer of 1738, when Lewis Morris was appointed governor of New Jersey, " apart from New York." Hamilton again became acting gov- ernor on the death of the latter in 1746, but he was then quite infirm and died a few months afterward. He is usually credited with having established the first colonial postal service, but the weight of au- thority seems to favor the belief that it was his father who obtained the patent. HAMILTON, Charles, Canadian Anglican bishop, b. in Hawkesbury, Ont., 6 Jan., 1834. He was educated at University college, Toronto, and at Oxford, England, where he was graduated in 1856. He was incumbent of St. Peter's church, Quebec, in 1857-'64, and rector of St. Matthew's, Quebec, in 1868-'85. He was clerical secretary of the pro- vincial synod in 1861-'79, prolocutor of the synod of the Church of England in Canada in 1879-'85, and was consecrated bishop of Niagara on 1 Jan., 1885. He has received the degree of D. D. from Bishop's college, Lennoxville. HAMILTON, Charles Smith, soldier, b. in New York, 16 Nov., 1822. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1843. and assigned to the infantry. He served with honor in the war with Mexico, was brevetted captain for gallantry in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, and was severely wounded at Molino del Rey. He was afterward on frontier duty till April, 1853, when he resigned and engaged in farming in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. At the beginning of the civil war he was appointed, 11 May, 1861, colonel of HAMILTON HAMILTON 63 the 3d Wisconsin regiment, and was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers six days later. He served in Virginia during the siege of Yorktown in May, 1862, and on 19 Sept. of that year was promoted to major-general of volunteers. After the siege of Yorktown he was transferred to the Army of the Mississippi, commanded a division at Corinth, and won the battle of Iuka. Afterward he commanded the left wing of the Army of the Tennessee, and of the 16th corps. He resigned his military commission in April, 1863, and en- gaged in manufacturing at Fond du Lac, Wis., but subsequently removed to Milwaukee. Gen. Hamil- ton was president of the board of regents of the University of Wisconsin from 1866 till 1875, and United States marshal for the district of Wiscon- sin from the year 1869 till 1877. HAMILTON, Frank Hastings, surgeon, b. in Wilmington, Vt., 10 Sept., 1813 ; d. in New York city, 11 Aug., 1886. He was graduated at Union in 1830, after which he entered the office of Dr. John G. Morgan, and in 1831 attended a full course of lectures in the Western college of physicians and surgeons in Fairfield, N. Y. In 1833 he was licensed to practise by the Cayuga county medical censors, and two years later received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania. Soon afterward he began to give a course of lectures in anatomy and surgery in his office in Auburn, which he continued until 1838. In 1839 he was appoint- ed professor of surgery in the Western college of physicians and surgeons, and a year later was called to the medical college of Geneva. During 1843-'4 he visited Europe, and contributed a record of his experiences to the " Buffalo Medical Journal." In 1846 he became professor of surgery in the Buffalo medical college, subsequently becoming dean, and also surgeon to the Buffalo charity hospital. Two years later he left his chair in Geneva and removed to Buffalo, in order to attend to his practice, which was rapidly increasing. On the organization of the Long Island college hospital in 1859 he was called to fill the chair of principles and practice of surgery, and was also chosen surgeon-in-chief of the hospital. In May, 1861, he was appointed pro- fessor of military surgery, a chair which at that time existed in no other college in the United States. At the beginning of the civil war he ac- companied the 31st New York regiment to the front, and had charge of the general field hospital in Centreville during the first battle of Bull Run. In July, 1861, he was made brigade surgeon, and later medical director, and in 1862 organized the U. S. general hospital in Central park, New York. In February, 1863, he was appointed a medical in- spector in the U. S. army, ranking as lieutenant- colonel, but resigned in September and returned to his duties in Bellevue hospital medical college, where in 1861 he had been appointed professor of military surgery and attending surgeon to the hospital. In 1868-75 he was professor of the principles, and practice of surgery in the college, and remained surgeon to the hospital until his death. He was also consulting surgeon to other hospitals and to various city dispensaries, and in that capacity Dr. Hamilton had few equals. On the assassination of President Garfield he was called in consultation, and remained associated with the case until the death of the president. His notable operations were many, and his de- scriptions of improved processes are numerous. He invented a bone-drill and an apparatus for broken jaw, and invented or modified appliances for nearly every fracture of long bones, with vari- ous instruments in military and general surgery. He was the first to introduce the use of gutta- percha as a splint where irregular joint surfaces require support, and the closing of old ulcers by the transplanting of new skin has been' repeatedly attributed to him by French and German physi- cians. He was a member of various medical asso- ciations, and was president of the New York state medical society in 1855, of the New York patho- logical society in 1866, of the New York medico- legal society in 1875-6, of the American academy of medicine in 1878, and of the New York society of medical jurisprudence in 1878 and 1885. In 1869 he received the degree of LL. D. from Union college. Dr. Hamilton was a large contributor to medical journals, and many of his special memoirs are accepted as authorities. His works in book- form include " Treatise on Strabismus " (Buffalo, 1844); "Treatise on Fractures and Dislocations" (Philadelphia, 1860 ; 7th ed., 1884, French and Ger- man translations) ; " Practical Treatise on Military Surgery " (New York, 1861) ; and "The Principles and Practice of Surgery " (1872 ; 2d ed., 1873). He edited a translation of Amussat on the " Use of Water in Surgery " (1861), and " The Surgical Memoirs of the War of the Rebellion," published under the direction of the United States sanitary commission (Washington, 1871). HAMILTON, Hamilton, artist, b. in England, 1 April, 1847. He was brought by his parents to Cowlesville, N. Y., in childhood, and is practically self-taught in art, beginning his career as a por- trait-painter in 1872 at Buffalo. He visited the Rocky mountains in 1875, passed a year in France in 1878-9, and settled in New York in 1881. He was elected an associate of the National academy in 1886, and is a member of the American water- color society and the New York etching club. Mr. Hamilton is distinguished in landscape and genre, both in oil- and water-colors, and also as an etcher. Among his chief works are " The Sisters " (1882) ; " Little Sunbeam " ; and " The Messenger " (1886). HAMILTON, Henry, British soldier, d. in An- tigua, 29 Sept., 1796. During the war of the Revo- lution he was lieutenant-governor of Detroit, and in 1778 was actively engaged in urging the west- ern Indians to join the British. In the early part of January, 1779, he recaptured Vincennes, but in the following February was, with the entire garri- son, surprised by Gen. George Rogers Clarke, and carried prisoner to Williamsburg, Va., where he was imprisoned. He retired from the army in 1783, and on 16 Nov., 1784, was appointed lieutenant- governor of Canada. He was succeeded in this of- fice by Henry Hope on 2 Nov., 1785, and was gov- ernor of Bermuda from 1790 till 1794. HAMILTON, James, statesman, b. in Charles- ton, S. C, 8 May, 1786 ; d. at sea near the coast of Texas, 15 Nov., 1857. His father, Maj. James Hamilton, was a favorite aide of Washington. The son received a liberal education, and, adopting the legal profession, began practice in Charleston. He served in the war of 1812, on the Canadian frontier, as a major, but resumed his practice at Charleston, and was for several years mayor of that city. The formidable negro conspiracy in 1822, led by Den- mark Vesey, was detected by his vigilance. He was often a member of the legislature, was a mem- ber of congress in 1822-'9, and an extreme advo- cate of free-trade, state rights, and direct taxation. He was an active supporter of Andrew Jackson, who, in 1828, offered him the portfolio of secretary of war, and the mission to Mexico, both of which he declined. He recommended armed resistance to the tariff act of 1828, and, while governor of South Carolina, in 1830-2, advised the legislature 64 HAMILTON HAMILTON to pass the nullification act, which placed the state in collision with the Federal government. He was appointed by Gov. Hayne, his successor, to the command of the troops raised for the defence of the state under the nullification act. He subse- quently removed to Texas, and took an active part in securing the recognition of that republic by Great Britain and France, where he acted as its representative in 1841. and was also instrumental in securing its admission into the Union. He was a U. S. senator-elect from Texas at the time of his death, which was the result of a collision between the steamships " Galveston " and " Opelousas," in the latter of which he was a passenger. Mr. Hamilton could have been saved had he not yielded his place to a lady among the passengers. He was one of the founders of the '' Southern Quarterly Review," and of the Bank of Charleston, and took an active part in promoting railroad enterprises, and in the extension of southern commerce. HAMILTON, James, philanthropist, b. in Car- lisle, Pa., 16 Oct., 1793 ; d. there, 23 Jan., 1873. He was graduated at Dickinson college in 1812, and, having studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1816. He labored assiduously in the cause of edu- cation and was for many years a trustee of Dickin- son college. He was possessed of ample means, gave largely to charitable and religious organiza- tions, and was throughout his life a friend and helper of the poor. Besides several tracts and small books, Mr. Hamilton was the author of " Notes on Prophecy," which appeared anonymous- ly (1859). and "The Two Pilgrims" (1871). HAMILTON, James, artist, b. in Ireland in 1819 ; d. 10 March, 1878. While he was a boy his parents emigrated to Philadelphia, where he be- came a teacher of drawing, at the same time study- ing painting. He went to London in 1754, and after his return to Philadelphia, two years later, was employed in the illustration of books. He furnished illustrations for Dr. Kane's " Arctic Ex- plorations," the "Arabian Nights," Coleridge's " Ancient Mariner," and other popular works. His best pictures are " Capture of the Serapis," " Old Ironsides," " Wrecked Hopes," " Egyptian Sunset," "Morning off Atlantic City," and "Moonlight Scene near Venice." He was particularly success- ful in his marine views. HAMILTON, John, Canadian senator, b. in Queenston, Ontario, in 1802 ; d. 10 Oct., 1882. He was the son of Robert Hamilton, a native of Scot- land, who had been active in public affairs in Canada. The son was educated at Queenston and in Edinburgh, Scotland, and at the age of eighteen entered a mercantile house in Montreal as a clerk. He afterward returned to Queenston, and became a builder and owner of steamboats. He owned the " Frontenac," the first steamer that sailed on Lake Ontario, and built the " Lord Sydenham," the first large boat that ever ran the rapids of the St. Law- rence. For years he made a determined resistance to the Grand Trunk railway in its efforts to secure the carrying-trade of Upper Canada. He retired from business in 1862. In January, 1831, he be- came a member of the legislative council of Canada, and remained in public life for over half a century afterward. On 29 Jan., 1881, the fiftieth anniver- sary of his elevation to the council, he was presented by his colleagues with an address, in which his services to Canada were referred to with apprecia- tion. He was chairman of the trustees of Queen's college from 1841 till his death. HAMILTON, John, Canadian merchant, b. near Quebec, Canada, in 1827; d. in Montreal. 3 April, 1887. He was educated in Montreal, and became a member of the firm of Hamilton Brothers, lumber- merchants. Mr. Hamilton was warden of the counties of Prescott and Russell for three years. He represented Inkerman in the legislative council of Canada from 1860 until the union, when he was called to the senate. HAMILTON. J. McLure, artist, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., in 1853. He studied art in the Royal academy at Antwerp under Van Lerins, and in the Ecole des beaux-arts, Paris. He began his professional life in 1875 in his native city. Asso- ciated with others, he published in 1878 "L'aeade- mie pour rire," founded on the French publication of the same title, which attracted some attention, being the first work of its kind issued in America. His most important painting is " Le rire," which was exhibited in the National academy in New York in 1877. and at the Paris exposition in 1878. HAMILTON, John William, clergyman, b. in Weston, W. Va.. 18 March, 1845. He was gradu- ated at Mount Union college, Ohio, in 1865, and at Boston university in 1871. He entered the minis- try of the Methodist Episcopal church, and in 1871 founded the " People's church " in Boston. Mr. Hamilton is the author of " Memorial of Jesse Lee " (1875) ; " Lives of the Methodist Bishops " (1883) ; and " People's Church Pulpit " (1884). HAMILTON, Kate, author, b. in Schenectady, N. Y. She resided for a time in New Jersey, after- ward in Massachusetts, but was educated in Steu- ben ville, Ohio. She has written for various papers and magazines, often under the pen-name of " Fleeta," and has published many Sunday-school books, including " Chinks of Clannyford," " Grey- cliffe," " Brave Heart," " Blue Umbrella," " Old Brown House," " The Shadow of the Rock," " Norah Neil," and " Frederick Gordon." HAMILTON, Morgan Calyin, senator, b. near Huntsville, Ala., 25 Feb., 1809. He received a common-school education, and removed to the re- public of Texas in 1837, where he was a clerk in the war department in 1839-'45, and during the greater part of the last three years was acting sec- retary of war. He was appointed comptroller of the state treasury in September, 1867, was a dele- gate to the constitutional convention of 1868, and on the reconstruction of the state was elected to the U. S. senate as a Republican, and was re- elected, serving from 1870 till 1877. — His brother, Andrew Jackson, politician, b. in Madison county, Ala,, 28 Jan., 1815 ; d. in Austin, Texas, 10 April, 1875. He was educated at a common school, and subsequently worked for a time on his father's farm. He afterward engaged in business, but was for some years clerk of the circuit court of his na- tive county, and then became a lawyer. He settled in Texas in 1846, practised law many years in Aus- tin, was attorney-general of the state, and a presi- dential elector on the Buchanan ticket in 1856. He subsequently became a Republican, and was elected to congress, serving in 1859-'61. He op- posed the secession of Texas, and during the early part of the war lived in the north. On 14 Nov., 1862, he was made brigadier-general of U. S. volun- teers, and in the same year appointed military gov- ernor of Texas. He was sent to command troops at Matamoras. President Johnson made him pro- visional governor in 1865, and in 1866 he became a justice of the supreme court. He was an independ- ent candidate for governor of Texas in 1869, but was defeated. HAMILTON, Paul, statesman, b. in St. Paul's parish. S. C, 16 Oct., 1762 ; d. in Beaufort, S. C, 30 June, 1816. He rendered important services during the Revolution ; was comptroller of South HAMILTON HAMLIN 65 Carolina from 1799 to 1804, improving the finan- cial system of the state ; was governor of South Carolina in 1804- '6, and secretary of the XL S. navy in 1809-13. in the first administration of James Madison. His policy was to keep our frig- ates in port to prevent their capture in the war of 1812-'14, and the first of our great victories, gained by Hull in the " Constitution,"' was won in spite of Hamilton's mandate, " to remain in Boston until further orders !" HAMILTON, Thomas. English author, b. in 1789 ; d. in Pisa, Italy, 7 Dec, 1842. He entered the English army and became captain of the 29th regiment, but. after serving through the peninsu- lar and American wars, devoted himself to litera- ture and became a contributor to " Blackwood's Magazine." Besides a few other works, he wrote •• Men and Manners in America " (2 vols., London, 1833 ; Boston, 1834 ; enlarged ed., London, 1843). This work was highly commended by English crit- ics for its impartiality and value as an authority, but it was condemned in this country for its '•spirit of unjust depreciation." HAMILTON, William Tiffany, senator, b. in Washington county, Md., 8 Sept., 1820. He was educated at Jefferson college, Pa., studied law, and began to practise in Hagerstown, Md. He was a member of the legislature in 1846, a representative in congress from 1849 till 1855, having been chosen as a Democrat, and from 1869 till 1875 was U. S. senator. He was governor of Maryland in 1880-4. HAMLIN, Hannibal, statesman, b. in Paris, Oxford co., Me., 27 Aug., 1809. He was prepared for a collegiate education, but was compelled by the death of his father to take charge of the home- farm until he was of age. He learned printing, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1833, and practised in Hampden, Penobscot eo., until 1848. He was a member of the legislature from 1836 till 1840, and again in 1847, and was speaker of the lower branch in 1837-9 and 1840. In 1840 he received the Democratic nomina- tion for member of congress, and, dur- ing the exciting Har- rison campaign, held joint discussions with his competitor, being the first to introduce that practice into Maine. In 1842 he was elected as a Democrat to congress, and re- elected in 1844. He was chosen to the U. S. senate for four years in 1848, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of John Fairfield, and was re-elected in 1851, but resigned in 1857 to be inaugurated gov- ernor, having been elected to that office as a Re- Eublican. Less than a month afterward, on 20 Feb.. e resigned the governorship, as he had again been chosen U. S. senator for the full term of six years. He served until January, 1861, when he resigned. having been elected vice-president on the ticket with Abraham Lincoln. He presided over the sen- ate from 4 March, 1861, till 3 March, 1865. In the latter year he was appointed collector of the port of Boston, but resigned in 1866. From 1861 till 1865 he had also acted as regent of the Smithsoni- an institution, and was reappointed in 1870, con- tinuing to act for the following twelve years, dur- ing which time he became dean of the board. He vol. in. — 5 £(-j?< £&> ^-2--»-*-^-*-«^_ was again elected and re-elected to the U. S. senate, serving from 4 March, 1869, till 3 March, 1881. In June of that year he was named minister to Spain, but gave up the office the year following and returned to this country. He received the degree of LL. D. from Colby university, then Waterville college, of which institution he was trustee for over twenty years. Senator Hamlin, although a Democrat, was an original anti-slavery man, and so strong were his convictions that they finally led to his separation from that party. Among the significant incidents of his long career of nearly fifty years may be mentioned the fact that, in the temporary and involuntary absence of David Wil- mot from the house of representatives, during the session of the 29th congress, at the critical moment when the measure, since known as " the Wilmot proviso," had to be presented or the opportunity irrevocably lost, Mr. Hamlin, while his anti-slavery friends were in the greatest confusion and per- plexity, seeing that only a second's delay would be fatal, offered the bill and secured its passage by a vote of 115 to 106. In common, however, with Abraham Lincoln, Mr. Hamlin strove simply to pre- vent the extension of slavery into new territory, and did not seek to secure its abolition. In a speech in the U. S. senate, 12 June, 1856, in which he gave his reasons for changing his party allegiance, he thus referred to the Democratic convention then recently held at Cincinnati : " The convention has actually incorporated into the platform of the Democratic party that doc-trine which, only a few years ago, met with nothing but ridicule and con- tempt here and elsewhere, namely, that the flag of the Federal Union, under the constitution of the United States, carries slavery wherever it floats. If this baleful principle be true, then that national ode. which inspires us always as on a battle-field, should be re-written by Drake, and should read : ' Forever float that standard sheet ! Where breathes the foe but falls before us, With slavery's soil beneath our feet, And slavery's banner streaming o'er us.' " When he had been elected vice-president on the ticket with Mr. Lincoln, he accepted an invitation to meet the latter at Chicago, and, calling on the president-elect, found him in a room alone. Mr. Lincoln arose, and, coming toward his guest, said abruptly : " Have we ever been introduced to each other, Mr. Hamlin ? " " No, sir, I think not." was the reply. " That also is my impression," con- tinued Mr. Lincoln ; " but I remember distinctly while I was in congress to have heard you make "a speech in the senate. I was very much struck with that speech, senator — particularly struck with it — and for the reason that it was filled, chock up, with the very best kind of anti-slavery doctrine." " Well, now," replied Hamlin, laughing, " that is very sin- gular, for my one and first recollection of yourself is of having heard you make a speech in the house — a speech that was so full of good humor and sharp points that I, together with others of your audi- tors, was convulsed with laughter." The acquaint- ance, thus cordially begun, ripened into a close friendship, and it is affirmed that during all the years of trial, war, and bloodshed that followed, Abraham Lincoln continued to repose the utmost confidence' in his friend and official associate. — Hannibal's cousin, Cyrus, educator, b. in Water- ford. Me., 5 Jan.. 1811. was graduated at Bowdoin in 1834, and at the Congregational theological semi- nary, Bangor, Me., in 1837. He was a missionary of the American board in Turkey in 1837-"60, and in the latter year became president of Robert col- lege, Constantinople, which he succeeded in organ- 66 HAMLIN HAMMOND izing after a seven years' contest with the Turkish authorities, finally obtaining an imperial edict that committed the college to the United States. He introduced into Constantinople the making of bread with hop yeast, in order to give employment to persecuted Armenians who had been expelled from their guilds. At the beginning of the Cri- mean war there arose a great demand for this bread, and at its close Dr. Hamlin had made $25,- 000, which he devoted to building churches and school-houses. He resigned the presidency of Robert college in 1876, was professor of dogmatic theology in Bangor seminary in 1877-'80, presi- dent of Middlebury college in 1880-'5, and since then has resided in Lexington, Mass. Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1861, and the University of the city of New York that of LL. D. in 1870. His writings, which are mostly in Arme- nian and published in Constantinople, include a translation of Upham's " Mental Philosophy," " Papists and Protestants " (1847) ; an " Arithmetic for Armenians" (1848; Turkish translation, 1870); and a critique on the writings of Archbishop Matteos (1863). He has published in English a letter on " Cholera and its Treatment," which was several times reprinted and widely circulated (Bos- ton, 1865), and " Among the Turks " (New York, 1877), besides numerous articles in reviews and lectures on " Free-Trade and Protection." — Han- nibal's son, Charles, lawyer, b. in Hampden, Me., 13 Sept., 1837, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1857, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1858. He became major of the 18th Maine regiment in August, 1862, was appointed assistant adjutant- general of volunteers, 26 April, 1863, and served in the field with the Army of the Potomac from Chancellorsville through the Gettysburg campaign to that of the Wilderness, after which he was put on duty as inspector of artillery, and also served at Harper's Ferry in 1864. He was bre- vetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865. Gen. Hamlin was city solicitor of Bangor in 1867, has been register in bankruptcy since that year, and was a member of the legislature in 1883 and 1885, serving in the latter year as speaker. He has published " The Insolvent Laws of Maine " (Port- land, Me., 1878). — Another son. Cyrus, soldier, b. in Hampden, Me., 26 April, 1839 ; d. in New Or- leans, La., 28 Aug., 1867, was educated at Hamp- den academy and Waterville college (now Colby university), but was not graduated. He entered the army as captain and aide-de-camp in 1862, and served on the staff of Gen. Fremont, whose favor- able notice he attracted by his conduct at Cross Keys. He afterward became colonel of the 80th regiment of colored troops, serving in the Depart- ment of the Gulf, and on 3 Dec, 1864, was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded the military district of Port Hudson in 1864-'5, and on 13 March, 1865, was brevetted major-gen- eral of volunteers. Gen. Hamlin was among the first to advocate raising colored troops and the first that was appointed from Maine to command a col- ored regiment. After the war he practised law in New Orleans, where he took an active part in the movements of the reconstruction period. His death was caused by disease contracted in the army. — Hannibal's nephew, Augustus Choate, physician, b. in Columbia, Me., 28 Aug., 1828, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1851, and studied medicine in Paris and at Harvard, where he received his degree in 1854. He was surgeon in the army in 1861-'5, be- came medical director of the 11th corps, and was medical inspector during the campaign at Fort Wagner, at Nashville, and elsewhere. In 1865 he removed to Bangor, Me., and engaged in general practice. He has contributed articles on "Ali- mentation/' '' Transfusion," " Transmission of Dis- eases," " Tetanus," and other subjects to the medical journals, and is the author of " History of Ander- sonville " (Boston, 1866) ; " The Tourmaline " (1873) •> and " Leisure Hours Among the Gems " (1884). HAMLIN E, Leonidas Leut, M. B. bishop, b. in Burlington, Conn., 10 May, 1797 ; d. in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, 23 March, 1865. His education was at first directed with a view to the Congrega- tional ministry, but that purpose was afterward abandoned, and the law was chosen instead. Hav- ing removed to Ohio, he was admitted to the bar at Lancaster, and for several years he pursued a successful practice. In 1828 he became a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, was soon after- ward licensed to preach, and before many months he was received into the travelling ministry in connection with the Ohio conference, and for about eight years he labored on circuits and stations in eastern Ohio and in Cincinnati, where he became known as a preacher of unusual eloquence and abilities. He became assistant editor of the " West- ern Christian Advocate " at Cincinnati in 1836, and in 1840, when the "Ladies' Repository," a. monthly magazine, was projected, he became its editor. He was a delegate to the general con- ference in New York in May and June, 1844. at which began the rupture between the northern and southern parts of' the Methodist body. He- took a lively interest in the questions involved in that controversy, but less as it involved the rela- tions of the church to slavery than in respect to the rights and powers of the general conference over the episcopacy. A speech delivered by him in the course of the debates, it was believed, con- tributed effectually to the result that was finally reached. Later, during the same session, he was elected and ordained a bishop. He discharged the duties of that office with fidelity for six years, but in 1850 was compelled by his health to desist from all labor. Acting upon his declared concep- tion of the nature of the episcopal office — that it was only an allotment of service — and because he found himself permanently disabled, he requested the general conference of 1852 to release him from the duties of that office, and to permit him to take the place of a retired minister in the Cincin- nati conference, which request was granted. His only preserved writings consist of a volume of sermons, published after his decease. HAMMETT, Samuel A., author, b. in Jewett City, Conn., in 1816; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 24 Dec, 1865. After his graduation at the University of the city of New York, he passed some years in the southwest engaged in mercantile pursuits, and was clerk of the district court of Montgomery county, Texas. In 1848 he removed to New York city and became a contributor to various journals. He published in book-form, under the pen-name of " Philip Paxton," " A Stray Yankee in Texas " (New York, 1853) ; " The Wonderful Adventures of Captain Priest " (1855), and other works. HAMMOND, Charles, lawyer and journalist, b. in Baltimore county, Md., in September, 1779 ; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 3 April, 1840. When he was six years of age his father removed to Ohio county, Va., where the son worked for a time on a farm. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1801, and practised in Wellsburg, Va. He became a frequent contributor to the newspapers, first obtaining a favorable notice by a series of ar- ticles in the " Scioto Gazette " in defence of Gen. St. Clair, published the "Ohio Federalist" at HAMMOND HAMMOND 67 St. Clairsville from August, 1813, to 1817, and in 1822 removed to Cincinnati, where he edited the "Gazette" from 1825 till his death. He was a member of the Ohio legislature in 1816— '18 and 1820, and was reporter of the Ohio supreme court in l823-'88. He was an earnest advocate of a sys- tem of internal improvements, and of a thorough common-school system. He published "Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of Ohio, 1821-39 " (9 vols., Cincinnati, 1833-40). HAMMOND, Dudley Whitlock, surgeon, b. in Pickens county, S. O, 12 May, 1809. He stud- ied medicine in Charleston, and settled first at Ruchersville, Elbert co., and then at Culloden, Monroe co., Ga., where he remained for more than twenty years. In 1853 he removed to Macon, where he still (1887) resides. Although his prac- tice is general, he has performed most of the capi- tal operations, among them that of lithotomy twenty-three times without the loss of a patient. He is the author of a paper on "An Improved Plan for extracting Urethral Calculi," which was published in the " Transactions " of the Georgia medical association for 1870. HAMMOND, Edward Payson, evangelist, b. in Ellington, Conn., 1 Sept., 1831. He was graduated at Williams in 1858, studied two years in the Union theological seminary, New York city, and in 1860-'l completed his studies in the theological seminary of the Free Church, Edinburgh, Scotland. He was ordained as an evangelist by the presbytery of New York, 2 Jan., 1863, and in the spring of 1864 began laboring in Chicago with D wight L. Moody. In 1866-'8 Mr. Hammond made an extended tour through Great Britain, France, Italy, Egypt, and Palestine, and in 1867 held services for six weeks in London, where he was instrumental in establish- ing the " Children's Special Service Mission." His labors in St. Louis in 1874 resulted in the addition of over 5,000 members to the different churches and in the organization of the " Evangelical Alliance of St. Louis," comprising clergymen of all denomina- tions, who united to prosecute evangelistic work. In 1874 he also made a missionary tour as far north as Alaska, reaching that territory before any other missionary. Mr. Hammond has preached with great success in all parts of the United States and in Canada, and has spent in all six and a half years in work in the Old World. In 1886 he conducted a series of meetings in London, extending over seven months. Mr. Hammond was the first to in- troduce the " service of song," and to use the kind of hymns that have since become popular for such meetings. He is the author of about one hundred books and tracts, besides many hymns. The former include " The Conversion of Children " (reprinted in many countries, and in lands as far distant as southern India), " Gathered Lambs," " The Child's Guide to Heaven," " Sketches of Palestine," " Jesus the Lamb of God," " Little Ones in the Fold," and " The Better Life." One of Mr. Hammond's hymn-books has been trans- lated into Norwegian and Swedish. His history and methods of work are described in " Reaper and Harvest," by the Rev. Phineas C. Headley (New York, 1884). HAMMOND, Elisha, educator, b. in New Bed- ford, Mass., 10 Oct., 1774 ; d. in . Macon, Ga., 27 July, 1829. He was descended from Benjamin Hammond, who came from England to Massachu- setts in 1634. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1802, and became principal of the Mount Bethel academy, Newberry county, S. C, in 1803. In April, 1806, he was chosen professor of languages in South Carolina college, but resigned at the end ^yf.t^, CZ^yy^^n^ a-r\ ££_ of the following year to resume his connection with the school at Mount Bethel. There he re- mained until 1815, when he removed to Columbia. Prof. Hammond ranked high as a teacher, and from his academy were graduated many well-known citizens. — His son, James Henry, statesman, b. in Newberry district, 15 Nov., 1807; d. in Beech Island, Aiken co., S. C., 13 Nov., 1864, was gradu- ated at South Carolina college in 1825, and was admitted to the bar in 1828. In 1830 he became the editor of the " Southern Times," published at Columbia, in which he advocated nullification. He was throughout his life a supporter of John C. Calhoun's views. During the nullification excite- ment he was on the staff of Gov. Ham- ilton, and subse- quently on that of Gov. Hayne. He was elected to con- gress, serving from 7 Dec, 1835, till 16 Feb., 1836, when he resigned, on account of impaired health, and visited Europe, remaining abroad for nearlv two years. From 1842 till 1844 he was governor of South Carolina. During his term of office he gave especial attention to the improvement of military education in the state, and established the State geological and agricul- tural survey. For the next thirteen years Mr. Hammond, who had given up the active practice of his profession on his marriage to a lady of large fortune, devoted his attention to the development of his estates and the reclaiming of waste land. He was then elected to the U. S. senate in place of An- drew P. Butler, and served from 7 Dec, 1857, till 11 Nov., 1860. In March, 1858, he delivered a speech on the admission of Kansas, which gave much offence at the north, and won for him the title of " Mudsill Hammond." The following is the para- graph to which most exception was taken : " In all social systems there must be a class to do the mean duties, to perform the drudgery of life ; that is, a class requiring but a low order of intellect and but little skill. Its requisites are vigor, do- cility, fidelity. Such a class you must have, or you would not have that other class which leads prog- ress, refinement, and civilization. It constitutes the very mudsills of society and of political gov- ernment ; and you might as well attempt to build a house in the air as to build either the one or the other except on the mudsills. Fortunately for the south, she found a race adapted to that purpose to her hand — a race inferior to herself, but eminently qualified in temper, in vigor, in docility, in capa- city to stand the climate, to answer all her pur- poses. We use them for the purpose and call them slaves. We are old-fashioned at the south yet ; it is a word discarded now by ears polite ; but 1 will not characterize that class at the north with that term ; but you have it ; it is there ; it is every- where ; it is eternal." In a recent letter the speak- er's son, Harry, thus explains the reference to " mudsills " in the foregoing extract : " It is a very great mistake to suppose that my father could ever have made a speech against the working-classes. . . . As to 'mudsills,' a" totally perverted meaning has been fastened to the expression. My father 68 HAMMOND HAMMOND had built a mill, and four times it had to be taken down on account of trouble with the mudsills, which had to be placed in a sort of quicksand hard to control. Thus 'mudsills,' instead of meaning something low and insignificant, were, as I well remember, a matter of paramount interest and importance to him. It was just when he had at last placed his mudsills securely that he had occa- sion to use this expression." In the same speech occurs the passage : " No, sir, you dare not make war on cotton. No power on earth dares make war upon it. Cotton is king. Until lately the Bank of England was king, but she tried to put her screws as usual, the fall before last, upon the cotton-crop, and was utterly vanquished. The last power has been conquered." On the secession of South Carolina he retired from the senate, and after hostilities began returned to the superintend- ence of his estates, being prevented by failing health from active participation in the war. AVhile governor he published a letter to the Free church of Glasgow, and two others in reply to an anti- slavery circular written by Thomas Clarkson, of England. These letters called forth severe replies from those to whom they were addressed, and, with other essays on the same subject, were issued in book-form under the title "The Pro-Slavery Argument " (Charleston, 1853). He was also the author of papers on agriculture, manufactures, banks, railroads, and literary topics, and an elabo- rate review of the life, character, and services of John C. Calhoun, contained in an address delivered in Charleston in November, 1850, on the invitation of the city council. This is considered by many the best effort of his life. — Another son, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, soldier, b. in Newberry dis- trict, S. C, 12 Dec, 1814 : d. in Beech Island, Aiken co., S. O, 23 Jan., 1876, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1836, and assigned to the 4th infantrv. He was made 1st lieutenant, 7 Nov., 1839, and resigned, 31 Dec, 1842. on account of severe illness. From 1842 till 1846 he was a planter in Georgia, but at the beginning of the Mexican war he was appointed additional paymaster, and served until 15 April, 1847, when he was again compelled to resign on account of impaired health. He then retired to a plantation at Hamburg, S. C, whence he removed to Athens. Ga., in 1860, and to Beech Island, S. C, in 1863. He held various com- missions in the state militia between 1849 and 1853, and was a member of the state house of representa- tives in 1856-7. He is the author of various essays on agricultural, political, and military subjects published between 1843 and 1849. and of " A Criti- cal History of the Mexican "War," which appeared in the " Southern Quarterly Review " between 1849 and 1853. — Another son, John Fox, physician, b. in Columbia, S. C. 7 Dec, 1821 ; d. in Poughkeep- sie, N. Y., 29 Sept., 1886, was graduated at the University of Virginia, the Medical college at Au- gusta, Ga.', and in 1841 at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania. He was appointed assistant surgeon in the U. S. army, 16 Feb., 1847 ; major and surgeon, 26 Feb., 1861 : brevet lieuten- ant-colonel, 13 March, 1865, "for faithful and meritorious service during the war " ; and lieuten- ant-colonel, 26 June. 1876. In 1849 he had medical charge of troops infected with cholera on the west- ern frontier, and served in Florida from November, 1852, till October, 1853, during an epidemic of yellow fever. In 1862 he was medical director of the 2d army corps of the Potomac, and was pres- ent at the* siege of Yorktown and. the principal battles of the peninsula. After the close of the war he served on various medical boards. HAMMOND, Jabez D., author, b. in New Bed- ford. Mass., 2 Aug., 1778: d. in Cherry Valley, X. Y.. 18 Aug.. 1855. With a limited education he taught at fifteen, studied and practised medi- cine in Beading. Vt.. in 1799. and in 1805 was ad- mitted to the bar and settled at Cherry Valley, N. Y. He was elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 4 Dec, 1815, till 3 March, 1817, was state senator from 1817 till 1821, and in 1822 re- moved to Albanv. where he practised his profes- sion until 1830. ' From 1825 till 1826 he served as a commissioner to settle the claims of New York on the Federal government. In 1831 he visited Europe for his health, and on his return again set- tled in Cherry Valley. He was chosen county judge in 1838." and was one of the regents of the University of New York from 1845 until his death. Although he was a Democrat, he supported John Quincy Adams for the presidency. In 1845 Ham- ilton college conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. He is the author of " The Political His- tory of New York to December, 1840 " (2 vols., Albany, 1843 ; vol. iii., Syracuse) ; " Life and Opinions of Julius Melbourn " (Svracuse. N. Y.. 1847); "Life of Silas Wright" (1848): and "Evi- dence, Independent of Written Revelation, of the Immortalitv of the Soul " (Albany, 1851). HAMMOND. Le Roy, soldier! b. in Richmond county, Va., about 1740*; d. about 1800. In 1765 he removed to Georgia, and thence to South Caro- lina, where he became a dealer in tobacco. He was commissioned a colonel early in the Revolu- tionary war, served in the " Snow " campaign, and in that of 1776 against the Cherokees, in which he distinguished himself. He was subsequently often employed both by congress and the state of South Carolina as Indian agent. In 1779 he took the field with his regiment and played an important part in the battle of Stono Ferry. After the fall of Charleston he adopted, like Marion and others, a des- ultory mode of warfare, and was constantly engaged in fighting the loyalists. British, and Indians. In 1781 he was at the siege of Augusta, afterward at that of Ninety-Six, serving under Greene, and, later, under Gen. Pickens. After the battle of Eu- taw he was active in guerilla warfare. Col. Ham- mond ranked high as a partisan leader. HAMMOND^Samuel, soldier, b. in Richmond county, Va., 21 Sept., 1757; d. near Augusta. Ga.. 11 Sept., 1842. He volunteered in an expedition against the Indians under Gov. Dunmore, distin- guishing himself at the battle of the Kanawha. In 1775 he raised a company and took part in the battle of Longbridge. In 1779 he was at the bat- tle of Stono Ferry, S. C, under Gen. Lincoln. At the siege of Savannah he was made assistant quar- termaster, and at Blackstoeks he had three horses shot under him and was wounded. He was a member of the "council of capitulation" at Charleston, and was present at the siege of Au- gusta and the battles of King's Mountain. Cow- pens, Eutaw, where he was again badly wounded, and many other engagements. On 17 Sept., 1781, he was commissioned colonel of cavalry, and served under Gen. Greene until the end of the war. He then settled in Savannah, and was ap- pointed surveyor-general of Georgia. He was also elected to the' legislature and fought in the Creek war of 1793. He was then elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 17 Oct., 1803, till 3 March, 1805. He was appointed by President Jefferson military and civil commandant of upper Louisiana, holding the office from 1805 till 1824, and during the latter part of the time was receiver of public moneys in Missouri. In the last-named HAMMOND HAMPTON 69 , lJy7776(sis>^>s^^^~*As<~-cI' t year he returned to South Carolina, and was chosen a member of the legislature. He was surveyor- general in 1825, and secretary of state from 1831 till 1835. when he retired from public life. HAMMOND, William Alexander, physician, b. in Annapolis, Md., 28 Aug., 1828. He was graduated at the medical department of the Uni- versity of the city of New York, and entered the TJ. S. army in 1849 as assistant surgeon, with the rank of 1st lieutenant. In October, 1860, he resigned to accept the professorship of anatomy and phy- siology in the Uni- versity of Maryland, but at the begin- ning of the civil war he again entered the army and was as- signed to the or- ganization of gen- eral hospitals in Hagerstown, Frederick, and Bal- timore. Afterward the U. S. sanitary commission urged his appointment as surgeon-general of the army, and in April, 1862, he received this commis- sion with the rank of brigadier-general. He in- stituted radical changes in the management of his office, established the army medical museum by special order, and suggested the plan of the " Medical and Surgical History of the Rebellion." Charges of irregularities in the award of liquor contracts were made against him, and he was tried by court-martial, and dismissed from the army in August, 1864 He at once removed to New York, where he settled in the practice of his profession, and made a specialty of diseases of the nervous system. In 1867-'73 he was professor of diseases of the mind and nervous system in Bellevue hos- pital medical college, and then was elected to a similar chair in the medical department of the University of the city of New York. He remained there until 1882. when he became one of the found- ers of the New York post-graduate medical school, and has since delivered lectures on his specialty in that institution. Dr. Hammond has also delivered lectures in the medical department of the Univer- sity of Vermont, and in 1870 became physician at the New York state hospital for diseases of the nervous system. In 1878 a bill was submitted to congress authorizing the president to review the proceedings of the court-martial, and, if justice demanded, to reinstate Dr. Hammond. This measure was passed by the house unanimously, and by the senate with but one dissenting vote. In August, 1879, it was approved by the president, and Dr. Hammond was restored to his place on the rolls of the army as surgeon-general and briga- dier-general on the retired list. Besides contrib- uting to current medical literature, he founded and edited the " Maryland and Virginia Medical Journal," was one of the originators of the " New York Medical Journal," and established the " Quar- terly Journal of Psychological Medicine and Medi- cal Jurisprudence." becoming its editor. His medi- cal works in book - form include " Physiological Memoirs " (Philadelphia, 1863) ; " A Treatise on Hygiene, with Special Reference to the Military Service" (1863); "Lectures on Venereal Diseases" (1864); "On Wakefulness, with an Introductory Chapter on the Physiology of Sleep " (1865) ; " On Sleep and its Derangements" (1869); "Insanity and its Medico - Legal Relations " (New York, 1866) ; " Physics and Physiology of Spiritualism " (1870) ; " Diseases of the Nervous System," which has been translated into French and Italian (1871) ; " Insanity in its Relation to Crime " (1873) ; " Lec- tures on' Diseases of the Nervous Svstem," edit- ed by T. M. B. Cross (1874) ; " Spiritualism and Allied Causes and Conditions of Nervous Derange- ment " (1876 ; reissued as " Certain Forms of Ner- vous Derangement," 1880) ; " Treatise on Insanity in its Medical Relations " (1883) ; and " On Sexual Impotence in the Male " (1883). He has also edited " Military. Medical, and Surgical Essays," prepared for the U. S. sanitary commission (Philadelphia, 1864), and translated from the German, Meyer"s " Electricity in its Relations to Practical Medicine " (New York, 1869 ; new ed., 1874). Dr. Hammond is the author of various novels, including " Robert Severne ; his Friend and Enemies " (Philadelphia, 1867); ''Lai" (New York, 1884); "Dr. Grattan" (1884) ; " Mr. Oldmixon " (1885) ; " A Strong-Mind- ed Woman, or Two Years After " (1886) ; and " On the Susquehanna " (1887). HAMOND, Sir Andrew Snane, British naval officer, b. in Blaekheath, England, 17 Dec, 1738; d. near Lynn, Norfolk, England, 12 Oct., 1828. He entered the British navy in 1753, served under Lord Howe, and became a post-captain in 1780. At the beginning of the Revolutionary war he joined the " Roebuck," a forty-four gun ship, was pres- ent at the occupation of New York, and destroyed the " Delaware " frigate and other vessels engaged in obstructing the Delaware river. He took part in the unsuccessful attack on Mud island in October, 1777, as also in the successful one in November of that year. He was knighted in 1778, acted as captain of the fleet at the reduction of Charles- ton, S. C. in 1780, and late in the year was ap- pointed lieutenant-governor and commander-in- chief of Nova Scotia. He returned to England in 1783, was made a baronet on 18 Dec, of that year, became a comptroller in the navy in 1794, and retired in 1806 with a pension. HAMPTON, Wade, soldier, b. in South Caro- lina in 1754 ; d. in Columbia, S. C, 4 Feb., 1835. He served with distinction in the Revolution un- der Marion and Sumter, and after the war was in congress in 1795-7. He was a presidential elec- tor in 1801, and in 1803-5 served again in con- gress, having been elected as a Democrat. He was made a colonel in the U. S. army in 1808, placed in command of one of the regiments that had been raised in apprehension of war with England, and in February, 1809, was promoted to brigadier-gen- eral, and stationed at New Orleans. In conse- quence of continual disagreements with his subor- dinates he was superseded by Gen. James Wilkin- son in 1812, and during the war with England commanded a force on the northern frontier, hav- ing been given a major-general's commission on 2 March, 1813. On 26 Oct., 1813, at Chateaugay, he attacked Sir George Prevost, who repelled him with an inferior force. He afterward frustrated the attempt on Montreal by his unwillingness to co-operate with his old rival* Gen. Wilkinson. He resigned his commission on 6 April, 1814, and re- turned to South Carolina. He acquired a large fortune by land speculations, and at his death was supposed to be the wealthiest planter in the United States, owning 3,000 slaves. Gen. Hampton was a fair example of the old-fashioned slave-holding oligarchs, being of a high, proud, stern, and in- flexible character, and ably administering his large estate.— His son, Wade, b. 21 April, 1791 ; d. on a 70 HAMPTON HAXAFORD '■cuu/^/v-n^ plantation near Mississippi river. 10 Feb., 1858. became lieutenant of dragoons in 1813, and was acting inspector-general and aide to Gen. Jackson at New Orleans in January, 1815. He succeeded to his father's estates ; his home at Columbia, S. C, was famous for its beauty and elegance, and the grounds were improved at a cost of 860,000, a large sum for that time. His sisters married Gen. John S. Preston and Gov. Richard Manning. — Wade, son of the second Wade, b. in Columbia, S. C., in 1818, was graduated at the University of South Caroli- na, and after- ward studied law. but with- out the inten- tion of practis- ing. Under his father's train- ing he became a good horse- man, a fa- mous hunter, and an accom- plished fish- erman. He served in the legislature of South Caroli- na in early life, but his politi- cal views were those of a Democrat of a national, rather than a se- cession, tendency, and were not popular in his state. His speech against the reopening of the slave-trade was called by the Xew York ik Tribune " " a mas- ter-piece of logic, directed by the noblest senti- ments of the Christian and patriot." His earlier life was, however, devoted to his plantation inter- ests in South Carolina and Mississippi, and to the pursuits of a man of fortune. When the civil war began, Hampton first enlisted as a private, but soon raised a command of infantry, cavalry, and artillery, which was known as " Hampton's Legion," and won distinction in the war. At Bull Run 600 of his infantry held for some time the Warrenton road against Keyes's corps, and were sustaining Bee when Jackson came to their aid. In the pen- insular campaign they were again distinguished. and at Seven Pines lost half their number, and Hampton himself received a painful wound in the foot. Soon afterward he was made brigadier -gen- eral of cavalry, and assigned to Gen, J. E. B. Stu- art's command. He was frequently selected for de- tached service, in which he was uncommonly success- ful. In the Maryland and Pennsylvania campaigns of 1862-'3 Hampton was actively engaged, and he distinguished himself at Gettysburg, receiving three wounds. It is said that twenty-one out of twenty-three field-officers and more than half the men in Hampton's command were killed or wounded in this battle. Hampton was made a major-general, with rank from 3 Aug., 1863. In 1864, after several days' fighting, he gave Sheridan a check at Trevillian's Station, which broke up a plan of campaign that included a junction with Hunter and the capture of Lynchburg. In twenty- three days he captured over 3,000 prisoners and much material of war, with a loss of 719 men. He was made commander of Lee's cavalry in August, with the rank of lieutenant-general, and in Septem- ber struck the rear of the National army at City Point, bringing away 400 prisoners and 2,486 beeves. Soon afterward, in another action, he captured 500 prisoners. In one of these attacks he lost his son in battle. Hampton was then detached to take com- mand of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's cavalry, and did what he could to arrest the advance of Sherman's army northward from Savannah in the spring of 1865. After the unfortunate burning of Columbia, S. C. on its evacuation by the Confederates, a sharp discussion arose between Gen. Hampton and Gen. Sherman, each charging the other with the wilful destruction of the city. After the war he at once engaged in cotton-planting, but was not successful. He accepted from the first all the legitimate consequences of defeat, an entire sub- mission to the law, and the civil and political equality of the negro : but he has steadily defended the motives and conduct of his people and their leaders. In 1866. speaking of the negro, he said : " As a slave, he was faithful to us ; as a free man, let us treat him as a friend. Deal with him frank- ly, justly, kindly." During the reconstruction pe- riod Hampton's conciliatory policy found little fa- vor for some time, but in 1876 he was nominated for governor against Daniel H. Chamberlain. Each claimed to be elected, and two governments were organized, but Mr. Chamberlain finally yielded his claims. (See Chamberlain, Daxiel H.) In 1878 he met with an accident by which he lost a leg: but. while his life was despaired of, he was elected to the U. S. senate, where he is still serving (1887). In the senate his course has been that of a con- servative Democrat. He has advocated a sound currency, resisting all inflation, and has generally acted in concert with Thomas A. Bayard, whose aspirations for the presidency he has supported. Gen. Hampton married in early life Margaret Preston, youngest daughter of Gen. Francis Pres- ton. His second wife was the daughter of Senator George McDuffie. of South Carolina. HAMTRAMCK, John Francis, soldier, b. in Canada in 1757: d. in Detroit, Mich., 11 April, 1803. He served as captain in Dubois's Xew York regiment in the Revolutionary war, was appointed major of infantry, 29 Sept., 1789, and lieutenant- colonel, commanding the 1st sub-legion, 18 Feb., 1793. He held command of the left wing of Gen. Wavne's army, and was distinguished in his victory on 'the Miami on 20 Aug., 1794. In 1802 he re- ceived the commission of colonel. He was an ex- emplary disciplinarian. A monument was erected to his memory and placed in the grounds of St. Anne's Roman Catholic church, Detroit, by the officers whom he had commanded. — His son, John Francis, soldier, b. in Fort Wayne. Ind.. in 1798 ; d. in Shepherdstown, Ya.. 21 April, 1858, was a sergeant in Zachary Taylor's expedition up the Mississippi river in 1814, and, owing to his bravery in an action opposite the mouth of Rock river, Illinois. 19 July. 1814. with 700 Sac and Fox Indians supported by British batteries, received an appointment to the U. S. military academy. He was graduated in 1819 and assigned to the artillery, but resigned in 1822, and settled near St. Louis, Mo., where he became a planter. From 1826 till 1831 he was Indian agent for the Osage tribe. He removed to Shepherdstown, Ya., in 1832, where he engaged as a planter. In 1835 he was captain of the Virginia militia, and held this post until his death. He served in the Mexican war as colonel of the 1st regiment of Virginia volunteers. From 8 March till 20 July, 1848, he was governor of Saltillo. From 1850 till 1854 he was mayor of Shepherdstown. In 1853 he was appointed justice of the Jefferson county court, which office he held until the time of his death. HAXAFORD, Phebe Anne, author, b. in Xan- tucket, Mass., 6 May, 1829. Her father, Capt. HANCOCK HANCOCK 71 George W. Coffin, was a ship-owner and merchant. Phebe was educated in the schools of her native town, and under the Rev. Ethan Allen, rector of St. Paul's Episcopal church there. In 1849 she married Joseph H. Hanaford, a teacher. After teaching several years in Massachusetts, she edited in 1866-8 the " Ladies' Repository " and " The Myrtle," and in February, 1868, began regular ministerial work, having been ordained the first woman minister in the Universalist church. Since that time she has been pastor of churches in Hing- ham and VValtham, Mass., New Haven, Conn., and Jersey City, N. J., and made preaching-tours throughout the middle states, Ohio, and Illinois. She is now (1887) pastor of the Church of the Holy Spirit, New Haven, Conn. In 1870-'2 she was at various times chaplain of the Connecticut legisla- ture. She has been grand worthy chaplain of the Good Templars, and represented the grand lodge in the right worthy lodge at Detroit in 1867. Besides poems, addresses, and contributions to current lit- erature, she has published " Lucretia the Quaker- ess " (Boston, 1853) ; " Leonette, or Truth sought and Found" (Philadelphia, 1857); "The Best of Books, and its History " (1857) : " Abraham Lin- coln " (Boston, 1865) ; " Frank Nelson, the Run- away Bov " (1865) : " The Soldier's Daughter " (1866); "The Captive Bov of Tierra del Fuego " (New York, 1867) ; " Field", Gunboat, Hospital, and Prison " (Boston, 1867) ; " The Young Captain " (1868); "George Peabody" (1870); "From Shore to Shore, and Other Poems " (1870) ; " Charles Dickens " (1870) ; " Women of the Century " (1877) ; and "Ordination Book" (New Haven, 1887). HANCOCK, George, soldier, b. in Virginia in 1755 ; d. in Fotheringay, Va., 1 Aug., 1820. He was educated by private tutors. During the Revo- lution he served as colonel of infantry. In 1793 he was elected to congress as a Democrat, and re- elected for the following term, serving until 1797. He was greatly beloved by his associates. HANCOCK, John, clergyman, b. in Cambridge, Mass., in 1671 ; d. in Lexington, Mass., 5 Dec, 1752. He was graduated at Harvard in 1689, studied for the ministry, was called to preach as a candidate by the Congregational church at Lex- ington, Mass., in 1697, and in the following year was ordained its pastor, flere he continued to preach until his death. In 1734 his son, Ebenezer, was given him as an assistant, but the young man died suddenly in 1740, before he had completed his thirtieth year. Mr. Hancock was the author of four published sermons delivered on special occa- sions between 1722 and 1748. — His son, Thomas, merchant, b. in Lexington, Mass., in 1702 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 1 Aug., 1764, began life as a book- seller, but afterward became a successful merchant. Having no children, he left most of his large for- tune to his nephew, John. Among his bequests were £1,000 to Harvard college wherewith to found a professorship of the Hebrew and Oriental lan- guages, £1,000 for propagating the gospel among the Indians, and £600 to the town of Boston, to be used in the erection of an insane hospital. He was liberal in his religious and political sentiments, but inclined to take part with the royal govern- ment in its disputes with the colonies. He was a member of the house of representatives, and of the council of Massachusetts. — Another son, John, clergyman, b. in Lexington, Mass., in 1703 ; d. in Braintree (now Quincy), Mass., 7 May, 1744, was graduated at Harvard in 1719, and ordained at Braintree, 2 Nov., 1726, where he remained until his death. He possessed good talents, and was noted for diligence, prudence, and fidelity. He was the author of several sermons and letters printed between 1738 and 1748. — The second John's son, John, statesman, b. in Quincy, Mass., 12 Jan., 1737 : d. there, 8 Oct., 1793, was graduated at Har- vard in 1754. On the death ofnis father he was adopted by his uncle, Thomas, who took him into his counting-house and left him a large fortune, the nephew succeeding to the business. In 1766 he was chosen to represent Boston in the Massa- chusetts house of representatives with James Otis, Thomas dishing, and Samuel Adams, "where," says Eliot, " he blazed a Whig of the first magni- tude." The seizure of his sloop, the " Liberty," for an alleged evasion of the laws of trade, caused a riot, the royal commissioners of customs barely escaping with their lives. After the affray known as the " Boston massacre," 5 March, 1770, he was a member of the committee to demand of -the royal governor the removal of the troops from the city ; and at the funeral of the slain he delivered an ad- dress so glowing and fearless in its reprobation of the conduct of the soldiery and their leaders as greatly to offend the governor. In 1774 he was elect- ed, with Samuel Adams, a mem- ber of the Provin- cial congress at Concord, Mass., and subsequently became its presi- dent. It was to secure the persons of these two pa- triots that the ex- pedition to Con- cord in April, 1775, which led to the battle of Lexington, was undertaken by the authorities. It was, however, futile, as they suc- ceeded in making their escape. On 12 June, follow- ing, Gen. Gage issued a proclamation offering par- don to all the rebels, excepting Samuel Adams and John Hancock, " whose offences," it was declared, " are of too flagitious a nature to admit of any other consideration than that of condign punishment." Mr. Hancock was a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental congress from 1775 till 1780, and from 1785 till 1786, serving as president of that body from May, 1775, till October, 1777. The Declaration of Independence, as first published, bore only his name as president. In 1776 he was commissioned major-general of the Massachusetts militia, and in August, 1778, commanded the con- tingent of that state in the expedition against Rhode Island. He was a member of the Massa- chusetts constitutional convention of 1780, and was governor of the state from the latter year till 1785, and again from 1787 until his death, being re-elected annually. In the presidential election of 1789, Gov. Hancock received four electoral votes. He was a man of strong common sense and decision of character, of polished manners, easy address, affable, liberal, and charitable. In his public speeches he displayed a high degree of eloquence. As a presiding officer he was dignified, impartial, quick of apprehension, and always commanded the respect of congress. He employed his large fortune for useful and benevolent purposes, and was a liberal donor to Harvard college. When the best method of driving the British from Boston was under discussion at a patriotic club in that 72 HANCOCK HANCOCK town, he is said to have declared, " Burn Boston, and make John Hancock a beggar, if the public good requires it." In the autumn of 1776 congress gave Washington instructions to destroy Boston if it should be necessary to do so in order to dis- lodge the enemy. Mr. Hancock then wrote to that officer to the effect that, although probably the largest property-owner in the city, " he was anxious the thing should be done if it would benefit the cause." John Adams said of his character : " Nor were his talents or attainments inconsiderable. They were far superior to many who have been much more celebrated. He had a great deal of political sagacity and insight into men. He was by no means a contemptible scholar or orator. Compared with Washington, Lincoln, or Knox, he was learned." He received the degree of A. M. from Yale and Princeton in 1769, and that of LL. D. from Brown in 1788, and from Harvard in 1792. The illustration represents the Hancock house, which stood in Beacon street, Boston. HANCOCK, John, jurist, b. in Jackson county, Ala., 29 Oct., 1824. After two years in the Uni- versity of East Tennessee, Knoxville, he studied law in Winchester, Tenn., was admitted to the bar in 1846, and setted in Texas in 1847. In that year he held the office of state's attorney. He was ap- pointed judge of the district court of the state in 1851, where he served until his resignation in 1855. In 1860-'l he was a member of the legislature, but was expelled on refusing to take the oath of alle- giance to the southern Confederacy. He declined to take arms during the civil war, and, in order to avoid conscription, went to Mexico in 1864, and subsequently to New York and Kentucky. After witnessing Glen. Lee's surrender, he returned to Texas, and took an active part in the restoration of order. He was a member of the State constitu- tional convention in 1866, and was a member of congress from 1872 till 1877, and again. in 1881-'3, having been elected as a Democrat. During his term of service he secured the passage of acts changing the manner of issuing rations to Indians on the reservations, so that they were given every seventh day; prohibiting hunting-parties unless accompanied by U. S. troops, thus ending Indian raids from the reservations ; and establishing a military telegraph around the frontiers of Texas. HANCOCK, Winfleld Scott, soldier, b. in Mont- gomery Square, Montgomery co., Pa., 14 Feb., 1824 ; d. on Governor's Island, New York harbor, 9 Feb., 1886. His grandfather, Richard Hancock, of Scottish birth, was one of the impressed American seamen of the war of 1812 who were incarcerated in Dartmoor prison in England. His father, Ben- jamin Franklin Hancock, was born in Philadel- phia, and when quite a young man was thrown upon his own resources, having displeased his guardian by not marrying in the Society of Friends. He supported himself and wife by teaching while studying law, was admitted to the bar in 1828, and removed to Norristown, where he practised his pro- fession forty years, earning the reputation of a well- read, judicious, and successful lawyer. Winfield S. Hancock had the combined advantages of home in- struction and a course in the Norristown academy and the public high-school. He early evinced a taste for military exercises, and at the age of six- teen entered the U. S. military academy, where he was graduated, 1 July, 1844. He was at once brevetted 2d lieutenant in the 6th infantry, and assigned to duty at Fort Towson, Indian terri- tory. He received his commission as 2d lieuten- ant while his regiment was stationed on the fron- tier of Mexico, where the difficulties that resulted in the Mexican war had already begun. He was ordered to active service in the summer of 1847, joined the army of Gen. Scott in its advance upon the Mexican capital, participated in the four prin- cipal battles of the campaign, and was brevetted 1st lieutenant for gallant and meritorious conduct in those of Contreras and Churubuseo. From 1848 till 1855 he served as regimental quartermaster and adjutant, being most of the time stationed at St. Louis. On 7 Nov., 1855, he was appointed assistant quartermaster with the rank of captain, and or- dered to Fort Myers, Fla., where Gen. William S. Harney was in command of the military forces op- erating against the Seminoles. He served under this officer during the troubles in Kansas in 1857-'8, and afterward accompanied his expedition to Utah, where serious complications had arisen between the Gentiles and the Mormons. From 1859 till 1861 Capt. Hancock was chief quartermaster of the southern district of California. At the beginning of the civil war in 1861 he asked to be relieved from duty on the Pacific coast, and was transferred to more active service at the seat of war. In a let- ter to a friend at this time he said : " My politics are of a practical kind — the integrity of the coun- try, the supremacy of the Federal government, an honorable peace, or none at all." He was commis- sioned a brigadier-general of volunteers by Presi- dent Lincoln, 23 Sept., 1861, and at once bent all his energies to aid in the organization of the Army of the Potomac. During the peninsular campaign under Gen. McClellan he was especially conspicu- ous at the battles of Williamsburg and Frazier's Farm. He took an active part in the subsequent campaign in Maryland, at the battles of South Mountain and Antietam, and was assigned to the command of the 1st division of the 2d army corps, on the battle-field, during the second day's fight at Antietam, 17 Sept., 1862. He was soon afterward made a major-general of volunteers, and com- manded the same division in the attempt to storm Marye's Heights, at the battle of Fredericksburg, 13 Dec, 1862. In this assault Gen. Hancock led his men through such a fire as has rarely been en- countered in warfare. He commanded 5,006 men, and left 2,013 of them on the field. In the three days' fight at Chancellorsville, in May, 1863, Han- cock's division took a prominent part. While on the march through western Maryland in pursuit of the invading army of Gen. Lee, on 25 June, he was ordered by the president to assume command of the 2d army corps. On the 27th Gen. Hooker asked to be relieved from the command of the Army of the Potomac ; and orders from the war department reached his headquarters near Fred- erick, Md., assigning Maj.-Gen. George G. Meade &>V^ 0€^< HANCOCK HANCOCK 73 to its command. On 1 July the report reached Gen. Meade, who was fifteen miles distant, that there was fighting at Gettysburg, and that Gen. Reynolds had been killed. Gen. Meade, who knew nothing of Gettysburg, sent Gen. Hancock with orders to take immediate command of the forces and report what should be done ; whether to give the enemy battle there, or fall back to another pro- posed line. Hancock reported that he considered Gettysburg the place to fight the coming battle, and continued in command until the arrival of Meade. In the decisive action of 3 July he commanded on the left centre, which was the main point assailed by the Confederates, and was shot from his horse. Though dangerously wounded, he remained on the field till he saw that the enemy's assault was broken, when he despatched his aide-de-camp, Maj. W. G. Mitchell, with the following message : " Tell Gen. Meade that the troops under my command have repulsed the enemy's assault, and that we have gained a great victory. The enemy is now flying in all directions in my front." Gen. Meade returned this reply : " Say to Gen. Hancock that I regret exceedingly that he is wounded, and that I thank him in the name of the country and for my- self for the service he has rendered to-day." In a report to Gen. Meade, after he had been carried from the field, he says that, when he left the line of battle, " not a rebel is in sight upright, and if the 5th and 6th corps are pressed up, the enemy will be destroyed." Out of fewer than 10,000 men the 2d corps lost at Gettysburg about 4,000 killed or wounded. It captured 4,500 prisoners and about thirty colors. Gen. Hancock at first received but slight credit for the part he took in this battle, his name not being mentioned in the joint resolu- tion passed by congress, 28 Jan., 1864, which thanked Meade, Hooker, Howard, and the officers and soldiers of the Army of the Potomac generally. But justice was only delayed, as, on 21 April, 1866, congress passed a resolution thanking him for his services in the campaign of 1863. Disabled by his wound, he was not again em- ployed on active duty until March, 1864, being meanwhile engaged in recruiting the 2d army corps, of which he resumed command at the open- ing of the spring campaign of that year, and bore a prominent part in the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania, where the fighting was almost continuous from the 5th to the 26th of May. In the engagement at Spottsylvania Court-House, Gen. Hancock, on the night of the 11th, moved to a po- sition within 1,200 yards of Gen. Lee's right cen- tre, where it formed a sharp salient since known as " the bloody angle," and early on the morning of the 12th he gave the order to advance. His heavy column overran the Confederate pickets without firing a shot, burst thi'ough the abatis, and after a short hand-to-hand conflict inside the intrench- ments, captured " nearly 4,000 prisoners, twenty pieces of artillery, with horses, caissons, and mate- rial complete, several thousand stand of small- arms, and upward of thirty colors." The fighting at this point was as fierce as any during the war, the battle raging furiously and incessantly along the whole line throughout the day and late into the night. Gen. Lee made five separate assaults to retake the works, but without success. In the sub- sequent operations of the army, at the crossing of the North Anna, the second battle of Cold Harbor, and the assault on the lines in front of Petersburg, Gen. Hancock was active and indefatigable till 17 June, when his Gettysburg wound, breaking out afresh, became so dangerous that he was compelled to go. on sick-leave, but resumed his command again in ten days. He was appointed a brigadier- general in the regular army, 12 Aug., 1864, "for gallant and distinguished services in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and Cold Harbor, and in all the operations of the army in Virginia under Lieut.-Gen. Grant." On 21 Aug. the 2d corps was brought to Petersburg by a long night march, and on the 25th occurred the only notable disaster in Hancock's career. While he was in- trenched at Ream's Station on the Weldon rail- road, which the corps had torn up. his lines were carried by a powerful force of the enemy, and many of his men captured. The troops forming the remnants of his corps refused to bestir them- selves, and even the few veterans left seemed dis- heartened by the slaughter they had seen and the fatigues they had undergone. Gen. Morgan's account of the battle describes the commander, covered with dust, begrimed with powder and smoke, laying his hand upon" a staff -officer's shoul- der and saying : " Colonel, I do not care to die, but I pray to God 1 may never leave this field." In the movement against the South Side railroad, which began 26 October, Gen. Hancock took a leading part, and, although the expedition failed, his share in it was brilliant and successful. This was his last action. On 26 Nov. he was called to Washing- ton to organize a veteran corps of 50,000 men, and continued in the discharge of that duty till 26 Feb., 1865, when he was assigned to the command of the Middle military division, and ordered to Winchester, Va., to relieve Gen. Sheridan from the command of the Army of the Shenandoah. The latter set out the next morning with a large force of cavalry on his expedition down the Shenandoah valley. Gen. Hancock now devoted himself to or- ganizing and equipping a force as powerful as pos- sible from the mass at his command ; and his suc- cess was acknowledged in a despatch from the secretary of war. After the assassination of Presi- dent Lincoln, Gen. Hancock's headquarters were transferred to Washington, and he was placed in command of the defences of the capital. On 26 July, 1866, he was appointed a major-general in the regular army, and on the 10th of the following month he was assigned to the command of the De- partment of the Missouri, where he conducted a suc- cessful warfare against the Indians on the plains, until relieved by Gen. Sheridan. He was trans- ferred to the command of the 5th military district, comprising Texas and Louisiana, 26 Aug., 1867, with headquarters at New Orleans. At this time he issued his " General Order No. 40," which made it plain that his opinion as to the duties of a mili- tary commander in time of peace, and as to the rights of the southern states, were not consistent with the reconstruction policy determined upon by congress. He was therefore relieved at his own re- quest, 28 March, 1868, and given the command of the Division of the Atlantic, with headquarters in New York city. After the accession of Gen. Grant to the presidency, he was sent, 5 March, 1869, to the Department "of Dakota ; but on the death of Gen. Meade, 6 Nov., 1872, he was again assigned to the Division of the Atlantic. Gen. Hancock's name was favorably mentioned in 1868 and 1872 as a candidate for presidential honors, and he was nom- inated the candidate of the Democratic party in the Cincinnati convention, 24 June, 1880. On the first ballot he received 171 votes, in a convention con- taining 738 members, and Senator Bayard, of Dela- ware, 153£. The remainder of the votes were scat- tered among twelve candidates. On the second bal- lot Gen. Hancock received 320 votes, Senator Thom- as F. Bayard 111, and Speaker Samuel J. Randall, 74 HAND HAND of the house of representatives, advanced from 6 to 128$ votes. On the next ballot Gen. Hancock received 705 votes, and the nomination was made unanimous. The election in November resulted in the following popular vote : James A. Garfield, Re- publican, 4,454,416 ; Winfield S. Hancock, Demo- crat, 4.444,952 ; James B. Weaver, Greenback, 308,- 578 ; Neal Dow, Prohibition, 10,305. After the con- clusion of the canvass Gen. Hancock continued in the discharge of official duty. His last notable ap- pearance in public was at Gen. Grant s funeral, all the arrangements for which were carried out under his supervision. The esteem in which he was held as a citizen and a soldier was perhaps never greater than at the time of his death. He had outlived the political slanders to which his candidacy had given rise, and his achievements in the field during the civil war had become historic. His place as a general is doubtless foremost among those who never fought an independent campaign. He was not only brave himself, but he had the ability to inspire masses of men with courage. He was quick to perceive opportunities amid the dust and smoke of battle, and was equally quick to seize them ; and although impulsive, he was at the same time tenacious. He had the bravery that goes for- ward rapidly, and the bravery that gives way slowly. Gen. Grant says : " Hancock stands the most conspicuous figure of all the general officers who did not exercise a separate command. He commanded a corps longer than any other one, and his name was never mentioned as having committed in battle a blunder for which he was responsible. He was a man of very conspicuous personal ap- pearance. Tall, well-formed, and, at the time of which I now write, young and fresh-looking, he presented an appearance that would attract the at- tention of an army as he passed. His genial dis- position made him friends, and his personal cour- age and his presence with his command in the thickest of the fight won him the confidence of troops serving under him." To a reporter in search of adverse criticism during the presidential canvass of 1880, Gen. Sherman said : " If you will sit down and Avrite the best thing that can be put in language about Gen. Hancock as an officer and a gentleman, I will sign it without hesitation." See " Life of Gen. W. S. Hancock." by Junkin and Norton (New York, 1880) : " Addresses at a Meeting of the Military Service Institution in Memorv of Hancock " (1886) ; Francis A. Walker's " History of the Second Corps " (1887) : and " In Mernoriam : Military Order of the Loyal Legion " (1887). HAND, Augustus €., jurist, b. in Stoneham. Vt., 4 Sept., 1803 ; d. in Elizabethtown, Essex co., N. Y., 8 March, 1878. He studied law at the Litchfield, Conn., school, and, removing to Eliza- bethtown, N. Y., was soon afterward appointed surrogate of Essex county. He served in congress in 1839-'41, having been chosen as a Democrat, and was a member of the state senate and chair- man of its judiciary committee in 1845-'8. He was elected a justice of the state supreme court in 1848, and on this bench and that of the court of appeals he sat until his defeat for the latter office in 1855. He then resumed the practice of his profession, in which he continued till his death. He was a delegate to the National Democratic convention of 1868, — His son. Samuel, jurist, b. in Elizabethtown, N. Y., 1 May, 1834 ; d. in Al- bany, N. Y., 21 May, 1886, was graduated at Union college in 1851, and practised law with his father in Elizabethtown till his removal in 1860 to Al- bany. He was corporation counsel for the city of Albany in 1863, reporter of the court of appeals in 1869-72, and in June, 1878, he was appointed judge in the supreme court to fill out the unex- pired, term of William F. Allen, but returned to practice in the autumn of the same year. He de- clined the Democratic nomination for governor, and also the appointment of judge of the superior court in 1875, and was one of the commissioners for the reform of the municipal government. In 1885 he was president of the special water commis- sion of Albany. Judge Hand had a large practice before the court of appeals of New York. He was senior counsel in all the elevated railroad cases, represented the state against the canal contractors, and frequently declined to be a candidate for pub- lic office during his latter years. He collected one of the most valuable libraries in the state, was president of the Young men's Christian associa- tion of Albany in 1863, and of the New York state bar association in 1865, and received the degree of LL. D. from Union in 1884. He edited " The Phi- lobiblon of Chancellor Debury " (Albany, 1861). HAND, Dauiel Whilldiu, surgeon! b. in Cape May Court-House, N. J., 18 Aug., 1834. He re- ceived an academic education, took a partial course at the University of Lewisburg. Pa., and then studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was graduated in 1856. In 1857 he be- gan practice in his profession at St. Paul, Minn. In July, 1861, he was appointed assistant surgeon of the 1st Minnesota volunteers, and in the next month was commissioned brigade-surgeon with the rank of major. He accompanied the Army of the Potomac in the peninsular campaign; was slightly wounded at Fair Oaks ; in August, 1862, was placed in charge of the general hospital at Newport News ; and in October made medical di- rector of U S. forces at Suffolk, Va. While on duty near Suffolk, he was taken prisoner in May, 1863, confined in Libby prison, and after his release, in July, 1863, was made medical director of North Carolina. In February. 1865, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and in the next month to colo- nel. He was mustered out of service in November, 1865. and resumed practice in St. Paul. Since 1872 he has been president of the Minnesota board of health, in 1883 was appointed professor of sur- gery in the University of Minnesota, and is one of the founders of the State medical society. He has written largely for medical journals. HAND, Edward, soldier, b. in Clyduff, King's co., Ireland. 31 Dec, 1744: d. in Rockford, Lancas- ter co., Pa., 3 Sept.. 1802. In 1774 he accompanied the 18th Royal Irish regiment to this country as sur- geon's mate, but resigned and set- tled in Pennsylva- nia in the practice of medicine. At the beginning of the Revolution he joined Gen. Will- iam Thompson's brigade as lieuten- ant-colonel, and served at the siege of Boston. He was promoted colonel in 1776, engaged in the battles of Long Island and Trenton, and was appointed brigadier-gen- HANDLEY HANSON 75 oral in 1777. He succeeded Gen. John Stai'k in command at Albany in 1778, and soon afterward served with Gen. John Sullivan in his expedition against the Indians of the Six Nations in central New York. The command of one of the two bri- gades of the light-infantry corps was assigned him in August, 1780, and near the close of the war he succeeded Alexander Scammellas adjutant-general. He was a member of congress in 1784-'5, a signer of the Pennsylvania constitution of 1790, and occu- pied many local offices of public trust. In 1798, in anticipation of a war with France, Gen. Wash- ington recommended Gen. Hand's appointment as adjutant-general. He was of fine and manly appear- ance, and distinguished in the army for his fine horsemanship. Although he was of a daring dis- position, he won the affection of his troops by his amiability and gentleness. HANDLEY, George, governor of Georgia, b. near Sheffield, England, 9 Feb., 1752; d. in Rae's Hall, Ga., 17 Sept., 1793. He arrived in Savannah in May, 1775, joined the Georgia continental bat- tery as captain in 1776, and rose to be lieutenant- colonel. He was actively engaged in South Caro- lina and Georgia during the Revolution, and was captured at Augusta and sent to Charleston as a prisoner of war. He was afterward sheriff of Rich- mond county, often a member of the legislature, and in 1787 was inspector-general. He was elected governor of the state in 1788, and from August, 1789, till his death, was collector of the port of Brunswick. He was also a commissioner to the jaroposed state of Frankland about 1785. HANDY, Alexander Hamilton, jurist, b. in Princess Anne, Somerset co., Md., 25 Dec, 1809 ; d. in Canton, Miss., 12 Sept., 1883. After being admitted to the bar, he removed to Mississippi in 1836, and was a judge of the high court of errors from 1853 till 1867, when he resigned. He then removed to Baltimore, Md., and practised his pro- fession there, also holding the chair of law in the University of Maryland till 1871, when he returned to Mississippi. Judge Handy was an active advo- cate of secession. In I860" he was appointed a commissioner to Maryland by the governor of Mis- sissippi, but failed to obtain a hearing from the legislature. On 19 Dec, 1860, in a speech in Bal- timore, he declared that secession was only a tem- porary measure, and was " not intended to break up the present government, but to perpetuate it." Judge Handy's decisions form a large part of volumes 26-41 of the " Mississippi Reports." He published a pamphlet entitled " Secession Con- sidered as a Right " (1862), and a " Parallel between the Reign of James the Second, of England, and that of Abraham Lincoln." HANGER, George (Lord Coleraixe), English soldier, b. in 1750 : d. in London, 31 March, 1824. He was the younger son of a noble family, and was educated for the army. He served through the American Revolution, became a major in Tarle- ton's legion, and was wounded in an action with Maj. W. R. Davie's dragoons at Charlotte, N. C, where his corps was roughly handled. Hanger's reputation in America was that of a sensualist. He was a boon companion of George IV., and, on succeeding to his title in 1814, refused to assume it. He published a reply to Lieut. Roderick Mac- kenzie's " Strictures on Col. Banaster Tarleton's History of the Southern Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 " (1789), and other tracts on military subjects, his own " Life, Adventures, and Opinions," with a portrait of himself hanging by the neck (London, 1801) ; and " Lives, Adventures, and Sharping Tricks of Eminent Gamesters " (1804). HANNA, Robert, senator, b. in Laurens dis- trict, S. C, 6 April, 1786 ; d. in Indianapolis, Ind., 19 Nov., 1858. He removed with his parents to Indiana, and in 1802 settled in Brookfield in that state. He was sheriff of the eastern district from 1809 till the organization of a state government, a member of the Indiana constitutional convention of 1816, and register of the land-office, general of militia, and for many years a member of the legis- lature. He removed to Indianapolis in 1825, was appointed to the U. S. senate to fill a vacancy, serving from 5 Dec. of that year till 3 Jan., 1832, and was afterward a member of the state senate. He was killed by a railroad-train while he was walking on the track at Indianapolis. HANNA, William Brantly, jurist, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 23 Nov., 1835. He was graduated in 1853 from the Central high-school of Philadelphia, studied law with his father and in the University of Pennsylvania, and was admitted to the bar in 1857. He was assistant district attorney of Phila- delphia for several years, and from 1867 till 1874 served in the councils of the city. In 1872 he was elected a member of the Constitutional convention of the state, in which body he served until its ad- journment. In 1874 he was elected one of the three first judges of the orphans' court of Philadelphia, which had been established under the new consti- tution, and in 1878 was commissioned to be the first president judge of this court. In 1884, as the candidate of both the Republican and Demo- cratic parties, he was re-elected to this office for a term of ten years by a practically unanimous vote. He is president of the corporation of the Hahne- mann medical college and hospital of Philadelphia, and was for some years president of the trustees of the Baptist orphanage. In June, 1885, Bucknell university, at Lewisburg, Pa., conferred upon him the degree of D. C. L. HANNA Y, James, Canadian author, b. in Richi- bucto, New Brunswick, in 1842. After engaging in journalism for a time, he studied law, and was admitted to the bar of New Brunswick in 1867. His works include " The Captivity of John Gvles " (1875) ; " History of Acadia " (1879) ; and " History of the Queen's Rangers " (1883). HANNEGAN, Edward A., senator, b. in Ohio ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 25 Feb., 1859. He was edu- cated in Kentucky, where he spent his boyhood, and afterward began to practise law in Covington, Inch He was frequently a member of the legisla- ture in 1833-'7, and was a representative in con- gress, having been elected as a Democrat. He was U. S. senator from Indiana in 1843-'9, and from 22 March, 1849, till 13 Jan., 1850, was minister to Prussia. Mr. Hannegan was eloquent and brill- iant, but erratic. In 1852, while under the influ- ence of liquor, he killed his brother-in-law, Capt. Duncan. He afterward removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he spent the remainder of his life. HANSON, John, delegate to congress, b. in Charles county, Md., in 1715; d. in Oxen Hills, Prince George co., Md., 22 Nov., 1783. He re- ceived an English education, and was a member of the Maryland house of delegates nearly every year from 1757 till 1781. He removed to Frederick county in 1773, was an active patriot, and in 1775 was treasurer of the county. About that time he was commissioned by the Maryland convention to establish a gun-lock factory at Frederick. On 9 Oct., 1776. he was one of a committee to go to the camp of the Maryland troops in New Jersey, "with power to appoint officers and to encour- age the re-enlistment of the Maryland militia." He was a delegate to the Continental congress 76 HANSON HARBAUGH from 1781 till his death, served one year as its president, from 5 Nov. of that year, and in that capacity gave Washington the thanks of congress for the victory at Yorktown. After 1782 feeble health compelled him to retire from public life. — His son, Alexander Contee, jurist, b. 22 Oct., 1749; d. in Annapolis, Md., in 1806, was high in the confidence of Washington, and resided for some time in his family, acting as his private secretary for several months. He was afterward chosen by Washington as one of his aides, but illness pre- vented his acceptance. He was the first judge of the general court of Maryland under the constitu- tion of 1776, and prepared a compilation of the laws of the state. He was a delegate to the con- vention that ratified the National constitution in 1788, declined a U. S. judgeship, and from 1789 till his death was chancellor of the state. In 1789, at the request of the legislature, he prepared a "Digest of a Testamentary System." He wrote forcibly on most of the political questions of the day, and some of his articles have been preserved by the Maryland historical society under the name of the " Hanson Pamphlets."— Alexander Contee's son, Alexander Contee, senator, b. in Maryland, 27 Feb., 1786 ; d. in Belmont, Md., 23 April, 1819, was educated at St. John's college, Annapolis. He afterward edited the " Federal Republican " at Bal- timore, bitterly denouncing the administration. On 22 June, 1812, the populace of the city, irritated by one of his articles, attacked and destroyed his printing-office. The journal, after a temporary suspension, was re-issued simultaneously in Balti- more and Georgetown, D. C, on 27 July. This led to another attack on 28 July, but the house had been garrisoned with thirty armed men, among whom were Gen. Henry Lee and Gen. James M. Lingan, and they fired on the mob, killing one and wounding others. The rioters then brought a piece of cannon to bear on the house, and the mi- litia was called out, but an arrangement was finally made, much against Mr. Hanson's will, by which he and his friends were to be placed in jail by the authorities, while their persons and property were to be protected. Notwithstanding this, the mob broke into the jail, assisted by officials within, and after barbarously treating those that did not escape, left Mr. Hanson and others for dead in front of the building, inflicted on Gen. Lee wounds from which he never fully recovered, and killed Gen. Lingan outright. The mob now withdrew to break into the post-office, where the issue of Hanson's paper awaited mailing, and the editor was secretly removed by his friends. He afterward continued the publication of his journal at Georgetown. The leaders of the mob were afterward arrested, but were acquitted, and the attorney-general sympa- thized with them so far as to wish that every de- fender of the house had been killed. These out- rages contributed to the political revolution that shortly afterward gave the state to the Federalists. Hanson was elected to congress, serving from 24 May, 1813, till 2 Jan., 1817, and then took his seat in the U. S. senate in place of Robert G. Harper, resigned, and served till his death. HANSON, John Wesley, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 12 May, 1823. After attending the Lowell high-school, he entered a counting-room in that city, where he remained seven years, still continu- ing his studies. He was ordained to the ministry of the Universalist church in Wentworth, N. H., in 1845, held pastorates in Danvers, Mass., in 1846-8, and Gardiner, Me., in 1850-4, and in 1848 edited the " Massachusetts Era," the first Republi- can paper in Lowell. He edited the " Gospel Ban- ner" in Augusta, Me., in 1854-'60, and was pastor in Haverhill, Mass., till 1865, serving also in 1863-4 as chaplain of the 6th Massachusetts regiment and army correspondent of the Boston " Journal " and the New York " Tribune." He was pastor in Dubuque, Iowa, in 1866-9, and then had charge of the " New Covenant " in Chicago, 111., till 1884. Buchtel college, Ohio, gave him the degree of D. D. in 1876. He has published histories of Danvers, Mass. (Danvers, 1847), Norridgewock, Me. (Nor- ridgewock, 1849), and Gardiner, Me. (Gardiner, 1852) ; " Bible Threatenings Explained " (Chicago, 1847) ; " Witnesses to the Truth," a collection of quotations from the poets (Boston, 1850 ; enlarged as " Cloud of Witnesses," 1883) ; " Aion-Aionios " (Chicago, 1876) ; " Bible Proofs of Universal Salva- tion " (1877) ; " Twelve Sermons on the Lord's Prayer " (1883) ; " The New Covenant," a transla- tion of the New Testament " (2 vols., 1883-5) ; and " Voices of the Faith " (1884).— His wife, Eliza Rice (Holbrook), b. in Norridgewock, Me., 11 April, 1825 ; d. in Blue Island, III, 16 Sept., 1865, married Dr. Hanson on 30 May, 1846. She pub- lished " Women Workers," a popular book. HARADEN, Jonathan, naval officer, b. in Gloucester, Mass., in 1745 ; d. in Salem, Mass., 26 Nov., 1803. When the war of independence be- gan, he joined the " Tyrannicide " as 1st lieutenant, and shortly afterward was promoted captain, and appointed to the command of the " Pickering." In a night assault in the Bay of Biscay he captured a British privateer of 60 men and 22 guns, beat off a London privateer with 42 guns and 140 men, and on another occasion came upon three armed vessels in a line, and captured one after the other, with no loss of life on his own vessel. He is said to have taken nearly 1,000 cannon from the British during the war. At the close of 1781, with all his vessels and prizes, he was captured by the royal com- mander, Rodney, at St. Eustatius, West Indies, The " Julius Caesar " was his last command. HARASZTHY, Agostin, viticulturist, b. in Hungary in 1812 ; d. near Leon, Nicaragua, 10 Aug., 1869. He emigrated to the United States in early manhood, lived for several years in Wiscon- sin, Iowa, and Texas, and in 1850 settled in Cali- fornia as superintendent of the San Francisco mint. He engaged largely in grape-culture in 1858, and was superintendent of the Buena Vista viticultural society's vineyard in Sonoma county. In 1864 he went abroad to investigate the culture of the grape and procure continental varieties. In 1867 he visited Nicaragua and obtained from that government the right to manufacture there dis- tilled liquors for twenty years. While he was exploring the swamps near Leon, he fell into a stream, and was devoured by alligators. He pub- lished a "Treatise on Grape-Culture in Europe and California " (San Francisco, 1865). HARBAUGH, Henry, clergyman, b. near Waynesborough, Pa., 28 Oct., 1817 ; d. in Mercers- burg, Pa., 28 Dec, 1867. He taught to obtain means to enter college, and studied at Mercersburg, Pa., but was unable to finish either a classical or theological course. He was ordained in 1843, and installed as pastor of the German Reformed church at Lewisburg, Pa., and in 1850 accepted a call to the church at Lancaster, Pa., where he remained until his removal to Lebanon in 1860. In 1863 he was appointed by his synod professor of theology at the Mercersburg seminary. He occupied this chair until his death, which was occasioned by un- due mental exertion. In his theological views Dr. Harbaugh was the foremost representative of the school that emphasized the efficacy of the sacra- HARBY HARDENBERGH 77 raents and the priestly character of the ministry. He founded the " Guardian," and was its editor for seventeen years, compiled numerous church alma- nacs, edited " The Child's Treasury," contributed a great number of sketches to the German Reformed church " Cyclopaedia," and at the time of his death edited the " Mercersburg Review," and was one of the staff of the " Reformed Church Messenger." He also wrote quaint poems in the German Penn- sylvania dialect. He published " Heaven, or the Sainted Dead " (Philadelphia, 1848) ; " Heavenly Recognition " (1851) ; " The Heavenly Home " (1853) ; " Union with the Church " (1853) ; " Birds of the Bible " (1854) ; " Life of Rev. Richard Schlatter " (1857) ; " The Fathers of the German Reformed Church" (1858); "The True Glory of Woman, and a Plea for the Lord's Portion of a Christian's Wealth " (1860) ; " The Golden Censer " (1860) ; " Hymns and Chants " (Lebanon, 1861) ; and '• Christological Theology" (Philadelphia, 1864). HARBY, Isaac, dramatist, b. in Charleston, S. C, in 1788 ; d. in New York city, 14 Nov., 1828. Isaac's grandfather was a Jewish lapidary of the emperor of Morocco, who, under the displeasure of that monarch, was forced to fly from the coun- try. His son emigrated to South Carolina, and established himself in Charleston. After studying law Isaac taught on Edisto island, and afterward edited " The Quiver," " The Investigator," and the " Southern Patriot," and was favorably known as an essayist and dramatic writer and critic. The year before his death he removed to New York, and contributed to " The Evening Post " and other newspapers. A sketch of his life and writ- ings was published by Henry L. Pinckney and A. Moise (Charleston, 1829). He is the author of the dramas " Alexander Severus " (1807) ; " The Gor- dian Knot " (1807) ; " Alberti " (1819) ; and several orations in pamphlet-form. HARDEE, William J., soldier, b. in Savan- nah, Ga., about 1817 ; d. in Wytheville, Va., 6 Nov., 1873. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1838, and after serv- ing in the Flor- ida war, in the 2d dragoons, he was promoted to a 1st lieutenan- cy, 3 Dec, 1839, and sent by the secretary of war to the celebrated military school of St. Maur, France. While there he was at- tached to the cavalry depart- ment of the French army. He was stationed for a time on the western frontier, appointed captain of dragoons, 18 Sept., 1844, and accompanied Gen. Taylor in 1846 across the Rio Grande. His company was the first to engage the enemy at Curricitos, where he was overwhelmed by superior numbers and made pris- oner. He was exchanged in time to take part in the siege of Monterey, and was promoted to major for gallantry on 25 March, 1847. At the end of the war he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, and a little later was appointed major in the 2d cavalry, of which Albert Sidney Johnston was colonel and Rob- ert E. Lee lieutenant-colonel. About this time he •/MEs? /f$0L*&* received instructions from the war department to prepare a system of tactics for the use of in- fantry. On the completion of this work, in 1856, he was ordered to West Point as commandant of cadets, with the local rank of lieutenant-colonel ; and there he remained, with the exception of one year, during which he was absent in Europe, un- til the end of January, 1861. He then joined the Confederate army with the rank of colonel, and was assigned to duty at Fort Morgan, Mobile. In June, 1861, he was made brigadier-general, and sent to Arkansas under Gen. Polk. He was soon afterward transferred to Kentucky, where he gained a victory over a small National force at Mumfordsville, 17 Dec, 1861. Events were now shaping for more vigorous work in the southwest. At Shiloh, Hardee's corps, the 3d, formed the first Confederate line, and made the first attack. He was promoted to major-general, and Beauregard, in his report, praised Hardee's skill and general ability. He commanded the left wing at Perry- ville, 8 Oct., 1862, and took a conspicuous part in all the movements at Murfreesboro. For his con- duct at Perryville and throughout the campaign he was appointed lieutenant-general, ranking after Longstreet. After the fall of Vicksburg, Hardee had charge of a camp of paroled prisoners in Alabama. Later in the year he was put in com- mand of the 2d corps under Bragg, and, after' the battle of Chattanooga, was temporarily appointed his successor. In May, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston assumed the command, and Hardee resumed his subordinate position. Hardee was relieved at his own request in September, 1864, and appointed to the command of the Department of South Caro- lina. He finally surrendered at Durham Station, N. C, 26 April, 1865. At the close of the war Gen. Hardee retired to his plantation in Alabama. Hardee's Tactics, or the " U". S. Rifle and Light- Infantry Tactics," the work already referred to (New York, 1856), is eclectic rather than original, and is drawn mainlv from French sources. HARDENBERGH, Jacob Rutsen, clergyman, b. in Rosendale, Ulster co., N. Y., in 1738 ; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., 30 Oct., 1790. His ances- tor, Johannes, a Prussian by birth, emigrated to this country in the latter part of the 17th cen- tury. Jacob was educated at Kingston academy, studied theology under Rev. John Frelinghuysen, and was licensed by the American classis of the Reformed Dutch church in 1758, being the first minister of that church who was not obliged to go to Holland for study, examination, and licensure. Shortly before this he married the widow of his former instructor, who had died suddenly in 1757. and in 1758 succeeded him as pastor of five united congregations near Raritan, N. J., where his min- istry was very successful. Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1770. During two winters Washington's army was encamped within the bounds of his parish, and the commanding gen- eral was often a guest at his house. He was an ardent patriot, and an object of special enmity to his Tory neighbors. The British general offered £100 for his arrest, and he was accustomed to sleep with a loaded musket by his side. On 26 Oct., 1779, a company of the Queen's rangers, un- der Col. Simcoe, burned his church to the ground. Dr. Hardenbergh removed to Rosendale, N. Y., in 1781, and in 1785 was elected first president of Queen's (now Rutgers) college, which he had been instrumental in establishing in 1770. but which had not been in active operation, owing to the occupation of New Brunswick by British troops. He also acted as pastor of the Reformed church 78 HARDEY HARDIN in that town Dr. Hardenbergh took an active part in the controversy that resulted in securing the separation of the Dutch church in this coun- try from that in Holland. HARDEY, Mary Aloysia, mother superior, b. in Prince George county, Md., in 1809 ; d. in Paris, France, 17 June, 1886. Her parents emi- grated to Louisiana in 1814, and some years after- ward she was placed in the Academy of Grand Coteau, conducted by sisters of the Sacred Heart. She was admitted to the order as a novice in 1816, and on the day after her reception went with her superior to found the convent of St. Michael's on the banks of the Mississippi, sixty miles from New Orleans. She finally became its superior, but during the cholera epidemic of 1832 saw nearly her whole community swept away. In May, 1841, at the request of Bishop Hughes she came to New York and opened the first school of the Sacred Heart in a small house in Houston street, which soon was filled to overflowing. She was obliged to open a larger place in Astoria ; but this also soon became too small, and in 1847 Mother Hardey suc- ceeded in purchasing the present site of the Acad- emy of the Sacred Heart at Manhattan ville. She established academies in Albany, Rochester, Cin- cinnati, Philadelphia, Boston, Providence, Detroit, Halifax, and Montreal, as well as two additional day-academies in New York city. On 29 Sept., 1872, she was appointed assistant-general of the Society of the Sacred Heart, and went to live in the mother house in Paris, where she resided un- til her death. Mother Hardey's influence was not confined to this country. In all matters affecting the general interests of the order her voice was all- powerful ; and the increase of the schools of the Sacred Heart, not only in Europe but in Aiistra- lia and New Zealand, was due principally to her ad- ministrative ability and energy. HARDIE, James, teacher, b. in Scotland about 1750; d. in New York city in 1832. He was a graduate of Marisehal college, Aberdeen, and was an inmate of the family of the poet Beattie, who persuaded him to remove to New York. He was tutor in Columbia college from 1787 till 1790, but became poor and dissipated, finally obtaining a scanty support in the employ of the board of health. His published works are " Corderii Collo- quia " (New Y'ork, 1805) ; " Epistolary Guide," for the use of schools (1817); "Freeman's Monitor" (1818) ; " Account of Malignant Fevers in New York" (1799 and 1805); "Viris Illustribus Urbis Romae " (1818) ; " Dictionary of the Wonders of Art and of Nature, especially in America" (1819) ; "Account of the Yellow Fever in New York" (1822) ; " Description of the City of New York " (1827) ; and " Biographical Dictionary " (1830). HARDIE, James Allen, soldier, b. in New York city, 5 May, 1823 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 5 May, 1876. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- tary academy in 1843, and entered the artdlery service. He was an assistant professor of geogra- phy, history, and ethics at West Point in 1844-'6, and served as company officer in garrison, frontier, and Indian service till 1861. During the Mexican war he commanded a New York regiment of vol- unteers, with the rank of major, and in 1857 he was appointed captain in the 3d artillery. He was transferred to the 5th artillery in 1861, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel and aide-de-camp, and served on Gen. McClellan's staff during the penin- sular and Maryland campaigns, and on that of Gen. Burnside in the battles around Fredericks- burg. He was made brigadier-general of volun- teers, 29 Nov., 1862, assistant adjutant-general in 1863, assigned to special duty in the war depart- ment, and was assistant secretary to Sec. Edwin M. Stanton while he held office. Gen. Hardie was ap- pointed inspector-general in 1864, and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier- and major-general, U. S. army, for his services during the war. In 1866 he was senior member of the commission to inspect ord- nance and ordnance stores in forts and arsenals, and commissioner to audit the military claims of Kansas, Montana, Dakota, California, and Oregon. He edited numerous military reports. HARDIN, Charles Henry, governor of Mis- souri, b. in Trimble county, Ky., 15 July, 1820. His father removed to Missouri in the autumn of 1820, and in 1821 settled in Columbia, Boone co. The son was graduated at Miami university, Ohio, in 1841, and began the practice of law in Fulton, Mo., in 1843. He was attorney of the 3d judicial district in 1848-'52, and has been several times a member of each branch of the legislature. In 1855 he was one of a commission to revise and codify the statute laws of the state. He voted against the secession of the state, and in 1862 retired to his farm near Mexico, Mo., where, after the war, he resumed the practice of law. In 1874 he was elected governor of Missouri. Gov. Hardin en- dowed Hardin female college, near Mexico, Mo., in 1873, with property valued at over $60,000. He has since been president of its board of direct- ors, and has given much of his attention, as a public man, to the cause of education. HARDIN, John, soldier, b. in Fauquier county, Va., 1 Oct., 1753 ; d. on Ohio river in April, 1792. His father removed when John was twelve years of age to an unbroken wilderness near the Pennsyl- vania line, where he became so skilful a marks- man that he was greatly feared by the hostile In- dians. He was ensign in Lord Dunmore's expedi- tion against the Indians in 1774, and served as a scout. At the beginning of the Revolution he joined the Continental army as lieutenant in Gen. Daniel Morgan's rifle corps, and refused a major's commission, saying that he could do his country more good in the capacity in which he was serving, fie removed to Kentucky in 1786, and in the same year volunteered under Gen. Elisha Clarke on the Wabash expedition, and was appointed lieuten- ant-colonel of militia. He was in every expedition against the Kentucky Indians from 1787 until his death, except that of Gen. Arthur St. Clair. In April, 1792, he was sent by Gen. James Wilkinson with overtures of peace to the Miami Indians, and while he was bearing a flag of truce near Shawnee- town, his fine horse and equipments attracted the cupidity of the chiefs, who treacherously shot him to obtain these spoils. The county of Hardin, which was formed in 1792, was named in his honor. — John's son, Martin D., lawyer, b. on Mononga- hela river, Pa., 21 June, 1780 ; d. in Frankfort, Ky., 8 Oct., 1823, was educated in the Transylva- nia academy, Ky., where he removed with his fa- ther at six years of age. He studied law, practised in Franklin county, served several terms in the legislature, and in 1812 was secretary of the state. When war was declared with Great Britain he joined the northwestern division of the army under Gen. Harrison, and was promoted major of the Kentucky regiment of volunteers. In 1816 he was elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat to fill the unex- pired term of William T. Barry, who had resigned. He was distinguished for legal knowledge and ability, and practised his profession with marked success. He published " Reports of Cases in the Kentucky Court of Appeals " (Louisville, 1810). — John's nephew, Benjamin, statesman, b. in West- HARDING HARDING 79 moreland county, Pa., in 1784; d. in Bardstown, Ky., 24 Sept., i852. He removed to Kentucky in childhood, received a primary education, stud- ied law, was admitted to the bar in 1806, and be- gan to practise at Bardstown. He served in the state house of representatives in 1810-'ll and 1824-'5, and in 1815 took his seat in congress, hav- ing been elected as a Whig, and served till 1817, and again from 1833 till 1837. In 1844 he was ap- pointed secretary of state of Kentucky, held office till his resignation in 1847, and was a member of the State constitutional convention of 1849. He was distinguished as a debater, and his style was pun- gent and sarcastic. John Randolph, of Roanoke, described him as "a kitchen-knife, rough and homely, but keen and trenchant." — Martin D.'s son, John J., lawyer, b. in Frankfort, Ky., 6 Jan., 1810 ; d. in Buena Vista, Mexico, 27 Feb., 1847, was educated at Transylvania university, studied law, and removed to Jacksonville, 111., where he prac- tised his profession. For several years he was prosecuting attorney, and a member of the legis- lature in 1836-'42. In 1842 he was elected to con- gress as a Democrat, and served one term. He volunteered when the Mexican war began, was ap- pointed colonel of the 1st Illinois regiment, and was killed on the second day of the battle of Buena Vista, while leading his men in the final charge. HARDING, Abner Clark, soldier, b. in East Hampton, Middlesex co., Conn., 10 Feb., 1807; d. in Monmouth, Warren co., 111., 19 July, 1874. He was educated chiefly at Hamilton, N. Y., academy, and after practising law in Oneida county for some time removed to Illinois. In that state he continued to practise law for fifteen years, and to manage farms for twenty-five years. In 1848 he was a member of the convention that framed the constitution under which Illinois was governed from 1848 till 1870. He also served in the legis- lature in 1848-9 and 1850. During the ten years preceding the civil war he was engaged in rail- way enterprises. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the 83d Illinois infantry, and rose to the rank of colonel. For bravery at Fort Donelson he was promoted to brigadier-general, and in 1863 had command at Murfreesboro, Tenn. In 1864 he was elected a representative in congress, and was re- elected in 1866, serving from 4 Dec, 1865, till 3 March, 1869. Gen. Harding early entered with zeal into the construction of railroads in central Illinois, and was one of the projectors and build- ers of the Peoria and Oquawka railroad, now a part of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy. He left a fortune of about $2,000,000, no small part of which he had amassed in railroad enterprises. Several years before his death he endowed a pro- fessorship in Monmouth college. ' HARDING, Benjamin F., senator, b. in Wyo- ming county, Pa., 4 Jan., 1823. He was educated at the public schools, studied law, and was admit- ted to the bar in 1847. He began practice in Illi- nois in 1848, and in 1849 removed to Oregon, where he was clerk of the territorial legislature in 1850-1, and a member of that body and its speaker in 1852. He was U. S. district attorney for Oregon in 1853, and secretary of the territory in 1854-'9. After its admission to the Union he was a member of the state house of representatives in 1859-'62, being speaker during the last two years. He was then elected a U. S. senator as a Republican, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Edward D. Baker, who was killed at Ball's Bluff, and served from 1 Dec, 1862, till 3 March, 1865. HARDING, Chester, artist, b. in Conway, Mass., 1 Sept., 1792 : d. in Boston, Mass., 1 April, 1866. His family removed to Caledonia, N. Y., when he was fourteen years old, and he was early thrown upon his own resources for support, and eventually became a house-painter in Pittsburg, Pa. He worked at this occupation a year, when acquaintance with a travelling portrait- painter led him to attempt art. Having succeeded in produc- ing a crude portrait of his wife, he devoted him- self enthusiastically to the profession. He painted several other portraits at Pittsburg, and then went to Paris, Ky., where he finished 100 portraits in six months at $25 each. After receiving slight in- struction in Philadelphia, he established himself in St. Louis. In August, 1823, he went to London, and spent three years in studying and painting, when he returned to Boston, where he became very popular. In 1843 he went to England again, anil afterward resided in Springfield, Mass., spending his winters frequently in St. Louis or in some of the southern cities. Among the distinguished per- sons who sat for him were James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, John Marshall, Charles Carroll, William Wirt, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Washington Allston, the Dukes of Nor- folk, Hamilton, and Sussex, Samuel Rogers, and Sir Archibald Allison. His last work was a por- trait of Gen. William T. Sherman. His portrait of Daniel Webster is now in the possession of the Bar association of New York, and that of John Ran- dolph is in the Corcoran gallery at Washington, D. C. He wrote " My Egotistography," which has been printed, but not published. HARDING, Jesper, publisher, b. in Philadel- phia, Pa., 5 Nov., 1799 ; d. there, 21 Aug., 1865. After acquiring a knowledge of printing under Enos Bronson, the publisher, he engaged in the business on his own account at the age of eighteen. In 1829 he purchased the " Pennsylvania Inquirer," which had been established a few months before, and at about the same time he began to print Bibles, of which he subsequently became the largest publisher in the United States. The first Bible pub- lished by him — a quarto, bound in sheep — was sold for one dollar. As the first editor of the " Inquir- er," Mr. Harding, during the contest between Presi- dent Jackson and the directors of the Bank of the United States, attempted the difficult task of de- fending the latter while supporting the former ; but, when the government deposits were removed from the bank, he supported the anti-Jackson fac- tion of the party, and in 1836 advocated the elec- tion of Harrison. Finally, however, the " Inquir- er " espoused the cause of the Whig party, to the fortunes of which Mr. Harding adhered until the overthrow of the party in 1852. Mr. Harding was also largely engaged in the manufacture of paper at Trenton, N. J. In 1859 he retired from the publishing business, and was succeeded in it by his son, William W. At the time of his death he held the office of collector of internal revenue, under appointment by President Lincoln. — His son, George, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 26 Oct., 1827, was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1846, read law with Hon. John Cadwalader, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. He has since con- tinued in active practice, devoting himself to patent cases. When arguing the telegraph case of Samuel F. B. Morse against O'Reilly in the U. S. supreme court, he operated in the court-room miniature lines of telegraph representing the entire system then existing between New York and Washington. In the " hat-body " case he operated machinery so as to make a complete hat in the court-room. He was associated with Abraham Lincoln and Edwin M. Stanton in the McCormick reaper case, and in- 80 HARDY HARDY traduced a miniature grain-field to illustrate the process of reaping by machinery. His most suc- cessful effort was in the Tilghman glycerine case, when his argument induced the supreme court to reverse its first decision on the same patent. Since 1854 Mr. Harding has been a member of the Ameri- can philosophical society. — Another son, William White, publisher, b. in Philadelphia, 1 Nov., 1830, after careful preliminary training, became asso- ciated with his father in 1855 in the publishing of the "Inquirer" and of Harding's edition of the Bible. Over two million copies of the Bible have been published by the Harclings. In April, 1860, William W. Harding changed the name of the newspaper to the " Philadelphia Inquirer," and its size from a folio to a quarto sheet. During the civil war he rendered important services to the government, in acknowledgment of which Sec. Stanton wrote to Mr. Harding : " From no one have I received in my official labors more disinter- ested and highly prized support than from your- self." From 1803 till 1878 Mr. Harding manufac- tured paper at the Inquirer paper-mills, Manayunk, near Philadelphia, where he introduced many new systems and inventions. At the Centennial in 1876 he was awarded a medal for paper-making, binding, and printing, he being the only exhibitor at whose establishment the paper was made, printed, and bound into the completed book. HARDY, Arthur Sherburne, author, b. in An- dover, Mass., 13 Aug., 1847. He studied for a year at Amherst, and in 1865 entered the U. S. military academy, where he was graduated in 1869. Sub- sequently he became 2d lieutenant in the 3d artil- lery, and, after a few months' service as assistant instructor of artillery tactics in the academy, he was assigned to garrison duty in Fort Jefferson, Fla. In 1870 he was honorably discharged from the IT. S. army at his own request, and until 1873 held the professorship of civil engineering and ap- plied mathematics in Iowa college, ^Grinnell. He then spent one year in study at the Ecole imperiale des ponts et chaussees in Paris. On his return he was professor of civil engineering in the Chandler scientific school of Dartmouth until 1878, when he accepted the chair of mathematics in the college proper. In 1873 he received the degree of Ph. D. from Amherst, and he is a member of various scientific societies. Pi'of. Hardy has published " Elements of Quaternions " (Boston, 1881) : " Im- aginary Quantities," translated from the French of Argand, with notes (New York, 1881) ; and " New Methods in Topographical Surveying " (1884). Be- sides these, he is the author of a poem entitled •' Francesca of Rimini " (Philadelphia, 1878), and of the two novels, " But yet a Woman " (Boston, 1883), and " The Wind of Destiny " (1886). HARDY, Arthur Sturgis, Canadian statesman, b. at Mount Pleasant, Brant co., Ont., 14 Dec, 1837. He was educated at a grammar-school and at the Rockwood academy, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1865. He then began practice at Brantford, was appointed city solicitor in 1867, and in 1875 elected a bencher of the Law society of Ontario. In 1873 he was elected to the legis- lature of Ontario for South Brant, re-elected for the same constituency in 1875, by acclamation, and in March, 1877, became provincial secretary and registrar of Ontario. Mr. Hardy has introduced and carried through the legislature measures con- solidating and amending the jurors' act, and others relating to the liquor-license law, the jurisdiction of division courts, and joint-stock companies. HARDY, Benjamin Franklin, physician, b. in Kennebunk, Me., 28 Jan., 1808 ; d. in San Fran- i cisco, Cal., 22 Nov., 1886. He was left an orphan at four years of age, was educated at Haverford i college, Pa., and graduated in medicine in 1840 at the University of Pennsylvania. He subsequently 1 removed to New Bedford, Mass., and after prac- tising there for several years accepted the appoint- ment of court physician and physician in charge ! of the marine hospital at the Hawaiian islands. He | arrived there in 1856, and after remaining six years ' removed to San Francisco, Cal., where he practised until his death. He was the founder of the San Francisco lying-in hospital and foundling asylum, incorporated in 1868, and regarded this as his life- work. He was its manager, physician, and surgeon till within two months of his death. HARDY, Sir Charles, British soldier, b. about 1705 ; d. in Spithead, England, 18 May, 1780. He became captain in the navy, 10 Aug., 1741, governor and commander-in-chief at Newfoundland in 1744, and as rear-admiral of the white was second in command at the taking of Louisburg in 1758. He was British administrative governor of New York in 1755-7, and vice-admiral of the white in Hawke's victory of Belle Isle in 1759. Sir Charles was gov- ernor of Greenwich hospital in 1771-'80. — His brother, Josiah, merchant, was governor of New Jersey in 1761-3, but was dismissed for issuing a commission to judges during good behavior, in vio- lation of his instructions. HARDY, Elias, lawyer, b. in 1746 ; d. in St. John, New Brunswick, in 1799. He was practising as a lawyer in New York at the close of the Revo- lutionary war, and soon afterward settled in St. John, New Brunswick, where he was known as the " London lawyer." At the election of members for the first house of assembly, Mr. Hardy was elected for Northumberland county, and was chosen for St. John in the second house of assembly. In the celebrated slander ease of 1790, in which Mon- son Halt was placed on trial charged with accusing Benedict Arnold with burning his warehouse in order to defraud the company that had insured the property, Mr. Hardy was counsel for the defendant, against whom the jury returned a verdict of two shillings and sixpence damages. He married a daughter of Dr. Peter Huggerford, surgeon in the New York regiment raised by Col. Beverley Robin- son. Several years after her husband's death Mrs. Hardy and her family returned to New York. HARDY, James Ward, educator, b. in Georgia, 19 Jan., 1815 ; d. in Alabama, 14 Aug., 1853. He was graduated at Randolph-Macon college, Va., in 1837, and m the same year was elected to the chair of natural science in that institution, also entering the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church. He was for several years professor of mathematics in Grange college, Ala., and afterward its president. HARDY, Samuel, statesman, b. in Isle of Wight county, Va., about 1758; d. in New York city in October, 1785. He was a son of Richard Hardy, and descended from George Hardy, who repre- sented that county in the house of burgesses 1642-52. Samuel was educated at William and Mary college in 1776-'81, began the practice of law, was in the house of delegates one or two ses- sions, and in June, 1781, was appointed a member of the executive council. He was a member of the Continental congress from Virginia in 1783-5. On 6 May, 1784, he voted against the resolution in congress restricting the salary of a foreign minis- ter of the United States to $8,000, and on 7 May opposed the motion that the salary of a U. S. sec- retary for foreign affairs should not exceed $3,000 per annum, In May, 1784, he nominated Jefferson as minister plenipotentiary to Europe to assist HARE HARE 81 ^^^ John Adams and Benjamin Franklin in negoti- ating treaties of commerce ; and in January, 1785, was a member of a committee that reported on let- ters that had been received from U. S. ministers in Europe relative to a foreign loan. He was for a time lieutenant-governor of Virginia, and a county in the northern part of that state was named in his honor. He was a friend of Alexander Hamilton, who wrote a poetical tribute to his memory. HARE, Robert, scientist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 17 Jan., 1781 ; d. there, 15 May, 1858. He was the son of an English emigrant who early estab- lished a large brewery in Philadelphia, of which the active manage- ment soon fell into the hands of the son. He followed a course of lectures on chemistry and physics in Philadel- phia, and before he had attained the age of twenty was a member of the Chemical society of Philadelphia, to which he communi- cated in 1801 a de- scription of his im- portant discovery of the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe, which he called a " hydrostatic blow-pipe." The original paper was published with the title "Memoir on the Supply and Application of the Blow- Pipe " (Philadelphia, 1802). The elder Silliman, who was engaged with him in a series of experiments with this instrument in 1802-'3, subsequently distin- guished it as the " compound blow-pipe." " This apparatus," says Silliman, "was the earliest and, perhaps, the most remarkable of his original con- tributions to science." He read a supplementary paper giving an " Account of the Fusion of Stron- tites and Volatilization of Platinum, and also a new Arrangement of Apparatus " before the American philosophical society in June, 1803. By means of this apparatus he was the first to render lime, mag- nesia, iridium, and platinum fusible in any consid- erable quantity, and the so-called Drummond and calcium lights are simply applications of the prin- ciples discovered by him. Among his other inven- tions is the valve-cock or gallows-screw, by means of which communication between cavities in sepa- rate pieces of apparatus is made perfectly air-tight. He devised improved forms of the voltaic pile with which the intense powers of extended series of voltaic couples were used long in advance of simi- lar combinations in Europe. In 1816 he invented the caloriraotor, a form of battery by which a large amount of heat is produced. A modified form of this apparatus, devised in 1820 and called the de- flagrator, was employed in 1823 in volatilizing and fusing carbon. It was with these batteries that the first application of voltaic electricity to blast- ing under water was made in 1831, and the experi- ments were conducted under the direction of Dr. Hare. He also attained a high reputation as a chemist, and was the author of a process for de- narcotizing laudanum, and also of a method for de- tecting minute quantities of opium in solution. In 1818 he was called to the chair of chemistry and natural philosophy in William and Mary, and dur- ing the same year was made professor of chemistry in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, where he remained until 1847. His course of instruction was marked by the original- ity of his experiments and of the apparatus that he employed, which was frequently of unusual dimen- sions. His valuable collection of chemical and physical apparatus was presented to the Smithso- nian institution on his resignation from his pro- fessorship in 1847. In later years he became a convert to Spiritualism, and lectured in its advo- cacy. Dr. Hare received the honorary degree of M. D. from Yale in 1806, and from Harvard in 1816. In 1839 he was the first recipient of the Rumford premium for his oxyhydrogen blow-pipe, and his improvements in galvanic apparatus. Dr. Hare was a member of the American academy of arts and sciences, of the American philosophical society (1803), and an honorary life-member of the Smithsonian institution. His contributions to sci- entific literature were large. In Silliman's "Amer- ican Journal of Science " alone he published nearly 200 papers. Besides contributions to other scientific periodicals, he was the author of moral essays in the " Portfolio," writing frequently under the' pen- name of Eldred Grayson, and of " Brief View of the Policy and Resources of the United States " (Phila- delphia, 1810) ; " Chemical Apparatus and Manipu- lations " (1836) ; " Compendium of the Course of Chemical Instruction in the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania " (1840) ; " Me- moir on the Explosiveness of Nitre" (Washing- ton, 1850) ; and " Spiritualism Scientifically Demon- strated " (New York, 1855). — His son, Jolin Innes Clark, jurist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 17 Oct., 1816, was graduated at the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1834, and after studying law was admitted to the bar in 1841. Ten years later he was elected associate judge of the district court of Philadel- phia, and in 1867 became presiding judge. In 1875 he was made presiding judge of the court of common pleas in Philadelphia, which office he still holds. He received the degree of LL. D. in 1868 from the University of Pennsylvania, of which he was a trustee in 1858-68, and in which he was for some time professor of institutes of law. In con- junction with Horace B. Wallace he published " American Leading Cases in Law " (2 vols., Phila- delphia, 1847) ; and has edited " Smith's Leading Cases in Law" (2 vols., 1852), "White and Tudor's Leading Cases in Equity " (3 vols., 1852) ; and " Hare on Contracts" (1887); also "The New English Exchequer Reports." — Robert's nephew, George Emlen, clergyman, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 Sept., 1808, was graduated at Union in 1826. He was ordained deacon by Bishop White, 20 Dec, 1829, and before his ordination to the priesthood was chosen rector of St. John's church, Carlisle, Pa., where he remained several years. He was after- ward rector of Trinity church, Princeton, N. J. He was assistant professor of Latin and Greek at the University of Pennsylvania in 1844-'5, and subsequently had charge of the academy of the Protestant Episcopal church in Philadelphia, be- ing also rector of St. Matthew's. He undertook after this the instruction of the diocesan training- school, which soon grew into the Philadelphia di- vinity-school. He has continued in the faculty of the latter more than twenty-five years, most of the time as professor of biblical learning, and is now professor of New Testament literature. He served many years on the standing committee of the dio- cese of Pennsylvania, and has been often a dele- gate to the general convention. He was one of the American committee for the revision of the Old Testament translation. Columbia ?ave him the degree of S. T. D. in 1843, and the University of Pennsylvania that of LL. D. in 1873. — George Em- 82 HARGIS HARKINS len's son, William Hobart, P. E. bishop, b. in Princeton, N. J., 17 May, 1838, was educated in part at the University of Pennsylvania, but, on ac- count of trouble with his eyes, he left before gradu- ation. He was ordained deacon, 19 June, 1859, by Bishop Bowman, and priest, 25 May, 1862, by Bish- op Alonzo Potter. During his deaconate he was assistant minister in St. Luke's church, Philadel- phia. In May, 1861, he became rector of St. Paul's, Chestnut Hill, where he remained for two years. In 1863 he was in charge of St. Luke's, Philadel- phia, during the absence of the rector, and in 1864 was elected rector of the Church of the Ascension in the same city. He next became secretary and general agent of the foreign committee of the board of missions, which office he filled for several years. In 1871 Dr. Hare was elected by the house of bishops missionary bishop of Cape Palmas and parts adjacent, in West Africa, but declined the appointment. In October, 1872, he was elected missionary bishop of Niobrara, and was consecrated in St. Luke's, Philadelphia, 9 Jan., 1873. He re- ceived the degree of D. D. from three colleges in 1873. At the general convention of 1883 the Indian missionary jurisdiction of Niobrara was changed and extended. It now embraces the southern part of Dakota, and, by vote of the house of bishops, he was placed in charge, with the title of " Missionary Bishop of South Dakota." Bishop Hare deposed a missionary, Rev. S. D. Hinman, on charges of immorality, and, to vindicate his action, sent a communication to the board of missions. For this, Hinman sued him for libel in the New York courts, and obtained a verdict for $10,000, but after appeals the judgment was reversed. HARGIS, Thomas F., jurist, b. in Breathitt county, Ky., 24 June, 1842. He removed with his parents to Rowan county in 1856, and received a scanty education. In 1861 he entered the Confed- erate service as a private in the 5th Kentucky in- fantry. He was promoted captain in 1863, and in November, 1864, was captured in Luray valley and held a prisoner until the termination of the war. Returning home penniless at the age of twenty- three, he devoted himself to the study and mastery of the English branches, and to the law. He was licensed to practise in 1866, and in 1868 removed to Carlisle, Ky. The year following he was elected judge of Nicholas county, and he was re-elected in 1870. He was chosen to the state senate in 1871, elected judge of the criminal court in 1878, and raised to the appellate bench of Kentucky in 1879. After serving as chief justice during the vacancy caused by the death of an associate judge, he served two years longer by his own succession. Declining a re-election, he retired from the supreme bench in 1884, and removed to Louisville, Ky., where he is now (1887) engaged in practice. HARGROVE, Robert Kennon, M. E. bishop, b. in Pickens county, Ala., 17 Sept., 1829. He was graduated at the University of Alabama in 1852, and was professor of pure mathematics there in 1853-7. He entered the ministry of the Meth- odist Episcopal church in the latter year, was presi- dent of the Centenary institute in Alabama in 1865-7. and of Tennessee female college in 1868-'73. In 1882 he was elected a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church. He was the first to urge the bond-scheme that saved the publishing-house of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, originated the woman's department of church-extension for the securing of parsonages in the same church, and was a member of the commission that in 1878 es- tablished fraternal relations between the northern and southern branches of the Methodist church. HARING, John, b. in Goshen, N. Y., 14 June, 1748 ; d. 14 Jan., 1810. He was a delegate from New York to the Continental congress from 1774 till 1775, and from 1785 till 1788. On 27 July, 1787, he voted in favor of a motion providing that the minister plenipotentiary of the United States at the court of France be directed to form a confederacy with the powers of Europe that were at war with Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli, for the purpose of protecting the subjects of the con- tracting parties in the free navigation of the Mediterranean ; and on 13 Oct., 1787, opposed the motion expressing the friendly regards of congress for the king of Spain. HARKER, Charles G., soldier, b. in Swedes- borough, N. J., 2 Dec, 1837 : killed at the battle of Kenesaw Mountain, 27 June, 1864. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1858, entered the 2d infantry, and became 1st lieuten- ant of the 15th infantry, 14 May, 1861. He was promoted captain, 24 Oct., 1861, became lieuten- ant-colonel of the 65th Ohio volunteers, and colo- nel on 11 Nov., 1861. He was engaged in the bat- tle of Shiloh and the siege of Corinth and the battle of Stone River, and was recommended for promotion, but did not receive it until he had still further distinguished himself at Chicka- mauga and Chattanooga. He was made brigadier- general of volunteers, to date from 20 Sept., 1863, commanded a brigade under Gen. Howard in the campaign in Georgia, and held the peak of Rocky Face Ridge, 7 May, 1864, against deter- mined efforts of the enemy to dislodge him. HARKER, Samuel, clergyman. He became pastor of a church at Black River, N. J., 31 Oct., 1752. He published " Predestination Consistent with General Liberty " (1761), for which he was excluded, and disqualified to preach by the synods of New York and Philadelphia. He subsequently published an " Appeal from the Synod to the- Christian World " (1763). HARKEY, Simeon Walcher, clergyman, b. in Iredell county, N. C, 3 Dec. 1811. He was graduated at the Gettysburg Lutheran seminary in 1834, and from 1850 till 1866 was professor of theology in the University of Illinois. He was president of the general synod of his church in 1857. In 1865 he served as chaplain at Camp Butler, near Springfield, 111. He has been success- ful as an organizer and pastor of congregations, preaching both in English and German. Witten- berg college gave him the degree of D. D. in 1852. His publications in book - form are " Lutheran Sunday-School Question-Book " (1838) ; " Church's Best State " (1843) ; '• Daily Prayer-Book " (1844) ; " Value of an Evangelical Ministry " (1853) : and "Justification by Faith " (1875). Among his ad- dresses are " True Greatness," " Andrew Jack- son's Funeral," " Prisons for Women," and " Mis- sion of Lutheran Church." He is now (1887) writing a series of articles on his personal remi- niscences of Lutheranism in Illinois. HARKINS, Mathew, R. C. bishop, b. in Bos- ton, Mass., 17 Nov., 1845. He attended the Latin- school of his native city, and was graduated with a Franklin medal in 1862. He studied a year at the College of the Holy Cross at Worcester, Mass., and on leaving was sent by Bishop Fitzpatrick to pursue a course of theology at the English college of Douay and in the seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris. After six years' study he was ordained, and visited Rome before returning home. After serving as curate of the Church of the Immacu- late Conception at Salem, Mass., he was appointed in 1876 rector of St. Malachi's church at Arling- HARKNESS HARLAN 83 ton, his parish including Lexington and Belmont. Here he remained for eight years, after which he was transferred to St. James's in Boston. He took an especial interest in the Sunday-school, and gained great popularity as a preacher. He was nominated for the see of Providence in January, 1887. The diocese over which he presides is prob- ably the largest in New England, with the excep- tion of the archdiocese of Boston. Bishop Har- kins was selected by Archbishop Williams as his theologian at the plenary council of Baltimore, where he was appointed one of the notaries.. HARKNESS, Albert, educator, b. in Mendon (now Blackstown), Mass., 6 Oct.. 1822. He was graduated at Brown in 1842, at the head of his class, and served as master in the Providence high-school from 1843 till 1846, when he became senior master, and held this post until 1853. He then travelled extensively in Europe, spending about two years in the universities of ' Gottingen, Bonn, and Berlin. On his return in 1855 he was appointed professor of the Greek language and literature in Brown, which chair he still (1887) holds. He has received the degrees of Ph. D. from Bonn in 1854 and LL. D. from Brown in 1869. His publications are principally text-books, which are extensively used. They include " Arnold's First Latin Book " (New York, 1851) ; " Second Latin Book " (1853) ; " First Greek Book and In- troductory Greek Reader " (1860 ; revised ed., 1885) : "Latin Grammar" (1864; revised eds., 1874 and 1881) ; " Latin Reader " (1865) ; " Introductory Latin Book " (1866) ; " Latin Composition " (1868) ; editions of "Cassar" (1870; revised ed., with a treatise on the military system of the Romans, 1886), " Cicero " (1873), and " Sallust " (1878) ; and "Complete Latin Course for the First Year" (1883). — His son, Albert Granger, b. in Provi- dence, R. I., 19 Nov., 1857, was graduated at Brown in 1879, and studied in Berlin, Leipzig, and Bonn. Since 1883 he has been professor of Latin and German in Madison university, Hamilton, N. Y. HARKNESS, James, clergyman, b. in Rox- burghshire, Scotland, 13 March, 1803 ; d. in Jersey City, N. J., 4 July, 1878. He was graduated at the University of Edinburgh, was ordained to the min- istry in 1832, and became pastor of the Presbyte- rian church in Ecclefechan, Scotland. He came to the United States in 1839, and held pastorates in New York city, Fishkill, and Rochester, N. Y. In 1862 he was installed over the 3d Presbyterian church in Jersey City, where he remained until his death. He had studied medicine, had taken a medical degree, and practised among his various congregations. He adopted homoeopathy in 1840. He contributed frequently to the magazines of his denomination, and published " Messiah's Throne and Kingdom " (New York, 1855). — His son, Will- iam, astronomer, b. in Ecclefechan, Scotland, 17 Dec, 1837, studied at Lafayette college, and was graduated in 1858 at Rochester university, where he also received the degree of LL. D. in 1874. He was graduated in medicine in 1862, was appointed aide at the U. S. naval observatory in August of that year, and also served as surgeon in the U. S. army at the second battle of Bull Run, and during the attack on Washington in July, 1864. He was commissioned professor of mathematics in the U. S. navy, with the relative rank of lieutenant-com- mander, in August, 1863, and stationed at the naval observatory in Washington, D. C. In 1865-'6, dur- ing a cruise on the " Monadnock," he made an ex- tensive series of observations on terrestrial mag- netism at the principal ports in South America. His results were published by the Smithsonian in- stitution (Washington, 1872). On his return he was attached to the U. S. hydrographic office dur- ing 1867, and from 1868 till 1874 to the naval ob- servatory. He discovered the 1474 line of the solar corona at Des Moines, Iowa, during the total eclipse of 7 Aug., 1869. In 1871 he was appointed a member of the U. S. transit-of- Venus commission, and, after designing most of the instruments to be employed, he went to Hobart Town, Tasmania, as chief of the party that observed the transit there, made a voyage around the world, and returned to Washington in 1875. He was promoted to the rela- tive rank of captain in 1878, was made executive officer of the transit-of- Venus commission, and fitted out all of the expeditions in 1882. The ma- chine used for measuring the astronomical photo- graphs obtained was designed by him, and a dupli- cate of this machine has recently been made for the Lick observatory in California. Since the return of the transit-of- Venus parties, he has been engaged in reducing and discussing their observations. He also devised the sperometer caliper, which is the most accurate instrument known for measuring the inequalities of the pivots of astronomical in- struments. Prof. Harkness is a member of various scientific societies, and has prepared a great num- ber of papers and reports. HARLAN, James, lawyer, b. in Mercer county, Ky., 22 June, 1800 ; d. in Frankfort, Ky., 18 Feb., 1863. He received a public-school education, and engaged in mercantile pursuits from 1817 till 1822. He then studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1823, beginning to practise in Harrodsburg. He was for four years prosecuting attorney for his circuit, and in 1834 was elected a representative in congress as a Whig, serving from 1835 till 1839. During his last session he was chairman of the committee for investigating defalcations. He was secretary of state of Kentucky in 1840-4, a presi- dential elector in 1841, and a member of the legis- lature in 1845. In 1850 he was appointed attor- ney-general for Kentucky, which office he held until his death. — His son, John Marshall, lawyer, b. in Boyle county, Ky., 1 June, 1833, was graduated at Centre college in 1850, and at the law depart- ment of Transylvania university in 1853. In 1851 he was adjutant-general of Kentucky, and in 1858 became judge of Franklin county, Ky. He was afterward an unsuccessful Whig candidate for congress, and at the beginning of the civil war en- tered the Union army as colonel of the 10th Ken- tucky infantry. He was attorney-general of Ken- tucky in 1863-7, and was the unsuccessful Repub- lican candidate for governor of the state in 1871 and 1875. He was a member of the Louisiana com- mission that was appointed by President Hayes, and on 29 Nov., 1877, became associate justice of the U. S. supreme court, as successor of David Davis. — John Marshall's son. Richard Daven- port, was graduated at Princeton in 1881, and is now (1887) in charge of the Lenox Presbyterian church on Fifth avenue, in New York city. HARLAN, James, statesman, b. in Clarke coun- ty, 111., 25 Aug., 1820. He was graduated at the Indiana Asbury university in 1845, held the office of superintendent of public instruction in Iowa in 1847, and was president of Iowa Wesleyan univer- sity in 1853. He was elected to the U. S. senate in 1855 as a Whig, and served as chairman of the committee on public lands, but his seat was de- clared vacant on a technicality on 12 Jan., 1857. On the 17th of the same month he was re-elected for the term ending in 1861, and in the latter year was a delegate to the Peace convention. He was re-elected to the senate for the term ending in 84 HARLAN HARNDEN 1867, but resigned in 1865, having been appointed by President Lincoln secretary of the interior. He was again elected to the senate in 1866, and was a delegate to the Philadelphia loyalists' con- vention of that year. He was chairman of the committee on the District of Columbia and Indian affairs, and also served on those on foreign rela- tions, agriculture, and the Pacific railroad. In 1869 he was appointed president of the Iowa uni- versity. After leaving the senate in 1873 he be- came editor of the " Washington Chronicle." From 1882 till 1885 he was presiding judge of the court of commissioners of Alabama claims. HAELAN, Richard, naturalist, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 19 Sept., 1796 ; d. in New Orleans, La., 30 Sept., 1843. Previous to his graduation at the medical department of the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1818, he made a voyage to Calcutta as surgeon of an East India ship. He practised his profession in Philadelphia, was elected in 1821 professor of comparative anatomy in the Phila- delphia museum, was a member of the cholera commission in 1832, and surgeon to the Philadel- phia hospital. In 1839 he visted Europe a second time, and after his return in 1843 removed to New Orleans, and became in that year vice-president of the Louisiana state medical society. He was a member of many learned societies in this country and abroad, and published " Observations on the Genus Salamandra " (Philadelphia, 1824) ; " Fauna Americana " (1825) ; " American Herpetology " (1827) ; " Medical and Physical Researches " (1835) ; and a translation of Gannal's " History of Embalm- ing," with additions (1840). — His son, George Cu- vier, physician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 Jan., 1835, was educated at Delaware college and in the medical department of the University of Pennsyl- vania, where he was graduated in 1858. He was appointed resident physician of Wills eye hospital in 1857, of St. Joseph's hospital in 1858, and of the Pennsylvania hospital in 1859. For some time during the civil war he served as medical officer on the gun-boat " Union," and for three years was surgeon of the 11th Pennsylvania cavalry. He is now (1887) professor of diseases of the eye in the Philadelphia polyclinic, and has published numer- ous papers on his specialty. He is the author of " Diseases of the Orbit " in Wood's " Reference Hand-Book," and has revised parts of the Ameri- can edition of Holmes's " System of Surgery." HARLAND, Henry, author, b. in New York city, 1 March, 1861. He received his education in the College of the city of New York and in Harvard, but was not graduated. From 1883 till 1886 he was employed in the office of the surrogate of New York. He writes under the pen-name of Sidney Luska, and has published " As It was Written " (New York, 1885) : " Mrs. Peixada " (1886) ; " The Yoke of the Thorah," and "A Land of Love " (1887). HARMAND, Louis Griistave, French pilot, b. in Dieppe, France, in 1503 ; d. in Aeapulco, New Spain, in 1549. He had served in.the French navy, and in 1541 offered his services to Antonio de Men- doza, then viceroy of New Spain, who attached him to the expedition commanded by Vasquez de Coronado and Fray Marcos de Nina. On his re- turn, Mendoza appointed him chief pilot, and in 1543 sent him to explore the coasts of California. He sailed in a small brig on 20 March, 1543, and kept always in sight of the land, making charts, and advancing three degrees farther than Her- nando de Alarcon in the Gulf of California. He rectified the map of Alarcon, and brought back proof that California is not an island, as had been believed. Harmand landed several times, and col- lected some interesting traditions current among the natives, which he published under the title " Les indigenes de la Californie " (Paris, 1647). A copy of the original edition, probably the only one now in existence, is in the National library of Paris. It has been reprinted by Ternaux Compans, the historian of the discovery of South America, in his collection. Harmand's map of California is won- derfully exact, considering that the navigator had scarcely any instrument. HARMAR, Josiah, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1753 ; d. there, 20 Aug., 1813. He was edu- cated chiefly in Robert Proud's Quaker school. In 1776 he entered the Continental army as captain in the 1st Pennsylvania regiment, was made lieu- tenant-colonel in the following year, and served until the close of the war. He was in Washington's army in the campaigns of 1778-'80, and in Gen. Greene's division in the south in 1781-2. In 1783 he was made brevet-colonel of the 1st U. S. regi- ment. He took the ratification of the definitive treaty to France in 1784, and as Indian agent for the northwest territory was present when the treaty was made at Fort Mcintosh on 20 Jan., 1785. He was made lieutenant-colonel of infantry on 12 Aug., 1784, and in 1787 was brevetted briga- dier-general by resolution of congress. He be- came general-in-chief of the army in 1789, and in 1790 he commanded an expedition against the Miami Indians. He resigned his commission in 1792, and in the following year was appointed ad- jutant-general of Pennsylvania, which office he held until 1799. During this service he was active in preparing and equipping the Pennsylvania troops for Wayne's Indian campaign of 1793-'4. HARMONY, David B., naval officer, b. in Eas- ton, Pa., 3 Sept., 1832. He entered the navy as mid- shipman on 7 April, 1847, passed that grade in 1853, became lieutenant in 1855, lieutenant -com- mander in 1862, commander in 1866, captain in 1875, and commodore in 1885. He served on the " Iroquois " at the passage of Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, and at the capture of New Or- leans, and took part in many severe engagements with the batteries at Yicksburg and Grand Gulf. He was executive officer of the iron-clad " Na- hant " in the first attack on Fort Sumter, 7 April, 1863, and in the engagement with the ram " At- lanta " on 17 June, and in all the attacks on de- fences at Charleston, from 4 July till 7 September. He held a command in the Eastern gulf squadron in 1863, and commanded the " Saratoga " in the Western gulf squadron in 1864-'5, taking part in the capture of Mobile and its defences. He com- manded a division of eight vessels in an expedition to Montgomery, Ala., in April, 1865, and in 1867 commanded the " Frolic " in Europe, one of the vessels of Admiral Farragut's squadron. He was honorably mentioned in the reports of Com. De Camp, Com. Palmer, and Com. Downes. He made his last cruise in 1881, was a member of the exam- ining and retiring boards in 1883-'5, and is now (1887) serving as chief of the bureau of yards and docks, having held this office since 1885. HARNDEN, William Frederick, expressman, b. in Reading, Mass., 23 Aug., 1813 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 14 Jan., 1845. For five years he was con- ductor and passenger-clerk on the Boston and Worcester railroad. Early in 1839 he originated the express system of transportation for merchan- dise or parcels. On 4 March of that year, after pub- lic announcement in the newspapers for several days, he made his first trip from Boston to New York as an " express-package carrier." Mr. Harn- den proposed also to take the charge of freight and HARNETT HARNEY 85 attend to its delivery, for which purpose he was to make four trips a week. The project recommended itself to business men, and was particularly ac- ceptable to the press, to which Mr. Harnden made bimself useful in the voluntary transmission of news in advance of the mail. In 1840 Dexter Brigham, Jr., his New York agent, became his part- ner, and soon afterward went to England, where he laid the foundation of Harnden and Company's foreign business. During the same year their line was extended to Philadelphia, and later to Albany. The business grew with great rapidity, but Mr. Harnden's health failed, and he soon died. For several years the company was continued by the remaining members of the firm, but in 1854 it was consolidated with others to form the Adams express company. In 1866 a monument was erected to Mr. Harnden's memory in Mount Auburn ceme- tery, near Cambridge, Mass., by the " express com- panies of the United States." HARNETT, Cornelius, statesman, b. probably in North Carolina, 20 April, 1728 ; d. in Wilming- ton, N. C, 20 April, 1781. He accpiired property at Wilmington, N. C, and first became known in public affairs through his opposition to the stamp- act and kindred measures. He represented the borough of Wilmington in the provincial assembly in 1770-'l, and was chairman of the more impor- tant committees of that body. In 1772 Mr. Har- nett, Robert Howe, and Judge Maurice Moore were named by the assembly a committee to prepare a remonstrance against the appointment, by Gov. Martin, of commissioners to run the southern boundary-line of the province. In 1773 Josiah Quincy, while travelling in the south for his health, spent a night at the residence of Mr. Harnett, whom he styled li the Samuel Adams of North Carolina." As the Revolution approached, Har- nett became its master-spirit throughout the Cape Fear region. In December, 1773, he was placed on the committee of continental correspondence for the Wilmington district. In the Provincial con- gress of 1775 he represented his old constituents ; and when a provincial council was appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the abdication of Mar- tin, he was made its president and became the act- ual governor of North Carolina. He was a mem- ber of the Provincial congress at Halifax, N. C, in the spring of 1776, and, as chairman of a committee to consider the usurpations of the home govern- ment, submitted a report that empowered the North Carolina delegates in the Continental congress to use their influence in favor of a declaration of in- dependence. Soon afterward Sir Henry Clinton, with a British fleet, appeared in Cape Fear river, and honored Harnett and Robert Howe by except- ing them from his offer of a general pardon to those who should return to their allegiance. When, on 22 July, the Declaration of Independence ar- rived at Halifax, Harnett read it to a great con- course of citizens and soldiers, who took him on their shoulders and bore him in triumph through the town. In the autumn of the same year he assisted in drafting a state constitution and bill of rights, and to his liberal spirit the citizens are indebted for the clause securing religious liberty. Under the new constitution Harnett became one of the council, and was, in 1778, elected to fill Gov. Cas- well's seat in congress. His name is to be found signed to the " articles of confederation and per- petual union." When the British subsequently took possession of the Cape Fear region, Harnett was taken prisoner and died in captivity. HARNEY, John Hopkins, journalist, b. in Bourbon county, Ky., 20 Feb., 1806 ; d. in Jefferson county, Ky., 27 Jan., 1867. Being left by the death of his parents in straitened circumstances, he was compelled to educate himself, and developed a talent for mathematics. At the age of seventeen he successfully solved a problem in surveying that had been referred to him by two rivals, which attracted so much attention that he was soon made principal of the Paris, Ky., academy. The money thus earned he devoted to the purchase of a scholarship in the University of Oxford, Ohio, where he was graduated in 1827 in belles-lettres and theology. He was appointed professor of mathematics in the University of Indiana in 1828, and in 1833 accepted the corresponding chair at Hanover college, Ind., and began the preparation of his " Algebra." In 1839 he was made president of Louisville college. This office he retained until 1843, when the college was closed. The year fol- lowing, Mr. Harney began the publication of the Louisville " Democrat," which he continued to edit until his death. He was elected trustee of the Louisville school-board in 1850, and afterward president, and established many reforms. In 1861-2 he was elected to the legislature, and as chairman of the committee on Federal relations, when Ken- tucky was invaded by the Confederate army, he drafted the famous resolution, " Resolved, That Kentucky expects the Confederate, or Tennessee, troops to be withdrawn from the soil uncondition- ally." Mr. Harney declined a re-election and de- voted himself to protesting in the " Democrat " against the arbitrary arrest and deportation of citizens, opposing the grant of " another man or another dollar " until the liberties of the citizen were assured. This led to his arrest, but Gen. Burnside, after looking into the matter, disapproved the action of his subordinates, and the journalist was released. At the close of the war Mr. Harney urged the repeal of the severe laws against self- expatriated Confederates, and succeeded in carry- ing a measure of full restoration ; but in 1868 he opposed the nomination of such rehabilitated citi- zens for high office, on the ground that it would provoke further arbitrary arrests. His "Algebra " (Louisville, 1840) ranks high as a text-book for advanced pupils. — His son, William Wallace, journalist, b. in Bloomington, Ind., 20 June, 1831, was educated at Louisville college and at home, and graduated at the law department of Louisville university in 1855. He was principal of a ward school in the latter city in 1852-'6, and afterward became the first principal of the Louisville high- school. During the two years succeeding he occu- pied the chair of English and ancient languages in the State university at Lexington, Ky. He then became associate editor of the Louisville ' ; Demo- crat," and in 1869 its editor-in-chief. In the lat- ter year he removed to Florida, where he planted an orange-grove. From September, 1883. till March, 1885, he edited " The Bitter Sweet " at Kis- simmee, Fla. Besides his labors as a journalist, Mr. Harney has been a frequent contributor to pe- riodicals, and has written several essays on orange- culture. His fugitive poems and his sketches of southern life are popular. HARNEY, John Milton, poet, b. in Sussex county, Del., 9 March, 1789 ; d. in Bardstown, Ky., 15 Jan., 1825. He was a son of Thomas Harney, an officer in the war of the Revolution. In 1791 the family emigrated to Tennessee, and subse- quently removed to Louisiana. Young Harney studied medicine and settled at Bardstown, Nelson co., Ky. While on a visit to Europe he received a naval appointment, and spent several years in Buenos Ayres. On his return to the United States 86 HARNISCH HARO he edited a paper at Savannah, Ga., for a time, but, being seized with a violent fever in conse- quence of his exertions at a fire, he returned to Bardstown in broken health and died there. Be- fore his death he had become a Roman Catholic and joined the order of Dominican monks, entering a monastery at Bardstown. With the exception of " Crystalina," a fairy-tale in six cantos, pub- lished "anonymously (1816), Mr. Harney's poems were not printed until after his death, and then appeared only in magazines. The lines " To a Valued Friend," " Echo and the Lover," " The Whippoorwill," and " The Fever Dream " have been the most admired.— His brother, William Selby, soldier, b. near Haysboro, DaA r idson co., Tenn., 27 Aug., 1800, was appointed from Louisiana 2d lieu- tenant in the 19th U. S. infantry, 13 Feb., 1818, and promoted to be 1st lieutenant, 7 Jan., 1819. He was commisioned captain, 14 May, 1825 ; major and paymaster, 1 May, 1833; lieutenant-colonel, 2d dragoons, 15 Aug., 1836 ; colonel, 30 June, 1846; and brigadier-general, 14 June, 1858. He took part in the Black Hawk war in 1833, and also in the Florida war, distinguishing himself in action at Fort Mellon and in the defence of a trading-house at Carloosahatchie, 23 July, 1839. He commanded several expeditions into the Ever- glades, and in December, 1840, was breve tted colo- nel "for gallant and meritorious conduct." He was also mentioned for his bravery at Medellin, Mexico, 25 March, 1847, and was brevetted briga- dier-general for gallantry at Cerro Gordo. On 3 Sept., 1855, he completely defeated the Sioux In- dians at Sand Hills, on the north fork of the Platte river. In June, 1858, he was placed in command of the Department of Oregon, and on 9 July, 1859, took possession of the island of San Juan, near Van- couver, which was claimed by the English govern- ment to be included within the boundaries of British Columbia. A dispute with Great Britain and the recall of Harney followed. He was subsequently assigned to the command of the Department of the West, and in April, 1861, while on his way from St. Louis to Washington, was arrested by the Confederates at Harper's Ferry and taken to Richmond, Va. Here he met with many old ac- quaintances, who urged him to join the south. On meeting Gen. Lee, Harney said to him : " I am sorry to meet you in this way." Lee replied : " Gen. Harney, I had no idea of taking any part in this matter ; I wanted to stay at Arlington and raise potatoes for my family ; but my friends forced me into it." Gen. Harney also met Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, who told him that he was opposed to the war, but that he would be execrated by his relatives, all of whom lived in Virginia, if he did not side with the south. Harney was speedily released, and departed for Washington. On his return to St. Louis he issued several proclamations warning the people of Missouri of the danger of secession, and the evil effects that would follow from a dissolution of the Union. On 21 May he entered into an agreement with Gen. Sterling Price, commanding the Missouri militia, to make no military movement so long as peace was main- tained by the state authorities. He was soon after- ward relieved of his command, and was placed on the retired list, 1 Aug., 1863. On 13 March, 1865, he was brevetted major-general " for long and faithful service." Gen. Harney now (1887) resides in St. Louis. See " The Life and Military Services of Gen. William Selby Harney, by L. U. Reavis " (St. Louis, 1887). HARNISCH, Albert Ernest, sculptor, b. in Philadelphia, 14 Feb.,. 1842. He early showed a taste for art, and while still a lad modelled his first work, a " Cupid." This was followed by " Love in Idleness," "' Wandering Psyche," " Little Protector," and " Little Hunter." He then studied under Joseph A. Bailly in the Philadelphia acade- my of fine arts, and in 1869 went to Italy, where he still resides (1887). There he has executed sev- eral important works, among them his "Boy in the Eagle's Nest." He has also made a special- ty of portrait-busts. To the Philadelphia exhibi- tion of 1876 he sent a statue, and a " Sketch for a Monument to the Prisoner's Friend." In 1878 he executed a model for a proposed equestrian statue of Gen. Robert E. Lee, to be erected at Richmond, Va., which is said to be " remarkable in respect to its simplicity." He is also to be credited with the Calhoun monument at Charles- ton, S. C, dedicated 26 April, 1887, the Clement Barclay family group, and other works. HARO, Alonso Nunez de (ah'ro), Mexican arch- bishop, b. in Villagarcia, Spain, 31 Oct., 1729 ; d. in Mexico, 26 May, 1800. He studied philosophy and theology with the Dominicans of Peter Martyr, at the Royal university, and at the College of San Clemente de Espanoles at Bologna, where he was subsequently appointed rector and profes- sor of sacred literature. He was nominated arch- bishop of Mexico by Clement XIV., and became celebrated for his eloquence. He founded numer- ous charitable and educational institu- tions, the principal of which was the Col- lege of Tepotzotlan. Here, among other professorships, he es- tablished one of the Mexican language. He endowed the col- lege liberally, and be- stowed on it an ex- tensive and well-cho- sen library. He was at one time visited by his former school- mate Father O ' Brien, pastor of St. Peter's church, New York, and raised $5,920 for his church. He also gave Father O'Brien several paintings for St. Peter's, among others a " Crucifixion " by Val- lejo, a Mexican painter. Archbishop Haro ordered the words " Here lies Alonso, the sinner, dust and nothingness," to be engraved on his tomb. HARO, Gonzalo Lopez de, Spanish naviga- tor, b. in Corcina. Spain, in 1734; d. in Acapul- co, or in Vera Cruz, Mexico, in 1796. He settled early in New Spain, acquired a reputation as a skilful pilot on the Pacific coast, and in 1788 was appointed by the viceroy, Flores, chief pilot of the expedition to the northwest, which left San Bias on 8 March, consisting of the frigate " Princesa " and the brig " San Carlos," under the command of Esteban Martinez. On 23 June they passed the volcano of Miranda in eruption, and after parting company with the other vessel, in a storm, Haro discovered, on 30 June, a Russian establishment formed by the crew of the " Tschernikoff," who had been shipwrecked in 1746. Bearing toward Trinity island, he met his convoy again, on 2 July, and they touched at the island of Kodiak and the Schumagin islands, and discovered, on 16 July, the Unimok volcano, landing on 3 Aug. at Ounalaska. HARO Y TAMARIZ HARPER 87 They sailed again on 24 Aug., and arrived in San Bias on 5 Dec, 1788. In February, 1789, Haro was sent again with the same vessels with orders to take possession of Nootka in the name of the king of Spain, and did so on 5 May. On 3 July the English brig " Argonaut " entered the port, with the intention of forming an establishment, and Haro confiscated the vessel and arrested the master, Colnet. He established a factory and trading-post there, but, not finding any inducement to winter, he sailed on 31 Oct., and entered San Bias, 6 Dec, 1789. He wrote a description of his two voyages, the manuscript of which is preserved among the archives at Mexico. The authority of Haro's ob- servations was accepted in the treaty of April, 1828, between the United States and Russia. HARO Y TAMARIZ, Antonio de, Mexican politician, b. in San Luis Potosi in 1810 ; d. in Europe about 1872. He was one of the chiefs of the conservative party, and for some time secretary of the treasury under Santa- Anna. In 1854 he de- clared against the dictator, and put himself at the head of a revolution in San Luis Potosi, while Vi- daurri did the same in the north, and Comonfort and Alvarez in the south ; but Haro did not fully accept the liberal principles of the latter, and, while proclaiming the deposition of Santa-Anna, de- manded guarantees for the clergy and the army, and the convocation of a congress. After the fall of the dictator he refused to recognize the authority of the provisional president, Carrera, but declared in favor of the junta of Cuernavaca, and recognized Comonfort as president, after the resignation of Alvarez. But he soon joined the conservative op- position, and in January, 1856, was arrested and accused of a conspiracy to establish an empire either in his own favor or that of a son of Iturbide. He was taken to Vera Cruz, whence he was to be sent as an exile, but escaped, joined the clerical forces in Puebla, and was given the title of general-in- chief of the army. Puebla was soon besieged by the government troops, and, although Haro de- fended the city obstinately, democratic ideas began to spread in the garrison, and the soldiers opened the gates to the besiegers toward, the end of March, 1856. Haro was taken prisoner, carried to Mexico, and sent into exile, where he died. HARPER, James, founder of a firm of print- ers and publishers, originally consisting of James, b. 13 April, 1795, d. in New York, 27 March, 1869 ; John, b. 22 Jan.. 1797, d. 22 April, 1875 ; Joseph Wesley, b. 25 Dec, 1801, d. 14 Feb., 1870; and Fletcher, b. 31 Jan., 1806. d. 29 May, 1877. They were the sons of Joseph Harper, a farmer at Newtown, L. I. James and John came to New York, and James was apprenticed to Paul and Thomas, while John served Jonathan Seymour, printers. Having concluded their apprenticeship, they established themselves in business, at first only printing for booksellers, but soon began to publish on their own account. The first book that the firm printed was "Seneca's Morals," in 1817, and by a strange coincidence a new edition of this work appeared on the day of the death of the last of the four brothers. The first book that they published on their own account was " Locke on the Human Understanding," in 1818. The old firm of J. and J. Harper issued about 200 works. Wesley and Fletcher Harper were apprenticed to their elder brothers, and as they became of age were admitted as partners; and the style of the firm was about 1833 changed to " Harper and Broth- ers." In 1853 their establishment occupied nine contiguous buildings in Cliff and Pearl streets, filled with costly machinery and books. On 10 ~f-£lX1^1-~*-4 Q^.Lsfu>tS^ Dec of that year the whole was burned to the ground, in consequence of a workman engaged in repairs having thrown a burning paper into a tank of benzine, which he mistook for water. ' Most of their stereotype plates were stored in vaults, and were saved ; but the loss in buildings, machinery, and books amounted to $1,000,000, upon which there was only $250,000 insurance. The next day they hired temporary premises, and em- ployed the principal printerstfand binders in New York, Bos- ton, and Philadelphia in reproducing their books. Before the ruins of the fire could be cleared away the plans for their new edifice were prepared. It covers about half an acre of ground, extending from Cliff street to Franklin square in Pearl street, and, including cel- lars, the structure is seven stories high. It is absolutely fire-proof, and constitutes pi'obably the most complete publishing establishment in the world, all the operations in the preparation and publication of a book being car- ried on under a single roof, and the regular num- ber of employes in the premises of both sexes be- ing about 1,000. Besides the books published, they issue four illustrated periodicals : " Harper's Maga- zine," established in 1850, a monthly, devoted to literature and the arts ; " Harper's Weekly," estab- lished in 1857, devoted to literature and topics of the day ; " Harper's Bazar," established in 1867, devoted to the fashions, literature, and social life ; and " Harper's Young People," a children's maga- zine, established in 1881. James Harper was in 1844 elected mayor of the city of New York for the succeeding year, and he was subsequently put forward for the governorship of the state ; but he preferred to conduct the business of the firm rather than enter public life. In March, 1869, while driv- ing in Fifth avenue, his horses took fright, and he was thrown from his carriage ; when aid reached him he was insensible, and died two days afterward. Wesley Harper, who for many years had charge of the literaiy department, died after a long illness, After the death of his two brothers, John Harper withdrew from active business ; and the firm was reorganized by the admission of several of the sons of the original partners. These, after receiving a careful education, several of them at Columbia col- lege, entered the house, each serving a regular ap- prenticeship in some branch of the business. The firm now (1887) consists of Philip J. A. Harper, son of James, b. 21 Oct., 1824; Fletcher, Jr., b. 7 Oct., 1828 ; Joseph Wesley, Jr., b. 16 March, 1830 ; the two sons of John — John Wesley, b. 6 May, 1831, and Joseph Abner, b. 31 March, "1833; and' Joseph Henry, grandson of Fletcher Harper. Fletcher, Jr.'s, wife established in 1878 a summer resort at north Long Branch, N. J., for the working-girls of New York, providing accommodations at actual cost, and since her death this charity has been con- tinued by her daughter, Mrs. Hiram W. Sibley. HARPER, John M., Canadian educator, b. in Johnstone, Renfrewshire, Scotland, 10 Feb., 1845. After studying at the parish -school and the Glas- gow established church training-college, he went to Canada and was graduated at Queen's university, HARPER HARRAH Kingston, Ontario. He subsequently received the degree of Ph. D. from the University of Illinois, af- ter finishing a three years' course in the section of metaphysical science. Before leaving his native country he had received an appointment to an acad- emy in New Brunswick, and, after several years' residence in the maritime provinces, he became the principal of the Victoria high-school at St. John, N. B. When this school was destroyed, in the great fire at St. John, Dr. Harper became principal of the Provincial normal-school at Charlottetown, Prince Edward island, and afterward professos in the Amalgamated normal-school and Prince of Wales college, with special supervision of the training of teachers. He is now inspector of superior schools for the province of Quebec, and editor of the " Educational Record " of Quebec. Dr. Harper was instrumental in establishing a periodical in Nova Scotia devoted to the cultivation of Canadian litera- ture, and has written much in prose and verse, in- eluding poems in the Scottish dialect. He has also prepared and published school text-books, and is the author of various lectures. HARPER, Joseph Morrill, physician, b. in Limerick, York co., Me., 21 June, 1787 ; d. in Can- terbury, N. H., 15 Jan., 1865. He studied medicine, and began to practise in 1810 at Canterbury, where he afterward resided. He served in the war of 1812 as assistant surgeon in the 4th infantry. He was a member of the legislature in 1826-'7, and again in 1829-'30, serving during the latter year as president of the senate, and ex-ofncio as governor from Feb- ruary until June, 1831, through the resignation of Mathew Harvey. He was then elected to congress as a Democrat, and served from 5 Dec, 1831, till 3 March, 1835. From 1842 till 1856 he was president of the Mechanics' bank of Concord, N. H. He passed the latter part of his life on a farm, having retired from the practice of his profession. HARPER, Robert Goodloe, senator, b. near Fredericksburg, Va., in 1765 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 15 Jan., 1825. He was the son of poor parents, who, during his childhood, removed to Granville, N. C. At the age of fifteen he served, un- der Gen. Greene, in a troop of horse, com- posed of the youth of the neighborhood, during the closing scenes of the south- ern campaign of the Revolution. He was graduated at Prince- ton in 1785, studied law in Charleston, S. C, and was admitted to the bar in 1786. He soon removed to the interior of the state, where he be- came known through a series of articles on a proposed change in the constitution. He was elected to the legislature and subsequently sent to congress, serving from 9 Feb., 1795, till 3 March, 1801, and warmly sup- porting the administrations of Washington and Adams. He served in the war of 1812, being pro- moted from the rank of colonel to that of major- general. Soon after the defeat of the Federal- ists he married the daughter of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, and removed to Baltimore, Md., where he attained eminence at the bar. He was employed with Joseph Hopkinson as counsel for ^/•^■^e^w Judge Samuel Chase, of the U. S. supreme court, in his impeachment trial. At a dinner given at George- town, D. C, 5 June, 1813, in honor of the recent Russian victories, he gave as a toast "Alexander the Deliverer," following it with a speech eulogiz- ing the Russians. On the publication of the speech, Robert Walsh addressed the author a letter in which he expressed the opinion that the oration underrated the military character of Napoleon, and failed to point out the danger of Russian as- cendency. To this letter Harper made an elaborate reply, Walsh responded, and the correspondence was then (1814) published in a volume. Harper was elected to the U. S. senate from Maryland to serve from 29 Jan., 1816, till 3 March, 1821, but resigned in the former year to become one of the Federalist candidates for vice-president. In 1819-'20 he visited Europe with his family, and after his return em- ployed himself chiefly in the promotion of schemes of internal improvements. He was an active mem- ber of the American colonization society, and the town of Harper, near Cape Palmas, Africa, was named in his honor. His pamphlet, entitled " Ob- servations on the Dispute between the United States and France " (1797), acquired great celebrity. He also printed "An Address on the British Treaty " (1796) ; " Letters on the Proceedings of Congress " ; and " Letters to His Constituents " (1801). A collection of his various letters, ad- dresses, and pamphlets was published with the title " Select Works " (Baltimore, 1814). HARPER, William, jurist, b. in the island of Antigua, 17 Jan., 1790; d. in South Carolina, 10 Oct., 1847. His father, an English Methodist, had been sent to Antigua as a missionary by John Wesley, but came to Baltimore, Md., and afterward removed to Columbia, S. C, where William was graduated at South Carolina college in 1808. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and in 1818 emigrated to Missouri. In 1819 he was elected chancellor, and was a member of the convention that adopted the state constitution of 1821. In 1823 he resigned, and, returning to Columbia, S. C, was made state reporter. After performing the duties of the office for two years, he was ap- pointed U. S. senator to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John Gaillard, and served from 28 March till 7 Dec, 1826. He then removed to Charleston, S. C, and practised his profession un- til 1828, when he was elected to the state house of representatives and chosen speaker. The same year he was elected chancellor, and retained the office until 1830, when he was made one of the judges of the court of appeals. On the abolition of that court in 1835 he was again chosen chan- cellor. In November, 1832, he was a member of the convention that passed the ordinance of nulli- fication, and met with the same body in March, 1833, to rescind it. He is the author of an article on " Colonization " in the " Southern Review," a speech in congress on the " Panama Mission," a eulogy on Chancellor de Saussure, and several addresses in favor of nullification. HARPER, William Rainey, Hebraist, b. in New Concord, Ohio, 26 July, 1856. He was gradu- ated at Muskingum college, in his native town, in 1870, and was professor of Hebrew in Chicago Bap- tist theological seminary from 1879 till 1887, when he became professor of the Semitic languages at Yale. He has published several Hebrew text- books, including " Elements of Hebrew " (Chicago, 1882), and is the editor of "Hebraica* and the " Old Testament Student." HARRAH, Charles Jefferson, merchant, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 Jan., 1817. His education HARRIMAN HARRINGTON 89 was embraced in three days of schooling. At the age of seven he went to work on a farm, where he remained until in his fourteenth year. He then be- came apprenticed to the ship-carpenter's trade, in which he continued until 1843, when, on account of failing health, he sailed for Brazil. In 1852-7 he was proprietor of a ship-yard at Rio Janeiro, and then engaged in railroad and navigation enter- prises, amassing a large fortune, with which he returned to his native city in 1874. During his thirty years' residence in Brazil he held confiden- tial relations with the imperial government. In 1865 he was sent by the emperor to the United States to purchase iron-clads and armaments, bring- ing with him a letter of credit for £1,000,000, which was shortly followed by another for an equal amount. In 1867 he was sent on a confidential mission to the river Platte to investigate irregu- larities and abuses in the commissariat department of the Brazilian army. In 1869 he was president of the first telegraph company organized in the empire. In 1870, with a few other merchants, he established at Rio Janeiro the first public school in the empire, and during the same year the emperor made him a knight of the Imperial order da Rosa, and afterward a commander of the same order. HARRIMAN, Walter, governor of New Hamp- shire, b. in Warner, N. H., 8 April, 1817 ; d. in Con- cord, N. H., 25 July, 1884. He received an aca- demical education and began teaching, but be- came a Universalist clergyman, and in 1841 took charge of a society at Harvard, Mass. After a few years he became pastor of a new Universalist church in his native town. In 1851, having mean- time engaged in trade, he decided, against the earnest solicitation of friends, to abandon the min- istry. In 1849, and again in 1850, he had already been chosen representative of his town to the gen- eral court, and in 1853 and 1854 was elected state treasurer. In August, 1855, he was appointed to a clerkship in the pension-office at Washington, but resigned the following January to take part in the political canvass of that winter, which resulted in " no choice " by the people. In the spring of 1856 he was appointed by President Pierce on a commission to classify and appraise the Indian lands of Kansas. He was again in the legislature in 1858, and in 1859 and 1860 was elected to the state senate, his Republican opponent being on each occasion his own brother. He made speeches to sustain the Know-Nothing movement in 1855-'6, canvassed Michigan for Buchanan in company with Gen. Lewis Cass, and was an earnest sup- porter of Stephen A. Douglas in 1860. In May, 1861, Mr. Harriman became editor of the " Union Democrat," published at Manchester, N. H., in which he advocated forcible and immediate ac- tion against the seceding states. He became colo- nel of the 11th New Hampshire regiment, was taken prisoner at the battle of the Wilderness, 6 May, 1864, sent to Macon, Ga., and removed thence to Charleston, where he was placed, with forty- nine other northern officers, under the fire of the National batteries on Morris island. There he was for fifty-two days, until Gen. Foster, in retaliation, placed fifty Confederate officers of the same rank under fire of the guns on Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie. This led to an exchange on 4 Aug., 1864. After returning home and engaging actively in the campaign of that year in favor of Lincoln and Johnson, Col. Harriman rejoined his regiment, and commanded a brigade at Petersburg. In March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general. He was elected secretary of state of New Hamp- shire in 1865 and 1866, and governor in 1867 and 1868. In the last year he made a tour in the mid- dle and western states, advocating the election of Gen. Grant. As a political speaker he had few superiors. He was naval officer at the port of Boston throughout Grant's entire administration, removed to Concord, N. H., in 1872, and in 1881 was again chosen to the legislature. Gov. Harri- man published a " History of Warner, N. H." (1879), and " In the Orient," a record of a tour through Europe and the east in 1882 (Boston, 1883). HARRINGTON, Charles, Earl of, soldier, b. in England, 17 March, 1753 ; d. in Brighton, Eng- land, 5 Sept., 1829. He entered the foot-guards in 1769, when he was Lord Petersham, and in Febru- ary, 1776, as a captain in the 29th regiment, he ar- rived at Quebec, and served in all the operations of Gen. Burgoyne until the surrender at Saratoga, where he was that officer's aide, and carried his despatches to England. He succeeded to the earl- dom in 1779, afterward served in the West Indies, and was promoted general in 1803. He was cap- tain, governor, and constable of Windsor castle. HARRINGTON, Ebenezer Burke, lawyer, b. near Lyons, Wayne co., N. Y., in 1813 ; d. in Detroit, Mich., in 1844. He was educated in New York city, and in 1830-31 served as reporter of the senate of that state. He began the study of the law in 1832, and compiled a digest of Eng- lish and American equity cases with the aid of Oliver L. Barbour (Saratoga, 1837). In June of the latter year he was admitted to the bar. In 1837 he removed from Saratoga, N. Y., to Michi- gan, where he was employed with E. J. Roberts in arranging and indexing the revised statutes of that state. He was elected a member of the state senate in 1839, and acted as state reporter from that year until his death. He is the author of "Harrington's Chancery Reports" (Detroit, 1841). HARRINGTON, Joseph, Jr., elergvman, b. in Roxbury, Mass., 21 Feb., 1813; d. in San Fran- cisco, Cal., 2 Nov., 1852. He was graduated at Harvard in 1833, and became principal of the academy at East Greenwich, R. I., but at the end of six months took charge of the Hawes school at South Boston, where he remained for five years. While teaching he studied theology, and in the au- tumn of 1839 was sent as a missionary to Chicago, 111., by the American Unitarian association. After his ordination as an evangelist in Boston in Sep- tember, 1840, Mr. Harrington returned to the west, and was the first to introduce the doctrines of his denomination in Milwaukee and other places. He held a pastorate in Hartford, Conn., from 1846 till 1852, when enfeebled health in- duced him to accept a call from San Francisco. He sailed from New York in July of that year, but in crossing the isthmus caught the Panama fever, which resulted fatally. After his death ap- peared a volume of his sermons, with a memoir by William Whiting (Boston, 1854). HARRINGTON, Mark Walrod, astronomer, b. in Sycamore, 111., 18 Aug., 1848. He was gradu- ated at the University of Michigan in 1868, and has since lectured on astronomy in Oberlin col- lege and in the Louisiana state university. Baton Rouge. For a year he was connected with the Chinese foreign office in Pekin, and he also spent a year m Alaska. Subsequently he became pro- fessor of astronomy in the University of Michi- gan, which chair he now holds, being also di- rector of the observatory. He is a fellow of the American association for the advancement of sci- ence, and is a member of other societies. In 1884 he established the " American Meteorological Jour- nal," of which he is now (1887) chief editor. 90 HARRINGTON HARRIS HARRINGTON, Samuel Maxwell, jurist, b. in Dover, Del., 5 Feb., 1803 : d. in Philadelphia, 28 Nov., 1865. He was graduated at Washington col- lege, Charlestown, Md., in 1823, with the first honors of his class, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He was appointed secretary of state of Dela- ware in 1829, and again in 1830, and in the follow- ing year was selected to fill a vacancy on the bench of the state supreme court, and became its chief justice, holding the office until the court was united with the superior court. In the latter he sat as associate justice until 1855, when he was again made chief justice. In 1857 he succeeded to the chancellorship, the highest judicial office in the state. In 1849 he had been placed at the head of • a commission to revise and codify the laws, and received a vote of thanks from the legislature. During the civil war Judge Harrington was a staunch supporter of the government, and did much to strengthen the administration of Mr. Lin- coln. In 1854 he received the honorary degree of LL. D. He is the author of " Reports of the Su- preme Court of Delaware " (3 vols., Dover, 1837-'44). HARRINGTON, Timothy, clergyman, b. in Waltham, Mass., in 1715 ; d. in Lancaster, Wor- cester co., Mass., 18 Dec, 1795. He was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1737, studied theology, and settled in 1741 as pastor of a Congregational church in Lower Ashuelot, now Swanzey, N. H., whence he was driven by the Indians in 1747. The following year he was called to the church at Lancaster, where he remained until his death. It is related of him that having been in the habit, be- fore the Revolutionary war, of praying in his pul- pit for the health of " our excellent King George," he so far forgot himself on one occasion, after the Declaration of Independence, as to lapse into the old form, but immediately added, " Lord ! I mean George Washington." He Was one of the most pure and gentle-hearted among New England pas- tors, a scholar of remarkable attainments, and possessed of warm affections. He was accused of being a loyalist, and was undoubtedly opposed to the Whigs, being of opinion that separation would ruin the colonies. In 1777 a list of proscribed persons was posted up in town-meeting, to which his name had been added on motion of some one who disliked him. He thereupon arose, " his hairs touched with silver, and his benignant features kindling into a glow of honest indignation," and, baring his bosom before his people, exclaimed, " Strike, strike here with your daggers ! I am a true friend to my country." HARRIOT, or HARRIOTT, Thomas, mathe- matician, b. in Oxford, Eng., in 1560 : d. in London, 2 July, 1621. After studying at St. Mary's hall, Ox- ford, where he took his bachelor's degree in 1579, he became tutor to Sir Walter Raleigh, who in 1585 appointed him geographer to the second expedition to Virginia with Sir Richard Grenville. He re- mained there about two years. On his return he resumed his mathematical studies, and afterward received a yearly pension of £120 from Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, who was distinguished for his patronage of men of science. Harriot's death was caused by a cancer in the lip, occasioned, it is supposed, by his habit of holding in his mouth instruments of brass. Prom papers discovered in 1784, it would appear that he had either procured a telescope from Holland, or divined the construction of that instrument, and that he coincided in point of time with Galileo in discovering the spots on the sun's disk. On his return from this country he published " A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia, etc." (London, 1588). It was afterward translated into Latin, French, and German, and is contained in volume iii. of Hakluyt's " Voyages." After his death his " Artis Analyticse Praxis " was published (London, 1631). In this he discloses the important algebra- ical discovery that every equation may be regarded as formed by the product of as many simple equa- tions as there are units in the number expressing its order. Besides this, Harriot made several changes in the notation of algebra. HARRIS, Caleb Fiske, book-collector, b. in Warwick, R, I., 9 March, 1818 ; d. in Moosehead lake, Me., 2 Oct., 1881. He was educated at the Academy of Kingston, R. I., and at Brown uni- versity, but was not graduated. He engaged in the commission business in New York, and after 1856 in Providence, R. I., till the civil war, when he re- tired with a fortune. He subsequently developed a taste for the collection of the works of American poets and books bearing on early American history. Mr. Harris published an " Index to American Poetry and Plays in the Collection of C. Fiske Harris " (1874), which contained references to 4,129 separate works. Of these, 1,000 were part of a simi- lar collection that had been begun by Albert G. Greene. William Cullen Bryant, in a letter to Mr. Harris, said : " Your work has amazed me by show- ing what multitudes of persons on our side of the Atlantic have wasted their time in writing verses in our language." Mr. Harris and his wife were drowned in Moosehead lake by the upsetting of a boat. His collection, which had increased to over 5,000 volumes, was bought by his cousin, Henry B. Anthony, and was bequeathed by the latter to Brown university. A complete catalogue, with notes and sketches of Albert G. Greene, Mr. Harris, and Henry B. Anthony, was made by the Rev. John G. Stockbridge (Providence, 1886). HARRIS, Chapin A., dentist, b. in Pompey, Onondaga co., N. Y., in 1806; d. in Baltimore, Md., in 1860. He studied medicine, and settled in Ohio, but afterward removed to Baltimore, where he practised dentistry until his death. He founded Baltimore dental college (chartered in 1839), and was for some time its professor of dental surgery. He edited the "American Journal of Dental Sci- ence " from its establishment in 1839 till 1858, and was a contributor to other dental and medical journals. He is the author of " Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery " (Baltimore, 1839) ; " Characteristics of the Human Teeth " (Baltimore, 1841) ; '• Diseases of the Maxillary Sinus " (Phila- delphia, 1842) ; " Dictionary of Dental Science " (1849) ; and has edited " Fox's Natural History and Diseases of the Human Teeth," with additions (1846 ; 2d ed., Philadelphia, 1855). HARRIS, Charles, lawyer, b. in England in 1772 ; d. in Georgia in March, 1827. He came to Georgia in 1788, studied law in Savannah, was ad- mitted to the bar, and attained high distinction in his profession. He was twice elected to the judge- ship of his circuit, but declined on both occasions, and on the retirement of Gov. Milledge from the U. S. senate in 1809 the place was tendered to him by both parties and was declined. Harris county, in Georgia, was named in his honor. HARRIS, David Bullock, soldier, b. at Fred- erick's Hall, Louisa co., Va., 28 Sept., 1814 ; d. near Petersburg, Va., 10 Oct., 1864. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1833, entered the 1st artillery, and, after serving a year, became as- sistant professor of engineering at West Point. He resigned from the army in 1835, and during several years thereafter was employed as a civil engineer on the James river and Kanawha canal and other HARRIS HARRIS 91 important works, but subsequently was a large ex- porter of tobacco and flour. When Virginia se- ceded from the Union in April, 1861, he became a captain of engineers in the state forces. He was the first to reconnoitre the line of Bull Run, and when the position at Manassas Junction was occu- pied in force toward the end of May, 1861, he planned and constructed the works for its defence. He was attached to the staff of Gen. Philip St. George Cocke at the battle of Bull Run, ac- companied Beauregard to the west early in 1862, and there planned and constructed the works at Island No. 10 and Fort Pillow, and the river-de- fences at Vicksburg. In October, 1862, he was transferred to Charleston, and took charge of the defensive engineering operations at that place. In 1864, as colonel of engineers, he went with Gen. Beauregard to Virginia, and was employed on the defences of Petersburg. A short time before his death he was commissioned a brigadier-general. HARRIS, Elisha, physician, b. in Westminster, Vt., 4 March, 1824 ; d. in Albany, N. Y., 31 Jan., 1884. He was graduated at the College of physi- cians and surgeons of New York in 1849, and entered on the practice of his profession in that city. In 1855 he was appointed superintendent and physician-in-chief of the quarantine hospital on Staten Island, and at that time constructed a floating hospital for the lower quarantine station. During the civil war he was instrumental in the organization of the U. S. sanitary commission in New York city, and was actively concerned in its work. On the organization of the Metropolitan board of health in 1866 he was made registrar of vital statistics, and also corresponding secretary, and in 1868 he was appointed sanitary superintend- ent of New York city. While holding this office he made a systematic inspection of tenement-houses, and so vigorously enforced the law providing for their ventilation and lighting that he secured, among other reforms, the putting in of nearly 40,000 windows and about 2,000 roof- ventilators during the year 1869. He also organized the first free public vaccination service, and the system of house-to-house visitation. In 1873 he was again made registrar of vital statistics, and held that office until the reorganization of this bureau in 1876. When the New York state board of health was cre- ated in 1880, Dr. Harris was appointed one of its members, and then became its secretary, which place he continued to hold until his death. The railway ambulance that has been adopted and used by the Prussian army was invented by him. Dr. Harris was connected with many medical and sanitary as- sociations in the United States, was a delegate in 1876 to the International medical congress of the American public health association, and in 1878 was elected president of that association. He was the author of numerous articles on sanitary topics, and edited several valuable reports on these subjects. HARRIS, George, Lord, British soldier, b. 18 March, 1746 ; d. at his estate of Belmont, Kent, England, 19 May, 1829. He was educated at Westminster, entered the army in 1759, became captain in 1771, came to this country with his regi- ment, and was engaged at Lexington and Bun- ker Hill. In the latter action he was severely wounded in the head, and in consequence was tre- panned and went home, but returned in time to take the field previous to the landing of the army on Long Island in July, 1776. Capt. Harris was present at the affair of Flatbush. in the skirmishes on the island of New York, and in the engagement at White Plains. At Iron Hill he was shot through the leg, but, notwithstanding the severity of his wound, he mounted a horse and went in pursuit of the enemy. He was afterward present in every action up to 3 Nov., 1778, except that of German- town. In the latter year he was appointed to a ma- jority in his regiment, and in that rank served under Brig.-Gen. Meadows at St. Lucie. He afterward served in India, and in February, 1798, was made governor of Madras. In December, 1798, he was placed at the head of the army, and captured Ser- ingapatam, for which service he received the thanks of both houses of parliament. He was promoted to the colonelcy of the 73d foot, 4 Feb., 1800 ; be- came lieutenant-general, 1 Jan., 1801 ; general, 1 Jan., 1812, and was raised to the peerage by the title of Lord Harris, 11 Aug., 1815. HARRIS, George Washington, humorist, b. in what is now Allegheny City, Pa., 20 March, 1814 ; d. near Knoxville, Tenn., 11 Dec, 1869. He was taken to Knoxville, Tenn., when four years old, was apprenticed to a jeweller, and afterward commanded a Tennessee - river, steamboat. He wrote able political articles during the Harrison campaign, and in 1843 began to contribute humor- ous stories to the New York " Spirit of the Times," under the pen-name of "S — 1." In 1858-61 he wrote for Nashville journals the " Sut Lovengood Papers," some of which afterward appeared in book -form as "Sut Lovengood's Yarns" (New York, 1867). Capt. Harris made several inven- tions, which he described in the " Scientific Ameri- can." He died suddenly, and it was thought by some that he was poisoned. HARRIS, Ira, jurist, b. in Charleston, Mont- gomery co., N. Y, 31 May, 1802 ; d. in Albany, N. Y., 2 Dec, 1875. He was brought up on a farm, was graduated at Union college in 1824, studied law in Albany, and was admitted to the bar in 1828. During the succeeding seventeen years he attained a high rank in his profession. He was a member of the assembly in 1844 and 1845, having been chosen as a Whig, and in 1846 was state senator and a delegate to the Constitutional con- vention. In 1848 he became judge of the supreme court, and held that office for twelve years. In February, 1861, Judge Harris was elected U. S. senator from New York, as a Republican, serving from 4 July, 1861, to 3 March, 1867. In the senate Mr. Harris served on the committee on foreign re- lations and judiciary, and the select joint com- mittee on the southern states. Although he sup- ported the administration in the main, he did not fear to express his opposition to all measures, however popular at the time, that did not appear to him either wise or just. Judge Harris was for more than twenty years professor of equity, jurisprudence, and practice in the Albany law- school, and during his senatorial term delivered a course of lectures at the law-school of Columbian university, Washington, D. C. He was for many years president of the board of trustees of Union college, was one of the founders of Rochester uni- versity, of which he was the chancellor, and was president of the American Baptist missionary union and other religious bodies. — His brother, Hamil- ton, lawyer, b. in Preble, Cortland co., N. Y.. 1 May, 1820, was graduated at Union college in 1841, admitted to the Albany bar in 1845, and was soon distinguished as a successful advocate. He was elected to the legislature in 1850. and was a mem- ber of the Whig joint legislative committee of six that was appointed to frame the platform, and call state conventions, of what has since become the Re- publican party. He was district attorney in 1853, a member of the Republican state committee in 1863, and from 1864 till 1870 its chairman. In 92 HARRIS HARRIS . ^fco^t^^ <^^ HARRISON HARRISON 99 a company of the 70th Indiana regiment, was commissioned colonel on the completion of the regiment, and served through the war, re- ceiving the brevet of brigadier - general of volunteers on 23 Jan.. 1865. He then re- turned to Indian- apolis, and resumed his office of supreme court reporter, to which he had been re-elected during his absence in 1864. In 1876 he was the Re- publican candidate for governor of In- (^Xj^j^^^y^*-T^-T-^--^-^-w diana, but was defeat- ed by a small plural- ity. President Hayes appointed him on the Mississippi river commis- sion in 1878, and in 1880 he was elected U. S. senator, taking his seat on 4 March, 1881. HARRISON, Carter Henry, politician, b. in Fayette county, Ky., 15 Feb., 1825. He was gradu- ated at Yale in 1845, read law, engaged in farming, travelled for two years in foreign countries, and, after receiving his degree from Transylvania law- school, Lexington, Ky., settled in Chicago, where he engaged in real-estate operations. After the great fire of 1871 he served as county commissioner for three years. After returning from a second European journey, in 1874, he was elected to con- gress, as a Democrat, by so close a vote that his competitor, who had defeated him in the preced- ing election, gave notice of contest. He was re- elected, and when his second term was ended, in 1879, was chosen mayor of Chicago, in which office he was continued for four biennial terms. HARRISON, Constance Cary, author, b. in Vaucluse, Fairfax co., Va., about 1835. She mar- ried Burton Harrison, a lawyer of Virginia, in 1867, and several years later removed with him to New York city, where she now (1887) resides. She has published " Golden Rod " (New York, 1880) ; "Helen Troy" (1881); "Woman's Handiwork in Modern Homes" (1881); " Old-Fashioned Fairy- Book" (1885); and " Bric-a-Brac Stories" (1886). She has written plays, chiefly adapted from the French, among them " The Russian Honeymoon," produced at Madison Square theatre in 1883. HARRISON, Gabriel, dramatic author, b. in Philadelphia, 25 March, 1825. When he was six years old his father, a man of classical education and a bank-note engraver, removed to New York, where his house soon became a favorite resort of the literary people and artists of the city. The son's love of dramatic art was determined by wit- nessing Edwin Forrest at the Park theatre in 1832. He soon became a member of the American histrionic society, and in November, 1838, made his first public appearance at Wallack's national theatre, Washington, D. C, as Othello. In 1841, two years after Daguerre's discovery, Mr. Harrison produced pictures by the former's process which won the inventor's warmest praise, and which took various prize medals. They were remarkable for their tone, and of a size that had been previously untried. He became a member of the Park theatre, New York, in 1845, being a favorite support of Charles Kean in his Shakespearian revivals, and in 1851 he organized the Brooklyn dramatic acad- emy, a private association. He was manager of the'Adelphi theatre, Troy, N. Y., in 1859, and in 1863 opened the Park theatre, Brooklyn, N. Y., where he successfully organized an English opera troupe. But his high ideal of every detail con- nected with the setting and production of pieces upon the stage was a source of financial disaster to him, and he finally retired from the practice of his profession. He was afterward for a time lessee and manager of the Brooklyn academy of music. In 1867, as corresponding secretary of the Brooklyn academy of design, he raised the funds to pay its debts, and brought its free-art schools to a state of great prosperity. In 1872 he was one of the chief organizers of the Faust club of Brooklyn, and to his efforts that city is largely indebted for the fine bronze bust of John Howard Payne that was placed by the club in Prospect park. Mr. Har- rison has done some good work as an artist, both in landscape and portraiture, including a picture of Edwin Forrest as Coriolanus. He is now (1887), after many years of nervous prostra- tion, a teacher of elocution and acting in Brook- lyn. He has published " The Life and Writings of John Howard Payne " (Albany, 1873), and vari- ous pieces for the stage, including a dramatization of Hawthorne's " Scarlet Letter " (privately print- ed, 1876). which was successfully put upon the stage in February, 1878 ; " Melanthia," a tragedy, written for Matilda Heron ; " The Author " ; " Dart- more " ; " The Thirteenth Chime " ; and " Magna," besides an adaptation to the English stage of Schiller's " Fiesco " and " Don Carlos." He is the author of the critical essays on Forrest's acting, in Alger's life of that actor, of whom he was a warm personal friend and admirer, and has contributed poetry to the public press. His latest work is the chapter oh " The Progress of Drama, Music, and the Fine Arts in Brooklyn " in the " History of Kings County " (New York, 1884). HARRISON, George Leib, philanthropist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa,, 28 Oct., 1811 ; d. there, 9 Sept., 1885. He entered Harvard, but owing to feeble health was not able to complete his course. He subsequently read law and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar, but never practised. He then engaged in sugar-refining, and amassed a large fortune, of which he gave liberally. He was a trustee of the Protestant Episcopal divinity-school of Philadelphia, and was several times a delegate to the general convention of his church. He was appointed a member of the board of state charities in 1869, and was for several years the president of that body. In 1874 he was president of the first general convention of the board of public charities held in New York, and afterward sent to the Brit- ish government, by request, much information on the subject of public charities, for which he re- ceived the thanks of that government. By ap- pointment of the governor of Pennsylvania, he went to England to solicit the removal of the re- mains of William Penn to Philadelphia, but his mission was unsuccessful. On his return he pub- lished an account of it. He also wrote " Chapters on Social Science as connected with the Adminis- tration of State Charities" (Philadelphia, 1877), and compiled " Legislation on Insanity," a collec- tion of lunacv laws (1884). HARRISON, Gessner, educator, b. in Harri- sonburg, Va., 26 June, 1807; d. near Charlottes- ville, Va., 7 April, 1862. In 1825 he entered the University of Virginia and received degrees from the. schools of ancient languages and medicine in 1828. He was then appointed professor of ancient languages on the retirement, of Prof. George Long, and served till 1848, when he established at Bel- mont, Va., a classical school, which had a wide 100 HARRISON HARRISON influence throughout the south. He was the au- thor of an " Exposition of Some of the Laws of Latin Grammar " (New York, 1852), and " On Greek Prepositions " (Philadelphia, 1848). HARRISON, Hall, clergyman, b. in Anne Arundel county, Md., 11 Nov., 1837. He was graduated at the College of St. James, Md., in 1854, and was an instructor there from that year till 1863. In 1865 he was ordained to the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church at Concord, N. H., and was appointed assistant master in St. Paul's school, where he remained until 1879. In that year he became rector of St. John's church, Ellicott City, Md., which charge he has since re- tained. He edited " Evans on the Christian Doc- trine of Marriage " (New York, 1870), and pub- lished a " Memoir of Hugh Davey Evans " (Hart- ford, 1870), and a life of John B. Kerfoot, first bishop of Pittsburg (New York, 1886). HARRISON, James Albert, philologist, b. in Pass Christian, Miss., 21 Aug., 1848. He was graduated at the University of Virginia in 1866, and went to Germany in 1871. He was professor of Latin and modern languages in Randolph- Macon college, Va., from 1871 till 1876, when he was appointed to the chair of English and mod- ern languages in Washington and Lee university, Lexington, Va., which he now holds (1887). In 1883 he delivered ten lectures on Anglo-Saxon po- etry at Johns Hopkins university. He received the degree of doctor of letters at the Columbia col- lege centennial anniversary in 1887. He is chair- man of the editorial committee of the Modern lan- guage association, a member of the American philo- logical association, and the originator and editor of the " Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry." His publi- cations include " Greek Vignettes " (1875) ; " Spain in Profile " (1878) ; " History of Spain " (Boston, 1881) ; " Beowulf." with Robert Sharp (Boston, 1883; 2d ed., revised, 1886); "Exodus and Dan- iel," with Prof. Theodore W. Hunt (Boston, 1885) ; " Story of Greece " (New York, 1885) ; and a " Han- dy Anglo-Saxon Dictionary," with Dr. William M. Baskervill (New York, 1886). HARRISON, James Thomas, lawyer, b. near Pendleton, S. C, 30 Nov., 1811 ; d. in Columbus, Miss., 22 May, 1879. His father, Thomas, a de- scendant of Benjamin Harrison, served as captain of a battery in the war of 1812, after which he was comptroller-general of the state. The son was graduated at the University of South Carolina in 1829, and studied law under James L. Pettigru. He removed to Macon, Miss., in 1834, and in 1836 settled permanently in Columbus. In 1861 he was a delegate to the convention of southern states in Montgomery, and served also in the Con- federate congress during the entire period of its existence. On the reconstruction of Mississippi he was elected to congress, but was refused admis- sion, and returned to his practice. HARRISON, John Hoffman, physician, b. in Washington, D. C, 30 Aug., 1808 ; d. in New Or- leans, 19 March, 1849. He was graduated at the University of Maryland in 1831, and was resident- surgeon of its charity hospital from 1833 till 1836. In 1845 he established the " New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal," which he edited four years. He published an " Essay toward a Correct Theory of the Nervous System " (Philadel- phia, 1844), and contributed important articles to medical journals. Dr. Drake has noted his experi- ments with regard to yellow fever in his " Diseases of the Mississippi Vailey" (Philadelphia, 1850-'4). HARRISON, Joseph, engineer, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 20 Sept., 1810 ; d. there, 27 March, 1874. He had received but a partial common- school education, when his strong inclination for mechanical pursuits led his father to indenture him to learn steam-engineering. He began to build locomotives in 1834, and in 1840 designed for the Reading railroad an eleven-ton engine. Two Russian engineers, Col. Melnekoff and Col. Kraft, who were in this country to investigate its rail- way system, saw this engine, took traces of it, and introduced it into general use in Russia, where its value led to an official inquiry for its builder. The result was that Mr. Harrison was invited to Russia, and there in 1843 he, with Andrew M. East- wick, of Philadelphia, and Thomas Winans, of Baltimore, concluded a contract with the govern- ment to build the locomotives and rolling stock for the St. Petersburg and Moscow railway for $3,000,000. The Emperor Nicholas made the part- ners costly presents, and also gave Mr. Harrison the ribbon of the order of "St. Ann, to which was attached a massive gold medal, at the time of the completion of the bridge across the Neva. After executing other extensive contracts with the Rus- sian government, Mr. Harrison returned to Phila- delphia in 1852, built a fine mansion, and col- lected in it many paintings and other works of art. Later he designed and patented the "Har- rison Safety-Boiler," and was awarded the gold and silver Rumford medals by the American acad- emy of arts and sciences. He wrote "The Iron- Worker and King Solomon," and published a folio containing this poem and some fugitive pieces, his autobiography, and many incidents of life in Russia (Philadelphia, 1869). He also wrote a paper on the part taken by Philadelphians in the invention of the locomotive, an account of the Neva bridge in Russia, and a paper on steam- boilers. He was a member of the American philo- sophical society, and of other learned societies. HARRISON, Napoleon Bonaparte, naval officer, b. in Virginia, 19 Feb., 1823 ; d. in Kev West, Ela.. 27 Oct., 1870. He entered the navy as midshipman on 26 Sept., 1838, served in the Pacific squadron in 1847-'8, and was in California during the Mexican war, serving as a volunteer in the expedition that rescued Gen. Kearny's com- mand. In 1850 he was in the observatory in Washington, D. C, and in 1851-'2 was engaged in the coast survey. He was made lieutenant, 6 Jan., 1853, and appointed to the East Indian squad- ron. In 1862 he commanded the " Cayuga," the flag-ship of Captain Bailey, of the West Gulf blockading squadron, and led the fleet in the passage of Port Jackson and Port St. Philip, for which action he was commended in the official re- ports. He became commander on 16 July, 1862, and had charge of the " Mahaska," of the James river flotilla, during the operations of Gen. Mc- Clellan before Richmond, and his retreat to Harri- son's landing. In 1862-'3 he held command of the flag-ship " Minnesota,'" of the North Atlantic blockading squadron, and subsequently was at- tached to the South Atlantic blockading squad- ron, taking part in the attacks on the South Caro- lina coast until the fall of Charleston. From 1866 till 1868 he was stationed in the navy-yard at Portsmouth, N. H. He was made captain on 28 April, 1868, and in 1868-'9 was commandant of cadets in the U. S. naval academy. At the time of his death he commanded the "Congress," of the North Atlantic fleet. HARRISON, Richard, auditor of the treasury, b. in 1750 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 10 July, 1841. He was U. S. consul at Cadiz for five years. Presi- dent Washington appointed him auditor on 29 Nov., HARRISON HARSHA 101 1791, and he was continued as first auditor through the successive administrations till 1 Nov., 1836. HARRISON, Robert Alexander, Canadian jurist, b. in Montreal, 4 Aug., 1833 ; d. in Toronto in 1878. He was educated at Upper Canada and Trinity colleges, and was admitted to the bar in 1855. He was appointed chief clerk of the Crown lands department in the same year, an office that he held for four years, represented West Toronto in parliament from 1867 till 1872, and be- came chief justice of Ontario in 1875. During his career in the legislature he promoted important legal measures, and as a lawyer was retained as counsel in many cases. He was editor of the " Upper Canada Law Journal," being at one time a contributor of poetry to the "Daily Colonist," of Toronto, and is the author of " Digest of Cases in the Queen's Bench, Upper Canada, from 1823 to 1851 " (1853) ; " Common Law Procedure Act " (1856) ; " Statutes of Upper Canada " to 1856 ; " Sketch of the Legal Profession in Upper Cana- da " (1857) ; " Manual of Costs in County Courts " (1857) ; " Rules of Practice and Pleading in the Courts of Upper Canada " (1858) ; and " Municipal Manual of Upper Canada " (1859). HARRISON, Robert Hanson, jurist, b. in Maryland in 1745 ; d. in Charles county, Md., 2 April, 1790. He was educated for the law, suc- ceeded Joseph Reed as secretary to Gen. Washing- ton on 6 Nov., 1775, with the rank of lieutenant- colonel, and remained in the military family of the commanding general till the spring of 1781. He was appointed by congress in November, 1777, a member of the board of war. but declined the office. He became chief justice of the general court of Maryland on 10 March, 1781, but declined the appointment of judge of the United States supreme court in 1789. HARRISON, Samuel Bealy. Canadian states- man, b. in Manchester, England, 4 March, 1802 ; d. 23 July, 1867. He was distinguished as a lawyer, represented Kingston in the 1st parliament of United Canada from 1 July, 1841, till 23 Sept., 1844, and in the 2d parliament was member for Kent from 12 Nov., 1843, till 3 Jan., 1845. He was a member of the executive council of Canada from 10 March, 1841, till 30 Sept., 1843 ; during this period was provincial secretary, and from 21 Dec, 1841, till 3 Oct., 1844, was a member of the board of works. While in parliament he greatly aided Lord Sydenham in carrying out the union act. He was for many years a county and surrogate judge. HARRISON, Sarah, Quaker preacher, b. in Delaware county, Pa., about 1748 ; d. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 29 Dec, 1812. She was the daughter of Rowland Richards, and after her marriage to Thomas Harrison settled in Philadelphia. She first preached in the Quaker meetings during the Revolution, and was acknowledged a minister in 1781. Accompanied by Mary England she at- tended the yearly meeting of Friends in Virginia in 1786, and was afterward liberated by her monthly meeting to attend the meetings of Friends in the southern states. In 1787 she attended the North Carolina yearly meeting, in which the question of slavery was discussed, and a committee appointed to visit slave-holders. She returned to Philadelphia in 1788, and in 1792 visited London and Dublin and travelled on the continent of Europe, where she was held prisoner for several days by the French on suspicion of being an English spy. — Her son, John, manufacturer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 17 Dec, 1773 ; d. there, 19 May, 1833. His early education was obtained in Philadelphia, after which he spent two years in Europe, devoting his attention to acquiring a knowledge of the processes used by chemists in manufacturing, and also in studying chemistry under Dr. Joseph Priestley. In 1793 he began in Philadelphia the manufac- ture of chemicals, and was the first successful maker of sulphuric acid in the United States. He had a lead chamber capable of producing 300 carboys, aud in 1807 so increased his plant that an annual output of 3,500 carboys was possible. The use of glass retorts for the concentration of the acid was then prevalent, and Dr. Eric Boll- man, who was familiar with the metallurgy of platinum, constructed for Mr. Harrison the first platinum stills that were used in the United States in connection with the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Subsequently the plant was again increased by the building of white-lead works, resulting in the production of various lead compounds and other chemicals. Mr. Harrison is credited with doing more to influence the establishment of chemical industries in Philadelphia than any man of his time. The business is now carried on by his grandsons. From 1821 till 1824 he held the office of recorder of deeds in Philadelphia. HARRISON, Thomas, Canadian educator, b. in Sheffield, Sunbury co., New Brunswick, 24 Oct., 1839. He was graduated at Trinity college, Dub- lin, in 1864, and received the degree of LL. D. from that institution in 1870. He became professor of the English language and literature and of mental and moral philosophy in the University of New Brunswick in 1870, and president of the university and professor of mathematics in 1885. Prof. Har- rison has been superintendent of the meteorological chief station at Fredericton, N. B., since 1874, and is the author of the reports of tri-hourly observa- tions published in "Meteorological Observations of the Dominion of Canada." HARROD, James, pioneer, b. in Virginia in 1746 ; d. near Harrodsburg, Ky., about 1825. He emigrated to Kentucky in 1774, and built the first log cabin on the present site of Harrodsburg. He was one of the most efficient of the early military leaders, a successful farmer, and an expert with the rifle. He was distinguished at the battle of Point Pleasant in 1774, and afterward represented Harrodsburg (which was named in his honor) in the Transylvania assembly. He was in the habit of making solitary excursions into the forest, and from one of these trips, which was undertaken at an ad- vanced age, he never returned, nor was any trace of him ever discovered. HARROW, William, soldier, b. in Indiana about 1820. He was engaged, as colonel of the 14th Indiana infantry, at the battle of Antietam, where more than half of his regiment were killed or wounded. He was commissioned as brigadier- general of volunteers on 29 Nov., 1862, and re- signed on 20 April, 1865. HARSHA, David Addison, author, b. in Argyle, N. Y., 15 Sept., 1827. He received a classi- careducation and studied theology, but was pre- vented from entering the ministry by a chronic bronchial affection. Mr. Harsha is a frequent con- tributor to the press, and has spent most of his life in his native town, engaged in literary pursuits. Among his works are " The Heavenlv Token " (New York, 1856) ; " The Star of Bethlehem " (Chicago, 1864) ; " Manual of Sacred Literature " (New York, 1866); "Lives of Charles Sumner, Doddridge, Baxter, Addison, and Bunyan " (1868) ; " Lives and Selected Works of Isaac Watts, George Whitefield, James Harvey, and Abraham Booth " (1869); "Devotional Thoughts of Eminent Di- vines" (1869); "The Golden Age of English Lit- 102 HARSTON HART erature " (1872) ; and " The Life and Times of Vir- gil," now (1887) in course of preparation. HARSTON, Charles Grenville, Canadian in- ventor, b. in Tamworth, Staffordshire, England, 10 Aug., 1844. He served in the Royal marines un- til 1876, when he retired with the rank of captain and came to Canada. He brought with him from England twenty-five young men and an Episcopal clergyman, and with them founded a settlement in Muskoka district, which he named Ilfracombe. In 1884 he removed to Toronto and assumed the management of the Standard life assurance com- pany of Ontario. He fought during the Riel rebellion, and led the charge at Batoche on 12 May, 1885. He has invented the " Harston " rifle, which some claim is superior to the Martini-Henry. He is active as a sportsman, and secretary of the Dominion kennel club. HART, Abraham, publisher, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 15 Dec, 1810 ; d. in Long Branch, 1ST. J., 22 July, 1885. He was of Dutch parentage. When a mere boy he was taken into the employ of the pub- lishing firm of Carey, Lea and Carey. In 1829 the firm divided its business ; a partnership was formed between Mr. Hart and Edward L. Carey, the junior member of the old firm, and the house of Carey and Hart became the best-known publish- ing house in the country. It was the first to col- lect the fugitive essays of Macaulay, Jeffrey, Mackintosh, Carlyle, and others and publish them in separate volumes. Mr. Carey died in 1845, and Mr. Hart continued the publishing business until 1854, when he retired with a handsome fortune. Mr. Hart was a member of the Jewish community, and took a chief part in its worthiest projects. HART, Charles Henry, author, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 4 Feb., 1847. He received a classical and scientific education, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar, 18 Nov.. 1868. Since then, although in active practice, he has devoted much time to literature. He has paid special attention to historical investigation and art matters, until he has become recognized as an authority on the lat- ter subject. He is a member of numerous histori- cal and scientific associations, was elected corre- sponding secretary of the Numismatic and anti- quarian society of Philadelphia, in 1865, and three years later became its historiographer. Much of his literary work has been done in connection with this society. Mr. Hart's separate publications in- clude " Remarks on Tabasco, Mexico " (1865) : " Historical Sketch of National Medals " (1866) ; " Memoir of William Hickling Prescott " (1868) ; " Bibliographia Lincolniana " with notes, and an introduction, which was subsequently reprinted as " Biographical Sketch of Abraham Lincoln " (Al- bany, 1870) ; '_' Turner, the Dream Painter " (1879) ; " Bibliographia Websteriana " (1883) ; and memoirs of William Willis (1870). George Ticknor (1871), Samuel S. Haldeman (1881), Lewis H. Morgan (1883), Lucius Q. C. Elmer (1884), and others. In May, 1870, he delivered a " Discourse on the Life and Services of Gulian C. Verplanck," which was printed. He has in preparation a " Treatise on the Doctrine of Equitable Conversion," based on the English work of Leigh and Dalzell (London, 1825). HART, Emanuel Bernard, lawyer, b. in New York city in 1809. He was prepared for Columbia college, but entered business in his fourteenth year. After taking an active part in politics as a Demo- crat and serving as alderman, he was elected to congress in 1850, and in 1856 was appointed sur- veyor of the port of New York by President Bu- chanan. In 1868 he was admitted to the bar, and became interested in railway practice. In 1880-'3 Mr. Hart was an excise commissioner, and since then he has devoted his time to law. He was at one time president of Mt. Sinai hospital. HART, Joel T., sculptor, b. in Clark county, Ky., in 1810; d. in Florence, Italy, 1 March, 1877. He received a common-school education, and was apprenticed to a stone-cutter in Lexington, Ky., where he began to model busts in clay. In 1849 he went to Italy for study, and there, under the patronage of the Ladies' Clay association, modelled a statue of Henry Clay, which is now in Richmond, Va. His next work was a colossal bronze statue of Mr. Clay, which is now in New Orleans, and the marble statue of that statesman in the Louisville court-house. Thirty years of his life were spent in Florence, during which time he finished busts and statues of many distinguished men. His best com- positions are " Charity," " Woman Triumphant," and "Penserosa." He invented an apparatus for obtaining mechanically the outline of a head from life. It consisted of a metallic shell, which sur- rounded the head, with a space between, perforated for a large number of pins. Each pin was pushed inward till it touched the head, and there fastened. The shell was then filled with plaster, which was cut away till the points of the pins were reached, thus forming a rough mould. HART, John, signer of the Declaration of In- dependence, b. in Hopewell township, N. J., in 1708 ; d. there in 1780. • He was the son of Ed- ward Hart, who commanded the New Jersey blues, a corps of volun- teers that served in the French- Canadian wars. John was a farm- er, without mili- tary ambition, and took no ac- tive part in the French wars. He served for several terms in the pro- vincial legisla- ture, and was the promoter of laws for the improve- ment of roads, the founding of schools, and the administration of justice. He was known in the community as " Honest John Hart." In 1765, on the passage of the stamp-act, he was one of the first to recognize the tyrannical charac- ter of that measure, and assisted in the selection of delegates to the congress that was held in New York in October of that year. He served in the congress of 1774 and that of 1775. and in 1776 was elected with four others to fill the vacancies caused by the resignation of the New Jersey dele- gation, who were unwilling to assume the respon- sibility imposed by Lee's resolution of independ- ence. John Hart, the signer of the Declaration, has frequently been confounded with John de Hart, who was one of the number that resigned. In 1777-8 he was chairman of the New Jersey council of safety, and when • that state was in- vaded by the British his stock and farm were destroyed by the Hessians, his family forced to fly, and every effort made to capture the aged patriot. He hid in the forest, and suffered pri- vation and distress, including the death of his wife, until the battles of Trenton and Princeton, in December, 1777, secured the evacuation of the //?* J%%^~ HART HART 103 greater part of New Jersey. He then returned to his farm, and passed the rest of his life in agricul- tural pursuits. In person, Mr. Hart was tall and well proportioned, with very black hair and blue eyes. His disposition was affectionate and just, and he was held in high esteem in the community in which he lived. HART, John Seely, author, b. in Stockbridge, Mass., 28 Jan., 1810 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 26 March, 1877. His family removed to Pennsyl- vania, and settled at Wilkesbarre. John was graduated at Princeton in 1830, and after teach- ing a year in Natchez, Miss., became tutor in Princeton in 1832, and in 1834 adjunct professor of ancient languages. From 1836 till 1841 he was in charge of the Edgehill school. Prom 1842 till 1859 he was principal of the Philadelphia high- school, and in 1863-'71 of the New Jersey state normal school at Trenton. In 1872 he became professor of rhetoric and the English language at Princeton. In 1848 he received the degree of LL. D. from Miami university. Mr. Hart con- tributed largely to religious and educational lit- erature. He edited the " Pennsylvania Common School Journal " in 1844, " Sartain ; s Magazine " in 1849-'51, founded the " Sunday-School Times " in 1859, and edited it until 1871, and in 1860 ed- ited the publications of the Sunday-school union. He published " Reports of the Philadelphia High School" (Philadelphia, 1842-'59) ; "Class-Book of Poetry " and " Class-Book of Prose " (1844) ; ." Es- say on the Life and Writings of Edmund Spen- ser " (New York and London, 1847) : the philo- logical volume of the reports of the Wilkes exploring expedition (1849-'51) ; " In the School- Room " (Philadelphia, 1868) ; " Manual of Compo- sition and Rhetoric " (1870) ; " Manual of English Literature " (1872) ; " Manual of American Lit- erature " (1873) ; and " Short Course in English and American Literature " (1874). HART, or HEART, Jonathan, soldier, b. in Kensington, Conn., in 1748 ; d. on Miami river, Ohio, 4 Nov., 1791. His father, Ebenezer Hart, was one of the first settlers in Connecticut. Jona- than was graduated at Yale in 1768, went to Farmington in 1773, and engaged in business. He enlisted as a private soldier in the Continental army at the beginning of the Revolution, and served throughout the struggle as a member of the 1st Connecticut regiment, attaining the rank of captain. When peace was established he engaged in surveying, and in 1785 was appointed captain of the 1st U. S. infantry. He was stationed on the western frontier, and served in the Indian cam- paigns under Gen. Charles Scott and Gen. Josiah Harmar. In 1791 he was appointed major of the 2d infantry, and accompanied Gen. Arthur St. Clair's expedition against the Miami Indians. Maj. Hart commanded the regular troops in the disastrous battle of 4 Nov., 1791, near the source of Miami river, and while covering the retreat with the shattered remnant of the army, was or- dered to charge with the bayonet. In performing this duty he and nearly all his command were killed. He published in the transactions of the American society (vol. iii.) " The Native Inhabitants of the Western Country," and a paper on " The Ancient Works of Art."' HART, Luther, clergyman, b. in Goshen, Litchfield co., Conn., in July, 1783; d. in Plym- outh, Conn., 25 April, 1834. He was graduated at Yale in 1807, taught for a year in the acade- my at Litchfield, began the study of theology in 1808 under Rev. Ebenezer Potter, of Washington, Conn., and was graduated with the first class at Andover seminary. In 1809 he was licensed to preach in Massachusetts, and in 1810 was called to the Congregational church at Plymouth, Conn., where he continued until his death. Five hundred persons were admitted to the membership of this church during his ministrations. His works in- clude "Christmas Sermons" (1818); "Sermons" (1826) ; and " Memoir of Amos Pettengill " (1834). HART, Nancy, Revolutionary heroine, b. in Elbert county, Ga., about 1755; d. there about 1840. She was without education or refinement, but a zealous patriot. Although illiterate and of unprepossessing appearance, she supported the cause with many deeds of bravery, and was well known to the Tories, who stood somewhat in fear of her. On the occasion of an excursion of the British from the camp at Augusta into the in- terior, a party of five of the enemy came to her cabin to pillage. While they were eating and drinking at her table she contrived to conceal their arms, and when they sprang to their feet at the sound of the approaching neighbors she ordered them to surrender or pay the forfeit with their lives. One man stirred, and was shot dead. Ter- ror of capture induced another to attempt escape, but he met with the same fate. When the neigh- bors arrived they found the woman posted in the doorway, two men dead on the floor, and the others kept at bay. Hart county, Ga., is named for her. HART, Oliver, clergyman, b. in Warminster, Bucks co., Pa., 5 July, 1723 ; d. in Hopewell, N. J., 31 Dec, 1795. He was a Baptist minister of Charleston, S. C, from 1749 till February, 1780, and at the latter date settled at Hopewell. He was an active patriot, and was sent with William Tennant by the council of safety to reconcile some of the disaffected frontier settlers to the change in public affairs consequent upon the Revolution. He had some ability as a writer of verse, and pub- lished a " Discourse on the Death of William Ten- nant," "Dancing Exploded," "The Christian Temple," and " A Gospel Church Portrayed." HART, William, artist, b. in Paisley," Scotland, 31 March, 1823. His parents removed to Albany, N. Y, when he was a child, and in 1831 he was apprenticed to a coach-maker, for whom he painted panel and other carriage decorations. His tastes soon led him to adopt the career of an art- ist, and in 1848 he exhibited some of his first work at the National academy of design, which met with favorable comment. He visited Scot- land in 1850, spent three years in study, and on his return opened a studio in New York city. In 1855 he was elected an associate of the National academy, and in 1858 an academician. At the or- ganization of the Brooklyn academy of design in 1865, he became its president, and continued in that office several years. He was one of the origi- nal members of the American society of water- colorists, and its president from 1870 till 1873. He has exhibited at the National academy " The September Snow " and " Autumn in the Woods of Maine " (1867) ; " Scene on the Peabody River," in water-colors (1868) ; " Twilight on the Brook " (1869) ; " Goshen, N. H.," in water-colors, " Twi- light," and "A Brook Study" (1870); "Easter Sky at Sunset," in water-colors (1871); "The Golden Hour " (1872) ; " Morning in the Clouds " (1874) ; " Keene Valley " (1875) ; " Cattle Scenes " (1876); "Landscape with Jersey Cattle" (1877); " The Ford " (1878); "Scene on Napanock Creek" (1884); "A Modern Cinderella" (1885); and "After a Shower" (1886).— His brother, James McDougal, artist, b. in Kilmarnock, Scotland, in December, 1828, also served an apprenticeship to a 104 HARTE HARTLEY coach-maker in Albany as a decorator of carriage- panels. In 1851 he went to Diisseldorf and studied with Schirmer. He opened a studio in Albany, and worked for four years, but in 1857 removed to New York, where he was elected an associate of the National academy, and in 1859 an academician. Mr. Hart is noted for his treatment of cattle in landscape and his rendition of pasto- ral scenes. Among his works are " Cattle Going Home " and " Moonrise in the Adirondacks : ' (1871) ; " In the Orchard " and " A Breezy Day on the Road " (1874) : " Landscape, Road and Cattle " (1875) : " A Misty Morning," exhibited at the Cen- tennial (1876) ; " In the Pasture " (1877) ; " Sum- mer Memory of Berkshire," and " Indian Summer,'" both exhibited at the Paris salon (1878) ; " Princess Lily" (1882); "Boughs for Christmas" (1884); " At the Watering-Trough " (1885) : " Three Little Maids " and " On the North Shore " (1886). HARTE, Francis Bret, author, b. in Albany, N. Y., 25 Aug., 1839. His father was a teacher in the Albany female seminary, a scholar of ripe cul- ture, who died leav- ing his family with but little means. After an ordinary school education, the son went in 1854 to California with his mother. From San Francisco he walked to Sonora, and there opened a school ; but this proved un- successful, and he turned his energies to mining. Fortune was not there, and he became a com- positor in a print- ing-office, beginning his literary career by composing his first articles in type while working at the case. During the absence of the editor he con- ducted the journal for a short time, but his arti- cles were not in sympathy with the mining popu- lation, and his editorial experiences terminated abruptly. He drifted back to San Francisco, and in 1857 became a compositor in the office of the '• Golden Era." The experience of his frontier life had been impressive, and his literary talents soon put to profitable use the vivid scenes of the past three years. Clever sketches, contributed at first anonymously, attracted the attention of the editor, and Harte was invited to join the corps of writers. Soon afterward he became associated in the man- agement of " The Californian," a literary weekly, short-lived, but of interest as containing his " Con- densed Novels." In 1864 he was appointed secre- tary of the L T . S. branch mint, having previously held several minor political appointments, and filled this office for six years, during which tune he wrote for San Francisco journals " John Burns of Gettysburg," " The Pliocene Skull." " The So- ciety upon the Stanislau," and other poems, which were widely copied and universally admired. In July, 1868," the publication of " The Overland Monthly" was begun, with Mr. Harte as its organ- izer and editor. The second issue contained " The Luck of Roaring Camp," a story of mining life, which marks the beginning of his higher and more artistic work. It was the first of those sketches of American border experience of which he was the pioneer writer, and in which he originated that peculiar pseudo-dialect of western mining life. The next number contained " The Outcasts of Poker Flat," a realistic story, considered by many his best production. It established his reputa- tion, and was followed in quick succession by " Miggles," " Tennessee's Partner," and " The Idyl of Red Gulch." The " Etc." of the early issues of the magazine were by him. In September, 1870, appeared his "Plain Language from Truthful James " (popularly known as " The Heathen Chi- nee "), a satire against the hue and cry that the Chinese were shiftless and weak-minded. He re- ceived the appointment of professor of recent lit- erature in the University of California in 1870, but in the spring of 1871 resigned that chair, and also his editorial appointment, and settled in New York. An effort was made to found a literary periodical under his management in Chicago, but this failed, and he became a regular contributor to the " At- lantic Monthly." and lectured on " The Argonauts of '49 " in various cities. In 1878 he was appointed U. S. consul to Crefeld, Germany, whence he was transferred in 1880 to Glasgow, Scotland, and con- tinued in that office until the advent of a new ad- ministration in 1885. At present (1887) he is re- siding abroad, engaged in literary pursuits. His publications include " Condensed Novels " (New York, 1867; Boston, 1871); "Poems" (Boston, 1871) ; " Luck of Roaring Camp and Other Sketches" (1871); "East and West Poems" (1871); "Poetical Works" (1871); "Mrs. Skaggs's Hus- bands " (1872) ; " Tales of the Argonauts and Other Stories" (1875); "Thankful Blossom" (1876); " Two Men of Sandy Bar " (1876) ; " Gabriel Con- roy" (Hartford, 1876); "The Storv of a Mine" (Boston, 1877) ; " Echoes of the Foot* Hills " (1879) : " Drift from Two Shores " (1878) ; " The Twins of Table Mountain " (1879) : " Flip and Found at Blaz- ing Star " (1882) ; " In the Carquinez Woods " (1883) ; " On the Frontier " (1884) ; " By Shore and Sedge " (1885) : " Maruja. a Novel " (1885) ; " Snow-Bound at Eagle's " (1886) : " A Millionaire of Rough and Readv" (1887); "The Crusade of the Excelsior" (1887) ; also his collected " Works " (5 vols.. 1882). HARTLEY, David, English politician, b. in 1729 ; d. in Bath, England, 19 Dec, 1813. He was the son of the famous writer on metaphysics, was educated at Oxford, and became a member of par- liament. He opposed the war with the American colonies, was appointed British minister to treat with Benjamin Franklin at Paris, and signed the treaty of peace on behalf of Great Britain in 1783. Some of his letters were published in Frank- lin's correspondence in 1817, and it has been sur- mised that he procured for Franklin the letters of Hutchinson and others. He was possessed of great scientific attainments, and made many useful in- ventions. He published " Letters on the American War" (1776). and other political pamphlets. HARTLEY, Jonathan Scott, sculptor, b. in Albany, N. Y., 23 Sept., 1845. He was educated at the Albany academy and began his professional life as a worker in marble. Subsequently he went to England, where he passed three years, entered the Royal academy, and gamed a silver medal in 1869. After residing for a year in Germany, he returned to the United States, and after another visit to Europe, when he went to Paris and Rome, he became a resident of New York. He is one of the original members of the Salmagundi sketch club, and was professor of anatomy in the schools of the Art students' league in 1878-84, and presi- dent of the league in 1879-80. His works include "The Young Samaritan," "King Rene's Daugh- HARTLEY HARTSHORNE 105 ter " (1872) ; " The Whirlwind " (1878) ; a statue of Miles Morgan, erected at Springfield, Mass., in 1882, and bas-reliefs on the monument at Saratoga that commemorates the defeat of Burgovne. HARTLEY, Thomas, soldier, b. in Reading, Pa., 7 Sept., 1748 : d. in York, Pa., 21 Dec, 1800. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and prac- tised in York, Pa. He served in the Revolutionary war, and was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of Irvine's regiment, 9 Jan., 1776, and was colonel of the 6th Pennsylvania in the same year. Col. Hartley commanded an expedition in October, 1778, against the savages who had been concerned in the Wyoming massacre, destroyed their settle- ment, killed many of them, and recovered part of the property that they had carried away. He was a member of the Pennsylvania house of repre- sentatives in 1778, and was elected a representative in congress from 'Pennsylvania, serving by con- tinuous re-elections from 4 March, 1789, to 21 Dec, 1800. He was one of the council of censors in 1783, and a delegate to the Pennsylvania con- vention that adopted the national constitution. HARTMAN, William Dell, naturalist, b. in Chester county, Pa., 24 Dec, 1817. His grand- father and great-grandfather were Revolutionary soldiers. His father was George Hartman, who was an officer in the war of 1812, and afterward a major-general of Pennsylvania militia. The son was graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and has since practised this profession with success. When at school he showed a fondness for the natural sciences, and at the age of fifteen was mentioned by Dr. William Darling- ton in his " Flora Cestrica " as " a zealous and promising young botanist." He successively made himself acquainted with all the branches of natural history, but paid special attention to conchology. He has made a large collection of shells, which is especially rich in partulae and achatinellse. His collection of the latter excels those in the British museum and the Jardin des Plantes, and he has published bibliographic and synonymic catalogues of it. In connection with Dr. Ezra Michener, he issued an illustrated and descriptive catalogue of the fresh -water and land shells of Chester county, Pa. (1870). He has also contributed to scientific publications, and for years has corre- sponded with scientists in America and Europe. HARTRANFT, John Frederick, soldier, b. in New Hanover, Montgomery co., Pa., 16 Dec, 1830. He was educated at Marshall and Union colleges, and was graduated at the latter in 1853, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. At the beginning of the civil war he raised the 4th Pennsylvania regiment, and commanded it during the three months of its enlistment, which expired the day before the first battle of Bull Run. As his regiment had been ordered to Harrisburg to be mustered out, he asked and obtained leave to serve as a volunteer on Gen. William B. Franklin's staff in that battle. He then organized the 51st Penn- sylvania regiment, was commissioned its colonel, 27 July, 1861, and with it accompanied Gen. Burn- side in his expedition to North Carolina in March, 1862. He took part in all the engagements of the 9th corps, led the charge that carried the stone bridge at Antietam, and commanded his regiment at Fredericksburg. He was then ordered to Ken- tucky, and was engaged in the battle of Campbell's Station and the successful defence of Knoxville. He was with the 9th corps in June, 1863, as cover- ing army to the troops besieging Vicksburg, and after the fall of that place with Gen. William T. Sherman in his advance to Jackson, Miss. He commanded a brigade in the battles of the Wilder- ness and Spottsylvania, was commissioned briga- dier-general of volunteers on 12 May, 1864, and took part in all the movements before Petersburg. He was assigned to the command of a division in August, 1864, and brevetted major-general for his services in re-capturing Fort Steadman on 25 March, 1865. He was elected auditor-general of Pennsylvania in October, 1865, and on 29 Aug., 1866, the president offered him a colonelcy in the regular army, which he declined. Gen. Hartranft was re-elected auditor-general in 1868, and in 1872-8 was governor of Pennsylvania. The mili- tia of Pennsylvania was entirely reorganized on a military basis during his two terms as governor. The plan of municipal reform that was suggested by him in 1876 was adopted in 1885, the mayor of Philadelphia being elected under its provisions in 1887. Immediately after the close of his second term as governor he removed to Philadelphia. He was appointed postmaster of that city in June, 1879, and collector of the port in August, 1880. He is now (1887) major-general commanding the National guard of Pennsylvania, which post he has held bv appointment since 1879. HARTSHORNE, Joseph, physician, b. in Alexandria, Va., 12 Dec, 1779 ; d. near Wilming- ton, Del., 20 Aug., 1850. He was descended from Richard Hartshorne, a member of the Society of Friends, who emigrated from England in 1669 and settled in New Jersey, and his father, William, was treasurer of the first internal improvement so- ciety in the country, of which George Washington was president, fie was graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1805, and after two voyages in 1806 to India as surgeon and su- percargo, and a three months' residence in Bata- via, Java, he began practice in Philadelphia. He was surgeon of the Pennsylvania hospital in 1815-'21, and prepared and published Boyer on " The Bones," with an appendix and notes (1806). — His son, Edward, physician, b. in Philadelphia, 14 May, 1818; d. 22 June, 1885, was graduated at Princeton in 1837, and in medicine at the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1840. He began practice in Philadelphia in 1848, and was elected one of the surgeons in Will's eye hospital, and later in the Pennsylvania hospital. During the civil war he served as consulting surgeon in the U. S. army medical service ; also as member and secretary of the executive committee of the U. S. sanitary com- mission in Philadelphia. He was for a short pe- riod editor of the " Journal of Prison Discipline and Philanthropy," and was a frequent contribu- tor to medical periodicals. He is the author of " Separate System " for criminals, translated into several languages in Europe ; notes to Taylor's " Medical Jurisprudence " (1854) ; and " Ophthal- mic Medicine and Surgery" (1856). — Another son, Henry, physician, b. in Philadelphia, 16 March, 1823, was graduated at Haverford college in 1839, and in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1845. He was elected professor of the institutes of medicine in the Philadelphia college of medi- cine in 1853, and in June, 1855, he was selected as one of the consulting physicians and lecturers on clinical medicine in Philadelphia hospital. He was elected professor of the practice of medicine in the University of Pennsylvania in 1859, became professor of hygiene in the same institution in 1866, and in 1867 was given the chair of organic science and philosophy in Haverford college. He has also held professorships in the Pennsylvania college of dental surgery, Girard college, and the Woman's medical college of Pennsylvania. He 106 HARTSTENE HARTWELL renclei'ed important aid to the cause of the medical education of women in 1867-75. He was the first to ascertain by experiments on himself and others, in 1848, the safety and effects of the internal use of chloroform, and also proposed and proved to his own satisfaction in 1876, though not to the satisfaction of men of science generally, a new the- ory of complementary color spectra. He has been one of the editors of the " Friends' Review " since 1872, and is the author of " Water vs. Hydrop- athy " (Philadelphia, 1846) ; a prize essay on " The Arterial Circulation " (1856) ; " Essentials of Practical Medicine " (1869) ; the divisions of anato- my, physiology, and practice of medicine in " A Conspectus of the Medical Sciences " (1869) ; edited, with additions, Sir Thomas Watson's " Lectures on the Practice of Medicine," and has contributed numerous papers to medical and scientific jour- nals. He also wrote " Woman's Witchcraft, or the Curse of Coquetry," a dramatic romance, under the pen-name of " Corinne L'Estrange" (1854), and " Summer Songs," under that of " H. H. M." (1865). — Another son, Charles, railroad president, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 2 Sept., 1829, was educated at Haverford college, and at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was graduated in 1847. He early embarked in railroad enterprises, and has continued active in them to the present time. In 1857 he became president of the Quakake rail- road company, in 1862 of the Lehigh and Maho- ning, in 1868 vice-president of the Lehigh valley, and in 1880 its president, but in 1883 resumed the vice-presidency. Besides his railroad enter- prises, he is connected with many other commer- cial organizations, and with numerous educational and charitable interests, among which are Haver- ford and Bryn Mawr colleges, and the Pennsylva- nia hospital, of each of which he is a member of the board of managers. HARTSTENE, Henry J., naval officer, b. in North Carolina ; d. in Paris, France, 31 March, 1868. He entered the IT. S. navy as midshipman in 1828, and became a lieutenant, 23 Feb., 1840. In 1838 he was attached to the Wilkes exploring expedition, but did not proceed farther with it than Calloa, and in 1851 he was attached to the coast survey, and afterward commanded the steam- er " Illinois." In 1855 he was made a commander, and was sent to the arctic regions in search of Dr. Kane and his party, whom he rescued and brought to New York. In 1856 he was ordered to convey to England the British exploring bark " Resolute," which, after having been abandoned in the arctic ice, had been rescued by Capt. Buddington, a New London whaler, and purchased by congress as a present to the British government. He was after- ward employed in taking soundings for the Atlan- tic telegraph-cable. At the beginning of the civil war he resigned, entered the Confederate navy, and in the summer of 1862 became insane. HARTSUFF, George Lucas, soldier, b. in Tyre, Seneca co., N. Y., 28 May, 1830 ; d. in New York city, 16 May, 1874. When he was a child his parents removed to Michigan and he entered the U. S. military academy from that state, being graduated in 1852, and assigned to the 4th artil- lery. He served in Texas and in Florida, where he was wounded, and was then appointed instructor in artillery and infantry tactics at the U. S. mili- tary academy in 1856. He became assistant adju- tant-general, with the rank of captain, on 22 March, 1861, and major, 17 July, 1862. He served at Fort Pickens, Florida, from April till 16 July, 1861 ; then in West Virginia under Gen. Rose- crans, and became a brigadier-general of volun- teers, 15 April, 1862, soon afterward taking charge of Abercrombie's brigade, which he commanded at Cedar Mountain and Antietam, where he was se- verely wounded. He' was appointed major-gen- eral of volunteers, 29 Nov., 1862, served as a mem- ber of the board to revise rules and articles of war and to prepare a code for the government of the armies in the field, and on 27 April, 1863, was or- dered to Kentucky, where he was assigned to com- mand the 23d corps. He was appointed lieuten- ant-colonel and assistant adjutant-general, U. S. army, 1 June. 1864, was in command of works in the siege of Petersburg in March and April, 1865, and was brevetted brigadier-general and major- general, IT. S. army, 13 March, 1865. After the war he was adjutant-general of the 5th military division, comprising Louisiana and Texas, in 1867-'8, and of the division of the Missouri from 1869 till 29 June, 1871, when he was retired for disability from wounds received in battle. HARTT, Charles Frederick, naturalist, b. in Fredericton, N. B., 23 Aug., 1840 ; d. in Rio Ja- neiro, Brazil, 18 March, 1878. He was graduated at Acadia college, Wolfville, N. S., in 1860, but be- fore completing his course had made extensive geological explorations in Nova Scotia. In 1860 he accompanied his father, Jarvis William Hartt, to St. John, N. B., where they established a college high-school. He at once began to study the geol- ogy of New Brunswick, and devoted special atten- tion to the Devonian shales, in which he discovered an abundance of land plants and insects. The lat- ter still remain the oldest known to science. His work met the notice of Louis Agassiz, by whose invitation he entered the Museum of comparative anatomy in Cambridge as a student. He received an appointment on the geological survey of New Brunswick in 1864, and discovered the first prtfof of primordial strata in that province. He was one of the geologists of the Thayer expedition to Brazil in 1865, and since then has been the chief modern investigator of South American natural history. He explored the neighborhood of the coast from Rio Janeiro to Bahia while on this expedition, making large zoological collections, and with the material collected prepared his " Ge- ology and Physical Geography of Brazil " (Boston, 1870). In 1868 he was elected professor of natu- ral history in Vassar, but later in the same year he was called to the chair of geology and physical geography in Cornell. Two years afterward, and again in 1871. he made trips of exploration to the valley of the Amazon. At the request of the Brazilian minister of agriculture he visited Rio Janeiro in August, 1874, and submitted plans for the organization of a Brazilian geological commis- sion. He was appointed in May, 1875, chief of the geological surveys of the empire, and continued in that office till his death. His collections are dis- played in the National museum, of which in 1876 he was made director, and form the most com- plete repository of South American geology in the world. Prof. Hartt was a member of various sci- entific societies, and in 1869 was elected general secretary of the American association for the ad- vancement of science. He contributed occasional articles to scientific journals, and, besides the book mentioned above, published " Contributions to the Geology and Physical Geography of the Lower Amazons " (Buffalo, 1874). HARTWELL, Alonzo, artist, b. in Littleton, Mass., 19 Feb., 1805; d. in Waltham. Mass., 17 Jan., 1873. In 1822 he went to Boston, and soon afterward was apprenticed to a wood-engraver, till 1826, when he engaged in the business for HART WICK HARVEY 107 himself, and continued it till 1851. In 1850 he re- ceived the silver medal of the Charlestown, Mass., mechanics' association, awarded for the best speci- men of the art. After 1851 he achieved a reputa- tion as a portrait-painter. HART WICK, or HARTWIG, John Christo- pher, clergyman, b. in Saxa-Gotha, Germany, 6 June, 1714 ; d. in Livingston Manor, N. Y., 17 July, 1796. He is said to have studied at the University of Halle, and engaged in missionary work among the Jews, at the age of twenty-five years. In 1745 he was called to this country in order to take charge of several Lutheran congre- gations in Dutchess and Columbia counties. N. Y., and was ordained, 24 Nov., in the German Lu- theran church in London. In the spring of 1746 he arrived at Philadelphia, Pa., and, after visiting several of the Lutheran pastors in Pennsylvania, went to New York state and entered on his duties as pastor of congregations at Germantown, Liv- ingston, Wirtemberg, and Rhinebeck. In 1748 he was present in Philadelphia at the organization of the first Lutheran synod. He was somewhat ec- centric, and consequently unfortunate in his min- istry ; and being exceedingly restless, he moved from place to place. In 1751-'2 he was in Penn- sylvania, in 1755 in New York, in 1757 at Read- ing, Pa., in 1761-'2 at Trapjoe, in 1764 in Phila- delphia, then successively in Maryland, Virginia, Massachusetts, Maine, and in 1783 in New York, where he urged the Dutch Lutherans to remain in the city, and not follow their pastor, Hansihl, who, being a royalist during the Revolution, fled with many of his parishioners to Nova Scotia, after the evacuation of New York by the British forces. Mr. Hartwick left a large estate, which he had purchased from the Mohawk Indians — " a certain tract of land on the south side of Mo- hawk river, between Schoharie and Cherry valley, along a certain small creek, containing nine miles in length and four miles in breadth," located in Otsego county, and included in the present town of Hartwick. His sole purpose in this purchase was to use his property for the glory of God and the spreading of his kingdom ; and he made his bequest accordingly. In his will he directed that his estate should be used for the establishment of a college and theological seminary. For a time after his death the income of the estate was used to instruct young men privately in the classics and theology ; and in 1815 the contemplated institu- tion was opened, under the name of Hartwick seminarv. The present buildings are valued at $30,000,' and the endowments at $35,000. HARVARD, John, philanthropist, b. in South- wark, London, England, in November, 1607; d. in Charlestown, Mass., 24 Sept., 1638. His fa- ther, Robert Harvard, was a butcher. His moth- er, possessing some property, sent John to Em- manuel college, Cambridge, where he was gradu- ated in 1635. Subsequently he was ordained as a dissenting minister, and in 1637 married Ann Sadler, the_ daughter of a Sussex clergyman, and sailed for New England, where he was made a free- man of Massachusetts on 2 Nov. of that year. It appears on the town-records that in 1638 a tract of land was deeded to him in Charlestown, where he. exercised his ministerial functions. In April, 1638. he was appointed one of a committee "to consider of some things tending toward a body of laws." At his death his property was worth about £1,500, one half of which he left for the erec- tion of the college that bears his name. A part of this bequest is said to have been diverted from its original purpose. He also left to the college a library of 320 volumes, which indicated the taste of a scholar. The alumni erected a granite monument to his memory in the burial-ground of Charles- town, which was dedicated with an address by Ed- ward Everett, 26 Sept., 1828. A memorial statue of Harvard, the gift of Samuel James Bridge to the university, was unveiled, 15 Oct., 1884, with an address by Rev. George Edward Ellis (Cambridge, 1884). The illustration represents the first Harvard hall, which was burned, and was replaced by the present structure in 1766. HARVEY, Arthur, Canadian journalist, b. in Halesworth, Suffolk, England, in 1834. He was educated in Holland and at Trinity college, Dub- lin, and in 1856 emigrated to Canada, where subse- quently he became editorially connected with the Hamilton " Spectator." He was secretary of the commission that was appointed to negotiate a new treaty with the United States, and some time after- ward published " The Year-Book of Canada." Mr. Harvey suggested and rendered effective the insurance legislation of the Dominion, and in 1870 assumed the management of the Provincial insur- ance company at Toronto. HARVEY, James Madison, governor of Kan- sas, b. in Monroe county, Va., 21 Sept., 1833. He was educated in the public schools of Indiana, Iowa, and Illinois, and practised surveying and civil engineering until he removed to Kansas in 1859, when he became a farmer. He was captain in the 4th and 10th regiments of Kansas infantry from 1861 till 1864, a member of the lower house of the legislature in 1865-'6, and of the state senate in 1867-"8. In 1869-'71 he was governor of Kan- sas, and in 1874-'7 was a U. S. senator, having been chosen as a Republican to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Alexander Caldwell. HARVEY, Sir John, governor of Virginia. He was appointed to this office after Yeardley's death in 1627, arrived in Virginia in 1629, and met his first assembly of burgesses in 1630. He supported those who desired separate jurisdictions and grants of land, preferring the interest of individual pa- trons, especially Lord Baltimore, to the claims of the colony. He held a warrant to receive for him- self all fines arising from any sentence in the judicial courts, and many such were accordingly imposed on the colonists. In 1635 he was sus- pended and impeached by the assembly. He at- tempted to make terms with the council, which would yield to none of his conditions, and elected John West in his place. He then went to England, his cause was investigated by the privy council, and he was restored by the king in 1636, and re- turned to Virginia in 1637. He assembled the council in Elizabeth City, and published the king's proclamation, pardoning many who had opposed him. He continued in office until 1639, and is said to have been one of the most rapacious, tyranni- cal, and unpopular of the colonial governors. 108 HARVEY HARVIE HARVEY, Sir John, British soldier, b. in 1778 ; d. in Halifax, N. S., 22 March, 1852. He entered the British army as ensign in the 80th regiment under Lord Paget, afterward the Marquis of An- glesea, whose natural son he was believed to be. After serving in Holland, France, the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, and Egypt, he returned to England in 1807, and in 1808 became assistant quarter- master-general under Lord Chatham, at Colchester. From 1809 till 1812 he commanded a regiment, and was on the staff of the adjutant-general's depart- ment in Ireland. In 1812 he was appointed deputy adjutant-general to the army in Canada, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He led the attack at Stony Creek, where he captured the American gen- erals Chandler and Winder. He received a medal for gallantry at Chrysler's Farm, and took part in the battles of Lundy's Lane and Fort Erie, where he was severely wounded. He was aide-de-camp to Wellington during his Waterloo campaign, and in 1837-'41 was governor of New Brunswick. He then became governor and commander-in-chief of Newfoundland, and in 1846 was made governor of Nova Scotia, holding this post until his death. He was nominated knight commander of the Hano- verian Guelphic order in 1824, and a knight com- mander of the order of the Bath in 1838. HARVEY, Jonathan, congressman, b. in Mer- rimack county, N. H., in 1780 ; d. in Sutton, N. H., 23 Aug., 1859. He served seven years in the legis- lature, was president of the senate from 1817 till 1823, and state councillor in 1823-5. In the latter year he took his seat as a representative to con- gress from New Hampshire, serving until 1831. — His brother, Matthew, jurist, b. in Sutton, N. H., 21 June, 1781 : d. in Concord, N. H., 7 April, 1866, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1806. He studied law under John Harris, was admitted to the bar in 1809, and began to practise in Hopkinton, which town he represented in the legislature from 1814 till 1820, holding the office of speaker during the last three years of his term. He was then elected to congress as a Democrat, and served in 1821-'5. He was president of the state senate in 1825-8, and councillor in 1828-'30. He was then elected governor of New Hampshire, and served one year. In 1831 he was appointed by President Jackson judge of the U. S. district court, which office he held until his death. He received the degree of LL. D. from Dartmouth in 1855, and was president of the New Hampshire historical society. HARYEY, Louis Powell, governor of Wis- consin, b. in East Haddam, Conn., 22 Julv, 1820 ; d. in Savannah, Tenn., 19 April, 1862. In 1828 he removed with his parents to Ohio, where he was educated in the Western Reserve college. He went to Kenosha, Wis., in 1840, taught there, and edited a Whig newspaper, but removed to Shopiere, Rock co., in 1850, and engaged in manufacturing. He was a member of the first State constitutional convention, and served in the state senate from 1855 till 1857. Soon afterward he was elected secretary of state, and in 1861 became governor. He was drowned while on his way to Pittsburg Landing, with supplies for the relief of wounded soldiers, after the battle of Shiloh. HARVEY, Moses, author, b. near Armagh, Ireland, 25 March, 1820. He was graduated at Belfast college in 1840, studied theology in the Presbyterian college in that city, and was a Pres- byterian minister at Maryport, Cumberland, Eng- land, in 1843. He became minister of the Free Presbyterian church at St. John, Newfoundland, in 1852, and preached there till 1878, when he re- tired from active duties. Henceforth he engaged in literary and scientific studies, and became popu- lar as a lecturer. He studied the natural history, geology, and resources of the island, and published the result of his labors in British and American newspapers. In 1886 the council of the Royal geo- graphical society of England elected him a fellow in recognition of his services to geographical science in his works on Newfoundland and Labrador. He is the author of " Thoughts on the Poetry and Lit- erature of the Bible" (St. John, N. F., 1853); " The Testimony of Nineveh to the Veracity of the Bible " (1854) ; " Lectures on the Harmony of Sci- ence and Revelation " (Halifax, 1856) ; " Lectures on Egypt and its Monuments, as Illustrative of Scripture " (St. John, N. F., 1857) ; " Lectures, Literary and Biographical" (Edinburgh, 1864); "Across Newfoundland with the Governor" (St. John, N. F., 1878); "Newfoundland, the Oldest British Colony " (London and Boston, 1883) ; " Text-Book of Newfoundland History " (Boston, 1885); and "Where are We and Whither Tend- ing?" (London and Boston, 1886). He is also the author of the articles on " Labrador," " Newfound- land." and " The Seal Fisheries of the World " in the 9th edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britannica." HARVEY, Peter, merchant, b. in Barnet, Vt., 10 July, 1810 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 27 June, 1877. His father, Alexander Harvey, a native of Glasgow, Scotland, and a graduate of Oxford, came to this country to purchase land and make a settlement for a Scottish emigration company. At the age of fifteen the son was apprenticed to David Russell and Co., of Plymouth, N. H., and subsequently he went to Boston, where he engaged in business un- der the firm of Emerson, Lamb, and Harvey. Later he became a member of Harvey, Page and Co., succeeding James Tufts and Co. He was treasurer of the Rutland railroad, and president of the Kilby bank. At the beginning of the civil war he was a member of the firm of Nourse, Ma- son and Co., on the dissolution of which he re- tired from active business. He was originally a Whig, on the dissolution of this party joined the Democratic, but afterward represented a Repub- lican district in Gov. Bullock's council. He served in both branches of the Massachusetts legislature, and in 1868 was an unsuccessful candidate for con- gress. He is principally known for having become intimately acquainted with Daniel Webster, and was perhaps his most trusted friend. He was a founder of the Marshfield club, designed to honor Webster's memory, and author of " Reminiscences and Anecdotes of Daniel Webster" (Boston, 1878). HARVIE, John, statesman, b. in Gargunnock, Scotland ; d. in Richmond, Va., 6 Feb., 1807. He emigrated to Virginia in early manhood, and set- tled in Albemarle county. He was a lawyer of ability, and speedily attained a large practice, thus laying the basis of subsequent wealth. In 1774 he was appointed by the general assembly of Virginia, with Dr. Thomas Walker, the Kentucky explorer, a commissioner to treat with the western Indians, after their defeat at Point Pleasant on 10 Oct. of that year by Andrew Lavis. He represented West Augusta county in the Virginia conventions of 1775 and 1776, was elected a member of congress, 22 May, 1777, for one year, and re-elected, 29^May, 1777, to serve for one year from .11 Aug. He was later a faithful and efficient purchasing agent for the state, with the provisional rank of colonel, and " was sent by the Virginia assembly on an impor- tant mission to the American army." He was reg- ister of the land-office of Virginia, which he organ- ized in 1780-'91, and was commissioned secretary of the commonwealth, 19 May, 1788, but how long HARWOOD HASCALL 109 he served in this capacity does not appear. He was an enterprising citizen of Richmond, and erected several buildings, that have been long fa- miliar to its citizens, among them the noted Gam- ble house, which was subsequently owned by the Revolutionary veteran, Maj. Robert Gamble, from which Gamble's Hill takes its name. Col. Harvie, in superintending the building of this mansion, met with Ins death by a fall from a ladder. HARWOOD, John Edmund, actor, b. in Eng- land in 1771 ; d. in Germantown, Pa., 21 Sept., 1809. He received a liberal education, and studied law in England. In 1793 he came to this country, having joined a company of comedians that had been engaged for the theatre in Philadelphia. Later, Harwood married Miss Bache, a grand- daughter of Benjamin Franklin. He then retired from the stage, to begin business as bookseller and conductor of a circulating library, but after several years he was unsuccessful, and lost his capi- tal. In 1803 he went to New York city, under an engagement with the manager of the Park theatre. Dunlap says he was a man of wit and refinement, and highly endowed as an actor, but indolent and careless of study. At the close of his career he became too corpulent to continue some of his best early representations. Harwood published a vol- ume of " Poems " (New York, 1809). They display taste and scholarship, but have no especial merit. — His son, Andrew Allen, naval officer, b. in Settle, Bucks co., Pa., in 1802 ; d. in Marion, Mass., 28 Aug., 1884, was appointed midshipman, 1 Jan., 1818, and from 1819 till 1821 served in the sloop- of-war " Hornet " in the suppression of the Afri- can slave-trade. He was commissioned lieutenant in 1827, and in the following year was appointed to the receiving-ship " Philadelphia." He was de- tached as special messenger to bring home the ratified treaty with Naples, and from 1835 till 1837 served in the Mediterranean squadron. He was assistant inspector of ordnance in 1843-'52, member of a commission to visit dock-yards and foundries in England and France in 1844, and in 1848 was promoted to commander. In 1851 he became member of a board appointed to prepare ordnance instructions for the navy, and to make investigations and experiments. He commanded the frigate " Cumberland," of the Mediterranean squadron, from 1853 till 1855, when he was ap- pointed captain. He was inspector of ordnance from 1858 till 1861, and in the latter year was commissioned chief of the bureau of ordnance and hydrography. In the following year he became commodore, and was appointed commandant of the navy-yard at Washington, and of the Potomac flotilla. He was retired in 1864, but served as sec- retary of the light-house board, and a member of the examining board from 1864 till 1869, when he was made rear-admiral on the retired list. Dur- ing the civil war he prepared a work on " Summary Courts-Martial," and published the " Law and Practice of U. S. Naw Courts-Martial " (1867). HASBROUCK, Abraham Bruyn, lawyer, b. in Kingston, N. Y., in November, 1791 ; d. there, 23 Feb., 1879. He was graduated at Yale in 1810, studied law at Hudson, N. Y., and Litchfield, Conn., and was admitted to the bar in 1813. He practised his profession in Kingston, and in 1825-'7 served one term in congress. Columbia gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1828, and in 1840-'50 he was president of Rutgers college, con- tributing much to its prosperity by his lectures on constitutional law. He also planted and cared for many of the fine trees that now adorn the college grounds. Mr. Hasbrouck was vice-president of the American* Bible society in 1851, and president of the Ulster county historical society in 1856. He was dignified and scholarly, of genial manners and generous hospitality. HASCALL, Daniel, clergyman, b. in Benning- ton, Vt., 24 Feb., 1782 ; d. in Hamilton, N. Y., 28 June, 1852. He was graduated at Middlebury in 1806, and afterward studied theology while en- gaged in teaching in Pittsfield, Mass. He became pastor of the Baptist church in Elizabethtown, N. Y., in 1808, and in 1813 was called to Hamilton, N. Y. He received pupils in theology in 1815, and after he had established the Baptist education society of New York in 1817, his school was merged in 1820 in the Hamilton literary and theo- logical institution (now Madison university), which was opened under his charge. In 1828 he dis- solved his pastorate in order to devote his time to this institution, which he left in 1835 to give his attention to the interests of an academy in Flor- ence, Oneida co., N. Y. He removed to West Rut- land, Vt., in 1837, and in 1848 became pastor of a church in Lebanon, N. Y., but in 1849 returned to Hamilton. He published "Elements of Theolo- gy," designed for family reading and Bible-classes; a' smaller work for Sunday-schools : " Cautions against False Philosophy " (1817) ; and a pamphlet entitled "Definition of the Greek Baptizo " (1818). HASCALL, Milo Smith, soldier, b. in Le Roy, Genesee co., N. Y., 5 Aug., 1829. He spent the early years of his life on his father's farm, and in 1846 went to Goshen, Ind. He was appointed from Indiana to the U. S. military academy, where he was graduated in 1852, and assigned to the artil- lery. He served in garrison at Port Adams, R. I., from 1852 till 1853, when he resigned. He was a contractor for the Indiana and Michigan southern railroad in 1854, and practised law in Goshen, Ind., from 1855 till 1861, serving as prosecuting attorney of Elkhart and Lagrange counties from 1856 till 1858, and school-examiner and clerk of courts from 1859 till 1861, when he enlisted as a private in an Indiana regiment. He was subse- quently appointed captain and aide-de-camp on Gen. Thomas A. Morris's staff, and organized and drilled six regiments in Camp Morton. He became colonel of the 17th Indiana regiment on 21 June, which was engaged in the West Virginia campaign, and at Philippi made the first capture of a Con- federate flag. In December, 1861, he was ordered to Louisville, Ky., and placed in command of a brigade consisting of the 17th Indiana, 6th Ohio, 43d Ohio, and 15th Indiana regiments, assigned to the division commanded by Gen. William Nelson. He was transferred to a brigade in Gen. Thomas J. Wood's division, serving during the capture of Nashville and in the advance on Shiloh. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 25 April, 1862, and commanded a brigade in the Tennessee campaign from October, 1862, till March, 1863. At the battle of Stone River he commanded a divis- ion, and was wounded. He was then sent to In- dianapolis to return deserters from Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana, was transferred to the Army of the Ohio and placed in command of the district of In- diana. He also took part in the battles of Chicka- mauga and Mission Ridge, and was active in the defence of Knoxville. He was in command of the 2d division of the 23d corps, Army of the Ohio, in the invasion of Georgia in 1864, being engaged in numerous actions on the advance to Atlanta and taking an active part in the siege of that city. He resigned his commission on 27 Oct., 1864, and became a proprietor of Salem's bank, in Goshen, Ind., in which he is now (1887) engaged. 110 HASELTINE HASKIN HASELTINE, James Henry, sculptor, b. in Philadelphia, 2 Nov., 1833. He* studied in Paris and Rome, but came to this country in 1861 to enlist in the 17. S. army. After the close of the civil war, in which he served as major of the 6th Pennsylvania cavalry, he went to Europe to study art. He has lived in Rome and Paris, and now (1887) resides in Nice. His works include " Happy Youth " (1858) ; " America Honoring her Fallen Brave " (owned by the Union league of Philadel- phia, 1865); "Love," and "Ingratitude" (1866); "New Wine" (1867); "Superstition." and "Relig- ion " (1868) ; " America Victorious " (1869) ; " Nis- sia, wife of King Candaules of Lvdia" (1876); " The Ball-Player " (1871) ; " Ida " (1875) : " Kiss- ing Cherubs " (1878) : " Captivitv " (1879) ; " Cleo- patra " (1882) ; " The Morning Star " (1883) ; " For- tune" (1884); "Hero" (1885); and portraits of Henry W. Longfellow, T. Buchanan Read, and Gens. Sheridan, Hartsuff. Merritt, Forsyth, and Duryee. — His brother, William Stanley, artist, b. in Philadelphia, 11 Jan., 1835, was graduated at Harvard in 1854, after which he studied art in his native city under Weber. He then went to Europe and studied in Diisseldorf and in Rome, where he now (1887) resides. He was elected a member of the National academy in 1861. His early works include "Indian Rock, Nahant." " Castle Rock, Nahant," and a " Calm Sea, Men- tone." Other pictures by his hand are " Bay of Naples," " Ischia," " Spezzia," " Ostia," " Pon- tine Marshes," and " Venice." He sent to the Cen- tennial exhibition of 1876 "Ruins of a Roman Theatre. Sicily," and " Natural Arch at Capri." HASKELL, Abraham, physician, b. in Lan- caster, Mass., 16 Nov., 1746 : d. in Ashby, Middle- sex co., Mass., 13 Dec, 1834. He followed the trade of a shoemaker till he was of age, but was fitted for Harvard, studied medicine under Israel Atherton, of Lancaster, and began his practice in Lunenburg. He removed thence to Leominster in 1810, and in 1833 joined his son, who was a physi- cian in Ashby. He became a member of the Mas- sachusetts medical society soon after its establish- ment, was a successful practitioner, and labored faithfully during the spotted-fever panic in Wor- cester county. He wrote chiefly for his amuse- ment, but read dissertations on " Croup," " Spot- ted Fever," and other subjects before the Massa- chusetts medical society, which were published in its " Transactions." He also printed a paper on "Ichthyosis," in the "New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery." He delivered a fourth of July oration at Fitchburg, which was published. HASKELL, Daniel, clergyman, b. in Preston, Conn., in 1784; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 9 Aug., 1848. His early life was spent in laboring on his father's farm. He was graduated at Yale in 1802, taught in a public school in Norwich, and had for one of his scholars Lvdia Huntley, afterward Mrs. Sigourney. He was assistant teacher in Bacon academy, Colchester, in 1806-'7, then studied the- ology, and was licensed to preach by the Litchfield association of ministers. He was successively pas- tor at Middletown. Litchfield, St. Albans, and Burlington, Vt., holding the latter charge from 1810 till 1821, when he was appointed president of the University of Vermont. This post he held till he resigned in 1824. For several years he suffered from mental disorder and was separated from his family, but subsecpiently joined them in Brooklyn, where he devoted himself to literary work. The degree of LL. D. was given him by Olivet college, Mich. He published an ordination sermon (1814) ; a '- Gazetteer of the United States," with J. Calvin Smith (New York. 1843) : " Chronological View of the World " (1845) ; and edited McCulloch's " Geo- graphical Dictionary " (New York, 1843-'4). HASKELL, Daniel Noyes, journalist, b. in Newburyport, Mass., 1 Jan., 1818 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 13 Nov., 1874. He was the son of a car- riage-trimmer, and after receiving a good educa- tion engaged in business. He wrote constantly for the press, and in 1853 became editor of the " Boston Transcript." which post he held until his death. He took an active part in politics as a Whig, but was indifferent to official honors. Later he was a supporter of the liberal branch of the Whig party, and afterward became a Republican. HASKELL, Llewellyn Solomon, merchant, b. near Gloucester. Me., 4 Jan., 1815 ; d. in Santa Barbara, Cal., 31 May, 1872. He was of Welsh ancestry, was educated in the Gardiner lyceum, Me., and began business as a druggist in Philadel- phia about 1834. He afterward formed a partner- ship with Thomas B. Merrick, and removed to New York city in 1841. He had resided on the summit of Orange mountain, N. J., for several years, when he became impressed with the many advantages offered by its southeastern slope as a place of residence for business men. Having spent two years in the purchase of land there, he began in 1857 to lay out Llewellyn park, and about 1859 retired from business to give his whole time to its improvement. The park is now filled with fine residences. Mr. Haskell was a practical land- scape-gardener, and many of its most beautiful features are due to him. A bronze bust of its founder has been placed near the entrance in Orange, N. J. — His son, Llewellyn Frost, soldier, b. 8 Oct., 1842, went to Heidelberg, Germany, to study, but returned in 1861 to join the National army. He enlisted in the 14th New York regi- ment, rose to the rank of captain, served on the staff of Gen. Alexander S. Asboth at Pea Ridge and on that of Gen. Henry Prince at Cedar Moun- tain, where he was severely wounded, and was the only officer on Gen. Prince's staff that was not killed or mortally wounded. He became lieuten- | ant-colonel of the 7th colored troops in October, 1863, served in South Carolina and Virginia, and became colonel in November, 1864. At the close of the war he was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. He then became associated with his father in the development of Llewellyn park, but in 1877 removed to San Francisco, Cal., where he has since engaged in business. HASK1N, Joseph A., soldier, b. in New York in 1817 ; d. in Oswego, N. Y., 3 Aug., 1874. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1839, and entered the 1st artillery. He was on duty in Maine during the " disputed frontier " controversy, from 1840 till 1845, afterward in Florida and Louisiana, and during the Mexican war took part in all the battles under Gen. Scott, losing an arm at the storming of Chapultepec. He was subsequently in garrison and fortress duty on the frontiers and elsewhere, becoming captain in the 1st artillery in 1851, was compelled to surrender Baton Rouge arsenal to a vastly su- perior force of Confederates in the winter of 1861, served during the civil war in Washington, at Key West, in command of the northern defences of Washington in 1862-'4, and as chief of artillery in the Department of Washington till 1866. He was promoted to be major in 1862, lieutenant-colonel of staff the same year, lieutenant-colonel, 1st artil- lery, in 1866, and brevet colonel and brevet briga- dier-general, 13 March, 1865. He was retired from active service in 1872. HASLETT HASSLER 111 HASLETT, John, soldier, b. in Ireland : killed in Princeton. X. J., 3 Jan., 1777. He studied first theology and subsequently medicine, and practised successfully in Kent and Sussex counties. Del. He was repeatedly in the state assembly, served dur- ing the Revolutionary war, and was in the actions of Long Island and White Plains, where he sur- prised a picket of Roger's rangers, taking thirty- six prisoners, a pair of colors, and sixty muskets. He was killed at the battle of Princeton, and was colonel of the Delaware regiment at the time of his death. — His son, Joseph, d. in July, 1823, was governor of Delaware in 1811, 1814, and 1823. HASLETT, John, surgeon, b. in Charleston, S. C, in December, 1799 ; d. in Brooklyn, X. Y., 28 Sept., 1878. He was graduated at Harvard in 1819, and in medicine at the University of Penn- sylvania in 1822. He entered the U. S. navy as a surgeon in the same year and continued in service, reaching the rank of fleet-surgeon, until 1841, when he resigned. On the establishment of the Brook- lyn city hospital, Dr. Haslett became its vice-presi- dent, and practically its head. On the death in 1853 of its first president, Dr. Haslett succeeded him, and continued to discharge the duties of his office until shortly before his death. Dr. Haslett was for many years a member of the board of management of the Packer collegiate institute. HASSARD, John Rose Greene, journalist, b. in New York city, 4 Sept., 1836. He was graduated at St. John's college, Fordham, X. Y., in 1855. From 1857 till 1863 he was assistant editor of the "New American Cyclopaedia." He became editor of the " Catholic World " in 1865, and in 1866 was attached to the staff of the New York " Tribune " as editorial writer. From 1867 till 1883 he also wrote the musical criticisms for that journal, and on the death of George Ripley be- came its literary critic. In 1878 several hundred telegraphic despatches in cipher, relating to the disputed presidential election of 1876, came into the possession of the " Tribune," and after much curious study were translated by Mr. Hassard and Col. William M. Grosvenor, of that paper. The publication of these telegrams, showing negotia- tions with the returning-boards of two states to purchase the electoral votes of those states for the Democratic candidate, caused much excite- ment, and the plot was investigated by a commit- tee of the U. S. house of representatives. Mr. Has- sard has published " Life of Archbishop Hughes " (New York, 1866); "The Ring of the Nibelung" (1877) ; " Life of Pius IX." (1878) ; " History of the United States " for schools (1878) ; and " A Pick- wickian Pilgrimage " (Boston, 1881). HASSARD, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Jamaica. West Indies, 21 Jan., 1806 : d. in Great Barring- ton, Mass.. 13 Jan., 1847. He came to the United States in 1812, studied in the academy at Westerly, R. I., was graduated at Yale in 1826, and engaged in literary pursuits in New Haven. He was ad- mitted to deacon's orders by Bishop Brownell, of Connecticut, in 1835, ordained \n-iest by Bishop Griswold, and became rector of St. Thomas's church, Taunton, Mass. After a service of three years he resigned this charge, and in 1839 became rector of St. James's church. Great Barrington. where he continued until his death. He was large- ly instrumental in promoting the growth of the Protestant Episcopal church in New England. A volume of his sermons was published after his death, with a memoir by Henrv W. Lee (Boston). HASSAUREK, Friedrich, journalist, b. in Vienna, Austria, 9 Oct., 1832 ; d. in Paris, France, 3 Oct., 1885. He served in the student legion in the German revolution of 1848, and was twice wounded. He came to the United States in 1848, settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, and engaged in jour- nalism, politics, and the practice of law. He was U. S. minister to Ecuador in 1861-5, and during the latter year became editor of the Cincinnati " Volksblatt." He published " Four Years among the Spanish-Americans " (New York, 1868). HASSELQUIST, Toovay Nelsson, clergyman, b. in Hasslared, Sweden, 2 March, 1816. His par- ents were peasants. The son was graduated at the College of Kristianstad in 1835, studied theology at the University of Lund, and was ordained to the Lutheran ministry in 1839. After occupying the office of assistant pastor in various parishes he left his native country in 1852, and settled in Gales- burg, 111., where he has ever since been an active laborer in aid of the educational and religious in- terests of his countrymen. He was called in 1863 to the presidency of the Swedish seminary at Pax- ton, which was removed in 1875 to Rock Island, 111., under the title of Augustana college and theo- logical seminary. Under the presidency of Dr. Hasselquist these have become second to none of the Lutheran institutions in the country. He was one of the founders of the Scandinavian Augus- tana synod and its presiding officer in 1860-'70, and has held many offices of honor and trust in his own synod and* in the general council. In the interest of Swedish immigrants Dr. Hasselquist travels extensively every year through the western states, and in 1870 he returned to his native coun- try for the same purpose. In 1855 he founded at Chicago a religio-political periodical called " Hem- landet det Gamla och det Nya," of which he still (1887) has charge, and since' 1856 he has edited a religious periodical, published in Rock Island, 111.. at first under the title " Ratta Hemlandet," but several years ago changed to "Augustana och Missionaren." Muhlenberg college, Allentown, Pa., gave him the degree of D. D. in 1870. He has published various addresses and sermons. HASSLER, Ferdinand Rudolph, surveyor, b. in Aarau, Switzerland, 6 Oct., 1770 : d. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 20 Nov., 1843. He received a scientific education in Europe, and was for some time connect- ed with the trigonometri- cal survey of Switzer- land. Sub- sequently he emigrated to the United States, and through the influence of Albert Gal- latin secured an appoint- ment at the U. S. military academy as acting professor of mathematics, which he held in 1807-10. and in 1810-11 he served in a similar capacity in Union college. He was then selected to direct the U. S. coast survey, and sent on a mission to France and England to procure in- struments and standards of measurement. He was detained in England as an alien enemy till 1815, and 112 HASSLBR HASTINGS on his return was formally appointed superintend- ent of the coast survey, but did not begin his field- work until 1817. During the following year the work was discontinued, and was not resumed until 1832. After this he was the active head of the survey until his death. During his administration a base-line had been measured in the vicinity of New York. The triangulation had been extended as far east as Rhode Island and south to the head of Chesapeake bay. The topography had kept pace with the triangulation, and the hydrography of New York bay, of Long Island, of Delaware bay and river, and the off-shore soundings from Montauk point to the capes of the Delaware, were substantially completed. The triangulation cov- ered an area of 9,000 square miles, furnishing de- terminations of nearly 1,200 stations for the de- lineation of 1,600 miles of shore -line. Prof. Hassler was also for many years chief of the bureau of weights and measures. He was a fellow of the American philosophical society, and contributed papers to its " Transactions " pertaining to his work on the survey. Besides his annual reports of the coast survey, and as superintendent of the fab- rication of standard weights and measures (Wash- ington, 1837-42), he published " Analytical Trigo- nometry" (New York, 1826) ; " Elements of Geome- try " (Richmond, 1828) ; " System of the Universe," with plates and tables (2 vols., New York, 1828) ; " Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables " (1838) ; and " Elements of Arithmetic " (1843). HASSLER, Simon, musician, b. in Bavaria, 25 July, 1832. He came to this country with his parents, and settled in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1842. His father, Henry Hassler, a musician of the Mo- zart school, gave him his first instruction in music, and his education was continued under Keller, Wolsieffer, and Waldteuffel. In 1852 he made his first public appearance as a violinist. At about the same time his father and brother Mark es- tablished an orchestra, of which Simon became a member, and for over twenty-five years has been the leader. He has long been active as the con- ductor of musical concerts, and is widely known as the leader of bands and orchestras during the summer months at various seaside resorts. He is the author of numerous musical productions, in- cluding dramas, marches, waltzes, and quadrilles. He has composed music for many of the plays of Shakespeare, and a " Festival March," which was played at the opening of the Permanent exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876. HASTINGS, Hugh J., journalist, b. in County Fermanagh, Ireland, 20 Aug., 1820; d. in Mon- mouth Beach, N. J., 12 Sept., 1883. He came to the United States in 1831, and settled with his family in Albany, N. Y. After having been for some time engaged as a clerk, he began his career as reporter for the Albany " Atlas " in 1840. Three years afterward he established the Albany " Weekly Switch," and in 1844 the " Knickerbocker," which proved a success. Mr. Hastings took an active part in state and national politics, devoting him- self to the interests of the Whig party and its suc- cessor, the Republican party. He was appointed by President Taylor collector of the port of Albany, . but resigned the office under Fillmore. He as- sumed the editorship of the New York " Commer- cial Advertiser" in 1868, and in 1875 became its proprietor. He was a warm supporter of Gen. Grant, criticised Mr. Hayes's administration, and on President Arthurs accession rendered him all the aid in his power. His death was mainly the result of his being thrown from his carriage while driving along Broadway, Long Branch. HASTINGS, Russell, soldier, b. in Greenfield, Mass., 30 May, 1835. While he was a boy his par- ents removed to Ohio, and settled in Willoughby, Lake co., where he was educated in the common schools. Early in the civil war he enlisted as a private, and was soon promoted to be a lieutenant in the 23d Ohio regiment. During Sheridan's cam- paigns he acted as adjutant-general, was severely wounded at the battle of Opequan, and was subse- quently promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 28th Ohio regiment, after a charge in which he had dis- played great courage. He was brevetted brigadier- general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865. Gen. Hastings was elected a member of the Ohio legis- lature in 1865, and while there was appointed U. S. marshal for the northern district of Ohio. Owing to failing health, he resigned in 1874. HASTINGS, Serraiius Clinton, jurist, b. in the state of New York, .14 Nov., 1814. He was educated at the Gouverneur academy, St. Lawrence county, and was principal of the Norwich academy for one year. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Iowa. He was a member of the Iowa legislature for several years, president of the council during one session, and one of the first Iowa representatives to congress, serving from 29 Dec, 1846, to 3 March, 1847. In 1848 he was appointed chief justice of the supreme court of the state, and served one year. He then removed to California, and was elected chief justice of that state by the unanimous vote of the legisla- ture. After serving two years he was elected by the people attorney-general of the state, and in 1878 founded and endowed Hastings college of the law in the University of California. He also paid into the state treasury of California $100,000 in gold, on condition that the sum should be used for the legal education of students in every vocation of life. Judge Hastings also gave about $6,000 in property, and otherwise contributed to the founda- tion of St. Catherine academy in Benicia, Cal. He gave and procured funds to classify, print, and publish two volumes of the botany of the Pacific coast. For several years preceding 1887 he was professor of comparative jurisprudence in the Has- tings college of law. HASTINGS, Thomas, musician, b. in Wash- ington, Litchfield co., Conn., 15 Oct., 1784 ; d. in New York city, 15 May, 1872. In 1796 he removed with his parents to a farm in Clinton, N. Y. He attended the district-school, and began to study music with a sixpenny gamut-book of four small pages. When about eighteen he became leader of the village choir. His brother presented him at this time with an elaborate treatise on music, which he mastered without aid, and in 1806 he was invited to take charge of a singing-school. He soon achieved reputation in training church-choirs, and his services were much in demand. He went in 1817 to Troy, subsequently to Albany, and afterward took editorial charge of a religious news- paper in Utica entitled the " Western Recorder," which gave large space to church-music. He held this post for nine years, during which time he lec- tured repeatedly in Albany, New York, Philadel- phia, and Princeton, N, J. In 1832 he went to New York, where he remained till his death. He endeav- ored to improve the character of the church-music in the churches of New York. For many years he was choir-director in Dr. Mason's church in Bleecker street, and devoted his time to preparing collections of sacred music, the composition of tunes and hymns, and the editing of musical peri- odicals. He was a constant contributor to the re- ligious press, and in 1835-7 issued the "Musical HASWELL HATCH 113 Magazine." The University of the city of New York gave him the degree of doctor of music in 1858. His publications number nearly fifty sepa- rate volumes, and include " The Musical Reader " (Utica, 1818); "Dissertation on Musical Taste" /Albany, 1822 ; 2d ed., rewritten, New York, 1853) ; " Spiritual Songs " (New York, 1831) ; " The Moth- er's Nursery Songs" (1834); "Anthems, Motets, and Set Pieces " (1836) ; " The Manhattan Collec- tion " (1837) ; " Elements of Vocal Music " (1839) ; "Sacred Songs "(1842); "Indian Melodies Har- monized" (1845) ; " Devotional Hymns and Poems " (1850) ; " The Presbyterian Psalmodist " (Philadel- phia, 1852) : " The History of Forty Choirs " (New York, 1853) ; " Selah " (1856) : " Hastings's Church Music " (1860) ; and "Introits" (1865).— His son, Thomas Samuel, clergyman, b. in Utica, N. Y., 28 Aug., 1827, was graduated at Hamilton in 1848, and at the Union theological seminary. New York «ity, in 1851. He was pastor of Presbyterian ohurches in Mendham, N. J., in 1852-6, and in New York city in 1856-82. He then became pro- fessor of sacred rhetoric in Union theological sem- inary, which post he now holds (1887). He received the degree of D. D. from the University of the city of New York in 1865. He edited "Church Melodies " with his father in 1857. HASWELL, Charles Haynes, civil engineer, b. in New York city, 22 May, 1809. He was edu- cated at the high-school of Jamaica, L. I., and in a classical school in New York city. From his boyhood he showed great in- terest in mechan- ics, and he entered in 1825 the steam- engine factory of James P. Allaire, where he remained for several years. In 1836 he was ap- pointed chief engi- neer in the U. S. navy, and was then the only one of that grade. He was a member of the board that designed the steam frigates " Missouri " and " Mississippi." An engineer corps having been organized in 1839, he was promoted to the rank of engineer-in-chief in 1844, and held that office until 1850, when, in consequence of failing health, he left the service. Subsequently he trav- elled in Europe, and on his return settled in New York, and resumed the practice of his profession. He designed and constructed the first practicable steam launch in 1837, and was the first to put zinc into a marine steam boiler or the hold of an iron steam vessel in order that the galvanic action of the salt water and copper might be exhausted on the zinc, in preference to the iron. As engineer of the state quarantine commission he designed and di- rected the completion of Hoffman island and its buildings in the lower bay of New York, and while in the employ of the New York department of public charities and corrections designed and built the crib bulkhead at Hart's island. He was a trustee of the New York and Brooklyn bridge in 1877-8, and, in addition to membership in all of the principal engineering societies in the United States, he is a member of the institutes of civil engineers and of naval architects in Great Britain. Mr. Haswell has published " Mechanic's and En- voi., in. — 8 ~~~dj?A.as* yt. y/a^vc^^ gineer's Pocket-Book" (New York, 1844; 51st ed.. 1887) ; " Mechanic's Tables " (1856) ; " Mensuration and Practical Geometry " (1858) ; " Book-keeping " (1871) ; and has in manuscript (1887) a " History of the Steam Boiler and its Appendages " and " Remi- niscences of New York from 1816 to 1835." HATCH, Edward, soldier, b. in Bangor, Me., 22 Dec. 1832. In April, 1861, he was a member of the District of Columbia volunteers who were enlisted to defend the national capital, and subse- quently had charge of the camp of instruction at Davenport, Iowa. He was commissioned captain in the 2d Iowa cavalry, 12 Aug., 1861, major, 5 Sept., and lieutenant-colonel, 11 Dec, the same year. He commanded his regiment at New Mad- rid, Island No. 10, the battle of Corinth, the raid on Booneville, and the battle of Iuka. He was promoted colonel, 13 June, 1862, and commanded a brigade of cavalry in Gen. Grant's Mississippi campaign. He was afterward placed at the head of the cavalry division of the Army of the Tennes- see, and was present at the various engagements in which it took part. He was disabled by wounds in December, 1863, and on 27 April, 1864, was made brigadier-general. Under Gen. A. J. Smith, and still in command of a cavalry division, he was engaged in the battles of Franklin (for bravery in which he was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular service) and Nashville, and in the pursuit of Hood's Confederate army. For gallantry at Nashville he was, in 1864, brevetted major-general of volunteers, and three years later promoted to the same rank by brevet in the U. S. army. On 15 Jan., 1866, he was honorably mustered out of the volunteer service, and on 6 July following he was promoted colonel of the 9th U. S. cavalry, which commission he still holds. Since the war he has seen service in Colorado, Indian and Wyoming ter- ritories, and Nebraska. HATCH, Frederick Winslow, physician, b. in Charlottesville, Va., 2 March. 1822 ; d. in Sac- ramento, Cal., 10 Oct., 1885. He was gradu- ated at Union college in 1841, and in medicine at the University of New York in 1843. He re- moved to Kenosha, Wis., in 1846, and in 1851 to Sacramento, Cal., where he was professor of ma- teria medica, and afterward of the principles and practice of medicine, in the University of Califor- nia. Dr. Hatch was a trustee, and from 1868 un- til his death president, of the Medical association of California, permanent secretary of the State board of health, and in 1862-6 president of the board of health of Sacramento. He wrote numer- ous papers on the climate of California, and the medical springs of that state. HATCH, Israel Thompson, congressman, b. in Owasco, Cayuga co., N. Y., in 1808 ; d. in Buf- falo, N. Y., 24 Sept., 1875. He was graduated at Union in 1829, settled in Buffalo, N. Y., and prac- tised law. In 1830 he was assistant secretary of state, was in the state senate in 1852 and in 1856, was elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 1857 till 1859, when he was appointed post- master at Buffalo. During his congressional ser- vice he was appointed by President Buchanan to report on the reciprocity treaty between the United States and Canada that was ratified in 1854 for a period of ten years. Mr. Hatch was a member of the Constitutional convention of 1867-8, and for many years previous to his death was engaged in banking and other enterprises in Buffalo. HATCH, John Porter, soldier, b. in Oswego, N. Y., 9 Jan., 1822. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1845, and assigned to the 3d infantry. Subsequently he was transferred 114 HATFIELD HATHEWAY to the mounted rifles, and promoted 2d lieutenant, 18 April, 1847. He saw service during the military occupation of Texas in 1845-6, and took part in all the principal battles of the Mexican war, being brevetted 1st lieutenant, 20 Aug., 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of Contre- ras and Churubusco, and captain on 13 Sept., for gallantry at Chapultepec. After the conclusion of the Mexican war, he was chiefly engaged in fron- tier duty and on various expeditions against the Indians until 1861, when he was acting as chief of commissariat in the Department of New Mexi- co, after receiving a captain's commission on 13 Oct., 1860. On 28 Sept., 1861, he was made brigadier- general of volunteers, and in December following was placed in command of a brigade of cavalry at Annapolis, Md., under Gen. King. He distin- guished himself by several daring reconnoissances about Gordonsville, the Rapidan, and the Rappa- hannock, and afterward commanded the cavalry of the 5th army corps, taking part in the battles of Winchester, Groveton, and Manassas, Va., where he was wounded and made brevet major for " gallant and meritorious services." He was again severely wounded at the battle of South Mountain, Md., 14 Sept., 1862, and brevetted lieutenant- colonel. Disabled by his injuries and unable to report for duty until 18 Feb., 1863, he was then employed on courts-martial, assigned to command the draft rendezvous at Philadelphia, and given charge of the cavalry depot at St. Louis until 27 Oct., 1863, when he was made major of the 4th cavalry. During the remainder of the war he was assigned to various commands in the Department of the South, being in charge of John's Island and Honey Hill, S. G, during the attacks on those places. He was also under Gen. Sherman's orders, co-operating with him while the latter was moving up the coast, and participating in several skir- mishes. From 26 Feb. to 26 Aug., 1865, he was in command of the Charleston district. Department of South Carolina. On 13 March of the latter year he was brevetted colonel and brigadier-general for his services during the civil war, and major-gen- eral of volunteers for the same cause. From the close of the war until 1881 he was on duty prin- cipally in Texas, the Indian territory, Montana, and Washington territory, and was promoted colo- nel, 2d cavalry, 26 June, 1881. Col. Hatch re- mained in command of his regiment until 9 Jan., 1886, when he was retired by operation of law. HATFIELD, Edwin Francis, clergyman, b. in Elizabethtown, N. J., 9 Jan., 1807 ; d. in Sum- mit, N. J., 22 Sept., 1883. He was graduated at Middlebury college in 1829, studied theology at Andover seminary, and was ordained on 14 May, 1832. He was pastor of Presbyterian churches in St. Louis, Mo., and New York city, until failing health compelled his resignation in 1863. He then became special agent of the Union theologi- cal seminary, and raised a large sum for its en- dowment. From 1846 till 1870 he was stated clerk of the new-school Presbyterian church ; at the union of the new and old school churches, in 1870, he was re-elected to this office, and continued in it till he became moderator of the general assem- bly in 1883. He received the degree of D. D. from Marietta college in 1850. He left his library of more than 6,000 volumes to Union theological seminary. He published " Universalism as it Is " (New York, 1841) ; " Memoir of Elihu W. Bald- win" (1843); "St. Helena and the Cape of Good Hope " (1852) ; " History of Elizabeth, N. J." (1868) : "The Church Hymn-Book, with Tunes" (1872); " The New York Observer Year-Book " (3 vols., 1871-'3); "Chapel Hymn-Book" (1873); and a posthumous work, edited by his son, J. B. Taylor Hatfield. " Poets of the Church " (1884). HATHAWAY, Benjamin, poet, b. in Cayuga county, N. Y, 30 Sept., 1822. He was the eldest of eight children, and was taken from school and put to work at the age of eleven on account of family reverses. Although shut out from libraries and deprived for many years of all literary associa- tion, he made the most of his meagre opportunities for culture. His taste for poetry found congenial themes in the woods, fields, and flowers. Many of the poems afterward collected in his " Art Life " were first written with chalk upon barrel-heads dur- ing his employment as a cooper. They were com- posed amid the noise and clatter of the shops, and in the evening, often after nine o'clock, as he usual- ly worked until that hour, they were transcribed upon paper. An early developed fondness for trees and plants and their cultivation led Mr. Hathaway to add to his other enterprises the business of nur- seryman, which he followed in connection with the- farm for over thirty years. It was late in life before he could devote much time to his favorite studies so as to plan or prosecute any large or consecutive work. For ten years, however, intellectual pursuits occupied much of his attention. He spent several winters at the University library, Ann Arbor, Mich., in researches for his " League of the Iroquois " (Chicago, 1880), and several more in Chicago, en- gaged upon that work and upon a collection of miscellaneous poems entitled " Art Life " (1876). HATHEWAY, Samuel Gilbert, pioneer, b. in Freetown, Mass., in 1780 : d. in Solon, Cort- land co., N. Y, 2 May, 1867. He was descended from the navigator, Sir Humphrey Gilbert. By the death of his father he became dependent on his own exertions at the age of nine years, worked on several farms, went to sea, and, having saved a small sum of money, set out before he was twenty years of age for western New York, then a wilder- ness, and purchased three hundred acres of un- cleared land in Cortland county. His wisdom, frugality, and industry enabled him in time to ac- cumulate a comfortable property. He was elected justice of the peace in 1810, which office he held forty-three years, represented Cortland in the legislature in 1814 and 1818, was state senator in 1822, and in 1832 was elected to congress as a Democrat, serving in 1833-5. In 1852 he was a presidential elector. He was greatly interested in military matters, and rose through various grades till'he was commissioned major-general of militia in 1823. His personal popularity enabled him to hold in his control almost every executive appointment in his district. He was the friend of' Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. At the age of eighty Mr. Hatheway attended the na- tional Democratic convention at Charleston, S. C. See a memoir of his life by Henry S. Randall (Cortland, N. Y., 1867).— His son, Samuel Gil- bert, soldier, b. in Freetown, Mass., 18 Jan., 1810; died in Solon, N. Y., 16 April, 1864, was graduated at Union college in 1831, studied law, and in 1833 removed to Elmira, N. Y, and began practice. He served in the legislature in 1842-'3, declined a renomination in 1844, and resumed practice. He was a defeated candidate for con- gress in 1856 and in 1862, and the next year en- tered the army as colonel of the 14th New York regiment. He afterward commanded Abercrom- bie's division, as acting brigadier-general, but in 1863, the exposures of camp-life having produced disease of the heart, he was compelled to resign, and died a few months afterward. HATHORNE HAUN 115 HATHORNE, William, colonial official, b. in Wiltshire, England, in 1608 ; d. in Salem, Mass., in 1681. In 1630 he emigrated to this country and settled in Dorchester, from which place he removed to Salem in 1636, and in 1645 was, with Gov. Thomas Dudley and Gen. Daniel Denison, an agent to treat with D'Aulnay. the French agent at St. Croix. He was deputy from Salem to the general court for several years, was its first speaker in 1644, and held that office six years. He served in King Philip's war, and the following war with the Indians, was one of the board of assistants in 1662-'79, and commanded a regiment of militia. He was zealous in the cause of liberty, and was one of the five principal citizens whom Charles II. in 1666 ordered to be sent to England to answer to the charge of refusing to submit to the authority of the royal commissioners. — His son, John, jurist, b. in Salem, Mass., in August, 1641 ; d. in Bos- ton, 10 May, 1717, was a representative in the state assembly in 1683, assistant or councillor in 1684-1712, excepting during Sir Edmund Andros's administration, and was active in the witchcraft prosecutions. He served in the Indian and east- ern wars as colonel, and was commander of the forces in the expedition of 1696. HATTON, Frank, journalist, b. in Cambridge, Ohio, 28 April, 1846. His father, Richard, re- moved to Cadiz, Ohio, where he published the " Republican." At the age of eleven the son en- tered the office of this paper, where he became foreman, and then local editor. When the civil war began he enlisted in the 98th Ohio infantry, and in 1864 was commissioned 1st lieutenant. His service was with the Army of the Cumberland. After the war he went to Mount Pleasant, Iowa, edited the " Journal " there in 1869-'74, and then removed to Burlington, Iowa, where he pur- chased a controlling interest in the " Hawkeye." He was postmaster in Burlington for a few years prior to 1881. In that year President Arthur ap- pointed him assistant postmaster - general, and he served from October, 1881, till October, 1884, when the retirement of Judge Gresham from the office of postmaster - general, led to Mr. Hat- ton's promotion to fill the vacancy. He served until the close of President Arthur's administra- tion, and was the youngest cabinet officer that ever served the government, Alexander Hamilton alone excepted. From October, 1882, till the summer of 1884 Mr. Hatton was connected with the " National Republican " in Washington. In July of the latter year he removed to Chicago, and assisted in reorganizing the " Mail," of which he is now (1887) the editor-in-chief. HATTON, Robert, soldier, b. in Sumner coun- ty, Tenn., in 1S27; killed at the battle of Fair Oaks, Va., 31 May, 1862. He was educated at Harvard, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. He was a member of the Tennessee house of representatives in 1856, and in 1858 was elected to congress from that state, serving one term. He then entered the Confederate army, was appointed brigadier-general, 23 May, 1862, and was assigned to the command of the 5th brigade, 1st division, 1st corps. Army of Virginia. HATTON, Thomas, b. in England ; d. in Mary- land in 1655. He was descended from Sir Christo- pher Hatton, Queen Elizabeth's lord chancellor. He came from London to Maryland in 1648, and was appointed secretary of the province, and privy councillor, shortly after his arrival. He is said to have brought with him the draught of the toleration act from Lord Baltimore, but he was absent, on the day of its passage, from the assembly of 1649. During the brief absence of Gov. Stone from the province, in the same year, Thomas Green was ap- pointed governor, with Hatton as substitute. Hat- ton refused to sit in the Puritan assembly of 1654, and was killed at the battle of the Severn in 1655, in defending the government of Lord Baltimore. HATUEY (ah'-tway), Haytian cacique, d. in 1512. After the conquest of Hay'ti by the Span- iards, he passed with many of his subjects to the eastern part of Cuba, where he established himself and ruled over the natives. Fearing for Cuba the same fate that had befallen his native country, he made preparations to resist the Spaniards, should they appear in his new dominion. Accordingly, when in 1512 Diego Velasquez de Cuellar under- took the conquest of Cuba, Hatuey opposed the invaders, but was routed and took refuge in the woods. During two months he carried on a gue- rilla warfare, until he was captured and condemned to be burned. While they were leading the ca- cique to the stake, a priest tried to describe to him the happiness and blessings he would enjoy in heaven. " Do white men go there too 1 " asked the Indian chief. " Yes, provided they are good," was the answer. " Then," replied Hatuey, " I do not wish to go where I shall meet with such people." HAUCK, Minnie, singer, b. in New York city, 16 Nov., 1852. Her father was a German, her mother an American, and she removed with them to New Orleans in 1855. She first appeared in public at a concert in that city in 1865, and at fifteen years of age she returned to New York and became leading soprano in Christ church choir. She appeared in New York early in 1868 as Amina in " La Sonnambula." After a suc- cessful tour in this country she sang at Covent Garden, London, 26 Oct., 1868. In 1869 she was engaged at the Grand Opera, Vienna, and she sang also in Moscow, Berlin, Paris, and Brussels for several years. The chief episode in her artistic career was her creation of Carmen in Bizet's opera at Brussels, 2 Jan., 1878. In 1881 she married Ernst von Hesse Wartegg, the traveller. HAUGHERY, Margaret, philanthropist, b. in Baltimore, Md., early in this century ; d. in New Orleans, La., in 1882. Her maiden name was Gaffney. She came to New Orleans with her hus- band about 1836, and after his death became a do- mestic at the orphan asylum. When the Sisters opened a second institution she took charge of their large dairy. But she soon associated herself with all their labors, and it was principally due to her efforts that the asylum reached a sound finan- cial condition. As soon as the institution was out of debt she established a dairy, and entered into business on her own account. In 1866 she opened a bakery in the heart of New Orleans. She made money rapidly, but still drove about with her bread- cart, as she had done with her milk-wagon, and was known as " Margaret, the orphans' friend." All that she made was spent on the orphans. After her death her statue was erected in New Orleans. ' It was unveiled on 9 July, 1884. HAUN, Henry P., jurist, b. in Scott county, Ky., 18 Jan., 1815; d. in Maysville, Cal., 6 May, 1860. He was well educated, and, having studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1839. He removed to Iowa in 1845, and was a member of the con- vention that framed the constitution of that state in 1846. In 1849 he removed to Yuba county, Cal., and in 1851 was elected county judge. He was afterward Democratic candidate for governor of the state, and was then appointed a U. S. sena- tor in place of David C. Broderick, serving from 5 Dec, 1859, till 5 March, 1860. 116 HAUPT HAVEMEYER HAUPT, Herman, engineer, b. in Philadel- phia, 26 March, 1817. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1835, and entered the 2d infantry, but resigned on 30 Sept. following, and was assistant engineer on the public works of Pennsylvania until 1839. He was appointed in 1844 professor of civil engineering and mathemat- ics in Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, and filled that chair until 1847, when he became principal engineer of the Philadelphia and Columbia rail- road, of which he was made superintendent in 1849. From 1856 till June, 1861, he was chief en- gineer of the Hoosac tunnel in Massachusetts. During the civil war he was aide to Gen. Irwin McDowell, with the rank of colonel, and chief of the bureau of U. S. military railways, in charge of construction and operation. In September, 1862, he declined the appointment of brigadier-general of volunteers. In 1875 he acted as general mana- ger of the Piedmont air-line railway from Rich- mond, Va., to Atlanta, Ga. Since 1875 he has been chief engineeY of the Tide-water pipe line company, and he has demonstrated the feasibility of transporting oil in pipes for long distances. He was also for several years general manager of the Northern Pacific railroad. Col. Haupt in- vented a drilling-engine, which took the highest prize of the Royal polytechnic society of Great Britain. He is the author of " Hints on Bridge- Building " (1840) ; " General Theory of Bridge-Con- struction" (New York, 1852); "Plan for Improve- ment of the Ohio River" (1855); and "Military Bridges" (New York, 1864). — His son, Lewis Muhlenberg, engineer, b. in Gettysburg, Pa., 21 March, 1844,~was educated at the Lawrence scien- tific school of Harvard, and at the U. S. military academy, where he was graduated in 1867. He was lieutenant of engineers in the lake surveys in 1868, and in 1869 engineer officer of the 5th mili- tary district, Texas. He resigned in August of that year, and was appointed engineer of Pair- mount park, Philadelphia. In April, 1872, he be- came assistant examiner in the U. S. patent-office, and in September of that year he was chosen as- sistant professor of civil and mechanical engineer- ing in the University of Pennsylvania, and soon thereafter professor of civil engineering, which chair he still (1887) fills. Prof. Haupt, in April, 1886, patented an automatic system for improv- ing rivers and harbors, and of maintaining chan- nels by an adjustable deflecting shield, suspended by buoys, floats, or barges. He is editor of the " American Engineering Register," and has pub- lished "Engineering Specifications and Con- tracts" (Philadelphia, 1878); "Working Draw- ings, and How to Make and Use Them " (Phila- delphia, 1881) ; and " The Topographer — his Meth- ods and Instruments " (Philadelphia, 1884). HAUPT, Paul, educator, b. in Gorlitz, Germany, 25 Nov., 1858. He was educated at the Gorlitz gymnasium, at the University of Berlin, and that of Leipsie, where he was graduated in 1878. He was private tutor at the University of Gottingen in 1880, professor of Assyriology there in 1883, and became professor of the Semitic languages in Johns Hopkins university, Baltimore, Md., in the latter year. He introduced the principle of the neo-grammarians into Semitic philology, and dis- covered the Sumerian dialect in 1880. He is an associate editor of " Hebraer," and author of " Die sumerischen Familiengesetze " (Leipsie, 1879); " Der keilinschriftliche Sintfluthbericht " (1881) ; " Akka- dische und sumerische Keilschrifttexte " (1881-'2); " Die akkadische Sprache " (Berlin, 1883) ; and "Das babylonische Nimrodepos" (Leipsie, 1884). HAVELAND, Laura Smith, philanthropist, b. in Ketley, Leeds co., Canada, 20 Dec, 1808. At the age of thirteen she was received as a birth- right member of the Society of Friends, and later was married to Charles Haveland, Jr. A few years afterward she united with the Wesleyan Meth- odist church. She has founded the River Raisin institute for manual labor at Adrian, Mich., and in 1869 established the Michigan orphan asylum. During the civil war she was unwearied in her efforts to aid the suffering in camps and hospitals. HAYEMEYER, William Frederick (haiv- my-er), manufacturer, b. in New York city, 12 Feb., 1804 ; d. there, 30 Nov., 1874. His parents were German, and immigrated to this country in the latter part of the last century. The son received an excellent education in the best schools of the city, and was graduated at Columbia in 1823. . He entered the sugar-refinery of his father, acquired a thorough knowledge of the business, and in 1828 succeeded to it, having his cousin as a partner. In 1842 he nominally retired from business with a handsome fortune, but retained an interest as silent partner for some years. From an early age he took a warm interest in politics and public affairs. He was a Democrat of the most uncompromising kind. His admiration and support of President Jackson were followed by friendly relations with President Van Buren, and correspondence passed between the two men in which Mr. Havemeyer vehemently urged the latter to be firm in spite of all popular outcry, and to imitate the example of the hero of New Orleans. While still a young man he became a director of the Merchants' exchange bank, and predicted the collapse of the U. S. bank years be- fore that event occurred, and at a time when the utterance of such a prophecy was considered proof positive that his mind was diseased. In 1851 he was chosen president of the Bank of North America, and held the office for ten years, tiding that institution over the crisis of 1857. In 1844 he was a presidential elector on the Polk and Dal- las ticket. In 1845 he was elected mayor of New York by a large majority, and re-elected in 1848. His administration was notable for the scrupulous care that he bestowed on all the business details of his office, the rigid way in which he scrutinized warrants to which his signature was required, and his earnest efforts for honesty and economy in public expenditure. In 1846 Mayor Havemeyer, together with Robert B. Minturn and Gulian C. Verplanck, strove to abolish the abuses practised on immigrants, and as a result of their efforts the board of emigration commissioners was established, of which Mr. Havemeyer was the first president. The present police system of the city was also founded during his mayoralty, night-watchmen before that time having been the only guardians of the peace. In 1859 he was again a candidate for mayor, but was defeated by Fernando Wood. During the war he was thoroughly loyal to the government, and urged the abolition of slavery as a war measure. Though immersed in business, to which he had returned, he found time during the few years after the war to protest most earnestly against the corruption and frauds that were rife in the city. When the reform movement began in earnest in 1871, Mr. Havemeyer was elected vice- president of the committee of seventy, and proved one of the most active members of that body. He assisted in organizing reform associations in all the assembly districts of the city, and his long political experience made him especially valuable in the canvass that resulted in the overthrow of the Tweed ring. He was chosen chairman of the HAVEN HAVEN 117 memorable mass reform meeting held at Cooper institute, 4 Sept., 1871, and his speech on that oc- casion was one of the most fearless and outspoken of any in its denunciation of the official thieves. The meeting was composed of business and profes- sional men who usually took no part in politics. In the autumn of 1872 he was nominated for mayor as representing the reform movement, and elected by a small majority. He assumed office, 1 Jan., 1873, and at his death had a month more to serve. His third term was not successful. The greater part of his time was spent in unseemly wrangles with the aldermen and other city officers ; several of his appointments were injudicious, and an application was made to the governor for his removal from office, a step which the executive de- clined to take. Still, there was no doubt of his integrity. — His son, Henry, b. in New York city, 25 July, 1838 ; d. near Babylon, L. I., 2 June, 1886, was the fourth of six sons. He became a member of the family sugar-refining firm, which controlled more than half the entire sugar interest of the country. He was also engaged in the to- bacco commerce. Although only forty-eight years of age at the time of his death, Mr. Havemeyer had long been a prominent Democrat and inti- mately associated with Samuel J. Tilden, and was appointed with him as a New York commissioner to the Centennial exhibition. He was at one time president of the Long Island railway, and built the iron pier at Rockaway. He was exceedingly popu- lar, and often gave eccentric banquets at Oak island, off the Long Island coast, which he had purchased for that special purpose. Most of the latter years of his life were spent abroad. HAVEN, Alice Bradley, author, b. in Hudson, N. Y., 13 Sept., 1828 ; d. in Mamaroneck, N. Y., 23 Aug., 1863. Her maiden name was Emily Brad- ley, and while attending school she sent, under the pen-name of "Alice G. Lee," many sketches to the Philadelphia " Saturday Ga- zette." In 1846 she married its editor, Joseph C. Neal, and at his request assumed and retained the name of Alice, and wrote under the pen-name of " Cousin Alice." On her husband's death in 1847 she took editorial charge of the "G-azette," and conducted it for several years, contributing at the same time poems, sketches, and tales to other maga- zines. In 1853 she married Samuel L. Haven. Her books include "The Gossips of Rivertown, with Sketches in Prose and Verse " (1850) ; " Helen Morton " ; " Pictures from the Bible " ; " No Such Word as Fail " ; " Patient Waiting no Loss " ; " Contentment Better than Wealth " ; " All's not Gold that Glitters"; "Out of Debt, Out of Dan- ger " ; " The Coopers " ; and " The Good Report : Lessons for Lent" (New York, 1867). Parts of her private diary were published under the title of " Cousin Alice : a Memoir of Alice B. Haven " (New York, 1865). HAVEN, Erastus Otis, M. E. bishop, b. in Boston, Mass., 1 Nov., 1820 ; d. in Salem, Oregon, in August, 1881. He was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1842, and afterward had charge of a private academy at Sudbury, Mass., at the same time pursuing a course of theological and general study. He became principal of Amenia semi- nary, N. Y., in 1846, and in 1848 entered the Meth- odist ministry in the New York conference. Five years later he accepted the professorship of Latin in Michigan university, which he exchanged the next year for the chair of English language, lit- erature, and history. He resigned in 1856, and returned to Boston, where he was editor of " Zion's Herald " for seven years, during which period he served two terms in the state senate, and a part of the time was an overseer of Harvard university. In 1863 he was called to the presidency of Michigan university, which place he occupied for six years. He then became president of Northwestern uni- versity, Evanston, 111., and in 1872 was chosen secretary of the board of education of the Methodist Episcopal church, which place he resigned in 1874 to become chancellor of Syracuse university, N. Y. In May, 1880, he was elected and ordained a bishop. Bishop Haven was a man of great versatility of talent. As a preacher he was able and earnest — didactic and hortatory rather than oratorical ; he was judicious and successful as an administrator, but wearied among the details of preceptoral du- ties. His religious convictions were positive and controlling in all his life, and while ardently de- voted to his own denomination, he was also broadly and generously catholic toward all other Christian bodies. He was given the degree of D. D. by Union college in 1854, and a few years later that of LL.D. by Ohio Wesleyan university. He served five times in the general conference, and in 1879 visited Great Britain as delegate of the Methodist Episco- pal church to the parent Wesleyan body. He wrote largely for the periodical press, and also pub- lished " American Progress " ; " The Young Man Advised," made up from discourses delivered in the chapel of Michigan university (New York, 1855) ; " Pillars of Truth," a work on the evidences of Christianity (1866) ; and a treatise on " Rhetoric." HAVEN, Gilbert, M. E. bishop, b. in Maiden, Mass., 19 Sept., 1821 ; d. there, 30 Jan., 1880. He united with the Methodist Episcopal church in his nineteenth year, became a student in Wesleyan uni- versity, and was graduated in 1846. Soon after- ward he was employed as a teacher in Amenia seminary, N. Y., and while there was licensed to preach. Two years later he was chosen principal of the institution as successor to his kinsman, Rev. E. 0. Haven. In 1851 he became a member of the New England conference, and entered upon the regular work of the ministry, and for the next nine years served as pastor of churches in Massachusetts. At the beginning of the civil war he was for part of the year 1861 chaplain of one of the Massachu- setts regiments, but the state of his health soon compelled him to resign. In 1862 he travelled in western Europe, Palestine, Egypt, and Greece. After his return, having partially recovered his health, he resumed his ministerial work in Boston, and in 1867 was chosen to the editorship of " Zion's Herald," a weekly paper. In May, 1872, at the general conference held in Brooklyn, he was elected and ordained bishop. He had his official residence at Atlanta, Ga., but travelled through all parts of the country in the discharge of his duties. He visited Mexico in 1873 and 1876, and Liberia in 1877, superintending and setting in order the missions in those countries. He was also actively interested in the educational work of his church, especially among the freedmen of the south, and Clark university, at Atlanta, was largely indebted for its prosperity to his wise counsels and 118 HAVEN HA VI LAND liberal gifts. Bishop Haven was an able writer, a zealous reformer, an earnest preacher, and an inde- fatigable laborer. He was a delegate in the gen- eral conference of 1868, and in that of 1872. He steadfastly declined all honorary collegiate de- grees. Besides his abundant writings in news- papers, magazines, and reviews, he published " The Pilgrim's Wallet, or Sketches of Travel in Eng- land, France, and Germany " ; " National Ser- mons " ; " Life of Father Taylor, the Sailor Preacher " (New York, 1871) ; and " Our Next-Door Neighbor, or a Winter in Mexico " (1875). HAVEN, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Dennis, Mass., 4 Jan., 1816; d. in Chicago, 111., 23 May, 1874. His parents removed to Amherst, Mass., and he was graduated at the college in 1835. For two years he taught in the New York deaf and dumb institution, studying at the same time in Union theological seminary. He was graduated at the Andover seminary in 1839, and ordained pas- tor of the Congregational church in Ashland, Mass., where he remained until 1846. He then ac- cepted a call to the Harvard church, Brookline, Mass., and held this charge until 1850, editing at the same time " The Congregationalist." He was professor of mental and moral philosophy in Am- herst from 1850 till 1858, and of systematic the- ology in the Chicago theological seminary from 1858 till 1870, when he resigned on account of failing health. He then visited Germany, Pales- tine, and Egypt, after which he devoted himself to preaching and lecturing upon ancient and mod- ern philosophy and the English classics. In 1873 he became acting professor of mental and moral philosophy in the Chicago university, which office he held until his death. He was a close student, remarkable for the extent and thoroughness of his scholarship. He received the degree of D. D. from Marietta in 1859 and Amherst in 1862, and that of LL. D. from Kenyon in the latter year. He published " Mental Philosophy " (Boston, 1857) ; " Moral Philosophy " (1859) ; " Studies in Philoso- phy and Theology " (Andover, 1869) ; and a work on " Systematic Divinity," which was completed a few weeks before his death (Boston, 1875). HAVEN, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Framing- ham, Mass., 15 Aug., 1727 ; d. 3 March, 1806. He was a descendant of Biehard Haven, who settled in Lynn, Mass., in 1636. Samuel was graduated at Harvard in 1749, and after studying theology with Rev. Ebenezer Parkman, of Westborough, was ordained in 1752 pastor of the 1st Congrega- tional church in Portsmouth, N. H., which charge he held until 1806. He received the degree of D. D. from Edinburgh in 1770, and from Dart- mouth in 1773. Among his printed sermons are on the " Death of George II. " (1761) ; on the " Restoration of Peace " (1763) ; " The Dudleian Lecture " (Cambridge, 1798) ; and a " Discourse " on the ordination of his colleague, Rev. Timothy Alden (1800). — His grandson, Nathaniel Apple- ton, lawyer and author, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 14 Jan., 1790 ; d. there, 3 June, 1826, was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1807, studied law, and settled in Portsmouth. From 1821 till 1825 he edited the " Portsmouth Journal." He delivered an oration at Plymouth, 4 July, 1814, a Phi Beta Kappa ora- tion at Dartmouth in 1816, and one at Plymouth at the second centennial celebration of the landing of the first settlers. He also wrote several poems and contributed to the " North American Review." A volume of his writings was published, with a me- moir, by George Ticknor (1827). — Another grand- son, Samuel Forster, archaeologist, b. in Dedham, Mass., 28 May, 1806; d. in Worcester, Mass., 5 Sept., 1881, was graduated at Amherst in 1826. He studied law at the Harvard law-school, and practised his profession in Dedham and in Lowell. For many years he served as librarian of the American antiquarian society, Worcester, Mass., in whose " proceedings " he published many reports and papers from 1850 till 1881. He was the au- thor of several addresses, including a " Centennial Address," delivered at Dedham, 21 Sept., 1836; " Records of the Company of the Massachusetts Bay to the Embarkation of Winthrop and his As- sociates for New England " (1850) ; " Remarks on the Popham Celebration " (1865) ; and " History of Grants under the Great Council for New England " (1869). He published " Archaeology of the United States," printed by the Smithsonian institution (Washington, 1855), and a new edition of Thomas's " History of Printing in America " (Albany, 1874). HAVEN, Solomon George, lawyer, b. in Che- nango county, N. Y., 27 Nov., 1810 ; d. in Buffalo, N. Y., 24 Dec, 1861. His early life was spent in working on his father's farm. He obtained a good common -school education, studied the classics under a private tutor, and began a course in medi- cine. This was soon abandoned for the law, and at the age of eighteen years he entered the office of Gov. John Young, of Geneseo, teaching during the winter months to gain the necessary funds. In 1835 Mr. Haven removed to Buffalo, and completed his studies in the office of Fillmore and Hall. In May of the same year he was admitted to practice, and in January, 1836, became a partner with his preceptors in the firm of Fillmore, Hall and Haven. This relation existed several years, and until each member of the firm had attained national reputa- tion. Mr. Haven filled the offices of commissioner of deeds, district attorney of Erie county, and mayor of Buffalo. He was chosen to congress as a Whig, and served three terms, in 1851-'7, exerting extended influence at an important and critical period of the history of the country. HAVENS, James, clergyman, b. in Mason county, Ky., 25 Dec, 1763 ; d. in Indiana in No- vember, 1864. He was licensed to preach in 1781, and in 1820 joined the itinerant ministry in the Ohio conference. He was one of the founders of Methodism in the northwest, especially in Indiana, where the last forty years of his life were spent. HAVESTA1), Bernhard, German missionary, b. in Cologne in 1715 ; d. in Minister in 1778. He became a member of the Jesuit order, and in 1748 was ordered as a missionary to Chili. He remained twenty years in the missions of Concepcion, and ex- plored the country in parts that were until then en- tirely unknown, pushing as far as lat. 49° S., and visiting the unsubdued tribes of Araucanians, Guaycurus, Huilliches, and Pehuenches. As he spoke fluently the Chilidugu, a dialect used by the traders with the Indian tribes, he had an opportu- nity to gather valuable information about the cus- toms, statistics, and natural history of the abo- rigines. When the expulsion of the Jesuits was decreed on 29 June, 1768, Havestad was arrested and returned to Germany, where he published '■ Chilidugu, sive res Chilenses " (2 vols., Minister, 1777). This work is now very rare. HAVILAND, John, architect, b. near Taunton, England, 15 Dec, 1792 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 March, 1852. After studying his profession with James Elmes, he went to Russia in 1815 to enter the Imperial corps of engineers, but came to the United States in the following year. He settled in Philadelphia, where he became associated with Hugh Bridgport in the management of an architec- tural drawing-school. Among the buildings that HAVILAND HAWKINS 119 he planned are the hall of justice, New Yoi'k ; the U. S. naval hospital, Norfolk, Va. ; the deaf and dumb asylum, Philadelphia; the state insane asylum, Harrisburg; the U. S. mint at Philadel- phia, and the eastern penitentiary in that city. The latter increased his reputation greatly as a designer of prison-buildings, and he afterward planned the state penitentiaries of New Jersey, Missouri, and Rhode Island. He introduced the plan of building the cells in lines radiating from a common centre. He published, with Hugh Bridg- port, " Builders' Assistant, for the Use of Carpen- ters and Others " (3 vols., Baltimore, 1818). HAVILAND, Thomas Heath, Canadian states- man, b. in Charlottetown, 13 Nov., 1822. He was educated at Brussels, Belgium, studied law, and was called to the bar of Prince Edward Island in 1846. He was a member of the executive council of the island from April, 1859, till November, 1862, for a short period in 1865, in 1866-7, and from September, 1870, till April, 1872, having been co- lonial secretary during those periods, except in 1865, when he was solicitor-general. After 1865 he either held office or led the opposition in the provincial parliament, until he was called to the senate, 18 Oct., 1873. He has represented George- town in the provincial assembly since 1846, was a delegate to the Quebec union conference in 1864, and to Ottawa in May, 1873, to arrange the final terms upon which the island was admitted into the Dominion. On 14 July, 1879, he was appointed lieutenant - governor of Prince Edward Island, which office he retained until 1 Aug., 1884. HAYILAND, William, British soldier, b. in Ireland in 1718 ; d. 16 Sept., 1784. He was aide to Gen. Blakeney in the rebellion of 1745, and in 1757 was lieutenant-colonel of the 27th regiment under Loudon in this country. He served under Abercrombie at Ticonderoga in 1758, under Am- herst in 1759-60, and as brigadier-general com- manded the expedition that reduced Isle Aux Noix, St. Johns, and Chambly, entering Montreal with Amherst in September, 1760. Owing to his me- chanical genius, he was enabled to invent means for passing the rapids of the St. Lawrence, and contributed greatly to the success of the English army. He was senior brigadier-general and sec- ond in command at the reduction of Martinique in February, 1762, and commanded the 4th brigade at the siege of Havana. He was appointed lieutenant- general in 1772, and general, 19 Feb., 1783. HAWES, Joel, clergyman, b. in Medway, Mass., 22 Dec, 1789 ; d. in Gilead, Conn., 5 June, 1867. He was of humble parentage, and had few oppor- tunities for early education. He was graduated at Brown in 1813, studied theology at Andover, and on 4 March, 1818, was ordained pastor of the 1st Congregational church in Hartford, Conn., of which he was sole pastor until 1860, senior pastor until 1864, and pastor emeritus until his death. In 1844 he visited Europe and the east, spending several months in Asia Minor and Turkey, Avhere his daughter was a missionary. He was a frequent contributor to the religious press and periodicals, and published " Lectures to Young Men," which had a large circulation in the United States and Great Britain (Hartford, 1828); "Tribute to the Memory of the Pilgrims " (1830) ; " Memoir of Normand Smith " (1839) : " Character Everything to the Young " (1843) ; " The Religion of the East " (1845) ; " Looking-Glass for the Ladies, or the For- mation and Excellence of Female Character " (1845); "Washington and Jay" (1850); and "An Offering to Home Missionaries," discourses on home missions, which he published at his own expense for distribution to the missionaries of the Ameri- can home missionary society (1865.) HAWES, Richard, lawyer, b. in Caroline county, Va., 6 Feb., 1797 ; d. in Bourbon county, Ky., 25 May, 1877. He emigrated to Kentucky in 1810. After being educated at Transylvania uni- versity he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began his practice in Winchester, Ky. He was a member of the legislature in 1828, 1829, and 1836, and in the latter year he was elected to congress as a Whig, serving until 1841. He subsequently be- came an ardent Democrat, advocated the southern cause during the civil war, and left Kentucky with Breckinridge and others in 1861. On the death of George W. Johnson, at Shiloh, he was elected to succeed him in the nominal office of " provision- al " or Confederate governor of Kentucky. When Bragg entered the state, Hawes went with him to Frankfort, and was installed governor, 4 Oct., 1862, but was compelled to retire immediately, in conse- quence of the advance of a division of BuelFs army. After the close of the war he returned to Paris, Ky., and in 1866 was appointed county judge, which office he held until his death. HAWES, William Post, author, b. in New York city, 4 Feb., 1803; d. in 1842. He was graduated at Columbia in 1821, studied law with John Anthon, and practised with success in his native city. He was the author of many essays, and also wrote upon political topics. A collection of his writings was published shortly after his death, entitled " Sporting Scenes and Sundry Sketches, being the Miscellaneous Writings of J. Cypress, Jr.." edited, with a memoir, by Henry William Herbert (1842). HAWKINS, Benjamin Waterhonse, educa- tor, b. in London, England, 8 Feb., 1807. He was educated at St. Aloysius college, and also studied art under the sculptor William Behnes. After 1827 he devoted himself to the study of natural history, and in 1852 included the subject of geology. During 1842-7 he was engaged in making studies from living animals in Knowsley park for the Earl of Derby. Mr. Hawkins was assistant superintendent of the World's fair in London in 1851. In 1852 he was appointed by the Crystal palace company to restore the external forms of the extinct animals to their natural gigantic size, and then devoted three and a half years to the construction of the thirty-three life- size models which were placed in the Crystal palace park, many of which were of colossal pro- portions. In the interior of his model of the Iguanodonhe carried out, on 30 Dec, 1853, his idea of giving a dinner to about twenty literary and sci- entific gentlemen, including Sir Richard Owen and Prof. Edward Forbes. He came to New York in 1868, and lectured on popular science in the hall of the Cooper union. Later he was engaged to make models of extinct animals for the Central park museum, and for a time was occupied in making studies for Princeton college. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean society in 1847, of the Geo- logical society in 1854, and a member of the Society of arts in 1846. He has published " Popular Com- parative Anatomy" (London, 1840); "Elements of Form " (1842) ; " Comparative View of the Human and Animal Frame " (1860) ; " Atlas of Elementary Anatomy, with Prof. Thomas H. Hux- ley" (1865); "Artistic Anatomy of Cattle and Sheep " (3d ed., 1873) ; and " Artistic Anatomy of the Horse " (5th ed., 1874). HAWKINS, Dexter Arnold, lawyer, b. in Camden, Me,, 23 June, 1825 ; d. in New York city, 24 July, 1886. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 120 HAWKINS HAWKINS 1848, and for the next four years was lecturer on public instruction before the teachers' institutes of Maine. In 1849 he was principal of Topsham academy. After studying law at Harvard, and at the Ecole des droits at Paris, France, he travelled for two years, examining European methods of in- struction, under a commission from the governor of Maine. He began the practice of law in 1854 in New York city, where he lived during the re- mainder of his life, and was a frequent speaker and writer in favor of free education, protection, hard money, bi-metallism, and political and municipal reform. The national bureau of education was es- tablished largely through his efforts. His reports on " Sectarian Appropriations of Public Moneys and Property," and on the " Duty of the State to protect the Free Common Schools by Organic Law " (1869 and 1871), caused the repeal of obnox- ious statutes in New York and the adoption of a constitutional amendment forbidding such legisla- tion. In 1875 he delivered an address before the Lowell institute on " The Educational Problem in the Cotton States." His report on the " Extrava- gance of the Tammany Ring " (1871) led to the ex- posure of its fraudulent accounts and to its down- fall. His pamphlet on the " Donations of Public Property to Private Corporations, and the Illegal Exemption of the Same from Taxation " (New York, 1873), brought about an amendment to the constitution of New York prohibiting such dona- tions. Among his other publications are " Tradi- tions of Overlook Mountain " (1873) ; " The Roman Catholic Church in New York City and the Public Land and Public Money" (1880); "Free -Trade and Protection " (1883) ; " The Redemption of the Trade Dollar " (1886) ; and " The Silver Problem," an address that was delivered at the request of the committee on coinage, etc., of the house of repre- sentatives (1886). — His cousin, Rush Christopher, soldier, b. in Pomfret, Vt, 14 Sept., 1831, left home at an early age and enlisted in the 2d U. S. dragoons, but after a brief term of service in Mexico was discharged for disability contracted in the field. He settled in New York in 1851, studied law, and in 1856 began the practice of his profession. At the beginning of the civil war he raised the 9th regiment of New York volunteers and the Haw- kins zouaves, of which he was elected colonel. He commanded a successful expedition against Wins- ton, N. C, on 16 Feb., and on 19 April his brigade took part in the action at South Mills, where he was wounded. He served with his regiment in Virginia and elsewhere, and with it was mustered out of the service on 30 May, 1863. Since the war he has been active in movements for political re- form. His collection of books from the first 15th century presses was the most comprehensive in the country, and was sold at auction in New York in 1887. Col. Hawkins has contributed to periodical literature and has published " The First Books and Printers of the 15th Century " (New York. 1884). HAWKINS, Ernest, author, b. in England about 1802. He was graduated at Oxford in 1824, took priest's orders in 1830, and in 1845 became prebend of St. Paul's, London, and secretary to the Society for the propagation of the gospel. Since 1865 he has been a canon of Westminster Abbey. He has published " Notices of the Church of Eng- land's Missions to the North American Colonies Previous to the Independence of the United States " (London, 1845). This is a volume of great historical interest, composed of the manuscript letters, reports, etc., of the missionaries in New York, New England, and Canada, to the Society for the propagation of the gospel. Among his other works are " Annals of the Colonial Church " (1847), and " Annals of the Diocese of Quebec" (1849). HAWKINS, Sir John, navigator, b. in Plym- outh, England, in 1520 ; d. at sea, 21 Nov., 1595. His father, William, began the African slave-trade in which England was engaged for nearly three hundred years. John was knighted by Queen Elizabeth for his success in the same enterprise. In January, 1565, he crossed with a cargo of cap- tives from Guinea to the West Indies, arrived at the island of Dominica, and traded along the Spanish coasts and Florida un- til about the first of June, when he returned to Eng- land. Hawkins is the first English- man who gives any detailed ac- count of Florida. The struggling French colony of Landonniere was then in the sec- ond year of its existence. He showed them great kindness, and left them a vessel in which to return to France. In his narrative regarding Florida he mentions the abundance of tobacco, sorrel, maize, and grapes, and ascribes the failure of the French colony to their lack of thrift, as " in such a climate and soil, with marvellous store of deer, and divers other beasts, all men may live." On his return he was presented with a coat of arms, on which was graven the figure of a savage, bound and captive, and to intimate that the African slave-trade was the true crusade of the reign of Elizabeth, the pil- grims' scallop-shell in gold, between two palmers' staves. In 1567 he embarked on a third voyage with his kinsman, Francis Drake. They captured several hundred negroes in Guinea, crossed again to Dominica, and, when the Spaniards refused to trade with them, stormed the town of Rio de la Hacha, and, notwithstanding the prohibition of the government, exchanged negroes with the plant- ers for jewels and produce. They then crossed the Gulf of Mexico toward Florida, were forced to put into San Juan de Ulua for supplies, and the next day engaged in a naval action with the Spanish, in which Hawkins lost his whole fleet except two small ships. Returning to England, he became treasurer of the navy, and in 1588 was vice-admi- ral of the squadron that was sent against the Span- ish armada. In 1595 Drake prevailed upon Eliza- beth to send him with Hawkins on another expe- dition to Spanish America. They sailed from Plymouth with the intention of seizing Noinbre de Dios, but the commanders quarrelled and separated. Porto Rico successfully resisted the English, and Hawkins died at sea, overcome by his reverses. He was an able seaman, but rude, cunning, and avaricious. He founded a hospital at Chatham for seamen. Hawkins published " A True Declara- tion of the Troublesome Voyage of Mr. John Haw- kins to the Partes of Guynea and the West Indies, 1567-'8 " (London, 1569). HAWKINS, John Henry Willis, reformer, b. in Baltimore, Md., 23 Oct., 1799 ; cl. in Parkers- burg, Pa., 26 Aug., 1858. He was a confirmed drunkard, when the efforts of his little daughter HAWKINS HAWKS 121 induced him to reform in 1840. From this time until his death he lectured with success in the temperance cause in every state in the Union ex- cept California, also contributing constantly to the temperance press. — His son, William George, clergyman, b. in Baltimore, 22 Oct., 1823, was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1848, studied at the Protestant Episcopal seminary in Alexan- dria, Va., in 1848-'51, and has since held rector- ships in Maryland. Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New York, and Nebraska. He edited the "Na- tional Freedman " in 1863-'6, has been engaged in domestic missions, and in 1874 became chaplain of the inebriate asylum at Binghamton, N. Y., and in 1885 rector of the English and classical school at Beatrice, Gage co., Neb. He has published "Life of J. H. W. Hawkins," his father (Boston, 1859) ; "Lumsford Lane" (1863); "History of the New York National Freedman's Association" (New York, 1868) ; and has in press (1887) " Young America in the Northwest." HAWKINS, John P., soldier, b. in Indiana about 1830. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- tary academy in 1852, assigned to the infantry, and promoted 1st lieutenant, 12 Oct., 1857. At the beginning of the civil war he was brigade quarter- master in the defences of Washington, D. C. He was appointed commissary of subsistence with the staff rank of captain, 3 Aug., 1861, and filled sev- eral posts as chief and assistant commissary of sub- sistence in southwest Missouri and west Tennessee, until 13 April, 1863, when he was made brigadier- general of volunteers, and from 17 Aug. of that year till 7 Feb., 1864, was in command of a brigade of colored troops in northeastern Louisiana. He was then promoted to the command of a division, and stationed at Vicksburg, Miss., from March, 1864, till February, 1865. He afterward took part in the Mobile campaign, and for gallant and meri- torious services at the capture of that city was brevetted major. For his services in the war he was successively given the brevets of lieutenant-col- onel, colonel, brigadier-general, and major-general in the U. S. army, and also major-general of volun- teers. On 23 June, 1874, he was made major and commissary of subsistence, and in 1887 was in charge of the subsistence department at Omaha, Neb. HAWKINS, Philemon, statesman, b. in Glou- cester county, Va., 28 Sept., 1717 ; d. in Warren county, N. C, in 1801. He served in a cavalry troop at the battle of Alamance, 16 May, 1771, as aide to Gov. Tryon, in the same year was a member of the general assembly, and represented Bute and Granville counties for thirteen years. He raised the first volunteer company in Bute county for the Revolutionary army, and was elect- ed its colonel in 1776. Col. Hawkins was a mem- ber of the convention that ratified the National constitution, was the last surviving signer of the constitution of North Carolina, and was frequent- ly a member of the executive council. — His son, Benjamin, statesman, b. in Warren county, N. C, 15 Aug., 1754 ; d. in Hawkinsville, Ga., 6 June, 1816, was a student in the senior class at Prince- ton when the Revolution began, and his proficiency in modern languages, especially French, caused Gen. Washington to appoint him interpreter be- tween the American and French officers of his staff. Hawkins served at the battle of Monmouth, and probably in other engagements, and in 1780 was commissioned to procure ammunition and arms at home and abroad. He went to the West Indies and obtained and shipped supplies in ves- sels that belonged to a merchant of New Berne, John Wright Stanley. He was elected by the legislature to congress in 1782, in 1785 was ap- pointed to treat with the Cherokee and Creek In- dians, and concluded the treaties of Josephinton and Hopewell. He was re-elected to congress in 1786, and in 1789 became one of the two first U. S. senators from North Carolina. At the expiration of his term in 1797 he was appointed agent for " superintending all Indians south of the Ohio." Although he possessed a large fortune, he remoA r ed to the Creek wilderness, established a settlement, built cabins and mills, and manufactured imple- ments. He tendered his resignation to each suc- cessive president from Washington to Madison, but it was always refused. The city of Hawkins- ville, Ga., the headquarters of his station, was named in his honor. His manuscripts are in the possession of the Georgia historical society, and two of them, on " Topography " and " Indian Character," have been privately printed. — Benja- min's nephew, William, statesman, b. in Warren county, N. C, in 1770 ; d. in Sparta, Ga., 17 May, 1819, was elected member of the assembly, and its speaker in 1805. In 1810 he became governor, and took an active part in the war of 1812. — Phile- mon's grandson, Micajah Thomas, congressman, b. in Warren county, N. C, in 1790 ; d. there, 22 Dec, 1858, was educated at the University of North Carolina, served in the legislature in 1819, and was a member of the senate in 1823-8. From 1831 till 1841 he was a member of congress, having been elected as a Democrat, and for many years was major-general of North Carolina militia. HAWKS, Francis Lister, clergyman, b. in New Berne, N. C, 10 June, 1798; d. in New York city, 26 Sept., 1866. His early training was re- ceived chiefly from his mother, and, as he was naturally of an im- petuous spirit, this discipline was all- important. He was graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1815, with the highest honors of his class. He then entered upon the study of law, un- der Judge Gaston, in New Berne, was admitted to the bar, and practised his prof ession with great success in his native town and in Hillsboro, Orange co. He was appointed reporter of the supreme court of the state, and also elected to the legislature. At this early pe- riod he manifested rare oratorical powers and fre- quently drew crowds to hear him. But, although meeting with entire success in the practice of law, his heart was not really in the work. He re- solved to become a candidate for orders in the Episcopal church, studied theology under the Rev. William Mercer Green (afterward bishop), completed his course in New Berne, and was or- dered deacon in 1827, by Bishop Ravenscroft, and ordained priest by the same bishop. About 1823 Mr. Hawks married Miss Kirby, of New Haven, Conn., who died four years afterward, leaving two children. This domestic relation and its results brought about an intimacy with the Rev. Dr. Harry Croswell, rector of Trinity church, New Haven, and, at the latter's solicitation, Mr. Hawks became Dr. Croswell's assistant, 25 April, 1829. He g^^U ^S, 0; of theyoung Puri- wwffjfc '' -•/!! tan Milton, while i||g||| ill- w • inl i i s i .■ i ■_■- T . i . ! "'"'_-.""', ' tion of Hawthorne, """ " : "-"? J-^ brooding over the ~^* :'i mysteries of hu- man life and character and bodying forth his mus- ings in literary form, vivid, subtle, and original, may recall the later strain of the poet dealing with fate, free-will, foreknowledge absolute. The three men of the same race, but in widely separate countries and times, and of genius so genuine but so dissimilar, signally illustrate the richness and variety of the Puritan tradition and character. Hawthorne, as Coleridge said of Wordsworth, was " a noticeable man." His face was singularly handsome and romantic, the outline full and rounded, the features symmetrical and strong, the brow broad and massive, and the whole refined head powerful and poetic. His smile was very sweet, and his laugh ready but not excessive. His manner was that of a very shy man, but it was self- possessed and never familiar. With others he was generally silent, and in conversation he talked quietly without effusiveness or ardor. He lived habitually within himself, and seemed, as his son Julian said, to find no better society. His dress was dark and plain. He walked rapidly, but with no air of effort, and his frame, well-knit and sturdy, gave his movement an easy swing, which implied great endurance. The photograph known as the Bennoch portrait (because it was procured by Francis Bennoch, a friend in England) is one of the most satisfactory likenesses of Hawthorne. There are several portraits of him, and the earlier likenesses reveal the singular gentleness of his strong nature. There is one painted in 1840 by Charles Osgood, in the possession of his cousin, Richard C. Manning, of Salem. In 1850 Cephas G. Thompson painted a portrait which is owned by Julian Hawthorne. Rouse drew in crayon, after his return from Europe, a likeness now in the pos- session of Mrs. James T. Fields, and Leutze painted vol. in. — t 130 HAXALL HAY his portrait in Washington in 1862. In Rome, Miss Landor modelled a bust of Hawthorne, which is now in the Concord public library, and Kuntze modelled his head in profile, but of a size a little smaller than life, and there are many excellent pho- tographs. The portrait on page 124 is from a photo- graph made in 1861, in the possession of the senior editor of this work. His son Julian has published " Nathaniel Hawthorne and his Wife," a biography (2 vols., Boston, 1885), which is the fullest memoir, and his son-in-law, George Parsons Lathrop, an ad- mirable "Study of Hawthorne" (1876). Henry James wrote his life for the series of " English Men of Letters " (1880). The complete and best collection of his works is the Riverside edition, edited, with a memoir, by Mr. Lathrop (12 vols., Boston, 1883). There is also a cheaper Globe edition. A complete analytical index to his works, prepared by Evange- line M. O'Connor, forms a volume by itself, and is issued uniform with the various editions (Boston, 1882).— His wife, Sophia Peabody, author, b. in Salem, Mass., in 1810 ; d. in London, England, 26 Feb., 1871, possessed artistic talents, and made her husband's acquaintance while illustrating " The Gentle Boy" in the "Twice-told Tales." They were married in 1843. After Hawthorne's death she edited his " Note-Books," and published a vol- ume of her own observations entitled "Notes in England and Italy " (New York, 1868).— Their son, Julian, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 22 June, 1846, went to Europe with his parents in 1853, and after their return entered Harvard in 1863, but gave more attention to athletic exercises than to his studies. In 1868 he began the study of civil en- gineering in the scientific school at Cambridge, and was one of the university crew in the regatta. In October, 1868, he went to Dresden to study, but the Franco-German war began while he was visit- ing at home in the summer of 1870, and he obtained employment as a hydrographic engineer under Gen. George B. McClellan in the department of docks, New York. In 1871 he began to write stories and sketches for magazines, and in 1872 lost his office as engineer, and, deciding to devote him- self to literature, went to England, and then to Dresden, where he remained two years. While there he published his novels of " Bressant " (New York, 1873) and " Idolatry" (1874). In September, 1874, he settled in London, where he remained till October, 1881. The following winter he passed near Cork, Ireland, and in March, 1882, returned to New York. While in England he contributed much to the magazines, and for two years was a writer on the staff of the London " Spectator." In 1875 he published in the " Contemporary Review " sketches entitled " Saxon Studies," afterward issued in book-form (New York and London). The novel of " Garth " was issued in book-form in 1875, and was followed by novelettes and collections of stories entitled " The Laughing Mill," " Archibald Malmaison," " Ellice Quentin," " Prince Saroni's Wife," and the " Yellow Cap " fairy-stories. None of these appeared at the time in the United States, but " Prince Saroni's Wife " was reprinted in New York in 1884. " Sebastian Strome," his next novel, was published in book-form in 1880, " Fortune's Fool " in 1883, and " Dust " and " Noble Blood " in 1884. After his return to the United States he edited his father's posthumous romance, " Dr. Grimshaw's Secret," and wrote the biography of his father and mother. — Nathaniel Hawthorne's eldest daughter, Una, died unmarried. His daugh- ter Rose married George Parsons Lathrop. HAXALL, Robert William, physician, b. in Petersburg, Va., 1 Aug., 1802 ; d. in Richmond, Va., 26 March, 1872. He was graduated at Yale in 1823, attended a course of medical lectures in the University of Pennsylvania, and received his medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1826. After studying in Europe, he settled in Richmond, where he had a large practice. He was on several occasions president of the Medical society of Virginia, and was one of the founders of the American medical association. He obtained two Boylston prizes for essays, and was a frequent contributor to the " Stethoscope." HAY, Charles Augustus, theologian, b. in York, Pa., 11 Feb., 1821. He was graduated at Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1839, and at the Lutheran theological seminary in that town in 1841. He continued his studies in 1841-'3 at Ber- lin and Halle, Germany, and during these years travelled extensively on the continent of Europe and in Great Britain. After his return in 1843 he became pastor in 1844 of the Lutheran congrega- tion at Middletown, Md. From this place he was called to the chair of Hebrewand German in the theo- logical seminary at Gettysburg, Pa., which he held from 1844 till 1848. He was pastor at Hanover in 1848-'9, and at Harrisburg, Pa., in 1849-'65. In the latter year he was again called to the theologi- cal seminary as professor of Hebrew, German, bib- lical criticism, and pastoral theology. He has discharged the duties of this office for more than twenty years, and takes a high rank as a theolo- gian and educator in his church. He belongs to the conservative wing of the general synod, and is an advocate of distinctive Lutheranism. Together with the Rev. H. E. Jacobs, D. D., he translated from the German, Dr. Schmid's " Doctrinal The- ology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church " (1876 ; revised ed., 1887), and is a frequent contributor to the " Bibliotheca Sacra," " Evangelical Review," " Quarterly Review," and other periodicals. HAY, George, jurist, d. in Richmond, Va., 21 Sept., 1830. He was a member of the Virginia legislature, was for many years U. S. attorney, and in that capacity was the prosecutor of Aaron Burr. He was subsequently a judge of the U. S. court for the eastern district of Virginia, and married a daughter of President Monroe. He gained some celebrity from his political writings, which were signed " Hortensius," and wrote a treatise against usury laws, a life of John Thompson, and a trea- tise on " Expatriation " (1814). HAY, John, author, b. in Salem, Ind., 8 Oct., 1838. His ancestor, John, was a son of a Scottish soldier who left his own country in the beginning of the last century and took service in the army of the Elector Palatine. The son, with his family, emigrated to this country, and two grandsons served with distinction in the war of independence. John Hay took, while in college, high rank as a writer, and after graduation at Brown in 1858, studied law at Springfield, 111. He was admitted to practice in the supreme court in Illinois in 1861, but immediately afterward went to Washington as assistant secretary to President Lincoln, remain- ing with him, both as a secretary and a trusted friend, almost constantly till his death. He acted also as his adjutant and aide-de-camp, and served for several months under Gen. Hunter and Gen. Gillmore, with the rank of major and assistant ad- jutant-general. He was also brevetted lieutenant- colonel and colonel. He was first secretary of le- gation at Paris, and several times in charge in 1865-7, and charge de affaires at Vienna in 1867-'8, when he resigned and came home, but was soon afterward appointed secretary of legation at Mad- rid, under Gen. Daniel E. Sickles. Leaving that HAY HAYDEN 131 post in 1870, he came to New York and became an editorial writer on the " Tribune," where he re- mained about five years. He was afterward edi- tor-in-chief of that paper for seven months, during the absence of Whitelaw Reid in Europe. He re- moved to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1875, and took an active part in the presidential canvasses of 1876, 1880, and 1884. Under the administration of President Hayes he was first assistant secretary of state in 1879-'81. In the latter year he represent- ed the United States at the International sanitary congress of Washington, of which body he was elected president. He has published " Pike Coun- ty Ballads," one of the best known of which is " Jim Bludso " (Boston, 1871), " Castilian Days " studies of Spanish life and character (1871), and has been engaged many years in writing, in col- laboration with John G. Nicolay, a " History of the Administration of Abraham Lincoln," which is now (1887) in course of serial publication in " The Century." Col. Hay is believed to be the author of the anonymous novel of " The Bread- winners " (New York, 1883). HAY, Walter, physician, b. in Georgetown, D. C, 13 June, 1830. He was educated in private schools and in the Jesuit college of his native place. In 1847 he entered the employ of the U. S. coast survey, but resigned in 1852, studied medi- cine, and was graduated at Columbian college in 1853. After spending four years in Charleston and Florida, he removed in 1857 to Chicago, 111. He organized St. Luke's hospital in that city in 1864, became editor of the Chicago " Medical Jour- nal " in 1867, and retained this connection until the sale of the paper in 1875. In 1867 he assisted in organizing the health department of the city of Chicago. In 1871 he was one of the committee of five to receive and distribute the fire relief fund. In the same year he organized the department of mental and nervous diseases in Rush medical col- lege, Chicago, and in 1872 was appointed adjunct professor of the theory and practice of medicine in that institution. He assisted in organizing the American neurological association in 1875, and in 1877 removed to Dubuque, Iowa. He is a frequent contributor to the Chicago "Medical Journal." HAYDEN, Ferdinand Yandeveer, geologist, b. in Westfield, Mass., 7 Sept., 1829. He early set- tled in Ohio, and, after his graduation at Oberlin in 1850, received his medical degree at the Albany medical col- lege in 1853. Dur- ing the same year he explored the " Bad Lands " of Dakota for James Hall, state geologist of New York, and returned with a large and val- uable collection of fossil vertebrates. In 1854 he again went west, spent two years in exploring the ba- sin of the upper Mis- souri, and returned with a large number of fossils, part of which he deposited in the St. Louis academy of science, and the re- mainder in the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences. These collections attracted the attention of the authorities of the Smithsonian institution, and he was appointed geologist on the staff of //r/zw^^ Lieut. Gouverneur K. Warren, of the topographical engineers, who was then making a reconnoissance of the northwest, after which, in May, 1859, he was appointed naturalist and surgeon to the expedition sent out for the exploration of the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers under Capt. William F. Raynolds. He continued in this capacity until May, 1862, when he entered the U. S. army as assistant surgeon of volunteers, and was assigned to duty in the Satterlee hospital in Philadelphia, becoming full surgeon on 19 Feb., 1863, when he was sent to Beaufort, S. C, as chief medical officer. In February, 1864, he became assistant medical inspector of the Depart- ment of Washington, and in September, 1864, he was sent to Winchester. Va., as chief medical offi- cer of the Army of the Shenandoah. This office he held until May, 1865, when he resigned and was given the brevet of lieutenant-colonel. He was appointed professor of mineralogy and geology in 1865 in the University of Pennsylvania, and held that chair until 1872, when the increased duties of the survey caused his resignation. During the summer of 1866 he again visited the valley of the upper Missouri for the Philadelphia academy of sciences, and gathered valuable vertebrate fossils. In 1867 congress provided for the geological sur- vey of Nebraska. Dr. Hayden was directed to perform the work, and continued so occupied until 1 April, 1869, when it was organized under the title of the Geological survey of the territories of the United States. From 1869 till 1872 Dr. Hay- den conducted a series of geological explorations in Dakota, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado, the scope of investigation including, besides geology, the natural history, climatology, resources, and ethnology of the region. It was largely in conse- quence of his explorations and reports that congress was led to set apart the Yellowstone national park as a perpetual reservation. In 1873 geography was added, and the name of the organization then became the Geological and geographical survey of the territories. Dr. Hayden continued the di- rection of this survey until 1879, when the then existing national surveys were consolidated into the U. S. geological survey, and Dr. Hayden was made geologist-in-charge of the Montana division. He held this office until 31 Dec, 1886, when fail- ing health led to his resignation. Dr. Hayden is a member of scientific societies both in the United States and in Europe, and in 1873 was elected to the National academy of sciences. In 1887 the degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by the University of Pennsylvania. He has written nu- merous scientific papers, and his government pub- lications have been very large. The latter include annual reports of his work performed from 1867 till 1879 ; also a series of " Miscellaneous Pub- lications " on special subjects written by authori- ties in the specialties of which they treat, and a series of quarto volumes entitled " Report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories." HAYDEN, Horace H., dentist, b. in Windsor, Conn., 13 Oct., 1769 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 26 Jan., 1844. His parents were impoverished by the war of the Revolution, in which his father was an officer. The son taught school at sixteen years of age, studied architecture, and practised that profession until his majority. He then was brought in con- tact with Dr. Greenwood, the dentist, of Washing- ton, in New York. He studied dentistry, and set- tled in 1804 in Baltimore, where he practised with eminent success till his death. Dr. Hayden stud- ied medicine, and geology also, and was called in consultation by the chief physicians of Baltimore. His correspondence in Europe on geology, botany, 132 HAYES HAYES and dental science was extensive. Dr. Hayden was a surgeon of Maryland troops in the battle of Xorth Point in 18*14. He received the honorary degree of M. D. from Jefferson college in 1837. and from Maryland medical university in 1840. He was the founder and incorporator, and first president, of Baltimore college of dental surgery, and its first professor of dental pathology and physiology from 1839 till his death. He was also founder and president until his death of the American society of dental surgery, and a founder and vice-president of the Maryland academy of sci- ence and literature. He was a member of many other learned societies, and published " Geological Essays, or an Inquiry into Geological Phenomena to be found in Various Parts of America " (Balti- more. 1800). which Benjamin Silliman said " should be a text-book in all our schools." and papers, in- cluding •■ Xew Method of preserving Anatomical Preparations." in the ''American Medical Record " of 1822 : " Notice of a Singular Ore of Cobalt and Manganese." in " Sillinian's Journal " (1822) : " The Bare HUls near Baltimore," in " Sillinian's Jour- nal "' for 1832 : and " Silk Cocoons," in the " Jour- nal of the American Silk Company " (1839). HAYES. Augustus Allen, chemist, b. in Wind- sor, Vt,, 28 Feb., 1806 ; d. in Brookline. Mass.. 21 June, 1882. He was graduated at Capt. Par- tridge's military academy at Norwich. Vt., in 1823, and then studied chemistry under James F. Dana. Subsequently he became assistant professor of chemistry in the Xew Hampshire medical college, but settled in Boston in 1828. where he devoted himself to chemical investigations, filling also suc- cessively the posts of director of an extensive fac- tory of colors and chemical products in Roxbury and of consulting chemist to some of the most important dyeing, bleaching, gas, and iron and copper smelting establishments in Xew England. Among his early researches is that begun in 1825 for the purpose of determining the proximate com- position of various American medicinal plants, which resulted in his discovery of the organic alka- loid sanguinaria, a compound remarkable for the brilliant colors of its salts. Later he conducted an elaborate investigation upon the economical generation of steam and the relative value of fuels. which, in 1838, led to a novel arrangement of steam-boilers. He was the first to suggest the ap- plication of the oxides of iron in refining pig-iron, and still earlier the refining of copper was. under his direction, rendered much shorter and more certain by the introduction of scales of oxide of copper. Among his other original investigations are those in relation to the chemical decomposition of alcohol by chlorine and the formation of chloro- form, on the action of alcohol on the human sys- tem, on the formation, composition, and specific differences of the varieties of guano, and a memoir on the difference in the chemical constitution and action of sea waters on and below the surface, on soundings, and at the entrance of rivers, being part of an investigation executed under a commis- sion from the navy department to examine and re- port on the subject of copper and copper sheath- ing as applied in the construction of national ves- sels. In 1859-'60, while investigating the water supply of Charlestown. Mass.. he found that the deep water of Mystic pond was far less pure than the surface water, and proved that a copper strip or wire passing vertically through two masses of water slightly unlike in composition would become polarized and exhibit electrolytic action. This mode of testing the exact limits of the impure water was applied under his direction, and a large number of observations on this and other masses of water have proved the practical value of this test. After the beginning of the eivd war. Dr. Hayes called public attention to the uncertainty of the foreign supply of saltpetre and the necessity of domestic production. His efforts resulted in the manufacture of a very pure product for the navy by a novel process from sodium nitrate by the ac- tion of potassium hydroxide. Later he spent some time abroad, and on his return published a paper " On the Cause of the Color of Lake Leman. Ge- neva." and also one " On the Red Oxide of Zinc in Xew Jersey." For many years he held the of- fice of state assayer of Massachusetts, and in 1846 received the honorary degree of M. D. from Dart- mouth. He was a member of scientific societies in the United States, and contributed numerous pa- pers of technical value to their proceedings and to the " American Journal of Science." HAYES, Catharine, vocalist, b. in Limerick. Ireland, in 1825 : d. in Sydenham, England, 11 Aug., 1861. She early displayed a good voice, at the age of sixteen was placed under the tuition of Signor Sapio. an eminent vocal instructor in Dub- lin, and during her course with him made her first appearance at a public concert. She studied hi the school of Manuel Garcia in Paris in 1844-"6. and in the autumn of 1845 appeared at Marseilles in " I Puritani." In 1846 she sang at Milan with much success. In 1849 she appeared at the Royal Italian opera. Covent Garden. London. Shortly afterward the success of Jenny Lind during her career in this country attracted attention, and Miss Hayes visited the United States in 1851. She sang in numerous concerts, oratorios, and ballad entertainments with success, extending her tour to the principal cities of the Union and British America. Her stay in this country lasted eighteen months, during which time she was married to a Mr. Bushnell. She then visited in succession South America, the Sandwich and other Polyne- sian islands. Australia, and the East Indies. Re- turning to England in 1855. she made her re-en- trance in Italian opera at Covent Garden theatre, and soon afterward closed her professional career. Later she and her husband quietly spent several years in California and returned to England with an ample fortune. Catharine Hayes had a remark- ably full, sympathetic mezzo-soprano voice, which she used with great effect in slow movements and in ballads. Her rendering of Bellini's " Casta Diva " and of Crouch's " Kathleen Mavoumeen " could scarcely be excelled. HAYES. Isaac Israel, arctic explorer, b. in Chester county. Pa.. 5 March, 1832 : d. in Xew York city. 1? Dec. 1881. He was graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1853. and sailed as surgeon of the second Grin- nell expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, better known, from its commander, as the Kane expedition. (See Kaxe. E. K.) Dr. Hayes proved an energetic and valuable coadjutor of Kane. In addition to his duties as surgeon and naturalist, he made a short trip on the glacier, inland from Van Rensselaer harbor, and assisted in laying out depots in the autumn of 1853. In May. 1854, he crossed Kane sea, and was the first civilized man to place foot on Grinnell Land, along the coast of which he travelled to Cape Frazer, about 79 3 45' north latitude. The " Advance " was frozen in on 9 Sept., 1853. and remained so in the summer of 1854. Dr. Kane turned toward Beechy island by boat for assistance, but was obliged by the condi- tion of the ice to return to his old winter-quarters. On 28 Aug., 1854, Dr. Hayes and eight others left HAYES HAYES 133 the " Advance," in a hazardous attempt to reach Upernavik. An account of this trip is to be found in " An Arctic Boat-Journey " (Philadelphia, 1860), where Dr. Hayes justifies his leaving the ship. The journey was taken with Dr. Kane's permission, but this was given only after he had advised Hayes to forego the pro- ject, and exacted a renunciation of all claims on those left behind. The boat party reached a point sixteen miles south of Cape Par- ry, where they were stopped by ice, and dragged out a miser- able existence, aided by the charity of the Etah Esqui- maux, until Decem- ber, when they re- turned, nearly froz- en and starving. In the summer of 1854 the entire party un- der Dr. Kane by sledge and boat reached TJpernavik safely. On 7 July, 1860, Dr. Hayes sailed in com- mand of the " United States," which had been fitted out by public subscription for exploration of the open polar sea. He wintered in Foulke Fiord, lat. 78° 18' N., near Littleton island. In May, 1861, he crossed Kane sea, again set foot on Grinned Land, attaining on 18 May a point which he called Cape Lieber, and which his observations placed in lat. 81° 35' N, long. 70° 30' W. His various offi- cial observations and personal accounts are not entirely consistent in this respect. Competent explorers who have since visited Kennedy channel surmise that his latitudes were incorrect, and that his farthest point was Cape Joseph Good, about lat. 80° 15' N., long. 70° W. The "open polar sea " was doubtless the southern part of Kennedy channel, which opens early every year. Breaking out of his ship on 10 July, 1861, an unprece- dentedly early date for an arctic vessel, he ex- plored a considerable part of the eastern shore of Ellesmere Land, being the first known white man to land thereon. In 1869 Hayes again entered the arctic circle, visiting Greenland with the artist William Bradford in the " Panther." For his arctic work Dr. Hayes received the founder's medal of the Royal geographical society in 1867 and the gold medal of the Paris society in 1869, and was made an honorary member of many sci- entific societies in the United States and Europe. He returned from his second expedition to find the civil war begun, immediately sought service, was commissioned surgeon of volunteers, 4 April, 1862, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, 13 March, 1865. He resigned, 3 July, 1865, and re- moved to New York city, where he was elected to the assembly, serving five years. He was possessed of great native vigor, and won reputation not only as an explorer, but as an author, lecturer, surgeon, and legislator. He published, besides the book alluded to above, " The Open Polar Sea," giving an account of his second expedition (Boston. 1867) ; " Cast Away in the Cold, a Story of Arctic Ad- venture for Boys " (1868) ; and " The Land of Desolation," describing his third voyage (1871). HAYES, John Lord, lawyer, b. in South Ber- wick, Me., 13 April, 1812 : d. in Cambridge, Mass., 18 April, 1887. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1831, and studied law at Harvard, being ad- mitted to the bar in 1835. In 1846 he organized the Katahdin iron- works in Maine, and soon after- ward was employed in Washington as counsel for the Canadian government on the advocacy of the reciprocity treaty. He had previously taken part in politics in his native state, and had drawn up the call for the first convention of Independent Democrats, when the party was divided on the issue of slavery extension. He organized and was secretary of the Mexican, Rio Grande, and Pacific railway company, and in 1854 obtained a charter from the Mexican government that au- thorized the construction of a railroad across Mexico. In 1861-5 he was chief clerk of the U. S. patent-office, and in the latter year he be- came secretary of the National association of wool manufacturers, which office he retained till his death. In 1860 Dartmouth college conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. He was a student of natural history, collected and mounted with taste and skill a complete cabinet of birds, made a herbarium of the flora, and studied geology in the library and the field. He became a member of the Boston society of natural history in 1845, and was also connected with other scientific associa- tions both in the United States and in Europe. As early as 1843 he presented before the American association of geologists and naturalists a paper on glaciers, which was regarded as the most im- portant contribution up to that time toward the history of glacial phenomena in relation to geol- ogy. His writings, which are mainly devoted to legal, political, and scientific subjects, comprise over sixty titles, and include " The Iron Mines of Nova Scotia," " Jackson's Vindication as the Dis- coverer of Anaesthetics," " The Hudson Bay Ques- tion," "The Protective Question Abroad and at Home," " Sheep Industry in the South," and many articles and pamphlets on wool-growing and wool- manufacturing. His pamphlet entitled " Remi- niscences of the Free-Soil Movement in New Hamp- shire " (1845) attracted much attention. HAYES, Joseph, soldier, b. in South Berwick, Me., 14 Sept., 1835. He was graduated at Harvard in 1855, appointed major of the 18th Massachu- setts regiment, 26 July, 1861, lieutenant-colonel, 25 Aug., 1862, colonel, 30 Nov., 1862, and brigadier- general of volunteers, 12 May, 1864. He was taken prisoner by the Confederates, and was for several months confined in Libby prison, Richmond, Va. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865, and mustered out of service on 24 Aug. In January, 1865, he was appointed U. S. commissioner of supplies in the seceded states. In 1877 he introduced the American system of hy- draulic mining into the United States of Colombia. HAYES, Philip Cornelius, soldier, b. in Granby, Conn., 3 Feb., 1833. He removed in infancy to La Salle county, 111., and spent many of his early years on a farm. He was gradu- ated at Oberlin in 1860, and at the Theological seminary in 1863. He entered the army as cap- tain in the 103d Ohio infantry, and served with this regiment from 16 July, 1862, till 22 June, 1865, its entire period of service, being promoted successively lieutenant-colonel and colonel, and brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers at the close of the war. He served in Kentucky, in West Tennessee in 1863, including the siege of Knox- ville, was in the hundred days' campaign to At- lanta, and was in the battles of Resaca and At- lanta. He took part in the engagements of Frank- lin and Nashville, and was with the army in its march from Fort Fisher to Raleigh, N. C, in the capture of Wilmington, and at Johnston's sur- 134 HAYES HAYES render. During his last year's service he was on the staff of Gen. John M. Schofield. He was then elected a representative in congress as a Republi- can, and served from 4 March, 1877, till 4 March, 1881. He has published a " History of the 103d Ohio Regiment " (1872). HAYES, Rutherford Birchard, nineteenth president of the United States, b. in Delaware, Ohio, 4 Oct., 1822. His father had died in July, 1822, leaving his mother in modest but easy cir- cumstances. The boy received his first education in the common schools, and began early the study of Latin and Greek with Judge Sherman Finch, of Delaware. Then he was sent to an academy at Norwalk, Ohio, and in 1837 to Isaac Webb's school, at Middletown, Conn., to prepare for college. In the autumn of 1838 he entered Kenyon college, at Gambier, Ohio. He excelled in logic, mental and moral philosophy, and mathematics, and also made his mark as a debater in the literary societies. On his graduation in August, 1842, he was awarded the valedictory oration, with which he won much praise. Soon afterward he began to study law in the office of Thomas Sparrow, at Columbus, Ohio, and then attended a course of law lectures at Harvard university, entering the law-school on 22 Aug., 1843, and finishing his studies there in January, 1845. As a law student he had the advantage of friendly intercourse with Judge Story and Prof. Greenleaf, and he also attended the lectures of Longfellow on literature and of Agassiz on natural science, prose- cuting at the same time the study of French and German. On 10 May, 1845, after due examination, he was admitted to practice in the courts of Ohio as an attorney and counsellor at law. He estab- lished himself first at Lower Sandusky (now Fre- mont), where, in April, 1846, he formed a law part- nership with Ralph P. Buckland (q. v.), then a member of congress. In November, 1848, having suffered from bleeding in the throat, Mr. Hayes went to spend the winter in the milder climate of Texas, where his health was completely restored. Encouraged by the good opinion and advice of professional friends to seek a larger field of activi- ty, he established himself, in the winter of 1849-50, in Cincinnati. His practice at first being light, he earnestly and systematically continued his studies in law and literature, also enlarging the circle of his acquaintance by becoming a member of various societies, among others the literary club of Cincinnati, in the social and literary entertain- ments of which at that time such men as Salmon P. Chase, Thomas Ewing, Thomas Corwin, Stanley Matthews, Moncure D. Conway, Manning F. Force, and others of note, were active participants. He won the respect of the profession, and attracted the attention of the public as attorney in several criminal cases which gained some celebrity, and gradually increased his practice. On 30 Dec, 1852, he married Miss Lucy W. Webb, daughter of Dr. James Webb,. a physician of high standing in Chillieothe, Ohio. In January, 1854, he formed a law partnership with H. W. Corwine and William K. Rogers. In 1856 he was nomi- nated for the office of common pleas judge, but declined. In 1858 he was elected city solicitor by the city council of Cincinnati, to fill a vacancy caused by death, and in the following year he was elected to the same office at a popular election by a majority of over 2,500 votes. Although he per- formed his duties to the general satisfaction of the public, he was, in April, 1861, defeated for re-elec- tion as solicitor, together with the whole ticket. Mr. Hayes, ever since he was a voter, had acted with the Whig party, voting for Henry Clay m 1844, for Gen. Taylor in 1848, and for Gen. Scott in 1852. Having from his youth always cherished anti-slavery feelings, he joined the Republican party as soon as it was organized, and earnestly advocated the election of Fremont in 1856, and of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. At a great mass-meet- ing, held in Cincinnati immediately after the ar- rival of the news that the flag of the United States had been fired upon at Fort Sumter, he was made chairman of a committee on resolutions to give voice to the feelings of the loyal people. His liter- ary club formed a military company, of which he was elected captain, and this club subsequently furnished to the National army more than forty officers, of whom several became generals. On 7 June, 1861, the governor of Ohio appointed Mr. Hayes a major of the 23d regiment of Ohio volun- teer infantry, and in July the regiment was ordered into West Virginia. On 19 Sept., 1861, Maj. Hayes was appointed by Gen. Rosecrans judge advocate of the Department of Ohio, the duties of which office he performed for about two months. On 24 Oct., 1861, he was promoted to the rank of lieuten- ant-colonel. On 14 Sept., 1862, in the battle of South Mountain, he distinguished himself by gal- lant conduct in leading a charge and in holding his position at the head of his men, after being severely wounded in his left arm, until he was car- ried from the field. His regiment lost nearly half its effective force in the action. On 24 Oct., 1862, he was appointed colonel of the same regiment. He spent some time at his home while under medi- cal treatment, and returned to the field as soon as his wound was healed. In July, 1863, while taking part in the operations of the National army in southwestern Virginia, Col. Hayes caused an ex- pedition of two regiments and a section of artillery, under his own command, to be despatched to Ohio for the purpose of checking the raid of the Con- federate Gen. John Morgan, and he aided materi- ally in preventing the raiders from recrossing the Ohio river and in compelling Morgan to surrender. In the spring of 1864 Col. Hayes commanded a brigade in Gen. Crook's expedition to cut the prin- cipal lines of communication between Richmond and the southwest. He again distinguished him- self by conspicuous bravery at the head of his bri- gade in storming a fortified position on the crest of Cloyd mountain. In the first battle of Winches- ter, 24 July, 1864, commanding a brigade in Gen. Crook's division, Col. Hayes was ordered, together with Col. James Mulligan, to charge what proved to be a greatly superior force. Col. Mulligan fell, and Col. Hayes, flanked and pressed in front by overwhelming numbers, conducted the retreat of his brigade with great intrepidity and skill, check- ing the pursuit as soon as he had gained a tenable position. He took a creditable part in the en- gagement at Berryville and at the second battle of Winchester, 19 Sept., 1864, where he performed a feat of extraordinary bravery. Leading an assault upon a battery on an eminence, he found in his way a morass over fifty yards wide. Being at the head of his brigade, he plunged in first, and, his horse becoming mired at once, he dismounted and waded across alone under the enemy's fire. Wav- ing his cap, he signalled to his men to come over, and, when about forty had joined him, he rushed upon the battery and took it after a hand-to-hand fight with the gunners, the enemy having deemed the battery so secure that no infantry supports had been placed near it. At Fisher's Hill, in pursuing Gen. Early, on 22 Sept., 1864, Col. Hayes, then in command of a division, executed a brilliant flank movement over mountains and through woods diffi- HAYES HAYES 135 cult of access, took many pieces of artillery, and routed the enemy. At the battle of Cedar Creek, 19 Oct., 1864, the conduct of Col. Hayes attracted so much attention that his commander, Gen. Crook, on the battle-field took him by the hand, saying : " Colonel, from this day you will be a brigadier- general." The commission arrived a few days af- terward, and on 13 March, 1865, he received the rank of brevet major-general " for gallant and dis- tinguished services during the campaign of 1864 in West Virginia, and particularly at the battles of Fisher's. Hill and Cedar Creek, Va." Of his mili- tary services Gen. Grant, in the second volume of his memoirs, says : " On more than one occasion in these engagements Gen. R. B. Hayes, who suc- ceeded me as president of the United States, bore a very honorable part. His conduct on the field was marked by conspicuous gallantry, as well as the display of qualities of a higher order than mere personal daring. Having entered the army as a major of volunteers at the beginning of the war, Gen. Hayes attained, by his meritorious service, the rank of "brevet major-general before its close." "While Gen. Hayes was in the field, in August, 1864, he was nominated by a Republican district convention at Cincinnati, in the second district of Ohio, as a candidate for congress. When a friend suggested to him that he should take leave of ab- sence from the army in the field for the purpose of canvassing the district, he answered : " Your sugges- tion about getting a furlough to take the stump was certainlv made without reflection. An officer fit for duty, who at this crisis would abandon his post to electioneer for a seat in congress, ought to be scalped." He was elected by a majority of 2,400. The Ohio soldiers in the field nominated him also for the governorship of his state. The accompany- ing illustration is a view of his home in Fremont. After the war Gen. Hayes returned to civil life, and took his seat in congress on 4 Dec, 1865. He was appointed chairman of the committee on the library. On questions connected with the recon- struction of the states lately in rebellion he voted with his party. He earnestly supported a resolu- tion declaring the sacredness of the public debt and denouncing repudiation in any form ; also a resolution commending President Johnson for de- clining to accept presents, and condemning the practice as demoralizing in its tendencies. He opposed a resolution favoring an increase of the pay of members. He also introduced in the Re- publican caucus a set of resolutions declaring that the only mode of obtaining from the states lately in rebellion irreversible guarantees was by constitu- tional amendment, and that an amendment basing representation upon voters, instead of population, ought to be acted upon without delay. These reso- lutions marked the line of action of the Republi- cans. In August, 1866, Gen. Hayes was renominated for congress by acclamation, and, after an active canvass, was re-elected by the same majority as be- fore. He supported the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. In the house of representatives he won the reputation, not of an orator, but of a working legislator and a man of calm, sound judgment. In June, 1867, the Republican convention of Ohio nominated him for the governorship. The Demo- crats had nominated Judge Allen G. Thurman. The question of negro suffrage was boldly pushed to the foreground by Gen. Hayes in an animated canvass, which ended in his election, and that of his associates on the Republican ticket. But the negro-suffrage amendment to the state constitution was defeated at the same time by 50,000 majority, and the Democrats carried the legislature, which elected Judge Thurman to the United States sen- ate. In his inaugural address, Gov. Hayes laid espe- cial stress upon the desirability of taxation in pro- portion to the actual value of property, the evils of too much legislation, the obligation to establish equal rights without regard to color, and the neces- sity of ratifying the 14th amendment to the con- stitution of the United States. In his message to the legislature, delivered in November, 1868, he recommended amendments to the election laws, providing for the representation of minorities in the boards of the judges and clerks of election, and for the registration of all the lawful voters prior to an election. He also recommended a compre- hensive geological survey of the state, which was promptly begun. In his second annual message he warmly urged such changes in the penal laws, as well as in prison discipline, as would tend to pro- mote the moral reformation of the culprit together with the punishment due to his crime. In June, 1869, Gov. Hayes was again nominated by the Republican state convention for the govern- orship, there being no competitor for the nomi- nation. The Democratic candidate was George H. Pendleton. The platform adopted by the Demo- cratic state convention advocated the repudiation of the interest on the U. S. bonds unless they be subjected to taxation, and the payment of the na- tional debt in greenbacks. In the discussions pre- ceding the election. Gov. Hayes pronounced himself unequivocally in favor of honestly paying the na- tional debt and an honest money system. He was elected by a majority of 7,500. In his second in- augural address, delivered on 10 Jan., 1870, he ex- pressed himself earnestly against the use of public offices as party spoils, and suggested that the con- stitution of the state be so amended as to secure the introduction of a system making qualification, and not political services and influence, the chief test in determining appointments, and giving sub- ordinates in the civil service the same permanence of place that is enjoyed by officers of the army and navy. He also advocated the appointment of judges, by the executive, for long terms, with ade- quate salaries, as best calculated to "afford to the citizen the amplest possible security that impartial justice will be administered by an independent judiciary." In his correspondence with members of congress, he urged a monthly reduction of the national debt as moi*e important than a reduction of taxation, the abolition of the franking privilege, and the passage of a civil-service-reform law. In his message addressed to the legislature on 3 Jan., 1871, he recommended that the policy embodied in that provision of the state constitution which pro- hibited the state from creating any debt, save in a few exceptional cases, be extended to the creation of public debts by county, city, and other local au- thorities, and further that for the remuneration of public officers a system of fixed salaries, without 136 HAYES HAYES fees and prerequisites, be adopted. Complaint having been made by the state commissioner of railroads and telegraphs that many ■' clear and pal- pable violations of law" had been committed by railroad companies, Gov. Hayes asked, in his mes- sage of 1872, that a commission of five citizens be organized, with ample power to investigate the management of railroad companies, and to report the information acquired with a recommendation of such measures as they might deem expedient. He also, believing that " publicity is a great cor- rector of official abuses," recommended that it be made the duty of the governor, on satisfactory in- formation that the public good required an inves- tigation of the affairs of any public office or the conduct of any public officer, whether state or local, to appoint one or more citizens, who should have ample powers to make such investigation. Gov. Hayes's administration of the executive office of his state won general approval, without distinc- tion of party. At the expiration of his term, when a senator of the United States was to be elected, and several Republican members of the legislature were disinclined to vote for John Sherman, who controlled a majority of the Republican votes, Gov. Hayes was approached with the assurance that he could be elected senator by the anti-Sherman Re- publicans with the aid of the Democratic members of the legislature ; but he positively declined. In July, 1872, Gov. Hayes was strongly urged by many Republicans in Cincinnati to accept a nomination for congress. Wishing to retire perma- nently from political life, he declined ; but when he was nominated in spite of his protests, he finally yielded his consent. In his speeches during the canvass he put forward as the principal issues an honest financial policy and civil-service reform. Several sentences on civil-service reform that he pronounced in a speech at Glendale, on 4 Sept., 1872, were to appear again in his letter accepting the nomination for the presidency four years later. In 1872 the current of public sentiment in Cincin- nati ran against the Republican party, and Gov. Hayes was defeated in the election by a majority of 1,500. President Grant offered him the office of assistant treasurer of the United States at Cincin- nati, which he declined. In 1873 he established his home at Fremont, in the northern part of Ohio, with the firm intention of final retirement from public life. In 1874 he came into possession of a considerable estate as the heir of his uncle, Sardis Birchard. In 1875 the Republican state conven- tion again nominated him for the governorship. He not only had not desired that nomination, but whenever spoken or written to about it, uniformly replied that his retirement was absolute, and that neither his interests nor his tastes permitted him to accept. But the circumstances were such as to overcome his reluctance. In 1873 the Democratic candidate, William Allen (q. v.), was elected gov- ernor of Ohio. His administration was honest and economical, and he was personally popular, and his renomination by the Democratic party in 1875 seemed to be a foregone conclusion. It was equal- ly certain that the Democratic convention would declare itself in .favor of a circulation of irredeem- able paper money, and against the resumption of specie payments. Under such circumstances the Republicans felt themselves compelled to put into the field against him the strongest available candi- date they had, and a large majority of them turned at once to Gov. Hayes. But he had declared him- self in favor of Judge Taft, of Cincinnati, and urged the delegates from his county to vote for that gentleman, which they did. Notwithstanding this, the convention nominated Hayes on the first ballot by an overwhelming majority. When he, at Fremont, received the telegraphic announce- ment of his nomination, he at once wrote a letter declining the honor ; but upon the further infor- mation that Judge Taft's son, withdrawing the name of his father, had moved in the convention to make the nomination unanimous, he accepted. Thus he became the leader of the advocates of a sound and stable currency in that memorable state canvass, the public discussions in which did so much to mould the sentiments of the people, especially in the western states, with regard to that important subject. The Democratic convention adopted a platform declaring that the volume of the currency (meaning the irredeemable paper cur- rency of the United States) should be made and kept equal to the wants of trade : that the national bank currency should be retired, and greenbacks issued in its stead ; and that at least half of the customs duties should be made payable in the government paper money. The Republicans were by no means as united in favor of honest money as might have been desired, and Gov. Hayes was appealed to by many of his party friends not to oppose an increase of the paper currency ; but he resolutely declared his opinions in favor of honest money in a series of speeches, appealing to honor and sober judgment of the people with that warmth of patriotic feeling and that good sense in the statement of political issues which, uttered in language always temper- ate and kindly, gave him the ear of opponents as well as friends. The canvass, on account of the national questions involved in it, attracted atten- tion in all parts of the country, and Gov. Hayes was well supported by speakers from other states. Another subject had been thrust upon the people of Ohio by a legislative attempt to divide the school fund between Catholics and Protestants, and Hayes vigorously advocated the cause of secu- lar education. After an ardent struggle, he carried the election by a majority of 5,500. He had thus not only won the distinction of being elected three times governor of his state, but, as the successful leader in a campaign for an honest money system, he was advanced to a very prominent position among the public men of the country, and his name appeared at once among those of possible candidates for the presidency. While thus spoken of and written to, he earnest- ly insisted upon the maintenance by his party of an uncompromising position concerning the money question. To James A. Garfield he wrote in March, 1876 : " The previous question will again be irre- deemable paper as a permanent policy, or a jpolicy which seeks a return to coin. My opinion is de- cidedly against yielding a hair-breadth." On 29 March, 1876, the Republican state convention of Ohio passed a resolution to present Rutherford B. Hayes to the National Republican convention for the nomination for president, and instructing the state delegation to support him. The National Republican convention met at Cincinnati on 14 June, 1876. The principal candidates before it were James G. Blaine, Oliver P. Morton, Benjamin H. BristoW, Roscoe Conkling, Gov. Hayes, and John F. Hartranft. The name of Hayes was pre- sented to the convention by Gen. Noyes in an ex- ceedingly judicious and well-tempered speech, dwelling not only upon, his high personal charac- ter, but upon the fact that he had no enemies and possessed peculiarly the qualities " calculated best to compromise all difficulties and to soften all an- tagonisms." Hayes had sixty-one votes on the first ballot, 378 being necessary to a choice, and his HAYES HAYES 137 support slowly but steadily grew until on the seventh ballot the opposition to Mr. Blaine, who had been the leading candidate, concentrated upon Hayes, and gave him the nomination, which, on motion of William P. Frye, of Maine, was made unanimous. In his letter of acceptance, dated 8 July, 1876, Mr. Hayes laid especial stress upon three points, civil-service reform, the currency, and the pacification of the south. As to the civil ser- vice, he denounced the use of public offices for the purpose of rewarding party services, and especially for services rendered to party leaders, as destroy- ing the independence of the separate departments of the government, as leading directly to extrava- gance and official incapacity, and as a temptation to dishonesty. He declared that a reform, " thor- ough, radical, and complete," should lead us back to the principles and practices of the founders of the government, who "neither expected nor de- sired from the public officer any partisan service," who meant " that public officers should owe their whole service to the government and to the peo- ple," and that " the officer should be secure in his tenure as long as his personal character remained untarnished, and the performance of his duties satisfactory." As to the currency, he regarded " all the laws o'f the United States relating to the pay- ment of the public indebtedness, the legal-tender notes included, as constituting a pledge and moral obligation of the government, which must in good faith be kept." He therefore insisted upon- as early as possible a resumption of specie payments, pledging himself to "approve every appropriate measure to accomplish the desired end," and to " oppose any step backward." As to the pacifica- tion of the south, he pointed out, as the first neces- sity, " an intelligent and honest administration of the government, which will protect all classes of citizens in all their political and private rights." He deprecated " a division of political parties rest- ing merely upon distinctions of race, or upon sec- tional lines," as always unfortunate and apt to be- come disastrous. He expressed the hope that with " a hearty and generous recognition of the rights of all by all," it would be "practicable to promote, by the influence of all legitimate agencies of the general government, the efforts of the people of those states to obtain for themselves the blessings of honest and capable local government." He also declared his " inflexible purpose," if elected, not to be a candidate for election to a second term. The Democrats nominated for the presidency Samuel J. Tilden, who, having, as governor of New York, won the reputation of a reformer, attracted the support of many Republicans who were dis- satisfied with their party. The result of «the elec- tion became the subject of acrimonious dispute. Both parties claimed to have carried the states of Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida. Each charged fraud upon the other, the Republicans affirming that Republican voters, especially colored men, all over the south had been deprived of their rights by intimidation or actual force, and that ballot-boxes had been foully dealt with, and the Democrats insisting that their candidates in Louisi- ana, Florida, and South Carolina had received a majority of the votes actually cast, and that the Republican canvassing boards were preparing to falsify the result in making up the returns. The friends of both the candidates for the presidency sent prominent men into the states in dispute, for the purpose of watching the proceedings of the canvassing boards. The attitude maintained by Mr. Hayes personally was illustrated by a let- ter addressed to John Sherman at New Orleans, which was brought to light by a subsequent con- gressional investigation. It was dated at Colum- bus, Ohio, 27 Nov., 1876, and said : " I am greatly obliged for your letter of the 23d. You feel, I am sure, as I do about this whole business. A fair election would have given us about forty electoral votes at the south — at least that many. But we are not to allow our friends to defeat one outrage and fraud by another. There must be nothing crooked on our part. Let Mr. Tilden have the place by violence, intimidation, and fraud, rather than undertake to prevent it by means that will not bear the severest scrutiny." The canvassing boards of the states in question declared the Re- publican electors chosen, which gave Mr. Hayes a majority of one vote in the electoral college, and the certificates of these results were sent to Wash- ington by the governors of the states. But the Democrats persisted in charging fraud ; and other sets of certificates, certifying the Democratic elec- tors to have been elected, arrived at Washington. To avoid a deadlock, which might have happened if the canvass of the electoral votes had been left to the two houses of congress (the senate having a Republican and the house of representatives a Democratic majority), an act, advocated by mem- bers of both parties, was passed to refer all con- tested cases to a commission composed of five sena- tors, five representatives, and five judges of the supreme court ; the decision of this commission to be final, unless set aside by a concurrent vote of the two houses of congress. The commission, re- fusing to go behind the certificates of the govern- ors, decided in each contested case by a vote of eight to seven in favor of the Republican electors, beginning with Florida on 7 Feb., and Rutherford B. Hayes was at last, on 2 March, declared duly elected president of the United States. Thus ended the long and painful suspense. The decision was generally acquiesced in, and the popular excite- ment subsided quickly. President Hayes was inaugurated on 5 March, 1877. In his inaugural address he substantially restated the principles and views of policy set forth in his letter of acceptance, adding that, while the president of necessity owes his election to the suffrage and zealous labors of a party, he should be always mindful that " he serves his party best who serves his country best," and declaring also, referring to the contested election, that the general acceptance of the settlement by the two great parties of a dispute, " in regard to which good men differ as to the facts and the law, no less than as to the proper course to be pursued in solving the question in controversy," was an " oc- casion for general rejoicing." The cabinet that he appointed consisted of William M. Evarts, secre- tary of state ; John Sherman, secretary of the treas- ury; George W. McCrary, secretary of war ; Rich- ard W. Thompson, secretary of the navy ; David M. Key, postmaster-general : Charles Devens, at- torney-general ; and Carl Schurz, secretary of the interior. The administration began uuder very unfavorable circumstances, as general business stagnation and severe distress had prevailed throughout the country since the crash of 1873. As soon as the cabinet was organized, the new president addressed himself to the composition of difficulties in several southern states. He had given evidence of his conciliatory disposition by taking into his cabinet a prominent citizen of the south who had been an officer in the Confederate army and had actively opposed his election. In both South Carolina and Louisiana there were two sets of state officers and two legislatures, one Re- 138 HAYES HAYES publican and the other Democratic, each claiming to have been elected by a majority of the popular rote. The presence of Federal troops at or near the respective state-houses had so far told in favor of the Republican claimants, while the Democratic claimants had the preponderance of support from the citizens of substance and influence. President Hayes was resolved that the upholding of local gov- ernments in the southern states by the armed forces of the United States must come to an end, and that, therefore, the Federal troops should be withdrawn from the position they then occupied ; but he was at the same time anxious to have the change effected without any disturbance of the peace, and without imperilling the security or rights of any class of citizens. His plan was by concilia- tory measures to put an end to the lawless commo- tions and distracting excitements that, ever since the close of the war, had kept a large part of the south in constant turmoil, and thus to open to that section a new career of peace and prosperity. He obtained from the southern leaders in congress assurances that they would use their whole influ- ence for the maintenance of good order and the protection of the rights and security of all, and for a union of the people in a natural understand- ing that, as to their former antagonisms, by-gones should be treated as by-gones. To the same end he invited the rival governors of South Carolina, Daniel H. Chamberlain and Wade Hampton, to meet him in conference at Washington ; and he appointed a commission composed of eminent gen- tlemen, Democrats as well as Republicans — Gen. Joseph R. Hawley, of Connecticut ; Charles B. Lawrence, of Illinois ; John M. Harlan, of Ken- tucky ; Ex-Go v. John C. Brown, of Tennessee ; and Wayne McVeagh, of Pennsylvania — to go to Louisiana and there to ascertain what were " the real impediments to regular, loyal, and peaceful procedures under the laws and constitution of Louisiana," and further, by conciliatory influences, to endeavor to remove " the obstacles to an ac- knowledgment of one government within the state," or, if that were found impracticable, at least " to accomplish the recognition of a single legislature as the depositary of the representative will of the people of Louisiana."' The two rival governors — S. B. Packard, Republican, and Fran- cis T. Nichols, Democrat — stoutly maintained their respective claims ; but the two legislatures united into one, a majority of the members of both houses, whose election was conceded on both sides, meeting and organizing under the auspices of the Nichols government. President Hayes, having re- ceived the necessary assurances of peace and good- will, issued instructions to withdraw the troops of the United States from the state-house of South Carolina on 10 April, 1877, and from the state- house of Louisiana on 20 April, 1877, whereupon in South Carolina the state government passed peaceably into the hands of Wade Hampton, and in Louisiana into those of Francis T. Nichols. The course thus pursued by President Hayes was, in the north as well as in the south, heartily ap- proved by a large majority of the people, to whom the many scandals springing from the interference of the general government in the internal affairs of the southern states had become very obnoxious, and who desired the southern states to be permit- ted to work out their own salvation. But this policy was also calculated to loosen the hold that the Republican party had upon the southern states, and was therefore severely criticised by many Re- publican politicians. President Hayes began his administration with earnest efforts for the reform of the civil service. In some of the departments competitive examina- tions were resumed for the appointment of clerks. In filling other offices, political influence found much less regard than had been the custom before. The pretension of senators and representatives that the "patronage" in their l-espective states and districts belonged to them was not recognized, although in many cases their advice was taken. The president's appointments were generally ap- proved by public opinion, but he was blamed for appointing persons connected with the Louisana returning-board. On 26 May, 1877, he addressed a letter to the secretary of the treasury, expressing the wish " that the collection of the revenues should be free from partisan control, and organized on a strictly business basis, with the same guarantees for efficiency and fidelity in the selection of the chief and subordinate officers that would be re- quired by a prudent merchant," and that " party leaders should have no more influence in appoint- ments than other equally respectable citizens." On 22 June, 1877, he issued the following executive order : ' ; No officer should be required or permitted to take part in the management of political or- ganizations, caucases. conventions, or election campaigns. Their right to vote or to express their views on public questions, either orally or through the press, is not denied, provided it does not interfere with the discharge of their official duties. No assessment for political purposes, on officers or subordinates, should be allowed. This rule is applicable to every department of the civil service. It should be understood by every officer of the general government that he is expected to conform his conduct to its requirements." The policy thus indicated found much favor with the people generally, and not a few men in public life heartily approved of it. But the bulk of the pro- fessional politicians, who saw themselves threat- ened in their livelihood, and many members of congress, who looked upon government patronage as a part of their perquisites, and the distribution of offices among their adherents as the means by which to hold the party together and to maintain themselves in public office, became seriously alarmed and began a systematic warfare upon the president and his cabinet. The administration was from the beginning sur- rounded with a variety of difficulties. Congress had adjourned on 3 March, 1877, without making the necessary appropriations for the support of the army, so that from 30 June the army would remain without pay until new provision could be made. The president, therefore, on 5 May, 1877, called an extra session of congress to meet on 15 Oct. But in the mean time a part of the army was needed for active sendee of a peculiarly try- ing kind. In July strikes broke out among the men employed upon railroads, beginning on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad and then rapidly spreading over a large part of the north- ern states. It is estimated that at one time more than 100,000 men were out. Grave disorders oc- curred, and the president found himself appealed to by the governors of West Virginia, of Mary- land, and of Pennsylvania to aid them with the Federal power in suppressing domestic violence, which the authorities of their respective states were not able to master. He issued his proclama- tions on 18, 21, and 23 July, and sent into the above-mentioned states such detachments of the Federal army as were available. Other detach- ments were ordered to Chicago. Whenever the troops of the United States appeared, however HAYES HAYES 139 small the force, they succeeded in restoring order without bloodshed — in fact, without meeting with any resistance, while the state militia in many in- stances had bloody encounters with the rioters, sometimes with doubtful result. In his first annual message, 3 Dec, 1877, Presi- dent Hayes congratulated the country upon the results of the policy he had followed with regard to the south. He said : " All apprehension of dan- ger from remitting those states to local self-govern- ment is dispelled, and a most salutary change in the minds of the people has begun and is in prog- ress in every part of that section of the country once the theatre of unhappy civil strife ; substi- tuting for suspicion, distrust, and aversion, con- cord, friendship, and patriotic attachment to the Union. No unprejudiced mind will deny that the terrible and often fatal collisions which for several years have been of frequent occurrence, and have agitated and alarmed the public mind, have almost entirely ceased, and that a spirit of mutual forbear- ance and hearty national interest has succeeded. There has been a general re-establishment of order, and of the orderly administration of justice ; in- stances of remaining lawlessness have become of rare occurrence ; political turmoil and turbulence have disappeared ; useful industries have been re- sumed ; public credit in the southern states has been greatly strengthened and the encouraging benefit of a revival of commerce between the sec- tions of country lately embroiled in civil war are fully enjoyed." He also strongly urged the re- sumption of specie payments. As to the difficul- ties to be met in this respect he said : " I must ad- here to my most earnest conviction that any wavering in purpose or unsteadiness in methods, so< far from avoiding or reducing the inconvenience inseparable from the transition from an irredeem- able to a redeemable paper currency, would only tend to increased and prolonged disturbance in values, and, unless retrieved, must end in serious disorder, dishonor, and disaster in the financial affairs of the government and of the people." As to the restoration of silver as a legal tender, which was at the time being agitated, he insisted that " all the bonds issued since 12 Feb., 1873, when gold be- came the only unlimited legal-tender metallic cur- rency of the country, are justly payable in gold coin, or in coin of equal value " ; and that " the bonds issued prior to 1873 were issued at a time when the gold dollar was the only coin in circula- tion or contemplated by either the government or the holders of the bond's as the coin in which they were to be paid." He added : " It is far better to pay these bonds in that coin than to seem to take advantage of the unforeseen fall in silver bullion to pay in a new issue of silver coin thus made so much less valuable. The power of the United States to coin money and to regulate the value thereof ought never to be exercised for the pur- pose of enabling the government to pay its obliga- tions in a coin of less value than that contemplated by the parties when the bonds were issued." He favored the coinage of silver, but only in a limited quantity, as a legal tender to a limited amount. He expressed the fear " that only mischief and mis- fortune would flow from a coinage of silver dollars with the quality of unlimited legal tender, even in private transactions. Any expectation of tem- porary ease from an issue of silver coinage to pass as a legal tender, at a rate materially above its com- mercial value, is, I am persuaded, a delusion." As to the reform of the civil service, he reiterated what he had said in his letter of acceptance and inaugural address, and insisted that the constitution imposed upon the executive the sole duty and re- < sponsibility of the selection of Federal officers who, by law, are appointed, not elected ; he deprecated the practical confusion, in this respect, of the duties assigned to the several departments of the government, and earnestly recommended that con- gress make a suitable appropriation for the civil-ser- vice commission, to be made immediately available. He also recommended efficient legislation for the work of civilization among the Indian tribes, and for the prevention of the destruction of the for- ests on lands of the United States. The recommendations thus made by President Hayes were not heeded by congress. No appro- priation was made for the civil-service commission ; on the contrary, the dissatisfaction of Republican senators and representatives with the endeavors of the administration in the direction of civil-service reform found vent in various attacks upon the president and the heads of departments. The nomination of one of the foremost citizens of New York for the office of collector of customs at that port was rejected by the senate. The efforts of the administration to check depredations on the tim- ber-lands of the United States, and to prevent the destruction of the forests, were denounced as an outlandish policy. Instead of facilitating the re- sumption of specie payments, the house of repre- sentatives passed a bill substantially repealing the resumption act. A resolution was offered by a Re- publican senator, and adopted by the senate, de- claring that to restore the coinage of 412^-grain silver dollars and to pay the government bonds, principal and interest, in such silver coin, was " not in violation of the public faith, nor in derogation of the rights of the public creditor." A " silver bill " passed both houses providing that a silver dollar should be coined at the several mints of the United States, of the weight of 412? grains, which, together with all silver dollars of like weight and fineness coined theretofore by the United States, should be a full legal tender for all debts and dues, public and pi'ivate, except where otherwise ex- pressly stipulated in the contract, and directing the secretary of the treasury to buy not less than two million dollars' worth of silver a month, and cause it to be coined into dollars as fast as purchased. President Hayes returned this bill with his veto, mainly on the ground that the commercial value of the silver dollar was then worth eight to ten per cent, less than its nominal value, and that its use as a legal tender for the payment of pre-existing debts would be an act of bad faith. He said : " As to all debts heretofore contracted, the silver dollar should be made a legal tender only at its market value. The standard of value should not be changed without the consent of both parties to the contract. National promises should be kept with unflinching fidelity. There is no power to compel a nation to pay its just debts. Its credit depends on its honor. A nation owes what it has led or allowed its creditors to expect. I cannot approve a bill which in my judgment authorizes the viola- tion of sacred obligations." But the bill was passed over the veto in both houses by majorities exceeding two thirds. During the same session the house of representatives, which had a Demo- cratic majority, on motion of Clarkson N. Pot- ter, of New York, resolved to institute an inquiry into the allegations of fraud said to have been com- mitted in Louisiana and Florida in making the returns of the votes cast for presidential electors at the election of 1876. The Republicans charged that the investigation was set on foot for the pur- pose of ousting Mr. Hayes from the presidency and 140 HAYES HAYES putting in Mr. Tilden. The Democrats disclaimed any such intention. The result of the investiga- tion was an elaborate report from the Democratic majority of the committee, impugning the action of the returning boards in Louisiana and Florida as fraudulent, and a report from the Republican minority dissenting from the conclusions of the majority as unwarranted by the evidence, and al- leging that the famous " cipher despatches " sent to the south by friends of Mr. Tilden showed " that the charges of corruption were but the slanders of foiled suborners of corruption." The investigation led to no further action, the people generally ac- quiescing in the decision of the electoral commis- sion, and the counting of the electoral vote by con- gress based thereon, as irreversible. President Hayes was again obliged to resort to the employment of force by the outbreak of serious disturbances caused by bands of desperadoes in the territory of New Mexico, which amounted to organized resistance to the enforcement of the laws. He issued, on 7 Oct., 1878, a proclamation substantially putting the disturbed portion of New Mexico under martial law, and directing the U. S. military forces stationed there to restore and main- tain peace and order. In his message of 2 Dec, 1878, President Hayes found himself obliged to say that in Louisiana and South Carolina, and in some districts outside of those states, " the records of the recent [congres- sional] elections compelled the conclusion that the rights of the colored voters had been overridden, and their participation in the elections not been permitted to be either general or free." He added that, while it would be for congress to examine into the validity of the claims of members to their seats, it became the duty of the executive and judicial departments of the government to inquire into and punish violations of the laws, and that every means in his power would be exerted to that end. At the same time he expressed his " absolute assurance that, while the country had not yet reached complete unity of feeling and confidence between the communities so lately and so seriously estranged, the tendencies were in that direction, and with increasing force." He deprecated all interference by congress with existing financial legislation, with the confident expectation that the resumption of specie payments would be " suc- cessfully and easily maintained," and would be " followed by a healthful and enduring revival of business prosperity." On 1 Jan., 1879, the resump- tion act went into operation Avithout any difficulty. No preparation had been made for that event until the beginning of the Hayes administration. The secretary of the treasury, in 1877, began to accumu- late coin, and, notwithstanding the opposition it found, even among Republicans, this policy was firmly pursued by the administration until the coin reserve held against the legal-tender notes was sufficient to meet all probable demands. Thus the country was lifted out of the bog of an irredeemable paper currency. The operation was facilitated by increased exports and a general revival of business. Although his first nominee for the office of col- lector of customs in New York had been rejected by the senate, President Hayes made a second nomination for the same place, as well as for that of naval officer of the same port, and in a special message addressed to the senate on 31 Jan., 1879, he gave the following reasons for the suspension of the incumbents, Chester A. Arthur and Alonzo B. Cornell, who had failed to conform their conduct to the executive order of 22 June, 1877 : " For a long period of time it [the New York custom- house] has been used to manage and control politi- cal affairs. The officers suspended by me are, and for several years have been, engaged in the active personal management of the party politics of the city and state of New York. The duties of the offices held by them have been regarded as of sub- ordinate importance to their partisan work. Their offices have been conducted as part of the political machinery under their control. They have made the custom-house a centre of partisan political management." [For the other side of this disputed question, see Arthur, Chester Alan, vol. i., pp. 100, 101.] For like reasons, President Hayes re- moved an influential party manager in the west, the postmaster of St. Louis. With the aid of Democratic votes in the senate, the new nomina- tions were confirmed. President Hayes then ad- dressed a letter to the new collector of customs at New York, Gen. Edwin A. Merritt, instructing him to conduct his office "on strictly business principles, and according to the rules which were adopted, on the recommendation of the civil-ser- vice commission, by the administration of Gen. Grant." He added : " Neither my recommenda- tion, nor that of the secretary of the treasury, nor the recommendation of any member of congress, or other influential person, should be specially re- garded. Let appointments and removals be made on business principles, and by fixed rules." Thus the system of competitive examinations, which under the preceding administration had been abandoned upon the failure of congress to make appropriations for the civil-service commission, was, by direction of President Hayes, restored in the custom-house of New York. A like system was introduced in the New York post-office under the postmaster, Thomas L. James. Congress passed a bill " to restrict the immigra- tion of Chinese to the United States," requiring the president immediately to give notice to the government of China of the abrogation of certain articles of the treaty of 1858 between the United States and China, which recognized " the inherent and inalienable right of a man to change his home and allegiance," and provided that " the citizens of the United States visiting or residing in China shall enjoy the same privileges, immunities, or ex- emptions, in respect to travel or residence, as may there be enjoyed by the citizens or subjects of the most favored nation," and reciprocally that Chinese subjects should enjoy the same advantages in the United States. The bill further limited the num- ber of Chinese passengers that might be brought to this country by any one vessel to fifteen. Presi- dent Hayes, on 1 March, 1879, returned the bill to congress with his veto. While recognizing some of the difficulties created by the immigration of the Chinese as worthy of consideration, he objected to the bill mainly on the ground that it was incon- sistent with existing treaty relations between the United States and China ; that a treaty could be abrogated or modified by the treaty-making power, and not, under the constitution, by act of congress ; and that " the abrogation of a treaty by one of the contracting parties is justifiable only upon reasons both of the highest justice and of the highest necessity " ; and " to do this without notice, with- out fixing a day in advance: when the act shall take effect, without "affording an opportunity to China to be heard, and without the happening of any grave unforeseen emergency, would be regarded by the enlightened judgment of mankind as the denial of the obligation of the national faith." The 45th congress adjourned on 4 March, 1879, without making the usual and necessary appro- HAYES HAYES 141 priations for the expenses of the government. The house, controlled by a Democratic majority, at- tached to the army appropriation bill a legisla- tive provision substantially repealing a law passed in 1865, under President Lincoln, which permitted the use of troops " to keep the peace at the polls " on election-days. The house also attached to the legislative, executive, and judicial appropriation bill a repeal of existing laws providing for the ap- pointment of supervisors of election and special deputy marshals to act at elections of members of congress. The Republican majority of the senate struck out these legislative provisions, and, the two houses disagreeing, the appropriation bills failed. President Hayes, on 4 March, 1879, called an extra session of congress to meet on 18 March. The Democrats then had a majority in the senate as well as in the house, and attached to the army ap- propriation bill the same legislative provision on which in the preceding congress the two houses had disagreed. President Hayes returned the bill with his veto on 29 April, 1879. He took the ground that there was ample legislation to prevent military interference at elections ; that there never had been any such interference since the passage of the act of 1865, and was no danger of any ; that if the proposed legislation should become law, there would be no power vested in any officer of the government to protect from violence the officers of the United States engaged in the discharge of their duties ; that the states may employ both mili- tary and civil power to keep the peace, and to en- force the laws at state elections, but that it was now proposed to deny to the United States even the necessary civil authority to protect the national elections. He pointed out also that the tacking of legislative provisions to appropriation bills was a practice calculated to be used as a means of coer- cion as to the other branches of the government, and to make the house of representatives a despotic power. Congress then passed the army appropri- ation bill without the obnoxious clause, but con- taining the provision that no money appropriated should be paid for the subsistence, equipment, transportation, or compensation of any portion of the army of the United States " to be used as a po- lice force to keep the peace at the polls at any elec- tion held within any state." This President Hayes approved. The two houses then passed a separate bill, substantially embodying the provision ob- jected to by the president in the vetoed army-ap- propriation bill. This "act to prohibit military interference at elections " President Hayes returned with his veto. He said : " The true rule as to the employment of military force at the elections is not doubtful. No intimidation or coercion should be allowed to influence citizens in the exercise of their right to vote, whether it appears in the shape of combinations of evil-disposed persons, or of armed bodies of the militia of a state, or of the military force of the United States. The elec- tions should be free from all forcible interference, and, as far as practicable, from all apprehension of such interference. No soldiery, either of the United States or of the state militia, should be present at the polls to perform the duties of the ordinary civil police force. There has been and will be no violation of this rule under orders from me during this administration. That there should be no denial of the right of the national government to employ its military force on any day and at any place in case such employment is necessary to en- force the constitution and laws of the United States." The legislative, executive, and judicial appropriation bill passed by congress contained a legislative provision not, indeed, abolishing the supervisors of election, but divesting the govern- ment of the power to protect them, or to prevent interference with their duties, or to punish any violation of the law from which their power was derived. President Hayes returned this bill also with his veto, referring to his preceding veto mes- sage as to the impropriety of tacking general legis- lation to appropriation bills. He further pointed out that, in the various c legal proceedings under the law sought to be repealed, its constitutionality had never been questioned ; and that the necessity of such a law had been amply demonstrated by the great election frauds in New York city in 1868. He added : " The great body of the people of all parties want free and fair elections. They do not think that a free election means freedom from the wholesome restraints of law, or that the place of an election should be a sanctuary for law- lessness and crime." If any oppression, any parti- san partiality, had been shown in the execution of the existing law, he added, efficient correctives of the mischief should be applied ; but as no congres- sional election was immediately impending, the matter might properly be referred to the regular session of congress. In a bill " making appropriations for certain judi- cial expenses," passed by congress, it was attempted not to repeal the election laws, but to make their enforcement impossible by prohibiting the pay- ment of any salaries, fees, or expenses under or in virtue of them, and providing also that no con- tract should be made, and no liability incurred, under any of their provisions. President Hayes vetoed this bill, 23 June, 1879. on the ground that as no bill repealing the election laws had been passed over his veto, those laws were still in exist- ence, and the present bill, if it became a law, would make it impossible for the executive to perform his constitutional duty to see to it that the laws be faithfully executed. On the same ground the president returned with his veto a bill making ap- propriations to pay fees of United States marshals and their general deputies, in which the same at- tempt was made to defeat the execution of the election laws by withholding the necessary funds as well as the power to incur liabilities under them. All the appropriation bills were passed without the obnoxious provisions except the last. President Hayes appealed to congress in a special message on 30 June, 1879, the end of the fiscal year, not to permit the marshals and their general deputies, officers so necessary to the administration of jus- tice, to go unprovided for, but in vain. The attor- ney-general then admonished the marshals to con- tinue in the performance of their duties, and to rely upon future legislation by congress, which would be just to them. In his annual message of 1 Dec, 1879, President Hayes found occasion to congratulate the country upon the successful resumption of specie payments and upon " a very great revival of business." He announced a most gratifying reduction of the in- terest on the public debt by refunding at lower rates. He strongly urged congress to authorize the secretary of the treasury to suspend the silver coinage, as the cheaper coin, if forced into circula- tion, would eventually become the sole standard of value. He also recommended the retirement of United States notes with the capacity of legal tend- er in private contracts, it being his "firm con- viction that the issue of legal-tender paper money based wholly upon the authority and credit of the government, except in extreme emergency, is with- out warrant in the constitution, and a violation of 142 HAYES HAYES sound financial principles." He recommended a vigorous enforcement of the laws against polygamy in the territory of Utah. He presented a strong argument in favor of civil-service reform, pointed out the successful trial of the competitive system in the interior department, the post-office depart- ment, and the post-office and the custom-house in New York, and once more earnestly urged that an appropriation be made for the civil-service com- mission, and that those in the public service be protected by law against exactions in the pay of party assessments. But these recommendations remained without effect. On 12 Feb., 1880, President Hayes issued a second proclamation — the first having been issued in April, 1879 — against the attempts made by lawless persons to possess themselves for settlement of lands within the Indian territory, and effective measures were taken to expel the invaders. On 8 March, 1880, he sent to the house of representa- tives a special message communicating correspond- ence in relation to the interoceanic canal, which had passed between the American and foreign gov- ernments, and expressing his own opinion on the subject as follows : " The policy of this country is a canal under American control. The United States cannot consent to the surrender of this con- trol to any European power, or to any combination of European powers. If existing treaties be- tween the United States and other nations, or if the rights of sovereignty or property of other na- tions, stand in the way of this policy — a contin- gency which is not apprehended — suitable steps should be taken by just and liberal negotiations to promote and establish the American policy on this subject, consistently with the rights of the nations to be affected by it. An interoceanic canal across the American isthmus will be the great ocean thor- oughfare between our Atlantic and our Pacific shores, and virtually a part of the coast-line of the United States. No other great power would, under similar circumstances, fail to assert a rightful con- trol over a work so closely and vitally affecting its interest and welfare." Congress passed a deficiency appropriation bill, which contained provisions ma- terially changing, and, by implication, repealing certain important parts of the election laws. Presi- dent Hayes, on 4 May, 1880, returned the bill with his veto, whereupon congress made the appropria- tion without re-enactiug the obnoxious clauses. In November, 1880, was held the election that put James A. Garfield into the presidential chair and proved conclusively that the Bepubliean party had gained largely in the confidence of the public during the Hayes administration. In his last an- nual message, 6 Dec, 1880, President Hayes again mentioned the occurrence of election disorders in a part of the Union, and the necessity of their re- pression and correction, but declared himself satis- fied, at the same time, that the evil was diminishing. Again he argued in favor of civil-service reform, especially competitive examinations, which had been conducted with great success in some of the executive departments and adopted by his direction in the larger custom-houses and post-offices. He reiterated his recommendation of an appropriation for the civil-service commission, and of a law against political assessments. He also, to stop the interference of members of congress with the civil service, suggested that an act be passed " de- fining the relations of members of congress with regard to appointments to office by the president," and that the tenure-of-office act be repealed. He recommended " that congress provide for the gov- ernment of Utah by a governor and judges, or commissioners, appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate — a government analogous to the provisional government established for the territory northwest of the Ohio, by the ordinance of 1787," dispensing with an elected territorial legis- lature. He announced that on 17 Nov. two treaties had been signed at Peking by the commissioners of the United States and the plenipotentiaries of the emperor of China — one purely commercial, and the other authorizing the government of the United States, whenever the immigration of Chinese labor- ers threatened to affect the interests of the country, to regulate, limit, or suspend such immigration, but not altogether to prohibit it, said government at the same time promising to secure to Chinese permanently or temporarily residing in the United States the same protection and rights as to citizens or subjects of the most favored nation. President Hayes further suggested the importance of making provision for regular steam postal communication with the Central and South American states ; he recommended that congress, by suitable legislation and with proper safeguards, supplement the local educational funds in the several states where the grave duties and responsibilities of citizenship have been devolved upon uneducated people, by devoting to the purpose grants of lands, and, if necessary, by appropriations from the treasury of the United States; he repeated his recommenda- tions as to the suspension of the silver coinage, and as to the retirement from circulation of the United States notes, and added one that provision be made by law to put Gen. Grant upon the retired list of the army, with rank and pay befitting the great services he had rendered to the country. On 1 Feb., 1880, he addressed a special message to congress in relation to the Ponca Indians, in which he pointed out the principles that should guide our Indian policy : preparation for citizen- ship by industrial and general education ; allot- ment of land in severalty, inalienable for a certain period ; fair compensation for Indian lands not re- quired for allotment ; and, finally, investment of the Indians, so educated and provided for, with the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. His last communication to congress, 8 March. 1881, was a message returning with his veto a bill " to facilitate the refunding of the national debt," which contained a provision seriously impairing the value and tending to the destruction of the national banking system. On the following day he assisted at the inauguration of his successor. The administration of President Hayes, although much attacked by the politicians of both parties, was on the whole very satisfactory to the people at large. By withdrawing the Federal troops from the southern state-houses, and restoring to the people of those states practical self-government, it prepared the way for that revival of patriotism among those lately estranged from the Union, that fraternal feeling between the two sections of the country, and the wonderful material advancement of the south which we now witness. It conducted with wisdom and firmness the preparations for the resumption of specie payments, as well as the fund- ing of the public debt at lower rates of interest, and thus facilitated the development of the re- markable business prosperity that continued to its close. While in its endeavors to effect a thorough and permanent reform of the civil service there were conspicuous lapses and inconsistencies, it accomplished important and lasting results. Not only without any appropriations of money and without encouragement of any kind from congress, but in the face of the decided hostility of a large HAYES HAYNE 143 majority of its members, the system of competitive examinations was successfully applied in some of the executive departments at Washington and in the great government offices at New York, thus proving its practicability and usefulness. The re- moval by President Hayes of some of the most powerful party managers from their offices, avow- edly on the ground that the offices had been used as "part of the political machinery, was an act of high courage, and during his administration there was far less meddling with party politics on the part of officers of the government than at any period since Andrew Jackson's time. The success of the Republican party in the election of 1880 was largely owing to the general satisfaction among the people with the Hayes administration. On the expiration of his term, ex-President Hayes retired to his home at Fremont, Ohio. He was the recipient of various distinctions. The de- gree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Kenyon college, Harvard university, Yale college, and Johns Hopkins university. He was made senior vice-commander of the military order of the Loyal legion, commander of the Ohio command- ery of the same or- der, the first presi- dent of the Society of the Army of West Virginia, and presi- dent of the 23d regi- ment Ohio volunteers association. Much of his time is devoted to benevolent and useful enterprises. He is president of the trustees of the John F. Slater education- fund, one of the trus- tees of the Peabody education-fund, pres- ident of the National prison-reform association, an active member of the National conference of corrections and charities, a trustee of the Western Reserve university at Cleve- land, Ohio, of the Wesleyan university of Dela- ware, Ohio, of Mount Union college, at Alliance, Ohio, and of several other charitable and educa- tional institutions. On the occasion of a meeting of the National prison-reform association, held at Atlanta, Ga., in November, 1886, he was received with much popular enthusiasm, and greeted by an ex-governor of Georgia as one to whom, more than to any other, the people were indebted for the era of peace and union which they now enjoyed, and by the present governor, John B. Gordon, as the man who had " made a true and noble effort to com- plete the restoration of the Union by restoring fraternal feeling between the estranged sections." See " Life, Public Services, and Select Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes," by James Quay Howard (Cincinnati, 1876). Campaign lives were also written by William D. Howelis (New York, 1876) and Russell H. Conwell (Boston, 1876).— His wife, Lucy Ware Webb, b. in Chillicothe, Ohio, about 1833, was the daughter of a physician of that town. They were married on 30 Dec, 1852. Of their eight children, four sons and one daughter are living. Mrs. Hayes was noted for her devotion to the wounded soldiers during the war. She refused to permit wine to be served on the White House table, and for this innovation incurred much cen- sure in some political circles, but received high praise from the advocates of total abstinence, who, QZ^USy & ' &fd*J?* and settled in Venango county, Pa., where he en gaged in the manufacture of iron in 1848-50, was assistant engineer on railroads in 1850-4, and from 1854 till 1861 was a civil engineer in Pittsburg. When the war began in 1861, Hays re-entered the service as colonel of the 63d Pennsylvania regi- ment, and with the rank of captain in the 16th regular infantry, to date from 14 May, 1861. In the peninsula he was attached with his regiment to the first brigade of Kearny's division of Heintzel- man's corps, and at the close of the seven days' con- test he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. He took part in the Maryland campaign, and was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 Sept., 1862. He was wounded at Chancellorsville while at the head of his brigade. He commanded the 3d division of his corps at the battle of Gettysburg, and, after Hancock was wounded, was temporarily in com- mand, gaining the brevet of colonel in the United States army. He was engaged at Auburn and Mine Run. When the Army of the Potomac was re- organized, Hays was placed in command of the second brigade of Birney's 3d division of the 2d corps. In this capacity he fought, and gal- lantly met his death during the terrible struggle toward the junction of the Plank and Brock roads, which was the feature of the first day's fighting in the Wilderness. Gen. Hays was frank and brave, quick and full of energy, and was a great favorite with his men. HAYS, Isaac, physician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 July, 1796; d. there, 13 April, 1879. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1816, and at the medical department of that insti- tution in 1820. Dr. Hays became known to the public principally through his editorial work on medical journals and books. In February, 1827, he joined the staff of the " Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences," which had been established in 1820, becoming its sole editor in November of the same year, when with enlarge- ment this paper assumed the name of " The Ameri- can Journal of the Medical Sciences," and he contin- ued in that capacity until 1869, when his son, Dr. I. Minis Hays, became his associate. Of all the other medical journals in existence at the time of its es- tablishment, the sole survivor (1887) is the " Edin- burgh Medical Journal." In 1843 he established the " Medical News," and in 1874 the " Monthly Abstract of Medical Science." both of which jour- nals were also published in Philadelphia. He was elected a member of the Academy of natural sci- ences of Philadelphia in 1818, and was its president from 1865 till 1869, also one of the founders, and for many years secretary, of the Franklin institute, be- ing at the time of his death its oldest member. Dr. Hays was one of the oldest members of the Col- lege of physicians in Philadelphia, and for many years one of its censors. Besides being a member of scientific bodies both at home and abroad, he was one of the founders of the American medical association, and author of its code of ethics, which has been since adopted by every state and county medical society in the United States. In addition to his journals, he edited Wilson's "American Ornithology " (Philadelphia, 1828) ; Hoblyn's " Dic- tionary of Terms used in Medicine and the Collateral Sciences " (1846 ; new ed., 1855) ; Laurence's " Trea- tise on Diseases of the Eye" (1847 : several new eds.) ; and Arnott's " Elements of Physics " (1855). HAYS, Jacob, high-constable, b. in Bedford, Westchester co., N. Y., 5 May, 1772 ; d. in New York city in June, 1850. He received a common- school education, and soon afterward came to New York city, where he became a policeman. In 1801 Edward Livingston, then mayor, appointed him high-constable, which office he held forty-nine years, until his death. Mr. Hays became a noted HAYS HAYWARD 147 thief-taker, and was known throughout the Union for his many captures of criminals. His name was a terror to evil-doers, and it was a common custom of the day to threaten unruly boys with his atten- tions. On " Evacuation day " and " Fourth of July" parades, "old Hays," as he was called, headed the city officials, shouldering a drawn sword, his hat decked with a flaming cockade, and his person decorated with the glittering insignia of his office. Hays was a small, thin, comic-look- ing old gentleman, with a well-marked Jewish vis- age, set off by an amusing strut.— His grandson, William Jacob, painter, b. in New York city, 8 Aug., 1830; d. there, 13 March, 1875, was self- taught in the art of painting, and began on fruit and flower pieces. Later he visited the western territories, where he painted landscapes and animal life. In 1850 he exhibited his first picture, " Dogs in a Field," at the New York academy of design, and in 1852 his " Head of a Bull-Dog." On the merits of the latter he was elected an associate of the academy. His largest painting is " The Wounded Buffalo." Among the best of his works are "The Stampede," "A Herd on the Move," " Setter and Game," and " Noah's Head." Some of his pictures have been engraved. HAYS, Will Shakespeare, balladist, b. in Louisville, Ky., 19 July, 1837. He was educated at Hanover college, Ind., and Georgetown, Ky. He early gave evidence of the exuberance of fancy and the genius for melody that have made him one of the most successful ballad-authors in the United States. From his boyhood, without the aid of a master, he has been able to perform on any musical instrument. While yet at school in 1856 he wrote his first published ballad, " Little Ones at Home," and from that time his composi- tions have appeared constantly. " Evangeline " was the first ballad that he set to music, and is probably as popular as any that he ever produced, the sales having reached about half a million. He was at one time amanuensis for George D. Pren- tice, when the latter was editor of the Louisville " Journal," and has done editorial service for that paper and the Louisville " Democrat " and " Courier-Journal " until a late date. It is esti- mated that the sales of his songs in this coun- try and England have reached over six million copies. They are characterized by the pathos and sentiment of natural simplicity. His bal- lads include " Mollie Darling," " Nora O'Neal," " Driven from Home," " Write Me a Letter," " Lit- tle Old Cabin in the Lane." " Susan Jane," " We Parted by the Riverside," " My Southern Sunny Home," " Nobody's Darling," " You've Been a Friend to Me," " Shamus O'Brien," " The Wander- ing Refugee," " Do not turn Me from Your Door," " Good-by, Old Home," " Moon is out To-night, Love," and " Save One Bright Crown for Me." HAYS, William, soldier, b. in Richmond, Va., in 1819 ; d. in Fort Independence, Boston harbor, 7 Feb., 1875. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- tary academy in 1840, and promoted 1st lieutenant in 1847, captain in 1853, and major in 1863. He served throughout the Mexican war with the light- artillery. He was wounded at Molino del Rey, and brevetted captain and major. From 1853 till 1854 he was engaged in the Seminole Indian wars, and was on frontier duty in 1856-60. He commanded a brigade of horse-artillery in 1861-2 in the Army of the Potomac, participating in the battles of An- tietam and Fredericksburg, and was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers in November, 1862. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Chancel- lorsville, 6 May, 1863, rejoined the army at Gettys- burg, and in November was appointed provost- marshal of the southern district of New York. At the expiration of his term in February, 1865, he rejoined his regiment at Petersburg, and served with the 2d corps, and in command of the reserve artillery until the close of the war, when he was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army for gallant conduct. He was mustered out of volun- teer service in 1866 with the rank of major, and served on various posts, commanding Fort Inde- pendence from 29 April, 1873, till his death. HAYTHORNE, Robert Poore, Canadian statesman, b. in Bristol, England, in 1815. He was educated in his native town, and in 1842 came to Prince Edward Island, where, in 1867, he was elected a member of the provincial legislative coun- cil. Soon afterward he was appointed a member of the Cole administration, and after Mr. Cole's retirement he continued to sit in the administra- tion of Joseph Hensley. When the latter was ap- pointed a judge, Mr. Haythorne succeeded him as president of the council and leader of the govern- ment, retaining those portfolios till his resignation in 1870. On 2 April, 1872, he was assigned the duty of forming a new government, which he suc- cessfully accomplished, and in February, 1873, he and his colleague in office, Mr. Laird, formed a delegation to Ottawa on the subject of the union of Prince Edward Island with the Dominion. As the result of this mission his government appealed to the voters of the province, but, not being sus- tained, he resigned, 18 April, 1873. He sat in the legislative council of Prince Edward Island from 1867 till 1874, and was made a Dominion senator on the admission of that province into the Con- federation, 18 Oct., 1873. HAYWARD, James, civil engineer, b. in Con- cord, Mass., 12 June, 1786 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 27 July, 1866. He was graduated at Harvard in 1819, and was a tutor in mathematics there for six years. In 1826 he became a professor of mathe- matics and natural philosophy at Harvard, but in 1829 he severed his relations with the college to enter on the practice of civil engineering. The original survey of the Boston and Providence rail- road was made by him. Later he was profession- ally retained by the Boston and Maine railroad, projecting and having entire charge of the con- struction of this road, including the building of the bridge at Haverhill, and ultimately being made president of the corporation. Prof. Hayward was recognized as a high authority in his profes- sion, and was a frequent co-laborer with Loammi Baldwin, with whom and Lemuel Shaw he was se- lected, as a commission of three, to determine the water-power question that was at issue between the Boston and Roxbury water-power company and the Boston iron company. He published " Elements of Geometrv, upon the Inductive Meth- od " (Cambridge, 1829)^ HAYWARD, John, author, b. in Boston in January, 1781 ; d. there, 13 Oct., 1862. He is the author of " View of the United States " (New York, 1833); "Religious Creeds of the Unite'd States and of the British Provinces" (Boston, 1837) ; " New England Gazetteer " (1839) ; " Book of Religions" (1842); "Gazetteer of the United States " (Portland, 1843 ; Philadelphia, 1854, new ed.) ; and " Gazetteer of Massachusetts, New Hamp- shire, and Vermont " (Boston, 1849). HAYWARD, Lemuel, physician, b. in Brain- tree, Mass., 22 March, 1749 ; d. in Jamaica Plain, 20 March, 1821. He was graduated at Harvard in 1768, and, after studying medicine in Boston in 1769 under Dr. Joseph Warren, established himself 148 HAYWARD HAZARD at Jamaica Plain, and acquired a lucrative practice. At the beginning of the Revolution he entered the army as surgeon, served throughout the war, and at its close removed to Boston, and was distin- guished in his profession. In 1798 he returned to his former residence at Jamaica Plain. — His son, George, physician, b. in Boston, Mass., 9 March, 1791 ; d. there, 7 Oct., 1863, was graduated at Har- vard in 1809, and took his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1812. He then es- tablished himself in Boston, and soon attained eminence in his profession. In 1835-49 he was professor of clinical surgery in the medical school at Harvard. He was president of the Massachu- setts medical society, and a member of the Acade- my of arts and sciences of Boston, and the corpo- ration of Harvard. He spent several years in Europe and acquired a continental reputation as a surgeon. Dr. Hayward translated Bichat's " Gen- eral Anatomy " (Boston, 1822) ; Beckland's " Addi- tions to Bichat's Anatomy " (1823) ; and is the au- thor of " Outlines of Physiology " (Boston, 1834) ; and " Surgical Records " "(1855). HAYWARD, Nathaniel, inventor, b. inEaston, Mass., 19 Jan., 1808 ; d. in Colchester, Conn., 18 July, 1805. While keeping a livery-stable in Bos- ton in 1834 he bought some India-rubber cloth for a carriage-top, and, noticing that it was sticky, be- gan to make experiments with a view to remedy- ing the difficulty. He sold his stable in 1835, and a few months later engaged to work for the Eagle India-rubber company of Boston, having, as he thought, succeeded in making firm rubber cloth from a mixture of rubber, turpentine, lamp-black, and other materials. In 1836 he tried to bleach some of the cloth by exposing it to the fumes of sulphur, and thus discovered the use of that sub- stance in hardening rubber. He then adopted the plan of sprinkling his cloth with powdered sulphur and afterward exposing it to the sun, and in 1838 patented his process and assigned the patent to Charles Goodyear, thus leading to the latter's dis- covery of the present vulcanizing process. (See Goodyear, Charles.) Hayward continued to ex- periment, and, having learned from Mr. Goodyear of his discovery in 1839, endeavored to perfect the vulcanizing process, and succeeded in 1843 in mak- ing several hundred pounds of the hardened rub- ber. The right to use Goodyear's patent for the manufacture of shoes was assigned to him in 1844, and shortly afterward he discovered a method for giving them a high polish. He organized the Hayward rubber company, with Gov. William A. Buckingham and others, at Colchester, Conn., in 1847, was its active manager till 1854, and its president from 1855 till his death. Mr. Hayward was active in works of benevolence and utility. HAYWOOD, Benjamin, manufacturer, b. in Southwell, England, in 1792 ; d. in Pottsville, Pa., 9 July, 1878. He emigrated to the United States in 1803, and worked as a journeyman blacksmith in Pottsville. In 1833 he purchased the first steam-engine that was put up in Schuylkill county, and established a machine-shop. He became sen- ior partner in the firm of Haywood and Snyder in 1835, and engaged on an extensive scale in build- ing steam-engines and mining-machinery. His firm constructed the first rolls for •' T " rails, and the first apparatus for sawing hot iron that was ever used in the United States. At the same time he carried on extensive mining operations. He sold his interests in Pennsylvania in 1850, removed to California, and built at Sonora the first saw- mill in the state outside of San Francisco. He organized in 1852 the San Francisco mechanics' in- stitute, and was its president till 1855. In the autumn of this year he sold his California busi- ness, returned to Pottsville, Pa., and purchased large interests in the Palo Alto rolling-mill. Mr. Haywood was one of the commissioners for organ- izing the Union Pacific railroad. HAYWOOD, John, jurist, b. in Halifax county, N. C, in 1753 ; d. in Nashville, Tenn., in Decem- ber, 1826. He was the son of Egbert Haywood, a Revolutionary officer. The son entered the pro- fession of law at an early age, was elected attor- ney-general in 1791. and in 1794 judge of the su- perior court, which office he resigned in 1809 to defend a client, James Glasgow, against the charge of fraud in issuing land-warrants while secretary of state. Glasgow was convicted, and Judge Hay- wood's course in becoming his advocate brought on him so much odium that he was compelled to leave the state. He settled in Tennessee in 1810, took high rank as an advocate, and was judge of the supreme court from 1812 until his death. He is the author of " A Manual of the Laws of North Carolina " (Raleigh, 1801) ; " Havwood's Justice and North Carolina Law Reports " (1789-1806) ; " Tennessee Reports " (Nashville and Knoxville, 1816-'18) : " Statute Laws of Tennessee," in con- junction with R. L. Cobbs (Knoxville, 1831); " Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee " (1823); and ' ; The Civil and Political History of Tennessee from its Earliest Settlement to 1796 " (1823).— His nephew, William Henry, senator, b. in Wake county, N. C, in 1801 ; d. in Raleigh, 6 Oct., 1852, was graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1819, studied law, and estab- lished himself in practice in Raleigh. He was a member of the legislature between 1831 and 1836, served one term in the house of commons, and was elected as a Democrat to the U. S. senate, serving from 1843 till 1846, when he resigned and returned to practice. Failure of health forced him to re- tire from active duties several years before his death. — William Henry's cousin, Edmund Bnrke, physician, b. in Raleigh, N. C, 13 June, 1825, was educated at the University of North Carolina, and took his medical degree in 1849 at the University of Pennsylvania. He began practice in Raleigh, where he now (1887) resides. In 1861 he was ap- pointed surgeon in the Confederate army in charge of the hospitals in Raleigh and in Richmond, Va., and was acting medical director of the Depart- ment of North Carolina, and president of the board to grant discharges from 1863 till the close of the war, when he returned to practice. He was presi- dent of the Medical association of North Carolina in 1868, and from 1871 till 1877, of the State in- sane asylum. He was a delegate to the Interna- tional medical congress in Philadelphia in 1876. He has contributed various professional papers to surgical and medical journals. HAZARD, Jonathan J., member of the Con- tinental congress, b. in Rhode Island in 1728 ; d. in the state of New York in 1812. He took an early stand in favor of liberty in the Revolution- ary struggle. In 1776 he appeared in the general assembly as a representative from Charlestown, was elected paymaster of the Continental battalion in 1777, and joined the army in New Jersey. In 1778 he was re-elected a member of the general assembly, constituted one of the council of war, and continued a member of the house most of the time during the Revolution. In 1787 he was elected to congress from Rhode Island, and he was re-elected in 1788. Mr. Hazard was one of the most efficient leaders of the paper-money party in 1786, and their ablest debater in the gen- HAZARD HAZELIUS 149 eral assembly. He was the leader of the same party under the name of Anti-Federalists, and was bitterly opposed to the adoption of the na- tional constitution. As a delegate to the conven- tion that assembled at South Kingston in March, 1790, to consider the adoption of the constitution, he so successfully resisted the measure that, upon an informal vote, there was a majority of seven- teen against it. In the following May the assem- bly met at Newport, and, Mr. Hazard's opposition having been withdrawn, the constitution was adopted by a majority of one. He was subse- quently a representative in the general assembly, but his defection from his party greatly impaired his influence. In 1805 he removed to the Friends' settlement near City Hill, X 1 . Y., where he pur- chased a valuable estate. He was fluent of speech and subtle and ingenious in debate. HAZARD, Samuel, merchant, b. in 1714; d. in 1758. He was engaged in business in Phila- delphia, and was one of the chief movers in a scheme of colonization, having for its ultimate aim the Christianization of the Indians. To carry the project into effect he explored the territory to be colonized, had meetings with the Indians, with whom he bargained for the land, and obtained a release from Connecticut of its claim to that sec- tion of country. The defeat of Braddock at Fort Duquesne, near Pittsburg, and the early death of Mr. Hazard, prevented this project from being executed. He was one of the original trustees of Princeton, and before his removal from New York to Philadelphia was one of the elders in the Wall street Presbyterian church. — His son, Ebenezer, author, b. in Philadelphia, 15 Jan., 1744: d. there, 13 June, 1817, was educated at Nottingham acad- emy, Md., and at Princeton, where he was gradu- ated in 1762. From 1770 till 1775 he was a mem- ber of the publishing firm of Noel and Hazard, of New York. In the latter year he was appointed postmaster, and while acting in this capacity un- der the committee of safety he applied to Con- necticut for a confirmation of the grant made to his father, but was refused. On 28 Jan., 1782, he was appointed to succeed Richard Bache as postmas- ter-general, retaining the office till 29 Sept., 1789. He removed to Philadelphia in 1791, and engaged in business. He was active in efforts to improve the moral condition of the Indians, was a trustee of the Presbyterian general assembly, and one of the founders of the North American insurance company, of Philadelphia. He aided in writing Gordon's " History of the American War," in the preparation of Thompson's translation of the Bible, and in the publication of Belknap's " His- tory of New Hampshire." He published " Histor- ical Collections " (2 vols., 1792-4) and " Remarks on a Report concerning Western Indians." An extensive collection of his autograph letters is in the Massachusetts historical society's library. — Ebenezer's son, Samuel, archaeologist, b. in Phila- delphia, 26 May, 1784; d. there, 22 May, 1870, spent his early life in commercial pursuits, and made several voyages to the East Indies before he began his literary career. He published " Regis- ter of Pennsylvania " (16 vols., 1828-36) ; " United States Commercial and Statistical Register" (6 vols., 1839-'42) ; "Annals of Pennsylvania, 1609-'82 " (Philadelphia, 1850) : and " Pennsylvania Archives, 1682-1790" (12 vols., 1853). HAZARD, Thomas Robinson, author, b. in South Kingston, R. I., in 1784 ; d. in New York in March, 1876. He was educated at the Friends' school in Westtown, Chester co., Pa., and subse- quently engaged in farming, and assisted his father in the woollen business. He then estab- lished a woollen mill at Peacedale, R. I., and acquired a fortune. In 1836 he purchased an estate at Vaucluse, R. I., and in 1840 retired from his manufacturing business. He caused many reforms to be introduced in the management of insane asylums and poor-houses in Rhode Island. He was, for years preceding his death, an enthu- siastic spiritualist, and wrote much in support of their views. He is the author of " Facts for the Laboring Man " (1840) : " Capital Punishment " (1850) ; " Report on the Poor and Insane " (1850) ; " Handbook of the National American Party " (1856) ; " Appeal to the People of Rhode Island " (1857); and "Ordeal of Life" (Boston, 1870).— His brother, RoTvland Gibson, author, b. in South Kingston. R, I., 9 Oct., 1801. He has been engaged from his youth in mercantile and manu- facturing pursuits at Peacedale, R. I., where he now (1887) resides, and has accumulated a fortune. While in New Orleans in 1841-'2, though threat- ened with lynching, he obtained with great effort the release of large numbers of free negroes, who belonged to ships from the north, and who had been placed in the chain-gang. He was a member of the Rhode Island legislature in 1851-2 and 1854-5, and was in the state senate in 1866-'7. Brown gave him the degree of A. M. in 1845, and that of LL. D. in 1869. He is the author of " Language, its Connection with the Constitution and Prospects of Man," under the pen-name of " Heteroscian " (Providence, 1836) ; " Lectures on the Adaptation of the Univei - se to the Cultivation of the Mind " (1840) ; " Lecture on the Causes of the Decline of Political and National Morality" (1841) ; " Essay on the Philosophical Character of Channing " (1844) ; " Essay on the Duty of Indi- viduals to support Science and Literature " (1855) ; " Essays on the Resources of the United States " (1864) ; " Freedom of the Mind in Willing " (New York, 1864) ; " Essays on Finance and Hours of Labor " (1868) ; and two letters addressed to John Stuart Mill on " Causation and Freedom in Will- ing " (London and Boston, 1869). HAZELIUS, Ernest Lewis, clergyman, b. in Neusalz, Silesia, Prussia, 6 Sept., 1777 ; d. in South Carolina, 20 Feb., 1853. On his father's side he was descended from a long line of Swedish Luther- an ministers, extending back to the time of Gus- tavus Vasa. His father left his native land, settled in Neusalz, and married a member of the Moravian church, and young Hazel ius was therefore brought up in that faith. He pursued his theological course at Niesky, a Moravian institution, after which he was licensed to preach the gospel. In 1800 he was appointed classical teacher in the Moravian semi- nary at Nazareth, Pa., and accepted, notwithstand- ing the opposition of his friends, and the fact that many lucrative posts had been offered him in his native land. He continued here for eight years, during which period he was promoted to the chair of principal professor of theology. Having re- solved to sever his connection with the Moravians, he removed to Philadelphia in 1809, and in the lat- ter part of the year took charge of several Lutheran congregations in New Jersey. He was then or- dained by the New York ministerium, and resided at New Germantown, where he also conducted a classical academy. In 1815 Hartwick seminary was opened, and Hazelius elected professor of the- ology and principal of the classical department. By his activity the new institution was established on a solid basis, and soon became widely known. In 1824 he received the degree of D. D. simulta- neously from Union and Columbia. He left Hart- 150 HAZELWOOD HAZEN wick in 1830 in order to accept the professorship of biblical and oriental literature and the German language in the theological seminary at Gettysburg, Pa., but resigned in 1833, to accept a chair in the theological seminary of the synod of South Caro- lina, which was at the time in great need of an efficient instructor and manager. Here he labored successfully until a few days before his death. In the year 1842 he visited his native land, where the strongest influences were unsuccessfully brought to bear to induce him to remain, the king of Prussia offering him a lucrative office. Dr. Hazelius was elected to professorships in Lafayette and Prince- ton, both of which he declined. He was an able instructor, and was well versed in general and ec- clesiastical history, and as a theologian was solid and sound. As an author he was widely known. Besides editing for several years the " Evangelical Magazine," a German periodical published at Get- tysburg, Pa., he published " Life of Luther " (New York, 1813) ; " Augsburg Confession, with An- notations " (1813) : " Materials for Catechization " (Cooperstown, N. ' Y., 1823): "Life of Stilling," from the German (Gettysburg, 1831) ; " Church History " (Baltimore, 1842) ; and " History of the Lutheran Church in America " (Zanesville, 1846). HAZELWOOD, John, naval officer, b. in Eng- land about 1726; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., about 1 March, 1800. It is not known at what time he settled in this country. He had been a captain in the merchant service, sailing between London and Philadelphia, for several years, and in 1772 be- came one of the founders of the St. George society in the latter city. He was appointed superintendent of fire-vessels in December, 1775, in October, 1776, was promoted to be commodore in the Pennsyl- vania navy, and on 6 Sept., 1777, the full " com- mand of the naval force of the state " was com- mitted to him. Afterward the continental vessels in the Delaware river were put under his command. In July, 1776, he was one of the three men that were sent by the council of safety of Pennsylvania to Poughkeepsie, N. Y., to devise plans with the secret committee there for obstructing by means of fire-ships the enemy's navigation of the North river. For services rendered on this mission a convention of the representatives of New York voted him the thanks of the body and the sum of £300. According to a letter of Col. William Brad- ford, dated 7 Oct., 1777, while Lord Howe was with his fleet in Delaware bay. he sent Com. Hazel- wood a request that he give up the Pennsylvania fleet, promising him his majesty's pardon and kind treatment. He refused the request, and notified Howe that he would " defend the fleet to the last." At a later period he was appointed one of the " commissioners of purchase " in Philadelphia. The artist and patriot, Charles Wilson Peale, thought Hazelwood worthy for his collection of American heroes, and the picture of him painted by Peale was afterward purchased by the city of Philadelphia and placed in Independence hall. HAZEN, Moses, soldier, b. in Haverhill, Mass., in 1733 ; d. in Troy, N. Y., 30 Jan., 1802. He was a lieutenant in the expeditions against Crown Point in 1756, and against Louisburg in 1758. He accompanied Gen. Wolfe to Quebec in 1759, and distinguished himself near that city in an engage- ment with the French, and in the battle of Sillery, 28 April, 1760. As a reward for his services he was given a lieutenancy in the 44th regiment. When the Revolution began he was an officer on half-pay and wealthy, and resided near St. John, New Brunswick. He furnished supplies and rendered other aid to the army of Montgomery in the latter's Wty*p*>~ expedition against Quebec, and his property was therefore destroyed by the British. He was in- demnified by congress for his loss, and was also ap- pointed, in January, 1776, colonel of the 2d Cana- dian regiment, known as " Congress's Own." He fought in the battles of Brandy wine and German- town, and performed efficient service during the whole war. He was made a brigadier-general, 29 June, 1781, and after the war he and his two brothers, both of whom held commands in the army, settled in Vermont on land that had been granted to them for their services. HAZEN, William Babcock, soldier, b. in West Hartford, Vt., 27 Sept., 1830; d. in Washington, D. C, 16 Jan., 1887. He was a descendant of Moses Hazen, noticed above. His parents removed to Ohio in 1833. Will- iam was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1855, and, after serving against the Indians in California and Oregon, joined the 8th infantry in Texas in 1857. He com- manded successfully in five engagements, until, in December, 1859, he was severely wounded in a per- sonal encounter with the Comanches. He was appointed assist- ant professor of in- fantry tactics at the U. S. military academy in February, 1861, 1st lieutenant, 6 April, and pro- moted captain on 14 May. In the autumn of 1861 he raised the 41st Ohio volunteers, of which he be- came colonel on 29 Oct., 1861, and commanded in the defence of the Ohio frontier and in operations in Kentucky. On 6 Jan., 1862, he took command of a brigade and served with distinction at Shiloh and Corinth. In the battle of Stone River, 12 Oct., 1862, he protected the left wing of the army from being turned by simultaneous attacks in front and flank. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 Nov., 1862, commanded a brigade in the operations that resulted in the battle of Chicka- mauga, and, by a well-executed movement on 27 Oct., at Brown's Ferry, enabled the army at Chattanooga to receive its supplies. He captured eighteen pieces of artillery at Mission Ridge, served through the Atlanta campaign, and in Sherman's march to the sea commanded the 2d division of the 15th corps. He assaulted and captured Fort McAllister, 13 Dec, 1864, for which service he was promoted a major-general of volunteers the same day. He was in command of the 15th army corps from 19 May till 1 Aug., 1865. At the end of the war he had received all the brevets in the regular army up to major-general. He was made colonel of the 38th infantry in 1866, was in France during the Franco-Prussian war, and was U. S. military attache at Vienna during the Russo-Turkish war. In the interval between those two visits, while stationed at Fort Buford, Dakota, he made charges of fraud against post-traders, which re- sulted in revelations that were damaging to Sec. Belknap. On 8 Dec, 1880, he succeeded Gen. Al- bert J. Meyer as chief signal-officer, with the rank of brigadier-general. His administration was marked by the expedition of Lieut. A. W. Greely to Lady Franklin bay, and by another to Point Barrow, Alaska, to make meteorological and other HAZEWELL HEAD 151 observations in co-operation with European nations. (See G-reely, A. W.) In September, 1883, after the return of Lieut. G-arlington's unsuccessful relief expedition, Gen. Hazen urged the secretary of war to despatch a sealer immediately to rescue Greely, and, his recommendation not having been acted upon, he severely censured Sec. Lincoln. In conse- quence of this, Gen. Hazen was court-martialed and reprimanded. Gen. Hazen introduced the " cold- wave signal," promoted the use of local and railway weather signals, organized special observations for the cotton-producing states, established frost warn- ings, and initiated forecasts for vessels coming to this country from Europe. He published " The School and the Army in Germany and France, with a Diary of Siege-Life at Versailles " (New York, 1872) ; " Barren Lands of the Interior of the United States " (Cincinnati, 1874) ; and " Narrative of a Military Career " (Boston, 1885). HAZEWELL, Charles Creighton, journalist, b. in Cranston, R. I., 1 Oct., 1814; d. in Revere, Mass., 6 Oct., 1883. He was chiefly self-educated, and learned printing in the office of the " Provi- dence Journal." From Providence he went to Boston, and was employed for a time on the " Ad- vocate," and then on the " Post," where he was both printer and editor. Mr. Hazewell then edited the " Nantucket Islander," and was editor and pro- prietor of the Concord, Mass., " Freeman," for some time before 1845, when he removed to Columbus, Ohio. There he edited the " Statesman," and was editor and proprietor of the " Western Review." He wrote the entire contents of the few numbers of the " Review " that were published, in the intervals of his journalistic duties. He then returned to the east, took up his residence in Concord, and became connected with the " Middlesex Freeman." In 1852 he was a member of the Massachusetts senate, and in 1853 represented Concord in the constitu- tional convention. Leaving the " Freeman," he formed an editorial connection with the Boston " Atlas," then with the " Times," and in 1857 be- came an editorial writer on the " Traveller," remain- ing with it until his death. He was for many years the American correspondent of the London " Morn- ing Post." He acquired French and Italian to aid him in his historical researches, and was regarded as an excellent authority on biographical and his- torical subjects. He is credited with having writ- ten a two-page New-Year's article, containing a summary of the events of the past year, entirely from memory, and substantially free from error. He wrote a long and critical obituary of Daniel Webster, on the announcement of his death, with- out reference to a book ; and on one occasion desig- nated correctly the page and paragraph in which would be found certain episodes, mentioned by Gibbon, in two editions, British and American, and widely different in size and paging. He was offered an important diplomatic appointment by President Lincoln, but declined it. — His son, Edward Went- worth, b. in 1853, is a journalist in Boston, and has written short poems that are popular. HEAD, Sir George, b. near Rochester, ' Eng- land, in 1782 ; d. in England, 22 July, 1875, en- tered the British army, and served in the penin- sula from 1809 till 1814. He was sent to Canada m 1814, and while there went to Lake Huron to superintend the commissariat duties of a proposed naval establishment on the Canadian lakes. He went to Nova Scotia in 1816, and in 1831 he was knighted. Among other works he wrote " Forest Scenes and Incidents in the Wilds of North Ameri- ca " (1829) ; " A Home Tour " (1836-'7) ; " Rome : A Tour of Many Days " (London, 1849) ; and trans- lations of Cardinal Pacca's " Memoirs " (1850), and of "The Golden Ass of Apuleius " (1851).— His brother, Sir Francis Bond, British author, b. near Rochester, England, 1 Jan., 1793 ; d. in Croy- don, England, 20 July, 1875. He entered the army at an early age, and served in the corps of engineers at Waterloo and in the campaign under Welling- ton. In 1825 he took charge of an expedition that left England to work the gold and silver mines on the Rio de la Plata. While there he crossed the pampas four times and the Andes twice, and rode about 6,000 miles, most of the time unaccompanied. In 1828 he was retired on half-pay from the army, and in November, 1835, he was appointed lieuten- ant-governor of Upper Canada, which office he held until the latter part of 1837, when he resigned. In dealing with the rebellion that existed in Cana- da during his administration he has been accused of trifling with the disaffected, though this charge was generally regarded as fully refuted in his " Nar- rative " of these events (1839). In recognition of his sei'vices in suppressing the rebellion and in re- pelling incursions from the United States, he was created a baronet in 1838, and in 1867 became a privy councillor. Some time previous to his death the government granted him a pension of £100 per annum for his services to literature. He was the au- thor of numerous clever and amusing books, many of which were re-published in the United States. These include "Life of James Bruce" (London, 1830) ; " Bubbles from the Brunnen of Nassau " (1833); "The Emigrant" (1846); "Stokers and Pokers " (1850) ; " The Defenceless State of Great Britain " (1850) ; " A Faggot of French Sticks " (1851) ; " A Fortnight in Ireland " (1852) ; " Descrip- tive Essays " (2 vols., 1857) ; " The Horse and his Rider" (1860); "The Royal Engineer" (1869); and "Sketch of the Life of Field-Marshal Sir John Burgoyne " (1872). His " Rough Notes," giving his South American experiences (1828), was written in such a spirited style that it obtained for him the name of " Galloping Head." — Another brother, Sir Edmund Walker, bart., governor-general of Canada, b. in Maidstone, Kent, England, in 1805 ; d. in London, 28 Jan., 1868. He was the son of the Rev. Sir John Head, whom he succeeded in the baronetcy in 1838. He was educated at Winchester and Oxford, becoming a fellow of Merton college in 1830, and was a tutor there for five years. After serv- ing as poor Jaw com- missioner he was lieutenant - govern- or of Nova Scotia in 1847-'54, when he succeeded Lord El- gin as governor- general of Canada. His administration was distinguished in Upper Canada by the settlement of the matter of the clergy reserves, and in Lower Canada by that of seignorial tenure, by the construction of the Victoria tubu- lar bridge, the selection of Ottawa as the capital of Canada, and by the visit of the Prince of Wales in 1860. In 1861 he retired from the government. In 1863 he was made a civil-service commissioner, and in 1867 he became a privy councillor. He has written "Shall and Will" ; ' " Hand-Book of the History of the Spanish and French Schools of \JV-^- _0oO 152 HEAD HEALY Painting " (London, 1848) ; and " The Temple of Serapis at Pozzuoli " (London, 1858), and frequent- ly contributed to periodical literature. HEAD, Natt, governor of New Hampshire, b. in Hookset, N. H, 20 May, 1828; d. there, 12 Nov. 1883. His great-grandfather was a lieuten- ant-colonel in the war of the Revolution, losing his life at the battle of Bennington, and his grand- father served also in that war. Natt engaged in the manufacture of bricks and lumber in Hook- set, and later became a railroad and general building contractor. He early connected himself with military organizations, held various offices, and sat in the legislatures of 1861 and 1862. From 1864 till 1870 he was adjutant-general of the state. When he was called to this office New Hampshire had furnished 26,000 men to the national service, but had not a complete set of the muster-rolls of a single organization, nor was there a record of the deeds of New Hampshire men on the battle-fields. Gen. Head obtained the records of the career of every officer and enlisted man, and published them in four volumes (1865-6), with biographical sketches of field-officers killed or who died in the service, besides sketches of the regiments and battalions. Gen. Head also compiled the military records of the state from 1823 to 1861. When the Soldiers- asylum at Augusta, Me., was burned he was placed in charge of the institution during the illness of the deputy-governor, and subsequently rebuilt it. Gen. Head was president of the New Hampshire agricultural society, and was prominent in further- ing the agricultural interests of the state, and of the Patrons of husbandry. He was chosen to the state senate in 1876 and 1877, and was president of the senate the last year. Under the new con- stitutional amendment of the state providing for biennial elections, he was chosen governor, to serve for two years, 1879-'80. HEA1)E, Martin Johnson, artist, b. in Bucks county, Pa. He began his career as a portrait- painter, studied in Italy, travelled in the west, and then settled in Boston as a landscape-painter. This brought him into relations with Rev. James C. Fletcher, who induced him to visit Brazil with a view to preparing an illustrated work on hum- ming-birds. The difficulties then existing in prop- erly chromo-lithographing his fine designs caused the abandonment of the work, but the pictures were purchased by Sir Morton Peto and taken to London. Mr. Heade has painted many western and tropical scenes, also views on the Hudson and the Massachusetts coast, which are characterized by rich effects of color and light, and by poetic sentiment. His studio is in New Yoi'k city. Among his best-known works are " High Tide on the Marshes," " Nicaragua," " Off the California Coast " (which was exhibited at the Centennial ex- hibition at Philadelphia In 1876), and " South American Scene." He has recently sent to exhibi- tions of the Academy " On the . St. John's River, Florida" (1885), and " Sunset, Florida " (1886). HEADLEY, Joel Tyler, author, b. in Walton, Delaware co., N. Y., 30 Dec, 1813. He was gradu- ated at Union in 1839, and studied theology at Auburn seminary. Being compelled by ill health to abandon his profession at the outset, he spent a year in foreign travel, and then engaged in literary work. In 1846 he became associate editor of the New York " Tribune," succeeding Henry J. Ray- mond. He passed the following summer in the Adirondack region for his health, and repeated his visit for several successive seasons. The results of his wanderings were published in letters to the New York papers, which were afterward issued in book-form under the title of "The Adirondacks, or' Life in the Woods " (New York, 1849). This vol- ume first attracted attention to the Adirondack re- gion. Shortly afterward, in a series of articles in " Harper's Magazine," he described the adventures of Lieut. Strain's party, which was sent by the U. S. government to explore a route for a canal across the isthmus of Darien. These articles were re- issued in a volume in 1885. His other works in- clude " Napoleon and his Marshals," which was the first American book that was issued by the house of Scribner and Co. (2 vols., New York, 1846) ; " Wash- ington and his Generals " (1847) ; " Life of Crom- well " (1848) ; " Sacred Scenes and Characters," il- lustrated by Darley (1849) ; " Life of Washington," which reached a sale of over 100,000 copies (1857) ; "Life of Havelock" (1859); "Chaplains of the Revolution" (1861); "The Great Rebellion" (2 vols., 1864) ; " Grant and Sherman, their Cam- paigns and Generals " (1865) ; " Farragut and our Naval Commanders " (1867) ; " Sacred Heroes and Martyrs " (1865) ; and " The Achievements of Stan- ley and other African Explorers," including Liv- ingstone, Cameron, and Baker (1877). — His cousin, Phineas Camp, author, b. in Walton, N. Y., 24 June, 1819, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1847 ; afterward studied theology, was graduated at the seminary at Auburn, N. Y., and held pastorates in the Presbyterian and Congrega- tional churches. He contributed to the " Christian Parlor Magazine," the New York " Observer " and " Tribune," and other newspapers and periodicals. His first book was " Historical and Descriptive Sketches of the Women of the Bible " (Auburn, 1850) ; and he has also published " Life of the Em- press Josephine " (New York, 1851) ; popular biog- raphies of Kossuth (1852), Lafayette (1853), Mary. Queen of Scotts, and other works of the same character; "Hero Boy, or Life of Gen. Grant," " Patriot Boy, or Life of Gen. O. M. Mitchell," and " Life of Ericsson " (1863) ; and biographies of Gen. Sheridan and Admiral Farragut (1864). Among his later works are the " Life and Military Career of Maj.-Gen. W. T. Sherman " (New York, 1865) ; "Life and Campaigns of Gen. U. S. Grant" (1866); " Massachusetts in the Rebellion " (Boston, 1866) ; " Half-Hours in Bible Lands " (1867) ; " Court and Camp of David " (Boston, 1869) ; "Island of Fire" (1874) ; " Evangelists in the Church" (Boston, 1875) ; and " Public Men of To-Day " (1882). HEALY, George Peter Alexander, artist, b. in Boston, Mass., 15 July, 1813. He went to Paris in 1836, and remained there several years, with oc- casional visits to the United States. He painted portraits of Louis Philippe, Marshal Soult, Lewis Cass, Clay, Calhoun, Webster, Seward, Pierce, Gen. Sherman, Orestes A. Brownson, William H. Pres- cott, Henry W. Longfellow, Cardinal McCloskey, and Stephen A. Douglas. In twenty years he exe- cuted nearly 600 portraits. His large historical picture of " Webster's Reply to Hayne," which contains 130 portraits, was completed in 1851, and now hangs in Faneuil hall, Boston. At the Paris international exhibition in 1855 he exhibited a se- ries of thirteen portraits and a large picture repre- senting Franklin urging the claims of the Ameri- can colonies before Louis XVI. He resided in Chicago from 1855 till 1867, when he went to Eu- rope, and made his residence in Rome. For the past ten years he has lived in Paris. He sent to the Philadelphia centennial exhibition portraits of Thiers, the Princess of Roumania, Elihu B. Wash- burne, and Lord Lyons. At the Paris salon of 1878 he exhibited a " Portrait of a Lady " and one of Gen. Grant. He has frequently exhibited in the HEALY HEARD 153 National academy of design, New York, of which he is an honorary member. He is one of the best American portrait-painters of the French school. His style is vigorous and characteristic, but has been criticised as lacking delicacy and not always happy in coloring. — His daughter, Mary, is the author of " Lakeville " (New York, 1871), " Storm- Driven " (Philadelphia, 1876), and other novels. HEALY, James Augustine, R. C. bishop, b. near Macon, Ga., in 1830. At an early age he came to the northern states and studied in Quaker schools in Long Island and New Jersey. He after- ward became a student in Holy Cross college, Worcester, Mass., where he was graduated in 1849. He began his theological studies in the Sulpitian seminary of Montreal, and completed them in that of Paris. After his ordination he began mission- ary work in the diocese of Boston. He was after- ward appointed chancellor of the diocese and sec- retary to the bishop, and was stationed at the cathedral. He next held the post of pastor of St. James's church, Boston, where he remained nine years. He was consecrated bishop of Portland, 2 June, 1875. Prom 1875 till 1884 over thirty new churches were built in his diocese, and the number of the clergy increased from fifty-two to eighty- nine. There has been a large immigration of French Canadians into his diocese, for whose wants he obtained French priests. He has founded va- rious convents. In 1884 his diocese was divided, the state of New Hampshire being erected into the see of Manchester, while that of Maine continued to constitute the see of Portland. HEALY, John Plummer, lawyer, b. in Wash- ington, Sullivan co., N. H., 28 Dec, 1810; d. in Boston, Mass., 4 Jan., 1882. His father, Joseph, was a representative in congress from 1825 till 1829, and a friend of Daniel Webster. The son was graduated at Dartmouth in 1835, supporting himself while in college by teaching. He then en- tered the office of Daniel Webster in Boston, won his confidence and friendship, and as soon as he had completed his studies became the law partner of the latter, which relation was maintained till Mr. Webster's death. During the incumbency of his partner as secretary of state Mr. Healy was offered the chief justiceship of California, but de- clined. In 1840 he was elected to the lower house of the legislature, serving several terms, and in 1854 he entered the state senate. He declined sev- eral times the post of chief justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts. From 1856 till the close of his life he was solicitor of the city of Boston. HEAP, Gwynn Harris, diplomatist, b. in Ches- ter, Pa., 23 March, 1817 ; d. in Constantinople, Tur- key, 6 March, 1887. His great-grandfather, George, was sent by the British government to Pennsylva- nia as surveyor-general. One of the earliest maps of Philadelphia was made by him, and is pre- served in the Pennsylvania library in that city. In 1839-'40 Cwynn served as vice and acting consul in Tunis, where his father had been appointed consul in 1825. He was appointed a government clei'k in Washington, D. C, in 1846, and in 1855-7 was em- ployed by the war department in Turkey in the purchase of camels. In 1861, being then a clerk in the navy department, he volunteered for secret service at Pensacola, Fla., and in 1863-'4 had charge of the pilots of Admiral Porter's squadron on the Mississippi. He was appointed consul at Belfast, Ireland, in 1866, and the following year sent to Tunis as consul, where he remained until 1878. In that year he was made secretary of legation and consul-general at Constantinople, occasionally serving as charge d'affaires. During his official residence in Tunis he organized the department devoted to that country in the Centennial exhibi- tion at Philadelphia in 1876. Mr. Heap compiled ' ' A Synoptical Index to the Statutes at Large " (1849-50), and is the author of " Exploration of the Central Route to the Pacific " (Philadelphia, 1853) and " Itinerary of the Central Route to the Pacific " (1854). — His son, David Porter, engi- neer, b. in San Stefano, Turkey, 24 March, 1843, was educated at Georgetown college, D. C, and at the U. S. military academy, where he was gradu- ated in 1864. He was assigned to the engineer corps, served in the civil war in the Army of the Potomac, and was brevetted captain, 2 April, 1865, ''for gallant and meritorious services." He was promoted captain, 7 March, 1867, and major of engineers, 23 June, 1882. Since the war he has been engaged in the construction of fortifications, the improvement of harbors, and other duties. In 1871 he was engaged in the exploration of the re- gion afterward known as the Yellowstone park, and in 1876 had charge of the engineering section of the war department exhibit at the Philadelphia centennial exhibition. In 1881 he was ordered on detached service as military representative of the United States at the Paris congress of electricians, and honorary commissioner to the Paris electrical exhibition. Maj. Heap has travelled extensively in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America. He is the author of a " History of the Application of the Electric Light to Lighting the Coasts of France " (Washington, D. C, 1883) ; " Report of Engineer Department of the Philadelphia Exhibi- tion " (1884) ; " Electrical Appliances of the Pres- ent Day " (New York, 1884) ; and " Ancient and Modern Lights " (Boston. 1887). HEARD, Franklin Fiske, jurist, b. in Way- land, Middlesex co., Mass., 7 Jan., 1825. He was graduated at Harvard in 1848, studied law in the office of Chief -Justice Prentiss Mellen, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1850. After practising for five years in Middlesex county, he removed to Bos- ton, and acquired a reputation as an authority on pleading. From 1861 till 1866 he was asso- ciated with George P. Sawyer in the editorship of the " Monthly Law Reporter." He revised Davis's " Criminal Justice " (Boston, 1853) ; prepared, with the assistance of Charles R. Train, a standard work on " Precedents of Indictments, Special Pleas, etc., Adapted to American Practice" (1855) ; con- tributed to the third edition of " Greenleaf on Evi- dence " the chapter on criminal law (1856) ; and published, in conjunction with Edmund H. Bennett, '* A Selection of Leading Cases in Criminal Law " (1856). His other publications include " Libel and Slander " (1860) ; " Digest of the Massachusetts Re- ports," with Edmund H. Bennett (1862-3); an edition of " Stephen on Pleading " (Philadelphia, 1867) ; standard works on " Criminal Pleading " (Boston, 1879), and " Civil Pleading " (1880) ; a re- print of the " Star Chamber Cases, with an Intro- duction " (1881) ; also an edition of " The Report- ers," by John W. Wallace (1882) ; and the " Heard on Equity Pleading " (1882) ; " Curtis's Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States," edit- ed (1882). His other works on legal subjects are " Heard on Criminal Law " (2d ed., 1882) ; " Acts and Resolves, General and Special, of Massachu- setts " (1882-3); ''Precedents of Equity Plead- ings " (1884) ; an American edition of " Seton on Decrees " (1884) ; " Precedents of Pleadings in Per- sonal Actions in the Superior Courts of Common Law " (1886) ; and an edition of " Gould on Plead- ing " (Albany, 1887). Mr. Heard has contributed to general literature an edition of Bacon's "Es- 154 HEARD HEATHCOTE says " (Boston, 1867) ; " Curiosities of the Law Re- porters " (1871) ; " Oddities of the Law " (1881) ; and " Shakespeare as a Lawyer " (1883). HEARD, Thomas Jefferson, physician, b. in Morgan county, Ga., 14 May, 1814. He studied medicine at Transylvania university, and began practice in Washington, Texas, in 1837. He re- ceived the degree of M. D. from the University of Louisiana in 1845. In 1857 he removed to Galves- ton. He exerted his influence to modify the treat- ment of malarial fevers in the southwest, and introduced into Texas the treatment by quinine, opiates, ammonia, and salts, in the place of bleed- ing, purgatives, and mercury. In 1868 he con- tributed to the " Transactions " of the American medical association a paper on " The Epidemics, Topography, and Climatology of Texas," contain- ing observations on the yellow fever, and in 1869 a more general article on epidemics and climatol- ogy. He held the chair of the theory and prac- tice of medicine in the Galveston medical school in 1866, and that of materia medica and thera- peutics in the University of Louisiana in 1876, but resigned his chair in each of these colleges after de- livering a single course of lectures. He was active in organizing the Texas medical association, and was its first president. HEARNE, Samuel, English explorer, b. in London in 1745 ; d. in 1792. In early life he served as a midshipman under Hood, and after the seven years' war he entered the employment of the Hudson bay company, and made several jour- neys in northern British America in quest of a northwest passage and of mines of the precious metals. He started on an expedition to the north on 15 July, 1771, reached the Coppermine river after a journey of nearly 1,300 miles on foot, and descended it to the Arctic ocean. He returned to the Prince of Wales's fort on 30 June, 1772, after nearly perishing from starvation. He established Cumberland factory in 1774, was made governor of the Prince of Wales's Port in 1775, and was made prisoner by La Perouse when the fort was captured in 1782. He returned to England in 1787. He published " Journey from the Prince of Wales's Fort, in Hudson's Bay, to the Northern Ocean ; undertaken by Order of the Hudson's Bay Company for the Discovery of Copper Mines, a Northwest Passage, etc." (London, 1795). HEARST, George, senator, b. in Franklin county, Mo., 3 Sept., 1820. He was graduated at the Franklin county mining-school in 1838, worked on his father's farm in his youth, and in 1850 went to California overland, and engaged in mining. He became chief partner in the firm of Hearst, Hag- gin, Tevis and Co., which gained large profits by speculating in mining claims, and grew to be the largest private firm of mine-owners in the United States. He acquired the reputation of being the most expert prospector and judge of mining property on the Pacific coast, and contributed to the development of the modern processes of quartz and other kinds of mining. He also en- gaged largely in stock-raising and farming, and became the proprietor of the San Francisco " Ex- aminer." He was a member of the California legislature in 1865, received the vote of the Demo- cratic minority in the legislature for U. S. sena- tor in 1885, and on 23 March, 1886, was appointed by Gov. Stoneman to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John F. Miller, took his seat in the U. S. senate on 9 April, 1886, and served the re- mainder of the term expiring in March, 1887. When the legislature met in January, 1887, he was elected senator for the succeeding term. HEATH, Lyman, song- writer, b. in Bow, N. H., 24 Aug., 1804; d. in Nashua, N. H., 30 June, 1870. He lived in his youth at Lyman, Vt., and subsequently at St. Johnsbury, Vt., and Littleton, N. H., and for the last thirty years of his life at Nashua. He became a teacher of mu- sic at the age of twenty-one, and gave concerts for many years. He was the composer of "The Grave of Bonaparte," "The Burial of Mrs. Jud- son," and many other popular songs. HEATH, William, soldier, b. in Roxbury, Mass., 7 March, 1737 ; d. there, 24 Jan., 1814. He was brought up on the same farm on which his ancestor settled in 1636. He was active in organ- izing the militia before the Revolution, was a cap- tain in the Suffolk regiment, of which he after- ward became colonel, joined the artillery company of Boston, and was chosen its commander in 1770, in which year he wrote a series of essays in a Bos- ton newspaper on the importance of military dis- cipline and skill in the use of arms over the signature " A Military Countryman." He was a representative in the general assembly in 1761, and again in 1771-'4, a member of the committees of correspondence and safety, and of the Provin- cial congress in 1774-'5. He was appointed a pro- vincial brigadier-general on 8 Dec, 1774, performed valuable services in the pursuit of the British troops from Concord on 19 April, 1775, organized and trained the undisciplined forces at Cambridge before the battle of Bunker Hill, was made a ma- jor-general of provincial troops on 20 June, 1775, and upon the organization of the Continental army was, on 22 June, commissioned as a briga- dier-general, and stationed with his command at Roxbury. On 9 Aug., 1776, he was made a major- general'in the Continental army. In March, 1776, he was ordered to New York, and opposed the evacuation of the city. After the battle of White Plains he took command of the posts in the High- lands. In 1777 he was assigned to the command of the eastern department, embracing Boston and its vicinity, and had charge of the prisoners of Burgoyne's army at Cambridge. In June, 1779, he was ordered to the command of the posts on the Hudson, with four regiments, and remained in that vicinity till the close of the war, going to Rhode Island for a short period on the arrival of the French forces in July, 1780. He returned to his farm after the war, was a member of the convention that ratified the Federal constitu- tion, a state senator in 1791-2, probate judge of Norfolk county in 1793, and was elected lieuten- ant-governor in 1806, but declined the office. He was the last surviving major-general of the Revolu- tionary army, and published " Memoirs of Major- General William Heath, containing Anecdotes, Details of Skirmishes, Battles, etc., during the American War " (Boston, 1798). HEATHCOTE, Caleb, merchant, b. in Chester- field, Derbyshire, England, 6 March, 1665 ; d. in New York city, 28 Feb., 1721. He came to New York in 1691 with the means of entering on a mercantile life, in which he was successful. He was appointed by King William a councillor of the province in 1692, and remained in office, with the exception of those years, 1698-1701, all his life. He was the organizer of the borough town of Westchester, and its first mayor, and the first judge of the county of Westchester, and colonel of its militia also, dur- ing his life. He originated the first movement for the erection of an Anglican church in the city of New York, and aided in obtaining for it a charter of incorporation by forming in 1695 " The Mana- gers of the Church of England," of which he was HEATON HECK 155 the chairman. This body, in May, 1697, presented their petition to Gov. Fletcher and the council for a charter, in which they say that they had then almost completed a church-edifice. Fletcher granted them the charter of incorporation of Trin- ity church, New York, in which Heathcote leads the list of its first vestry. In the same year, and again in 1702. he was appointed receiver-general of the province. In 1701 his large estate in West- chester county was erected into the " Lordship and Manor of Scarsdale." From 1711 till 1714 he was mayor of New York, during the same time that his brother, Sir Gilbert Heathcote, bart., was lord- mayor of London. In 1715 he was appointed judge of admiralty for the provinces of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, and " surveyor-gen- eral of the customs for the eastern district of North America," comprising all the British colo- nies north of Virginia. In addition to the ordi- nary duties of a collector of customs, he was in all matters the chief authority to decide all revenue questions between the differ- ent provincial cus- toms officers and the merchants of their respective districts. Both of these latter offices, as well as all his earlier ones ex- cept the two mayoral- ties above named, he held until his death. He married Martha, daughter of Colonel William (Tangier) Smith, chief justice of New York ; of his six children four died minors, and his large estates descended to two daughters, Anne, the elder, wife of Gov. James De Lancey, of New York, and Martha, the younger, wife of Dr. Lewis Johnston, of New Jer- sey, both of whom have many descendants. Heathcote was a man of great force of character, clear-headed, and courteous, very firm but concilia- tory, and won and held the confidence of all. He was a warm and sincere member of the Church of England, the first American member of the So- ciety for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts, and, in addition to being the leader in the organization of Trinity church, New York, was the leader in founding the Church of England in Westchester county, every one of its early parishes and churches having been organized and pecun- iarily aided by him. With the Rev. George Muir- son, rector of Rye, he introduced episcopacy into Connecticut, the two making together missionary expeditions from Rye into that colony with that object in 1707-'8. So great was the opposition they met that on these occasions Col. Heathcote always went fully armed. His full and numerous letters and despatches to the government in Eng- land, and to the Propagation society, printed in the archives of New York and in those of the Episcopal church, afford the most authentic ac- counts of the people and the places, and public matters, civil and ecclesiastical, of his days, and historians of all views have relied upon them. HEATON, David, politician, b. in Hamilton. Ohio, 10 March, 1823; d. in Washington, D. G, 25 June, 1870. He received an academic educa- tion, read law, and was admitted to practice. In 1855 he was elected to the state senate of Ohio. In the fall of 1857 he removed to Minnesota, and was elected to the state senate three times. He was appointed in 1863 by Sec. Chase as special agent of the treasury department, and U. S. de- positary at Newbern, N. C, and afterward third auditor in the treasury department, but declined. He became president of the National bank of New- bern in the fall of 1865. Mr. Heaton was the au- thor of the Republican platform adopted at Raleigh, 27 March, 1867, and contributed largely to Repub- lican papers. He was elected to the Constitution- al convention of North Carolina in 1867, and was chairman of the committee on the bill of rights. He was elected a representative in congress from North Carolina in April, 1868, and was re-elected in the autumn of that year, serving from 15 Julv, 1868, till the time of his death. HEAVTSEGE, Charles, Canadian poet, b. in Yorkshire, England, in 1816 ; d. in Montreal in 1876. He received a limited education, was a wood-carver, and emigrated to Montreal, Canada, in 1853. Here he worked at his trade, which made such demands on his time that he found no leis- ure for the study of any books but the Bible and Shakespeare. He wrote frequently for the daily press, and acquired reputation as a poet. His first published poem was a juvenile effort, " The Re- volt of Tartarus " ; his second appearance was as the author of fifty sonnets, published, like the pre- ceding, anonymously. Then followed " Saul : A Drama in three Parts " (Montreal, 1857) ; " Count Filippo, or the Unequal Marriage," a drama in five acts (Montreal) ; " Ode on Shakespeare " and " Jephtha's Daughter " (1855). HE BERT, Paul Octave, soldier, b. in Bayou Goula, Herville parish, La., 12 Nov., 1818 ; d. in New Orleans, 29 Aug., 1880. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1840. in the class with William T. Sherman, George H. Thomas, and other officers who afterward became distinguished. In 1841-'2 he was assistant professor of engineer- ing at the military academy, and in 1843-'5 em- ployed at the western passes of the mouth of the Mississippi river. He resigned from the army in 1841, was appointed chief engineer of the state of Louisiana, and in an official report opposed the " Raccourci cut-off." He held this office until the Mexican war, when he was reappointed in the army as lieutenant-colonel of the 14th volunteer infantry, and participated in the battles of Con- treras and Chapultepec, and the capture of the city of Mexico, receiving the brevet of colonel for bravery at the battle of Molino del Rey. When the army disbanded, in 1848, he returned to his plantation at Bayou Goula, La. In 1851 he was sent as U. S. commissioner to the World's fair at Paris. He was a member of the convention that framed a new state constitution in 1852, and in 1853-6 was governor of the state. One of the notable ap- pointments of his term was that of Gen. William T. Sherman as president of the Louisiana military academy. In 1861 he was appointed a brigadier- general of the provisional Confederate army, and was afterward confirmed in that rank by the Con- federate congress. He was first in command of Louisiana, then of the trans-Mississippi depart- ment, afterward of Texas, and the Galveston de- fences. In 1873 he became state engineer and commissioner on the Mississippi levee. HECK, Barbara, an early American Method- ist, b. in Ballingarry, County Limerick, Ireland ; d. in Augusta, Canada, in 1804. She was a member of a colony of Germans who came from the Rhine Palatinate and settled in Ballingarry and other parts of the west of Ireland about 1708. She 156 HECKER HECKER married Paul Heck, a member of the same com- munity. By the preaching of Wesley many of these Germans, whose descendants were long after- ward known as Palatines in Ireland, became con- verts to Methodism. The Hecks emigrated from Ireland about 1760, and settled in New York, where other Methodists from Ireland became domiciled about the same time. They had no pastor and grew careless of religious observances. In 1765 they were joined by Philip Embury, who had been a local preacher in Ireland. Soon after his arrival Mrs. Heck entered a room in which, according to some accounts, Embury was present, and found the emigrants playing cards. She seized the cards and threw them into the fire, expostulated with the players in pathetic language, and then went to Embury and charged him that he should preach to them, or God would require their blood at his hands. In consequence meetings were shortly afterward begun. (See Embury, Philip.) When the Revolutionary war began the Hecks retired to Salem, in northern New York, in order to be arhong loyalists, and founded the first Methodist society in that district. Paul joined the army of Burgoyne, and, while at home on a furlough at the time of the surrender at Saratoga, was arrested by patriot soldiers, but escaped at night while they slept, and made his way through the woods into Canada, where he was joined by his wife. They settled in Augusta, and with others from New York formed the earliest Methodist society in Canada. Paul died several years before his wife, toward the close of the last century. Barbara Heck is known as the " mother of American Methodism." HECKER, Friedrich Karl Franz, German revolutionist, b. in Eichtersheim, Baden, 28 Sept., 1811 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 24 March, 1881. He went to school in Mannheim, and studied law at Heidelberg. He began practice as an advocate at Mannheim in 1838, entered politics, and was elected to the Baden assembly in 1842. His expul- sion from the Prussian dominions, while upon a visit to Berlin with Itzstein in 1845, made his name known in all German lands. In 1846-'7 he was the leader of the extreme left in the Baden diet. His energy and eloquence made him popular, and he was carried by the drift of the age toward Re- publicanism, until he took ground with Struve as a Republican and Socialist-Democrat when the ar- rangements for a German parliament were under discussion. His political plans having been re- jected by the majority of the constituent assem- bly, he appealed to the masses. Appearing at the head of columns of working-men, he unfolded the banner of the social republic, and advanced into the highlands of Baden from Constance. He was beaten by the Baden soldiery at Kaudern, 20 May, 1848, and retreated into Switzerland. There he learned that the national assembly, which had met meanwhile at Frankfort, had denounced him as a traitor. His hopes of a revolution having been dashed, with the prospect of a felon's death before him if he remained, he fled to the United States in September. The following year, at the news of the May revolution, he returned to Germany, but ar- rived after-the rising had been suppressed. Hecker recrossed the Atlantic, became a citizen of the United States, and settled as a farmer in Belleville, 111. Like others of the German revolutionists, he took part in American politics, but did not make a new career for himself. He refused brilliant diplomatic positions, feeling an honorable reluc- tance to accept a personal gain in requital for the services he performed for the party to which he attached himself. The anti-slavery cause awakened the enthusiasm of his nature, and to the end of his life he was a powerful speaker on the Republican side. He joined the Republican party on its forma- tion, and in the civil war led a regiment of volun- teers in Fremont's division of the National army. He resigned his colonelcy in 1864, and devoted himself thenceforth to agricultural occupations. During the Franco-German war he uttered words of hope and sympathy for the German cause, but, after visiting Germany in 1873, he expressed dis- appointment at the actual political condition. HECKER, Isaac Thomas, clergyman, b. in New York city, 18 Dec, 1819. He is of German parentage. His boyhood was passed in strait- ened circumstances, and he was obliged to sup- port himself by manual labor, at the same time spending all the time he could spare in study. He afterward engaged in the flour business with his two brothers, but just as it was becoming a suc- cess entered on the study of Kant, and applied himself to metaphysics and theology. He finally withdrew entirely from mercantile pursuits, and became one of the Brook Farm community. Here he remained for nine months, occupied in baking the bread that was eaten by the community. He then became dissatisfied, and left Brook Farm in company with Henry D. Thoreau. The two friends were desirous of discovering on how little human life can be sustained, and they succeeded in liv- ing on nine cents a day. Meanwhile his brothers were anx- ious that he should resume his place in the business, and on his coming of age he consented to do so on condition that the three brothers should possess all in com- mon and keep no separate purse, and that he should have entire charge of the men that were em- ployed. He then provided a library for the work- men, fitted up a hall for their amusement, and fre- quently gave them lectures. This continued for a year, at the end of which he resumed his studies and investigations, and was at one time attracted by the theories of Fourier, but felt that they could not be successfully applied to society. At the age of twenty-two his attention was drawn to the Roman Catholic system by lectures delivered in New York by Dr. C. Brownlow, and in the following year, while staying with Thoreau in Massachusetts, he became a convert. He soon afterward went to Germany to study for the priesthood, was ordained by Cardinal Wiseman in London in 1849, and re- turned to the United States in 1851, having pre- viously entered the Redemptorist order. He con- ducted several missions throughout the country, but, believing that a new order was necessary which should be thoroughly American in charac- ter, spent the autumn and winter of 1857-8 in Rome, and laid his plans before the pope, who ap- proved. On his return to the United States he went on a preaching and a lecturing tour through- out the United States and Canada, and soon had enough money collected for his purpose. He at once bought the ground that is at present occupied by the church, residence, and schools of the Paulist HECKEWELDER HEDDING 157 community, and proceeded to build a church and a home for himself and his followers. The religious community founded by Father Hecker differs in one respect from other similar Roman Catholic asso- ciations. The members take no special vows, and any priest can leave the order when he chooses. It is known as the congregation of St. Paul, and the members, who are nearly all of American birth and converts from Protestantism, are called the Paul- ist fathers. It was the intention of its founder that its tendencies, rule, and discipline should be entirely appropriated to the usages and needs of American life. Father Hecker took part in the Catholic congress of Malines in September, 1869, and his views of the relations that ought to exist between the Roman Catholic church and democ- racies, and which did exist in the United States, were expressed in an article in the " Revue gene- rale " of Brussels. He was present at the council of the Vatican as theologian to Archbishop Spal- ding, and on his return to the United States fell sick and was obliged to visit Europe again, this time travelling also through Egypt and the Holy Land. He came back in October, 1875, and on 29 Dec. was re-elected superior of the congrega- tion of St. Paul for the full term of nine years. Father Hecker is the founder, and was till lately the director, of the Catholic publication society of New York. He also founded in 1865 the " Catholic World," the chief Roman Catholic magazine on the American continent, and still (1887) continues to edit it. His works include " Questions of the Soul " (New York, 1855) ; " Aspirations of Na- ture " (1857) ; " Catholicity in the United States " (1879) ; and " Catholics and Protestants Agreeing on the School Question " (1881). His last writings are a series of papers on Orestes A. Brownson, in the " Catholic World." HECKEWELDER, John Gottlieb Ernestus, missionary, b. in Bedford, England, 12 March, 1743; d. in Bethlehem, Pa., 21 Jan., 1823. He came to Pennsylvania in 1754, and, after finishing his education, was apprenticed to a cooper. After a visit to Ohio with Christian F. Post, a colo- nial agent, in 1762, and temporary employment in the Moravian missions at Friedenshuetten and Sheshequin, Pa., in 1765-'71, he entered, in the latter year, upon his actual career as an evangelist to the Indians, being appointed assistant to David Zeisberger, in Ohio, where he remained fifteen years. In 1792, at the request of the secretary of war, he accompanied Gen. Rufus Putnam to Post Vincennes to treat with the Indians. In 1793 he was a second time commissioned to assist at a treaty with the Indians of the lakes. Between 1797 and 1800 he remained mainly in Ohio, and was for a time in the civil service, being a post- master, a justice of the peace, and an associate justice of the court of common pleas. He settled at Gnadenhiitten, Ohio, in 1801, and devoted him- self to the duties of his agency, but resigned in 1810 and engaged in literary pursuits in Bethle- hem, Pa., till his death. He studied carefully the languages, manners, and customs of the Indians, particularly the Delawares, and after he had be- come a member of the American philosophical society, at Philadelphia, several of his contributions of Indian archaeology were published in their transactions. He also published " Account of the History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Na- tions who once inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States " (Philadelphia, 1818 ; German translation, Gottingen, 1821 ; French translation, Paris, 1822) ; " Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Delawares and Mo- hegan Indians " (Philadelphia, 1820) ; and a collec- tion of " Names which the Lenni Lenape or Dela- ware Indians gave to Rivers, Streams, and Locali- ties within the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia, with their Signification " (1822). Many of his manuscripts are in the col- lections of the Pennsylvania historical society. See " Life of Heckewelder," by the Rev. Edward Rond- thaler (Philadelphia, 1847). HECKMAN, Charles Adam, soldier, b. in Easton, Pa., 3 Dec, 1822. He was graduated at Minerva seminary, in his native town, in 1837. In the war with Mexico he served as sergeant in the 1st U. S. voltigeurs. He was commissioned cap- tain in the 1st Pennsylvania regiment, 20 April, 1861, became major of the 9th New Jersey on 3 Oct., lieutenant-colonel on 3 Dec, and colonel on 10 Feb., 1862. On 29 Nov., 1862, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He served in Burnside's expedition to North Carolina, and after- ward in the Army of the James, being wounded at Newbern and Young's Cross Roads, N. C, and Port Walthall, Va. He commanded the defences of Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va., in the winter of 1863-4, and at Drewry's Bluff, Va., on 16 May, 1864, he was captured, after his brigade had five times repelled a superior force of Confederates. He was taken to Libby prison, and afterward to Macon, Ga., and Charleston, S. C, where he was one of the fifty-one officers that were placed under fire of the National guns. He was exchanged on 25 Aug., commanded the 18th corps at the capture of Fort Harrison, Chapin's Bluff, and the 25th corps in January and February, 1865. He resigned when the war was over, 25 May, 1865, and now (1887) resides in Phillipsburg, N. J., where he has served as a member of the board of education. HEDDING, Elijah, M. E. bishop, b. in Pine Plains, Dutchess county, N. Y., 7 June, 1780 ; d. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 9 April, 1852. In 1789 Rev. Benjamin Abbott, a pioneer of Method- ism, preached in his neighborhood, and the mother and grand- mother of young Hed- ding. united with the Methodist church. With these the lad also soon became asso- ciated. A few years later the family re- moved and settled on a farm at Starksbor- ough, Vt., a region where schools were as yet almost wholly un- known. Young Hed- ding became skeptical somewhat and irreligious, but was sometimes called on to read one of Wesley's sermons in the absence of a regular preacher. He was impressed with them, studied various doctrinal works, adopted Meth- odist views, .and in the latter part of 1799, though not even licensed to preach, was drafted as a sup- ply. He was admitted to the New York confer- ence in 1801, and in 1807 was appointed presid- ing elder of New Hampshire district. In 1811 he was sent to Boston, and in 1817 to Maine, as presiding elder of Portland district. Later on he was pastor at Lynn common, and afterward pre- siding elder of Boston district. At the general conference held in Baltimore in May, 1824, after about twenty-five years of itinerant labors, he was elected and ordained bishop, and for nearly twen- 158 HEDGE HEILPRIN ty-eight years longer served the church in that office. Bishop Hedding's episcopal life covered a large space in the formative period of American Methodism, and probably no other man contribut- ed more largely than he to the form into which it grew, or more effectively sustained its original evangelistic spirit and methods. During most of the years of his episcopate he lived at Lynn, Mass., but in 1851 he removed to Poughkeepsie. He had been released by the general conference of 1848 from all obligation to labor any longer, and from that time onward his strength rapidly declined. His annual salary during his later years was §700, and when it was proposed to make it larger he earnestly objected, saying he should not know what to do with more. Bishop Hedding was an able theologian in respect to the great and funda- mental elements of Christian truth and doctrine, a preacher of great force and convincing eloquence, dignified yet pleasant in his manners, and in private life happily blending seriousness and cheerfulness. HEDGE, Levi, educator, b. in Hardwick, Mass., 19 April, 1766; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 3 Jan., 1844. He was graduated at Harvard in 1792. ap- pointed a tutor in 1795, and in 1810 became pro- fessor of logic and metaphysics. In 1827 he ex- changed that post for the Alford professorship of natural religion, moral philosophy, and civil polity, but was compelled by an attack of paralysis to re- sign in 1830. He published a " System of Logic " (Boston, 1818), which went through many editions, and was translated into German. He also pre- pared an abridgment of Brown's " Mental Philoso- phy" (1827). — His son. Frederic Henry, edu- cator, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 12 Dec, 1805, was sent, in charge of George Bancroft, to school in Germany at the age of twelve, and remained five years. On his return he entered the junior class at Harvard, and was graduated in 1825. He then studied theology at the Cambridge divinity-school, was ordained in 1829, and settled over the Unita- rian church in West Cambridge. In 1835 he took charge of a church in Bangor, Me., in 1850, after spending a year in Europe, became pastor of the Westminster church in Providence. R. I., and in 1856 of the church in Brookline, Mass. In 1857 he was made professor of ecclesiastical history in the divinity-school at Harvard, still retaining his pastoral charge, but resigned the pastorship in 1872 in order to assume the professorship of the German language in the college. He is noted as "a public lecturer, as well as a pulpit orator. In 1853-'4 he lectured on mediaeval history before the Lowell institute. He became editor of the " Chris- tian Examiner " in 1858. Besides essays on the dif- ferent schools of philosophy, notably magazine arti- cles on St. Augustine, Leibnitz, Schopenhauer, and Coleridge, and other contributions to periodicals in prose and poetry, he has published " The Prose Writers of Germany," containing extracts and bio- graphical sketches (Philadelphia, 1848) ; " A Christian Liturgy for the Use of the Church " (Boston, 1856) ; " Reason in Religion " (Boston, 1865) ; and " The Primeval World of Hebrew Tra- dition " (1870). He has also written hymns for the Unitarian church, and assisted in the compilation of a hymn-book (1853), and has published transla- tions from the German poets. HEFLIN, Robert Stell, lawyer, b. in Morgan county, Ga., 15 April, 1815. He was educated at Fayetteville, Ga., where his parents settled in 1832, was clerk of the county court in 1836-9, admitted to the bar in 1840, and practised in Fayetteville and Wedowee. He was a member of the Georgia senate in 1840-1, of the house of representatives in 1846 and 1849. and of the senate in 1857 and 1860. As an uncompromising Union man he was compelled to pass through the lines to Sherman's army in August, 1864. He was appointed judge of probate in 1865, and elected to that office in 1866, was a presidential elector in 1868, and was then elected to congress as a Republican, serving from 7 Dec, 1869, to 3 March, 1871. HEG, Hans C, soldier, b. in Norway in 1829 ; killed in the battle of Chickamauga, Ga., 19 Sept., 1863. He was brought by his father to the United States when eleven years of age, and settled in Wisconsin. He went to California during the gold excitement in 1849, returned in 1851, established himself as a farmer and merchant near Milwaukee, and was elected commissioner of state-prisons in 1859. In 1861 he entered the volunteer army as a major, and was commissioned colonel of the 15th Wisconsin infantry, a Scandinavian regiment, on 30 Sept., 1861. His regiment took part in the reduction of Island No. 10, and afterward in the surprise and capture of Union City, Tenn. ; also in the battle of Chaplin Hills, in the pursuit of Gen. Bragg's forces, and the contests at Stone River and Murfreesboro. On 29 April he was placed in command of a brigade, and took part in the movements of the 20 corps, resulting in the evacuation of Shelbyville, Tullahoma, and Chatta- nooga, and at Chickamauga, where he fell at the head of his forces on the second day of the fight. HEHL, Matthew, Moravian bishop, b. in Ebers- bach, Wiirtemberg, 30 April, 1705; d. in Lititz, Pa., 4 Dec, 1787. He was graduated at the Uni- versity of Tubingen, and after being consecrated to the episcopacy, 24 Sept., 1751, in London, came to this country as assistant of Bishop Spangen- berg (q. v.). His first seat was at Bethlehem, Pa., where he superintended the neighboring country churches and the educational institutions of the Moravians. In 1756 he transferred his residence to Lititz, Lancaster eo., Pa., and for twenty-eight years had the oversight of the churches of that vicinity, as also of those in Maryland, retaining his seat in the governing board at Bethlehem. Hehl was a learned divine, an eloquent preacher, and wrote numerous hvmns. HEILPRIN, Phineas Mendel, scholar, b. in Lublin, Russian Poland, in November, 1801 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 30 Jan., 1863. He early settled in Piotrkow and subsequently in Tomaszow, where he became a manufacturer and merchant, but, in consequence of oppression by the Russian govern- ment, he removed in 1842 to Hungary. His sym- pathy was with the people in 1848, and after the failure of the revolutionary movement he deter- mined to leave the country. In 1859 he came to the United States, where he remained until his death. He was a close student of the Talmud, and also of the Greek and later German philosophers, acquir- ing a high reputation among Jewish scholars as a conservative reformer. His works, written in He- brew, include several controversial writings, deal- ing with the reform movement among the Jews. — His son, Michael, b. in Piotrkow, Poland, in 1823, warmly espoused the cause of the Hungarian re- bellion in 1848, and was attached in 1849 to the literary bureau of the department of the interior during Kossuth's brief sway. In 1856 he came to the United States, and soon acquired a reputation for scholarship, both in the oriental and modern languages. He has been a frequent contributor to literary journals, and his work in connection with the "American Cyclopaedia" shows his industry, breadth of view, and exact scholarly attainments. Mr. Heilprin has taken special interest in the Rus- HEIN HEINTZELMAN 159 sian-Jewish emigrants to the United States since 1882, and his intelligent direction and ardent per- sonal sympathy have led to the establishment of sev- eral successful agricultural colonies in this country. He has published " The Histoi'ical Poetry of the An- cient Hebrews " (vols. i. and ii., New York. 1879-80). — Michael's son, Louis, writer, b. in Miskolez, Hungary, 2 July, 1851, came with his father to the United States in 1856. His education was received from private sources, and he has been associated with his father in literary work. He has published " The Historical Reference-Book " (New York, 1885). — Another son of Michael, Angelo, natural- ist, b. in Satoralja-Ujhely, Hungary, 31 March, 1853, came to this country in 1856. but afterward returned to Europe for his education, and studied natural history in London, Geneva, Florence, and Vienna. In 1880 he was appointed professor of invertebrate paleontology at the Academy of natu- ral sciences in Philadelphia, in 1883 was made cu- rator in charge of the museum, and in 1885 became professor of geology at the Wagner free institute of science in Philadelphia. Prof. Heilprin is also an artist of ability, and has exhibited " Autumn's First Whisper" (1880) at the Pennsylvania acade- my of fine arts, and " Forest Exiles " (1883) at the Boston museum of fine arts. His scientific pub- lications include " Contributions to the Tertiary Geology and Paleontology of the United States " (Philadelphia, 1884); "Town Geology: The Les- son of the Philadelphia Rocks" (1885) ; "The Geographical and Geological Distribution of Ani- mals " (New York, 1887) ; and " Explorations on the West Coast of Florida and in the Okeechobee Wilderness " (Philadelphia, 1887). HE IN, Piet, Dutch naval officer, b. in Delfts- haven in 1570 ; d. at sea, 20 Aug., 1629. His father was a sailor on a man-of-war, and when scarcely fifteen years old the son became an apprentice under him. Both were captured by the Spaniards, and remained four years in the galleys, suffering so much that young Piet swore to revenge him- self. He rose, by gallantry, to be vice-admiral of the East India company in 1616, and directed the armament of the fleet that was sent in 1624 against the Spanish colonies of South America. Jacob Willekens was appointed admiral, and Hein his chief-of-staff. The fleet arrived at Morro de Sao Paulo, thirty-six miles from Bahia, on 9 May, 1625, and the admirals immediately began operations. Diego de Mendoca, governor-general of Brazil, to- gether with Marcos Texeira, bishop of Bahia, de- fended the place valiantly, but. on 10 June, Hein, after a hot engagement, crossed the bar of the har- bor of San Salvador, and, by threatening the city with bombardment, obliged the governor to capitu- late. Willekens returned to Holland on 2 Aug., 1625, leaving Hein with the marines and twelve men-of-war. During his absence on an expedition against Espiritu Santo, a strong Portuguese and Spanish fleet recaptured Bahia, and Hein sailed for Amsterdam, where he arrived in October, 1625, bringing enormous spoils. In the following year the East India company appointed him admiral, and gave him the command of a fleet of thirteen vessels, with orders to attack the coast of Brazil again. On 3 May, 1626, he attacked Todos os Santos, Bahia, and captured twenty-one merchant vessels that were anchored in the harbor, losing only three of his own ships. After a successful ex- pedition against Rio Janeiro, where he also cap- tured many prizes, he returned to the Texel, 26 Oct., 1626. Two years later the company sent Hein to capture the treasure-fleet that every year brought to Spain the tribute of the American colonies. With a fleet of twenty-four vessels he sailed from the Texel, 20 May, 1628, and, lying in wait at HaA r ana, he met, on 9 Sept., near the coast of Cuba, the Spanish fleet of twenty well-armed vessels, and captured it after a desperate battle. The value of the booty was estimated at 18,000.000 piastres, and Hein was rewarded by the appoint- ment of grand admiral of Holland. In the spring of 1629 he set out with a powerful fleet against the corsairs of Dunkerque, and, meeting a Spanish squadron on his way, defeated it. but received in the action a mortal wound. His country erected for him a mausoleum at Delft. HEINTZELMAN, Samuel Peter, soldier, b.in Manheim, Lancaster co., Pa., 30 Sept., 1805 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 1 May, 1880. He was gradu- ated at the U. S. military academy in 1826, and en- tered the army as 2d lieutenant of infantry. He spent several years in border service,and had his first expe- rience of war in Florida, against the Indians. He served during the Mexican war with the rank of cap- tain. AtHuaman- tla he won distinc- tion for bravery, and on 9 Oct., 1847, he was brev- etted major. He organized a battalion of recruits and convalescent soldiers at Vera Cruz, and marched them to the city of Mexico. From 1849 till 1855 he served in California, where he had some rough experience with the Coyote and Yuma Indians, and established Fort Yuma on the Colorado river. In 1859-60 he was in command of the troops on the Rio Grande against Mexican marauders. In May, 1861, he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for meritorious services against the Indians in California, and or- dered to Washington to take the office of inspect- or-general of the forces. In May of the same year he was commissioned colonel of the 17th regular infantry. On 17 May he was appointed brigadier- general of volunteers, and ordered to the command of a brigade at Alexandria. He commanded a di- vision of McDowell's army at Bull Run, and was wounded. During the organization of the army under Gen. McClellan, in the winter of 1861-2; he retained command of his division. When the Army of the Potomac began to move, in March, 1862, Heintzelman was in command of the 3d army corps, was in the battle of Williamsburg on 5 May, was made major-general of volunteers on the same day, took an active part in the battle of Fair Oaks, where he commanded the 3d and 4th corps, and for his gallantry in both the first and second day's fighting was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army. At the head of his command he took part in the seven days' fighting around Richmond, afterward joined Pope in his Virginia campaign, and at the second battle of Bull Run his corps formed the right wing of Pope's army. During the Maryland campaign he was in com- mand of the defences at Washington, and later he was appointed to the command of the Department of Washington, and of the 22d army corps, which appointment he held during the battles of Chan- 160 HEISS HELIAS D'HUMOXDE cellorsville and Gettysburg. He was relieved in October, 1863, and in January of the following year was put in command of the Northern Depart- ment, embracing Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Il- linois. For some time before August, 1865, he was on court-martial duty. In March of that year he was brevetted major-general in the regular army, and in September resumed command of the 17th infantry, in New York harbor and in Texas. On 22 Feb", 1869, he was retired with the rank of colonel, and on 29 April, by special act of con- gress, was placed on the retired list, with the rank of major-general, to date from 22 Feb. His public career ended with his retirement from the army. HEISS, Michael, archbishop, b. in Pfahldorf, Bavaria, 12 April, 1818. He was a student in the University of Munich from 1835 till 1839, at first in the faculty of law and afterward in that of the- ology. He then entered the theological seminary in Eichstadt and was ordained priest by Cardinal Reisach. 18 Oct., 1840, although he had not yet at- tained the canonical age. A visit of Archbishop Pureed, of Cincinnati, first suggested to him the idea of laboring in the United States. He arrived in New York, 17 Dec, 1842, and in 1843 became- pastor of the Church of the Mother of God, in Covington, Ky. In 1844 his friend, Dr. Henni, was appointed bishop of Milwaukee, and on the invita- tion of this prelate he went to Wisconsin, where, besides acting as secretary to the bishop, he en- gaged in missionary work. In 1846 he founded the Church of St. Mary in Milwaukee, the first Ro- man Catholic parochial church and the first church built of brick in that city. He was in Europe for his health in 1850-'2, and on his return opened an ecclesiastical school in his own house. Afterward the Seminary of St. Francis de Sales was founded on the shores of Lake Michigan, and Father Heiss was appointed its first rector. About this time he became noted as a theological writer. When the diocese of La Crosse, on the Mississippi, was found- ed, he was named for the new see, and was conse- crated bishop, 6 Sept., 1868. The diocese of Bishop Heiss extended over that part of Wisconsin north and west of Wisconsin river as far as the Missis- sippi. Under his administration several Roman Catholic churches were erected, the new cathedral was built, the Sisters of St. Francis were established in La Crosse, and an episcopal residence was built at his own expense. Twenty-five parochial schools and two asylums were opened. St. John's college was founded at Prairie du Chien, and other schools were built. During the twelve years when he had charge of the diocese, the number of churches had increased from forty to eighty-six. In 1880 he was nominated coadjutor to Archbishop Henni, of Mil- waukee, with right of succession, and he was created Archbishop of Adrianople in partibus infidelium, 14 March of that year. He became metropolitan of Milwaukee in September, 1881. Archbishop Heiss took an active part as theologian in the Bal- timore council of 1849, in that of St. Louis in 1855, and in the plenary council of Baltimore of 1866. He was one of the chief members of the Vatican council of 1869-'70, and also a member of one of the four great commissions, each of which consist- ed of twelve bishops, who represented all parts of the world. His theological works, which include " Ueber die vier Evangelien," and " Ueber die Ehe," were published in Milwaukee. HEISTER, Leopold Philip de, soldier, b. in 1707; d. in Hesse-Cassel, 19 Nov., 1777. He was a crippled veteran of many campaigns when he was selected to command the Hessian troops that were hired by the British government for service against the American colonies. He landed on Long Island near New Utrecht with two full Hessian brigades on 25 Aug., 1776. three days after the arrival of Gen. William Howe with the British troops. The tedious passage of thirteen weeks from Spithead had tried him sorely ; " his patience and tobacco had become exhausted. He called for hock, and swallowed large potations to the health of his friends." Soon after debarking, the invading army prepared for marching, the Hessians under De Heister forming the centre, or main body. They cannonaded the works at Flatbush pass, and De Heister ordered Count Donop to storm the re- doubt, while he pressed forward with his troops. " Our Hessians and our brave Highlanders gave no quarter," wrote a British officer, " and it was a fine sight to see with what alacrity they despatched the rebels with their bayonets, after we surrounded them so they could not resist." Heister also com- manded the Hessians at White Plains, 28 Oct., 1776. HEITZMAN, Charles, physician, b. in Vin- kovcze, Hungary, 2 Oct., 1836. His father, Martin Heitzman, was a surgeon in the Austrian army. The son was educated in the University of Pesth and in that of Vienna, where he was graduated in 1859. He then lectured on morbid anatomy in the Vienna university, and in 1874 came to New York, where he established a laboratory for micro- scopical research. His specialty is dermatology, and he was vice-president of the American derma- tological society, besides being a member of oth- er medical associations. His publications include " Chirurgische, Pathologie und Therapie " (2 vols., 1864-'8) ; " Descriptive and Topographical Anato- my of Man in 600 Illustrations" (2 vols., 3d ed., 1886) ; and papers on " Kenntniss der Diinndarm- zotten " and " Untersuehungen fiber das Proto- plasma," in the "Transactions of the Imperial Academy of Sciences" (Vienna, 1867-73). His chief work is " Microscopic Morphology of the Animal Bodv " (1873). HELFENSTEIN, John Conrad Alhert, cler- gyman, b. in Moszbach, Germany. 16 Feb., 1748 ; d. in Germantown, Pa., 17 May, 1790. He studied theology at Heidelberg, and was appointed by the synod of Holland missionary to America, with Rev. John H. Helffrich and Rev. John G. Geb- hard. Soon after his arrival in New York, 14 Jan., 1772, he took charge of a congregation in German- town, and was one of the fathers of the German Reformed church in this country. In 1775 he accepted a call to Lancaster, Pa., where he fre- quently preached to the Hessian prisoners. He returned to Germantown in 1779, and remained there till his death. Several small volumes of his sermons have been published. HELIAS D'HUMONDE, Ferdinand Mary, clergyman, b. in Ghent, Belgium. 3 Aug., 1796 ; d. in Toas, Cole co., Mo., 11 Aug., 1874. He belonged to a noble Belgian family, and his brother was prime-minister of that kingdom for several years. Ferdinand entered the Society of Jesus in 1817, and at the close of his novitiate was appointed pro- fessor and prefect of studies in the high-school of Brieg, Switzerland. After several years he was summoned to Rome to act as assistant secretary to the father-general of the order, and subsequently was assigned to the American mission. He arrived in the United States, 19 May, 1833, and was im- mediately appointed master of novices in the Jes- uit college, Frederick, Md. Shortly afterward he organized at St. Louis a German congregation, which, through his labors, became one of the largest in the country. He also built St. Joseph's church for the use of the German Catholics. In HELLMUTH HELPER 161 1838 he organized the first German congregation outside of St. Louis at Washington, Franklin co., Mo., and founded a church. From Washington he made his way through the wilderness, with com- pass in hand, to Westphalia, Osage co., where he organized a church and founded a mission. In course of time he organized congregations and built churches in Rich Fountain in the same county, in Saint Thomas and Jefferson City, in Toas, Cole co., in Booneville, Cooper co., and in several other places. His missionary labors ex- tended to Westport and Independence, the extreme western settlements of the state. For the last twenty-four years of his life he was principally stationed at Toas, near Jefferson City. Notwith- standing his advanced age, he continued to per- form his functions until the day before his death, HELLMUTH, Isaac, Canadian Anglican bishop, b. in Warsaw, Poland, 14 Dec, 1819. He is of Jewish descent, was educated at Breslau, and, having been converted to Christianity and ordained in the Anglican church, settled in Canada about 1856. He was appointed successively archdeacon and dean of the diocese of Huron, and on 24 Aug., 1870, was consecrated coadjutor-bishop, with the title of bishop of Norfolk. In 1871, on the death of Bishop Cronyn, Dr. Hellmuth succeeded him as bishop of Huron, but resigned this office in 1883 on being appointed assistant bishop in the diocese of Ripon. Since 1885 he has been rector of Bridling- ton, Yorkshire. While in Canada he established Huron college for the education of the future clergy of the diocese, and was principal and divin- ity professor in it in 1863. A few months afterward the London collegiate school, since named Hell- muth college, was erected, and he also established a ladies' college, which was opened in 1869. HELM, Israel, colonist, b. in Sweden ; d. after 1693. He was one of the early emigrants from Sweden to the Delaware. In 1659 he resided at Passyunk, now in Philadelphia, and was employed there as collector of customs. In 1668 he, with others, obtained from Gov. Nicolls a grant of land embracing nearly the whole of Calken Hook, and in the same year was appointed a member of- Capt. Carr's council. In 1674 he was commissioned as one of the justices " for the river," and doubtless assisted in holding a court at Upland some years before the " Upland court," of which the records have been preserved, and of which he was also one of the justices. Having learned the language of the Indians, he was frequently employed as an in- terpreter, and acted as such in 1675 at the confer- ence between Gov. Andros, the magistrates of New Castle, Del., and the Indian sachem of New Jersey, when the treaty of peace was renewed. He had acquired the title of captain, and, as the Swedish government sent a considerable number of Swedish soldiers to the colony, it may reasonably be sup- posed that he first came in a military capacity. During his residence on the Delaware he made a visit to his native country. HELM, John Larue, governor of Kentucky, b. in Hardin county, Ky., 4 July, 1802 ; d. in Elizabeth- town, Ky., 8 Sept., 1867. He was descended from Maj. Benjamin and Capt. Leonard Helm, of Fau- quier county, Va., early pioneers of Kentucky, who were distinguished in Indian warfare. At an early age he was employed in the office of the cir- cuit clerk, afterward studied law, was admitted to the bar, and appointed county attorney. He was in the state house of representatives in 1826-'37, and state senator from 1844 till 1848 and again from 1865 till 1867, when he resigned. He pre- sided in the legislature seven years, was elected vol. in. — 11 lieutenant-governor in 1848, and in 1850 became governor, which office he held till 1852. In 1854 he was made president of the Louisville and Nash- ville railroad. He was again chosen governor of Kentucky after the civil war, and was inaugurated at his residence in Elizabethtown on 3 Sept., 1867, five days before his death. — His son, Ben Hardin, soldier, b. in Elizabethtown, Ky., in 1830; d. in Georgia, 21 Sept., 1863, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1851, assigned to the 2d dra- goons, and served in the cavalry-school for practice at Carlisle, Pa., and on frontier duty at Fort Lin- coln, Texas. He resigned his commission on 9 Oct., 1852. From 1854 till 1858 he practised law in Elizabethtown. and from 1858 till 1861 in Louis- ville, Ky. He was a member of the Kentucky legislature in 1855-'6, and commonwealth attorney for the 3d district of Kentucky from 1856 till 1858. In 1861 he joined the Confederate army as colonel of the 1st Kentucky cavalry, served at Shiloh, and was made brigadier-general in March, 1862. He took part in the battles of Perryville and Stone River, where he commanded a division, led a Kentucky brigade at Vicksburg in the sum- mer of 1862, and commanded a division at Chicka- mauga, where he was fatally wounded. HELMUTH, Justus Christian Henry, cler- gyman, b. in Helmstadt, Brunswick, Germany, 16 May, 1745 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 Feb., 1825. His father died when the son was a mere boy, but a nobleman sent him to the orphan house in Halle, and afterward to the university there, wmere he received a thorough education in the classics and theology. He was ordained to the ministry at Wer- nigerode in 1769, and in the same year came to this country in response to an urgent call from Luther- an congregations in Pennsylvania. On his arrival, he was at once elected pastor of the congregation at Lancaster, Pa., for ten years, and in 1779 he re- moved to Philadelphia in answer to a unanimous call from St. Michael's, the first Lutheran congre- gation in the city. Here he spent the remainder of his life, serving as pastor until 1820. The Uni- versity of Pennsylvania conferred upon him the honorary degree of A. M. in 1780, and that o£ D. D. in 1785. In the same institution he held for eigh- teen years the chair of German and Oriental lan- guages, and was regarded as one of the best lin- guistic scholars of his time. In 1785, with his col- league and intimate friend, Dr. Schmidt, he estab- lished a private seminary at Philadelphia, for the education of young men for the ministry, which continued for twenty years, until age and pressure of other labors prevented them from attending properly to the work. In this private institution many of the early Lutheran pastors received their theological training. Dr. Helmuth was frequently elected to ecclesiastical offices of honor and trust, and was identified with many of the public institu- tions of Philadelphia. Though he was partial to the German language, it did not prevent him from taking an interest, in the various activities, educa- tional and religious, of his adopted country. His published works include " Taufe und heilige Schrift " (1793) ; " Unterhaltungen mit Gott " : books for children, and a volume of German hymns. For several years he edited the " Evangelical Maga- zine." a German periodical of Philadelphia. HELPER, Hinton Rowan, author, b. near Mocskville, Davie co., N. C, 27 Dec, 1829. He was graduated at Mocksville academy in 1848. In 1851 he went to California by way of Cape Horn, and spent nearly three years on the Pacific coast. He was appointed U. S. consul at Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic, in 1861, and held this office 162 HELPS HENCK until 1867. In 1867 he returned to Asheville, N. C, where he resided until he settled in New York. He has travelled extensively through North, South, and Central America, in Europe, and also in Africa. He is the projector of the " Three Amer- icas Railway," which he proposes shall eventually form one connected line from Bering strait to the Strait of Magellan. He was the originator' and efficient promoter of the commercial commission from the United States to Central and South Amer- ica. Mr. Helper was brought into notice just be- fore the civil war by his " Impending Crisis of the South" (New York, 1857). In this book he ear- nestly opposed slavery on economical grounds, al- though he was not friendly to the colored race. The work was used by the Republican party as a campaign document in 1860, and 140,000 copies were sold between 1857 and 1861. His other works are " The Land of Gold " (Baltimore, 1855) ; " No- joque, a Question for a Continent " (New York and London, 1867) ; " The Negroes in Negroland, the Negroes in America, and the Negroes Generally" (New York, 1868) ; and " The Three Americas Rail- way " (St. Louis, 1881). HELPS, Sir Arthur, English author, b. in England in 1817 ; d. in London, 7 March, 1875. He was educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, became private secretary to the chancellor of the exchequer, and was appointed commissioner of French, Spanish, and Danish claims. He was after- ward secretary to the chief secretary for Ireland, in 1859 became clerk of the privy council, and was knighted in 1872. Those of his books that refer specially to America are " Conquerors of the New World and their Bondsmen " (London, 1848) ; " The Spanish Conquest in America, and its Relation to the History of Slavery " (1855) ; " The Life of Co- lumbus " (1869) : " The Life of Pizarro " (1869) ; and " Life of Cortez " (1871). Most of his works have been re-published in Boston, Mass. HEMBEL, William, physician, b. in Philadel- phia, Pa., 24 Sept., 1764; d. there, 12 June, 1851. He studied medicine, and was qualified to receive a diploma, but refused to apply for it on account of deafness, which he thought would incapacitate him for practice. He served as a volunteer in the medical department of the Revolutionary army in Virginia, practised gratuitously for many years among the poor of Philadelphia, and was noted for benevolence. He was president of the Acad- emy of natural sciences from 1840 till 1849, when he resigned, owing to his infirmity. HEMMENWAY, Moses, clergyman, b. in Fram- ingham, Mass., in 1735 ; d. in Wells, Mass., 5 Aug., 1811. He was graduated at Harvard in 1755, and was a classmate of John Adams, with whom he corresponded for many years. After studying theology, he was ordained pastor of the Congrega- tional church in Wells on 8 Aug., 1759, which charge he held until his death. He received the degree of D. D. from Harvard in 1785, and from Dartmouth in 1792. His publications are " Seven Sermons on the Obligation and Encouragement of the Unregenerate to labor for the Meat which endureth to Everlasting Life" (1767) ; " Vindication of the Power, Obligation, etc., of the Unregenerate to attend the Means of Grace, against the Excep- tions of Samuel Hopkins in his Reply to Mills " (1772); "Remarks on Rev. Mr. Hopkins's Answer to a Tract entitled ' A Vindication,' etc." (1774) ; and numerous other sermons. HEMPEL, Charles Julius, physician, b. in Solingen, Prussia, 5 Sept., 1811 ; d. in Grand Rap- ids, Mich., 25 Sept., 1879. After completinghis col- legiate course at Solingen, he attended lectures at the " Universite de France," in Paris, and assisted Michelet, who succeeded Guizot in the chair of his- tory, in the publication of his " History of France." He came to the United States in 1835, and for ten years resided in the family of Signor Maroncelli, the intimate friend of the revolutionist Silvio Pel- lico, where he imbibed an ardent love for music and Italian literature. While attending medical lectures at the University of New York, where he was graduated in 1845, he became associated with several eminent homoeopathic practition- ers, and soon after his graduation he began to translate some of the more important works re- lating to homoeopathy. He was appointed to the chair of materia medica and therapeutics in the Hahnemann medical college of Philadelphia in 1857, and afterward removed to Grand Rapids, Mich., where he engaged in a large practice. His health failing, he went abroad ; but the change was not beneficial, and he returned to Grand Rapids, where he died. Dr. Hempel was one of the earliest honorary members of the British homoeopathic so- ciety, and was the recipient of diplomas and certi- ficates of membership from many medical colleges and associations. He wrote a work on the " Life of Christ" in the German language, another on " The True Organization of the New Church," also a " New Grammar of the German Language." He published numerous translations, including Hahne- mann 's " Chronic Diseases " (5 vols., Philadelphia, 1846) ; Hartmann's " Acute and Chronic Diseases " (4 vols., 1849) ; Jahr's " Mental Diseases and their Homoeopathic Treatment " (1853) ; and " Diseases of Women and Children " (1853) ; and was the au- thor of " Christendom and Civilization " (1840) ; a " System of Materia Medica and Therapeutics," his chief work (1859) ; " Homoeopathic Theory and Practice in Surgical Disease," with Mr. J. Beakly (1865) ; and " The Science of Homoeopathy " (1874). HEMPHILL, John, senator, b. in Chester dis- trict, S. C, in 1803 ; d. in Richmond, Va., 4 Jan., 1862. He was graduated at Jefferson college in 1825, settled at Sumter, and edited a nullification paper in 1832-'3. He then removed to Texas, and for many years was chief justice of the supreme court of that state. In 1858 he was elected U. S. senator, serving from 1859 till his resignation and subsequent expulsion on 6 July, 1861. Judge Hemphill was one of the fourteen senators who on 6 Jan., 1861, met in caucus and adopted the reso- lutions recommending to their states immediate secession, " a general convention to be holden in Montgomery, Ala." In February, 1861, he was deputy to the Confederate provisional congress. HEMPHILL, Joseph, jurist, b. in Delaware county, Pa., in 1770 ; died in Philadelphia, Pa., 29 May, 1842. He received an academic education, studied law, and began to practise in Chester coun- ty. He was an active Federalist, and in 1800 was elected to congress, serving one term, and distin- guishing himself by a speech on the judiciary bill in 1801. In 1803 he removed to Philadelphia, was appointed the first president judge of that city and county, and served again in congress from 6 Dec, 1819, till 1826, when he resigned. In 1829 he was again elected as a Jackson Democrat, and served one term. He was a member of the state house of representatives in 1831-2. HENCK, John Benjamin, civil engineer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in October, 1816. He was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1840, and became professor of Latin and Greek in Baltimore college. In 1842 he was called to a similar chair in the Germantown academy, Philadelphia, where he remained until 1847. He then turned his attention to civil en- HENDEE HENDERSON 163 gineering, studying in the office of Felton and Parker, Charlestown, Mass., and in 1848-9 had charge of the building of a railroad from Charles- town, N. H., to Windsor, Vt. In 1849 he was in charge of the construction of the Harvard branch railroad near Boston, after which he established an office in Boston, and was frequently called upon as an expert to decide on the work of others. Later he had charge of the laying out and filling up of new lands of the state of Mas- sachusetts and Boston water-power company, now known as the Back-bay district in Boston. In 1865 he became professor of civil engineering in the Massachusetts institute of technology, where he remained until 1881. But meanwhile he con- tinued his oversight of the laying out of streets and lots in the back bay. He wrote numerous po- ems, mathematical papers, and a " Field-Book for Eailway Engineers" (New York, 1860). HENDEE, Mrs., heroine, b. in 1754. When the Indians burned Royalton, Vt., in 1776, her husband, Joshua Hendee, was absent in a Vermont regiment, and she was at work in an adjacent field. The Indians entered her house, seized her children, and carried them across White river, where it was a hundred yards wide and too deep for ford- ing. Mrs. Hendee dashed into the river, swam and waded through, and, entering the camp, regard- less of the tomahawks that were flourished about her head, demanded her children's release, and per- severed until her request was granted. She carried them across the stream, landed them in safety on the other bank, and, returning three times in suc- cession, procured the release of fifteen children be- longing to her neighbors. On her final return to the camp the Indians were so struck with her courage that one of them declared that so brave a squaw deserved to be carried across the stream, and taking her on his back swam with her to the place where the rescued children were awaiting her return. She was twenty-two years old when she performed this feat, and in 1818 she was living in Sharon, Vt., with her third husband, whose name was Mosher. It is thought that she removed to one of the western states about 1820. HENDEL, William, clergyman, b. in the Pa- latinate, Germany, about 1730 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 29 Sept., 1798. After completing his theologi- cal studies, he removed to the United States in 1764 and became one of the pioneers of the Ger- man Reformed church in this country. Between 1769 and 1782 he was pastor of nine congregations at one time in the neighborhood of Lancaster, Pa., besides making several missionary tours. In 1794 he removed to Philadelphia, and during the yellow- fever epidemic of 1798 died of that disease. Prince- ton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1788. HENDERSON, Archibald, soldier, b. in Vir- ginia in 1785 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 6 Jan., 1859. He was appointed lieutenant of marines, 4 June, 1806 ; captain in April, 1811 ; brevet major in 1814; lieutenant-colonel, 17 Oct., 1820; and colonel, 1 July, 1834. During the Florida war he commanded a battery of marines, was engaged in the skirmish on the Hatcheluskee, 27 Jan., 1837, and was brevetted brigadier-general for gallant and meritorious service while in command of the marines in Florida, Alabama, and in Tennessee, against the hostile Indians, 27 Jan., 1837. HENDERSON, Jacob, clergyman, b. in Ireland about 1681 ; d. in Queen Anne parish, Md., 27 Aug., 1751. Having been admitted to holy orders by the Bishop of London in 1710, he was appointed to a mission at Dover, Kent co., Delaware, came to the United States, and was involved in an ecclesi- astical dispute with Gov. Robert Hunter, of Dela- ware. He returned to England in 1711, and in 1712 was appointed to the first Episcopal mission on the western shore of Maryland, in Queen Anne parish, Prince George co., and marrying the widow of a wealthy jurist and planter, Gabriel Duval, built a chapel near their residence. In 1716 he was appointed by the Bishop of London com- missary of the Church of England on the western shore of Maryland. In 1717 he became rector of the parish of St. Anne, and in 1729 was commissary of the entire colony. He visited England in 1737, was elected the first colonial member of the Society for the propagation of the gospel, and obtained liberal donations in its interests. He bequeathed all his property to this society. HENDERSON, James Alexander, lawyer, b. in Stoke, Devonshire, England, in February, 1821. He came to Canada in 1835, and completed his educational course at Upper Canada college. He was admitted to the bar of Ontario in 1843, and has practised at Kingston ever since. He first entered into a partnership with the late Sir Henry Smith, which continued until the death of the lat- ter in 1868, and has been a master in chancery since 1851. He was appointed chancellor of the diocese of Ontario in 1862, and is a member of the council of Trinity college, Toronto, which, in 1863, conferred upon him the degree of D. C. L. HENDERSON, John, U. S. senator, b. in a northern state in 1795 ; d. in Pass Christian, Miss., in 1857. He removed to Mississippi in early man- hood, and began the practice of law in Woodville, Wilkinson co., about 1820. In 1835 he served in the state legislature, and was the author of the resolutions impeaching the validity of the laws that admitted members to the legislature from the counties that had been newly formed out of Indian cessions. In 1849 he was elected to the U. S. senate as a Whig. At the expiration of his term he allied himself with the politicians of the extreme southern school, favored the annexation of Texas, the conquest of Cuba and Mexico, and was con- nected with Gen. John A. Quitman in his schemes regarding those enterprises. In 1851 he was ar- rested with Gen. Quitman, and tried before the U. S. district court at New Orleans for violating the neutrality laws of 1818 by his complicity with the Lopez expedition against Cuba. He was ac- quitted, but afterward retired from public life. HENDERSON, John Brooks, senator, b. near Danville, Va., 16 Nov., 1826. He removed with his parents to Missouri in 1836, spent his early years on a farm, and taught while receiving his educa- tion. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1848, and in that year and 1856 was elected to the legislature, originating the state railroad and bankinglaws in 1857. He was a presidential elector in 1856 and 1860, and opposed Pierce's administra- tion after the president's message on the Kansas question. Mr. Henderson was a delegate to the Charleston Democratic convention of 1860, and to the State convention of 1861 to determine whether Missouri should secede. In June. 1861, he equipped a regiment of state militia, which he commanded for a time. On the expulsion of Trusten Polk from the U. S. Senate, in 1862, he was appointed to fill the vacancy, and in 1863 was elected for the full term ending in 1869, serving as chairman on the commit- tee on Indian affairs. He was one of the seven Re- publican senators whose votes defeated the impeach- ment of Andrew Johnson. He was a commissioner to treat with hostile tribes of Indians in 1867, and in 1875 was appointed assistant U. S. district at- torney to prosecute men that were accused of evad- 164 HENDERSON HENDERSON ing the revenue laws, but reflected on President Grant in one of his arguments and was removed from this office.— His wife, Mary Foote, author, b. in New York about 1835, is a daughter of Judge Elisha Foote (q. v.). She was married to Mr. Hen- derson in Washington, D. C, removed with him to St. Louis, Mo., and has taken a wide interest in woman's suffrage, serving as president of the State suffrage association in 1876. In that year she or- ganized in St. Louis the School of design, or In- dustrial art-school, and in 1879 the Woman's ex- change. From 1881 till 1885 she studied art in the Washington university, St. Louis. She has published " Practical Cooking and Dinner-Giving " (New York, 1876), and " Diet for the Sick " (1885). HENDERSON, Matthew, missionary, b. in Fife- shire, Scotland, in 1736 ; d. in Washington county, Pa., 2 Oct., 1795. He was educated at Glasgow university, studied theology under Rev. Alexander Moncrieff, was licensed to preach in 1756, and or- dained in 1758. Immediately afterward he came to Pennsylvania as missionary to the British colo- nies, and settled in Oxford, Lancaster co., where he labored for twenty years. In 1782 he removed to Washington county, and became pastor of the As- sociate Reformed church of Chartiers and Buffalo, being the only clergyman of his denomination in that portion of Pennsylvania. He lived in a rude cabin, and preached in a tent in winter and in the open fields in summer, but his ministry was attended with success and he had a great influence over his parishioners. Henderson was large and powerful. On one occasion while travelling to a distant con- gregation he lodged at a tavern where he was treated with much rudeness by two men. He en- dured their insults with so much patience that they were encouraged finally to assault him, mistaking his mildness for timidity, when he threw off his black coat, and with the exclamation, " Lie there, Rev. Mr. Henderson ! and now, Matthew, defend yourself," he seized one of the men, dashed him through the open window, and was preparing to send the other after him, when the second ruffian escaped. Mr. Henderson was killed by the fall of a tree, in the thirty-seventh year of his ministry. HENDERSON, Peter, gardener, b. in Pathhead, near Edinburgh, Scotland, 25 June, 1823. He was educated at the parish-school of Pathhead, studied botany while serving an apprenticeship as a gar- dener, and in 1840 obtained the medal given by the experimental gardeners of Edinburgh for the best collection of dried specimens of plants. He after- ward came to the United States, engaged in green- house horticulture in Jersey City, also as seedsman in New York, and his business in both departments is now the largest in the United States. He is the author of " Gardening for Profit," which has at- tained a sale of over 100,000 copies (New York, 1866) ; " Practical Floriculture " (1868) ; " Garden- ing for Pleasure " (1875) ; " Henderson's Handbook of Plants " (1881) ; " Garden and Farm Topics " (1884) ; and " How the Farm Pays " (1884). HENDERSON, Richard, pioneer, b. in Han- over county, Va., in 1734; d. in Hillsborough, Granville co., N. C, 30 Jan., 1785. His parents were poor, and he had grown to manhood before he learned to read or write. While yet a young . man he was appointed to be constable, and was sub- sequently made under-sheriff. He removed to North Carolina in 1762, and, having devoted his leisure time to the perusal of such law-books as fell in his way, was admitted to the bar. In 1769 he was appointed associate judge of the superior court. In September, 1770, the populace, which had been aroused by the unjust system of taxation, enforced by the loyal governor, Tryon, arose, and, armed with cudgels and cow-skin whips, broke into the court over which Judge Henderson was presid- ing, attempted to strike him, and forced him to leave the bench. When independence was declared, in 1775, and the state government organized in North Carolina, he was re-elected judge, but de- clined to accept, as he had become interested in an extensive scheme for the acquirement of land. He had previously been involved in unsuccessful specu- lations, and, in the hope of retrieving his fortunes, formed the " Transylvania Jand company," and suc- ceeded in 1775 in negotiating with the chiefs of the Cherokee nation a treaty known as the " Treaty of Watoga," by which all that tract of land lying between the Cumberland river, the Cumberland mountains, and the Kentucky river, and situated south of the Ohio, was transferred for a reasonable consideration to the company. By this treaty Henderson and his associates became the proprie- tors of an extent of territory comprising more than half the present state of Kentucky. A government was at once organized, of which Henderson was made president, with its capital at Boonesborough. The new country was named Transylvania. The first legislature held its session under a large elm- tree, near the walls of a fort. Among the eighteen members were Daniel Boone, Richard Calloway, Thomas Slaughter, John Floyd, and James Harrod. By a compact between the proprietors and the colonists, a liberal administration was established, features of which were an annual election of dele- gates, and entire freedom of opinion in matters of religion. The appointment of the judges was to be in the hands of the proprietors, but the former were to be answerable to the people for malfeasance in office. The sole power to raise and appropriate moneys was given to a popular convention. Hen- derson's purchase from the Indians was subse- quently annulled by the state of Virginia, as an infringement of its chartered rights. But to com- pensate the proprietors for settling the wilderness, the legislature granted them a tract of land twelve miles square on the Ohio, below the mouth of Greene river. In 1779 Judge Henderson was ap- pointed with five other commissioners to run the line between Virginia and North Carolina, into Powell's valley. The same year he removed to Tennessee, practised law at Nashville, and return- ing to North Carolina, in 1780, settled on his large plantation and engaged in farming. A town, a village, and a county are named in his honor. — His brother, Pleasant, soldier, b. in Hanover county, Va., 9 Jan., 1756: d. in Huntington, Tenn., 10 Dec, 1842, studied law with his brother Richard, entered the Revolutionary army in 1775, and at the close of the war was major of Col. Malmedy's mounted corps. In 1789 he succeeded John Hay- wood as clerk of the house of commons of North Carolina, holding office continuously for forty years. In 1831 he removed to Tennessee. — Richard's son, Archibald, lawyer, b. in Granville countv, N. C, in 1768 ; d. in Salisbury, N. C, 1 Oct., 1822, was educated at Granville county academy, and settled in the practice of law at Salisbury. From 1799 till 1803 he was a member of congress, having been chosen as a Federalist, but supported Thomas Jef- ferson for the presidency in 1800. In 1807-20 he served in the North Carolina house of commons. He was the acknowledged head of the bar in northwestern North Carolina, and distinguished throughout the state as an advocate. — Another son, Leonard, jurist, b. in Granville county, N. C, . 6 Oct., 1772; d. near Williamsborough, N. C, 13 Aug., 1833, was educated in the county schools, HENDERSON HENDRICKEN 165 studied law in Hillsborough, and after his admis- sion to the bar was for several years clerk of the district court of Hillsborough. He became judge of the appellate court in 1808, was elevated to the supreme bench in 1818, and appointed chief justice in 1829. His law-school, which he conducted throughout his judicial career, was the most popu- lar in the state. — Leonard's nephew, James Pinck- ney, statesman, b. in Lincoln county, N. C, 31 March, 1808; d. in Washington, D. C, 4 June, 1858, was educated in Lincolnton, N. C, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1829. He re- moved to Mississippi in 1835, remained there till the Texas difficulties began, and, volunteering in the Texan army, was appointed brigadier-general in 1836. On the disbanding of the troops he was appointed by President Samuel Houston attorney- general, was subsequently secretary of state in 1837-9, and in the latter part of this year visited England and France to procure the recognition of Texan independence. Resuming his practice in 1840, he entered into partnership with Gen. Thomas J. Rusk, at San Antonio. He was special minister to the United States in 1844, to negotiate the an- nexation of the republic, and was a member of the State constitutional convention in 1845. He was elected governor of Texas in 1846, and, in response to the call for volunteers, took command of the Texas corps, was distinguished at Monterey, and received the thanks of congress and a sword for bravery in action. In 1857 he was appointed U. S. senator as a state-rights Democrat, to fill the un- expired term of his partner, Thomas J. Rusk, who had just died. Henderson took his seat in March, 1858, but died before the conclusion of the session. HENDERSON, Robert Miller, lawyer, b. near Carlisle, Pa., 11 March, 1827. He was graduated at Dickinson college, Pa., in 1845. was admitted to the bar in Carlisle in 1847, and served in the legis- lature in 1851-3. At the beginning of the civil war he entered the Union army as captain in the 36th Pennsylvania reserves, was appointed lieu- tenant-colonel of volunteers in 1862, was provost- marshal of Cumberland county, Pa., in 1863, and in 1865 was brevetted colonel and brigadier-general of volunteers for services during the war. In 1872 he became law judge of the 12th judicial district of Pennsylvania, served ten years, and was elected president judge of the same district in 1882. He has since resigned, and returned to practice. HENDERSON, Thomas, physician, b. in Free- hold, N. J., in 1743 ; d. there, 15 Dec, 1824. He was graduated at Princeton in 1761, studied medi- cine under Dr. Nathaniel Scudder, and in 1766 be- came a member of the New Jersey medical society. He was appointed 2d major in Col. Stewart's bat- talion of minute-men, 15 Feb., 1776 ; on 14 June, 1776, major of Col. Heard's battalion ; and subse- quently became lieutenant-colonel of Col. Forman's battalion in Heard's brigade. At the battle of Monmouth he was a brigade-major, and was a very valuable man on the field. He was the " soli- tary horseman " that rode up to Gen. Washington, while the latter was standing beside his horse at Freehold Court-House, and informed him of the retreat of Gen. Charles Lee. In 1777 Dr. Hender- son was appointed a member of the provincial council. In 1794 he was vice-president of the council of New Jersey, and acting governor of that state at the time of Shays's insurrection, while Gov. Howell was absent in Pennsylvania with some New Jersey troops. After the adoption of the Federal constitution he was elected to congress, and served under Washington's administration. Although Dr. Henderson never relinquished the duties of his pro- fession, he was kept continually in the public ser- vice, and after his retirement from congress was by turns surrogate, member of the legislature, judge of common pleas, and commissioner to settle bound- aries between New Jersey and Pennsylvania. HENDERSON, Thomas Jefferson, congress- man, b. in Brownsville, Tenn., 29 Nov., 1824. He was educated in the common schools of his native town, removed to Illinois, and spent one term at the University of Iowa. He was clerk of the Starr county, 111., commissioner's court in 1847-9, and from 1849 till 1853 clerk of the Starr county court. In 1855-60 he was in the legislature, and, joining the National army in 1862, as colonel of the 112th regiment of Illinois volunteers, served till the close of the war. In 1865 he was brevetted brigadier- general of volunteers for services during the rebel- lion. In 1871 he became collector of internal reve- nue for the 5th district of Illinois. He was elected to congress as a Republican in 1874, and has since served by successive re-elections. HENDRICK, Mohawk chief, b. about 1680 ; d. near Fort George, N. Y., 8 Sept., 1755. His home was at the Upper Castle, on the Mohawk river. At an early age he cast his lot, with most of the Six Nations, on the side of the Brit- ish, whom he ever served with courage and fidelity. In 1751 he was consulted by the commissioners of Massachusetts on the project of removing the Mohawks to Stock- bridge, to be instruct- ed and domesticated, and in June, 1754, at- tended the congress, at Albany, that was called for the purpose of making a treaty with the Six Nations. At this meeting Lieut.-Gov. James De Lancey made an address to the sachems on pending military affairs, to which Hendrick re- plied with earnestness and eloquence. He accused the British generals altogether of over-cautious tardiness and a lack of military spirit. In 1755 he joined the army of Sir William Johnson, with a body of several hundred Indian warriors, and marched against the French forces under Paron Dieskau. At Rocky Point a detachment of 1,200 British and Indians, led by Col. Williams and him- self, fell into an ambuscade, and in the action both leaders were slain. Several years before his death Hendrick induced the tribes to transfer to Sir William Johnson about 100,000 acres of choice land for a nominal consideration. When he was in battle this chief usually wore the uniform of a British officer, and sometimes a veil also, as seen in the accompanying portrait. HENDRICKEN, Thomas Francis, R. C. bishop, b. in Kilkenny, Ireland, 5 May, 1827 ; d. in Provi- dence, R. I., 11 June, 1886. He was educated at St. Kyran's college, Kilkenny, and in the Royal college of Maynooth, where he was graduated in 1853, and ordained by Bishop O'Reilly, of Hartford, Conn., who was then visiting Ireland, and who sub- sequently invited the young priest to come to the United States. He sailed for America in 1853, and on the voyage some of the steerage passengers were attacked with a fatal sickness. To prevent con- tagion, all were forbidden to approach the pesti- lential part of the ship ; but Father Hendricken disregarded the order, and offered his services to 166 HENDRICKS HENKEL the dying. The captain, in a fury, directed him to be pinioned and thrown overboard ; but, through the interference of the passengers, his life was spared. In 1854 he was settled as pastor at Win- sted, Conn., and in 1855 he was removed to Water- bury, where he ministered seventeen years, build- ing the costly Gothic church of the Immaculate Conception, a school-house and pastoral residence, purchasing and laying out a beautiful cemetery, and founding a convent. On his arrival in Water- bury he opened a free school for children of every denomination, and afterward was an active mem- ber of the board of education, and took an interest in all its movements. In 1868 he received the de- gree of D. D. from Pius IX. In 1872 the diocese of Hartford was divided, and part of it was erected into the see of Providence. Dr. Hendricken was appointed first bishop of the new diocese, and con- secrated on 28 April by Cardinal McCloskey. Al- though he was a constant sufferer from asthma and catarrh, he devoted himself with energy to his new duties, and in a few months had removed the heavy debt resting on the cathedral church, and built an episcopal residence. In 1878 he laid the founda- tion of a new cathedral, which he completed be- fore his death, and which is considered by many the finest ecclesiastical structure on the western continent. During the twenty-four years of his ministry he purchased and paid for estates valued at over a million dollars, and since his consecration as bishop the number of priests and parishes of the diocese has been doubled. HENDRICKS, William, statesman, b. in West- moreland county, Pa., in 1783 ; d. in Madison, Ind., 16 May, 1850. His father was a pioneer settler of Westmoreland county, Pa., and a member of the legislature of that state. The son received a com- mon-school education, and removed to Indiana in 1814, being one of the first settlers of the town of Madison. He was chosen secretary of the first State constitutional convention, was elected to con- gress as a Democrat on the admission of the state, and was three times re-elected, sitting as the sole representative from Wisconsin from 12 Dec, 1816, till 1822, when he resigned, having been elected governor of Indiana. He was elected a senator in congress for the term beginning 5 Dec, 1825, and was re-elected for the succeeding term, serving till 3 March, 1837. In the senate he served as chair- man of the committee on roads and canals. — His nephew, Thomas Andrews, vice-president of the United States, b. near Zanesville, Ohio, 7 Sept., 1819 ; d. in Indianapolis, Ind., 25 Nov., 1885, was the son of John Hendricks, who, six months after the birth of his son, re- moved to Madison, Ind., then the resi- dence of his broth- er William. John Hendricks was ap- pointed by Presi- dent Jackson a dep- uty surveyor of pub- lic lands, and long served in that capa- city. In 1832 he lo- cated a homestead on the site of the present town of Shelbyville. Here Thomas A. Hendricks passed his boyhood till he entered South Hanover college, Ind., where he was graduated in 1841. He then went to Chambersburg, Pa., stud- J 7 u*f. SU^ — ied law in the office of his uncle, Judge Thom- son, was admitted to the bar in 1843, and re- turned to Shelbyville to practise. He attained an immediate success in his profession. In 1845 he married Eliza C. Morgan. In the same year he was sent to the legislature, where he served one term, but would not accept a re-election. In 1851 he was elected, without opposition, a member of the convention to revise and amend the consti- tution of Indiana. In 1850, and again in 1852, he was elected a member of congress as a Democrat. At the close of his second term he intended to re- turn to his law practice, but President Pierce ap- pointed him commissioner of the general land- office, and he served in that capacity for four years. In 1860 he was nominated as Democratic candidate for the governorship of Indiana, but was defeated by Henry S. Lane. In the same year Mr. Hendricks removed from Shelbyville to Indian- apolis. From 1863 till 1869 Mr. Hendricks was a member of the U. S. senate from Indiana, and was one of the leaders on the Democratic side, serving on the committees on claims, the judiciary, public lands, and naval affairs. He strongly combated the Republican plan of reconstruction, and opposed the amendments to the constitution as being hasty. In 1864 he advocated and voted for large appropri- ations to bring the war to a close, and spoke elo- quently in favor of increasing the pay of the sol- diers fifty per cent., because of the depreciation of the currency. In the Democratic national conven- tion of 1868, in New York, on the twenty-first bal- lot, he received 132 votes as candidate for the presi- dency, standing next to Gen. Hancock, who re- ceived 135| ; but on the final ballot Horatio Sey- mour was nominated. In the autumn of that year he was again a candidate for the governorship of Indiana, but was defeated by the Republican can- didate, Conrad Baker, who afterward became his law partner. At the close of his senatorial term he- returned to Indianapolis, and resumed the practice of his profession. In 1872 he was elected governor of Indiana, defeating Thomas M. Brown. In July, 1874, he was permanent chairman of the State- Democratic convention at Indianapolis. In the National Democratic convention at St. Louis in June, 1876, he received 133^ votes for the presiden- tial nomination, and, when Samuel J. Tilden was nominated, he received 730 out of 738 votes as can- didate for the vice-presidency. He was a member of the National Democratic convention at Chicago in July, 1884, and in behalf of the Indiana delega- tion nominated Joseph E. McDonald, of that state, for the presidency. After the nomination of Grover Cleveland, William A. Wallace, of Pennsylvania,, nominated Thomas A. Hendricks for the vice-presi- dency, and his nomination was unanimously ap- proved by the convention. HENING, William Waller, legal writer, d. in Virginia in 1828. He was clerk of the court of chancery for the Richmond district. He compiled a valuable legislative history entitled " The Stat- utes of Virginia, 1619-1792 " (Richmond, 1809-'23)„ and published also "The American Pleader and Lawyer's Guide" (New York, 1811); a collection of the legal maxims of Noy, Branch, and Francis- (1824; new ed., Philadelphia, 1844); "The New Virginia Justice " (4th ed., 1825) ; and, in conjunc- tion with William Munford, " Reports of Cases in the Courts of Appeals and Chancery " (Flatbush and New York, 1809-'ll). HENKEL, Paul, clergyman, b. in Rowan county, N. C, 15 Dec, 1754 ; d. in New Market, Va., 17 Nov., 1825. His ancestor, Gerhardt, a court-preacher in Germany, and one of the earliest HENKLE HENNEPIN 167 Lutheran ministers who came to America, settled in Germantown, Pa., about 1740. Nearly all the male descendants have been Lutheran clergymen. Paul's father settled in North Carolina, but in 1760 the family were driven by the Catawba Indians to take refuge in western Virginia. The son grew up an expert hunter, and familiar with Indian warfare. About 1776 he listened to the preaching of Whitefield, and determined to enter the minis- try. After receiving a brief classical and theo- logical training from the Lutheran clergyman in Predericktown, Md., he was licensed to preach by the synod, settled at New Market, Va., and was ordained in Philadelphia on 6 June, 1792. He es- tablished several churches in the vicinity of New Market and in Augusta county, Va., and Rowan county, N. C, where he labored subsequently. While in North Carolina he helped to form the synod there. In 1805 he returned to New Market, and made missionary tours through western Vir- ginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio. He was a fervent speaker and writer, both in Eng- lish and German, and a man of earnest convictions, who roused much opposition by his insistence on the conservation of the original confessions and rites of the church. He published a work in Ger- man on " Baptism and the Lord's Supper " (1809 ; afterward translated into English) ; a German hymn-book (1810), and one in the English lan- guage (1816). in each of which were included many hymns composed by himself. He also issued a German catechism (1814), followed by one in Eng- lish, and was the author of a German satirical poem entitled " Zeitvertreib." — His nephew, Moses Montgomery, clergyman, b. in Pendleton countv, Va., 23 March, 1798 ; d. in Richmond, Va., in 1864, became an itinerant minister of the M. E. church in Ohio in 1819, was for some time a missionary to the Wyandotte Indians, and preached in that state and in Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Alabama. He established a religious magazine, and associated himself in 1845 with Dr. McFerrin in the editorship of the " Christian Advocate " at Nashville. In 1847 he established the " Southern Ladies' Companion," which he conducted for eight years. He taught in Philadelphia and other places, and was thus engaged in Baltimore, Md., during the civil war, but was sent within the Confederate lines. He published, among other books, a volume of " Masonic Addresses " (1848) ; " The Primary Platform of Methodism" (1851); "Analysis of Church Government " (1852) ; " Life of Bishop Bas- com " (1853) ; and " Primitive Episcopacy " (1856). HENKLE, Eli Jones, physician, b. in Balti- more county, Md., 24 Nov., 1828. He received an academic education, taught three years, studied medicine, and was graduated at the University of Maryland in 1850. He practised medicine and pursued horticulture, and in 1863 was elected to the house of delegates. The following year he was a member of the State constitutional convention. He sat in the state senate in 1867, 1868, and 1870, and in the house of delegates in 1871 and 1873. In 1872 he was a member of the National Demo- cratic convention. In 1873-'4 he was professor of anatomy, physiology, and natural history in the Maryland agricultural college. In 1874 he was elected to the National house of representatives, and was returned in the two succeeding elections, serving from 1 Dec, 1875, to 3 March, 1881. HENLET, David, Revolutionary soldier, b. in Charlestown, Mass., 12 Feb., 1748 ; d. in Washing- ton, D. C, 1 Jan., 1823. He was appointed brigade- major to Gen. Heath on 15 Aug., 1775, and on 8 Jan., 1776, crossed from Cobble hill and set fire to houses in Charlestown that were occupied by Brit- ish soldiers. He was made deputy adjutant-gen- eral on 6 Sept., 1776, and commissioned colonel of a Massachusetts regiment on 1 Jan., 1777. He was in command at Cambridge when the troops that had been captured at Saratoga were brought thither. Gen. Burgoyne brought charges of cru- elty against him for' his treatment of the British prisoners, but he was exonerated by a court-mar- tial. After the war he held various posts under the government, and at the time of his death was a clerk in the war department. — His brother, Thomas, b. in Charlestown, Mass. ; d. on Ran- dall's island, N. Y., 24 Sept., 1776, also held the rank of major, served as aide-de-camp to Gen. Heath, and was accounted one of the best officers in the army. He lost his life in an attempt to re- capture from the British Randall's, then called Montressor's, island, on which, with Col. Jackson, he made a descent in flat-boats. He led the as- sault, fell at the head of his men, and was buried in Trinity church-yard. HENLEY, John Dandridge, naval officer, b. in Williamsburg, Va., 25 Feb., 1781 ; d. in Havana, Cuba, 23 May, 1835. He was appointed a mid- shipman by President Washington, who was his maternal uncle by marriage, on 14 Oct., 1799, and was made a lieutenant on 3 Jan., 1807, and a com- mander on 24 July, 1813. At the battle of New Orleans he commanded the schooner " Carolina," and won the approbation of Gen. Jackson for the part that he contributed toward the victory of 8 Jan., 1815. He was promoted to a captaincy on 5 March, 1817. At the time of his death he was commanding the West India squadron. — His broth- er, Robert, naval officer, b. in Williamsburg, Va., 5 Jan., 1783 : d. on Sullivan's island, S. C, 7 Oct., 1828, entered the service as midshipman on 8 April, 1799, served under Truxton in the engagement with the French vessel " La Vengeance " on 1 Feb., 1800, became a lieutenant on 29 June, 1807, and a commander on 12 Aug., 1814, took part in Macdonough's victory on Lake Champlain in Sep- tember. 1814, when he commanded the brig " Eagle." and was promoted captain in 1825. HENNEN, Alfred, lawyer, b. at Elk Ridge, Md., 17 Oct., 1786; d. in New Orleans, La., 19 Jan., 1870. He was graduated at Yale in 1806, set- tled in New Orleans in 1808, and attained note at the Louisiana bar. He was one of the earliest Prot- estants in New Orleans, and a founder of the Pres- byterian church in that community. He accumu- lated the largest private library in the southwest, in the departments of both in law and literature. Several times he was offered a seat on the bench, but declined. For many years previous to his death he was professor of common and constitu- tional law in the University of Louisiana. HENNEPIN, Louis, explorer, b. in Ath, Bel- gium, about 1640; d. in Holland after 1701. He entered the order of Recollets of St. Francis, and his fondness for travelling led him to Italy, where he remained several years. He was then sent to preach at Halles, in Hainault, and afterward passed into a convent in Artois. He was employed by his brethren to solicit alms at different places, among others in Dunkirk and Calais, where the stories related by old sailors stimulated his desire to visit distant countries. At the battle of Senef, between the Prince of Conde and William of Or- ange, he was present as regimental chaplain, and in 1673 he was ordered to Canada. After preach- ing at Quebec for a time, he went in 1676 to Fort Frontenac, where he founded a convent. When La Salle undertook his expedition to the west, he 168 HENNEPIN HENNI solicited Recollet fathers as chaplains of the posts that he intended to establish. Among those as- signed to him was Father Hennepin. The latter accompanied the Sieur de la Motte in a brigantine, reached the outlet of Niagara river, 6 Dec, 1678, and chanted a Te Deum in thanksgiving. Leaving the vessel, he went in a canoe to the mountain- rid^e. where a rock still bears his name, and after ascending the heights of Lewiston came in sight of the cataract. He then went with his compan- ions to Chippewa creek in search of land suitable for a colony, and. returning the next morning, was the first to' offer mass on the Niagara, He then began the erection of a bark house and chapel at the Great Rock on the east side, where La Motte was building Fort de Conty. He then travelled through the great lakes as far as Mackinaw, where he arrived, 26 Aug., 1679. After reaching Peo- ria, on the Illinois river, where La Salle built Fort Crevecceur, Hennepin, by his orders, set out with two men in a canoe, 29 Feb., 1680, to ascend the Mississippi river. He descended the Illinois to its mouth, and, after sailing up the Mississippi till 11 April, fell into the hands of a large party of Sioux, who carried him and his companions to their country. Here he discovered and named the falls of St." Anthony. He spent eight months among the savages, when he was rescued by Dan- iel Greysolon du Lhut (q. v.), who enabled him to reach Green Bay by way of Wisconsin river. He passed the winter at Mackinaw and returned to Quebec 5 April, 1682. There is reason to sup- pose that before this time he was invited by some Roman Catholics in Albany to become their pas- tor. On his return to Europe he was named guar- dian of the convent of Renty in Artois. He re- fused to return to this country, and, having had several quarrels with his superiors, withdrew to Holland in 1697 with their permission. Here he gained protectors at the court of William III. Al- though he abandoned the religious dress in order to travel in Holland without exciting attention, he did not renounce his vows, and always signed him- self Recollet missionary and notary apostolic. His first work was " Description de la Louisiane nou- vellement decouverte au sud-ouest de la Nouvelle France, avec la carte du pays, les mceurs et la ma- niere de vivre des sauvages" (Paris, 1685; Italian translation, Bologna, 1686; German translation, Nuremberg, 1689 ; English translation, by John G. Shea, New York, 1880). It was dedicated to Louis XIV., and contains a narrative of La Salle's first expedition, and Hennepin's own exploration. In his " Xouvelle decouverte d'un tres-grand pays situe dans l'Amerique. entre le Xouveau-Mexique et la mer Glaciale" (Utrecht, 1697; Amsterdam, 1698), Hennepin asserts that he descended to the mouth of the Mississippi, and explains that he did not treat his travels with sufficient detail in the first volume, because he did not wish to annoy La Salle or take from him during his life the glory of dis- covering the Mississippi. His last work is " Xou- veau voyage dans un pays plus grand que l'Europe, entre la mer Glaciale et le Xouveau-Mexique, de- puis 1679 jusqu'en 1682, avec les reflexions sur les entreprises du sieur La Salle " (Utrecht, 1698). Both this work and the preceding are dedicated to William III. In his preface he replies to those who doubted the possibility of his having sailed down and up the Mississippi in the time he men- tions. The most interesting thing in the books of this missionary is his picture of savage life. He knew the Indians well and paints their man- ners vividly. Hennepin's story of his voyage down the Mississippi obtained general credence, notwith- standing the difficulty of reconciling its dates, un- til the publication of Jared Sparks's " Life of La Salle," since which it has been much doubted. A " Bibliography of Hennepin's Works " has been published by John G. Shea (Xew York, 1880). HENNESSY, John, R, C. bishop, b. in Ireland about 1825. He began his labors in this country as a missionary priest in the diocese of St. Louis, and was pastor of churches in Xew Madrid and GraA T ois from 1850 till 1855, when he became pro- fessor of dogmatic theology and holy scripture in the Roman Catholic theological seminary at Caron- delet, Mo., and two years afterward was appointed superior of that institution. He was subsequently attached to the cathedral in St. Joseph, Mo., and in 1864 officiated at St. Joseph's church there. In April, 1866, he was consecrated bishop of Dubuque, Iowa. Early in his ministry he founded the Hos- pital of mercy at Davenport, Iowa, established St. Joseph's college there in 1873, and the same year was instrumental in founding St, Malchy's priory at Creston, Union co., the first English-speaking community of Benedictines in the United States. Bishop Hennessy was one of the fathers of the third plenarv council of Baltimore. Md., in 1884. HENNESSY, William J., painter, b. in Thom- astown, County Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1839. He came to Xew York with his family when he was ten years old, entered the Xational academy in 1856, and became an artist. Since 1870 he has re- sided in London, England, but has spent most of the time in Xormandy. He was made an associate of the Xational academy in 1862, academician in 1863, and has been a member of the Xew York artists' fund society since its organization. He has been successful as an illustrator, and his paint- ings in oil and water-colors include " On the Sands," " Autumn : the Xew England Hills," " An Even- ing on the Thames," " Xew England Barberry Pickers," " The Votive Offering," " Xormandv Cider Orchard " (1880): "Jocund Spring" (1881)"; "With the Birds" (1883); " 'Twixt Dav and Night " (1884) : and " Flowers of May " (1885). HENNI, John Mai'tin, archbishop, b. in Ober- sanzen. Switzerland, 13 June, 1805 ; d. in Milwau- kee, Wis., 7 Sept., 1881. After studying in the gymnasia of St. Gall and Zurich, he went to Rome in 1824, where in 1827 he met Bishop Fenwiek, of Cincinnati. At the request of that prelate he volun- teered for the United States mission, and immediate- ly after his arrival entered the seminary at Bards- town, Ky., to complete his studies for the priest- hood. He was ordained, 2 Feb., 1829, and ap- pointed pastor of the German Catholics of Cincin- nati, and professor in the Athenaeum of that city. He was soon transferred to Canton, Ohio, but in 1834 was recalled to Cincinnati and made pastor of Holy Trinity church and vicar-general of the diocese. In 1835 he visited Europe, where he pub- lished a pamphlet in German, describing the re- ligious condition of southern Ohio. After his re- turn in 1836 he founded, and edited for some time, the " Wahrheits-Freund," the first German Roman Catholic paper published in the United States. He also organized the St. Aloysius's orphans' aid society. During the ten years when he resided in Cincinnati he was a leader in even-thing that tended to the welfare of the German immigrants who were beginning to come in large numbers into the west. He was present as theologian to Bishop Purcell at the fifth provincial council of Baltimore in 1843, and laid before that body a plan for a seminary for the education of priests to minister among the Germans. The council peti- tioned the pope to create a new diocese at Mil- HENNINGSEN HENRIQUEZ 169 waukee, and recommended Father Henni as bishop, on account of the large German immigration to Wisconsin. He was accordingly nominated and consecrated bishop by Archbishop Pureed, 19 March, 1844. There was only one frame church in Milwaukee when he arrived there. For the 8,000 Roman Catholics in the diocese there were but four priests. The bishop devoted himself energetically to remedy this state of things ; in less than three years he had increased the number of priests to thirty-four. St. Mary's church was opened in 1847, and in the same year he began the erection of a cathedral, and founded a hospital which he placed under the charge of the Sisters of Charity. In 1848 he went to Europe to visit the pope, and also travelled through Germany. On his return he founded an orphan asylum and built the churches of Holy Trinity and St. Gall. In the mean while institutions were springing up in every direction under his initiative. He collected money in Cuba and Mexico for the completion of his ca- thedral, and was enabled to consecrate it on 31 July, 1853. In 1854 he began to build the semi- nary of St. Francis de Sales, or the " Salerianum." It was opened the following year under the direc- tion of Father Heiss (q. v.), the present archbishop of Milwaukee. Meanwhile the territory of Wis- consin had become a state, containing a Roman Catholic population of over 300,000, and in 1868 the dioceses of La Crosse and Green Bay were created out of the northern part of Wisconsin. Finally Milwaukee was created an archbishopric, and Bishop Henni was nominated archbishop. He received the pallium in July, 1875, but soon after- ward he began to decline in health. A visitation in 1879, in which he exerted himself beyond his strength, prostrated him, and he obtained a coad- jutor, 14 March, 1880, but he soon became too weak to perform any official dutv. HENNINGSEN, Charles Frederick, soldier, b. in England in 1815 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 14 June, 1877. His parents were Swedes. He joined the Carlist army in Spain in 1834, and rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. After the peace convention he returned to England, but on the re- newal of the war resumed his post, and after the battle of Vielas de los Navarros was promoted colonel and given the command of the cavalry. He was afterward taken prisoner and released on pa- role. After serving in the Russian army in Cir- cassia, he joined Kossuth in the Hungarian revolu- tion, becoming military and civil commander of the fortress of Comorn. Afterward he came to the United States as a representative of Hungarian interests, and in October, 1856, joined William Walker in Nicaragua. He was immediately made a brigadier-general, given command of the artil- lery, and rendered efficient service, distinguishing himself by his defence of Granada, and in the vic- tory at Queresma. He took part in Walker's negotiations with Com. Davis in 1857, and after the surrender to that officer returned to the United States. At the beginning of the civil war he en- tered the Confederate army as colonel of the 3d regiment of Wise's brigade, and was afterward made brigadier-general, and served in Virginia. Gen. Henningsen was an able artillerist, and also gave much attention to improvements in small arms, superintending the construction of the first Minie rifles ever made in the United States. He published " Revelations of Russia " (Paris, 1845) ; "Twelve Months' Campaign with Zumalacarregui " ; " The White Slave," a novel ; "Eastern Europe " ; " Sixty Years Hence," a novel of Russian life ; " Past and Future of Hungary " ; " Analogies and Contrasts "; "Personal Recollections of Nicaragua"; and various other works, most of which were pub- lished in London. HENRION, Nicolas, French scientist, b. in Montpellier in 1733 ; d. in Paris in October. 1793. He studied botany in Paris under Jussieu, and by his recommendation was sent in 1780 to South America to study the medicinal plants of Chili and Peru, and to bring to France some of the best specimens for acclimation in the Paris botanical gardens. He landed in Concepcion in October, 1780, and in two years he had collected over 1,500 of the plants of Chili. He crossed to Peru in 1783, but had scarcely arrived at Callao when the Asiatic cholera broke out there. He was at once appointed chief physician of the city, and, by thoroughly disinfecting every building and pull- ing down unhealthy houses, succeeded in abating the disease. He refused all rewards except letters of nobility that were granted to himself and his descendants. Having made a complete collec- tion of the plants of Peru, Henrion was about to sail for France in 1785 with an herbarium num- bering over 2,300 specimens, when the governor- general opposed his leaving, and offered him every inducement to make Peru his home, but without success. Henrion was then required to present to the Spanish government a complete memoir about the Peruvian mines of silver and sulphur, and was occupied in his investigation till 1787, when he was allowed to sail. In 1791 Henrion went to the United States by order of the French government to study the medicinal plants of the country. He had scarcely landed in Bordeaux, on his return in 1793, when he was arrested on sus- picion of being a royalist, transported to Paris, and put to death. Henrion published " Memoire sur le cholera du Callao " (Paris, 1788) ; " Herbier explique des plantes du Chile " (3 vols., 1788) ; " Memoire sur les mines d'argent et de sulphure du Perou " (1789) ; " Herbier explique des plantes du Perou " (2 vols., 4to, 1790) ; and " Plan de minera- logie du Perou " (1790). HENRIQUEZ, Camilo (en-ree'-kayth). Chilian journalist, b. in Valdivia, 20 July, 1769 ; d. in San- tiago, 17 March, 1825. He entered the monastic order of San Camilo de Lelis at Lima, and was prosecuted by the Inquisition for reading prohib- ited French works on philosophy, but was acquit- ted after a long trial. At the beginning of the Chilian revolution in 1810 Henriquez hurried to his country to offer his services, arriving in the beginning of 1811, and after the royalist mutiny of Figueroa on 1 April of that year, Father Hen- riquez patrolled the city to avoid further dis- orders. He was the first to sustain popular rights, both in the revolutionary paper " La Aurora " and in the pulpit on 4 July, 1811. when the members of the 1st congress attended divine service. After the defeat of Rancaguas in 1814, he emigrated to the Argentine Republic, and there continued his work for independence. He was graduated in the medical faculty of Buenos Ayres, and at the same time taught mathematics. In 1822 he returned to Chili by special invitation of the director, O'Hig- gins, and in the same year was elected deputy to the National convention, and chosen its secre- tary. He founded in Santiago the paper " El Mer- curio de Chile." In May, 1875, Santiago erected to j his memory a monument of white marble, sur- I mounted by his bust. He published " Ensayo acerca ! de las causas de los succesos desastrosos de Chile " ; (Buenos Ayres, 1818) : a translation of "Bosquejo ! de la Democracia," and the dramas " Camila " and i " Inocencia en el asilo de las virtudes." 170 HENRY HENRY HENRY, Alexander, merchant, b. in the north of Ireland in June, 1766 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 13 Aug., 1847. His father died when Alexander was two years old, and in 1783 the boy came to Philadelphia, where he was a clerk in a dry-goods house, and subsequently began business for him- self, accumulating a fortune. He was the first to introduce religious tracts into the United States. and actively contributed to the promotion of re- ligion and education, the relief of poverty, and the reformation of criminals. He was president of the Presbyterian board of education, a founder and first president of the American Sunday-school union, and was associated in the management of many other religious or benevolent institutions. — His son, Thomas Charlton, clergyman, b. in Philadelphia, 22 Sept., 1790 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 4 Oct., 1827, was graduated at Middlebury in 1814, studied two years in Princeton theological seminary, and after two more years of mission work was ordained as a Presbyterian clergyman on 7 Nov., 1818. He was pastor of the first church in Columbia, S. C, from that time till 1824, and of the second church in Charleston from then till his death. He spent six months in Europe for his health in 1826. Yale gave him the degree of D. D. in 1824. He pub- lished "Inquiry into the Consistency of Popular Amusements with a Profession of Christianity " (Charleston, 1825) ; " Moral Etchings from the Re- ligious World " (1828) ; " Letters to an Anxious Inquirer" (1828; London, 1829, with a memoir by Rev. Thomas Lewis) ; and occasional sermons. — Alexander's grandson, Alexander, mayor of Phila- delphia, b. in Philadelphia, 14 April, 1823 ; d. there, 6 Dec, 1883, was the son of John Henry. He was graduated at Princeton in 1840, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1856-7 he served in the councils, and in 1858 was elected to the mayoralty on the ticket of the Peo- ple's party, composed of Whigs and Republicans. By successive elections he served in the office until 1866, when he declined a renomination. He man- aged the affairs of Philadelphia during the civil war with great ability. On the arrival of Mr. Lincoln in Philadelphia, 21 Feb., 1861, on his way to Washington to be inaugurated, Mayor Henry gave him welcome, and tendered him the hospi- tality of the city. On 16 April he issued a procla- mation declaring that treason against the state or against the United States would not be suffered within the city. First as a member, and afterward as president, of the state board of centennial super- visors, Mr. Henry labored with great efficiency for the success of the International exhibition of 1876. In addition to many other important offices, he was for many years a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, a member of the park commission, and an inspector of the Eastern penitentiary, which post he had held at the time of his decease twenty- eight consecutive years. HENRY, Alexander, traveller, b. in New Brunswick, N. J., in 1739 ; d. in Montreal, Canada, 4 April, 1824. He accompanied the expedition of Sir Jeffrey Amherst in 1760, and was present at the capture of Fort de Levi, on the St. Lawrence river, and the surrender of Montreal. A new mar- ket having been thus thrown open to English mer- chants, Henry embarked in the fur-trade, and in 1761 went to Fort Mackinaw. On 4 June, 1763, the majority of the garrison were massacred by the Indians, and Henry, with others, was carried into captivity, but finally escaped death by the intervention of Wawatam, a Chippewa, who had previously adopted him as a brother. Henry now assumed the Indian garb, and lived among the sav- ages till June, 1764, when he went to Fort Niagara, and was given the command of an Indian battalion of ninety-six men, with which he accompanied the army of Gen. John Bradstreet to Detroit. After the relief of that city and the flight of Pontiac, Henry resumed the fur-trade, and until 1776 travelled in that employment in the northwest, be- tween Montreal and the Rocky mountains. In 1770, with the Duke of Gloucester and others in England, and Sir William Johnson, Henry Bost- wick, and a Mr. Baxter, in the colonies, he formed a company for working the mines on Lake Supe- rior, but after various unsuccessful attempts the company was dissolved in 1774. Masses of copper weighing as much as three pounds were found, but Henry concluded that the " copper ores of Lake Superior can never be profitably sought for but for local consumption. The country must be culti- vated and peopled before they can deserve notice." Henry published " Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories between the Years 1760 and 1776 " (New York, 1809). HENRY, Caleb Spragne, author, b. in Rutland, Mass., 2 Aug., 1804 ; d. in Newburg, N. Y., 9 March, 1884. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1825, studied theology at Andover and New Haven, and was ordained as a Congregational minister on 21 Jan., 1829. After holding pastorates at Greenfield, Mass., in 1829-'31, and in West Hartford, Conn., in 1833-'5, he took deacon's orders in the Protest- ant Episcopal church in the latter year, was or- dained priest in 1836, and in 1835-'8 was professor of intellectual and moral philosophy in Bristol college, Pa. Previously, in 1834, he had published a pamphlet on " Principles and Prospects of the Friends of Peace," and had established the " Amer- ican Advocate of Peace," which, after the first year, became the organ of the American peace society. In 1837, with Dr. Francis L. Hawks, he founded the " New York Review," and conducted it till 1840, when Dr. Josiah G. Cogswell, who had been co- editor for a year, became its editor-in-chief. Dr. Henry was professor of philosophy and history in the New York university in 1839-'52, and for some time performed the duties of chancellor. He was also rector of St. Clement's church, New York, in 1847-'50. During that period he edited the " Churchman," and was also for a year or two political editor of the New York " Times." He engaged in literary work in Poughkeepsie and Newburg, N. Y., in 1850-'68, and in Hartford, Conn., in 1868-'70, was rector of St. Michael's church, Litchfield, Conn., in 1870-'3, and then resided in Stamford, Conn., till 1880. when he returned to Newburg. Hobart gave him the de- gree of D. D. in 1838, and the College of the city of New York that of LL. D. in 1879. Besides nu- merous lectures and addresses, Dr. Henry published "Cousin's Psychology," translated from the French, with an introduction and notes (Hartford, 1834 ; 4th ed., revised, New York, 1856) ; " Compendium of Christian Antiquities " (1837) ; " Moral and Philosophical Essays " (1839) ; Guizot's " History of Civilization," with notes ; " Household Litur- gy " ; Taylor's " Ancient and Modern History," revised, with a chapter on the history of the United States (1845) ; Bautain's " Epitome of the History of Philosophy," with a continuation to the date of publication (2 vols., 1845) ; " Dr. Oldham at Grey- stones, and his Talk There," published anony- ' mously (I860; 3d ed., 1872); "Social Welfare and Human Progress " (1860) ; " About Men and Things " (1873) ; and " Satan as a Moral Philoso- pher " (1877). The last four are collections of essays on various subjects. HENRY HENRY 171 HENRY, Edward Lanison, artist, b. in Charles- ton, S. C, 12 Jan., 1841. He studied art in New York, at the Philadelphia academy, and in Paris under various masters. He sketched on the James river in 1864. during the civil war, and revisited Europe in 1871, 1875, and 1882. Mr. Henry was elected a national academician in 1869, and has spent most of his professional life in New York city. He has painted chiefly genre pictures, inte- riors, representing American colonial life, and his- torical pieces. The first picture by his hand that attracted attention was "Railway Station of a New England Road," and his other works include " Old Corner Cupboard," " Grant's Headquarters at City Point," in the Union League club's collection. New York ; " Battle of German town, 1777 " ; " Meeting of Washington and Rochambeau " ; " The Little Chicks " ; " A Paris Diligence " ; " Waiting for the Bathers " (1879) ; " In Sight of Home " (1882) ; " In the Roaring Forties " (1884) ; " The Home of the Squire " (1885) : " The Latest Village Scandal " (1886); and "Who dat For" (1886). His "Old Clock on the Stairs " and " Morning Call in 1800 " were shown at the Centennial exhibition in 1876. HENRY, Henry A., clergyman, b. in London in 1801 ; d. in San Francisco, Cal., 28 Aug., 1879. He became principal of the Jew free school in London, serving until 1842, when he was appointed minister of a synagogue. In 1849 he emigrated to the United States, and was elected minister of a synagogue at Cincinnati, and subsequently at Syra- cuse, New York, and San Francisco. He published a text-book for Sabbath-schools. HENRY, James, historian, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 13 Oct., 1809. He is president of the Mora- vian historical society, has contributed to musical journals in the United States and Europe, and is author of " Sketches of Moravian Life and Char- acter " (Philadelphia, 1859), and historical writings. HENRY, John, actor, b. in Ireland about 1738 ; d. at sea in 1795. He was educated at Trin- ity college, Dublin, appeared at Drury Lane thea- tre in London in 1762, and later went to the island of Jamaica, W. I., where he joined the " American company " of actors. He then mar- ried Miss Storer, one of the members of that com- pany, who was burned to death on the voyage from Kingston to New York city. Henry first ap- peared on the opening night of the newly built John street theatre in New York, on 7 Dec, 1767, as Aimwell in the " Beaux's Stratagem," and short- ly afterward, in connection with Lewis Hallam, the second, became joint manager of the theatre. It was a large wooden structure, painted red, situ- ated on the site of Nos. 15 and 17 John street, about sixty feet in the rear of the present line of buildings, and approached by a wide passage- way. In 1773 Henry married his wife's sister, and after her death married the third Miss Storer in 1786. During his management in 1773, the Rev. Dr. Myles Cooper, president of King's college, wrote the prologue for the opening of the thea- tre. At the beginning of the Revolution the com- pany of actors went to the British West Indies, where they remained several years. Their enter- tainments for a long time were replaced by the amateur performances of British officers, among whom were Maj. James Moncrieff, Maj. John An- dre, Lord Cathcart, and Gen. Burgoyne. On the return of peace, Hallam and Henry resumed their management of the John street theatre. In 1793 the latter sold his interest to John Hodgkinson. His last appearance was in New York city in 1794. Hemy was a good general actor, and an indus- trious manager. He played in a wide range of characters, from old men's parts to Shakespeare's heroes of tragedy. One of his favorite parts was Othello, in which he was blacked like a negro, and dressed in the uniform of a British officer. On " off nights " it was his habit to appear as one of the players in the orchestra. — The third Mrs. Henry had some talent, both for speaking and singing. Dunlap says : " She usually came full dressed to the theatre, in the old family coach ; and the fash- ion of monstrous hoops worn at that day made it necessary for Mr. Henry to slide her out sideways, take her in his arms, and carry her." Her last performance was in New York in 1794. On the announcement of the death of her husband she was so overcome as to lose her reason, and died a maniac on 25 April, 1795. HENRY, John, British naval officer, b. 28 Sept., 1731 ; d. in Rolvenden, Kent, 6 Aug., 1829. He entered the navy about 1744, was a 1st lieutenant at the capture of Havana, and in November, 1777, was promoted to captain for gallantry at Mud island, in the Delaware river. In May, 1778, he aided in destroying American vessels in the Chesa- peake, among them the frigates " Washington " and " Effingham," nine large merchantmen, and twenty-three brigs. He distinguished himself in the " Towey " in 1779, as commander of the naval force at Savannah, when it was attacked by D'Es- taing, and in 1804 became an admiral. HENRY, John, adventurer, b. in Ireland. He came to Philadelphia about 1793, edited " Brown's Philadelphia Gazette," and afterward entered the army at the time of the troubles with France, com- manded an artillery corps under Gen. Ebenezer Stevens, and was for over a year superior officer at Fort Jay, on Governor's island. He quitted the army while he was in command at Newport, R. I., settled on a farm in northern Vermont, and also studied law. Here he remained five years, occa- sionally writing articles for the press against the reptiblican form of government. These attracted the attention of Sir James Craig, then governor- general of Canada, who employed him in 1809 to find out the extent of the reported disaffection to the National government in New England. Henry spent three months in Boston in this employment, reporting constantly to Craig by letter, and at one time thought that in the event of war between England and the United States, Massachusetts would take the lead in establishing a northern confederacy, which might, in the end, ally itself with Great Britain. Craig promised Henry office in Canada, but died soon afterward, and the spy's efforts to obtain his reward in London meeting with no success, he returned to this country and divulged the whole matter, on 2 Feb., 1812, to Presi- dent Madison, who paid him $50,000 for his in- formation. His disclosures were made the subject of a special message to congress, and created much excitement throughout the country, especially among the opponents of the administration, some of whom alleged that it was all a political trick that had been devised by the president to cause war. Henry used all of his reward but $1,000 to pur- chase an estate in Languecloc from Count de Crillon, and sailed from New York for France on 9 March r 1812. De Crillon proved to be an impostor, and it is probable that Henry lost his money. HENRY, John, senator, b. in Easton, Md., about 1750 ; d. there, 16 Dec, 1798. He was graduated at Princeton in 1769, studied law, and practised at Easton. He was a delegate from Maryland to the- Continental congress in 1778-'81 and again in 1784-'7, and was then elected to the United States senate, serving from 1789 till 10 Dec, 1797, when he 172 HENRY HENRY JHhUsft/U- /H^<^y resigned, having been elected governor of his state. He held this office until the time of his death. HENKY, Joseph, physicist, b. in Albany, N. Y., 17 Dec, 1797 or 1799 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 13 May, 1878. The date of his birth is given in du- plicate on account of its illegibility in the fam- ily Bible. He was de- scended from Scot- tish ancestry, and his grandparents emi- grated to this coun- try about the begin- ning of the Revolu- tionary war. His fa- ther died when the boy was very young, but his mother was a woman of great refinement, intelli- gence, and strength of character. She was a staunch Presby- terian, and exacted from her children the strictest per- formance of religious duties. Joseph's educa- tion began in Galway, near Albany, where for sev- eral years he attended the district-school, while residing with his grandmother. At about the age of ten he was placed in a store, and for the five ensuing years his time was divided between his duties as a clerk and his studies. He then returned to Albany, and was apprenticed to a watch-maker and silversmith, and also joined a private dramatic company called " The Rostrum," of which he soon became the leading spirit. There seemed every prospect of his studying for the stage, when, dur- ing a brief illness, he read Dr. Gregory's "Lec- tures on Experimental Philosophy, Astronomy, and Chemistry." Thenceforth he determined to de- vote his life to the study of science, and secured private lessons during the evening from the teach- ers of the Albany academy. Later he taught, and so acquired sufficient money to enable him to follow a regular course of instruction at the academy. On the completion of his studies he obtained, through the influence of Dr. Theodoric R. Beck, the appointment of private tutor to the family of Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, the pa- troon, and devoted three hours daily to teaching. Meanwhile he assisted Dr. Beck in his chemical experiments, and pursued studies in anatomy and physiology with a view to becoming a physician. In 1825 he received the appointment of engineer on the survey of a road to run through the state of New York, from the Hudson river to Lake Erie, and a year later he was made professor of mathematics in the Albany academy, and almost at once began the series of brilliant experiments in electricity which have linked his name with that of Franklin as one of the two most original inves- tigators in that branch of science that this country has ever produced. His first work was the im- proving of existing forms of apparatus, and in 1827 he read a paper before the Albany institute, in which he described how electro-dynamic actions can be shown by simpler means than those em- ployed at that time. Soon afterward he made his first important discovery — that of producing the electro-magnet, properly so called, by showing that in a piece of soft iron the magnetism produced may be greatly increased by multiplying the num- ber of coils around the polar limbs. He continued his investigations, and in 1829 he exhibited electro- magnets possessing greater power than any before known, and later he built several larger magnets, among which was the one now in the physical cabi- net of Princeton, capable of sustaining 3,600 pounds with a battery, occupying a single cubic foot of space. His experiments further showed that in the transmission of electricity over great distances the electro-motive force of the battery must be proportional to the length of the conduc- tor. This led in 1830 to the development of the " intensity " magnet, which made the electric tele- graph a possibility, and in 1831, in a paper pub- lished in Silliman's "American Journal of Sci- ence," he suggested its use for that purpose. In- deed, during the same year he constructed the first electro-magnetic telegraph, transmitting signals through a wire more than a mile in length, causing a bell to ring at the farther end of the wire. " This," said President Garfield, " was the last step in the series of great discoveries which preceded the invention of the telegraph." And another author- ity says : " The thing was perfect as it came from its author, and has never been improved from that day to this as a sounding telegraph." Prof. Hen- ry's own words, brought forth by Morse's attempt to expose " the utter non-reliability of Henry's tes- timony," were : " The principles I had developed were applied by Dr. Gale to render Morse's instru- ment effective at a distance." This statement, sustained by Dr. Leonard D. Gale himself, has never been confuted. In 1831 he devised the first electro-magnetic engine for maintaining continuous motion by means of an automatic pole-changer. During the same year he discovered the secondary currents produced in a long conductor by the self- induction of the primary current, and also obtained an electric spark by a purely magnetic induction. In November, 1832, he removed to Princeton, where he had been called to fill the chair of natu- ral philosophy. For some years afterward his ex- clusive attention was occupied with the duties per- taining to his professorship, especially as he deliv- ered the lectures on chemistry, mineralogy, and geology during the absence of Dr. John Torrey in Europe in 1833, and afterward also lectured on astronomy and architecture. In resuming his elec- trical researches, he first devoted special attention to the subject of electrical self-induction. In 1835 he renewed his investigation of combined circuits, and extended a series of wires across the college- yard, through which signals were sent, and the local circuit with strong " receiving magnet " used at that time has since become a most important adjunct in the manipulation of the electric telegraph. Papers giving the results of his researches in electricity appear in the " Proceedings of the American Philo- sophical Society," under the title of "Contribu- tions to Electricity and Magnetism," during the years 1835-'42. The study of meteorology was one to which he devoted considerable thought, having previously, from 1827 till 1832, been associated with Dr. Beck in the development of his system of meteorological observations established in the state of New York, and in 1839 he was active in en- deavoring to persuade the U. S. government to designate stations for magnetic and meteorological observations. The results of special phenomena that were examined by him at this time were pub- lished, but a large collection of original notes of determinations of magnetic variations in auroras, with attempts at ascertaining their extreme height, on violent whirlwinds, on hail-storms, on thunder- storms, and the deportment of lightning-rods, were destroyed by fire. Many other investigations that were conducted by him during his residence in Princeton, in various branches of physics, have HENRY HENRY 173 been of permanent value to science. In 1846 he was elected first secretary and director of the Smithsonian institution, and in December of that year removed with his family to Washington. The organization, equipment, and development of this great scientific establishment, thenceforth until his death, occupied his principal attention. He was nominated to the chair of natural philosophy in the University of Pennsylvania, with a salary twice as large as that which he was receiving in Washing- ton, and efforts were made to induce him to return to Princeton as its president in 1853, and also in 1867, but these offers were steadily refused. Like Agassiz, he may have answered when tempted by larger salaries, " I can not afford to waste my time in making money." Prof. Simon Newcomb says of him : " He never engaged in an investigation or an enterprise which was to put a dollar into his own pocket, but aimed only at the general good of the world." On the organization of the light- house board in 1852 he was made one of its mem- bers, and from 1871 till his death was its chair- man. The establishment of the National light- house system is very largely due to him, although his services, during his later years especially, were principally advisory, though he continued his in- vestigations in its behalf until his death, being oc- cupied in its work when the final illness came. During the civil war he was constantly called on to consider plans and devices for facilitating military and naval operations. Throughout his career in Washington he acted as confidential adviser on scientific matters to the government, and the com- position of commissions for technical purposes was generally referred to him. He received the degree of LL. D. from Union in 1829, and from Harvard in 1851. In 1849 he was elected president of the American association for the advancement of science, and he was one of the original members of the National academy of science, succeeding Alexander D. Bache in 1868 as president. Prof. Henry was also a member of other societies, both in the United States and Europe. His published papers include over 150 titles, and were contribut- ed principally to American scientific journals. He also wrote valuable articles for the " Ameri- can " and other cyclopaedias, and was the author of a series of papers on " Meteorology in its Connec- tion with Agriculture," contributed to the " Agri- cultural Reports " (1855-'9). His single book was " Syllabus of Lectures on Physics " (Princeton, 1844), although he edited the annual volumes of the " Smithsonian Reports " from 1846 till 1877. In 1886 two volumes of the "Scientific Writings of Joseph Henry " were published by the Smithsonian institution. See " A Memorial of Joseph Henry," published by order of congress (Washington, 1880). HENRY, Morris Henry, physician, b. in Lon- don, England, 26 July, 183*5. He was educated in London and in Belgium, came to the United States, and was graduated in medicine at the University of Vermont in 1860. He was assistant surgeon in the navy during the civil war, and then settled in New York city, and was surgeon-in-chief of the Emigrant hospital, Ward's island, in 1872-'80. He is a member of many medical societies, and has in- vented various surgical methods and appliances, including the application of plano-convex lenses in examining the throat and upper air-passages (1864) ; cutting-forceps for the removal of plaster dressings (1868); depilating-forceps (1874); and cartilage-scissors to facilitate the removal of dense tissues (1881). He is the originator and editor of the " American Journal of Dermatology," and has published numerous monographs, including " Treat- ment of Venereal Diseases in Vienna Hospital" (1872), and "Anomalous Localities of Chancres" (1874). He delivered an address on "Specialists and Specialties in Medicine " before the alumni of the University of Vermont in 1876. HENRY, Patrick, statesman, b. at Studley, Hanover co., Va., 29 May, 1736 ; d. in Red Hill, Charlotte co., Va., 6 June, 1799. His father, John Henry, was a Scotchman, son of Alexander Henry and Jean Robertson, a cousin of the historian William Robertson and of the mother of Lord Brougham. His mother was Sarah Winston, of the Eng- lish family of that name. The father of Patrick Henry gave his son a classical education, but he en- tered upon business at an early age. At eighteen he married, and, having tried farming and. mer- chandise without suc- cess, became a lawyer in 1760. His fee- books show a large practice from the be- ginning of his pro- fessional life ; but his surpassing powers as an orator were not discovered till, in December, 1763, he ar- gued what is known as the " Parson's cause." This was a suit brought by a minister of the established church in Virginia to recover his salary, which had been fixed at 16,000 pounds of tobacco. A short crop had caused a great advance in its market price, and induced the colonial legislature to pass an act commuting the salaries of the ministers into money at the rate of two pence for a pound of tobacco, which was its former price. This act had not been approved by the king, but the house of burgesses determined to enforce it. In his speech for the de- fence Mr. Henry displayed powers of oratory of the first order, and boldly struck the key-note of the American Revolution by arguing that " a king, by disallowing acts of a salutary nature, from being the father of his people, degenerates into a tyrant, and forfeits all right to his subjects' obedience." The passage of the stamp-act by the British parlia- ment in 1765 was made known in the colonies in May, 1765. They had remonstrated against its pro- posed passage ; but no one was bold enough to coun- sel resistance to its enforcement until, upon the res- ignation of a member of the Virginia house of bur- gesses from Louisa county, Mr. Henry was elected to fill the vacancy. On 29 May, 1765, nine days after taking his seat, and on his twenty-ninth birth- day, he moved a series of resolutions defining the rights of the colony, and pronouncing the stamp- act unconstitutional and subversive of British and American liberty. These were resisted by all the men that had been previously leaders in that body. After a speech of great eloquence, which was de- scribed by Thomas Jefferson as surpassing any- thing he ever heard, Mr. Henry carried five of his resolutions, the last by a majority of only one. The whole series were published, and the public mind became so inflamed that everywhere resistance to the tax was openly made, and its enforcement be- came impracticable. Mr. Henry at once became the leader in his colony. In May, 1773, he, with Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee, and Dabney Carr, carried through the Virginia house of bur- 174 HENRY HENRY gesses a resolution establishing committees of correspondence between the colonies, which gave unity to the Revolutionary agitation, and in May, 1774, he was foremost in "the movement to call a Continental congress. At this time the celebrated George Mason first met Henry, and recorded his estimate of him in these words : ' ; He is by far the most powerful speaker I ever heard. Every word he says not only engages but commands the atten- tion, and your passions are no longer your own when he addresses them. But his eloquence is the smallest part of his merit. He is, in my opinion, the first man upon this continent, as well in abili- ties as public virtues, and had he lived in Rome about the time of the first Punic war, when the Roman people had arrived at their meridian glory, and their virtues not tarnished, Mr. Henry's talents must have put him at the head of that glorious commonwealth." He was a delegate to the 1st Continental con- gress, and opened its deliberations by a speech that won him the reputation of being the fore- most orator on the continent. In this speech he declared, " I am not a Virginian, but an American." In congress, Henry served on several important committees, among which was that to prepare the address to the king. The first draft of this paper is said to have been from his pen ; but as it was too advanced for the party represented by John Dick- inson, the latter was added to the committee and modified the address, if he did not recast it. At a most critical period in the deliberations of that congress, Joseph Galloway, a Tory, introduced a plan of reconciliation between the mother country and the colonies, which would have left them in somewhat the same relations to each other as were subsequently established between England and Canada. The plan was advocated by some of the foremost members, and it was believed that it had the approval of the government. Mr. Henry led the opposition to it, and was the only one noted by John Adams in his diary as opposing it in debate. It was defeated by the vote of one colony only, and thus the destiny of the continent was changed. On 25 March, 1775, Mr. Henry moved in the Vir- ginia convention that the colony be put into a state of defence at once, preparatory to the war, which was imminent, and carried his motion by a speech that for true eloquence has never been surpassed. In May following he led a volunteer force against Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, in order to compel him to restore the colony's gun- powder, which had been removed by him from the public magazine and put on board a British ship. This was the first resistance by arms to the British authority in that colony. After obtaining from the governor remuneration for the gunpowder, he repaired to the Continental congress, then holding its second session, and at its close accepted the commission of colonel of the 1st Virginia regiment, and commander of all the Virginia forces, which had been given him by the convention of his state in his absence. His want of military experience gave occasion to some jealousy on the part of other officers, and when the Virginia troops were soon afterward taken into the Continental army, con- gress, in commissioning the officers, made a sub- ordinate a brigadier-general, and offered Col. Henry the command of a single regiment, which slight was followed by his refusal to accept the commis- sion. He was at once elected to the Virginia con- vention, which met in May, 1776. Here he ar- ranged the introduction of the resolutions direct- ing the delegates in congress to move for independ- ence, and determining that the colony should at once frame a bill of rights and a constitution as an independent state. By his powers of oratory he overcame all opposition, and obtained a unanimous vote for the resolutions. He was active in the formation of the constitution of his state, which served as a model for the other states, and he pro- posed the section of the Virginia bill of rights that guarantees religious liberty. Through his exer- tions, Virginia afterward asked and obtained an amendment to the Federal constitution, embodying in it a similar guarantee. On the adoption of the constitution in 1776, he was elected the first gover- nor of the state, and was re-elected in 1777 and in 1778. Not being eligible under the constitution for four years afterward, he returned to the legis- lature, but was again elected governor in 1784 and 1785, and in 1786 declined a re-election. He was again elected in 1796, but again declined. During his first service as governor he had to inaugurate a new government in the midst of the Revolution- ary war, and his executive talents were put to a severe test, which they stood in such a manner as greatly added to his renown. In 1777 he planned and sent out the expedition, under Gen. George Rogers Clarke, which conquered the vast territory northwest of the Ohio, and forced England to yield, it at the treaty of peace. At the close of the war he advocated the return of the banished Tories, and opening our ports at once to immigration and to commerce. He resisted the performance on our part of the treaty with Great Britain until that power had performed her treaty obligation to sur- render the northwestern posts. He was a firm and persistent advocate of our right to the free naviga- tion of the Mississippi, whose mouth was held by Spain, a matter of such importance that at one time it threatened the disruption of the Union. He early saw the defects in the articles of confed- eration, and advocated a stronger Federal govern- ment. He declined the appointment as delegate to the convention that framed the constitution of the United States, because of private reasons : but served in the state convention of 1788, which rati- fied it. He advocated the adoption of amendments to the constitution before its ratification by Vir- ginia, and offered the amendments that were recom- mended by the convention, the most important of which have been adopted. Many of his predictions as to the future of the Federal government read like prophecy in the light, of subsequent history, Among other things, he distinctly foretold the abolition of slavery by congress, in a speech in the convention, delivered 24 June, 1788 (see Elli- ott's " Debates," vol. iii., p. 589), in which he said : " Among ten thousand implied powers which they may assume, they may, if engaged in war, liberate every one of your slaves if they please. And this must and will be done by men, a majority of whom have not a common interest with you. . . . Another thing will contribute to bring this event about. Slavery is detested. We feel its fatal effects ; we deplore it with all the pity of humanity. Let all these considerations, at some future period, press with full force on the minds of congress. Let that urbanity, which I trust will distinguish America, and the necessity of national defence — let all these things operate on their minds; they will search that paper and see if they have power of manu- mission. And have they not, sir % Have they not power to provide for the general defence and wel- fare % May they not think that these call for the abolition of slavery "? May they not pronounce all slaves free? and will they not be warranted by that power! This is no ambiguous implication or logical deduction. The paper speaks to the point. HENRY HENRY 175 They have the power in clear, unequivocal terms, and will clearly and certainly exercise it." The adoption of the first eleven amendments having quieted in a great measure his apprehensions as to the constitution, he sustained the administra- tion of Washington, though not fully approving of all its measures. The earliest manifestations of the French revolution caused him to predict the result, and the influence of French infidelity and Jacobinism upon America excited his alarm, lest they should produce disunion and anarchy. He retired from public life in 1791, after a continu- ous service of twenty-six years, but continued the practice of law, which he had resumed at the close of the Revolution with great success. He was appointed by Gov. Henry Lee U. S. senator in 1794. Washington offered to make him secretary of state in 1795, and afterward chief justice of the United States, and President John Adams nomi- nated him as a special minister to France. But the state of his health, and the care of a large fam- ily, caused him to decline these offices. In 1799, on the passage of the Virginia resolutions claiming the right of a state to resist the execution of an obnoxious act of congress, he was induced by an appeal of Washington to offer himself for a seat in the legislature, for the purpose of resisting what they both considered a doctrine fraught with the greatest danger to the Union. He did not ap- prove of the alien and sedition laws, which occa- sioned the resolutions, and in his speech as a can- didate he urged the use of every constitutional means to effect their repeal. He was elected, but died before taking his seat. The transcendent powers of Mr. Henry as an orator are testified to by so many men of the great- est culture and ability that he justly ranks among the great orators of the world. Among the dis- tinguished men that heard him. and have left on record their impressions, the following may be mentioned : Dr. Archibald Alexander said of him : " From my earliest childhood I had been accus- tomed to hear of the eloquence of Patrick Henry. On this subject there existed but one opinion in the country. The power of his eloquence was felt equally by the learned and the unlearned. No man who ever heard him speak on any important occasion could fail to admit his uncommon power over the minds of his hearers. . . . The power of Henry's eloquence was due, first, to the greatness of his emotion and passion, accompanied with a versatility which enabled him to assume at once any emotion or passion which suited his ends. Not less indispensable, secondly, was a matchless per- fection of the organs of expression, including the apparatus of voice, intonation, pause, gesture, atti- tude, and indescribable play of countenance. In no instance did he ever indulge in an expression that was not instantly recognized as nature itself ; yet some of his penetrating and subduing tones were absolutely peculiar, and as inimitable as they were indescribable. These were felt by every hearer in all their force. His mightiest feelings were sometimes indicated and communicated by a long pause, aided by an eloquent aspect, and some sig- nificant use of his fingers." Thomas Jefferson at- tended the debate on the resolutions against the stamp act, and wrote concerning it : "I heard the splendid display of Mr. Henry's talents as a popu- lar orator. They were great indeed, such as I have never heard from any other man. He appeared to me to speak as Homer wrote." And in describing Edmund Pendleton, Mr. Jefferson said of him: " He had not, indeed, the poetical fancy of Mr. Henry, his sublime imagination, his lofty and over- whelming diction." Mr. Wirt, in his " Life of Henry," says that Mr. Jefferson considered him " the greatest orator that ever lived." John Ran- dolph, of Roanoke, pronounced him the greatest of orators, and declared that he was " Shakespeare and Garrick combined." Mr. Henry was twice married — first to Sarah Shelton, daughter of a neighbor, and afterward to Dorothea Spotswood Danclridge, a granddaughter of Gov. Alexander Spotswood. He was a devoted Christian, and left a spotless character. His life has been written by William Wirt (1817), by Alex- ander H. Everett in Sparks's "American Biog- raphy," and by Moses Coit Tyler in the series of "American Statesmen " (Boston, 1887). — His grand- son, William Wirt, b. at Red Hill, Charlotte co., Va., 14 Feb., 1831, was educated at the University of Virginia, where he took the degree of master of arts in 1850. He was admitted to the bar in 1853, and served as state's attorney for his county during several years. He afterward removed to Rich- mond, and served four sessions in the legislature, declining a re-election. He is vice-president of the Virginia historical society, has contributed to current literature, and has delivered several his- torical addresses, including a "Defence of Capt. John Smith's Narrative " before the Virginia his- torical society on 24 Feb., 1882, and one in Phila- delphia on the centennial of the motion for inde- pendence. He has in preparation (1887) a " Life of Patrick Henry." HENEY, Pierre Francois, French author, b. in Nancy, 28 May, 1759 ; d. in Paris, 12 Aug., 1833. He became a lawyer, and afterward an actor, but did not succeed, and after the revolution held sev- eral municipal offices. He wrote a " History of the Directory " (2 vols., Paris, 1801), and translated from the English many volumes of history, travels,, and biography, including Marshall's " Life of Washington " (5 vols., Paris, 1807). He also wrote a "Description of South America" for Mentelli's " Geographie universelle." HENRY, Robert, educator, b. in Charleston, S. C, 6 Dec, 1792 ; d. in Columbia, S. C, 6 Feb., 1856. He was graduated at the University of Edin- burgh in 1814, and, after travelling on the conti- nent of Europe, returned to Charleston, and was minister to the French Huguenot congregation there for two years, preaching alternately in French and English. He became professor of logic and moral philosophy in South Carolina college in 1818, and afterward of metaphysics and political philosophy. He was president in 1834-'5, accepted the chair of metaphysics and belles-lettres in 1839, and was again president in 1842-'5, also perform- ing for a time the duties of professor of Greek. He wrote articles for the southern reviews, and published, besides occasional sermons, eulogies on Jonathan Maxcy, and John C. Calhoun. HENRY, William, inventor, b. in Chester county, Pa., 19 May, 1729 ; d. in Lancaster, Pa., 15 Dec, 1786. He was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and his grandparents settled in Pennsylvania in' 1722. While yet a young man, he began the manufacture of fire-arms at Lancaster, Pa., and was afterward appointed armorer to the troops that were col- lected for Braddock's expedition, and ordered to Virginia. In 1758 he was commissioned justice of the peace, and in 1760 visited England. In 1771 he was appointed one of the commissioners to examine whether the opening of communication between the Delaware and Ohio rivers for the pur- poses of navigation or land-carriage were practica- ble. He was chosen to the assembly in 1776, and the following year was elected treasurer of Lan- 176 HENRY HENRY caster county, which office he held until his death. During the Revolution he held the rank of com- missary. He was a member of the Continental congress in 1784-'5, and during the former year was commissioned president judge of the courts of common pleas and quarter sessions of Lancaster county. He was a member of the American philo- sophical society, and was favorably known as an inventor. In 1768 he invented the "self-moving or sentinel register," which was followed in 1771 by the " screw-auger." He was among those antecedent to Fitch and Pulton in the application of steam as a motive power to propel boats. His original draw- ings, made in 1779, were found among his papers after his death. In 1785 he exhibited the " model of a wheel-carriage, which rolls close in against the wind by wind-force." — His son, William, manufacturer, b. in Lancaster, Pa., 12 March, 1757 ; d. in Philadelphia, 21 April, 1827, removed in 1778 to Northampton county, where he engaged in the manufacture of fire-arms, and in 1808 erected a forge on the Bushkill, where the first iron that was manufactured in the country was drawn, 9 March, 1809. He was commissioned, 14 Jan., 1788, justice of the peace and associate judge of the courts for Northampton county, but resigned in 1814. In 1792 he was elected one of the presidential electors of the state, and voted for Washington. — Another son, John Joseph, jurist, b. in Lancaster, Pa., 4 Nov., 1758; d. there, 15 April, 1811, enlisted in Capt. Matthew Smith's company of riflemen at the beginning of the Revolution, and took part in Arnold's expedition to Canada, where he was taken prisoner and. confined for nine months. He sub- sequently studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1785. In 1793 he was commissioned by Gov. Mifflin president judge of the 2d judicial dis- trict of Pennsylvania, consisting of the counties of Chester, Lancaster. York, and Dauphin, but he re- signed in 1810. He was the author of " Accurate and Interesting Account of Arnold's Campaign against Quebec, and of the Hardships and Sufferings of that Band of Heroes who traversed the Wilder- ness of Maine from Cambridge to the St. Lawrence in the Autumn of 1775 " (Lancaster, Pa., 1812). HENRY, William, soldier, b. in Charlotte county, Va., in 1761 ; d. in Christian county, Ky., 23 Nov., 1824. He entered the army when a lad, and fought at Guilford, the Cowpens, and York- town. After the Revolution he removed to Ken- tucky, and took part there in many conflicts with the Indians. He was appointed major-general of Kentucky volunteers, 31 Aug., 1813, commanded a division of three brigades in the battle of the Thames, on 5 Oct., and also served in Scott's and Wilkinson's campaigns. Gen. Henry was a member of the Constitutional convention of his state, and of both branches of the legislature. — His son, Robert Pryor, b. in Henry's Mills, Scott co., Ky., 24 Nov., 1788 ; d. in Hopkinsville, Ky., 25 Aug., 1826, was graduated at Transylvania college, studied law with Henry Clay, and was admitted to the bar in 1809, serving in that year as prosecuting attorney for his district. He was aide to his father in the war of 1812, and afterward settled in Chris- tian county, Ky., where he became prosecuting attorney for that circuit. He was then elected to congress as a Clay Democrat, and served from 1 Dec, 1823, till his death. As a member of the committee on roads and canals he obtained the first appropriation that was ever granted for im- proving the Mississippi. — Another son, John Flournoy, physician, b. in Henry's Mills, Ky., 17 Jan., 1793 ; d. in Burlington, Iowa, 12 Nov., 1873, was educated at Georgetown academy, Ky., at- tended lectures at Jefferson medical college, Phila- delphia, and was graduated at the College of physicians and surgeons, New York, in 1817. He had previously served at Port Meigs in 1813, as surgeon's mate of Kentucky troops. In 1825, while a resident of Hopkinsville, Ky., he organ- ized the first temperance society there. He was elected to congress for the unexpired term of his brother Robert, served in 1826-'7, and in 1831 be- came professor in the Medical college of Ohio, Cincinnati. During the cholera epidemic of 1832 he was active in relieving the suffering in that city. He removed to Bloomington, 111., in 1834, and in 1845 to Burlington, Iowa, where he prac- tised his profession. Dr. Henry contributed ar- ticles to medical journals, and published a treatise on the " Causes and Treatment of Cholera " (1833). — Another son, Grustavus Adolphns, orator, b. in Cherry Spring, Scott co., Ky., 8 Oct., 1804 ; d. in Clarksville, Tenn., 10 Sept., 1880, was graduated at Transylvania university in 1825, and became a lawyer. He was a member of the Kentucky legis- lature in 1831-'3, and shortly afterward removed to Tennessee, where he was one of the leaders of the Whig minority. He achieved great reputation as a public speaker, and was known throughout the south as the " eagle orator of Tennessee." He was in the Tennessee legislature in 1851, was four times on the Whig electoral ticket, and. in 1860 was a delegate to the convention at Baltimore that nominated Bell and Everett, afterward speaking in their behalf in the northern states. He was a member of the Confederate senate from 1861 till the close of the civil war, and after the fall of Vicksburg, at the request of Jefferson Davis, made public speeches to encourage the people. He was twice a candidate for governor of Tennessee, but was each time defeated by Andrew Johnson. HENRY, William Alexander, Canadian jurist, b. in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 30 Dec, 1816. He was educated at the high-school, Halifax, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in November, 1840. In 1841 he was elected a member of the Nova Scotia assembly, in which he sat for many years. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Canadian parliament in 1867 and 1869. He has been mayor of Halifax, became a member of the provincial ex- ecutive council in 1849, and subsequently held office three times as solicitor-general, and was also provincial secretary and attorney-general. He took a prominent part in the question of the union of the British American provinces, was a delegate to Great Britain on public business in 1858 and 1865, and in the winter of 1866 took part in an un- successful negotiation for the continuance of the reciprocity treaty between Great Britain and the United States. He was a delegate to the Charlotte- town union conference and to that of Quebec, and in July, 1866, with the delegates from Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, met in London and adopted a scheme of union for submission to the home government, which was adopted. He was a judge in the trial of election cases in Nova Scotia in 1874, and was appointed a judge of the supreme court of Canada in October, 1875. He was instrumental in securing measures for the pro- tection of the Canadian fisheries, in establishing a complete system of telegraphs for Nova Scotia, and in publishing the revised statutes of that province. HENRY, William Seaton, soldier, b. in Al- bany, N. Y., in 1816 ; d. in New York city, 5 March, 1851. His father was a lawyer in Albany. The son was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1835, assigned to the 3d infantry, and served on the frontier in the Florida war of 1841-2, and in HENSHAW HENSHAW 177 the war with Mexico. He became 1st lieutenant, 7 July, 1838, captain, 18 May, 1846, and was bre- vetted major, 23 Sept., 1846, for gallantry at Mon- terey. He was afterward on garrison and recruit- ing service till his death. Maj. Henry published "Campaign Sketches of the War with Mexico" (New York, 1848). — His son, Guy Yernor, soldier, b. in Fort Smith, Indian territory, 9 March, 1839, was graduated at the D". S. military academy in 1861, and assigned to the 1st artillery. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on 14 May, was on Gen. McDowell's staff at the battle of Bull Run, and was brevetted captain, 22 Oct., 1862, for gallantry in an action near Pocotaligo river, S. C. He com- manded a battalion in Hunter's advance on Charles- ton in 1863, was acting chief of artillery of the De- partment of the South in June of that year, and was made colonel of the 40th Massachusetts regi- ment on 9 Nov. He commanded a brigade in the Army of the James in 1864-'5, and received the brevets of lieutenant-colonel, 29 Sept., 1864, and brigadier-general of volunteers, 30 June, 1864, for his services before Petersburg. After the war he became captain in the 1st artillery, 1 Dec, 1865, and has since served chiefly on the frontier against hostile Indians. He suffered severely from frost- bites in the Black Hills expedition, and was wounded in the battle of Rose Bud Creek, Mon- tana, with Sitting Bull, 17 June, 1876, losing the use of one eye. On 26 June, 1881, he was promoted to major in the 9th cavalry, and is now (1887) sta- tioned at Omaha, Neb. He has published " Mili- tary Record of Civilian Appointments in the IT. S. Army" (2 vols., New York, 1865-'71) ; "Army Catechism for Non-commissioned Officers and Sol- diers " (Salt Lake City, 1881) ; and " Manual on Target Practice " (Port Leavenworth, Kan., 1884). HENSHAW, John Prentiss Kewley, P. E. bishop, b. in Middletown, Conn., 13 June, 1792 ; d. near Frederick, Md., 19 July, 1852. He was gradu- ated at Middlebury in 1808, and spent a year at Harvard as a resident graduate. During a visit to his native place during this period, he was first deeply impressed by the truths of religion, and he subsequently became a member of the Protestant Episcopal church, although he had been educated as a Congregationalist. Shortly afterward Bishop Griswold appointed him a lay-reader, and by his zealous labors several congregations were estab- lished in different parts of Vermont. After study- ing theology and taking charge of a church at Marblehead, Mass., for a time, he was ordered dea- con on his twenty-first birthday. Soon afterward he was called to St. Ann's church, Brooklyn, N. Y., where he was ordained priest on his twenty-fourth birthday. Twenty-six years of his life were passed as rector of St. Peter's, Baltimore, Md., where he went in 1817. On his accession to the rectorship there were only 45 communicants, but at the close of his ministry the number had increased to 474, the whole number added during his incumbency being 900. He also baptized 1,018 persons, and presented 506 for confirmation. During his resi- dence in Maryland, Dr. Henshaw (he received the degree of S. T. D. from his alma mater in 1830) ex- erted an important influence beyond the confines of his own parish and city, taking an active part in the erection of many churches, and the oi'ganiza- tion of several congregations. He was a devoted friend to the cause of missions, and performed valuable services in the conventions, both diocesan and general. He was repeatedly nominated as bishop of Maryland, but failed to receive a suffi- ciently large vote to secure his election. On the erection of Rhode Island into a separate diocese he VOL. III. — 12 was chosen its head in 1843. and made rector of Grace church, Providence. In 1848 his health be- gan to fail, and in 1850 he had a stroke of apo- plexy. In the summer of 1852 he was called to perform episcopal functions in the diocese of Maryland during Bishop Wittingham's absence in Europe, but was again stricken with apoplexy, this time fatally, after he had been engaged about two weeks in the discharge of these duties. Bishop Henshaw possessed a mind naturally clear, sound, and vigorous, trained to patient labor. He ranked high as a preacher, never reading his sermons, but composing them with care. He was also exceed- ingly happy as an extemporaneous speaker. He published many sermons, charges, and books, among which were " An Oration delivered before the Associated Alumni of Middlebury College" (1827): "Hymns" (5th ed., 1832); "The Useful- ness of Sunday Schools " (1833) ; " Henshaw's Sheri- dan," being " Lessons on Elocution," etc. (1834) ; " Theology for the People " (1840) ; " Memoir of Right Rev. Channing Moore, D. D." (1842) ; " An Inquiry concerning the Second Advent " (1842) ; "Lectures on the Terms Priest, Altar, etc.," and " The Work of Christ's Living Body" (1843). HENSHAW, Joshua Sidney, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 16 Oct., 1811 ; d. in Utica, N. Y, 29 April, 1859. He was a descendant of Jonathan Belcher, and his name, which was originally Joshua Henshaw Belcher, was changed by an act of the Pennsylvania legislature in 1845. He became a teacher in Chauncey Hall institute, Boston, in 1833, and from September, 1837, till 1841 was instructor of mathematics in the U. S. navy. During this period he made a voyage in the frigate " Columbia," an account of which was published under the title "Around the World, by an Officer of the U. S. Navy" (New York, 1840). After resigning his professorship in the navy he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia, but in 1843 he was reinstated in his former post. From 1848 till his death he practised law in Utica. He published " Philosophy of Human Progress" (1835) ; " Incite- ments to Moral and Intellectual Well-Doing" (1836); "Life of Father Mathew" (1847); and "United States Manual for Consuls" (1849). A work on " Bible Ethics " was left unfinished. HENSHAW, William, soldier, b. in Boston, Mass., 20 Sept., 1735; d. in Leicester, Mass., 21 Feb., 1820. He was one of the original settlers of Leicester, whither he removed in 1748. He was a lieutenant of provincial troops under Amherst in 1759, was lieutenant-colonel of Little's regiment at the siege of Boston, and took part subsequently in the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Tren- ton, and Princeton. He left the service early in 1 777. — His nephew, David, secretary of the navy, b. in Leicester, Mass., 2 April, 1791 ; d. there, li Nov., 1852, was apprenticed to a druggist in Boston at the age of sixteen, and carried on business on his own account from 1814 till 1829. He devoted his leisure to study, acquired note as a political writer, published pamphlets and review articles in advo- cacy of free-trade, and zealously supported the principles of the Democratic party. He was elected to the state senate in 1826 and to the house of repre- sentatives in 1839, after holding the post of collector of customs at Boston since 1830. He was active in promoting the earlier railroad enterprises in Massa- chusetts, and was interested in the construction of the Boston and Worcester, the Boston and Albany, and the Boston and Providence railroads. On 24 July, 1843, he was appointed by President Tyler secretary of the navy, but. after holding the office several months, was rejected by the senate, and 178 HENSLER HENTZ succeeded by Thomas W. Gilmer, of Virginia, on 15 Feb.. 1844. Among his publications were " Letters on the Internal Improvement and Com- merce of the West" (Boston, 1839). — William's grandson, Daniel, lawyer and journalist, b. in Leicester, Mass., 9 May, 1782 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 9 July, 1863, was graduated at Harvard in 1806, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1809, and practised in Winchendon, Mass., till 1830, then for a number of years at Worcester, and afterward at Lynn. He gave up his professional business in order to undertake the editorship of the Lynn " Record," which he conducted till its discontinu- ance, a period of fourteen years, after which he resided in Boston. He read many papers before the New England Historic-genealogical society. HENSLER, Eliza, singer, b. in Boston, Mass., about 1835. She was the daughter of a German shoemaker, possessed a fine voice and a grace- ful person, and was educated for the operatic stage. Her first appearance was at the Academy of Music, New York, at the age of fifteen. She afterward went to Paris to complete her training, and appeared at the Grand Opera in that city, but had little success. She then went to Lisbon, and became a favorite. On 10 June, 1869, she married the ex-king of Portugal. Ferdinand, Duke of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha, who first caused her to be raised to the nobilitv with the title of Countess of Edla. HENSON," Josiah, clergyman, b. in Port To- bacco, Charles co., Md., 15 June, 1787; d. in Dres- den, Ontario, in 1881. He was a pure-blooded negro, and was born and bred as a slave. The story of his life served as the foundation for Mrs. Harriet B. Stowe's novel of " Uncle Tom's Cab- in." When a young man and a preach- er, he took all his master's slaves to a relative in Ken- tucky, to prevent their passing into the hands of cred- /itors. There they J-f-^^7-?(7— Z^Z^-' were hired out to » neighboring plant- ers. He worked most of the time for a good- natured master named St. Clair, whose young daughter read to him. His arms were crippled, like those of Uncle Tom in the novel, the re- sult of a blow from the Maryland overseer. He paid $500 toward purchasing his freedom, but was taken to New Orleans by his master's son to be sold, when the latter was attacked with yellow fever, and the slave accompanied him back to Kentucky and nursed him through his sickness. He finally escaped with his wife, carrying his two children on his back through the swamps to Cin- cinnati, where he had friends among the colored people, and then across the wilderness to San- dusky, whence they were conveyed to Canada by the benevolent captain of a schooner. "Uncle Si," as he was called, settled with his family at Colchester, Ontario. He was the captain of a company of colored men during the Canadian re- bellion. Subsequently he took up a tract of land on Sydenham river, where the town of Dresden was afterward situated. There he prospered as a farmer, and was the pastor of a church. At the age of fifty-five he began to learn to read and write. He met Mrs. Stowe, and described to her the events of his life. He also wrote an " Autobi- ography," which was afterward published, with an introduction by Mrs. Stowe (Boston, 1858). In 1850 he went to England, and lectured in London. He visited England again in 1852, and a third time in 1876, on which occasion he lectured and preached in various cities, and was entertained at Windsor Castle by Queen Victoria. HEN SON, Poindexter Smith, clergyman, b. in Fluvanna county, Va., 7 Dec, 1831. He was graduated at Richmond college in 1848, and at the University of Virginia in 1851. He taught in Milton, N. C, for two years, at the same time studying law and editing a weekly paper, and was professor of natural science in the Chowan female college at Murfreesborough, N. C, for two years. After beginning the practice of the law in his na- tive county, he was ordained as minister of the Baptist church in Fluvanna in February, 1856. He also conducted a female seminary while he was there. On 27 Dec, 1867, he became pastor of the Broad street church in Philadelphia, which he left in 1867, to organize the Memorial church, where he gathered the largest Protestant congregation in that city. Dr. Henson is also editor of the " Bap- tist Teacher." In 1878 he declined the presidency of Lewisburg university. HENTZ, Nicholas Marcellus, educator, b. in Versailles, France, 25 July, 1797 ; d. in Marianna, Fla., 4 Nov., 1856. He studied medicine and learned the art of miniature-painting in Paris, emigrated, to the United States in 1816, taught French and miniature-painting in Boston, Phila- delphia, and other places, and in 1824-'5 was as- sociated with George Bancroft in the Round Hill school at Northampton, Mass. In 1826-'30 he was professor of modern languages and belles-lettres in the University of North Carolina. He removed with his wife to Covington, Ky., in 1831, and in the following year they took charge of a female seminary near Cincinnati. They afterward con- ducted various schools in Alabama and Georgia, and in 1851 removed to Marianna, Fla., on account of the illness of Prof. Hentz. He was an ento- mologist of repute, and the author of a monograph on the "Arachnides, or Spiders of the United States," published by the Boston society of natural history (Boston, 1875). — His wife, Caroline Lee, author, b. in Lancaster, Mass., 1 June, 1800 ; d. in Marianna, Fla., 11 Feb., 1856, was a daughter of Gen. John Whiting, and married Mr. Hentz in 1824. While at Covington, Ky., Mrs. Hentz, who had written a poem, a novel, and a tragedy before she was twelve years old, competed for a prize of $500 that had been offered for a play by the di- rectors of the Arch street theatre in Philadelphia. The prize was awarded to her for the tragedy of " De Lara, or the Moorish Bride," which was pro- duced on the stage,' and afterward published in book-form. "Lamorah, or the Western Wild," another tragedy, was acted at Cincinnati and pub- lished in a newspaper at Columbus, Ga. " Con- stance of Werdenberg," a third, remained unpub- lished. She was the author of numerous short poems, and a voluminous writer of tales and nov- elettes that were published in periodicals and newspapers, and many of them afterward collected into volumes. She was successful in depicting the phases of southern social life. Her first two books, which were the most extensively read of her pro- ductions, were "Aunt Pattv's Scrap-Bag " (Phila- delphia, 1846) and "The Mob Cap" (1848). Her other tales include " Linda, or the Young Pilot of the Belle Creole" (1850); "Rena, or the Snow HEPBURN HERBERT 179 Bird " (1851) ; " Marcus Warland, or the Long Moss Spring " (1852) ; " Wild Jack, or the Stolen Child " (1853) ; " Helen and Arthur, or Miss Thusa's Spin- ning-Wheel" (1853): "The Planter's Northern Bride " (1854) ; " Love after Marriage, and other Stories " (1854) ; " The Lost Daughter " ; " Robert Graham, a Sequel to ' Linda ' " (1856) ; and " Ernest Linwood " (1856). Mrs. Hentz was the author of a novel called " Lovell's Folly," the purpose of which was to show the incorrectness of the prejudices entertained against each other by northern and southern people. A sketch of her life, by the Rev. William C. Langdon, was prefixed to "Linda." — Their daughter, Julia L., b. at Chapel Hill, N. C, in 1829 ; d. in 1879, was educated by her par- ents, and in 1846 married, at Tuskegee, Dr. J. W. Keyes, with whom she removed to his home in Florida. Before and after her marriage she wrote short poems, most of which were never published. In 1857 she removed with her husband to Mont- gomery, Ala. Dr. Keyes became an officer in the Confederate army, and after the war took his family to Brazil, but returned in 1870 to Mont- gomery. In 1859 Mrs. Keyes wrote a prize poem entitled " A Dream of Locust Dell." A selection of her poems was published by her husband. — Another daughter, Caroline * Therese, b. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 22 Nov., 1833, was educated by her parents, and married Rev. James 0. Branch. She sent a series of letters from California to the " Southern Christian Advocate " in 1875, and has published many tales and sketches in magazines. HEPBURN, James Curtis, missionary, b. in Milton. Northumberland co., Pa., in 1815. He was graduated at Princeton in 1833, and at the medical department of the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1836. After practising in Norristown, Pa., he married and went as a medical missionary to China. The ports not being opened, he spent a year at Singapore, prior to five years of labor at Amoy. He returned to the United States in 1845, and settled in New York city, but in 1859 aban- doned a large practice to go as missionary to Japan. Settling at Kanagawa, he has been engaged, with few interruptions, in daily dispensary work, as well as in translation of the Holy Scriptures, in philan- thropic and literary labors, and especially in lexi- cography. In the autumn of 1872 the mikado accepted from his hands a copy of the Bible — an event of profound significance, and so felt by the Japanese. He has published a " Japanese-English and English - Japanese Dictionary " in Roman, kata-kana Japanese, and Chinese characters (1867 : 2d ed., with grammar, 1872 ; 3d ed., 1886). The finished work includes the archaic words of the most ancient texts, besides the expanded vocabulary which the amazing progress of new Japan has necessitated. All other dictionaries of Japanese vocables, in other languages, are based on this American scholar's monument of industry, which he created from materials that were gathered by himself, or by natives trained under his own eye. HEPWORTH, George Hughes, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass., 4 Feb., 1833. He studied theology at Cambridge, Mass., where he was graduated in 1855. His first pastorate was in the Unitarian congregation at Nantucket, Mass., from 1855 till 1857. In 1858 he became pastor of the Church of the Unity, Boston, with which he remained con- nected until 1870. In 1862 he took temporary leave of his church, serving at first as chaplain with the 47th Massachusetts regiment in Louisiana. In 1863 he was transferred to the staff of Gen. Banks, and at the end of that year returned to his congregation in Boston. In 1870 Mr. Hepworth left the Church of the Unity and spent part of the year in Cambridge as a resident graduate, at the same time preaching on Sunday evenings in the Boston theatres. In 1870 he was invited to fill the pulpit of the Church of the Messiah, New York city. Here he remained nearly two years, but in the autumn of 1872 delivered a farewell sermon, in which he declared himself a believer in the divinity of Christ. He then formed a new Presbyterian congregation, the Church of the Dis- ciples, and continued for several years with his followers. Subsequently Mr. Hepworth minis- tered to different congregations in New Jersey. He has recently left the pulpit, and is now (1887) a journalist connected with the " New York Her- ald." His published works include " Whip, Sword, and Hoe " (Boston, 1864) ; " The Little Gentleman in Green" (1865); "Rocks and Shoals" (1870); " Lectures to Young Men " (1870) ; " Christ and his Church " (New York, 1872) ; " Starboard and Port " (1876) ; and a story that has for its title three ex- clamation-marks, " ! ! ! " (New York, 1885). HERAULD, Andr6, French scientist, b. in Dijon in 1662 : d. in Versailles in 1724. The Paris academy of sciences having invited Louis XIV. to send a mission to Mexico in 1706, Huet proposed Herauld, who sailed from Brest on the frigate " La Vaillante " in May, 1706, landing in Mexico in July. He immediately began his explorations, and in two years collected 900 botanical and over 1,200 mineralogical specimens. Returning to France in 1709, his vessel was captured by the English, who confiscated his collections and took him to Plym- outh as a prisoner. The Academy of Paris com- plained to the Royal institute of London, and Herauld obtained the restitution of his collections in 1719. He devoted the remainder of his life to arranging them, and left them by his will to the Academy of sciences, which afterward gave them in part to the Jardin des plantes and the Museum of natural history. Herauld published " Flore de la Nouvelle Espagne" (6 vols., with illustrations and charts, Paris, 1722) ; " Les plantes medicinales de la Nouvelle Espagne " (with illustrations, 1721) ; and "Plan de mineralogie du royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne" (1723). HERBERMANN, Charles George, educator, b. near Munster, Westphalia, 8 Dec, 1840. He came to the U/nited States with his parents at the age of ten, and was graduated at St. Francis Xa- vier's college, New York city, in 1858. After teach- ing there for several vears, he was appointed in 1869 professor of Latin in the College of the city of New York, and was made librarian there in 1873. He received the degree of LL. D. from St. Francis Xavier in 1884. He has published " Busi- ness Life in Ancient Rome" (New York. 1880), and an edition of Sallust's " Jugurtha" (1886). and is a frequent contributor to the "Catholic Quar- terlv Review " and other periodicals. HERBERT, Henry William, author, b. in London, England, 7 April, 1807 ; d. in New York citv, 17 May, 1858. His father, Rev. William Herbert, was" a cousin of the -Earl of Carnarvon. The son was graduated at Oxford in 1829, with honors. In the winter of the following year, having lost his property through the dishonesty of a trustee, he came to the United States^ and after teaching the classics in Newark. N. J., in 1831 became Greek and Latin preceptor in a classical institute in New York city, where he taught for about eight years, devoting his leisure hours to writing. His 'first literary efforts were essays, which were sent anonymously to the lead- ing weeklies, but rejected when payment was de- 180 HERBERT HERBST manded for them. Irritated by this, and especial- ly by the return of a carefully prepared article offered to the " Knickerbocker Magazine," he soon afterward established the "American Monthly Magazine," the editorship of which he finally trans- ferred to Charles Fenno Hoffman. His first novel, entitled " The Broth- ers, a Tale of the Fronde " (1834), was issued anonymously at the urgent request of the publishers. It was well received by the critics of the day, and attributed to G. P. R. James, Gilmore Simms, Theodore S. Fay, and to other na- tive as well as for- eign novelists. But the financial reward for so much labor disheartened the au- thor, and he resolved to begin the study of law, and to practise it as a profession. In order to do this, as he soon discovered, he must become an American citizen, and he would not do this, notwithstanding his strong desire to be regarded as an American in sentiment and sympathy. Be- tween 1837 and 1855 he published various novels, but afterward devoted himself to historical com- position. He was an enthusiastic sportsman, and was the first in this country to give prominence to that department of literature. Under the pen- name of " Frank Forester " he wrote largely for sporting papers, issuing also several works on hunt- ing and fishing. He was also industrious as a translator. During the last twelve years of his life, Mr. Herbert's home was midway between Newark and Belleville, N. J., on the banks of the Passaic, where he owned three quarters of an acre of land, with a cottage. This spot he called " The Cedars," and here after the death of his first wife in 1846 he lived most of the time alone, surrounded by his dogs, of which he was very fond. In Feb- ruary, 1858, he married again, and about three months afterward his wife, influenced by reports concerning his former dissipation, left him, and notified him through the newspapers that she had applied for a divorce. Thereupon he ordered a grand dinner to be served in his rooms in New York city, and invited to it his friends of olden times, only one of whom, however, accepted. After dinner Herbert rose from the table, placed himself before a full-length mirror, and, taking aim from the reflection in the glass, shot himself through the heart. His body was carried back to " The Cedars," and thence through his private gate, which opened into Mount Pleasant cemetery, he was borne to his grave only a few hundred yards from his cottage. A plain stone marks the spot, and on it is carved, according to his wishes, the word Infelicissimus. A movement has been set on foot to erect a monument to his memory. His novels include " Cromwell " (2 vols., New York, 1837) ; " Marmaduke Wyvil " (1843) ; " The Roman Traitor " (2 vols., Baltimore, 1846) ; " The Puritans of New England: A Historical Ro- mance of the Days of Witchcraft " (1853), which was subsequently issued under the title of " The Puritan's Daughter " (Philadelphia). His last ro- mance was the " Saxon Serf," which first appeared as a serial, and when completed was reprinted in book-form under the title of " Sherwood Forest " (1855). His historical works are " The Captains of the Old World " (New York, 1851) ; " The Cava- liers of England," and " The Knights of England " (1852) ; '■ The Chevaliers of France " (1853) ; " Per- sons and Pictures from French and English His- tory," and " The Captains of the Great Roman Re- public " (1854) ; and " Memoirs of Henry VIII. and his Six Wives " (1855). A companion volume, en- titled " The Royal Marys of Mediaeval History," was fully completed at the time of his death, but unfortunately fell into the hands of a money-lender to whom he had hypothecated it, chapter by chap- ter, as the work progressed. It probably went to the junk-dealer, for it has not yet been found. His books on outdoor sports include " The Field Sports of the United States and British Provinces of North America," with illustrations by himself (2 vols., 1848); "Fish and Fishing of the United States and British Provinces " (1849) ; " Frank For- ester and his Friends " (London, 1849) ; " Warwick Woodlands," a series of sketches that he had con- tributed in 1839 to the " American Turf Register " (New York) ; three collections of articles that had appeared in "Graham's Magazine," entitled "My Shooting-Box" (1846); "American Game in its Season " (1853) ; and "The Deerstalkers"; "Com- plete Manual for Young Sportsmen " (1852) ; and " Horse and Horsemanship in North America " (2 vols., 1857), a large and costly work, the practical portions of which he condensed into a small vol- ume, entitled " Hints to Horsekeepers " (1859). As a translator, Mr. Herbert was very industrious. With the exception, however, of the " Prometheus and Agamemnon " of .ZEschylus, done mostly for amusement (1849), his translations were chiefly from the French, and consisted of five of the romances- of Eugene Sue, with two or three of those of Alexander Dumas, and Weiss's " Protestant Refu- gees " (1854) ; " Fugitive Sporting Sketches, edited by Will Wildwood," appeared in 1879, and his " Poems," edited bv Morgan Herbert, are in press (1887). David W. Judd is also editing the " Life and Writings of Frank Forester," to comprise ten volumes, two of which have been issued in New York. See "Frank Forester's Life and Writ- ings," by Col. Thomas Picton (1881). HERBETTE, Andr6 Paul, French iconog- rapher, b. in Santo Domingo in 1769 ; d. in Paris in 1817. He served in garrison at Santo Domingo, 1787-91, and afterward establishing himself in the island of Tortugas, made a rich collection of plants. He left Tortugas in 1798 for the United States, was- employed as a master of design in Harvard college, and accompanied Humboldt and Bonpland to Paris in 1802. There, with Poiteau and Turpin, Herbette was given the task of illustrating Humboldt's pub- lications concerning America, and had exclusive charge of the iconography, 1803-'ll. He also con- tributed designs to botanical periodicals in Ger- many, France, and England, and published "Apercu sur la situation politique de Saint Do- mingue " (Paris, 1809 ; 2d ed., with charts, revised, 1817); "Traite d'iconographie vegetale des Antil- les " (2 vols., 180?) ; and " Dictionnaire raisonne d'iconographie vegetale" (1815). Humboldt ac- knowledges his obligations to Herbette. HERBST, John, Moravian bishop, b. in Kemp- ten, Germany, 23 Julv, 1735 ; d. in Salem, N. 0., 15 Jan., 1812. He came in 1786 to the United States, where, after serving for twenty-five years- the churches at Lancaster and Lititz, Pa., he was, although nearly seventy-six years of age, conse- crated, 12 May, 1811, to the episcopacy, and ap- pointed the presiding bishop of the southern dis- trict of the Moravian church. HERDONANA HERLNG 181 HERDOXANA, Antonio Modesto, Mexican clergyman, b. in Tepeapulco, Mexico, 12 Feb., 1709 ; d. in Puebla de Los Angeles, 31 May, 1758. He became a member of the Jesuit order on 1 June, 1730, and devoted himself to the ministry of the Indians in the city of Mexico, where he lived twenty-four years. He founded the College of St. Francis Xavier in Puebla de Los Angeles for the training of Jesuit missionaries to the Indians, and built in Mexico the College of St. Mary of Gua- deloupe for Indian girls. He wrote "Constitu- ciones para el Colegio de Indias doncellas de Ntra Sra de Guadelupe de Mejico," " Consultas al Rmo P. Ignacio Visconti, General de la Compania de Jesus," " Carta al Rmo P. General de la Comp. de Jesus Luis Centurione." and " Representaciones al Arzobispo y a la Real Audiencia de Mejico, sobre la f undacion del Colegio para las Indias." HEREDIA, Jose Maria de (ay-ray'-dee-ah), Cuban author, b. in Santiago de Cuba, 31 Dec, 1803 ; d. in Mexico in May, 1839. His early years were spent in travelling with his parents in Cuba, Florida, Santo Domingo, Venezuela, and Mex- ico. In 1817 he went to Havana, where his studies were completed. He was admitted to the bar in 1823, and in the same year, on account of his po- litical and liberal ideas, he was banished to the United States. There he published a volume of poems (New York, 1825 ; new ed., enlarged, 2 vols., 1832), which made his name at once famous as a lyrical poet in every Spanish-speaking country. In the same year he was called by President Victo- ria to Mexico, and practised law there till the end of his life, filling several high offices. His trag- edy " Sila " was performed in 1826, " Tiberio " in 1827, and "Los ultimos romanos" in 1829. The poems of Heredia have passed through numerous editions in Spain as well as in the Spanish-American countries, and have been translated, totally or par- tially, into English, French, Italian, German, and Portuguese. The best Spanish critics, like Lista, Quintana, Bello, Canete, Canovas del Castillo, and Menendez Pelayo, have paid high tributes to his lyrical talent ; while French and English writers, like Villemain, Ampere, De Mazade, Kennedy, and Longfellow, have also bestowed their praises on the Cuban poet. There has been recently a move- ment in Cuba for the erection of a monument to his memory. Heredia also published "Lecciones de Historia Universal " (4 vols., 1830-'l), and trans- lations in verse of Alfieri's "Saul," Chenier's " Cayo Graco," Ducis's " Abufar," Voltaire's " Ma- homet," and Crebillon's " Atreo y Thiestes." HEREDIA, Pedro de, Spanish soldier, b. in Madrid in the last quarter of the 15th century ; d. •at sea in 1555. In his youth he killed three noble- men in a brawl, and was obliged to leave Madrid, taking refuge in Santo Domingo, where he in- herited some property. In 1526 he was appointed to supersede the governor of Santa Marta, and went to the American continent, where he soon dis- tinguished himself in the numerous battles against the Indians. Heredia went to Spain and obtained, in 1532, from Charles V., permission to explore and possess the territory from the river Magdalen to the Atrato, as far inland as the equator. With three vessels and about 100 men, he sailed from Spain, touched at Hispaniola, where, from his es- tates, he obtained more men and a supply of horses, and on 15 Jan., 1533, reached the coast of what was then called the province of Calamari, entering, in 11° N., a port which he called Cartagena de las Indias, and on a small island, Codego, he laid, on 21 Jan., the foundations for the city of that name. After defeating the Indians in the battles of Ca- nopote and Turvaco, he conquered a large terri- tory, and founded the cities of San Sebastian de Buena Vista, Santiago de ToM, and Villa Maria. In 1535 he had a disagreement with the newly elected bishop, Tomas de Toro, and was accused of appropriating the treasure found in the Indian villages without accounting to the crown for its share. He was tried and sent as a prisoner to Spain. But the council of India exonerated him, and he soon returned to his government. Hearing that Antioquia, which he claimed as belonging to his dominions, was occupied by Benalcazar's troops, he marched against them ; but on 4 March, 1542, was taken prisoner and sent to Panama for trial. The judges acknowledged his right, and he was liberated. On 27 July, 1543, the French fleet took Cartagena by surprise. Heredia fled to the woods, and the city was plundered. A special commis- sioner was sent to investigate the government of New Granada, Heredia was accused of malfea- sance, was again deposed, and in 1556 was sent as a prisoner to Spain on the fleet commanded by Ad- miral Cosme Rodriguez Farfan, which was lost on the coast of Africa. HEREFORD, Frank, senator, b. in Fauquier county, Va., 4 July, 1825. He received a liberal education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. After beginning practice in Virginia he re- moved to California, where from 1855 till 1857 he was district attorney of Sacramento county. He afterward settled in West Virginia, was elected to congress, and twice re-elected, serving from 4 March, 1871, to 4 Dec, 1876, when he took his seat in the U. S. senate, having been appointed in the place of Allen T. Caperton, deceased. He was elected by the legislature for the remainder of the term, which expired in 1881. HERINCr, Constantin, phvsieian, b. in Oschatz, Saxony, 1 Jan., 1800 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 July, 1880. He studied medicine at Leipsic, at Wiirz- burg, where he was graduated as doctor of medi- cine, obstetrics, and surgery in 1826, and at the surgical academy in Dresden. Having been en- gaged to write a book confuting homoeopathy, he read Hahnemann's works, became a convert, sought out the author, and became his personal friend. He was for a time instructor in mathe- matics and natural science in Berckmann's insti- tute, Dresden, and was sent by the king of Saxony to Surinam to make botanical and zoological col- lections. After practising medicine for a time in Paramaribo he sailed for Philadelphia, where he arrived in January, 1833. There he founded a homoeopathic school, the first of its kind in any country. From 1845 till 1869 he filled the chairs of institutes of medicine and materia medica in the Philadelphia college of homoeopathy. He de- voted much study to cures for the bites of venom- ous serpents and for hydrophobia, and developed many of Hahnemann's theories. He was joint editor of the " Medical Correspondent " (Allen- town, 1835-6), of the " Miscellanies of Homoeopa- thy" (Philadelphia, 1839), of the "North American Homoeopathic Quarterly" (New York, 1851 -'2), and of the "Homoeopathic News" (1854), and founded and edited the "American Journal of Homoeopathic Materia Medica." He published many books in both German and English, includ- ing " Rise and Progress of Homoeopathy " (Phila- delphia, 1834), which was translated into several languages : " Condensed Materia Medica " ; " Effects of Snake Poison " (1837) ; " Guiding Symptoms and Analytical Therapeutics " ; " Hering's Domestic Physician " (6th ed., 1858) ; and " American Drug Provings " (vol. i., Leipsic, 1853). 182 HERIOT HERKIMER HERIOT, George, Canadian statesman, b. in the island of Jersey, 2 Jan., 1766 ; d. in Drum- mondville, Canada, *30 Dec, 1844. He emigrated to Canada, and was a clerk in the ordnance de- partment at Quebec in 1799. He was deputy postmaster-general of British North America in 1800-'6, and was appointed first postmaster-gen- eral of British North America in 1774. He par- ticipated in several battles during the war of 1812-'15, was second in command under De Sala- berry at Chateauguay, and was made a C. B. as a recognition of his services. He was deputy for the county of Drummond from 1830 till 1834, a pro- vincial aide-de-camp, and was promoted major- general in 1841. He was the author of a (i De- scriptive Poem," written in the West Indies (Lon- don. 1781) ; " History of Canada " (2 vols., London, 1804) : and " Travels through the Canadas " (1807). His history is taken largely from Charlevoix's. HERKIMER, Nicholas, soldier, b. about 1715; d. in Danube, N. Y., 16 Aug., 1777. His name, as commonly written, is an anglicized form of the German Herchheimer. His father, a native of the Rhine Palatinate, was one of the patentees of the tract called Burnet's field, in what is now Herkimer county, N. Y. Nicholas became at the age of thirty a lieutenant of militia, and was in command at Fort Herkimer when the French and Indians attacked German Flats in 1758. He after- ward lived in the Canajoharie district, was com- missioned colonel in 1775, became chairman of the committee of safety of Tryon county, and a year later was made a brigadier-general in the New York militia. He was a man of energetic charac- ter, and one of the most prominent and widely respected of the German citizens of the province, and by identifying himself with the popular cause contributed an element of strength to the move- ment throughout central New York. He had be- come schooled in the methods of Indian fighting in the French war. In 1776 he led an expedition against Sir John Johnson's force of Tories and Indian allies. His alert and vigorous nature is exemplified in the following curious order, the spelling of which proves that his accmaintance with the English language was very slight : " Ser yu will orter your bodellyen do rnerchs Immie- dietlih do ford edward weid for das brofiesen and amonieschen fled for on betell. Dis yu will disben yur berrell from frind Nicolas herchheimer. To Carnell pieder bellinger, ad de plats, ochdober 18, 1776 " [Sir : You will order your battalion to march immediately to Fort Edward, with four days' provisions and ammunition fit for one bat- tle. This you will disobey at your peril. From your Mend, Nicolas Herchheimer. To Colonel Peter Bellinger, at the Flats, October 18, 1776]. After the fall of Ticonderoga and the retreat of Gen. Schuyler to the Hudson, Burgoyne threat- ened to capture Albany and join his forces with Howe's in the east. When the co-operating force, led by Col. Barry St. Leger, and consisting of British regulars, New York loyalists, and Brant's Indians, had invested Fort Schuyler, or Fort Stan- wix, as it was originally called, which stood near the present site of Rome, N. Y., Herkimer marched to the relief of the latter place at the head of the militia of Tryon county. St. Leger's force, which had marched up the St. Lawrence, crossed over to Oswego, and passed through the Mohawk valley. It consisted of about 800 white troops and 1,000 Indians, while Col. Gansevoort had only 750 men in Fort Schuyler. Gen. Herkimer, when setting out for the relief of the garrison, sent word to Col. Gansevoort, in order that he might arrange a sortie at the moment when the relieving force came up. The plan failed, because the militia were delayed in the march. Herkimer decided then to move cautiously, but allowed his judg- ment to be swayed by the reproaches of the younger officers. Col. St. Leger had knowledge of Herkimer's approach, and sent a detachment to intercept the militia, who were 1,000 strong. As they advanced in hasty march through a wooded ravine near Oriskany, the British regulars in ambush at the other end and the Indians on both sides opened fire. The rear-guard of the Americans, cut off from the main body, was dispersed, many of them were taken prisoners, and the supply -train was captured. Herkimer's horse was killed, and he was severely wounded. His subordinates urged him to retire, but he, declaring that he would face the enemy, seated himself be- neath a tree, and issued his orders while smoking a pipe. His men, experienced in Indian warfare, separated into groups of two or three, and sought the shelter of trees and rocks. After a long and obstinate fight, and an impetuous sally from the fort, led by Col. Willett, the In- dians retreated, and after them the British troops. The intelligence of the approach of another re- lief party caused St. Leger to raise the siege and hasten back to Canada soon after the battle. About one third of the militia fell on the battle- field, and as many more were mortally wounded or carried into captivity. Herkimer was carried on a litter to his house, thirty-five miles away. The wound that he had received in the leg ren- dered amputation necessary, but the operation was unskilfully performed, and he died ten days afterward. Congress, in October, 1777, ordered a monument to his memory, but it was not erected. In 1827 Gov. De Witt Clinton urged on the New York legislature the duty of building a monument, to the hero of Oriskany, but the bill failed. He repeated the suggestion in his last annual message in 1828, with the same result. In 1844 Judge William Campbell, author of the- " Annals of Tryon County," sought without suc- cess an appropriation from congress to redeem the pledge of the old congress. He renewed the- proposition in the succeeding congress, supported by a petition from the New York historical soci- ety. After the centennial celebration of the bat- tle of Oriskany, the Oneida historical society, pre- sided over by Horatio Seymour, brought the sub- ject again to the attention of congress, and §4,100 was voted, being the original appropriation of $500, with simple interest. The sum was in- creased to §10,000 by private subscriptions and an additional appropriation made by the New York legislature in 1882. The foundation is of lime- stone, and the pedestal and obelisk of granite. The total height of the monument is 85 feet. On each side of the pedestal is a bronze tablet 6 by 4£ feet. One represents the wounded general direct- ing the battle; another the conflict between In- dians and white men ; another contains the dedi- cation ; and the fourth the names of 250 out of the 800 men in the battle. These tablets were the work of the National fine art foundry of New York city. (See illustration above.) — His nephew, John, jur- ist, b. in Herkimer county, N. Y., in 1773 ; d. in HERMAN HERNANDEZ 183 Danube, N. Y., 8 June, 1848, was a member of the state house of representatives from 1800 till 1808, and as major in the war of 1812 commanded a bat- talion of New York volunteers in the defence of Saekett's Harbor on 29 May, 1813. For several years he was a judge of the circuit court, resid- ing at Danube. He was elected to congress as a Democrat in 1816. After removing to Meriden, N. Y., he was again sent to congress in 1822, and re-elected for the following term.' HERMAN, John Gottlieb, Moravian bishop, b. in Niesky, Prussia, 18 Nov., 1789 ; d. in Missouri, 20 July, 1854. He was educated at the college and the theological seminary of the Moravian church in Germany. He came to the United States in 1817, and labored for twenty-seven years in vari- ous capacities, among others as principal of the Brown boarding-school for boys at Nazareth, Pa. Having been elected to the supreme executive board of the Moravian church in 1844, he returned to Europe, where he was consecrated to the epis- copacy, 27 Sept., 1846. In that same year he went out on a protracted official visit to the missions in the West Indies. Two years later, in 1848, the general synod of the entire Moravian church, a body composed of bishops, other clergy, and lay delegates from many parts of the world, met at Herrnhut, in Saxony. Of this synod Bishop Her- man was chosen president. But the longer he remained in Germany the more he was dissatis- fied. He longed for his adopted country, and in the following year returned to the United States as the presiding bishop of the southern district. In 1854 he undei'took an official visit to the mission in the Cherokee country. There being compara- tively few railroads in the south at that time, he travelled all the way in a private carriage. The hardships of this journey were too great for his waning strength. On the way back he died in a log-cabin in the wilderness of southwestern Mis- souri. Bishop Herman was noted for his earnest eloquence and for his genial social qualities. HERMSTAEDT, Nicholas Piet, Dutch mis- sionary, b. in Haarlem, Holland, in 1521 ; d. in Para, Brazil, in 1589. He was a Jesuit, went to Brazil in 1545, and prepared himself for missionary work among the Indians, meanwhile teaching in the college in Bakia. He was attached in 1551 to the mission of Pirahguinga, and distinguished himself by his energy and his success with the In- dians, who surnamed him Abare bebe (" the flying father ? '). He organized the Mamaluco half-breeds in a colony, which he named San Antonio, six miles from Pirahguinga, built a college, and trained some Mamalucos as assistants to the missionaries. His popularity with Indians increased as he learned the Tupi, a dialect of the Guarani language, which he spoke afterward more fluently than either Span- ish or Dutch. At the invitation of Meen de Saa', governor of Rio de Janeiro, he formed a battalion of Mamalucos, and marched, in 1558, against Yille- gaignon and his French forces, who occupied an island at the entrance of the bay of Rio de Janeiro. But the Tupinambos and Tomayos, allies of the French, invaded the Mamaluco territory, and Herm- staedt, returning for their protection, waged against the hostile Indians a bloody war, which lasted four years, 1558-'62, and was terminated by the treaty of Upabeba, in which the invaders agreed to leave the country. In 1574 Hermstaedt was appointed visitor to the missions between the rivers Plate and Amazon. He built several colleges in Per- nambuco and Rio de Janeiro, civilized and organ- ized the Aymaros, forming the villages of the Pa- pauaces in the province of Espiritu-Santo, and founded the city of Rerigtibo on the north bank of the Cabapuana. Hermstaedt is the author of " Arte da Grammatica mais usada na Costa do Bra- sil" (Lisbon, 1611). His "Drama ad extirpanda Brasilias vitia," "Annales ecclesiasti Brasilia^" and other works, were published in the " Biblio- theca Scriptorum Societatis Jesu " (Rome, 1677). HERNANDEZ, Francisco, Spanish naturalist, b. in Toledo, Spain, in 1530 ; d. in Madrid, 28 Jan., 1587. He was physician to Philip II., and was sent by him in 1572 to Mexico to study the plants and animals of that country. Hernandez wrote a large number of works on the natural history of Spanish America, some of which are still in manu- script in the library of the Escurial. Among his published works is " Francisci Hernandez rerum mediearum Novas Hispanias Thesaurus, seu Plan- tarum, Animalium, Mineralium Mexicanorum His- toria cum notis Joannis Terentii Lincsei " (Rome, 1648). This appears to be the same as a similar work in Spanish, entitled " Plantas y Animales de la Nueva Espaiia, y sus virtudes por Francisco Hernandez, y de Latin en Romance por Fr. Fran- cisco Ximenez " (Mexico, 1615). The title of the latter book indicates that it was at first written in Latin by Hernandez, and the Rome edition is an extract of the original work. HERNANDEZ, Joseph Marion, soldier, b. in St. Augustine, Fla, ; d. near Matanzas, Cuba, 8 June, 1857. When Florida was annexed to the United States he became an American citizen, and was elected the first delegate to congress from the territory of Florida, serving from 3 Jan., 1823, to 3 March, 1825. He was a member of the territorial house of representatives, and was chosen its pre- siding officer. He was a brigadier-general in the Florida militia, and during the war with the In- dians entered the U. S. service, and served from 1835 till 1838. The expedition that captured the Indian chief Osceola in 1837 was under his com- mand. He was appointed brigadier - general of mounted volunteers in July, 1837, and on 10 Sept., 1837, took part in an engagement with the Indians near Mosquito inlet. HERNANDEZ, Yicente, Spanish missionary, b. in Leon, Spain, about 1480 ; d. in Tlaltelolco, Mexico, in 1543. He was a Franciscan, and went to Hispaniola, in 1520 with Bishop Geraldini. Witnessing there the cruelties of the Spaniards toward the Caribs, which in a few years caused an almost total depopulation of the island, he took the part of the Indians, and strenuously opposed that policy. Hernandez lived several years among the Caribs, learned their language, and had gathered several thousand around his mission, when, in 1524, he was ordered to leave the country at once. He went to New Spain, and founded a convent of his order in Santiago de Tlaltelolco, for the sup- port of which he was given fourteen Indian villages. He also established a model garden for the benefit of the Indians, and that institution, called Tepe- tlaxtoc, soon became celebrated. Hernandez found that the condition of the Aztecs in New Spain was no better than that of the Caribs in Hispaniola, since the Spaniards treated them as slaves. He sought the help of the pope, and in company with Betanzos, provincial of Guatemala, sailed for Rome, where he laid his complaints before the holy father in 1535. Paulus HI. promulgated the celebrated bull "Yeritas Ipsa" (1537), in which he reminded the conquerors that Indians are men. The persecutions ceased for a time, but the conquerors revenged themselves by persecut- ing Hernandez on his return in 1538. He was accused of heresy, which brought about his death. 184 HERNDON HERRAN HERNDON, Mary Eliza, author, b. in Fa- yette county, Ky., 1 March, 1820. She was a daughter of Beverly A. Hicks, an educator, taught in Bowling Green, and married Reuben Herndon, and for her second husband Lundsford Chiles. She published " Louisa Elton," a reply to " Uncle Tom's Cabin" (Philadelphia, 1853), and subse- quently " Bandits of Italy " and other novels ; also a volume of " Select Poems." HERNDON, William Lewis, naval officer, b. in Fredericksburg, Va., 25 Oct., 1813 ; lost at sea, 12 Sept., 1857. He entered the navy as midship- man in 1828, and was promoted passed midship- man in 1834 and lieutenant in 1841. He served on various cruising-stations and was actively em- ployed during the Mexican war. After three years of duty at the naval observatory he was sent to the south Pacific station, where in 1851 he received orders detaching him from his ship, and directing him to explore the valley of the Amazon to ascer- tain its commercial resources and capabilities. He started from Lima, and crossed the Cordilleras in company with Lieut. Lardner Gibbon, who sepa- rated from him to explore the Bolivian tributaries, while Herndon followed the main trunk of the Amazon to its mouth, returning to the United States in 1852. The report of this expedition was published by the government in two volumes, of which Herndon wrote vol. i., li Explorations of the Valley of the River Amazon " (Washington, 1853). This work was extensively circulated, and is still cited in works on ethnology and natural history. In 1855 he was made commander. He took service in the line of mail-steamers plying between New York and the Isthmus of Panama. On Tuesday. 8 Sept., 1857, he left Havana in command of the " Central America " (an old steamer, formerly named the " George Law "), carrying a large number of passengers returning from California and gold amounting to $2,000,000. The ship encountered a cyclone in the edge of the Gulf stream, and her lack of water-tight bulkheads and general unsea- worthiness allowed water to extinguish the fires, so that steam could not be used to keep the ship un- der control or to pump her out after Friday noon. The next day a small brig was signalled to stand by, and all the women and children were trans- ferred to her in the three remaining boats. Hern- don kept the boats from being overloaded, and preserved order on board to the last. He sent his watch to his wife, saying that he could not leave the ship while there was a soul on board. He took his station on the paddle-box when the ship was seen to be sinking, and made signals for assistance. At 8 p. M. the steamer went down. Some of those who remained on deck were picked up by passing vessels, after clinging to spars, but Hern- don and 426 others were lost. His devotion to duty excited general admiration, and led his brother officers to erect a fine monument to his memory at the naval academy in Annapolis. A daughter of Commander Herndon became the wife of Chester A. Arthur, who was afterward president of the United States. HERON, Matilda, actress, b. near London- derry, Ireland, 1 Dec, 1830; d. in New York city, 7 March, 1877. She came to this country in early childhood, with her parents, who settled in Philadelphia. In that city Miss Heron studied for the stage, under the tuition of Peter Richings, and made her first appearance at the Walnut street theatre on 17 Feb., 1851, as Bianca in Dean Milman's play of " Fazio." In 1852 she went to St. Louis, and in 1853 played with success in San Francisco, although her manager had died during fiza&^X&LZ^ the voyage, and she was without friends and un- known even by reputation when she arrived in that city. From California, in 1854, Miss Heron came to New York city, where her success was confirmed. Thereafter she appeared throughout the country, and, returning to New York in 1857, was much admired at Wallack's theatre as Camille. In the same year she married Robert Stoe- pel, a German musi- cian of note, from whom she afterward separated. In 1861 Miss Heron played in London at the Ly- ceum theatre with English audiences, making her debut there as Rosalie Lee in "New- Year's Eve." She met with only qualified success, and in the year following returned to the Unit- ed States. Her last engagement was at Booth's theatre, in the winter of 1874-'5, where, among other characters, she es- sayed Lady Macbeth. Miss Heron's final appear- ance took place in April, 1876, as Medea, on the occasion of her daughter's benefit. The latter part of Miss Heron's life was spent obscurely in New York city, as a teacher of stage elocution. She was a remarkably emotional actress in sensational dramas, but was not successful in Shakespeare's characters. In " Medea," an adaptation from the Greek of Euripides, she was forcible ; but her one great success was in the part of Camille, which she performed for many years to crowded houses, and from it alone received about 8200.000. HERRAN, Jeronimo (er-rahn'), clergyman, b. in Spain in the latter part of the 18th century. The date of his death is unknown. He belonged to the Jesuit order, was sent to labor among the Indians of Paraguay, and afterward appointed procurator-general of the Paraguayan mission. His works are " Relacion Historial de las Misiones de los Indios. que llaman Chiquitos, que estan a cargo de los Padres de la Compania de Jesus en la Pro- vincia del Paraguay " (Madrid, 1726) ; " Letter of Father Herran to His Excellency the Marquis de Castel - Fuerte, Yieeroy of Peru, on the Events that happened among the Thirty Tribes who live under the Laws of the Jesuits" (Buenos Ayres, 1733) ; and two reports on missions that are pub- lished in " Lettres edifiantes et curieuses " (Paris, 1843). The works of Father Herran were trans- lated into German and published in the " Neue Weltbote," edited by Father Stocklein. HERRAN, Pedro Alcantara, Colombian sol- dier, b, in Bogota, 19 Nov., 1800 ; d. there, 26 April, 1872. He entered the military service when a boy, and participated in all campaigns from 1812 till 1828, and also in the victorious battles of Junin and Ayacucho, 6 Aug. and 9 Dec, 1824. In the latter he distinguished himself in a cavalry charge, ob- taining from Marshal Sucre the name of " the hus- sar of Ayacucho." After the war of independence he served with success during the struggle for the preservation of order, and in 1840 was pre- sented, by order of congress, with a sword. He was a leader of the Liberal party, and was a mem- ber of congress and secretary of war, of the interior, and of foreign relations. After subduing the revo- lution against the government of Marquez in 1841, he was elected president of the republic, and re- HERRERA HERRERA 185 mained in office till the end of 1845. From 1846 till 1849 he was minister at Washington, when he signed the treaty for the Panama railroad. He was afterward entrusted with a diplomatic mission to Costa Rica, and from 1853 till 1861 was again minister to the United States. HERRERA, Bartolom€ (er-ray'-rah), Peruvian R. C. bishop, b. in Lima, 24 Aug., 1808: d. in Are- quipa in 1864. In 1828 he was graduated at the University of San Marcos, where for three years he occupied the chair of philosophy and mathematics. In 1831 he was ordained priest, and, besides filling his duties as vice-rector of the College of San Car- los and professor of theology, he soon became known as one of the most eloquent pulpit orators. In 1834 he was appointed to the parish of Cajaeay, province of Cajatambo, and so distinguished him- self that the Archbishop of Lima made him his secretary-general in the visit to the archdiocese in 1836. Being next year a member of a commission to examine the new civil code, which attacked the clerical immunity, Dr. Herrera demonstrated, from documents and former conventions between the government and the church, the right of asylum in the temples. On returning to his parish at the end of 1837, he was prostrated by a long and serious sickness, and obtained leave to go to Lima, where he resided till 1840. when he obtained the parish of Lurin, province of Lima. There he was consulted, in 1842. by the victorious Gen. Yidal, who appointed him rector of the College of San Carlos. In 1846 he was elected canon of the cathedral, and in 1848 deputy to congress, which body chose him its president. In 1850 he was appointed councillor of state, and next year he undertook the formation of a cabinet, taking for himself the portfolio of justice, public worship, and instruction, and temporarily those of the interior and foreign relations. He took vigorous measures against the powerful party leaders and revolutionary chieftains, and estab- lished peace in the interior. Afterward, in order to settle the frequent disputes between the govern- ment and the church by means of a concordat, he accepted the mission to European governments. On his return in 1853, as the government refused to ratify the concordat negotiated by him, he re- tired from politics to his duties as rector of the College of San Carlos. In 1859 Gen. Castilla nomi- nated him for the bishopric of Arequipa, of which he took possession the same year. When in 1860 a modification of the constitution was proposed, he was elected to congress to defend the ultramontane Catholic principles and the rights of the church. He was again elected president of the lower house, and ably defended the church against the encroach- ments of the government ; but, when he saw that his ideas could not prevail, he retired again to the exercise of his episcopal duties. HERRERA, Jose Joaquin de, Mexican presi- dent, b. in Jalapa. in 1792 ; d. in Tacubaya, 10 Feb., 1854. He entered the military service at the age of seventeen, and took part with the Spanish army in the campaign against the revolutionary forces, notably in the battles of Aculco, Guanaju- ato, and Calderon. In 1814 he was promoted cap- tain, held for • ome time political and mditary com- mands, and after the advantages obtained by the insurgents on the Pacific coast retired to Perote, where he established a pharmacy. When inde- pendence was proclaimed by Iturbide, 24 Feb., 1821, Herrera was called by the officers of the regi- ment of grenadiers of Jalapa, who had pronounced for independence and deposed their colonel, to take command, and with them he took part in the final struggle against the Spanish forces, entered the capital. 27 Sept., 1821, and was promoted brig- adier-general. He took part in the overthrow of Iturbide in 1823, and in the following year was appointed secretary of war, and was afterward military commander of Jalapa, when a Spanish in- vasion was threatened. He participated in the revolution that over- threw the government of Bustamante in 1832, and during the presi- dency of Gomez Farias was twice called to the ministry of war, but after Bustamante had again become presi- dent, and during San- ta-Anna's first and sec- ond administrations, Herrera retired from politics. In 1844 he accepted the office of president of the su- preme court, and took charge of the executive after the resignation of Santa-Anna, 12 Sept., until the arrival of the provisional president. Gen. Canalizo, 21 Sept. But Canalizo was deposed and imprisoned by a military revolution. 6 Dec. and Herrera again took charge of the executive, and was afterward elected president. During his short ad- ministration, Santa- Anna, who had risen in rebel- lion, was taken prisoner, and confined in the fortress of Perote, and the difficulties with the United States regarding the annexation of Texas began. Her- rera from the beginning had favored the recog- nition of the independence of that state. This rendered him unpopular, and after an abortive insurrection in June, 1845. on 14 Dec, the com- mander-in-chief of the forces marching against Texas, Gen. Paredes, pronounced against the gov- ernment, which was seconded on the 30th by the forces of the capital under Gen. Valencia, and on that day Herrera resigned the executive and re- tired to" his home. During the invasion of the American army in 1847, Herrera served as second in command to Gen. Santa-Anna, and retired on 14 Sept. with part of the army toward Toluca. After the peace of Guadalupe ' Hidalgo. 2 Feb., 1848, the congress elected Herrera president. 30 May, and, after the evacuation of the capital by the" American forces, he took charge of the govern- ment. His administration was chiefly remarkable for economy, leniency toward his enemies, and thorough honesty. On 8 Jan., 1851, congress elected Gen. Mariano Arista president, and on the 15th of that month Herrera gave up the office to his successor, the change of government taking place for the first time in the history of Mexico in a constitutional manner, and without revolution. Herrera retired to his countrv-seat at Tacubava. HERRERA, Miguel da" Fonseca e S'ilva, Brazilian historian, b. in Para in 1763 ; d. in Bahia de Todos os Santos in 1822. He became a priest. and at his death was vicar of the cathedral of Bahia. He gathered an important collection of documents, which he bequeathed to the historical institute of Rio de Janeiro, which had presented him in 1820 with a gold medal. He published " Memorias historicas e politicas da provincia de Bahia " (3 vols., Bahia, 1815), a collection of rare documents, valuable to the historians of Brazil, and " Corographia Brasilica, seu Descripcao fisica, historica e politica do Brasil " (Bahia. 1819). 186 HERRERA HERRERA Y TORDESILLAS HERRERA, Nicolas, Uruguayan statesman, b. in Montevideo in 1780 ; d. there, 4 March, 1832. He studied law, and at the age of twenty-six was sent to Madrid by the municipality of Montevideo as their attorney-general at the court. He was present at the abdication of Charles IV. in Aran- juez, 1808, and, after the imprisonment of the Spanish kings by Napoleon, he went, as a member of the Spanish junta, to Bayonne ; but, seeing the uselessness of opposition, he returned to the river Plate, and took an enthusiastic part in the move- ment for independence in May, 1810. With Ber- nardino Rivadavia, he was appointed one of the secretaries of state, and in 1813 was sent on a mis- sion to the director of the Paraguayan government junta. Dr. Francia, which he accomplished satis- factorily. In 1814 he followed Gen. Carlos Maria Alvear in his campaign for the final overthrow of the Spanish dominion in Uruguay, happily finished in the capitulation of Montevideo, 20 June, and afterward sustained the policy of that general against Artigas ; but, when the power of the di- rector Alvear was overthrown by a revolution in April, 1815, Herrera fled to Brazil, where he was received with marked distinction at court.- In the endeavor to liberate his country from the oppres- sion of the dictator Artigas, and at the same time provide against a threatened re-conquest of Uru- guay by Spain, Herrera favored the occupation of the province by the Portuguese forces, on condi- tion of preserving the autonomy, in the mistaken hope that it would be easy, after finishing with Artigas and the danger of a Spanish invasion, to liberate the Banda Oriental again. With this hope he accompanied the invading army in 1816 as political secretary of the general-in-chief , Baron de Laguna. After the occupation of Montevideo, 20 Jan., 1817, he was appointed chief judge, and exercised great political influence ; but after the final overthrow of Artigas at Tacuarembo, 22 Jan., 1820, his hope of independence was defeated by the forced vote of annexation to Brazil, July, 1821, and he employed his official position, as far as possible, to the benefit of his oppressed country- men. The independence of Brazil in 1822 did not change the situation, and insurrectionary move- ments were continued, until on 19 April, 1825, Col. Lavalleja, with thirty-two Uruguayan refu- gees, landed near Soriano, and soon the whole prov- ince was in arms. On 25 Aug., independence from Brazil was declared, and the revolution continued, secretly assisted by the Argentine Republic. In consequence, Brazil declared war against the Ar- gentine, 4 Nov., 1825, and Herrera sympathized with the movement for independence, especially after his former chief, Alvear, had been appointed general commander of the liberating army. On 20 Feb., 1827, the Brazilian army was defeated at Ituzaingo, and the independence of Uruguay was recognized by the treaty of Rio de Janeiro, 28 Aug., 1828. Herrera was confirmed in his judicial functions, and afterward appointed diplomatical agent at the court of Brazil, where he obtained the recognition of the constitution of Uruguay. On his return he was elected to the senate, which office he held until his death. HERRERA Y CABRERA, Hesiderio (er- ray'-rah), Cuban educator, b. in Havana, Cuba, in 1792 ; d. there in 1856. He studied in his native city, and afterward devoted himself to teaching and journalism. He published " Agrimensura Cu- bana," a work that was much praised in Spain (1834) ; " Observaciones cientificas " (Havana, 1843), which Arago deemed worthy to be translated and published (Paris, 1843) ; " Huracanes de la isla de Cuba " (1847, English and French translations) ; " Topografia medica de Cuba," " Lecciones de Agri- mensura," " Vindicacion del sabio espafiol Don Jorge Juan," a treatise on " Meteorology," and memoirs and pamphlets, chiefly scientific. HERRERA Y OLALLA, Alonso de, Spanish soldier, b. in Agudo, Spain, about 1500 ; d. in New Granada about 1580. In 1534 he resolved to go to Venezuela with Jorge de Spire, leaving his wife and children in Spain. He met Federmann (q. v.) in Coro, and went with him to New Granada, where he remained. He was not long in Santa Fe before the Indians of Simijaca revolted, and he was commissioned with Cespedes to reduce them to subjection. The Indians held a strong position on a rock, and defended themselves vigorously. De- termined to dislodge them, Herrera climbed the steep amid a shower of stones. He had already reached the middle of it when he was struck by a stone and huiied down a distance of more than three hundred feet. His fall was broken by the branches of some trees, but he was injured, and he did not recover for two years. The spot still bears his name, and is called " Olalla's Leap." After his recovery, he headed an expedition against the na- tives of Tocaima, Pamplona, and Mariquilo, whom he conquered. He also reduced the natives of Bituima to subjection at his own expense and without bloodshed. He next subdued the inhabi- tants of the present department of La Palma, and, having pacified the entire country between Honda and Bogota, he made also, at his own expense, a road between these two points thirty leagues in length. After building a village on this highway he undertook the conquest of the Valle dela Plata and Moquinque with 150 men. The enterprise was successful, but he died on the return march. HERRERA Y TORDESILLAS, Antonio de, Spanish historian, b. in Cuellar, Spain, in 1559 ; d. in Madrid, 29 March, 1625. The name of his father was Tordesillas, but he adopted that of his mother on reaching manhood. In 1579 he became private secretary to Vespasiano de Gonzaga, viceroy of Na- ples, which place he occupied till the death of the latter in 1591. Philip II. appointed him in 1592 historiographer of the Indies and Castille, and granted him a considerable pension. A short time before his death he was raised to the post of secre- tary of state. His most important work is " His- toria general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas y tierra firma del mar oceano " (4 vols., Madrid, 1601-'15 ; new ed., revised by Gonzalez Barcia, 5 vols., with engravings, 1729-'30). There is also an Antwerp edition (4 vols., 1728), but it is very impei'fect. Herrera's work covers a period of over sixty years. Although he never left Europe, the excellent material which he had at his disposal enabled him to write with exactness the history of the discovery of America, and of all that followed that event. " Of all the Spanish writers," says Robertson, in his " History of South America," " Herrera furnishes the fullest and most accurate information concerning the conquest of Mexico, as well as every other transaction of America. If, by attempting to relate the various occurrences in the New World in a strictly chronological order, the arrangement of events in his work had not been rendered so perplexed, disconnected, and obscure, that it is an unpleasant task to collect from differ- ent parts of his book and piece together the de- tached shreds of a story, he might justly have been ranked among the most eminent historians of his country." Herrera has been accused of using a bombastic style, of concealing some odious ac- tions of his countrymen, and of a love for the mar- HERRICK HERRICK 187 vellous. His work is an inexhaustible mine of facts, and writers who have treated the same sub- ject after him have taken him for their guide and model. The two first decades were translated into French by Nicolas de la Coste (3 vols., Paris, 1060-71). There is an English translation by- John Stevens (6 vols., London, 1725-'6). Herrera wrote " Descripcion de las Indias occidentales " (Madrid, 1001), which is also found at the end of the first edition of the preceding work. It was translated into Latin by Van Baerl, and inserted in the collection which he printed under the title " Novus orbis, sive Descriptio Indiae occidentalis " (Amsterdam, 1022). Herrera also wrote several other works dealing with European history. HERRICK, Anson, journalist, b. in Lewiston, Me., 21 Jan., 1812 ; d. in New York city, 5 Feb., 1868. His father was a representative in congress from Maine. The son received a common-school education, and at the age of fifteen was appren- ticed to a printer. In 1833 he established " The Citizen" at Wiscassett, Me., and in 1830 removed to New York city and worked as a journeyman printer till 1838, when he began the publication of the New York "Atlas," a weekly journal. In 1857 he was appointed naval store-keeper of the port of New York, and in 1802 was elected to con- gress as a Democrat, serving from 3 Dec, 1863, to 3 March, 1805. He was a delegate in 1800 to the National Union convention at Philadelphia. HERRICK, Edward Claudius, scientist, b. in New Haven, Conn., 24 Feb., 1811 ; d. there, 11 June, 1862. He received an academical education, be- came a bookseller in New Haven, and in 1843 was appointed librarian of Yale college. In 1852 he became treasurer of the college, and in 1858 re- signed the post of librarian. After the death of Prof. James L. Kingsley in 1852, he took charge of the preparation of the triennial catalogue, and the annual obituary records. He also had supervision of the college property. Aside from his duties in the college he took an active part in municipal politics, and filled various offices. He devoted himself with enthusiasm to the sciences of astrono- my and meteorology, and made important discov- eries, especially in relation to the periodical occur- rence of meteoric showers. He published in the " American Journal of Science " the results of his observations in these branches, notably papers on the meteoric showers of August, and on the exist- ence of a planet between Mercury and the sun ; also papers on entomological subjects, one of which, treating of the Hessian fly and its para- sites, was the fruit of nine years of patient inves- tigation. There is a stained-glass window to his memory in the Battell chapel of Yale. HERRICK, John Russell, clergyman, b. in Milton, Vt., 12 May, 1822. He was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1847, studied theol- ogy at Andover seminary for two years, and at the theological seminary in Auburn, N. Y., where he was graduated in 1852. He was pastor of a Con- gregationalist church at Malone, N. Y., from 1854 till 1867, when he became professor of systematic theology at Bangor, Me. In 1874 he returned to the pastorate, taking charge of a church in South Hadley, Mass. In 1880 Dr. Herrick became presi- dent of Pacific university at Forest Grove, Oregon, and in 1883 of the recently founded Dakota uni- versity in Vermillion, Dakota. He has contributed articles on theological and philosophical subjects to reviews, and published a volume of Boston lec- tures on '• Positivism " (Boston, 1870). HERRICK, Joshua, politician, b. in Beverly, Mass., 18 March, 1793 ; d. in Alfred, Me., 30 Aug., 1874. He received a common-school education, removed to the district of Maine in 1811, settled in Brunswick, engaged in lumbering on the An- droscoggin, and was interested in the first cotton- mill in Maine. In 1829 he was appointed by Presi- dent Jackson deputy collector and inspector of customs at Kennebunkport, which post he retained until 1841. He was a Democratic representative in congress in 1843-'5, deputy collector at Kenne- bunkport again in 1847-9, and register of probate in York county from 1849 till 1855. He was a friend of Prof. Samuel F. B. Morse, and one of the promoters of the first line of telegraph built between Washington and Baltimore in 1844. HERRICK, Samuel Edward, clergyman, b. in Southampton, N. Y., 6 April, 1841. He was graduated at Amherst in 1859, was a teacher two years, studied theology at Princeton seminary, where he was graduated in 1861, and was ordained pastor of the Presbyterian church at Wappinger's Falls, N. Y, on 13 Oct., 1863. From 1864 till 1871 he was pastor of a Congregational church at Chelsea, Mass., and afterward of the Mount Vernon church in Boston. He is the author of " Some Heretics of Yesterdav." historical essays (Boston, 1884). HERRICK, Sophie Mclhaine Bledsoe, edi- tor, b. in Oambier, Ohio, 26 March, 1837. She is the daughter of Dr. Albert T. Bledsoe, and in 1800 married James Burton Herrick. Her education was received first at home under the direction of her father, and then at the Cooper female institute in Dayton, Ohio. From 1808 till 1872 she was prin- cipal of a school in Baltimore. In 1874 she became associated with her father in the editorial manage- ment of the " Southern Review," becoming editor- in-chief in 1877. A year later she joined the edi- torial staff of " Scribner's Monthly " (now the " Century "). Mrs. Herrick is known as a skilful microscopist, and has described her investigations in numerous ai'ticles, illustrated by herself. She has published " The Wonders of Plant Life " (New York, 1883) and " Chapters in Plant Life " (1885). HERRICK, Stephen Solon, physician and surgeon, b. in West Randolph, Vt., 11 Dec, 1833. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1854, and taught in Kentucky and Mississippi till 1859. He then studied medicine, and was graduated M. D. at the University of Louisiana in 1801. He served as assistant surgeon in the Confederate army in 1862-'3, and afterward in the navy of the Confed- eracy till the end of the war, and then returned to New Orleans to practise. He was one of the edi- tors of the New Orleans "Medical and Surgical Journal " in 1866-7, visiting surgeon in the New Orleans charity hospital in 1865-'9, a member of the Louisiana board of health, and professor of chemistry in the New Orleans school of medicine in 1869- ; 70. For several years between 1870 and 1877 he was a sanitary inspector, and in 1877-9 inspector of coal-oil. In 1876 he became professor of chemistry and physics in the Agricultural and mechanical college of Louisiana, and retained that post for two years. In 1878 he resumed his edi- torial connection with the New Orleans " Medical Journal." In 1879 he became secretary of the state board of health. He has contributed to the medi- cal journals of New Orleans, Louisville, Philadel- phia, and New York, and in 1869 received a prize from the American medical association for an essay on " Quinine." The " Transactions " of the American public health association and of the American medical association contain papers by him ; also the " Transactions " of the Louisiana medical society, of which he became corresponding secretary in 1878. He has contributed also to 188 HERRING HERRMAN Wood's " Handbook of Hygiene and Public Health" and "Handbook of the Medical Sciences.'" — His brother, Lucius Carroll, physician, b. in West Randolph, Vt., 2 Sept., 1840, was graduated M. D. at the University of Vermont in 1864, served as a private and as assistant surgeon during the civil war, attended medical lectures, and served as at- tending physician at the Lying-in asylum and in dispensaries in New York city for two years. In 1869 he settled in Woodstock, Ohio, whence he re- moved to Columbus in 1882. He prepared a " Ge- nealogical Register of the Family of Herrick" printed privately, Columbus, 1885). HERRING, Elbert, jurist, b. in Stratford, Conn., 8 July, 1777 ; d. in New York city, 20 Feb., 1876. He was graduated at Princeton in i795, stud- ied law, and practised in New York city. Charles O'Conor was one of his law-students. He was judge of the marine court there from its establish- ment in 1805 till 1808, and a few years later was re-appointed. He was a friend of De Witt Clinton, who made him the first register of the state of New York in 1812, an office which he held for five years. In July, 1832, President Jackson appointed him the first commissioner of Indian affairs. He filled this post till July, 1836. A few years later he re- tired from active life, but remained hale till the end of his career of almost a century. HERRING, James, artist, b. in London, Eng- land, 12 Jan., 1794 ; d. in Paris, France, in October, 1867. His father emigrated to the United States in 1804, and became a brewer and distiller in the Bowery, New York. The son began by coloring prints "and maps, and removed to Philadelphia, where he entered into the business of coloring maps, but returned to New York, and settled in Chatham square as a portrait-painter. He illus- trated, with Longacre, American biography in the "National Portrait-Gallery " (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1834-'9).— His son, Frederick William, artist, b. in New York city, 24 Nov., 1821, studied art with his father and Henry Inman, and devotes his at- tention to portrait-painting. HERRMAN, Augustine, colonist, first Lord of Bohemia Manor, b. in Prague, Bohemia, about 1605; d. on Bohemia Manor, Md., in 1686. He was the son of Au- gustine Ephraim Herrman, council- man of Prague, and Beatrice, daughter of Caspar Redel, He received a good education, speaking German, Dutch, French, Spanish, English, and Latin, was a surveyor by pro- fession, skilled in sketching and drawing, and be- came an enterpris- ing merchant. He entered the ser- vice of the Dutch West India com- pany, and made voyages in their employ to the Antilles, Curacoa, and Surinam. He claimed to have been " the first founder of the Virginia tobac- co-trade," and so must have been in America at least as early as 1629. He also made successful experiments in planting indigo near New Amster- dam, where he settled in 1643. He was agent for the mercantile house of Gabry, of Amsterdam, and made several commercial voyages to Holland. He likewise became interested in privateering, and was one of the owners of the frigate " La Garce," en- gaged in depredations on Spanish commerce. He opposed Gov. Stuyvesant in some of his measures of self-aggrandizement at the expense of the set- tlers in New Netherland, and rendered important service to the colony. He was one of the board of nine men organized in 1647, and held that office in 1649 and 1650; one of the ambassadors to Rhode Island in 1652 ; and in the same capacity, in company with Resolved Waldron, was sent to Maryland in September, 1659. He kept a journal of their travels and proceedings in this service, and, with his associate, urged with great ability before the Maryland governor and his council the rights of the New Netherland government in oppo- sition to Lord Baltimore's claim to the South river. To the arguments then used, employed eighty years later in the interest of Penn, the existence of the present state of Delaware, as independent of Maryland, is mainly to be attributed. In 1660 Herrman visited Virginia, and in the same year transported his people from New Amsterdam to Maryland, obtaining in 1661 a charter from Lord Baltimore for the founding of Cecil town and county, and in 1662 (in consideration of his services in making a valuable map of Maryland and Vir- ginia) patents for a tract of land called Bohemia Manor, and one known as Little Bohemia, to which was added, in 1671, St. Augustine's Manor, includ- ing the territory east of the former, between St. George's and Appoquinimink creeks, to the shores of the Delaware. These liberal concessions from the proprietor embraced about 30,000 acres, and were accompanied with manorial privileges, and the title of " Lord " applied to the grantee. In 1684 he conveyed a tract of 3,750 acres to a company of Hollanders and others, who established a commu- nity of Labadists upon it. Herrman was a member of the governor's council and a justice of Baltimore county, and in 1678 was appointed a commissioner to treat with the Indians. He married Jannetje, daughter of Caspar and Judith Varleth, of Hol- land (afterward of New Netherland), and left issue. — Ephraim George, second Lord of Bohemia Manor, b. in New Amsterdam in 1652 ; d. on Bo- hemia Manor in 1689, was the eldest son of Au- gustine Herrman. In 1673 he was clerk in the office of the secretary of state at New York, and in 1676 was appointed clerk of the courts of Upland and New Castle, in 1677 clerk of the customs and re- ceiver of quit-rents within the jurisdiction of those courts, and in 1680 surveyor for the counties of New Castle and St. Jones. With John Moll, he was appointed attorney for the Duke of York to present the territory of New Castle county to William Penn, a duty he performed in 1682. He became a Labadist, but, almost in exact fulfilment of his father's malediction that he might not live two years after joining the community, was taken sick, lost his mind, and died. He married Eliza- beth, daughter of Lucas Rodenburg, vice-director of the island of Curagoa from about 1646 until his death in 1657, who survived him, subsequently marrying Maj. John Donaldson, a member of the provincial council of Pennsylvania. — Casparus, third Lord of Bohemia Manor, b. in New Amster- dam in 1656; d. on Bohemia Manor in 1704. He was a son of Augustine Herrman, and succeeded his brother Ephraim in the title and estate in 1689. He represented the county of New Castle in the general assembly of Pennsylvania from 1683 to 1685, and was a member of the legislature of Mary- land in 1694. — Ephraim Augustine, fourth Lord HERRON HESS 189 of Bohemia Manor, b. on St. Augustine's Manor, in New Castle county, near the Delaware river ; d. on Bohemia Manor in 1735. He was the son of Casparus Herrman, whom he succeeded in the title and estate in 1704. He was a member of the legis- lature of Maryland from Cecil county in 1715, 1716, 1728, and 1731. HERRON, Francis, clergyman, b. near Ship- pensburg, Cumberland co., Pa.. 28 June, 1774; d. 6 Dec, 1860. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, was graduated at Dickinson in 1794, studied theology under Robert Cooper, and was licensed by the Car- lisle presbytery in 1797. He began his work as a missionary, travelling through the backwoods of Ohio with a guide, preaching in taverns, and en- camping with the Indians. He was pastor of the Rocky Spring church from 1800 till 1811. and of the 1st Presbyterian church from 1811 till 1850. In 1827 he was moderator of the general assembly. He was influential in securing the location of the Western theological seminary at Allegheny City, Pa., and was its president from 1827 till 1860. He was a trustee of Jefferson college in 1817-'49. HERRON, Francis Jay, soldier, b. in Pitts- burg, Pa., 17 Feb., 1837. He was graduated at the "Western university of Pennsylvania in 1853, and about 1856 removed to Dubuque, Iowa, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1861 he organ- ized and commanded the Governor's Grays, with which he served in the 1st Iowa regiment, and was engaged in the battles of Dug Springs, Ozark, and Wilson's Creek. He was promoted lieutenant-colo- nel of the 9th Iowa regiment in September, 1861, commanding it through the campaigns in Mis- souri, Arkansas, and the Indian territory. He was wounded and captured in the battle of Pea Ridge during the second day's engagement, but was soon exchanged. He was appointed briga- dier-general of volunteers, 29 July, 1862, and had command of the Army of the Frontier during the battle of Prairie Grove, Ark., for which he was made major-general of volunteers. 29 Nov., 1862. Subsequently he captured Van Buren, Ark. After commanding the left wing of the investing forces at Vicksburg, and of the army and navy expedition that captured Yazoo City, he was in charge of the 13th army corps on the Texas coast till he was assigned to command the northern di- vision of Louisiana during Gen. Banks's opera- tions. In May, 1865, he negotiated, and in June received, the formal surrender of the trans-Mis- sissippi army and all Confederate forces west of the Mississippi, and in July, 1865, was appointed one of the commissioners to negotiate treaties with the Indian tribes. He resigned his commis- sion as major-general and also that of Indian commissioner in August, 1865. He then prac- tised law in New Orleans, was U. S. marshal of the district of Louisiana from 1867 till 1869, sec- retary of state of Louisiana in 1872-'3, and has since practised his profession in New York city. HERSEY, Ezekiel, phvsician. b. in Hingham, Mass., 21 Sept., 1709 ; d. there, 9 Dec, 1770. He was graduated at Harvard in 1728. After study- ing medicine under Dr. Dalhoude, of Boston, he established himself in his native town. He be- queathed £1.000, and a similar sum at the death of his widow, for the support of a professor of anat- omy and surgery at Harvard, and also left funds for the establishment of an academy at Hingham. — His brother, Abner, physician, b. in Barnstable, Mass., in 1722; d. there in 1787, acquired some dis- tinction in his profession. His will is one of the strangest documents on record, and the legislature was forced to put an end to his scheme for per- petuating his estate. He added £500 to the fund left by his brother to Harvard. He railed at peo- ple and at the fashion of the time, and wore a coat made of seven tanned calf-skins. HERSEY, Samuel Freeman, philanthropist, b. in Sumner, Me. (then Massachusetts), 12 April, 1812 ; d. in Bangor, Me., 3 Feb., 1875. After his graduation at Hebron academy in 1831, he became a bank-clerk, and engaged in mercantile pursuits in Bangor in 1844. Subsequently he was interested in the lumber business and banking in Maine, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. He was a member of the Maine legislature in 1842, 1857, 1865, 1867, and 1869, and of the executive council of Maine in 1851-2. Mr. Hersey was a delegate to the national Republican convention at Chicago in 1860, and to that held in Baltimore in 1864. From 1864 till 1868 he was a member of the national Republican committee, and served as a representative in con- gress from 1873 till 1875. He left a large fortune, giving $100,000 to Bangor, which supports a public library, a bequest to Westbrook seminary, Deering, Me., and a sum for a summer retreat on the Penob- scot for the Universalist Sunday-school of Bangor. HERTEL DE ROUYILLE, Francis, soldier, b. in Three Rivers, Canada, in 1643 ; d. in Boucher- ville, Canada, 29 May, 1722. He adopted the mili- tary profession, and soon distinguished himself both for valor and piety. In 1681 he was made prisoner by the Iroquois, and was led to Agniers, where he endured frightful tortures. A finger of his right hand was burned in the bowl of a calu- met, and the thumb of the left was hacked off. His patience under these afflictions excited the admiration of the savages. After a long captivity, the Indians prepared to burn him, but he was res- cued by an aged Iroquois woman, who consented to adopt him after the manner of the tribe. Some time afterward he escaped and rejoined his regi- ment. In 1690 he was placed in command of a body of troops raised in Three Rivers, and on the invasion of the English colonies by Frontenac, he set out from Three Rivers at the head of fifty Canadians and twenty-five Indians, on 28 Jan., and by a long march through snow and ice reached the English village of Salmon Falls, where they massacred thirty or forty of the inhabitants in cold blood. Having learned what was taking place at Salmon Falls, the inhabitants of Dover armed themselves and advanced, over two hundred strong, to succor their countrymen. Hertel, having heard of their march, and fearing that he might be sur- rounded, took possession of the bridge that crossed the river in front of the enemy. Without firing a shot, he allowed them to advance on the bridge, and then charged them, sword in hand, compelling them to retreat. He then united with the troops levied in the district of Quebec. He afterward commanded a part of the forces that besieged Caseo Bay. The capture of this place was largely due to his skilful manoeuvres, and he contributed much to the success of Frontenac's campaign against the Iroquois. In return for these services, he was promised letters of nobility from Louis XIV. in 1690, entitling him and his descendants to the privileges enjoyed by the French nobles ; but the letters were not delivered to Hertel until 1716. HESS, George, sculptor, b. in Germany in 1832. He was brought to the United States, and left an orphan without money, but studied in Munich, where he went at the age of twenty-five, and prac- tised his art in New York city. His bust of Mme. Janauschek is well known. His other works include "Echo," "The Water-Lily," and two humorous pieces called " Gold Up " and " Gold Down." 190 HETH HEWES HETH, William (heath), soldier, b. in Virginia in 1735 ; d. in Richmond, Va., 15 April, 1808. He was an officer in Gen. Richard Montgomery's regi- ment during the French war, and was wounded at the battle of Quebec. At the beginning of the Revolution he joined the Continental army ; in 1777 was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Virginia regiment, and was in command till the end of the war, serving with Gen. Benjamin Lincoln at the siege of Charleston. After the war he received a lucrative government office under Gen. Washington. — His grandson, Henry, soldier, b. in Virginia in 1825, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1847, and, entering the 6th infantry, became 1st lieutenant in 1853, adjutant in 1854, and captain in 1855. In 1861 he resigned, 'and entered the Confederate army as brigadier- general. In May, 1863, he was commissioned ma- jor-general. He commanded a division of Gen. Ambrose P. Hill's corps in Virginia, and was en- gaged at the battle of Gettysburg and in the cam- paigns of 1864-'5. Since the war he has been engaged in business in South Carolina. HEUSTIS, Jabez Wiggins, physician, b. prob- ably in St. John, N. B., in 1784; d. in Talladega Springs, Ala., in 1841. He received his medical education in the New York college of physicians and surgeons, and in 1806-'7 was assistant surgeon in the U. S. navy. He then became surgeon in the U. S. army under Gen. Jackson, and served throughout the southern campaigns. Afterward he resided in Cahawba, Ala., until he removed to Mobile in 1835. His death was caused by blood-poisoning, contracted while performing an operation. His publications are " Physical Observations and Medical Tracts and Researches on the Topography and Diseases of Louisiana " (New York, 1817) ; " Medical Pacts and Inquiries respecting the Causes. Nature, Pre- vention, and Cure of Fever " (Cahawba, 1821) ; and the " Bilious Remittent Fever of Alabama" (1825). He also contributed largely to the " American Journal of Medical Science." — His son, James Fountain, physician, b. in Cahawba, Ala., 15 Nov., 1829, was educated in the common schools of Mo- bile and at the medical department of the Uni- versity of Louisiana, where he was graduated in 1848. He was assistant-surgeon in the U. S. navy in 1850-'7, and afterward practised his profession in Mobile. He was elected, professor of anatomy in the Alabama medical college in 1859, served as surgeon in the Confederate army throughout the civil war, and since 1875 has been professor of surgery in Alabama medical college. He has been successful as a surgeon, having performed many important operations, and has contributed to cur- rent medical literature. HERVAS Y PANDURO, Lorenzo (ayr-vahs '), Spanish philologist, b. in Horcajo in 1735 ; d. in Rome in 1809. He was a Jesuit, and taught phi- losophy in the Seminary of Madrid and the College of Murcia. About 1760 he was sent to the missions of South America, and for several years he labored in the district of Mainas, Peru, where he made a special study of the Indian languages. On the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Spanish dominions in 1787, he went to Italy, became canonical adviser to the cardinals Albani and Roberello, and was appointed prefect of the Quirinal library. Here he prose- cuted his favorite studies of geography and abo- riginal languages. Besides many philosophical and historical works, he published " Voeabulario poli- glota," containing the grammatical elements of eighteen South American languages (Rome, 1784) ; " Origen, formacion, mecanismo, y armonia de los idiomas " (Madrid, 1790) ; " Historia de las pri- meras colonias de America " (Madrid, 1794) ; "Arit- metica de las naciones y division del tiempo enifte los Orientales " (Madrid, 1796) ; and the most im- portant work, " Catalogo de las lenguas de las na- ciones conocidas ; y numeracion, division, y clases de estas segun la diversidad de sus idiomas y dia- lectos " (2 vols., Madrid, 1800). This work, in the 4th and 5th chapters, treats of the languages of Peru, and especially of Mainas. The author says that he cannot even pretend to count the South Ameri- can Indian dialects, but they must number at least 500. He has also investigated the question of the origin of the American races, and concludes that the tribes peopling the Pacific coast must have come from Asia by way of the Aleutian islands, while those on the Atlantic side came from Africa by way of the West Indian islands, which formerly connected with the fabulous submerged Atlantis. HEWAT, Alexander, historian, b. in Scotland about 1745 ; d. in London, England, in 1829. He was educated at Kelso grammar school, Scotland, and it is supposed came to the United States in 1762, since the records of St. Andrew's society of Charleston, S. C, show him to be moderator of the session of the Presbyterian church there about that time. He continued pastor of the " Scotch church " of Charleston until the near prospect of war with Great Britain induced his return to England in 1774. He was the first historian of South Carolina, being the author of " History of South Carolina and Charleston " (London, 1779) ; and he also pub- lished " Sermons " (1803). HEWES, George Robert Twelves, one of the " Boston tea-partv," b. in Boston, Mass., 5 Nov., 1731 ; d. in Richfield, Oswego co., N. Y., 5 Nov., 1840. His only instruction was from the wife of the town-crier, who taught him to read and write. He supported himself by fishing, hunting, and rude shoemaking, until 1758, when he made an unsuc- cessful attempt to enlist in the Colonial army against the French. He was unable to pass muster, made an equally unsuccessful attempt to enter the navy, and through necessity returned to his trade. In the various disturbances in Boston at the time of the stamp act, Hewes, who was excitable but patriotic, was one of the foremost. He took an active part in the destruction of the tea in Decem- ber, 1773, and is probably the only man who ever confessed to a share in this transaction. His own account is given in " The Boston Tea-Party," a memoir of his life (New York, 1834). Hewes was imprisoned with other patriots, but escaped, and entered the navy. He afterward joined the army, and was stationed at West Point under Gen. Alex- ander McDougal. After the Revolution he re- turned to Boston, and again led a seafaring life. He removed to Richfield many years previous to his death, and in his extreme age was supported by the residents of the town. In his 107th year, Hewes is described as " a hale old man, with blue eyes undimmed by age, and with alert faculties." At the dedication of the Bunker Hill monument he was a guest of the city of Boston. HEWES, Joseph, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. in Kingston, N. J., in 1730 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 10 Nov., 1779. His parents were Connecticut farmers who escaped from the Indians in 1728, and settled near Kingston. Jo- seph, after receiving a common-school education, went to Philadelphia and engaged in business, removing to Edenton, N. C, in 1763. He was in the state senate in that year ; in 1774 was a delegate to the continental congress, and assisted in the preparation of the report on " The statement of- the rights of the colonists in general, the several HEWBTT HEWIT 191 Ji^^iy^^>c<^^/ instances in which these rights are violated and in- fringed, and the means most proper to be pursued for obtaining their restoration." Although a mer- chant, he insisted on the plan of importation, and served with distinction on this and many of the most important com- mittees during 1775- '6. In the beginning of 1775 the Society of Friends, to which he and his family be- longed, held a gen- eral convention de- nouncing the pro- ceedings of congress, and such was Hewes's patriotism that he at once severed his con- nection with the So- ciety and became not only a promoter of war but of gay and worldly habits. In 1776 he was a mem- ber of the secret com- mittee, of the committee on claims, and was vir- tually first secretary of the navy. With Gen. Washington, he conceived the plan of operations for the ensuing campaign, and voted in favor of the immediate adoption of the declaration of 4 July in accordance with the resolutions passed by the North Carolina convention of the preceding April, that state being the first of the colonies to declare in favor of throwing off all connec- tion with Great Britain. He was again chosen a delegate to congress in 1776, but was prevented by illness from serving, and was again returned in 1779, but died in the second month of his term. His funeral was conducted with public ceremonies, and attended by Gen. Washington and a distin- guished civil and military escort. He left no children to inherit his large estates. His miniature shows him to have possessed great personal beauty. HEWETT, Edward Osborne, Canadian en- gineer, b. in Glamorgan, England, 25 Sept., 1835. He was educated at Cheltenham college and the Royal military academy at Woolwich, commis- sioned lieutenant in the Royal engineers in 1854, captain in 1860, major in 1872, lieutenant-colonel in 1879, colonel in 1881, and was created a com- panion of the order of St. Michael and St. George in 1883. In 1861, in anticipation of a war with the United States, he took command of the field com- pany of royal engineers for active service in Canada. He subsequently commanded the Royal engineers of Ontario, west of Toronto, was engaged in report- ing on the defences and resources of Canada, and was afterward in charge of the designing and con- struction of the military and naval fortifications in Halifax, N. S. He visited both National and Confederate camps during the civil war. In 1875 he was appointed commandant of the proposed military college of Canada, and he has had the sole organization and working of this institution from its conception till the present date (1887). HEWETT, Waterman Thomas, educator, b. in Miami, Saline co„ Mo., 10 Jan., 1846. Pie removed in early youth to South Paris, Me., and was gradu- ated at Amherst in 1869. He then went abroad, was a student at the University of Athens and in the school of modern languages at Heidelberg in 1870, on his return to the United States became assistant professor of German at Cornell, and since 1883 has been professor there of the German lan- guage and literature. Prof. Hewett is a constant contributor to the magazines on scientific and liter- ary subjects, especially on the life, character, and literature of Goethe, and has published "The Fris- ian Language and Literature " (Ithaca, N. Y., 1879) ; " Monograph on the Aims and Efforts of Collegiate Study of the Modern Languages " (Balti- more, 1886) ; and the " Mutual Relations of High Schools and Colleges " (Syracuse, 1887). HEWIT, Nathaniel, clergyman, b. in New Lon- don, Conn., 28 Aug., 1788; d. in Bridgeport, Conn., 3 Feb., 1867. He was graduated at Yale in 1808, and studied law, but afterward entered the divinity- school at Andover, and in 1815 was licensed to preach. He officiated successfully in the Presby- terian churches in Platflsburg, N. Y., and Fairfield, Conn., until 1828, when he resigned to become the agent of the American temperance society. He was signally successful in this work, and earned the title of the " Luther of the early temperance reform." He became pastor of the 2d Congrega- tional church in Bridgeport, Conn., in 1830, made a visit, in aid of the temperance reform, to England in 1831, and, returning in 1834, continued pastor of the 2d church of Bridgeport, and then of a Pres- byterian church that was formed of members of his old parish, until increasing age and infirmities com- pelled him to withdraw from active labors in 1862. He was a founder and liberal benefactor of the Hartford theological seminary. His wife was a daughter of Senator James Hillhouse of Connecti- cut. — His son, Nathaniel Augustus, clergyman, b. in Fairfield, Conn., 27 Nov., 1820, was graduated at Amherst in 1839. He studied law, but at the end of a year abandoned it, and entered the Theo- logical institute of Connecticut, which was then at Windsor. In 1842 he was licensed to preach as a Congregationalist, but in the following year he was ordained deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church. He was selected to accompany Bishop Southgate as a missionary to Constantinople, but the missionary committee refused to ratify the ap- pointment on the ground that Mr. Hewit held be- liefs that were distinctively Roman Catholic. He was received into the Roman Catholic church in 1846, and was ordained in 1847 by Bishop Reynolds. He was then appointed vice-principal of the Charles- ton collegiate institute. He joined the Redemp- torist order in 1850, and in 1858, on the founda- tion of the congregation of St. Paul by Father Hecker, became one of its chief members, taking the religious name of Augustine Francis. Since 1865 he has been employed in literary work, and as professor of philosophy, theology, and Holy Scrip- ture in the Paulist seminary, New York city. From 1869 till 1874 he edited the "Catholic World." Amherst gave him the degree of D. D. in 1877. Father Hewit's works are " Reasons for submitting to the Catholic Church" (Charleston, 1846) ; " Life of Princess Borghese " (New York, 1856) ; " Life of Dumoulin-Borie," an Annamite missionary (1857) ; "The Little Angel of the Copts"; " Life of Rev. Francis A. Baker " (1865) ; " Prob- lems of the Age. with Studies in St. Augustine on Kindred Subjects " (1868) ; " Light in Darkness, a Treatise on the Obscure Night of the Soul " (1870) ; " The King's Highway, or the Catholic Church the Way of Salvation, as revealed in Holy Scriptures " (1874). Father Hewit has been a frequent con- tributor to religious periodicals, and has edited the " Complete Works of Bishop England " (Baltimore, 1850).— Another son, Henry Stewart, surgeon, b. in Fairfield, Conn., 26 Dec, 1825 ; d. in New York city, 19 Aug., 1873, was educated at Yale, and graduated in medicine from the University of New York in 1848, entering the army as acting 192 HEWITT HEWITT assistant-surgeon in the autumn of this year. He was stationed at Vera Cruz during the latter part of the Mexican war, in 1849 was commissioned as- sistant surgeon, •was stationed at Fort Yuma, Cal., and accompanied Capt. William H. Warner on the surveying expedition in which that officer was killed by the Sierra Nevada Indians. In the spring of 1852 he resigned from the army, and. removing to San Francisco, practised medicine there three years. He then returned to Xew York, and estab- lished himself in his profession. In August, 1861, he re-entered the army as brigade-surgeon of vol- unteers, served under Gen. Charles F. Smith, and afterward as medical director on Gen. Grant's staff at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Vicksburg. He afterward served on the staff of Gen. John M. Scofield, and was brevetted colonel in March. 1865, for gallant conduct during the war. Dr. Hewit became a Roman Catholic in 1855. and was devoted to the benevolent enterprises of his church. Set- tling in Xew York after the war, he had charge of the House of the Good Shepherd, was a director of St. Stephen's Orphan Asylum, and president of the medical board of the Charity hospital. HEWITT, Abrani Stevens, statesman, b. in Haverstraw. X. Y., 31 July, 1822. He was educated first at a public school in Xew York city, where by a special examination he gained a scholarship at Columbia, and was graduated in 1842 at the head of his class. During his col- lege course he sup- ported himself by teaching, and after his graduation he re- mained as an assist- ant, being in 1843 acting professor of mathematics. In 1844 he visited Eu- rope with his class- mate, Edward Coop- er, whose partner he jD ' j^ afterward became, \_^>¥ m yJ?Jf£t^-~Al and whose sister he y\ married in 1855. ^ Meanwhile he stud- ied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1845, after an examination in which twenty-four out of fifty-seven applicants were rejected. He soon gave up the practice of his profession on account of impaired eyesight, and became associated with Peter Cooper in the iron business. The firm of Cooper and Hewitt now own and control the Tren- ton, Ringwood, Pequest, and the Durham iron- works. The development and management of these vast enterprises have been principally the result of Mr. Hewitt's efforts. In 1862 he went to England to learn the process of making gun-barrel iron, and at a heavy loss to his firm furnished the U. S. gov- ernment with material during the civil war. The introduction of the Martins-Siemens or open-hearth process for the manufacture of steel in this country is due to his judgment. Xo serious labor trou- bles have ever affected their works, and in times of commercial depression the furnaces have been carried on at a loss, rather than add by suspen- sion to the distress of the community. The plan of the Cooper Union was devised by its own trustees, with Mr. Hewitt as their active head, and as secretary of this board he has directed its financial and educational details, bestowing upon it for more than a quarter of a century an amount of labor exceeding the duties of some college presidents. He left the Tammany, joined the Irving Hall society, and was one of the organ- izers of the County Democracy in 1879. He was elected to congress in 1874, and served continu- ously, with the exception of one term, until 1886. Mr. Hewitt was an advocate of honest finan- cial legislation, of a moderate and discriminating tariff reform, and has been a frequent speaker on subjects connected with finance, labor, and the development of national resources. The U. S. geological survey owes its existence principally to an address delivered in its favor by Mr. Hewitt, and his speeches generally have commanded the attention of both parties. In October. 1886, he was nominated as the Democratic candidate for mayor of Xew York city, and at the subsequent election received 90.552 votes against 68,110 for Henry George and 60,435 for Theodore Roosevelt. His management of the municipal government has been marked by a rigid enforcement of the laws, and holding the heads of the various de- partments to a strict accountability. Mr. Hewitt was chairman of the Democratic national com- mittee in 1876. He has taken an interest in all matters pertaining to the development of Xew York city, and in 1883 was chosen to be the orator at the opening of the East River bridge. Colum- bia gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1887, and he was the president of its alumni association in 1883. In 1876 he was elected president of the American institute of mining engineers, and his retiring address on "A Century of Mining and Metallurgy in the United States " attracted favor- able criticism at home and abroad. His report on " Iron and Steel " at the World's fair held in Paris in 1867 was received with approval, and was re- published at home and abroad. HEWITT, Charles Nathaniel, physician, b. in Yergennes, Yt., 3 June, 1836. He was educated at Hobart college, and was graduated at the Al- bany medical college in 1857. He practised his profession in Geneva, X. Y., until 1861, when he entered the U. S. army as assistant surgeon of the 50th Xew York regiment, and rose to the rank of brigade surgeon. After the war he removed to Red Wing, Minn., where he is professor of public health in the University of Minnesota. Dr. Hew- itt devotes himself especially to surgery, and has invented a modification of the starch bandage. HEWITT, Edward Crawford, educator, b. in Sutton, Mass., 7 Xov., 1828. He was educated at the County academy and the State normal school in Bridgeport, Conn., working at the shoemaker's trade during his vacations to obtain a support. He taught successively in Pittsfield, Pa., Bridge- port, Conn., and Worcester, Mass., until 1858, when he removed to Bloomington, 111., was professor of history and geography in the State normal uni- versity, and since 1876 has been its president. Mr. Hewitt is a licensed clergyman of the Baptist church, has served one term as president of the Illinois teachers' association, and for several years edited " The Schoolmaster," an educational maga- zine. He has received the degree of LL. D. from Shurtleff college, and has published " Pedagogy for Young Teachers " (Cincinnati, 1883). HEWITT, Mary Elizabeth, authoress, b. in Maiden, Mass., in* 1818. Her father, a farmer named Moore, died when she was three years old. Her mother then removed to Boston, where Mary resided until her marriage to James L. Hewitt, of Xew York city. Several years after his death she married, in 1854, R. Stebbins of the same city. She is chiefly known by her poetical contributions to periodicals. She edited a gift-book entitled " The HEWLETT HEYWARD 193 Gem of the Western World " (New York, 1850) ; " A Memorial of Frances S. Osgood " (1851) ; and is the author of " Songs of our Land " (New York, 1845) ; " Heroines of History " (1856) ; and " Poems, Sacred. Passionate, and Legendary " (1864). HEWLETT, Richard, soldier,'b. in Hempstead, X. Y., about 1712 ; d. near Gagetown, New Bruns- wick, in 1789. He was a captain in the French war of 1757-'9, and participated in the capture of Fort Front enac. During the Revolution he was an active loyalist, and received from the " Asia," a British man-of-war, a great quantity of firearms and cannon, secreting them on his premises. So obnoxious was his course to the colonists that Gen. Henry Lee issued an order that " Richard Hewlett should have no conditions offered him, but must be secured without ceremony." When De Lancey's corps was raised, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 3d battalion, and in 1777 commanded the garrison of 260 men at Setauket, L. I., when it was attacked by Gen. Parsons, who demanded its surrender. Hewlett asked his sol- diers whether he must submit, and, receiving the response " No," exclaimed : " I will stick to you then as long as there's a man left." After a can- nonade of three hours, the patriots retreated. Hewlett received mention in the general orders that were issued after the affair. He also com- manded the 130 Tories who came from the west end of Long Island, and pillaged the citizens of Southhold, Oyster Pond, in 1778. At the close of the war he was retired on half pay, removed to St. Johns, X. B., and became a grantee of the town, and its mayor. — His son, Thomas, was a captain in the X. Y. loyal volunteers, and was killed in 1780 at Hanging Rock, N. C, while looking out of a block-house " to see what the rebels were about." HEWSON, Thomas Tickell, physician, b. in London, England, 9 April, 1773 ; d. in Philadel- phia, 17 Feb., 1848. His father, the celebrated anatomist, William Hewson, died in 1774, and Thomas removed with his mother to the United States in 1786. He was graduated at the Phila- delphia medical college in 1789, returned to Lon- don, and was house-surgeon in St. Bartholomew's hospital, afterward taking a course of medical lec- tures in Edinburgh. Returning to Philadelphia in 1796, he established himself in practice, was physician to the Walnut street prison in 1806-'18, and rendered valuable service during the epidemic of 1817-18. He was censor and secretary of the College of physicians, Philadelphia, from 1802 till 1835, professor of comparative anatomy in 1816, and president from 1835 till his death. For many years he was surgeon to the Philadelphia alms- house, thirteen years physician to the Pennsylvania hospital, physician to the orphan asylum, and took an active part in the formation of the National pharmacopoeia. In 1822 he established a school of medicine in which he taught anatomy and prac- tice. He was a member and officer of various medical societies, and translated Swediaur's " Trea- tise on Syphilis" (Philadelphia, 1815). — His son, Addinell, physician, b. in Philadelphia, 22 Nov., 1828, was graduated at Jefferson medical college in 1850, studied in Paris, and in Dublin under Sir William Wilde, and, on his return to the United States, was appointed resident physician to the Pennsylvania hospital. He was visiting surgeon to the Episcopal hospital in 1852-'3, from 1853 till 1876 physician to Wills hospital, and since 1861 has filled that office in the Pennsylvania hos- pital. He edited Sir William Wilde's " Aural Sur- gery," at the author's request (Philadelphia, 1853) ; the American edition of Laurence's "Diseases of VOL. III. — 13 the Eye " ; and, besides many professional papers, has published in book-form " The Use of Earth in Surgery " (Philadelphia, 1887). HEY, William, English jurist, b. in England : d. there in 1797. He was appointed chief justice of Canada, 25 Sept., 1766. In 1773 he proceeded to England in connection with the bill providing for the more effectual governing of the province of Quebec, and on its passage through the house of commons in 1774 gave important evidence rela- tive to it before a special committee. By com- mand of the Earl of Dartmouth, secretary of state for war and the colonies, he prepared a draught of a provincial ordinance to be submit- ted to the governor and legislative council in Can- ada. It provided for the re-establishment of the English laws relating to habeas corpus, trial by jury in civil cases, and the laws relative to com- mercial matters. Chief-Justice Hey arrived with it in Quebec in June, 1775, and in the ensuing September laid it before the council. Soon after- ward he returned to England. In 1774 he was elected to parliament, but vacated his seat in 1776 on being appointed a commissioner of customs, which office he filled till his death. HEYER, Christian Frederick, missionary, b. in Helmstedt, Brunswick, Germany, in 1793 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa,, 7 Nov., 1873. He emigrated in 1810 to the United States, studied theology, was licensed in 1817, and preached a short time in Philadelphia. He was ordained as a missionary in 1820, and labored in organizing Lutheran churches in Kentucky, Tennessee, Maryland, and western Pennsylvania, In 1840 he was elected to go as a missionary to India, and during the following winter attended medical lectures in Baltimore. He arrived at Guntur, in the presidency of Madras, on 31 July, 1842, and remained there till 1847, when he visited the United States. He went back in 1848, and settled at Rajahmundry, on the Goda- very. He established missions among the Telugus, who inhabit the eastern coasts of the peninsula. In 1857 he left India, and was engaged in minis- terial work in Germany for eleven years. Return- ing to Rajahmundry in December, 1869, he re- mained there a year, and then came to the United States, and was chaplain of the Lutheran theologi- cal seminarv in Philadelphia until his death. HEYWARD, Thomas, Jr., signer of the Dec- laration of Independence, b. in St. Luke's parish, S. C, in 1746 ; d. there, 6 March, 1809. His father, Col. Daniel, was a wealthy planter. Thomas was edu- cated under pri- vate tutors, and studied law in the Temple in Lon- don. After sev- eral years of Eu- ropean travel he returned to South Carolina. He ear- ly opposed Brit- ish supremacy, be- came a leader of the Revolution- ary party in his state, and was a member of the first assembly af- ter the abdication of the colonial governor. He was also one of the first committee of safety, and a delegate to congress in 1775-8. In ' t?6/ Zts&l ■*1f' Sp/ivn/. 194 HEYWOOD HIBBARD 1780 he became judge of the criminal and circuit court of South Carolina, and not long afterward, while the British lay encamped before Charleston, he presided at the trial of some colonists who were convicted of holding treasonable correspondence with the enemy, and were executed within sight of the British lines. He held at the same time a mili- tary commission, and in the Beanford skirmish of 1780 he received a wound of which he bore the sear till his death. At the siege of Charleston, 12 May, 1780, he commanded a battalion of volunteers, and, on the surrender of the city to Sir Henry Clinton and Admiral Arbuthnot, he was taken prisoner, and sent with Edward Rutledge, Richard Hutson, and other patriots to St. Augustine, Fla., where he was confined one year. Here he amused himself by composing patriotic words to such British national songs as " God save the King," that the prisoners might indulge their republican sentiments under cover of loyal tunes. During his imprisonment a party of the British visited his plantation and car- ried away all his slaves, which were afterward sold by their captors to the sugar-planters in Jamaica. On his release he took passage for Philadelphia, fell overboard, and escaped drowning by holding to the ship's rudder. On his return to South Car- olina he resumed his judicial duties, was a member of the Constitutional convention of 1790, and the next year retired to his estate. HEYWOOD, Charles, officer of marines, b. in Waterville, Me., 3 Oct., 1839. He was appointed a 2d lieutenant in the marine corps from New York on 5 April, 1858, commissioned 1st lieutenant in May, 1861, and captain on 23 Nov., 1861. He was in active service during the civil war, and was attached to the North Atlantic, and subsequently to the Gulf, squadron as fleet marine-officer. He was engaged at the battle of Hatteras Inlet on 28 Aug., 1861, and continued to serve on the sloop " Cum- berland " till that vessel was sunk on 8 March, 1862, by the Confederate ram " Merrimac." For his conduct during this engagement he was brevetted major. He was attached to the frigate " Sabine " on special service in 1863, and to the steam sloop " Hartford," the flagship of Farragut's squadron, in 1864— '5. He took part in the battle of Mobile Bay, and was brevetted for gallantry in that action. He was promoted major on 1 Nov., 1876. In 1886 he was on duty at the navy-yard in Brooklyn, N. Y. HEYWOOD, John Healy, clergyman, b. in Worcester, Mass., 30 March, 1818 ; d. in Louisville, Ky., in 1880. He was graduated at Harvard in 1832, and at the divinity-school there in 1840, en- tered the ministry and was called to the 1st Uni- tarian church at Louisville, Ky., succeeding Rev. James Freeman Clarke. He strove to obtain a pub- lic-school system of high order for Louisville, and was for fourteen years president of the city school board, and for many years more a member. Dur- ing the war he gave unremitting attention to the U. S. sanitary commission and to the relief of the needy in many other ways. The Old Ladies' Home in Louisville was partially an outgrowth of his activity. He was two years editor- of the " Louisville Examiner," and a writer for the " Christian Register," " Unitarian Review," and other periodicals. He continued his pastorate in Louisville for over forty years, the oldest ministe- rial charge in the city. HEYWOOD, Levi, inventor, b. in Gardner, Mass., 10 Dec, 1800 ; d. there, 21 July, 1882. After attending school, he taught during the winters in 1820-2, kept a country store with his brother in 1823-'9, and in 1826 began to make wood-seated chairs. In 1853 the Heywood chair-manufacturing company was organized. Mr. Heywood was among the first to experiment in shaving and splitting cane, and made many useful inventions, including a tilting-chair, machines for splitting, shaving, and otherwise manipulating rattan, and machinery for bending wood. He also invented a process for in- jecting rattan with India-rubber as a substitute for whalebone. He was active in public affairs, was a member of the State constitutional convention in 1853, and of the legislature in 1871. The town of Gardner owes much of its prosperity to him, and he gave liberally for the support of schools there. — His brother, Walter, b. in Gardner, Mass., 13 Feb., 1804, was for some time associated with Levi in his business, and in 1869 organized the Walter Heywood chair company at Fitchburg, Mass., and became its president. HIACOOMES, Indian preacher, b. about 1610 ; d. at Martha's Vineyard, Mass., about 1690. He was the first Indian converted to Christianity in New England, being persuaded to embrace the Christian religion by Thomas Mayhew, after Mar- tha's Vineyard, where he lived, was settled by white people in 1642. ■ He learned to read, and in 1653 began to preach to his fellow-Indians. He made many converts, and boldly rebuked the pa- gan Indians for adhering to their superstitions, while he himself was often threatened by the In- dian priests, whose sorceries he defied. A church was built at Martha's Vineyard for his congrega- tion of Indian Christians, and he was ordained its pastor by Eliot and Cotton on 22 Aug., 1670. HIBBARD, Ellery Albee, jurist, b. in St. Johnsbury, Vt., 31 July, 1826. He obtained an academic education by his own efforts, studied law in Haverhill and Exeter, N. H., was ad- mitted to the bar in July, 1849, and practised in Plymouth, N. H., till 1853, and subsequently in Laconia, N. H. He was a member of the New Hampshire house of representatives in 1865-'6, and was elected a representative in congress from New Hampshire by the Democrats and Labor Reformers in 1870. After the conclusion of his term he be- came judge of the supreme court of New Hamp- shire, but in 1874 declined re-appointment under the revised laws, and returned to his practice. HIBBARD, Freeborn Garretson, clergy- man, b. in New Rochelle, N. Y., 22 Feb., 1811. His father, Rev. Billy Hibbard, was a well-known clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church. The son entered the ministry of the same church in the New York conference at the age of eighteen, before he had completed his college course, and continued in this work, chiefly in western New York, from 1830 till 1856, when he was elected editor of the " Northern Christian Advocate," printed in Auburn, N. Y. In 1860 he resumed the pastorate, and became presiding elder of the Geneva district. Dr. Hibbard's principal works are " Christian Baptism, its Subjects, and its Im- port, Mode, Efficacy, and Relative Order " (New York, 1845) ; " Geography and History of Pales- tine " (1851) ; " The Psalms, Chronologically Ar- ranged, with Historical Introductions, and a Gen- eral Introduction to the Whole Book " (1856) ; and " The Religion of Childhood, or Children in their Relation to Native Depravity, to the Atonement, to the Family, and to the Church" (1864). He has also edited the " Sermons " (1869) and " Works " (1872), and published a " Biography " of Bishop Leonidas L. Hamline (1880). The " Commentary on the Psalm" (1882) in the Whedon series of " Commentaries on the Old Testament " was written by him. He also published a " History of the late East Genesee Conference " (1887). HICKCOX HICKS 195 HICKCOX, John Howard, librarian, b. in Albany, N. Y., 10 Aug., 1832. He was educated at the Albany academy, and in 1848 became assist- ant librarian of the state library in that city, where he remained till 1863. From 1874 till 1882 he was employed in the Congressional library at Washington, D. C. He has contributed to peri- odicals, and published " An Historical Account of American Coinage," with plates, of which only two hundred copies were printed (Albany, 1858) ; " His- tory of the Bills of Credit, or Paper Money, issued by New York from 1709 to 1789 " (1866) ; " Bibliog- raphy of the Writings of Dr. Franklin B. Hough " (1886) ; and " Catalogue of United States Govern- ment Publications " (3 vols., Washington, 1885-'7). HICKENLOOPER, Andrew, engineer, b. in Hudson, Ohio, 31 Aug., 1837. He was educated at Woodward college, Cincinnati, but was not graduated, and in 1855 became city surveyor of that city, afterward conducting the government survey of Indian lands at Little Travers Bay. He was made captain of the 5th Ohio independ- ent battery on 31 Aug., 1861, and was afterward chief of artillery and chief engineer of the 17th corps, Army of the Tennessee, till after the cap- ture of Vicksburg. He was then judge-advocate- general and afterward chief of artillery of that army, and was finally given command of a brigade in the 17th corps. He was engaged in the princi- pal battles of the Army of the Tennessee from Shiloh to Sherman's campaign through the Caro- linas, and on 13 March, 1865, was brevetted briga- dier-general of volunteers. After the war he was U. S. marshal for the southern district of Ohio in 1866-70, elected city civil engineer of Cincinnati in 1871, and in 1877 became president of the Cin- cinnati gas-light and coke company, of which he had been vice-president since 1872. In 1880 he was chosen lieutenant-governor of Ohio. He has published " Competition in the Manufacture and Delivery of Gas " (1881), and " Incandescent Elec- tric Lights for Street Illumination " (1886). HICKEY, Thomas, conspirator, d. in New York city, 27 June, 1776. When Gen. Howe set out from Halifax to attack New York city in June, 1776, Gov. Try on, with the aid of bribes, ar- ranged a conspiracy to blow up the magazine and murder the American generals, or at least to abduct Washington and deliver him to the Brit- ish. Among 500 persons that were seduced were two of Washington's guard. One of these was Hickey, who was immediately arrested, with a dozen others. He was convicted by the unani- mous decision of a court-martial, and hanged in the presence of twenty thousand spectators near the Bowery lane. This was the first military exe- cution in New York. HICKMAN, John, lawyer, b. in Chester county, Pa., 11 Sept., 1810 ; d. in West Chester, Pa., 23 March, 1875. He was educated by private tutors, read law in West Chester, and was admitted to the bar there in 1832. He acquired reputation at the bar and as a political speaker, and in 1854 he was elected to congress as a Democrat in a strong Whig district. He was re-elected in 1856. changed his views on the slavery question, was again elected in 1858 as a Douglas Democrat by a large major- ity over both the regular nominees, and became a leader on the side of the north, acquiring a na- tional reputation through his brilliant speeches. In 1860 he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for the vice-presidency. He was again elected to congress in 1860 as a Republican, and was the first to propose in congress the freeing of the slaves and the enlisting of negro soldiers. At the close of his fourth congressional term he de- clined a re-election, and with the exception of a single term in the legislature passed the remain- der of his life at his home in West Chester. HICKMAN, Robert S., b. in 1813 ; d. in Wash- ington. D. C, 2 Sept., 1873. He was a native of Virginia or Maryland, went to Washington about the time of the Mexican war, and there soon be- came noted for the elegance of his dress and man- ners, acquiring the name of " Beau " Hickman. He was on familiar terms with many public men, and in later life entertained many visitors in Washington with his reminiscences and anec- dotes, and subsisted by means of trifling sums that he pretended to borrow from his hearers. HICKMAN, William, clergyman, b. in King and Queen county, Ya., 4 Feb., 1747; d. in Ken- tucky in 1830. He was educated as an Episcopa- lian, but united with the Baptist church in 1773, was licensed to preach in 1776, after visiting Ken- tucky earlier in the year, where he preached the first sermon delivered in the new settlement. In 1784 he settled in Fayette county, Ky., and founded many churches in Kentucky. — His son, Paschal, soldier, killed at the battle of the River Raisin, 22 Jan., 1813, led a party of spies under Gen. Wayne in 1794-'o, was captain of Kentucky volunteers under Col. William Lewis in 1812, and was wounded in the action with the British and Indians at Frenchtown. and killed in the massacre that took place three days afterward. Hickman county, Ky., was named in his honor. HICKOK, Laurens Perseus, clergyman, b. in Danbury, Conn., 29 Dec, 1798. He was graduated at Union college in 1820, studied theology, was licensed as a preacher in 1822, and was pastor suc- cessively at Newtown, Kent, and Litchfield, Conn., where he succeeded Dr. Lyman Beecher. In 1836 he was elected professor of theology in the Western reserve college, Ohio, where he remained eight years. In 1844 he became professor of the same branch in the Auburn theological seminary, and in 1852 removed to Schenectady, N. Y., to become professor of mental and moral science and vice- president of Union college. He assisted Dr. Nott in the government of the college for eight years, had sole charge for the succeeding eight years, and became president of the college on 1 March, 1866, which post he resigned 20 July, 1868, when he removed to Amherst, Mass. He has published " Rational Psychology, or the Subjective Idea and Objective Laws of all Intelligence " (Auburn, 1848) ; " System of Moral Science " (Schenectady, 1853) ; " Empirical Psychology, or the Human Mind as given in Consciousness " (1854) ; " Rational Cos- mology, or the Eternal Principles and the Neces- sary Laws of the Universe " (New York, 1858) ; " Creator and Creation, or the Knowledge in the Reason of God and His Works " (Boston, 1872) ; " Humanity Immortal, or Man Tried, Fallen, and Redeemed " (1872) ; and " Rational Logic, or True Logic must strike Root in Reason " (1875). Plis collected works have been published (Boston, 1875). HICKS, Elias, minister of the Society of Friends, b. in Hempstead, N. Y, 19 March, 1748 ; d. in Jericho, N. Y, 27 Feb., 1830. His youth was passed in carelessness and indifference to religious subjects, but not without frequent checks of con- science for his neglect of duty. At the age of about twenty years the subject of religion deeply affected his mind, and wrought a thorough change in his conduct. He became interested in the prin- ciples and testimonies of the society of which he was a member, and when about twenty-seven years of age he began his ministry, soon became an 196 HICKS HICKS (o&aj TouAd acknowledged minister of the society, and for more than "fifty years labored with unwearied dili- gence. He travelled through almost every state in the Union, and also through Canada sev- eral times, and, not- withstanding the fact that his circum- stances were not af- fluent, he never re- ceived the least com- pensation for his ser- vices. When not en- gaged in religious service, he was dili- gently occupied with his own hands upon his farm. He was in early life deeply im- pressed with the in- justice and cruelty of keeping slaves, and was among the first that brought the sub- ject frequently and forcibly before his religious society. Not only in his public discourses, but also hy his pen, his views on this subject wide- ly diffused themselves throughout the commu- nity, and through his exertions, conjoined with those of other philanthropists, the state of New York was induced to pass the act that on 4 July, 1827, gave freedom to every slave within its lim- its. As a preacher he was lucid and powerful, and wielded an influence that has been scarcely attained by any other member of his society. The prominent theme of his ministry was " obedience to the light within," which he considered as the foundation of true Quakerism. In the latter years of his life he gave ground for uneasiness to some of the society by his views concerning the dogmatic opinions of theologians concerning the pre-exist- ence, deity, incarnation, and vicarious atonement of Christ. He considered that the personality of the meek, wise, majestic prophet of Galilee was overlaid with theological verbiage and technicality, which greatly impaired its practical value and au- thority as an example to mankind. Hieks's min- istry was marked by much dignity and power. Notwithstanding his pure, blameless, and upright walk among men, his doctrinal views became the cause of dissatisfaction, which led to a separation in all, or nearly all, the yearly meetings on the con- tinent, his friends and supporters in most of the yearly meetings being largely in the majority. The contest was conducted with much acrimony, which, to the credit of all concerned, is rapidly passing away. Those members of the society that adhere to the teachings of Elias Hicks are commonly known as " Hicksites," a name that was originally given in derision, but they recognize no other name than that of " Friends." Mr. Hicks pub- lished '• Observations on Slaverv " (New York, 1811) ; " Sermons " (1828) ; " Elias" Hieks's Journal of his Life and Labors" (Philadelphia, 1828); and "The Letters of Elias Hicks" (1834). See also Samuel M. Janney's "History of the Religious Society of the Friends " (1859). HICKS, John, journalist, b. in Cambridge, Mass., about 1750; d. in Newton, Mass. His father was killed at the battle of Lexington, and it is sup- posed that the son was with him. In 1773, with Nathaniel Mills, he bought of Green and Russell the " Massachusetts Gazette and Post-Boy," which he conducted with spirit and ability in the interest of the British. As many of the articles gave evi- dence of great political knowledge and judgment, it was supposed that officers of the British army were among its contributors. He went to Hali- fax in 1776, and continued with the royal troops throughout the war. He was proscribed and ban- ished by the Massachusetts government in 1778. After the evacuation of New York, he went again to Halifax, but after remaining there a few years returned and purchased an estate at Newton, Mass.. where he resided until his death. HICKS. Thomas, artist, b. in Newtown, Bucks co., Pa,, 18 Oct., 1823. He was educated at the Newtown academy, and attempted portrait-painting at the age of fifteen. He began his studies in the Pennsylvania academy of fine arts in Philadelphia, and in 1838 entered the National academy in New York, and contributed " The Death of Abel " to the exhibition of 1841. In 1845 he went to Eu- rope and studied in London. Paris, Florence, and Rome. After a visit to Yenice in 1847 he returned to Rome and painted among other works a half- length figure entitled " Italia." In 1849 he re- turned to New York and began a successful career as a portrait-painter. He was elected a na- tional academician in 1851, and was presi- dent of the Artists' fund societv of New York from" 1873 till 1885. He has painted portraits of Henry Ward Beecher, Will- iam Cullen Bryant, Edwin Booth as Iago, Hamilton Fish, Fitz- Greene Halleck, Oli- ver Wendell Holmes, Dr. Elisha Kent Kane in the cabin of the "Advance," Abraham Lincoln, Henry W. Longfellow, William H. Seward, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Bayard Taylor, and Gulian C. Yerplanck, a notable picture containing the authors of the Unit- ed States, and another representing the governors of New York (1851-'5). Mr. Hicks read before the Century club of New York city, on 26 Jan., 1858, a eulogy of Thomas Crawford, which was printed by the club and also in an edition de luxe for private circulation (New York. 1858). HICKS, Thomas Holliday, statesman, b. in Dorchester countv, Md., 2 Sept., 1798 ; d. in Wash- ington, D. C, 13 Feb., 1865. He worked on his father's farm in boyhood, received a plain educa- tion, and was constable and sheriff of his county until he engaged in mercantile pursuits in 1831. In 1836 he was elected to the state house of repre- sentatives. He became register of wills in 1838, in 1849 was a member of the Constitutional con- vention, and from 1858 till 1862 was governor of Maryland, strongly ojmosing secession. His firm- ness and adroit management were among the efficient means of saving Maryland to the Union. He refused, in a published address, to call a special meeting of the legislature to consider an ordinance of secession, although he was formally requested to do so by a majority of the state senate, who were sympathizers with the seceding states, and, when the attack on the Massachusetts 6th regiment was made in Baltimore, he issued a proclamation de- claring that all his authority would be exercised in favor of the government. He was appointed to the U. S. senate as a Republican on the death of James A. Pearce, was subsequently elected by the HICKS HIESTER 197 legislature, serving from 1863 till his death. His term would have ended in 1867. In the senate he was a member of the committees on naval affairs. HICKS, Whitehead, lawyer, b. in Flushing, L. I., 24 Aug., 1728 ; d. there in October, 1780. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1750, and attained note in his profession. He was clerk of Queens county from 1752 till 1757, mayor of New York city from 1766 till 1776, and judge of the New York supreme court from 1776 till his death. HIDALGO, Ignacio Xavier, clergyman, b. in Valladolid de Michoacan, Mexico, 28 Nov., 1698 ; d. in Puebla de Los Angeles in 1759. He entered the Jesuit order, 15 June, 1717, and was appointed director of the congregation of San Salvador in Mexico. He wrote " La Nueva Ruth : elogio de la inclita Matrona Dona Maria Rosa de la Peiia " (Mexico, 1754), and " Ochenta y cinco Sermones Morales," the manuscript of which is in the library of the University of Mexico. HIDALGO Y COSTILLA, Miguel (e-dal -go), Mexican patriot, b. on the farm of Corral ejos, Guanajuato, 8 May, 1753; d. in Chihuahua, 30 July (according to others, 1 Aug.), 1811. His parents were Cristobal Hidalgo y Costilla and Ana Maria Gallaga, and therefore, according to Mexican custom, his name is Hidalgo y Gallaga, but in his earlier years he used to sign it Hidalgo y Costilla. He studied philosophy and theology at Valladolid, and in 1779 went to the city of Mexico and was ordained priest. He served in several parishes, and after the death of his elder brother, Dr. Joaquin, rector of Dolores, he was appointed as first assistant and afterward rector of that parish, which gave him enough income to sustain a curate. He estab- lished a tannery, a pottery, and a brick-yard, and the cultivation of the mulberry-tree and breeding of silk-worms. The first conspiracy, un- der the pretext of op- posing the French rule in Spain, was formed, 21 Dec, 1809, in Valladolid, but was discovered and thwarted. But the enterprise was taken up by Dominguez, mayor of Queretaro, in whose house the conspirators met, Hi- dalgo being one. The conspiracy was de- nounced to the mayor of Guanajuato, Riano, who sent a force to capture the princi- pals. Dominguez was arrested, but his wife man- aged to send notice to Allende at San Miguel, who had gone to Dolores for consultation with Hidalgo, and when Aldama arrived there with the news in the night of 15 Sept., 1810, Hidalgo re- solved to anticipate the blow, and convinced his friends that it was the only way of salvation. With his brother Mariano, Jose Santos Villa, Allende, Aldama, and ten armed men, he went to the jail, compelled the keeper to set at liberty the prisoners, whom he armed with swords, and with the forces thus gathered he arrested the police delegate and all the Spanish residents. When the country people began to arrive for mass, it being Sunday, he issued the celebrated declaration of independ- ence, commonly called the " Grito de Dolores." With about 300 badly armed men, the same day he marched on San Miguel, where a regiment of dra- OiA^Ol fU^laJfrA? goons joined him, and, with his forces continually augmented by the country people, he continued his march, taking at the shrine of Atotonilco a picture of the virgin of Guadalupe as his banner, and on 21 Sept. occupied Celaya, where he was elected general-in-chief. With about 50,000 men, poorly armed, he invaded the rich city of Guana- juato, where the mayor had intrenched himself in the granary of Granaditos, which after an obsti- nate defence was stormed, and all its defenders massacred, 28 Sept. Here Hidalgo established a cannon-foundry and a mint, and marched, on 10 Oct., although excommunicated by the church, against Valladolid, which city he occupied on the 17th without serious resistance, and was joined by the dragoons of Patzcuaro and the militia battalion of Michoacan. With a motley army of about 80,000 men he marched on the city of Mexico, and after defeating, 20 Oct., in the wood of Las Cruces, a force of about 3,000 men, sent against him by the viceroy Venegas, did not deem it prudent to attack the capital. Many of his men deprived of the hope of plunder deserted, and on 2 Dec. he began his retreat on Queretaro. On the 7th he was surprised near Aculco by the army of Gen. Calleja, and the greater part of his army dispersed. Allende retired with few followers to Guanajuato, and Hidalgo to Valladolid, and, hearing there that his followers had taken possession of Guadalajora, he marched for that city with about 7,000 men, arriving on 26 Nov., and was joined on 12 Dec. by Allende. Here he or- ganized a government and prepared for resistance. But the forces organized by the viceroy, after occupying Guanajuato, advanced under Callejas against Guadalajora, and the bridge of Calderon over the Santiago river was chosen as the point of resistance. There the forces met on 17 Jan., 1811, the independents with 100,000 badly organized men and 95 cannons, and the Spaniards with 6,000 disciplined veterans, and the latter gained a com- plete victory. Hidalgo fled to Aguas Calicutes and Zacatecas, and was joined by Allende and the other chiefs, who on 25 Jan. divested him of the supreme command, nominating Allende in his stead. It was resolved that the principal chiefs, with the best troops, should march to the United States, to reorganize and procure arms and ammu- nitions ; but, after their departure from Mondova, a counter-revolution broke out, 1 March, and Capt. Elizondo, who at first had taken their part, resolved to gain the reward offered for their capture. With 342 men he awaited them at the Norias de Bajan, and, feigning to receive them with military honors, made them all prisoners. They were sent to Chihuahua, and after a long trial were condemned to be shot. Hidalgo was degraded on 29 July from his sacerdotal character, and at dawn of the following day was executed. This date is fixed by congress for displaying the national flag at half- mast; but most writers fix the date as 1 Aug., probably counting the three days that according to the historian elapsed between the sentence and its execution. Hidalgo's body was buried in the church of St. Francis of Chihuahua ; but by order of congress it was carried to Mexico and buried in a vault of the cathedral, with great ceremony, on 17 Sept., 1823. The accompanying sketch repre- sents a colossal statue of the revolutionary chief, modelled by the brothers Isla, and to be cast in bronze by order of congress. HIESTER, Daniel, congressman, b. in Bern township, Berks co., Pa., 25 June, 1747 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 7 March, 1804. His father, Daniel, emigrated from Silesia in 1737, and settled in Gosenhoppen, Pa., afterward purchasing from 198 HIGBEE H1GGINS0N the proprietary government a tract of several thousand acres in Berks county. The younger Daniel received a good education and engaged in mercantile pursuits in Montgomery county, where he served during the Revolution as colonel and brigadier-general of militia. In 1784 he was elected to the supreme executive council of Pennsylvania, and in 1787 he was appointed a commissioner of the Connecticut land claims. He was a member of congress from 1789 till 1796, when he resigned and removed to Hagerstown, Md. In 1801 he was again elected to congress, and died during his term of service. He was among the number that voted for the location of the seat of the government on the Potomac. — His brother, John, b. in Bern, Pa., 9 April, 1746 ; d. 15 Oct., 1821, served in con- gress from 1807 till 1809. — His cousin, Joseph, governor of Pennsylvania, b. in Bern township, 18 Nov., 1752 ; d. in Reading, Pa., 10 June, 1832, received a common-school education in the inter- vals of farm labor, and became clerk in a store in Reading, Pa. At the beginning of the Revolution he raised and equipped in that town a company with which he took part in the battles of Long Island and Germantown. He was promoted colonel, was captured and confined in the " Jersey " prison- ship, where he did much to alleviate the sufferings of his fellow-prisoners. He was a member of the Constitutional convention of 1776, and of the State constitutional convention of 1790, and served five years in the house and four in the senate of Penn- sylvania. In 1807 he was appointed one of the two major-generals to command the quota of Penn- sylvania militia that was called for by the president. He served in congress from 1797 till 1805, and again from 1815 till 1820, when he resigned. He was governor of Pennsylvania from 1821 till 1823, when he retired from public life. — John's son, Daniel, b. in Berks county, Pa., was a representa- tive in congress from 1809 till 1811. — John's nephew, William, b. in Bern, Pa. ; d. in Lancaster county, 14 Oct., 1853, received a public-school edu- cation, and settled on a farm in Lancaster county. He was elected to congress as a Whig in 1831, serv- ing until 1837, in which year he was a delegate to the State constitutional convention. — William's son, Isaac Ellmaker, lawyer, b. in Lancaster county, Pa., about 1820 ; d. there, 6 Feb., 1871, was graduated at Yale in 1842. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1844, and began to practise in Lancaster. In 1848 he was deputy attorney- general for Lancaster county. He was then elected to congress as a Whig, serving from 1853 till 1855, but, as he had expressed opinions on slavery that were not in harmony with those of his constituents, he was defeated in the next election. He then practised law with success till his death. HIGBEE, Elnathan Elisha, educator, b. in Saint George, Vt, 27 March. 1830. He was gradu- ated at the University of Vermont in 1849, com- pleted his theological course in the seminary of the German Reformed, church at Mercersburg, Pa., and in 1864 was called to take the chair of church history and exegesis there during the temporary absence of Dr. Philip Schaff in Europe. He was elected to succeed Dr. Schaff in 1866, in 1871 was made presi- dent of Mercersburg college, and in 1881 appointed superintendent of public instruction for Pennsyl- vania. Dr. Higbee has been a frequent contributor to the " Mercersburg Review," a literary and theo- logical periodical of the German Reformed church. HIGGINSON, Francis, clergyman, b. in Eng- land in 1588; d. in Salem, Mass., 6 Aug., 1630. He was graduated at Cambridge, and about 1615 became minister at Claybrooke, one of the parishes of Leicester. Here he acquired great influence as a preacher, but, becoming a Puritan, left his parish, although he continued to preach occasionally in the pulpits of the established church. He refused offers of many excellent livings on account of his opinions, and was supporting himself by preparing young men for the university, when, in 1628, he was invited by the Massachusetts Bay company to accompany its expedition to New England in the following year. He arrived in Salem on 29 June, 1629, and on 20 July was chosen teacher of the congregation. He drew up a confession of faith, which was assented to, on 6 Aug., by thirty per- sons. In the following winter, in the general sick- ness that ravaged the colony, he was attacked by a fever, which disabled him, and finally caused his death. He wrote an account of his voyage, which is preserved in Hutchinson's collection of papers, and " New England's Plantation ; or a Short and True Description of the Commodities of that Country " (London, 3d ed., 1630 ; reprinted in the Massachusetts historical society's collections, vol. i.). — His son, John, clergyman, b. in Claybrooke, England, 6 Aug., 1616 ; d. in Salem, Mass., 9 Dec, 1708, came to this country with his father, after whose death he assisted in the support of his mother and brothers by teaching in Hartford. With Giles Firmin he was employed by the magis- trates and ministers of the Massachusetts colony to take down in short-hand the proceedings of the synod of 1637. He was chaplain of the fort at Saybrook for about four years, and in 1641 went to Guilford as assistant to Rev. Henry Whitfield, whose daughter he married. In 1643 he was one of the " seven pillars " of the church there. He sailed for England with his family in 1659, but the vessel put into Salem harbor on account of the weather, and he accepted an invitation to preach there for a year, finally settling as regular pastor of the church that his father had planted. He was ordained in August, 1660, and continued there till his death. He was an active opponent of the Quakers, but subsequently regretted his zeal, and took no part in the witchcraft prosecutions of 1692. He was one of the most popular divines in New England, and at his death had been seventy-two years in the ministry. He published various ser- mons, and was the author of the " Attestation " to Cotton Mather's " Magnalia," which was prefixed to the first book of that work. HIGGINSON, Stephen, merchant, b. in Salem, Mass., 28 Nov., 1743 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 22 Nov., 1828. He was descended from Rev. Francis Hig- ginson, noticed above. Stephen was bred a mer- chant, and from 1765 till 1775 was an active and successful shipmaster. While on a visit to Eng- land in 1774-'5, he was called to the bar of the house of commons, and questioned as to the state of feeling in Massachusetts. He was a delegate to the continental congress in 1782-'3, navy agent at Boston in 1797-1801, and was one of Gov. Bow- doin's most active advisers in the suppression of Shays's rebellion, serving as lieutenant-colonel of the regiment that was sent from Boston at that time. He was a firm Federalist, and strongly sup- ported the administrations of Washington and Adams. He lost a large part of his fortune in the war of 1812. He published " Examination of Jay's Treaty by Cato," a pamphlet (Boston, 1795), and the essays signed " Laco," attacking John Han- cock, were generally attributed to him. — His son, Stephen, b. in Salem, Mass., 20 Nov., 1770 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 20 Feb., 1834, became a mer- chant and philanthropist in Boston, and was known as the " Man of Ross " of his day, on account of HIGGINSON HIGUAIHUE 199 'J <2f%r^<7 '/■ orator was greatly en- 6&> e<^/. /£ /&£&. hanced. In 1859 Mr. / Hill was elected to the state senate as a Unionist. In 1860 his name was on the Bell and Everett electoral ticket. He was a Unionist mem- ber of the State secession convention, which met at Milledgeville, 16 Jan., 1861, and made a speech of great power against the secession ordinance, but afterward, with many other friends of the Union, thinking it best to avoid a division at home, voted for it. He was a member of the Confederate pro- visional congress of 1861, and shortly afterward was elected to the Confederate senate, in which he continued to serve until the close of the civil war. He was arrested in May, 1865, and confined in Fort Lafayette, New York harbor, but was re- leased on parole in July, and returned to his home. For some years afterward he held no office, but took, an active part in politics, denounc- ing the reconstruction acts of congress, especially in a speech that he delivered at a mass meeting in Atlanta, and that became famous in the state. His " Notes on the Situation," opposing the recon- struction measures, attracted wide attention. Mr. Hill supported Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872, and was a member of the convention that was held at the Fifth Avenue hotel, New York, by the friends of that gentleman. In 1875 he was elected to fill a vacancy in congress as a Demo- crat, and by bis speech in the debate on the am- nesty bill made a great impi'ession. Mr. Hill was re-elected in 1876, and made a speech on 17 Jan., 1877, in support of the electoral commission bill, insisting that it was wholly constitutional, wise in its provisions, and patriotic in its purpose. Be- fore the close of his term in the house he was elected by the legislature of Georgia to a seat in the U. S. senate, where he served till his death. In the senate he made some of his finest speeches, among them that in denunciation of Mr. Mahone's coalition with the Republican party. In the midst of his career Mr. Hill's health gave way. In 1878-'9 a slight pimple on the left side of his tongue developed into a cancer, and he was oper- ated upon three times from 21 July, 1881, till 20 March, 1882. For a month before his death his power of articulation was almost gone, and he used a writing-pad to make known his wishes. His funeral in Atlanta was attended by an immense concourse of people, by the state officials, a dele- gation from both houses of congress, and by the chancellor and faculty of the University of Geor- gia. Since Mr. Hill's death, a monument has been erected to him in Atlanta ; it is a life-size statue of white marble, representing him as looking down from the pedestal on which he stands, and is placed at the junction of two of the finest streets of the city, in full view of his former residence. HILL, Daniel Harvey, soldier, b. at Hill's Iron- Works, York district, S. C, 12 July, 1821. His great - grandfather came from Ireland and settled in York, Pa., whence his grandfather, William Hill, removed to South Carolina, and es- tablished " Hill's Iron-Works " in connection with his friend, Col. Isaac Hayne. Solomon Hill, Gen. Hill's father, joined with Edmund Hayne, son of Col. Isaac Hayne, in reviving the iron-works (de- stroyed during the Revolutionary war), which they conducted for some years, until Mr. Hill's death. The son was graduated at the U. S. military acade- my in 1842, and went immediately to Maine to serve on the frontier during the troubles with England in reference to the boundary-line. He was in nearly every important battle in the Mexi- can war, and was a member of the storming party at Chapultepec, where he and Lieut. James Stewart had a foot-race for the honor of being the first to enter a strongly occupied Mexican fort. For ser- vice in this battle, Capt.Hill was brevetted major, as he had been previously brevetted captain for " gallant and meritorious conduct " at Contreras and Churubusco. Just after the Mexican war he resigned his commission, and was elected professor of mathematics in Washington college, Lexing- ton, Va. He held this place for six years, and for five years filled the same chair in Davidson college, N. C, and went thence to be superintendent of the North Carolina military institute at Charlotte. At the beginning of the civil war he was made colonel of the 1st North Carolina regiment, in command of which he fought and won the battle of Big Bethel, 10 June, 1861, soon after which he was made brigadier-general and sent to command the extreme left of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's armv at Leesburg, Va. He was promoted to major- general, 26 March, 1862, and distinguished himself in the seven davs' battles on the peninsula. Dur- ing the first Maryland campaign Gen. Hill made 204 HILL HILL a stubborn fight at Boonesboro. He also partici- pated in the battle of Fredericksburg. During the Chancellorsville campaign he was in command in North Carolina, and during the Gettysburg campaign he commanded the defences of Rich- mond and Petersburg. On 11 July, 1863, he was commissioned lieutenant-general and placed at the head of a ' corps in Bragg's army. He was at Chickamauga, and shared the fortunes of the Army of Tennessee, until he surrendered with Gen. Joseph B. Johnston in North Carolina in April, 1865. For some years after the war he edited " The Land We Love," a monthly magazine, which he founded at Charlotte, N. C. In 1877 he was elected president of the University of Arkansas, and he is now (1887) president of the Military and agricultural college of Georgia at Milledgeville. Gen. Hill is a contributor to current literature, and has published an algebra, " A Consideration of the Sermon on the Mount " (Philadelphia, 1858), and « The Crucifixion of Christ " (1860). HILL, David Bennett, governor of New York, b. in Havana, Chemung (now Schuyler) co., N. Y., 29 Aug., 1843. He was educated in the common schools" and at the academy of his native place, and became a clerk in a lawyer's office in Havana, but in 1863 went to Elmira, where he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1864. He was ap- pointed in that year city attorney, and became ac- tively interested in politics. He has been many times a delegate to Democratic state conventions since 1868, was president of those that were held in 1877 and 1881, and was also a delegate to the National conventions of 1876 and 1884. In 1870 and 1871 he was chosen to the legislature. In 1882 he was elected mayor of Elmira. In Novem- ber of the same year he was elected lieutenant- governor of New York. On the resignation of Gov. Cleveland in 1884, Mr. Hill became governor of the state. In 1885 he was elected governor for the full term of three years. HILL, David Jayrie, educator, b. in Plainfield, N. J., 10 June, 1850. He was graduated at the University of Lewisburg, Pa., in 1874, was pro- fessor of rhetoric there in 1877-'9, and in the latter year was chosen president of the institution. Madison university gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1884. He has published " Science of Rhetoric" {New- York, 1877) : " Elements of Rhetoric and Composition " (1879) ; " Life of Washington Ir- ving " (1879) ; " Life of William Cullen Bryant " (1880) ; and " Principles and Fallacies of Social- ism " (1885). He has also edited Jevons's " Ele- ments of Logic" (1884), and has in preparation (1887) " The Relation of Christianity to the Social Problems of our Time." HILL, Frances Mulligan, missionary, b. in New York city about 1807 ; d. in Athens, Greece, 5 Aug., 1884. She was the daughter of John W. Mulligan, and married Dr. John H. Hill, with whom she went to Athens in 1831 to superintend schools for the Greeks. She established a mission- school for girls, in which she also educated teach- ers from 1834 till 1842. The school was superin- tended by a society of ladies under the direction of Mrs. Emma Willard, of Troy, N. Y. Mrs. Hill re- ceived in it pupils from families connected with the government at Athens, and also from the wealthy Greeks in Smyrna, Constantinople, and the Ionian islands. Many of the pupils that were appointed by the government to be educated in this normal school afterward opened schools in their respective districts as government teachers. She also founded another school, which is now in existence. The house in which Mrs. Hill resided was built for her by Mr. Bracebridge of England, and after her death it was purchased for the Hill memorial school. HILL, George, poet, b. in Guilford, Conn., in 1796 ; d. in New York, 15 Dec, 1871. He was graduated at Yale in 1816, and, after being em- ployed in a public office in Washington, D. C., en- tered the U. S. navy in 1827 as a teacher of mathe- matics, in which capacity he made a cruise in the Mediterranean. In 1831 he resigned and became librarian in the state department in Washington, which office he held until 1839, when he was ap- pointed U. S. consul for the southern part of Asia Minor. He resigned this post, owing to his health, and again accepted an office in the state depart- ment, but in 1855 returned to Guilford, Conn. He was the author of " Ruins of Athens and Other Poems," published anonymously (1834; 2d ed., with additions, Boston, 1839; 3d ed., entitled " Titania's Banquet, Pictures of Women, and Other Poems," New York, 1870). His latest poem was written for the dedication of the monument to his friend, Fitz-Greene Halleck, at Guilford, and his last composition was a scholarly essay on Sappho. HILL, George W., Canadian clergyman, b. in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 9 Nov., 1824. He was or- dained priest in the Episcopal church in 1848, and became professor of pastoral theology in King's college, Nova Scotia, in 1854. He was rector of St. Paul's church, Halifax, from 1865 till 1885, chaplain to the legislative council during the same period, and chancellor of the University of Halifax in 1876-85. He is the author of " Memoir of Sir B. Haliburton " (1864), and other works. HILL, George William, astronomer, b. in New York city, 3 March, 1838. He was graduated at Rutgers college in 1859, and has since received the degree of Ph. D. from that institution. In 1861 he became assistant in the office of the " American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac," which office he continues to fill. He made a canoe voyage in 1880 from Lake Superior to Moose Factory, Hud- son bay, for the purpose of making a map of the route and photographs of the scenery. His re- searches on the lunar theory have attracted atten- tion, and in 1887 he was awarded the gold medal of the Royal astronomical society of London for his investigations. He is a member of scientific societies, and in 1874 received an election to the National academy of sciences. Dr. Hill is the au- thor of upward of forty articles and memoirs, in mathematical and astronomical journals or in transactions of scientific societies, having reference chiefly to mathematical astronomy. HILL, Isaac, senator, b. in Charlestown (now Somerville), Mass., 6 April, 1788 ; d. in Washing- ton, D. C, 22 March, 1851. He was seventh in de- scent from Abraham Hill, who came from England in 1636. His parents removed to Ashburnham. Mass., and at the age of fourteen he was placed in the printing-office of the Amherst, N. H., '• Cabi- net." In 1809 he went to Concord, N. H., pur- chased the "American Patriot," whose name he changed to " New Hampshire Patriot," and made it an organ of the Republican (afterward Demo- cratic) party. The ablest men of the party con- tributed to its columns, and it had great influence for twenty years. He labored in behalf of the manufacture's of New England, and later favored the building of railroads, taking issue with one branch of his party on questions arising from their extension. After serving in both branches of the New Hampshire legislature he was an unsuccessful candidate for the U. S. senate in 1828, and was second comptroller of the treasury, from 1829 till 1830, when he was elected U. S. senator. He re- HILL HILL 205 signed this office in 1836 to become governor of his state, and served till 1839. He was U. S. sub- treasurer at Boston in 1840-'l, and in the former year, with his two oldest sons, established " Hill's New Hampshire Patriot," which they published and edited till 1847. He also issued the " Farmer's Monthly Visitor" for the last fifteen years of his life. His biography, with a collection of his speeches and miscellaneous writings, was published (Con- cord, N. H., 1835). — His son, John McClary, jour- nalist, b. in Concord, N. H., 5 Nov., 1821, aided his father in the publication of " Hill's New Hamp- shire Patriot " till 1847, when it was merged in the " New Hampshire Patriot," with which journal he was also connected till 1853, and again in 1868-'73. In 1884 he was the unsuccessful Democratic candi- date for governor of New Hampshire. HILL, John, congressman, b. in Catskill, N. Y., 10 June, 1821 ; d. in Boonton, N. J., 24 July, 1884. He was educated at private schools, and at an early age was clerk in the bank of which his father was cashier. In 1845 he became paymaster of the New Jersey iron company at Boonton, N. J., and afterward engaged in business there. He was post- master of the town in 1849-53, justice of the peace in 1856-61, and was elected to the New Jersey as- sembly in 1861, 1862, and 1866, serving as speaker during his last term. He was active in raising troops during the civil Avar, and at its close was elected to congress as a Republican, sendng from 1867 till 1873, and again from 1881 till 1883. Mr. Hill was an active member of the house committee on post-offices and post-roads, and was earnest in promoting postal reform. When he first entered congress he introduced a bill to abolish the frank- ing privilege, and he was also the author of the bill providing for the issue of postal-cards. In December, 1881, he introduced a bill reducing letter postage to two cents a half an ounce, which was finally passed on 2 March, 1883, owing largely to his persistent efforts. Mr. Hill received many resolutions of thanks from various public bodies for his interest in the matter. He was an elder of the Presbyterian church at Boonton, and was ac- tive in religious affairs. HILL, Joshua, statesman, b. in Abbeville dis- trict, S. C., 10 Jan., 1812. He removed to Georgia early in life, and was admitted to the bar of that state, beginning to practise at Madison. He was afterward chosen to congress as an American, and served from 1857 till 23 Jan., 1861, when he re- signed his seat, in obedience to the wishes of the Georgia convention, though he was strongly op- posed to secession. He had a few days previously made a conciliatory speech, which had been well received. During the civil war he remained quietly on his plantation, and took no part in public affairs, save that he was a candidate for governor of his state in 1863, and was defeated by Joseph E. Brown. He took part in the proceedings of the Constitu- tional convention called in pursuance of President Johnson's proclamation in 1866, and was an un- successful candidate for the U. S. senate in the same year. He then removed to Washington, but in 1868, after the organization of a state govern- ment in Georgia, under the reconstruction acts of congress, he was elected U. S. senator from that state, and served till 1873. In 1872 he took an active part in the discussion with Charles Sumner on the civil rights bill. HILL, Mark Langdon, congressman, b. in Biddeford, Me., 30 June 1772 ; d. in Phippsburg, Me., 26 Nov., 1842. He received a common-school education, and early entered public life. After serving several times in each house of the Massa- chusetts legislature he became judge of the court of common pleas in 1810, was a member of con- gress from Massachusetts in 1819-21, and from Maine in 1821-'3. He was afterward postmaster at Phippsburg, and collector of the port of Bath. . Judge Hill was an overseer of Bowdoin from its foundation in 1795 till 1821, and a trustee from that time till his death. HILL, Nathaniel Parker, senator, b. in Mont- gomery, N. Y., 18 Feb., 1832. He entered Brown in 1853 as a student, became tutor in chemistry in 1858, and was professor of chemistry applied to the arts from 1859 till 1864. In the latter year he visited Colorado to examine an extensive tract of mining and agricultural lands in the interest of Providence and Boston capitalists. The imperfect methods of treating ores at that time led him into a thorough investigation of the subject, and he spent a part of 1865-6 in Swansea, Wales, and Freiberg, Germany. Having become satisfied that the refractory ores of Colorado could be treated successfully and economically, in 1867 he organized the Boston and Colorado smelting company, and has been its manager to the present time (1887). Through the success of that enterprise he has acquired a fortune, and, by showing that the gold and silver could be profitably extracted from the ores, he gave a great impetus to the development of the mining industry of Colorado, which at the time of the erection of his works had been nearly abandoned. He was a member of the territorial counsel in 1872-3, and in 1879 was elected to the U. S. senate as a Republican, serving until 1885. He was an active member of that body, and in the first years of his term secured the passage of many bills of a local character affecting the interests of his state. Later he devoted himself earnestly to- the task of obtaining legislation for a postal tele- graph service. During his term he was the chief advocate of silver coinage, and his speeches and magazine articles on bi-metalism attracted atten- tion both in this country and Europe. His influ- ence has been felt in a marked degree on the interests of Colorado, and much of its present prosperity is due to his exertions. HILL, Nicholas, lawyer, b. in Montgomery county, N. Y, 16 Oct., 1806 ; d. 1 May, 1859. His father was a Revolutionary soldier who, on leaving the army, had become a clergyman. The son received a good education, studied law, and began practice at Amsterdam, N. Y. He was appointed state law reporter in 1841. and became one of the best special pleaders in the state, taking part in over three fourths of the cases on the docket of the court of appeals during his active practice. He prepared with Sidney Cowen " Notes to Phillips on Evidence," and published " New York Reports, 1841-'4" (7 vols., Albany and New York, 1842-'5). HILL, Richard, merchant, b. in Maryland ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 Sept., 1729. In early life he followed the sea, and up to 1704 was known as " Capt. Hill." He was in Philadelphia during William Penn's second visit to this country, where he formed the proprietor's acquaintance and came to enjoy his personal friendship. He finally set- tled as a merchant in Philadelphia, and was ad- mitted to the governor's council in February, 1704, retaining the place up to the time of his death. In 1707 he was unanimously elected alder- man of the city, and in 1709 was chosen mayor, to which office he was many times re-elected. He was elected to the assembly in 1710, and served in this body continuously until 1721, being three times speaker. In 1720, as one of the six oldest councillors, he was appointed a master in the court 206 HILL HILL of chancery, just organized, and was also for sev- eral years a judge of the supreme court of the province. In the quarrels that arose between the assembly and William Penn he sided with the latter, and is recognized as the leader that did most to preserve Quaker and proprietary ascend- ency. Penn made him a trustee under his will. HILL, Theophilus Hunter, poet, b. near Ra- leigh, N. C, 31 Oct., 1836. After receiving an aca- demic education he became a lawyer in Raleigh, where he at one time edited the " Spirit of the Age." In 1871-2 he was librarian of North Carolina. He has published "Hesper and other Poems" (Ra- leigh, 1861) ; " Poems " (New York, 1869) ; and " Pas- sion Flower and other Poems " (Raleigh, 1883). HILL. Thomas, president of Harvard college, b. in New Brunswick, N. J., 7 Jan., 1818. His father, an Englishman, was a tanner, and also served as judge of the superior coui*t of common pleas. The son was left an orphan at an early age, and was ap- prenticed to a printer in 1830 for three years. He then went to the Lower Dublin academy near Philadelphia for one year, and was apprenticed to an apothecary in New Brunswick, but afterward entered Harvard, where he was graduated in 1843, and at the divinity-school in 1845. He settled in Waltham, Mass., in 1845, in charge of a Unitarian congregation, and preached there for fourteen years. In 1859 he succeeded Horace Mann in the presidency of Antioch college, Ohio, and during his service there was also pastor of the Church of the Redeemer in Cincinnati. He became president of Harvard in 1862, and held this office until 1868, when he resigned on account of impaired health. He retired to Waltham, and in 1871 he served in the legislature, after which he accompanied Louis Agassiz on the coast-survey expedition to South America. On his return he accepted a call to the Unitarian church in Portland, Me., where he now (1887) resides. His mathematical genius showed itself early in life, and he has displayed great originality and fertility in the investigation of curves, adding to their known number and simpli- fying their expression. He has invented several mathematical machines, the principal one being an occultator, by which occupations visible west of the Mississippi in the years 1865- ; 9 were calcu- lated for publication in the "American Nautical Almanac." The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Harvard in 1860, and that of LL. D. by Yale in 1863. He has delivered addresses be- fore the Phi Beta Kappa society of Harvard on " Liberal Education " (1858), and on the " Opportu- nities of Life " at Antioch (1860). He has edited Eberty's " The Stars and the Earth " (1849 ; new eds.. Boston, 1874 and 1882) ; and has published " Christmas, and Poems on Slavery " (Boston, 1843); " Geometry and Faith " (New York, 1849 ; revised eds., New York, 1874, and Boston, 1882) ; " First Lessons in Geometry " (Boston, 1854) ; " Second Book in Geometry " (Boston, 1862) : " Jesus, the Interpreter of Nature, and Other Sermons " (1859) ; " Practical Arithmetic " (1881) ; and contributions to numerous periodicals, mathematical and astro- nomical journals, and religious newspapers. — His son, Henry Barker, chemist, b. in Waltham, Mass., 27 April, 1849, was graduated at Harvard in 1869, after which he studied chemistry at the University of Berlin, Prussia. In 1870 he was appointed assistant in the laboratory of Harvard, and was assistant professor of chemistry from 1874 till 1884, when he became full professor. He is a member of scientific societies, both in the United States and Europe, and in 1883 was elected to the National academy of sciences. Prof. Hill has published the results of his chemical researches in the " Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences," and is the author of " Notes on Qualitative Analysis " (New York, 1874). HILL, Thomas, artist, b. in Birmingham, Eng- land, 11 Sept., 1829. He came to the United States in 1840, and settled in Taunton, Mass. His earliest paintings were made in Boston, where he followed the profession of ornamental painting until 1853, when he removed to Philadelphia, where he stud- ied in the life-class at the academy. In 1861 he went to California in impaired health, and painted portraits, also occasional figure-pieces. One of the latter, the trial scene in the " Merchant of Venice," gained for him the first prize in the Art union of San Francisco in 1865. During 1866 he studied art in Paris for six months under Paul Meyerheim, and thenceforth determined to follow landscape instead of figure painting. He opened a studio in Boston in 1867, but returned soon to San Fran- cisco, where he now resides (1887), although spend- ing a portion of each year in the Yosemite valley and at his studio in Mariposa county. His prin- cipal works are " The Yosemite Valley " (1867) ; " The White Mountain Notch," " Donner Lake," " The Great Canon of the Sierras," " The Heart of the Sierras," "The Driving of the Last Spike," and " The Yellowstone Canon." HILL, Uriah C, musician, b. in New York city about 1802 ; d. in Paterson, N. J., in Sep- tember, 1875. In early life he played the violin in different bands in New York. Having been en- gaged as leader of the Sacred music society, he brought out Handel's " Messiah " in St. Paul's chapel, 18 Nov., 1831. This was the first per- formance of an entire oratorio in New York. The " Messiah " was repeated on 31 Jan. and 2 Feb., 1832. With the same society he brought out Neu- komm's " David " and Mendelssohn's " St. Paul." Meanwhile, in 1836, he had been abroad studying the violin under Spohr at Cassel. In 1842 he began energetically to form an orchestral society in New York. He enlisted several musicians in the pro- ject, and with others called a meeting for 2 April, 1842, when the New York philharmonic society was formed. Hill was one of its alternate con- ductors during its first seven seasons. He in- vented a piano in which he substituted tuning- forks for wire strings, and which he claimed would never get out of tune. He exhibited it, but with- out success, in New York and London. Later he passed several years in Cincinnati, and afterward l'emoved to Paterson, N. J. Through unfortunate domestic relations and bad speculations he became financially embarrassed and despondent, and com- mitted suicide. — His brother, George Handel, b, in Boston, Mass., 9 Oct., 1809 ; d. in Saratoga, N. Y, 27 Sept., 1849, was educated in Taunton, Mass., and at the age of sixteen found employment with a watchmaker and jeweller in New York city. He occasionally volunteered as a supernumerary in the Chatham street theatre, joined a travelling com- pany of comedians, gave entertainments as a flute- player, comic singer, and story-teller, and subse- quently as a lecturer. His earliest engagement as a stock actor was at the Arch street theatre, Phila- delphia. In 1828 Hill married, and for a year or two kept a country store in Leroy, N. Y. But being unsuccessful he joined the company in the Al- bany theatre, and then lectured in the middle and southern states. The small Yankee part in Samuel Woodworth's drama of " The Forest Rose " ar- rested his attention, and determined him to make that specialty his particular study. He appeared in this play for the first time at the Arch street HILL HILLARD 207 theatre. The character of Jonathan was by him amplified and enlivened with comic stories to make it prominent. Hill's debut at the Park theatre, New York, raised him at once to the dig- nity of a star performer, and secured him engage- ments throughout the Union. Among his dramas were " Caspar Hauser," " The Green Mountain Boys," "A Wife for a Day," " The Yankee Pedler," and " The Knight of the Golden Fleece," all ephemeral, but skilfully measured to the artist's capability. In 1836 " Yankee " Hill, as he was called, performed at Drury Lane and the Olympic theatres, London, and in other large cities of Eng- land, Edinburgh, and Glasgow, returning home in the year following. His second visit to Europe was in 1838, when he appeared at the Adelphi theatre, London, and gave entertainments in Paris. In 1839 he returned to the United States, and soon found that his attraction was on the wane, the old plays worn out, and he had nothing new to offer. In this manner Hill was retired to second- class play-houses and less profitable engagements. He began the study of dentistry, but lacked the nerve and endurance, and abandoned the effort to make that his profession. In 1847 Hill retired to Batavia, N. Y., playing only occasionally in mono- logue entertainments. Hill's down-east stories were exceedingly droll, and were recited in a man- ner highly original. In the delineation of the typical, artificial stage- Yankee, who talks throiigh his nose, drives sharp bargains, and slyly outwits his fellow-man, this actor was unequalled. His range was narrow, but the ease, quaintness, and finish of his manner disarmed criticism. HILL, Walter Henry, clergyman, b. near Lebanon, Marion co., Ky., 21 Jan., 1822. He was graduated at St. Mary's college, Ky., in 1843. After studying medicine in the St. Louis university he entered the Jesuit order in 1847, and in 1848 became professor of mathematics, physics, and rhetoric in St. Joseph's college, Bardstown. Ky., where he remained seven years. He taught in the St. Louis university in 1855, but afterward com- pleted his higher studies at Boston, was ordained priest, and removed to the Jesuit novitiate in Frederick, Md. In 1864 he returned to St. Louis, and became professor of logic and metaphysics in the university. In 1865 he was made president of St. Xavier's college, Cincinnati, which office he held till 1869. Although opposed by the state legislature, he obtained a new charter during his service, and rebuilt the college, making it one of the most prosperous Roman Catholic institutions in this country. He went to Topeka, Kan., in 1869, and he obtained a charter under a law of the state to incorporate St. Mary's college in St. Mary's mission. From 1871 till 1884 he again taught in St. Louis university, and is now (1887) attached to the Church of the Sacred Heart, Chicago. He is the author of " Elements of Philosophy, compris- ing Logic and General and Special Metaphysics " (Baltimore, 1873 ; 8th ed., 1887). This was violently attacked by Dr. Orestes A. Brownson, and gave rise to numerous controversies. It is now largely used as a text-book in Roman Catholic institu- tions. His other publications are " Ethics, or Moral Philosophy" (Baltimore, 1878; 4th ed., 1885); " Historical Sketch of St. Louis University " (St. Louis, 1879) ; and various articles in the " Ameri- can Catholic Quarterly," including one on " Mental Insanity " (1880), which attracted much attention. HILL, Whitmill, statesman, b. in Bertie county, N. C, 12 Feb., 1743; d. in Hill's Ferry, Martin co., N. C, 12 Sept., 1797. He was gradu- ated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1760, and entered the Revolutionary struggle with much zeal. He was a delegate to the Provincial congresses that met at Hillsboro, 20 Aug., 1775, and at Halifax, 4 April, 1776, and was elected to the house of commons from Martin county in 1777. He was a member of the state senate from 1778 till 1780, and its speaker in 1778. In that year he was elected a delegate to the Continental congress, serving till 1781. He was one of the ablest advo- cates of the national constitution in the conven- tion for its ratification that met at Hillsboro in July, 1788. He was also lieutenant-colonel of the North Carolina militia. He possessed fine literary attainments, and wrote spirited letters in 1780 to Gov. Burke, which were published in the North Carolina " University Magazine " in March, 1861. HILL, William, clergyman, b. in Cumberland county, Va., 3 March, 1769; d. in Winchester, Va., 16 Nov.. 1852. He was graduated at Hampden Sidney in 1788, and was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Hanover, 10 July, 1790. After spend- ing two years as a missionary in Virginia he settled in Berkeley (now Jefferson) county, and in 1800 accepted the pastorate of the Presbyterian church in Winchester. In 1834 he removed to Prince Edward county, where he remained two years, and then became pastor of the 2d Presbyterian church in Alexandria. In 1838 he returned to Winchester. Mr. Hill delivered an oration at Harper's Ferry in commemoration of Gen. Wash- ington, and published several sermons. He was also engaged on a " History of the Presbyterian Church in the United States," which he intended to issue in numbers, but only the first appeared. HILLARD, George Stillman, lawyer, b. in Machias, Me., 22 Sept., 1808 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 21 Jan., 1879. He was graduated at Harvard in 1828, and, after studying in the law-school and in the office of Charles P. Curtis, was admitted to the bar and acquired an extensive practice. He taught for a time in the Round Hill school in Northampton, Mass. Mr. Hillard served in the state senate in 1850, and in 1853 was a delegate to the State constitutional convention. He held the office of city solicitor from 1854 till 1856, and that of U. S. district attorney for Massachusetts from 1866 till 1870. As a legislator he won the warm commendation of Daniel Webster. In 1833 he edited with George Ripley a weekly Unitarian pa- per, entitled "The Christian Register." Subse- quently he became associated with Charles Sumner in the publication of "The Jurist." In 1856 he bought an interest in the " Boston Courier," of which he was associate editor until he retired at the beginning of the civil war. In 1847 Mr. Hillard delivered a course of twelve lectures before the Lowell institute. Trinity gave him the de- gree of LL. D. in 1857. His addresses include a Fourth of July oration (Boston, 1835) ; " Dangers and Duties of the Mercantile Profession," delivered before the Mercantile library association (1850) ; an oration before the New York Pilgrim society (1851) ; and a eulogy on Daniel Webster (1852). He was the author of privately printed memoirs of James Brown and Jeremiah Mason, and a life of Capt. John Smith for Sparks's "American Biography," and published " The Poetical Works of Edmund Spenser," with a critical introduction (5 vols., Boston, 1839) ; a translation of Guizot's " Essay on the Character and Influence of George Washington " (1840) ; a " Memorial of Daniel Webster " and " Six Months in Italy " (1853) ; a series of " Readers " and " Selections from the Works of Walter Savage Landor" (1856); "Life and Campaigns of George B. McClellan " (Philadel- 208 HILLEGAS HILLHOUSE phia, 1864); "Political Duties of the Educated Classes." a pamphlet (Boston, 1866) ; and " Life of George Ticknor," with Mrs. Ticknor (Boston, 1873). HILLEGAS, Michael, merchant, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., in 1728 ; d. there, 29 Sept., 1804. His father, Michael Hillegas, was an early German emigrant. The son engaged in sugar-refining, pos- sessed means and was active in municipal and national affairs. In June, 1774, he became treas- urer of the committee of safety, of which Dr. Franklin was president. In 1775 he was appointed by the Continental congress treasurer of the United States, with George Clymer as his assistant, and held this office until 1789. On 2 April, 1781, the general assembly of Pennsylvania passed the following resolution : " Resolved, That Michael Hillegas be requested and empowered to revise, compare, correct, and publish in one volume the resolves of the committee of the late province of Pennsylvania, with their instructions to their representatives in assembly held at Philadelphia, July 15, 1774 ; the proceedings of the provincial conference of committees held at Carpenter's Hall, June 18, 1776; the Declaration of Independence, made July 4, 1776 ; minutes of the proceedings of the convention of the state of Pennsylvania, July 15, 1776, with the constitution ; the minutes of the assemblies of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania to the end of 1781, and the articles of confedera- tion." The volume was published in 1782. HILLER, Alfred, clergyman, b. near Sharon Springs, Schoharie co., N. Y., 22 April, 1831. He received his preparatory training in academies at Ames and Canajoharie, N. Y., and was graduated at Hartwick theological seminary, in Otsego county, N. Y, in 1857. In the same year he entered the ministry of the Lutheran church, and was pastor of congregations at Fayette, N. Y., in 1857-8, and German Valley, N. Y, in 1858-81. During a two- months' service in the civil war, in the spring of 1865, he was in the employ of the U. S. Christian commission, and organized an army church of seventy-seven members at Edyfield, near Nashville, Tenn. In 1881 he was elected president of Hart- wick theological seminary and professor of syste- matic theology. He received the degree of D. D. from Wittenberg college in 1882. HILLHOUSE, James, clergyman, b. in Ireland about 1687 ; d. in Montville, Conn., in 1740. He was educated at the University of Glasgow, studied theology there, and was ordained by the presbytery of Londonderry, Ireland. It is supposed that he joined the Presbyterian emigrants who established themselves in New Hampshire in 1719. In 1720 he published a sermon in Boston, and was spoken of by Cotton Mather as a " worthy hopeful young minister lately arrived in America." In 1722 he was installed pastor in the newly instituted parish of New London, Conn. — His son, William, jurist, b. in Montville, Conn., 25 Aug., 1728 ; d. there, 12 Jan., 1816, received a good education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He represented New London in the legislature from 1755 till 1785, and was also made " assistant," or member of the coun- cil, serving altogether in 106 semi-annual legisla- tures. He was judge of the court of common pleas for about forty years, a major in the 2d regiment of Connecticut cavalry in the Revolution, and from 1783 till 1786 a member of the Continental congress. At -the age of eighty he declined a re-election to the council, and retired from public life. — Another son, James Abraham, lawyer, b. in Montville, Conn., in 1730 ; d. in New Haven, Conn., in 1775, was graduated at Yale in 1749, and in 1750 was appointed tutor there, which post he held till 1756. He then practised law successfully in New Haven, and in 1772 was elected one of the twelve " assist- ants." — William's son, James, lawyer, b. in Mont- ville. Conn., 21 Oct., 1754 ; d. in New Haven, Conn., 29 Dec, 1832, was graduated at Yale in 1773. He served in the Revolutionary war, and in 1779 was captain of the Gov- ernor's foot - guards when New Haven was invaded by the Brit- ish under Tryon. He was a representative in the legislature from 1780 till 1789, when he was called to a seat in the coun- cil. He was then elected as a Federal- ist to congress, where he took an active part in debates and served in 1791-'5. In 1796 he entered the U. S. senate, having been chosen for the unexpired term of Oliver Ellsworth, who had resigned his seat to become chief justice in the U. S. supreme court. He was elected for a full term in 1797, and again in 1803 and 1809. When Thomas Jefferson withdrew from the sen- ate after his election to the presidency, Mr. Hill- house was appointed president pro tempore of that body. Although he was a strong Federalist, he proposed amendments to the constitution, in 1808, to correct what he considered dangerous tendencies in the system of Federal government. In 1810 he resigned his seat to become commis- sioner of the school fund of Connecticut, which office he held till 1825, rescuing the fund from gradual destruction and adding by judicious invest- ments the sum of $500,000. From 1782 till his death he was treasurer of Yale, from which he re- ceived the degree of LL. D. in 1823. He published numerous speeches. See " Sketch of the Life and Character of Hon. James Hillhouse" (New Haven, 1860). — James Abraham, son of the second James, poet, b. in New Haven. Conn., 26 Sept., 1789 ; d. there, 5 Jan., 1841, was graduated at Yale in 1808, after which he spent three years in Boston, prepar- ing for a mercantile career. He engaged in busi- ness in New York, and in 1819 went to Europe, where he met many distinguished men. Zachary Macaulay, father of the historian, spoke of him " as the most accomplished young man with whom he was acquainted." In 1822 he married Cornelia, daughter of Isaac Lawrence, of New York, and retired to his country-seat, " Sachem's Wood," near New Haven, where he spent the remainder of his life, devoting his attention to literature. He pub- lished " The Judgment, a Vision," a poem delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa society of Yale (New York, 1812) ; " Percy's Masque," a drama (London, 1819 ; reprinted, with additions, New York, 1820) ; " Hadad," a sacred drama (New York, 1825) ; and a collected edition of his writings, containing the additions of "Demetria," a domestic Italian tragedy, written in 1813 ; " Sachem's Wood," a poem ; and several discourses, under the title of "Dramas, Discourses, and other Pieces " (2 vols., Boston, 1839). — Augustus Lucas, another son of the second James, b. in New Haven, Conn., 9 Dec, 1791 ; d. in Paris, France, 14 March, 1859, was graduated at Yale in 1810. He was the author of the hymn " Trembling before thine Awful Throne." HILLIARD HILLS 209 HILLIARD, Francis, jurist, b. in Cambridge, Mass., about 1808 ; d. in Worcester, Mass., 9 Oct., 1878. He was the son of William Hilliard, a pub- lisher of Boston. The son was graduated at Har- A r ard in 1823, and was admitted to the bar. He became judge of Roxbury police-court, commis- sioner of insolvency for Norfolk county, and served in the state legislature, but abandoned his practice, and devoted his attention to preparing legal works. He published " Digest of Pickering's Reports " (vols. viii. to xiv., inclusive, Boston, 1837 ; supple- ment, 1843J; "Law of Sales of Personal Property" (New York, 1841) ; " American Law of Real Prop- erty," containing part of Cruise's digest (2 vols., 2d ed., Philadelphia, 1846; 3d ed., New York, 1841 ; 4th ed., Albany, 1869) ; " American Juris- prudence " (2d ed., 1848) ; " Law of Mortgages of Real and Personal Property " (Boston, 1853 ; 3d ed., 1864) ; " Treatise on the Law of Vendors and Purchasers of Real Property "(2 vols., 1858; 2d ed., 1869); "Treatise on Torts" (2 vols., 1859; 2d ed., revised, 1867) ; " The Law of Injunctions " (Philadelphia, 1864; 2d ed., revised, 1869); and " Law of New Trials and other Rehearings " (1866). HILLIARD, Henry Washington, lawyer, b. in Fayetteville, N. C, 4 Aug., 1808. He removed with his parents to Columbia, S. C, at an early age, and was graduated at South Carolina college in 1826. He studied law and removed to Athens, Ga., where he was admitted to the bar in 1829, and practised two years. In 1831 he was elected to a professorship in Alabama univer- sity, Tuscaloosa, but resigned in 1834 and prac- tised law success- fully in Mont- gomery. Mean- while he was also a lay preacher in the Methodist Episcopal church. In 1838 he was elected to the Ala- bama legislature, «vT fr. /ri^C^t-^*-^ ^£>_^ was a member of the Harrisburg Whig convention. In answer to a series of articles upon the question of the sub-treasury, by Dixon H. Lewis, under the signature of " A Nullifier," Mr. Hilliard wrote six papers signed " Junius Brutus," which were published in a Whig journal of Mont- gomery county. Prom 1842 till 1844 he was charge d'affaires in Belgium. On his return he was elected to congress from Alabama, and served from 1845 till 1851. In 1846 he was a regent of the Smith- sonian institution. In congress he opposed the Wilmot proviso, and advocated the compromise measures of 1850. He was a candidate for elector on the Fillmore ticket in 1856, and in 1860 on the Bell-and-Everett ticket, visiting Mr. Everett in Boston, where he delivered an address in Faneuil hall. He opposed secession in 1861, but after the convention of Alabama had passed the ordinance he espoused the cause of the Confederacy. He was appointed by Jefferson Davis commissioner to Ten- nessee, and also accepted the commission of briga- dier-general in the provisional Confederate army, for which he raised 3,000 men. After the civil war he resumed his law practice in Augusta, and sub- sequently removed to Atlanta, where he now (1887) VOL. III. 14 resides. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful candidate for congress, and he took an active part in the presidential canvass of 1872, advocating the elec- tion of Horace Greeley. In 1877 he was appointed U. S. minister to Brazil, where he remained till 1881. He has given much of his attention to litera- ture, and has published " Roman Nights," trans- lated from the Italian (Philadelphia, 1848) ; " Speeches and Addresses " (New York, 1855) ; and " De Vane, a Story of Plebeians and Patricians " (New York, 1865 ; 2d ed., Nashville, 1886). HILLIARD, William Henry, artist, b. in Au- burn, N. Y, in 1836. He studied art in New York city, and, after attaining considerable proficiency, painted landscapes in the west until he was able to go to Europe. He sketched in England and Scot- land for a time, and then went to Paris, where he studied with Lambinet. After opening a studio in New York he removed to Boston, where he es- tablished himself permanently. Landscapes and marine views are his specialty. He has exhibited in many of the principal cities of the United States, and has received several medals. Among his best- known works are views of Maine, of the White and Franconia mountains, and of the Atlantic coast, including " Campton Meadows," " Castle Rock," and "Wind against Tide" (1878); "Battle-Field of Lookout Mountain " and " Allatoona Pass, Ga." The two last named were especially popular. HILLIARD D'AUBERTEUIL, Michel Rene, French author, b. in Rennes, France, 31 Jan., 1751 ; d. in Santo Domingo, W. I., in 1785. He practised law in Santo Domingo, and visited the United States during the Revolutionary war. On his return to France he published " Considerations sur l'etat present de la colonie francaise de Saint Domingue," which exposed official abuses and was suppressed (2 vols., Paris, 1776). He is said to have been assassinated or executed. His principal works are : " Nouvelles considerations sur Saint Domingue " (Paris, 1780) ; " Essais historiques et politiques sur les Anglo-Americains " (Brussels, 1782) ; and " Histoire de l'administration du lord North, depuis 1770 jusqu'en 1782, de la guerre de l'Amerique septentrionale " (Paris, 1784). HILLIS, David, lieutenant-governor of Indiana, b. in Washington county, Pa., in 1789 ; d. in Jeffer- son county, Ind., 8 July, 1845. He went with his parents to Bourbon county, Ky., in 1791, was self- educated, and in 1808 removed to the new settle- ments in Jefferson county, Ind., where he engaged in farming and surveying, and served for several years as government surveyor. Early in 1812 he was active in raising a company of 100 men, and was commissioned 1st lieutenant. He was made captain in 1814, and in 1815 became colonel of militia. Soon after the organization of the state government in 1816, he was elected an associate judge of the circuit court, and in 1818 was chosen to the legislature, serving by successive annual re- elections, with one exception, till 1830. In 1831 and 1835 he was elected to the state senate, and in 1836-'40 was lieutenant-governor. In 1840 he was a commissioner to treat with the Indians, and from 1841 till his death served again in the legislature. Gov. Hillis was one of the most energetic and in- fluential men in Indiana, and did much to develop internal improvements in that state. — His son, David B., was colonel of the 17th Iowa regiment in the civil war, and received the brevet of briga- dier-general of volunteers. HILLS, George, Canadian Anglican bishop, b. in Egthorne, England, in 1816. His father was a rear-admiral in the British navy. He was edu- cated at Durham university, ordained a priest in 210 HILLS HILSON 1840, and was successively curate of North Shields, lecturer and curate at Leeds parish church, and incumbent of Great Yarmouth. He became canon of Norwich cathedral in 1850, and in 1859 was made bishop of British Columbia. HILLS, George Morgan, clergyman, b. in Auburn, N. Y., 10 Oct., 1825. In 1839 he removed with his parents to New York, and was graduated at Trinity in 1847. He was ordained deacon by Bishop De Lancey, became rector of Grace church, Lyons, N. Y., in 1850, and next year was ordained priest. After holding pastorates in Watertown and Syracuse, N. Y., he became in 1870 rector of St. Mary's church, Burlington, N. J., where he has since remained. In 1867 he established a mission among the Onondaga Indians. In November, 1870, he became lecturer on homiletics and pastoral theology in Burlington college. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Trinity in 1871. In 1880 he founded the church of St. Mary-by-the- Sea, Point Pleasant, N. J. He published " Letters from Europe " (1861) ; " The Wise Master-Builder," commemorative of Bishop De Lancey (1865) : " A Step Between Us and Death " ; "A Mother In Israel " ; " The Record of the Past an Incentive for the Future " (1868) ; " An Historical Sketch of St. Paul's Church, Syracuse " (1870) ; " History of the Church in Burlington, N. J." (1st ed., 1876 ; 2d ed., 1885); " The Transfer of the Church from Colonial Dependence to the Freedom of the Re- public " (1876) ; " John Talbot, the First Bishop in North America " (1878) ; " A Form for the Admis- sion of Choristers " (1880) ; " The Missions of the Church of England in New Jersey " (1882) ; " Office for Opening the Lych-Gate " (1883) ; and " Memo- rial of Rev. N. Pettit " (1885). HILLSBOROUGH, Wills Hill, Earl of, Brit- ish statesman, b. in Fairford, Gloucestershire, England, 30 May, 1718 ; d. 7 Oct., 1793. He took his seat in the Irish house of peers in 1743, in the privy council in 1754, was constituted first com- missioner of trade and plantations in 1763, in 1766 joint postmaster-general, and in 1768 nomi- nated secretary of state for the colonies, which post he resigned in 1772. He was principal secre- tary of state for the American department during the Revolution, and bore his share of the unpopu- • larity that was visited upon the administration on account of the war. He was made a viscount, and Earl of Harwick in 1772, and was also regis- ter of the high court of chancery in Ireland. HILLYER, Asa, clergyman, b. in Sheffield, Mass., 6 April, 1763 ; d. in New York, 28 Aug., 1840. He accompanied his father, who was a sur- geon in the Continental army during most of the Revolutionary war, and was afterward graduated at Yale in 1786. He was licensed to preach by the old presbytery of Suffolk, L. I., in 1786, or- dained pastor at Madison, N. J., in 1789, and in the summer of 1801 was installed as pastor in Orange, N. J., where he labored successfully for more than thirty years. He was one of the found- ers and a director of the United foreign mission- ary society. In the disruption of the Presbyte- rian church in 1837 he adhered to the new school. He was a trustee of Princeton from 1811 till his death, and from 1812 until the division of the general assembly one of the directors of its theo- logical seminary. In 1818 Alleghany college con- ferred upon him the degree of D. D. HILLYER, Junius, jurist, b. in Wilkes countv, Ga., 23 April, 1807 ; d. in Decatur, Ga., 21 June, 1886. He was graduated at the state university at Athens in 1828, studied law while in college, and was admitted to the bar a few days after his graduation. He began practice at Athens, and in 1834 was elected by the legislature solicitor- general of the western judicial circuit of his state. In 1841 he was elected judge of that circuit, which office he retained for four years. He was then elected to congress, and served from 1 Dec, 1851, till 3 March, 1855. He was solicitor of the U. S. treasury from 1 Dec, 1857, till 13 Feb., 1861, when he resigned on the passage by Georgia of an ordi- nance of secession. After this he took no active part in public affairs. — His brother, John F., b. 25 May, 1805, organized Gonzales (Texas) college, of which he was the first president. — Another brother, Shaler Granby, clergyman, b. 20 June, 1809, was president and professor of Monroe (Georgia) female college from 1867 till 1881. HILLYER, William Silliman, soldier, b. in Henderson, Ky., 2 April, 1831 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 12 July, 1874. He was graduated at Ander- son college, Ind., in 1847, studied law, and began practice at New Albany, Ind., afterward attaining note at the bar. In 1855 he removed to St. Louis, where he became acquainted with Ulysses S. Grant, and recommended him for the office of county engineer of St. Louis county. In 1861 he served for some time in the National army as a private, and then removed to New York, where he practised law. Soon after Gen. Grant was com- missioned as brigadier-general he offered Mr. Hill- yer a place on his staff, and he served during the Tennessee and Vicksburg campaigns. On 15 May, 1863, he resigned, owing to failing health, and re- turned to New York. He was brevetted briga- dier-general in 1865, and after the close of the war was appointed a revenue-agent by President Grant. In 1874 he was nominated as general appraiser in the custom-house, but after much opposition his name was withdrawn. Gen. Hillyer was the last surviving member of Grant's original staff. HILPRECHT, Hermann Vollrat, Assyri- ologist, b. in Hohenerxleben, Anhalt, Germany, 28 July, 1859. He studied theology, oriental lan- guages, and law in the University of Leipsic, and received the degree of Ph. D. there in 1883. After spending two years in Switzerland for his health he was appointed by the Bavarian government ad- junct professor of Old Testament theology in the University of Erlangen in 1885, and in 1886 came to Philadelphia as linguistic editor of the " Sun- day-School Times." Shortly after his arrival he was also elected professor of Assyrian in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. In 1882 he spent two months in the British museum studying cuneiform literature. He is known among Assyriologists by his " Freibrief Nebukadnezars I." (Leipsic, 1883). In the spring of 1887 he delivered, in the chapel of the University of Pennsylvania, a course of lec- tures on " The Family and Civil Life of the Egyp- tians," " The Most Flourishing Period of Egyptian Literature," and " Egypt in the Time of Israel's Sojourn." His other literary works consist of con- tributions to Luthardt's " Theologisches Literatur- blatt " (Leipsic), and to other periodicals. HILSON, Thomas, actor, b. in England in 1784 : d. in Louisville, Ky., 23 July, 1834. All we know of his early life is that he had been a stu- dent of painting in water-colors, and that his true name was Hill. Hilson first appeared in this country at the Park theatre in New York city, in 1809, as Walter in " The Children of the Wood." He continued a member of the company, with brief interruptions, until August, 1833, perform- ing a wide range of characters in comedy, tragedy, and opera-bouffe. Paul Pry, Touchstone, and Tony Lumpkin were among his most successful HIMES HINCKS 211 renderings. Dunlap says " his forte was low com- edy," but he sometimes lowered it to vulgarity. — His wife, Ellen Augusta, actress, b. in England in 1801 ; d. in New York city, 2 April, 1837, was the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John Johnson, who for many years performed in the New York theatres. At five years of age she first appeared on the stage, reciting in costume the ballad of " Little Red Riding-Hood," and in 1817 she became a mem- ber of the company of the Park theatre. In Au- gust, 1825, she was married. Mrs. Hilson remained at the Park theatre until the death of her mother in 1830, when she suffered from melancholy, and for a time entirely withdrew from public notice. During the four years succeeding she made occa- sional appearances in company with her husband. A year after the death of the latter, Mrs. Hil- son renewed her connection with the Park thea- tre ; but she was so greatly shattered in health and broken in spirits as to have lost all attraction. In her best days she was an accomplished singer and harpist. Her dramatic ability was moderate. HIMES, Charles Francis, educator, b. in Lan- caster county, Pa., 2 June, 1838. He was gradu- ated at Dickinson college in 1855, and subsequently studied chemistry under Liebig in the University of Giessen, Germany. Later he taught in the Wyoming conference academy, and then in the Baltimore fe- male college. In 1865 he was appointed professor of chemistry and physics in Dickinson, which chair he held for twenty years, when he ceased to teach chemistry, but continued to give instruction in physics. He has also been secretary of the board of trustees and of the college faculty since 1868. Prof, Himes is a member of scientific societies, and has published "Tables for Qualitative Analysis," translated and edited (Philadelphia, 1866) ; " Leaf- Prints, or Glimpses at Photography" (1868); " Flame Reactions," translated (1868) ; " Total Eclipse of the Sun, 7 August, 1869 " (Gettysburg, 1869); "The Stereoscope" (Philadelphia, 1872); " Stereograph-Book " (1876) ; " Historical Sketch of Dickinson College " (Harrisburg, 1879) ; and " Lecture on Actinism," which was read at the International electrical exhibition held in Phila- delphia during 1884 (1884), and he has also con- tributed papers to scientific publications. HINCKLEY, Isabella, singer, b. in Albany, N. Y., 4 Sept., 1840 ; d. in New York city, 5 July, 1862. At the age of fourteen she sang in the choir of the church of "The Holy Innocents." She studied vocal music under George William War- ren, and in Florence, Italy, in 1857-'60, under Romani. She made her first appearance in " Nor- ma " on 24 Dec, 1859, at the Grand opera-house in Amsterdam, where she became a favorite. She then went to Brussels and Frankfort, and in No- vember, 1860, returned to the United States, where she appeared on 26 Jan., 1861, in " Lucia di Lam- mermoor," supported by Brignoli and Susini. She appeared in Boston and Philadelphia until the civil war checked all interest in opera, and in the autumn of 1861 made a concert tour in the west, also appearing in " La Juive " in New York in the following spring. In 1861 she married Augustino Susini. Her repertory consisted of thirty-two operas, including " Le Prophete," " Don Giovanni," " Luci'etia Borgia," etc., and several oratorios. HINCKLEY, Thomas, governor of Plymouth, b. in England about 1618 ; d. in Barnstable, Mass., 25 April, 1706. He came to Scituate with his par- ents in 1635, and in 1639 removed to Barnstable, where he soon took an active part in the affairs of Plymouth colony. He was a deputy in 1645, a representative in 1647, and a magistrate and as- sistant from 1658 till 1680. He was deputy gov- ernor in 1680, and governor from 1681, except during the administration of Edmund Andros, un- til the union with the Massachusetts colony in 1692. He was also a commissioner on the central board of the two colonies from 1673 till 1692, when he became a councillor. Among the manuscripts of the old South church library, which in 1866 were deposited in the Boston public library, are three volumes of papers collected by Gov. Hinckley. HINCKLEY, Thomas Hewes, artist, b. in Mil- ton, Mass., in 1813. He was apprenticed while a lad to a trade in Philadelphia, but obtained some little instruction in art at an evening-school, dur- ing one winter, which was the only training he ever received. At eighteen years of age he went to Boston, and two years later associated himself with a sign and fancy painter, in order to learn the use of colors. He then attempted portraits and landscapes, and, having in 1843 made a successful painting of dogs, determined to devote himself to animal painting, and returned in 1845 to Milton, Mass., where he opened a studio. In 1851 he went to Europe, studied the works of Sir Edward Land- seer and other English and Flemish masters of animal painting, and in 1858 painted two pictures of dogs and game, which were exhibited at the Royal academy of that year, and excited favorable comment. Hinckley rarely exhibits his works in public, but his pictures are popular and numerous. HINCKS, Edward Winslow, soldier, b. in Bucksport, Hancock co., Me., 30 May, 1830. He is descended from Chief-Justice John Hincks, of New Hampshire, who was the first of the name to arrive in this country. Edward was educated in the common schools of his native town, removed to Bangor in 1845, and from then till 1849 was a printer in the Bangor " Whig and Courier " office. In the latter year he removed to Boston, and was a member of the state legislature in 1855. On 18 Dec, 1860, he wrote to Maj. Robert Anderson, tendering a volunteer force to aid in the defence of Fort Moultrie. He became lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Massachusetts regiment on 17 April, 1861, and while on the march to Washington com- manded a party, on 21 April, 1860, that saved the frigate " Constitution " at Annapolis, and repaired the bridge and railway at Annapolis junction. He was commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 2d regular cavalry on 26 April, promoted colonel of volunteers, 16 May, 1861, and commanded the 19th Massa- chusetts regiment and a brigade in Sedgwick's division of the Army of the Potomac from Septem- ber, 1861, till September, 1862, when he was disabled for six months by wounds. He became brigadier- general of volunteers on 29 Nov., 1862, was on court-martial and recruiting duty in 1863-4, com- manded the camp of prisoners-of-war at Point Lookout, Md., in March and April, 1864, and a division of the Army of the James during the field operations of that year. He commanded the draft • rendezvous on Hart's island, N. Y., from October, 1864, till January, 1865, and from that time till the close of the war was chief mustering-officer for the United States in New York city. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, made lieutenant-colonel of the 40th U. S. infantry on 28 July, 1866, and in 1866-7 was governor of the National soldiers' home. He was retired with the rank of colonel on 15 Dec, 1870, on account of wounds. From 1872 till 1880 he was deputy gov- ernor and treasurer of the National soldiers' homes at Hampton, Va., and Milwaukee, Wis. HINCKS, William, Canadian educator, b. in Cork, Ireland, in 1801 ; d. in Toronto in July, 212 HINCKS HINDMAN 1871. His father, Dr. Thomas D. Hincks, was pro- fessor of oriental languages in the Royal Belfast institution. "William was the first professor of natural history in Queen's college, Cork, and from 1853 till his death held the same professorship in the University of Toronto. — His brother, Sir Francis, Canadian statesman, b. in Cork, Ireland, 14 Dec, 1807 ; d. in Montreal, Canada, 18 Aug., 1885, was educated at Fermoy and at the Royal Belfast institution, and after serving an appren- ticeship of seven years to a Belfast firm of shippers, became jun- ior partner in a Liv- erpool firm, and in 1830 sailed as super- cargo to the West In- dies. He returned to Belfast in 1831, and in the year following set- tled in Canada and opened a warehouse in York (now Toronto). He soon afterward be- came secretary of a mutual insurance com- pany, and cashier in a bank, and was also an accountant of the com- mission that was ap- pointed to investigate the charges of fraud preferred by William Lyon Mackenzie in connection with the Welland canal. He founded the Toronto " Examiner," a reform journal, in 1839, edited it for several years, and in 1844 established the Montreal '■ Pilot," also a Liberal newspaper, and was its prin- cipal political writer for many years. In March, 1841, he was elected for Oxford to the Canada assem- bly, and represented it until the general election of 1844, when he was defeated. He was returned for the same constituency in 1851, and on his election for South Oxford and Renfrew, in 1854, decided to represent the latter county, and served until 1855. In October, 1869, he was elected for North Renfrew in the commons, and at the close of parliament was returned for Vancouver, which he represented until his retirement from political life in 1874. He was a member of the executive council and in- spector-general of Canada from June, 1842, to November, 1843, when he retired from the govern- ment, with Messrs. Lafontaine and Baldwin, his political chiefs. He again held the same office in the Lafontaine - Baldwin cabinet from March, 1848, till October, 1851, and from the latter date till September, 1854, in the Hincks-Morin admin- istration, of which he was premier. He visited Washington on several occasions to confer with the British minister on the subject of commercial intercourse between Canada and the United States. The Earl of Elgin, governor-general of Canada, selected Mr. Hincks to accompany him as a repre- sentative of Canada when he negotiated the reci- procity treaty in 1854. He was a delegate to the maritime provinces in 1852, in relation to the intercolonial railway, and the same year was a delegate to Great Britain to urge the repeal of the clergy reserve act, and to secure from the imperial government a guarantee for the construction of the intercolonial railway. During his visit he made arrangements that resulted in the construction of the Grand Trunk railway of Canada. In 1855 he was appointed governor of Barbadoes and the Windward islands, which office he held till 1862, being the first colonial statesman to receive a colo- nial governorship. Gov. Hincks provoked angry controversy by his maintaining that free labor was cheaper than slave labor, and that the value of Barbadian property had been increased by the abolition of slavery. In 1862 he became governor of British Guiana, and so continued till 1869. He was created a companion of the order of the Bath in 1862 and a knight-commander of the order of St. Michael and St. George in 1869. Sir Francis was pensioned by the imperial government, and, upon returning to Canada in 1869, entered Sir John A. Macdonald's cabinet as minister of finance, which office he resigned in 1873. In 1874 he be- came president of the City bank of Montreal, which, under its changed name of the Consolidated bank, failed and involved him in serious pecuniary loss and a legal prosecution, which, however, resulted in his complete vindication. In 1878 he repre- sented the Dominion on the joint commission, composed of Chief-Justice Harrison, Sir Edward Thornton, and himself, which determined the northwestern boundary of Ontario. For some years before his death he was editor-in-chief of the " Journal of Commerce " in Montreal. In ad- dition to various pamphlets, Sir Francis wrote " Reminiscences of My Public Life " (1884). HIND, Henry Yonle, Canadian geologist, b. in Nottingham, England, in June, 1823. He was educated at Leipsic and at Cambridge, came to this country in 1846, and after travelling through Mexico and the southern states went to Canada in 1847. He was appointed mathematical master and lecturer on chemistry and natural philosophy at the provincial normal school for Upper Canada, and in 1851 became professor of chemistry and geology in Trinity college, Toronto. In 1857 he received the appointment of geologist to the Red River exploring expedition, and in 1858 the charge of the exploration of the country between the Red river and the Saskatchewan was entrusted to him by the Canadian government. The publication of his reports on these expeditions was ordered by the Canadian legislature and also by the British par- liament. In 1861 he had charge of an expedition for the exploration of Labrador, in 1864 he was appointed director of the geological survey of New Brunswick, and he afterward became professor of chemistry and natural history in King's college, Nova Scotia. He edited the " Canadian Journal " in 1852-'5, and in 1862 the " Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada." In 1860 he was elected a fellow of the Royal geo- graphical society. In addition to numerous essays and articles he is the author of " Northwest Terri- tory ; Reports of Progress, with a Report on the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Ex- pedition " (Toronto, 1859) ; " Explorations in the Interior of the Labrador Peninsula " (London, 1863) ; and " Preliminary Report on the Geology of New Brunswick " (Fredericton, 1865). HINDMAN, Thomas Carmichael, soldier, b. in Tennessee in November, 1818 ; d. in Helena, Ark., 28 Sept., 1868. After receiving a common- school education, he studied law, and removed to Mississippi, where he practised his profession. He served throughout the Mexican war as lieutenant in a Mississippi regiment, and in 1858 was elected to congress as a Democrat, serving till 1861. He had been re-elected as a Secessionist, but entered the Confederate army with the appointment of brigadier - general. He first served under Gen. Simon Buckner in Kentucky, was in command at Memphis, lost the battle of Newtonia, and having collected his forces at Van Buren, Ark., crossed Arkansas river with 2,500 men and was defeated HINDMAN HINMAN 213 at Prairie Grove by Gen. James G. Blunt and Gen. Francis J. Herron. After the battle of Shiloh, where he was promoted major-general, he was transferred to Arkansas, and commanded a brigade under Gen. Leonidas Polk. After the war he re- moved to the city of Mexico, but returned to the United States in 1867, and settled in Helena, Ark. Gen. Hindman's military career had been criticised for its severity in enforcing conscription and maintaining discipline, and he was assassinated by one of his former soldiers in revenge for some act of discipline during the war. HINDMAN, William, statesman, b. in Dor- chester county, Md., 1 April, 1743 ; d. in Balti- more, Md., 19 Jan., 1822. His father, Jacob, a wealthy landholder of English descent, was high sheriff of Talbot county, Md., and a vestryman of the parish. William was designed for the bar, en- tered at the Inns of Court, London, where he com- pleted his legal studies, and, returning to the United States, was admitted to the bar in 1765. The next year, on the death of his father, he inher- ited a large landed property, and from the begin- ning of the Revolutionary struggle threw his means and influence on the patriot side. In 1775 he was secretary of the Talbot county " committee of observation," and was selected to carry out the resolves of the council of safety, which was then the supreme power in Maryland. He was also a member of the State convention of that year, and treasurer of the eastern shore of Maryland in 1775-'7. He was elected to the first senate of Maryland in 1777, re-elected in 1781, and served until 1784, when he became a member of the Con- tinental congress till 1788. In 1789-92 he was one of the executive council. On the resignation of Joshua Seney, Mr. Hindman was elected to complete his unexpired term in the second con- gress. He served from 1793 till 1799, was defeat- ed as a Federalist in the canvass for the next ses- sion, and returned to the state legislature. In De- cember, 1800, he was elected by that body to the U. S. senate, to fill the unexpired term of James Lloyd, who had resigned. He served until Novem- ber, 1801, and then, retiring from public life, en- gaged in agricultural pursuits. A memoir of his life and services was published by Samuel A. Harri- son, M. D. (Baltimore, 1880). HINDS, James, congressman, b. in Hebron, N. Y., 5 Dec, 1833 : d. in Monroe, Ark., 22 Oct., 1868. He was graduated at the Cincinnati law- college in 1856, and then removed to Minnesota, where he practised his profession. He was district attorney and a presiding judge till the beginning of the civil war, when he enlisted on the U. S. government expedition against the Indian tribes on the western frontier. After the war he settled in Little Rock, Ark., was a delegate to the State constitutional convention, and a commissioner to codify the laws of the state. He was elected to congress and served from June, 1868, till he was assassinated by a political opponent while can- vassing the state for re-election. HINKLEY, Holmes, inventor, b. in Hallowell, Me., 24 June, 1793 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 7 Feb., 1866. His parents were poor, and at fourteen years of age he was apprenticed to a carpenter. He went to Boston in 1815, became a maker of patterns for machinery in 1823, and in 1826 estab- lished a machine-shop on Boston Neck, where, without instruction, he began to build steam-en- gines. He built the third stationary engine that was produced in Massachusetts, and in 1840 began to construct locomotives on a new and ingenious plan, that soon made his name favorably known. He established in 1848 the Boston locomotive- works, which failed after his retirement from active control of them in 1857, but during the civil war he retrieved his fortune by making shot and shell for the government, and in 1864 was made president of a new company, the " Hinkley and Williams works." Among Mr. Hinkley's inventions is a locomotive boiler, which is favorably mentioned for its economy of fuel. He was probably the first man in New England to build a locomotive. HINMAN, Benjamin, soldier, b. in Woodbury, Conn., in 1720 ; d. 'in Southbury, Conn., 22 March, 1810. He served in the French war in 1751 as quartermaster of a troop of horse in Gen. Roger Wolcott's command, was commissioned captain in 1755 in Col. Elizur Goodrich's regiment, defended Crown Point and its vicinity, was promoted lieu- tenant-colonel in 1767, and in 1771 colonel of the 13th regiment of horse. He was commissioned captain of the 4th continental regiment in May, 1775, and served at Ticonderoga and various other engagements until failing health compelled his retirement in 1777. He represented Woodbury, Conn., in the legislature during twenty sessions, and after the incorporation of Southbury was its delegate for eight sessions. He was also a member of the State convention that ratified the constitu- tion of the United States. — His nephew, Royal Ralph, scholar, b. in Southbury, Conn., 5 June, 1785; d. in New York city, 15 Oct., 1868, was graduated at Yale in 1820, settled in Southbury in the practice of law, served four sessions in the legislature, and was secretary of state from 1835 till 1842. During this period he was twice chair- man of the committee to revise the laws of Con- necticut, and in 1844 he was appointed collector of customs at New Haven. His latter years were spent in New York city, in the study of the history and antiquities of Connecticut, especially in tracing the genealogies of the original and early settlers in Hartford, New Haven, and Saybrook colonies. He published " Official Letters between the Kings and Queens of England and the Early Governors of Connecticut in 1635-'79" (Hartford, 1836); " Historical Recollections of Connecticut in the American Revolution " (New York, 1842) ; " Cata- logue of the First Puritan Settlers of the Colony of Connecticut " (Hartford, 1852-'8) ; " A Family Record of the Descendants of Sergeant Edward. Hinman " (1856) ; and several volumes of statutes and public and private acts. — Benjamin's grandson, Joel, jurist, b. in Southbury, Conn., in 1802 ; d. in Cheshire, Conn., 21 Feb., 1870, received an aca- demic education, was admitted to the bar of New Haven in 1821, and for several years practised law, attaining to no special eminence until his election in 1842 to the bench of the superior court. From this event he steadily rose in public esteem, and his opinions were regarded as models of clearness and common sense. From 1851 till 1861 he was an associate justice of the supreme court of the state, becoming chief justice at the latter date. His judicial opinions extend through twenty vol- umes of Connecticut reports. HINMAN, Clarke Titus, educator, b. in Kort- right, Delaware co., N. Y., 3 Aug., 1817; d. in Troy, N. Y., 21 Oct., 1854. He was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1840, was licensed to preach, and from 1839 till 1846 was principal of Newbury seminary, Vt. He then removed to Albion, Mich., became principal of the Wesleyan seminary, procured an endowment for this institution, and left it in 1853 in a prosperous condition. From this time until his death he was president of the Northwestern Wesleyan university at Evansville, 111. 214 HINMAN HINOYOSSA HINMAN, Elisha, naval officer, b. in Stoning- ton, Conn., 9 March, 1734; d. there, 29 Aug., 1807. He went to sea at fourteen years of age, was a cap- tain at nineteen, and for many years voyaged to Europe and the West Indies. In the naval engage- ment of 6 April, 1776, with the British ship " Glas- gow," 20 guns, he commanded the " Cabot," under Com. Esek Hopkins, and was severely wounded. In August, 1776, he abandoned the merchant ser- vice and was appointed one of the first captains in the U. S. navy, successively commanding the "Marquis de La Fayette," 20 guns; the "Dean," 30 guns ; the sloop " Providence " ; and the " Al- fred," 32 guns. In March, 1778, the latter was captured, and Hinman taken to England and im- prisoned. He escaped to France, returned to America, and was honorably acquitted for the loss of his ship. In 1794 President Adams tendered him the command of the " Constitution," but his advanced age compelled him to decline. From 1798 till 1802 he was engaged in the revenue ser- vice. In the destruction of New London, Conn., in September, 1781, by the British, under Benedict Arnold, he lost all his property. HINOJOSA, Pedro de (e-no-cho'-sah), Spanish soldier, b. in Trujillo late in the 15th century; d. in Chuquisaca, Bolivia, 6 May, 1553. He came to Peru with Hernando Pizarro on the latter's return from Spain in 1534, and in the following year was sent to Cuzco as lieutenant-governor. When Alma- gro, on his return from Chili, took Cuzco, Hino- josa was made prisoner, together with Gonzalo Pi- zarro, but managed to escape and fought under Pizarro's banner in the battle of Salinas, where Almagro was vanquished, 26 April, 1538. In recom- pense he was appointed governor of the new city of La Plata or Chuquisaca, and after the assassina- tion of Francisco Pizarro he sided with the royal president, Vaca de Castro, against Almagro's son, and took part in the battle of Chupas, 16 Sept., 1542, where young Almagro's power was finally destroyed. When Gonzalo Pizarro prepared to re- sist the authority of the viceroy, Nunez Vela, Hino- josa was appointed captain of his guard, and in 1545 admiral of his fleet. With eleven vessels he appeared before Panama and by skilful negotia- tions obtained possession of the city, occupying also in 1546 Nombre de Dios, on the other side of the isthmus, thus making Gonzalo master of the road to the South sea. When the royal commis- sioner, Pedro de la Gasca, arrived in Panama in August, 1546, he won over Hinojosa by the prom- ise of rich rewards and by exciting his fears, and when Gonzalo obstinately refused any pacific ar- rangement, the former went over to the royal cause with the whole fleet on 19 Nov., 1546. He accompanied Gasca to Peru in his campaign against Pizarro, and took part in the battle of Sacsahuana, 9 April, 1548, where the latter was defeated and taken prisoner. In recompense, Hinojosa received the Indian commandery that had formerly belonged to Gonzalo Pizarro, and the grant of a silver-mine, thus having a revenue of nearly $200,000. After the departure of Gasca, Hinojosa was appointed in 1551 by the new viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, governor and chief justice of the province of Char- cas, and when a revolution began in upper Peru he did his best to quell it, although the insurgents had secretly counted upon him, on account of his expressions of discontent with some measures that had been enacted by the viceroy. Exasperated by what they considered his treachery, Sebastian del Castillo, with seven other conspirators, entered his house early on 6 May and murdered him. Not- withstanding his greed for riches, Hinojosa was of a kind and just temperament, but weak in charac- ter, and allowed himself to be guided by traitors. HINOYOSSA, Alexander d' (e-no-yo'-sah), director of a Dutch colony, lived in the 17th cen- tury ; d. in Holland. On 16 Aug., 1656, the sale of a tract of land on the south bank of the Dela- ware was ratified by the states-general, and desig- nated Nieuer Amstel. The government was in- trusted to forty commissioners, who were to reside in New Amsterdam, and Jacob Aldrichs was ap- pointed director. In that year three small vessels were sent from Holland, with 40 soldiers and 150 emigrants, under command of Capt. Martin Kry- gier and Lieut. Alexander d'Hinoyossa, to establish a settlement. The governors of the city and com- pany were under the general supervision of Direct- or Stuyvesant. In 1658 great distress prevailed, and, in addition to the unsettled state of affairs, Aldrichs says : " Continued sickness curbed us so far down that all labor in the fields and agriculture were abandoned." Emigrants also arrived without supplies, which increased the trouble. Not satisfied with the profits of its investment, the Amsterdam company made exacting demands upon the settlers, who, being oppressed by sickness and various afflic- tions, became discontented, and many fled to the English colonies of Maryland. Toward the end of 1659 Aldrichs died, having had the administration of the government for more than two years. It appears from the complaints made against him that he was much to blame for the many evils that the colonists suffered. Before his death he recommended the appointment of Alexander D'Hinoyossa as his suc- cessor, which was approved and confirmed by the commissioners. Hinoyossa's administration was less turbulent than that of his predecessor, but conflicts on the question of authority arose between himself, who represented the city colony, and Beek- man, who had charge of the revenues of the West India company from the settlements in Delaware. They made many complaints to Holland, for Hinoyossa refused to recognize the authority of Stuyvesant, asserting that he was only accountable to the commissioners of the city of Amsterdam. The West India company insisted upon a collection of the revenues, while the city colony endeavored to evade all taxation. After negotiating to transfer the Nieuer Amstel colony to the West India com- pany, without success, the commissioners of the city obtained a loan which gave a new aspect to affairs. Hinoyossa was successful in maintain- ing peace in his little state, and made such regula- tions with regard to settlement and trade that many of the emigrants who had gone to Maryland returned. Negro slaves had been introduced in the Dutch colonies at the time of their establish- ment, and Hinoyossa addressed to the commis- sioners a request that a large number of slaves should be sent to till the valley of the Delaware. Wearied with the constant disputes regarding au- thority, and in the interest of the colonial pros- perity, Hinoyossa visited Holland in 1663 and petitioned for the entire government of the settle- ments of the Delaware. He was successful in this, and on his return Stuyvesant presented him with a formal transfer of his authority. The Swedish West India company was not satisfied to surrender its pos- sessions on the Delaware, and demanded restoration ; but the Dutch company would not yield, and in 1664 the Swedes took measures to recover their lands. An expedition was fitted out and set sail, but it was obliged to return, and the project was abandoned. Hinoyossa held undivided authority from the time of the transfer of the Delaware colony until the conquest of the New Netherlands HINRICHS HITCHCOCK 215 by the English, when he returned to Holland and entered the army of the States. He served in the war between the republic and Louis XIV. HINRICHS, Ghistafus Detlef, chemist, b. in Lunden, Holstein, Germany, 2 Dec, 1836. He was educated at the polytechnic school and at the university in Copenhagen, where he was graduated in 1860. Soon after the completion of his stud- ies he came to the United States and settled in Iowa City, Iowa. In 1863 he was made professor of physical sciences in the Iowa state university, and professor of chemistry and toxicology in the medical department, and in 1868 he became chem- ist to the geological survey of the state. The Iowa weather service was organized by Prof. Hin- richs in 1875, and was the first state weather ser- vice in the United States. These college appoint- ments he held until 1885, when by a combination of religious and political influences he was driven from his chairs. He received the degree of M. D. from the Missouri medical college in 1872, and is a member of scientific societies both in the United States and Europe. Prof. Hinrichs has contrib- uted a large number of papers in various branches of physics which have appeared in the scientific journals. During 1870 he edited " The American Scientific Monthly," and he has published in book- form " The Elements of Physics " (Davenport, 1870) ; " The Principles of Pure Crystallography " (1871) ; " The Elements of Chemistry and Miner- alogy demonstrated by the Student's own Experi- ments " (1871) ; '* The Principles of Chemistry and Molecular Mechanics " (1874) ; and " First Course in Qualitative Analysis " (1874). HINSDALE, Burke Aaron, educator, b. in Wadsworth, Ohio, 31 March, 1837. He was educated at Hiram college, where he was a pupil of James A. Garfield, and entering the ministry of the Christian church, was pastor successively in Solon and Cleveland, Ohio. In 1869-'70 he was profes- sor of history and English literature in Hiram col- lege, succeeding to its presidency in 1870, and holding office until 1882. He was then superin- tendent of public schools in Cleveland until 1886. He has published " Genuineness and Authenticity of the Gospels " (Cincinnati, 1870); "Jewish Chris- tian Church " (1878) : " Ecclesiastical Traditions " (1879); "Republican Text -Book" (New York, 1880) ; " Garfield and Education " (Boston, 1881) ; " Schools and Studies " (1884) ; and edited " The Life and Works of James A. Garfield " (1882-5). HINTON, John Howard, author, b. in Oxford, England, 23 March, 1791 ; d. in Bristol, England, 11 Dec, 1873. He first preached in Reading, after- ward became pastor of a Baptist church in Lon- don, and was distinguished as an independent and original preacher, and a zealous advocate for lib- erty in religion and politics. Besides several theo- logical works, he published with his brother, Isaac Taylor, " History and Topography of the United States" (Boston, 1834: 2d ed., edited by Rev. John O. Choules, 2 vols., New York, 1853).— His brother, Isaac Taylor, clergyman, b. in Oxford, England, 4 July, 1799; d. in New Orleans, La., 28 Aug., 1847, was educated by his father, who was a teacher in a boys' school. In 1814 he was apprenticed to the " Clarendon Press " as a printer, and in 1820 established himself in business in London on his own account, editing and publishing the " Sun- day-School Magazine." He was licensed to preach in 1821. removed to London, and, while continuing his business, became pastor of a Baptist church. While engaged with his brother in preparing " The History and Topography of the United States," he decided to emigrate to the United States, and arrived in Philadelphia in 1822. He accepted a call to the 1st Baptist church of Rich- mond, Va., where his views on slavery made him unpopular, and he therefore resigned and removed to Chicago in 1835, where he supplemented his small salary by teaching. While officiating there as pastor of the 1st Baptist church, he delivered a course of lectures on the prophecies, which ex- cited favorable comment. The slavery question again divided his congregation, and he went to St. Louis in 1841, spent three years there, and in 1844 accepted a call to New Orleans, where he died in the yellow-fever epidemic of 1847. He pub- lished " History of Baptism " (1841). and " Lec- tures on the Prophecies " (Philadelphia, 1843). HIRSCH, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Thalfin- gen, Rhenish Prussia, 8 June, 1815. He received his rabbinical training at Metz, and attended the universities of Bonn, Berlin, and Leipsic He was appointed chief rabbi of Luxemburg in 1843, and in 1866 was called to Philadelphia as rabbi of the Congregation Kenesseth Israel. He has been an active promoter of radical reform among American Jews, and took a chief part in rabbinical confer- ences. He was an industrious contributor to the early volumes of the " Jewish Times " (1869-78), but has published nothing in book-form since he came to the United States. His principal works were issued in Germany, among them his " What is Judaism % " (1838) ; a collection of sermons (1841) ; and " Religious Philosophy of the Jews " (1843). HIRST, Henry Beck, poet. b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 Aug., 1813 ; d. there, 30 March, 1874. He studied law, but was not admitted to the bar till 1843. his studies having been interrupted by mer- cantile pursuits. His first poems were published in " Graham's Magazine." He afterward wrote " A Poetical Dictionary, or Popular Terms illustrated in Rhyme " (Lenox, Mass.) ; " The Coming of the Mammoth, and other Poems " (Boston. 1845) ; •' En- dymion. a Tale of Greece " (1848) ; and " The Pen- ance of Roland " (1849). HISCOCK, Frank, senator, b. in Pompey, N. Y, 6 Sept., 1834. He received an academic education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1855. He began practice in Onondaga county, N. Y., was district attorney in 1860-3, a member of the State constitutional convention in 1867, and was elected to congress as a Republican in 1878, serv- ing from 1879 till 1886, when he was elected U. S. senator from New York. While a member of congress he served on many important commit- tees, was the last Republican chairman of the com- mittee on appropriations, and a minority member of the committee on ways and means. HITCHCOCK, Alfred, surgeon, b. in West- minster. Vt, 17 Oct., 1813 ; d. in Fitchburg, Mass., 30 March, 1874. He was educated at Phillips Ando- ver academy, was graduated in the medical depart- ment at Dartmouth in 1838, and at that of Jefferson college, Pa., in 1845, settling first in Ashley and afterward in Fitchburg, Mass., in the practice of his profession. He was frequently a member of the leg- islature between 1847 and 1855, was one of the ex- ecutive council of Massachusetts in 1862-'4, special agent of the state to superintend the care of the wounded during the civil war, and in 1862 super- intendent of the transportation of the wounded. Dr. Hitchcock was the second surgeon on record to perform the operation of cesophagotomy. and was one of the first to operate for strangulated hernia. He designed a stretcher, a surgical chair, and a splint, made two important changes in sur- gical instruments, and discovered two medical preparations. Dartmouth gave him the degree of 216 HITCHCOCK HITCHCOCK A. M. in 1844. Besides several monographs and addresses, he published "Christianity and Medical Science " (Boston, 1867). — His son, James Ripley Wellman, author, b. in Fitchburg. Mass., 3 July. 1857, was graduated at Harvard in 1877, was after- ward a special student there in fine arts and phi- losophy, and for one year attended lectures at the Xew York college of physicians and surgeons. Having adopted literature as a profession, he settled in Xew York, and is a constant contributor to magazines and newspapers, especially as an art critic. His writings include " The Western Art Movement " (Xew York, 1885) : "A Study of George Jenness," with a catalogue of the Jenness exhibi- tion (1885); "Etching in America" (1887); and the text aecompanving " Some Modern Etchings " (1884) : " Recent ' American Etchings " (1885) ; "Notable American Etchings" (1886); and "Rep- resentative American Etchings " (1887). HITCHCOCK, Daniel, soldier, b. in Rhode Island in 1741 ; d. in Morristown, X. J., in Janu- ary. 1777. He was graduated at Yale in 1761, practised law in Providence, R. I., and was lieuten- ant-colonel of militia. In the beginning of the Revolution he enlisted in the Continental army, and commanded a Rhode Island regiment at the siege of Boston, and a brigade at Princeton, al- though he was far advanced in the disease from which he afterward died. On the battle-field of the latter engagement Gen. Washington took him by the hand, and in the presence of the army thanked him for his gallant service. HITCHCOCK, David, poet. b. in Bethlehem, Litchfield co., Conn., in 1773 : d. after 1832. His father was a shoemaker, and his education was limited. After his father's death, David worked at farming with one of the select-men of his town, and was then apprenticed to a shoemaker. At twenty-six years of age he married, settled at West Stockbridge, Mass.. and reported himself as " poor and laborious, but enjoying peace and content- ment." The last accounts of him are that he was living in Great Barrington. Mass., in 1832. His principal poem, " The Shade of Plato " (Boston. 1806), is written with ease and smoothness, and closes with expostulations on the revolutionary principles in vogue at the beginning of the cen- tury. His other writings are " The Social Moni- tor " (Stockbridge, 1812), and " Christ not the Min- ister of Sin." a controversv (Hartford, 1832). HITCHCOCK, Edward, geologist, b. in Deer- field, Mass., 24 May, 1793 ; d. in Amherst, 27 Feb., 1864. He spent his boyhood in working on a farm, with an occasional turn at carpentry and survey- ing, acquiring such education as he could by study at night. It was his intention to enter Harvard, but impaired eyesight and illness prevented. In 1815 he became principal of the Deerfield academy, where he remained for three years, and during this period published a poem of five hundred lines en- titled " The Downfall of Buonaparte " (1815). He also acquired some reputation by a controversy with Edmund M. Blunt, the publisher of the " American Nautical Almanac." A reward of ten dollars was offered for the discovery of an error in the work, and Mr. Hitchcock responded with a list of fifty-seven. As the publisher ignored this com- munication, the list was published in the " Ameri- can Monthly Magazine." A year later the " Alma- nac " appeared somewhat revised, but, as no allu- sion was made to Mr. Hitchcock's corrections, he called the attention of the editor to about thirty- five errors in the improved edition. From 1814 till 1818 he calculated and published the " Coun- try Almanac." Meanwhile he had chosen his wife from among his assistant teachers, and it was largely through her influence that his thoughts were turned to religion. In 1818 he determined to become a minister, and entered Yale theologi- cal seminary, where he was graduated in 1820. He was or- dained in 1821 as pastor of the Con- gregational church in Conway. Mass., where he continued till October. 1825. While holding this pastorate he made a scientific survey of the western counties of Massachusetts, and later studied chemis- try and kindred top- ics under the elder Silliman, in his la- _ o boratory at Yale. In / £l*^rc~Jj^&£s£c^-ts£> 1825 he became pro- fessor of chemistry and natural history at Amherst, continuing as such for twenty years, giving lec- tures and instruction in chemistry, botany, miner- alogy, geology, zoology, anatomy, physiology, natu- ral theology, and sometimes natural philosophy and astronomy. In 1845 he was elevated to the presidency of the college with the professorship of natural theology and geology. These offices he filled till 1854, when he resigned the former, but retained his chair until his death. The college at the time of his accession to the presidency was struggling for existence, but Dr. Hitchcock pro- cured, new buildings, apparatus, and funds, to the amount of 8100,000, doubled the number of stu- dents, and established the institution on a solid pecuniary as well as literary and scientific basis. He also conducted the worship in the Amherst col- lege church during Iris presidency. In 1830 he was appointed state geologist of Massachusetts, and he held this place until 1844. when he completed the first survey of an entire state that was ever con- ducted under the authority of a government. In this connection he published a report on the " Eco- nomic Geology " (Amherst, 1832 ). and later, in four parts, a " Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Bot- any, and Zoology of Massachusetts " (Amherst, 1833). He was commissioned to re-examine the geology of the state in 1837, and subsequently issued, his " Re-Examination of the Economical Geology of Massachusetts " (Boston, 1838), followed »by a final report on The "Geology of Massachu- setts," in four parts (Amherst, 1841). President Hitchcock was among the first to study the fossil footprints of the Connecticut valley, and to pub- lish a scientific explanation of them. Specimens of nearly all of the known varieties were collected by him. and subsequently presented to Amherst col- lege. He prepared the " Ichnology of Xew Eng- land " (Boston, 1858), and " Supplement to the " Ich- nology of Xew England " (1865), which were pub- lished by the Massachusetts legislature. In 1836 he was appointed geologist of Xew York, and was assigned to the work of the first district, but he soon resigned. From 1857 till 1861 he was state geologist of Yermont, publishing annual reports in 1857-9, and " Report on the Geology of Yermont, Descriptive, Theoretical, Economical, and Sceno- graphical " (2 vols., Claremont. 1861). in the prepa- ration of which he was assisted by his two sons and Albert D. Hager. For several years he was a member of the Massachusetts board of agricul- HITCHCOCK HITCHCOCK 217 ture, in 1850 was commissioned by the state of Massachusetts to examine the agricultural schools of Europe, and in 1851 published his report on that subject. He received the degree of A. M. from Yale in 1818, that of LL. D. from Harvard in 1840. and that of D. D. from Middlebury in 1846. President Hitchcock was active in the establish- ment of the American association of geologists and naturalists, was its first president in 1840, and in 1863 was named by congress as one of the original members of the National academy of sciences. His literary work was very great. Of his larger works besides those previously mentioned, the most im- portant are " Dyspepsia Forestalled and Resisted " (Amherst, 1830) ; " Elementary Geology " (New York, 1840 ; London, 1854) ; " History of a Zoo- logical Temperance Convention, held in Central Africa in 1847 " (Northampton, 1850) : " Religious Lectures on Peculiar Phenomena of the Four Sea- sons " (Amherst, 1850) ;. " Religion of Geology and its Connected Sciences " (Boston, 1851) ; " The Power of Christian Benevolence illustrated in the Life and Labors of Mary Lyon" (Northampton, 1852) ; " Religious Truth illustrated from Science " (Boston. 1857) ; and " Reminiscences of Amherst College " (Northampton, 1863), which is largely autobiographical, and gives a complete bibliog- raphy of his works, including the titles of some 26 volumes, 35 pamphlets of sermons and addresses, 94 papers in scientific and literary journals, and 80 newspaper articles, making in all over 8,500 pages. — His son, Edward, educator, b. in Amherst, Mass.. 23 May, 1828, was graduated at Amherst in 1849, and at the Harvard medical school in 1853. Afterward, until 1861, he taught chemistry and natural history in Williston seminary, where he had been fitted for college. He then became pro- fessor of hygiene and physical education in Am- herst, which chair he still (1887) retains. Dr. Hitchcock was associated with his father in the geological work connected with the state survey of Vermont, and aided in the preparation of the " Re- port on the Geology of Vermont " (Claremont, 1861). For some time he has been connected with the Massachusetts state board of health, lunacy, and charity. He is a member of scientific societies, and has contributed papers to their proceedings. Besides various pamphlets, he is the principal au- thor of " Anatomy and Physiology " (New York, 1852). — Another son, Charles Henry, geologist, b. in Amherst, Mass., 23 Aug., 1836, was graduated at Amherst in 1856, after which he spent a year in the Yale theological seminary, and then from 1859 till 1861 in the Andover theological seminary, being licensed to preach by the Norfolk associ- ation in 1861. In 1857 he was appointed assistant geologist on the survey of Vermont, and, in connec- tion with other members of the survey, prepared a " Report on the Geology of Vermont " (2 vols., Claremont, 1861). He then became director of the Maine geological survey, and published two re- ports on the ' ; Natural History and Geology of the State of Maine " (Augusta, 1861 and 1862). Mean- while he delivered the lectures on zoology in Am- herst from 1858 till 1864, after which he estab- lished himself as a mining geologist in New York, and then spent a year in study in the Royal school of mines in London. In 1866 he became a non- resident professor of mineralogy and geology in La- fayette, holding that office until 1870, and in 1869 was called to the chair of geology and mineralogy in Dartmouth. He became state geologist of New Hampshire in 1868, and ten years later brought the geological survey to a successful termination. During his administration he published annual reports of progress from 1869 till 1872, and also four magnificent royal octavo volumes of " The Geology of New Hampshire" (Concord. 1874. 1877, and 1878). with an " Atlas " of seventeen sheets (1878). During the winter of 1870-'l he estab- lished a meteorological station on Mount Washing- ton, which has since been used by the L T . S. signal- service officials. He has paid special attention to the study of the fossil tracks in the Connecticut valley, and has published several valuable memoirs on the subject. In 1869 he received the degree of Ph. D. from Lafayette college, and he is a member of several scientific societies, both in the United States and Europe. In 1883 he was vice-president of the American association for the advancement of science, and delivered his address before the sec- tion on geology and geography. Prof. Hitchcock has prepared important geological maps of the United States, which are accepted as authoritative and have appeared in the government publica- tions, notably in the " Report of the Ninth Census " and in Dr. Rossiter W. Ravmond's " Mineral Re- sources of the United States " (1873). and in 1881 he published an improved map based on the 1879 edition of the centennial map of the U. S. land- office. Prof. Hitchcock has been a large contribu- tor to scientific literature, and the titles of his papers number about one hundred and fifty. Be- sides the reports mentioned, he has published, with Edward Hitchcock, " Elementary Geology " (New York, 1860) ; " Mount Washington in Winter " (in part. Boston, 1871) : and articles in cyclopaedias. HITCHCOCK, Enos, clergyman, b. in Spring- field, Mass., 7 March, 1744; d. in Providence, R. I., 27 Feb., 1803. He was graduated at Har- vard in 1767, and ordained to the ministry of the Congregational church, 1 May, 1771, as colleague pastor of the 2d church of Beverly, Mass. "He became a chaplain in the Revolutionary army in 1780, and at the close of the war in 1783 took a charge in Providence, R. I. He bequeathed $2,500 to the support of the ministry of his soci- ety, and was distinguished as a preacher and a promoter of education. He published "A Trea- tise on Education " (Boston, 1790) ; 4i Catechetical Instructions and Forms of Devotion for Children and Youth " (1798) ; and " Sermons, with an Es- sav on the Lord's Supper " (1793-1800). HITCHCOCK, Ethan Allen, soldier, b. in Vergennes, Vt., 18 May, 1798; d. in Hancock, Ga., 5 Aug., 1870. His father was a circuit judge during Washington's administration, and his mother was a daughter of Gen. Ethan Allen. The son was graduated at the U. S. military acad- emy in 1817, commissioned 1st lieutenant in 1818. adjutant in 1819, and captain in 1824. In 1824-'7 he was assistant instructor of military tactics, and in 1829-'33 commandant of cadets at West Point. For the next ten years he was on frontier duty, served in the Seminole war, was acting inspector- general in Gen. Edmund P. Gaines's campaign of 1836, was transferred to recruiting service, and afterward to Indian duty, where his administra- tion as disbursing agent was of great value in protecting the Indians against swindlers. He was promoted major of the 8th infantry in 1838, be- came lieutenant-colonel in 1842. and during the Mexican war was engaged in all the important battles, serving a part of the time as inspector- general on Gen. Winfield Scott's staff, and re- ceiving the brevet of colonel for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, and that of brigadier- general for Molino del Rey. In 1851 he was promoted colonel of the 2d infantry, and in 1851 -'4 commanded the Pacific military divis- 218 HITCHCOCK HITCHCOCK ion. In October, 1855. he resigned his commission in consequence of the refusal of Jefferson Davis, secretary of war, to confirm a leave of absence that had been granted him by Gen. Scott, and re- sided in St. Louis until 1861, devoting himself to literary pursuits. At the beginning of the civil war he re-entered the army, was made major-gen- eral of volunteers, and stationed in Washington, serving on the commission for exchange of pris- oners and that for revising the military code. He 'was the warm personal friend and the military adviser of President Lincoln. Gen. Hitchcock was a disciple of Emanuel Sweden borg, and at- tempted to prove in his works that a subtle and elevated theology is taught in the hermetical sys- tem of philosophy. He published " Remarks on Alchemy and the Alchemists " (Boston, 1857) ; " Swedenborg a Hermetic Philosopher " (New York, 1858) ; " Christ the Spirit," in which he at- tempted to show that the gospels were symbolic books, written by members of a Jewish secret society (1860) ; " The Sonnets of Shakespeare " (1865) ; " Spenser's ' Colin Clout ' Explained " (1865) ; and " Notes on the Vita Nuova of Dante " (1866). HITCHCOCK, Peter, jurist, b. in Cheshire, Conn., 19 Oct., 1781 ; d. in Painesville, Ohio, 11 May, 1853. He was graduated at Yale in 1801, admitted to the bar at Cheshire, Conn., in 1804, and in the spring of 1806 removed to Geauga county, Ohio, settled on a farm, and for several years divided his time between clearing the wil- derness, teaching, and practising his profession. He was elected to the Ohio legislature in 1810, served in the state senate in 1812-'16, and was its president for one term. In 1816 he was elected to congress, and before the expiration of his term was appointed by the legislature judge of the su- preme court of Ohio, was re-elected for three suc- cessive terms, and retired in 1852, after a judicial service of twenty-eight years, during part of which he had been chief justice. In 1850 he was a delegate to the State constitutional convention. Throughout his career he was a generous bene- factor of benevolent enterprises. HITCHCOCK, Phineas Warrener, senator, b. in New Lebanon, N. Y., 30 Nov., 1831 ; d. in Omaha, Neb., 10 July, 1881. He was graduated at Williams in 1855, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and settled in Omaha, Neb., in 1857. He was a member of the National Republican conven- tion that nominated Lincoln for president in 1860. In 1861 he was appointed marshal of the terri- tory, holding office until his election as delegate to congress, as a Republican, in 1864. He was a member of the national committee appointed to accompany the remains of President Lincoln to Illinois. On the organization of Nebraska as a state in March, 1867, he was appointed surveyor- general, held office two years, and in 1870 was elected to the United States senate, serving till 1877, and, failing of re-election, retired to private life. Mr. Hitchcock was the author of the timber- culture laws, which have done so much to put forest-trees on western prairies. HITCHCOCK, Robert B., naval officer, b. in Connecticut, 25 Sept., 1803. He was appointed midshipman in the U. S. navy in 1825, promoted lieutenant in 1835, commander in 1855, captain in 1861, commodore in 1862, and retired in 1865. He commanded the steam sloop " Susquehanna," of the Western Gulf squadron, in 1862-'3, and was senior officer of the blockading fleet off Mobile. He was on ordnance duty in 1864-'5, was command- ant of the Boston navy-yard in 1866, and was then retired from the service. y^.M/^. HITCHCOCK, Roswell Dwight, educator, b. in East Machias, Me., 15 Aug., 1817 ; d. in Som- erset, Mass., 16 June, 1887. He was graduated at Amherst in 1836, and, after a year or more spent in teaching, entered Andover theological seminary in 1838. He was a tutor at Amherst from 1839 till 1842, preached for a year at Waterville, Me., and on 19 Nov., 1845, was ordained pastor of the 1st Con- gregational church of Exeter, N. H. Soon after this he spent a year in Ger- many, studying at the universities of Halle and Berlin. In 1852 Dr. Hitch- cock resigned his pastorate to accept the Collins profes- sorship of natural / and revealed relig- ion in Bowdoin, and three years later he was called to the professorship of church history in Union theological seminary, New York city. He visited Italy and Greece in 1866, and Egypt, Sinai, and Palestine in 1869. In 1871 he was elected president of the American Palestine exploration society, and in 1880 president of Union theological seminary, still continuing his lectures. Those on the " Life of Christ " and on " Apostolic Church History " were made extremely interesting from his personal acquaintance with the Holy Land. He also proved himself, while president, to be an efficient man of business, and assured the success of the seminary from a financial point of view. Under his administration land was purchased in the upper part of New York city, and through his efforts new buildings were erected which were dedicated on 9 Dec, 1884. He received the degree of D. D. from Bowdoin, and from the University of Edin- burgh in 1885, and that of LL. D. from Williams in 1873, and from Harvard in 1886. In 1880 Dr. Hitchcock was elected vice-president of the Ameri- can geographical society. He was also a trustee of Amherst college from 1869 until his death. He published numerous orations, addresses, and ser- mons, and contributed many articles to the relig- ious press. From 1863 till 1870 he was one of the editors of the "American Theological Review." He is the author of a " Life of Edward Robinson " (New York, 1863) ; " Complete Analysis of the Bi- ble " (1869) ; " Hymns and Songs of Praise," with Dr. Philip Schaff and Dr. Zachary Eddy (1874) ; " Hymns and Songs for Social and Sabbath Wor- ship " (1875) ; " Socialism " (1879) ; and " Carmina Sanctorum," with Dr. Zachary Eddy and Rev. Lewis W. Mudge (1885). He translated and edited, with Dr. Francis Brown, " The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles" (1884; revised ed., 1885); and soon after the publication of the revised New Tes- tament, in 1881, he prepared a volume giving the American revisers' preferences in the text and those of the English committee in an appendix. HITCHCOCK, Samuel Austin, benefactor, b. in Brimfield, Mass., in 1784 ; d. there, 24 Nov., 1873. He was a poor boy, and from small begin- nings amassed a fortune of $3,000,000. Through- out his career he was a generous contributor to public enterprises and charities, his benefactions reaching the amount of $650,000. His gifts to HITZ HOADLEY 219 benevolent enterprises include an endowment of $80,000 to the Hitchcock free high-school of Brim- field, Mass., $175,000 to Amherst college, $120,000 to Andover, Mass., theological seminary, $50,000 to Illinois college, Jacksonville. 111., $8,000 to Ta- bor college, Iowa, $40,000 to the Congregational Home in Boston, Mass., and $5,000 as a fund to the Congregational church in Brimfield. HITZ, John, diplomatist, b. in Switzerland about 1820 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 27 Jan., 1864. He emigrated to the United States in 1831, and repre- sented Switzerland as consul-general from 1853 till his death. At one time he held an important place in the U. S. arsenal, where he made the composi- tion for the national standard of weights and measures. He was also employed by different mining companies as a mineralogist. He was a member of the German relief association, and spent much of his time in the hospitals. H JORN, Oscar (yorn), Swedish naturalist, b. in Bagnildstorp, Sweden, in 1741 : d. in Paris in 1792. He was a preceptor in the family of the Duke of Mirepois, and, owing to the protection of that nobleman, obtained from Louis XVI. in 1776 a mission to South America to study the flora of that country. He explored for ten years the vast regions included between the river Amazon and the river Plate amid dangers of all kinds, suffer- ing great hardships and sometimes persecution from the Spanish and Portuguese authorities. ' Al- though he was kept a prisoner during 1780-'2 by the Guarani Indians, he formed an herbarium of 1,100 specimens, and, returning to Paris in 1776, published " Les legumineuses arborescentes de l'Amerique du Sud," a work which caused a sensa- tion in scientific circles as the first of that kind ever published in Europe (Paris, 1787) ; a " Dic- tionnaire raisonne de l'histoire naturelle de l'Ame- rique du Sud " (1789) ; " Choix de memoires pre- sented a l'Academie des sciences sur divers objets de l'histoire naturelle " (Paris, 1791) ; and " Dix ans dans l'Amerique du Sud " (3 vols., 1790). The her- barium of Hjorn forms a part of the collection of the Museum of natural history of Paris. HOADLEY, Charles Jeremiah, librarian, b. in Hartford, Conn., 1 Aug., 1828. He was graduated at Trinity college in 1851, studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but never practised. In AprU, 1855, he assumed charge of the Con- necticut state library. He has edited the "New Haven Colonial Records, 1638 to 1665 " (2 vols.), and " Colonial Records of Connecticut, Vols. 4 to 15, 1689 to 1775" (completed in 1887). HOADLEY, George, jurist, b. in New Haven, Conn., 31 July, 1826. His father was at one time mayor of New Haven, and at another of Cleve- land, Ohio ; and his grandfather, who was a cap- tain in the Revolutionary war, was afterward elected twenty-six times to the Connecticut legis- lature. He was educated in Cleveland, whither the family had removed in 1830, and at Western Re- serve college, where he was graduated in 1844. He studied at Harvard law-school, and in Au- gust. 1847, was admitted to the bar. In 1849 he became a partner in the law-firm of Chase and Ball, and in 1851 was elected a judge of the supe- rior court of Cincinnati, and was city solicitor in 1855. In 1858 he succeeded Judge Gholson on the bench of the new superior court. His friend and partner. Gov. Salmon P. Chase, offered him a seat upon the supreme court bench, which he de- clined, as he did also in 1862 a similar offer made by Gov. Todd. In 1866 he resigned his place in the superior court, and established the law-firm of which he was the head. He was an active member of the Constitutional convention of 1873-'4, and in October, 1883, was elected governor of Ohio, de- feating Joseph B. Foraker, by whom he was in turn defeated in 1885. During the civil war he became a Republican, but in 1876 his opposition to a pro- tective tariff led him to affiliate again with the Democratic party. He was one of the counsel that successfully opposed the project of a com- pulsory reading of the Bible in the public schools, and was leading counsel for the assignee and creditors in the case of Archbishop Purcell. He was a professor in the Cincinnati law-school in 1864-'87, and was for many years a trustee in the university. In March, 1887, he removed to New York city and became the head of a law-firm. HOADLEY, John Chipman, civil engineer, b. in Turin, N. Y, 10 Dec, 1818; d. in Boston, Mass., 21 Oct., 1886. He began his engineering career in 1836 on the preliminary survey for the enlargement of the Erie canal, and his ability soon won him promotion. After eight years of service in this line he became associated with Horatio N. and Erastus B. Bigelow in the construction and equipment of mills in Clinton, Mass., devoting himself to the wide range of work necessary to build up a variety of industries. In 1848 he established works with Donald McKay for the manufacture of locomotives and textile machinery in Pittsfield. Four years later he accepted the superintendency of the Lawrence machine-shop, after which he returned to the manufacture of engines. He invented the Hoadley portable en- gine, which was probably the first application of scientific principles to the design of high-speed engines, and which proved highly successful. For many years these engines had an extensive sale throughout the United States, and he continued their construction until 1873, when the business depression of that year determined the company to close up its affairs. Later he became inter- ested in the organization of the Clinton wire-cloth company, agent of the New Bedford copper com- pany, and of the McKay sewing-machine associa- tion. Subsequently to 1876 he was occupied chiefly as an expert in mechanical and engineering ques- tions, serving in important cases in the courts and in responsible positions in the mechanical exhibi- tions. The professional work of Mr. Hoadley is shown by its influence over a wide range of engi- neering practice in mill-work, applications of steam, sanitary engineering, and methods of expert evi- dence, rather than in any massive structures. Dur- ing the civil war he was sent to England by Mas- sachusetts to inspect ordnance and examine for- tifications for the purpose of devising a system for American sea-coast defences. He held various minor political offices, and was one of the original trustees of the Massachusetts institute of technol- ogy. For m&ny years he was a member of the state board of health, and did much toward pro- moting its efficiency. He was a member of sev- eral scientific societies, and contributed technical papers to their transactions, among the most im- portant of which was his " American Steam-En- gine Practice in 1884," read at the Montreal meet- ing of the British association for the advancement of science, which was the first step in the recent polemical engineering papers respecting English and American railway practice. HOADLEY, Loaiiimi Ives, clergvman. b. in Northford, Conn., 25 Oct., 1790; d. in Shelton, Conn., 21 March, 1883. He was graduated at Yale in 1817, and at the Andover theological seminary in 1820. He was ordained. 15 Oct., 1823, was pas- tor of an orthodox Congregational church at Wor- 220 HOAR HOBART •cester, Mass., in 1823-30, and subsequently had charge of several churches in New England. After 1866 he was pastor at New Haven. He was assistant editor of the " Comprehensive Com- mentary of the Bible," edited the sixth volume of '• Spirit of the Pilgrims " and many publications of the Massachusetts Sabbath-school society, and ■contributed to various religious periodicals. HOAR, Jonathan, soldier, b. in Concord, Mass., about 1720 ; d. at sea in 1771. He was the son of Lieut. Daniel Hoar,- of Concord, Mass., was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1740, and served as a lieuten- ant in Waldo's regiment at the capture of Louis- burg in 1745. He was present at the second cap- ture of Louisburg in 1758, was promoted lieuten- ant-colonel for his services on that occasion, and was afterward a member of the provisional assem- bly of Nova Scotia. He commanded a regiment under Prideaux in the expedition against Niagara in 1759, and in 1769 was appointed governor of Newfoundland and the adjacent provinces. He •died while on his way from London to New York. HOAR, Leonard, educator, b. about 1629 ; d. in Braintree, Mass., 28 Nov., 1675. He was graduated at Harvard in 1650, married a daughter of John Lisle, the regicide, was a minister of Wanstead, Essex, until he was ejected for non- conformity in 1662. On returning to Massachusetts in 1672, he was for some time assistant to Thomas Thatcher at the South church, Boston. He was president of Harvard college from 10 Sept., 1672, till 15 March, 1675, and was the first person to propose the mod- ern system of technical education, by the addi- tion of a garden and orchard, a workshop, and a chemical laboratory to Harvard. Mr. Hoar was regarded as being deficient in governing power, and the college students rendered his situation so uncomfortable that he resigned. HOAR, Samuel, statesman, b. in Lincoln, Mass., 18 May, 1788 ; d. in Concord, Mass., 2 Nov., 1856. His father, Capt. Samuel Hoar, was a Revolu- tionary officer, and served for many years in the legislature. The son was graduated at Harvard in 1802, and was for two years a private tutor in Virginia. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1805, began practice at Concord, and was for forty years one of the most successful law- yers in the state. He was a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1820, a member of the state senate in 1825 and 1833, and was then elected a representative in congress as a Whig, serving from 7 Dec, 1835, till 3 March, 1837. In 1844 he was sent by the legislature to South Caro- lina to test the constitutionality of acts of that state authorizing the imprisonment of free colored persons who should enter it. His appearance in Charleston caused great excitement, and on 5 Dec, 1844, he was expelled from that city. On that day the legislature of South Carolina passed resolu- tions authorizing his expulsion. Mr. Hoar received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard in 1838, and was a member of the American academy of arts and sciences, the American Bible society, and the Massachusetts historical society. He married - a daughter of Roger Sherman. — His son, Ebenezer Rockwood, jurist, b. in Concord, Mass., 21 Eeb., 1816, was graduated at Harvard in 1835, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1840, and practised in Concord and Boston. He was a judge of the court of common pleas in 1849-55, and of the state supreme court in 1859-69, and was attorney-gen- eral of the United States from March, 1869, till July, 1870. He was a member of the joint high commission, which framed the treaty of Washing- ton with Great Britain in 1871, and served as a ?/£^- representative in congress from Massachusetts from 1 Dec, 1873, till 3 March, 1875, having been chosen as a Republican. — Another son, George Frisbie, senator, b. in Concord, Mass., 29 Aug., 1826, was educated at Concord academy and at Har- vard, where he was graduated in 1846. He studied law, was graduated at the Har- vard law-school, and began to practise in Worcester, Mass. He was a member of the Massachusetts house of representatives in 1852, and of the state senate in 1857, and was then elected as a Republican to four successive congresses, serving from 4 March, 1869, till 3 March, 1877. He declined a renomination to con- gress, was elected U. S. senator from Massachu- setts, taking his seat 5 March, 1877, and was ve- elected in 1883. He was a delegate to the Re- publican national conventions of 1876, 1880, and 1884, one of the managers on the part of the house of representatives of the Belknap impeachment trial in 1876, and a member of the electoral com- mission in that year. He was an overseer of Har- vard in 1874-'80, regent of the Smithsonian insti- tution in 1880, and is now (1887) president of the American antiquarian society, is trustee of the Peabody museum of archaeology, and a member of the Massachusetts historical society. He has received the degree of LL. D. from William and Mary, Amherst, Yale, and Harvard. HOBART, Aaron, congressman, b. in Abing- ton, Mass.. 26 June, 1787; d. in East Bridge water, Mass., 19 Sept., 1858. He was graduated at Brown in 1805, studied law, and began practice at Abing- ton. After a visit to England in 1810, he resumed practice in 1811 at Hanover Four Corners, where he remained until he removed to East Bridge- water in 1824. He was a member of the Massa- chusetts house of representatives in 1814, of the state senate in 1819, and was then elected to con- gress as a Democrat to fill a vacancy. He was re-elected three times in succession, and served from 18 Dec, 1820, till 3 March, 1827. He was a member of the state executive council in 1827-'31, and judge of probate from 1843 till 1858. HOBART, Augustus Charles (Hobart Pasha), Turkish naval officer, b. in Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, England, 1 April, 1822 : d. in Milan, 19 June, 1886. He was the third son of the Earl of Buckinghamshire. He entered the British navy in 1836, during the Crimean war commanded the " Driver " in the Baltic, and was commended for his gallantry at the capture of Bomarsund and the attack on Abo. After the war he retired on half- pay, and during the civil war in the United States was in command of a blockade-runner, the " Don," which cruised along the coast of North Carolina, and endeavored to keep up maritime communica- tion with the southern states. He was, perhaps, the most daring and successful of the English blockade-runners. In 1867 he offered his services to the sultan, who gave him command of the fleet operating against Crete. For this his name was stricken from the British naval list, but, at the in- stance of Lord Derby, he was, in 1874, restored to his former rank of captain on the retired list. HOBART HOBART 221 When the war between Russia and Turkey began, in 1877, Admiral Hobart was placed in command of the Turkish fleet in the Black sea, and formally withdrew from the British service. On 8 Jan., 1881, the sultan raised him to the rank of " Mushir," and Marshal of the Empire, an honor never before conferred on a Christian. He wrote " Sketches from My Life " (New York, 1887). HOBART, John Henry, P. E. bishop, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 Sept.. 1775 ; d. in Auburn, N. Y., 12 Sept., 1830. In direct descent, he stood fifth in the line from the founder of the family at Hingham, Mass. The intervening generations pre- sent a succession of names of repute in the colonial history of New England, including many Puritan ministers. His grandfather was the first of the family to leave New England and unite with the Episcopal church. By the death of his father he was left, when but a year old, to the sole charge of a mother, to whose training the rich fruit of his after-life must in no small degree be referred. His school-days were spent in Philadelphia, and he was ready in his sixteenth year for the junior class at Princeton, where he was entered in 1791. The two years that followed made so deep an impres- sion that, after an interval spent in the unconge- nial air of a counting-house, he accepted a tutorship in the college in 1795, which he held until admitted to holy orders in June, 1798. The permanent traits of his mind and character developed dur- ing these early years with marked distinctness. From 1798 till 1811 was the period of his minis- terial activity in the diaconate and priesthood. In the humbler office he served in several parishes ; but, when ordained priest in 1800, he had just been appointed one of the assistant clergy of Trinity church, New York, to the rectorship of which he was afterward elected. About this time he mar- ried a daughter of the Rev. Thomas Bradbury Chandler (q. v.). The duties of a large city parish were discharged by Dr. Hobart with marked suc- cess and great increase of popularity. In preach- ing he had a clear and pointed style, an earnest and animated manner, and a strong, melodious voice. In 1804 he published a " Companion for the Altar,'" largely original, and also a volume on " Festivals and Easts," on the basis of an English work so styled ; in 1805, a " Companion to the Book of Common Prayer," and a " Clergyman's Compan- ion"; in 1806, a collection of controversial es- says ; and in 1807 his " Apology for Apostolic Or- der." These works were designed to instruct churchmen in the elements of their own ecclesiasti- cal institutions and usages. Although a name for aggressive churchmanship became attached to Dr. Hobart, he never addressed his instructions or ap- peals to any except those to whom he had an offi- cial right to speak. Among them primarily, these productions were widely and rapidly circulated, the " Festivals and Fasts " reaching its 27th edi- tion. They are regarded as having contributed in a marked degree to the vigorous and rapid growth of the Episcopal church during the first half of this century, and to the prevalence of that type of churchmanship which they attractively presented. The " Apology " was a somewhat larger and more critical work, and on its re-publication in England first attracted attention to its author there. The natural result of ability displayed in so many and various forms was that, when, in 1811, the failing health of Bishop Moore called for the election of an assistant bishop, the foremost name among the clergy was that of Dr. Hobart. and the choice fell upon him with substantial unanimity. He had previously filled many important posts in connec- tion with the diocesan and general conventions. The episcopate thus begun lasted for nineteen years. At this period of her history, the condition of the church that committed to him this great trust seemed to call for precisely the man he was. From her connection with the Church of England, she was politically an object of suspicion, which was but slowly dying away. She was regarded with strong prejudice and dislike by many whose sympathies were Puritanic. To the American people at large she was personally a stranger in garb and manners. What were her principles, why she existed in this country at all, why she was so ready to enter places that others had occu- pied before her, were questions to be answered promptly and effectively. To say that Bishop Ho- bart lived and labored to give the answer fairly indicates the sum of his history in the latter half of his life. He was the most outspoken of men ; he had no concealments or reserves. Whatever was distinctive, theological, or ecclesiastical in the system he upheld, he set forth with the utmost plainness and in every feature, never hesitating or showing any nervousness as to the possible result. The opportunity, if not the provocation, to con- troversy thus afforded was ample, and full use was made of it by his opponents, so that pamphlets on both sides flew over the field of dispute like leaves in autumn — except his were never dry but only somewhat crisp. His readiness in such pro- ductions was remarkable, and greatly enhanced his reputation. But the cause he had at heart did not suffer by this vehement frankness; and person- ally he gained friends even among those who op- posed him. No stronger com- mendation could he have desired than the words of his most emi- nent and formi- dable adversary, the Rev. Dr. John Mason : " Were I compelled to en- trust the safety of my country to any one man, that man should be John Henry Ho- bart." By the side of this gen- erous eulogium maybe placed the opinion of the distinguished jurist, Brockholst Livingston : " Na- ture fitted him for a leader. . . . Had he stud- ied law he would have been upon the bench : in the army, a major-general at least ; in the state, nothing under prime-minister." During these years of varied and engrossing labor, his pen continued active. He produced " The Christian's Manual " (New York, 1814), and an " Essay on the State of the Departed " (New York, 1814) ; and in 1818 undertook the re-publication of D'Oyley and Mant's family Bible, which largely occupied him for five years (2 vols., 1818-'20). He was also ac- tive in founding the General theological seminary in New York city, and in 1821 was chosen pro- fessor of pastoral theology. His health, which had been somewhat shaken in his boyhood by his persistent application to study, broke down under all this labor, and a long period of cessation from it and absence from its scene were deemed neces- sary. The years 1824-'5 were spent in Europe. /> y^4^r 222 HOBART HOBSON While in England, he published two volumes of sermons on "Redemption," to meet the charge industriously urged that in his ministrations he " neglected the essentials for the externals of re- ligion." As they were simply specimens of his or- dinary parochial instructions, the accusation was amply refuted. On his return in October, 1825, his first sermon was a comparison of the institu- tions of the two countries. The key to its spirit was in the words " I love and revere England and its church ; but I love my own church and coun- try better." For a time, the feelings toward him of some of his English friends were chilled, but his hold upon his own countrymen was greatly strengthened. He took up the work of his office with renewed vigor and zeal. The diocese and state were then conterminous, and, though the par- ishes were much fewer than at the present day, the facilities for travel were so much less that the 3,000 miles of his visitation in 1826 represent an amount of exposure and fatigue not equalled by four times that distance by rail and steamer. So it continued for four years more. Educational in- stitutions, benevolent and religious societies that had risen under his own eye, required constant at- tention. The care of a rapidly enlarging diocese made ever increasing demands, till the apparently vigorous frame suddenly gave way; the active brain could order the pressing throng of public and official thoughts and cares no more ; and the warm, loving heart, which had never failed to- ward family and friends and the people of his charge, ceased from earthly emotion. His disorder, which was almost of life-long experience, had been kept in check by the use of stimulants. On this last visitation of his diocese he ceased to take the usual precaution, and virtually yielded up his life that he might " give no offence to the brethren," and to those who, to use his own words, on setting out on his journey, " flung the habit of the bishop in the teeth of the church." His remains, with those of his wife, rest beneath the chancel of Trinity church, New York, in a plain massive vault, constructed for the purpose. See his " Early Life and Professional Years," by Prof. McVickar of Columbia (New York, 1834 ; republished in Eng- land, with an introduction by Rev. W. Hook. — His youngest son, John Henry, clergyman, b. in New York city, 1 Oct., 1817, was graduated at Colum- bia in 1836, and in June, 1841, was ordained in the Protestant Episcopal church. He was engaged in mission work, and held various pastorates in 1841-'8, and was then assistant-minister of Trinity church, New York city, till 1863. In 1872 he ac- companied Bishop Whittingham of Maryland, as his chaplain, to the Old Catholic congress in Co- logne, Germany. For many years he has been rec- tor of Trinity church, Fishkill, N. Y Columbia gave him the degree of D. D. in 1856. Dr. Hobart is now (1887) the sole survivor of his father's seven children. He has published " Instruction and En- couragement for Lent " (New York, 1859) ; " Mediae- valism " (1877) ; and " Church Reform in Mexico " (1877) ; and has also edited his father's " Festivals and Fasts" (27th ed., 1862), and "The Clergy- man's Companion " (1863). HOBART, Peter, clergyman, b. in Hingham, Norfolk, England, in 1604 ; d. in Hingham, Mass., 20 Jan., 1678. His father, Edmund Hobart. emi- grated to New England in 1633 and settled in Charlestown, Mass., but in 1635 removed to Hing- ham, which town he represented in the general court from 1639 till 1642. He died in 1646. The son was graduated at Cambridge, England, in 1629, and after teaching a grammar-school, held a pastorate in Haverhill, Suffolk, until 1635, when he joined his family in Charlestown, Mass. He settled a new town, which he called Hingham, and established a Congregational church, of which he was pastor until his death. Four of his sons, graduates of Harvard, were Congregational clergy- men, one of whom was the successor of John Eliot, at Newton, in 1764. — His grandson, Noah, clergyman, b. in Hingham, Mass., 2 Jan., 1705 ; d. in Fairfield, Conn., 6 Dec, 1773, was graduated at Harvard in 1724, and was pastor of a Congrega- tional church in Fairfield, Conn., from 7 Feb., 1733, until his death. He took part in the controversy regarding the Episcopal church, and wrote, in be- half of Presbyterian ordination, a pamphlet en- titled " Serious Address to the Episcopal Separa- tion " (1748). He also published several sermons and " Principles of the Congregational Church " (1754). — His son, John Sloss, jurist, b. in Fair- field, Conn., in 1738 ; d. 4 Feb., 1805, was graduated at Yale in 1757, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised in New York state. He was a delegate to the provincial convention in 1775, a member of the New York congress, and one of the committee to draft the state constitution, 1 Aug., 1776. In July, 1777, he became judge of the New York district court. He held important offices in the state during the Revolutionary war, after which he was appointed one of the three judges of the su- preme court. He was elected U. S. senator in Janu- ary, 1798, but resigned in May, and became judge of the U. S. district court of New York. HOBBIE, Selah R., lawyer, b. in Newburg, N. Y, 10 March, 1797 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 23 March, 1854. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began to practise at Delhi, Delaware co., where he became district attorney in 1823, holding this office till 1827. He was also brigade- major and inspector of militia. He was a repre- sentative in congress from New York as a Demo- crat from 1827 till 1829. On the accession of Gen. Jackson to the presidency, he was appointed second assistant postmaster-general, which office he held till 1836, when he was made first assistant postmastei'-general, and acted in this capacity till 1851, when he resigned. He was first assistant postmaster-general from 1853 till his death. HOBBY, Sir Charles, soldier, b. about 1650; d. in London, England, in 1714. He was the son of William Hobby, a merchant of Boston. He held the rank of colonel, commanded a Massachusetts regiment, and was senior officer at the capture of Port Royal. He was knighted for his fortitude at the time of the earthquake in Jamaica in 1692. — His nephew, William, b. in Boston, Mass., 17 Aug., 1707; d. in Reading, Mass., 18 June, 1765, was graduated at Harvard in 1725. He was minis- ter of Reading from 1732 till his death. He pub- lished "Vindication of Whitefield" (1745); "Self- Examination" (1746); and a pamphlet against " Jonathan Edwards's Dismission " (1751). HOBSON, Edward Henry, soldier, b. in Greensburg, Ky., 11 July, 1825. He was educated in common schools in Greensburg and Danville, Ky. In 1846 he enlisted in the 2d regiment of Kentucky volunteers, and was soon promoted to 1st lieutenant, serving in the battle of Buena Vista, 22 and 23 Feb., 1847. He was mustered out of service in June, 1847, returned to Greensburg, and resumed mercantile business. He was a director of the Branch bank of Kentucky in 1853, and served as president from 1857 till 1861. He then organized and became colonel of the 13th Kentucky volunteers, serving at Camp Hobson till he moved southward with Gen. Buell's army in February, HODGE HODGE 223 1862. He commanded his regiment at the battle of Shiloh with such success that he was nominated by President Lincoln for brigadier-general. Be- fore receiving this commission, he took part in the siege of Corinth, Miss. He commanded a brigade at Perrysville. Owing to the condition of his regi- ment, he was relieved from active service and ordered to Mumfordsville, Ky., to protect the lines of communication and to discipline about 10,000 new troops. Receiving his commission as brigadier- general, he was placed in charge of the southern division of Kentucky troops, was ordered to Marrowbone, Ky., with cavalry and infantry, to watch the movements of Gen. John Morgan, and after a slight engagement pursued him through Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio. At Lebanon, Ky., he was given two brigades in connection with his own in the pursuit of Gen. Morgan, whom he at- tacked near the Ohio. He was appointed to the com- mand of Gen. Burnside's cavalry corps, but owing to impaired health was unable to serve, and again commanded troops in repelling raids at Lexington, Ky. He was mustered out of service in Septem- ber, 1865, since which time he has been engaged in business. He was a delegate to the National Re- publican convention of 1880, serving as a vice-presi- dent, and was a supporter of Gen. Grant. He is now (1887) president of the southern division of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad company. HODGE, Charles, theologian, b. in Philadel- phia. Pa., 28 Dec, 1797; d. in Princeton, N. J., 19 June, 1878. He was prepared for college in the academy of Somerville, N. J., was graduated at Princeton in 1815, and at the theologi- cal seminary there in 1819. He was made instructor in the theological sem- inary in 1820, and professor of orien- tal and biblical lit- erature in 1822. Af- ter 1826 he spent two years in Eu- rope studying in the universities of Paris, Halle, and Berlin. On his re- turn in 1828 he re- sumed his profess- orship, and in 1840 was given the chair of didactic and exegetical theology, to which polemical theology was added in 1852. He founded the " Biblical Repertory " in 1825, enlarged its plan in 1829, changing its name to the "Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review," and remained its editor until it was changed to the " Presbyterian Quarterly and Princeton Review " in 1871. Selections from his contributions to this periodical have been reprint- ed in " Princeton Theological Essays " (2 vols., 1846-7) and in his " Essays and Reviews " (1857). In 1846 he was moderator of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church (old school), and in 1858 one of a committee to revise the " Book of Dis- cipline." A volume has been published containing a record of the semi-centennial anniversary of his professorship, which was celebrated at Princeton, 24 April, 1872. On this occasion the graduates en- dowed the " Charles Hodge Professorship " with $50,000, and presented Prof. Hodge with $15,000. Dr. Hodge's style is clear and argumentative; as a controversialist he is logical and fair, and he is regarded as a leader of Presbyterian thought. &J L&0*£< The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Rut- gers in 1834, and that of LL. D. by Washington college in 1864. His publications are " Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans " (Philadelphia, 1835 ; abridged ed., 1836 ; rewritten and enlarged ed., 1866) ; " Constitutional Historv of the Presbyterian Church in the United States" (2 vols., 1840-1); "The Way of Life" (1842); commentaries on "Ephesians" (1856), "1 Corinthians" (1857), and "2 Corinthians" (1860); "What is Darwinism?" (1874) ; and " Systematic Theology," his principal work (3 vols., 1871-2). See his 'life by his son, Archibald A. Hodge (New York, 1880).— His broth- er, Hugh Lenox, phvsician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 27 June, 1796 ; d". there, 26 Feb., 1873, was graduated at Princeton in 1814, and at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1818. In 1820 he began to practise in Philadelphia, after spending two years in India, and obtaining there a knowledge of cholera. During the epidemic of 1832, he was active in the cholera hospitals and successful in his plan of treatment. In 1821 he taught the anatomical class of Dr. William E. Hor- ner, who was then in Europe. He was appointed in 1823 to lecture on surgery in the school that sub- sequently became the " Medical Institute," and also became physician to the Philadelphia almshouse. In 1835 he was elected professor of obstetrics in the University of Pennsylvania, and held this chair till 1863, when he became emeritus professor. Dur- ing his service he made several important medical inventions. He was active in the councils of the Presbyterian church. Dr. Hodge received the de- gree of LL. D. from Princeton in 1872. He wrote much for medical journals, and was the author of " Diseases Peculiar to Women " (Philadelphia, 1859) ; " Principles and Practice of Obstetrics " (1864) ; and " Foeticide " (1869). — Charles's son, Archibald Al- exander, clergyman, b. in Princeton, N. J., 18 July, 1823 ; d. there, 11 Nov., 1886, was graduated at Princeton in 1841. and at the theological semi- nary in 1847. For three years he was a missionary in India, returning in 1850. He held charges in Lower West Nottingham, Md., from 1851 till 1855, in Fredericksburg, Va., from 1855 till 1861, and in Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 1861-'4. From 1864 till 1877 he was professor of didactic theology in Western theological seminary, Allegheny, Pa., during which time he was also pastor of a Presbyterian church. In 1877 he was appointed associate professor of didactic and polemic theology at Princeton, suc- ceeding his father in 1878. He was a member of the board of trustees of Princeton, and for a time an editor of the " Presbyterian Review." He re- ceived the degrees of D. D. from Princeton in 1862 and LL. D. from Worcester college, Ohio, in 1876. He was the author of " Outlines of Theology," which is used as a text-book, and has been trans- lated into Welsh, modern Greek, and Hindustane (New York, 1860) ; " The Atonement " (1868); "A Commentary on Confession of Faith " (1869) ; " The Life of Charles Hodge " (1880) ; and the " Manual of Forms" (1883). His "Popular Lectures on Theological Themes " were published after his death (1887). — Hugh Lenox's son, Hugh Lenox, physician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 30 July, 1836 ; d. there, 10 June, 1881, was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1855 and in medi- cine there in 1858." In 1861 he was appointed demonstrator of surgery and chief of the surgical dispensary of the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1870 was made demonstrator of anatomy. He was attached to the U. S. Satterlee hospital at Philadelphia during the civil war, and was also a surgeon in the Pennsylvania reserve corps, serving 224 HODGE HODG1NS in McClellan's campaign, before .Richmond, in the Gettysburg campaign, and at Fredericksburg in Grant's advance on Richmond. He was consulting surgeon to many charitable institutions, served as president of the Pathological society, and was a member of various medical associations. He con- tributed freely to medical literature on his original investigations on the subjects of metallic sutures, the treatment of fractures of the thigh by improved apparatus, the drainage of wounds by a solid metal probe, deformities after hip disease, tracheotomy in cases of pseudo-membranous croup, ovariotomy, and excision of the hip- joint. HODGE, George B., soldier, b. in Fleming county, Ky., 8 April, 1828. He was educated at the U. S. naval academy, Annapolis, Md., became a midshipman, 16 Dec, 1845, and afterward acting lieutenant, but resigned in 1851. He was an un- successful candidate for congress in 1852, was sub- sequently admitted to the bar at Newport, Ky., and was elected to the legislature in 1859. In 1860 he was an elector on the Breckinridge ticket. He entered the Confederate service as a private in 1861, and was soon afterward chosen to represent Kentucky in the Confederate congress. While not at Richmond, he was in the field, and was made captain and assistant adjutant-general in Breck- inridge's division. He was promoted major for gallantry at Shiloh, and colonel in 1864, serving as inspector-general. He became a brigadier-gen- eral, and participated in the battle of Chickamauga, subsequently commanding the districts of east Louisiana and Mississippi until the close of the war. He then resumed practice at Newport, Ky., and was an elector on the Greeley ticket in 1872. He was state senator in 1873-7. HODGE, James Thatcher, geologist, b. in Plymouth, Mass., 12 March, 1816 ; d. in Lake Huron, 20 Oct., 1871. He was a descendant of Dr. James Thatcher, the medical historian of the Revolution- ary war, and was graduated at Harvard in 1836. He devoted himself to the pursuit of geology and mineralogy, and his scientific knowledge and zeal soon attracted the attention of professional experts. He was employed on the state geological survey of Maine under Dr. Charles T. Jackson, and on that of Pennsylvania under Prof. Henry D. Rogers, also at times serving on the geological surveys of New Hampshire and Ohio. Mr. Hodge afterward took part in several enterprises for the develop- ment of the United States and the promotion of mechanical inventions. He travelled extensively through this country and England, and wrote valuable papers on scientific and industrial topics, including numerous articles in the " New Ameri- can Cyclopaedia." For some years he had been en- gaged in the explorations of the mining regions of the territories, and for several months before his death was employed on a geological investigation in the Lake Superior region. On his return he embarked on the steamer " R. G. Coburn," which was lost in Lake Huron. HODGE, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Fork, Sul- livan co., Tenn., 7 June, 1829. He was graduated at Washington college, Tenn., in 1850, and at Princeton theological seminary in 1853. He was ordained in 1854, supplied New Providence church, Hawkins co., Tenn., in 1855, and in 1857 became a professor in Washington college, where he re- mained until it was disbanded during the civil war. Leaving Tennessee in 1865 he went to Iowa to become professor of languages in Lenox collegi- ate institute in Hopkinton. In 1866 he was ap- pointed president of Lenox institute, but resigned in 1882. He also had charge of the Presbyterian church in this town from 1866 till 1876. He now (1887) resides in Lake Forest, 111. In 1872 he re- ceived the degree of D. D. from Iowa university. He has published " The Centennial of New Bethel Presbyterian Church, Tennessee " (Bristol, 1882). HODGES, Edward, organist, b. in Bristol, Eng- land, 20 July, 1796 ; d. there, 1 Sept., 1876. He engaged in the stationery business with his father, whom he succeeded in 1818, was appointed organist of St. James's church, Bristol, in 1819, and of St. Nicholas's church in 1821. He entered Sydney Sus- sex college, Cambridge, in May, 1825, and received the degrees of bachelor and doctor in music, 5 July, 1825. He retired from business in 1830, and in 1835 went to Toronto, Canada, and in 1838 to New York, where he was appointed director of the mu- sic in Trinity parish in 1839. In 1846 his duties were restricted to Trinity church, then newly built. For its consecration he composed his " consecration service," first performed on ascension-day, 1846. He retained his place in Trinity church until he was compelled to resign on account of physical disability, and in 1863 returned to his native city. HODGES, Silas Henry, lawyer, b. in Claren- don, Vt., 12 Jan., 1804; d. in Washington. D. C, 21 April, 1875. His ancestors settled in Bristol county, Mass., in 1630. His grandfather, Dr. Silas Hodges, was a soldier of the Revolution, and his father, Henry, was judge of Rutland county, Vt., from 1821 till 1824. The son was graduated at Middlebury in 1821, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1825. In 1832 he abandoned his pro- fession, studied theology, and became a Congrega- tional clergyman, preaching till 1841, when he re- sumed his law practice in Rutland, and continued it till 1861. From 1845 till 1850 he was auditor of accounts for Vermont. He was appointed com- missioner of patents on 9 Nov., 1852, and held this office till 25 March, 1853. On 5 April, 1861, he was made examiner-in-chief in the U. S. patent-office, which post he held until his death. HODG1NS, John George, Canadian author, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 12 Aug., 1821. He came to Canada with relatives in 1833, and was educated at Upper Canada college and Victoria college, where he was graduated in 1856. In 1846 he became sec- retary of the board of education for Upper Canada, and in October, 1876, he was appointed deputy minister of education for Ontario, which office he now (1887) holds. He was graduated in the facul- ty of law in Toronto university, from which he re- ceived in 1860 the degree of LL. B., and in 1870 the degree of LL. D., and the same year was ad- mitted to the bar of Ontario. He was secretary of the international congress of educators that met at New Orleans in 1885, became a fellow of the Royal geographical society in 1861, received the decora- tion of the palm-leaf from France in 1879, and was awarded a confederation medal in 1886. Since his first official connection with educational mat- ters, no other person in Ontario has been so in- strumental in perfecting the school system of that province. From 1855 till 1879 he was chief editor of the Upper Canada "Journal of Education." He is the author of " Lovell's General Geography " (Montreal, 1862); "School History of Canada" (1862); "Canadian School Speaker and Reciter" (1862); "Sketches and Anecdotes of the Queen" (1870) ; " The School-House and its Architecture " (Toronto, 1872) ; " School Manual " (1870) ; " Lec- tures on School Law " (1870) ; and " Report of the Educational Features of the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia " (1877). HODGINS, Thomas, Canadian lawyer, b. in Dublin, Ireland, in 1835. He was educated in Dub- HODGKINSON HOE 225 lin, in Bristol, England, and at University college, Toronto, where he was graduated in 1856. He was appointed a queen's counsel in 1873, a bencher of the law society in 1874, and chairman of its legal educational committee in 1875. He was senior law- examiner in Toronto university for several years, until he was elected to represent the law society in the senate of that institution. He was one of the originators of the Toronto university association, and has been president of the literary and scientific society of that institution. He was elected to the parliament of Ontario in 1871, and became master- in-ordinary of the supreme court in October, 1883. Together with Robert A. Harrison (afterward chief justice) he edited a volume of " Municipal Law Re- ports " (1863), and has also published educational law manuals and other works. He was a con- tributor and equity reporter to the Upper Canada " Law Journal " for several years, and has written on parliamentarv and legal questions. HODGKINSON, John, actor, b. in England in 1766 ; d. near Bladensburg, Md., 12 Sept., 1805. In 1792 he came to this country, and first appeared at the Southwark theatre in Philadelphia as Belcour, in the "West Indian." Soon afterward he ap- peared in New York on his opening night at the John street theatre as Vapid in " The Drama- tist." Later he went to Boston, Philadelphia, and other cities. In 1793 he bought out the interest of John Henry in the theatrical firm of Hallam and Henry, and in 1798 became the active manager of the Boston theatre. On the opening night of that year he recited a prologue written by Robert Treat Paine, and later in the season, when President John Adams attended the theatre, introduced and sang for the first time the song of " Adams and Liberty." His career was checkered by successes and mis- fortunes, until he retired from management in favor of William Dunlap. One of his favorite characters was that of Osmond in " The Castle Spectre." Dunlap says his real forte was low com- edy. Such was his versatility that in a single season, in Charleston, S. C, he acted eighty different char- acters; and such his memory that, after a few readings, he could recite perfectly any new part. He was also an efficient stage-manager. Hodgkin- son wrote several short-lived plays that were never published. — His wife, Arabella, actress, b. in Eng- land about 1765 ; d. in New York city in Septem- ber, 1804, appeared as Miss Brett at the Haymarket theatre, London, in 1784, and subsequently joined the company of comedians in Bath. In 1792 Miss Brett came to this country in company with Hodg- kinson, and shortly after their arrival in New York city she was married to him. Her first appear- ance here was at the Southwark theatre in Phila- delphia, within the year of her arrival. In the year following she became a member of the company of the John street theatre in New York, and, in course of time, she visited other large cities of the Union. Mrs. Hodgkinson's ability was confined to singing parts, and the personation of romps and young girlish characters. HODGSON, Francis, clergyman, b. in Duf- field, England, 13 Feb., 1805 ; d. 16 April, 1877. He early came to the United States, and settled with his family in West Chester, Pa. In 1828 his active ministry in the Methodist Episcopal church began, with an appointment at Dauphin, Pa., which was followed by pastorates in Philadelphia, New York, Hartford, New Haven, and elsewhere. He was presiding elder of the South Philadelphia district during 1859-'62. He was the author of an " Examination into the System of New Divinity " (New York, 1829) ; " The Ecclesiastical Polity of VOL. III. 15 Methodism Defended " ; " The Calvinistic Doctrine of Predestination Examined and Refuted " (Phila- delphia, 1855) ; and " Fidelity to Truth." HODGSON, Sir Robert, Canadian jurist, b. in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, in 1798 ; d. 16 Sept., 1880. He was educated at the Collegi- ate school, Windsor, Nova Scotia, and admitted to the bar of that province in 1819. He was ap- pointed surrogate and judge of probate for Prince Edward Island in 1828, attorney-general and advo- cate-general the same year, president of the legis- lative council in 1840, and acting chief justice in 1841. In 1851, on the introduction of responsible government into the colony, he resigned all these offices except those of surrogate and judge of pro- bate. He was again appointed chief justice in 1852, and judge of the court of vice-admiralty in 1853. He administered the government of Prince Edward Island in 1865 and 1868, and from July, 1873, till July, 1874, when he was appointed lieu- tenant-governor of the island, and retained this office till July, 1879. He was knighted in 1869. HOE, Robert, manufacturer, b. in Leicester- shire, England, 29 Oct., 1784 ; d. in Westchester county, N. Y, 4 Jan., 1833. He was apprenticed to a joiner by his father, who was a farmer, but succeeding in purchasing his articles of indenture from his master, came to the United States in 1803. Soon after his arrival in New York he found employment at his trade, and after the in- vention by his brother-in-law, Peter Smith, of a hand printing-press, was associated with him and his brother, Matthew Smith, in their manufacture. In 1823 he succeeded to the sole control of the business, which rapidly developed with the in- creased demand for presses and other printing material. The Hoe press was brought out by him, and built from ideas that were obtained from the English flat-bed cylinder presses. He is said to have been the first American machinist to employ steam as a motor for his machinery. Failing health compelled his retirement from business in 1832, and he died during the following year. — His son, Richard March, inventor, b. in New York city, 12 Sept., 1812 ; d. in Florence, Italy, 7 June, 1886, entered his father's workshop at the age of fifteen, became thoroughly familiar with every de- tail of the business, and was made senior member of the firm in 1833. He showed considerable in- ventive skill, and kept steady pace with the de- mands on his establishment for improved and rapid presses. In the style of press that was prevalent when he entered business, the type was placed on a flat bed, inked by a roller that travelled back and forth, and then laid under a cylinder which carried the paper. He soon improved this method by placing the type on a fixed cylinder, and making the impression-cylinders travel around it. Later he placed the type on a revolving cylin- der, in contact with which revolved four iron im- pression-cylinders, each carrying sheets of paper. This rotary press became known as Hoe's " light- ning press." At first it consisted of but two cyl- inders, but their number was increased to four, six, eight, and finally to ten. Subsequently he built a press capable of printing from a long sheet, or web, of paper, and on both sides of the sheet at a single operation. This press is a combination of the most delicate and intricate devices. A roll of paper five miles long is put through the machine at the rate of eight hundred feet a minute. As the sheets come out they are passed over a knife which cuts them apart, and they are then run through an apparatus which folds them for the mail or for carriers. These completely printed and folded 226 HOECKEN HOFFMAN newspapers are delivered as quickly as the eye can follow them. He early added the production of steel saws to his business, and the manufacture of these was gradually improved. In 1837 he visited England, and obtained a patent for a better pro- cess of grinding saws. He established in New York, in connection with his factory, an appren- tice's school, where free instruction was given. Mr. Hoe acquired a large fortune, and at the time of his death was travelling in Europe for his health. — Another son, Kobert, b. in New York city, 19 July, 1815; d. in Tarry town, N. Y, 13 Sept., 1884, "was associated with his father and elder brother in business. He was one of the founders of the National academy of design, and a patron of young artists. — Robert, son of the sec- ond Robert, b. in New York city, 10 March, 1839, is at present (1887) senior member of the firm, and is also president of the Grolier club, an organiza- tion for promoting the arts pertaining to the pro- duction of books. He has edited " The Print Col- lector." bv J. Maberley (New York, 1880). HOECKEN, Christian, missionary, b. in "Up- per Brabant ; d. on the Missouri river, 19 June, 1851. He became a member of the Jesuit order in Belgium, and was sent to labor among the In- dians. In 1836 he assisted Father Van Quicken- barne in founding a mission among the Kiekapoos. After the death of the former he remained a few months with this tribe, and then took charge of the Pottawatomie mission of St. Stanislaus on Osage river. Here he not only cared for the spirit- ual interests of his flock, but gave them lessons in agriculture. He next visited the Ottawas, con- verted their chief, and did much to banish intoxi- cation from among the tribe, afterward preaching among the Sioux, Gros Ventres, Ricarees, Man- dans, and Assiniboins, of whom he baptized about 400. In 1843 he founded the mission of St. Ignatius among the Kalispiels. He built a church thirty miles above the mouth of Clark river, and converted most of the tribe, at the same time teaching them to build log-houses and sow grain. From this station he visited the Zingomenes and four other tribes, and completed the conversion of the Shuyelpi Indians that had been begun by De Smet. He afterward went to St. Louis, and died of cholera while sailing up the Missouri on the way back to his mission. Father Hoecken was well acquainted with many of the Indian lan- guages and with their peculiar customs. HOEY, Josephine, actress, b. in Liverpool, England, in June, 1824. She is the eidest of four sisters, whose maiden names were Shaw, and to- gether with them and her brother began her pub- lic life as a ballad-singer in various museums. After her marriage with William H. Russell in 1839, she appeared in small parts at the National theatre in New York, and thereafter became a stock actress in other places. In 1849 Mrs. Rus- sell was connected with Burton's Chambers street theatre, and from 1854 was a conspicuous mem- ber of Wallack's theatre, New York. During a brief interval in 1857 she was also seen at the Walnut street theatre in Philadelphia. Her last performances were at Wallack's theatre. In 1847 Mrs. Russell was divorced from her husband, and two years later she married John Hoey, manager of Adams express company, New York city. Al- though her manner was somewhat cold and arti- ficial, she was popular in high-comedy parts. HOFF, Henry Kuhn, naval officer, b. in Pennsylvania in 1809 ; d. in Washington, D. O, 25 Dec, 1878. He was appointed a midshipman from South Carolina on 28 Oct., 1823, commis- sioned lieutenant on 3 March, 1831, and com- mander on 6 Feb., 1854. In 1861-'2 he commanded the steam sloop " Lancaster " of the Pacific squad- ron. He was promoted commodore on 16 July, 1862, was on special duty in 1863, and afterward on ordnance duty in Philadelphia till 1867. He was made a rear-admiral on 13 April, 1867, and in 1868-'9 commanded the North Atlantic squadron. During the Cuban insurrection, which began in October, 1868, he promptly and energetically inter- fered to protect resident American citizens, who suffered injustice from Spanish officials. He was placed on the retired list on 19 Sept., 1868, re- turned to the United States in August, 1869, was a member of the retiring board, and in 1870 presi- dent of the board of visitors at Annapolis. HOFFMAN, Beekman Yerplanck, naval offi- cer, b. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y, 28 Nov., 1789 ; d. in Jamaica, L. I., 10 Dec, 1834. He entered the navy as midshipman on 4 July, 1805, was commis- sioned lieutenant on 21 May, 1812, and commander on 5 March, 1817, and reached the grade of captain on 7 March, 1829. He served first in the " Argus " under Capt. Trippe, and was attached later to the frigate ; ' Constitution," and participated in all her battles. He was present at the victory over the English ship " Guerriere " on 19 Aug., 1812, at that over the " Java " on 29 Dec, 1812, and at the combat with the " Cyane " and " Levant " off Ma- deira on 20 Feb., 1820, and carried the " Cyane " into New York. HOFFMAN, David, lawver, b. in Baltimore, Md., 25 Dec, 1784; d. in New York city, 11 Nov., 1854. He devoted himself to the study of the law, became a member of the Maryland bar, and was professor of law in the University of Maryland from 1817 till 1836, when the professorship was abolished. He then visited Europe for relaxation, and remained abroad two years. On his return he took part in the presidential canvass as an earnest supporter of Gen. William H. Harrison, and was an elector from Maryland. After the election he settled in Philadelphia, and practised law there till 1847, when he went to Europe to devote him- self to the preparation of a work on the history of the world. While in London he contributed to the " Times " a series of articles on the political and social arrangements and economical condition of the United States. He returned from England in December, 1853, in order to regulate his private affairs, and while travelling on business died from an attack of apoplexy. He had received degrees from the universities of Gottingen and Oxford. When entering upon his professorship he pub- lished " A Course of Legal Study " (1817; 2d ed., 1836), which was commended by the most eminent jurists for its plan and execution. He also pub- lished " Legal Outlines," an epitome of the prac- tice and study of the law (1836) ; two volumes en- titled '• Miscellaneous Thoughts on Men, Manners, and Things," by " Anthony Grumbler, of Grum- bleton Hall, Esq." (1837); "Viator, or a Peep into my Note-Book " (1841), in which he discussed in a popular style questions of law, religion, art, and literature, and opposed the radical tendencies of American thought ; and " Legal Hints," a con- densation of the ideas relating to professional de- portment contained in " A Course of Legal Study." with the addition of some counsel to law-students (1846). The work on which he was engaged in England is entitled " Chronicles selected from the Originals of Cartaphilus, the Wandering Jew." He employed the legend to embellish an epito- mized history of government and religion since the time of Christ. Two volumes, bringing the HOFFMAN HOFFMAN 227 history down to the year 573, were issued in a striking form (London, 1853). The third volume was partly in type when the author returned to the United States. Three other volumes had been in great part written. Mr. Hoffman also left " Moot Court Decisions," and an " Abridgment of Lord Coke's Reports, with Notes." HOFFMAN, David Bancroft, physician, b. in Bainbridge, Chenango co., N. Y., 25 July, 1827. He studied medicine in his father's office, and at- tended lectures at Eush and Jefferson medical col- leges. He crossed the plains in 1849, and spent two years in California. In 1851-3 he was a sur- geon on mail steamers from New York to Aspin- wall and from Panama to San Francisco. He then settled in San Diego, Cal., was coroner and after- ward postmaster there, and represented the county in the legislature in 1861-2. He received the de- gree of M. D. from Toland medical college in San Francisco in 1864 During the civil war he served as a field-surgeon in the U S. army, and afterward as a contract-surgeon till 1880. In 1868 he was a presidential elector, in 1869-73 collector of cus- toms at San Diego, and in 1870-5 U. S. commis- sioner in bankruptcy. He engaged in railroad enterprises, and was chosen president of the San Diego and San Bernardino railroad company. He published a " Medical History of San Diego Coun- ty " (San Francisco, 1864). ' HOFFMAN, John N., clergyman, b. in Adams county, Pa., 16 Jan., 1804; d. in Reading, Pa,, 26 July, 1857. He studied theology under the Rev. Frederick D. Shaeffer, entered the ministry in 1825, and was pastor of Lutheran churches at Taneytown, Md., till 1831, and Chambersburg, Pa., till 1842. For the next eleven years he preached at Carlisle, and during that period held the office of president of the West Pennsylvania synod for three years. In 1853 he assumed charge of a church in Lebanon, Pa., and a few months later was called to Reading, where he remained till his death. He published a translation of Arndt's "True Chris- tianity " (Chambersburg, 1834) ; a volume of " Evan- gelical Hymns, Original and Selected " (1838) ; " A Collection of Texts " ; and " The Broken Platform, a Defence of the Symbolical Books of the Luther- an Church " (Philadelphia, 1856). HOFFMAN, John Thompson, governor of New York, b. in Sing Sing, N. Y., 10 Jan., 1828. He was graduated at Union college in 1846, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1849. He acquired an extensive practice in New York city, and interested himself in politics, joining the Tammany organization in 1854. He was elected recorder in 1860, re-elected in 1863, and in July of the latter year delivered severe sentences against persons that had been engaged in the draft riots. He was elected by the Democrats mayor of New York city in 1865, and re-elected in 1867. He was first nominated a candidate for governor in 1866, and defeated by Reuben E. Fenton, but in 1868 was re-nominated and elected, and in 1870 was re- elected. The "Public Papers of Governor Hoff- man " were published (Albany, 1872). HOFFMAN, Michael, politician, b. in Clifton Park, Saratoga co., N. Y, in 1788 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 27 Sept., 1848. He studied medicine, and afterward law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice at Herkimer. He was elected to congress as a Democrat in 1824, and re-elected for the three succeeding terms, serving from 5 Dec. 1825, to 2 March, 1833. In 1833-'5 he was canal commis- sioner of the state of New York. He was ap- pointed register of the land-office at Saginaw, 111., in 1836, subsequently returned to Herkimer, and was a member of the New York legislature in 1841, 1842, and 1844, and of the State constitu- tional convention in 1846. As chairman of the committee of ways and means in the assembly, and of the committee on finance in the convention, he originated and carried through important financial reforms. He was at the time of his death naval officer of the port of New York. HOFFMAN, Murray, jurist, b. in New York city, 29 Sept., 1791 ; d. 'in Flushing, L. I., 7 May, 1878. He was graduated at Columbia in 180*9, studied law, and practised in New York city. In March, 1839, he became assistant vice-chancellor, which office he held for four years. He was ap- pointed judge of the superior court in New York in November, 1853, and held that office till the end of 1861. He published " Office and Duties of Mas- ters in Chancery " (1824) ; " Vice-Chancery Reports " (1839-'40) ; " Treatise on the Practice of the Court of Chancery " (1840-3) ; " Treatise on the Corpo- ration of New York as Owners of Property, and Compilation of the Laws relating to the City of New York " (1853) ; and " Digest of the Statutes and Decisions relating to the Board of Supervisors of the County of New York " (1866). He was an active layman in the Episcopal church, and pub- lished a " Treatise on the Law of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States " (1850) ; "Ecclesiastical Law in the State of New York" (1868) ; and " The Ritual Law of the Church, with Notes on the Offices, Articles, etc." (1872). — His brother, Ogden, lawyer, b. in New York city, 3 May, 1793 ; d. there, i May, 1856, was intended for the* bar, but his father permitted him, after his graduation at Columbia in 1812, to join the navy. He was appointed a midshipman on 31 Dec, 1814, was taken prisoner with Capt. Decatur on the " President," and in 1815 served under that officer in the war with the Barbary states. In 1816 he resigned,- began the study of law with his father, and completed it with a lawyer of Goshen, N. Y., whose partner he became. The young midship- man displayed courage and presence of mind on several trying occasions, and was a favorite with his commanding officer, Com. Decatur, who, when Hoffman left the navy, expressed regret that he- should have exchanged " an honorable profession for that of a lawyer." In May, 1823, he was ap- pointed district attorney of Orange county, and in 1825 he was elected by the Democrats to the legislature. At the close of his term he removed to New York city, and became a partner of Hugh Maxwell, then district attorney. When President Jackson removed the deposits from the U. S. bank he joined the Whig party, and in 1828 he was elected a member of the state assembly, where he suggested various improvements in practice and procedure, as a member of the judiciary committee. He succeeded Maxwell as district attorney in 1829, and held the office for six years. During twenty- five years he was counsel in almost every noted criminal trial in New York, and in many impor- tant civil cases. In 1836 he was elected a member of congress, served on the committee on foreign affairs, and took a prominent part in the debates. He was re-elected in 1838, and at the conclusion of his second term was appointed by President Har- rison U. S. district attorney at New York. This office he resigned in 1845. In 1853-5 he was at- torney-general of the state.— Their half-brother, Charles Fenno, b. in New York city in 1806 ; d. in Harrisburg, Pa,, 7 June, 1884, was sent to an academy in Poughkeepsie at the age of nine, but ran away to escape harsh treatment, and was placed under the tuition of a Scotch clergyman in New HOFFMAN HOFFORD Jersey. In 1817 his leg was crushed between a ferry-boat and the wharf, necessitating amputa- tion. Notwithstanding the loss of his leg, he be- came proficient in athletic exercises. He entered Columbia, but left before graduation, studied law with Harmanus Bleecker in Albany, at the same time contributing articles to the news- papers, and was ad- mitted to the bar at the age of twenty- one. After three years of practice he resolved to adopt literature as his pro- fession, and joined Charles King in the editorship of the New York " Ameri- can," to which he had previously been a contributor. In 1833 he established the "Knickerbocker Magazine," which he transferred to Timothy Flint after issuing a few numbers. He then became proprietor of the " American Monthly Magazine," and was its chief editor for many years. For twelve months he edited also the " New York Mirror." In 1846 he became editor of the " Literary World," and conducted it for a year and a half. After relinquishing the edi- torship he contributed to that journal a series of " Sketches of Society," which was closed in Decem- ber, 1848. Of these papers the most popular were fanciful sketches entitled " The Man in the Reser- voir " and " The Man in the Boiler." He received an appointment in the civil service at Washington, but in 1849 was attacked with a mental disorder, from which he never entirely recovered, spending the last thirty-five years of his life in the Harris- burg insane asylum. His first published book was " A Winter in the West " (New York and London, 1835), containing spirited descriptions of nature and sketches of frontier life, originally printed in the "American," composed after a long journey in the saddle, undertaken for his health, in the western country in 1833. It was followed by " Wild Scenes in Forest and Prairie " (London, 1837), which was republished with additions (New York, 1843). A novel entitled " Yanderlyn " was published in the "American Monthly" in 1837. Next appeared " Greyslaer, a Romance of the Mohawk " (New York, 1840), founded on the trial of Beauchamp for the murder of Col. Sharpe. He wrote another romance called " The Red Spur of Ramapo," but the manu- script was destroyed by a careless servant. Hoff- man was also the author of many poems and of songs that were set to music and attained great popularity. Among the latter are " Sparkling and Bright," " Rosalie Clare," and " Monterey," a great favorite with Gen. Grant. The first collection of his poetry was " The Vigil of Faith, a Le- gend of the Adirondack Mountains, and other Poems " (New York, 1842), of which several edi- tions were published in the United States and England. A larger collection is " The Echo, or Borrowed Notes for Home Circulation" (Phila- delphia, 1844), the title of which was suggested by a criticism in the " Foreign Quarterly Review," charging Hoffman with plagiarizing from Thomas Moore. " Lays of the Hudson, and other Poems " (New York, 1846) contained additional lyrics. " Love's Calendar, and other Poems " (1848) is a fuller collection than "The Echo." He was the author of " The Administration of Jacob Leisler '* (1848) in Sparks's " American Biography." In 1847 he delivered before the St. Nicholas society a discourse on " The Pioneers of New York," which was published (New York, 1848). A new edition of his poems was prepared by his nephew, Edward F. Hoffman (New York, 1874). It contains a criti- cal sketch of the author by his friend, William Cullen Bryant. — Their grandmother, Sarah, phi- lanthropist, b. in Newark, N. J., 8 Sept., 1742, was a daughter of David Ogden, and married Nicholas Hoffman in 1762. She was one of the founders of the Society for the relief of poor widows with small children, which was established in New York city in 1797, and was accustomed to visit the poor quarters of the city to administer to the wants of the sick and destitute. Washington Irving was- engaged to her grand-daughter, Matilda Hoffman, who died before the time appointed for their mar- riage. — Murray's son, Wickham, diplomatist, b. in New York city, 2 April, v 1821, was graduated at Harvard in 1841. He served during the civil war in the adjutant-general's department, being ap- pointed a captain on 6 March, 1862, and promoted major on 26 Aug., 1863. He was commissioned secretary of legation at London on 15 Dec, 1874 r and on 27 Feb., 1883, minister to Denmark, which post he held until his successor was appointed on 2 April, 1885. HOFFMAN, Richard H., musician, b. in Man- chester, England, 24 May, 1831. He received his- early musical instruction from his father. Later he studied successively under distinguished Euro- pean masters, among them Moscheles, Thalberg, and Liszt. He came to New York in 1847, and in 1848 made with the violinist Burke an extended con- cert tour in the United States and Canada. He was- the solo piano-player of the first series of the Jenny Lind concerts. In 1854 he was elected an hono- rary member of the Philharmonic society. He then settled in New York as a teacher and concert- player. In the latter capacity he now appears but rarely, except at the concerts of the Philharmonic society. He has composed several gracefully con- ceived pieces for the piano-forte. HOFFMAN, William, soldier, b. in New York city, 2 Dec, 1807 ; d. in Rock Island, 111., 12 Aug., 1884. His father, of the same name, was a lieu- tenant-colonel in the L T . S. army. The son was- graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1829, entered the army as a lieutenant of infantry, served in Kansas and in the Black Hawk war in 1832, and was promoted 1st lieutenant on 16 Nov., 1836, and captain on 1 Feb., 1838. In the war with Mexico he was engaged in the march through Chihuahua, the siege of Vera Cruz, and the battle of Cerro Gordo, was brevetted for services at Contre- ras and Churubusco, and again for bravery in the battle of Molino del Rey, and was present at the storming of Chapultepec and at the capture of the city of Mexico. He was promoted major on 15 April, 1851, served in the Sioux expedition of 1855, and in 1858 in the Utah expedition and the march to California. He became a lieutenant-colonel on 17 Oct., 1860, and was engaged in frontier duty at San Antonio, Tex., when he was made a prisoner of war by the Confederates, and not exchanged till 27 Aug., 1862. He was made a colonel on 25 April, 1862, served during the war as commissary-general of prisoners at Washington, and was brevetted brigadier-general and major-general. At the close of the war he took command of his regiment in Kansas, and in 1870 was retired at his own request. HOFFORD, Martin Lowrie, clergyman and educator, b. near Doylestown, Bucks co., Pa., 27 HOGAN HOGE 229 Jan., 1825. He was educated at Lafayette and at Princeton, where he was graduated in 1849, studied theology at the Princeton seminary for one year, and became principal of the Camden collegiate in- stitute. While there he organized a church at Beverly, X. J., being licensed by the Presbytery in Philadelphia in 1852. In 1855 he was ordained as an evangelist in Burlington, N. J. In 1860 he be- came a teacher in the Trenton city institute, and in' 1863 took charge of a military institute at Allentown, Pa., which flourished under his admin- istration, and was incorporated as Muhlenberg col- lege, in which he was a professor and afterward president. He taught and held pastorates at Cam- den and Beverly, N. J., and Doylestown, Pa., in 1868-78, and then became pastor at Morrisville, Pa. He is the author of devotional songs and gospel hymns that are extensively used. HOGrAN, John, politician, b. in Mallow, Ireland, 2 Jan., 1805. He emigrated with his father to the United States in 1817, learned the shoemaking trade in Baltimore, removed to the west in 1826, and opened a store in Madison county, 111., in 1831. Prom 1834 till 1837 he was president of the Illinois board of public works, and in 1836 he was elected to the legislature. He was also elected a member of congress, but did not qualify as such. He held the office of register of the land-office at Dixon, 111., from 1841 till 1845, when he settled as a mer- chant and banker in St. Louis, Mo. In 1857-'61 he was postmaster at St. Louis. He was elected to congress as a Democrat from Missouri in 1864. He is the author of " Thoughts about St. Louis " (St. Louis, 1857) ; " The Resources of Missouri " (1858) ; " Sketches of Early Western Pioneers " (1859) ; and " History of Western Methodism " (1860). HOGAN, John Joseph, R. C. bishop, b. in Bruff county, Limerick, Ireland, 10 May, 1829. He studied at the village school of Holycross and under private tutors, came to the United States about 1847, settled in St. Louis, where he entered the Theological seminary, and in April, 1852, was ordained priest. After holding pastorates at Old Mines and Potosi, Mo., he was in 1854 transferred to St. Louis, where he organized the new parish of St. Michael's and built its church. He afterward took charge of the northwest of Missouri, where there was neither Roman Catholic church nor priest, founded numerous missions, and also tried to found a Roman Catholic settlement in southern Missouri, but the civil war prevented its success. The new diocese of St. Joseph's was created on 3 March, 1868, comprising part of Missouri, and Father Hogan was consecrated as its bishop in St. Louis, 13 Sept., 1868. There were at this time but nine priests and eleven chui'ches under the juris- diction of Bishop Hogan. In 1880 the number of priests had increased to twenty-six and the churches to thirty. A Benedictine monastery was founded by Bishop Hogan at Conception, Mo., and he also in- troduced various sisterhoods, by whose aid he car- Tied on the work of the parochial schools. The new diocese of Kansas City was created on 10 Sept., 1880, and Bishop Hogan was appointed its bishop, retaining charge of the diocese of St. Joseph's as administrator, but residing in Kansas City. Schools were at once begun in nine parishes, the Redemp- torist fathers founded a novitiate and college in Kansas City, and the Benedictine abbey of New Engelberg and several charitable institutions were established. In May, 1882, Bishop Hogan began to build the cathedral of the immaculate concep- tion in Kansas City, and in 1884 the two dioceses under his jurisdiction contained 40,000 Roman •Catholics with 75 churches and 80 priests. HOGrAN, John Sheridan, Canadian journalist, b. near Dublin, Ireland, about 1815 ; d. in Toronto, Canada, in December, 1859. He was sent to an uncle in Toronto at the age of eleven, but ran away, found employment as a newsboy for the " Canadian Wesleyan," rose to be foreman, and was subsequently placed on the staff of writers. He then studied law, but was never admitted to the bar. About 1840 he contributed articles on Cana- dian politics to " Blackwood's Edinburgh Maga- zine." A short time afterward he was arrested in Lockport, N. Y., for complicity in the burning of the steamer " Caroline," and after his discharge brought a claim for indemnity, which was not en- tertained. In 1856 he was awarded the first prize by the Paris exhibition committee for an essay on " Canada and Her Resources " (New York, 1855). He was for a short time editor of the Toronto " Colonist." In 1857 he was elected to represent the county of Grey in the provincial parliament, and acted with the Reform party. While still a member of the house he suddenly disappeared, and eighteen months later it was ascertained that he had been murdered. HOGrAN, William, lawyer, b. in New York city in 1792 ; d. in Washington, D. C, about 1875. He accompanied his father to the Cape of Good Hope, and there learned the Dutch language. After his return he was graduated at Columbia in 1811, and studied law. Purchasing land in Black River county, he became a pioneer in that region, and did much to develop the country. The town of Hogansport on the St. Lawrence river was named for him. He was for many years a county judge, and in 1830 was elected as a Jacksonian Democrat to the national house of representatives. He be- came an examiner of claims in the department of state at Washington in 1850, and afterward trans- lator. This post, for which he was fitted by travel and study in Europe, he retained till 1869. HOGrE, John (hoag), member of congress, b. near Carlisle, Pa., 10 Sept., 1760 ; d. near Wash- ington, Pa., 4 Aug., 1824. He was educated pri- vately, and, entering the Revolutionary army in 1776, was made an ensign of the 9th Pennsylvania regiment. In 1782 he removed to the western part of the state, and with his brother William founded the town of Washington. He was in 1789 a dele- gate to the convention that formed the state con- stitution, and from 1790 till 1795 was in the state senate. In 1799 he was elected a member of the " American philosophical society," and was a repre- sentative in congress from Pennsylvania in 1804 and 1805, for the unexpired term of his brother William. — His brother, William, b. in Cumber- land county, Pa., in 1762 ; d. in Washington, Pa., 25 Sept., 1814, was a representative in congress from Pennsylvania from 1801 till 1804, when he resigned, and again from 1807 till 1809. HOGrE, Moses, clergyman, b. in Frederick county, Va., 15 Feb., 1752 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 July, 1820. His ancestors, Scotch Presbyterians, emigrated to the United States during the religious persecutions of Charles II. Moses served for a short time in the Continental army during the Revolu- tion. In 1778 he entered Timber Ridge academy, Virginia, and in 1780 became a candidate for the ministry, having received his theological instruc- tion from Rev. James Waddell, the " Blind Preacher." In 1781 he was ordained pastor of a Presbyterian church in Hardy county, Va. Dui'ing his eight years' pastorate, he also taught a school, which enjoyed a wide popularity. From 1806 till his death he was president of Hampden Sidney college, and, after the establishment of the theolog- 230 HOGE HOLABIRD ical seminary in 1812, was also professor of divinity in that institution. In 1820 he was a delegate to the general assembly of the Presbyterian church which met in Philadelphia, and he died during its session. John Randolph said that Dr. Hoge was the most eloquent preacher he had ever heard. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Prince- ton in 1810. He published " Christian Panoply, an Answer to Payne's ' Age of Reason ' " (Phila- delphia, 1799); and "Sermons" (1820).— His son, James, clergyman, b. in Moorfield, Ya., in 1784 ; d. in Columbus, Ohio, 22 Sept., 1863, was educated by his father, licensed to preach in 1805, and or- dained and appointed missionary to Ohio in 1809. Within the next year he organized a church in Franklinton, Ohio, and was then ordained pastor of the Presbyterian church in Columbus, continu- ing in this charge till 1858, when age and infirmity compelled his resignation. Dr. Hoge was the pio- neer of the temperance movement in Ohio, and an ardent abolitionist, although born in a slave-state. He was instrumental in establishing the state deaf, dumb, blind, and insane asylums, was a trustee of two educational institutions, and a founder of the Ohio Bible society. — Another son, Samuel Davies, clergyman, b. in Shepherdstown, Va., in 1791 ; d. in Athens, Ohio, 10 Dec, 1826, was graduated at Hampden Sidney college, Virginia, in 1810, studied theology there, and was licensed to preach in 1831. Before his licensure he was for a short period vice- president of Hampden Sidney. In 1816 he was installed pastor of Presbyterian churches in Madi- son and Culpeper counties, Va., and, removing to Ohio in 1821, officiated at Hillsborough and Rock Spring. In 1824 he became professor of mathe- matics and natural philosophy in the Ohio uni- versity, Athens, was acting president for several sessions, and pastor of the town and college churches. — His son, Moses Drury, clergyman, b. near Hampden Sidney college, Va., 17 Sept., 1819, was graduated at Hampden Sidney in 1839, and, after taking the course at Union theological semi- nary, was licensed to preach in 1844, and immedi- ately called to Richmond as assistant pastor of the 1st Presbyterian church. Under Dr. Hoge's charge, a colony soon went out from that church, which, in January, 1845, was organized as the 2d Presbyte- rian church. This has been his only charge during a ministry of forty years. During the civil war he ran the blockade to England, in order to pro- cure Bibles and other religious books for the Con- federate army. Among those who cordially fa- vored his application to the British and foreign Bible society was the Earl of Shaftesbury, who was largely instrumental in obtaining for him a grant of £4,000 worth of Bibles and testaments. Dr. Hoge has travelled extensively throughout Europe and the east, was a delegate to the Evangelical al- liance that met in Philadelphia in 1873, and to the Pan-Presbyterian council in Edinburgh in 1877. In 1875 he delivered the oration at the unveiling of the statue of " Stonewall " Jackson, that was presented by English gentlemen to the state of Virginia. He received the degree of D. D. from Union theolog- ical seminary, Va., and declined the presidency of Hampden Sidney college. In 1862-7 he was associated with Rev. Thomas Moore, D. D., in the editorship of the " Central Presbyterian." Throughout his ministry he has made numerous addresses before literary and scientific societies, and is. regarded as the most eloquent pulpit orator in the southern Presbyterian church. — Another son, William James, clergyman, b. near Hamp- den Sidney college, Va., in 1821 ; d. in Petersburg, Va., 5 July, 1864, was licensed to preach in 1850, and in 1852 became pastor of the Westminster Presbyterian church in Baltimore, Md. In 1856 he was appointed to the chair of Biblical New Tes- tament literature in Union theological seminary, New York city, and after three years of successful work became collegiate pastor of the Brick church in that city. At the beginning of the civil war he went to the south, and after a short service in Charlottes- ville, Va., was called to Petersburg, Va., where his labors during the siege of the city brought on a fever to which he succumbed. He published, be- sides tracts and sermons, " Blind Bartimeus, or the Sightless Sinner " (New York, 1859), which had a large circulation in this country, and was trans- lated into most of the continental languages. HOGE, Solomon La Fayette, member of con- gress, b. in Logan county, Ohio, about 1837. He was graduated at the Cincinnati law college in 1859, and practised at Bellefontaine. He entered the army in 1861 as 1st lieutenant of Ohio volunteers, was promoted captain, and was severely wounded at the second battle of Bull Run. He was twice brevetted for gallantry in battle, and on 23 Feb., 1866, received the commission of 2d lieutenant in the 6th regular infantry. He was promoted 1st lieutenant on 28 July, 1866, but resigned in 1868 and removed to South Carolina, where he took an active part in the reconstruction movement. He was elected an associate judge of the state supreme court, and afterward to congress, serving from De- cember, 1869, till March, 1871, and again from 6 Dec, 1875, till 3 March, 1877. He was comptroller- general of South Carolina in 1874-'5. HOGEBOOM, Henry, jurist, b. in Columbia countv, N. Y, in 1808 ; d. in Hudson. N. Y., 12 Sept.,' 1872. He was graduated at Yale in 1827, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1830, be- gan practice in Hudson, and soon attained emi- nence in his profession. In 1831 he became a mas- ter in chancery and county judge of Columbia county, and in 1839 was elected, to the legislature. In 1847 and 1849 he was a candidate for justice of the supreme court, but was defeated. In 1857 he was elected to that office and again in 1865. His written judicial opinions are regarded as elegant in style and accurate in expression. HOGUET, Henry Louis, merchant, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 5 Nov., 1816. He came to the United States in 1834, and was clerk in a commercial house until 1848, when he became a member of the house of Wilmerding, Hoguet and Co., from active participation in which he retired in 1875. It was principally through him that the New York Catho- lic protectory was founded. He has been its presi- dent for over thirteen years, and has done much to make it successful. He has been connected with the emigrant industrial savings-bank for twenty-eight years, and its president for twenty- one. Pope Pius IX. conferred on him in 1877 the title of Knight of St. Gregory the Great. He has been a commissioner of emigration, a member of the state board of public charities, and is active in works of charity and public enterprise. HOIT, Albert Gallatin, artist, b. in Sand- wich, N. H., 13 Dec, 1809 ; d. in West Roxbury, Mass., 18 Dec, 1856. He was graduated at Dart- mouth in 1829, and became a portrait-painter, but he was also successful as a landscape artist. He painted in Portland, then in Bangor and Belfast, and at St. John, New Brunswick, but settled in Boston in 1839. From October, 1842, till July, 1844, he was in Europe. HOLABIRD, Samuel Beckley, soldier, b. in Ca- naan, Litchfield co., Conn.,16 June, 1826. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1849, HOLBROOK HOLCOMBE 231 assigned to the 1st infantry, promoted 1st lieuten- ant in May, 1855, and was in service at the acade- my as adjutant from 2 Sept., 1859, till 13 May, 1861. He served during the civil war in the Northern Virginia campaign in August and Sep- tember, 1862, with the Army of the Potomac in the Maryland campaign, and was chief quarter- master of the Department of the Gulf from 16 Dec, 1862, till July, 1865. He was present at the siege of Port Hudson in 1863, and on 13 March, 1865, was brevetted major, lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general, for meritorious services dur- ing the war. He was depot quartermaster at New Orleans from 1 Oct. till 16 Dec, 1865, and was chief quartermaster of the Department of Louisi- ana from 1 Oct., 1865, till 7 March, 1866. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel and deputy quarter- master-general 29 July, 1866 ; colonel and quarter- master-general, 22 Jan., 1881, and brigadier-gen- eral and quartermaster-general, 1 July, 1883. Gen. Holabird has translated Gen. Jomini's " Treatise on Grand Military Operations " (1865). HOLBROOK, Alfred, educator, b. in Derby, Conn., in 1816. He is the son of Josiah Hol- brook, a philanthropic educator and inventor. The son received part of his education at the academy in Groton, Mass. He possessed great in- ventive talents and a taste for civil engineering, but devoted himself to teaching. He founded a large institution at Lebanon, Ohio, principally for the training of teachers, which proved success- ful. He published a volume of "Lectures'" on the subject of education. HOLBROOK, Amos, physician, b. in Belling- ham, Mass., 23 Jan., 1754 ; d. in Milton, Mass., in July, 1842. Early in life he began the study of medicine, and in 1775 entered the army as a sur- geon's mate in Col. John Greaton's regiment. In March, 1776, he was appointed a surgeon in this corps, and soon afterward accompanied it to New York and then to Albany,. with the troops that were intended to re-enforce the expedition against Quebec. In March, 1777, failing health obliged him to apply for a discharge, and he soon after- ward began practice in Milton, Mass. In the summer of that year he procured the place of sur- geon in a privateer under the command of Capt. Truxton, visited Prance, and returned to Milton in about a year. About this time he established temporary hospitals for the admission of patients who had been inoculated for the small-pox, and was active in introducing and promoting public vaccination in Milton, which was the first town in the country that in a corporate capacity gave its in- habitants the benefits of this protective agent. In 1811 he was elected a foreign member of the Medical society of London. In 1813 the degree of M. D. was conferred upon him by Harvard. HOLBROOK, James, journalist, b. in 1812; d. in Brooklyn, Conn., 28 April, 1864. He was to a great extent self-educated, and was a printer by trade. He was for several years editor of the " Norwich Aurora," and in 1839 established the " Patriot and Eagle " at Hartford, Conn. In 1845 Mr. Holbrook was appointed special agent of the post-office department, which office he held till his death. He was remarkably skilful as a detect- ive, and brought many mail robbers to justice. In 1859 he established " The United States Mail," a journal devoted to postal matters, which he edited till his death. He is the author of " Ten Years among the Mail-Bags," in which he narrates his expei'ience as a detective (1855). HOLBROOK, John Edwards, naturalist, b. in Beaufort, S. C, 30 Dec, 1794; d. in Norfolk, Mass., 8 Sept., 1871. He spent his early life in Wren- tham, Mass., which for many years had been the home of his father's family, and was graduated at Brown in 1815. He took his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1818, and then continued his professional studies for two years in London and Edinburgh, after which he spent two more years on the continent, devoting much time to natural history, especially in Paris. In 1822 he returned to the United States, and established himself as a physician in Charleston, S. C. He was chosen professor of anatomy at the Medical college of South Carolina in 1824, and continued to occupy that chair for more than thirty years. Dr. Holbrook attained a high reputation by his lectures, owing to his wonderful knowledge of com- parative anatomy, but seldom performed a surgical operation or attended an obstetric case. During the civil war he was head of the examining board of surgeons of South Carolina. Dr. Holbrook's work as a naturalist made his name widely known. His first contribution to science was " American Her- petology, or a Description of Reptiles inhabiting the United States" (5 vols., 4to, Philadelphia, 1842). The simplicity and precision of its descrip- tions, and the beauty and correctness of its illus- trations, attracted attention not only in the United States, but also in Europe. Through it he became acquainted with Louis Agassiz, with whom he afterward maintained the friendliest of relations, visiting him annually during his summer trips to New England. He then began a " Southern Ich- thyology," to include descriptions of the fishes of Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida, but, after the publication of two numbers, he found the field too extensive, and therefore confined his studies to the " Ichthyology of South Carolina " (Charleston, 1854 et seq.), of which ten numbers made their appearance. In consequence of the civil war this publication was discontinued. He was a member of the American philosophical society and an early member of the National academy of sciences. — His brother, Silas Pinckney, author, b. in Beau- fort, S. C, 1 June, 1796 ; d. in Pineville, S. C„ 26 May, 1835 ; was graduated at Brown in 1815, studied law in Boston, and practised at Med- field, Mass. He was one of the most popular con- tributors to the " New England Galaxy " and the " Boston Courier," to which he furnished sketches entitled " Letters from a Mariner and Travels of a Tin Peddler," under the name of "Jonathan Farbrick," and amusing " Letters from a Boston Merchant," and " Recollections of Japan and China." ' These, with others, were published as " Sketches by a Traveller " (1834). He also wrote the European part of Peter Parley's " Pictorial Geography," and conducted the "Boston Trib- une," and a comic paper called the " Spectacles." HOLCOMBE, Amasa, manufacturer, b. in that part of Granby, Conn., that now belongs to South- wick, Mass., 18 June, 1787 ; d. there, 27 Feb., 1875. He was a farmer's son, and received a district-school education. In 1806 he made surveyors' compasses for his own use, and two years afterward began the compilation of almanacs, which he published for several years. Subsequently he taught surveying, civil engineering, and astronomy, and in 1826 adopted the profession of civil engineering. In 1828 he began to make telescopes, and until 1842 had no competitor in the United States. For his skill he received in 1835 the " Scott Legacy" from the city of Philadelphia, a silver medal from the Franklin institute in 1838, a gold medal from the American institute, New York, in 1839, and a di- ploma in 1840 from the same institute. He repre- 232 HOLCOMBE HOLDEN sented Southwick in the Massachusetts legislature for three years, and in 1852 was a member of the state senate. In 1837 he received the degree of A. M. from Williams. For over thirty years he was a licensed preacher in the Methodist church, and served the church in his town without salary. HOLCOMBE, Henry, clergyman, b. in Prince Edward county, Va., 22 Sept., 1762 ; d. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 22 May, 1826. After serving as a cap- tain in the Revolutionary army, he began to preach, and in 1785 was ordained pastor of a Baptist church in Pike Creek, S. C. He was a delegate to tt e South Carolina convention that ratified the constitution of the United States. In 1791 he became pastor of the Baptist churches in Eutah, May River, and St. Helena, was afterward in Beaufort, S. C, and in 1799 accepted a call to Savannah, Ga. There he organized the Savannah female seminary, and con- ducted the " Georgia Analytical Repository." He was also instrumental in establishing Mount Enon academy in 1804, and a missionary society in 1806. From 1812 till his death he was pastor of the 1st Baptist church in Philadelphia, Pa. He received the degree of D. D. from Brown in 1810. He pub- lished a " Funeral Discourse on the Death of Wash- ington," and a volume of " Lectures on Primitive Theology " (Philadelphia, 1822). HOLCOMBE, Hosea, clergyman, b. in Union District, S. C, 20 July, 1780; d. in Jefferson county, Ala., in 1841. He was a farmer until 1800, when he began the study of theology, was licensed to preach in 1801, and, after ten years' labor, re- moved to North Carolina, and finally settled in Jefferson county, Ala. He published "A Collec- tion of Sacred Hymns" (1815); "Anti-Mission Principles Exposed" (1836); and "The History of Alabama Baptists " (1840). HOLCOMBE, James Philemon, author, b. in Lynchburg, Va., 25 Sept., 1820 ; d. in Capon Springs, Va., 26 Aug., 1873. He was educated at Yale and at the University of Virginia, and was professor of law in the latter institution from 1852 till 1860. He was a secession member of the Vir- ginia convention of 1861, served in the Confeder- ate congress in 1861-3, and was Confederate com- missioner to Canada in 1863-5. From 1868 until his death he was principal of the Bellevue high- school, Nelson county, Va. Besides constant con- tributions to periodicals and to the publications of the Virginia historical society, of which he was a member, he published " Leading Cases on Commer- cial Law " (New York, 1847) ; " Digests of the De- cisions of the U. S. Supreme Court " (1848) ; " Mer- chants' Book of Reference " (1848) ; and " Litera* ture and Letters " (1868).— His brother, William Henry, physician, born in Lynchburg, Va., 25 May, 1825, was graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1847, and has practised his profession in Lynchburg, Va., Cincinnati, Ohio, and New Orleans, La., where he now (1887) resides. In 1874-'5 he was president of the American in- stitute of homoeopathy. He has published, be- sides numerous contributions to homoeopathic and Swedenborgian literature, "Scientific Basis of Homoeopathy " (Cincinnati, 1852) ; " Poems " (New York, 1860) ; " Our Children in Heaven " (Phila- delphia, 1868) ; " The Sexes Here and Hereafter" (1869) ; " In Both Worlds " (1870) ; " The Other Life" (1871); "Southern Voices" (1872); "The Lost Truths of Christianity " (1879) ; " The End of the World " (1881) ; " The New Life " (1884) ; and " Letters on Spiritual Subjects " (1885). HOLCOMBE, William Frederick, physician, b. in Sterling, Mass., 2 April, 1827. He was gradu- ated at the Albany medical college in 1850, studied several years in Europe, was a member of the American medical society in Paris, and, settling in New York city, was lecturer on diseases of the eye in the New York university medical college in 1861, professor of eye and ear diseases in the New York medical college in 1862, in the New York ophthal- mic college and hospital in 1863, and in the New York medical college for women in 1867. Dr. Holcombe is one of the founders of the New York genealogical and biographical society. In 1881 he delivered the address at the centennial of Sterling, Mass. Besides occasional articles published in medical journals, he is the author of " The History of Mount Sterling, Ky.," " Genealogy of the Bush Family, of Watertown, Conn.," "History of the Holcombes in America," and "Family Records, their Importance and Value " (New York, 1877). HOLDEN, Edward Singleton, astronomer, b. in St. Louis, Mo., 5 Nov., 1846. He was graduated at the scientific school of Washington university in 1866, and in that year assisted Dr. Benjamin A. Gould in collecting materials for the " Investiga- tions in the Military and Anthropological Statis- tics of American Soldiers." He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1870, and appointed 2d lieutenant in the 4th artillery. He served at Fort Johnson, N. C, until 1871, when he returned to West Point as assistant professor of philosophy. In 1872 he was transferred to the engineer corps, serving as instructor in engineering. In March, 1873, he resigned his commission in the army, be- came professor of mathematics in the U. S. navy, and was ordered to the naval observatory at Wash- ington, as assistant in the work of the transit circle. Subsequently he was assistant to Prof. Simon New- comb in charge of the 26-inch equatorial telescope. His " Monograph of the Central Parts of the Neb- ula of Orion " is an exhaustive treatise on all of the observations hitherto made upon that subject, including several years' work of his own (Washing- ton, 1882). In 1876 Prof. Holden went to London to examine the South Kensington loan collection of scientific instruments. He gave much attention to the methods of testing chronometers, and in 1879 the time-ball on the Western Union telegraph building in New York was erected according to his plans. On 6 May, 1878, he observed the transit of Mercury, with Dr. Henry Draper, at Hastings, and in that year was placed in charge of a party to ob- serve the total eclipse of 29 July in Colorado. In 1881 he became professor of astronomy in the Uni- versity of Wisconsin and director of the new Wash- burn observatory. He remained there till 1886, and issued four volumes of publications. He was also head of the division of climate and rivers in Prof. Raphael Pumpelly's northern trans-conti- nental survey. In 1882 he terminated his official connection with the navy, but was placed in charge of the government expedition to the Caroline isl- ands, to observe the total eclipse of the sun on 6 May, 1883. In 1886 he became president of the University of California and director of the Lick observatory on Mt. Hamilton, San Jose. He is a member of numerous scientific associations, and has received the degree of LL. D. from the Uni- versity of Wisconsin (1886), and from Columbia (1887). He has published "Astronomy for Stu- dents," with Prof. Simon Newcomb (New York, 1880) ; and is the author of "Sir William Herschel : his Life and Works" (New York and London, 1881). His writings include "On the Adopted Value of the Sun's Apparent Diameter," " On the Number of Words used in Speaking and Writ- ing," " On the Proper Motion of the Trifid Neb- ula," "The Cipher Despatches," "Studies in HOLDEN HOLGUIN 233 Central America Picture- Writing," " Observations on the Transit of Mercury at Mt. Hamilton," " List of Twenty-three New Double Stars discov- ered at the Caroline Islands by Edward S. Holden and Charles S. Hastings," and "A System of Local Warnings against Tornadoes.'" HOLDEN, Oliver, psalmist, b. in Shirley, Mass., 18 Sept., 1765 ; d. in Charlestown, Mass., in 1831. While engaged in the carpenter's trade he pub- lished his first book of sacred music, arranged in three and four parts, entitled " The American Har- mony " (1793). Most of this was original. Soon afterward he published the " Union Harmony, or a Universal Collection of Sacred Music " ; " The Mas- sachusetts Compiler," with Hans Gram and Samuel Holyoke (1795) ; and edited " The Worcester Col- lection of Sacred Harmony " (1797). The last was a sixth edition, altered, revised, and corrected, with an appendix containing new psalm-tunes. It was printed upon movable types that had been pro- cured from England in 1786, by Isaac Thomas, of Worcester, and is the oldest music-book that was thus printed. Holden was the author of several hymn-tunes, including " Confidence " and " Coro- nation," which are still popular. HOLDEN, William Woods, journalist, b. in Orange county, N. C, 24 Nov., 1818. He attended a common school until he was sixteen years old, was in a printing-office in Hillsborough, N. C, for the next two years, and in 1841 was admitted to the bar in Ealeigh, N. C. In 1843 he bought " The Raleigh Standard," and was its editor twenty-five years. He served in the legislature in 1846, was a member of the State convention in 1861, and signed the ordinance of secession. He was ap- pointed by President Johnson provisional governor of North Carolina in 1865, declined the mission to San Salvador in 1866, and in 1868 he was elected governor, as a Republican, by popular vote. Re- ports of " Ku-klux " outrages in the latter part of 1869, and early in 1870, caused the governor, by virtue of authority that had been conferred on him by the legislature, to issue a proclamation on 7 March, declaring the county of Alamance to be in a state of insurrection, and a similar one on 8 July regarding Caswell county, and several arrests were made with the aid of the militia. This action •caused much excitement, and the Democrats, in addresses that were issued in March and July, as- serted that the accounts of outrages were exagger- ated, that the local authorities were fully able to preserve order, and that the governor's course was intended to influence the coming election. Gov. Holden applied to President Grant for troops, and at first refused to deliver the prisoners to the civil authorities* on writ of habeas corpus, but afterward •did so by advice of the U. S. attorney-general. The accused persons were held for trial in their respect- ive counties, and on 10 Nov. the governor pro- -claimed the restoration of civil authority. The opposition to Gov. Holden on account of his course in this matter culminated in the presentation by the state house of representatives to the senate on 20 Dec, 1870, of eight articles of impeachment against him " for high crimes and misdemeanors." The senate declared him guilty of six of the eight indictments, and ordered that he " be removed from the office of governor, and disqualified to hold any office of trust, honor, or profit under the state of North Carolina." He removed to Washington and edited the " National Republican," but afterward returned to Raleigh and was postmaster. HOLDER, Joseph Bassett, zoologist, b. in Lynn, Mass., 26 Oct., 1824. He studied at the Eriends' school in Providence, R. I., and then took a course in the Harvard medical school. Subse- quently he entered the U. S. army, and from 1860 till 1867 was surgeon-in-charge at the U. S. mili- tary prison in Tortugas, Pla., and then assistant post-surgeon at Fort Monroe, Va. In 1870 he was appointed curator of invertebrate zoology, icthy- ology, and herpetology in the American museum of natural history, New York. He is a member of several scientific societies and a fellow of the New York academy of sciences. His publications in- clude " History of the North American Fauna " (New York, 1882) ; " Historv of the Atlantic Right Whales " (1883) ; and " The Living World " (1884). — His son, Charles Frederick, naturalist, b. in Lynn, Mass., 5 Aug., 1851, was educated at the Friends' school in Providence, R. I., at Allen's seminary, West Newton, Mass., and at the U. S. naval academy in Annapolis, Md. From 1870 till 1877 he was assistant in the American museum of natural history, and subsequently was connected with the New York aquarium, for which he made several trips to various parts of the United States for rare specimens. In 1880 he settled in New York city, and thenceforth devoted himself to lec- turing on zoology in schools, and in literary pur- suits. He is a member of scientific societies, and is a fellow of the New York academy of sciences. Mr. Holder has contributed to magazine literature, and especially to periodicals for young people. He is the author of " Elements of Zoology " (New York, 1885) ; " Marvels of Animal Life " (1885) ; " The Ivory King" (1886); "Living Lights" (1887); and " Wonder Wings " (Boston, 1887). HOLDICH, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Cam- bridgeshire, England, 20 April, 1804. He removed to the United States in 1812, entered the Meth- odist ministry in 1822, and officiated in Philadel- phia, New York, and several cities of New Jersey, until 1835, when he became assistant professor of moral science and belles-lettres in Wesleyan univer- sity, Middletown, Conn. He was full professor in 1836-'49, and from 1849 till 1878 secretary of _ the American Bible society, but failure of eyesight compelled his resignation from this office in 1878. He received the degree of A. M. from Princeton in 1822, and that of D. D. from La Grange college, Alabama, in 1843. He has published " Bible His- tory" (1833); "Life of A. H. Hurd" (1839); and " Life of Wilbur Fisk " (New York, 1842). HOLE-IN-THE-DAY, Chippewa chief, b. in Minnesota about 1827 ; d. in Crow Wing, Minn., 29 June, 1868. He was chief of the Chippewa na- tion, displayed unusual intelligence, understood something of the nature of civil government, be- lieved in the arts of peace, and realized the influ- ence and power of the white man. He married an Irishwoman, and became one of the wealthiest men in Minnesota, his possessions being valued at about $2,000,000. At the beginning of the last Indian war in Minnesota in 1862, it was his influence that restrained the Chippewas from joining the unruly Sioux in their assaults on the white settlers. He was assassinated bv Indians. HOLGrUIN, Carlos (ole-sjheen'). South American statesman, b. in Novita, Colombia, 11 July, 1832. He studied in Cali and in a Jesuit college in Bogota. After the members of that society were expelled from Colombia on 18 May, 1850. Holguin contin- ued his studies in the University of Bogota and was graduated as a lawyer in 1852. He has been always a warm defender of the Conservative party, in the tribune and the press,' as a member of con- gress and as the editor of several newspapers, such as " El Caucano " (1857) and " La Prensa " (1866-'8), and has actively opposed the Liberal party of his 234 HOLGUIN HOLLAND country through the newspapers " El Filotemico," "El Porvenir," "El Traclieionista," and others. He has written works on international law and his- tory, and essays on Lord Macaulay, Machiavelli, Byron, Warren Hastings, and Lord Clive, which are still in manuscript. Since 1881 he has been Colombian minister in Spain. HOLGUIN, Diego Gonzalez, Spanish linguist, b. in Estremadura, Spain, about 1560 ; d. in Lima, Peru, about 1620. In early life he entered the Jesuit order, and was sent to the missions of Peru, where he resided till his death. He acquired the Quichua dialect, and wrote " Gramatica y arte de la lengua general del Peru " (Lima, 1607) : " Voca- bulario de la lengua general del Peru " (1608) ; and " Privilegios concedidos a los Indios " (1608). HOLLAND, Edward Clifford, poet, b. in Charleston, S. C, in 1794 ; d. there, 11 Sept., 1824. He was noted as a controversialist and satirical writer, for several years edited the " Charleston Times," and was the author of a volume of patri- otic verses entitled " Odes, Naval Songs, and other Poems " (Charleston, 1814). HOLLAND, Frederick West, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass., 22 June, 1811. He was graduated at Harvard in 1831, and at the Cambridge divinitv- school in 1834, settled in Brooklyn. N. Y., in 1838, and was pastor in Rochester, N. Y., in 1843. He was appointed secretary of the American Unitarian association in 1847, but resigned in 1850 and went abroad, visiting Europe, Egypt, and Asia Minor. On his return in 1851, he lectured in New England and the middle states on " Palestine," " The Nile Territory," and " The Turkish Question." He has done much gratuitous work in the ministry, or- ganized ten religious societies, and for several years was chaplain in institutions for criminals. He re- sides in Concord, Mass. He has contributed vari- ous articles to the publication of the New England historic-genealogical society, of which he is a mem- ber, and is the author of " Scenes in Palestine " (Boston, 1851). — His son, Frederic May, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 2 May, 1836, was graduated at Harvard in 1859, and in 1863 was ordained at Rockford, 111., as a Unitarian clergyman ; but he has since ceased to preach. He has published "The Reign of the Stoics" (New York, 1879); "Stories from Robert Browning" (London, 1882); and " The Rise of Intellectual Liberty, from Thales to Copernicus " (New York, 1885). He is now (1887) writing a continuation of the last-named work. HOLLAND, George, actor, b. in London, Eng- land, 6 Dec, 1791 ; d. in New York city, 20 Dec, 1871. He began his career in London as clerk in a silk warehouse, in succession entered the office of a money-broker and a newspaper-publisher, and eventually became a commercial traveller. He be- gan as an actor in 1817, in small parts, at Drury Lane theatre. In 1820 he played at the London Olympic theatre, and later became connected with play-houses in Birmingham, Manchester, and New- castle-on-Tyne. His first appearance in this coun- try was at the Bowery theatre, New York, on 12 Sept., 1827, as Jerry in " The Day after the Fair," followed by Billy Lackaday in " Sweethearts and Wives," and Paul Pry. After engagements for several seasons in New York city, Holland made prolonged tours of the southern and western thea- tres, and in 1834 was settled as a performer in New Orleans, where he became treasurer of the St. Charles theatre. Returning north, he formed a connection with Mitchell's Olympic theatre, from 1843 till 1849, and within the last two years be- came its stage-manager. From 1849 till 1852 he lost his professional identity, by attaching himself, under an assumed name, to Wood's and Christy's negro minstrels. In 1852 he reappeared as an actor at Placide's Varieties, New Orleans, but soon returned to New York to become a member of the company at Wallack's theatre. This was his last permanent engagement. He made his final appearance on 15 May, 1870, at the Fifth avenue theatre. After his death, a fund was raised by subscription for the benefit of his widow and children, which amounted to over $15,000. Hol- land was an amusing performer in farce and bur- lesque, where he brought in play numerous eccen- tricities, ventriloquial diversions, and imitations of men and animals. As a comedian he never lost his identity in the characters he personated, and frequently resorted to grimace and extravagance to provoke merriment. See memorial sketch of " Life of George Holland," edited by Thomas H. Morrell (printed privately, New York, 1871). HOLLAND, J os i ah Gilbert, author, b. in Bel- chertown, Hampshire co., Mass., 24 July, 1819 ; d. in New York city, 12 Oct.. 1881. He was the son of a farmer, who was also an inventor. His early educational advantages were limited. After a long struggle, he entered the Northampton high-school, where he studied so earnestly that his health gave way. Subsequent- ly he taught pen- manship for a while,and became successively an operator in a da- guerreotype gal- lery, a copyist and a district school- master. At the age of twenty-one he began the study of medi- cine, and in 1844 was graduated at Berkshire medi- cal college, Pitts- field, Mass. Set- tling at Springfield, he received but little encour- agement, although his patients were numerous enough to give him a distaste for the practice of his profession. In his leisure moments he wrote and sent an article or two to the " Knickerbock- er" magazine. These being accepted, he was encouraged to undertake the publication of a lit- erary journal, " The Bay State Weekly Courier." but it was not successful, and was discontinued at the end of sis months. He then became a teacher in Richmond, Va., and three months later superintendent of public schools in Vicksburg, Miss. There, after fifteen months of hard work, he succeeded in introducing a superior graded educational system, which resulted in the clos- ing of all the private schools in the city but one. Just as he had achieved this success, Dr. Holland was compelled to return north, for family reasons. At the age of thirty he again settled in Springfield, Mass., and became the associate of Samuel Bowles, editor of the " Republican." His first year's salary was $480, the second year he re- ceived $700, and he began the third as owner of a quarter interest in the paper (then worth $3,500). for which he had given his notes. Fifteen years afterward he sold his share for more than fourteen times what it had originally cost him. From the first, Dr. Holland exhibited remarkable aptitude for journalism ; and, while Mr. Bowles, through HOLLAND HOLLEY 235 his political opinions, made the " Republican " es- teemed and feared in Massachusetts, his associate, becoming a popular preacher of social and domes- tic moralities, made it loved in ten thousand homes. Dr. Holland's first venture as a book- maker was the reprinting from the " Republican " of his " History of Western Massachusetts " (2 vols., Springfield, 1855). Two years later he pub- lished "The Bay Path: a Colonial Tale" (New York, 1857), which was not at first popular. He now began a series of papers entitled " Timothy Titcomb's Letters to Young People, Married and Single," which, when collected (New York, 1858), were remarkably successful. Nine editions ap- peared within a few months, and more than 75,000 copies in all have been sold. In November of the same year he published " Bitter Sweet, a Poem in Dramatic Form " (New York), the sales of which exceeded those of the " Titcomb Letters." In the autumn of 1865 appeared his "Life of Abraham Lincoln" (Springfield), of which more than 100,000 copies were sold. In 1866 he sold his interest in the " Republican." In 1867 he published " Kathrina : Her Life and Mine in a Poem," of which over 100,000 copies were called for. The following year he travelled in Europe, and while sojourning in Geneva, with Roswell Smith, conceived the idea of a new illustrated magazine. Long previous to this Charles Scribner had solicited Dr. Holland to go to New York and edit " Hours at Home." In 1870 Dr. Holland, as editor and one third owner, began publishing " Scribner's Monthly," with Roswell Smith and Scribner, Armstrong and Company as joint owners. He became a member of the board of education of New York city in 1872, and was subsequently its president. He also held the chairmanship of the board of trustees of the Col- lege of the city of New York. As a lecturer Dr. Holland was extremely popular. In addition to the books above named, he published " Gold Foil Hammered from Popular Proverbs " (New York, 1859) ; " Miss Gilbert's Career," a novel (1860) ; " Lessons in Life " (1861) ; " Letters to the Joneses" (1863) ; " Plain Talks on Familiar Subjects " (1865) ; " The Marble Prophecy, and Other Poems " (1872) ; " Arthur Bonnicastle," a novel, and " Garnered Sheaves," a complete collection of his poetical works (1873) ; " The Mistress of the Manse," a poem (1874) : " The Story of Sevenoaks " (1875) ; and " Every-Day Topics " and " Nicholas Minturn " (1876). None of his works subsequent to 1867 at- tained the popularity- of his earlier books. HOLLAND, Samuel, surveyor-general, b. in Canada; d. in eastern Canada in 1801. He was surveyor-general of the colonies north of Virginia, served in the army as a major during the war with France, and engaged in the expeditions against Louisburg and Quebec. He was near Wolfe when that officer fell, and was mentioned by him in his will. In 1773 he had completed surveys as far west as Boston, and in 1775 he wrote to Lord Dart- mouth that he was ready to run a line between Massachusetts and New York. He lent to Alexan- der Shepard, a surveyor, a plan or survey of Maine, which the latter, by advice of the Provincial con- gress of Massachusetts, did not return, fearing that it might be used to the prejudice of the Whigs. Mr. Holland then went to Lower Canada, and served there for nearly fifty years as surveyor- general. At the time of his death he was a mem- ber of the executive and legislative councils. HOLLANDER, Peter, governor of New Swe- den, b. about 1600. Previous to his appointment in 1640 as governor of the territory that was claimed by Sweden along the Delaware,, he had sailed with the 'colonists that had been sent to re-enforce the original settlers. He ruled the colony for about a year and a half, and added much to its territory. HOLLEY, Alexander Lyman, metallurgist, b. in Lakeville, Conn., 20 July, 1832 ; d. in Brook- lyn, N. Y., 29 Jan., 1882. He was the son of Alexander H. Holley, who was afterward governor of Connecticut. The son was graduated in the scientific course at Brown in 1853. He then entered the shops of Corliss and Nightingale, where for eighteen months he served as a draughtsman and machinist, and afterward secured employment at the locomotive - works in Jersey City. In 1856 he took the management of " The Railroad Ad- vocate," to which he had previously contributed when it was edited by Zerah Colburn. Its name was soon changed to " Hol- ley's Railroad Ad- vocate," and it was published until July, 1857, when it gave place to " The American Engineer," of Holley and Col- burn, which suspended with its third issue. He then went abroad with Colburn to study foreign railway practice, and to report on those features of it which would be of greatest importance at home. On the return of the two engineers they published " The Permanent Way and Coal-burning Locomo- tives of European Railways, with a Comparison of the Working Economy of European and American Lines, and the Principles upon which Improve- ment must Proceed " (New York, 1858), in which it was shown that the annual operating expenses of an American railroad was one third more for the same mileage than in England. Their state- ments were taken up by the daily journals, and many of the leading editorials which appeared at this time were by Mr. Holley. He then became connected with the " New York Times," and be- tween 1858 and 1863 contributed to it upward of 200 articles. In 1859 he was sent to Europe by the " Times," and wrote letters on engineering topics, including a series on the " Great Eastern," which was then in course of construction. A year later he went to Europe again for the "Times," returning on the first trans-Atlantic trip of the " Great Eastern," and meanwhile contributing to the " American Railway Review," of which he was editor of the mechanical department. During these years he had in preparation his " American and European Railway Practice " (New York and London, 1860 ; 2d ed., 1867). At the beginning of the civil war, when he had a professional standing of the highest rank, he offered his services to the U. S. government, but no notice was taken of his letter. In 1862 he was sent abroad by Edwin A. Stevens to study the subject of ordnance and ar- mor. This led to his subsequent publication of " A Treatise on Ordnance and Armor " (New York and London, 1865). A year later he 'again visited England, at the request of Corning, Winslow, and Company, of Troy, to obtain information concern- 236 HOLLEY HOLLEY ing the Bessemer process for the manufacture of steel. He returned after purchasing the American rights of the Bessemer patents, which were sub- sequently combined with the conflicting Amer- ican patents of William Kelly. The first Bessemer plant was established at Troy in 1865 under his supervision, and enlarged in 1867. He also built the works at Harrisburg in 1867, and later planned those at North Chicago and Joliet, the Edgar Thompson works at Pittsburg, and the Vulcan works at St. Louis, besides acting as consulting engineer in the designing of the Cambria, Bethle- hem, Scj-anton, and other works. The history of his career after 1865 is substantially that of the Bessemer manufacture in the United States. After the formation of the Bessemer association he issued confidential reports to it on the various branches of steel manufacture. During his lifetime the capacity of the American Bessemer plant was raised from that of about 900 tons a month to more than 10,000 tons for the same period. In 1875 he was appointed a member of the U. S. board for testing iron, steel, and other metals, and was one of the most laborious of its members. Four years later he became lecturer on the manufacture of iron and steel at the Columbia school of mines, and continued this work until his death. Mr. Holley obtained about sixteen patents, of which several were for improvements in the Bessemer process, and of these his last, that of the detached converter-shell, is perhaps the most important. In 1878 he received the degree of LL. D. from Brown, and he was a trustee of the Rensselaer polytechnic institute from 1865 till 1867 and from 1870 till 1882. He was president of the American institute of mining engineers in 1875, vice-president of the American society of mechanical engineers in 1880, and vice-president of the American society of civil engineers in 1876. In addition to the books already mentioned, Mr. Holley was the author of numer- ous technical papers. From 1877 till 1880 he pre- pared, with Lenox Smith, a series of forty-one articles on " American Iron and Steel," which were published in the London " Engineering." A statue to his memory is to be erected in Central Park by the societies of mining, civil, and me- chanical engineers, from a design furnished by John Q. A. Ward. See " Memorial of Alexander Lyman Holley " (New York, 1884). HOLLEY, Myron, reformer, b. in Salisbury, Conn., 29 April, 1779 ; d. in Rochester, N. Y., 4 March, 1841. He was graduated at Williams in 1799, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1802. He began practice in Salisbury, but in 1803 settled in Canandaigua, N. Y. Finding the law uncongenial, he purchased the stock of a local bookseller and became the literary purveyor of the town. In 1810-'14 he was county-clerk, and in 1816 was sent to Albany as an assembly- man. The project of the Erie canal was at that time the great subject of interest, and through the efforts of Mr. Holley a board of commissioners was appointed, of whom he was one. His work thence- forth, until its completion, was on the Erie canal. For eight years his practical wisdom, energy, and self-sacrifice made him the executive power, with- out which this great enterprise would probably have been a failure. On the expiration of his term of office, in 1824, as canal-commissioner and treas- urer of the board, he retired to Lyons, where with his family he had previously removed. The anti- Masonic excitement of western New York, arising from the abduction of William Morgan, soon drove Mr. Holley into prominence again. This move- ment culminated in a national convention being held in Philadelphia in 1830, where Henry D. Ward, Francis Granger, William H. Seward, and Myron Holley were the representatives from New York. An " Address to the People of the United States," written by Holley, was adopted and signed by 112 delegates. The anti-Masonic adherents pre- sented a candidate in the next gubernatorial can- vass of New York, and continued to do so for sev- eral years, until the Whigs, appreciating the ad- vantages of their support, nominated candidates that were not Masons. This action resulted, in 1838, in the election of William H. Seward. Mean- while, in 1831, Mr. Holley became editor of the Lyons "Countryman," a journal devoted to the opposition and suppression of Masonry ; but after three years, this enterprise not having been suc- cessful, he went to Hartford, and there conducted the " Free Elector " for one year. He then re- turned to Lyons, but soon disposed of his property and settled near Rochester, where for a time he lived in quiet, devoting his attention to horticul- ture. When the anti-slavery feeling began to manifest itself Mr. Holley became one of its adher- ents. At this time he was offered a nomination to congress by the Whig party, provided he would not agitate this question ; but this proposition he de- clined. He participated in the meeting of the anti-slavery convention held in Cleveland in 1839, and was prominent in the call for a national con- vention to meet in Albany, to take into considera- tion the formation of a Liberty party. At this gathering the nomination of James G. Birney was made, and during the subsequent canvass Mr. Holley was active in support of the candidate, both by continual speaking and by his incessant labors as editor of the Rochester " Freeman." Mr. Hol- ley's remains rest in Mount Hope cemetery, at Rochester, and the grave is marked by an obelisk, with a fine medallion portrait in white marble, the whole having been paid for in one-cent contribu- tions by members of the Liberty party, at the sug- gestion of Gerrit Smith. See " Myron Holley ; and What he did for Libertv and True Religion." by Elizur Wright (Boston," 1882).— His brother, Horace, educator, b. in Salisbury,' Conn., 13 Feb., 1781; d. 31 July, 1827, was graduated at Yale in 1803, and studied law for a short time in New York, but, abandoning this for theology, was or- dained at Greenfield Hill, Fairfield co., Conn., in September, 1805. In 1809-'18 he was pastor of Hollis street church (Unitarian), Boston. He was president of Transylvania university, Lexington, Ky., in 1818-'27. A plan was formed for erect- ing a seminary in Louisiana, to be placed under his charge, but while at New Orleans in the sum- mer of 1827 he became ill, and died while on the passage to New York. He had a great reputation as a pulpit orator, published several sermons and addresses, and contributed papers to the " Western Review " and other periodicals. See a discourse on his life and character by Charles Caldwell, M. D. (Boston, 1828). — Horace's wife, Mary Austin, d. in New Orleans, 2 Aug., 1846, married Mr. Holley in 1805, and in 1831 emigrated to Texas under the protection of Gen. Austin. She published a " His- tory of Texas " (Baltimore, 1883), and a memoir of her husband. — Another brother, Orville Luther, editor, b. in Salisbury, Conn., 19 May, 1791 ; d. in Albany, N. Y., 25 March, 1861, was graduated at Harvard in 1813, studied law in New York city, and practised successively at Hudson, Canandaigua, and the city of New York. He edited in succession the "Anti-Masonic Magazine" in New York, the " Troy Sentinel," the Ontario " Repository," the Albany " Daily Advertiser," and the " State Regis- HOLLIDAY HOLLISTER 237 ter." In 1853 he arranged and indexed twenty- three folio volumes containing the papers of Gov. George Clinton. He was surveyor-general of the state in 1838, and during the last ten years of his life was employed in the office of the secretary of state of New York. He was the author of " De- scription of Citv of New York " (1847), and " Life of Franklin " (Boston, 1856). HOLLIDAY, Ben, expressman, b. in Bourbon county, Ky., in 1819 ; d. in Portland, Oregon, 8 July, 1887. He became a pioneer in western Mis- souri, and afterward in Kansas, was an army con- tractor during the Mexican war, and in 1849-'52 established mercantile houses in Salt Lake City and San Francisco. A few years later he founded Holliday's mail and overland express, which for ten years was the connecting link between the western frontier states and the Pacific. He also established the fast pony-express, and a line of twenty-three steamers from Alaska to Mexico. He afterward invested in mining property, and with the proceeds of the Ophir mine in Nevada bought a tract of land in Westchester county, N. Y., which he called Ophir farm. Here he built a house that cost $1,000,000, where he entertained his friends in magnificent fashion, but the property was for many years in litigation, and it finally passed en- tirely out of his hands. HOLLINGSWORTH, Levi, merchant, b. in Elkton, Md., 29 Nov., 1739 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 24 March, 1824. His great-grandfather, Valentine Hollingsworth, accompanied William Pe'nn to Pennsylvania in 1682. Levi became a merchant in Philadelphia in 1760, and was a zealous and ac- tive supporter of the cause of American independ- ence. He suffered loss from supplies that he fur- nished the army, and served in the field as a mem- ber of the original troop of city cavalry. He was sent to Canada with the specie for the payment of Gen. Montgomery's army when it was investing Quebec, and was employed in many other special services. He was afterward one of the leaders of the Federal party in Philadelphia. HOLLINS, George Nichols, naval officer, b. in Baltimore, Md., 20 Sept., 1799 ; d. there, 18 Jan., 1878. He entered the navy as midshipman in 1814, and served on the sloop-of-war "Erie" in her un- successful attempt to break the British blockade of Chesapeake bay. He was assigned to the frigate " President " under Stephen Decatur, was cap- tured by the British, and kept a prisoner of war at Bermuda until peace was established. He also served under Decatur in the Algerian war in 1815, and received from him a Turkish sabre for his bravery in the capture of an Algerian frigate. After serving on the " Guerriere," the " Columbus," the "Franklin," and the "Washington," he took command of an East Indian merchantman. In 1825 he was promoted lieutenant, and in 1844 com- mander. In 1855, while lying off the Mosquito coast of Nicaragua, the American residents of Greytown appealed to him for protection from the local authorities, by whom they alleged they had been injured. Hollins accordingly bombarded the city as a punishment to the authorities, and the property and lives of the English residents being imperilled, they declared he had encroached on British domain, as Nicaragua was under the pro- tection of that government. In consequence of his precipitate conduct, serious difficulties were ap- prehended between England and the United States. In 1861 he resigned his commission to join the Confederate navy, but the war department refused to accept it, struck his name from the rolls, and ordered his arrest. He eluded the authorities, went to the south, and was commissioned commodore in the Confederate navy. In October, 1861, he attacked the'National blockading squadron at the passes of the Mississippi, and was appointed flag-captain of the New Orleans station for what was claimed as an important victory. In 1862 he was superseded by Com. William C. Whipple. After the war he became a crier in the city court of Baltimore. HOLLIS, Thomas, benefactor, b. in England in 1659 ; d. in London, England, in February, 1731. He was for many years a successful merchant in London, and a bequest made to Harvard college in his uncle's will, of which he was a trustee, first at- tracted his attention to that seat of learning. After making two considerable donations to the college, he gave in 1721 the fund by which the Hollis pro- fessorship of divinity was constituted. He was a Baptist and a Calvinist, required his professor of divinity to be " of sound or orthodox principles," and stipulated that Baptists, who were then in no great favor in New England, should not be ex- cluded from the chair that he had established. In 1727 he also established a professorship of mathe- matics and philosophy, and his donations amounted at that time to £4,900 in Massachusetts currency. He also gave books for the library, and a set of Hebrew and Greek types for printing. — His broth- ers, John and Nathaniel, were also donors to the college. — His nephew and heir, Thomas, son of Nathaniel, d. in 1735, also gave money, books, and philosophical apparatus to the college. — Thomas, son of the second Thomas, b. in London, England, in 1720 ; d. in Corsecombe, Dorset, Eng- land, in 1774, followed literary pursuits, and did much to propagate the principles of civil and relig- ious liberty. Among his gifts to Harvard college was a donation of books that were valued at £1,400. He is said to have given away half his large fortune for benevolent purposes. He was a zealous pro- moter of the spirit of freedom in America, and aided in republishing the political treatises of May- hew, Otis, and John Adams. His memoirs, com- piled by the Rev. Francis Blackburn, archdeacon of Cleveland, were published in 1780 in two quartos, with engravings, by Thomas Brand Hollis, also a benefactor of Harvard. — Other members of the Hollis family were also liberal donors to Harvard college, and one of the halls of that institution is named in their honor. HOLLISTER, Gideon Hiram, author, b. in Washington, Conn., 14 Dec, 1817 ; d. in Litchfield, Conn., 24 March. 1881. He was graduated in 1840 at Yale, where he was class poet, studied law in Litchfield with Origen S. Seymour, and after a brief stay in Woodbury, Conn., practised in the former town. He was clerk of courts there in 1843-'52, and in 1856 was chosen to the state sen- ate, where he was instrumental in procuring the election of James Dixon to the U. S. senate. Presi- dent Johnson appointed him consul-general and U. S. minister at Hayti in 1868, and he seiwed till 1869, when he removed to Stratford, Conn., and practised law in Bridgeport, but in 1876 returned to Litchfield. He was elected to the legislature in 1880, and made a speech on the New York bound- ary question that was published and attracted much attention. Mr. Hollister was an enthusiastic student of the English classics. The acting copy- right of his tragedy " Thomas a Becket " is owned by Edwin Booth, but it was produced only three times. His poem " Andersonville " acquired con- siderable popularity during the civil war. He pub- lished " Mount Hope," an historical romance of King Philip's war (New York, 1851) ; a " History of Connecticut " (2 vols., New Haven, 1855) ; and 238 HOLLOWAY HOLMAN " Thomas a Becket, a Tragedy, and Other Poems " (Boston. 1866). After his death appeared " Kinley Hollow/' a novel (Xew York, 1882). ' * HOLLO WAT. David P., commissioner of pat- ents, b. in Wavnesville. Warren co.. Ohio. 6 Dec. 1809; d. in Washington, D. C. lOSept, 1883. He removed with his parents to Cincinnati in 1813, and learned the printers trade at Richmond. Ind. In 1833 he purchased "The Richmond Palla- dium," and was its editor for several years. He was a member of the state legislature in 1843, of the state senate in 1844-'53, and was then elected a representative in congress, serving from 3 Dec. 1855. till 3 March. 1857\ He was commissioner of patents from 28 March, 1861, till 17 Aug., 1865. HOLLO WAT, James Montgomery, physician. b. in Lexington, Ky.. 14 July, 1834. He was edu- cated at Oakland college, Miss., and Centre college, Danville, Ky., and in 1857 was graduated in medi- cine at the University of Louisiana. He practised at Vernon, Madison co., Miss., and in 1861-5 served as a surgeon in the Confederate army. In 1863 he was senior medical officer, and appointed president of the medical examining board of' all the hospitals in Richmond. He was professor of anatomv in Louisville college. Ky., in 1865-'"6, of physiologv in 1866-T, in 186 7-' 70 held the chair of physiologv and medical jurisprudence in the Kentucky school of medicine, from. 1870 till 1874 was prof essor of physiology and clinical surgery in Louisville medi- cal college, and from 1874 till 1877 professor of surgery in the hospital college of the medical de- partment of Central university, Kentucky. He has written much for medical periodicals. HOLLOWAI, Laura Carter, author, b. in Nashville, Tenn.. 22 Aug., 1848. She was gradu- ated at the Xashville female seminary in 1862, since that time has continually engaged' in literary work, has edited the " Home Library Magazine " in Chicago, 111., and for twelve years was associate editor of the "Brooklyn Daily Eagle." In 1862 she married Junius B. Holloway, of Richmond, Ky. Her published works include " Ladies of the White House " (Xew York, 1870) ; " An Hour with Charlotte Bronte " (1883) : " The Hearthstone, or Life at Home " (Philadelphia, 1883) ; " The Moth- ers of Great Men and Women " (Xew York, 1884) : " The Home in Poetrv " (1884) ; " Chinese Gordon " (1885); "Howard, the Christian Hero" (1885); " Adelaide Xeilson. a Biographv " (1885) : and " The Buddhist. Diet Book " (1887). HOLLS, George Charles, clergvman, b. in Darmstadt, Germany 26 Feb., 1824 : d. in Mount Vernon, X. Y., 12 Aug., 1886. He was educated at Darmstadt and at Strasburg, and at an early age he became assistant to Dr. Wichern, founder of the ' "Rauhe Haus," near Hamburg. When he was j twenty-five years of age he was placed in charge of the government charities in the province of Cpper Silesia, and while holding this office organized the | work of relief during the famine of 1848-9 in that province, having at one time 4,000 destitute ehil- dren under his charge. He resigned in 1851 and came to this country, where, after teaching for sev- eral years in Ohio, he was appointed superintend- j ent of the Lutheran orphan farm-school at Zelieno- ple, Pa. He remained there until 1866, when he took charge of the newly founded Wartburg farm- school near Mount Vernon, X. Y. In August, 1885, failing health compelled him to resign, and he afterward lived in retirement till his death. HOLLT, James Theodore Augustus, P. E. bishop of Hayti, b. in Washington, D. C, 3 Oct., 1829. His parents were colored and Roman Catho- lics. His great-great-grandfather was an English- ! man named Holly, while his mother was descended from an Irishwoman named Butler. He was edu- cated at public and private schools and by tutors in V ashington, Xew York city. Buffalo, and Detroit. In 1851 he withdrew from the Roman Catholic and entered the Protestant Episcopal church. In 1852-3 he was associate editor of " The Voice of the Fugitive." a weekly paper, published at Windsor, Canada West, and in 1854 was principal of a pub- lic school in Buffalo. He studied theology, and was ordered deacon. 17 June, 1855, and ordained presbyter. 2 Jan., 1856. He was rector of St. Luke's church. Xew Haven, Conn., from 1856 till 1861, when he was sent to Hayti as a missionary. He served as consul for Liberia at Port-au-Prince from 1864 till 1874. in which year he was made mission- ary bishop of Hayti by 'the Protestant Episcopal church. In 1878 Bishop Holly went to England as a delegate to the Lambeth conference. He re- ceived the degree of D. D. from Howard universitv, Washington, D. C, in 1874, and that of LL. D. from Liberia college, Monrovia, in 1882. He has contributed to the " Church," the " Church Eclec- tic." and the " African Methodist Church " reviews. HOLM, John Campanius, Swedish clergvman, b. in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1601 ; d. there, 17 Sept., 1683. He sailed with Gov. Printz from Got- tenburg, 1 Xov., 1642, and arrived at Fort Chris- tina, on the Delaware, 15 Feb., 1643, where he en- tered on his duties as chaplain to the Swedish colony, and continued to officiate in this capacity during six years. Prior to his coming he had been preceptor of the orphans' seminary in Stockholm. Under his ministry in the colony a church was erected at Tinicum, the seat of government, and was consecrated by him, 4 Sept., 1646. This was the first house of worship that was erected with- in the limits of Pennsylvania. He manifested a deep interest in the welfare of the Indians, and performed missionary work among them. They visited his house and came to hear him preach. To further his work he applied himself to learn- ing their language, into which he here began the task of translating Luther's catechism. His labors in Xew Sweden ended in May, 1648, when he sailed for home in the ship " Swan," arriving at Stockholm on 4 July following. On his return to Sweden he was made chaplain to the admiralty, and afterward rector at Upland, where he com- pleted his translation of the catechism into the language of the Delawares, or Lenni-Lenape, which is probably the first translation of any work into an Indian language of this country. It was pub- lished in the Delaware and Swedish languages (Stockholm. 1696), together with a vocabulary, a copy of which is in the library of the American philosophical society. In the translation he ac- commodates the Lord's Prayer to the circumstances of the Indians by substituting for " daily bread " " a plentiful supply of venison and corn."" He was buried in the church of Frost Hults, where there is a monument to his memory. — His grandson, Thomas Campanius, published a history of Xew Sweden, known as " Campanius's," which is largely made up, it is said, of data that were obtained from his grandfather, and partly, too, it is sup- posed, from information that was given verbally by him to the author. HOLMAN, Jesse Lynch, jurist, b. in Danville, Ky., 24 Oct., 1784 ; d. in Aurora, Ind.. 28 March, 1842. His father was killed by the Indians while defending a block-house in which he had sought shelter with his family. With limited opportuni- ties of education the son displayed in early life an interest in literary pursuits, and before he'reached HOLMAN HOLME 239 his twenty-first year was the author of a novel en- titled " Errors of Education," which he published in two volumes under the auspices of Henry Clay, in whose office he studied law. In 1808 he re- moved with his family to the territory of Indiana, and soon afterward was appointed judge of one of the two judicial circuits into which the territory was then divided. In 1813 he was a member of the territorial legislature, and in 1814 he was the president of the territorial council. On the ad- mission of Indiana into the Union in 1816 he was appointed one of the judges of the supreme court of the state, and held the office fourteen years. In 1835 he was appointed by President Jackson U. S. district judge for Indiana, which office he held till his death. Judge Holman was identified with the early history of the Baptists of Indiana, and served as pastor of a church in Aurora from 1834 till his death. He was president of the Western Baptist publication and Sunday-school society, and of the state conventions of the Baptist church from 1837 till his death. He took an active part in the es- tablishment of Indiana college, now the university of the state, and wasone of the founders of Frank- lin college, the chief Baptist institution of learning in Indiana. He left a large collection of manu- scripts which have not yet been published. — His son, William Steele, congressman, b. in Dearborn county, Ind., 6 Sept., 1822, received a common- school education, was in Franklin college, Ind., for two years, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Aurora, Ind. He was judge of probate from 1843 till 1846, prosecuting attorney in 1847-'9, a member of the State consti- tutional convention of 1850, and of the state legis- lature in 1851-'2. He was judge of the court of common pleas from 1852 till 1856, was then elect- ed to congress as a Democrat, and has been nom- inated fourteen times, suffering only three de- feats, in 1854, 1876, and 1878, and serving, with those exceptions, from 1859 to the present time (1887). He has been an uncompromising enemy of trickery, and has won the name of the " Great Ob- jector " from his fearlessness in opposing doubtful measures and the schemes of lobbyists. He is thor- oughly versed in the statutes, and takes cognizance of every important bill that is before the house. HOLMAN, Joseph George, actor, b. in Eng- land in 1764 ; d. in Bockaway, L. I., 24 May, 1817. He was educated at Queen's college, Oxford, and intended for the church. During his college course he joined a Thespian society, and became so deeply interested in acting that he turned his at- tention to the stage. After preparatory study and practice in country play-houses, Holman, on 26 Oct., 1784, made his appearance at Covent Garden theatre, London, in the character of Borneo, fol- lowed by other personifications, with much success. He then spent several years as a player in Scot- land and Ireland, part of the time as director of the Dublin theatre. In 1798 he married a daugh- ter of Frederick Hamilton ; but his wife died in 1810, and he returned to London in 1812 and ap- peared at the Haymarket theatre with his daugh- ter. At the close of this engagement father and daughter came to this country, making their first appearance at the New York Park theatre in " The Provoked Husband." From there they made the usual tour to Boston, Albany, and Philadelphia. For a single season Holman leased the Philadel- phia Walnut street theatre, and toward the close of his career unsuccessfully managed the Charles- ton, S. C, theatre. He returned to New York city from the south impoverished and broken in health, and for most of the time thereafter continued un- employed. Holman rose to much distinction in juvenile tragedy and high-comedy parts, in some of which he had no equal on the London stage. Some of his best renderings were Hamlet, Edgar in " King Lear," Benedict, Lord Townley, Mr. Oakley, and Duke Aranza. He had more ease and finish than intensity, was a studious performer, and a well-bred, scholarly man. Six or seven plays came from his pen that were acted on a few occa- sions, but never published. — Holman's second wife, b. in England about 1798 ; d. in New York city, 1 Sept., 1859, was a Miss Lattimer. Holman engaged her to come from England and join his troupe at the Charleston theatre. On the return of the com- pany to New York city she was married to Hol- man, 22 May, 1817, two days before he died. Her second marriage was with Isaac S. Clason, and her third, in 1824, to Charles W. Sandford. a law- yer and general of militia. After this event she retired from the stage and concert-room for about two years. At her instigation, Gen. Sandford, hi 1826, became lessee of the new Lafayette theatre, when she resumed her former dramatic efforts. After the destruction of that play-house by fire, Mrs. Holman, retaining her professional name, performed occasionally in various cities, and in June, 1832, made her last appearance at the Park theatre in New York city as Maria in " Of Age To-morrow." On a single occasion, in 1838, she came forward for her husband's benefit, at the New York National theatre, as Susan in the play of " Perfection." Mrs. Holman was an attractive singing actress, and frequently appeared with suc- cess in concerts and oratorios. Her renderings of " The Soldier Tired of War's Alarms " and Bishop's " Echo Song " were greatly admired. HOLME, John, poet, b. in England ; d. in Sa- lem, N. J., in 1701. He came to this country about 1685, settled in Philadelphia, and in 1687-9 was one of the justices. He left in manuscript a long and interesting poem entitled " A True Belation of the Flourishing State of Pennsylvania," which was preserved by his descendants and published for the first time in " Bulletin of Historical Col- lections " (Philadelphia, 1845-7, vol. v.). HOLME, Thomas, civil engineer, b. in Water- ford, Ireland, in 1625 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1695. He was commissioned, 18 April, 1682, by William Penn to be surveyor-general of Pennsyl- vania, being designated in the commission as " my loving friend, Capt. Thomas Holme." From this mention it is inferred that Holme had served in the land or naval forces of England, and possibly < under Penn's father, the admiral. He sailed for Pennsylvania in the ship " Amity " four days after his appointment, and immediately on his arrival in the province entered on the duties of his office, in the performance of which he engaged until his death. His map of the " Province of Pennsylva- nia," together with his " Portraiture of the City of Philadelphia," published extensively in Europe in 1683-'4, has made his name familiar to every student of American history. On Penn*s arrival in the province, 28 Oct., 1682, he appointed Holme to be one of his councillors, and Holme sat with the lord proprietor in his first court, held 3 Nov., 1682, at New Castle ; in his first legislative assembly, held on 7 Dec, at Chester ; and in the first council that was held at Philadelphia, 10 March, 1683. He continued a member of the council, and, by virtue of this office, a member of each legislature that met up to the time of his death, and served on many important committees, among which were a committee "to prepare the charter," in 1683; a committee " to Looke into the Actions of ye Lord 240 HOLMES HOLMES Baltimore, and to draw up a Declaration to hinder his Illegal proceedings," in 1684; and a committee " to draw up a charter for Philadelphia to be made a Burrough," in 1684. As president of the council he was frequently in 1685 acting governor of the province. In 1682 he was one of those who, in Penn's behalf, treated with the Indians "about land and a firm league of peace." He read to the Indians, through an interpreter, Penn's second let- ter to them ; and, according to a recent authority, " the actual treaty for the lands of the present- Philadelphia and adjacent country, out to the Sus- quehanna, was made in the year 1685 by Thomas Holme, as- president of the council in the absence of William Penn, who had gone to England." HOLMES, Abiel, clergyman, b. in Woodstock, Conn., 24 Dec, 1763; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 4 June, 1887. John Holmes settled in Woodstock, Conn., in 1686. His grandson, David, father of Abiel, served as a captain of British troops in the French war, and was afterward a surgeon in the Revolutionary army. Abiel was graduated at Yale in 1783, became a tutor there, and at the same time studied theology. In 1785 he was settled as a pas- tor in Midway, Gra., but six years later he resigned, and in 1792 he was settled over the first parish in Cambridge, Mass., where he was pastor till Sep- tember, 1832. In 1817 he delivered a course of lectures on ecclesiastical history, with special ref- erence to Xew England. He had married for his first wife, in 1790, a daughter of Ezra Stiles, presi- dent of Yale college, became his literary executor, and published his life (Boston, 1798). His second wife was a daughter of Oliver Wendell. The ex- amination of Dr. Stiles's manuscripts drew his at- tention to the subject of early American history, and he wrote " Annals of America " (2 vols., Cam- bridge, 1805 ; new ed., brought down to 1820, 1829), which is a standard authority. He was a frequent contributor to the collections of the Massachusetts historical society, the 27th volume of which con- tains a list of his writings. His home in Cambridge is seen in the accompanying engraving. It was the birthplace of his son, Oliver Wendell, author, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 29 Aug., 1809, who was the third of five children. Among his schoolmates were Alfred Lee, afterward bishop of Delaware, Margaret Fuller, and Richard Henry Dana, Jr. He was prepared for college at Phillips Andover academy, where he made his first attempt at versi- fication, a translation from the first book of the _. //. Hv/«&>u*>4 HOPKINS HOPKINS 255 scarcely five months later. He was architect of a new building for Trinity church, and presented 137 candidates for confirmation at Bishop White's only visitation beyond the mountains in 1825. In 1826. he would have been elected assistant bishop of Pennsylvania but for his peremptory refusal to vote for himself. During the seven years of his rectorship he founded seven other churches in western Pennsylvania, and brought seven young men into the ministry, besides three others that were ordained shortly after he left. His desire to found a theological seminary at Pittsburg was not approved by his bishop, and when he was invited to Boston as assistant minister of Trinity church, and to help in founding a seminary there, he ac- cepted, and left Pittsburg in 1831. In 1832 he was elected the first bishop of Vermont, and was con- secrated on 31 Oct. He soon established the Ver- mont Episcopal institute at Burlington, but the financial panic of 1837-'8 ended the work in dis- aster, leaving him penniless. From the beginning of his episcopate he was also rector of St. Paul's church, Burlington, and so continued for twenty- seven years. The . building was twice enlarged in accordance with his designs. In 1854 he revived Vermont Episcopal institute, raising the money by personal solicitation, and left it solidly established. On the death of Bishop Brownell in 1865 he be- came the seventh presiding bishop of his church in the United States, and as such attended the first Lambeth conference in 1867 — an assembly which he had been the first to suggest as early as 1851 — and took an active part in its most important de- liberations. Shortly after his return he died after an illness of two days, which was brought on by exposure to severe weather in holding a visita- tion, at the request of the Bishop of New York, in Plattsburg. Bishop Hopkins was an accom- plished painter, both in water-color and in oils, a musician and composer, a poet, and an architect, having been one of the first to introduce Gothic architecture into this country. He was an extem- poraneous speaker of great readiness, force, and fluency ; but was specially remarkable for a singu- lar independence of character, being perfectly will- ing to stand alone when he felt convinced that he was in the right. He was a voluminous author, beginning in his fortieth year. Among his works are " Christianity Vindicated " (New York, 1833) ; "The Primitive Creed" (1834); "The Primitive Church " (1835) ; " Essay on Gothic Architecture," with plates (1836) ; " The Church of Rome in her Primitive Purity compared with the Church of Rome at the Present Day " (1837) ; " Twelve Can- zonets," words and music (1839) ; two " Letters to Bishop Kenrick " (1843) ; " The Novelties which disturb our Peace " (1844) ; " The History of the Confessional " (1850) ; " The End of Controversy Controverted," a refutation of Milner's "End of Controversy " (3 vols., 1854) ; " The American Citi- zen" (1857); "A Scriptural, Historical, and Ec- clesiastical View of Slavery " (1864) ; " The Law of Ritualism " (1866) ; " The* History of the Church in Verse " (1867) ; " The Pope not" the Antichrist " (1868) ; and many pamphlets. — His son. John Henry, clergyman, b. in Pittsburg. Pa., 28 Oct., 1820, was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1839, and at the General theological seminary, New York city, in 1850. He was ordained deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1850, found- ed the " Church Journal " in February, 1853, and was its editor and proprietor till May, 1868. He took an active part in the erection of the diocese of Pittsburg in 1865, and those of Albany and Long Island in 1868, and in 1867 accompanied his father to the Lambeth conference. He was or- dained priest in 1872, became in that year rector of Trinity church, Plattsburg, N. Y., and in 1876 of Christ church, Williamsport. Pa. Racine college gave him the degree of D. D. in 1873. Dr. Hopkins is the author of many pamphlets and review ar- ticles, has published a life of his father (1868); " The Canticles Noted " (New York, 1866) ; " Car- ols, Hymns, and Songs" (4th ed., 1887); and " Poems by the Wayside " (1883) ; and has edited his father's " The Pope not the Antichrist " (1863) ; "The Collected Works of Milo Mahan," with a memoir (3 vols., 1875) ; and " The Great Hymns of the Church," by Bishop Young, of Florida (1887). — Bishop Hopkins's second son, Edward Augus- tus, merchant, b. in Pittsburg, Pa., 29 Nov., 1822, after studying for one year in the University of Vermont, then for a few months in Kenyon col- lege, Ohio, entered the navy as a midshipman. After five years he resigned, and was appointed special commissioner to report whether the repub- lic of Paraguay was entitled to the recognition of her independence by the United States. On his favorable report, that independence was recognized, and he was sent as the first U. S. consul at Asun- cion, Paraguay, in 1853, being at the same time general agent of an American company for manu- facturing and mercantile purposes. The act of the Paraguayan government in breaking up this company in September, 1854, was one of the causes of the U. S. expedition against Paraguay not long afterward. Mr. Hopkins was the first to introduce into the La Plata valley saw-mills, rail- roads, and telegraphs, and for more than a quarter of a century he has been the chief advocate of American influence there. He prepared the book of statistics for the Argentine Republic that ac- companied their contribution to the Centennial exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, and through his agency many of the features of the educa- tional and land systems of the United States have been introduced into the Argentine Republic. — Another son, Caspar Thomas, journalist, b. in Alleghany City, Pa., 18 May, 1826, was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1847, and the same year established " The Vermont State Agri- culturist." He went to California in 1849, and in 1861 established the California insurance company, the first insurance company on the Pacific coast, was its secretary till 1866, and afterward its presi- dent till 1884, when he retired on account of im- paired health. He was secretary of the San Fran- cisco chamber of commerce from 1868 till 1870, and was one of its principal organizers. He was promoter and president of the California immi- grant union in 1870 ; has been president of the Pacific social science association of San Francisco, secretary of the first musical society on the Pacific- coast, and was the first organist who ever took charge of a Protestant choir in California. In ad- dition to numei'ous magazine articles and pam- phlets, he published a " Manual of American Ideas" (1872). — Another son. Charles Jerome, musician, b. in Burlington, Vt., 4 April. 1836, was educated at home, and passed one year at the Uni- versity of Vermont. He early developed a talent for music, but, with the exception of home in- struction, was self-taught. He was for five years a professor at Cooper Union, New York city, and for twenty-eight years an organist and choir-mas- ter in Burlington and New York city. He has trav- elled extensively throughout the United States, and has given concerts and lecture-concerts in one hun- dred and twelve cities. He founded the New York orpheon free classes for choir-boys in 1866, origi- 256 HOPKINS HOPKINS nated piano lecture-concerts for lyceums in 1867, and was the first musician in America that trained children to sing Handel's " Hallelujah Chorus." In 1874 his orchestral music was played at the Crystal Palace, London, a distinction never before enjoyed by an American musician, and in 1885 his chamber music was rendered at Liszt's house at Weimar, Germany. In addition to songs, secular and sacred, two symphonies, and three operas, he has pub- lished "First Book of Church Music" (1860); a class-book of notation study (1865) ; and " Sec- ond Book of Church Music " (1867). — Another son, Frederick Tincent, physician, b. in Burlington, Vt., 23 May, 1839, was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1859. and studied medicine. He was surgeon and professor of geology in Louisiana state university, in charge of the geological survey of that state from 1868 till 1874, surgeon to the New Almaden and Sulphur Bank quicksilver mine in 1876-'82, and since then has practised medicine in San Francisco. He has originated a method of killing the bacilli of tuberculosis and leprosy by half-inch sparks from a Ruhmkorff coil. In ad- dition to articles published in newspapers, he has written four reports on the " Geology of Louisiana " in the "Reports of the Louisiana State Univer- sity" (Baton Rouge, 1870-3), and a report, in con- junction with Prof. Eugene W. Hilgard, on borings made by the engineer department of the U. S. armv between the Mississippi river and Borgne lake' (Washington, 1878). HOPKINS, Johns, philanthropist, b. in Anne Arundel county, Md., 19 May, 1795 ; d. in Balti- more, 24 Dec, 1873. His parents were Quakers, and their son was trained to a farming life, but received a fair education. At seventeen years of age he went to Baltimore, became a clerk in his uncle's wholesale grocery-store, and in a few years accumulated sufficient capital to establish himself in the grocery trade with a partner. Three years later, in 1822, he founded, with his two brothers, the house of Hopkins and Brothers. He rapidly added to his fortune until he had amassed large wealth. Retiring from business as a grocer in 1847, he engaged in banking and railroad enter- prises, became a director in the Baltimore and Ohio railroad company, and, in 1855, chairman of its finance committee. Two years afterward, when the company was seriously embarrassed, he volun- teered to endorse its notes, and risked his private fortune in its extrication. He was one of the pro- jectors of a line of iron steamships between Balti- more and Bremen, and built many warehouses in the city. In March, 1873. he gave property val- ued at $4,500,000 to found a hospital which, by its charter, is free to all, regardless of race or color, presented the city of Baltimore with a public park, and gave $3,500,000 to found the Johns Hopkins university, which was first proposed by him in 1867, and" was opened in 1876. It embraces schools of law, medicine, science, and agriculture, and publishes the results of researches of professors and students. At his death he left a fortune of $10,000,000, including the sums set apart for the endowment of the university and hospital, which were devised to the trustees in his will. HOPKINS, Josiah, clergvman, b. in Pittsford, Vt.. 25 April, 1786 : d. in Geneva, N. Y., 27 June, 1862. He studied with the minister of his parish, and subsequently with Rev. Lemuel Haynes, the colored preacher, was licensed as a Congregational minister in 1810, and, after a year's labor as a mis- sionary in western Vermont, was settled as a pastor at New Haven, Conn., in 1811. He remained there nineteen years, teaching theology most of the time in addition to his pastoral duties. In 1830 he ac- cepted the pastorate of the 1st Presbyterian church in Auburn, N. Y., which he resigned in 1848 in consequence of failing health. While residing in New Haven he prepared for his classes "The Christian Instructor," a theological text -book con- taining a summary and defence of Christian doc- trines, which passed through many editions. HOPKINS, Lemuel, poet, b. in Waterbury, Conn., 19 June, 1750 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 14 April, 1801. He was a farmer's son. and after ob- taining a good education studied medicine at Wal- lingford, served for a short time as a volunteer in the Revolutionary army, and practised at Litchfield from 1776 till 1784, when he removed to Hartford. He was noted for independence of thought and various talents, and was singular in appearance and manners. His death was hastened by repeated bleedings, which he ordered for the purpose of averting an expected attack of pulmonary disease. He was one of the coterie called the Hartford wits, consisting, besides himself, of John Trumbull, David Humphreys, Richard. Alsop, Joel Barlow, Theodore Dwight, and others, who were associated in the authorship of " The Anarchiad," a series of essays modelled after the English work called " The Roliiad," and having for their object the advocacy of an efficient federal constitution. Dr. Hopkins projected this work, consisting of pretended ex- tracts from what purported to be an ancient he- roic poem in English that had been discovered in the interior of the American continent. He had the largest share in writing the essays, which were mostly composed in concert. He afterward wrote parts of the series of satirical papers called " The Echo " and " The Political Greenhouse," and con- tributed also to " The Guillotine." For several years he wrote satirical " New- Year's Verses " for a political newspaper of Hartford. In early life he was an adherent of the French infidel philoso- phy, but later he became a diligent student of the Bible, and employed his powers of wit and sarcasm in " The Anarchiad " and other satirical writings in defence of the Christian theology. He is said to have written for Barlow the version of the 137th psalm, beginning " Along the banks where Babel's current flows." Among the best known of his po- ems are " The Hypocrite's Hope " and an elegy on " The Victim of a Cancer Quack." Some of his verses appear in the collection of " American Po- ems" edited by Elisha Smith (Litchfield, 1793), and in Charles" W. Everest's " Poets of Connecti- cut " (Hartford, 1843). HOPKINS, Mark, educator, b. in Stockbridge, Mass., 4 Feb., 1802; d. in Williamstown, Mass., 17 June. 1887. He was a grandson of Col. Mark, of the Revolutionary army, a graduate of Yale, and the first lawyer in Berkshire county, who was a younger brother of Dr. Samuel, the theologian, and married a half-sister of Ephraim Williams, the founder of Williams college. He was graduated at Williams in 1824, with the valedictory, was a tutor in that college in 1825-7, studied medicine at the same time, and was graduated at the Berk- shire medical school in 1829. He began practice in New York city, but in 1830 was called to the chair of moral philosophy and rhetoric at Will- iams. He was licensed to preach in 1832. In 1836 he succeeded Dr. Edward D. Griffin as presi- dent of the college, which post he held until 1872, when he resigned, though retaining the chair of moral and intellectual philosophy, which was established for him in 1836, and that of Chris- tian theology, which he assumed in 1858. The pastorate of the college church, on which he en- HOPKINS HOPKINS 257 c/^tuJe/ /rhrfi^™^ tered in 1836, he retained till 1883. He became president of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions in 1857. He received the de- gree of I). D. from Dartmouth in 1837, and Har- vard in 1841, and that of LL. D. from the Uni- versity of the state of New York in 1857, and from Harvard at its 250th anniversary in 1886. President Hopkins had a large influence for good, and was much be- loved by his pupils, many of whom be- came eminent men, among them James A. Garfield. He was one of the most acute students of moral sci- ence that this coun- try has produced since Jonathan Ed- wards. The last and fullest expression of his philosophical system is found in the works en- titled "The Law of Love and Love as a Law" and "An Outline Study of Man," both exten- sively used as college text-books, and the latter illustrating his methods in the class-room. Will- iams college grew through his efforts to a famous and powerful institution of learning. Of more than 1,760 graduates living at the time of his death, he had taught all but thirty. His first lit- erary essay was an article on " Mystery " which ap- peared in the " American Journal of Science and Arts " in 1828, and attracted wide attention. He delivered a course of Lowell lectures which were published under the title of "Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity " (Boston, 1846 ; new ed., 1864). These lectures. are used as a text-book in many colleges. His subsequent publications are "Miscellaneous Essays and Discourses" (1847); " Lectures on Moral Science " (1862), originally de- livered before the Lowell institute ; " Baccalau- reate Sermons and Occasional Discourses " (1863) ; " The Law of Love, and Love as a Law ; or, Chris- tian Ethics " (1869) ; " An Outline Study of Man " (New York, 1873); " Strength and Beauty" (1874), which was reissued in a revised form under the title " Teachings and Counsels " (1884) : and " Scrip- tural Idea of Man " (1883). His published annual baccalaureate sermons were widely read. "The Law of Love," in which his theories of morals were presented, was reviewed by Dr. James McCosh, and a controversy between the two philosophers resulted. — His brother, Albert, astronomer, b. in Stock- bridge, Mass., 14 July, 1807 ; d. in Williamstown, Mass., 24 May, 1872. He entered Williams in the junior year and was graduated in 1826, subsequent- ly devoting a year to the study of agriculture and engineering. In 1827 he was elected tutor, and in 1829 professor of mathematics and natural phi- losophy in Williams, and went to Europe in 1834 for the purpose of selecting philosophical and chemical apparatus for the college. In 1835 he began on his own responsibility the building of an astronomical observatory in Williamstown, the first that was ever established in connection with an American college. This building, though equipped with a telescope and other instruments of but moderate power, under Prof. Hopkins's man- agement, made many discoveries which aided in establishing a high reputation for American scien- tists. In 1869 David Dudley Field endowed a memo- rial professorship of astronomy in Williams with VOL. III. — 17 $25,000, stipulating that the proceeds should be se- cured to Prof. Hopkins during his life. From 1835 till 1840 he also gave instruction in the French lan- guage. He was licensed to preach by the Berk- shire Congregational association in 1837, and for many years was stated supply to churches in Will- iamstown and South Williamstown, and much of the time was acting college pastor. In 1846 he built, largely from his own means, a chapel at White Oaks, a previously neglected district of the town, where he performed missionary work, and in 1868 organized a church there. Prof. Hopkins was a skilful botanist, and was the first to organ- ize scientific expeditions from colleges, founding in this connection a natural history society and an Alpine club at Williams. He received the de- gree of LL. D. from Jefferson college in 1859, and was elected corresponding fellow of the Royal so- ciety of Great Britain, to whose transactions he was an occasional contributor of papers on astro- nomical and philosophical subjects. — Albert's wife, Louisa Payson, b. in Portland, Me., 24 Feb., 1812 ; d. 24 Jan., 1862, was the daughter of Rev. Edward Payson, and married Prof. Hopkins in 1842. She contributed articles to Kitto's " Biblical Cyclopae- dia," " The New York Review," and other periodi- cals, and composed several question-books for the Massachusetts Sunday-school union. . Mrs. Hop- kins also wrote numerous works for children which have been admired for their excellent method of illustrating the Bible and its doctrines. They in- clude "The Pastor's Daughter, or The Way of Salvation Explained" (New York, new ed., 1863); " Lessons on the Book of Proverbs," " The Young Christian Encouraged," " Henry Langdon, or What was I made for?" (1846);* "The Guiding Star, or The Bible God's Message," a sequel to " Henry Langdon " (Boston, 1851) ; " The Silent Comforter : a Companion for the Sick-Room " (1874) ; and " Parson's Select Thoughts." HOPKINS, Moses Aaron, clergyman, b. in Montgomery county, Va., 25 Dec, 1846; d. in Monrovia, Liberia, 3 Aug., 1886. He was of Afri- can descent, and born in slavery, but escaped dur- ing the civil war and became a cook in the Fed- eral army, and afterward on Mississippi steam- boats and at Pittsburg, Pa. He began to learn the alphabet when nearly twenty years old, studied at Avery college, Alleghany City, Pa., and at Lin- coln university, where he was graduated in 1874, and then studied theology at Auburn seminary, N. Y., of which he was the first colored graduate. After receiving ordination as an evangelist at Bal- timore in 1877, he was settled as a pastor in Frank- linton, N. C, and acquired a wide influence over the people of his race as a minister and educator. He took an independent position on political ques- tions, and in 1885 was appointed II. S. minister resident and consul-general to Liberia. HOPKINS, Samuel, theologian, b. in Water- bury, Conn., 17 Sept., 1721 ; d. in Newport, R. I., 20 Dec, 1803. He was brought up on a farm, gradu- ated at Yale in 1741, and trained in theology by Jonathan Edwards. In 1743 he was ordained pas- tor of the church at Housatonnuc (afterward Great Barrington), Mass., but in January. 1769, he was dismissed because his church was reduced in num- bers. On 11 April, 1770, he was settled over a church in Newport, R. I. In December, 1776. when the British took possession of Newport, he retired to Great Barrington. During the summer of 1777 he preached to a large congregation at Newburyport, Mass., and subsequently at Canter- bury and Stamford, Conn. In the spring of 1780, after the evacuation of Newport by the British, he 258 HOPKINS HOPKINS returned, but found his congregation diminished and impoverished. For the remainder of his life he was obliged to depend on the weekly contribu- tions of his hearers and the assistance of friends. In January, 1799, paralysis deprived him of the use of his limbs. He was an early advocate of the emancipation of negro slaves, freed his own, and originated the idea of sending the liberated slaves to Africa to act as agents of civilization. The agitation that was begun by him led to organized political action in Rhode Island and the passing of a law, in 1774, forbidding the importation of ne- groes into the colony, followed after the Revolution by an act of the legislature declaring all children of slaves that should be born subsequent to 1 March, 1785, to be free. He was the author of the modifi- cations of the Calvinistic theology that came to be known as Hopkinsianism. He believed that the inability of the unregenerate is owing to moral and not to natural causes, and that sinners are free agents and deserving of punishment, though all acts, sinful as well as righteous, are the result of the decrees of providence. The essence of sin, he thought, consisted in the disposition and intention of the mind. Dr. Hopkins was an exceedingly modest and devout man, and exemplified the dis- position of unselfishness and benevolence which he regarded as the basis of a Christian life. He was the original of one of the principal characters in Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Minister's Wooing." His theological theories, which created an epoch in the development of religious thought in New Eng- land, were first presented from the pulpit, and were developed, with some modifications, after his death, by his friends, Stephen West, Nathaniel Emmons, and Samuel Spring. Among his pub- lished sermons are " Sin, through Divine Interpo- sition, an Advantage to the Universe; and yet this is no Excuse for Sin or Encouragement to it" (1759); "An Inquiry whether the Promises of the Gospel are made to the Exercises and Do- ings of Persons in the Unregenerate State " (1765) ; " The True State and Character of the Unregener- ate " (1769) ; and " An Inquiry into the Nature of True Holiness " (1773). His " Dialogue Showing it to be the Duty and Interest of the American States to Emancipate all their African Slaves" appeared in 1776. His theological views were ex- pounded in " A System of Doctrines Contained in Divine Revelation " (1793). He published a " Life of President Edwards" and lives of Susannah Anthony (1796), and Mrs. Osborn (1798). A dia- logue on the nature and extent of true. Christian submission, an address to professing Christians, and sketches of his own life were included in a collec- tion of his works published by Dr. Stephen West (Stockbridge, 1805). A subsequent edition of his collected writings contains a memoir by Dr. Ed- wards A. Park (Boston, 1852). A "Treatise on the Millennium," originally published with the " System of Divinity," was reissued in 1854. HOPKINS, Samuel, pioneer, b. in Albemarle county, Va., about 1750; d. in Henderson. Ky., in October, 1819. He was an officer in the Conti- nental army, fought with distinction at Princeton, Trenton. Monmouth, and Brandywine, and at the battle of Germantown his battalion of light in- fanty was nearly annihilated, while he was severely wounded. He was lieutenant-colonel of the 10th Virginia regiment at the siege of Charleston, and after the death of Col. Richard Parker became its colonel, and served as such till the end of the war. He was made a prisoner, with the other officers, at the surrender of Charleston on 20 May, 1780. While . they were conveyed in a British vessel to Virginia he complained to the captain of the harsh treat- ment and starvation to which they were subjected, and threatened to raise a mutiny on the ship unless they were treated as officers and gentlemen. This bold language secured for the sufferers proper care during the rest of the voyage. In 1797 he settled on Green river in Kentucky, and served for sev- eral sessions in the legislature of that state. In October, 1812, he led 2,000 mounted volunteers against the Kickapoo villages on the Illinois river, but the party was misled by the guides, and, after wandering for several days about the prairie, re- turned against the wishes and commands of the officers. In November he led a band of infantry up the Wabash, and destroyed several deserted villages, but lost a part of his force by an ambus- cade. The Indians declined a combat, and he was compelled by the severe cold to return to Vincennes, after destroying a town on Wildcat creek ; but im- mediately afterward the Indians sued for peace. Gen. Hopkins was elected a representative in con- gress from Kentucky, and took his seat on 26 June, 1813. After the conclusion of his term, which ended on 2 March, 1815, he retired to his farm in Hopkins county, which was named for him. HOPKINS, Samuel, author, b. in Hadley, Mass., 11 April, 1807 ; d. in Northampton, Mass., 10 Feb., 1887. His great-grandfather, the Rev. Samuel, of West Springfield, Mass., who was mar- ried to a sister of Jonathan Edwards, published " Historical Memoirs Relating to the Housatunnuk Indians " (1753). He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1827, studied theology in the Andover semi- nary, was ordained at Montpelier, Vt., on 26 Oct., 1831, was pastor there four years, and afterward seven at Saqo, Me., and after 1844 preached for several years as stated supply at Standish, Me. He published "Lessons at the Cross," under the pen- name of " Samuel Hartley " (Boston, 1853) ; and the same year a second edition under his own name. He was also the author of " The Youth of the Old Dominion," based on colonial annals (1856) ; and " The Puritans and Queen Elizabeth " (1860), which passed through several editions. He wrote an essay on the signification of certain Hebrew words, which Prof. Edwards A. Park began to publish in the " Bibliotheca Sacra " ; but after two instal- ments had appeared the publication was discon- tinued on account of the conclusions that were sug- gested by his researches. HOPKINS, Samuel Miles, jurist, b. in Salem, Conn., 9 May, 1772 ; d. in Geneva, N. Y., 9 March, 1837. He was graduated at Yale in 1791, admitted to the bar in 1793, and began practice in Oxford, N. Y. In 1794 he removed to New York city, where he became a successful lawyer. He served in congress as a representative from New York in 1813— '15. and was a member of the state house of representatives in 1820-'7. From 1821 to 1831 he resided in Albany, and from 1832 to 1836 he was a judge of the New York state circuit court. He received the degree of LL. D. from Yale in 1828. He published a volume of " Chancery Reports " (New York, 1827), various papers on the subjects of the state and national legislatures, crime, and prison discipline, and a treatise on " Temperance " (Geneva, 1836).— His son, Samuel Miles, clergy- man, b. in Geneseo, N. Y., 8 Aug., 1813, studied at Yale and at Amherst, where he was graduated in 1832, spent two years at Auburn theological semi- nary, and completed his course at Princeton in 1836. He was ordained in 1840, was pastor of Presbyterian churches at Corning, Fredonia, and Avon, and in 1847 became professor of ecclesiastical history and church polity in Auburn theological seminary. HOPKINS HOPKINS 259 fazffitfAu Amherst conferred the degree of D. D. on him in 1854. He published a " Manual of Church Polity " (Auburn, 1878), and " Liturgy and Book of Com- mon Prayer " (New York, 1883). HOPKINS, Stephen, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. in Scituate, ft. I.. 7 March, 1707; d. in Providence, R. I., 13 July, 1785. He was brought up as a farmer, and inherited an es- tate in Scituate. He was a mem- ber of the gen- eral assembly in 1732-'8, and in 1736 was ap- pointed a jus- tice of the peace and one of the justices of the court of com- mon pleas, of which he became chief justice in 1739. During i,d his whole life he was largely em- ployed as a land- surveyor. In 1741 he was again chosen to represent the town of Scituate in the assembly, and was elect- ed speaker. In 1742 he sold his farm and removed to Providence, where he made a survey of the streets and lots, and afterward began business as a mer- chant and ship-builder. The same year he was sent to the assembly from Providence, and was again chosen speaker. In 1751 he was elected for the four- teenth time to the general assembly, and later in the year appointed chief justice of the superior court. He was a delegate from Rhode Island to the con- vention that met at Albany in 1754 for the pur- poses of concerting a plan of military and political union of the colonies and arranging an alliance with the Indians, in view of the impending war with France. He was one of the committee that drafted a plan of colonial union, which was ac- cepted by the convention, but objected to in the various colonies and in Great Britain. In 1756 Mr. Hopkins was elected governor of the colony, and held that office, with the exception of one year, when he was defeated by his political rival, Samuel Ward, until 1764. After Ward had occu- pied the governor's chair for two years, Hopkins was again elected in 1767 ; but in October of that year he resigned for the purpose of reconciling and uniting the contending factions and putting an end 'to a party strife that distracted the colony. While he was governor, Hopkins had a controversy with William Pitt, prime minister of England, in relation to the contraband trade with the French colonies. He was one of the earliest and most strenuous champions of colonial rights against the encroachments of the English parliament. In 1765 he wrote a pamphlet entitled " The Griev- ances of the American Colonies Candidly Exam- ined," which was printed by order of the general assembly, and reissued in London the same year. In 1765 he was elected chairman cf a committee appointed at a special town-meeting held in Provi- dence to draft instructions to the general assembly on the stamp-act. The resolutions reported and adopted were nearly identical with those that Pat- rick Henry introduced into the house of burgesses of Virginia. In 1772 he was again elected to the general assembly. He was appointed a member of the committee on correspondence the following year, and was successively re-elected to the assem- bly till 1775. While holding a seat in the assem- bly, and afterward in the Continental congress, he filled the office of chief justice of Rhode Island as well, being appointed for the second time to that station in 1773. In 1773 he emancipated his slaves, and in 1774 brought forward a bill in the assembly which prohibited the importation of ne- groes into the colony. He was elected, with Sam- uel Ward, to represent Rhode Island in the gen- eral congress in August, 1774, and was appointed on the first two committees. In the beginning of the Revolution he was one of the committee of safety of the town of Providence, and in May, 1775, was elected to the 2d congress. In the 3d congress he had William Ellery as his colleague. The signature of Hopkins to the Declaration of Independence is written with a trembling hand for the reason that he had suffered for several years from a paralytic affection which prevented him from writing except by guiding the right hand with the left, though in early life he had been famed for the elegance of his penmanship. He was a delegate from Rhode Island to the com- mission that was appointed by the New England states to consult on the defence of their borders and the promotion of the common cause, and pre- sided over the meetings in Providence in 1776 and in Springfield, Mass., in 1777. He was not a mem- ber of the congress in 1777, but in the following year was elected for the last time. Mr. Hopkins was a powerful and lucid speaker, and used his in- fluence in congress in favor of decisive measures. He worshipped with the Friends, but professed re- ligious views so latitudinarian that he was called by his enemies an infidel. His knowledge of the business of shipping made him particularly useful in congress as a member of the naval committee in devising plans for fitting out armed vessels and furnishing the colonies with a naval armament, and in framing regulations for the navy. He was also a member of the committee that drafted the articles of confederation for the government of the states. In 1777-'9 he was an active member of the general assembly of Rhode Island. He was a founder of the town library of Providence in 1750, which was burned in 1760, but re-established through his instrumentality. Besides the work already mentioned, he was the author of a " His- tory of the Planting and Growth of Providence," which appeared in the Providence " Gazette " in 1765, and was reprinted in the " Collections " of the Massachusetts historical society. HOPKINS, Theodore Weld, clergyman, b. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 5 Jan., 1841. His father, who had left Lane seminary on anti-slavery grounds, settled in Oberlin, Ohio, in 1848. The son was graduated at Yale in 1864, taught a musical school near Providence, R. I., for a year, was assistant in the central high-school in Cleveland for four years, and then studied theology in the seminary at Rochester, N. Y., where he was graduated in 1873. He was at once called to the chair of church his- tory in the Congregational theological seminary at Chicago, 111. This post he resigned in 1880, with the intention of devoting himself to literary work, but in 1881 he accepted the pastorate of the Cen- tral Presbyterian church in Rochester, N. Y. He is the author of an historical essay on " The Doc- trine of Inspiration " (printed privately) and has contributed numerous articles to reviews. HOPKINS, William Fenn, educator, b. in Connecticut in 1802; d. in Jamaica, W. I., 13 July, 1859. He was graduated at the IT. S. mili- tary academy in 1825, assigned to the artillery, and 260 HOPKINSON HOPKINSON employed, with the rank of lieutenant, as assistant professor in 1826-7, and from 1827 till 1835 as act- ing professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and ge- ology. He resigned in 1836 and engaged in mer- cantile pursuits, declining the professorship of mathematics in Jefferson college, La., in 1837. In 1843 he became principal of Norfolk academy, Va., and in 1846 adjunct-superintendent and professor of natural sciences in the Western military insti- tute at Georgetown, Ky., having the rank of lieu- tenant-colonel. In 1849 he was chosen president and mathematical professor in the Masonic uni- versity of Tennessee at Clarksville, Tenn., which post he exchanged the same year for that of pro- fessor of chemistry and natural philosophy in William and Mary college, Va. In 1850 he was appointed professor of natural and experimental philosophy in the U. S. naval academy at Annapo- lis, Md., where he remained until four months be- fore his death, when he received the appointment of U, S. consul to Jamaica. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Hobart, in 1853. HOPKINSON, Thomas, lawyer, b. in London, England, 6 April, 1709 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 Nov., 1751. He was the son of a London mer- chant, studied law, and emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1731. He became deputy to Charles Reed, clerk of the orphan's court of Philadelphia county, and on the death of Reed was appointed his suc- cessor. He was also master of the rolls from 20 June, 1736, till 1741, deputy prothonotary, and afterward prothonotary of Philadelphia county. For several years he was judge of the admiralty, became a member of the provincial council on 13 May, 1747, and two years later a county justice. He "participated in all the public enterprises of the time, was one of the incorporators of the library company, one of the original trustees of the Col- lege of Philadelphia, and also the first president of the Philosophical society. His attainments in natural philosophy were recognized by Benjamin Franklin, who remarked: " The power of points to throw off the electrical fire was first communicated to me by my ingenious friend, Mr. Thomas Hop- kinson." — His son, Francis, signer of the Declara- tion of Independence, b. in Philadelphia, 21 Sept., 1737; d. 9 May, 1791, was educated at the Col- lege of Philadelphia, studied law under Benjamin Chew, and was admitted to the bar in 1761. In that year he acted as secretary at a treaty with the Indians, which he commem- orated in " The Treaty," a poem, published soon af- terward. From February, 1764, till May, 1765, he was librarian and secre- tary of the Phila- delphia library. In May, 1766, he sailed for Europe, and af- ter spending a few weeks in Ireland went to London, where he remained for a year, with the exception of occasional visits to his cousin, the Bishop of Worcester. In Lon- don he was associated with John Penn, Benja- min West, Lord North, and others of distinction, and endeavored, without success, to secure an ap- pointment as one of the commissioners of customs for North America. After his return to Philadel- ~jCaS /^j^^££3 phia he resumed the practice of law, and also kept a store for some time. He was a member of the two societies which united in 1769 to form the American philosophical society at Philadelphia, was a director of the library company from 1771 till 1773, and in March, 1772, became collector of customs at New Castle, from which office he was afterward removed owing to his republican princi- ples. He was for several years a resident of Bor- dentown, N. J., was a member of the provincial council of that state from 1774 until the Revolu- tion, and in June, 1776, was chosen one of its dele- gates to the Continental congress. He served on the committee of that body to draft articles of con- federation, voted in favor of declaring the colo- nies independent, and was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Under the newly established government he was appointed the head of the navy department, and was also treasurer of the Continental loan office. In January, 1778, he wrote " The Battle of the Kegs," a humorous bal- lad, descriptive of the alarm that was caused by a futile attempt of patriots in Bordentown to de- stroy the British shipping at Philadelphia by means of torpedoes enclosed in kegs and floated down the Delaware. During the war he supported the patriot cause by various productions in prose and verse, and powerfully influenced public senti- ment in favor of independence. He was judge of admiralty for Pennsylvania in 1779-'89, and was U. S. district judge for that state from 1790 till his death. He was impeached by the assembly of Pennsylvania for alleged misdemeanors while act- ing as judge of admiralty, but was acquitted of all charges. Mr. Hopkinson was not only familiar with science as it then existed, but was also skilled in painting and music, and composed airs for his own songs. The most important of his political writings are "The Pretty Story" (Philadelphia, 1774); "The Prophecy " (1776) ; and "The Politi- cal Catechism " (1777). His poems include " The New Roof, a Song for Federal Mechanics," and among his best essays are "The Typographical Mode of conducting a Quarrel " and " Thoughts on Diseases of the Mind." After his death appeared " The Miscellaneous Essays and Occasional Writ- ings of Francis Hopkinson " (Philadelphia, 1792). — Francis's son, Joseph, jurist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 12 Nov., 1770; d. there, 15 Jan., 1842, was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1786, and was afterward a trustee of that institu- tion. He studied law, and began practice at Easton, Pa., in 1791, but soon afterward returned to Phila- delphia. He was leading counsel for Dr. Benja- min Rush (q. v.) in his suit against William Cobbet in 1799, and was also one of the counsel for the de- fendents in the insurgent trials before Judge Sam- uel Chase in 1800. Subsequently, when the latter was impeached before the U. S. senate, he chose Mr. Hopkinson to conduct his defence. He was a Federalist politically, and was elected in 1814 a representative in congress from Philadelphia, serv- ing one term, and approving the rechartering of the U. S. bank. In 1823 he resumed the practice of law, and in 1828 he was appointed by President John Quincy Adams U. S. judge for the eastern district of Pennsylvania, which office he held until his death. He was a member of the convention of 1837 to revise the constitution of Pennsylvania, and, as chairman of its committee on the judiciary, contended unsuccessfully for the life tenure of the judges. He was for many years president of the Academy of fine arts and vice-president of the American philosophical society, was long a confi- dential friend of Joseph Bonaparte, who then re- HOPPER HOPPIN 261 sided at Bordentown, and managed Bonaparte's affairs during his absence. Mr. Hopkinson was the author of various addresses and articles on legal and ethical subjects, but he is best known as the author of the national song, " Hail, Columbia," which he wrote in the summer of 1798 for the bene- fit of an actor and former school-mate named Pox, to an air entitled " The President's March," com- posed in 1789 by a German named Feyles. This song, inciting national pride, probably helped to avert entanglement in the European conflict. HOPPER, Isaac Tatem, philanthropist, b. in Deptford township, Gloucester co., N. J., 3 Dec, 1771 ; d. in New York city, 7 May, 1852. He learned the tailor's trade of ^ =3 ^^ an uncle in Phila- fr~~i: -■' ~ ^^ delphia. He early joined the Quakers, and afterward be- came a believer in the doctrines taught by Elias Hicks, whose followers were subsequently known as Hicksites. When he was young, Phila- delphia was infest- ed by slave kidnap- pers, who committed many outrages. Un- der these circum- stances the Pennsyl- vania abolition soci- ety, of which Mr. Hopper became an active and leading member, was frequently called upon to protect the rights of colored people, and in time he became known to every one in Philadelphia as the friend and adviser of the oppressed race in all emergencies. He was one of the founders and the secretary of a society for the employment of the poor ; overseer of the Benezet school for colored children ; teacher, without recompense, in a free school for colored adults ; inspector of the prison, without a salary ; member of a fire company, and guardian of abused apprentices. When pestilence was raging, he was devoted to the sick, and the poor were continually calling upon him to plead with importunate landlords and creditors. He was not unfrequently employed to settle estates in- volved in difficulties, which others were disinclined to undertake, and he had occasional applications to exert his influence over the insane, for which he had a peculiar tact. Although he was a poor man with a large family, his house was for many years & home for impoverished Quakers, and he trans- acted much business for the Society of Friends. In 1829 he removed to New York to take charge of a book-store established by the Hicksite Quakers. In the autumn of 1830, being called to Ireland on business connected with his wife's estate, he availed himself of the opportunity to visit England. In both countries he was at first treated somewhat cavalierly by the orthodox Quakers, and pointed out as the one "who has given Friends so much trouble in America." His candor and amiability, however, soon removed these unfavorable impres- sions, and he had no occasion ultimately to com- Elain of his reception. On his return to New York, e threw himself heart and soul into the work of the Prison association, whose aims and plans of action were entirely in accordance with his views. To render such practical aid as would enable the repentant to return to society, by engaging in some honest calling, he devoted the greater part of his time and attention. No disposition was too per- verse for his efforts at reform ; no heart so hard that he did not try to soften ; no relapses could exhaust his patience, which, without weak waste of means, continued " hoping all things " while even a dying spark of good feeling remained. ' In the spring of 1841, the demand for Hicksite books having greatly diminished, Friend Hopper became treasurer and book-agent for the Anti-slavery so- ciety. Although he had reached the age of seventy, he was as vigorous as a man of fifty. In 1845 he relinquished these offices, and devoted the rest of his life entirely to the work of the Prison associa- tion. In his labors he was greatly assisted by a married daughter, Abby H. Gibbons, who was as vigilant and active in behalf of women discharged from prison as was her father in behalf of men. Through her exertions, an asylum was founded for these unfortunates, which was called the " Isaac T. Hopper Home." The aged philanthropist fre- quently had occasion to visit Albany, N. Y., to represent the association and to address the legis- lature. Judge Edmonds thus refers to one of these occasions : " His eloquence was simple and direct, but most effective. If he was humorous, his audi- ence were full of laughter ; if solemn, a death-like stillness reigned ; if pathetic, tears flowed all around him." He had often to plead for the par- don of prisoners, and Gov. John Young, of New York, once said to him : " Friend Hopper, I will pardon any convict whom you say you conscien- tiously believe I ought to pardon." The career of this untiring benefactor is best summed up in the words of one of his own sect : " The Bible requires us to love our neighbors as well as ourselves ; and Friend Hopper has loved them better ! " His life was written by Lydia Maria Child (Boston, 1853). HOPPIN, William Jones, diplomatist, b. in Providence, R. I., 21 April, 1813. He studied at Yale and at Middlebury college, Vt., where he was graduated in 1832, and then pursued the law course at Harvard, obtaining the degree of LL. B. in 1835. He frequently visited Europe, contributed articles on art subjects to American and European periodi- cals, and edited the " Bulletin " of the American art union. He also wrote several dramatic pieces, which were acted. He was one of the founders of the Century association, usually called the Century club, of New York, in 1846. From 1876 to 1886 he was secretary of the IT. S. legation at London, at various times acting as charge d'affaires. — His brother, Thomas Frederick, artist, b. in Provi- dence, R. I., 15 Aug., 1816, early showed artistic talents, and studied in Philadelphia, and in Paris under Delaroche, After his return to the United States, in 1837, he took up his residence in New York city, where he made the designs of the four evangelists which compose the great chancel win- dow of Trinity church. A figure of a dog that was modelled by him is supposed to have been the first piece of sculpture cast in bronze in the United States. He has produced statues and groups in plaster; also many etchings in outline and other pictures illustrating American life and history, and has drawn and engraved on wood. — Another broth- er, Augustus, artist and author, b. in Providence, R. I., 13 July, 1828, was graduated at Brown in 1848, studied law, and practised for a short time in Providence, but his love of art impelled him to abandon the law. After spending the years 1854 and 1855 in study and observation in the galleries of Europe, he returned to the United States, de- voted himself to drawing on wood, and by his spirited and graceful rendering gained a high reputation as an illustrator of books. Among the works for which he drew designs are " The Poti- 262 HOPPIN HORAN phar Papers " (1853) ; " Nothing to Wear " (1857), one of the earliest publications of George W. Carle- ton, for which the publisher began to draw the designs, but turned them over to his friend, Mr. Hoppin, who made the drawings on wood ; " Mrs. Partington's Sayings " ; and " The Autocrat at the Breakfast Table." His first publication was a bro- chure, entitled " Carrot Pomade," with illustrations (New York, 1864). After a journey to Europe and the east in 1871 he published a series of illustrated sketch-books, bearing the titles '• On the Nile" (Boston, 1871) ; " Ups and Downs on Land and Water: the European Tour in a Series of Pic- tures " (1871) ; and " Crossing the Atlantic " (1872). During the Boston musical festival he was the artist for a series of illustrated papers entitled " Jubilee Days," which were afterward collected into a volume (1872). His other books are a hu- morous illustrated volume called "Hay Fever" (1873) ; a work of fiction called " Recollections of Auton House," with illustrations by the author, under the pen-name of " C. Auton " (1881) ; " A Fashionable Sufferer," also illustrated (1883) ; and " Two Compton Boys " (1885). He is also the author of an anonymous romance " Married for Fun" (Boston, 1885). — Their cousin, William Warner, governor of Rhode Island, b. in Provi- dence, R. I., 1 Sept., 1807, was graduated at Yale in 1828, and at the law school in 1830. After serv- ing in the municipal boards of Providence he was sent to the state senate in 1853, and in 1854 was elected governor. He was re-elected in 1855 and 1856, and was nominated for a fourth term, but declined. In 1856, when assured of election to the U. S. senate, he withdrew in favor of his friend, James F. Simmons, and in 1858 he was a candidate for the same office, but was defeated by Henry B. Anthony. He was a delegate to the peace con- ference in 1861, and in 1866 he was again returned to the state senate. While a member of that body he procured the passage, against much opposition, of the ten-hour law for labor. He became a regis- ter in bankruptcy in 1872, and in 1875 sat in the lower house of the legislature. Many of his speeches and messages have been published. — Will- iam Warner's brother, James Mason, educator, b. in Providence, R. I., 17 Jan., 1820, was graduated at Yale in 1840, studied law at the Harvard law- school, where he was graduated in 1842, and then theology at the Union theological seminary in New York, and at Andover seminary, being graduated at the latter institution in 1845. He pursued the study two years longer at the University of Berlin, under Neander, travelled for a year in Germany, Greece, and Palestine, and from 1850 till 1859 was pastor of a Congregational church in Salem, Mass. In 1861 he accepted the chair of homiletics and the pastoral charge in Yale. During the first two years of his professorship he acted as pastor of the college church, and in 1872-5 lectured on forensic elocpiencc in the law-school. In 1879 he resigned the chair of pastoral theology in order to assume that of the history of art. In 1880 he taught homi- letics in the Union theological seminary, New York city. He received the degree of D. D. from Knox college, Galesburg, 111., in 1870. Prof. Hoppin is the author of " Notes of a Theological Student " (New York, 1854) ; " Old England, its Art, Scenery, and People " (Boston, 1867) ; " Office and Work of the Christian Ministry" (New York, 1869); "Life of Rear-Admiral Andrew Hull Foote" (1874); "Memoir of Henry Armitt Brown" (Philadelphia, 1880) ; " Homiletics " (New York, 1881) ; and " Pas- toral Theology " (1884). The last two are the di- visions of his work entitled " The Office of the Ministry," revised and re-written. He has also contributed numerous articles to the " Bibliotheca Sacra " and to the " New Englander." HOPPING, Enos D., soldier, b. in New York city about 1805 ; d. in Mier, Mexico, 1 Sept., 1847. He joined the United States army during the Mexican war, and was appointed a brigadier-gen- eral on 3 March, 1847, but died six months later, while stationed on the Rio Grande. HOPSON, Winthrop Hartly, clergyman, b. in Christian county, Ky., 26 April, 1823* He re- moved with his parents to Missouri in childhood, was graduated at the state university in 1841, and entered the ministry of the Christian church. He received the degree of M. D. from McDowell col- lege, St. Louis, in 1843, and practised his profes- sion for six years, not ceasing in the mean time from his ministerial work. His ministrations were usually protracted for weeks at an appointment, preaching twice daily. Great success attended these labors, and he made thousands of converts. He gave much attention to the founding and nur- turing of schools and colleges, and was mainly instrumental in building up a flourishing female academy at Palmyra. In 1860 he accepted a call to the pastoral charge of the Main street church, Lexington, Ky., where he preached for over twc- years. During the civil war Dr. Hopson's sympa- thies were with the south. After the Bragg and Buell campaign and the Morgan raids in Ken- tucky in 1862, he was seized by the military au- thorities, cast into prison at Lexington, and soon afterward removed to Johnson's island. By the ruse of some friends, but unknown to Dr. Hopson, his name was placed on a list of prisoners for ex- change, as chaplain of a command in the Confed- erate army. He was sent through the lines, and in June, 1863, made his way to Richmond, Va.> and shortly afterward settled at Bowling Green, where he preached for a year. After the war he was called to the church in Richmond, Va., where he continued for over three years, and then ac- cepted a call to the 1st Christian church, Louis- ville, Ky., with which he spent the next six years. He returned to Missouri in 1874, and remained a year in charge of the church there ; after which he became president of Christian university, Can- ton, Mo., serving successfully in this office until 1877, when he was prostrated by disease, which compelled his retirement. HORAN, Eduard John, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in Quebec, Canada, in 1817; d. in Canada, 15 Feb., 1875. He began his studies in the Seminary of Quebec at an early age, was ordained priest in 1842, and subsequently appointed one of the di- rectors of the seminary. On the foundation of the normal-school at Quebec he was made its principal, and held also a high office in the Laval university. He was promoted to the bishopric of Kingston in 1858, and under his care the diocese was enriched with many valuable charitable and educational in- stitutions. He was an assistant of the pontifical throne, and took part in the deliberations of the Vatican council, where he was a strenuous advocate of the definition of papal infallibility. Bishop Horan was compelled by sickness and growing in- firmities to resign his see some time before his death. HORAN, Mary Austin, superior of the Sisters of Mercy, b. in Ireland in 1820 ; d. in New York city, 14 June, 1874. She entered the Convent of mercy, Dublin, Ireland, under the auspices of Catharine McCauley, founder of the order, and came to New York in 1846, at the request of Arch- bishop Hughes, with Mother Agnes O'Connor, whom she assisted in founding the Institution of HORDEN HORNADAY 263 mercy in that city. She was the first mistress of novices in St. Catharine's convent, New York, and trained all its early members. She was active in establishing the different works of the institution. the visitation of the sick and dying poor of the prisons and hospitals, and the House of mercy for the protection of young girls. She also built St. Joseph's industrial institute for children. HORDEN, John, Canadian Anglican bishop, b. in Exeter, England, in 1828. He was ordained a priest in 1852, a missionary at Moose Factory and the adjacent territory, and became the first bishop of Moosonee, Northwest territory, in 1873. He received the degree of D. D. in 1873. HORN, Charles Edward, musician, b. in Lon- don, England, in 1776 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 10 June, 1848. He was educated by his father, a Ger- man musician of reputation, and in 1809 made his debut as a vocalist at the English opera-house, Lon- don. Thereafter, applying himself to vocal study under noted instructors, he came again befoi'e the London public as an opera-singer in 1814, with success. He now appeared in most of the large play-houses of Great Britain and Ireland, both as a vocalist and as a conductor of music, and during that time wrote many songs, some of which became widely popular. Among them are " The Deep, Deep Sea," "Even as the Sun," "Cherry Ripe," and " I've been Roaming." One of his best com- positions, the duet " I Know a Bank whereon the Wild Thyme Blows," is still sung in Shakespeare's " Midsummer Night's Dream." In 1827 Horn came to this country, where he first sang at the New York Park theatre in Bishop's musical arrange- ment of " Guy Mannering," followed by " The Bar- ber of Seville," " Der Freyschutz," and " Love in a Village." He then visited the other large cities of the Union, and repeated his rounds for several years. In 1831 he returned to London, where, for a time, he directed the music at the Olympic theatre. In 1832 he returned to this country, and. after losing his voice, opened a music-store in New York, with a partner, under the firm-name of Davis and Horn. He closed his career in Boston as a teacher of music and conductor of the Handel and Haydn society. Horn's voice was a baritone of indifferent quality, under good control. As an opera-artist he ventured to sing tenor, baritone, and bass parts, transposing and altering composi- tions of eminent masters to suit his purposes. HORN, Edward Traill, clergyman, b. in Eas- ton, Pa., 10 June, 1850. He was graduated at Penn- sylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1869, and at the Philadelphia theological seminary in 1872 ; became pastor of Christ (Lutheran) church at Chestnut hill, Philadelphia, in 1872, and in 1876 of St. John's (Lutheran) church, Charleston, S. C, where he still (1887) remains. Mr. Horn took an active part in the work of effecting a union of the Lutheran syn- ods in the south. He is known on account of his labors in the interest of liturgies, a subject on which he is an authority. He is now (1887) an active member of the committee on a common service for all English-speaking Lutherans. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Roanoke in 1887 and by Newberry. He is the author of " The Chris- tian Year " (1876) ; " History of St. John's, Charles- ton, from 1734 till 1886 " (1886) ; and " The Evan- gelical Pastor " (1887) ; besides articles in " The Lutheran Church Review " and other periodicals. HORN, Van de or Van, buccaneer, b. in Holland about 1635 ; d. near Vera Cruz, Mexico, in 1683. He was engaged in the Dutch merchant service from about 1655 till 1659, and then bought a vessel with his savings, and with a band of reckless men, whom he had enlisted, became a terror to the com- merce of the Netherlands. He afterward had several ships in his employment, and obtained such notoriety that some civilized governments were willing to employ him against their enemies. In 1666 a French minister sent him a commission empowering him to pursue and capture Spanish vessels, and, as he was uniformly successful, he amassed enormous sums. After the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, it was expected that he would cease ravaging the American coast, but the French government, while openly disowning their cham- pion, secretly connived at his misdeeds. He made the mistake of pillaging a French ship, but, after an unsuccessf id attempt to take him had been made in 1663, he no longer attacked the French flag. Learning that several Spanish galleons were wait- ing in the harbor of Porto Rico for a convoy, he entered the harbor and offered his services to the governor. He put forward his recent quarrel with the French, and declared that his only chance of safety was in the protection of the king of Spain. The governor allowed the galleons to leave port un- der the protection of Horn, but, as soon as they were outside of the Antilles, they were attacked by the flotilla of the buccaneer, who gained over 2,000,000 livres by the adventure. Horn was engaged with De Graff and other buccaneer chiefs in the capture of Vera Cruz in 1683. The division of the spoil caused a duel between Horn and De Graff, which was fought on the shores of the bay of San Sacri- ficid, five or six miles from Vera Cruz. Horn was dangerously wounded in the arm, and, after he had returned to his ship, the extreme heat, combined with the absence of surgical aid and his passion for drink, soon ended his life. HORNADAY, William Temple, naturalist, b. near Plainfield, Ind., 1 Dec, 1854. He studied at Iowa agricultural college, and in 1874 entered the employ of Henry A. Ward at his natural science establishment in Rochester. During his connec- tion with this gentleman he was sent on expedi- tions in search of rare specimens in natural history, including visits to Cuba and Florida in 1874-'5, to the West Indies and South America in 1876, and a trip around the world by way of Europe to Egypt, Arabia, India, Ceylon, the Malay peninsula, Bor- neo, in 1876-'9. He was appointed chief taxider- mist to the U. S. national museum in Washington in 1882, which office he now holds. In 1886 he was sent to Montana in charge of the expedition of the Smithsonian institution for buffalo, and was successful in achieving the desired results. He founded the National society of American taxider- mists in 1880, an organization which has accom- plished a great work in developing and advancing the art of taxidermy, and he has introduced many new and important methods. Of late years he has made a specialty of mammals, on account of the difficulty of mounting them and the field they present for the display of skill. Noted examples of Mr. Hornaday's work are shown in the groups of orang-outangs and American bison, which were both collected and mounted by him, in the U. S. national museum, and also in the group of orang- outangs in the American museum of natural his- tory in New York. He is president of the Society of American taxidermists, and at each of its exhibi- tions has received the highest prize for the best specimen of mounting. His work has also received medals elsewhere. Mr. Hornaday has written ar- ticles on taxidermic methods, and has published " Canoe and Rifle on the Orinoco," a serial in the " Youth's Companion " (1885) ; " Two Years in the Jungle" (New York, 1885); and "The Buffalo 264 HORNBLOWER HORNE Hunt," a series of descriptive articles in a syndi- cate of newspapers and in book-form (1887). HORNBLOWER, Josiah, engineer, b. in Staf- fordshire, England, 23 Feb., 1729 ; d. in Newark, N. J., 21 Jan., 1809. He early studied mathematics and the mechanical sciences, and adopted the pro- fession of civil engineering while associated with his elder brother, then eminent as an engineer, whom he accompanied to Cornwall in 1745 to assist in erect- ing steam pumping-engines. Subsequently he be- came proficient in all that pertained to mining and machinery, and especially fire-engines. In 1753 he came to the United States at the request of Col. John Schuyler, settled near Belleville, N. J., and built a steam-engine for the neighboring copper- mines, which was the first one ever constructed in this country. He continued in the successful man- agement of these mines for five years. During the French and Indian war he received the commission of captain, and aided in the local defences of New Jersey. In 1760 he opened a store, and acquired considerable property by trading. At the begin- ning of the Revolutionary war he sided with the Americans, and was sent to the lower house of the New Jersey legislature, where he was extremely active in securing the adoption of measures favor- able to the colonial forces, also serving as speaker in 1780. An unsuccessful attempt was made to abduct him by the British troops in 1781, and dur- ing the same year he was elected to the council or upper branch of the legislature. He continued a member of this body until 1784, when he was se- lected to represent the colony in the Continental congress. After two years' service he withdrew, and in 1793 was again called to the supervision of the New Jersey copper-mine association, but a year later retired from this office. In 1790 he was ap- pointed, judge of the Essex common pleas, and he continued on the bench by reappointment un- til failing health compelled his retirement. See " Josiah Hornblower and the First Steam-Engine in America," by William Nelson (Newark, N. J., 1883). —His son, Joseph Coerten, lawyer, b. in Belle- ville, N. J., 6 May, 1777 ; d. in Newark, N. J., 11 June, 1864. He was well instructed at home in the classics and in mathematics, but on account of feeble health did not enjoy the advantages of a collegiate edu- cation. He studied law in the office of David B. Ogden in Newark, and on ad- mission to the bar in 1803 became associ- ated with his pre- ceptor in business. As early as 1820 he was one of the presi- dential electors, and cast his vote for James Monroe. He was elected by the joint meet- ing of the legislature of New Jersey chief justice of that state in 1832, and re-elected in 1839, mak- ing his full term on the bench fourteen years. In 1844 he was a member of the convention to frame a constitution for the state. Soon after he had re- tired from the bench, he was appointed, in 1847, professor of law in Princeton. He was a member and vice-president of the Philadelphia Republican convention that in 1856 nominated John C. Fre- mont for the presidency. In 1860 he was president V&zj£-&~i^ ture as would harmonize with it. Columbia gave him the degree of D. D. in 1863. — His wife, Mary Woolsey, poet, is known as the author of a short poem " Requiescam," also entitled " In the Hos- pital," which was believed for a long time to have been found under the pillow of a soldier who died at Port Royal, S. C, in 1864. HOWLAND, Sir William Fearce, Canadian statesman, b. in Pawling, N. Y., 29 May, 1811. He is descended from John Howland, who landed in New England in 1620. Sir Will- iam was educated at the Kinder- hook academy,Co- lumbia co., N. Y., removed to Cana- da in 1830, and settled in the township of To- ronto, where he engaged in mer- cantile business with his brother. He served in the Canada assembly for West York in 1857-'68, and was a member of the executive council of Canada from 1862 till 1864, and from 24 Nov., 1864, till the union. He was minister of finance in 1862-'3, and receiver-general from that date till 29 March, 1864, postmaster-general in 1864-'6, and then minister of finance again till 1867. He be- came a member of the privy council of Canada, 1 July, 1867, and was minister of inland revenue from that date until he was appointed lieutenant- governor of Ontario in July, 1868, which position he held till November, 1873. In 1865 the govern- ment made him a commissioner with Alexander T. Gait to visit Washington in the interests of reciprocity trade between Canada and the United States, and in 1866 was reappointed to the same mission with others. He was a delegate to the London conference in 1866-'7 to complete terms of union between the British North-American provinces. He was created a companion of the bath in 1867, and a knight commander of the order of St. Michael and St. George in 1879. For several years Sir William was president of the board of trade of Toronto. HOWLEY, Richard, lawyer, b. in Liberty county, Ga., about 1740 ; d. about 1790. He re- ceived a liberal education, was admitted to the bar, and attained eminence in his profession. He rep- resented his native county in the legislature, and was elected governor of Georgia, 4 Jan., 1780. When the state was overrun by the British, a council was held near Augusta, at which Gov. Howley, his secretary of state, and several Conti- nental officers were present. After the considera- tion of various plans, they determined to retreat to North Carolina, and narrowly escaped capture on the way. During Gov. Howley's brief term of office the value of paper money became so depre- ciated that he is said to have dealt it out by the quire for a night's lodging, and, if the fare was better than ordinary, the landlord received two quires, the governor gravely signing a draft upon the treasurer, made out in due form, for their de- livery. In 1780-1 Gov. Howley was a delegate from Georgia to the Continental congress. In the latter year, some apprehensions being entertained that it was the design of that body to give up Georgia to Great Britain, the delegation from that state protested against such a step, and published their remonstrance (Philadelphia, 1781). HOWS, John William Stanhope, journalist, b. in London, England, in 1797 ; d. in New York city, 27 July, 1871. He was professor of elocution in Columbia from 1843 till 1857. For seven years he was dramatic critic of the " New York Albion," and edited " The Modern Standard Drama." He was the author of "The Practical Elocutionist" (1849 ; 6th ed., Philadelphia, 1855) ; and edited the " Historical Shaksperian Reader " (New York, 1863) ; " Golden Leaves from the British Poets," "Golden Leaves from the American Poets," and " Golden Leaves from the Dramatic Poets " (1865) ; and other books. — His son, John Augustus, art- ist, b. in New York city in 1831 ; d. there, 27 Sept., 1874, was graduated at Columbia in 1852, and studied for the ministry of the Protestant Epis- copal church, but subsequently studied law. He finally adopted art as a profession,' was elected an associate of the National academy in 1862, and contributed to its exhibitions "Vanitas Vanita- tum " ; " An Adirondack Lake " and " The Sanc- tuary of St. Alban's Church, New York " (1867) ; and " Paul Smith, St. Regis " (1871). He devoted much attention to wood-engraving, furnishing successful illustrations for "Appletons' Journal" ; " The Aldine " ; Bryant's " Forest Hymn," the first attempt to illustrate an American volume with woodcuts; "Forest Pictures in the Adirondacks," with original verses by Alfred B. Street (1865) ; and other books. At one time he was associate editor of " The Churchman," and of " The Home Jour- nal " when it was conducted by Willis and Morris. HOXIE, Joseph, politician, b. in Charlestown, R. I., 13 Aug., 1795; d. in Westerly, R. I., 18 Aug., 1870. At the age of seventeen he went to New York city, engaged in the clothing business, and eA T entually became an importer and dealer in cloth- ing materials. In 1837 he was chosen county clerk, and on the nomination of Gen. William H. Harri- son for the presidency entered heartily into the canvass. In the next presidential canvass he sup- ported Henry Clay. In 1864 President Lincoln appointed him a collector of internal revenue. In 1852 Mr. Hoxie established a fire-insurance com- pany, of which he was president until the time of his death. He acquired much undeserved noto- riety as the uncle and employer of Richard P. Robinson, the principal person concerned in the " Helen Jewett trial." As a political speaker, Mr. Hoxie possessed no eloquence, but as a campaign vocalist he was unequalled, and he appeared as such in most of our large cities during the " Har- rison log-cabin and hard-cider campaign." His small band of singers held the attention of thou- sands, who readily joined in the refrain of " Tippe- canoe and Tyler too," and " Yan, Yan, Van's a used-up man." These immense vocal gatherings won over to the Whig side hosts of voters, who sang themselves into convictions that were beyond the reach of political argument. HOXIE, Vinnie Ream, sculptor, b. in Madison, Wis., 23 Sept., 1846. She went at an early age to Washington, where her father held an office, and then removed to the west, and was educated at Christian college, Columbia, Mo. At school she wrote several songs, which were set to music and published. During the civil war the family re- turned to Washington, and she obtained a clerk- ship in the post-office department. Subsequently she studied art, and soon devoted her exclusive at- tention to sculpture. One of her first efforts was the head of an Indian chief, with which she was so HOYNE HOYT 289 successful that she made busts of Gen. Grant, Reverdy Johnson, Albert Pike, John Sherman, and Thaddeus Stevens. Her larger works of this period include " The Indian Girl," a full-length figure cast in bronze. A design for a fountain, ' which she called " America," consisted of four fe- male figures, representing the points of the com- pass, with typical emblems of the four sections of the United States. She then made, in marble, " Miriam as she met the Children of Israel as they crossed the Red Sea." Her most important piece at this time was the marble statue of Abraham Lincoln, which was placed in the capitol at Wash- ington. It was the first statue ordered by the government from a woman. Mrs. Hoxie spent three years abroad while making this statue, and produced medallions of Gustave Dove, Pere Hya- cinth, Wilhelm von Kaulbach, the Abbe Liszt, and Thomas Buchanan Read. On her return to the United States, she modelled a bust of Lincoln for Cornell university, a life-size statue of " Sappho," "The Spirit of the Carnival," and several ideal busts. Her later work includes a statue of Admi- ral Farragut, which was cast in bronze from metal obtained from the flag-ship " Hartford," and placed in Farragut square, Washington. She married, on 28 May, 1878, Capt. Richard L. Hoxie, of the U. S. corps of engineers. HOYNE, Thomas, lawyer, b. in New York city, 11 Feb., 1817 ; d. near Carleton Station, N. Y., 27 July, 1883. He began a mercantile life when he was thirteen years old, and went to Chicago in 1837, where he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1839. He was elected city clerk in 1840, and removed to Galena, 111., in 1842, but returned to Chicago in 1844. He was appointed U. S. district attorney for Illinois in 1853, and in 1859 was made U. S. marshal for the northern district of Illinois. During the civil war he was a member of the Union defence committee. He was a delegate to the conservative convention held in Philadelphia in 1866. Mr. Hoyne took an active interest in the founding of the University of Chicago, and in recognition of his services the trustees established the Hoyne professorship of international and con- stitutional law. He was also active in establishing the astronomical observatory of Chicago, and was connected with many scientific and literary bodies in that city. After the great fire of 1871 he pre- sided at a meeting to organize the free public libra- ry of Chicago, and was president of its first board of directors. In 1877 he prepared a history of the library up to that date. Mr. Hoyne was a presi- dential elector on the Van Buren ticket in 1848, and on the Greeley ticket in 1872, and in the latter year was mayor of Chicago. He was killed in a railroad accident while on an excursion. HOYT, Benjamin Thomas, educator, b. in Bos- ton, 18 Oct., 1820 ; d. in Greencastle, Ind., 24 May, 1867. He was graduated at Wesleyan seminary, Middletown, Conn., in 1846, and was principal of the high-school there from 1846 till 1849, and of Chelsea, Mass., from 1849 till 1852, when he be- came principal of the institute of Lawrenceburg, where he remained till 1856. He was then ap- pointed principal of Indiana female college, in which he also taught mental and moral science, and remained till 1858, when he was professor of Latin in Indiana Asbury university till 1863, and then of literature and history in the same college till his death. He rendered great service to the cause of education in Indiana as superintendent of schools, president of the State teachers' associa- tion, and editor of the " Indiana School Journal." — His brother, Francis Southack, clergyman, b. VOL. III. 19 in Lyndon, Vt., 5 Nov., 1822, was graduated at Wesleyan in 1844. From 1854 till 1860 he was president of Willamette university, Salem, Oregon, and from 1865 till 1872 was professor of bibli- cal theology and literature in Ohio Wesleyan uni- versity. In 1872-81 he edited the " Western Chris- tian Advocate." He was a delegate to the gen- eral conferences of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1860, '76, '80, and '84, and since 1884 has held the office of presiding elder. He has edited a revised edition of Angus's " Bible Hand-Book." — Another brother, Albert Harrison, editor, b. in Sandwich, N. H., 6 Dec, 1826, was graduated at Wesleyan in 1850, and studied law in Portsmouth, N. H. In 1852-'3 he was commissioner of common schools for Rockingham county, N. H., and from 1853 till 1856 clerk of the state court. In 1856 he was ad- mitted to the bar, and practised law in Portsmouth till 1862, during which time he served as city solicitor and president of the common council. He was a paymaster in the army in 1862-'6, with the rank of major, and was brevetted lieutenant- colonel in 1865. Since 1866 he has resided prin- cipally in Boston, where he has been engaged in business and literary pursuits. He edited the " New England Historical and Genealogical Register" from 1868 till 1876, and the fourth volume of the " Memorial Biographies " published by the New England historic - genealogical society (Boston, 1885). He has also published numerous papers on historical and genealogical subjects, among which are "Necrology of the New England Colleges" (1869-70); "Captain Francis Goelet's Journal of his Visit to Boston, Salem, etc., in 1745-50 " (1870) ; " Letters of Sir William Pepperrell, Bart." (1874) ; " History of the New England Historical and Ge- nealogical Register" and "Notes, Historical and Bibliographical, on the Laws of New Hampshire " (1876); and "The Name Columbia" (1886). HOYT, Epaphras, historian, b. in Deerfield, Mass., 31 Dec, 1765 ; d. there, 8 Feb., 1850. He held many civil and military offices, was major- general of the Massachusetts militia, and devoted his life to perfecting the volunteer militia system of the country. He published " Treatise on the Mili- tary Art " (1793) ; " Military Instructions," " Cav- alry Discipline " (1797) ; and " Antiquarian Re- searches " (1824) ; left completed, with maps, a work for publication entitled "Burgoyne's Cam- paigns," and had partly finished a history of the French and Indian wars. HOYT, Henry Martyn, governor of Pennsyl- vania, b. in Kingston, Luzerne co., Pa., 8 June, 1830. His parents were natives of' Connecticut and among the earliest settlers in the Wyoming valley. He was graduated at Williams in 1849, taught for a year in Towanda, Pa., and in 1851-'3 was professor of mathematics in Wyoming semi- nary. He then read law with Chief-Justice George W. Woodward, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. At the beginning of the civil war he was active in raising the 52d Pennsylvania regiment, of which he was appointed lieutenant-colonel. He served in the Army of the Potomac till January, 1863, was en- gaged in the siege of Morris Island under Gen. Quincy A. Gillmore, and was captured in a night attack on Fort Johnson, in which he successfully led a division of boats, landed, and entered the fort, which he was unable to hold by reason of the failure of his support to come to his aid. After being confined some time in Macon, Ga., he was taken back to Charleston and made his escape, but was recaptured. On his exchange he rejoined his regiment, with which he remained till the close of the war, when he was mustered out with the 290 HOYT HOYT rank of brevet brigadier-general. He then resumed his law-practice, and in 1867 was appointed by Gov. Geary additional law-judge of the courts of Luzerne county. In 1875-'6 he was chairman of the Republican state committee. He was elected governor of Pennsylvania in November, 1878, and held the office till 1883, when he again resumed his law practice. During his term the debt of the state was reduced to $10,000,000, and refunded at the rate of three per cent. In 1881 he received the degree of LL. D. from the University of Pennsyl- vania and also from Lafayette college. He has published " Controversy between Connecticut and Pennsylvania " (Philadelphia, 1879) ; and " Protec- tion vs. Free Trade " (New York, 1885). HOYT, John Wesley, educator, b. near Wor- thington, Franklin co., Ohio, 13 Oct., 1831. After his graduation at the Ohio Wesleyan university in 1849, he studied law under Hon. William Denni- son, afterward governor of Ohio. He then entered the Cincinnati law-school, and also attended lec- tures at the Ohio medical college, and at the Eclec- tic medical institute, receiving his degree from the latter in 1853 when appointed to the chair of chemistry and medical jurisprudence in this col- lege. He then became professor of chemistry and physic in Antioch, serving in 1855-'6, meanwhile delivering lectures in the Medical institute in Cin- cinnati. In 1856 he accepted the chair of chemis- try and medical jurisprudence in the Cincinnati college of medicine, and in 1857 removed to Madi- son, Wis., owing to impaired health. He was editor and publisher of the " Wisconsin Farmer and Northwestern Cultivator " from 1857 till 1867, and secretary and managing officer of the Wisconsin state agricultural society from 1860 till 1872. He was also vice-president of the U. _ S. agricultural society for many years, and was active in securing national endowments for colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts. In 1862 he was state commissioner to the London exhibition, and made an extensive tour through Europe in the interest of industry and education, the reports of which were published by order of the Wisconsin legislature. He was state and U. S. commissioner to the Paris exposition of 1867, and made a second educational tour. Dr. Hoyt was instrumental in securing a reorganization of the Wisconsin state university, together with large additions to the en- dowment fund, and founded the Wisconsin acade- my of sciences, of which he was president for six years, during which time he also directed the Chicago historical society. He was executive and, for a time, acting chief commissioner for the United States at the Vienna exposition of 1873, serving also as president of the international ]ury for education, by appointment of the Austrian im- perial commission, receiving a grand diploma, and being knighted. He was also chairman of the board of judges for education and science at the centennial exhibition in 1876. Dr. Hoyt served as governor of Wyoming from 1878 till 1882, after which he organized various enterprises for the de- velopment of industry in that territory, and was the author of the measure for establishing free public libraries in every county. In 1885 he was chairman of the international jury for education at the New Orleans " world's exposition." He is a member of various learned societies, and president of the Territorial and historical society of Wyoming. He has now (1887) a bill before congress for a Na- tional university to be endowed by the government. In May, 1887, he was chosen president of Wyoming university. His publications consist of exhaustive- reports and brochures. He received the degree of LL. D. from the University of Missouri in 1876. — His wife, Elizabeth Orpha, poet, b. in Athens, Ohio, 7 Dec, 1834, is the daughter of John Samp- son, of Massachusetts, and was educated principally by professors in Ohio university. From 1851 till 1853 she taught higher mathematics and metaphys- ics in Worthington female seminary, and in 1854 she married Dr. Hoyt. She has published poems in magazines and newspapers, several small volumes of poems for children (Cincinnati, 1855-6), and philo- sophical essays. She has a volume entitled " The Na- ture of Consciousness " ready for publication (1887). HOYT, Joseph Gibson, educator, b. in Dum- barton, N. H., 19 Jan., 1815 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 26 Nov., 1862. He was graduated at Yale in 1840, was instructor in mathematics and natural phi- losophy in Phillips Exeter academy in 1840-58, and in 1859 became chancellor and professor of Greek in Washington university, St. Louis, where he served till his death. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1859. His chief work was a carefully revised and enlarged edition of Colton's " Greek Reader " (1845-6), and a volume of " Miscellaneous Writings, Addresses, Lectures, and Reviews " (Boston, 1861). A eulogy upon him was delivered by Prof. Samuel Water- house in St. Louis, 20 Jan., 1863, and afterward published (Philadelphia, 1863). HOYT, Oliver, merchant, b. in Stamford, Conn., 15 Aug., 1823 ; d. there, 5 May, 1887. He was edu- cated in the common schools of his native town, and began life as a currier. In 1844 he removed to New York city, and, with his brother, William, established himself as a leather - merchant, the firm becoming one of the most successful in the trade. Mr. Hoyt took an active part in public affairs, and served three terms as senator in the Connecticut legislature, during two of which he acted as president. He was also an active member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and a liberal patron of its various institutions. He contributed largely to the church at Stamford, gave $25,000 to Wesleyan university, and $2,000 to the Wesley memorial church at Savannah, Ga. He was for many years a leading member of the board of managers of the General missionary society, and for a time served as treasurer of the Church board of education. He was a founder of " The Meth- odist," and in 1881 represented his church in the International assembly of Methodists in London. He was chosen a presidential elector in 1872, and cast his vote for Gen. Grant, of whom he was a de- voted admirer. When the fund of $250,000 was raised for the latter by private subscription, Mr. Hoyt was one of the first to subscribe, and greatly aided the enterprise by his zeal and earnestness. He was also a pall-bearer at Gen. Grant's funeral. By his will he bequeathed nearly $100,000 to va- rious charitable and religious institutions. HOYT, Ralph, poet, b. in New York city, 18 April, 1806 ; d. there, 11 Oct., 1878. Before en- tering the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church in 1842, he was for several years engaged in teaching and in writing for the press. He was long rector of the Church of the Good Shepherd in New York city, which he established chiefly by his own exertions as a missionary, and supported its feeble fortunes through many privations. His self-denial, purity of life and character, devoted zeal in his calling, especially in his relations with the poor, were remarkable. His poems are simple in expression, many being devout in sentiment, and, touching tenderly upon the disappointments of life, bear a sorrowful refrain. Others are hope- ful and animated. His longest poem is " The HUAYNA CAPAC HUBBARD 291 True Life" (New York, 1875), while those entitled •'Snow," "Rain," "New," and "Old" comprise some of his best work. His publications are " Echoes of Memory and Emotion " (1859) ; and "Sketches of Life and Landscape" (latest ed., j 1873). His complete poetical works were printed for private circulation (1875- ! 6), but were never published. This volume included, his latest poems, " Minny Gray," " Skaters," " The Pastoral," " True Euclid," " Bank Note," and others. HUAYNA CAPAC (wy'-e-nah ca-pack'), Peru- vian Inca, b. in Cuzco, Peru ; d. in Tumipampa, Ecuador, in 1523. He was the son of the Tupac Inca Iupanqui and the empress Mama Ocllo, and succeeded his father in 1-483. Before this event he commanded the army against the provinces of Chachapoyas, Pacamurus, Canaris and others in the north "of the empire. After he began to reign. he undertook wars of conquest, and extended his dominions toward the north to the river Aucas- lnayu, and toward the south to that of Maule, so that his empire included the kingdoms of Quito and Chili. He also conquered the vast territory that extends between Atacama and Chimii, and the important island of Puna. Under his supervision were constructed the important inca roads from Tumbez to Pachacamac, and from this city to Cuzco. In his time the magnificent palaces of Quito, Callu, and Tumipampa were built, and the rich temple of Curicancha was finished, and he established the " coptras " and " chasquis," which were houses on the roads for the better service of the mail. He was bloodthirsty and "vindictive in Ms wars, and particular in exacting the respect and awe of his people, but in his private life was affectionate and tender. He married his sisters Pilcu Huaco, Rahua Ocllo, and his cousin Mama Runtu, daughter of Prince Amaru. Besides these he had 600 other wives, one of whom, a princess of Quito, was the mother of Atahualpa. His predi- lection for this prince brought ruin to the vast empire of the Peruvians, because at his death he divided his dominions into halves, one for Huas- car, the eldest son and heir of the crown according to the law of the nation, and the other for Ata- hualpa. This was the cause of dissension, by which Francisco Pizarro profited. Huayna Capac died shortly after receiving notice of the landing on the coast of the first expedition of the Span- iards, commanded by Pascual de Andagoya (q. v.). He had prepared large armies to defend the coast, as he feared the verification of an old tradition that Peru would be subjugated by foreign invaders after the reign of the twelfth inca. He ordered that his heart should remain at Quito, but his body be transported to Cuzco. During the passage of his funeral from Tumipampa to Cuzco thousands of human victims and animals were sacrificed, and the birds are said to have fallen from the air, struck by the voices of those who accompanied the corpse on the way. — His son, Huascar (wass'-car), Inca of Peru, b. in Cuzco about 1490 ; d. in An- damarca in January, 1533. His real name was Inti Cusi Huallpa, or " Sun of Joy," but, as his father celebrated his birth by making the principal chiefs dance in the square of Cuzco with a thick golden chain of 350 yards long, the prince was henceforth called " Huascar," from this chain. In his youth he accompanied his father on his con- quering expeditions, especially to the kingdom of Quito, and proved a valiant soldier. After Huayna Capac's death, Huascar ascended the throne, and, as he had promised his father, let his half-brother Atahualpa (q. v.) reign in the north ; but later it seems that he repented of this measure, and de- manded that Atahualpa should acknowledge him as suzerain. The latter, not feeling strong enough to resist openly, feigned to submit, and offered to go with a numerous following to Cuzco to render homage to his brother, but secretly sent a strong army under the chieftains Quisquiz and Challcu- chima, divided into many small bodies and with concealed weapons. The unsuspecting Huascar became aware too late of this treachery, and, gath- ering an army, met the invaders near Cuzco, but was defeated and made prisoner in 1528. Al- though Atahualpa ordered the massacre of the greater part of the imperial family, he spared Huascar's life, so as to force him, in case of need, to order the submission of the nation, and kept him a close prisoner at Jauja. After the invasion of Peru by the Spaniards, when Atahualpa from his prison treated for his ransom with Pizarro, he feared that Huascar's existence might become dan- gerous for his own safety, and ordered him to be brought to Cuzco and killed on the road. His orders were executed by drowning the prisoner in the river Andamarca. HUBARD, William, clergyman, b. in Will- iamsburg, Va., in 1740 ; d. near Smithfield, Va., in 1802. His grandfather, James, came from Eng- land to Gloucester county, Va., about 1700. Will- iam was graduated at William and Mary in 1760, ordained deacon by the Bishop of London in 1773, and priest in 1776. He : ; ^^— ;^:j^ was in charge ! >2gtfiBg4£ < ' of Warwick parish, Va., in 1773 -'6, and in the latter year be- came rector of St. Luke's church, New- port parish, Isle of Wight co.,Va,, where he remained till his death. Mr. Hubard was a leader in the community, and served many years as a magistrate. The remains of his church, which is often called " Old Smith- field Church " or the " Old Brick Church," are rep- resented in the accompanying illustration. It was erected in 1632, and is now the oldest Protestant church-building in the United States. The tower, which is fifteen feet square and forty-five feet high, is still (1887) strong and massive, and the walls of the nave are in fair condition, but most of the wood-work has disappeared. HUBBARD, Bela, clergyman, b. in Guilford, Conn., 27 Aug., 1739 ; d. in New Haven, Conn., 6 Dec, 1812. He was graduated at Yale in 1758, and five years afterward went to England for ordina- tion. After his return he officiated as rector of Episcopal churches in Guilford and Killingworth, Conn., until 1767. when he was transferred by the Societv for propagating the gospel to West Haven and New Haven, and appointed its missionary. His loyalty to the crown was well known, but by his discreet and inoffensive conduct he escaped personal indignitv. and was allowed to perform his duties without molestation. In the yellow-fever epidemic in New Haven in 1795 he remained at his post, and endeared himself to the community bv his services, not only to his own congregation, but to members of other churches. In the latter part of his life he was rector of Trinity church, New Haven. Yale gave him the degree of D. D. 292 HUBBARD HUBBARD in 1804. — His son, Thomas Hill, statesman, b. in New Haven, Conn., in 1780 ; d. in Utica, N. Y., 22 May, 1857, was graduated at Yale in 1798, and be- gan the practice of law in Hamilton, N. Y. He was surrogate of Madison county, N. Y., in 1806-16, presidential elector on the Madison and Gerry ticket in 1812, and served in congress as a Demo- crat from 1817 till 1819, and from 1821 to 1823. He was also a presidential elector on the Polk and Dallas ticket in 1844, and on the Pierce and King ticket in 1852. — Thomas Hill's son, Bela, geologist, b. m Hamilton, N. Y., 23 April, 1814, was graduated at Hamilton in 1834, and soon afterward settled in Michigan. In 1837 he was appointed assistant geologist of that state, which office he held for three years. He was admitted to the bar in Detroit dur- ing 1842, and subsequently devoted his attention chiefly to real estate. Mr. Hubbard was one of the original members of the Association of American geologists and naturalists, and was first president of Michigan agricultural society, besides being a member of other associations. He has published various technical papers and pamphlets, many of which he has collected into " Memorials of a Half- Century " (New York, 1887). HUBBARD, David, congressman, b. in Vir- ginia in 1806. He removed at an early age to Ala- bama, practised law, and became solicitor of his judicial district. He was a member of the state senate in 1830, and served in the legislature in 1831-53. He was elected to congress as a state- rights Democrat in 1838, served till 1841, was a presidential elector on the Polk and Dallas ticket in 1845, and was re-elected to congress in 1849, serving till 1851. He was a presidential elector on the Breckenridge ticket in 1860, a member of the 1st Confederate congress, and in 1861 was appoint- ed by it commissioner of Indian affairs. After the close of the civil war he removed to Nashville, Tenn., where he has since resided. HUBBARD, Guidon Saltonstall, trader, b. in Windsor, Vt., 22 Aug., 1802 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 14 Sept., 1886. He removed with his parents to Montreal, Canada, when he was thirteen years old, and was employed by the American fur company, who sent him to Mackinaw as an Indian trader. In November, 1818, he arrived at Fort Dearborn (now Chicago, 111.), and during the next seven years made twenty-six trips from his trading-posts in Illinois and Michigan by way of Chicago to Mackinaw. In 1827 he began business in his own name, and established several posts in Illinois. When the Indian title to lands became extinct, and trading unprofitable, he removed to Chicago, and soon after, when the Winnebago war seemed imminent, he volunteered to go to the Wabash country, raised a volunteer company of 150 men, and returned the seventh day, having travelled 250 miles by " Hubbard's Trail." During the Black Hawk war, with the Indians of the Sac and Pox tribes, he served in a Danville, 111., regiment. In 1832- he was a member of the legislature. Mr. Hub- bard was a leader in all the most important of Chicago's early enterprises. He built the first warehouse, was the originator of the first line of packets from Chicago to Buffalo, one of the com- pany that established the first line of steamers to Lake Superior, a director of the first savings-bank, a founder of the first Episcopal church, a director of the first state bank, built the first large hotel, the Lake house, and was a director of the first company to supply the village with water in 1836. HUBBARD, Henry, senator, b. in Charleston, N. H., 3 May, 1784; d. there, 5 June, 1857. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1803, studied law under Jeremiah Mason, was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Charleston, N. H. He was in the legislature from 1812 till 1827, serving as speaker during the last three years, was state solicitor for Cheshire county, N. H., in 1823-'8, and judge of probate from 1827-'9. He took his seat in congress in 1829, having been chosen as a Democrat, and served till 1835. In May, 1834, he was speaker, pro tempore, of the house. He was U. S. senator from 1835 till 1841, when he became governor of New Hampshire, and in 1846-9 was U. S. sub-treasurer at Boston. HUBBARD, John, educator, b. in Townsend, Mass., 8 Aug., 1759 ; d. in Hanover, N. H., in 1810. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1785, and after studying theology, became preceptor of the New Ipswich and Deerfield academies, Mass. From 1798 till 1802 he was judge of probate of Cheshire county, N. H., and from 1804 until his death was professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Dartmouth. He published an " Oration," deliv- ered 4 July, 1799 ; " The Rudiments of Geogra- phy " (1803) ; " The American Reader " (1808) ; and an " Essay on Music " (1809). HUBBARD, John, politician, b. in Readville, Me., 22 March, 1794 ; d. in Hallowell, Me., 6 Feb., 1869. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1816, taught in Hallowell, Me., and in Dinwiddie county, Va., and practised medicine there in 1822-9. He returned to Hallowell in 1830, was state senator in 1842-'3, and a hearty supporter of the liquor pro- hibition act, known as the " Maine Law." He was governor of the state in 1850-3, having been cho- sen as a Democrat, agent of the U. S. treasury in 1857-9, and in 1859-61 a commissioner under the reciprocity treaty with Great Britain. HUBBARD, Jonathan Hatch, jurist, b. in Windsor, Vt., in 1768; d. there, 20 Sept., 1849. After receiving a liberal education he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1790, and practised his profession with success until his election to congress in 1808. He served till 1811, and in 1813 became judge of the supreme court of Vermont, continuing in office until 1845. HUBBARD, Joseph Stillman, astronomer, b. in New Haven, Conn., 7 Sept., 1823; d. there, 16 Aug., 1863. He was graduated at Yale in 1843, whither he had been attracted by Ebenezer P. Mason, then one of Yale's enthusiastic astronomers. Subse- quently he studied mathematics and astronomy at home, and also taught for a while in a classical school, but early in 1844 he went to Philadelphia as assistant of Sears C. Walker, who had charge of the observatory of the high-school in that city. In the autumn of the same year he was appointed computer of the observations of latitude and longi- tude made on Capt. John C. Fremont's expedition across the Rocky mountains. This work was ac- complished so successfully that Prof. Alexander D. Bache, Col. John C. Fremont, and Senator Thomas H. Benton used their influence with Sec. George Bancroft to have him appointed professor of mathematics in the navy. He was so commis- sioned on 7 May, 1845, and was immediately as- signed to duty at the Washington observatory, of which he continued to be an officer during the remainder of his life. The first extended compu- tation made by Prof. Hubbard after his assign- ment to the observatory was the determination of the zodiacs of all the known asteroids, except four previously published in Germany. In November, 1848, he presented to the Smithsonian institution the zodiacs of Vesta, Astrea, Hebe, Flora, and Metis. During the following year he prepared those of Hygea, Parthenope, and Clio, followed HUBBARD HUBBARD 293 later by that of Egeria; and, although he pub- lished no others, it was his intention to prepare the zodiac for each successively discovered asteroid. His skill as an observer and computer is further shown in valuable material published in the vol- umes of the " Washington Observations," and his work comprised many special investigations. Of these the most important include his discussions of " The Orbit of the Great Comet of 1843," origi- nally contributed and published through several issues of Gould's "Astronomical Journal." His later but equally valuable researches " On the Orbit of Biela's Comet in 1845-'6 " (1853), " Results of Ad- ditional Investigations respecting the two Nuclei of Biela's Comet" (1854), and " On Biela's Comet" (1858), which form the accepted authority on the subject, also appeared in the " Astronomical Jour- nal," to which he was a frequent contributor, and twice during Dr. Benjamin A. Gould's absence from the country he was its acting editor. In 1845 he was elected a member of the National institute of Washington, and in 1852 a fellow of the Ameri- can philosophical society. He was an original mem- ber of the National academy of sciences. HUBBARD, Lucius Frederick, governor of Minnesota, b. in Troy, N. Y., 26 Jan., 1836. He was but three years old when he lost his father, Charles F. Hubbard, sheriff of Rensselaer county, and was sent to live with an aunt at Chester, Vt. He was educated in the academy at (Gran- ville, N. Y., and ap- prenticed to the tin- ner's trade, at which he worked in Chica- go for three years, and in 1857 he re- moved to Red Wing, Minn., where he es- tablished the " Re- publican." He was elected register of deeds in 1858, and in 1861 was a Repub- lican candidate for the state senate, but f^ >p ./^ y y lacked seven votes tO/Jr, xf/9 ,^^£^*^Z) of being elected. He enlisted as a private in the 5th Minnesota infantry in December, 1861, became captain in February, and lieutenant-colo- nel in March, 1862, and was severely wounded in the first battle of Corinth. He was promoted colo- nel, 31 Aug., 1862, commanded his regiment in the battle of Iuka and the 2d brigade of the 1st di- vision, Army of the Mississippi, in the battles of Jackson and Mississippi Springs, and remained in command of the brigade till the spring of 1863, when the 5th Minnesota was transferred to the 15th army corps and took part in the siege of Vicksburg. After the fall of that city he resumed command of his brigade, which in March, 1864, was assigned to the 16th corps under Gen. A. J. Smith, took part in Gen. Banks's Red River expedition, and within a very brief period was in seven battles, the last being that of Greenfield, La., where the enemy was routed and the Mississippi river relieved from blockade. Afterward he was in several engagements in north- ern Mississippi, marched across Arkansas and Mis- souri to the Kansas line to attack Price's force, and then returned to Memphis, where Col. Hub- bard's regiment re-enlisted as veterans and was furloughed. Under his command his brigade, in the battle of Nashville, 16 Dec, 1864, was in the first line of the assaulting column, and captured seven pieces of artillery, several stand of colors, and many prisoners. But it suffered heavy loss, and Col. Hubbard was severely wounded. He was brevetted brigadier-general for " conspicuous gal- lantry " in this battle. In the campaign of Mobile, under Gen. B. R. S. Canby, his brigade was one of the foremost in the siege and capture of Spanish Fort. He was mustered out of the service in Octo- ber, 1865. In 1866 he engaged in the grain business at Red Wing, and afterward in milling. He pro- jected and secured the construction of the Midland railway from Wabashaw to Zumbrota, and the Can- non Valley railway from Red Wing to Waterville. In 1872 and 1874 he was elected as a Republican to the state senate. He was one of the arbitrators to settle the dispute between the state and the prison contractors, and also one of a commission to in- vestigate the state railroad bonds. In 1881 he was elected governor of Minnesota by a majority of 27,857. He entered upon his office 10 Jan., 1882, and was re-elected in 1883, serving till January, 1887. In 1886 he contributed a paper on Minne- sota to the " North American Review." HUBBARD, Oliver Payson, chemist, b. in Pomfret, Conn., in March, 1809. He studied at Hamilton in 1825-'6, and was graduated at Yale in 1828, where he also acted as assistant to the elder Silliman, whose daughter he subsequently married. In 1836 he was appointed professor of chemis- try and pharmacy, mineralogy and geology, at Dartmouth, which chair he held until 1866, when, until 1871, he delivered lectures on these subjects, after which he again became connected with the faculty as professor of chemistry and pharmacy, continuing as such until 1883, when he was made professor emeritus. He was associated with Prof. Silliman in the examination of the United States for the cultivation of sugar made at the instance of the secretary of the treasury in 1832 and was especially assigned to the eastern states. During 1863-'4 he was a member of the New Hampshire state legislature. In 1837 he received the degree of M. D. from the South Carolina medical college, and in 1861 that of LL. D. from Hamilton. Prof. Hubbard has been one of the overseers of the Thayer school of civil engineering of Dartmouth since its establishment in 1871. He was one of the secretaries of the American association of geologists and naturalists in 1844, and was for many years corresponding secretary of the New York academy of sciences. He has contributed papers to the " American Journal of Science," and is the author of a " History of Dartmouth Medical College and Dr. Nathan Smith, its Founder " (Con- cord, N. H., and Washington, D. C, 1880). HUBBARD, Richard Dudley, statesman, b. in Berlin, Conn., 7 Sept., 1818 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 28 Feb., 1884. He was graduated at Yale in 1839, was admitted to the bar in 1842, and prac- tised his profession until his death. He was a member of the Connecticut legislature in 1842, and in 1855-8. From 1846 till 1868 he was state's attorney for Hartford county. He was a Demo- cratic member of congress in 1867, but declined a re-election. As Democratic candidate for governor of Connecticut he was defeated in 1872, elected in 1876, and defeated again in 1878. During the civil war he was an earnest Unionist. HUBBARD, Richard William, artist, b. in Middletown, Conn., 15 Oct., 1810. He was edu- cated at Middletown academy and Yale, and re- moved to New York, and afterward to Brooklyn, where he opened studios. He now (1887) resides in New York. In 1858 he was elected an academi- cian. He is president of the Artists' fund society and 294 HUBBARD HUBLEY of the Brooklyn art association, and has travelled and studied extensively in France and England. Among his earlier works are "Mansfield Mountain at Sunset," " Showery Day at Lake George," " Meadows near Utiea," " Twilight," " High Peak, North Conway," and " Vermont Hills." He ex- hibited at the Centennial of 1876 " The Coming Storm," " Early Autumn," and " Glimpse of the Adirondacks " ; and at the National academy " Hartford, Conn." (1882) ; " Afternoon in Summer " (1884) ; " Down on the Meadows " and " The Wa- tering-Place " (1885) ; " Lake Cazenovia," " The Old Mill at Coxsackie," and "The Head of the Dam, Mount Moore, N. Y." (1886). HUBBARD, Samuel, jurist, b. in Boston, Mass., 2 June, 1785 ; d. there, 24 Dec, 1847. He was graduated at Yale in 1802, studied law, and settled in Biddeford, Me. In 1810 he returned to Boston, and became a partner of his former law tutor, Judge Charles Jackson. His ability and character won him the foremost place at the bar. From 1842 until his death he was a judge of the supreme court of Massachusetts. Harvard con- ferred on him the degree of LL. D. in 1842. HUBBARD, Samuel Dickinson, congressman, b. in Middletown, Conn., 10 Aug., 1799 ; d. there, 8 Oct., 1855. He was graduated at Yale in 1819, and studied law, but, on inheriting a large property, engaged in manufacturing. In 1845-'9 he served in congress as a Whig, and in 1852-'3 was post- master-general. For many years he was president of the Middletown Bible society, and was a gener- ous contributor to benevolent and educational en- terprises. Wesleyan university conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. in 1854. HUBBARD, Thomas, physician, b. in Smith- field, R. I., in 1776; d. in New Haven, Conn., 16 June, 1838. He received his medical instruction from Dr. Albigense Waldo, a surgeon in the U. S. army, and was for thirty-four years a physician in Pomfret, Conn., his practice extending into the bordering towns of Rhode Island and Massachu- setts. He was several times in the legislature, and once in the state senate, was president of the Con- necticut medical society, active in the establish- ment of deaf, dumb, blind, and insane asylums, and, during the last year of his life, was engaged, by authority of the legislature, in establishing a hospital for the insane poor. In 1829 he removed to New Haven, and occupied the chair of surgery at Yale until his death. HUBBARD, William, clergyman, b. in Eng- land in 1621 ; d. in Ipswich, Mass., 14 Sept., 1704. He emigrated with his parents to this country in 1630, and was graduated at Harvard in 1642. In 1665 he was ordained, and became first assistant and then pastor of the Congregational church in Ipswich, Mass., continuing in this charge till 1703, when age compelled his resignation. He is repre- sented to have been " hospitable, amiable, equal to any of his contemporaries in learning and candor, and superior to all as a writer." His " History of New England," for which the state of Massachu- setts paid him £50, was saved from the flames by Dr. Andrew Eliot, in the attack on Gov. Thomas Hutchinson's house by the mob in August, 1765, and presented by Dr. Eliot's son to the Massa- chusetts historical society, by whom it was printed in 1815. Mr. Hubbard's other works are " A Narra- tive of Troubles with the Indians " (Boston, 1677) ; " Sermons " (1684) ; and " Testimony of the Order of the Gospel in Churches " (1701). HUBBELL, Jay Abel, lawyer, b. in Avon, Mich., 15 Sept., 1829. He was graduated at the University of Michigan in 1853, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1855, when he re- moved to Ontonagon, Mich. He was elected dis- trict attorney of the upper peninsular in 1857, and again in 1859. He removed to Houghton, Mich., in 1860, and was elected prosecuting attorney of Houghton county in 1861, 1863, and 1865. He practised law till 1870. He was elected to congress as a Republican, and re-elected four times, serving from 1873 till 1883, and being a member of the committees on banking and currency, and on com- merce, appropriations, and ways and means. He declined a renomination, but served in the Michi- gan senate in 1885 and 1887. He has been largely identified with mineral interests in northern Michi- gan, and was active in establishing the Michigan mining-school, a state institution, in Houghton. HUBBELL, Levi, jurist, b. in Ballston, N. Y, 15 April, 1808 ; d. in Milwaukee, Wis., 8 Dec, 1876. He was graduated at Union in 1827, after which he studied law. He was adjutant-general of the state from 1833 till 1836, and in 1841 was a mem- ber of the assembly. In 1844 he removed to Wis- consin, and became a Democratic politician. He was elected judge of the 2d judicial circuit, and served as chief justice of the supreme court for one year. Impeachment proceedings were instituted against him in 1853, but the trial resulted in his acquittal. In 1856 he resigned his judgeship. He was elected to the assembly in 1864 as a war Demo- crat, and held the office of U. S. district attorney from 1871 till 1875. HUBBELL, Martha Stone, author, b. in Ox- ford, Conn., in 1814 ; d. in North Stonington, Conn., in 1856. She was the daughter of Dr. North Stone, and married Rev. Stephen Hubbell in 1832. She wrote children's stories for the American and Massachusetts Sunday-school Union, and " The Shady Side, or Life in a Country Parsonage, by a Pastor's Wife " (Boston, 1853). This was intended as a counterpart to Mrs. Phelps's " Sunny Side," and 40.000 copies were sold in a year. HUBBELL, William, pioneer, b. in Vermont about 1750 ; d. in Scott county, Ky., about 1835. He served five years and a half in the Revolution- ary army as private, sergeant, and lieutenant, taking part in the capture of St. John and Montreal and in several skirmishes. After the close of the war he removed to Kentucky and settled in Scott county, where he resided until his death at an un- usually advanced age. He is chiefly noted for his contest with a band of Indians as he was returning to Kentucky from the east. His party numbered twenty. After passing Pittsburg he thought he saw traces of Indians along the banks of the Ohio, which suspicion was confirmed by information at Gallipolis. Having been appointed regular com- mander of the flat-bottomed boat in which they voyaged, Capt. Hubbell divided the nine men into three night-watches. Early in the night an Indian canoe was seen, and more evidence of the approach of hostile savages. On the following morning, 24 March, 1791, they were attacked by Indians in large canoes. Each man took his position, having been ordered not to fire till the savages were so near that "the flash from the guns might singe their eyebrows." After a bloody conflict, only two of the nine men escaping unhurt, they reached Limestone. The fleet, which they had passed the night before the battle, arrived the next day, the Indians having suffered it to sail unmolested. It is believed that after Hubbell's encounter no boat on the Ohio was ever attacked by Indians. HUBLEY, Adam, soldier, b. in Lancaster county, Pa., 9 Jan., 1740 ; d. in Philadelphia in May, 1798. He was commissioned as major of the HUDDE HUDSON 295 10th Pennsylvania regiment on 6 Dec, 1776, com- manded the 11th regiment, with the rank of lieu- tenant-colonel, from 5 June, 1779, and retired on 1 Jan., 1781. Prom 1783 till 1789 he was a mem- ber of the assembly, and in 1790 a state senator. His "Journal of Events in 1779" was published in the " Pennsylvania Archives " (2d series, vol. xi.). HUDDE, Andreas, Dutch commander, b. in Holland about 1600 ; d. in Delaware, 4 Nov., 1663. He came to New Netherlands (now New York) in 1629, and from the time of his arrival until a few days before his death was almost constantly in the employment of the Dutch West India company. He was the first commissary of wares to the com- pany. In 1635 he was sent, by Gov. Wouter van Twiller, on a mission to Fort Hope, now Spring- field, Mass., to make protest, in behalf of the Dutch, to William Pyncheon, because of his action in es- tablishing a trading-house and plantation at this point. In 1642 he was made surveyor at Manhat- tan, and in 1645 was appointed by Gov. Kieft to take the place of Jan Jansen van Ilpendam as com- missary, or deputy governor, of the Dutch colony on the South (Delaware) river, and took up his resi- dence at the noted Fort Nassau, built by Capt. Cornelius Jacobus Mey in 1623. In 1646 he pur- chased lands from the Indians, a portion of which are covered by the present site of Philadelphia. Here he built a block-house, and set up a pole, on which he placed the arms of the United Nether- lands. This action brought on a spirited contro- versy with the Swedes, which lasted through Hud- de's administration. By order of their governor, Printz, the Swedes destroyed the house and tore down the arms. In 1651 Capt. Hudde, under orders from Gov. Stuyvesant, destroyed Fort Nas- sau, and built Fort Casimar, at a point below the Swedish Fort Christina. His command of the Dutch on the Delaware continued until 1655, when a naval expedition under Stuyvesant, ascended the river, captured Fort Christina, and overthrew the government of the Swedes. The authority of the Dutch being now fully established, John Paul Jac- quet was created vice-director and placed in com- mand of the colony. Hudde was appointed a mem- ber of his council, made surveyor of the colony and clerk of the parish, and in 1657 was placed in command of the forts Altona (Christina) and New Gottenburg. Finally, being in advanced years, and having saved but little for himself, he determined to withdraw from public life, and removed to Mary- land and entered the brewing business. After many earnest entreaties to be released from his office, he was, in October, 1663, dismissed, and on 1 Nov. set out with his family for Maryland, was taken ill on the way, and died at Appoquining, Del., on the 4th, " of an ardent fever," but a few months before the Dutch power itself on the river ceased to exist. " Thus ended the life," says Hazzard, " of this long-tried and faithful servant of the Dutch . . . Throughout the whole course of the Dutch he has been one of the most prominent and useful men." He was, undoubtedly, a man of good education, as is abundantly shown by his voluminous report to Stuyvesant and numerous other documents among the archives at Albany, N. T. HUDEN, Lucas Van, Flemish adventurer, b. in Ghent in 1509 5 d. in Araucania in 1553. He served in the expedition that conquered Venezuela in 1535, and, attaching himself to the fortunes of Valdivia, passed with him to Peru and joined Francisco Pizarro. Valdivia was instructed by the latter to conquer Chili in 1540, and Huden, follow- ing his protector, greatly distinguished himself in the subsequent campaigns. He took a prominent part in the battle of the valley of Aconcagua, and decided the issue of the action through a timely movement. When Valdivia founded the city of Santiago, in the valley of Mapocho, 12 Feb., 1541, Huden was made a member of the cabildo or com- mon council, and given command of the fortress that was built upon the mountain of Santa Lucia. After the assassination of Pizarro, Huden assisted in the election of Valdivia as adelantado. He commanded the artillery which decided the victory in the battle (1541) with the powerful Indian chief Michimalonco, who had succeeded, during the ac- tion, in setting fire to Santiago. He offered after- ward to go to Cuzco to re-establish communica- tions with Peru, and bring re-enforcements. In company with Alonso de Monroy, Pedro de Mi- randa, and four cavalrymen, he set out on a perilous journey in which his escorts met their death, and Monroy himself was made prisoner by the Indians. Returning to Santiago in September, 1543, with a vessel full of provisions, tools, and ammunition, sent by the governor of Peru, Vasca de Castro, he took part in an expedition sent by Valdivia to ex- plore the south coast, commanded by an Italian mariner, Pastene, and Capt. Geronimo de Alderete. They discovered the Chiloe islands in 1544, and ad- vanced along the coast of Chili as far as the Strait of Magellan. Huden was a member of the council of government, appointed by Valdivia to assist his deputy, Villagra, when he left for Peru, in Decem- ber, 1547, to assist President La Gasca ; afterward held several commands, and was sent, in 1543, to re-enforce the fortress of Tucapel in Araucania, be- sieged by the Indians. The governor resolved to evacuate the fortress, but Huden opposed the plan and remained almost alone in Tucapel, where he was killed in an assault by the Indians. HUDSON, Charles, author, b. in Marlborough, Mass., 14 Nov., 1795; d. in Lexington, Mass., 4 May, 1881. His father, Stephen Hudson, a Revolu- tionary soldier, was captured by the British and confined in the Philadelphia jail. The son taught for a time, studied theology, and was licensed as a Universalist preacher in 1819, with a charge in Westminster. Mass., over a society of Restoration- ists, which he served as pastor for twenty years. He was a member of the state house of representa- tives from' 1828 till 1833. and of the state senate from 1833 till 1839. In 1839 he was a member of the executive council, serving till 1841. He was elected to congress as a Whig, serving from 1841 till 1849, when he removed to Lexington, where he re- sided till his death. He served as naval officer of the port of Boston from 1849 till 1853. He was a member of the state board of education, and held other public offices, among which was that of U. S. assessor of internal revenue from 1864 till 1868. For many years he edited the " Boston Daily At- las," a Whig journal, and was an active student of local history. His publications include "'Letters to Rev. Hosea Ballou " (1827) ; " Reply to Walter Balfour " (1829) ; " History of Westminster " (Bos- ton, 1832) ; " Doubts Concerning the Battle of Bun- ker Hill " (1857) ; "Historical Address at the Cen- tennial at Westminster " (1859) ; " History of Marlborough " (1862) ; and a " History of Lexing- ton," with "Genealogical Register of Lexington Families " (1868). He prepared congressional re- ports on the "Protective Policy," legislative re- ports on " Capital Punishment," " The Northeast- ern Boundary," and " The Incompetency of Wit- nesses on Account of Religious Belief," besides ar- ticles for periodicals and newspapers. He presided at the centennial celebration of the battle of Lex- ington in 1875, and delivered a spirited address. 296 HUDSON HUDSON HUDSON, Erasmus Darwin, surgeon, b. in Torringford, Conn., 15 Dec, 1805 : d. in Riverside, Greenwich, Conn., 31 Dec, 1880. He was educated by a private tutor and at Torringford academy, and was graduated in medicine at Berkshire medical college in 1827. He practised in Bloomfield, and be- came a member of the Connecticut medical society. In 1828 he lectured on temperance, and from 1837 till 1849 was lecturing agent of the Connecticut anti-slavery society and general agent of the Ameri- can anti-slavery society. During the civil war he was appointed by the U. S. government to fit ap- paratus to special cases of gunshot injuries of bone, resections, ununited fractures, and amputations at the knee- and ankle-joints. He invented several prothetic and orthopaedic appliances, which received awards at the Exposition universelle of Paris in 1857, and at the Centennial exhibition, Philadel- phia. 1876. From 1850 till his death he resided in New York, devoting himself to orthopaedic surgery and mechanical apparatus for deformities, artificial limbs, etc. He was a contributor to " The Libera- tor " and the " Anti-Slavery Standard " (Boston and New York, 1837-49), was co-editor of " The Charter Oak " (Hartford, 1838-'41), and published numerous reported cases in the " Medical and Sur- gical History of the War of the Rebellion " (Wash- ington, 1870-2). He wrote an " Essay on Temper- ance " (1828), and published monographs on " Re- sections " (New York, 1870) ; " Syme's Amputa- tion " (New York, 1871) ; and " Immobile Appara- tus for Ununited Fractures " (New York, 1872). — His son, Erasmus Darwin, physician, b. in North- ampton, Mass., 10 Nov., 1843 : d. 9 May, 1887, was graduated at the College of the city of New York in 1864. and at the College of physicians and sur- geons, New York city, in 1867. He was house-sur- geon of Bellevue hospital in 1867-'8, and held the office of health inspector of New York city in 1869-'70. In 1870 he was attending physician to the class for diseases of the eye, out-door depart- ment of Bellevue hospital, and from 1870 till 1872 was attending physician at the Northwestern dis- pensary, and from 1870 till his death was attending physician to Trinity chapel parish and Trinity home. He was professor of principles and practice of medicine in the Woman's medical college of New York infirmary from 1872 till 1882, and pro- fessor of general medicine and physical diagnosis in the New York Polyclinic from 1882 until his death. He has published " Diagnostic Relations of the Indigestions " (New York, 1876) ; " Doctors, Hygiene, and Therapeutics " (1877) ; " Methods of Examining Weak Chests " (1885) ; " Limitations of the Diagnosis of Malaria " (1885) ; " Home Treat- ment of Consumptives " (1886) ; and " Physical Diagnosis of Thoracic Diseases " (2d ed., 1887). HUDSON, Frederic, journalist, b. in Quincy, Mass., in 1819; d. in Concord, Mass., 21 Oct., 1875. After receiving a limited education in the com- mon schools of Concord and Boston, Mass., he re- moved to New York city in 1836, and, entering the office of the " Herald," rose through the various grades till he became managing editor of that journal. After a connection of nearly thirty years with the " Herald," he retired in April, 1866, and resided in Concord, Mass., until his death. He was the author of "Journalism m the United States from 1690 till 1872 " (New York, 1873). HUDSON, Henry (sometimes called Hendrik Hudson), English navigator, b. in the latter half of the 16th century. He was a citizen of London, had a house there, and belonged to a family that counted among its members another Henry Hud- son, perhaps his grandfather, who was an alderman of London, and one of the founders, with Sebastian Cabot, of the Muscovy or Russia company, which was intended to promote the discovery of a northerly passage to China. From its establishment in 1555 till 1607, when Henry Hudson first appears upon the scene as a captain in its employ, various Hudsons were eminent in the counsels of the Mus- covy company, or were engaged in its explora- tions. Chris- topher Hudson was agent of the company in Rus- I sia as early as { 1559-60, took a deep interest in j the voyage of discovery to America of Sir Humphrey Gil- bert in 1583, and advised the com- pany to assist in raising the re- quisite funds. John Hudson was a member of the Muscovy and Virginia companies. Thomas Hud- son, a resident of Limehouse, was a captain of the Muscovy company in 1579, and commanded its expedition to Persia in the following year. On 24 Jan., 1583, Thomas Hudson advised Capt. John Davis concerning his search for a northwest pas- sage to China, which resulted in the discovery of Davis strait, and twenty-six years later exercised a powerful influence upon Henry Hudson in a voyage that eventually carried the latter into Del- aware bay and Hudson river. Stephen Hudson, a member of the East India company, which was originally promoted by some of the foremost mem- bers of the Muscovy company, is mentioned in the " Court Minutes " of the former corporation, un- der date of 13 Dec, 1602, as having paid to Mr. Chamberlain, the treasurer, "X for his supply toward the discovery of the Northwest passadge, and desired the Company to have him excused for non-payment thereof till now, for that he haith bene in the cuntry all this sumer and never hard thereof." Educated in the company's service and familiar with its aims, Henry Hudson was entire- ly devoted to the solution of the problem of a northerly passage to China, and the various dis- coveries that he made were the outcome of this original idea. Of Hudson's four voyages, of which we know anything, the first two were made for the Muscovy company, while the fourth and last was set on foot by Sir Thomas Smith, chief governor of the Muscovy company. The journal of Hud- son's first recorded voyage contains the earliest known incident in the life of the great mariner, and indicates his religious feeling while it also il- lustrates the devout spirit of the age. Purchas records : " Anno 1607, April! the nineteenth, at St. Etheburge in Bishop's Gate Street, did communi- cate with the rest of the parishioners these persons, seamen, purposing to goe to sea foure days after, for to discover a passage by the North Pole to Japan and China." Then follow eleven names, be- ginning with " Henry Hudson, master," and ending with his son " John Hudson, a boy." The little " Hopewell," of sixty tons, associated with the gallant Frobisher's last voyage twenty-nine years before, was now under Hudson's command, and in her he tried the eastern coast of Greenland, and followed the ice barrier around and up to about 82° N. Having reached the neighborhood of Spitz- HUDSON HUDSON 297 bergen without finding an entrance, he sought once more to penetrate into Davis strait by the north of Greenland by Lumley's inlet and the "furious overfall." Again frustrated by ice, he returned to the Thames, 15 Sept. He had attained a higher degree of latitude than any previous navi- gator, was the first to note the amelioration of the temperature in his northward progress, and, to sug- gest the existence of an open polar sea, and, more- over, by his recommendations he laid the founda- tions of the English whale-fisheries in the neigh- borhood of Spitzbergen. In this voyage, also, Hudson amended the map of Molineux or Wright, published by Hakluyt in 1600, which the learned Mr. Coote identifies with the "new map" re- ferred to by Shakespeare in " Twelfth Night." Hudson's second voyage for the Muscovy com- pany, for the " finding a passage to the East Indies by the North-East," began on 22 April, 1608, and he had with him his son John and Robert Juet, who accompanied him in his two later voyages, and finally basely conspired against him. On 3 June he reached the northern point of Norway, and on 11 June was in lat. 75° 24' N., between Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla. Striving in vain to pass to the northeast of the latter, and " voide of hope of a North-East passage (except by the Vaygats, for which I was not fitted to trie or prove)," he resolved, 6 July, to use all means to sail to the northwest, once more hoping to pass what Capt. Davis named Lumley's inlet and the furious overfall. But, hav- ing made little headway, on 7 Aug. he returned to England, arriving on 26 Aug. The fame of Hudson's voyages soon reached the ears of the recently established Dutch East India company, and, although its charter only conferred the privilege of trading with India by the Cape of Good Hope, stimulated by its fears of English rivalry, it determined also to despatch an expedi- tion in search of a northeast passage, and invited- Hudson to command it. The Muscovy company having temporarily abandoned the quest, and turned its attention to the whale-fisheries, which Hudson had suggested, he was at liberty, and, hav- ing conferred in person with the Amsterdam chamber, accepted the mission. Just as he had closed the affair, an invitation arrived from the king of France, desiring him to undertake a simi- lar voyage, and offering 4,000 crowns for the pur- pose. Henry C. Murphy, while U. S. minister at the Hague, discovered a copy of Hudson's contract, which shows that the original was executed, 6 Jan., 1609, at Amsterdam, that he signed his name Henry Hudson, and that in the body of the instru- ment he was also named Henry (and not Hendrik) Hudson ; and that an interpreter was required, as Hudson did not understand Dutch. It appears from the contract and abstract of instructions that the directors agreed to furnish a vessel of about sixty tons to " search for a passage to the north, around by the north side of Nova Zembla." For his outfit, and for the support of his wife and children, $320 were to be paid ; and in case he lost his life, the directors were to give his widow $80. If he found " the passage good and suitable for the company to use," the directors declared that they would reward him in their discretion. Having re- ceived important advice from his friends Jodocus Hondius, engraver and map-maker, and the cele- brated geographer the Rev. Peter Plautius, and from the latter also translations of Barentson's voyage memoranda in 1595, and the treatise of Iver Boty, which had belonged to Barentson, and also the log-books of George Waymouth, Hudson also had with him certain letters " which his friend, Capt. John Smith, had sent him from Virginia, and by which he informed him that there was a sea leading into the western ocean, by the north of the English colony." Hudson sailed from Am- sterdam on 4 April, 1609, his vessel being the " Half Moon " (see illustration), of about eighty tons, manned by a motley crew of sixteen English and Dutch sailors. Robert Juet, who had been his mate in the previous voyage, now acted as his clerk, and fortunately kept the curious journal of the voyage preserved in Purchas's third volume. Hudson's own journal, which De Laet had before him when he wrote the " Nieuwe Werelt," has en- tirely disappeared, together with such documents as Hudson may have forwarded to the Dutch East India company. Van Meteren tells us that Hud- son doubled the Cape of Norway on 5 May, and directed his course along the northern coasts to- ward Nova Zembla ; but he there found the sea as full of ice as in the preceding year, so that he lost hope of effecting anything. This and the cold, which some of his men, accustomed to the East India heat, could not bear, caused dissensions among the crew, upon which Hudson proposed to go to the coast of America to the latitude of 40° (an idea suggested by Capt. John Smith's maps and letters), or to direct the search to Davis strait. The latter idea Hudson had abandoned, when in a somewhat similar position, on his last voyage, and he again renounced it, and, " contrary to his in- structions," says Mr. Van Dam (which were to re- trace his steps and return to Amsterdam in case of failure to find a passage to the northeast), he shaped his course toward the setting sun, hoping to find a passage to India north of the infant colo- ny of Virginia. A fortnight later he replenished his water-casks in one of the Faroe group, on 2 July was at soundings off the grand bank of New- foundland, on the 12th was in Penobscot bay, on 4 Aug. at Cape Cod, and two weeks later found himself off King James's river, in Virginia. Re- sisting the temptation to visit his friend Smith, he again steered northward, and on Friday, 28 Aug., entered the . 3 — = _^^ great baynow ^^^ __ 33^. called Dela- : X ware, whence ^g| ; he emerged, after twenty- four hours of fruitless search for a passage to In- dia, and, fol- lowing the New Jersey coast, cast anchor on 3 Sept. within Sandy Hook. A month was passed in the great river in ascertaining that for about one hun- dred and fifty miles (to a point just above the site of the present city of Albany) its waters were naviga- ble for light-draught vessels, and that the surround- ing country was attractive and fertile, abounding in valuable game, and frequented by peaceful In- dians. He was unaware that Samuel Champlain was at the same time exploring the country not many miles north of him. (See Champlain.) Hud- son arrived at Dartmouth, on his return voyage, 7 Nov., and immediately wrote to the Dutch East India company, proposing to leave Dartmouth on 1 March for a search in the northwest for the pas- 298 HUDSON HUDSON sage to India. His employers, in reply, ordered his speedy return to Holland. But as Hudson and the other' Englishman were about to sail they were ordered by their government to remain and serve their own country. After eight months' detention in England, the " Half Moon " arrived in Amster- dam in the summer of 1610. In the preceding April, Hudson had once more sailed, under English auspices, in search of a northwest passage. In his ship the " Discouerie," of seventy tons, he pene- trated the long straits and discovered the great bay that bears his name, at the southern extremity of which his men wintered. Again surrounded by a mutinous crew, he encountered hardships and sufferings from their criminal misconduct, which the artful inventions of the survivors skilfully concealed. Though he had divided, even with tears, his last bread with his men, yet on midsum- sumer's day, 1611, while near the eastern coast, half way back to the straits, his ungrateful crew, thrusting him into a frail boat, with his son John and five sailors sick and blind with scurvy, cut him adrift, to perish in the great waste of waters, which, bearing his name, "is his tomb and his monu- ment." It is said that a document has been dis- covered among the archives of the Hudson bay company at their headquarters at York Factory, which is the confession of one of the mutineers. The manuscript is written in a large, firm hand, and consists of ten slips of paper, apparently torn from a book and tied together for better preserva- tion, and it is now in the office of the Hudson bay company in London. But personal application at the latter office, by the author of this article, was met by the emphatic reply of the authorities that not only had no such manuscript ever been in the London office, but no one there had ever heard of its existence. There is no authentic portrait or autograph of Hudson; but the picture given on page 296 is believed to be his likeness. It is possi- ble, however, that his intimate friend, Jodocus Hon- dius, engraved Hudson's portrait, and that it may yet be found. It is apparent, from the contract be- tween the Dutch East India company and Hudson, that he had several children besides the " only son " so often referred to by writers during the past two hundred years. The " Court Minutes of the Eng- lish East India Company " also reveal the follow- ing extremely interesting facts : " April 19, 1614, Being informed that Mrs. Hudson, the wife or widow of Mr. Hudson who was left in the North West discovery, desired their favour for employing a youth, a Son of his, she being left very poor, and conceiving that they were partly obliged in charity to give assistance in regard that his Father per- ished in the service of the Commonwealth, resolved to recommend him to the care of some one who is to go the voyage [to the East Indies]." Again, " April 19, 1614, Mrs. Hudson's son recommended to the care of Hunt, master's mate in the ' Samari- tan,' 51. to be laid out upon him for apparel and necessaries." See " Historical Inquiry Concerning Henry Hudson," by John Meredith Read (Albanv, 1866) ; " Henry Hudson in Holland," by Henry C. Murphy (New York, 1859)) ; and " Henry Hudson the Navigator," by Dr. Asher (Hakluyt society publications, London, 1860). HUDSON, Henry Norman, Shakespeare schol- ar, b. in Cornwall, Addison co., Vt., 28 Jan., 1814; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 16 Jan., 1886. In early life he worked at the trades of baker and wheel- wright. He was graduated at Middlebury in 1840, went south, and taught in Kentucky and in Hunts- ville, Ala. There he met a lady, also a teacher, whom he had known in New England. In their conversations, he said she was continually quoting Shakespeare, until he finally asked her one day, " What is it about Shakespeare ? " She replied : " Have you not read Shakespeare 1 " " Never a line," said he, " except in quotation." " Then," she said, " I advise you to read Shakespeare without delay." " I acted upon her advice," he said, " and very soon found that there was another world inside of the world in which I was living, about which I knew nothing." In his dissertation on the " character of Desdemona " may be found a beautiful passage, referring in a most appreciative manner to this lady, who was so directly instrumental in shaping his career. He was thirty years of age when he received this advice. In less than a quarter of a century after he had acquired a wide reputation, and was accepted as one of the great authorities in Shakesperean lore, and was the means of arous- ing an enthusiasm in behalf of the bard of Avon, so great as to inspire a man of wealth to endow a professorship of Shakespeare in Boston university. In 1848 Mr. Hudson published his " Lectures on Shakespeare " (2 vols., Boston). A second edition was called for the same year, and the work has finally been expanded to three volumes. In 1849 he was ordained deacon in the Episcopal church. He also published an edition of Shakespeare, with a life of the poet, and notes, original and selected (11 vols., Boston, 1851-'6). Subsequently he devoted his time and attention to the life and works of the poet Wordsworth, and published " Studies in Wordsworth " (Boston, 1884). For a few years he edited the New York " Churchman," and on his retirement from the editorship of this paper he undertook the publication of the "American Church Monthly." He was ordained a priest, and from 1858 till 1860 was rector of a church in Litch- field, Conn. He published one volume of sermons (Chicago, 1874), the style of the composition of which reminds one very forcibly of Lord Bacon. When the civil war began Mr. Hudson obtained a chaplaincy in a corps of engineers, which was or- dered to Virginia. After his return to the north he published " A Chaplain's Campaigns with Gen- eral Butler " (New York, 1865), which produced a great sensation. He was editor of the " Saturday Evening Gazette " for two years. He received the degree of LL. D. from Middlebury college in 1881. He was professor of Shakespeare in Boston uni- versity. Besides the works already mentioned he published a " School Shakespeare " (Chicago, 1870) ; " Shakespeare, his Life, Art, and Characters " (1872) ; a series of text-books containing selections from the works of classic authors. HUDSON, William Leverreth, naval officer, b. in New York, 11 May, 1794; d. in Brooklvn, N. Y., 15 Oct., 1862. He entered the navy, 1 Jan., 1816, and became lieutenant, 28 April, 1826 ; com- mander, 2 Nov., 1842 ; and captain, 14 Sept., 1855. He took part in Capt. Charles Wilkes's exploring expedition, being second in command, and his ves- sel, the sloop-of-war " Peacock," was lost on the bar at the mouth of Columbia river, owing to the pilot's carelessness. For several years he was commandant of the Brooklyn navy-yard. In 1857 he was assigned to the command of the " Niagara " on her first Atlantic cable expedition, and again in 1858, when this effort was successful. For his service on this occasion he received valuable gifts and marks of distinction from the governments of Great Britain and Russia. On his return he was assigned to the command of the Charlestown navy-yard. He was retired in August, 1862, and appointed one of the board of lighthouse-inspec- tors, which office he held until his death. HUEBNER HUELEN 299 HUEBNER, John Andrew, Moravian bishop, b. in Aschersleben, Prussia, 16 June, 1737 ; d. in Berthelsdorf, Saxony, 26 Dec, 1809. In 1780 he was appointed pastor of the church at Bethlehem, Pa., which he served until 1790, when, on 11 April, he was consecrated bishop, and then resided at Litiz, Lancaster co., Pa., but had a seat in the governing board at Bethlehem. He succeeded Bishop Hehl in the superintendence of the churches of southern Pennsylvania and Maryland. In 1801 he returned to Europe, having been elected to the supreme executive board, known as the " Unity's Elders' Conference," at Berthelsdorf. HUEBSCH, Adolpll, Hebrew scholar and rabbi, b. in St. Nicolaus, Hungarv, 18 Sept., 1830 ; d. in New York city, 10 Oct., 1884. While a student, he participated in the Hungarian revolution of 1848-'9, and, when it was suppressed, after resuming his studies, officiated as rabbi in various towns. In 1861 he received the degree of Ph. D. from Prague university, and preached in that city for a short time. In 1866 he was called to New York as rabbi of a synagogue, where he preached until his death. Dr. Huebsch was a Talmudic and Semitic scholar of high attainments, a preacher of rare power, with a personality that charmed old and young. He was peculiarly successful in his ministry. He pub- lished " Gems from the Orient," a selection of Tal- mudic and oriental proverbs, and a volume of his sermons and addresses was issued in 1885. HUEBSCHMANN, Francis, physician, b. in Riethnordhausen, grand - duchy of Weimar, 19 April, 1817; d. in Milwaukee, Wis., 21 March, 1880. He was educated at Erfurt and Weimar, and was graduated in medicine at Jena in 1841. He came to the United States in 1842, and settled in Milwaukee, where he resided until his death. He was school-commissioner from 1843 till 1851, a member of the first constitutional convention in 1846, and served on the committee on suffrage and elective franchise. He was the especial champion of the provision in the constitution granting for- eigners equal rights with Americans. He was presi- dential elector in 1848, a member of the city coun- cil and county supervisor from 1848 till 1867, and state senator in 1851-2, 1862, and 1871-2. From 1853 till 1857 he was superintendent of Indian affairs of the north. During the civil war he en- tered the national service in 1862 as surgeon of the 26th Wisconsin volunteers. He was surgeon in charge of a division at the battle of Chancellorsville, and of the 9th army corps at Gettysburg, where he was held by the Confederates for three days. He was also at the battle of Chattanooga, in charge of the corps hospital in Lookout valley in 1864, and brigade surgeon in the campaign to Atlanta. He was honorably discharged in that year, and, re- turning to Milwaukee, became connected with the United States general hospital. HUEFFEL, Christian Gottlieb, Moravian bishop, b. in Kleinwelke, Germany, in 1762 ; d. in Herrnhut, Saxony, 7 June, 1842. After filling various important offices in his native country, among others that of president of the German Moravian theological seminary, from which he was graduated in earlier years, he was consecrated bishop, 24 Aug., 1814, and came to the United States in 1818 as presiding bishop of the northern district. In this office he labored with great suc- cess until 1826, when he returned to Europe, hav- ing been elected a member of the supreme execu- tive board of the Moravian church. He took a circuitous route by way of the West Indies, and visited the extensive missions in those islands. He was a scientist and a musician of rare gifts. HUEHUETEMIXC ATL (way - way - tay - mix- cat'-tle), Toltec statesman, b. in the second quarter of the 11th century; d. in the beginning of the 12th century. He was educated by the Toltec king, Tecpantcalzin, and served under him in the army. This king died in 1071, and Topiltzin, the last of the Toltec kings, ascended the throne. The first year of his government was notable for a super- abundance of rain, which destroyed the crop of grain, and in the following year plagues of grass- hoppers and mice destroyed everything in the country. The superstition of the people interpret- ed these calamities as predicted by Huematzin, and considered that their last days had arrived. At this crisis the news arrived at Tula that the people of the south were in rebellion, and intended to attack Tula and destroy the city. The king tried to settle the matter in a peaceful manner, and sent an embassy to the rebels ; but they answered that they were ready to go to Tula, and were not will- ing to accept a peace, but would subjugate the nation. When Topiltzin heard this answer, he communicated it to his people, and Huehuetemix- catl volunteered to go and punish the rebels. Ac- cordingly he gathered a strong army, and began the campaign in 1099. The war lasted three years, in which time Huehuetemixcatl distinguished him- self, preventing the rebels from advancing to the capital. But a revolution broke out in Tula itself, the capital was finally occupied by the rebels, and King Topiltzin was put to death. Huehuetemix- catl then surrendered, and went to Tula to pre- serve the historical paintings or sacred book, and to exert his influence among the conquerors to prevent the total ruin of his race and country. Seeing that it was impossible to live among the barbarians, he departed, accompanied by a few of his countrymen, and founded several of the cities in the valley of Mexico. The ruin of Tula took place in the year 1103. Some historians contend that this warrior and his sons were the founders of the celebrated nations of Yucatan, and others of those of Chiapas and Central America. HUELEN (way-leng'), Araucanian soldier, b. in Angol about 1540; d. near Osorno in 1603. He was cacique of the tribe of Trapan, and from his early youth acquired military knowledge in the wars against the Spaniards, so that after the death of toqui Colcur, he was called by the united tribes to the chief command of the Araucanian forces in the beginning of 1599. Immediately he began to attack the forces of Gen. Yiscarra, whom he kept at bay, and in July of that year gave battle to Gen. Quinones in the plain of Yumbel, which lasted a whole day, and resulted in victory for the Spaniards, but with enormous losses. Two days afterward Huelen gathered his forces again and furiously attacked the unsuspecting Spaniards, whom he defeated. He had learned from the Spaniards their military tactics, and introduced great modifications into the Indian army, whom he also taught the management of the horses cap- tured from the enemy. On 14 Nov., 1599, he sur- rounded the city of Yaldivia with an army of 4,000 men, of whom 200 were covered with Spanish cuirasses, and 60 armed with arquebuses. He de- feated the garrison in a sally, stormed the city, and put the whole garrison and many citizens to the sword, carried off the women, and after plun- dering the city burned it to the ground. For two years he continued to harass the Spaniards con- tinuously. In 1601 he routed the forces under Alonso de Rivera, near Concepcion, and immedi- ately attacked the city, which fell into his power and was razed to the ground. In 1602 he destroyed 300 HUELVA HUGER several colonies south of Bio-Bio, and in the be- ginning of 1603, with a powerful army, besieged the city of Osorno, but, after desperate efforts to capture it, retreated with the loss of many men. Scarcely a month had elapsed when he gathered a new army and appeared again before the fortress : but his advanced age and the results of many old wounds brought about his death before the siege had made any progress. HUELVA, Alonso Sanchez de (wail'-va), Span- ish navigator, lived in the latter part of the 15th century. He was born in the small town of Huelva, near Moguer, and from that town he took his sur- name. He is generally credited with the first dis- covery of the New World, as it is asserted that he was cast by a tempest on the shores of North America, and, being saved with three or four sail- ors, returned to the island of Madeira ; and that from him Columbus obtained his first information of the continent, and was guided by this in his discovery. As Huelva's original manuscript was lost, the tradition of his voyage was set down as fabulous, but later researches seem to confirm the tradition, and such writers as George Horn, Laet, Alderete, Jose de Acosta, Grotius, and Hakluyt appear to give it full credit. Mariana affirms that there are authentic proofs of Huelva's landing at Madeira. Garcilaso de la Vega credits Huelva with the discovery of South America. Ferdinand Denis, in his " Articles critiques," Fray Geronimo de la Concepcion, in his " Cadiz Ilustrado," and Diego da Costa, in " Ocios de Espanoles Emigra- dos," also mention Huelva's discovery. HUEMATZIN (way-mat-seen'), Toltee scholar, lived about the end of the 8th century. He was the most celebrated philosopher of Tula, and is generally believed to be the collector of the histori- cal paintings called " Teomaxtly," the divine book, a kind of cyclopaedia of the history, laws, customs, sciences, and arts known to the Tol- tecs. It also describes the migrations of the na- tion after they left the shores of Asia till their arrival in the Anahuac valley, and relates the dif- ferent sojourns of the tribes on the banks of the river Gila before crossing it. The " Teom'axtly " was included in that magnificent library of Aztec and Toltee volumes condemned to be burned by the Bishop of Mexico, Zumarraga, under the pre- tence that they were works of infidels. Huematzin was not, as it is generally believed, an Aztec. Ac- cording to the most recent researches of the Vicar of Rabinal, Brasseur de Bourbourg, he belonged to the more cultured race of the Toltecs, which, although subjugated afterward by the Aztecs, re- tained the monopoly of science and sacerdotal edu- cation in the ancient Mexican empire. HUEPON (way-pong'), Araucanian soldier, b. in the valley of Yanapocho about 1511 ; d. near Se- rena early in 1548. He was cacique of the tribe of Promancos, and, when Chili was invaded by the ex- pedition of Valdivia in 1541, Huepon was elected by the assembled caciques their commander-in- chief against the invaders, and was the first to at- tack the conquerors. During the construction of the city of Santiago by Valdivia, he continually fought the Spaniards, and several times destroyed the fortifications, keeping them in perpetual alarm and scattering their forces. In 1542 he took ad- vantage of the absence of Valdivia on an expedi- tion to the south to surprise the city, destroy the intrenchments, and oblige the citizens to take ref- uge in the fort on the hill, which he also attacked, and compelled the commander, Alonso de Mouroy, to abandon it and accept a battle in the plains, where he was defeated. The new colon v would probably have been destroyed entirely but for the opportune arrival of Valdivia, who defeated Hue- pon. During that year and in 1543-'4 he contin- ued to oppose the Spaniards, but was not fortunate, and resolved to abandon the valley of Mapocho with his tribe, and join the northern tribes of Copiapo, who continued the warfare against the Spaniards, and by those tribes he was appointed general-in-chief of the northern confederation on account of his military skill. In 1545 he attacked Alonso de Monroy on the march to Peru in search of re-enforcements, who narrowly escaped with one companion, while all the rest of the force was de- stroyed. In the valleys Coquimbo and Copiapo the Spanish forces found no rest from Huepon, who killed a great number of them, and, on account of his sudden and unexpected appearances, they called him " the ghost." In 1546 Valdivia, to get some rest from Huepon, signed a treaty of peace with him, which was soon broken by the latter, who in 1547 destroyed the new settlement of Se- rena, and continued his depredations till he was murdered by some warriors of the northern tribes, who disliked to be commanded by a southerner. HUET DE NAVARRE, French governor of Cayenne, b. in Conde sur Noireau in 1611 ; d. in Surinam in 1658. Several merchants of Rouen founded in 1640 the Society of the Cap Nord, and obtained from Louis XIII. the concession of the vast countries between the Orinoco and the Ama- zon on condition that they should establish there a French colony. An expedition of 300 men sailed accordingly from Dieppe on 1 Sept., 1643, arriv- ing on the banks of Cayenne on 25 Nov. Poncet de Bretigny was the commander, and Huet de Navarre acted as his lieutenant. The new colo- nists established themselves in the island of Cay- enne, and built a fortress on the mountain Ceperon, as a barrier against the incursions of the Indians. Meanwhile the violent temper of Bretigny created trouble ; he was murdered by soldiers, and Huet de Navarre was elected to his place in 1644. Under the wise administration of the new governor, the young colony prospered, and a re-enforcement of forty laborers, received in the following year, enabled him to pass to the continent and extend the possessions of the company. But troubles arose again among the colonists, caused principally by the unhealthful climate. Many returned to France, and Huet to Fort Ceperon, awaiting anxiously new re-enforcements, 1647. The Company of Cap Nord relinquished its rights to a new society (1652), which took the name of Les 12 seigneurs, com- pagnie de la France equinoxiale, and sent from Havre an expedition of 800 men under the com- mand of Chevalier de Royville. The latter died at sea, and on landing at Cayenne, 30 Sept., 1652, the new colonists elected Huet president of the board of four members, who represented the company. The French establishments prospered for several years, and had extended far inland, when a disas- trous fire, caused by a lunatic, destroyed all the stores of the colonists in 1656. The Galibis Indians took that opportunity to renew their attacks, and the French resolved to seek refuge at Surinam. Huet opposed the evacuation of Cayenne, but want of provisions compelled him to yield, and, after severe fighting with the Galibis, his forces reached Surinam ; but he was so exhausted by the journey that he died a few days later. HUGER, Daniel (u'-gee), refugee, b. in Loudun, France, 1 April, 1651 ; d. near Santee river, S. C, 24 Dec, 1711. His father, John Huger, was a no- tary. Before the revocation of the edict of Nan- tes he fled from France, and eventually settled in HUGER HUGER 301 e^fc^Z^ (flltfrj&T*: South Carolina, where he had a grant of land. — His grandson, Daniel, patriot, b. on Limerick Planta- tion, on Cooper river, S. C., 20 Feb., 1741 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 1 July, 1799, was educated in Europe. He was a delegate to the Continental congress from 1786 till 1788, and a representative to the first congress, serving from 1789 till 1793. — The second Daniel's brother, Isaac, soldier, b. on Limerick Plantation, S. C, 19 March, 1742 ; d. 17 Oct., 1797, after receiving an education in Europe, was commissioned lieutenant in a battalion raised by the colony, and commanded by Col. Thomas Middleton, for service against the Cherokee In- dians in 1760. At the begin- ning of the Rev- olutionary war he was made lieutenant -colo- nel of the 1st regiment, and in 1776 was pro- moted to the col- onelcy of the 5th regiment, South Carolina conti- nental line. He was commissioned a brigadier-general in the U. S. army, 9 Jan., 1779, and participated in every battle of consequence fought by the southern army. He opposed the invasion of Georgia by Gen. Archibald Campbell, commanded the left wing at the battle of Stono, 20 June, 1779, and was wounded while leading his men. He also led the Georgia and South Carolina militia in the unsuc- cessful attack on Savannah, and during the siege of Charleston was employed with a body of light troops to cut off supplies from the enemy and keep open communication between the town and coun- try ; but his force was defeated and dispersed by Tarleton and Webster at Monk's Comer, S. C. He joined the army of Gen. Greene, and commanded the Virginians at the battle of Guilford Court- House, where he was severely wounded. At Hob- kirk's Hill he commanded the right wing of the army. On the restoration of peace he was made vice-president, and Maj.-Gen. Moultrie president, of the Society of the Cincinnati of the state of South Carolina. — Another brother, John, patriot, b. on Limerick Plantation, S. C, 5 June, 1744 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 22 Jan., 1804, completed his education in Europe. He was a member of the commons house of assembly, and in 1775 of the provincial congress, and, with his brothers Daniel, Benjamin, and Isaac, took an active part in the revolutionary movement of South Carolina. He was a member of the council of safety which as- sumed the sovereign control of the province until the adoption of its first state constitution. In 1792 he was intendent of Charleston, and continued at intervals in the service of his state and city until his death. He was secretary of South Carolina for a number of years. He was also a large and suc- cessful rice-planter. — Another brother, Francis, soldier, b. 19 June, 1751 ; d. 18 Aug., 1811, was educated in Europe. He was commissioned cap- tain in the 2d South Carolina regiment, of which William Moultrie was colonel, and took part in the defence of Fort Moultrie against the fleet under Sir Peter Parker, 28 June, 1776. Soon afterward he was promoted lieutenant-colonel and made dep- uty quartermaster to Gen. Mifflin, for the south- ern department, which post he resigned in 1778. Subsequently he resided on his plantation, " Mid- way," on Cooper river. — Another brother, Ben- jamin, patriot, b. on Limerick Plantation, S. C, 30 Dec, 1746 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 11 May, 1779, was a member of the house of assembly and of the provincial congress, and took a prominent part in the revolutionary movement in South Carolina. On 25 Feb., 1776, he was made major of the 1st regiment of riflemen, afterward known as the 5th South Carolina regiment on the continental estab- lishment, and had become known as a capable and promising officer, when his career was suddenly ended by the fire from the lines of Charleston as he returned from reconnoitring the position of the British under Gen. Prevost, then before the town. — Daniel's son, Daniel Elliott, jurist, b. in South Carolina, 28 June, 1779; d. on Sullivan's island, S. C, 21 Aug., 1854, was graduated at Princeton in 1798, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1811, and began practice in Charleston. He became a judge in 1819, presided over various courts, and for nearly fifty years was identified with the public service of his State. He was a member successively of both houses of the legislature, and was elected U. S. senator as a state-rights Democrat, in place of John C. Calhoun, serving from 1843 till 1845, when he resigned. When the Federal party, of which he was a member, opposed the war of 1812, he refused to continue with them. During the nullification excitement in 1832 he was one of the small minority of Union men. — John's son, Alfred, statesman, b. in Charleston, S. C, 1 Nov., 1788 ; d. there, 14 May, 1872, was educated at Princeton, and on his return to Charleston studied law, which he soon abandoned to take charge of his plantation on Cooper river. He was a member of the state senate for ten years, and was conspicuous for his loyalty to the Federal government during the nulli- fication agitation. In the convention of 1832 he was, with his friend and cousin Judge Huger, of the small minority that voted against that action. His powerful speech in the senate in opposition to resolutions denouncing President Jackson's course led to a request from a large body of his constitu- ents for his resignation, which he declined, deny- ing their right to "instruct" him. He was ap- pointed postmaster of Charleston by President Jackson, which office he declined, being unwilling to depose Thomas W. Bacot, who had been placed there by Gen. Washington. But when Bacot died Mr. Huger was reappointed, and held the office from 19 Dec, 1834, till the close of the civil war. He was again offered this post by President John- son, but was unwilling to take the " iron-clad oath." He was ruined by the wai*, and in his old age was sent to the convention of 1866, which was his last appearance in public life. He was a finished ora- tor, and in impromptu address had no superior. — Benjamin's son, Francis Kinloch, patriot, b. in Charleston, S. C, in September, 1773 ; d. there, 14 Feb., 1855, was sent to England for his education, and studied under the celebrated Dr. John Hunter. He became a surgeon, and in 1794 was for a short time attached to the medical staff of the English army, then in Flanders. Thence he went to Vi- enna, where his family associations with the Mar- quis de Lafayette induced him to join in an attempt to liberate Gen. Lafayette from the Austrian fort- ress of Olmutz. The rescue was successful, though Lafayette was recaptured near the frontier. Mr. Huger, having given up the horse to his compan- ion, Dr. Eric Bollmann, was arrested near the spot and taken to Olmutz, where he was harshly treated. 302 HUGHES HUGHES After an imprisonment of nearly eight months, he was released in 1798, and sent across the frontier. He then returned to America, and was soon after- ward commissioned a captain in the U. S. army. In 1811 he married a daughter of Gen. Thomas Pinckney. At the beginning of the war of 1812 he was made a lieutenant-colonel in the 2d artillery, and placed on the staff of Gen. Pinckney. On 6 April, 1813, he became adjutant-general with the rank of colonel. Subsequently he served in the state legislature. — John's grandson, Thomas Bee, b. in Charleston, S. C., 12 July, 1820 ; d. in New Orleans, La., 10 May, 1862, entered the U. S. navy as a midshipman, July, 1835. During the Mexican war he was at the siege of Vera Cruz, serving with the land forces. On the secession of South Caro- lina he resigned his commission and returned home. During the bombardment of Fort Sumter he com- manded a battery on Morris island. As lieuten- ant-commander in the Confederate navy, he fought his vessel, the " McCrae," a converted merchant steamer, when the National fleet under Farragut forced its way up to New Orleans, where he fell mortally wounded, 24 April, 1862. He married Miss Mariamne Meade, a sister of Gen. George G. Meade of the U. S. army. — Francis Kinloch's son, Benja- min, soldier, b. in Charleston, S. C, in 1806 ; d. there, 7 Dec, 1877, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1825, and brevetted 2d lieu- tenant in the 3d artillery. He served on topo- graphical duty till 1828, when he went to Europe on leave of absence. He became a captain of ord- nance, 30 May, 1832, and was in command of Fort Monroe arsenal, Va., from 1832 till 1839. From 1839 till 1846 he was a member of the ordnance board, and in 1840-'l of a military commission on professional duty in Europe, and he was again in command of Fort Monroe arsenal from 1841 till 1846. In 1847-8 he was chief of ordnance in the army under Gen. Winfield Scott in the war with Mexico, having charge of the siege-train at Vera Cruz, and was brevetted major for gallantry, 29 March, 1847. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel at Molino del Eey, 8 Sept., 1847, and colonel at Chapultepec, 13 Sept., 1847. In 1852 South Caro- lina presented him with a sword of honor for meritorious conduct and gallantry in the war with Mexico. From 1848 till 1851 he again held com- mand of the Fort Monroe arsenal, and from 1849 till 1851 was a member of a board to devise " a complete system of instruction for siege, garrison, sea-coast, and mountain artillery," adopted, 20 May, 1851, for the U. S. service. In 1851-'4 he com- manded the armory at Harper's Ferry, Va. He became major on 15 Feb., 1855, and was stationed at Pikesville arsenal, Md., in 1854-'60, and the Charleston arsenal, S. C, in 1860. On 22 April, 1861, he resigned, and was made a brigadier-gen- eral in the Confederate army. He commanded, with the rank of major-general, at Norfolk, before its occupation by the National forces, 10 May, 1862. and subsequently led a division in the seven days' fight in front of Richmond. He was relieved from command of his division in consequence of his failure to cut off McClellan's retreat after the bat- tle of Malvern Hill, 1 July, 1862. He was assigned to duty in the ordnance department in the trans- Mississippi, where he continued until the end of the war. He then became a farmer in Virginia. HUGHES, Anson K., naval officer, b. in New York city, 31 March, 1822. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 20 Oct., 1838 ; became a lieutenant, 9 Sept., 1853 ; commander, 16 Nov., 1862 ; captain, 10 Feb., 1869 ; commodore in 1875, and rear-admiral in 1882. He made a voyage to Puget sound in the sloop- of-war " Decatur " in 1855, and had a fight on shore at the town of Seattle with 500 Indians, whom he defeated, 25 Jan., 1855. He commanded the " Wa- ter-Witch," of the Gulf squadron, in 1861-2 ; the steamer " Mohawk," of the South Atlantic squad- ron, 1862-'3, and the steamer " Cimmaron " of that squadron in 1863-4, and participated in the bom- bardment of the other works in Charleston har- bor. In 1884 he was retired from the service. HUGHES, Ball, sculptor, b. in London, Eng- land, 19 Jan., 1806 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 5 March, 1868. He early showed a fondness for modelling, and procured his first supply of wax by collecting candle-ends, with which he made a bass-relief copy of a picture, representing the judgment of Solo- mon, that was afterward cast in silver. His father placed him in the studio of Edward H. Baily, with whom he remained for seven years. During this time he gained important prizes, including a large silver medal that was given by the Royal academy for the best copy in bass-relief of the Apollo Belvedere, a silver medal from the Society of arts for a copy of the Barberine Faun, a large silver medal for the best original model from life, and a gold medal for an original composition called " Pandora brought to Earth by Mercury." He also executed several ideal statues, and busts of George IV. and the Dukes of Cambridge, Sussex, and York, besides a statuette of George IV., that was afterward cast in bronze. He came to the United States in 1829, and settled first in New York, where he made in marble a statue of Alexander Hamil- ton for the Merchants' exchange, but it was de- stroyed by fire in 1835. The life-size monumental high-relief of Bishop Hobart of New York, now in the vestry of Trinity church, New York city, was made by him about this time. Later he re- sided in Dorchester, Mass., and there made " Little Nell " and the group " Uncle Toby and Widow Wadman," which are preserved in plaster at the Boston athenasum, but never have been carved in marble. Among his later works are a model of an equestrian statue of Washington, intended for the city of Philadelphia, a " Crucifixion," a statue in bronze of Nathaniel Bowditch that is now in Mount Auburn cemetery, a statuette of Gen. Joseph Warren, a bust of Washington Irving, and a "Mary Magdalen." Mr. Hughes also lec- tured upon art, and attracted attention by his sketches that he made on wood with a hot iron. HUGHES, Christopher, diplomatist, b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1786 ; d. there, 18 Sept., 1849. He married, in 1811, Laura Sophia, a daughter of Gen. Samuel Smith. He was commissioned secretary to the U. S. legation at London on 3 Feb., 1814, and transferred to Stock- holm on 26 Sept., 1816. When Jona- than Russell retired in 1818 he left Mr. Hughes in charge, and for the next thir- ty-five years the Unit- ed States had no min- ister at that capital. Hughes was commis- sioned charge d'af- faires on 20 Jan., 1819. On 15 July, 1825, he retired, having been appointed charge d'affaires to the Netherlands, with special instructions. He returned to Sweden as charge d'affaires on 3 March, 1830, and remained £^//^~kz- : " India," of which he was supercargo, was not heard of after 1 Aug., 1803. — Another son, Sam- uel, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 Nov., 1778 ; d. in Georgetown, D. C, 16 Aug., 1846, was sent to Georgia by the government at the age of eighteen to make contracts for supplying live-oak for a navy. In 1815 he was appointed chief contractor | of the U. S. navy, which post he held until his death. In 1824 the Emperor Alexander of Russia j requested him to construct a navy for Russia, offer- j ing him a yearly salary of $60,000. This was re- fused by Mr. Humphreys, who replied : " I do not I know that I possess the merits attributed to me, but, be they great or small, I owe them all to the flag of my country." — Samuel's son, Andrew At- ; kinson, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 2 Nov., 1810 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 27 Dec, 1883. He j was graduated at the U. S. military academy in i 1831, assigned to the 2d artillery, and served at the academy, on garrison duty, in special work, and in the Florida campaign of 1835. In September, 1836, he resigned, and j was employed as a I civil engineer by the U. S. govern- ' ment on the plans of Brandywine Shoal lighthouse and Crow Shoal v-#^*r^ / > breakwater, under Major Hartman Baehe. On 7 July, 1838, he was reap- pointed in the U. S. army, with the rank of 1st lieutenant in the corps of to- pographical engi- neers, and served in charge of works for the improvement of various j harbors, and in Washington in 1842-9 as assistant in charge of the coast-survey office. Meanwhile, in May, 1848, he was promoted captain, and sub- sequently was engaged in a topographical and hydrographical survey of the delta of the Missis- | sippi river, with a view of determining the most j practicable plans for securing it from inundation i and for deepening its channel at the mouth. He [ was compelled by illness to relinquish the charge . of this work in 1851, and went to Europe, where ; he examined the river deltas of the continent, studying the means that were employed abroad for protection against inundation. On his return in 1854 he was given charge of the office duties in Washington that were connected with the explora- tions and. surveys for railroads from the Mississippi to the Pacific. In 1857 he resumed his work on the survey of the Mississippi delta, and published in conjunction with Lieut. Hemy L. Abbot a " Re- port on the Physics and Hydraulics of the Missis- sippi River " (Philadelphia, 1861). He was made major in August, 1861, and after the beginning of the civil war was assigned to duty on Gen. McClellan's staff. During the campaign on the Virginia pen- insula he was chief topographical engineer of the Army of the Potomac, and was made brigadier- general of volunteers on 28 April, 1862. In Sep- tember, 1862, Gen. Humphreys was given command of a division of new troops in the 5th corps of the Army of the Potomac, with which he led in the Maryland campaign. He was engaged in the bat- tle of Fredericksburg and at Chaneellorsville. where he was posted on the extreme left of the army, and meanwhile he received the brevet of colonel and was made lieutenant-colonel in the corps of engineers. He was then transferred to the command of the 2d division in the 3d corps, with which he served in the battle of Gettysburg under Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, where he was promoted major-general in the volunteer army. On 8 July, 1863, he became chief of staff to Gen. Meade, and he continued to fill that place till November, 1864. He was then given command of the 2d corps, which was engaged under his direction at the siege of ^Petersburg, the actions at Hatcher's Run, and the subsequent operations, ending with Lee's sur- render. Gen. Humphreys received the brevet of major-general in the U. S. army for services at Sailor's Creek, and, after the march to Washington, was placed in command of the district of Pennsyl- vania. From December, 1865, till August, 1866, he was in charge of the Mississippi levees, where he was mustered out of the volunteer service. He was then made brigadier-general and given com- mand of the corps of engineers, the highest scien- tific appointment in the U. S. army, with charge of the engineer bureau in Washington. This office he held until 30 June, 1879, when he was retired at his own request, serving during three years on many commissions, including that to examine into canal routes across the isthmus connecting North and South America, and also on the lighthouse board. Gen. Humphreys was elected a member of the American philosophical society in 1857, a member of the American academy of arts and sciences in 1863, and was one of the incorporating members of the National academy of sciences in the last-named year. He also held honorary mem- berships in foreign scientific societies, and received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard in 1868. His literary labors included several reports to the gov- ernment concerning the engineering work on the Mississippi and on railroad routes across the continent, and he contributed biographical material concerning Joshua Humphreys to Jas. Grant Wil- son's " History of the Frigate Constitution." He also published " The Virginia Campaigns of 1864 and 1865 " (New York, 1882), and " From Gettys- burg to the Rapidan " (1882). HUMPHREYS. Milton Wylie, educator, b. in Greenbrier, W. Va., 15 Sept., 1844. He entered Washington college, Va. (now Washington and Lee university), but left at the age of seventeen to enlist in the Confederate army. He was a gunner in Bryan's battery, and was noted for his skill as a marksman, making a practical study of the prob- lem of a projectile moving in a resisting medium, and having his mathematical books thrice thrown out of the limber-box into the rain by his superior officers. After the war he re-entered Washington college, was made tutor of Latin, assistant profes- sor of Greek and Latin, and adjunct professor of ancient languages, and received the degrees of M. A. in 1869 from Washington and Lee univer- sity, and Ph. D. in 1874 from Leipsic university. He was called to the chair of Greek in Vanderbilt university at its opening in 1875, and to that of ancient languages in the University of Texas at its opening in 1883. Vanderbilt university gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1883. He has published numerous papers in the " Transactions of the American Philological Association," of which he was president in 1882, and editions of the " Clouds" of Aristophanes, the "Antigone" and "OZdipus Tyrannus " of Sophocles, and the second book of Thucydides. He is editor for the United States and Canada of the " Revue des Revues," and cor- respondent of the " Philologische Wochenschrift." HUMPHREYS HUNT 315 HUMPHREYS, Thomas Basil, Canadian poli- tician, b. in Liverpool, England, in 1840. He was educated in his native city, emigrated to British Columbia, and sat in its legislature before the union with Canada. He was appointed a member of the executive council and minister of finance and agriculture in February. 1870, but resigned in July of that year, and, on the resignation of the Elliott administration in 1878, he was appointed provincial secretary. He represented Lillooet in the provincial parliament from 1871 till 1875, when he was elected for Victoria. HUMPTON, Richard, soldier, b. in Yorkshire, England, about 1733 ; d. in Chester county, Pa., 21 Dec, 1804. He was a captain in the British army, and was in the attack on St. Malo. While stationed in the West Indies, he resigned his com- mission, came to Pennsylvania, and settled on one of the upper branches of the Susquehanna. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the "flying camp," 16 July, 1776, and was afterward trans- ferred to the colonelcy of the 11th Pennsylvania regiment, took part in the battle of Brandywine, and at the close of the war was colonel of the 2d regiment. After peace was declared he settled on a farm, and was appointed adjutant-general of mi- litia, which post he held till his death. HUN, Edward Reynolds, phvsician, b. in Al- bany, N. Y., 17 April, 1842 ; d. in Stamford, Conn., 14 March, 1880. He was graduated at Harvard in 1863, studied in Albany medical college, re- ceived his diploma from the medical department of Columbia in 1866. Subsequently he studied in Paris and London, and settled in practice in Al- bany. Dr. Hun was a member of numerous medi- cal societies, physician to several hospitals, and special pathologist to the New York state lunatic- asylum at Utica. He translated C. Bouchard's " Secondary Degenerations of the Spinal Cord " (Utica, 1869), and contributed numerous articles to medical journals, which include " Trichina Spi- ralis " (1869) ; " Pulse of the Insane " (1870) ; and " Haematoma Auris " (1870). HUNGERFORD, John Pratt, soldier, b. in Leeds, Westmoreland co., Va., in 1760; d. in Twi- ford, Westmoreland co., Va., 21 Dec, 1833. He was an officer in the Revolution, and served for several sessions in the Virginia house of delegates. In 1811 he was elected to congress as a Democrat, but served only a month, his election being success- fully contested by John Taliaferro. Hungerford was elected to the next congress, and served from 1813 till 1817. He was in the war of 1812-14, be- came brigadier-general of militia on the Potomac, and was at one time encamped with his forces on Arlington heights. He also commanded in sup- port of Com. David Porter's artillery in September, 1814, at White House, on Pamunkv river, Va. HUNGERFORD, William, lawyer, b. in East Haddam, Conn., 22 Nov., 1786 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 15 Jan., 1873. He was graduated at Yale in 1809. and studied law with Roger and Matthew Griswold in Lyme. He was admitted to the bar in New London in 1812, and practised in Had- lyme till 1819, when he removed to Hartford, at- taining high rank in his profession. He repre- sented East Haddam in the legislature, after his removal to Hartford was several times a delegate from that city, and was a member of the con- stitutional convention of Connecticut in 1818. He was a Federalist, a Whig, and in later years a Re- publican. Mr. Hungerford withdrew from general practice in 1860, but continued the management of his large property until a few months before his death. Yale gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1856. HUNNEUS, George, Chilian statesman, b. in Santiago, 30 Aug., 1831. He was graduated at the university of his native city in 1855, and in 1856 was appointed professor of jurisprudence and po- litical science. In 1858 he was elected to congress for the province of Cauquenes, and was known as one of the most elegant orators in defence of lib- eral principles. Next year he was elected president of the lower house, and became prominent as a leader of the opposition against the conservative government, for which reason he was banished by President Montt. He came to the United States, together with his companion in exile. Vicuna Mac- kenna, and studied the institutions of the republic. At the close of Montt's presidential term, in 1861, Hunneus returned to Chili, was elected to congress, and became speaker. The new president, Jose Joaquin Perez, desiring to form an independent ministry from moderate members of both political parties, called Hunneus as secretary of public in- struction and justice, and as such he introduced great improvements in both branches, and greatly augmented the number of public schools. In 1865 he was elected to the senate, and contributed to the termination of the war between Spain and the Pacific republics. In 1870 he was secretary of the interior, and was specially commissioned by the government to sign a treaty of friendship and commerce with the Austro-Hungarian envoy, Rear- Admiral Baron A. de Petz. In 1872 he was presi- dent of the senate, and in 1873 was given by Presi- dent Errazuriz the portfolio of the treasury, and in 1874 he became secretary of foreign affairs, at the same time occupying professorships in the uni- versity. Since the resignation of President Erra- zuriz in 1876, Hunneus has continued to take an active part in politics as senator, and during the war against Peru and Bolivia he was a member of the government council for the direction of the war. He was also appointed rector of the Uni- versity of Santiago in the place of the famous scientist Domeyko. Hunneus, besides numerous educational works and political pamphlets, has written "Historia politica de Chile" (Santiago, 1862) ; " La admin istracion Montt " (1863) ; " His- toria de la guerra con Espana " (1866) ; and " His- toria de la guerra del Pacifico " (1883). HUNT, Benjamin Fanenil, lawyer, b. in Watertown, Mass., 20 Feb., 1792 ; d. in *New York city, 5 Dec, 1857. He was graduated at Harvard in 1810, removed to South Carolina on account of the delicacy of his health, studied law in Charles- ton, and was admitted to the bar in 1813. In 1818 he was elected to the state house of representatives, and was repeatedly re-elected until the nullification crisis, when he adhered to the principles of the un- popular minority, and, while many abandoned the cause from interested motives, he remained one of the main props of the Union party in South Caro- lina in 1830-'4. His name is connected with the history of the nullification period by the case of the state against Hunt, in which the question was decided in May, 1834, that the new oath of al- legiance, called the " test-oath," that was required by the act of 1833, was unconstitutional. After the animosities springing from the political con- flict had passed away, Col. Hunt, as he was called from his rank in the militia, was again sent to the legislature, and was an active member of the house for many years. He had an extensive practice at the bar, and was noted for his eloquence, and for the ingenuity and pertinacity with which he con- tested the cases that were confided to him. HUNT, Charles Sedgwick, journalist, b. in Litchfield, Conn., 7 April, 1842 ; d. in New York 316 HUNT HUNT city, 15 Oct., 1876. He entered the naval academy at Annapolis in 1855, but left in 1857, and became a student at Phillips Andover academy. At the beginning of the civil war he entered the navy, and became acting master on the war-sloop " Ju- niata," but resigned his commission toward the close of the war, and entered Harvard, where he was graduated in 1868. He then became a report- er on the Xew York " Tribune." For a time he was financial editor of the Xew York " Standard," and from 1871 to 1873 was Albany correspondent of the "Tribune," and was instrumental in ex- posing political corruption. In 1873 he became an editorial writer on the " Tribune," writing chiefly upon topics of finance and political economy. He was also associated with John F. Cleveland in the preparation of the " Tribune Almanac." Early in 1876 he joined the editorial staff of the Xew York " Times," where he continued until his death. HUNT, Ezra Mundy, physician, b. in Middlesex county, X. J., 4 Jan., 1830. He was graduated at Princeton in 1849, and at the College of physicians and surgeons, Xew York city, in 1852. He began practice at Metuchen, lectured on materia medica in the Vermont medical college in 1854, and was elected professor of chemistry there in 1855, but declined. He joined the volunteer army as regi- mental surgeon in 1862, and in 1863 was placed in charge of a hospital in Baltimore, Md. He has been president of the American public health asso- ciation, and has contributed papers to eight vol- umes of " Public Health." Since 1876 he has been secretary of the Xew Jersey board of health, pre- paring all its reports, and since 1881 has conducted the sanitary department in the Xew York " Inde- pendent." He was a delegate to the International medical congresses at London (1881) and Copen- hagen (1884). His residence is in Trenton, X, J. He is instructor in hygiene in the State normal school. In 1883 he received the degree of Sc. D. from Princeton. He is the author of " Patients' and Physicians' Aid " (Xew York, 1859) ; " Physi- cians' Counsels " (Philadelphia, 1859) ; " Alcohol as a Food and Medicine " (Xew York, 1877) ; and " Principles of Hygiene, together with the Essen- tials of Anatomy and Physiology" (Xew York, 1887) ; also of works on religious subjects, especially " Grace Culture " (Philadelphia, 1865) and " Bible Xotes for Daily Readers" (Xew York, 1870). HUNT, Freeman, publisher, b. in Quincv, Mass.. 21 March, 1804 : d. in Brooklyn, X. Y., 2 March. 1858. He entered the office of the Boston " Even- ing Gazette " at the age of twelve, learned the trade of printing, and while connected with the Boston " Traveller " obtained promotion by sending to the editor articles evincing journalistic talent. Soon after his apprenticeship was over he established '• The Ladies' Magazine," with Sarah J. Hale as editor, which was very successful. He sold this, and renewed the publication of the " Penny Maga- zine," which proved profitable, but which he aban- doned to become managing director of the Bewick company, an association of authors, artists, print- ers, and bookbinders. While connected with this society, he founded and became editor of the * 4 American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge." He also published in Boston the " Juvenile Miscellany." In 1831 he removed to Xew York and established " The Traveller," a weekly paper. In 1837 he projected " The Mer- chants' Magazine," the first number of which was issued in July, 1839. In 1845 he published the first volume of the " Library of Commerce." " Hunt's Merchants' Magazine " was conducted by its founder to the end of the thirty-eighth volume, and after his death was continued as an independ- ent publication till 1870, sixty-three volumes hav- ing been issued, when it was converted into a weekly, and merged in the " Commercial and Fi- nancial Chronicle." The statistical and other in- formation collected in this magazine was valuable, trustworthy, and useful, not only to merchants, but to all persons concerned in practical affairs. Mr. Hunt's publications in book-form include " An- ecdotes and Sketches of Female Character " (Bos- ton, 1830) ; " American Anecdotes, Original and Selected, by an American " (2 vols., 1830) ; " Com- prehensive Atlas " (Xew York, 1834) ; " Letters about the Hudson River and its Vicinity," which had appeared in " The Traveller " (1836 ; 3d ed., enlarged, 1837) ; " Lives of American Merchants " (2 vols., 1856-'7) ; and " Wealth and Worth, a Col- lection of Morals, Maxims, and Miscellanies for Merchants " (Xew York, 1858). HUNT, Harriot Kezia, physician, b. in Bos- ton, Mass., in 1805 ; d. there, 2 Jan., 1875. She was a teacher in 1827, studied medicine under Dr. Valentine Mott in 1833, and opened an office in 1835, being probably the earliest female practi- tioner in the United States. In 1843 she founded in Charlestown. Mass., a ladies' physiological society, which had fifty members. She applied for admis- sion to the Harvard medical lectures in 1847. but was refused. In 1853 the Woman's medical college of Philadelphia conferred on her the degree of M. D. She was a noted lecturer on woman suffrage, sanitary reform, and other subjects. In paying taxes on her real estate she filed annually, for twenty-five years, a protest against taxation with- out representation. She published " Glances and Glimpses, or Fifty Years' Social, including Twenty Years' Professional Life " (Boston, 1856). HUNT, Henry Jackson, soldier, b. in Detroit, Mich., 14 Sept., 1819. His grandfather, Thomas (1754-1809), served in the Revolution, and at the time of his death was colonel of the 1st in- fantry; and his fa- ther, Samuel W., lieu- tenant in the 3d in- fantry, died in Sep- tember, 1829. Henry accompanied his fa- ther on the expedi- tion that established Fort Leavenworth in 1827, and, after at- tending school in Mis- souri, entered the U. S. military academy, where he was gradu- ated in 1839. He served in the 2d artil- lery on the frontier during the Canada border disturbances of that year, in garrisons at Fort Adams, R, I., and Fort Colum- bus and Fort Hamilton, X. Y„ and on recruiting service till 18 June. 1846, when he was promoted to 1st lieutenant. During the Mexican war he was brevetted captain for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, and major at Chapultepec, and he was at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, San Antonio, Molino del Rey, where he was twice wounded, and at the capture of the city of Mexico. He was then on frontier duty till the civil war. with the exception of service in 1856-7 and 1858-'60 on a board to re- vise the system of light-artillery tactics. He had become captain, 28 Sept., 1852. was promoted to major, 14 May, 1861, and commanded the artillery on the extreme left in the battle of Bull Run. He J^Ud^y J. 7 $u*J> HUNT HUNT 317 was chief of artillery in the defences of Washing- ton from July to September, 1861, and on 28 Sept. became aide to Gen. McClellan with the rank of colonel. In 1861-'2 he was president of a board to test rifled field-guns and projectiles, and organized the artillery reserve of the Army of the Potomac, commanding it in the peninsular campaign of 1862. In September, 1862, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and became chief of artillery of the Army of the Potomac, holding the office till the close of the war, and taking an active part in all the bat- tles that were fought by that army in 1862-'5. He was brevetted colonel, 3 July, 186*3, for his services at Gettysburg, major-general of volunteers, 6 July, 1864, for "faithful and highly meritorious services " in the campaign from the Rapidan to Petersburg, brigadier-general in the regular army for his ser- vices in the campaign ending with Lee's surrender, and major-general, U. S. army, 13 March, 1865, for services during the war. He was president of the permanent artillery board in 1866, and then com- manded various forts, being promoted to colonel of the 5th artillery, 4 April, 1869. He was retired from active service, 14 Sept., 1883, and is now (1887) governor of the Soldiers' home, Washington, D. C. Gen. Hunt has published "Instruction for Field .Artillery" (Philadelphia, 1860), and is the author of various papers on artillery, projectiles, and army organization. In 1886 he contributed to the " Cen- tury " three articles on the battle of Gettysburg. — His brother, Lewis Cass, soldier, b. in Fort Howard, Green Bay, Wis., 23 Feb., 1824 ; d. in Fort Union, New Mexico, 6 Sept., 1886, was gradu- ated at the U. S. military academy in 1847, and assigned to the infantry. He became captain, 23 May, 1855, and served on the Pacific coast till the civil war. He was stationed in Washington terri- tory in 1859, when Gen. Harney occupied San Juan island in Puget sound, which was then claimed by Great Britain, and, when a joint occupation of the island by British and U. S. forces was arranged by Gen. Scott, was chosen to command the Ameri- can detachment. After serving in the first part of the peninsular campaign of 1862, he became on 21 May of that year colonel of the 92d New York regiment, and was severely wounded at Fair Oaks. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers 29 Nov., 1862, and in the winter of 1862-'3 served in North Carolina, receiving the brevet of colonel for gallantry at Kinston. He was made major in the 14th infantry, 8 June, 1863, had charge of the draft rendezvous at New Haven, Conn., in 1863-'4, and, after special duty in Missouri and Kansas, com- manded the defences of New York harbor in 1864-'6. He was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army, 13 March, 1865, for his services in the war, and afterward commanded various posts, becoming lieutenant-colonel of the 20th in- fantry, 29 March, 1868. He was transferred to the 4th infantry on 25 Feb., 1881, and promoted to colonel of the 14th infantry on 19 May. HUNT, Isaac, lawyer, b. in Barbadoes, W. I., in 1751 ; d. in London, England, in 1809. He was the son of the Rev. Isaac Hunt, rector of St. Michael's, Bridgetown, Barbadoes, and the father of Leigh Hunt, the poet. He was sent to Philadelphia to be educated, and in 1763 was graduated at the' college in that city (now University of Pennsyl- vania). He read law, was admitted to the bar in 1765, and engaged in practice. In 1765 he applied to the college for his degree as master of arts, which was refused him by the trustees on tech- nical grounds. He renewed his application the next year, but was refused on the ground of his being the "author and publisher of several scurrilous and scandalous pieces," among which were " A Letter from a Gentleman in Transylvania to his Friend in America" (1764), "A Humble Attempt at Scur- rility," and "The Substance of an Exercise had this Morning in Scurrility Hall " (1765). All of these had been published anonymously. The trustees finally, in 1771. conferred the degree. At the beginning of the Revolution he became an ac- tive loyalist, and was at one time mobbed for point- ing out to the owner of a book-store a volume of reports of trials for high treason as a proper book for John Adams to read. He also wrote pamphlets in support of the crown, which led to his arrest and imprisonment, but he bribed the sentinel of the prison, and made his escape to Barbadoes and thence to England. He was soon afterward or- dained to the ministry by Dr. Lowth, then bishop of London, and preached for a time in Bentinck chapel, Paddington. The Duke of Chandos heard him at Southgate, and was so pleased with his preaching that he invited him to become tutor to his nephew, Mr. Leigh, which the preacher did, and remained in the duke's family for several years. During this time Col. John Trumbull, son of Gov. Trumbull, of Connecticut, went to London to pur- sue his studies in art under Benjamin West. He was suspected by the government to be a spy, and was arrested and thrown into prison. Hunt, in conjunction with West, was chiefly instrumental in securing his release. Some years' before Hunt's death he became a Unitarian. Besides the publi- cations named, Hunt was the author of " The Po- litical Family, or a Discourse pointing out the Reciprocal Advantages which flow from an Un- interrupted Union between Great Britain and her American Colonies " (Philadelphia, 1775) ; and " Right of Englishmen, an Antidote to the Poison of Thomas Paine " (London, 1791). See the " Autobiography of Leigh Hunt " (London, 1870) ; and also the " Autobiography of John Trumbull " (New York and London, 1844). HUNT, Jedediah, poet, b. in Candor. Tioga co„ N. Y., 28 Dec, 1815. His father, Jedediah, was a captain of New York volunteers at the battle of Lundy's Lane. The son emigrated to Ohio about 1840, and became a merchant in Chilo, Clermont co. He contributed lyric poems and prose arti- cles to "Graham's Magazine," to the New York " Home Journal," and to the " Genius of the West " and other western journals, and published " The Cottage Maid, a Tale in Rhyme " (Cincinnati, 1847). HUNT, John Wesley, physician, b. in Grove- land, Livingston co., N. Y., 10 Oct., 1834. He was educated at the Wesleyan seminary, Lima, N. Y., and graduated at the University medical college, New York city, in 1859. He served on the house surgical staff in Bellevue hospital, New York city, and began practice in Jersey City, N. J. In May, 1861, he was commissioned as surgeon of a New York regiment, and served at Fortress Monroe, where he was remarkably successful in treating the disease that became known as Chickahominy fever. In May, 1862, he was made brigade-surgeon of vol- unteers, and placed in charge of the Mill Creek hospital, near Fortress Monroe. There he demon- strated the practicability of thoroughly ventilating a large building crowded with wounded men. In August, 1862, he was attacked with fever, and re- turned to the north. He resigned from the army, and after months of illness resumed his practice. He was one of the organizers of the Jersey City charity hospital, and first president of its medical board. He has read papers before the Hudson County medical society, and contributed to the •' Transactions " of the New Jersev medical societv. 318 HUNT HUNT HUNT, Robert Woolston, metallurgist, b. in Fallsington, Bucks co., Pa., 9 Dec, 1838. He re- ceived his early education in Covington, Ky., and then studied analytical chemistry with James C. Booth and Thomas H. Garrett in Philadelphia, Pa. During the civil war he was commandant of Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, with the rank of captain. Meanwhile he had become associated with the Cam- bria iron company as chemist, and in July, 1860, established the first analytical laboratory connected with any iron or steel works in the United States. Subsequently he assisted George Fritz in construct- ing the Bessemer steel works of the Cambria com- pany, and after 1868 was superintendent of that department, also having charge during 1865-6 of the experimental steel works in Wyandotte, Mich. He was called to the charge of the Bessemer steel works of John A. Griswold and Co., in Troy, N. Y., in 1873 ; was made general superintendent of the Albany and Rensselaer iron and steel company in 1875 : and in 1885 of its successor, the Troy steel and iron company. The works of the various Troy companies with which he has been connected have been rebuilt and extended under his supervision. Mr. Hunt has obtained patents for improvements in bottom casting of steel ingots, for making spe- cial soft Bessemer steel, for a recarburizer for Bes- semer steel, also a series relating to automatic tables for rolling-mills, and one for a feeding-in device for the same kind of mills. In 1886 he was elected one of the trustees of the Rensselaer poly- technic institute. Mr. Hunt is a member of the American society of civil engineers, and of the American society of mechanical engineers, and was president of the American institute of mining en- gineers in 1883-4. His contributions to literature have consisted of technical papers in the transac- tions of societies of which he is a member. HUNT, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Attleboro, Mass., 18 March, 1810 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 23 July, 1878. He was graduated at Amherst in 1832, taught at Southampton, Mass., and Southampton, L. I., and studied theology in the seminaries at Andover and Princeton, and with the Rev. Dr. Jacob Ide, of West Medway, Mass. He was pastor of a Con- gregational church in Natick, Mass., from 1839 till 1850, and of the church in Franklin, Mass., from 1850 till 1864. In the latter year he became super- intendent of education for the American mission- ary association, and labored to establish schools among the freedmen. In 1868 he exchanged this office for that of clerk of the U. S. senate commit- tee on military affairs, and in 1873-5 acted as pri- vate secretary to Vice-President Henry Wilson. He assisted Mr. Wilson in writing the " Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America," and com- pleted the work after the latter's death. He also prepared and arranged for publication Mr. Wilson's papers. His published works are " Letters to the Avowed Friends of Missions," " Political Duties of Christians," and " Puritan Hymn and Tune Book." He left unfinished " Religion in Politics." HUNT, Theodore Whitefleld, author, b. in Metuchen, N. J., 19 Feb., 1844. He was graduated at Princeton in 1865, and after teaching and study- ing in the Union seminary of New York city, en- tered Princeton theological seminary, where he spent one year, and was graduated in 1869. In 1868-71 he was tutor in Princeton, and, after spend- ing two years in the University of Berlin, became professor of rhetoric and English literature. In 1880 Lafayette college conferred on him the degree of Ph. D. Prof. Hunt has contributed to reviews and periodicals, and has published " Caedmon's Exodus and Daniel" (Boston, 1883); "Principles of Written Discourse" (New York, 1884); and " English Prose and Prose Writers " (1887). HUNT, Thomas, physician, b. in Charleston, S. C, 18 May, 1808 ; d. in New Orleans, La., 30 March, 1867. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1829, began to practise in Charleston, and in 1832-6 won distinction by his successful treatment of cholera. He then removed to New Orleans, where he was a founder of the Uni- versity of Louisiana, and its first professor of anat- omy. Dr. Hunt was house-surgeon to the Charity hospital, president of the Physico-medical society of New Orleans, and in 1866 of the University of Louisiana. He was a contributor to the medical journals, and wrote on. yellow fever, in the treat- ment of which he was especially successful. HUNT, Thomas Poage, clergyman, b. in Char- lotte county, Va., in 1794 ; d. in Wyoming valley, Pa., 5 Dec, 1876. He was graduated' at the Hamp- den Sidney college in 1813, studied theology, and was licensed to preach in 1824. After officiating in several churches in Virginia and North Carolina, he became a temperance lecturer, and attained a wide reputation. He removed to Philadelphia in 1836, and in 1839 to Wyoming valley, where he afterward resided. He was agent for Lafayette college in 1840-5. He published " History of Jesse Johnson and his Times," " It will not Injure me," " Death by Measure," " Wedding-Days of Former Times," and " Liquor-Selling, a History of Fraud." HUNT, Thomas Sterry, scientist, b. in Nor- wich, Conn., 5 Sept., 1826. He received his early education in his native town, and there began the study of medicine, but soon abandoned it for that of chemistry, which he followed m New Haven under the younger Silliman. Meanwhile he also acted as assistant in chemistry to the elder Silliman in the Yale laboratory, and, after spending two years in New Haven, he was offered the appoint- ment of chemical as- sistant in the newly established school of agricultural chemis- try in Edinburgh, Scotland, which he declined in order to accept that of chem- ist and mineralogist to the geological sur- vey of Canada, under Sir William E. Logan. He continued in this office until 1872, and also held the chair of chemistry in Laval univer- sity, delivering his lectures in French, from 1856 till 1862, and a similar professorship from 1862 till 1868 at McGill university. In 1872 he became professor of geology in the Massachusetts insti- tute of technology, succeeding William B. Rogers, holding that chair until 1878, and since that time has held no official appointment. Early in his ca- reer he became known by a series of papers on theoretical chemistry, which appeared in Silliman's " American Journal' of Science " from 1848 till 1851. Hunt developed a system of organic chem- istry that was essentially his own, in which all chemical compounds were shown to be formed on simple types represented by one or more molecules of water or hvdrogen. An account of the de- velopment of this subject will be found in his pa- per read at the centennial of chemistry that was ^.S^J4wL HUNT HUNT 319 held, in Northumberland, Pa., August, 1874. en- titled i; A Century's Progress in Chemical Theory." His researches on the equivalent volumes of liquids and solids were a remarkable anticipation of those of Dumas, while in his inquiries into the polymerism of mineral species he has opened a new field for mineralogy, as set forth in his paper on the " Ob- jects and Method of Mineralogy " ; but these philo- sophical studies have been only incidental to his labors in chemical mineralogy and chemical ge- ology. Hunt's researches into the chemical and mineral composition of rocks have probably been more extended than those of any other contempo- rary scientist. The names Laurentian and Huro- nian, applied to the earliest known rocks on this continent, were given by him to the two subdivis- ions of the Eozoic period. From his long series of investigations of the lime and magnesia salts he was enabled to explain for the first time the true relations of gypsums and dolomites, and to ex- plain their origin by direct deposition. His views on this subject have found a wide recognition among geologists. The phenomena of volcanoes and igneous rocks have been discussed by him from a new point of view, and he has revived and en- forced the almost forgotten hypothesis that the source of these is to be found in chemical reactions. He has also sought to harmonize the facts of dy- namical geology with the theory of a solid globe. His views on these questions will be found in an essay on " The Chemistry of the Earth" in the re- port of the Smithsonian institution for 1869, while his conclusions on many points of geology are em- bodied in his address delivered as retiring presi- dent before the American association for the ad- vancement of science at Indianapolis in 1871. He was the first to make known the deposits of phos- phates of lime in Canada, and to call attention to its commercial value as a fertilizer. The chemical and geological relations of petroleum have been carefully investigated by him, and he has studied in detail the salt deposits of Ontario. During the later years of his connection with the geological survey of Canada, its administrative details were under his charge. During 1875-'6 he was con- nected with the geological survey of Pennsylvania. In 1859 he invented a permanent green ink, which has been very extensively used, and gave the name of " greenback " currency to the bills which were printed with it. He is a popular speaker on scien- tific subjects, and has delivered two courses of lectures before the Lowell institute in Boston. He served on juries at the world's fair in Paris in 1855 and in 1867, being made an officer of the legion of honor on the latter occasion, and was also one of the judges at the world's fair in Philadelphia in 1876. The degree of LL. D. was given to him by McGrill in 1857, that of Sc. D. by Laval in 1858, and that of LL. D. by Cambridge, England, in 1881. He is a member of many societies, and. be- sides having held the presidency of the American association for the advancement of science in 1871, has filled a like office in the American institute of mining engineers in 1877, in the American chemi- cal society in 1880, and in the Royal society of Canada in 1884. In 1876 he organized, in concert with American and European geologists, the Inter- national geological congress, and was made secre- tary at its first meeting, held in Paris in 1878, and vice-president at the meeting held in Bologna, Italy, in 1881. He was elected a member of the National academy of sciences in 1873, and in 1859 a fellow of the Royal society of London. His bibliography includes upward of 200 titles of separate papers that have appeared in reports of the geological survey of Canada, the transactions of learned so- cieties, and scientific periodicals. He has published in book-form " Chemical and Geological Essays " (Boston, 1874) ; " Azoic Rocks " (Philadelphia. 1878) ; " Mineral Phvsiologv and Phvsiographv " (Boston, 1886); "A 'New Basis for Chemistry" (1887) ; and has in preparation (1887) " Mineralogy according to a Natural System." HUNT, Timothy At water, naval ofBcer, b. in New Haven, Conn., in 1805 ; d. there, 21 Jan., 1884. He was educated at Yale, entered the navy as mid- shipman in 1825, became lieutenant in 1836, com- mander in 1855, captain in 1862, commodore in 1863, and was retired in 1877. He commanded the supply ship " Electra " in the Mexican war. the " Narragansett " at the beginning of the civil war, in 1861, and was then attached to the Pacific squadron. He was ordered home in 1863, and was inspector of ordnance till 1867, when he was assigned to special duty at New London, Conn. From 1870 till his retirement he was on the re- served list, residing in New Haven. Conn. HUNT, Ward, jurist, b. in Utica, N. Y., 14 June, 1810; d. in Washington, D. C, 24 March, 1886. He was graduated at Union in 1828, studied law in Litchfield, Conn., and practised his profes- sion for many years in Utica, N. Y., where he was mayor in 1844. He was a member of the New York legislature in 1839, but took little interest in poli- tics, and devoted himself to jurisprudence. In 1865 he was elected to the New York court of ap- peals, and in 1872 he was appointed associate jus- tice of the U. S. supreme court. For the next few years he was allotted to the second circuit, includ- ing New York, Connecticut, and Vermont. The failure of his health induced congress in 1882 to grant his retirement on a pension. Union and Rutgers colleges gave him the degree of LL. D. HUNT, Washington, governor of New York, b. in Windham, N. Y., 5 Aug., 1811 ; d. in New York city, 2 Feb., 1867. He received a common- school education, began to study law at the age of eighteen, and was admitted to the bar in 1834 at Lockport, N. Y., where he began practice. In 1836 he was appointed first judge of Niagara county. He was elected to congress as a Whig in 1842, and twice re-elected, serving from 4 Dec, 1843, to 3 March, 1849. In 1849 he was elected comptroller of the state, and in 1850 was chosen governor, defeating Horatio Seymour, the Democratic candi- date. In 1852 he was again a candidate for the governorship, but was beaten by Seymour. He then retired to his farm near Lockport. In 1856 he was temporary chairman of the Whig national convention, which was the last one ever held. After the dissolution of the party he became a Democrat, and in 1860 was tendered the Demo- cratic nomination for vice-president of the United States, but declined. He was a delegate to the Chicago convention in 1864, and to the National union convention of 1866. Mr. Hunt was promi- nent in the counsels of the Protestant Episcopal church, and a frequent delegate to its conven- tions. — His brother, Edward Bissell, military engineer, b. in Livingston countv, N. Y., 15 June. 1822 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 2 Oct.", 1863, was gradu- ated at the U. S. military academy in 1845, entered the corps of engineers, was commissioned as 2d lieutenant in December, 1845, and was employed as assistant professor of civil and military engineering at West Point in 1846-'9, afterward in the coast survey, and in the construction of fortifications and lighthouses. He became a captain on 1 July, 1859, while engaged in the construction of defensive works at Key West, and was instrumental in pre- 320 HUNT HUNT venting the forts of southern Florida from falling into the hands of the Confederates at the begin- ning of the civil war. In 1862 he served as chief engineer of the department of the Shenandoah. He was subsequently employed in erecting fortifi- cations on Long Island sound, and in April, 1862, was detailed to perfect and construct a battery for firing under water, which was invented by him, and which he called the "sea miner/' He was pro- moted major on 3 March, 1863. While making experiments with his submarine battery, he was suffocated by the escaping gases, and killed by falling into the hold of the vessel. He married a daughter of Prof. Nathan W. Fiske. (See Jacesox, Helex Maria Fiske.) He contributed papers to the "Transactions" of the American association for the advancement of science, and to several literarv and scientific periodicals. HUNT, William, surgeon, b. in Philadelphia. Pa., 26 Sept., 1825. He was educated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, studied medicine, and graduated in 1849. He has since devoted him- self largely to surgery, in the practice of which he has attained eminence. He has been demon- strator of anatomy in the University of Pennsyl- vania, and surgeon of the Episcopal and Wills hospitals, and is now (1887) surgeon of the Ortho- pedic and Pennsylvania hospitals. He is a fellow of the College of physicians and a member of nu- merous other medical organizations. Dr. Hunt is joint author of " Surgery in the Pennsylvania Hos- pital, being an Epitome of the Hospital since 1756" (Philadelphia, 1880). HUNT, William Henry, lawyer, b. in Charles- ton, S. C, in 1824 ; d. in St. Petersburg, Russia. 27 Feb., 1884. He was educated at Yale, but not graduated, removed to New Orleans, where he was admitted to the bar, and for several years was professor of commercial law and the law of evi- dence in the law- school of that city. He took little part in politics, but was a consistent Union- ist throughout the civil war. In March, 1876, he was ap- pointed attorney- general of the state, and in the same year was the Repub- lican candidate for this office. Both parties claimed the victory in the election, but the Democratic state government was recognized by President Hayes. In 1878 he was appointed judge of the court of claims, and in 1881 he became secretary of the navy. Previous to his nomination to this office, 'the bar of Louisi- ana, without respect to party, had unanimously recommended Mr. Hunt to fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of Justice Strong from the su- preme court of the United States. The reorgani- zation of the cabinet on the death of President Garfield retired him from his office, and in 1882 he was appointed minister to Russia. — His elder brother, Randall, was among the most eminent lawvers at the Louisiana bar, ranking with Chris- tian Roselius and Judah P. Benjamin. HUNT, William Morris, artist, b. in Brattle- boro, Vt., 31 March, 1824 : d. in Appledore. Isles of Shoals, N. H., 8 Sept., 1879. He entered Har- vard in 1840, but left on account of impaired /y? ' c^a^i^^f^^^^i^ health and went to Europe. His first aspirations for art were in the direction of sculpture, and he entered the Royal academy at Diisseldorf in 1846, with that purpose in view. But after a few months this taste gave place to a preference for painting, and he became a pupil of Couture at Paris, subsequently coming under the influence of Millet and Barbizan, whose broad method of ren- dering humanity and nature was henceforth sug- gested in the style of Hunt. In 1855 he returned to the United States and had a studio in Newport, but soon settled permanently in Boston, where he taught art with great success. He exercised much influence in shaping the future of American art, partly by leading his students to the study of the new art methods that were practised at Paris, and partly by aiding in the introduction here of a more clear perception of the principles of art. Among his important works are portraits of Chief-Justice Shaw, painted for the Essex bar, Judge Horace Gray, Mrs. Charles Francis Adams, William M. Evarts. James Freeman Clarke, and Charles Sum- ner. His compositions, generally single figures broadly and forcibly rendered, include the " Prodi- gal Son," " Priscilla," " The Drummer Boy " (1861) ; " Fortune Teller," " Marguerite," and " The Bathers," which is one of his best known works. Chief among his landscapes are " Gloucester Har- bor " and " Plowing," combining landscape and figure. Toward the close of his life Mr. Hunt exe- cuted two ambitious allegorical mural paintings for the state capitol at Albany, entitled " The Flight of Night " and " The Discoverer." His " Talks on Art " were taken down and published by one of his pupils, Miss Helen M. Knowlton (2 vbls.. Boston, 1875).— His brother, Richard Mor- ris, architect, b. in Brattleboro. Vt., 31 Oct., 1828, after studying architecture in this country, en- tered the Ecole des beaux arts in Paris, and was for some time a pupil of Hector Lefuel, whom he assisted in erect- ing the build- ings connect- ing the Tuileries and the Louvre. After visiting Greece, Asia Mi- nor, Egypt, and the art centres of the continent, he retm-ned to the United States in 1855, and was engaged on the extension of the capitol at Wash- ington. Among the structures designed by him are the Lenox li- brary, the Pres- byterian hospi- tal, the Tribune building. the ^^^^ ^s^t^^ ^wv^^ William K.Van- derbilt house, and the Central park entrances in New York ; the theological library and Marquand chapel at Prince- ton ; the divinity colleges and the Scroll and key HUNTER HUNTER 321 society building at Yale ; the Vanderbilt mausoleum on Staten island ; the Yorktown monument, Vir- ginia ; and the pedestal of the statue of Liberty on Bedlow's island, New York harbor. He is a member of various associations of architects, and was made a chevalier of the Legion of honor in 1884. The illustration on page 320 represents the Yorktown monument erected by the U. S. government in 1881. HUNTER, Andrew, clergvman, b. in Virginia in 1752 : d. in Washington, D. C, 24 Feb., 1823. He was the son of a British officer, was licensed to preach by the first presbytery of Philadelphia in 1773, and immediately afterward made a mission- ary tour through Virginia and Pennsylvania. He was appointed a brigade chaplain in 1775, and served throughout the Revolution, receiving the public thanks of Gen. Washington for valuable aid at the battle of Monmouth. In 1794 he was principal of a school near Trenton, N. J. In 1804 he was elected professor of mathematics and as- tronomy in Princeton, but resigned in 1808, to take charge of the Bordentown academy, and. in 1810 became a chaplain in the navy. He married a daughter of Richard Stockton, the signer. — His son, David, soldier, b. in Washington, D. C, 21 July, 1802; d. there, 2 Feb., 1886. He was gradu- ated at the U. S. military academy in 1822, ap- pointed 2d lieutenant in the 5th infantry, promoted 1st lieutenant in 1828, and became a captain in the 1st dragoons in 1833. He was assigned to frontier duty, and twice crossed the plains to the Rocky mountains. He resigned his commission in 1836, and engaged in business in Chicago. He re-entered the military service as a paymaster, with the rank of major, in March. 1842, was chief paymaster of Gen. John E. Wool's command in the Mexican war, and was afterward stationed successively at New Orleans, Washington, Detroit, St. Louis, and on the frontier. He accompanied President-elect Lincoln when he set out from Springfield for Washington in February, 1861, but at Buffalo was disabled by the pressure of the crowd, his collar-bone being dislocated. On 14 May he was appointed colonel of the 6th U. S. cavalry, and three days later was commissioned brigadier-gen- eral of volunteers. He commanded the main col- umn of McDowell's army in the Manassas cam- paign, and was severely wounded at Bull Run, 21 July, 1861. He was made a major-general of vol- unteers, 13 Aug., 1861, served under Gen. Fremont in Missouri, and on 2 Nov. succeeded him in the command of the western department. From 20 Nov., 1861, till 11 March, 1862, he commanded the Department of Kansas. Under date of 19 Feb., 1862, Gen. Halleck wrote to him : " To you, more than any other man out of this department, are we indebted for our success at Fort Donelson. In my strait for troops to reenforce Gen. Grant, I ap- plied to you. You responded nobly, placing your forces at my disposition. This enabled us to win the victory." In March, 1862, Gen. Hunter was transferred to the Department of the South, with headquarters at Port Royal, S. C. On 12 April he issued a general order in which he said : " All per- sons of color lately held to involuntary service by enemies of the United States, in Fort Pulaski and on Cockspur island, Ga., are hereby confiscated and declared free in conformity with law, and shall hereafter receive the fruits of their own labor." On 9 May, in general orders declaring Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina (his department) un- der martial law, he added, " Slavery and martial law, in a free country, are altogether incompatible. The persons in these three states, heretofore held as slaves, are therefore declared forever free." Ten VOL. III. — 21 tQr^ days later this order was annulled by the president. (See Lincoln, Abraham.) In May Gen. Hunter organized an expedition against Charleston, in which over 3,000 men were landed on James island, but it was unsuccessful. Later he raised and organized the 1st South Carolina vol- unteers, the first regiment of black troops in the Na- tional service. Thereupon a Ken- tucky representa- tive introduced in- to congress a reso- lution calling for information on the subject. This be- ing referred to Gen. Hunter by the secretary of war, the general answered: " No regiment of fugitive slaves has been or is be- ing organized in this department. There is, how- ever, a fine regiment of persons whose late masters are fugitive rebels — men who everywhere fly before the appearance of the National flag, leaving their servants behind them to shift, as best they can, for themselves." In August Jefferson Davis issued a proclamation to the effect that, if Gen. Hunter or any other U. S. officer who had been drilling and instructing slaves as soldiers should be captured, he should not be treated as a prisoner of war, but held in close confinement for execution as a felon. In September Gen. Hunter was ordered to Wash- ington and made president of a court of inquiry, to investigate the causes of the surrender of Har- per's Ferry, and other matters. In May, 1864. he was placed* in command of the Department of West Virginia. He defeated a Confederate force at Piedmont on 5 June, and attacked Lynchburg un- successfully on the 18th. From 8 Aug., 1864, till 1 Feb., 1865, he was on leave of absence, after which he served on courts-martial, being president of the commission that tried the persons who con- spired for the assassination of President Lincoln. He was bre vetted major-general U. S. army, 13 March, 1865, and mustered out of the volunteer service in January, 1866, after which he was presi- dent of a special-claims commission and of a board for the examination of cavalry officers. He was retired from active service, by reason of his age, 31 July, 1866, and thereafter resided in Washington. Gen. Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie, who was the first permanent citizen of Chicago. Mrs. Hunter survived her husband. — Another son, Lewis Boudinot, surgeon, b. in Princeton, N. J., 9 Oct., 1804; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 24 June, 1887, was graduated at Princeton in 1824, and at the medical department of the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1828. He then entered the U. S. navy as a surgeon, and was on the " Princeton " when the secretary of state and the secretary of the navy were killed by the bursting of a gun in 1843. He served during the Mexican war on the " Sara- toga," and during the civil war as fleet-surgeon of the North Atlantic squadron under Admiral Por- ter. On 3 March, 1871, he was made medical direc- tor, with the rank of commodore, and retired. HUNTER, John, senator, b. in South Carolina about 1760. He received an academic education, engaged in agriculture, and in 1792 was elected to congress, serving till 1795. He was elected U. S. senator from South Carolina in 1796, in place of HUNTER HUNTER Pierce Butler, who had resigned, and served from February, 1797, till 1798, when he resigned. HUNTER, John Dunn, adventurer, b. in a set- tlement west of the Mississippi about 1798 ; d. near Nacogdoches, Tex., early in 1827. According to his own narrative he was made captive by the Kickapoo Indians when an infant, and adopted into the family of one of the principal warriors. He afterward fell into the hands of a party of Kansas Indians, and was finally received among the Osages, where he was adopted for the third time. He was dangerously wounded in an engagement with the Canis, and before he had recovered was taken by the Osages across the Rocky mountains into the valley of Columbia river, and up to its mouth. After travel- ling southward toward the affluents of the Rio del Norte, and receiving from the Indians the name of the " Hunter," on account of his skill in the chase, he went with them toward the affluents of the Mississippi, meeting traders often by the way. The treacherous conduct of his companions toward the latter disgusted Hunter, and, after several ex- citing incidents and some internal struggles, he de- termined in 1817 to cast his lot with the whites. He managed to reach New Orleans, and, after real- izing a considerable sum by the sale of the furs that he possessed, he attended the schools of the city and learned the English language. Here he as- sumed the name that the Indians had given him. He was in Kentucky in 1821, pursuing his studies, and afterward, by the advice and help of friends, visited Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, and other cities. He was pressed on all sides to pub- lish a narrative of his life among the Indians, and was assisted by Edward Clarke in the composition of his work, which appeared in 1823, and was re- ceived with much favor. Its success, however, was checked soon afterward. Duponceau, a French- man living in Philadelphia, who had long been en- gaged in researches on the idioms of the American Indians, met Hunter, and, after several conversa- tions with him, became convinced that he was an " impostor, and entirely ignorant of the language he claimed to know." He told Hunter so, and published his opinion. The statement of Dupon- ceau first met with little belief, but it was sup- ported by some of those who had formed part of the expedition to the Rocky mountains of Maj. Stephen H. Long in 1819-2*0. Hunter now em- barked for England, where he met with a flattering reception. The Royal society believed him a man that had been specially raised by Providence to carry the benefits of intellectual training to the Indians, and he pointed out the means of arriving at this end in the jjreface to the English reprint of his book. After receiving many valuable gifts, and being presented to the royal family, he returned to the United States, where he met with a renewal of the charges against him. In the " North Ameri- can Review " he was denounced in an article by Gen. Cass as " one of the boldest impostors that had appeared in the literary world since the days of Psalmanazar," and at the same time the author of the article accumulated a mass of irresistible proofs against him. Hunter made no attempt to refute these charges. He went to Mexico and en- deavored to obtain from the government of that country the grant of an immense territory on which he proposed to settle a colony of Indians. He assured the Mexicans that he would thus form a rampart on their frontiers that would be capable of resisting every encroachment on the part of the United States. His proposal was rejected, and he went to Texas, where he became one of the chiefs of the party that was trying to secure its independ- ence. After an unsuccessful attempt at a revolu- tion, he was killed by an Indian whom he had per- suaded to join in it. Hunter's work is entitled " Manners and Customs of Several Indian Tribes located West of the Mississippi" (Philadelphia, 1823 ; reprinted in London the same year, under the title " Memoirs of a Captivity among the In- dians of North America, from Childhood to the Age of Nineteen "). It was translated into German by Wilhelm A. Lindau (Dresden, 1824), and also into Swedish (Mariefred, 1826). HUNTER, John Howard, Canadian educator, b. in Bandon, Ireland, 22 Dec, 1839. He was edu- cated at Queen's university, Ireland, and at Toronto university, Canada, where he received the degree of M. A. in 1861. He was appointed rector of St. Catherine's collegiate institute in 1871, principal of the Ontario institute for the blind in 1874, and inspector of insurance for Ontario in 1881. He has written much for magazines, and is the author of "Upper Canada College Question" (Toronto, 1868), and " Manual of Insurance Law " (1881). HUNTER, John Ward, congressman, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 15 Oct., 1807. He was educated in the common schools of Brooklyn, engaged in business, and in 1836-'65 was assistant auditor in the custom-house. In 1866 he was elected to congress as a Republican, to fill out the unexpired term of James Humphrey, deceased, serving from December, 1866, till March, 1867. He was mayor of Brooklyn in 1875-'6, but since that time has occupied no official position. HUNTER, Joseph, British author, b. in Shef- field, England, 6 Feb., 1783 : d. in London, 9 May, 1861. He was pastor of a Presbvterian church at Bath from 1809 till 1833, and from the latter date till his death was assistant keeper of the public records in London. His " Founders of New Plym- outh," published first as a pamphlet, and after- ward in the " Massachusetts Historical Collections," was subsecpiently enlarged (London, 1854). He was also instrumental in procuring for the Histori- cal society a transcript of the " History of the Plymouth Plantation," by Gov. Bradford, from the original in the Fulham library. He was the author of other works, among them illustrations of the texts of Shakespeare's plavs. HUNTER, Sir Martin, British soldier, b. in 1757 ; d. at Ontario Hill, Canada, 9 Dec, 1846. He entered the army, 30 Aug., 1771, became lieutenant, 18 June, 1775, the day following the battle of Bunker Hill ; captain, 21 Nov., 1777 ; colonel in 1800; and general, 27 May, 1825. He was at Bunker Hill, Brooklyn, and Brandywine, in the storming of Fort Washington, and in the night attack on Gen. Wayne's brigade, in which he was wounded. He served afterward in the East Indies, and in 1797 commanded a brigade at the capture of Trinidad and the siege of Porto Rico. Subse- quently he was commander-in-chief at Halifax, and governor of New Brunswick HUNTER, Morton Craig, soldier, b. in Ver- sailles, Ind., 5 Feb., 1825. He was graduated at the law department of Indiana university in 1849, and elected a member of the legislature of that state in 1858. He was colonel of the 82d regi- ment of Indiana infantry in the civil war, until the fall of Atlanta. He then commanded a bri- gade in the 14th army corps till the end of the war, taking part in Sherman's march to the sea. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865, and was afterward elected to con- gress from Indiana as a Republican, serving from 4 March, 1867, till 3 March, 1869, and again from 1 Dec, 1873, till 4 March, 1879. HUNTER HUNTER HUNTER, Peter, British soldier, b. in Scotland in 1746 ; d. in Quebec, 21 Aug., 1805. He entered the army, and had attained the rank of lieutenant- general, when he was appointed in 1799 to admin- ister the government of Upper Canada, succeeding Lord Simcoe, and made commander-in-chief of the forces in Canada. He was eminently successful in his administration, and to his policy Canada is indebted for many benefits that probably it would otherwise never have known. His brother John (not the celebrated anatomist) erected a monument to him in the English cathedral of Quebec. HUNTER, Robert, colonial governor, d. in Jamaica, 11 March, 1734. He entered the British army, and rose to the rank of major-general. He was appointed governor of Virginia in 1707, but while on the voyage was captured by a French privateer, and retained a captive till the end of 1709. In June, 1710, he became governor of New York and the Jerseys, at the head of 2,000 Pala- tine colonists. He was one of the ablest of the series of royal governors, but had frequent dis- putes with the assembly, which almost invariably refused to grant the required appropriations. He retired from the governorship of New York in 1719, and was appointed governor of Jamaica in July, 1727, which office he held till his death. He was the author of the famous letter on " Enthu- siasm," which was attributed by some to Swift and by others to Shaftesbury, and was also the reputed author of a farce called " Androboros;" HUNTER, Robert Mercer Taliaferro, states- man, b. in Essex county, Va., 21 April, 1809 ; d. there, 18 July, 1887. He was educated at the Uni- versity of Virginia, studied at the Winchester, Va., law-school, and be- gan practice in 1830. After serving in the Virginia legislature in 1833, he was elect- ed to congress as a Democrat in 1836 and 1838, and in 1839 chosen speaker of the house of representa- tives. He was de- feated in 1842, re- elected in 1844, and in 1846 was chosen U. S. senator, taking his seat in December, ance to trade, and then, as always, ignorant people and tricksome demagogues sought a cure for the trouble in fresh issues of paper. Wildcat banking- schemes were devised, two of which, the " silver- scheme " and the " land-bank," were especially promi- nent. (See Adajis, Samuel.) Upon all financial questions Hutchinson had a remarkably clear head, and there was nothing of the dem- agogue about him. He would not falter with a question of public poliey,orseek to hide his opinions in order to curry fa- vor with the people. He was a man of strong convictions and dauntless cour- age, and he opposed the paper-money scheme with untiring zeal. ^In spite of this, he was re-elected in 1738. Short- ly afterward in town-meeting a set of instruc- tions were reported, enjoining it upon the repre- sentatives to vote for the further emission of pa- per. Hutchinson then and there exposed such in- structions, argued against them as iniquitous, and flatly refused to observe them. There were cries of " Choose another representative, Mr. Modera- tor ! " But this was too silly. Hutchinson opposed the instructions in the general court, and next year failed of a re-election. About this time Mr. "Hutchinson was seized with typhoid fever. In 1740 the public confidence in his ability and in- tegrity prevailed over the general dislike for his policy, and he was again chosen as representa- tive. In this year there was an outburst of excite- ment in Boston, not unlike those that ushered in the Revolutionary war. The land-bank and the silver-scheme had both been put into operation in spite of the opposition of Gov. Belcher, who had appealed to parliament for assistance. Parlia- ment now declared the old " Joint Stock Com- panies Act," passed in 1720 after the South Sea bubble, to be of force in the colonies. Both the Massachusetts companies were thus abruptly com- pelled to wind up their affairs, and many of the partners were ruined, among them the elder Samuel Adams. The question as to the authority of parliament over the colonies, which had been discussed as long ago as 1644, was now warmly agitated. The friends of the land-bank loudly denounced the act of 1740 as a violation of the chartered rights of the colony, and the bitter feelings engendered by this quarrel must be set down among the causes of the American Revo- lution. Mr. Hutchinson's conduct at this time was eminently wise and patriotic. On theory he was a firm believer in the ultimate supremacy of parlia- ment over every part of the British empire ; but he saw distinctly the foolishness of enlisting such a wholesome feeling as the love of self-government in behalf of such an institution as the land-bank, and he accordingly advised Gov. Belcher to bide his time and suppress it in some other way than by an appeal to parliament. This was the first but not the last time that trouble between Eng- land and the colonies was occasioned by'disregard of Hutchinson's sagacious advice. In the autumn of 1740 Mr. Hutchinson visited England as com- missioner for adjusting the boundary-line between Massachusetts and New Hampshire, with regard to which some complaint had arisen. After his return in the following year he was again chosen repre- sentative, and annually thereafter until 1749. In 1746-'8 he was speaker of the house. By the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, the stronghold of Louisburg, which New England troops had cap- tured in 1745, was restored to France, in exchange for Madras in Hindostan. To appease the indig- nation of the New England people at this transfer, parliament voted that adequate compensation should be made for the expense of the capture of Louisburg. The sum due to Massachusetts in pur- suance of this vote was £138,649, which was nearly equivalent to the total amount of paper circulating in the colony at its current valuation of one eleventh of its face value. To attempt to raise such a currency to par was hopeless. Hut- chinson proposed that parliament should be asked to send over the money in Spanish dollars, which should be used to buy up and cancel the paper at eleven for one. Whatever paper remained after this summary process should be called in and re- deemed by direct taxation, and any issue of paper currency in future was to be forbidden. " This rather caused a smile," says the diary, " few appre- hending that he was in earnest ; but upon his ap- pearing very serious, out of deference to him as speaker, they appointed a committee." After a year of hard work, Hutchinson's bill was passed, amid the howls and curses of the people of Boston. " Such was the infatuation that it was common to hear men wish the ship with the silver on board might sink in her passage." They wanted no money but cheap paper money. At the election in 1749 Hutchinson was defeated by a great ma- jority, but was immediately chosen a member of the council. People soon found, to their amaze- ment, that a good hard dollar had much greater purchasing-power than a scrap of dirty paper worth scarcely more than nine cents ; and it was further observed that, when paper was once out of the way, coin would remain in circulation. The revival of trade was so steady and so marked that the tide of popular feeling turned, and Hutchinson was as much praised as he had before been abused. His services at this time cannot be rated too highly. To his clear insight and determined courage it was largely due that Massachusetts was financially able to enter upon the Revolutionary war. In 1774 Massachusetts was entirely out of debt, and her prosperity contrasted strikingly with the poverty- stricken condition of Rhode Island, which per- sisted in its issues of paper currency. In 1749 Mr. Hutchinson was at the head of "the commis- sion that made peace with the Indians at Casco bay. He had formed an intention to retire from public business and live in scholarly seclusion at Milton, where he had built a fine house, which is still (1887) standing. But his plans were entirely changed in 1753 by the sudden death of his idol- ized wife, and he sought distraction in public af- fairs. He had some time before been appointed justice of common pleas for Suffolk county. In 1754 he was one of the commissioners at the famous Albany congress, where he was associated with Franklin on the committee for drawing up a plan of union for the thirteen colonies. • Two years afterward, when Shirley was succeeded-in the gov- ernorship of Massachusetts by Thomas Pownall, Mr. Hutchinson was appointed "lieutenant-governor. In 1760 Pownall was succeeded by Francis Ber- nard, and soon afterward, on the death of Stephen Sewall, Mr. Hutchinson was appointed chief justice HUTCHINSON HUTCHINSON 333 of Massachusetts, while still retaining the office of lieutenant-governor. During the following year he presided in the famous case of the writs of as- sistance, when James Otis made the speech that heralded the Revolution. The enforcement of the navigation acts was now making much trouble in Boston, and Gov. Bernard became very unpopular through his zeal in promoting seizures for illicit trade, he having a share in the forfeitures. There is no good evidence that Hutchinson was concerned in these affairs, but sundry deposi- tions attested by him as chief justice were placed on file at the Plantation office in London, and there were seen by Briggs Hallowell, a Boston merchant. In these depositions, John Rowe and other merchants of Boston were named as smug- glers. Reports of this came to Boston in the sum- mer of 1765, just as the people were riotous over the stamp-act. On the night of 26 Aug., Hutchin- son's house at the North End was sacked by a drunken mob. The money, plate, and wearing- apparel were carried off, the handsome furniture was shattered, and, worst of all, the valuable li- brary, with its manuscripts and priceless docu- ments, which Hutchinson had been thirty years in collecting, was almost completely destroyed. To the student of American history the damage was ir- reparable, as many of the lost manuscripts can never be replaced. In town-meeting next day at Faneuil Hall the riot was emphatically condemned by the people. Several of the perpetrators of the outrage were arrested and sent to jail, but were rescued by a mob before the day of trial. Mr. Hutchinson ultimately received indemnification in the sum of £3,194 17s. 6d. As in most instances of mob vio- lence the villainy of the assault upon the chief justice's house was fully equalled by its stupidity, for Hutchinson had done his best to dissuade the Grenville ministry from passing the obnoxious stamp-act. Here, as before, much trouble might have been avoided if his advice had been heeded. In August, 1769, Gov. Bernard returned to England, leaving Hutchinson, as lieutenant-gov- ernor, at the head of affairs, On the occasion of the so-called "Boston massacre," 5 March, 1770, he showed vigor and discretion, and but for his prompt arrest of Capt. Preston and his men there would probably have been much bloodshed. In October, 1770, he was appointed governor of Massa- chusetts, and for the next two years his adminis- tration was comparatively quiet. In the summer of 1772 the excitement in Massachusetts again rose to fever heat over the royal order that the salaries of the judges should henceforth be paid by the crown. This measure, which struck directly at the independence of the judiciary, led Samuel Adams to the revolutionary step of organizing the famous, committees of correspondence. In the following January, Hutchinson '"sent a message to the legislature, containing a very learned and masterly statement of the Tory position, which is well worth the study of historians. .It was care- fully' and successfully answered by Samuel Adams. In the spring Hutchinson met the governor of New York at Hartford, and adjusted the long-dis- puted boundary-line between New York and Massa- chusetts to the entire satisfaction of the latter colony. On his return he was greeted with the furious excitement occasioned by the publication of the letters sent over from England by Franklin. (See Franklin, Benjamin.) These letters created the impression that Hutchinson had advised, and was chiefly responsible for, the most odious meas- ures of the ministry. The impression was incor- rect and unjust to Hutchinson, but was natural enough at the time. It led to a petition from the general court that Hutchinson and the lieutenant- governor, Oliver, should be removed, and it was on the hearing of this petition before the privy council that Franklin was insulted by the rascally Wedderburn. The petition was refused. In June, 1774, Hutchinson was superseded by Gen. Gage, and sailed for England, followed by the execra- tions of the people. His house at Milton, with all the rest of his property, was confiscated, and his best coach was next year carried over to Cambridge for the use of Gen. Washington. The town of Hutchinson, in Worcester co., on its incorpora- tion in 1774, dropped the name of the Tory gov- ernor and took instead that of Col. Barre, who defended the American cause in parliament. Mr. Hutchinson was received with distinguished favor by the king, who offered him a baronetcy, which he refused. He cared little for such honors or emoluments as England could give him. Al- though a Tory on principle, because he could see no alternative between anarchy and the universal supremacy of parliament, he was not the less ani- mated by an intense love for New England. Un- til after Burgoyne's surrender, he cherished the hope of returning thither, and regarded his stay in the mother country as little better than exile. His diary of events then occurring has been re- cently published by his great-grandson, Peter Orlando Hutchinson, " Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson " (2 vols., Boston, 1884-'6), and has done much to confirm historical students in the more favorable view that has recently been taken of his character and motives. For intel- lectual gifts and accomplishments, Hutchinson stood far above all the other colonial governors. His " History of Massachusetts Bay " (vols, i.-ii.. Boston, 1764-'7; vol. iii., London, 1828, posthu- mous) is a work of rare merit, alike for careful re- search, for philosophic acuteness, and for literary charm. For thorough grasp of the subject of finance, he stands nearly on a level with Hamilton and Gallatin. In 1809 John Adams said of him : " He understood the subject of coin and commerce better than any man I ever knew in this country." In his private life Mr. Hutchinson was genial and refined ; in religion he was a strict Puritan, like his great antagonist, Samuel Adams, whom he resem- bled in purity, integrity, and unswerving devotion to principle. His life has never been properly writ- ten. The best accounts of its incidents are to be found in his own diary, and the most intelligent general view is presented in James K. Hosmers " Samuel Adams " (Boston, 1885). The portrait on page 332 is from the painting by Copley, an ex- cellent photograph of which is prefixed to the second volume of the " Diary." HUTCHINSON, Israel, soldier, b. in Danvers, Mass., in 1728 ; d. there, 16 March, 1811. He par- ticipated in the battles of Ticonderoga and Lake George in the French war of 1757-'9, and led a de- tachment at the Plains of Abraham. During the Revolution he commanded a company at Lexing- ton, was lieutenant-colonel in 1775, commanded the 27th regiment at the siege of Boston and in the campaign of 1776, and was with Washington in the retreat through New Jersev. HUTCHINSON, James, physician, b. in Wake- field, Pa., 29 Jan., 1752 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 6 Sept., 1793. He received his medical education in London, and, at the prospect of the Revolution, warmly espoused the patriot cause. Returning home by way of France, he bore important de- spatches from Benjamin Franklin to congress. He joined the American army, and served throughout 334 HUTCHINSON HUTCHISON the Revolution as a physician and surgeon. He was a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania from 1779 until his death, several years secretary of the philosophical society, and professor of ma- teria medica in the University of Pennsylvania from 1789 till his election in 1791 to the chair of chemistry. The Philadelphia college presented him with a silver medal for his proficiency in this branch. For many years he was physician of the port of Philadelphia, and one of the physicians to the Pennsylvania hospital. See biography and por- trait in Henry Simpson's "Eminent Philadel- phians " (Philadelphia, 1859). HUTCHINSON, Jesse, farmer, b. in Middle- ton, Mass., 3 Feb., 1778 ; d. in Milford, N. H., 16 Feb., 1851. His ancestor, Richard, came to this country from England in 1634, acquired much land in Salem, Mass., and was paid a premium by the state for " setting up " the first plough in Massa- chusetts. He married Mary Leavitt, of Mount Vernon, N. H., in 1800, and resided on a farm in Milford for several years. They occasionally sang in chorus, taking parts in the quartets of ballads and sacred music, and were the parents of the " Hutchinson family," who achieved a reputation as popular singers, and were identified with the anti-slavery and temperance movements. The re- ligious sentiment of New England was noticeable in their productions and repertory. The family became abolitionists when it required courage to face political prejudice, and some of them were excommunicated from the Baptist church on this account. The children numbered sixteen, three of whom died in infancy. All inherited musical tal- ent, and people came from far and near to hear them sing in chorus in prayer-meetings, or at home. They were often urged to appear in public, and in the summer of 1841 the four youngest chil- dren, Judson, John, Asa, and Abby, made a suc- cessful concert-tour in New England. In 1843 the family appeared in New York city, and achieved an immediate success. N. P. Willis spoke of them as a " nest of brothers with a sister in it." They ac- companied themselves with a violin and violoncello, and excelled in sacred and descriptive songs, and in ballads, both humorous and pathetic. Their own productions were received with most enthusiasm by the popular taste, although their melodies were simple and crudely harmonized. They were co- workers with Garrison, Greeley, Rogers, and other leaders of anti-slavery reform, often aiding in mass conventions, singing popular and original songs with their quartet chorus. In 1845 they travelled in Great Britain and Ireland, and met with popu- lar success. They travelled from the Atlantic to the Pacific in the political canvasses of 1856 and 1860, forming several bands from a third genera- tion in their family. During the civil war some of these bands visited recruiting-stations to en- courage volunteer enlistments, and after the battle of Bull Run they went to Virginia, where they were expelled from the National lines by Gen. McClellan because they sang Whittier's " Ein Feste Burg " as an anti-slavery song. Appeal was made to President Lincoln, who said, after Sec. Chase read the obnoxious song in a cabinet-meet- ing : " It is just the character of song that I desire the soldiers to hear." By the unanimous consent of the cabinet and the order of President Lincoln, they were re-admitted to the National camps. — The eldest son, Jesse, wrote many songs for popu- lar airs, which he sang with effect. The principal of these were the " Emancipation Song," " Family Song," " Old Granite State," " Good Old Days of Yore," "The Slave Mother," "The Slave's Ap- Cx.VAjvJceXw^ peal," " Good Time Coming," and " Uncle Sam's Farm." It was he that organized the company. — Judson was the humorist, excelling in burlesque and political songs, some of which were an Italian burlesque. " The Bachelor's Lament," " Away Down East," " The Modern Belle," " Anti-Calo- mel," " Jordan," and " The Humbugged Husband." — Asa was the basso, and the executive member of the troupe. — John, b. in Milford, N. H., 4 Jan., 1821, possessed the most vocal talent. Among his songs and those of his son Henry were " Will the New Year come To-Night, Mother % " " Bingen on the Rhine," "The Newfoundland Dog," "The Bridge of Sighs," " The People's Advent," and Russell's " Ship on Fire." — Abby, the contralto, b. in Milford, N. H., 29 Aug., 1829, began at an early age to sing with her brothers. She was admired for her simplicity and archness, and ^^^^ sang " Over the Mountain and over the Moor," "The Slave's Appeal," " The Spider and the Fly," " Jamie's on the Stormy Sea," and " The May Queen." She married Ludlow Patton, of New York city, in 1849, and has since lived in retirement. Her brothers continued to appear in concerts, and from time to time have brought before the public their own families of young singers. They were followed by many bands of imitators. HUTCHINSON, John Russell, educator, b. in Columbia county, Pa., 12 Feb., 1807 ; d. 24 Feb., 1878. He was graduated at Jefferson college in 1826, and, after studying two years in Princeton esminary, preached in Rodney, Miss.^nd in Baton Rouge, La., and in 1834 became connected with the College of Louisiana in Jackson. He was pas- tor of a church in Vicksburg from 1837 till 1842, and was then professor of ancient languages in Oakland college, Miss., till 1854. On the death of Rev. Jeremiah Chamberlain in 1851, he served as president of the college. In 1854 he removed to New Orleans, where he established a classical school and supplied various churches. In 1860 he re- moved to Houston, Texas, and after the civil war was occupied in missionary work. He was the au- thor of " Reminiscences, Sketches, and Addresses " (Houston, 1874). HUTCHISON, Joseph Chrisman, physician, b. in Old Franklin, Howard co., Mo., 22 Feb., 1822 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y, 16 July, 1887. He studied at the University of Missouri, and was graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1848. He then practised four years in Missouri, and in 1852 settled in Brooklyn, where he re- mained until his death. He was surgeon to the Brooklyn city hospital from 1857 till his death, for several years was surgeon-in-chief to the Brook- lyn orthopaedic infirmary. In 1854-'6 he was lecturer on diseases of women in the New York university. During the cholera epidemic of 1854 he was surgeon to the Brooklyn cholera hospi- tal. From I860 till 1867 he was professor of op- erative and clinical surgery in Long Island col- lege hospital, and from 1873 till 1875 he was health commissioner of Brooklyn. He was a delegate from the American medical association to the In- HUTSON HYATT 335 ternational medical congress at Paris in 1867, was vice-president of the New York academy of medi- cine from 1869 till he became president in 1871, a delegate to the British medical association in Edinburgh in 1875, to that held in London in 1881, and was a member of various medical associations. The University of Missouri gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1880. Among his most important pub- lications are " History and Observations on Asiatic Cholera in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1854 " (New York, 1854) ; " Dislocation of the Femur into the Ischiatic Notch " ; " Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene " for schools (1870); "Contributions to Orthopaedic Surgery " (1880) ; and " Acupressure," a prize essay of the New York state medical society. HUTSON, Richard, jurist, b. in Prince Will- iam's parish, S. C, 12 June, 1747 ; d. in Philadel- phia, Pa., in 1793. He was graduated at Prince- ton in 1765, and practised law in Charleston, S. C, till the beginning of the Revolution. He was a member of the Continental congress from South Carolina in 1774, 1776, and 1778, and in the latter year, with other patriots, was imprisoned and sent to St. Augustine by the British under Sir Henry Clinton. At the close of the war, during which his considerable estate had been seriously impaired. he completed his financial ruin by taking payment in continental currency for money that was due him, hoping, by his example, to improve the gov- ernment credit. He was" intendant of Charleston under its first charter in 1783-8, became chancellor in 1784, senior judge of the chancery court in 1791, and was a member of the convention that ratified the Federal constitution in 1788. HUTTEN, Philip von, adventurer, b. in Fran- conia, Germany, near the close of the 15th cen- tury; d. in Venezuela in 1546. He joined the first expedition that was sent out by the Welsers of Augsburg to form a colony in South America. Charles V. made a grant of the province of Vene- zuela to these bankers as a hereditary fief in re- turn for the enormous sums that he owed them. The conduct of the German adventurers was even more ferocious than that of the Spaniards, but Ovi- edo says that, while Hutten was fully as brave and ambitious as his companions, he was much less cruel. He landed at Coro in 1531, and his life afterward was full of privations, dangers, and misfortunes. In one of his expeditions to Lake Maracaibo he heard of a country called Eldorado. An Indian of high rank gave him the most positive details regarding this imaginary region, and, after acquainting him with the route to it, offered to act as his guide. After a painful march of eight days, in severe weather, the Indian escaped. Several of the party soon died of hunger and fatigue. They were fre- quently attacked by the Indians, and, always de- ceived by false intelligence, wandered for four years from one point to another. At last, when their number had been reduced from 130 to 39, they arrived near a large and fine city, where they were attacked by several thousand Indians. Hut- ten, although he had been severely wounded, charged at the head of his band and completely routed the enemy. He then set out on his return to Coro, but never reached his destination. The province of Venezuela had been taken possession of by Carvajal during the absence of Hutten. The latter, to whom the government of the province be- longed by right, was assassinated on the road to Co- ro, by order of Carvajal. Hutten wrote a narrative of his campaigns. The manuscript was brought to Germany, and lay so long" lost in a library that it became almost illegible. It was finally published in the first volume of the collection entitled " Lit- erary and Historical Magazine," by Meusel (Bay- reuth and Leipsic, 1785). It bears the title " News from the Indies," and contains valuable informa- tion on^the events in which the author took part from 1535 to 1546, while giving graphic descrip- tions of the countries through which he passed. HUTTER, Edwin Wilson, clergyman, b. in Allentown, Pa., 12 Sept., 1813 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 21 Sept., 1873. At the age of seventeen his father died, leaving him the editor and sole pro- prietor of two newspapers in Allentown, one pub- lished in English and the other in German. Sub- sequently he removed to Harrisburg, where he had charge of another newspaper. For some time he resided in Lancaster, after which he was private secretary to James Buchanan, when the latter was secretary of state. He then studied for the ministry in Baltimore, and was called to St. Matthew's Evan- gelical Lutheran church, Philadelphia, where he re- mained till his death. He was a firm adherent of the government during the civil war, and was ac- tively interested in the Northern home for friend-' less children, of which he was a trustee. HUTTON, Abraham Bloodgood, educator, b. in Albany, N. Y., 10 Dec, 1798 ; d. in Stuyvesant Landing, N. Y., 18 July. 1870. He was graduated at Union college in 1817, studied law in Albany for one year, and theology in Princeton seminary in 1819-'21. He then became interested in the edu- cation of deaf-mutes, and devoted his life to this cause. He was an assistant instructor in the Philadelphia deaf-mute institution in 1820-8, and in 1830 became principal. Mr. Hutton advocated the use of signs and of writing rather than the system of lip-reading and artificial articulation. The year previous to his death he resigned his work in consequence of failure of health. HUTTON, Laurence, author, b. in New York city, 8 Aug., 1843. He was educated in New York, travelled extensively in Europe, and spent every summer in London for twenty years. He early began writing for the press, and has contributed extensively to periodicals. He is the author of " Plays and Players " (New York, 1875) and " Liter- ary Landmarks of London " (London and New York, 1885). He has edited " Artists of the Nine- teenth Century," with Clara Erskine Clement (Bos- ton, 1879) ; " The American Actor Series " (1881-2) ; " Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United States," with Brander Matthews (New York and London, 1886); and "John Bernard's Retro- spection of America," with Brander Matthews (New York, 1886). He has also compiled " Opening Ad- dresses of the American Stage " (1886). HYATT, Alpheus, naturalist, b. in Washing- ton, D. C, 5 April, 1838. He was educated at the Maryland military academy, at Yale college, and at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, where he was graduated in 1862. Subsequently he served during the civil war in the 47th Massachusetts volunteers, and attained the rank of captain. He then I'enewed his studies under Louis Agassiz, and in 1867 became a curator in the Essex institute. While holding this office in connection with Ed- ward S. Morse, Alpheus S. Packard, Frederick W. Putnam, and the officers of the Essex institute, he founded the Peabody academy of science. Its museum was planned by these four naturalists, together they formed its first scientific staff, and in 1869 Mr. Hyatt was made one of its curators. He was also associated with these gentlemen in establishing the " American Naturalist," and was one of its original editors. In 1870 he was elected custodian and in 1881 curator of the Boston society of natural history. He has also charge of the fossil 336 HYATT HYDE invertebrates in the Museum of comparative zoology at Cambridge, and since 1881 has held the profes- sorship of zoology and paleontology in the Massa- chusetts institute of technology. Prof. Hyatt also has a class in the Boston university, and in connection with the Society of natural history is manager of the Teachers' school of science, which was founded in 1870. A general laboratory of natural history was founded at An- nisquam, Mass., by the Woman's edu- cational society of Boston, and Prof. Hyatt is also in charge of this enterprise, the origin of which is due to him. He was elected a fellow of the American academy of arts and sciences in 1869, and in 1875 was made a member of the National academy of science. The American society of naturalists was organized in consequence of sug- gestions that were made by him, and at the first meeting in Springfield, Mass., in 1883, he was elected its president. Prof. Hyatt has devoted special attention to the lower forms of animal life. Among his important researches are " Observations on Polyzoa " (1866) ; " Fossil Cephalopods of the Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology " (1872) ; " Revision of North American Perof erae "'(1875-'7), which is the only work on North American commercial sponges, and is recognized throughout the world as an au- thority ; " Genesis of Tertiary Species of Planorbis at Steinheim" (1880), giving the details of his study at Steinheim of the fossils,' which were at that time regarded in Europe as the only positive demonstration of the theory of evolution ; and " Genera of Fossil Cephalopoda " (1883). containing important contributions to the theory of evolution. " Larval Theory of the Origin of Cellular Tissue " (1884) contains his theory of the origin of sex. Be- sides the foregoing, Prof. Hyatt has edited a series of "Guides for Science Teaching," and is him- self the author of several of the series, includ- ing " About Pebbles," " Commercial and other Sponges," " Common Hydroids, Corals, and Echin- oderms," "The Oyster, Clam, and other Common Mollusks," and " Worms and Crustaceans." HYATT, John Wesley, inventor, b. in Starkey, N. Y., 28 Nov., 1837. He received a common- school education in Yates county, and then spent one year in the Eddytown seminary. At the age of sixteen he removed to Illinois, where he became a printer. Subsequently he devoted his attention almost exclusively to inventing, and his first pat- ent, received in February, 1861, was for a knife- grinder or sharpener. His next important inven- tion was a composition billiard-ball, the patent being issued in October, 1865. The Albany com- pany controlling this invention with subsequent improvements has from that date led the market in the manufacture and sale of artificial billiard and pool balls. Large quantities of them are used all over the world, supplying the deficiency caused by the scarcity of ivory. In 1869 Mr. Hyatt ob- tained patents on a new style of domino, which, with subsequent improvements, formed the basis of the Embossing company, of Albany, which is still in profitable existence. During the same year he first discovered the method of dissolving pyrox- yline under pressure, and formed the nucleus to the celluloid business, which, owing to his genius and skill in producing ways and means for manu- facturing and manipulating the so-called celluloid, has become a large and profitable industry. Mr. Hyatt's experiments with pyroxyline were begun in Albany ; but, unable to interest capital to de- velop the invention in that city, he went to New York, where he obtained the requisite support, and established works in Newark, N. J., which rapidly grew into a very large business. In 1875 he turned his attention to the production of a school-slate, and succeeded in producing the finest slate ever put upon the market, together with special ma- chinery for making it. This he disposed of to the Embossing company, and afterward to another concern, which now manufactures the goods. Mr. Hyatt discovered in 1878 a new compound, con- sisting chiefly of bone and silica, which he called " bonsilate." Subsequently, by means of patents, he perfected the manufacture of that substance, which is made in Albany, and is used in the manu- facture of billiard-balls, knife-handles, buttons, and similar articles. This material is- useful for the production of many articles that are now made of celluloid, and, as it is also both fire-proof and wa- ter-proof, it is capable of being employed in cases where celluloid would not answer. In 1881 Mr. Hyatt's attention was called to the necessity of an efficient method of purifying water. This he foftnd a very large field, there being no reliable system in vogue capable of accomplishing good results. His investigations in this direction led to the comple- tion of a pure-water system, in which the methods arrived at are said to be in advance of all other scientific and practical researches on the subject. By it the foulest river, canal, and lake waters are rendered perfectly bright, pure, and sparkling. This system is in operation in • more than a thou- sand places in the United States, and in 1887 he went to Europe for the purpose of introducing it there. " He has received nearly 200 patents. HYDE, Alvan, clergyman, b. in Franklin, Conn., 2 Feb., 1768 ; d. in Lee, Mass., 4 Dec, 1833. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1788, studied theology, and on 6 June, 1792, was ordained pastor of the church in Lee, where he remained till his death. For thirty-one years he was a member of the corporation of Williams college, and its vice- president from 1812 till his death. The degree of D. D. was given to him by Dartmouth in 1812. Dr. Hyde published " Sketches of the Life of Rev. Stephen West" (1818); an "Essay on the State of Infants " (1830) ; and occasional sermons. — His half-brother, Lavius, clergyman, b. in Franklin, Conn., in 1789 ; d. in Vernon, Conn., 3 April, 1865, was educated by his brother, and graduated at Williams in 1813. He studied theology in Ando- ver, and in 1818 was ordained pastor in Salisbury, Conn. In 1823 he was settled in Bolton, Conn., and subsequently at Ellington, Conn., and Way- land, and Becket, Mass., but afterward returned to Bolton. In 1859 he retired from the ministry and spent the last years of his life in Vernon. He possessed a large and valuable library. He pub- lished the " Remains " of the poet Carlos Wilcox, with a memoir (Hartford, 1828) ; a memoir of his brother Alvan (Boston, 1835) ; and a new edition of Dr. Nettleton's " Village Hymns " (Hartford, 1858). HYDE, Edward, governor of North Carolina, b. in England about 1650 ; d. in North Carolina, 8 Aug., 1712. From 1706 till 1712 the colony of North Carolina was in a state of confusion from the conflicting claims of Anglicans and Quakers, each party having its governor and its house of HYDE HYNEMAN 337 representatives. To restore order, Hyde was de- spatched in 1711 to govern the province, but he was to receive his commission from the governor of the southern division, who had died when he arrived, and he had no evidence of his right except private letters from the proprietaries. The legisla- ture that he convened made severe enactments, which were condemned .even by its friends, and which it had no power to enforce. Thomas Gary, the claimant of the Quaker party, and his friends, now took up arms. -Fortifying his house against a possible attack, Gary armed two vessels, filled them with soldiers, and attempted to land in Chowan sound, where Hyde and his council were assembled. Hyde called' in the aid of Gov. Alex- ander Spottswood, of Virginia, who sent a party of marines from the guard-ships, restored quiet, and expelled Cary. In September, 1711, the Tusca- rora Indians, taking advantage of the dissensions among the colonists, massacred 120 white settlers along Roanoke, Neuse, and Pamlico rivers. Gov. Hyde called out the militia, and with a force of South Carolinians and several hundred friendly 'Yemassee Indians, attacked the Tuscaroras near New Berne, 3 Jan., 1712, and defeated them with great slaughter. Hostilities continued during the remainder of the winter and spring. Hyde died in a yellow-fever epidemic. HYDE, Edward Wyllys, engineer, b. in Sagi- naw, Mich., 17 Oct., 1843. He was graduated as a civil engineer at Cornell in 1872, and was instructor there in 1871-'3, after which he became a member of the faculty of the Pennsylvania military acade- my. In September, 1875. he was elected professor of mathematics and instructor in civil engineering in the University of Cincinnati, which chair he has since held. He is a member of scientific so- cieties and a fellow of the American association for the advancement of science. Besides articles contributed to mathematical journals, he has pub- lished " Skew Arches " (New York, 1875). HYDE, Frederick, physician, b. in Whitney's Point, N.Y., 27 Jan., 1809. His grandfather and father were patriots of the Revolution. Frederick was graduated at the College of physicians and surgeons at Fairfield, N. Y., in 1836, and since that date has practised medicine in Cortland, N. Y., treating successfully dislocation of the hu- merus of many days' standing and other difficult surgical cases. He conducted in Cortland a private school of anatomy. In 1854 he was appointed pro- fessor of midwifery and diseases of women and children in Geneva medical college, and from 1855 till 1872 he occupied the chair of surgery there. In the latter year he was elected to the same chair in Syracuse university, and in 1877 was elected also dean of that institution. He was president of the New York State medical association in 1865, since 1876 has been president of the board of trus- tees of the State normal school at Cortland, and in that year was a delegate to the International medi- cal congress at Philadelphia. In 1-876 he became president of the Cortland savings bank. He has published reports on the " Surgery of Cortland County" (1851-'80); various papers in the "Trans- actions" of the New York medical society, includ- ing " Hernia and its Complications " (1867) ; " Ma- lignant Tumors of the Abdomen " (1870) ; and "The Taxis in Strangulated Hernia" (1875); also contributions to the Buffalo " Medical Journal " on "Psoas Abscesses" and "Traumatic Arterial Haemorrhage," besides several addresses. HYDE, James Nevins, surgeon, b. in Norwich, Conn., 21 June, 1840. He was graduated at Yale in 1861, began the study of medicine in the New vol. in. — 22 York college of physicians and surgeons, entered the U. S. navy in 1863 as assistant surgeon, and served during the civil war and afterward on the " Ticonderoga," of the Mediterranean squadron, under Admiral Farragut. In 1869 he resigned, was graduated in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, and settled in Chica- go, 111. He is professor of dermatology and ortho- paedic surgery in the Chicago college of physicians and surgeons, and clinical instructor in the South- side dispensary, associate editor of the " Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner," a contributor to the New York " Archives of Dermatology," and a member of various medical societies. HYDE, Nancy Maria, educator, b. in Norwich, Conn., 21 March, 1792 ; d. there, 28 March, 1816. She was for many years a teacher in Norwich, and excelled in painting and embroidery. Her writ- ings, with a memoir by her friend and neighbor, Miss Huntley, afterward Mrs. Lydia H. Sigourney, whose first book had appeared the year before, were published after Miss Hyde's death (Norwich, 1816). HYDE, William De Witt, educator, b. in Winchendon, Mass., 23 Sept., 1858. He was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1879, and at Andover theo- logical seminary in 1882. In 1883 he became pastor of the Congregational church in Paterson, N. J., and in 1885 was elected president of Bow- doin, and professor of mental and moral philoso- phy there. He has been a contributor to reviews. HY 7 ER, George, printer, b. in Covington, Frank- lin co., N. Y., 16 July, 1819 ; d. in Oshkosh, Wis., 20 April, 1872. He was apprenticed in the print- ing-office of the " St. Lawrence Gazette " in Ogdens- burg, N. Y., removed to Milwaukee, Wis., in 1836. to engage in the survey of government lands, and contributed largely to " The Advertiser," the first newspaper that was issued in that town. In 1837 he was a mail-agent, and carried the first mail that was ever sent west of Milwaukee, consisting of a few letters and papers, enclosed in an old way-bill envelope, which he kept in his pocket. From 1838 till 1843 he published and printed two newspapers in Milwaukee and two in Madison, Wis. He was a member of the legislature in 1846, 1850, and 1863, and in the first-mentioned year was a representa- tive in the State constitutional convention. In 1848 he published the " Waukesha Democrat," and in 1854 conducted " The Milwaukee Advertiser." He was register of the land-office at Superior, Wis., in 1855. and in 1859 edited the " Madison Patriot," He established the " Madison Democrat " in 1865, and from 1867 till the time of his death was con- nected with " The Oshkosh Times." HYLAND, Thomas Raymond, archbishop, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 3 Nov., 1837; d. in Trinidad. W. I., 9 Oct., 1884. He entered the Dominican order in Tallaght, Ireland, in February, 1856, and was or- dained priest in Rome, 22 Dec, 1864. He was con- secrated bishop of Enrea, in partibus, in Rome 30 April, 1882, and appointed coadjutor archbishop of Trinidad. While attending on the sick there he contracted a malignant fever, of which he died. HYNEMAN, Leon, editor, b. in Montgomery county, Pa., in 1806 ; d. in New York city in 1880. He was a Hebrew and a Freemason, and founded the order of Female Druids. He wrote and pub- lished " Ancient York and London Grand Lodges," afterward entitled "Hyneman's Review"; edited the "Masonic Library." a collection of Masonic pamphlets ; the " World's Masonic Register '" (Philadelphia, 1860); and the weekly "Masonic Mirror and Keystone " (Philadelphia, 1852-60).— His sister Rebecca (Mrs. Rhyn) is a contributor to periodical literature. 338 IBAXEZ IBERVILLE IBA>EZ, Adolfo (e-ban'-yeth), Chilian states- man, b. in Santiago, 15 June, 1829. He was gradu- ated in law at the university of his native city, was appointed in 1850 district attorney for the superior court of Serena, and in 1856 judge of the superior court of Ancud. In 1870 he was sent by Presi- dent Perez as minister to Peru, and to him was due the satisfactory arrangement of some differences that had arisen out of the treaty of alliance which the two republics had formed against Spain. He returned to Chili in 1872 to take charge of the port- folio of foreign relations and colonization, and in this office he brought the question of the boundary between his country and Bolivia to a conclusion, and began the claims against the Argentine Repub- lic regarding the territory of Patagonia. He also fostered colonization, and succeeded in attracting a steady current of emigration. He was elected deputy to congress in 1874 for the city of Santiago, and in 1876 to the senate for the province of that name. In 1877 he was sent as minister to London, and in the nest year to Washington, where he suc- cessfully concluded a special mission. In 1879 he returned to Chili, resuming his seat in the senate, where he contributed greatly to the favorable termi- nation of the war between Chili and Peru. In 1882 he was called by President Santa Maria to take charge again of the portfolio of foreign relations. but in the same year was elected senator for the province of Santiago for the full term of six years. IBARRA, Andres (e-bar'-rah), Venezuelan sol- dier, b. in Caracas, 17 Aug., 1807 ; d. there, 23 Aug., 1875. By the advice of his relative, Simon Bolivar, he was sent to the United States, and afterward made a tour through Europe, to finish his educa- tion. He returned to Venezuela in 1826. entered the military service in 1827, as adjutant on Bolivar's staff, and saved the life of that general on 25 Sept.. 1828 (see Bolivar. Simox), by defending, with a few others, the doors of the government palace against his would-be assassins. Ibarra was wounded on this occasion. He accompanied Bolivar in his cam- paign against Peru, and also participated in the pacification of the provinces of Pasto and Popayan, which had revolted in 1830. He accompanied Boli- var in his exile, and was at his bedside during his last moments. Afterward Ibarra was promoted major by the government of Bogota, served under Gen. Montilla at Cartagena, and, when that city capitulated, emigi-ated to the United States. Early in 1835 he returned to Venezuela, and on 8 July of that year took part in a revolution that had but a short-lived success. After a brief exile, Ibarra re- turned, and retired to private life till 1848. when he was called into service by Gen. Monagas, pro- moted colonel, and served in several civil and mili- tary offices. In 1862 he was promoted general, and served the different governments in the sup- pression of repeated revolutionary movements. In 1868 he was elected to the Federal senate for the state of Aragua. At his decease he was honored by a public funeral, and on 24 Aug., 1876, his body was transferred to the National pantheon. IBARRA, Francisco de, Spanish explorer, b. in Spain in the beginning of the 16th century : d. in Chametla, Mexico, in 1572. About 1554 he came to Mexico, and was appointed governor of the Zacatecas Indians. Learning from the natives of the promising countries to the north, he formed a party and set out to explore them, visiting places that he called San Lucas, San Martin, and Som- brerete. The rich silver-mines of the latter place attracted his attention, and after a long struggle with the natives, who were at last subdued and pacified, Ibarra founded the villages of San Martin and Xombre de Dios. He was then promoted to a captaincy, and in the autumn of the same year he led his company to what is now Xew Mexico, dis- covering the rich mines of Inde and San Juan, and founding the cities of Durango and Santa Barbara in the territory that he called Xueva Viscaya. From this place he travelled northwest. He founded the cities of Cinaloa, Chametla. and San Sebastian, and then passed through Chihuahua, Sonora, part of California, and Xew Mexico, to San Lucas. On his return to the colony of Sombrerete he rendered great service to the Spaniards by sub- duing Indian revolts. He wrote several letters to the court, most of which are preserved, and have been published by the government of Spain. IBARRA, Jose, Mexican artist, b. in the city of Mexico in 1688 ; d. there, 22 Xov., 1756. He was a pupil of Correa, and was specially famous for the richness of his color, for which he has been called the Murillo of Mexico. His paintings still preserve their brilliancy of color, his specialty be- ing the execution of religious subjects, which are noted for correctness of design and perspective, and are found in many parts of Mexico ; the most famous are two allegorical pictures, in the great hall of San Ildefonso, a " Circumcision," hanging in the academy of San Carlos, and a " Calvary," in private possession in Texcoco, which is considered his best work. The academy possesses a collection of his small pictures, representing incidents in the life of the Virgin and Christ. IBERCOIRT, Henry Lonis d' (e-bair-koor). Flemish traveller, b. in Mons in 1771 ; d. in Char- leroi in 1818. He entered the Spanish service at the age of sixteen, and was in garrison for several years in Jamaica, where he took part in the repres- sion of the troubles of 1791, but resigned soon afterward on inheriting a large estate, and indulged his taste for travel. He visited Cuba, Porto Rico, and Santo Domingo, where he was elected colonel by the negro insurgents in 1797. but declined, and then sailed for South America. He explored Brazil for six years, and afterward visited Para- guay, the Argentine provinces. Chili, and Pata- gonia, where he was detained two years a prisoner by the natives, and, as he says, refused their offer to make him their king. He went to the United States in 1807, afterward to Japan, and returned to Europe by way of India in 1811. He published " L'Amerique devoilee," in which he predicted that the United States would very soon exceed Europe in civilization and science (Charleroi, 1811) ; " Du nord a Test et du sud a l'ouest du Bresil" (1812); " Voyage en Chili " (1812) : " Un voyageur captif en Patagonie," a novel (1814); " Xouveau trait*' sur les legumineuses de TAinerique du Sud " (1815) ; " La constitution des Etats-Unis. est-elle applicable a l'Europe?" a pamphlet which brought the author before the Dutch courts, and caused him a condemnation to two months" imprisonment (1818) : and several other works. IBERVILLE. Pierre le Mojiie, Sieur d\ founder of Louisiana, b. in Montreal, Canada. 16 July. 1661 ; d. in Havana, Cuba, 9 July, 1706. He was one of the older sons of Charles le Moyne (q. v.). and with his brothers. Serigny. Bienville (q. v.), and Chateaugay. was prominent in the early IBERVILLE ICAZBALCETA 339 U^t*^ (fctf^d fnyJfa. went to England, and on 12 Aug. was consecrated at Lam- beth the first bishop of Nova Scotia, with jurisdiction over the other North Ameri- can provinces. He had the distinction of being the first co- lonial bishop of the Church of England. In 1767 King's col- lege (now Columbia) conferred upon him the degree of M. A.. and in 1770 he be- came one of the gov- ernors of the college, an office which he retained until his removal from the city. He published " Essay on Infant Bap- tism " (New York) ; " A Vindication of the Bishop of Llandaff's Sermon " (New York) ; two sermons, and a letter in " Hawkins's Historical Notices." — His son, John, also bishop of Nova Scotia, and appointed a member of the council in 1825, died in London in 1850. — John's son, Sir John Eard- ley Wilmot, British soldier, b. in Halifax, N. S., in 1814; d. in Hambm-g, Germany, 27 Sept., 1862, took part in the campaign of the Punjaub in 1848-'9. and obtained the rank of lieutenant-colo- nel. His regiment was at Lucknow when that place was besieged by the Sepoys in the summer of 1857, and after the death of Sir Henry Law- rence he succeeded to the command. He was knighted and brevetted major-general. INGLIS, David, clergyman, b. in Greenlaw, Berwickshire, Scotland, 8 June, 1825 ; d. in Brook- lyn, N. Y., 15 Dec, 1877. He was graduated at the University of Edinburgh in 1841, and, after studying theology there, was licensed to preach in 1845, and came to the United States in 1846. He held charges at Washington Heights, N. Y., in Bedford, N. Y., and Montreal and Hamilton, Canada, and in 1871 removed to Toronto, hav- ing been called by the general assembly of the Presbyterian church of Canada to the chair of systematic theology in Knox college, which he held one year. In 1872 he accepted a call to a Dutch Reformed church in Brooklyn, N. Y. In the summer of 1877 he was a delegate of the Re- formed church to the Presbyterian council at Edin- burgh. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Olivet in 1872, and that of D. D. by Rut- gers in 1874. He published Sunday-school lessons in the " Sower and Gospel Field " (1874-'7) ; a ser- mon on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Church on the Heights, Brooklyn (1875) ; " Systematic The- ology in its Relation to Modern Thought " (1876) ; and prepared a course of "Vedder Lectures," which were to have been delivered in 1879. INGLIS, James, clergyman, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1777 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 15 Aug., 1820. His father of the same name came to this country from Scotland about 1760. The family removed to New York about 1780, and James was graduated at Columbia in 1795, studied law with Alexander Hamilton, and practised at the New York bar. He then studied theology in New York, and was 350 INGLIS INGRAHAM licensed by the presbytery in 1801. In 1802 he be- came pastor of a church in Baltimore, Md., which charge he held till his death. In 1814 he was moderator of the general assembly of his denomi- nation. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Princeton in 1811. Dr. Inglis was an elo- quent preacher, and published various occasional sermons, and a volume of his discourses, accom- panied by forms of prayer, appeared after his death (1820). — His son, John Auchincloss, jurist, b. in Baltimore, Md., 26 Aug., 1813 ; d. there, 26 Aug., 1878, was graduated at Dickinson in 1881, studied law, and began to practise in Cheraw, S. C. He be- came judge of the court of common pleas and gen- eral sessions, and of the supreme court of appeals, and was also appointed one of the four chancellors of the state. He was president of the State con- vention that adopted the ordinance of secession, and drafted that document. His house and library were destroyed by Sherman's army in the burning of Columbia in 1864. In 1868 he removed to Bal- timore, where he entered into practice, and in 1870 he accepted a professorship in the law department of the University of Maryland. In 1874 he was appointed judge of the orphan's court, and he was re-elected in 1875. Shortly before his death he was appointed by the board of trade a judge of the new court of arbitration. Judge Inglis was active in religious matters, and for several years before his death served as a ruling elder in a Pres- byterian church in Baltimore. ' INGLIS, 'Mary, the first white woman in Ken- tucky, b. in 1729 ; d. in 1813. In 1756 one of the extreme frontier settlements of Virginia, on Alle- ghany ridge (now Montgomery county, W. Va.), was attacked by a party of Shawnee Indians, who massacred some of the inhabitants and made others captives. Among the latter were Mrs. Inglis, with her two sons and her sister-in-law, Mrs. Draper. They were carried down the Kanawha to the In- dian towns at the mouth of Scioto river, where her children were separated from her. Mrs. Inglis won great favor among the savages by her skill in making shirts out of the cheeked fabrics that they had purchased of French traders. The separation from her sons and the cruelty of the savages finally decided her to attempt her escape, and she per- suaded another prisoner, an old Dutch woman, to join her. Obtaining leave to gather grapes, they disappeared in the woods and underbrush and set out on their journey, following the Ohio valley 140 miles back to a point opposite the Scioto towns. They were fortunate enough to find an old horse grazing on the Kentucky side, and to secure some corn and meat for their further journey. Pressing on to the Virginia line, they found Big Sandy river impassable. Turning their course up the stream, they came to a raft of trees and logs which stretched across the river. Over this they passed, but, unfor- tunately, lost their horse. After they had wandered on toward the Kanawha, their store of provisions was exhausted and they were forced to live upon grapes, walnuts, papaws, and roots. In this ex- treme of suffering the Dutch woman became fran- tic with hunger and exposure, and finally, after repeated threats, made a deadly assault upon Mrs. Inglis. Escaping her fury, the latter wandered by moonlight along the banks of the Kanawha, and found an old Indian canoe, in which she crossed to the opposite shore. At daylight her companion discovered her situation and begged piteously to be carried over also ; but this Mrs. Inglis dared not risk. She started alone up the Kanawha, and soon found a clearing and a settler's cabin, whence •a party was sent back and returned in safety with the Dutch woman. The captives had been over forty days in their flight through the wilderness, during which they traversed a distance of more than 400 miles. One of the little boys died in cap- tivity, and the other was ransomed after remaining thirteen years among the savages. Mrs. Inglis's daughters married men who became distinguished in the history of Virginia and Kentucky. INGRAHAM, Duncan Nathaniel, naval of- ficer, b. in Charleston, S. C, 6 Dec, 1802. His father, Nathaniel, was a friend of John Paul Jones, and was in the action with the British brig " Se- rapis," and his uncle, Capt. Joseph Ingraham, was lost at sea in the U. S. ship " Pickering." Duncan Nathaniel entered the U. S. navy as a midshipman in June, 1812, and became lieutenant, 1 April, 1818 ; commander, 24 May, 1888 ; and captain, 14 Sept., 1855. While commanding the sloop-of-war " St. Louis," in the Mediterranean, he interfered at Smyrna, in July, 1853, with the Austrian consul's detention of Martin Koszta, who had resided nearly two years in the United States and declared his in- tention of becoming an American citizen. He had come to Smyrna from New York on business in- tending soon to return, but on 21 June, 1853, he was seized by a party of armed Greeks that were employed by the Austrian consul-general and con- fined on board the " Hussar." After learning the facts from the prisoner Capt. Ingraham addressed a letter on this subject to John P. Brown, the charge d'affaires of the United States in Con- stantinople, who gave the official opinion that the surrender of Koszta should be demanded. On 2 July, at 8 A. m., Capt. Ingraham claimed of the Austrian commander the release of Koszta by 4 p. m., declaring that he would otherwise take him by force. At the same time the decks of the " St. Louis " were cleared for action, and all was made ready for an attack on the " Hussar," which was much her superior in size and armament. At 11 a. M. the Austrian consul-general proposed to de- liver Koszta to the French consul, to be held by him subject to the disposition of the U. S. and Austrian consuls. This was accepted by Capt. Ingraham as giving sufficient assurance of the per- sonal safety of the Hungarian, and Koszta was soon released and returned to the United States. This affair gave rise to an elaborate discussion in Washington between Sec. William L. Marcy and M. Hulsemann, the charge d'affaires of Austria. The conduct of Capt. Ingraham was fully approved by the U. S. government, and on 4 Aug., 1854, con- gress, by joint resolution, requested the president to present him with a medal. In March, 1856, he was appointed chief of the bureau of ordnance and hydrography of the navy department. When the civil war began, in 1861, he was in command of the flag-ship " Richmond " in the Mediterranean. He resigned his commission, and entered the Con- federate naval service, being chief of ordnance, con- struction and repair, and in which he rose to the rank of commodore. He has served in every war since the Revolution, and is said to be the only sur- vivor of those that entered the navy in 1812. He married Harriet, granddaughter of Henry Laurens. INGRAHAM, Edward Duncan, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1793 ; d. there, 4 Nov., 1854. He received his education at the University of Pennsylvania, studied law under Alexander J. Dallas, and was admitted to the bar in 1813. He was a member of the Free-trade convention that was held in Philadelphia in 1831. In 1834 he be- came secretary of a committee that was appointed by the house, of representatives to investigate the affairs of the U. S bank, and held this office until I NG RAH AM INHAMBUPE 351 the committee adjourned to meet in Washington, D. C. On 27 June, 1834. he was appointed one of the general directors of the bank, serving until the expiration of its charter. He was widely known as a bibliophile and wit. His last office was that of commissioner under the fugitive-slave law. He published " English Ecclesiastical Reports " (7 vols.. Philadelphia, 1809-'35) ; "A View on the Insolvent Laws of Pennsylvania " (2d ed., 1827) ; " Gow on Partnership," with notes (1837-'45) ; and Vattel's " Law of Nations " (7th American ed. from a new ed. by Joseph Chitty, 1852). He also edited a new edition of Coleman's " Broad Grins," which is now very rare, and he published for private circulation an account of the burning of the capitol in Wash- ington by the English in 1814. INGrRAHAM, Joseph Holt, clergvman, b. in Portland, Me., in 1809 ; d. at Holly Springs, Miss., in December, 1860. He went to sea before the mast, and saw service in one of the South Ameri- can revolutions. After his return he received a collegiate education, began to write for publica- tion before he was twenty years of age, and became professor of languages in Jefferson college, near Natchez, Miss. In 1836 he published " The South- west, by a Y ankee." Subsequently he produced in rapid succession a series of romances of wild ad- venture, such as " Lafitte, or the Pirate of the Gulf " (New York), some of which had a large circulation. He published also a volume called " The American Lounger." In 1855 he took orders in the P. E. church, and was rector of a parish and of St. Thomas's hall, a school for boys, in Holly Springs, Miss. After he became a clergyman he published religious romances bearing the titles " The Prince of the House of David, or Three Years in the Holy City " (New York, 1855) ; " The Pillar of Fire, or Israel in Bondage " (1859) ; and " The Throne of David, from the Consecration of the Shepherd of Bethlehem to the Rebellion of Prince Absalom " (Philadelphia, 1860). — His son, Prentiss, soldier, b. near Natchez, Miss., 28 Dec, 1843, was educated at Jefferson college, Miss. He served as a colonel in the Confederate army, and was wounded and taken prisoner at the siege of Port Hudson. After the close of the civil war he went to Mexico and joined the army of Juarez. He afterward saw ser- vice in Austria, Crete, and Africa, and began a lit- erary career in London, but on his return to the United States took part in 1869 in the attempted revolution in Cuba, went out on the " Hornet," and ran the blockade several times. He published sketches, poems, and serial stories, producing a great number of novels and novelettes. INGRANDE, Jos6 Domingo (in-gran'-day), Ar- gentine historian, b. in Montevideo in 1759 ; d. there in 1817. He entered the Spanish army in 1778, served several years in Europe, and was a major when he resigned in 1786 and returned to his country. His tastes were for historical re- search, and while in Spain he had formed a valu- able collection of documents on the discovery of America. He went in 1803 to the United States, where he remained five years, visiting all the large cities, and lecturing in Boston and Philadelphia on South American history and the political condition of that country. He also contributed papers to the reviews, and, when he returned to Montevideo, founded the journal " El National " in 1810, which afterward took an active part in the struggles that preceded the independence of the country. He died suddenly, just at a time when his country needed his vigorous journalistic talent in the agitations for independence. He published " Viajero Universal " (Montevideo, 1797); " Historia de America" (4 vols., 1801): and "Monografia de Montevideo," which is vet considered a standard work on the early history of that city (1816). INGULF, Rudolf, * surnamed Ingulf von Koln, German explorer and sculptor, b. in Co- logne in 1727; d. in Vienna in 1785. He began life as a merchant, from 1751 till 1763 lived in Mexico, where he managed a German factory, and, after gaining an independent fortune, followed his taste for travel. He set out in 1764, and for five years visited the most remote parts of Mexi- co ; thence he crossed the isthmus of Panama, and advanced as far as New Granada. Returning to New Spain, he entered California, and was the first to ascertain that it was a rich gold-field, announc- ing that fact to the world in his " Lehrbuch der Geographie von Californien " (Leipsic, 1771). But the hint was neglected, and his theories, which re- lied on a critical examination of the nature of the soil and the geodesic formation of it, were ignored. Among his other publications are "Reisen in Neu Spanien " (2 vols., Leipsic, 1772, in 4to) ; " Die geologischen Formationen von Californien " (Vi- enna, 1775). These works were eagerly consulted at the time of the subsequent discoveries of gold in California, but never enjoyed the popularity they deserved. His " Kosmographie von Ameri- ka " (Vienna, 1779, with charts), although defective in many points, is considered as one of the best works of the kind published in the last century, and a copy of the original edition has been sold for 700 thalers. As a sculptor Ingulf won during his life a higher reputation than as an author. His bust of Endymion, the group of " Mars and Venus wounded by Diomede," the busts of Columbus, Pi- zarro, and Velasquez, and his group of " Indians imploring Spaniards," in Berlin, place him among the best German sculptors of the last century. INHAMBUPE, Antonio Luiz Pereira da Cunlia (een-yam-boo'-pay), marquis of, Brazilian statesman, b. in Bahia, 6 April, 1760 ; d. in Rio Janeiro, 18 Sept., 1837. He studied law, was graduated at Coimbra, and in 1802 was appointed by the government district judge of the supreme court of Rio Janeiro. When the royal court of Portugal retired to Brazil in 1807, the regent, Don Juan, consulted him in the most difficult ques- tions. He was appointed chancellor for the prov- ince of Bahia in 1808, and in 1809-'15 was gov- ernor of the province of Rio Janeiro, afterward serving on the council of the treasury, the com- mission to codify the naval laws, and the council for commerce, navigation, and agriculture. At the outset of the revolution of February, 1821, in Portugal, John VI., not desiring to leave Brazil, decided to send the crown-prince, Pedro, to Europe, and called an assembly of the deputies of the Bra- zilian cities to Rio Janeiro, appointing da Cunha one of the members of the commission to execute this decree. When the king was obliged to sail for Portugal, da Cunha was appointed a member of the advisory commission to the prince regent ; but in the subsequent movement for independence he took part in favor of his country, and in 1823 was appointed by the emperor counsellor of state, and president of the commission to organize the con- stitution of the empire. In the same year he was elected to the senate, and appointed its president, but left the chair twice on being called to organize a ministry. On the abdication of Pedro I., 7 April, 1831, the Marquis of Inhambupe was appointed president of the council of regency during the minority of his son. He accepted against his wishes, and as soon as public order and tranquillity were assured he resigned and retired to private life. 352 INHAUMA INMAN INHAUMA, Joaquin Jose Ignacio de Bar- ros (een-yah-oo'-mah), Viscount of, Brazilian naval officer, b. in Lisbon, Portugal, 30 July, 1808 ; d. in Rio Janeiro, 8 March, 1868. In 1810 his parents settled in Brazil, where he studied at the naval academy, was graduated in 1822, entered the navy as a volunteer, and in 1823 was promoted midshipman. In 1824-5 he served against the revolutions of Pernambuco, Ceara, and Maranhao, and in 1826 in the campaign in Uruguay, where he ran the gantlet of nineteen blockading ships in an open boat to reach the Brazilian squad- ron, and returned with re-enforcements and am- munition. In 1827 he was shipwrecked in the corvette " Duqueza de Goyaz " in the expedition against Patagonia, taken prisoner on the coast, and sent with eighty other Brazilians to Buenos Ayres ; but on the voyage they revolted under Barros's leadership, overpowered the guard, and, eluding the men-of-war of the convoy, arrived in safety at Montevideo on 29 Aug. He served during the revo- lutions of 1831 in Rio Janeiro, of 1836 in Maran- hao, and of 1837 in Bahia, and was promoted com- mander. In 1841 he was appointed inspector of the arsenal of Rio Grande do Sul, and defeated the rebels in that city. He was promoted captain of a frigate in 1844, and in 1846 sent to 'England to construct the man-of-war " Constituicao." In 1849 he obtained the rank of post-captain, and in 1850 was appointed inspector-general of the dock- yards of Rio Janeiro, where he superintended the construction of several men-of-war. He was pro- moted commodore in 1852, contre-admiral in 1856, in 1858 a member of the supreme naval council, and in 1861 minister of the navy. During the ravages of the cholera in Rio Janeiro in 1854 he personally carried help from door to door. Dur- ing the war with Paraguay he was appointed com- mander-in-chief of the Brazilian naval squadron, and left for the seat of war in December, 1866, re- ceiving his promotion to vice-admiral in January, 1867. On 15 Aug. he bombarded Curupaity, broke through the enemy's obstructions on board the iron-clad "Brazil," sinking several torpedo-boats and iron-clads, and on 17 Sept. was rewarded by the title of Baron of Inhauma. He was promoted admiral in January, 1868, and in February bom- barded Humaita, Timbo, and Tebicuary, and forced the passage of Angustura, which had been reputed impossible, directing the operations per- sonally from the bridge of the " Belmonte." But he was attacked by a malignant fever, and was taken to Rio Janeiro, where he died, a few days after receiving the title of Viscount of Inhauma. INItlO, Abad y Lasierra, known as Friar IfiigO (in-yee'-go\ Spanish missionary, b. in Spain about 1730; d. in Madrid in 1789. In 1772 he went to Porto Rico, W. I., with Bishop Manuel Jimenez Perez, of the same order, whose confessor and adviser he was, and, besides the duties peculiar to his missionary work, gave himself to the study of history, geography, political economy, and the habits of the country. About 1778 he was exiled by the governor of the island, Don Jose Dufresne, through personal enmity. King Charles III. dis- approved this act, and later the Count of Florida Blanca, first minister of the king, commended to Friar Iiiigo the task of writing the history of Por- to Rico, which, on 25 Aug., 1782, he delivered into the minister's hands under the title " Historia Geo- grafica, Civil y Natural, de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico "(Madrid, 1788. edited by Don Anto- nio Valladares de Sotomayor: St. John of Porto Rico, 1830 ; corrected and enlarged ed., by Don Jose Julian de Acosta y Calvo, 1866). INMAN, George, soldier, b. in Boston, Mass., 3 Dec, 1755 ; d. in St. Christopher, W. I., in 1789. He was graduated at Harvard in 1772, and entered the British army as a volunteer in December, 1775. On the night before the battle of Long Island he captured a patrol of five American officers, an event which Johnson says largely influenced the result of the battle. For this service Sir William Howe presented him with an ensigncy in the 17th foot. He was wounded at Princeton, was present at Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, and was promoted to a lieutenancy in the 26th foot, 29 June, 1778. Soon afterward his regiment was sent to England, and there he obtained the captaincy of a troop of horse that had been raised in the West Indies, and went to St. Christopher, where he died. His "Narrative of the Revolutionary War, 1776-1779," was published in the "Pennsyl- vania Magazine of History and Biography." INMAN, John Hamiiton, financier, b. in Jef- ferson county, Tenn., 23 Oct., 1844. His father was a banker and farmer. John left school at fif- teen years of age, and became a clerk in a Georgia bank, of which his uncle was president. At the beginning of the civil war he enlisted in the Con- federate army. His relatives were impoverished by the war, and in September, 1865, he went to New York city to seek his fortune. He obtained employment in a cotton house, was admitted to a full partnership in the firm in 1868, and in 1870 founded the house of Inman, Swann and Co., in which he associated himself with his former part- ners. The business increased rapidly, and in a few years he amassed a fortune of several million dollars in the cotton trade, which was attracted to New York city largely through his activity. He turned his attention to the development of south- ern resources, and, in association with other capi- talists who relied on his judgment, invested over $5,000,000 in the enterprises of the Tennessee coal r iron, and railroad company, including the bitu- minous coal-mines at Birmingham, Ala., the blast- furnaces in that city, and Bessemer steel works at Ensley City, near there. He induced the invest- ment of over $100,000,000 in southern enterprises, and became a director in companies that possessed more than 10,000 miles of railroad. INMAN, William, naval officer, b. in Utica, N. Y., in 1797: d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 Oct., 1874. His parents were English. He entered the navy as a midshipman on 1 Jan., 1812, served on the lakes during the war of 1812-15, was promoted lieutenant on 1 April, 1818, and was in charge of one of the two boats that captured a pirate vessel on the coast of Cuba in 1823. He became a com- mander on 24 May, 1838, and was assigned to the steamer "Michigan" on the lakes in 1844-'6. After being promoted captain on 2 June, 1850, he commanded the steam frigate " Susquehanna," of the East India squadron, in 1851. From 1859 till 1861 he was in command of the squadron on the coast of Africa, which l'ecaptured and landed in Liberia 3,600 slaves. He was promoted commo- dore and placed on the retired list on 4 April, 1867, and at the time of his death was the senior officer of his rank. — His brother, Henrv, painter, • b. in Utica, N. Y., 20 Oct., 1801 ; d. in New York city, 17 Jan., 1846, intended to follow the life of a soldier, and had obtained an appointment to the U. S. military academy, but a visit to the studio of John Wesley Jarvis decided his career: and, with the permission of his father, he became a pupil of that artist. Jarvis. who exclaimed at the first sight of the youth that he had " the very head for a painter," willingly took him into his studio, INMAN INNESS 353 where he served a seven years' apprenticeship, de- voting himself at first to miniature painting, in which he became very proficient. . At the age of twenty-one he opened a studio of his own, and soon acquired a high reputation as a portrait- painter. His fame was first estab- lished by a por- trait of Chief- Justice Marshall. He also painted a full-length cab- inet portrait of Bishop William White. Mr. In- man was one of the founders and the first vice- president of the National acad- emy of design in New York city in 1824-'5. In 1832 he removed to Philadelphia, and a few years later, for the sake of a rural life, to Mount Holly, N. J. Thence he returned to New York, yet soon after- ward, on account of failing health, visited Eng- land, having been commissioned by American friends to execute for them portraits of Macaulay, Wordsworth, Chalmers, and Lord Cottenham. He remained a year in that country, where his artistic ability, combined with wit, conversational powers, taste, and learning, found many admirers. Not- withstanding many inducements to remain there, he returned to the United States in 1845, but his sickness returned, and he died soon afterward. He had received the commission to paint one of the panels of the rotunda of the capitol at Wash- ington, and had already outlined his subject on the canvas, representing Daniel Boone in the wilds of Kentucky. His reputation mainly rests on his portraits, which are characteristic, vigorously painted, and rich in color. Among the many per- sons who sat to him were William Wirt, Nicholas Biddle, De Witt Clinton, Horace Binney, Fitz- Greene Halleck, John James Audubon, Martin Van Buren, and William H. Seward. A full-length portrait of William Penn by him hangs in Inde- pendence hall, Philadelphia, and other works in the Boston athenaeum and the New York city hall, but his best portraits are in private houses. He was an exceedingly versatile artist, and exe- cuted numerous genre paintings and landscapes. Among the genre and historical subjects that were treated by him were " The Boyhood of Washing- ton," " Ruins of Brambletye House," " Trout- Fishing," " Waking of Rip Van Winkle," " News- boy," " Scene from the ' Bride of Lammermoor,' " " Sterne's Maria," and " Mumble-the-Peg." Some of his landscapes are " Dismal Swamp," " Birnam Wood," " Rydal Falls, England," and " An Octo- ber Afternoon," which was one of his last works. He produced many portraits in crayon, and was one of the first to learn the art of lithography and introduce that process into the United States about 1828. He was also an elegant and entertaining writer, and contributed articles to the "Knick- erbocker Magazine." — Another brother, John, journalist, b. in Utica, N. Y., in 1805 ; d. in New York, 30 March, 1850, taught in North Carolina in 1823-'5, then spent a year in Europe, and after his return studied law, but did not practise, be- coming editor of the New York " Standard," after- vol. in. — 23 ward of the " Mirror," and then of the " Spirit of the Times." In 1834 he became assistant editor of the " Commercial Advertiser," and, after the death of William L. Stone in 1844, was chief editor of that journal. He was also for some years the editor of the " Columbian Magazine," and a fre- quent contributor to other periodicals. — Henry's son, John O'Brien, artist, b. in New York city, 10 June, 1828, studied art under his father, arid painted portraits in the western states. Subse- quently he settled in New York city, and devoted himself to genre pictures. He also produced grace- ful flower pieces. He went to Europe in 1866, and spent twelve years in Paris and Rome, where his talents found recognition, and then returned to New York. Some of his best works represent Ro- man peasants. Among his paintings are^ "Sun- ny Thoughts," " View of Assisi," and " Ecoute," exhibited at the Academy, New York, in 1886. INNESS, George, landscape-painter, b. in New- burg, N. Y., 1 May, 1825. His parents removed to Newark, N. J., where he early learned drawing and the rudiments of oil-painting. He has from his youth been subject to epilepsy, which has in- terfered materially with the consecutive pursuit of his art. When sixteen years old he went to New York to study engraving, but ill health obliged him to return home, where he continued to sketch and paint. When twenty years of age he passed a month in the studio of Regis Gignoux in New York city, which is all the regular instruc- tion he ever had. He then began landscape-paint- ing in New York city, made two visits to Europe, and lived in Florence and Rome for some time. For several years after his return he made his home near Boston, where some of his best pictures were painted. In 1862 he went to reside at Eagles- wood, near Perth Amboy, N. J., and a few years later removed to New York city. He was chosen a National academician in 1868. From 1871 to 1875 he again resided in Italy. The art life of Inness is marked by two distinct styles, the first indicat- ing careful finish and conscientious regard for de- tails. The second style, formed with the expand- ing grasp of the principles of art, shows a richer appreciation of the truths of nature, is broad and vigorous, paying higher regard to masses than to details. The quality of his paintings is very un- even, as he is sometimes careless, and often mars a good work by eccentric and experimental de- vices. Yet no painter has represented the aspects of nature in the American climate with deeper feeling, a finer sentiment of light and color, or a better command of technical resources. He has been more influenced by the French school of landscape-painting than any other American art- ist, yet his style is distinct and original. He is a follower of Swedenborg, and many of his paint- ings have a spiritual or allegorical significance. Among his best pictures are " The Sign of Prom- ise," " Peace and Plenty," " Going out of the Woods," " A Vision of Faith," " The Valley of the Shadow of Death," " The Apocalyptic Vision of the New Jerusalem and River of Life," " A Pass- ing Storm," " Summer Sunshine and Shadow." " Summer Afternoon," " Twilight," " Light Tri- umphant," "Pine Grove," "Barbarini Villa," " Joy after the Storm," " View near Rome," " Wash- ing Day near Perugia," " The Mountain Stream," "Autumn," "Italian Landscape," "Passing Clouds," " The Afterglow," " The Morning Sun," and "Delaware Water-Gap." His "American Sunset " was selected as a representative work of American art for the Paris exposition of 1867. In 1878 he exhibited at the Paris exposition " St. 354 IXXE8 IREDELL Peter's, Rome, from the Tiber " and " View near Medfiel'd, Mass.," and in the National academy " An Old Roadway, Long Island." In 1882 he exhibit- ed at the academy exhibition in New York city '• Under the Green Wood " ; in 1883, " A Summer Morning " : in 1885, " A Sunset " and " A Day in •June " : = in 1886, " In the Woods," " Sunset on the Sea-Shore," and "Durham Meadows." — His son, George, artist, b. in Paris, France, 5 Jan., 1854, was in 1870-4 a pupil of his father in Rome, and of Bonnat in Paris in 1875. He resided in Boston. Mass., till 1878. then occupied a studio with his father in New York city, devoted himself to ani- mal painting, beginning "to exhibit at the National academy in 1877. For many years his residence and studio have been in Montclair, N. J. His style is dashing and forcible. Among his works are " The Ford " and " Patience," exhibited in 1877 ; " At the Brook," and " The Pride of the Dairy," sent to the academy in 1878; "Pasture at Che- mung " ; " Monarch of the Herd " ; " Returning to Work " (1886) ; and " After the Combat," and " A Mild Day " (1887). INNES, George Mignon, Canadian clergyman, b. in Weymouth, England, 21 Jan., 1826. He passed the examination for the army at the Sand- hurst military college in 1849, and served until 1861 in the royal Canadian rifles, rising to the grade of captain. He then studied theology, and was ordained deacon in London, Ontario, in 1862, and priest in 1863. He was assistant minister of the cathedral of Quebec in 1863-8, and then of St. Paul's cathedral in London till 1871, when he be- came canon and rector of the cathedral. INNES, Harry, jurist, b. in Caroline county, Va., in 1752 ; d. in Frankfort, Ky., 20 Sept., 1816. He was the son of a Scottish Episcopal minister and was educated as a lawyer. In 1776-'7 he was employed by the committee of public safety in Virginia to superintend the working of ChipiFs mines, which were an object of solicitude as a source of lead for the Revolutionary army. In 1779 he was appointed by the legislature of Vir- ginia a commissioner to hear and determine claims to unpatented lands in the Abingdon district. He was chosen in 1783 a judge of the supreme court of Virginia for the district of Kentucky, and' in 1785 attorney - general for the same district, in which post he continued until 1787, when he was appointed U. S. district judge for Kentucky. When Kentucky was erected into a state in 1792 he declined the office of chief justice. With George Nicholas and John Brown he favored independent action and a separate arrangement with Spain re- specting the navigation of the Mississippi river. The intrigues of Spanish agents to induce the Kentuckians to accept the protection of Spain were repelled by those patriots, who refused tempt- ing bribes. Throughout the crisis Judge Innes retained the confidence of President Washington, and, when his enemies brought accusations against him in 1808, congress refused to institute meas- ures for his impeachment. His daughter became the wife of John J. Crittenden. INSKIP, John Swanell, clergyman, b. in Huntingdon, England, 10 Aug., 1816 ; d. in Ocean Grove, N. J., 7 March, 1884. He was brought by his parents to the United States when five years old. At the age of sixteen he united with the Methodist Episcopal church, and three years later began to preach. He attained distinction as an orator and conductor of camp-meetings, and was for some time the editor of the " Chris- tian Standard." He published " Remarkable Dis- play of the Mercy of God in the Conversion of a Family from Infidelity " ; " Life of Rev. Will- iam Summers, a Blind Man " (Baltimore) ; and - Methodism Explained and Defended " (Philadel- phia, 1856). IRALA, or IRAOLA, Domingo Martinez de (e-rah'-lah, or e-rah-o'-lah), Spanish soldier, b. in Vergara, Guipuzcoa, in 1486 ; d. in Asuncion, Paraguay, in 1557. He sailed in 1534 in the expe- dition of Pedro de Mendoza to South America, and assisted in the foundation of Buenos Ayres on 2 Feb., 1535. He was soon appointed second in com- mand of the expedition of Ayolas to explore the Parana and Paraguay, which started in 1536, and after founding Asuncion on 15 Aug., ascended the river to 20° south latitude, where Irala was left in charge of the ships while Ayolas started on his un- fortunate expedition to the interior. After the news of Ayolas's death was received, the officers and colonists elected Irala governor, about the middle of 1538. Irala took some wise measures to protect Asuncion, and quelled a general rising of the In- dians. On 15 March, 1542, the newly appointed adelantado, Cabeza de Vaca (q. v.), appeared, and appointed Irala his deputy, but, desiring to keep him absent, sent him on a voyage of exploration to the upper Paraguay, in which he reached 17° north latitude, at the port of Los Reyes, returning to Asuncion in February, 1543. Cabeza de Vaca had excited the hate of the officers and clergy, and by a revolution on 25 April, 1544, was deposed, impris- oned, and sent to Spain, and Irala for the second time was chosen governor. In 1546 he undertook his third expedition, to discover an overland route to Peru, and, leaving his vessels again at Los Reyes, set out with about 300 Spaniards and 3,500 Indian allies to the northwest, and at the foot of the An- des he met Spanish-speaking Indians, who belonged to the army of Pedro Anzures. From them he heard of Gonzalo Pizarro's revolution and the tri- umph of President La Gasca, to whom he sent an expedition under Nuflo de Chaves to ask for a con- firmation of his commission. Forced by his sol- diers, he at last retraced his steps, and after extreme hardships, not having found the vessels which he had left at Los Reyes, arrived at Asuncion, having been absent two years, and found the colony in revolution. Diego de Abreu was in command, and refused to surrender the government, but Irala de- feated him, conducting the colony with vigor and wisdom, and obtaining at last from Spain recog- nition of his government. In 1550 he undertook his last personal expedition, which, on account of the privations that were suffered by the army, is known as the " Mala Entrada," or unfortunate in- vasion. He continued to send out expeditions for the consolidation of the Spanish rule, including one in 1554 under Nuflo de Chaves for the conquest of the province of Guayra, and one in 1557 under Melgarejo to consolidate this conquest and found the town of Ontiveros. IREDELL, James, justice of the supreme court, b. in Lewes, England, 5 Oct., 1750; d. in Edenton, N. C, 20 Oct., 1799. He was the son o| a merchant of Bristol, and went to North Carolina when he was seventeen years old. He was appointed deputy collector of the port of Edenton, married the sister of Samuel Johnston in 1773, studied law with his brother-in-law, was licensed to practise in 1775. and soon attained a high reputation as a lawyer. From 17 Feb., 1774, till the Revolution he held the office of collector of customs at Edenton. At the begin- ning of the war of independence he resigned this post, and relinquished the prospect of a large inherit- ance from an uncle in the West Indies in order to em- brace the popular cause. He was elected a judge of IRELAND IRELAND 355 the superior court in December, 1777, which office he resigned in August, 1778. In 1779 Gov. Richard Caswell appointed him attorney-general, but he re- signed soon afterward. During the Revolution he was the trusted adviser of William Hooper. Samuel Johnston, and other Whig leaders. In 1787 the assembly appointed him a commissioner to compile and revise the laws of the state. A part of his col- lection was printed in 1789, and the whole work, known as " Iredell's Revisal," was published in 1791 (Edenton). He was the leader of the Fed- eralists of North Carolina, and in the convention held at Hillsborough in 1788 he argued without success in favor of the adoption of the Federal con- stitution. On 10 Feb., 1790, President Washing- ton appointed him an associate justice of the U. S. supreme court. In the case of Chisholm's executor against Georgia he delivered a dissenting opinion to the effect that the Federal court could not exer- cise jurisdiction over a state at the suit of a private citizen. In that of Wilson against Daniels he also dissented, and his view relative to jurisdiction on a writ of error was adopted in subsequent rulings of the court. His addresses to grand juries, explain- ing and extolling the constitution, were often pub- lished at the request of the jurors in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Richmond. Iredell county was named after him in 1788. He left nearly ready for the press at his death a treatise on pleading, which has never been published. See his " Life and Correspondence," by Griffith J. McRee (New York, 1857). — His son, James, senator, b. in Eden- ton, N. C, 2 Nov., 1788; d. there, 13 April, 1853, was graduated at Princeton in 1806, and studied law. In the war of 1812-'15 he raised a company of volunteers, and, marching with them to Norfolk, took part in the defence of Craney island. After the peace he returned to his profession, and was sent to the state house of representatives in 1816. He was speaker in 1817 and 1818, and was returned to the legislature for many years. In March, 1819, he was nominated a judge of the superior court, but resigned two months later. He was elected gov- ernor of North Carolina in 1827, and on the resig- nation of Nathaniel Macon was sent to the U. S. senate, serving from 23 Dec, 1828, till 3 March, 1831. He subsequently practised law in Raleigh, and for many years was reporter of the decisions of the supreme court. He was one of three com- missioners who were appointed to collect and revise the laws in force in the state. The result of their labors was the revised statutes passed at the session of 1836-'7, and afterward published (Raleigh, 1837). His reports of law-cases in the supreme court fill thirteen volumes, and the reports of cases in equity eight volumes (Raleigh, 1841-52). He published also a " Treatise on the Law of Executors and Ad- ministrators," and a " Digest of all the-Reported Cases in the Courts of North Carolina, 1778 to 1845 " (Raleigh, 1839-'46). IRELAND, John, governor of Texas, b. in Hart county, Ky., 1 Jan., 1827. He studied law, re- moved to Texas in 1852, and practised at Seguin, of which town he was elected mayor in 1856. He was a member of the convention that passed the ordinance of secession in 1861, and served through the war in the Confederate army, becoming lieu- tenant-colonel of a Texas infantry regiment in 1862. In 1866 he was elected a delegate to the State constitutional convention, and the same year a district judge. He was sent to the legislature in 1872, chosen a member of the state senate in 1873, and in 1875 appointed an associate judge of the supreme court of Texas. In 1882 he was elected governor, and in 1884 was re-elected. % IRELAND, John, R. C. bishop, b. in Burn- church. County Kilkenny, Ireland, 11 Sept., 1838. His parents emigrated to the United States when he was a boy, and settled in St. Paul, Minn., where he received his ear- ly education at the cathedral schools. He went to France in September, 1853, entered the Petit seminaire of Mexi- meux, and finished the course in four years, half the usual time. After study- ing theology in the Grand seminaire at Hyeres, he returned to St. Paul in 1861, and on 21 Dec. was ordained by Bishop Grace. He served as chaplain of the 5th Minnesota regi- ment during part of the civil war, and was afterward ap- pointed rector of the cathedral at St. Paul, which post, with that of secretary of the diocese, he held until his consecration as coadjutor bishop. During this period Father Ireland labored earnestly in be- half of every charity and every religious and edu- cational institution of the diocese. In 1869 he or- ganized the first total abstinence society in the state, and he has been successful in organizing other temperance societies. In 1870 he went to Rome as the accredited representative of Bishop Grace at the Vatican council. In February, 1875, he was chosen to succeed Bishop O'Gorman in the vicariate of Nebraska, but through the efforts of Bishop Grace the appointment was cancelled, and he was then nominated coadjutor bishop of St. Paul, and consecrated, 21 Dec, 1875. After this Bishop Ireland undertook the work of coloniza- tion in the northwest, and as the founder of suc- cessful colonies, and one of the directors and workers in the National colonization association, his influence has been widely felt. In 1876 he made large purchases of land in Minnesota, which were taken up by 900 Roman Catholic colonists. The prosperity of this colony led him to buy 12,000 acres from the St. Paul and Pacific railroad in the following year with equally satisfactory results. He has been an active worker in the establishment of a Roman Catholic university, and on his visit to Rome in 1887 was engaged, in conjunction with Bishop Kean, of Richmond, in drawing up a re- port on this subject for the pope. He then went to England and Ireland, where his lectures con- tributed to a revival of temperance agitation. Bishop Ireland is an able orator and controver- sialist. He has been for several years president of the State historical society of Minnesota. IRELAND, Josias Alexander, physician, b. in Jefferson county, Ky., 15 Sept., 1824. He studied medicine in the University of Louisville and in the Kentucky school of medicine, where he was gradu- ated in 1851. He practised in Louisville, and since 1864 has confined himself to the specialties of obstetrics and gynecology. He became professor of obstetrics in the Kentucky school of medicine in 1864, professor of clinical medicine in the Uni- versity of Louisville in 1866, and in 1867 returned to his former chair in the Kentucky school of medicine. In 1872 he was elected professor of the 356 IRELAND IRISARRI diseases of women and children in the Louisville medical college, and was afterward chosen dean of that institution. IRELAND, Joseph Norton, author, b. in New York city, 24 April, 1817. He was educated in private schools in his native city and at the public academy in Bedford, N. Y. His career has been that of a merchant in New York. Since 1853 Mr. Ireland has resided in Bridgeport, Conn. His publications include " Records of the New York Stage from 1750 to 1860 " (New York, 1866), and " Memorials of Mrs. Duff " (Boston, 1882). Besides these volumes, Mr. Ireland has contributed various monographs on "Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United States " (New York, 1886). IRIBARREN, Juan Guillermo (e-re-bar'-ren), Venezuelan soldier, b. in Barquisimeto, 25 March, 1797 ; d. in Caracas, 28 April, 1827. In 1810 he was sent to the Seminary of the Trinity in Caracas, but in 1814, desiring to take part in the struggle for independence, ran away from school, and after many privations presented himself to Gen. Paez, who enrolled him in his force. He made his first campaign under Gen. Urdaneta, and formed part of the troop that, under Jose Maria Rodriguez, executed the march from San Carlos in relief of Valencia. After the victory of Arichuana, Paez promoted him lieutenant, and after that of Yagual, in 1816, captain. After the battle of Mucuritas in January, 1817, he was promoted major. In 1817, at the head of 500 lancers, he surprised and totally routed 1,500 Spaniards who were intrenched in a strong position at Banco Largo, and Paez ordered a special gold medal to be struck for Iribarren, with the inscription " For marvellous intrepidity." This was the only medal of that class that was granted during the war of independence. With the Venezuelan prisoners that he had taken from the Spaniards, Iribarren formed a regiment of hussars, which he called Bravos de Paez, and, after promotion to lieutenant-colonel and colonel, com- pelled Morillo to evacuate Calabozo in February, 1818. He took part in the campaign of that year, and after the battle of Cojedes, in October, was ap- pointed by Bolivar a member of the order of Liber- tadores, receiving the grand cross of that order in 1819 after the battle of Queseras del Medio. After the battle of Carabobo he was detached for the pursuit of small bodies of the enemy, and soon pacified the country. In 1824, as military com- mander of Calabozo, he pursued with only two men a body of eighty-two mutinous soldiers, killing the captain and a private, when the rest of the rebels surrendered to him. In March, 1827, he was pro- moted brigadier-general. IRIGOYEN, Bernardo de (e-re-goy'-en), Ar- gentine statesman, b. in Buenos Ayres, 28 June, 1823. He studied law in the university of his na- tive city, was graduated in 1843, and began to practise at the bar. In 1845 the dictator sent him to the city of Mendoza to assist the authori- ties in quelling a revolution, and afterward em- ployed him in various public offices. On the down- fall of the dictator in 1852, Irigoyen gave himself to his law practice, and attained eminence at the bar. When Avellaneda was elected president in 1874, he called Irigoyen to form part of his min- istry, and appointed him secretary of foreign rela- tions, in which capacity he contributed greatly to maintain friendly relations with foreign nations, especially with Chili. He also concluded several treaties of commerce with European nations, which greatly benefited his country, and fostered emi- gration, which has given a powerful impulse to the prosperity of the Argentine Republic. He held the same office during the administration of Gen. Roca, and settled the Patagonia boundary ques- tion with Chili, which at one time had threatened to result in war, by the treaty of 1881. He also prepared the basis of an arrangement of the dis- puted boundary with Brazil. At the end of 1884 Irigoyen resigned his portfolio, as he had been proclaimed a candidate for the presidency by the Federal party and by part of the National autono- mist party. He was defeated by the opposition candidate, Juarez Celman, and returned to his practice as a lawyer, but was soon elected senator to the Federal congress. IRISARRI, Antonio Jose de (e-re-sar'-re), South American statesman, b. in the city of Guate- mala, 7 Feb., 1786 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 10 June, 1868. He studied in his native city and in Europe, whence he was recalled at the death of his father in 1805. In 1809 he visited Chili, and, having mar- ried an heiress, took up his residence in that coun- try, and joined with enthusiasm the movement for independence in 1810. He had charge of impor- tant public offices during the struggle for liberty, including the command of the National guard and the civil and military government of the province of Santiago, and from 7 to 14 March, 1814, he was temporarily in charge of the supreme direction of the nation. In 1818 he was appointed minister of the interior and foreign relations, and in October of the same year he went to Buenos Ayres as min- ister. At the end of 1819 he was sent to London, where he negotiated a loan of $5,000,000. He was sent to Central America in 1827 as minister for Chili, and in 1837 to Peru. He was minister to Ecuador from 1839 till 1845, and in 1846-'8 to Co- lombia, but resigned, and went to Curacoa in 1849, and in 1850 to the United States, where he resided till his death. The governments of Guatemala and Salvador appointed him, in 1855, their minister to Washington, and for a long time he was dean of the diplomatic corps. Irisarri continued his liter- ary work in the United States, and was generally esteemed for his knowledge, genial character, and polished manners. Irisarri was chief editor of the " Seminario Republicano de Chili " in Santiago in 1813 ; of " El Duende " in the same city in 1818 ; of " El Censor Americano " in London in 1820 ; of " El Guatemalteco " in Guatemala in 1828 ; of " La Verdad des nuda," " La Balanza," and " El Correo " in Guayaquil in 1839-43 ; of " La Concor- dia " in Quito in 1844-'5 ; of " Nosotros," " Orden y Libertad," and " El Cristiano Errante " in Bogota in 1846-7 ; and of " El Revisor " in Curacoa in 1849, the publication of which he continued in New York. He also published " La def ensa de la historia critica del asesinato cometido en la persona del Gran Mari- seal de Ayacucho " (Quito, 1845) ; " Memoria bio- grafica del Arzobispo Mosquera" (Bogota, 1848); a collection of his satirical poems, a novel, " Cuestio- nes Filologicas," and several pamphlets. — His son, Hermojenes, Chilian poet, b. in Santiago, 19 April, 1819, began his career as a public writer in " El Seminario," of Santiago, in 1840, and has since been a contributor in prose and verse to a number of the literary papers and magazines of Chili. He was the director of the biographical work " Galeria de hombres celebres de Chili." In 1857 he was elected deputy to the National congress. In 1860 he was honored by the five Central American republics with the appointment as their representative in Chili, and in 1863 went in that capacity to Peru, where for some time he was editor of the political paper " El Heraldo de Lima." In 1866 he returned to Chili, and in the same year was elected deputy and vice-president of congress. President Perez IRONS IRVINE 357 invited him several times to take a seat in his cabi- net, but he declined. He was elected to the senate in 1873, but took no active part in politics. Under President Errazuriz he was councillor of state, but at present (1887) lives in retirement on his estate at Quilpue., His poems include " Al Sol de Setiem- bre," " A San Martin," and " La Mujer Adultera." IRONS, Martin, labor-agitator, b. in Dundee, Scotland, 7 Oct., 1832. He emigrated to the United States with his parents when he was fourteen years of age, and was placed as an apprentice in a machine-shop in New York city. Here he volun- teered his small means to enable sewing-girls to recover wages that were illegally withheld. He subsequently worked at his trade in Carrollton, La., then opened a grocery-store, but, failing in this business, again became a mechanic, and headed a strike for ten hours' labor a day in a machine-shop in Lexington, Ky. He joined the grangers, be- came master of the largest grange in the state, and established a wagon-factory. He embarked again in business, without success, returned to Kansas City and found work again as a machinist. Removing to Sedalia, Mo., he became a member of the Knights of labor. As chairman of the execu- tive board of District assembly 101 he sought to adjust grievances against a railroad company, and, failing in that, ordered a strike, which spread to all the railroad employes of the southwest, causing misery in thousands of families and disturbance of business throughout the country. IRYIN, James, manufacturer, b. in Centre county, Pa., 18 Feb., 1800; d. there, 28 Nov., 1862. He was trained from the age of fourteen in his father's mercantile business. He became the chief manufacturer of Centre county, supervising the operation of twelve charcoal blast - furnaces, be- sides rolling-mills, forges, and grist-mills. He rep- resented his district in congress from 31 May, 1841, to 3 March, 1845, and in 1847 was the Whig can- didate for governor of Pennsylvania, but was de- feated by the temperance vote, though he was an advocate of temperance principles. He joined the Republican party when it was first organized, and, having lost his fortune in the crisis of 1857, ac- cepted about 1861 the appointment of naval store- keeper in Philadelphia, which he held at the time of his death. He was one of the founders of the Pennsylvania agricultural college, for which he gave 200 acres of land. — His brother, William, physician, b. in Centre county, Pa., 15 Nov., 1805 ; d. in Amoy, China, 9 Sept., 1865, studied at Dickin- son college, Carlisle, Pa., and was graduated M. D. at Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, in 1828. He did not practise his profession long, but became a partner of his brother in the iron business at Milesburg, Pa., about 1833. In later life he studied homoeopathy, and in 1851 was graduated at the Homoeopathic medical college of Philadelphia. After practising two or three years in Bellefonte, Pa., he resumed iron manufacturing in Clinton county. He held a clerkship in the treasury de- partment at Washington from 1862 till 1864, when he was appointed U. S. consul at Amoy. He em- ployed his professional skill for the benefit of the natives and treated many cases of Asiatic cholera, but finally fell a victim to the disease. IRYIN, William W., jurist, b. in Albemarle county, Va., in 1778 ; d. in Lancaster, Ohio, 19 April, 1842. He studied law, practised in Lancas- ter, Ohio, held various local offices, was sent sev- eral times to the legislature, and was judge of the Ohio supreme court in 1809 -'15. He was elected as a Jackson Democrat to congress in 1828, and re- elected in 1830, but defeated in 1832. IRVINE, James, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, 4 Aug., 1735 ; d. there, 28 April, 1819. His father, George Irvine, was an emigrant from the north of Ireland. In 1760 he was ensign in Capt. Atlee's company of the provincial regiment. He was pro- moted to captain, 30 Dec, 1763, and the year fol- lowing served under Col. Henry Bouquet on his expedition against the Indians northwest of the Ohio. He was a delegate to the Provincial con- ference at Philadelphia, 23 Jan., 1775, at the be- ginning of the Revolution was chosen a captain in the 1st Pennsylvania battalion, and on 25 Nov., 1775, was commissioned its lieutenant-colonel. He served in the Canada campaign of 1776, was com- missioned colonel of the 9th regiment of the Penn- sylvania line on 25 Oct., 1776, and was subse- quently transferred to the command of the 2d regiment. He resigned, 1 June, 1777, owing to a question of rank, but on 26 Aug., 1777, was made a brigadier-general of the militia. On 5 Sept. his command, the 2d brigade of Pennsylvania troops, was at Wilmington, Del., where it remained until after the action of Brandy wine on the 11th. At the battle of Germantown he was with Gen. Armstrong on the extreme right of the American army. On 5 Dec, in the skirmish at Chestnut Hill, he was wounded and made prisoner. He was taken to Philadelphia, thence to New York, and after- ward to Flushing, L. I., where he remained until his exchange, 1 June, 1781. In the following Sep- tember, when it was thought that the British in- tended to move against Philadelphia, he was active in organizing the troops to oppose them. Congress appointed him commander at Fort Pitt, 11 Oct., 1781, and on 27 May, 1782, he was commissioned major-general of the Pennsylvania militia, which office he held until 1793. He was a member of the supreme executive council from 1782, and held the office of vice-president of the state from 6 Nov., 1784, till 10 Oct., 1785. During the session of 1785-6 he served in the general assembly, and was state senator from 1795 till 1799. He was one of the original trustees of Dickinson college, and a firm friend of popular education. IRVINE, James, Canadian statesman, b. in England, 3 Jan., 1766 ; d. in Quebec, 27 Sept., 1829. He was the son of Adam Irvine, who emigrated from Scotland to Canada soon after the conquest. James was a member of the firm of Irvine, Mc- Naught and Co., merchants of Quebec. While on his way to England in 1797 he was captured by the French, and was held as a prisoner of war until 13 Sept., 1798. He was appointed in 1805, by let- ters patent, a warden of the Trinity house, and was a member of the legislative council, and of the executive council of Lower Canada. In 1822 he was commissioned president of the court of appeal of the executive council, during the absence of the chief justices of Montreal and Quebec, and in 1824 he was appointed arbitrator for Lower Canada, to adjust the duties between that province and Up- per Canada. He served in the militia of the prov- ince, was on duty with his regiment in the war of 1812, and retired with the rank of lieutenant-colo- nel in 1822.— James's son, John George, Canadian soldier, b. in Quebec, 31 Dec, 1802; d. there, 1 Nov., 1871, passed his early life in business in Quebec. In 1837 at the beginning of the rebellion in Canada he was appointed a captain in the Royal Quebec volunteers; in 1838 was gazetted a lieu- tenant-colonel and deputy quartermaster-general ; in November, 1851, provincial aide-de-camp to the governor-general, and principal aide-de-camp 2 Oct., 1868. He was acting adjutant-general to at- tend on the Prince of Wales during his visit to 358 IRVINE IRVINE Canada in 1860. — John George's son, George, statesman, b. in Quebec, 16 Nov., 1826, was edu- cated in a private school in Quebec, and admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in 1848. He became a queen's counsel in 1867, and represented Megantic in the Canada assembly from 1863 till the union, when he was returned to the Dominion parliament, and continued to represent that county till the gen- eral election of 1872, when he declined re-election. He represented the same constituency in the legis- lative assembly of Quebec from the union till 1875, when he was defeated, but was re-elected in 1878. He was a member of the executive council of Quebec in 1867, was solicitor-general from that date until 1873, and attorney-general in 1873-'o. He has been professor of common law in Morrin college, Quebec, director of the Union bank of Lower Canada, gov- ernment director of the North Shore railway, chan- cellor of Lennoxville university in 1875-'8, and was appointed judge of the vice-admiralty court of Quebec in 1884. — Another son, Matthew Bell, Canadian soldier, b. in Quebec, 7 Jan., 1832. He was educated in Quebec high-school, and joined the commissariat department of the British army in 1848. He served in western Australia, Turkey and the Crimea, the West Indies, Spain, and on the Red river expedition, and for his distinguished services in the Ashantee war was awarded a medal and clasp. He was appointed deputy adjutant commissary-general in 1854, assistant commissary- general in 1865, assistant comptroller in 1870, depu- ty comptroller in 1873, deputy commissary-general in 1875, and was retired with the honorary rank of commissary-general on 1 April, 1881. He became a companion of the orders of St. Michael and St. George in 1870, was made a companion of the bath for the Ashantee campaign in 1874, and elect- ed a member of the Protestant board of school- commissioners of Quebec in 1885. — Another son, Acheson Gosford, Canadian soldier, b. in Quebec in 1837, became major in the Quebec lines, served in the Red river expeditionary force in 1870, was promoted lieutenant-colonel in 1872, and was sub- sequently in command of a provincial battalion of infantry on service in Manitoba. He became as- sistant commissioner of northwest mounted police in 1876, was commissioner in 1880-'6, a member of the executive council of the Northwest territory in 1882-6, and served during the rebellion of 1885. IRVINE, William, soldier, b. near Enniskillen, Ireland, 3 Nov., 1741 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 29 July, 1804. He was graduated at Dublin univer- sity, studied medicine, and was surgeon on board a ship-of-war during a part of the war of 1756-'63 between Great Britain and France. A short time before the declaration of peace he resigned his com- mission, emigrated to this country, and in 1764 settled in Carlisle, Pa., where he practised his pro- fession. At the opening of the Revolution he took part with the colonies. He was a member of the Provincial convention, which assembled in Phila- delphia on 15 July, 1774, and recommended a gen- eral congress, until he was appointed by congress, on 10 Jan., 1776, colonel of the 6th regiment of the Pennsylvania line, and ordered to join the army in Canada. He raised the regiment, led it to the mouth of the Sorel, and co-operated with Gen. William Thompson in the attempt to surprise the vanguard of the British army at Three Rivers. He was taken prisoner in that disastrous battle on 16 June, 1776, and released on parole on 3 Aug., but was not exchanged until 6 May, 1778. In July, 1778, he was a member of the court-martial that tried Gen. Charles Lee. In 1778 he commanded the 2d Pennsylvania regiment, and on 12 May, 1779, was promoted to the rank of brigadier-gen- eral, and assigned to the command of the 2d bri- gade of the Pennsylvania line. His brigade was en- gaged in Lord Stirling's expedition against Staten Island and in the unsuccessful attack of Gen. Wayne at Bull's Perry on 21 and 22 July, 1780. He engaged unsuccessfully in recruiting, and at- tempted to raise a corps of cavalry in Pennsylvania. On 8 March, 1782, he was ordered to Fort Pitt, to take command of the troops on the western fron- tier, where he remained till 1 Oct., 1783. In 1785 he was appointed agent for the state to examine the public lands, and had the administration of an act for directing the mode of distributing the do- nation lands that had been promised to the troops of the commonwealth. He suggested the purchase of the tract called the " triangle " in order to give Pennsylvania an outlet on Lake Erie. He became a member of the Continental congress in 1786, and was selected, with Nicholas Gilman and John Kean, one of the commissioners for settling the accounts of the United States with the several states. He was a member of the convention for revising the constitution of Pennsylvania. In 1794 he was sent as a commissioner to the whiskey insurgents, and, when he failed in his efforts to quiet them, was as- signed to the command of the Pennsylvania mili- tia, and took part in the movements resulting in their pacification. He was elected a representative in the 3d congress, and served from 2 Dec, 1793, to 3 March, 1795. He afterward removed to Phila- delphia, and in March, 1801, was appointed super- intendent of military stores there. He was presi- dent of the State society of the Cincinnati at the time of his death. — His brother, Andrew, d. in Carlisle, Pa., 4 May, 1789, was also an officer of the Revolutionary army, holding the rank of captain. He entered the service as lieutenant, marched with his brother in the Canadian expedition, and after- ward served under Wayne, and took part in the movements that preceded the massacre of Paoli, where he was wounded. He continued in active service throughout the war, and fought in the northern campaigns and at the south. — Another brother, Matthew, physician, was a surgeon in Gen. Lee's division. — William's son, Callender, soldier, b. in 1774 ; d. in Philadelphia. Pa., 9 Oct., 1841, was appointed a captain of artillery and en- gineers in the U. S. army on 1 June, 1798, and re- signed on 20 May, 1801. On the death of his father he succeeded him as superintendent of mili- tary stores, and in 1812 became commissary of pur- chases for the U. S. army. — Another son, William N., soldier, b. in Pennsylvania, entered the U. S. army as captain of light artillery on 3 May, 1808, and resigned on 15 Aug., 1811, but after the begin- ning of hostilities with Great Britain joined the army again as colonel of the 42d infantry, on 4 Aug., 1813, and served till his regiment was dis- banded on 15 June, 1815. — Another son, Arm- strong, b. in Pennsylvania ; d. at Fort Warren, Mass., 15 Jan., 1817, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1811, and commissioned a lieu- tenant of light artillery. He served during the war with Great Britain on the Niagara frontier in 1812, and on the St. Lawrence the following year, took part in the capture of Fort George in Upper Canada, was commissioned a captain in his brother's regiment on 1 Oct., 1813, and was in the battle of Chrysler's Field on 11 Nov., 1813. On the reduc- tion of the army after the treaty of peace in 1815, he was retained as captain of light artillery, and was aide to Gen. Ripley in 1816. IRVINE, William, pioneer, b. in Virginia about 1750 ; d. in 1820. He was one of the earli- IRVING IRVING 359 est and most notable of Kentucky pioneers, built Irvine station, in Madison county, in 1778, and took part in most of the bloody frays with the savages at the time. He was at Little Mountain, where Capt. Estill and eighteen riflemen fought twenty -five Wyandot braves, and was badly wounded. He became clerk of the quarter ses- sions and county courts of Madison county, and afterward of the circuit court, was elected to the burgesses of Virginia from the district of Ken- tucky, was a delegate to the several conventions at Danville looking to the organization of a new state, and a member of the convention of 1799, which framed the second constitution of Kentucky. He was also several times a presidential elector. — His brother, Christopher, pioneer, d. in Ohio in 1786, was the comrade of William in all his pioneer adventures. The brothers jointly built and occu- pied the Irvine station. In 1786 Christopher led a company of men, under the command of Col. Ben Logan, against the Indians in northern Ohio, and was killed by a savage whom he was pursuing, and who, in turn, was killed by Irvine's men. IRVING, Jacob iEniilius, Canadian states- man, b. in Charleston, S. O, 29 Jan., 1797 ; d. at Niagara Falls, 7 Oct., 1856. He was the son of Jacob ^Emilius Irving, of Ironshore, Jamaica, and of Liverpool. The son entered the British army at an early age, served with the 13th light dragoons through the Waterloo campaign, and was wounded in the action of 18 June, 1815. On his return to England he was presented with the freedom of the city of Liverpool in recognition of his gallant con- duct and services in the war. In 1834 he came to Canada, and in 1837 aided in suppressing the re- bellion on the Niagara frontier. When the mu- nicipal system was introduced he was selected as first warden for the district of Simcoe. In 1843 he became a member of the legislative council, and, identifying himself with the Liberal party, took part in the struggle with Lord Metcalf. IRVING, John Beaufain, artist, b. in Charles- ton, S. O, 26 Nov., 1825 ; d. in New York city, 20 April, 1877. He was educated at Charleston col- lege, and undertook the management of the fami- ly estate. He went to New York city to study painting in 1847, but after a few months returned discouraged to his home. In 1851 he went to Diis- seldorf, where he became the pupil of Leutze. He remained in that city four years, and while there executed a large picture representing " Sir Thomas More taking Leave of his Daughter on the Way to his Execution." On his return to Charleston he painted portraits, but did not follow art as a profession until after the close of the civil war, when, having lost his fortune, he removed to New York city. He painted genre pictures, which at- tracted attention by their spirited composition, richness of coloring, and elaboi'ate finish. His refined style, careful manipulation of the brush, and brilliant scheme of color, suggested, without imitating, the Dusseldorf school, and caused him to be compared later to Meissonier. He carried his art to a degree of minute elaboration beyond any other American painter, but was less happy in the treatment of historical subjects than in genre. In 1867 he exhibited at the Academy of design " The Splinter " and " The Disclosure." " Wine- Tasters," exhibited in 1869, secured his election as an associate of the National academy. In 1871 he sent a full-length portrait of Mrs. August Belmont. " The End of the Game," exhibited in 1872, estab- lished his reputation, and in that year he was chosen a full member of the academy. In 1874 he exhibited " A Musketeer of the Seventeenth Cen- tury " and " The Bookworm," and in 1875 " Cardi- nal Wolsey and his Friends," which, with " The End of the Game," was sent to the Centennial ex- hibition in 1876. The same year he painted " King Henry VIII. Merry-making." He sent to the academy in 1876 " Off the Track." and in 1877 " A Banquet at Hampton Court in the Sixteenth Cen- tury." " The Last Rally " is one of his best pictures. His " Connoisseurs " was exhibited at the Paris ex- position of 1878. His last work was "Cardinal Richelieu and Julie in the Garden of the Tuileries." IRVING, Paulus iEniilius, British soldier, b. in Bonshaw, Dumfries, Scotland, 23 Sept., 1714 ; d. in England, 22 April, 1796. He entered the army at an early age, and, as major in command of the 15th regiment of foot, served under Wolfe, and was wounded on the Plains of Abraham. On 30 June, 1765, being then commander-in-chief of the forces, he administered the government of the province of Quebec during the absence of Gen. Murray. In 1771 he was appointed lieutenant- governor of Guernsey, and he was afterward gov- ernor of Upnor Castle, Kent. — His son, Sir Paulus jEmilius, bart., British soldier, b. in Waterford, Ireland, 30 Aug., 1751 ; d. in Carlisle, England, 31 Jan., 1828, entered the army, and was lieutenant of the 47th regiment of foot in 1764, captain in 1768, and major in 1775. He was engaged in the bat- tles of Lexington and Bunker Hill, at the affair of Three Rivers in June, 1776, at Crown Point and Ticonderoga, and was with Burgoyne till his sur- render. He subsequently served in the West In- dies, was made a general in 1812, and created a baronet, 19 Sept., 1809. IRVING, Roland Duer, geologist, b. in New York city, 27 April, 1847. He was graduated at Co- lumbia college school of mines in 1869 as a mining engineer, and in 1879 received the degree of Ph. D. from that institution. Soon after his graduation he became assistant on the Ohio geological survey, and in 1870 was elected professor of geology, min- ing, and metallurgy in the University of Wiscon- sin. In 1879 the title of his chair was changed to that of geology and mineralogy, which professor- ship he has since held. He became assistant state geologist of Wisconsin in 1873, and continued as such until 1879. During 1880-'2 he was one of the U. S. census experts, and in 1882 was made geolo- gist in charge of the Lake Superior division of the U. S. geological survey. His specialty is the micro-petrography of the fragmental rocks and crystalline schists, and his best work has been ac- complished in the direction of pre-Cambrian stra- tigraphy and the genesis of some of the so-called crystalline rocks, particularly of the quartzites and ferruginous iron rocks of the Lake Superior re- gions. Prof. Irving is a member of scientific so- cieties to whose transactions he has contributed important papers. His publications under the au- spices of the Wisconsin geological survey, include "Geology of Central Wisconsin" (Madison, 1877): "Geology of the Lake Superior Region" (1880); " Crystalline Rocks of the Wisconsin Valley " (1882) ; " Mineralogy and Lithology of Wisconsin " (1883) ; and he has contributed the reports of the U. S. geological survey to " The Copper-Bearing Rocks of Lake Superior " (Washington, 1883) ; " On Sec- ondary Enlargements of Mineral Fragments in Certain Rocks " (1884) ; with Charles R. Vanhise, "The ArchaBn Formations of the Northwestern States " (1885) ; with Thomas C. Chamberlain, " The Junction between the Eastern Sandstone and the Keweenaw Series, Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior " (1885) ; and " The Classification of the Early Cam- brian and Pre-Cambrian Formations " (1886). 360 IRVING IRVING IRVING, Washington, author, b. in New York city, 3 April, 1783 ; d. at Sunnyside, Irvington, N. Y., 28 Nov., 1859. His father was William Irving, of the Orkneys, a man of good lineage, who a little after the middle of the last century had taken to a sea-faring life ; and it was while serving as petty officer upon a British armed packet, which plied between Falmouth and New York, that he encountered at the former port a beautiful girl — Sarah Sanders by name — who became his wife. He married in 1761, and in 1763 migrated with her to New York, where he established himself in trade in William street, at a point midway be- tween Pulton and John. There are no traces now of that first Irving home into which were born eleven children, eight of them reaching maturity ; of these, Washington, the subject of this notice, and the author of the " Sketch-Book," was the youngest. The father did fairly well in his business ventures, but had his tribulations, growing out of his fervid patriotism in the days of the Revolution, when his house lay within easy gun-shot of the Brit- ish war-ships. Once, indeed, he had been compelled to decamp and take refuge in the Jerseys, but in 1784 — a year after the birth of his son Washington — he was established in a new and commodious home. There are old New-Yorkers who remember its quaint gables, and our author's biographer tells us of a visit that Washington Irving made to this home of his boyhood ten years before his death, and of the merry twinkle of the eye with which he told of his escapades over this or that loft or through this or that window in the peaked gables, for a run to the theatre in John street, or for a foray upon adjoining roofs, whence he could safe- ly discharge a little volley of pebbles down the chimney of some wondering neighbor. Such sto- ries were not needed by any reader of the Knicker- bocker chronicle to convince him of the love of mischief in the lad. Indeed, mischievous propen- sities declared themselves the more strongly in all likelihood because the father, Deacon Irving, was a strict disciplinarian. He was, indeed, a man of all probity, with a high sense of honor, and uni- formly respected; but he held all play-houses in detestation, counted dancing a sin, and looked askance upon any Sunday reading in his house- hold beyond the catechism or Bible story, or — de- lightful exception for the boy — Bunyan's " Pil- grim's Progress." The mother of Washington had more of toleration in her judgments and of sun- shine in her temperament ; all accounts represent her as a dear, good, lively, cheery, sympathetic person, beloved in her household, and doubtless taking away the edge from many a paternal rebuke by her forgiving caresses. At the age of four Irving went to a woman's school in Ann street, and shortly afterward to that of an old soldier in Fulton street. But these were not the busy thoroughfares that we know by those names. In going and coming, the lad must have caught sight many times, between the houses, of East river and of the heights of Long Island. There were gardens in his own street which reached down to the water, the old Dutch church, had its green yard abutting upon Nas- sau street, and beyond' Chambers cows were at pasture. The boy's schooling was not of a thor- ough sort, and when it ended, he being then six- teen, he had only, beyond the ordinary English branches, a smattering of Latin and of music, and such dancing skill as he had come by furtively. But he had read intelligently and voraciously such books as " Sindbad," " Gulliver," and " Robinson Crusoe." Why he was not presented for a course in Columbia college, which two of his elder broth- ers had taken, does not appear ; instead, he entered a law-office, relieving his studies there (which, it would seem, were not very strenuous) by literary squibs, under the pen-name of "Jonathan Old- style," for the " Morning Chronicle," and later by a memorable sloop voyage up the Hudson, tacking and scudding under the Highlands, and floating for days together in sight of the blue Kaatskills, on his way to visit some kinsfolk who lived in the wilds of northern New York. The trip was under- taken partly for his health ; continued invalidism, with threat of pulmonary trouble, determined his friends in the spring of 1804 to send him upon European voyagings. It was largely at the in- stance of his brother William, who was seventeen years his senior, and well established, that this scheme was effected. Washington was at that date twenty-one, a little below the average height, delicate, handsome of feature — Vanderlyn's some- what too effeminate portrait of him gives doubtless a good notion of his appearance in that day — full of all courtesies, too, and with a most winning manner. He had even then given token of strong literary aptitude and of a keen humor. He carried abundant letters, and was warmly received at Bordeaux, at Genoa, at Naples ; a glamour of ro- mance hangs over his story of the trip in home letters. Off Messina he saw the great fleet of Nelson, which was presently a- wing for Trafalgar ; at Rome he met Washington Allston, and by in- terfusion of minds became almost mated to All- ston's life of art. Meantime admonitory letters were coming from the staid brother William to see Florence, to see Venice, to improve his opportuni- ties. But he had determined to make a straight way for Paris. He heard that excellent lectures on chemistry and botany were within free reach there, besides the chances for the language. And he goes, and has a gay " outing " in that capital ; there is, indeed, mention in his record of the costs of a botanical dictionary, and for two months' tuition in French ; but there is more mention of Talma and of the theatres, which he takes by turn and follows up with alacrity and method. He goes thence to London, via Holland, and is " put out there," as he says, by his " gray coat, em- broidered white vest, and colored small-clothes," a gay young fellow ! He is enraptured with Mrs. Siddons, who is playing in those days ; is in the theatre, indeed, when news of Nelson's death comes to England like a thunderbolt. On his return to New York in 1806 with re-established health and with critical faculty whetted by foreign life, he undertook, in conjunction with his friend James K. Paulding (q. v.) and his brother William, the publication of " Salmagundi," a periodical of the " Spectator " stamp, but lacking its finish and vi- tality. He took up law again, but never showed a love for it. There entered also a disturbing ele- ment into his studies of whatever sort at this period, by reason of a strong attachment with tragic ending which he formed for the accom- plished daughter of his friend and legal instructor, Judge Hoffman. In a confidential communication to an intimate friend many years later he says : " I was by her when she died ; all the family were assembled round her, some praying, others weep- ing, for she was adored by them all. I was the last one she looked upon. The despondency I had suffered for a long time in the course of this at- tachment, and the anguish that attended its catas- trophe, seemed to give a turn to my whole charac- ter and throw some clouds into my disposition, which have ever since hung about it. When I be- ^^z^^^/s£^z~ y^^^vt^^ IRVING IRVING 361 came more calm and collected, I applied myself, by way of occupation, to the finishing of my work. I brought it to a close as well as I could, and pub- lished it ; but the time and circumstances in which it was produced rendered me always unable to look upon it with satisfaction." The work alluded to was the " History of New York by Diedrich Knickerbocker " (1809), a work which in his latter years Irving was able to look upon with more complacency. It had great success ; it established his early fame ; even its pecuniary returns, $3,000, were notable in that day. There are traces in it of his love of Sterne and of Rabelais ; there are broader sallies in it than he would have ventured upon in his maturity ; but there is a breezy and boisterous fun that is ail his own, and that has brought the echoes of its rollicking humor dis- tinctly down to our times. There is some coquetting with the law after this ; he even appeared at the trial of Aaron Burr (Richmond, 1807) in a quasi- legal capacity ; but he was more apt in the social junketings he encountered and enlivened in Phila- delphia and Baltimore. In 1810 he became a partner, with one-fifth in- terest, in a commercial house that was established by his brothers — Peter, in England, and Ebenezer, in New York. This promised, and for a time gave, a fair revenue, which allowed such easy dalliance with literature as his humors permitted ; there followed, indeed, certain editorial relations with the old " Analectic Magazine " in Philadel- phia in 1813-'14, in which appeared one or two papers that were afterward incorporated in the " Sketch-Book." Yet his literary methods were scarcely more business-like than his law. In 1815 he sailed for Europe, old recollections luring him ; besides which, his brother Peter was in England ; a married sister had a charming home, gay with young voices, near Birmingham ; scores of old friends were ready to welcome him in London, and Napoleon was just started on a new career, after Elba. But, on Irving's arrival in Liverpool, Water- loo had befallen, his brother Peter was ill, and the affairs of the house of P. and E. Irving were shaky. As a consequence much commercial task-work fell to his hands ; there was relief, however, in the trips to London, and to the charming home near Bir- mingham ; in the meeting with Allston and Leslie, who contributed to an illustrated edition of the Knickerbocker history ; in the theatre-going, where Kean and the O'Neil were shining ; in quiet saun- terings about Warwickshire ; in encounters with Campbell and Disraeli, and with Scott at Abbots- ford. The " Knickerbocker " fame opened doors to him everywhere, and his delightful humor, bon- homie, and courtesy kept them open. There were two or three years of such pleasures, dampened by commercial forebodings, till at last, in 1818, the house went into bankruptcy. William Irving meantime had used influences at Washington, through which a secretaryship in the navy depart- ment, with $2,500 per annum, was offered to the author ; but it was peremptorily declined. He was feeling his power to do somewhat with his pen of better worth ; yet for a long time the very exal- tation of his purpose palsied his writing faculty. It was not until 1819 that he transmitted to this country, for publication in New York and Phila- delphia, the first number of the " Sketch-Book." It appeared in June, ninety-two pages, octavo, " large type and copious margins," and sold for sev- enty-five cents. Among the papers in this first number was the story of Rip Van Winkle, the tatterdemalion of the Kaatskills, who is still living a lusty youthhood. Other numbers quickly succeed- ed, and were approved and hugely enjoyed in New York and Philadelphia, before yet British applause of them had sounded. But this came in its time, and with a fervor that had never before been kin- dled by work from an American hand. John Murray became eventually (1820) the publisher of the " Sketch - Book," as also of the succeeding works of " Bracebridge Hall " (2 vols., London, 1822), and " Tales of a Traveller " (1824). For the first he paid $2,400, for the second $5,250, and for the third $7,875 — sums which most readers will regard as bearing inverse ratio to their merits, but which marked Irving's growing popularity. The "Sketch-Book" was approved by the best critical judgment of those days, for its graces of language, its delicate fancies, its touches of pathos, and its quiet humor ; and, although there may be modern question of this judgment at some points, there is a leaven of charm in it for the average mind which has kept it in favor and made it the most popular of the Irving books. Meantime the author was enjoying himself in travelling. In 1826 he found himself in Madrid, going thither at the instance of U. S. minister Alexander H. Everett, who made him attache of the legation, and advised his translation of Navar- rete's " Voyages of Columbus," which was then in course of publication. This work he entered upon with zeal; but soon, inspired by the picturesque aspects of the subject, gave over the project of translation and determined to make his own " Life of Columbus." Upon this he worked with a will, and as early as July, 1827, advised Murray of its completion. It was published (3 vols., 1828) by Murray in London and Carvill in New York, their joint payments reaching the sum of $18,000. The sale did not equal the expectations of Mr. Murray ; an abridgment, however, without honorarium to the author, had large success. The research requi- site to this work gave Irving a footing with serious readers, who had ignored him as a romancer : its accuracy, its clearness of style, and its safe judg- ments have given it place in all historic libraries. Two succeeding books, of a more popular cast, which grew out of Irving's study of Spanish chron- icles, were the " Conquest of Granada " (1829) and the " Alhambra " tales (1832). This last was the re- sult of the author's enjoyable occupancy, by favor of the governor, of a suite of rooms in the old Moor- ish palace in the summer of 1829. There is in it pleasant description of his surroundings there — the towers, the courts, the dusky-eyed attendants— with a fantastic dressing up of old Moorish legends. The " Granada " chronicle is a romantic narrative of the actual struggles which belonged to the Moorish subjugation in Spain. It was while a resident of the Alhambra, in 1829, that Irving re- ceived news of his appointment to the post of sec- retary of legation in London. With some hesi- tancy he accepted, bade adieu to his Spanish friends, and went to a pleasant renewal of his old alliances in England. He passed three years there, taking to diplomatic lines of life not ungraciously, and making new friendships ; and with a medal of the Royal society of literature (1830), a doctorate from Oxford (1831), and other enviable honors, he sailed for New York in 1832, after seventeen years of absence. The greeting that met him was most marked and sincere; even the stammering hesi- tancy with which he met it, at a public dinner, provoked new cheers of hearty welcome. Neither diplomacy nor great literary successes had spoiled his modesty. It was at this period that he purchased and put in shape the stone cottage that formed his 362 IRVING IRVING after-home, and that of his brother and nieces, at Sunnyside, which is shown in the accompanying illustration. But the travelling habit was strong upon him, and within a year he was away upon the prairies, the trip having delightful outcome there- after in his "Tour on the Prairies" (1835). A friendly association, too, with John Jacob Astor, at whose home on Harlem river he spent much time, resulted in the compilation, in conjunction with his nephew Pierre, of the records of " Astoria " (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1836). This was followed by the " Adventures of Captain Bonneville " (1837). Sl «!iis4>:s*a**;v A project for writing a history of Mexico that he had long entertained was given up on learning, in 1839, that William H. Prescott was engaged upon the theme. A temporary association with the " Knickerbocker Magazine " became the occasion of putting to press a few papers of various quality, which served later to make up the bulk of a book of miscellany, called "Wolfert's Roost" (New York, 1854). In the year 1842, while Irving was living quietly at Sunnyside, he was appointed by President Tyler, at the instance of Daniel Webster, then secretary of state, minister to Spain. The United States senate promptly confirmed the ap- pointment, and the whole country gave a quick and loud approval. The author, aged fifty-nine, and be- ginning to feel somewhat the weight of years, was reluctant to leave home ; but the expenses of his household were large ; all his earlier books were out of print and bringing no revenue ; his vested property was tied up largely in non-paying stocks or lands ; his purpose of engaging upon the " Life of Washington " might, he thought, find execution in Madrid. He accepted, therefore, and in a letter from Paris, on the way to his post, he says : "I am somewhat of a philosopher, so I shall endeavor to resign myself to the splendor of courts and the conversation of courtiers, comforting myself with the thought that the time will arrive when I shall once more return to sweet little Sunnyside, to be able to sit on a stone fence and talk about politics and rural affairs with neighbor Forkel and Uncle Brom [Ebenezer]." His residence of four years at the court of Spain was uneventful ; but his letters of that period afford interesting glimpses of the young queen, of Christina, of Espartero, of Narvaez, of the. insurrections of 1843. Even his diplomatic correspondence shows at times the old glow that belonged to his Andalusian life. He was never weaned from a yearning fondness for the atmosphere of Spain, for the dark-eyed women, and for the proud grandees that once gave dignity to its history. Little was accomplished, however, in these years upon his " Life of Washington." Over and over, in his private letters, he lamented his literary inactivity; but the round of diplomatic courtesies and the larger round of friendly sociali- ties were in the way of methodic work. Uncertain health, too, compelled repeated absences, and seri- ously interfered with that old blitheness of mood under which only his best work could find accom- plishment. Resigning his post some months before the ap- pointment of his successor, he returned to the Unit- ed States, reaching his home of Sunnyside in Sep- tember, 1846, where thirteen years of happy life still remained for him. One of his first tasks upon arrival was to enlarge the country home and make it ample for a household which, by his generous in- sistence, now included his brother Ebenezer and his family. The squat tower, with its pagoda-like roof, added at this time, is perhaps the most salient architectural feature of the homestead. There were periodic dashes from year to year at his long- delayed " Life of Washington " ; and in 1848 an agreement with George P. Putnam — a liberal and energetic publisher of New York, who became a fast friend — demanded revision of all his published works for a new and uniform edition (15 vols., 1848-'50). This enterprise proved extraordinarily successful, and Irving was induced to add to his older books a " Life of Mahomet and his Success- ors " (1849-'50), which had been long floating in his mind, but not of the author's best; also a " Life of Goldsmith " (1849) — this last was an ex- tension of a sketch that was originally printed in the Paris (Baudry) library of British authors, and offered a subject which was at one with all of Irving's tastes and sympathies. It is a delightful biography, and sparkles throughout with the au- thor's best touches. In 1852 he writes, " My ' Life of Washington ' lags and drags heavily " ; indeed, age had begun to tell seriously upon him ; nor did he find in his study of old home records the pic- turesque aspects which so kindled his enthusiasms in his former gropings among the Moorish and Spanish chronicles. Yet he put an honest hand to the work and a clear head ; but it was not until 1855 that the first volume appeared. It was well received ; but it was easy to see that esteem for the author and for his past triumphs lent no inconsid- erable force to the encomiums bestowed upon the new work. At the close of 1855 the second vol- ume appeared ; the third in 1856 ; the fourth in 1857; the fifth dragged wearily. "I have taken things to pieces," he says, " and could not put them together again." " A streak of old age " had come upon him ; he had " wearisome muddles " in his work; his asthma was very afflictive: his years counted seventy-five ; nor was it until 1859, within less than a twelvemonth of his death, that the fifth and last volume appeared. The conditions had not been such as favor vigorous literary work. We must go back to the days of his full strength and vigor to measure his true forces. In this book of " Washington " there is a clear, pale outline of the distinguished American leader, wonderfully vivid transcripts of the battles, sagacious judgments, great fairness, and sturdy American feeling; but there is no such strong grasp of the subject or such sustained vigor of treatment as will rank it with his earlier works or with great biographies. There were no financial anxieties to disturb his later years ; the revenue from his books was very large ; he could and did make his old generosities more lavish ; his hospitalities were free and hearty ; he loved the part of entertainer and graced it. His mode of living showed a quiet elegance, but was never ostentatious. At the head of his table — cheered by the presence of old friends — his speech bubbled over with young vivacities, and his arch- ing brow and a whimsical light in his eye foretold and exalted every sally of his humor. His rides and drives and cheery smiles of greeting brought him IRVING IRVING 363 to the knowledge of all the neighborhood. When he died, the grief there was universal and sincere. On the day of his funeral (1 Dec, 1859), a remark- ably mild day for the season, the village shops were closed and draped in mourning, and both sides of the high-road leading from the church, of which he had been warden, to the grave by Sleepy Hollow, where his body lies, were black with the throngs of those who had come from far and near to do honor to his memory. We cannot class Washington Irving among those strenuous souls who delve new channels for thought ; his touch in literature is of a gentler sort. We may safely, however, count him the best beloved among Amer- ican authors — his character was so clean, his lan- guage so full of grace, his sympathies so true and wide, and his humor so genuine and abounding. After his death appeared his " Life and Letters," edited by his nephew, who also collected and edited his " Spanish Papers and other Miscellanies " (3 vols., 1866). During Irving's lifetime, 600,000 vol- umes of his works were sold in the United States, and from his death till the present time (1887) the annual sale has averaged 30,000 volumes. Of the portraits of Irving, that by his friend, Gilbert Stuart Newton, painted in 1820, was most es- teemed by the family, and best liked by the au- thor. The portrait by John Vanderlyn, painted in 1805, that by John Wesley Jarvis, in 1810, and that by Charles Martin, an English artist, in 1851, are well known by engravings. The Jarvis picture was considered excellent, and with the bust by Ball Hughes, which is also good, is still preserved at the Irving homestead of Sunnyside. Portraits by Escacena, painted in Seville, Spain, in 1829, by Vogel in Dresden in 1823, and by Foy in Paris in 1824, which are named in Pierre Ir- ving's biography, are not known by engravings, nor has their present ownership been traced. Sir David Wilkie's sketch of " Washington Irving consulting the Archives of Cordova " (25 April, 1828), which forms the frontispiece to one of Wilkie's published volumes, can hardly be considered a likeness. The steel portrait that accompanies this article is from a photograph. Busts of Irving have been set up in Central park and in Prospect park, Brooklyn. The latest edition of Irving's works is that published in New York (27 vols., 12mo, 1884-'6). A tabulated list of books and pamphlets relating to the author's life and writings appeared in the "reference lists" of the Providence public library for April, 1883. In the same year was founded a Washington Irving association at Tarrytown, which commemorated the hundredth anniversary of the author's birth by a public meeting and addresses, of which record was made in a memorial volume (New York, 1884). The standard life of Irving is that by his nephew, Pierre M. Irving (4 vols., 1862-3 ; memorial ed., 4to, 1883 ; German abridgment by Adolph Lann, Ber- lin, 1870). See also William C. Bryant's address before the New York historical society (New York, 1860); that of Henry W. Longfellow before the Massachusetts historical society, published in its " Proceedings " (Boston, 1860) ; " Irvingiana " (New York, 1860) ; Charles Dudley Warner's " Life of Irving " in the " American Men of Letters " series (Boston, 1881) ; and James Grant Wilson's " Bryant and his Friends " (New York, 1886). — His brother, William, merchant, b. in New York city, 15 Aug., 1766 ; d. there, 9 Nov., 1821, engaged in commercial pursuits, and from 1787 till 1791 was a fur-trader with the Indians on the Mohawk river, residing at Johnstown and Caughnawaga, N. Y. In 1793 he settled in New York city, and married a sister of James K. Paulding, one of the authors of " Salma- gundi." In the preparation of the latter work he took an active part, contributing most of the politi- cal pieces " from the mill of Pindar Cockloft." He also furnished hints and sketches for several of the prose articles, as the letters of " Mustapha " in Nos. 5 and 14, which were elaborated by his brother Washington. His extensive experience, combined with his wit and genial manners, made his house a literary centre, and although his poetical and other contributions to " Salmagundi," if issued separately, would have given him a distinct place among American humorists, he was entirely unambitious of literary fame. He was elected to congress three times as a Democrat, serving from 22 Jan., 1814, till 1818, when he resigned in consequence of declining health. — Another brother, Peter, author, b. in New York city, 30 Oct., 1771 ; d. there, 27 June, 1838, was graduated as a physician in Columbia in 1794, but never practised his profession. In Octo- ber, 1802, he began the publication of the " Morn- ing Chronicle," a Democratic newspaper, which advocated the election of Aaron Burr to the presi- dency. Among the contributors were the editor's brothers, Washington and John Treat, J. K. Paul- ding, William A. Duer, and Randolph Bunner. In 1807 he travelled in Europe, and on his return projected, with his brother Washington, the work that the latter developed into " Knickerbocker's History of New York." He again visited Europe in 1809, established himself in business there, and remained until 1836. During his residence abroad he published " Giovanni Sbogarro, a Venetian Tale " (New York, 1820).— Another brother, John Treat, lawyer, b. in New York city in 1778; d. there, 18 March, 1838, was graduated at Columbia in 1798. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and from 1817 until his death served as presiding judge of the New York court of common pleas. By his contributions to his brother's " Chronicle " he acquired some reputation through his poetical attacks on his political opponents. " He was," says the biographer of Washington Irving, " a man of perfect uprightness and great refinement of char- acter, and enjoyed through life the high respect of the community. In his earlier days he had some- thing of a literary turn, which, however, was soon quenched under the dry details of the law and the resolute fidelity with which he gave himself up to the claims of his profession." — William's son, Pierre Munroe, lawyer, b. in 1803 ; d. in New York city, 11 Feb., 1876, was graduated at Colum- bia in 1821, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. Meeting his uncle, Washington, in Spain in 1826, during a " youthful tour of Europe," he, at the latter's request, took charge of the work of get- ting the "Life of Columbus" correctly through the press in London. Subsequently he acted as his uncle's literary assistant, managed his business affairs, and attended him in his last illness. Some years before his death, Washington Irving appoint- ed Pierre his biographer, and in 1862-'3 the latter published " The Life and Letters of Washington Irving " (New York). He also edited his uncle's " Spanish Papers and Other Miscellanies " (1866). — Theodore, educator, son of Washington's brother, Ebenezer, b. in New York city, 9 May, 1809 ; d. there, 20 Dec, 1880, joined his uncle in Spain, and remained three years abroad, attending lectures and devoting himself to the study of modern lan- guages. He subsequently read law in London and New York. In 1836 he was appointed professor of history and belles-lettres in Geneva (now Hobart) college, where he remained until 1848, when he accepted the corresponding chair in the Free academy (now College of the city) of New York. 364 IRWIN IRWING This he resigned in May, 1852, and two years later, having studied theology, was ordained a priest of the Protestant Episcopal church. He became rector of Christ church, Bay Ridge, Long Island, and for several years had charge of St. Andrew's and afterward of Ascension parish, Staten island. In 1874 he again engaged in teaching, becoming rector of a young ladies' school in New York city. He received the degree of A. M. from Columbia in 1837, and that of LL. D. from Union in 1851. Be- sides contributing frequently to periodical litera- ture, Mr. Irving was the author of " The Conquest of Florida by Hernando de Soto " (Philadelphia and London. 1835; revised ed., uniform with the collective edition of Washington Irving's works, New York and London, 1851) ; " The Fountain of Living Waters " (New York, 1854 ; 4th ed., 1855) ; "Tiny Footfalls" (1869); and "More than Con- queror " (1873). — John Treat's son, John Treat, author, b. in New York city, 2 Dec, 1812, was graduated at Columbia in 1829, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He is the author of " Sketches in an Expedition to the Pawnee Tribes " (2 vols., Philadelphia and London, 1835) : " Hawk Chief" (Philadelphia and London, 1836); "The Attorney " and " Harry Harson, or the Benevolent Bachelor," the last two being first published in the " Knickerbocker Magazine " over the signature of " John Quod " in 1842-'3 ; and " The Van Gelder Papers and Other Sketches" (New York, 1887). IRWIN, Jared, statesman, b. in Mecklenburg county, N. C, in 1750 ; d. in Union, Washington co., Ga,, 1 March, 1818. He removed in early boyhood with his parents to Burke county, C~a., was an ardent patriot, and served in a Georgia regiment during the last four years of the Revolu- tionary war, afterward commanding a detach- ment of Georgia militia on the frontier, and against the Creek Indians. About 1788 he removed to Washington county, Ga., was a member of the first legislature that convened after the independence of the colonies was established, was in that body almost continuously, except while he was governor for the state, from 1790 till 1811, and frequently was president of the senate. He was a member of the State constitutional conventions of 1789, 1795, and 1798, and was president of the last named. In 1796 he became governor, and his administra- tion was marked by the rescinding of the " Yazoo law " that had been passed by a previous corrupt legislature. He was re-elected governor in 1806. IRWIN, John, naval officer, b. in Pennsylva- nia, 15 April, 1832. He was commissioned mid- shipman in 1847, passed midshipman in 1853, lieutenant in 1855, captain in 1875, and commo- dore in 1886. During the civil war he served on the frigate " Wabash " at the battle of Port Royal, and with a detachment of officers and seamen of the ship participated in the bombardment and capture of Fort Pulaski. His conduct on this occasion was commended in the official report. He is now (1887) senior member of the board of in- spection in San Francisco, Cal. IRWIN, John Scull, banker, b. in Pittsburg, Pa., 4 April, 1825. He was graduated at the West- ern university of Pennsylvania in 1842, and in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1847. He practised till 1853, when he abandoned the medical profession on account of failing health, and entered a banking-house in Fort Wayne, Ind., continuing in that business for twenty years. In 1865 he became treasurer of the Fort Wayne school board, and in 1875 superintendent of the city schools, and a member of the state board of educa- tion. On resigning from the board of trustees of Indiana university he received the degree of LL. D. He is a member of the national council of the Edu- cation association, and has been active in the coun- cils of the Protestant Episcopal church. IRWIN, Mathew, soldier, b. in Ireland in 1740 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa,, 10 March, 1800. He emigrated to the United States in 1767, and was a successful importer in Philadelphia till the be- ginning of the Revolution, when he entered the army as captain and quartermaster in the Penn- sylvania line. He served in various capacities until 1783, and in December, 1777, when the army at Valley Forge was destitute of clothing and pro- visions, was one of sixty citizens of Philadelphia to provide funds for its temporary support, his sub- scription being £5,000. In 1785 he became re- corder of Philadelphia, and from the adoption of the constitution of 1790 was master of rolls of the state of Pennsylvania until his death. — His son, Thomas, jurist, b. in Philadelphia, 22 Feb., 1785; d. in Pittsburg, Pa., 14 May, 1870, was educated at Franklin college, Pa., but, in consequence of the death of his father, who left a heavily encumbered estate, was not graduated. In 1804 he became editor of the " Philadelphia Repository," studied law, and in 1808 was admitted to the bar. In this year he accepted an appointment in the Indian department at Natchitoches, La,, and also prac- tised law there for two years. Failure of health necessitating his return in 1810, he settled in Uniontown, Fayette co., N. Y., was a member of the legislature in 1824— '6, and during his term of office framed the bill for the extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad. In 1828 he was elected to congress as a Democrat, serving till his appointment in 1830 as judge of the western dis- trict of Pennsylvania, which office he held till his death. His opinion regarding the fugitive-slave act of 1850 had a large circulation. IRWIN, Nathaniel, clergyman, b. in Fagg's Manor, Chester co., Pa., 17 Oct., 1756 ; d. in Bucks county, Pa., 3 March, 1812. He was graduated at Princeton in 1770, was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1774, and was pastor of the Neshaminy church, Bucks county, Pa,, from that year until his death. He was clerk of the " old synod " in 1781-5, and moderator of the general assembly in 1801. Mr. Irwin was the first to encourage John Fitch, the steamboat builder, and the inventor's autobiography, which is now in the Philadelphia library in manuscript, is addressed " to the Rev. Nathaniel Irwin." Irwin combined great business shrewdness with devotion to his profession, and was an eloquent orator. He exercised much influence in local politics, and a caricature, printed at the time of the location of the Bucks county court-house, repre- sents him without his hat and in his shirt-sleeves, striving with all his might to pull the building in the direction of Doylestown. IRWIN, William, governor of California, b. in Butler county, Ohio, in 1827 ; d. in San Fran- cisco, Cal., 15 March, 1886. He was graduated at Marietta college in 1848, and, after teaching for three years at Port Gibson, Miss., and holding a tutorship at Marietta, went to Chicago, where he read law for a few months. After passing two years in Oregon, he settled in Siskiyou county, Cal., and engaged in mining, lumbering, and publishing a newspaper. He was elected to the legislature as a Democrat in 1861, was its president pro tempore during his second term, in 1874 became lieutenant- governor, and in 1875 governor of California. IRWING, Mary Katie, English adventuress, b. in the island of Guernsey in 1678 ; d. in Port ISAACS ISERT 365 Royal, Jamaica, in 1721. Her parents kept a sailors' boardiDg-house, and at the age of twelve she eloped with a boy named William Read, dressed in her brother's clothes, and with Read shipped as a sailor on a merchantman that was ap- parently bound for the West Indies. The ship proved to be a slaver, and was captured near Tor- tugas island by buccaneers, who murdered the crew, except a few who enlisted among them. William and Mary were spared for their youth, and served four years with the pirates, who would have remained in ignorance of Mary's sex but for a wound she received in an engagement with a Spanish man-of-war. When her wound was healed she resumed female attire, but her position in the ship became unbearable, as on her account quar- rels spread among the crew, in which, in 1695, young Read lost his life, and in 1696 she agreed to marry his murderer, the second mate of the ship, named Harry Walter. They lived afterward several years in Panama, where they kept a lodging-house, but after Walter's death, in 1707, Mary resumed man's attire, and armed a privateer, with which she ransacked and pillaged Les Cayes in Santo Do- mingo, and the coasts of Venezuela and Jamaica, securing large spoils. She soon became famous among the corsairs, as she coolly murdered those who fell into her hands, boasting that she had her- self slaughtered 600 Spaniards. At last a man-of- war was specially despatched from New Spain to capture her, and, after eluding pursuit for months, she was taken near Jamaica, with the aid of an English ship, and hanged in that island. ISAACS, Samuel Myer, clergyman, b. in Leeuwarden, Holland, 4 Jan., 1804; d. in New York city, 19 May, 1878. He went to London with his family in 1814, was called to the pastorate of a New York syna- gogue in 1839, and, on a division in the congregation in 1845, a new body was or- ganized, of which he was minister until his death. Mr. Isaacs was successful in arous- ing his community to philanthropic work, and he was among the first to labor for the establishment of Jewish institutions in New York, like the Mount Sinai hospi- tal, the Hebrew free schools, and the Unit- ed Hebrew charities. He was a popular speaker, and was often called to consecrate synagogues throughout the country, and was a frequent orator at public assemblies. In 1857 he established the " Jewish Messenger," as an organ of conservative Judaism, and advocated his views with warmth and ability. He was a life-long friend and correspondent of Sir Moses Montefiore. A brief biography of him was published by his sons on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the " Jew- ish Messenger" in January, 1882. ISAMBERT, Henry (e-zam'-bair'), French sol- dier, b. in Cahors in 1749 ; d. in Santo Domingo in December, 1800. He served in the colonial troops from 1769 till 1792, and commanded the Royal Martinique regiment in Santo Domingo at the beginning of the French revolution in 1789. He took an active part in the repression of the troubles that the new democratic principles caused in the island among the slaves, advising the sum- mary execution of the rioters, and sometimes de- nying them even a trial. He was recalled in 1792, and imprisoned during the reign of terror on sus- picion of being a royalist; but the downfall of Robespierre, which happened the day before his proposed execution, saved him, and he was after- ward released. He was elected a member of the council of the ancients in 1796, but was again ar- rested and transported, with other distinguished victims of the reaction, to Guiana. His faithful wife, a Creole of Martinique, joined him, and he bought an estate to avert suspicion, but in June, 1798, escaped to the Dutch city of Paramaribo and sailed for London. Having obtained his par- don in the following year, Isambert returned to France, where Bonaparte reinstated him in the army with the rank of major-general, and attached him to the staff of Gen. Rochambeau, who was preparing to sail for Santo Domingo. There he distinguished himself against the rebel negroes, and was killed in an engagement near Cayes. He published " Journal des faits relatifs a la journee du 18 f ructidor, du transport, du sejour et de Inva- sion des deportes, suivi d'un abrege historique sur la Guiane Francaise " (2 vols., London, 1799), and " Histoire de Saint Domingue, 1' element noir et la colonisation Francaise " (Sinnimari, 1798). ISELIN, Jacob Christian (e'-ze-leen), Swiss explorer, b. in Basle in 1753 ; d. in Freiburg in 1811. He studied in Geneva, and was professor of history in the University of Basle, when, in 1785, he inherited a large estate from an uncle, and re- solved to explore the New World. He visited the Canary islands, Brazil, Chili. Peru, the Marquesas islands, Pomata, and Tahiti, and afterward went by land from California to Texas, descended thence to Mexico and via the isthmus of Panama to South America, where he remained altogether twenty-two years. He returned in 1806 to Europe with a large number of documents, maps, and notes, which he deposited in the public library of his native town, and devoted the remainder of his life to researches among the public libraries of Europe, thus gathering a huge collection of origi- nal documents on America. He published " Ana- lecta Peruviana seu genera et species plantarum in Peruvia crescentium " (2 vols., Geneva, 1808) ; " Monografia de las voces compuestas de Chile " (2 vols., Basle, 1809) ; " Ascencion du Pichincha et Chimborazo " (Geneva, 1810) ; " Du mouvement religieuse dans l'Amerique du Sud " (Basle, 1809) ; " Histoire de la conquete et de la domination Espagnole dans l'Amerique du Sud," which was for a long time a standard work on the conquests and explorations of European adventurers (6 vols., Basle. 1811, with charts). ISERT, Paul Edmond (e'-zert), Danish trav- eller, b. in Copenhagen in 1757; d. in Guinea, Africa, in 1789. He went to Africa in 1783 in the capacity of chief surgeon, resided for three years at Fort Christiansborg, on the Guinea coast, and after exploring the country of the Ashantees em- barked on a slaver bound for the Antilles. During the voyage a part of the negroes revolted, and he was dangerously wounded. He landed at Santa Cruz, visited successively St. Eustache, Guade- loupe, Martinique, Porto Rico, and Cuba, and sailed for Europe in 1788. He was afterward sent to Africa by the Danish government to found a colony on an island in the river Volta. He pub- lished " Reise nach Guinea und den Caraibischen Inseln" (Copenhagen, 1788; reprinted at Berlin and Leipsic, 1790; and translated into Danish, Swedish, Dutch, Spanish, and French, Paris, 1793). 366 ISHAM ITABORAHY ISHAM, Jirah, soldier, b. in Colchester, Conn., in May, 1778 ; d. in New London, Conn., 6 Oct., 1842. His father, Capt. John Isham, was a Revo- lutionary officer, and often a member of the gen- eral assembly of the state. The son was graduated at Yale in 1797, studied law with David Daggett and John G. Brainard, and established himself in the practice of his profession in New London in 1800. He occupied many local offices of public trust, was at one time mayor of New London, state's attorney for New London county from 1838 till 1842, and from 1840 till his death was judge of probate for New London district. During the war of 1812 with Great Britain he commanded at the bombardment of Stonington. ISLES, Andre (eel), Chevalier des, French ad- venturer, b. in Dieppe in 1530 ; d. in Florida in 1565. Admiral Coligny, having resolved to secure lands in America, where the French Protestants could be at liberty to enjoy their religion, gave Des Isles in 1560 two vessels, with orders to discover some convenient locality not occupied by European set- tlers. Sailing from Dieppe in May, 1560, he was driven by storms on the coast of Florida, and land- ed in July near a cape, which he named French cape and which is now known as Cape San Juan. He discovered on 5 Aug. the river Royale, built a fort, and, leaving twenty men to hold it, re- turned to France. The result of the expedition greatly pleased Admiral Coligny, but religious dis- sensions prevented him from sending another expe- dition before 1562, when he appointed Capt. Ribaut governor of the proposed colonies, and gave him three ships carrying 600 emigrants. Des Isles ac- companied the expedition, and acted as Ribaut's lieutenant. They found the fort destroyed and its garrison dead, but rebuilt it and named it Fort Royal, and Des Isles was left in command of the place with 250 men. Ribaut returned from France in the following year with a re-enforcement of 300 men, but Coligny had appointed a new commander for Fort Royal, the Count of Laudonniere, and his arrival caused trouble. Des Isles, supported by Ribaut, refused to relinquish the fort, and when he was compelled to do so established a new colony at the mouth of Toubachire. Everything prospered at first, but soon hostilities began between the ri- vals, and when Ribaut returned with re-enforee- ments in 1565, he found the French reduced to about 125 men. He pacified the captains, and went on an exploration of the coast, but during his absence the Spanish, under Menendez, attacked Fort Royal, and Laudonniere, in spite of the oppo- sition of Des Isles, signed a capitulation, which the Spaniards violated, massacring all the French. ISOART, Louis (e-zo-ahr), Spanish mission- ary, b. in Burgundy in 1599 ; d. in San Jose, Para- guay, in 1640. He became a Jesuit in 1624, went to Buenos Ayres in the following year, and in 1627 was attached to the missions of the Caro forests, between Yuvi and Piratini rivers. He found there about 500 Indian families, which he civilized and established in a village. Five years later his superiors sent him to a larger field of labor among the Tupi and Mamelo Indians, who had never yet permitted a European to cross their country, and were reputed the most warlike Indians of those regions. Isoart went alone to their forests, and, presenting himself to the ca- cique, told him he had come to make him a. Chris- tian. The courage of the missionary impressed the chief, and through his influence Isoart was enabled to establish missions. The Indians had so much confidence in him that they never recognized the laws of Spain, but lived for a century under the rule of Isoart. He left several manuscripts, which were afterward published in " Litter* annuse pro- vincise Paraguarige Societates Jesu " (2 vols., Rome, 1646) ; '" Relations et progres de la religion Chre- tienne faits au Paraguay " (1647) ; " Histoire, chroniques, et usages des Indiens Mamelos et Tu- pis " (1649) ; and several other works. ISSERTIEUX, Diendonne Gabriel Yves (eess-err-tyuh), Comte d', French soldier, b. in Plouharnel, Brittany, in 1753 : d. in Guiana in 1819. He served with distinction, as a volunteer, in the war of American independence from 1776 till the surrender of Yorktown in 1781, when he accom- panied the Count of Saint Simon, who carried the news to Louis XVI. He served afterward in the body-guards, and, emigrating to the United States when.the guards were dissolved in 1791, he opened a French school in New Orleans. When Napoleon was proclaimed emperor he returned to France and was appointed captain of artillery. He acted as adjutant to Gen. Lagrange in the expedition to Dominica, taking part in the bombardment of Les Roseaux, the capital of the English colony, on 23-25 Feb., 1806, and was promoted major. He commanded a battalion in Cayenne in 1807, and protested when Gov. Hugues surrendered the colo- ny to the Portuguese in 1811. He remained a prisoner in Kingston, Jamaica, till 1814, when he was appointed lieutenant-colonel by Louis XVIII. and sent again to command in Guiana. He is the author of " La verite sur la capitulation du Gou- verneur Hugues " (Cayenne, 1819), and " Memoire a Sa Majeste l'Empereur sur la situation de Cay- enne a l'epoque de la capitulation " (Paris, 1813). ISTHUANFI, Nicolas (iss-too-ahn'-fe), Hun- garian physician, b. in Comorn in 1742 ; d. in Paramaribo in 1806. He went to the West In- dies as soon as he was graduated in Vienna, prac- tised medicine in St. Eustache, and was ap- pointed president of the sanitary board of Dutch Guiana in 1773. A few years later Baron Malouet, governor of French Guiana, engaged Isthuanfi, with others, to reorganize the French sanitary system, and his timely measures checked an epi- demic of yellow fever and Asiatic cholera that broke out in Cayenne in 1781. He also thorough- ly disinfected the city, and persuading the author- ities to offer rewards for the erection of handsome residences. At the beginning of the revolution in 1789, Isthuanfi still held the office of president of the board of health, but during the ensuing troubles his advice was often ignored, and he was even imprisoned in 1793. He escaped to Paramaribo, bought an estate, and devoted the remainder of his life to agricultural experiments. He published " Traite de pharmacie moderne " (Cayenne, 1781) ; " Traite de la fievre jaune " (1786) ; " Les mala- dies de la Guyane " (1787) ; " Medicinske Voorden- bock gefolged van een Verhandling over planten voor medicinske gebroek " (Paramaribo, 1801) ; and " Les Guianes, sont-elles malsaines % experience d'un medecin " (1801). ITABORAHY, Joaquim Jose Rodrigues Torres (e-tah-bo-rah-e'), Viscount of, Brazilian statesman, b. in S. Joao de Itaborahy, 13 Dec, 1802 ; d. in Rio Janeiro, 8 Jan., 1873. He was graduated at the University of Coimbra in 1825, and on his return to his native country in 1826 was made pro- fessor of mathematics in the military academy of Rio Janeiro. He became secretary of the navy, 16 June, 1831, remaining at the head of his department during several administrations. On 16 July, 1833, he retired from the cabinet, and in the same year was elected to congress, taking an active part in reforming the constitution of the empire. Soon ITAMARACA ITURBIDE 367 afterward he was appointed president of the prov- ince of Rio Janeiro, which office he occupied till 1839. On 23 May, 1840, he again entered the min- istry as secretary of the navy, but the cabinet lasted only one month. He was then elected to congress again, in 1844 was appointed senator by the em- peror, and in 1849 was made secretary of state. Assisted by the financier Bernardo Franco, he founded the Brazilian bank. On 6 Sept., 1853, he retired from the cabinet, being appointed council- lor of the government in financial matters, and in the same year was nominated president of the bank that he had founded. In 1859-60 he was a mem- ber of the national board of education, and by his advice many improvements were introduced, espe- cially in the imperial college of Pedro II. He was after 1864 the principal leader of the Conservative party. He was called to the treasury portfolio dur- ing the war between Brazil and Paraguay, in 1868, and served till peace was concluded, when, on 28 Sept., 1870, he resigned. In 1871 his health failed, and he retired from public life. ITAMARACA, Antonio Peregriuo Maciel Monteiro (e-tah-mah-rah-cah'), Baron of, Brazilian statesman, b. in Pernambuco in 1802 ; d. in Lisbon, Portugal, 5 Jan., 1868. He studied in Coimbra and Paris, and was graduated in medicine from the university of the latter city in 1828. After his re- turn to Brazil he began to practise his profession, but soon abandoned it to take an active part in politics. He was elected to congress from the province of Pernambuco, joined the opposition against the regent Feijo in 1836, and soon was con- sidered one of the leaders of his party. When Feijo was forced to abdicate, 19 Sept., 1837, Ita- maraca was called to take charge of the portfolio of foreign relations, ably settled the Oyapoc diffi- culty with France, and signed several treaties of commerce with other foreign powers. In 1843 he was again elected deputy by the province of Per- nambuco, distinguishing himself as an orator, till congress was dissolved by the victorious Liberal opposition. In 1850 he was again sent to congress, and was elected president of the lower house. After many years of legislative duties he was ap- pointed minister to Portugal. He wrote many poems, most of which remain in manuscript. A collection of the whole is now (1887) in preparation. ITAPARICA, Manoel de Santa Rita (e-tah- pah-re-cah'), Brazilian poet, b. in the island of Ita- parica in 1704; d. about 1770. He was admitted to the novitiate in the convent of Paraguazu on 2 July, 1720, and in 1724 took priestly orders. He was a man of very pronounced temperament and faculties, as well as an able and eloquent preacher. Although he did so much for the progress of learn- ing in his country, he passed his life in poverty. The work that made his name famous is " Poema sacro e tragicomico em que se contem a vida de Santo Eustachio martyr chamado antes Placido e de sua mulher e filhos. Por um anonymo, natural da ilha de Itaparica da Bahia, Dado a luz por um devoto del Santo," which was translated into Span- ish and Italian. Itaparica also wrote "Eusta- chidos " (1736) ; " Um Epigramma latine a morte do Rei Fidelisimo," " Uma Cancion f unebre," and three sonnets. ITAUMA, Candido Borges Monteiro (e-tah- oo'-mah), Viscount of, Brazilian physician and politician, b. in Rio Janeiro, 12 Oct., 1812; d. there, 25 Aug., 1872. He was graduated as sur- geon in the academy of Rio Janeiro in 1833, and began practice, but at the same time studied medi- cine, and was graduated in 1834. He then became connected with the medical department of the academy, filling various chairs till 1858, and dur- ing this time was the first to introduce modern instruments in surgery. He was physician to the imperial family, and in 1849 became mayor of Rio Janeiro. Soon afterward he was appointed com- missioner of emigration, and on 27 Aug., 1858, president of the province of Sao Paulo. The em- peror created him baron of Itauma and senator of the empire. In 1869 he went to Europe with the intention of studying improvements in medical "science, but on his return was invited by Dom Pe- dro II. to be his companion in his journey through Europe. On its termination in 1872, Dr. Itauma accepted the portfolio of agriculture and com- merce, and in that year he was made a viscount. As minister of commerce he protected the emi- gration of Europeans, introduced many useful inventions, and supervised the construction of many miles of telegraph and railroad. He was en- gaged on this enterprise when he died, so poor that the government had to make an appropriation for the support of his family. Dr. Itauma was a mem- ber of many scientific societies. ITURBIDE, or YTURBIDE, Agnstin de (e- tur-be'-deh), emperor of Mexico, b. in Valladolid (now Morelia), 27 Sept., 1783; d. in Padilla, 19 July, 1824. His father came from Navarre shortly before his birth, and settled in New Spain. The son studied at the seminary of his native town till the death of his father in 1798, when he entered the provincial infantry as sub-lieutenant, and in 1805 went with it to garrison Jalapa, and married Ana Maria Huarte, of Valladolid. On his return in 1809 he aided in suppressing a revolutionary movement, and, when in 1810 Hidalgo was plan- ning with Allende the revolution for Mexican in- dependence, he declined to join them, and took the field for the Spanish cause, joiningwithhis force Torcuato Trujillo, to dis- pute the entry of the insur- gent army to the capital at Monte de las Cruces. Itur- bide was in the battle of 30 Oct., and, being promoted cap- tain of the bat- talion of Tula, was sent to the army of the south under Garcia Rio. Im- paired health compelled him to go to the capital on leave of absence, and he thus escaped the fate of his com- mander, who was surprised and killed by the insurgents. After a visit to his native town he was sent to Guanajuato as second in command of Garcia Conde, and took part in the suppres- sion of the rebellion, capturing one of the prin- cipal leaders in that province, Albino Garcia. He was then appointed colonel of the regiment of Ce- laya, with headquarters at Irapuato, organized the defence of San Miguel, Chamaeuero, and San Juan de la Vega, and defeated the forces of the revolu- tionary chiefs, Rafael Rayon, Tovar, and Father Torres. In 1813 he was ordered with Llano to cover Valladolid, which was threatened by the forces of Jose Maria Morelos, and he repulsed the ^7^*-^? 368 ITURBIDE ITURBIDE forces of Morelos on 22 Dec. and the following days, and completely routed them at Puruaran on 15 Jan., 1814. He was repulsed before Coporo by Ignacio Rayon in 1815, and in 1816 was appointed commander-in-chief of Guanajuato and Michoa- ean ; but his cruelties and violent measures became so notorious that several citizens complained. He was indicted, and, although absolved of the grav- est charges, was dismissed, as the Spanish govern- ment suspected the Mexican officers. He retired to private life, maturing plans of vengeance, espe- cially as he knew, better than any one else, the state of public opinion, and foresaw the final over- throw of the Spaniards. On the proclamation of the constitution in the peninsula, 1820, Iturbide obtained from the vice- roy, Ruiz de Apodaca, command of the army of the south. On 16 Nov. he left Mexico at the head of his old regiment and a total force of about 2,500 men, and, making his headquarters at Telo- loapam, began to win over the officers of his com- mand to his plan. He feigned encounters with the revolutionist leader Guerrero, with whom, in reality, he was in secret communication, and who offered to assist him and submit to his orders. Iturbide reported to the viceroy that he had nearly repressed the revolution, by this means obtaining re-enforce- ments, and on 22 Dec. marched from Teloloapam, and, after a final interview with Guerrero in Aca- tempan, 10 Jan., 1821, surprised and captured at Barrabas a convoy of §525,000 in silver bars, which the merchants of Vera Cruz, believing that the revolution was suppressed, had sent to Acapulco. He now proclaimed in the little town of Iguala, 24 Feb., 1821, his plan of independence, which is known as the " plan de Iguala," or " plan de las tres garantias," which provided for the protection of religion, the union of Spaniards and Mexicans, and independence under the separate government of Ferdinand VII., or a prince of the reigning dy- nasty. The viceroy sent a force against him under Gen. Pascual Linan, but public opinion was over- whelmingly in favor of independence, and every- where the military chiefs pronounced for Iturbide. His forces increased daily, and in the middle of April numbered over 6,000 men. Meanwhile the viceroy had been deposed and succeeded provision- ally by Gen. Novella, who hastily erected fortifica- tions for protecting the capital, but he was gradu- ally abandoned by his supporters, and when, in July, the new viceroy, O'Donoju, arrived in Vera Cruz, he resolved to treat with Iturbide. They had an interview at Cordova, where, on 24 Aug., they concluded a treaty, by which the viceroy recognized the independence of Mexico under the reign of Ferdinand VII., or one of the princes, and in case of their refusal the Mexicans were to choose an emperor for themselves. After being triumphant- ly received at Puebla, Iturbide entered the capital, 27 Sept., 1821, at the head of an army of 16,000 men. A junta was installed with O'Donoju as a member, and the next day the declaration of inde- pendence was signed and proclaimed. By decree of the junta of 11 Oct. a regency of five members, in- stead of the original three, was formed, with Itur- bide as president, and he was at the same time ap- pointed commander-in-chief, with the title of " se- rene highness," and an annual salary of 8120,000. The Spanish residents that desired to leave the country were permitted to do so without molesta- tion, and this and other liberal measures of the new government contributed to establish peace. The few remaining Spanish garrisons, with the ex- ception of Vera Cruz, became disheartened and surrendered, and the provinces of Yucatan and Chiapas and the Guatemala canton of Soconusco declared their independence, but were afterward united with the Mexican empire. Soon dissensions broke out in the junta, under whose interference Iturbide was chafing, the unpaid troops were discontented, and public opinion was divided between monarchical and republican ideas. Hoping for immediate relief, Iturbide hastened the convocation of the 1st congress, which met, 24 Feb., 1822, but it obstinately refused to grant him money for the troops. Thus driven to extremes, with 16,000 men at his disposal, and aided by the public commotion that was caused by the arrival of the news that the treaty of Cordova had been declared void in Spain, he allowed his partisans to proclaim him emperor on the night of 18 May. This movement was generally sustained by the troops, and, notwithstanding its resistance, con- gress finally sanctioned his election on 21 May, and received his oath of office, and on 21 July he was solemnly crowned amid pompous ceremonies in the cathedral under the name of Agustin I. Soon opposition began to appear everywhere, and when, on 26 Aug., he imprisoned fifteen deputies to con- gress, who were suspected of participation in a conspiracy that had been organized in Valladolid, he fell into disagreement with that body, and on 31 Oct. dissolved it arbitrarily. The "junta in- stituyente." which succeeded the congress on 2 Nov., was unable to establish order, and defection be- came general among the army officers. Santa- Anna, who had been ordered to Mexico, proclaimed the republic in Vera Cruz on 2 Dec, Guerrero went to the south to raise an insurrection, and Gen. Echavarri, who had been ordered against Santa- Anna, joined him, signing on 1 Feb., 1823, the " plan de Casa-Mata." Driven to despair, Iturbide hastily reassembled the congress that had been dissolved by him four months before, and on 7 March presented his abdication, which was ignored by that body. It declared his election void from the beginning, and decreed that he should imme- diately leave the country and reside in Italy with a pension of §25,000 yearly. He was meanwhile under the custody of Gen. Bravo, and on 11 May he sailed in the English ship " Rawlins " for Leg- horn, where he arrived on 2 Aug. But the grand- duke did not desire to see him reside there, and he went thence to London in the beginning of 1824. His Mexican partisans, meanwhile, represented that the country desired his return, and. impelled by a wish to recover his crown, he sailed on 4 May, accompanied by his wife, his nephew, the Polish colonel Benseki, and three priests, for Mexico, and, after looking vainly for some of his partisans in the Bay of San Bernardo, anchored on 14 July in the small port of Soto la Marina, un- aware that the government, meanwhile, had de- clared him a traitor and an outlaw should he set foot again on Mexican territory. After Benseki had obtained permission from the military com- mander, Felipe de la Garza, for his " party of colo- nists" to land, Iturbide went on shore, but was immediately recognized, notwithstanding his dis- guise, and arrested. Garza conducted him to the prison of the town, and advised him to prepare to die. He sent for his chaplain, but the commander, meanwhile, resolved to present him to the provin- cial congress of Tamaulipas, which was then in session in the neighboring town of Padilla. He arrived there on 19 July, that body condemned him to immediate execution, and he was shot on the evening of the same day in the square of Pa- dilla, after assuring the multitude that he was not a traitor to his country, and exhorting them to ITURRI IVERSON 369 obey the constitutional government. lie was buried in the small cemetery there, but under the administration of Gen. Bustamante in 1838 con- gress ordered his remains to be transported to the city of Mexico, and on 25 Sept. of that year, after solemn ceremonies, they were jjlaced in the chapel of San Felipe de Jesus, in the cathedral, in a mar- ble sarcophagus. After his execution congress de- creed that his family should reside in Colombia, giving them a yearly pension of $8,000 ; but, there being no ship for that country, his wife was per- mitted to go to the United States. She lived for many years in Philadelphia, and then went to Ba- yonne, France. — The emperor's elder son, Angel, died in the city of Mexico, 18 July, 1872, leaving a son, Agustix, b. in Washington, D. C, in 1863, who was adopted by Maximilian as heir to the throne, and after the death of his father returned to the United States. — The emperor's younger son died in Paris. France, in May, 1873. ITURRI, Francisco Javier (e-toor'-re), South American missionary, b. in Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz, Argentine Republic, in 1738 ; d. in Italy after 1800. He was a Jesuit, and labored among the Paraguay Indians. After the expulsion of the Jesuits he went to Rome, where he acted as private tutor to the younger members of the Spanish lega- tion. He wrote " Carta critica sobre la historia de America del Senor D. Juan Bautista Munoz escrita de Roma," in which he inveighs bitterly against Muiloz and other Spanish writers who calumniated the Americans (Madrid, 1798), and "Danos, cpie debe temer la Espana de la libertad con que se calumnian sus colonias " (1800). Both works were reprinted (Buenos Ayres, 1818). He also wrote " Historia natural, ecclesiastiea, civil, del Vireynato de Buenos Ayres," the manuscript of which is in the Jesuit college at Rome. ITURRIAGA, Manuel Mariano de (e-toor-e- ah'-gah), Mexican clergyman, b. in Puebla de Los Angeles. Mexico, 24 Dec, 1728 ; d. in Italy about 1814. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1744, and became professor of rhetoric, philosophy, and theology in Guatemala and Puebla. After the ex- pulsion of the society in 1767 he went to Italy, where bishops from every part of Europe con- suited him on theology. He was one of the most voluminous of writers, and published works, in Spanish, Latin, and Italian, on religion, phi- losophy, and general literature. He translated into Spanish most of the dramas of Metastasio, as well as some of the masterpieces of the French stage. His works published before he was banished from America are " El Dolor Rev : Pompa funebre con que la Ciudad de Guatemala oro la Memoria de la Senora Dona Maria Barbara de Portugal, Reina de Espaha " (Guatemala. 1759) and " Oracion funebre pronunciada en la Catedral de Guatemala en elogio de la espresada Reina" (1759). A full list of Iturriaga's works will be found in Backer's '• Bibliotheque des ecrivains de la Compagnie de Jesus " (2d series, Liege, 1854). ITURRI BALZAGA, Antonio de (e-toor-re-bal- thah'-gah), Spanish naval officer, b. in Motrico, 11 Aug., 1656; d. in 1728. When he was twelve years old his father, a pilot, took him to sea and in- structed him in the art of navigation. He was ap- pointed chief pilot in 1686, and served for thirty years in South America. He was commissioned admiral in 1702, and ordered to take command of the Spanish forces in South American waters, but was nevertheless permitted as a special favor to retain the office and the emoluments of chief pilot. He rendered great service to his country by re- organizing the Spanish navy, building navy-yards vol. in. — 24 in Montevideo and Buenos Ayres, and designing new models for men-of-war. He successfully op- posed the English Admiral Byng in the Mediter- ranean sea in 1718, and saved in 1726 an immense treasure that had been brought by galleons from New Spain, convoying it safely to Santander. For this, Philip V. pensioned and ennobled him. Itur- ribalzaga published *'Las Reglas y proporciones para la construccion de bajeles," with plans (Se- ville, 1721), and "Historia de la Nautica en los Dominios Espanoles de America." ITURRIGARAY, Jose de (e-too-re-gah-ri), viceroy of Mexico, b. in Cadiz, Spain, about 1760 ; d. there about 1815. He distinguished himself as a colonel in the war between Spain and France, and came to Mexico in the first days of January, 1803, as- suming office as vicerov, 5 Feb.. 1803. * During his administra- tion the first at- tempts in vacci- nation were made under the direc- tion of Francisco Javier Balmis,and also in using qui- nine in yellow fe- ver. Almost all the time of the viceroy was occu- pied in providing sums of money that were due to France, and in maintaining Cu- ba, Puerto Rico, and Florida in a state of defence, in view of the impending war with England. To provide the necessary sum. amounting to over §41.- 000.000, all sources of public wealth being exhaust- ed, desperate financial measures were resorted to, and much church property was sold. On 9 Dec. 1803, he erected, amid costly festivities, though the funds for necessary public expenses were exhausted, the bronze statue of Charles IV., which now stands on the Paseo de la Reforma. He attended with care to the development of mines. He founded colleges, improved the public roads, organized and disciplined the militia and army, and fortified cities. He had a dispute with the United States about the boundary between Texas and Louisiana, which he arranged to the satisfaction of all. When Charles IV. abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdi- nand VII., Iturrigaray seemed disposed to disobey the government, but was compelled by the audiencia to proclaim the new king. When in May both Charles IV. and Ferdinand VII. were imprisoned by Napoleon in Bayonne, and the French rule began in Spain, he openly disobeyed orders from the popu- lar junta, and it is alleged that he favored the in- dependence of Mexico, intending to proclaim him- self king. A conspiracy was now formed against him under Gabriel Yermo, a rich Spaniard, and during the night of 15 Sept.. 1808, the govern- ment palace was occupied by a force of the con- spirators, and Iturrigaray arrested and declared deposed. On 25 Sept. he was transported as pris- oner to San Juan de Ulna, and on 6 Dec. sent to Spain in the frigate " San Justo." He died before the termination of his trial, which was long delayed. IYERSON, Alfred, senator, b. in Burke county, Ga., 3 Deo., 1798 ; d. in Macon, Ga,, 4 March, 1873. He was graduated at Princeton in 1820, studied law, 370 IVES 1VISON and practised at Columbus, Ga. He was three times a member of the legislature in the lower house, and once in the upper, and was for seven years a judge of the superior court for the Colum- bus circuit. He was a presidential elector in 1844, and in 1846 was chosen to congress as a Democrat. He was afterward elected to the U. S. senate, and took his seat on 3 Dec, 1855, but withdrew, 28 Jan., 1861, on the passage by his state of an ordinance of secession. While in the senate he was for a long time chairman of the committee on claims. He was an open advocate of disunion, and one of the leaders of the secession movement. Just be- fore withdrawing from the senate he said in a speech that the southern states would never be satisfied with any concession " that does not fully recognize, not only the existence of slavery in its present form, but the right of the southern people to emigrate to the common territories with their slave property, and their right to congressional protection, while the territorial existence lasts." After hostilities had begun, Mr. Iverson became colonel of a regiment that he had raised for the Confederate army, and in November, 1862, was commissioned brigadier-general. IVES, Levi, physician, b. in 1750; d. in New Haven, Conn., 17 Oct., 1826. He was a skilful practitioner, a founder of the New Haven medical society, and one of the editors of " Cases and Ob- servation," which was reputed to be the first medi- cal journal that was published in the United States. — His son, Eli, physician, b. in New Haven, Conn., 7 Feb., 1779 ; d. there, 8 Oct., 1861, was graduated at Yale in 1799, and for the next two years was rector of the Hopkins grammar-school in New Haven. He studied medicine in the mean time, and in 1801 began practice with his father, meeting with great success. In 1813, together with the elder Silliman, he secured the establishment of the medical department of Yale college, and he was professor of materia medica there from 1813 till 1829. He occupied the chair of the theory and practice of medicine from 1829 till 1852, when he resigned, but subsequently resumed his professor- ship for a short period. He gave special attention to indigenous vegetable remedies, and was one of the first to employ chloroform, having administered it in 1831 by inhalation for the relief of a case of difficult respiration. He founded, and was for many years president of, the Horticultural and Pomological societies, and spent much time and labor in the maintenance of a botanical garden. He had been president of the State and National medical association, and was an active advocate of temperance, education, and emancipation. He con- tributed four articles to the " Journal of Science," and published an " Address before the New Haven Horticultural Society " (1837). — Eli's grandson, Charles Linnaeus, physician, b. in New Haven, Conn., 22 June, 1831, was graduated at Yale in 1852, and at Jefferson medical college, Philadel- phia, in 1854. He began practice in New Haven in 1856, and in 1868-73 was professor of the theory and practice of medicine in Yale. He is the au- thor of an article on " Prophylaxis of Phthisis Pul- monalis," and a prize essay on the " Therapeutic Value of Mercury and its Preparations," both pub- lished by the Connecticut medical society. IVES, Levi Silliman, clergyman, b. in Meri- den, Conn., 16 Sept., 1797: d. in New York city, 13 Oct., 1867. His studies were interrupted by the war of 1812, in which he served for about a year. He entered Hamilton college in 1816, but withdrew, owing to failing health. In 1819 he united with the Protestant Episcopal church, and in 1822 was made deacon, in which year he married a daughter of Bishop Hobart. He was ordained priest by Bish- op White in 1823, and held pastorates in Batavia, N. Y., and in Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pa. In 1831 he was elected bishop of North Carolina. He manifested great interest in education, and espe- cially in the religious training of the negro slaves, for whom he prepared a catechism. Bishop Ives sympathized strongly with the tractarian move- ment in England, and in 1848-9 began to publish and maintain doctrines that were objectionable to the majority in his diocese. A severe struggle en- sued. Bishop Ives at first publicly renounced the doctrines that he had espoused, but returned to them again, and on Christmas-day, 1852, while in Europe, made formal submission to the pope at Rome, and became a Roman Catholic. In the en- siling general convention he was pronounced ipso facto deposed from his bishopric. On his return to New York he became professor of rhetoric in St. Joseph's theological seminary, and lecturer on the same subject in the convents of the Sacred Heart and the Sisters of Charity. He also established the Catholic protectory for destitute children, was its first president, and bequeathed his library to this institution, which he left in a flourishing condition. He wrote a " Catechism " (New York) ; " Manual of Devotion " ; " Humility a Ministerial Qualifica- tion " (1840) ; " Sermons on the Obedience of Faith " (1849) ; and " The Trials of a Mind in its Progress to Catholicism : a Letter to his Old Friends " (Bos- ton. 1853 ; London, 1854). IVES, Thomas Boynton, naval officer, b. in Providence, R. I., 17 Jan., 1834; d. in Havre, France, 17 Nov., 1865. He was the son of a mer- chant in Providence, and when the civil war began offered his services to the government, entering the navy as a volunteer. At the same time he pre- sented his yacht to the navy department, and re- fused to receive any compensation for his services as an officer of the navy. He became acting master, 3 Sept., 1862, acting volunteer lieutenant, for " effi- cient and gallant conduct," 26 May, 1863, and acting volunteer lieutenant-commander, 7 Nov., 1864. He bore an active part in the earlier opera- tions against the Hatteras forts and at Roanoke island, was then transferred to the Potomac flotilla, and subsequently assigned to ordnance duty at the Washington navy-yard. Illness compelled him to tender his resignation, which the department re- fused to accept, but granted him leave of absence. IVISON, Henry, publisher, b. in Glasgow, Scot- land, 25 Dec, 1808 ; d. in New York city, 26 Nov., 1884. He came to the United States in 1820, and was apprenticed to William Williams, of Utica, for the purpose of learn- ing the bookbinder's trade. After serv- ing his time he con- tinued with his em- ployer until about 1830, when he estab- lished the house of H. Ivison and Co. in Auburn, N. Y. In 1846 he removed to New York city, and became associated with Mark H. New- man in the publish- ing business, and af- ter Mr. Newman's death in 1853 the firm became Ivison and Phinney. This house made a specialty of publishing educational works, J%.<^ArisUrz* IWERT IXTLILXOCHITL 371 and became one of the largest in the United States, having a list of over 300 school-books, in- cluding " Webster's School Dictionary," " Dana's Geology," " Gray's Botany," " Robinson's Mathe- matics," " Pasquelle's French Course," and "Wells's Scientific Series." On the retirement of Mr. Phin- ney in 1866, the firm-name became Ivison, Blake- man, Taylor and Co., and in 1880 Mr. Ivison retired from active participation in the business, and was succeeded by his only son, David B. Ivison. IWERT," Sebald (e'-vert), Dutch navigator, b. in Antwerp in 1558 ; d. in Magellan in 1603. He became chief of staff to Simon de Cordes when the latter succeeded, on the death of Admiral Jacques, to the command of the Dutch South American ex- ploring expedition of 1598. The expedition arrived in Buenos Ayres in December, and anchored in April, 1599, inside the Strait of Magellan, near the Penguin islands, in a bay that they named Mussel bay. A few days later they advanced 300 miles and entered a water which they named Green bay. After remaining here three months and suf- fering greatly from cold and sickness, they left at the end of August, and after various other ad- ventures sailed for Antwerp in February, 1600. On 28 Feb., 120 miles from the continent, Iwert dis- covered a group of three islands which he named the Sebald islands. In 1603 he went again to Magel- lan, to join the expedition of Olivier de Noort, but died a few days after reaching the Penguin islands. He made a valuable chart of parts of the South American coast, and published " Relation du voyage des Amiraux Mahn et Simon de Cordes au detroit de Magellan " (Leyden, 1603, with charts). IXTLILXOCHITL I. (isst-leel-sot-cheetle'), Texcocan king, d. in 1419. He was the son of the celebrated King Techotlalatzin who ascended the throne in 1357, and his name means black flower's face. The king of Atzeapotzalco, Tezozomoc, was his enemy, and intended to dethrone him and oc- cupy his place. With this intention he made an arrangement with the other kings of the valley of Mexico who were tributaries of the kingdom of Texcoco, and they proclaimed a rebellion. But Ixtlilxochitl was acknowledged by several of the •chiefs assembled in the city of Huexutla, and Tezozomoc, gathering a strong army, marched against Texcoco, but was defeated, and ixtlilxochitl granted him a generous pardon. The ambitious Tezozomoc was not grateful for this act of mercy, and when he returned to his kingdom occupied himself in preparing a new expedition against Texcoco. With a powerful army he entered the kingdom again, and though Ixtlilxochitl was pre- pared to resist him, he was surprised in a wood where he was hunting. Immediately he and those who accompanied him were put to death, the royal insignia were carried to Atzeapotzalco, and Tezo- zomoc was crowned king of Texcoco. Ixtlilxo- chitl's son witnessed from a tree the death of his father and swore to avenge it, as he did, killing in 1531 Tezozomoc's son and successor, Maxtla. IXTLILXOCHITL II., Texcocan king, b. about 1500 ; d. about 1550. He was the son of Netzahualpilli, king of Texcoco. The astrologer who cast the boy's horoscope at his birth advised his father to take the infant's life, since, if he lived to grow up, he was destined to unite with the enemies of his country and overturn its institu- tions and religion. But the old monarch replied, according to the chroniclers, that the time had arrived when the sons of Quetzalcoatl were to come from the east to take possession of the land ; and, if the Almighty had selected his child to co- operate with them in the work, his will might be done. When he was about twelve years old the lad formed a band of followers of his own age, with whom he practised military exercises, throwing the whole city into uproar and confusion, and when some of his father's counsellors repeated the advice of the astrologers he put himself at the head of a party and, entering the houses of the counsellors, dragged them forth and put them to death. For this he was seized and brought before his father, but the latter contented himself with bestowing an admonition on the culprit. As he grew older the prince took an active part in the wars of his coun- try, and when no more than seventeen years old had won for himself the insignia of a victorious captain. In 1516 Netzahualpilli died, and the suc- cession was contested by two of his sons, Cacama- tzin and Ixtlilxochitl. The former was supported by Montezuma, emperor of Mexico, but the latter, appealing to the patriotic sentiment of his nation, would have persuaded them that his brother was too much in the Mexican interest to be true to his own country. A civil war ensued, and ended by a compromise, by which one half of the kingdom, with the capital, remained to Cacamatzin and the northern part to his brother. Ixtlilxochitl became from that time the enemy of Montezuma. On the arrival of the Spaniards, the young chieftain sent an embassy to Cortes while he was at Tlaxcala, of- fering him his services and asking his aid in re- turn. Through the influence of Cortes. Cacamatzin was deposed and Ixtlilxochitl finally placed on the throne. He was faithful to the Spaniards, and fought with them during the time of the conquest. As years passed he became more and more the friend of the conqueror and the enemy of his country and race. His important services have been commemorated by the Spanish historians, who have given him the melancholy glory of contribut- ing more than any other chieftain of America to enslave his countrymen. After the submission of Mexico he was baptized and took the name of Hernan Cortes, after that of the conqueror, who was his godfather on this occasion. Afterward he took great interest in the propagation of Chris- tianity, and brought in a bag the first stones to build the church of the convent of San Francisco in the city of Mexico. He accompanied Cortes on his expedition to Hibueras in 1525. IXTLILCUECHAHUA (isst - leel -quay- chah'- wah), Toltec king, b. about 734; d. about 825. He was the son of Chalchiuhtlanetzin, first Toltec king and founder of that monarchy. Ixtlilcuechahua ascended the throne of Tula in 771, inherited the wisdom and prudence of his father, and was be- loved by his subjects. Though he did his best to maintain peace with the neighboring nations, he defended his own and enlarged his dominions by conquest of the countries that attacked Tula. He made great exertions to civilize his kingdom, establishing schools for teaching useful arts and industries, and appointed Huematzin as chroni- cler of the kingdom, giving him the special charge of collecting the historical paintings which his nation had preserved through all its peregrina- tions and which afterward formed the celebrated Teomaxtli. He reigned fifty-two years, and, ac- cording to the Toltec law, resigned in favor of his immediate heir, Huetzin, in 823. IXTLILXOCHITL, Fernando de Alba, Mexi- can historian, b. in Texcoco in 1570 ; d. there in 1649. He was descended, through his mother, from the ancient kings of Texcoco, and, on the death of his eldest brother in 1602, he was declared by a royal decree heir to the titles and possessions of his family. The property, however, does not 372 IZARD IZCOHUATL appear to have been large, as he complained in 1608 of the deplorable state of misery to which the posterity of the kings of Texcoco were reduced. At this time he was employed as interpreter by the viceroy, which appointment he owed to his learn- ing and skill in explaining the hieroglyphic pic- tures of the ancient Mexicans. He had also a pro- found knowledge of the traditions of his ancestors which were preserved in the national songs, and was intimate with several old Indians famous for their knowledge of Mexican history. He turned his own labors and those of his friends to account in composing works on the history of his country. They remained unknown until their importance was revealed by Clavigero, and afterward by Hum- boldt. The former says that they were written in Spanish by command of the viceroy, and were de- posited in the library of the Jesuits in Mexico. There were copies also in other libraries. The his- tory was divided into thirteen books or relations, many of which were repetitions of the former rela- tions, and covered the period from the most ancient times to the destruction of the Mexican empire. The thirteenth book was printed under the title " Horribles crueldades de los conquistadores de Mexico y de los Indios, que los ayudaron en subyugar aquel imperio a la coi'ona de Espana " (Mexico, 1829 ; translated into French by H. Ter- naux-Compans, Paris, 1838). Afterward Ternaux- Compans, having obtained a complete copy of the whole thirteen books from Madrid, translated them into French under the title " Histoire des Chichi- rnecas et des anciens rois de Tezcuco" (2 vols., Paris, 1840). This work is among the most authen- tic on the ancient history of Mexico. Both in style and critical discrimination it is superior to the histories of Spanish authors and it is free from their digressions and displays of learning. Pres- cott calls the author the Livius of Anahuac. IZARD, Ralph, statesman, b. near Charleston, S. C, in 1742 ; d. in South Bay, near Charleston, 30 May, 1804. His grandfather was one of the founders of South Carolina. Ralph inherited a large estate in land and slaves, and was gradu- ated at Cambridge, Eng- land. He then returned to America, took pos- session of his estate, and passed much of his time in New York in the society of Lieut.-Gov. James DeLancey, whose niece, Alice, he married. In 1771 he settled in London, where he pos- sessed the friendship of Burke and other distin- guished men. and thence retired to the continent in 1774, in consequence of the strained relations between the mother country and the Ameri- can colonies. While in England his friends there were desirous of presenting him at court, but he always declined the honor, because as a subject it would have been necessary for him to bow the knee, which he said he never would do to mortal man. On 30 Dec, 1776, congress appointed him a commissioner at the court of the grand-duke of Tuscany. He resided in Paris while so acting, and supported Arthur Lee against Silas Deane, Frank- lin, and other American agents in France. Izard returned to the United States on 10 July, 1780, and $a . )~L&rtL- immediately repaired to Gen. Washington's head- quarters, where he happened to be when Arnold's treachery was discovered. He was instrumental in securing Gen. Greene's appointment to the south- ern army, and pledged his large estate as a security for the funds required for the purchase of ships-of- war in Europe. He was a delegate to the Conti- nental congress in 1782-'3, U. S. senator from South Carolina from 1789 till 1795, and was president of the senate pro tempore during the first session of the 3d congress. He was a man of marked abil- ity and eloquence, and honest as a legislator, but his hasty temper and want of control rendered him incompetent as a diplomatist. No man en- joyed the confidence of Gen. Washington in a higher degree than he did. His " Correspondence from 1774 to 1784," with a short memoir, was pub- lished by his daughter, Anne Izard Deas (Bos- ton, 1844). — His son, George, soldier, b. in South Carolina in 1777; d. in Little Rock, Ark., 22 Nov., 1828, after completing a collegiate course and mak- ing the tour of Europe, was appointed a lieutenant of artillery, 2 June, 1794. He was engineer of forti- fications in Charleston harbor in 1798, became cap- tain in July, 1799, and aide to Gen. Hamilton on 16 Dec, 1799, but resigned in 1803. He was reappointed as colonel of the 2d artillery, 12 March, 1812, became brigadier-general, 12 March, 1813, and major-general, 24 Jan., 1814. He was governor of Arkansas territory from March, 1825, till his death. He published " Official Correspond- ence with the War Department in 1814 and 1815 " (Philadelphia, 1816). — Another son, Ralph, a lieu- tenant in the IT. S. navy, was distinguished in the war with Tripoli. — George's son, James F., sol- dier, b. in Pennsylvania in 1811 ; d. in Camp Izard, on Withlacoochee river, Florida, 5 March, 1836, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1828, and appointed 2d lieutenant of infantry. He was in garrison at Jefferson, Mo., and at Fort Niagara, was on topographical duty in 1831-'2, and served in the Black Hawk war in 1832. He became 1st lieutenant of dragoons on 4 March, 1833, and served in the Florida war. He died of wounds that he had received in a skirmish. IZCOHUATL, or IZIOCATL (iss-co-wat'tel), emperor of Mexico, b. about the end of the 14th century ; d. in 1436. He was an illegitimate son of the emperor Acamapichill, and ascended the throne of Mexico in 1427. The Mexicans regarded him at first with contempt, because his mother was a slave, but they appreciated him at last, for he inherited the virtues, prudence, valor, and talent of his father. The tyrant Maxtla, after having put Izcohuatl's brother, Chimalpopoca, to death, continued to oppress the Mexican nation, and the monarch determined to shake off the yoke. At that time Maxtla had also usurped the kingdom of Texcoco, and the legitimate king, Netzahualcoyotl, was a fugitive in the mountains of Tlaxcala, and as the king of Tlaltelolco was also dissatisfied with the tyrannical rule of Maxtla, Izcohuatl formed a league with him, and visited Netzahualcoyotl to offer him an alliance against the common enemy. The war continued 114 days, during which time the allies defeated the enemy in several battles. Maxtla was taken prisoner in 1431, and put to death by the king of Texcoco. In five years, during which Izco- huatl reigned in peace, he distinguished himself by his activity, and by adopting all the rules of Netza- hualcoyotl, the king of Texcoco. He added several principalities to his dominions, and was the first ruler of the Aztecs to adopt the title of emperor. He was also the first to connect the islands of the lake of Texcoco with the mainland by causeways. JACINTHA DO SAN JOSE JACKSON 373 JACINTHA DO SAN JOSE (zhah-sm-tah), Brazilian nun, b. in Rio Janeiro, 15 Oct., 1716 ; d. 2 Oct., 1708. In early life she wished to enter a con- vent ; but her father opposed her desire. At his death she and her sister Francisca retired to a hut and began the life of nuns under the patronage of Santa Teresa. Though the two sisters were at first unnoticed, some time afterward they suffered perse- cution till 1748, when they were protected by the governor, Gomes Freire de Andrada. In 1749 Jacintha built a convent, assisted by the generosity of the governor. As neither the bishop nor the home government had approved the establishment of the order, she went to Lisbon and thence to Rome, in 1759, and in both places the establish- ment of the convent was approved. In Lisbon she witnessed the earthquake of 1759, and for days assisted the wounded, until she herself fell sick from overwork. In 1756 she returned and founded a school for girls, which she annexed to the con- vent, and which for several years was the only in- stitution of the kind in Brazil. Jacintha then be- gan a hospital for destitute women ; but her pro- tector, Gomes Freire, dying in 1763, the work pro- gressed slowly, and she followed him before the day appointed for its public consecration. Jacin- tha published " Devocionario," and several poetical compositions which are highly esteemed. JACKER, Edward, missionary, b. in Swabia, Germany, about 1830 ; d. in Red Jacket, Lake Su- perior, in August, 1887. He received a thorough education, studied theology, was ordained a priest of the Roman Catholic church, and came to the United States as a missionary to the Indians, among whom he passed his life. He served as vicar-general to Frederic Baraga, bishop of Mar- quette, and was the bishop's inseparable companion in his journeys and labors for several years before the latter's death in 1867. He was mentioned at the time in connection with the vacant bishopric, but his tastes led him to avoid official power and responsibility. He was thoroughly conversant with the Indian languages, especially with the dialect spoken by the Chippewas, and wrote in the latter and published a selection of hymns and other works. Father Jacker was a man of great erudi- tion, an enthusiastic worker, and a delightful com- panion, being one of the best known and most highly esteemed missionaries in the Lake Superior region. He contributed various interesting arti- cles on the Indian tribes to the Philadelphia "Catholic Quarterly Review." JACKSON, Abner, clergyman, b. near Wash- ington, Pa., 4 Nov., 1811 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 19 April, 1874. He studied first at Washington college, Pa., and was graduated at Washington (now Trinity) college, Hartford, Conn., in 1837 with the valedictory. He immediately received an appointment as tutor in the college, a year later was chosen adjunct professor of ancient languages, and in 1840 was appointed the first professor of intellectual and moral philosophy. While dis- charging the duties of this chair during a period of eighteen years, he also gave instruction in Latin, and for a considerable part of the time he lectured on chemistry. In 1858 Dr. Jackson ac- cepted an election to the presidency and the pro- fessorship of the evidences of Christianity at Ho- bart college, Geneva, N. Y. From this post he was recalled to Trinity in 1867, the trustees having unanimously chosen him to be president and pro- fessor of ethics and metaphysics. After a visit to Europe he entered on his new duties, in which he was engaged at the time of his death. Trinity col- lege having sold its grounds to the city of Hart- ford as the site for the new state-house of Con- necticut, it became necessary to select a new site and to secure plans for new buildings. Dr. Jack- son labored at this task diligently and with much enthusiasm, and spent the summers of 1872 and 1873 in England in the study of architecture and the preparation of elaborate plans, which have been carried out only in part. Dr. Jackson was ordained to the ministry by Bishop Brownell on 2 Sept., 1838. He received the degree of D. D. from Trinity in 1858, and that of LL. D. from Columbia in 1866. A volume of his sermons was published after his death (New York, 1875). JACKSON, Andrew,' seventh president of the United States, b. in the Waxhaw settlement on the border between North and South Carolina, 15 March, 1767; d. at the Hermitage, near Nashville, Tenn., 8 June, 1845. His father, Andrew Jackson, came over from Carrickfergus, on the north coast of Ireland, in 1765. His grandfather, Hugh Jack- son, had been a linen-draper. His mother's name was Elizabeth Hutchinson, and her family were linen-weavers. Andrew Jackson, the father, died a few days before the birth of his son. The log cabin in which the future president was born was situated within a quarter of a mile of the boundary between the two Carolinas, and the people of the neighborhood do not seem to have had a clear idea as to which province it belonged. In a letter of 24 Dec, 1830, in the proclamation addressed to the nullifiers, in 1832, and again in his will, Gen. Jack- son speaks of himself as a native of South Carolina; but the evidence adduced by Parton seems to show that the birthplace was north of the border. Three weeks after the birth of her son Mrs. Jackson moved to the house of her brother-in-law, Mr. Crawford, just over the border in South Carolina, near the Waxhaw creek, and there his early years were passed. His education, obtained in an " old-field school," consisted of little more than the " three R's," and even in that limited sphere his attain- ments were but scanty. He never learned, in the course of his life, to write English correctly. His career as a fighter began early. In the spring and early summer of 1780, after the disastrous surren- der of Lincoln's army at Charleston, the whole of South Carolina was overrun by the British. On 6 Aug., Jackson was present at Hanging Rock when Sumter surprised and destroyed a British regiment. Two of his brothers, as weil as his mother, died from hardships sustained in the war. In after years he could remember how he had been carried as prisoner to Camden and nearly starved there, and how a brutal officer had cut him with a sword because he refused to clean his boots ; these remi- niscences kept alive his hatred for the British, and doubtless gave unction to the tremendous blow dealt them at New Orleans. In 1781, left quite alone in the world, he was apprenticed for a while to a saddler. At one time he is said to have done a little teaching in an " old-field school." At the age of eighteen he entered the law-office of Spruce McCay, in Salisbury. While there he was said to have been " the most roaring, rollicking, game- cocking, horse-racing, card-playing, mischievous fellow" that had ever been seen in that town. Many and plentiful were the wild-oat crops sown at that 374 JACKSON JACKSON time and in that part of the country ; and in such sort of agriculture young Jackson was much more proficient than in the study of jurisprudence. He never had a legal tone of mind, or any but the crudest knowledge of law; but in that frontier society a small amount of legal knowledge went a good way, and in 1788 he was appointed public prosecutor for the western district of North Caro- lina, the district since erected into the state of Tennessee. The emigrant wagon-train in which Jackson journeyed to Nashville carried news of the ratification of the Federal constitution by the requisite two thirds of the states. He seems soon to have found business enough. In the April term of 1790, out of 192 cases on the dockets of the county court at Nashville, Jackson was employed as counsel in 42 ; in the year 1794, out of 397 cases he acted as counsel in 228 ; while at the same time he was practising his profession in the courts of other counties. The great number of these cases is an indication of their trivial character. As a general rule they were either actions growing out of disputed land-claims or simple cases of assault and battery. Court day was a great occasion in that wild community, bringing crowds of men into the county town to exchange gossip, discuss poli- tics, drink whiskey, and break heads. Probably each court day produced as many new cases as it settled. Amid such a turbulent population the public prosecutor must needs be a man of nerve and resource. It was a state of chronic riot, in which he must be ever ready to court danger. Jackson proved himself quite equal to the task of introducing law and order in so far as it depended on him. " Just inform Mr. Jackson," said Gov. Blount when sundry malfeasances were reported to him ; " he will be* sure to do his duty, and the offenders will be punished." Besides the lawless- ness of the white pioneer population, there was the enmity of the Indians to be reckoned with. In the immediate neighborhood of Nashville the Indians murdered, on the average, one person every ten days. From 1788 till 1795 Jackson performed the journey of nearly two hundred miles between Nash- ville and Jonesboro twenty-two times; and on these occasions there were many alarms from In- dians, which sometimes grew into a forest cam- paign. In one of these affairs, having nearly lost his life in an adventurous feat, Jackson made the characteristic remark : " A miss is as good as a mile ; you see how near I can graze danger." It was this wild experience that prepared the way for Jackson's eminence as an Indian-fighter. In the autumn of 1794 the Cherokees were so thoroughly punished by Gen. Robertson's famous Niekajack expedition that henceforth they thought it best to leave the Tennessee settlements in peace. With the rapid increase of the white population which soon followed, the community became more pros- perous and more orderly. In the general pros- perity Jackson had an ample share, partly through the diligent practice of his profession, partly through judicious purchases and sales of land. With most men marriage is the most important event of their life ; in Jackson's career his marriage was peculiarly important. Rachel Donelson was a native of North Carolina, daughter of Col. John Donelson. a Virginia surveyor in good circum- stances, who in 1780 migrated to the neighborhood of Nashville in a very remarkable boat-journey of 2,000 miles down the'Holston and Tennessee rivers and up the Cumberland. During an expedition to Kentucky some time afterward, the blooming Rachel was wooed and won by Capt. Lewis Robards. She was an active, sprightly, and interesting girl, the best horsewoman and best dancer in that country ; her husband seems to have been a young man of tyrannical and unreasonably jealous dispo- sition. In Kentucky they lived with Mrs. Robards, the husband's mother ; and, as was common in a new society where houses were too few and far between, there were other boarders in the family — among them the late Judge Overton, of Tennessee, and a Mr. Stone. Presently Robards made complaints against his wife, in which he implicated Stone. According to Overton and the elder Mrs. Robards, these complaints were unreasonable and groundless, but the affair ended in Robards sending his wife home to her mother in Tennessee. This was in 1788. Col. Donelson had been murdered, either by Indians or by white desperadoes, and his widow, albeit in easy circumstances, felt it desirable to keep boarders as a means of protection against the Indians. To her house came Andrew Jackson on his arrival at Nashville, and thither about the same time came Overton, also fresh from his law studies. These two young men were boarded in the house and lodged in a cabin hard by. At about the same time Robards became reconciled with his wife, and, having bought land in the neighborhood, came to- dwell for a while at Mrs. Donelson's. Throughout life Jackson was noted alike for spotless purity and for a romantic and chivalrous respect for the fe- male sex. In the presence of women his manner was always distinguished for grave and courtly politeness. This involuntary homage to woman was one of the finest and most winsome features in his character. As unconsciously rendered to Mrs. Robards, it was enough to revive the slumbering demon of jealousy in her husband. According to Overton's testimony, Jackson's conduct was irre- proachable, but there, were high words between him and Robards, and, not wishing to make fur- ther trouble, he changed his place of abode. Af- ter some months Capt. Robards left his wife and went to Kentucky, threatening by and by to return and " haunt her " and make her miserable. In the autumn of 1790 rumors of his intended return frightened Mrs. Robards, and determined her to visit some friends at distant Natchez in order to avoid him. In pursuance of this plan, with which the whole neighborhood seems to have concurred^ she went down the river in company with the ven- erable Col. Stark and his family. As the Indians were just then on the war-path, Jackson accompa- nied the party with an armed escort, returning to Nashville as soon as he had seen his friends safely deposited at Natchez. While these things were going on, the proceedings of Capt. Robards were characterized by a sort of Machiavelian astuteness. In 1791 Kentucky was still a part of Virginia, and, according to the code of the Old Dominion, if a husband wished to obtain a divorce on account of his wife's alleged unfaithfulness, he must procure an act of the legislature empowering him to bring the case before a jury, and authorizing a divorce conditionally upon the jury's finding a verdict of guilty. Early in 1791 Robards obtained the pre- liminary act of the legislature upon his declaration, then false, that his wife had gone to live with Jackson. Robards deferred further aotion for more than two years. Meanwhile it was reported and believed in the west that a divorce had been granted, and, acting upon this report, Jackson, whose chivalrous interest in Mrs. Robards's mis- fortunes had ripened into sincere affection, went, in the summer of 1791, to Natchez and married her there, and brought her to his home at Nash- ville. In the autumn of 1793 Capt. Robards, on the strength of the facts that undeniably existed JACKSON JACKSON 375 since the act of the Virginia legislature, brought his case into court and obtained the verdict com- pleting the divorce. On hearing of this, to his great surprise, in December, Jackson concluded that the best method of preventing future cavil was to procure anew license and have the marriage ceremony performed again ; and this was done in January. Jackson was certainly to blame for not taking more care to ascertain the import of the act of the Virginia legislature. By a carelessness pe- culiarly striking in a lawyer, he allowed his wife to be placed in a false position. The irregularity of the marriage was indeed atoned by forty years of honorable and happy wedlock, ending only with Mrs. Jackson's death in December, 1831 ; and no blame was attached to the parties in Nashville, where the circumstances were well known. But the story, half understood and maliciously warped, grew into scandal as it was passed about among Jackson's per- sonal enemies or political opponents ; and herein some of the bitterest of his many quarrels had their source. His devotion to Mrs. Jackson was intense, and his pistol was always ready for the rash man who should dare to speak of her slightingly. In January, 1796, we find Jackson sitting in the convention assembled at Knoxville for making a constitution for Tennessee, and tradition has it that he proposed the name of the " Great Crooked River " as the name for the new state. Among the rules adopted by the convention, one is quaintly signifi- cant : " He that digresseth from the subject to fall on the person of any member shall be suppressed by the speaker." The admission of Tennessee to the Union was effected in June, 1796, in spite of earnest opposition from the Federalists, and in the autumn Jackson was chosen as the single representative in congress. When the house had assembled, he heard President Washington deliver in person his last message to congress. He was one of twelve who voted against the adoption of the address to Washington in approval of his ad- ministration. Jackson's chief objections to Wash- ington's government were directed against two of its most salutary and admirable acts — the Jay treaty with Great Britain, and Hamilton's financial meas- ures. His feeling toward the Jay treaty was that of a man who could not bear to see anything but blows dealt to Great Britain. His condemnation of Hamilton's policy was mingled with the not un- reasonable feeling of distrust which he had already begun to harbor against a national bank. The year 1797 was a season of financial depression, and the general paralysis of business was ascribed — no doubt too exclusively — to the over-issue of notes by the national bank. Jackson's antipathy to such an institution would seem to have begun thus early to show itself. Of his other votes in this congress, one was for an appropriation to defray the expenses of Sevier's expedition against the Cherokees, which was carried ; three others were eminently wise and characteristic of the man : 1. For finishing the three frigates then building and destined to such renown — the "Constitution." "Constellation," and " United States." 2. Against the further payment of blackmail to Algiers. 3. Against removing " the restriction which confined the expenditure of public money to the specific objects for which each sum was appropriated." Another vote, silly in itself, was characteristic of the representative from a rough frontier com- munity ; it was against the presumed extravagance of appropriating $14,000 to buy furniture for the newly built White House. Jackson's course was warmly approved by his constituents, and in the following summer he was chosen to fill a vacancy in the Federal senate. Of his conduct as senator nothing is known beyond the remark, made by Jefferson in 1824 to Daniel Webster, that he had often, when presiding in the senate, seen the passion- ate Jackson get up to speak and then choke with rage so that he could not utter a word. As Parton very happily suggests, one need not wonder at this if one remembers what was the subject chiefly before the senate during the winter of 1797-'8. The outrageous insolence of the French Directory was enough to arouse the wrath of far tamer and less patriotic spirits than Jackson's. Yet in a letter written at that time he seems eager to see the British throne overturned by Bonaparte. In April, 1798, he resigned his seat in the senate, and was appointed judge in the supreme court of Ten- nessee. He retained this office for six years, but nothing is known of his decisions, as the practice of recording decisions began only with his succes- sor, Judge Overton. During this period he was much harassed by business troubles arising from the decline in the value of land consequent upon the financial crisis of 1798. At length, in 1804, he resigned his judgeship in order to devote his atten- tion exclusively to his private affairs. He paid up all his debts and engaged extensively both in planting and in trade. He was noted for fair and honorable dealing, his credit was always excellent, and a note with his name on it was considered as good as gold. He had a clear head for business, and was never led astray by the delusions about paper money by which American frontier com- munities have so often been infested. His planta- tion was well managed, and his slaves were always kindly and considerately treated. But while genial and kind toward his inferiors, he was among his fellow-citizens apt to be rough and quarrelsome. In 1795 he fought a duel with Avery, an opposing counsel, over some hasty words that had passed in the court-room. Next year he quarrelled with John Sevier, governor of Tennessee, and came near shooting him "at sight." Sevier had alluded to the circumstances of his marriage. Ten years afterward, for a similar offence, though complicated with other matters in the course of a long and extremely silly quarrel, he fought a duel with Charles Dickinson. The circumstances were revolting, but showed Jackson's wonderful nerve and rare skill in " grazing danger." Dickinson was killed, and Jackson received a wound from the effects of which he never recovered. In later years, when he was a candidate for the presidency, the number of his violent quarrels was variously reckoned by his enemies at from a dozen to a hun- dred. In 1805 Jackson was visited by Aaron Burr, who was then preparing his mysterious south- western expedition. Burr seems to have wished, if possible, to make use of Jackson's influence in raising troops, but without indicating his purpose. In this he was unsuccessful, but Jackson appears to have regarded the charge of treason brought against Burr as ill-founded. At Richmond, while Burr's trial was going on, Jackson made a speech attacking Jefferson. He thus made himself ob- noxious to Madison, then secretary of state, and afterward, in 1808, he declared his preference for Monroe over Madison as candidate for the presi- dency. He was known as unfriendly to Madison's administration, but this did not prevent him from offering his services, with those of 2,500 men, as soon as war was declared against Great Britain in 1812. Since 1801 he had been commander-in- chief of the Tennessee militia, but there had been no occasion for him to take the field. Late in 1812, after the disasters in the northwest, it was 376 JACKSON JACKSON feared that the British might make an attempt upon New Orleans, and Jackson was ordered down to Natchez at the head of 2,000 men. He went in high spirits, promising to plant the American eagle upon the ramparts of Mobile, Pensacola, and St. Augustine, if so directed. On 6 Feb., as it had become evident that the British were not meditating a southward expedition, the new secre- tary of war, Armstrong, sent word to Jackson to disband his troops. This stupid order reached the general at Natchez toward the end of March, and inflamed his wrath. He took ripon himself the responsibility of marching his men home in a body, an act in which the government afterward aequi- esced and reimbursed Jackson for the expense involved. During this march Jackson became the idol of his troops, and his sturdiness won him the nickname of " Old Hickory," by which he was affectionately known among his friends and fol- lowers for the rest of his life. Shortly after his arrival at Nashville there oc- curred an affray between Jackson and Thomas H. Benton, growing out of an unusually silly duel in which Jackson had acted as second to the antago- nist of Benton's brother. In a tavern at Nashville, Jackson undertook to horsewhip Benton, and in the ensuing scuffle the latter was pitched down-stairs, while Jackson get a bullet in his left shoulder which he carried for more than twenty years. Jackson and Benton had formerly been friends. After this affair they did not meet again until 1823, when both were in the U. S. senate. Their friend- ship was then renewed. The war with Great Britain was complicated with an Indian war which could not in any case have been avoided. The westward progress of the white settlers toward the Mississippi river was gradually driving the red man from his hunting- grounds : and the celebrated Tecumseh had formed a scheme, quite similar to that of Pontiac fifty years earlier, of uniting all the tribes between Florida and the Great Lakes in a grand attempt to drive back the white men. This scheme was par- tially frustrated in the autumn of 1811 while Te- cumseh was preaching his crusade among the Cherokees, Creeks, and Seminoles. During his ab- sence his brother, known as the Prophet, attacked Gen. Harrison at Tippecanoe and was overwhelm- ingly defeated. The war with Great Britain re- newed Tecumseh's opportunity, and his services to the enemy were extremely valuable until his death in the battle of the Thames. Tecumseh's princi- pal ally in the south was a half-breed Creek chief- tain named Weathersford. On the shore of Lake Tensaw, in the southern part of what is now Ala- bama, was a stockaded fortress known as Fort Mimms. There many of the settlers had taken refuge. On 30 Aug., 1813, this stronghold was surprised by Weathersford at the head of 1,000 Creek warriors, and more than 400 men, women, and children were massacred. The news of this dreadful affair aroused the people of the southwest to vengeance. Men and money were raised by the state of Tennessee, and, before he had fully recov- ered from the wound received in the Benton affray, Jackson took the field at the head of 2,500 men. Now for the first time he had a chance to show his wonderful military capacity, his sleepless vigilance, untiring patience, and unrivalled talent as a leader of men. The difficulties encountered were formida- ble in the extreme. In that frontier wilderness the business of the commissariat was naturally ill managed, and the men, who under the most favor- able circumstances had little idea of military sub- ordination, were part of the time mutinous from hunger. More than once Jackson was obliged to use one half of his army to keep the other half from disbanding. In view of these difficulties, the celerity of his movements and the force with which he struck the enemy were truly marvellous. The Indians were defeated at Talluschatches and Tal- ladega. At length, on 27 March, 1814, having been re-enforced by a regiment of XL S. infantry, Jackson struck the decisive blow at Tohopeka, otherwise known as the Horseshoe Bend of the Tallapoosa river. In this bloody battle no quarter was given, and the strength of the Creek nation was finally broken. Jackson pursued the remnant to their place of refuge called the Holy Ground, upon which the medicine-men had declared that no white man could set foot and live. Such of the Creek chieftains as had not fled to Florida now surrendered. The American soldiers were ready to kill Weathersford in revenge for Fort Mimms ; but Jackson, who was by no means wanting in magnanimity, spai-ed his life and treated him so well that henceforth he and his people remained on good terms with the white men. Among the offi- cers who served under Jackson in this remarkable campaign were two who in later years played an important part in the history of the southwest — Samuel Houston and David Crockett. The Creek war was one of critical importance. It was the last occasion on which the red men could put forth sufficient power to embarrass the U. S. govern- ment. More than any other single battle that of ?$& Tohopeka marks the downfall of Indian power. Its immediate effects upon the war with Great- Britain were very great. By destroying the only hostile power within the southwestern territory it made it possible to concentrate the military force of the border states upon any point, however re- mote, that might be threatened by the British. More specifically, it made possible the great victory at New Orleans. Throughout the whole of this campaign, in which Jackson showed such indomi- table energy, he was suffering from illness such as would have kept any ordinary man groaning in bed, besides that for most of the time his left arm had to be supported in a sling. The tremendous pluck exhibited by William of Orange at Neerwin- den, and so justly celebrated by Macaulay, was no greater than Jackson showed in Alabama. His pluck was equalled by his thoroughness. Many generals after victory are inclined to relax their efforts. Not so Jackson, who followed up every success with furious persistence, and whose admira- ble maxim was that in war " until all is done, noth- ing is done." On 31 May, 1814, Jackson was made major-gen- eral in the regular army, and was appointed to command the Department of the South. It was then a matter of dispute whether Mobile belonged to Spain or to the United States. In August, Jack- son occupied the town and made his headquarters there. With the consent of Spain the British used Florida as a base of operations and established JACKSON JACKSON 377 themselves at Pensacola. Jackson wrote to Wash- ington for permission to attack them there ; but the government was loth to sanction an invasion of Spanish territory until the complicity of Spain with our enemy should be proved beyond cavil. The letter from Sec. Armstrong to this effect did not reach Jackson. The capture of Washington by the British prevented his receiving orders and left him to act upon his own responsibility, a kind of situation from which he was never known to flinch. On 14 Sept. the British advanced against Mobile ; but in their attack upon the outwork, Fort Bowyer, they met with a disastrous repulse. They retreated to Pensacola, whither Jackson followed them with 3,000 men. On 7 Nov. he stormed the town. His next move would have been against Port Barrancas, six miles distant at the mouth of the harbor. By capturing this post he would have entrapped the British fleet and might have forced it to surrender ; but the enemy forestalled him by blowing up the fort and beating a precipitate re- treat. By thus driving the British from Florida — an act for which he was stupidly blamed by the Federalist press — Jackson now found himself free to devote all his energies to the task of defending New Orleans, and there, after an arduous journey, he arrived on 2 Dec. The British expedition di- rected against that city was more formidable than any other that we had to encounter during that war. Its purpose was also more deadly. In the north the British warfare had been directed chiefly toward defending Canada and gaining such a foot- hold upon our frontier as might be useful in mak- ing terms at the end of the war. The burning of Washington was intended chiefly for an insult and had but slight military significance ; but the expedition against New Orleans was intended to make a permanent conquest of the lower Missis- sippi valley and to secure for Great Britain the western bank of the river. The fall of Napoleon had set free some of Wellington's finest troops for service in America, and in December a force of 12,000 men, under command of Wellington's brother-in-law, the gallant Sir Edward Pakenham, was landed below New Orleans. To oppose these veterans of the Spanish peninsula. Jackson had 6,000 of that sturdy race whose fathers had van- quished Ferguson at King's Mountain, and whose children so nearly vanquished Grant at Shiloh. After considerable preliminary mancem r ring and skirmishing, Jackson intrenched himself in a strong position near the Bienvenu and Chalmette plantations and awaited the approach of the ene- my. His headquarters, the McCarte mansion, are shown in the illustration on page 376. On 8 Jan., Pakenham was unwise enough to try to over- whelm him by a direct assault. In less than half an hour the British were in full retreat, leav- ing 2,600 of their number killed and wounded. Among the slain was Pakenham. The American loss was eight killed and thirteen wounded. Never, perhaps, in the history of the world has a battle been fought between armies of civilized men with so great a disparity of loss. It was also the most complete and overwhelming defeat that any Eng- lish army has ever experienced. News travelled so slowly then that this great victory, like the three last naval victories of the war, occurred after peace had been made by the commissioners at Ghent. Nevertheless, no American can regret that the bat- tle was fought. The insolence and rapacity of Great Britain had richly deserved such castiga'tion. Moreover, if she once gained a foothold in the Mis- sissippi valley, it might have taken an armed force to dislodge her in spite of the treaty, for in the matter of the western frontier posts after 1783 she had by no means acted in good faith. Jackson's victory decided that henceforth the Mississippi valley belonged indisputably to the people of the United States. It was the recollection of that vic- tory, along with the exploits of Hull and Decatur, Perry and McDonough, which caused the Holy Alliance to look upon the Monroe doctrine as some- thing more than an idle threat. All over the United States the immediate effect of the news was electric, and it was enhanced by the news of peace which arrived a few days later. By this "almost incredible victory," as the "National In- telligencer " called it, the credit of the American arms upon land was fully restored. Not only did the administration glory in it, as was natural", but the opposition lauded it for a different reason, as an example of what American military heroism could do in spite of inadequate support from gov- ernment. Thus praised by all parties, Jackson, who before the Creek war had been little known outside of Tennessee, became at once the foremost man in the United States. People in the north, while throwing up their hats for him, were some- times heard to ask : " Who is this Gen. Jackson ? To what state does he belong?" Henceforth until the civil war he occupied the most prominent place in the popular mind. After his victory Jackson remained three months in New Orleans, in some conflict with the civil au- thorities of the town, which he found it necessary to hold under martial law. In April he returned to Nashville, still retaining his military command of the southwest. He soon became involved in a quarrel with Mr. Crawford, the secretary of war, who had undertaken to modify some provisions in his treaty with the Creeks. Jackson was also just- ly incensed by the occasional issue of orders from the war department directly to his subordinate officers ; such orders sometimes stupidly thwarted his plans. The usual course, for a commanding general thus annoyed would be to make a private representation to the government ; but here, as or- dinarily, while quite right in his position, Jackson was violent and overbearing in his methods. He published, 22 April, 1817, an order forbidding his subordinate officers to pay heed to any order from the war department unless isstied through him. Mr. Calhoun, who in October succeeded Crawford as secretary of war, gracefully yielded the point ; but the public had meanwhile been somewhat scan- dalized by the collision of authorities. In private conversation Gen. Scott had alluded to Jackson's conduct as savoring of mutiny. This led to an angry correspondence between the two generals, ending in a challenge from Jackson, which Scott declined on the ground that duelling is a wicked anil unchristian custom. Affairs in Florida now demanded attention. That country had become a nest of outlaws, and chaos reigned supreme there. Many of the de- feated Creeks had found a refuge in Florida, and runaway negroes from the plantations of Georgia and South Carolina were continually escaping thither. During the late war British officers and adventurers, acting on their own responsibility upon this neutral soil, committed many acts which their government would never have sanctioned. They stirred up Indians and negroes to commit atrocities on the United States frontier. The Spanish government was at that time engaged in warfare with its revolted colonies in South America, and the coasts of Florida became a haunt for con- traband traders, privateers, and filibusters. One adventurer would announce his intention to make 378 JACKSON JACKSON Florida a free republic : another would go about ! committing robbery on his own account ; a third I would set up an agency for kidnapping negroes on speculation. The disorder was hideous. On the Appalachicola river the British had built a fort, and amply stocked it with arms and ammunition, to serve as a base of operations against the United States. On the departure of the British, the fort was seized and held by negroes. This alarmed the slave-owners of Georgia, and in July, 1816. United States troops, with permission from the Spanish authorities, marched in and bombarded the negro fort. A hot shot found its way into the magazine, three hundred negroes were blown into fragments, and the fort was demolished. In this case the Spaniards were ready to leave to United States troops a disagreeable work, for which their own force was incompetent. Every day made it plainer that Spain was quite unable to preserve order in Florida, and for this reason the United States en- tered upon negotiations for the purchase of that country. Meanwhile the turmoil increased. White men were murdered by Indians, and United States troops, under Col. Twiggs, captured and burned a considerable Seminole village, known as Fowltown. The Indians retorted by the wholesale massacre of fifty people who were ascending the Appalachicola river in boats ; some of the victims were tortured with firebrands. Jackson was now ordered to the frontier. He wrote at once to President Monroe : " Let it be signified to me through any channel (say Mr. John Rhea) that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished." Mr. Rhea was a "representative from Tennessee, a con- fidential friend of both Jackson and Monroe. The president was ill when Jackson's letter reached him, and does not seem to have given it due con- sideration. On referring to it a year later he could not remember that he had ever seen it before. Rhea, 'however, seems to have written a letter to Jackson, telling him that the president approved of his suggestion. As to this point the united testi- mony of Jackson, Rhea, and Judge Overton seems conclusive. Afterward Mr. Monroe, through Rhea, seems to have requested Jackson to burn this letter, and an entry on the general's letter-book shows that it was accordingly burned, 12 April, 1819. There can be no doubt that, whatever the president's in- tention may have been, or how far it may have been correctly interpreted by Rhea, the general honestly considered himself authorized to take possession of Florida on the ground that the Spanish government had shown itself incompetent to prevent the deni- zens of that country from engaging in hostilities against the United States. Jackson acted upon this belief with his accustomed promptness. He raised troops in Tennessee and neighboring states, invaded Florida in March, 1818, captured St. Marks, and pushed on to the Seminole headquar- ters on the Suwanee river. In less than three months from this time he had overthrown the In- dians and brought order out of chaos. His meas- ures were praised by his friends as vigorous, while his enemies stigmatized them as high-handed. In one instance his conduct was open to serious ques- tion. At St. Marks his troops captured an aged Scotch trader and friend of the Indians, named Alexander Arbuthnot ; near Suwanee, some time afterward, they seized Robert Ambrister, a young English lieutenant of marines, nephew of the gov- ernor of New Providence. Jackson believed that these men had incited the Indians to make war upon the United States, and were now engaged in aiding and abetting them in their hostilities. They were tried by a court-martial at St. Marks. On very insufficient evidence Arbuthnot was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged. Appearances were somewhat more strongly against Ambrister. He did not make it clear what his business was in Florida, and threw himself upon the mercy of the court, which at first condemned him to be shot, but on further consideration commuted the sen- tence to fifty lashes and a year's imprisonment. Jackson arbitrarily revived the first sentence, and Ambrister was accordingly shot. A few minutes afterward Arbuthnot was hanged from the yard- arm of his own ship, declaring with his last breath that his country would avenge him. In this lam- entable affair Jackson doubtless acted from a sense of duty : as he himself said. " My God would not have smiled on me, had I punished only the poor ignorant savages, and spared the white men who set them on." Here, as elsewhere, however, when under the influence of strong feeling, he showed himself utterly incapable of estimating evidence. The case against both the victims was so weak that a fair-minded and prudent command- er would surely have pardoned them ; while the interference with the final sentence of the court, in Ambrister's case, was an act that can hardly be justified. Throughout life Jackson was perpetu- ally acting with violent energy upon the strength of opinions hastily formed and based upon inade- quate data. Fortunately, his instincts were apt to be sound, and in many most important instances his violent action was highly beneficial to his country ; but a man of such temperament is liable to make serious mistakes. On his way home, hearing that some Indians had sought refuge in Pensacola, Jackson captured the town, turned out the Spanish governor, and left a garrison of his own there. He had now virtually conquered Florida, but he had moved too fast for the government at Washington. He had gone further, perhaps, than was permissible in tres- passing upon neutral territory ; and his summary execution of two British subjects aroused furious excitement in England. For a moment we seemed on the verge of war with Great Britain and Spain at once. Whatever authority President Monroe may have intended, through the Rhea letter, to confer upon Jackson, he certainly felt that the general had gone too far. With one exception, all his cabinet agreed with him that it would be best to disavow Jackson's acts and make reparation for them. But John Quincy Adams, secretary of state T felt equal to the task of dealing with the two foreign powers, and upon his advice the administration decided to assume the responsibility for what Jack- son had done. Pensacola and St. Marks were re- stored to Spain, and an order of Jackson's for the seizing of St. Augustine was countermanded by the president. But Adams represented to Spain that the American general, in his invasion of Flori- da, was virtually assisting the Spanish government in maintaining order there : and to Great Britain he justified the execution of Arbuthnot and Am- brister on the ground that their conduct had been such that they had forfeited their allegiance and become virtual outlaws. Spain and Great Britain accepted the explanations ; had either nation felt in the mood for war with the United States, it might have been otherwise. As soon as the ad- ministration had adopted Jackson's measures, they were for that reason attacked in congress by Clay,, and this was the beginning of the bitter and life- long feud between Jackson and Clay. In 1819 the purchase of Florida from Spain was effected, and in 1821 Jackson was appointed governor of that JACKSON JACKSON 37& territory. In 1823 he was elected to the C S. senate. Some of his friends, under the lead of William B. Lewis, had already conceived the idea of making him president. At first Gen. Jackson cast ridicule upon the idea. " Do they suppose." said he. " that I am such a d — d fool as to think myself fit for president of the United States ? No, sir. I know what I am fit for. I can command a body of men in a rough way, but I am not fit to be president." Such is the anecdote told by H. M. Brackenridge, who was Jackson's secretary in Florida. In 1821 the general felt old and weak, and had made up his mind to spend his remaining days in peace on his farm. Of personal ambition, as ordinarily understood, Jackson had much less than many other men. But he was. like most men, susceptible to flattery, and the discovery of his immense popularity no doubt went far to per- suade him that he might do credit to himself as president. On 20 July. 1822, he was nominated for that office by the legislature of Tennessee. On 22 Feb., 1824, he was nominated by a Federalist convention at Harrisburg, Pa., and on 4 March following by a Republican convention at the same place. The regular nominee of the congressional caucus was W. H. Crawford, of Georgia. The other candidates were J. Q. Adams and Henry Clay. There was a general agreement upon Cal- houn for the vice-presidency. All the candidates belonged to the Republican party, which had kept the presidency since Jefferson's election in 1800. The Federalists were hopelessly discredited by their course in the war of 1812-'lo. Of the four candidates, Adams and Clay were loose construc- tionists, while Crawford and Jackson were strict constructionists, and in this difference was fore- shadowed a new division of parties. At the elec- tion in November, 1824, there were 99 electoral votes for Jackson, 84 for Adams, 41 for Crawford, and 37 for Clay. As none of the candidates had a majority, it was left for the house of representa- tives to choose a president from the three highest names on the list, in accordance with the twelfth amendment to the constitution. As Clay was thus rendered ineligible, there was naturally some schem- ing among the friends of the other candidates to secure his powerful co-operation. Clay and his friends quite naturally supported the other loose- constructionist candidate, Adams, with the result that 13 states voted for Adams, 7 for Jackson, and 4 for Crawford. Adams thus became president, and Jackson's friends, in their disappointment, hungered for a " grievance " upon which they might vent their displeasure, and which might serve as a " rallying cry " for the next campaign. Benton, who was now one of Jackson's foremost supporters, went so far as to maintain that, because Jackson had a greater number of electoral votes than any other candidate, the house was virtually " defying the will of the people " in choosing any name but his. To this it was easily answered that in any case our electoral college, which was one of the most deliberately framed devices of the con- stitution, gives but a very indirect and partial ex- pression of the ' ; will of the people " ; and further- more, if Benton's argument was sound, why should the constitution have provided for an election by congress, instead of allowing a simple plurality in the college to decide the election ? The extrava- gance of Benton's objection, coming from so able a source, is an index to the bitter disappointment of Jackson's followers. The needed " grievance " was furnished when Adams selected Clay as his secretary of state. Many of Jackson's friends in- terpreted this appointment as the result of a bar- gain whereby Clay had made Adams president in consideration of obtaining the first place in the cabinet, carrying with it. according to the notion then prevalent, a fair prospect of the succession to the presidency. It was natural enough for the friends of a disappointed candidate to make such a charge. It was to Benton's credit that he alwavs scouted the idea of a corrupt bargain between Adams and Clay. Manv people, however, believed it. In congress, John Randolph's famous allusion to the •■ coalition between Blifil and Black George —the Puritan and the blackleg "—led to a duel be- tween Randolph and Clay, which served to impress the matter upon the popular mind without enlight- ening it : the pistol is of small value as an agent of enlightenment. The charge was utterly with- out support and in every way improbable. The excellence of the appointment 'of Clay was beyond cavil, and the sternly upright Adams was less in- fluenced by what people might think of his actions than any other president since Washington. But the appointment was no doubt ill-considered. It made it necessary for Clay, in many a public speech, to defend himself against the cruel impu- tation. To mention the charge to Jackson, whose course in Florida had been censured by Clay, was enough to make him believe it : and he did so to his dying day. It is not likely that the use made of this " griev- ance " had much to do with Jackson's victory in 1828. The causes at work lay far deeper. The population west of the Alleghanies was now begin- ning to count for much in politics. Jackson was our first western president, and his election marks the rise of that section of our country. The demo- cratic tendency was moreover a growing one. Heretofore our presidents had been men of aristo- cratic type, with advantages of wealth, or educa- tion, or social training. A stronger contrast to them than Jackson afforded cannot well be im- agined. A man with less training in statesmanship would have been hard to find. In his defects he represented average humanity, while his excellences were such as the most illiterate citizen could ap- preciate. In such a man the ploughboy and the blacksmith could feel that in some essential re- spects they had for president one of their own sort. Above all, he was the great military hero of the day, and as such he came to the presidency as naturally as Taylor and Grant in later days, as naturally as his contemporary Wellington became prime minister of England. A man far more politic and com- plaisant than Adams could not have won the elec- tion of 1828 against such odds. He obtained 83 electoral votes against 178 for Jackson. Calhoun was re-elected vice-president. Jackson came to the presidency with a feeling that he had at length succeeded in making good his claim to a violated right, and he showed this feeling in his refusal to call on his illustrious predecessor, who he declared had got the presidency by bargain and sale. In Jackson's cabinet, as first constituted, Martin Van Buren. of New York, was secretary of state ; Samuel D. Ingham, of Pennsylvania, secretary of the treasury ; John H. Eaton, of Tennessee, secre- tary of war ; John Branch, of North Carolina, sec- retary of the navy : John M. Berrien, of Georgia, attorney-general ; William T. Barry, of Kentucky, postmaster-general. As compared with earlier cabi- nets — not merely with such men as Hamilton, Madison, or Gallatin, but with Pickering. Wolcott, Monroe, or even Crawford — these were obscure names. The innovation in the personal character of the cabinet was even more marked than the in- novation in the presidency. The autocratic Jack- 380 JACKSON JACKSON son employed his secretaries as clerks. His confi- dential advisers were a few intimate friends who held no important offices. These men — W. B. Lewis, Amos Kendall, Duff Green, and Isaac Hill — came to be known as the " kitchen cabinet." Lewis had had much to do with bringing Jackson forward as a candidate for the presidency in 1821. Green and Hill were editors of partisan newspapers. Ken- dall was a man of considerable ability and many good qualities, but a " machine politician " of the worst sort. He was on many occasions the ruling spirit of the administration, and the cause of some of its most serious mistakes. Jackson's career as president cannot be fully understood without tak-. ing into account the agency of Kendall ; yet it is not always easy to assign the character and extent of the influence which he exerted. A yet more notable innovation was Jackson's treatment of the civil service. The earlier presi- dents had proceeded upon the theory that public office is a public trust, and not a reward for par- tisan services. They conducted the business of government upon business principles, and as long as a postmaster showed himself efficient in distrib- uting the mail they did not turn him out of office because of his vote. Between 30 April, 1789, and 4 March, 1829, the total number of removals from office was seventy-four, and out of this number five were defaulters. Between 4 March, 1829, and 22 March, 1830, the number of changes made in the civil service was about 2,000. This was the in- auguration upon a national scale of the so-called " spoils system." The phrase originated with William L. Marcy, of New York, who in a speech in the senate in 1831 declared that " to the victors belong the spoils." The system had been per- fected in the state politics of New York and Penn- sylvania, and it was probably inevitable that it should sooner or later be introduced into the sphere of national politics. The way was prepared in 1820 by Crawford, when he succeeded in getting the law passed that limits the tenure of office to four years. This dangerous measure excited very little discus- sion at the time. People could not understand the evil until taught by hard experience. Jackson did not understand that he was laying the foundations of a gigantic system of corruption, which within a few years would develop into the most serious' of the dangers threatening the continuance of Ameri- can freedom. He was very ready to believe ill of political opponents, and to make generalizations from extremely inadequate data. Democratic news- papers, while the campaign frenzy was on them, were full of windy declamation about the whole- sale corruption introduced into all parts of the gov- ernment by Adams and Clay. Nothing was too bad for Jackson to believe of these two men, and when the fourth auditor of the treasury was found to be delinquent in his accounts it was easy to sup- pose that many others were, in one way or another, just as bad. In his wholesale removals Jackson doubtless supposed he was doing the country a ser- vice by " turning the rascals out." The immediate consequence of this demoralizing policy was a struggle for control of the patronage between Cal- houn and Van Bureu, who were rival aspirants for the succession to the presidency. A curious affair now came in to influence Jackson's personal rela- tions to these men. Early in 1829 Eaton, secretary of war, married a Mrs. Timberlake, with whose reputation gossip had been busy. It was said that he had shown her too much attention during the lifetime of her first husband. Jackson was always slow to believe charges against a woman. His own wife, who had been outrageously maligned by the Whig newspapers during the campaign, had lately died, and there was just enough outward similarity between Eaton's marriage and his own to make him take Mrs. Eaton's part with more than his customary vehemence. Mrs. Calhoun and the wives of the secretaries would not recognize Mrs. Eaton. Mrs. Donelson, wife of the president's nephew, and mistress of ceremonies at the White House, took a similar stand. Jackson scolded his secretaries and sent Mrs. Donelson home to Ten- nessee ; but all in vain. He found that vanquish- ing Wellington's veterans was a light task com- pared with that of contending against the ladies in an affair of this sort. Foremost among those who frowned Mrs. Eaton out of society was Mrs. Cal- houn. On the other hand, Van Buren, a widower, found himself able to be somewhat more complai- sant, and accordingly rose in Jackson's esteem. The fires were fanned by Lewis and Kendall, who saw in Van Buren a more eligible ally than Calhoun. Presently intelligence was obtained from Crawford, who hated Calhoun, to the effect that the latter, as member of Monroe's cabinet, had disapproved of Jackson's conduct in Florida. This was quite true, but Calhoun had discreetly yielded his judgment to that of the cabinet led by Adams, and thus had officially sanctioned Jackson's conduct. These facts, as handled by Eaton and Lewis, led Jackson to suspect Calhoun of treacherous double-dealing, and the result was a quarrel which broke up the cabinet. In order to get Calhoun's friends — Ing- ham, Branch, and Berrien — out of the cabinet, the other secretaries began by resigning. This device did not succeed, and the ousting of the three secre- taries entailed further quarrelling, in the course of which the Eaton affair and the Florida business were beaten threadbare in the newspapers, and evoked sundry challenges to deadly combat. In the spring and summer of 1831 the new cabinet was formed, consisting of Edward Livingston, sec- retary of state ; Louis McLane, treasury ; Lewis Cass, war ; Levi Woodbury, navy ; Roger B. Taney, attorney-general ; in post-office no change. On Van Buren's resignation, Jackson at once appoint- ed him minister to England, but there was a warm dispute in the senate over his confirmation, and it was defeated at length by the casting-vote of Cal- houn. This check only strengthened Jackson's determination to have Van Buren for his successor in the presidency. The progress of this quarrel entailed a break in the " kitchen cabinet," in which Duff Green, editor of the " Telegraph " and friend of Calhoun, was thrown out. His place was taken by Francis Preston Blair, of Kentucky, a man of eminent ability and earnest patriotism. To him and his sons, as energetic opponents of nullification and secession, our country owes a debt of gratitude which can hardly be overstated. Blair's indignant attitude toward nullification brought him at once into earnest sympathy with Jackson. In Decem- ber, 1830, Blair began publishing the " Globe," the organ henceforth of Jackson's party. For a period of ten years, until the defeat of the Democrats in 1840, Blair and Kendall were the ruling spirits in the administration. Their policy was to re-elect Jackson to the presidency in 1832, and make Van Buren his successor in 1836. During Jackson's administration there came about a new division of parties. The strict con- structionists, opposing internal improvements, pro- tective tariff, and national banks, l-etained the name of Democrats, which had long been applied to mem- bers of the old Republican party. The term Re- publican fell into disuse. The loose construction- ists, under the lead of Clay, took the name of JACKSON JACKSON 381 Whigs, as it suited their purposes to describe Jack- son as a kind of tyrant; and they tried to dis- credit their antagonists by calling them Tories, but the device found little favor. On strict construc- tionist grounds Jackson in 1829 vetoed the bill for a government subscription to the stock of the Maysville turnpike in Kentucky, and two other similar bills he disposed of by a new method, which the Whigs indignantly dubbed a " pocket veto." The struggle over the tariff was especially impor- tant, as bringing out a clear expression of the doc- trine of nullification on the part of South Carolina. Practically, however, nullification was first at- tempted by Georgia in the case of the disputes with the Cherokee Indians. Under treaties with the Federal government these Indians occupied lands that were coveted by the white people. Adams had made himself very unpopular in Georgia by resolutely defending the treaty rights of these Indians. Immediately upon Jackson's election, the state government assumed jurisdic- tion over their lands, and proceeded to legislate for them, passing laws that discriminated against them. Disputes at once arose, in the course of which Georgia twice refused to obey the supreme court of the United States. At the request of the governor of Georgia, Jackson withdrew the Fed- eral troops from the Cherokee country, and refused to enforce the rights that had . been guaranteed to the Indians by the United States. His feelings to- ward Indians were those of a frontier fighter, and he asked, with telling force, whether an eastern state, such as New York, would endure the nuisance of an independent Indian state within her own boundaries. In his sympathy with the people of Georgia on the particular question at issue, he seemed to be conniving at the dangerous principle of nullification. These events were carefully noted by the politicians of South Carolina. The protec- tionist policy, which since the peace of 1815 had been growing in favor at the north, had culminated in 1828 in the so-called " tariff of abominations." This tariff, the result of a wild helter-skelter scramble of rival interests, deserved its name on many accounts. It discriminated, with especial unfairness, against the southern people, wdio were very naturally and properly enraged by it. A new tariff, passed in 1832, modified some of the most objectionable features of the old one, but still failed of justice to the southerners. Jackson was opposed to the principle of protective tariffs, and from his course with Georgia it might be argued that he would not interfere with extreme measures on the part of the south. During the whole of Jackson's first term there was more or less A'ague talk about nullification. The subject had a way of obtruding itself upon all sorts of discussions, as in the famous debates on Foot's resolutions, which lasted over five months in 1830, and called forth Webster's immortal speech in reply to Hayne. A few weeks after this speech, at a public dinner in commemoration of Jefferson's birthday, after sundry regular toasts had seemed to indicate a drift of sentiment in approval of nullification, Jackson ,■ , • r ;.■:'--■ ', ,,;V.:,:> suddenly arose with a volunteer toast, " Our Fed- eral Union : it must be preserved." Calhoun was prompt to reply with a toast and a speech in be- half of " Liberty, dearer than the Union," but the nullifiers were greatly disappointed and chagrined. In spite of this warning, South Carolina held a convention, 19 Nov., 1832, and declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 to be null and void in South Carolina ; all state officers and jurors were required to take an oath of obedience to this edict ; appeals to the Federal supreme court were prohibited under penalties ; and the Federal government was warned that an attempt on its part to enforce the revenue laws would immediately provoke South Carolina to secede from the Union. The ordinance of nullification was to take effect on 1 Feb., 1833, and preparations for war were begun at once. On 16 Dec. the president issued a proclamation, in which he declared that he should enforce the laws in spite of any and all resistance that might be made, and he showed that he was in earnest by forthwith sending Lieut. Farragut with a naval force to Charleston harbor, and ordering Gen. Scott to have troops ready to enter South Carolina if necessary. In the proclamation, which was written by Livingston, the president thus defined his po- sition : " I consider the power to annul a law of the United States, assumed by one state, incompatible with the existence of the Union, contradicted ex- pressly by the letter of the constitution, unauthor- ized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed." Gov. Hayne, of South Carolina, issued a counter-proclamation, and a few days afterward Calhoun resigned the vice-presidency, and was chosen to succeed Hayne in the senate. Jackson's determined attitude was approved by public opinion throughout the country. By the southern people generally the action of South Carolina was regarded as precipitate and un- constitutional. Even in that state a Union con- vention met at Columbia, and announced its inten- tion of supporting the president. In January, Cal- houn declared in the senate that his state was not hostile to the Union, and had not meditated an armed resistance ; a " peaceable secession," to be ac- complished by threats, was probably the ultimatum really contemplated. In spite of Jackson's warning, the nullifiers were surprised by his unflinching atti- tude, and quite naturally regarded it as inconsist- ent with his treatment of Georgia. When the 1st of February came, the nullifiers deferred action. In the course of that month a bill for enforcing the tariff passed both houses of congress, and at the same time Clay's compromise tariff was adopted, providing for the gradual reduction of the duties until 1842, after which all duties were to be kept at 20 per cent. This compromise enabled the nul- lifiers to claim a victory, and retreat from their position with colors flying. During the nullification controversy Jackson kept up the attacks upon the U. S. bank which he had begun in his first annual message to congress in 1829. The charter of the bank would expire in 1836, and Jackson was opposed to its re- newal. The grounds of his opposition were partly sound, partly fanciful. There was a wholesome opposition to paper currency, combined with great ignorance of the natural principles of money and trade, as illustrated in a willingness to tolerate the notes of local banks, according to the chaotic sys- tem prevalent between Jackson's time and Lincoln's. There was something of the demagogue's appeal to the prejudice that ignorant people are apt to cherish against capitalists and corporations, though 382 JACKSON JACKSON Jackson cannot be accused of demagogy in this regard, because he shared the prejudice. Then there was good reason for believing that the bank was in some respects mismanaged, and for fear- ing that a great financial institution, so intimately related to the government, might be made an engine of political corruption. Furthermore, the correspondence between Sec. Ingham and Nicholas Biddle, president of the bank, in the summer of 1829, shows that some of Jackson's friends wished to use the bank for political purposes, and were enraged at Biddle's determination in pursuing an independent course. The occasion was duly im- proved by the " kitchen cabinet " to fill Jackson's ears with stories tending to show that the influ- ence of the bank was secretly exerted in favor of the opposite party. Jackson's suggestions with reference to the bank in his first message met with little favor, especially as he coupled them with suggestions for the distribution of the surplus revenue among the states. He returned to the at- tack in his two following messages, until in 1832 the bank felt obliged in self-defence, to apply, some- what prematurely, for a renewal of its charter on the expiration of its term. Charges brought against the bank by Democratic representatives were investigated by a committee, which returned -a majority report in favor of the bank. A minori- ty report sustained the charges. After prolonged discussion, the bill to renew the charter passed both houses, and on 10 July, 1832, was vetoed by the president. An attempt to pass the bill over the veto failed of the requisite two-third majority. Circumstances had already given a flavor of per- sonal contest to Jackson's assaults upon the bank. There was no man whom he hated so fiercely as Clay, who was at the same time his chief political rival. Clay made the mistake of forcing the bank question into the foreground, in the belief that it was an issue upon which he was likely to win in the coming presidential campaign. Clay's move- ment was an invitation to the people to defeat Jackson in order to save the bank ; and this natu- rally aroused all the ccmbativeness in Jackson's nature. His determined stand impressed upon the popular imagination the picture of a dauntless "tribune of the people" fighting against the ■" monster monopoly." Clay unwisely attacked the veto power of the president, and thus gave Benton .an opportunity to defend it by analogies drawn from the veto power of the ancient Roman tribune, which in point of fact it does not at all resemble. The discussion helped Jackson more than Clay. It was also a mistake on the part of the Whig leader to risk the permanence of such an institu- tion as the IT. S. bank upon the fortunes of a presidential canvass. It dragged the bank into politics in spite of itself, and, by thus affording justification for the fears to which Jackson had appealed, played directly into his hands. In this canvass all the candidates were for the first time nominated in national conventions. There were three conventions — all held at Baltimore. In Sep- tember, 1831, the Anti-Masons nominated Will- iam Wirt, of Virginia, in the hope of getting the national Republicans or Whigs to unite with them ; but the latter, in December, nominated Clay. In the following March the Democrats nominated Jackson, with Van Buren for vice-president. Dur- ing the year 1832 the action of congress and presi- dent with regard to the bank charter was virtually a part of the campaign. In the election South Carolina voted for candidates of her own — John Floyd, of Virginia, and Henry Lee, of Massachu- setts. There were 219 electoral votes for Jackson, 49 for Clay, 11 for Floyd, and 7 for Wirt. Jack- son interpreted this overwhelming victory as a popular condemnation of the bank and approval of all his actions as president. The enthusiastic ap- plause from all quarters which now greeted his rebuke of the nullifiers served still further to strengthen his belief in himself as a " saviour of society" and champion of "the people." Men were getting into a state of mind in which ques- tions of public policy were no longer argued upon their merits, but all discussion was drowned in cheers for Jackson. Such a state of things was not calculated to check his natural vehemence and disposition to override all obstacles in carrying his point. He now felt it to be his sacred duty to de- molish the bank. In his next message to congress he created some alarm by expressing doubts as to the bank's solvency and recommending an investi- gation to see if the deposits of public money were safe. In some parts of the country there were in- dications of a run upon the branches of the bank. The committee of ways and means investigated the matter, and reported the bank as safe and sound, but a minority report threw doubt upon these conclusions, so that the public uneasiness was not allayed. The conclusions of the members of the committee, indeed, bore little reference to the evidence before them, and were determined purely by political partisanship. Jackson made up his mind that the deposits must be removed from the bank. The act of 1816, which created that in- stitution, provided that the public funds might be removed from it by order of the secretary of the treasury, who must, however, inform congress of his reasons for the removal. As congress resolved, by heavy majorities, that the deposits were safe in the bank, the spring of 1833 was hardly a time when a secretary of the treasury would feel himself warranted, in accordance with the provisions of the act, to order their removal. Sec. McLane was accordingly unwilling to issue such an or- der. In what followed, Jackson had the zeal- ous co-operation of Kendall and Blair. In May, McLane was transferred to the state department, and was succeeded in the treasury by William J. Duane, of Pennsylvania. The new secretary, how- ever, was convinced that the removal was neither necessary nor wise, and, in spite of the president's utmost efforts, refused either to issue the order or to resign his office. In September, accordingly, Duane was removed and Roger B. Taney was appointed in his place. Taney at once ordered that after the 1st of October the public revenues should no longer be deposited with the national bank, but with sundry state banks, which soon came to be known as the " pet banks." Jackson alleged, as one chief reason for this proceeding, that if the bank were to continue to receive pub- lic revenues on deposit, it would unscrupulously use them in buying up all the members of congress and thus securing an indefinite renewal of its charter. This, he thought, would be a death-blow to free government in America. His action caused intense excitement and some commercial distress, and prepared the way for further disturbance. In the next session of the senate Clay introduced a resolution of censure, which was carried after a de- bate which lasted all winter. It contained a decla- ration that the president had assumed " authority and power not conferred by the constitution and laws, but in derogation of both." Jackson pro- tested against the resolution, but the senate refused to receive his protest. Many of his appointments were rejected by the senate, especially those of the directors of the bank, and of Taney as secretary of JACKSON JACKSON 383 the treasury. An attempt was made to curtail the president's appointing power. On the other hand, many of the president's friends declaimed against the senate as an aristocratic institution, which ought to be abolished. Benton was Jackson's most powerful and steadfast ally in the senate. Benton was determined that the resolution of censure should be expunged from the records of the senate. and his motion continued to be the subject of acrimonious debate for two years. The contest was carried into the state elections, and some sena- tors resigned in consequence of instructions re- ceived from their state legislatures. At length, on 16 Jan., 1837. a few weeks before Jackson's retire- ment from office, Benton's persistency triumphed, and the resolution of censure was expunged. Meanwhile the consequences of the violent method with which the finances had been handled were rapidly developing. Many state banks, including not a few of the " wildcat " species, had been formed, to supply the paper currency that was supposed to be needed. The abundance of paper, together with the rapid westward movement of population, caused reckless speculation and an in- flation of values. Extensive purchases of public lands were paid for in paper until the treasury scented danger, and by the president's order, in July, 1836, the " specie circular " was issued, directing that only gold or silver should be re- ceived for public lands. This caused a demand for coin, which none but the " pet banks " could hope to succeed in meet- ing. But these banks were at the same time crippled by orders to surren- der, on the following New-Year's day, one fourth of the surplus revenues deposited with them, as it was to be distributed as a loan among the states. The " pet banks " had regarded the deposits as capi- tal to be used in loans, and they were now suddenly obliged to call in these loans. These events led to the great panic of 1837, which not only scattered thousands of private fortunes to the winds, but wrecked Van Buren's administration and prepared the way for the Whig victory of 1840. In foreign affairs Jackson's administration won great credit through its enforcement of the French spoliation claims. European nations which had claims for damages against France on account of spoliations committed by French cruisers during the Napoleonic wars had found no difficulty after the peace of 1815 in obtaining payment ; but the claims of the United States had been superciliously neglected. In 1831, after much fruitless negotia- tion, a treaty was made by which France agreed to pay the United States $5,000,000 in six annual in- stalments. The first payment was due on 2 Feb., 1833. A draft for the amount was presented to the French minister of finance, and payment was refused on the ground that no appropriation for that purpose had been made by the chambers. Louis Philippe brought the matter before the chambers, but no appropriation was made. Jack- son was not the man to be trifled with in this way. In his message of December, 1834, he gravely ree- /c^ / ^i<- ommended to congress that a law be passed author- izing the capture of French vessels enough to make up the amount due. The French govern- ment was enraged, and threatened war unless the president should apologize : not a hopeful sort of demand to make of Andrew Jackson. Here Great Britain interposed with good advice to France, which led to the payment of the claim without further delay. The effect of Jackson's attitude was not lost upon European governments, while at home the hurrahs for " Old Hickory " were louder than ever. The days when foreign powers could safely insult us were evidently gone by. The period of Jackson's presidency was one of the most remarkable in the history of the world, and nowhere more remarkable than in the United States. It was signalized by the introduction and rapid development of railroads, of ocean naviga- tion through Ericsson's invention of the screw- propeller, of agricultural machines, anthracite coal, and friction matches, of the modern type of daily newspaper, of the beginnings of such cities as Chi- cago, of the steady immigration from Europe, of the rise of the Abolitionists and other reformers, and of the blooming of American literature when to the names of Bryant, Cooper, and Irving were added those of Longfellow T , Whittier, Prescott, Holmes, and Hawthorne. The rapid expansion of the country and the extensive changes in ideas and modes of living brought to the surface much crude- ness of thought and action. As the typical popular hero of such a period, Andrew Jackson must always remain one of the most picturesque and interesting figures in American history. His ignorance of the principles of statesmanship, the crudeness of his methods, and the evils that have followed from some of his measures, are obvious enough and have often been remarked upon. But in having a presi- dent of this type and at such a time we were fortu- nate in securing a man so sound in most of his im- pulses, of such absolute probity, truthfulness, and courage, and such unflinching loyalty to the Union. Jackson's death, in the year in which Texas was annexed to the United States, marks in a certain sense the close of the political era in which he had played so great a part. From the year 1845 the Calhoun element in the Democratic party became more and more dominant until 1860, while the ele- ments more congenial with Jackson and variously represented by Benton, Blair, and Van Buren, went to form an important part of the force of Republicans and War Democrats that finally si- lenced the nullifiers and illustrated the maxim that the Union must be preserved. Jackson died at his home, ''The Hermitage," near Nashville, a view of which is given on page 381. The principal biographies of him are by James Parton (3 vols., New York, 1861) and Will- iam G. Sumner (Boston, 1882). Other biographies are by John H. Eaton (Philadelphia, 1817) ; Will- iam Cobbett (New York, 1834) ; Amos Kendall (1843) ; P. A. Goodwin (Flartford, 1832). For ac- counts of his administration see, in general, Ben- ton's " Thirty Years' View," the memoirs of John Q. Adams, the histories of the United States by Schouler and Von Hoist, and the biographies of Clay, Webster, Adams, Calhoun, Benton, and Ed- ward Livingston. See, also, Mayo's " Political Sketches of "Eight Years in- Washington " (Balti- more, 1839). The famous " Letters of Major Jack Downing " (New York, 1834), a burlesque on Jack- son's administration, were wonderfully popular in their day. The accompanying picture, taken from a miniature made much earlier in life than the steel portrait that appears with this article, was 384 JACKSON JACKSON painted by Valle, a French artist, and presented by Jackson to his friend Livingston, with the fol- lowing note, written at his headquarters, New Or- leans, 1 May, 1815 : " Mr. E. Livingston is requested to accept this picture as a mark of the sense I en- tertain of his public services, and as a token of my private friendship and esteem." The full-length portrait from a painting by Earl, prefixed to Par- ton's third volume, is said to be the best represen- tation of Jackson as he appeared upon the street. — His wife, Rachel, b. in 1767 ; d. at the Hermitage, Tenn., 22 Dec, 1828, was the daughter of Col. John Donelson, a wealthy Virginia surveyor, who owned extensive iron-works in Pittsylvania county, Va., but sold them in 1779 and settled in French Salt Springs, where the city of Nashville now stands. He kept an account of his journey thither, entitled " Journal of a Voyage, intended by God's Permis- sion, in the Good Boat 'Adventure,' from Fort Patrick Henry, on Holston River, to the French Salt Springs, on Cumberland River, kept by John Donelson." Subsequently he removed to Ken- tucky, where he had several land-claims, and, after his daughter's marriage to Capt. Lewis Robards, he returned to Tennessee, where he was murdered by unknown persons in the autumn of 1785. (For an account of the peculiar circumstances of her marriage to Jackson, see page 374.) Mrs. Jack- son went to New Orleans after the battle, and was presented by the ladies of that city with a set of topaz jewelry. In her portrait at the Hermit- age, painted by Earle, she wears the dress in which she appeared at the ball that was given in New Or- leans in honor of her husband, and of which the ac- companying vig- nette is a copy. She went with Gen. Jackson to Florida in 1821, to Washington and Charleston in 1824, and to New Orleans in 1828. For many years she had suffered from an affection of the heart, which was augmented by various re- ports that were in circulation regarding her pre- vious career, and her death was hastened by over- hearing a magnified account of her experiences. She was possessed of a kind and attractive man- ner, was deeply religious and charitable, and ad- verse to public life. — Their niece, Emily, b. in Tennessee ; d. there in December, 1836, was the youngest daughter of Capt. John Donelson and the wife of Andrew J. Donelson (q. v.). She presided in the White House during the administration of President Jackson, who always spoke of her as "my daughter." During the Eaton controversy (see Eaton, Margaret) she received Mrs. Eaton on public occasions, but refused to recognize her so- cially. — His daughter-in-law, Sarah York, the wife of his adopted son, Andrew Jackson, b. in 1806; d. at the Hermitage, Nashville, Tenn., 23 Aug., 1887, also presided at the White House dur- ing President Jackson's administration. Her son, Andrew, was graduated at the U. S. military acad- emy in 1858, and served in the Confederate* army, in which he was a colonel. c^l^cor^iO fcic£»o4<\/ JACKSON, Charles Davis, clergyman, b. in Salem, Mass., 15 Dec, 1811 ; d. in Westchester, N. Y., 28 June, 1871. He was graduated at Dart- mouth in 1833, and at Andover theological semi- nary in 1838. He then became professor of Latin and Greek in Lane seminary, Ohio, was afterward head of a classical school in Petersburg, Va., taught at Flushing, L. I., and in 1842 was ordained priest in the Protestant Episcopal church. He officiated as rector of St. Luke's church, Rossville, Staten Island, and at St. Peter's, Westchester, N. Y., from 1843 till 1871, and received the degree of D. D. from Norwich university in 1859. He published a series of articles on popular education in the " Church Review," and he is the author of " Suffering Here, Glory Hereafter " (New York, 1872). JACKSON, Charles Loring, chemist, b. in Boston, Mass., 4 April, 1847. He was graduated at Harvard in 1867, and in 1868 was appointed as- sistant in chemistry there. Three years later he became assistant professor of chemistry, and in 1881 was made full professor. Meanwhile he vis- ited Germany, and in 1873 studied in Heidelberg under Bunsen, and later in Berlin under Hof mann. He is a member of the American academy of arts and sciences, and in 1883 was elected to member- ship in the National academy of sciences. His original investigations began in 1874, while in Ber- lin, with researches on the organic selenium com- pounds. From 1875 till 1883 he was engaged in work on the substituted benzyl compounds, which he described in a series of about twelve papers. During 1882-'3 he was engaged in the study of cer- tain compounds obtained from turmeric, compris- ing the determination of the composition of curcu- mine, the coloring principle, and its relation to vanillin with the discovery of turmerol, the alco- hol to which turmeric owes its taste and smell. He discovered in 1883-4 a new method for the preparation of borneol from camphor, which is considered the best method that has been found as yet. In 1885 he published a new method for pre- paring organic fluorine compounds, and in 1887 his researches included a new and simple method of making the higher sulphonic acids. The pres- ent knowledge of the haloid benzyl compounds is due almost exclusively to his investigations, which have been variously published, and includes some thirty-eight titles in all. His " Lecture Notes in Chemistry " (1878) have been printed privately. JACKSON, Charles Thomas, scientist, b. in Plymouth, Mass., 21 June, 1805 ; d. in Somerville, Mass., 28 Aug.,, 1880. He was graduated at the Harvard medical college in 1829, but previously, with Francis Alger, had made a geological and mineralogical survey of Nova Scotia, of which he published a preliminary account in 1827 and a fuller description in 1829. Dr. Jackson then went to Europe and pursued medical and scientific studies in Paris, where he met many distinguished men, including Elie de Beaumont, the geologist, with whom he maintained a life-long friendship. In 1831 he made a pedestrian tour through central Europe, and, visiting Vienna during the preva- lence of the cholera, he assisted in the dissection of the bodies of two hundred victims of that disease. In 1832 he published a detailed account of his observations in the " Boston Medical Jour- nal." While in Paris his attention was directed to recent discoveries in electricity and magnetism, and accordingly experimented with a view to the utili- zation of electricity for telegraphy. On his home- ward voyage, in 1832, he communicated his ideas to Samuel F. B. Morse, who, as it was afterward shown, had no previous acquaintance with the sub- JACKSON JACKSON 385 ^wn^ geon in the U. S. army, and from 1861 till 1869 physician to the Indiana institution for the deaf and dumb. He has contributed occasionally to medical journals, and has written eighteen con- secutive annual reports of the Indiana hospital for the insane. JAMESON, William, naval officer, b. in Vir- ginia in 1791 : d. in Alexandria, Va., 7 Oct., 1873. He was appointed a midshipman from the District of Columbia in 1811. During the war of 1812-14 he was in several engagements, and received his commission as lieutenant in 1817, commander in 1837, and as captain in 1844. He adhered to the cause of the Union at the beginning of the civil war, and was commissioned commodore. 16 July, 1862. He was invalided, and remained in Alexan- dria during the war, and was subsequently placed on the retired list. JANES, Edmund Storer, M. E. bishop, b. in Sheffield, Berkshire co., Mass.. 27 April, 1807: d. in New York city, 18 Sept., 1876. His father was a mechanic, and the son united with the Meth- odist church at thirteen years of age. By dili- gent improvement of scanty opportunities he fitted himself to teach a country school, and in the pursuit of that call- ing he removed to New Jersey, where he found his way into the Meth- odist ministry. In 1830 he was admitted to the Philadelphia confer- ence, which then em- braced the whole state of New Jersey. In 1835 he was appointed finan- cial agent for Dickinson college, and in 1840 he was chosen financial secretary of the American Bible society, which office he filled for four years, travel- ling in the interests of that society through all parts of the country. In 1844 he was elected and ordained bishop by the general conference sitting in -£. J. fa 2^LA_^ JANES JANNEY 401 New York city. He was not a member of the body by which he was elected, nor had he served in any previous general conference. He was only thirty- eight years old, and though widely known by means of his labors in behalf of the Bible society, yet he had escaped all complication with the sub- ject of the church's relation to slavery, which then agitated it. and so he was not unacceptable to either party. In the discharge of the duties of his office he visited and revisited nearly every state and territory of the country. In 1854 he visited Europe, having been commissioned to represent his church at the session of the British Wesleyan conference. While abroad he visited both the Irish and French Methodist conferences, and also the missions of his own church in Germany and Swit- zerland, and in Xorway and Sweden. As a preach- er Bishop Janes was a model of simplicity and correctness. He resided in New York from his election to the episcopacy till his death. — His twin brother, Edwin L., clergyman, b. in Shef- field, Mass., 27 April, 1807 ; d. in Flushing, L. I., 10 Jan., 1875, taught from 1825 till 1831, and in 1832 joined the Philadelphia conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, and was appointed pastor in West Philadelphia. He held charges in New York, Brooklyn, Bridgeport, and elsewhere, for six years was a secretary of the National tem- perance society, and also labored earnestly for the poor. His works include " Wesley his Own Biogra- pher " (New York, 1870) ; " Incidents in the Life of Bishop Asbury" (1872); and " Recollections in the Life of the Rev. Dr. Edward Payson " (1873). JANES, Edward Houghton, physician, b. in Northfield, Franklin co., Mass., 3 Oct., 1820. He was educated in the Delaware literary institute, Franklin county, N. Y., and was graduated at the Berkshire medical college in 1847. He settled in practice in New York city in 1850, was for a short period during the civil war in the service of the sanitary commission, and appointed sanitary in- spector by the Metropolitan board of health in 1866. Since 1873 he has been assistant superintendent of the New York health department. In 1872 he was appointed to the chair of hygiene in the Women's medical college of the New York infirmary. He was one of the original members of the American public health association, and was its recording secretary from 1877 till 1880. He has published •a "Report on Condensed Milk" (1858), "Report on the Sanitary Condition of New York " (New York. 1865), annual reports to the American pub- lic health association, and papers on professional subjects. JANE WAY, Jacob Jones, clergyman, b. in New York city, 20 Nov., 1774 ; d. in 'New Bruns- wick, N. J., 27 June, 1858. His family came from England early in the 17th century, one of whom bore with him the charter of Trinity church, of which he was a vestryman. He died' about 1708. Jacob was graduated at Columbia in 1794, and after studying theology with Dr. John H. Livingston was ordained in 1799 a colleague of Dr. Ashbel Green in the 2d Presbyterian church of Philadelphia, where he remained till 1828. After holding for one year the chair of theology in the Western theological seminary, he was pastor of a Dutch Reformed church in New Brunswick, N. J., for two years. He was elected a trustee of Rutgers in 1820* and in 1833-9 was vice-president of that college and professor of literature, the evidences of Christianity, and politi- cal economy. He then became a trustee of Prince- ton, and was engaged till his death in general missionary work and in supervision of theological and collegiate institutions in the Presbyterian vol. in. — 26 church. He was a director of Princeton theologi- cal seminary from 1813 till 1830 and again from 1840 till 1858, and president of the board from 1849 till 1858. He joined his friend. Dr. Jona- than Cogswelh of New Brunswick, in the gift of a church to the Presbyterians of that city. His pub- lications include " Commentaries on Romans, He- brews, and Acts " (3 vols., Philadelphia. 1866) ; "Internal Evidence of the Holy Bible"; '•Com- municants' Manual " ; " On Unlawful Marriage " (New York, 1844); "Review of Dr. Schaff on Protestantism " ; and essays and letters on relig- ious subjects. See "Memoir of Rev. Jacob J. Janeway," by his son, Thomas L. Janeway (Phila- delphia. 1861). — His grandson, Edward" Gama- liel, physician, b. in New York city, 31 Aug., 1841, was graduated at Rutgers in I860, after which, during 1862-'3, he was acting medical cadet in the L T . S. army hospital in Newark, N. J., and was graduated at the College of physicians and surgeons in 1864. Dr. Janeway then settled in New York, where he has ever since practised. His connection with Bellevue hospital medical college began in 1868, when he was appointed one of its curators. In 1872 he was called to the chair of physiology and pathological anatomy in the medi- cal department of the University of the city of New York, but at the end of a year he returned to Bellevue as professor of materia medica and thera- peutics. This appointment he held until 1876, when he became professor of pathological anatomy and histology, diseases of the nervous system, and clinical medicine. In 1881 he added the instruc- tion in principles and practice of medicine to his duties, and he also delivered the lectures on mate- ria medica and therapeutics from 1873 till 1876. Dr. Janeway was appointed health commissioner of the city of New York in 1875, and filled that appointment until 1882. He held visiting ap- pointments to the Charity hospital in 1868-'71, to the Hospital for epileptics and paralytics in 1870-4, and to Bellevue hospital since 1871. being also one of the pathologists to that institution since 1867. As a diagnostician he has a high reputation, and his consulting practice is very large. He is a mem- ber of numerous medical societies, was vice-presi- dent of the New York pathological society in 1874, and has been president of the New York medical journal association. JANNEY, Samuel Macpherson, author, b. in Loudon county, Va., 11 Jan., 1801 ; d. there, 30 April, 1880. He was a minister of the Society of Friends, and travelled extensively in this capacity. In 1869 he was appointed by President Grant superintendent of Indian affairs in the northern superintendency. He was the author of a prize poem entitled " The Country School-House " (1825) ; " Conversations on Religious Subjects " (1835 ; 3d ed.. Philadelphia, 1843) ; " The Last of the Lenape, and Other Poems " (1839) ; " The Teacher's Gift," essays in prose and verse (1840) ; " An Historical Sketch of the Christian Church during the Middle Ages " (1847) ; " Life of William Penn " (1852 ; 3d ed., 1856) ; " Life of George Fox " (1853) ; and a " History of the Religious Society of Friends, from its Rise "to the Year 1828 " (4 vols., 1860-7).— His brother. Asa Moore, philanthropist, b. in Loudon county. Va., 18 Sept., 1802 ; d. there, 31 May, 1871. In 1836 he removed to Richmond with his family, and had charge of Gallego mills, one of the largest flouring-mills in the south. He resided in Loudon county from 1860 till 1869, when he was appointed agent for the Santee Sioux Indians in Nebraska. He labored faithfully for the advancement of these Indians, doing much to improve their moral and 402 JANNEY JANSON physical condition. While there, he had a saw- mill and flouring-mill erected, lands were allotted to the Indians in severalty, and about 100 log- houses built. His wife and daughters also labored among the women of the tribe. Owing to impaired health, he resigned his commission and returned to Virginia. He was a member of the Society of Friends, in which he held the office of elder. JANNEY, Thomas, Quaker, b. in Cheshire, England, in 1634 ; d. there, 12 Dec, 1696. He set- tled in Bucks county, Pa., in 1688, and also labored in New Jersey. He visited the churches of New England, Long Island, and Maryland, and finally went to England with Griffith Owen in 1695. JANNSENS, Francis, R. C. bishop, b. in Til- burg, North Brabant, Holland, 17 Oct., 1847. He studied theology in the Episcopal seminary of Bois- le-Duc, and afterward entered the American college of the University of Louvain, with a view to becom- ing a missionary in the United States. He was or- dained priest, 21 Dec, 1867, sailed for this country in September, 1868, and was assigned to mission- ary duty in Richmond, Va. He was first assistant at the cathedral, and in 1870 was appointed rector, secretary, and chancellor of the diocese, at the same time taking charge of several missions. In 1877 he became vicar-general. On the translation of Bishop Gibbons to Baltimore as coadjutor-arch- bishop, Father Jannsens was appointed admin- istrator of the diocese of Richmond. He filled the same office under Bishop Keane that he had occu- pied under his predecessor. After the translation of Bishop Elder from the diocese of Natchez to the coadjutorship of Cincinnati, Father Jannsens was nominated for the vacant see, and he was con- secrated by Archbishop Gibbons in the cathedral of Richmond, 1 May, 1881. Before assuming the du- ties of his office he visited Rome. Bishop Jannsens is supreme spiritual director of the Catholic knights of the United States, a benevolent organization of large membership. In 1884 there were 14,000 Roman Catholics under his jurisdiction, with fifty- three churches and thirty priests. JANSEN, Olaiis, Danish naturalist, b. in Chris- tianstadt in 1714 ; d. in Copenhagen in 1778. He studied in Germany, and was for several years pro- fessor at the University of Tubingen, where he ac- quired reputation as a naturalist. He was elected in 1761 rector of the University of Copenhagen, and in the following year a member of the Academy of sci- ences. Two years later he was sent by the govern- ment to travel in America and collect information on the natural productions of that country. He landed in Buenos Ayres in October, 1764, and vis- ited successively Paraguay, Uruguay, Chili, Pata- gonia, Araucania, Brazil, Peru, Central America, thence, crossing the Isthmus of Panama, he jour- neyed through New Spain, Louisiana, and Florida, reaching Boston in 1772. On his return, which was hastened by difficulties in which he was in- volved with the English authorities when he was about to visit Canada, he published " Den Geist in den Naturvidenskaben og naturens almindelige laere" (Copenhagen, 1773); "Journal holden y Skibet prindsess Isabella poa rejsen til Buenos Ayres " (2 vols., 1773-4) ; " Forste indledning til den Almind. naturlaere " (1774) : " Neue Reisen dureh Brazil und Peru " (1775) ; " Neue Reisen durch Louisiana und Nueva Espana " (1776) ; " Ge- schichte und Beschreibung des Brodbaums " (Tu- bingen and Copenhagen, 1776) ; " Anmarkningar ons Historia Naturalis och climated af Nye Eng- land og Nye Spanien " (2 vols., Copenhagen and Stockholm, 1778) ; and several other works, which enjoyed a high reputation during the 18th century. JANSEN, Reynier, printer, b. in Holland ; d. in Philadelphia in March, 1706. He emigrated to this country in 1698. He was a lace-maker at Alk- maier, Holland, but, shortly after coming to Phila- delphia, he set up a printing-press — the second in the middle colonies. From 1698 till 1706 he was the only printer in Pennsylvania. Probably the first book issued by him was " God's Protecting Providence " (1699). Thomas, in " History of Print- ing in America," says : " I have met with only one book with Jansen's name in the imprint," while Hildeburn, in " Issues of Pennsylvania Press, 1685- 1784 " (1885), enumerates thirty-five different publi- cations bearing Jansen's imprint. The issues of Jansen's press have sold higher on the average as imprints than the issues of any other American printer. His two sons carried on the printing- business a few years after their father's death. One of the sons assumed the name of Tiberius John- son, and the other that of Joseph Reynier, and respectively printed in these names. JANSEN VAN ILPENDAM, Jan, Dutch offi- cial, d. probably at Marcus Hook, Pa., in 1685. About 1640 he was appointed by Gov. William Kief t custom-house officer on the Delaware, and put in command of Fort Nassau. In 1642 a company from New Haven attempted to effect a settlement nearly opposite the fort, to prevent which Jansen was ordered by the Dutch governor to proceed to the unbidden comers and require of them to show by what " authority they acted, and how they dared to make such encroachment on our rights and privileges, our territory and commerce ; and, if they could show no authority, to let them depart, and, if they refused, to take them prisoners and bring them to New York " ; and to aid him in en- forcing his authority he was sent two yachts, and directed to man them. This order he obeyed, and it resulted in his burning the trading-house and taking the traders prisoners, whereat the govern- ment of New Haven addressed to Kieft a vigor- ous protest. In 1644 he refused to allow a Boston company to pass up the river on the ostensible mis- sion of exploring for the Syconian lake. In 1645 he fell into disfavor, and was charged with fraud and neglect of duty in his office as commissary of the fort, one item of his offending being that he had given " more to the Indians than the ordinary rate." He was removed, and Andreas Hudde ap- pointed to succeed him. He continued to reside on the river and to trade with the Indians, and is frequently named in historical documents. JANSON, Kristofer, clergyman, b. in Bergen, Norway, 5 May, 1841. After finishing the theo- logical course in the University of Christiania, he founded, with a friend, Kristofer Bruun, a People's high-school in Gudbrandsdalen, Norway, with the view of raising the intellectual level of the peas- ants. While at home he was a leader of the move- ment (the " Maalstraev "), which has in view the re- placing of the Danish language, which is the Nor- wegian language of literature, by the truly Nor- wegian language, which is still spoken among the peasants of Norway. Janson has written a large series of novels in this language, the most impor- tant of which are " Han ok Ho " (Christiania, 1867), and " Marit Skjolte " (1869). The Norwegian storth- ing, in acknowledgment of Janson's merits, al- lowed him what is called a poet's salary, a compen- sation that has been given to only three others of the most eminent Norwegian authors. In 1882 Janson settled in this country as minister of a Unitarian parish in Minneapolis, Minn. He has since then preached both in English and Nor- wegian, and he seeks to spread religious tolerance JANVIER JARDINE 403 among his countrymen in the northwest. His ex- periences as a minister in the far west have been utilized in his book " Praeriens Saga," which is written in the common Danish-Norwegian language (Copenhagen, 1884). Some of his books have been translated into English, including " The Spell- bound Fiddler" (Chicago, 1884); "The Children of Hell " (1885) ; and " Wives, Submit Yourselves unto your Husbands " (1885). JANVIER, Levi, missionary, b. in Pittsgrove, N. J., 25 April, 1816 ; d. in India, 25 March, 1864. He was graduated at Princeton in 1835, and studied theology in the seminary there, also teaching in Lafayette college. He was ordained to the Pres- byterian ministry and went to India as a mission- ary in 1841, settling in Lodonia, in northern India, where he was for several years superintendent of the mission. Owing to impaired health, he visited the United States in 1859, but returned to his mis- sionary work in the following year. He was as- sassinated by a fanatic Sikh at Ananapoor, India. The degree of S. T. D. was conferred on him by Lafayette in 1861. He prepared a translation of the Pentateuch and Psalms into Punjaubi, assisted in compiling a " Punjaubi Dictionary " (1854), and wrote various books and tracts in this language. JAQUEZ, Christoval (hah'-keth), Portuguese mariner, b. toward the end of the 15th century ; d. in Iguarassu in 1555. He served with credit in the navy, and in 1586 was given command of a fleet to oppose the progress of the French in Brazil. . Sail- ing from Lisbon in November, Jaquez landed on the South American continent in the following spring and founded an establishment on the banks of the river called by the Indians Iguarassu. He afterward explored and charted the coast as far as the river Plate, and, on his return to Iguarassu, sent to Portugal two vessels loaded with Brazilian dye-woods. In 1540 he started again on an explora- tion along the coast and captured three French schooners which were trading with the Indians. Jaquez sailed a few years later to Lisbon and en- deavored to obtain a grant of land in Brazil for himself, but, having failed in his efforts, he re- turned again to Iguarassu in time to assist Duarte Coelho Pereira in the destruction of the establish- ment that had been founded by Marseilles traders forty-two miles from the Portuguese settlement, and resumed the command of the colony. He died from fever two years later. JARAUTA, Cenobio (hah-row'-tah), Mexican insurgent, b. in Spain late in the 18th century ; d. near Guanajuato, Mexico, 18 July, 1848. He en- tered a convent in Spain in early life, and during the civil war in that country, although he was a priest, raised men and became a Carlist leader, celebrated for his cruelties. He came to Mexico about 1841, and by the influence of his country- men obtained a parish in Aguascalientes. Toward the end of June, 1848, a revolution against the government, headed by Father Jarauta, began in that city. Supported by the garrison of Lagos, Jarauta published in June a proclamation ignoring the existing government and providing for the in- stalment of another with monarchical tendency. Meanwhile the command of the forces was to be vested in the general officer of the highest rank who would accept the plan. Gen. Mariano Pare- des joined Jarauta and marched on Guanajuato. The governor of the place was deposed and Ma- nuel Doblado appointed in his place, who issued an address to other governors ; but they disapproved it, and Gen. Minon was sent with a large force to attack the rebels. Much hard fighting ensued, but the most important action was on 18 July, 1848, when the town was assaulted and Jarauta taken prisoner, conveyed to La Valenciana near by, and shot. The guerilla force commanded by Father Jarauta had been much feared because they plun- dered both friends and enemies. The death of their leader disheartened the rebels, and, although their chiefs pretended to continue the struggle, they sur- rendered on the next day. JARAVA, Manuel (hah-rah'-vah), Chilian his- torian, b. in Santiago in 1621 ; d. in Quito in 1673. He became a Jesuit, and was at first employed in missionary work, but met with little success, as he often neglected his duties for study. His superi- ors at last called him to Quito, where he was ap- pointed historiographer of the viceroy in 1670. It is supposed that Jarava would have achieved great reputation as a historian, but his former labors in the mission had heavily told upon him, and he soon died of consumption. He left many notes, which were preserved in the College of Quito, and which Humboldt discovered and used afterward with great benefit, as he acknowledges in his works. Jarava published "Relatio de Christian itate in America, et de rebus gestis patrum Societatis Jesu in provincias " (2 vols., Quito, 1671) ; " Historia del Reino de Chile " (3 vols., 1672) ; " Historia del Reino de Quito " (2 vols., 1672) ; and " Cronica del Reino de Quito " (3 vols., 1673). JARAY, Luis de Cespedes (hah-rah'-e), Span- ish soldier, b. in Santiago, Spain, in the latter part of the 16th century ; d. in Charcas, Peru, about 1640. He began his career in Italy, where he rose to the rank of captain, and about 1619 sailed for Rio de la Plata, having been appointed governor of Paraguay. On his way he married in Brazil Victoria Correa de Saa, and, instead of continuing his jour- ney by water, according to instructions, he resolved to go across the country. The Jesuits and their followers awaited the coming of the new governor with joy, as they believed that, coming through the country of the Paulists or traders from Sao Paulo, he must have become fully informed of their atrocities and would at once check them. But his wife's estates in Brazil needed laborers, and Jaray had agreed to protect the traders in kidnapping the people whom he had been sent to govern on condition that he should receive 600 of the captives to labor in his wife's plantations. Ja- ray haughtily refused the request of the priests for protection, and the missions of Guayra and Misi- ones fell an easy pray to the slave-hunters. The neophytes were carried off by thousands, and those that were left, to the number of about 12,000, re- solved to abandon that part of the country. But the Paulists, having depopulated the missions of the eastern and northern part of Paraguay, now turned their eyes on the Spanish towns in the same province, and these soon shared the fate of the others. At last the crimes of Jaray reached the ears of the audiencia of Charcas, which summoned him to its presence in 1636 and condemned him to pay a heavy fine, stripping him of all authority, and forbidding him to hold any public office what- ever for the space of six years. JARDINE, Robert, clergyman, b. in Augusta, Grenville co., Ontario, 19 June, 1840. His family emigrated from Scotland to Canada, and he was graduated at Queens university, Kingston, in 1860. After studying theology he labored as a missionary in La Prairie and Owen Sound. In 1866 he was licensed by the presbytery of Perth and went to Scotland, where he studied in the University of Edinburgh, receiving the degree of doctor of sci- ence in 1867. In that year he returned to Canada, and was appointed professor of rhetoric and phi- 404 JARDIUS JARRIC losophy in the University of New Brunswick, which post he held two years. In 1869 he again went to Scotland, and during a walking-tour in the high- lands met Dr. Norman Macleod, of Glasgow, who had returned from India, and who induced him to become a missionary. He was appointed principal of the general assembly's institution in Bombay, with instruction to add a college department. After one year in Bombay he was ordered to Cal- cutta to take charge of a similar institution, where he served six years. During his service a large number of pupils were added to the school, and it was united with the University of Calcutta. _ He was also interested in other missionary work, aided the Bengali Christians in organizing a congrega- tion and in building a church, and was a delegate to the missionary conference at Allahabad in 1872-'3, where he read a paper upon the " Brahma Samaj." He was a frequent contributor to the "Calcutta Review" and other local papers, and was appointed every year an examiner for degrees in the University of Calcutta. In 1877 he went to Scotland, where he spent several months, and lec- tured in the four universities on " Comparative Theology" from a missionary standpoint. For three months he held charge of Park church, Glas- gow, after which he returned to Canada. He was pastor of St. Andrew's church, Chatham, N. B., in 1879-81, and was then called to St. John's church in Brockville. He published letters to English-speak- ing Hindus on religious subjects entitled " What to Believe " (Calcutta, 1876)), and " The Elements of the Psychology of Cognition " (London, 1874). JARDIUS, Charles Francois des, French na- val officer, b. in Port Louis, Guadeloupe, in 1729 ; d. in Santo Domingo in September, 1791. He en- tered the navy when scarcely sixteen years old, be- came commander in 1778, and under the Marquis of Bouille greatly contributed to the capture of Tobago, taking part also in the battles with Ad- miral Rodney in the waters of La Dominique in April and May, 1780. In the third battle, which was a success for the French, he held his ground alone against three English vessels, and received the brevet of commodore. He afterward served under Count de Grasse when the latter went to protect the American coasts, and commanded a division in the fleet of Admiral Destouches when the latter defeated the English under Admiral Arbuthnot on 16 March, 1781, at the entrance of Chesapeake bay. His gallantry during the action won him great praises from the Americans, and he wa,s made an honorary member of the Society of the Cincinnati. He commanded the station of Santo Domingo in 1791 at the time of the troubles in the island, and, having landed with a corps of marines to crush the rebels, was instantly killed. JARNAC, Gaston Louis de (zhar'-nack'), French soldier, b. in Angouleme in 1758; d. in Texas in 1818. He served in the war for American independence from 1776 till 1781, was wounded at Yorktown, and received from Louis XVI. the cross of Saint Louis. He emigrated to the United States during the French revolution, taught French and mathematics in Boston and Philadelphia, and opened, in 1797, the French institute at New Or- leans. Returning to France in 1805, he was for some time an officer in the army, but having ex- pressed himself too freely on the policy of Napo- leon, he feared arrest, and fled again to the United States, living quietly till 1814, when he accepted service under Jean Lafitte (q. v.). In 1816 he made the acquaintance of Gen. Charles Lallemand (q. v.), and agreed to devote the fortune that he had made with Lafitte in the foundation of the "Champ d'Asile " on the banks of the river Trinidad in Texas, and in that military colony held an im- portant command. But famine and troubles ruined the colony. Jarnac reproached Lallemand for his despotic rule, and with a few followers set out, under the guidance of a Choctaw Indian, to reach Louisiana. But the savage led them to an Indian village, where they were attacked and, after a des- perate resistance, taken captive and murdered. JARNAGIN, Spencer, lawyer, b. in Granger county, Tenn., about 1793 ; d. in Memphis, Tenn., 24 June, 1851. After his graduation at Greenville college in 1813, he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1817, and began to practise in Athens, Tenn. He was a member of the state house of representatives, and was elected U. S. senator as a Whig, serving from 1843 till 1847. JARQUE, Francisco (har'-keh). South Ameri- can missionary, b. in Hispaniola (according to some authors, in Panama) in 1636 ; d. in Tucuman, Ar- gentine Republic, in 1691. He studied in Mexico, and served as a lieutenant in the Spanish army, but in 1658 resigned, and united with the Jesuits. He taught rhetoric for several years in the College of Buenos Ayres, and, having acquired a perfect knowledge of the Guarani language, was attached to the missions of South America in 1665. In 1671 he was elected provincial of the Paraguayan mis- sions, which, he reorganized and greatly enlarged, and he became afterward vicar of the cathedral of Potosi, Peru, and dean of Cordova. Leon Pinelo asserts in his "Biblioteca oriental y occidental" that Fray Jarque was the most competent linguist that has devoted his labors to the Indian language, and Humboldt and many others have spoken of him with high praise. He published " Estado pre- sente de las misiones en el Tucuman, Paraguay e Rio de la Plata" (Tucuman, 1687), and "Tesoro de la lengua Guarani," which is still a standard work (Buenos Ayres, 1690). JARRATT, Devereux, clergvman, b. near Richmond, Va., 17 Jan., 1733 ; d. in Virginia, 29 Jan., 1801. He began to prepare for the Presby- terian ministry, but in 1762, determining to take orders in the Protestant Episcopal church, sold his patrimony and went to England for ordina- tion. In the next year he returned to Virginia and assumed charge of the parish of Bath. His system of religion was regarded as an innovation in the established church of Virginia, and many considered him a fanatic. His last sermon was delivered in the old Saponey church, which is re- garded as the scene of his labors. He published three volumes of sermons (1793-4), and a series of letters to a friend entitled " Thoughts on Some Important Subjects in Divinity" (1791). These were afterward republished in connection with his "Autobiography" in a series of letters ad- dressed to the Rev. John Coleman (1806). JARRIC, Louis Etienne, Chevalier de, West Indian revolutionist, b. in Les Cayes, Santo Do- mingo, in 1757; d. there, 21 Feb., 1791. He was the son of a wealthy creole nobleman, and assumed the name of Chevalier de Jarric, although he was a natural son and a mulatto. His father gave him a good education and left him some property, but young Etienne felt his situation keenly, and ac- cepted with delight the new democratic principles of 1789 as the means of elevating himself to the same level as the white Creoles. He served on the continent as a captain when the French revolution began, and, returning to Santo Domingo, called the negroes together in mass-meetings, urging them to assert their rights, inasmuch as the constituent assembly had already given some hint of recogni- JARVES JARVIS 405 tion. The result of these meetings was his election as a delegate to the assembly in 1789. In Paris he founded the Society of the friends of the blacks, and spoke several times at the bar of the assembly in behalf of the colored population of the colonies ; but his exertions were in the end of no avail, al- though he had interested the orator Barnave in his cause. He then resolved to conquer by force what he could not do by persuasion, and, sailing for the United States, he bought in that country a full cargo of arms and ammunition, and landed with his colleague, Vincent Oge (q. v.), in October, 1790. They at once issued proclamations, calling the ne- groes to arms, and in a few days found themselves at the head of 700 men. M. de Vincent, governor of the cape, sent a body of regulars to crush the rebellion ; but they were defeated at the battle of Dondan, after which Jarric increased his forces to the number of over 2,500 men. De Vincent now marched in person with all his forces against Jarric. A great battle was fought near the river Saint Vin- cent, and the rebels suffered such a defeat that Oge and Jarric were compelled to fly to the Spanish possessions. They were surrendered by the au- thorities, and Jarric was broken on the wheel. JARVES, James Jackson, author, b. in Bos- ton, Mass., 20 Aug., 1820. He was educated at the Chauncey hall school in Boston, and was pre- pared to enter Harvard in 1833, when failing health and impaired eyesight compelled him to give up study. Subsequently he travelled extensively through South America and the islands of the Pacific, settling in 1838 on the Hawaiian islands. In 1840 he established " The Polynesian," the first newspaper published in Honolulu, and in 1844 he received the title of director of the gov- ernment press, his journal becoming the official or- gan of the Hawaiian islands. He returned to the United States in 1849, and soon afterward received from the Hawaiian government the appointment of special commissioner to negotiate treaties with the United States, France, and Great Britain. In 1851 he visited Europe, and subsequently resided in Florence, where he was engaged in making art collections. Of these his art gallery of old Italian masters now forms part of the collection of the Yale school of the fine arts, while a second collec- tion of old masters and antique sculpture belongs to the Holenden gallery in Cleveland, and his specimens of antique and modern Venetian glass were presented by him to the Metropolitan museum of art in New York. His work gained for him an election to honorary membership in the Academia delle belle arti in Florence. From 1879 till 1882 he was U. S. vice-consul and acting consul in Florence, and later became the commissioner of Italy at the Boston foreign exhibition of 1882-'3, for which in 1887 he was made a knight of the order of the crown of Italy. In 1886 his collec- tion of laces, stuffs, embroideries, costumes, and other textile fabrics, embracing specimens made in the 12th century and till the present time, were sold in New York. Mr. Jarves has contributed to periodical literature, and has published " His- tory of the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands" (Boston and London, 1843) ; " Scenes and Scenery in the Sandwich Islands " (1844) ; " Parisian Sights and French Principles seen through American Spectacles " (2 vols., New York, 1853) ; " Art Hints, Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting" (1855) ; " Kiana, a Tradition of Hawaii " (Boston, 1855) ; " Italian Sights and Papal Principles seen through American Spectacles " (New York, 1855) ; " The Confessions of an Inquirer " (3 parts, Bos- ton, 1857-69) ; " Art Studies : The Old Masters of <-^^a^^JU the district lines ''%,"," were so " gerry- '<$!■:. $Y'>k mandered" as to throw him into a district in which the Whigs had an overwhelming ma- jority. Johnson at once announced himself a candi- date for the gov- ernorship, and was elected by a fair majority. In his message to the leg- islature he dwelt upon the home- stead law and oth- er measures for the benefit of the working-classes, and earned the title of the "mechanic governor." He opposed the Know-nothing movement with characteristic vehemence. In 1855 he was opposed by Meredith P. Gentry, the Whig candidate, and defeated him after a canvass remarkable for the feeling displayed. Mr. Johnson earnestly sup- ported the Kansas-Nebraska bill. In 1857 he was elected to the U. S. senate, where he urged the passage of the homestead bill, and on 20 May, 1858, made his greatest speech on this subject. Finally, in 1860, he had the momentary gratification of seeing his favorite bill pass both houses of congress, but President Buchanan vetoed it, and the veto was sustained. Johnson revived it at the next session, and also introduced a reso- lution looking to a retrenchment in the expendi- tures of the government, and on constitutional grounds opposed the grant of aid for the construc- tion of a Pacific railroad. He was prominent in debate, and frequently clashed with southern sup- porters of the administration. His pronounced Unionism estranged him from the slave-holders on the one side, while his acceptance of slavery as an institution guaranteed by the constitution caused him to hold aloof from the Republicans on the other. This intermediate position suggested his availability as a popular candidate, for the presidency ; but in the Democratic convention he received only the vote of Tennessee, and when the convention reassembled in Baltimore he withdrew his name. In the canvass that followed, he sup- ported the extreme pro-slavery candidate, Breck- inridge. Johnson had never believed it possible that any organized attempt to dissolve the Union could be made ; but the events preceding the ses- sion of congress beginning in December, 1860, con- vinced him of his error. When congress met, he took decided and unequivocal grounds in opposi- tion to secession, and on 13 Dec. introduced a joint resolution, proposing to amend the constitution so as to elect the president and vice-president by dis- trict votes, to elect senators by a direct popular vote, and to limit the terms of Federal judges to twelve years, half of them to be from slave-hold- ing and half from non-slave-holding states. In his speech on this resolution, 18 and 19 Dec, he declared his unyielding opposition to secession, and announced his intention to stand by and act in and under the constitution. The southern states were then in the act of seceding, and every word uttered in congress was read and discussed with eagerness by thirty millions of people. Johnson's speech, coming from a southern man, thrilled the popular heart; but his popularity in the north was" offset by the virulence with which he was as- sailed in the south. In a speech delivered 2 March, 1861, he said, referring to the secessionists : " 1 would have them arrested and tried for treason, and, if convicted, by the eternal God, they should suffer the penalty of the law at the hands of the executioner." Returning to Tennessee from Wash- ington, he was attacked at Liberty, Va., by a mob, but drove them back with his pistol. At Lynch- burg he was hooted and hissed, and at various places burned in effigy. He attended the East Tennessee union convention, in Cincinnati, 30 May, and again on 19 June he visited the same place and was received with enthusiasm. Here he declared for a vigorous prosecution of the war. He retained his seat in the senate until appoint- ed by President Lincoln military governor of Tennessee, 4 March, 1862. On 12 March he reached Nashville, and organized a provisional government for the state. On 18 March he issued a proclama- tion, in which he appealed to the people to return to their allegiance, to uphold the law, and to ac- cept " a full and competent amnesty for all past acts and declarations." He required the city coun- cil to take the oath of allegiance to the United States. They refused, and he removed them and appointed others. He urged the holding of Union meetings throughout the state, and frequently at- tended them in person. It was chiefly due to his courage that Nashville was held against a Confed- erate force. He completed the railroad from Nash- ville to Tennessee river, and raised 25 regiments for service in the state. On 8 Dec, 1862, he issued a proclamation ordering congressional elections, and on the 15th levied an assessment upon the richer southern sympathizers, "in behalf of the many helpless widows, wives, and children in the city of Nashville who have been reduced to poverty and wretchedness in consequence of their husbands, sons, and fathers having been forced into the ar- mies of this unholy and nefarious rebellion." On 20 Feb., 1863, Gov. Johnson issued a proclamation warning the agents of all " traitors " to retain their collections until some person should be appointed to receive them for the United States. During the term of his service, Gov. Johnson exercised absolute and autocratic powers, but with singular moderation and discretion, and his course strength- ened the Union cause in Tennessee. The Repub- lican convention assembled in Baltimore, 6 June, 438 JOHNSON JOHNSON 1864, and renominated Mr. Lincoln for the presi- dency by acclamation. There was a strong senti- ment in favor of recognizing the political sacri- fices made for the cause of the Union by the war Democrats, and it was generally conceded that New York should decide who was to be the indi- vidual. Daniel S. Dickinson, of that state, was most prominent in this connection ; but internal factional divisions made it impossible for him to obtain the solid vote of that state, and Sec. Seward's friends feared this nomination would force him from the cabinet. Henry J. Raymond urged the name of Andrew Johnson, and he was accordingly se- lected. Johnson, in his letter of acceptance, virtu- ally disclaimed any departure from his principles as a Democrat, but placed his acceptance upon the ground of " the higher duty of first preserving the government." He accepted the emancipation proclamation as a war measure, to be subsequently ratified by constitutional amendment. In his in- augural address as vice-president, 4 March, 1865, a lack of dignity in his bearing and an incoherency in his speech were attributed to the influence of strong drink. As a matter of fact, he was much worn by disease, and had taken a little stimulant to aid him in the ordeal of inauguration, and in his weakened condition the effect was more de- cided than he anticipated. This explanation was generally accepted by the country. On 14 April, 1865, President Lincoln was assas- sinated, and Mr. Johnson was at once sworn in as president, at his rooms in the Kirkwood house, by Chief-Justice Chase. In his remarks to those present Mr. Johnson said : " As to an indication of any policy which may be pursued by me in the administration of the government, I have to say that that must be left for development as the ad- ministration progresses. The message or declara- tion must be made by the acts as they transpire. The only assurance I can now give of the future is reference to the past." In his addresses to vari- ous delegations that called upon him, he empha- sized the fact that he advocated a course of for- bearance toward the mass of the southern people, but demanded punishment for those who had been leaders. " Treason is a crime," he said to the Illi- nois delegation, " and must be punished." At the time it was generally supposed that Johnson, who was known to be personally embittered against the dominant classes in the south, would inaugurate a reign of terror and decimate those who had taken up arms against the national authority. His pro- test against the terms of surrender granted to Gen. Lee by Gen. Grant, and utterances in private conversation, strengthened the fear that he would be too bloody and vindictive. He was supposed not to have been in accord with the humane policy that Lincoln had foreshadowed, and his silence in reference to Lincoln's policy, which amounted to ignoring it, was accepted as a proof that he did not intend to follow this course. On one occasion he said : " In regard to my future course, I will now make no professions, no pledges." And again : " My past life, especially my course during the present unholy rebellion, is before you. I have no principles to retract. I defy any one to point to any of my public acts at variance with the fixed principles which have guided me through life." It was evident that the difference in views of public policy, which were kept in abeyance dur- ing the war, would now come to the surface. The surrender of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army, 26 April, 1865, was practically the end of the war (although 20 Aug., 1866, was officially fixed as the close of the civil war by the second sec- tion of the act of 2 March, 1867), and on 29 April President Johnson issued a proclamation for the removal of trade restrictions in most of the in- surrectionary states, which, being in contraven- tion of an act of congress, was subsequently modi- fied. On 9 May, 1865, he issued a proclamation restoring Virginia to the Union, and on 22 May all ports except four in Texas were opened to for- eign commerce. On 29 May a general amnesty was declared to all except fourteen specified classes of citizens. Among the number excepted were " all participants in the rebellion the estimated value of whose taxable property is over twenty thousand dollars." This exception was undoubt- edly the result of personal feeling on the part of the president. It began to be perceived ' that a change was takiug place in his sentiments, and this was attributed to the influence of Sec. Sew- ard, who was popularly supposed to perpetuate the humane spirit of the dead president. Those who had fears of too great severity now anticipated too great leniency. After the amnesty proclama- tion, the fundamental and irreconcilable difference between President Johnson and the party that had elevated him to power became more apparent. The constitution made no provision for the re- admission of a state that had withdrawn from the Union, and Mr. Johnson, as a state-rights Demo- crat, held that the southern states had never been out of the Union ; that the leaders were solely re- sponsible ; that as soon as the seceded states ap- plied for readmission under such a form of gov- ernment as complied with the requirements of the constitution, the Federal government had no power to refuse them admission, or to make any conditions upon subjects over which the constitu- tion had not expressly given congress jurisdiction. The Republican leaders held that the action of the seceded states had deprived them of their rights as members of the Union : that in any event they were conquered, and as such at the mercy of the conqueror; and that, at best, they stood in the category of territories seeking admission to the Union, in which case congress could admit or re- ject them at will. The particular question that brought on a clash between these principles was the civil status of the negro. The 13th amend- ment became a law, 18 Dec, 1865, with Johnson's concurrence. The Republicans held that slavery had been the cause of the war ; that only by giving the freedman the right to vote could he be pro- tected, and the results of the war secured : and that no state should be admitted until it had granted the right of suffrage to the negroes within its borders. Johnson held this to be a matter of in- ternal regulation, beyond the control of congress. From 9 May till 13 July he appointed provisional governors for seven states, whose duties were to reorganize the governments. The state govern- ments were organized, but passed such stringent laws in reference to the negroes that the Re- publicans declared it was a worse form of slavery than the old. When congress met in December, 1865. it was overwhelmingly Republican and firm- ly determined to protect the negro against outrage and oppression. The first breach between the president and the party in power was the veto of the freedman's bureau bill in February, 1866, which was designed to protect the negroes. One of the grounds of the veto was, that it had been passed by a congress in which the southern states had no representatives. On 27 March the presi- dent vetoed the civil rights bill, which made freed- men citizens without the right of suffrage. The chief ground of objection was the interference JOHNSON JOHNSON 439 with the rights of the states. This bill was passed over the veto. On 16 June the 14th amendment to the constitution, which contained the princi- ple of the civil rights bill, was proposed, disap- proved by the president, but ratified and declared in force, 28 July, 1868. Both houses of congress passed a joint resolution that the delegation from a state lately in rebellion should not be received by either the senate or the house until both united in declaring said state a member of the Union. In July the second freedman's bureau bill was passed, vetoed, and passed over the veto. In June, 1866, the Republicans in congress brought forward their plan of reconstruction, which was called the " con- gressional plan," in contradistinction to the presi- dent's plan, of which he spoke as "my policy." The chief features of the congressional plan were, to give the negroes the right to vote, to protect them in this right, and to prevent the Confed- erate leaders from voting. Congress met on 3 Dec, 1866. The bill giving negroes the right of suffrage in the District of Columbia was passed over a veto. An attempt was made to impeach the president, but it failed. In January, 1867, a ' bill was passed to deprive the president of the power to proclaim general amnesty, which he dis- regarded. Measures were adopted looking to the meeting of the 40th and all subsequent congresses immediately upon the adjournment of the prede- cessor. The president was deprived of the com- mand of the army by a " rider " to the army ap- propriation bill, which provided that his orders should only be given through the general, who was not to be removed without the previous con- sent of the senate. The bill admitting Nebraska provided that no law should ever be passed in that state denying the right of suffrage to any person because of his color or race. This was vetoed, and passed over the veto. On 2 March, 1867, the " bill to provide efficient governments for the insurrec- tionary states," which embodied the congressional plan of reconstruction, was passed, vetoed, and passed over the veto. This divided the southern states into military districts, each under a briga- dier-general, who was to preserve order and exer- cise all the functions of government until the citi- zens had formed a state government, ratified the amendments, and been admitted to the Union. On 2 March, 1867, the tenure-of-office bill was passed ■over the veto. This provided that civil officers should remain in office until the confirmation of their successors ; that the members of the cabinet should be removed only with the consent of the senate ; and that when congress was not in session, the president could suspend, but not remove, any official, and in case the senate at the next session should not ratify the suspension, the suspended •official should be reinducted into his office. The elections of 1866 were uniformly favorable to the Republicans, and gave them a two-third majority in both house and senate. On 5 Aug., 1867, the president requested Edwin M. Stanton to resign his office as secretary of war. Mr. Stanton refused, was suspended, and Gen. Grant was appointed in his place. When congress met, it refused to ratify the suspension. Gen. Grant then resigned, and Mr. Stanton again entered upon the duties of his •office. The. president removed him, and appoint- ed Lorenzo Thomas, adjutant-general, U. S. army. The senate declared this act illegal, and Mr. Stan- ton refused to comply, and notified the speaker of the house. On 24 Feb., 1868, the house passed a resolution for the impeachment of the president. The trial began on 5 March. The main articles of impeachment were for violating the provisions of the tenure-of-office act, which it was claimed he had done in order to test its constitutionality. After the trial began, the president made a tour through the northwest, which was called " swing- ing round the circle," because in his speeches he declared that he had swung around the entire cir- cle of offices, from alderman to president. He made many violent and intemperate speeches to the crowds that assembled to meet him, and de- nounced the congress then sitting as " no con- gress," because of its refusal to admit the repre- sentatives and senators from the south, and on these speeches were based additional articles of impeachment. On 16 May the test vote was had. Thirty-five senators were for conviction and nineteen for acquittal. A change of one vote would have carried conviction. The senate ad- journed sine die, and a verdict of acquittal was entered. After the expiration of his term the president returned to Tennessee. He was a candi- date for the U. S. senate, but was defeated. In 1872 he was a candidate for congressman from the state-at-large, and, though defeated, he regained his hold upon the people of the state, and in Janu- ary, 1875, was elected to the senate, taking his seat at the extra session of 1875. Two weeks after the session began he made a speech which was a skilful but bitter attack upon Gen. Grant. He returned home at the end of the session, and in July visited his daughter, who lived near Carter's station in east Tennessee. There he was stricken with paralysis, 29 July, and died the next day. He was buried at Greenville. His " Speeches '" were published with a biographical introduction by Frank Moore (Boston, 1865), and his " Life and Times " were written by an anonymous author (New York, 1866). See also "The Tailor Boy" (Boston, 1865), and " The Trial of Andrew Johnson on Impeachment " (3 vols., Washington, 1868). — His wife, Eliza McCardle, b. in Leesburg, Washington co., Tenn., 4 Oct., 1810 ; d. in Home, Greene co., Tenn., 15 Jan., 1876, was the only daugh- ter of a widow in Greenville, Tenn. On 27 May, 1826, she married Andrew Johnson, and devot- ed herself to his in- terests and educa- tion, contributing ef- fectually toward his future career. She remained in Green- ville while he served in the legislature, and in 1861 spent two months in Wash- ington while Mr. Johnson was in the senate. Owing to impaired health she returned to Greenville, and while there received an order, dated 24 April, 1862, requiring her to pass beyond the Con- federate lines through Nashville in thirty-six hours. This was impossible, owing to her illness, and she therefore remained in Greenville all summer, hear- ing constantly rumors of Mr. Johnson's murder. In September she applied for permission to cross the line, and, accompanied by her children and Mr. Daniel Stover, she began her journey to Nashville. At Murf reesboro they were met by Gen. Forrest, who detained them until Isham G. Harris and Andrew Ewing obtained permission from the authorities at Richmond for them to pass. Mrs. Johnson joined her husband at Nashville. During her residence fei2X«wi(?^ 440 JOHNSON JOHNSON in Washington Mrs. Johnson appeared in society as little as possible. — Their daughter, Martha, b. in Greenville, Term., 25 Oct., 1828, was educated in Georgetown, D. C, and during her school-life was a frequent guest in the White House in President Polk's administration. She returned to east Ten- nessee in 1851, and on 13 Dec, 1857, married Judge David T. Patterson. She presided at the White House in place of her invalid mother, and, with her sister, assisted in the first reception that was held by President Johnson, 1 Jan., 1866. During the early spring an appropriation of $30,000 was made by congress to refurnish the executive mansion, and Mrs. Patterson superintended the purchases. — Another daughter, Mary, b. in Greenville, Tenn., 8 May, 1832 ; d. in Bluff City, Tenn., 19 April, 1883, married Daniel Stover, of Carter county, who died in 1862, and in 1869 she married William P. Bacon, of Greenville, Tenn. She resided at the White House from August, 1865, until a short time before the expiration of her father's term. JOHNSON, Andrew Wallace, naval officer, b. in Washington, D. C, 24 Feb., 1826 ; d. there, 14 June, 1887. He was appointed midshipman in 1841, and commissioned lieutenant, 15 Sept., 1855. He was made lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, and in 1864-'5 served with the South Atlantic blockading squadron, being on the iron-clads " Le- high " and " Montauk " in their engagements with Confederate batteries in Stono river, S. G, in July, 1864. He was commissioned commander, 2 Feb., 1867, and captain, 5 April, 1874, and served as chief of staff of the South Atlantic squadron from 1869 till 1870. After being assigned to special duty for several years at Washington, D. C, and at Portsmouth, N. H., Capt. Johnson was retired by operation of law. 'JOHNSON, Artemas Nixon, editor, b. in Mid- dlebury, Vt., 22 June, 1817. He was educated in the Boston public schools, and after studying mu- sic in Frankfort, Germany, returned to the United States in 1844 and engaged in editing and compil- ing musical publications. His publications include " Thorough Base Instruction-Book " (Boston, 1844) ; " Choir Chorus Book " (1846) ; " Handel Collection of Church Music " (1852) ; " American Choir " (New York and Boston, 1858) : " Melodeon, Organ, and Harmony " (1864) ; " Alleghanv Collection of Church Music " (1868) ; " The True Singing-School Text-Book " (Cincinnati, 1871) ; " The Standard Glee Book " (New York, 1874) ; " New Harmony Book " (Boston, 1880) : " Parlor Organ Instruction " (1883) ; and " Natural Art of Singing " (1884). JOHNSON, Benjamin Pierce, agriculturist, b. in Canaan, Columbia co., N. Y., 30 Nov., 1793 ; d. in Albany, 12 April, 1869. He was graduated at Union college in 1813, studied law at Hudson, N. Y., and settled in Rome. N. Y. He was a mem- ber of the New York assembly from 1827 till 1830, was president of the State agricultural society in 1845, and its corresponding secretary from 1847 till 1869. He was a commissioner to the Interna- tional exhibitions in London in 1851 and 1862, and throughout his life was actively interested in agri- culture. He wrote, besides reports, essays, and papers on agricultural subjects, " The Dairy" (Al- bany, 1857), and edited " The New York Farmer *' (1842-'4) ; " The Transactions of the New York Agricultural Society " (1846-54) ; and " Journal of the New York Agricultural Society " (1850-'2). JOHNSON,- Bradley Tyler, lawyer, b. in Fred- erick City, Md., 29 Sept., 1829. He was graduated at Princeton in 1849, receiving the mathematical oration, studied law at Harvard, was admitted to the bar in North Carolina in 1851. and was elected state's attorney of Frederick county in November- He was the Democratic candidate for comptroller of the state in 1857, chairman of the Democratic state central committee in 1859-'60, delegate to the National Democratic convention at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, and withdrew with a majority of the Maryland delegation from the convention and united in the nomination of Breckinridge arid Lane. At the beginning of the civil war he or- ganized and armed a company at his own expense,, which was mustered into the service of the Confed- erate states, he being captain. On 16 June he wa& made major, 21 July lieutenant-colonel, and 18 March. 1862, colonel. He commanded his regi- ment in all the battles of Jackson's valley cam- paign of 1862 and in the seven days' battles around Richmond. The regiment having been almost an- nihilated, in August, 1862, the remnant was mus- tered out, and Col. Johnson was then assigned to- Jackson's division. On 28 June, 1864, was commis- sioned brigadier-general of cavalry. His services in defeating Dahlgren on his raid toward Rich- mond were recognized in a general order, and Gen. Wade Hampton presented him with a sabre. He commanded a brigade of cavalry under Early in the campaign of 1864. On Early's advance into Maryland, Gen. Johnson destroyed the railroad bridges north of Baltimore, but on 12 July was or- dered by Early to report to him. In December, 1864, Gen. Johnson was assigned to the command of the post at Salisbury, N. C. When the prison- ers were actually starving, Gen. Johnson stopped a train bound for the Army of Northern Virginia, took from it the provisions with which it was freighted, and used them to feed the prisoners. At the same time he asked to be allowed to carry the prisoners to Goldsboro and release them on pa- role, and urged upon Gov. Vance, of North Caro- lina, the propriety of furnishing them with blank- ets and clothes from the depots of the state. After the war Gen. Johnson settled in Richmond, Va., and devoted himself to the practice of law. In 1872 he was a delegate to the National Demo- cratic convention at Baltimore. In 1875 he pub- lished "Reports of Chase's Decisions on the 4th Circuit," and in the same year was elected to the senate of Virginia. In 1877 he made a report from the committee on finance on the public debt of Virginia, and in 1879, as chairman of the joint committee on Federal relations, he prepared the report on the question of the Federal judicial ju- risdiction in its relation to the jurisdiction of the state courts. In 1879 he removed to Baltimore. In 1883 he published an examination of the " Founda- tion of Maryland and the Maryland Act concern- ing Religion." In 1884 he was president of the electoral college of Maryland. JOHNSON, Bnsliro'd Rust, soldier, b. in Bel- mont county, Ohio, 7 Oct., 1817; d. in Brighton, 111., 11 Sept." 1880. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1840, served in the Seminole war, and became 1st. lieutenant in 1844. During the Mexican war he participated in numerous bat- tles. He became professor and subsequently super- intendent of the Western military institute of Kentucky at Georgetown. He entered the Con- federate service in 1861, was commissioned briga- dier-general, and taken prisoner at Fort Donelson, but shortly afterward escaped, and was wounded at Alleghany camp, and again at Shiloh. He com- manded a division at the battle of Chattanooga, served in subsequent engagements in the Army of Tennessee, was promoted major-general in 1864, and in command of a division at the surrender. After the war he became superintendent of the JOHNSON JOHNSON 441 military college in the University of Nashville, and chancellor of that institution. JOHNSON, Cave, postmaster -general, b. in Robertson county, Tenn., 11 Jan., 1793 ; d. in Clarksville, Tenn., 23 Nov., 1866. He was ad- mitted to the bar, and practised law in Clarksville until 1820, when he became circuit judge. He served in congress in 1829-'37, having been chosen as a Democrat, and again from 1829 till his ap- pointment as postmaster-general under President Folk in 1845. At the close of this administration he retired to private life, and was president of the Bank of Tennessee in 1850-'9. Age prevented his taking an active part in public affairs during the civil war, and his serving in the state senate in 1863, to which he was elected as a Unionist. JOHNSON, Chapman, lawyer, b. in Louisa county, Va.. 12 March, 1779; d. in Richmond, Va., 12 July, 1849. He was graduated at William and Mary in 1802, studied law under St. George Tucker, and, establishing himself in Staunton, Va., became eminent as a lawyer and orator. During the war of 1812 he was captain of a volunteer company, and he afterward served as aide to Gen. James Breckinridge. From 1815 till 1831 he served in the state senate, and he was a member of the Vir- ginia convention of 1829-'30 as champion of the White Basis party. In 1824 he removed to Rich- mond in order to attend to his practice, which had become one of the most extensive in the state. JOHNSON, Daniel, English buccaneer, ,b. in Bristol, England, in 1629 ; d. in Panama in 1675. He served for several years as a sailor in a mer- chant-ship which was captured by the Spanish in 1654, and was transported to Santo Domingo, re- maining a slave there till 1657, when he escaped to the French island of Tortugas. He swore to re- venge himself for the cruel treatment he had re- ceived at the hands of the Spaniai'ds, and he kept his word so well that he was named by the Spanish " Johnson the Terror." He enlisted in 1657 under the buccaneer Moyse van Vin, and soon was raised to the rank of a chief. Van Vin made him his lieutenant in 1659 ; but they had difficulties about booty, and fought a duel, in which Van Vin was dangerously wounded. Johnson then joined Pierre le Picard, and together they accompanied Sir Henry Morgan in 1661 in his expedition to Mara- caibo and Panama. In 1663 he pillaged and ran- sacked the Bay of Honduras, and burned the city of Puerto Cabello, securing booty worth $1,500,000. In the following year, with a brig carrying 24 guns, he attacked a ship that the Spanish authorities of Guatemala sent every year to Spain loaded with gold. Although she was a vessel of 900 tons, carry- ing 56 guns, with a complement of 400 men, she surrendered to Johnson after a battle of one hour. This capture made Johnson famous, and the Span- iards offered a reward of $25,000 for his head. In 1666 he associated with other adventurers, and ransacked and pillaged the coast of Venezuela. On returning to Tortugas the vessel of Johnson foun- dered at sea near the western coast of Cuba, and he escaped with a few companions in an open boat. The governor of Havana, being informed of his mis- fortune, sent a brig carrying 15 guns to capture him, but Johnson attacked the vessel, and after a hard-fought battle took possession of her. As his crew was too small to guard 200 Spanish prisoners, he murdered them with his own hand and sent their heads to the governor. At last he was sur- rounded by four men-of-war that had been spe- cially detailed for his pursuit, and he fell a prisoner, after receiving 17 wounds. He was brought to Panama and put in charge of physicians, and when they had restored him to health he was hanged in the public square of the city. JOHNSON, David, jurist, b. in Louisa county, Va., 3 Oct., 1782 ; d. in Limestone Springs, S. C, 7 Jan., 1855. His father removed with his family to Chester district, S. C, in 1789. David studied law, and settled in Union Court-House. He was a member of the legislature in 1812, circuit judge in 1815-24, was elevated to the court of appeals in 1824, and became chancellor in 1835. In 1847 he was elected governor of South Carolina. Although Judge Johnson conceded the right of secession, he opposed it in debate and public speeches, as inju- rious to the interests of the country. JOHNSON, David, artist, b. in New York city, 10 May, 1827. He was educated in the public schools, and received a few lessons in the beginning of his career from John F. Crosby, but since that time has pursued his work without a master, spend- ing his professional life in New York. His style is carefully finished, rich in color, and indicates a faithful study of American scenery. In 1860 he was elected an associate, and in 1862 a member, of the National academy. He was one of the founders of the Artists' fund society, and has exhibited at the academy " Echo Lake " (1867) ; " On the Wallkill River" (1869); "New Berlin, N. Y." (1870) ; " View of Barrytown, N. Y." (1871) : " Lake George " (1874) : " Near Noroton, Conn." (1876) ; " Greenwood Lake " (1877) ; " Morning at Harbor Islands " (1878) ; and " Dollar Island " (1880). He exhibited at the Centennial of 1876 " Scenery on the Housatonic," which was also shown at the Paris salon in 1877 ; " Old Man of the Mountain," and " A Brook Study." which received one of the first awards. Among his recent paintings are " View of Pompton, N. J." (1882) ; " Oak Grove," and " Oaks on the Genesee " (1883) ; " Pasturage " (1884) ; " Sun- set" (1885); and "Landscape and Cattle" (1887). JOHNSON, Eastman, artist, b. in Lovell, Me. r 29 July, 1824. Adopting drawing as a profession at eighteen, he settled first in Augusta, Me., work- ing almost wholly on portraits in black and white and in pastel. In 1845 he removed with his parents to Washington, D. C, where he drew portraits of many distinguished men, including Daniel Web- ster and John Quincy Adams, and while in Boston in 1846-'9 he made portraits of Longfellow and his family, Emerson, Hawthorne, and Sumner. He went to Dusseldorf in 1849, studied one year at the Royal academy, one with Leutze, and four at the Hague, painting there his first important pictures in oil, " The Savoyard " and the " Card Players," and afterward established himself in Paris, but returned to the United States in 1856. He was in Washington, D. G, and on the northern shores of Lake Superior among the Indian tribes in 1856-'7, returning to the former place in 1858, and painting the " Old Kentucky Home," which established his reputation as an artist. In the autumn of this year he opened a studio in New York, where he has since resided. He was elected an academician in 1860, and has contributed since that time to each of the annual exhibitions of the National academy. His genre compositions, suggested by American scenes, have been highly popular, appreciated alike by artists and the public, and many of them have been engraved. He excels as a portrait-painter, and is particularly happy in the delineation of American domestic and negro character. Among his pictures are " The Old Kentucky Home," " Sun- day Morning," " Prisoners of State," " The Bare- foot Boy," " Dropping Off," " Fiddling his Way," " The Pension Agent," " Milton Dictating to his Daughters," " The Old Stage-Coach," " Husking at 442 JOHNSON JOHNSON Nantucket," " Bo-Peep " (exhibited at the Royal academy, London), "Barn Swallows, a Group of Children," -'What the Shell Says," and "Old Whalers of Nantucket." His portraits, besides those already mentioned, include likenesses of Grover Cleveland, Chester A. Arthur, Dr. James McCosh, and William M. Evarts. JOHNSON, Edward, historian, b. in Heme Hill, Kent co., England, in 1599 ; d. in Woburn, Mass., 23 April, 1672. He is supposed to have come to New England with Gov. John Winthrop in 1630, and was active in the organization of the town and church of Woburn, Mass., in 1642, being annually elected as its representative, with the exception of the year 1648, from 1643 till 1671, and holding at the same time the office of recorder from 1642 till his death. In 1655 he was speaker of the Massa- chusetts house of representatives, and in 1665 he was one of the commissioners to meet Robert Carr, George Cartwright, and Samuel Maverick, who had been sent to England to " assure the king of the loyalty of his subjects and at the same time to en- deavor to establish the rights and privileges then enjoyed." His " Wonder-working Providence of Zion's Saviour in New England " (London, 1654 ; re- printed in " Massachusetts Historical Collections ") is a somewhat rambling history of the countrv "from the English planting in 1628 till 1652." JOHNSON, Edward, soldier, b. in Chesterfield county, Va., 16 April, 1816 ; d. in Richmond, Va., 22 Feb., 1873. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1838, was brevetted captain in 1847 for meritorious service during the Florida wars, and major in 1848 for gallantry at Chapulte- pec and the city of Mexico, being presented on his return with swords of honor by his native state and county. He was commissioned 1st lieutenant in 1839, and captain in 1851. In 1861 he resigned, and, joining the Confederate army, was appointed colo- nel of the 12th Georgia volunteers, brigadier-gen- eral in 1862, and major-general in 1863. He commanded a division at Gettysburg, was taken prisoner, with his entire force, at Spottsylvania Court-House, 12 May, 1864, and subsequently was recaptured at Nashville in December of that year. At the close of the war he retired to his farm in Chesterfield county, Va. JOHNSON, Evan Malbone, clergyman, b. in Bristol, R. I., 6 June, 1791 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1865. He was ordained by Bishop Griswold at Newport, 8 July, 1813, served for a year as curate at Grace church, New York city, and removed thence to Newtown, N. Y., where he was rector until 1826. In 1826 he built, on his own ground and at his own expense, St. John's church, Brook- lyn, and served it, without remuneration, for more than twenty years. His personal history is inter- woven with the interests of the city of Brooklyn. To his exertions is due the opening of the impor- tant thoroughfare of Myrtle avenue. On the peti- tion asking for it was his single name, and, though he was opposed by 400 remonstrants, his energy and resolution prevailed. In 1847 Mr. Johnson estab- lished a mission church, St. Michael's, which he served until his death. JOHNSON, Frank Grant, inventor, b. in East Windsor, Conn., 30 Jan., 1835. He was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1849, taught, and studied medicine in North Providence. R. I., and Wethers- field, Conn., and received his degree from Castleton medical college, Vermont, in 1851. He practised his profession in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1852-'6, and still (1887) resides in that city. He has taken out about 100 patents for his inventions, which include philosophical charts for schools, unpickable locks, water-metres, the revolving book-case, an automatic dredging-bucket, steel railroad-ties, and passenger- elevators. He has published " The Water-Metre and the Actual Measurement System" (New York, 1862), and " The Nicholson Pavement, and Pave- ments Generally" (1867); "Health Lifts " (1877) ; and " Infected Air and Disinfectants " (1884). JOHNSON, Henry, senator, b. in Tennessee, 14 Sept., 1783 ; d. in Point Coupee, La., 4 Sept., 1864. He studied law in Louisiana, began to practise at Bringiers, and in 1809 was clerk of the territorial court. He became judge of the parish court of St. Mary in 1811, a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1812, and in the same year was a de- feated candidate for congress. He was elected to the U. S. senate in place of William C. C. Claiborne, who had died before taking his seat, and was re- elected, serving from 1818 till 1824, when he re- signed to become governor of Louisiana, which office he held four years. He was a defeated candi- date for the senate in 1829, and served as a repre- sentative in congress in 1834-'9, having been elected as a Whig. On the death of Alexander Porter, Judge Johnson was chosen to the U. S. sen- ate to fill his place, and served from 1844 till 1849. JOHNSON, Sir Henry, British soldier, b. in Dublin, Ireland, in 1748 ; d. 18 March, 1835. He entered the army in 1761, became captain in the 28th foot in 1763, lieutenant-colonel of the 17th in 1778, colonel in 1782, major-general in 1793, and general in 1808. While he was stationed in Phila- delphia he married Rebecca, daughter of David Franks, of that city, who was celebrated for her wit. He commanded a battalion of light infantry early in the Revolution, and was severely wounded. While he was in command at Stony Point he was surprised by Gen. Anthony Wayne (q. v.) in the night of 15 July, 1779, and made prisoner with his entire force. He returned to England in 1782, and served during the Irish rebellion of 1798. On 3 March, 1818, he was created a baronet. JOHNSON, Herman Merrills, educator, b. in Butternuts, Otsego co., N. Y., 25 Nov., 1815 ; d. in Carlisle, Pa., 5 April, 1868. He was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1839, held the professorship of ancient languages in St. Charles college, Mo., in 1839-'42, and then that of ancient languages in Augusta college, Ky., till 1844. In the latter year he was appointed professor of ancient languages and literature in the Ohio Wesleyan university, where he remained until 1850. During his first year in this institution he was its acting president, organ- ized its curriculum, and was interested in introduc- ing therein a course of biblical study as a means of ministerial education. In 1850 he became professor of philosophy and English literature in Dickinson college, which post he retained for ten years. In 1860 he was called to the presidency of the col- lege and the chair of moral science, which he held till his death. He entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1845, and received the degree of D. D. from Ohio Wesleyan university in 1852. Dr. Johnson was a frequent contributor to the " Methodist Quarterly Review " and other periodicals, and published an edition of the " Clio " of Herodotus (1850). He edited " Orientalia An- tiquaria Herodoti," and at his death had nearly completed a German work on synonymes. JOHNSON, Herrick, clergyman, b. near Fonda, N. Y., 21 Sept., 1832. He was graduated at Hamil- ton college in 1857, and at Auburn theological seminary in 1860, and held Presbyterian pastorates in Troy, N. Y., Pittsburg, and Philadelphia, Pa. In 1874 he became professor of homiletics and pas- toral theology in Auburn theological seminary, and JOHNSON JOHNSON 443 in 1880 he accepted a pastorate in Chicago, and also became lecturer on sacred rhetoric in the Theological seminary of the northwest. In July, 1883, he resigned his pastoral charge and accepted the professorship of sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology in the seminary. He was moderator of the general assembly at Springfield, 111., in 1882, and is president of the Presbyterian church board of aid for colleges and academies, and of the board of trustees of Lake Forest university. The de- gree of D. D. was conferred on him by Western Re- serve college in 1867. Besides many sermons and articles in periodicals, he has published " Christi- anity's Challenge " (Chicago, 1882) ; " Plain Talks about the Theatre " (1883) ; and " Revivals, their Place and Power" (1883). JOHNSON, Herschel Yespasian, statesman, b. in Burke county, Ga., 18 Sept., 1812 ; d. in Jef- ferson county, Ga., 16 Aug., 1880. He was gradu- ated at the University of Georgia in 1834, studied law, and practised in Augusta, Ga., till 1839, when he removed to Jef- ferson county. In 1840 he entered poli- tics as a Democrat, and in 1844 he re- moved to Milledge- ville, serving also in that year as a presi- dential elector. He was subsequently ap- pointed U. S. sena- tor in place of Wal- ter T. Colquitt, re- signed, serving from 14 Feb., 1848, till 3 March, 1849. In No- vember of the latter year he was elected, by the legislature of Georgia, judge of the supe- rior court for the Ocmulgee district, which office he occupied until his nomination as governor in 1853, when he resigned. He had in the mean time been a member of the Southern Rights party, but when Georgia resolved to acquiesce in the com- promise measures of 1850 he was one of the first to declare that the causes that had led to the or- ganization of that movement had ceased to exist. He was elected governor in 1853, and re-elected in 1855. In 1860 he was nominated for the vice- presidency on the ticket with Stephen A. Douglas. He opposed the secession of Georgia to the last ; but when the fact was accomplished he cast his lot with his state, and was chosen to the Confederate senate. In 1864 he began the " peace movement " on the basis of state sovereignty. In September of the same year he held a conference with An- drew Johnson regarding reconstruction, and the following month presided over the Georgia con- stitutional convention. In January, 1866, on the restoration of his state to the Union, he was chosen as one of the two U. S. senators to which Georgia was entitled, but was unable to serve under the re- construction acts of congress. He then resumed the practice of the law, and when his disabilities were finally removed he was, in 1873, placed on the circuit bench for the term of eight years, which office he filled until his death. As an orator, a constitutional lawyer, and a jurist. Judge Johnson took high rank. JOHNSON, Horace Chauncey, artist, b. in Ox- ford, Conn., 1 Feb., 1820. He was educated at a preparatory school in Cheshire, Conn., began his art study under Albert H. Emmons, at Hartford, and afterward entered the antique school of the National academy in New York city. He went to Italy in 1856, and remaining there between two and three years, most of the time in Rome, where he was a pupil of Ferraro, and also studied in the English life-school and under William Page. His professional career has been passed in Italy and in his native state, where he now resides, at Water- bury. His work has consisted chiefly of portraits. Among his other pictures are " Roman Mother " (1857) ; " Roman Peasants on the Campagna " and ' ; Grape Gatherers of Gensano " (1858) ; " Italian Kitchen " and " Betrothal of Joseph and Mary " (1865) ; " Italian Girls at the Fountain " and " Az- rael " (1885) ; and " Rebecca at the Well " (1886). JOHNSON, Isaac, colonist, b. in Clipsham, Rut- landshire, England ; d. in Boston, 30 Sept., 1630. He first came to this country with Winthrop, ar- riving at Salem on 12 June, 1630, and was one of the four that founded the first church at Charles- town on 30 July of that year. The lack of good water at Charlestown induced them, on 7 Sept., to remove to Shawmut, now Boston, which was set- tled under Johnson's supervision. He was the richest man in the colony, and was noted for his goodness and wisdom. — His wife, Arbella, d. in Salem about 30 Aug., 1630, was the daughter of Thomas, 14th Earl of Lincoln. She accompanied her husband to New England, and suffered much from the hardships that the early colonists had to endure. In her honor, the name of " The Eagle," Winthrop's ship, was changed to " The Arbella." JOHNSON, James, soldier, b. in Orange coun- ty, Va., 1 Jan., 1774 ; d. in Great Crossings, Scott co., Ky., 14 Aug., 1826. He was the son of Robert Johnson, who emigrated to Kentucky during the Revolutionary war, and was prominent in the con- flicts between the white men and the natives that grew out of the settlement of the state. James was early inured to the dangers and hard- ships of a frontier life, and his training enabled him to take an active part in the war of 1812, in which he served as lieutenant-colonel of his brother's regiment. In the battle of the Thames he did much toward deciding the fortunes of the day, having command of the right wing of the U. S. forces: After the war he was a contractor for supplying the troops on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers in 1819-'20. He was subsequent- ly elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 5 Dec, 1825, until his death. — His brother, Richard Mentor, vice-president of the United States, b. in Bryant's Station, Ky., 17 Oct., 1781 ; d. in Frankfort, Ky., 19 Nov., 1850, was educated at Transylvania university, studied law, was ad- mitted to the bar, and practised at Great Cross- ings, Ky. He was elected to the state legisla- ture in 1804, and in 1807 was sent to congress as a Republican. Being several times re-elected, he served, with the exception of a few months, from 26 Oct., 1807, till 3 March, 1819. In June, 1812, he voted in favor of a declaration of war with Great Britain, and immediately after the ad- journment of congress hastened home, where he raised a battalion of three companies, and after its consolidation with another he was placed in com- mand of the regiment thus formed. After ten months of active service he returned to Washing- ton, resuming his seat in congress, and materially aiding the president in preparing the plan of campaign for the following summer. Being au- thorized by the secretary of war to raise a regi- ment of one thousand mounted volunteers, he went to Kentucky at the end of the session in March, and soon raised the required number of men. Making his brother James lieutenant-colo- 444 JOHNSON JOHNSON \^^^ro-^_ nel, he repaired to the Ohio frontier. He took part in the engagement at Chatham, Ontario, 4 Oct., 1813, and in the battle of the Thames on the day following. (See Harrison, William Henry.) Col. Johnson with half his men attacked the Indians, while his brother James, with the remainder, fell upon the British regulars. During the combat Col. Johnson killed an Indian chief, whom he sup- posed to' be Teeum- seh (q. v.). The colo- nel was borne from the field almost life- less, having re- ceived several bullet wounds. Although not sufficiently re- covered to be taken home until Novem- ber, he was again in Washington in Feb- ruary, though still unable to walk, and resumed his seat. On his way to the capital he was heartily cheered, and congress, by joint resolution, directed that he should be presented with a suitable testimonial for his services. At the conclusion of his term in congress in 1819, he returned home, was chosen to the legislature, and at once elected to the U. S. senate, in place of John J. Crittenden, resigned. Being re-elected, he served until 8 March, 1829. He was then again chosen to the 21st, 22d, 23d, and 24th congresses, being a member of the house from 7 Dec, 1829, till 3 March, 1837. He was a candidate for vice-president of the United States on the ticket with Mai'tin Van Buren, and, no choice hav- ing been made by the electoral college, he was chosen by the senate. At the close of his official term he retired to his home, having given thirty years of his life continuously to the service of his country. He was afterward sent again to the legis- lature, and was a member of that body at the time of his death. In 1814 he was appointed Indian commissioner. He was the author of the law abol- ishing imprisonment for debt in Kentucky, and while in congress made himself the especial friend of the old soldiers of the Revolution and the in- valids of the war of 1812 by his efforts to secure pensions for them. — Another brother, John T., clergyman, b. in Great Crossings, Scott co., Ky., 5 Oct., 1788 ; d. in Lexington, Mo:, 17 Dec, 1856, chose the profession of law, and began practice. He volunteered in the war of 1812, and was an ac- tive participant in the northwestern campaign, serving as aide to Gen. Harrison. On returning home after the war, he was five times elected to the legislature and twice to congress, serving in 1821-'5. In the "old and new court contest," in 1826, he was appointed and served for nine months as judge of the new court of appeals. In the midst of his successful political career he unit- ed with the Christian denomination, which was then assuming great power in Kentucky, under the teachings of Alexander Campbell and other leaders, and he gave the remaining years of his life to service as an evangelist. No man did more to build up educational and benevolent auxiliaries to his church, and to organize and foster its mission work. His style of preaching was hortatory and pathetic, rather than logical, and was attended with success. He gave liberally of his own means to the interest of the cause which lay so near his heart, and, being possessed of a moderate estate, received no reward for his labor. — Richard Men- tor's nephew, Madison Conyers, lawyer, b. near Georgetown, Ky., 21 Sept., 1806 ; d. in Lexington, Ky., 7 Dec, 1886, was the second son of William Johnson. He graduated with the first honors at Transylvania university in 1823, in 1825 was gradu- ated in the law department of Transylvania, was admitted to the bar, and began the active practice of the law, in which he attained eminence. Mr. Johnson served for several years in the Kentucky legislature. In 1850 he was chosen one of the com- missioners to adopt and draw up the Kentucky code of practice, and in 1853 and 1857 he was elected to the legislature. From 1858 till his death he was president of the Northern bank of Ken- tucky, and had been one of its directors since 1837. He was for many years connected with the board of trustees of Transylvania university, and in 1865, when that college was changed to the Kentucky university, he became president of its law depart- ment. He was eminent as a financier, and the 3 per cent. U. S. bonds, by which millions of dollars were saved to the National government, were is- sued by Sec. Windom at his suggestion. JOHNSON, James, jurist, b. in Robinson coun- ty, N. C, in 1811. He was graduated at the State university in 1832, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice at Columbus, Ga. He was a representative in congress from 1851 till 1853, and was appointed provisional governor of Georgia in 1865. He was collector of customs at Savannah in 1866- , 9, and was appointed judge of the circuit court of Georgia in 1870. JOHNSON, James A., musician, b. in England in 1820 ; d. in Orange, N. J., in 1883. He came with his parents to this country while quite young, and in 1846 was choir-master of Holy Communion church in New York, and also favorably known as a tenor solo-singer in oratorio music. He com- piled a " Tune Book " (1848), and composed a vol- ume of " Offertory Sentences " (1851). JOHNSON, John Barent, clergyman, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y.. 3 March 1769 ; d. there, 29 Aug., 1803. He was of the family of Jansen, the first settlers of Brooklyn. He was graduated at Colum- bia in 1792, and was a minister of the Dutch church at Albany from 1796 till 1802, and at Brooklyn in 1802. He was an accomplished scholar, an excel- lent pastor, and a graceful and eloquent preacher. — His eldest son, William Lupton, clergyman, b. in Albany, N. Y., 15 Sept., 1800 ; d. in Jamaica, N. Y., 4 Aug., 1870, received his early training un- der the blind school-master, Joseph Nelson, of New York, and was graduated at Columbia in 1819. Taking orders, he became successively rector of St. Michael's church, Trenton, N. J., in 1823, and in 1830 of Grace church, Jamaica, N. Y., where he remained until his death. He was a thorough classical scholar, and well versed in English litera- ture. He wrote much for literary and theological periodicals, and published many sermons and ad- dresses. A nearly complete set of the " Rector's Offering," his annual pastoral letter to his con- gregation, is in the library of Columbia college. — The second son, Samuel Roosevelt, clergyman, b. in 1802 ; d. in Amenia, N. Y., 13 Aug., 1873, was , also prepared for college by Nelson, and graduated at Columbia in 1820, receiving the degree of D. D. from that college in 1849. He was rector of St. James's church, Hyde Park, N. Y., from 1824 till 1834, when he removed to St. George's church, Flushing. In 1835 he accompanied Bishop Kem- per on his journey through the northwest, and in 1837 he settled at Lafayette, Ind., where St. John's church was built through his exertions and partly JOHNSON JOHNSON 445 at his expense. The bishopric of Indiana was of- fered to him, but was declined. In 1847 he became rector of St. John's church, Brooklyn. In 1850 he was chosen professor of systematic divinity in the General theological seminary in New York city. He retained this post until 1870, when he re- signed, and shortly afterward retired to Amenia, where he officiated as rector of St. Thomas's church until his death. He was a man of fine natural abilities, improved by constant reading and study. JOHNSON, John'Mercer, Canadian statesman, b. in Liverpool, England, in 1818 ; d. in Northum- berland, New Brunswick, 9 Nov., 1868. He came with his father to New Brunswick at an early age, was educated in the Northumberland county gram- mar-school, and admitted to the bar in 1840. He was soon afterward elected a member of the Pro- vincial legislature, made postmaster-general in 1847, and then speaker of the house, attorney-gen- eral, and in 1854 solicitor-general. He was a mem- ber of the conference that met in Quebec in 1864, and of the London conference, which settled the details of the confederation act. When the Union was accomplished he was elected a member of the Dominion parliament for Northumberland. JOHNSON, John Milton, physician, b. in Smithland, Livingston co., Ky., 15 Jan., 1812 ; d. in Atlanta, Ga., 18 May, 1886. His ancestor, Thomas, came to this country in 1700. After re- ceiving an education from his father and from a physician of Madisonville, Ky., he began the. prac- tice of medicine in 1833. His success in treating an epidemic in western Kentucky that was known as the "milk sickness," between 1840 and 1845, brought him into notice, and his notes upon this disease and its causes were republished in the Lon- don "Lancet" and other medioal journals. In 1861 he entered the Confederate army w and in 1862 was surgeon of the post at Atlanta, Ga. After- ward he was medical director for Gen. Hardee's division, and served in all of Gen. Bragg's en- gagements. After the close of the civil war he settled in Atlanta, where he practised his pro- fession until his death. He was president of the Atlanta academy of medicine in 1875, and from 1868 till 1872 taught physiology and pathological anatomy in Atlanta medical college. He has pub- lished numerous medical papers. — His brother, Richard W., soldier, b. near Smithland, Living- ston co., Ky., 7 Feb., 1827, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1849, and assigned to the 6th infantry. He soon joined the 1st infantry, and in March, 1855, was transferred to the cavalry, in which he was quartermaster until December, 1856, when he was made captain and served against the Indians on the Texan frontier. He became lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Kentucky cavalry (Na- tional) on 28 Aug., 1861, and on 11 Oct., 1861, was made brigadier-general of "volunteers and assigned to a brigade in Gen. BuelPs army, engaging in the movement to Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., and also serving in Alabama, Tennessee, and Kentucky. He was present at the siege of Corinth on 28 May, 1862, and routed a Confederate force in his front. . In July, 1862, he commanded a division of the . Army of the Ohio, in the Tennessee campaign. He •was. taken prisoner at Gallatin, Tenn., on 21 Aug., by a greatly* superior force under Morgan, and after his exchange in December was placed in command of the 12th division of the Army of the Cumberland. He was at Stone River, Chicka- mauga, and Missionary Ridge, and in the At- lanta campaign, being engaged in all the battles in the line of march from Nashville to New Hope Church, near Atlanta, where he was severely wounded, 28 May, 1864. He subsequently com- manded a division of cavalry at the battle of Nash- ville, was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, for gallant and meritorious services, 13 March, 1865, and also major-general for his services in the field during the war. He remained on the staff of Gen. George H. Thomas, as provost-marshal and judge-advocate of the military division of the Ten- nessee, serving till 1866, when he was mustered out of volunteer service. He was retired with the rank of brigadier-general on 12 Oct., 1867. He was mili- tary professor in the University of Missouri in 1868-'9, and in the University of Minnesota in 1869-70. In 1881 he was the Democratic nominee for governor of Minnesota. He is the author of a " Life of Gen. George H. Thomas " (Philadelphia, 1881), and " A Soldier's Reminiscences " (1886). JOHNSON, John Smoke (Sakayenkwaraghton, or " The Disappearing Mist "), Mohawk chief, b. in the Mohawk village, Canada West, 2 Dec. 1792 ; d. there, 26 Aug., 1886. His middle name refers to the English translation of his Indian title. He was the leader of the Iroquois contingent, on the Brit- ish side, during the war of 1812, and at its close the Six Nations and their allies bestowed on him the office of premier or " speaker of the grand In- dian council." He was a man of singular force and purity of character, a gallant warrior, and gifted orator. — His son, George Henry Martin (Onwanonsyshon), Mohawk chief, b. in Grand River reserve, near Brantford, Canada, 7 Oct., 1816 ; d. there, 19 Feb., 1884, went to school in Brantford, and became a member of the family of Rev. Adam Elliot, aiding him in the translation of sermons. In 1840 he was appointed interpreter for the Eng- lish church mission on the reserve. While thus engaged he became a chief, and was also appointed government interpreter for the Six Nations. Sub- sequently he was made warden of the reserve, and did much to free it from the law-breakers and liquor-vendors. In 1865, and again in 1873, he was assaulted and beaten, and he bore the marks of these attacks until his death. He erected on his farm a house that obtained for him the Indian name of Onwanonsyshon (" He who has the great mansion"). One of his aims was to direct the agri- cultural industry of his tribe, and he established an agricultural society on the reserve. JOHNSON, Joseph, governor of Virginia, b. in Orange county, N. Y, 19 Dec, 1785 ; d. in Bridge- port, W. Va., 27 Feb., 1877. In 1800 he removed to Bridgeport, W. Va., where he worked on a farm and educated himself. He served in the war of 1812 as captain of a volunteer company of rifle- men, was elected to congress as a Democrat, serv- ing from 1823 till 1827, again in 1833 for the un- expired term of Philip Doddridge, and also in 1835-41 and 1845-7. In 1844 he was a delegate to the National Democratic convention. From 1852 till 1856 he was governor of Virginia. He was a supporter of the Confederacy in 1861-5. — His nephew, Waldo Porter, senator, b. in Harrison county, Va., 16 Sept., 1817; d. in Osceola, Saint Clair co., Mo., 14 Aug., 1885, studied law, was ad- mitted to the bar, and began practice in Osceola in 1843. In 1846 he enlisted as a private in the Mexi- can war, and while on the plains was honorably discharged to serve in the Missouri legislature to which he had been elected. He became prosecut- ing attorney and judge of his judicial district, and was elected* to the U. S. senate as a Democrat, serv- ing from 4 July, 1861 till 10 Jan., 1862, when he was expelled, because he had joined the Confed- erate army. During the special session of July, 1861, he offered the resolution for a peace conven- 446 JOHNSON JOHNSON tion to meet in Louisville, Ky. He was wounded at Pea Ridge, and became lieutenant-colonel, tak- ing part in the first Corinth engagement. After- ward, while he was on special service, he was ap- pointed by Gov. Reynolds to the Confederate senate to fill a vacancy. After the close of the civil war he went to Hamilton, Canada, where he remained until his return to Osceola. In 1875 he was presi- dent of the State constitutional convention. JOHNSON, Joseph Taber, physician, b. in Lowell, Mass., 30 June, 1845. He was educated in Rochester academy, Mass., and at Columbian col- lege, D. C, from which he received his degree of M. A. in 1869. He was graduated at the George- town medical college in 1865, and at the Bellevue hospital medical college in 1867, when he settled in Washington, D. C. In 1870 he visited Europe, and took the degree in obstetric operations in the University of Vienna. In 1868 he was professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children at Howard university, Washington, which post he resigned in 1872. In 1869 he was obstetrical physician to Freedman's hospital, where he re- mained three years, and in 1869-'70 was physician to the colored orphan house. In 1871 he was elected one of the physicians to the St. John's sisterhood hospital for children. He was elected lecturer on obstetrics in the medical department of the University of Georgetown in 1874, full pro- fessor of the same in 1876, and is now (1887) presi- dent of this department. He is a member of numerous medical societies, and has edited vols. x. and xi. of the " Transactions of the American Gynecological Society " (1886-'7). JOHNSON, Lawrence, type-founder, b. in Hull, England, 23 Jan., 1801 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 26 April, 1860. After serving an apprentice- ship of seven years in the printing-office of John Childs and Son, in Bungay, Suffolk co., England, he induced his parents to emigrate with him to the United States, where they arrived in 1819, and purchased a farm in Cayuga county, N. Y. He afterward went to New York city, where he entered a printing-office as a compositor. In 1820 his attention was directed to stereotyping, and after obtaining some knowledge of it in the employ of Messrs. B. and J. Collins in New York, he removed to Philadelphia, where he established a successful stereotype-foundry, and in 1833 he purchased the Philadelphia type-foundry, which, under his management, became one of the largest in the country. One of his last acts, in con j unc- tion with other type-founders of Philadelphia, was to procure from congress a modification of the copyright law to afford protection to engravers, letter-cutters, and designers. JOHNSON, Sir Nathaniel, governor of South Carolina, d. in 1713. He had been in the British army, served as a member of parliament, and be- tween 1686 and 1689 was governor of Treves, St. Christopher, Montserrat, and Antigua. In 1703-'9 he was governor of South Carolina, and during the French attack on that colony in 1706 defeated the enemy, with the loss of their commander and 300 men. Sir Nathaniel introduced silk-culture into the province in 1703, and is said to have been the pioneer of that industry there. JOHNSON, Oliver, editor, b. in Peacham, Vt., 27 Dec, 1809. He served a printer's apprenticeship in the office of the "Watchman," at Montpelier, Vt., and in 1831 became the editor of the newly established " Christian Soldier." From 1865 till 1870 he was managing editor of the " Independ- ent," after which he became the editor of the " Weekly Tribune," which post he resigned in 1872 to become editor of the "Christian Union." He was active in the cause of anti-slavery as lecturer and editor, and was one of the twelve that organ- ized the New England anti-slavery society in 1832. He has published " William Lloyd Garrison and his Times, or Sketches of the Anti-slavery Move- ment in America " (Boston, 1880). — His wife, Mary Ann, b. in Westmoreland, N. H., 24 Aug., 1808 ; d. in New York, 8 June, 1872, was assistant matron in the female state-prison at Sing Sing, N. Y., and promoted the reforms introduced at that period. Subsequently she lectured on anatomy and physiology to women. JOHNSON, Ovid Frazer, lawyer, b. near Wilkesbarx-e, Pa., in 1807 ; d. in Washington, D. C, in February, 1854. He studied law with John N. Conyngham, and, after being admitted to the bar, began practice in Wilkesbarre. In 1833- '45 he was attorney-general of Pennsylvania. He attained distinction as a political writer, and was the author of the political satires entitled the " Governor's Letters," which were published dur- ing the administration of Gov. Joseph Ritner. JOHNSON, Philip Carrig-ain, naval officer, b. in Maine, 21 Nov., 1828 ; d. in Portsmouth, N. H., 28 Jan., 1887. He entered the navy in 1846, and was present at the bombardment of Vera Cruz and Tuspan during the Mexican war. In 1847-'8 he served in the frigate " Ohio," of the Pacific squad- ron, and spent the next four years at the naval school and with the Brazil squadron. In 1854-'9 he was attached to the coast survey. He became a lieutenant in 1855, from 1859 till 1861 was at- tached to the " San Jacinto," then cruising on the coast of Africa, and from 1861 till 1863 command- ed the " Tennessee " of the Western Gulf squad- ron, being present at the bombardment and pas- sage of Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip. He became a lieutenant-commander in 1862, and in 1864 was attached to the " Katahdin," of the Western Gulf squadron. In 1865-'6 he was sta- tioned in the naval academy, and two years after- ward he served on the " Sacramento." He be- came a commander in 1867, and from 1868 till 1870 was fleet-captain of the South Pacific squad- ron. He was made captain in 1874, and served until 1876 on the South Pacific station, command- ing the " Omaha " and the " Richmond." In 1877- '81 he was stationed at the Mare island navy-yard, and was then ordered to the command of the train- ing-ship " New Hampshire." He subsequently served as chief signal officer of the navy, and in 1884 was promoted to the rank of commodore and placed in command of Portsmouth navy-yard He was promoted to rear-admiral 26 Jan., 1887. JOHNSON, Keverdy, statesman, b. in Annapo- lis, Md., 21 May, 1796 ; d. there, 10 Feb., 1876. He was educated at St. John's college, studied law with his father, John Johnson, chancellor of the state, and was admitted to the bar in 1815. He be- gan to practise in Upper Marlboro', Prince George county, was appointed deputy attorney-general for that judicial district, and in 1817 removed to Bal- timore, where he practised with success. In 1821 he was elected to the state senate for a term of five years, and soon distinguished himself for his intel- ligent, bold, and comprehensive discussion of the question of state and Federal policy that was agitat- ing the country. He was re-elected for the suc- ceeding term, but resigned at the end of the second year to become attorney-general in President Tay- lor's cabinet. In 1845' he was sent to the U. S. senate as a Whig, serving till 1849. One of the most striking characteristics of Mr. Johnson's pub- lic life was his occasional disregard of party dicta- JOHNSON JOHNSON 447 tion. A memorable instance of this independent action was his hearty support of the Mexican war measures of Polk's administration, in spite of the violent opposition of the Whigs. On the accession of President Fillmore, Mr. Johnson resigned, and for more than twenty years afterward he was ex- clusively engaged in his profession- al duties, appear- ing during that time in the trial of celebrated cases in almost every part of the coun- try, from New England to Cali- fornia. In 1854 he was employed by some English claimants to ar- gue a case in London before an Anglo - American commission. Dur- ing his residence of several months in England he was received with marked attention by the barristers and judges of that country, and left a reputation be- hind him which had not been forgotten when, fourteen years afterward, he went as minister to the court of St. James. Whether in or .out of office, Mr. Johnson was invariably outspoken in his opinions of all public matters. His decided oppo- sition to the prescriptive doctrines of the " KnoW- Nothing " party led him, together with many of the Whig leaders in Maryland, to unite with the Demo- crats in 1856 and in the subsequent support of Buchanan's administration. In the presidential contest of 1860 Mr. Johnson joined the Douglas wing of the party, and was active in his efforts to secure its success. He was a member of the peace congress in Washington in 1861 and in 1862. Throughout the civil war he supported the Na- tional cause, and sustained the measures of the ad- ministration. When peace was restored he urged the readmission of the southern states without de- lay. He voted for the first reconstruction bill, sup- ported that measure when it was vetoed by Presi- dent Johnson, and opposed the second bill. Dur- ing his term he was engaged by the government as an umpire in adjusting questions that had arisen in New Orleans during the civil war. In 1868 he resigned his seat in the senate, having been ap- pointed by President Johnson to succeed Charles Francis Adams as minister to England, where he negotiated the " Johnson-Clarendon " treaty for the settlement of the Alabama claims, which was rejected by the senate. In his negotiations with Lord Clarendon he procured a perfect recognition of everything that our government claimed in the international controversies growing out of the civil war. The failure of the senate to ratify the John- son-Clarendon treaty was due to party jealousy, and nothing more than was embraced in the terms of Mr. Johnson's protocol was afterward obtained from Great Britain. Mr. Johnson's popularity among Englishmen was proverbial, and his recall by President Grant, in 1869, and the nomination of his Republican successor became a party neces- sity. Although seventy-three years of age when he returned from England, he resumed his law practice with his early eagerness. In 1872 he sup- ported Horace Greeley for president. He was con- stantly employed in court and office practice un- til his death, which was caused by apoplexy, and which took place at the executive mansion in An- napolis, where he had been the guest of the gov- ernor, and was awaiting the call of a case in the court of appeals. In conjunction with Mr. Thomas- Harris he reported the decisions of the Maryland court of appeals, known as "Harris's and John- son's Reports " (7 vols., 1820-7). JOHNSON, Robert, governor of South Caro- lina, b. in 1682 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 3 May, 1735. He was the son of Gen. Sir Nathaniel Johnson, governor of South Carolina from 1702 till 1709, who left his son a considerable estate. On 30 April. 1717, he was commissioned governor by Lord Carteret, at a time when the disaffection of the colony toward the lords proprietors was rapidly developing into rebellion. One of his first orders was to equip a ship to act against the pirates that were then infesting the coast, and he com- manded in person in a victorious engagement with them off the bar of Charleston. The struggle be- tween the lords proprietors and the commons house of assembly culminated in the convention of 1719, of which Arthur Middleton was president. This convention established a revolutionary govern- ment, and requested Robert Johnson to assume the executive in the name of the king, which he declined to do. asserting the rights of the lords proprietors. The convention thereupon elected James Moore, and asserted their power by military force. In 1731 Johnson was appointed royal gov- ernor, and came from England to take possession of this office. Gov. Johnson aided Gen. Ogle- thorpe and the first settlers of Georgia by giving them food and escort, and during his term the set- tlement of Purrysbury, by the Swiss under Col. Peter Purry, was made. The general assembly erected a monument to his memory in St. Philip's church, Charleston. JOHNSON, Robert Ward, senator, b. in Ken- tucky in 1814 ; d. in Arkansas about 1879. He re- ceived an English education, studied law, was ad- mitted to the bar, and removed to Pine Bluffs, Ark., where he practised his profession. He was elected to congress as a Democrat, and served from 1847 till 1853, when he was chosen U. S. senator. He was chairman of the committee on printing, and a mem- ber of those on military affairs and on public lands. He withdrew in 1861 when Arkansas passed an ordinance of secession, was elected to the Provis- ional Confederate congress, and in 1862 elected to the Confederate senate, in which he was an active member until the close of the civil war, after which he practised law in Washington, D. C. JOHNSON, Rossiter, author, b. in Rochester, N. Y., 27 Jan., 1840. His father, Reuben Johnson (1791-1876), was one of the small company that, with three old guns, drove off the British fleet that bombarded Stonington, Conn., in 1814. He was educated at Williams, and was for many years a teacher in Rochester. The son was graduated at the University of Rochester in 1863, delivering the poem on class-day. In 1864-'8 he was connected with Robert Carter (q. v.) in editing the Rochester " Democrat," a Republican newspaper, and in 1869-72 was editor of the Concord, N. H.. " States- man." In 1873-'7 he was associated with Messrs. Ripley and Dana in editing the " American Cyclo- pedia," and in 1879-80 with Sydney Howard Gay in the preparation of the last two volumes of his " History of the United States." In 1883 he be- came editor of the " Annual Cyclopaedia." He de- vised and edited the series of " Little Classics " (16 vols., Boston, 1874-'5 ; two additional vols., 1880 ; 25th ed., 1887), and has also edited " Works of the British Poets, with Biographical Sketches " (3 vols., 448 JOHNSON JOHNSON New York, 1876) ; " Famous Single and Fugitive Poems " (1877) : " Play-Day Poems " (1878) ; and, with Charles A. Dana, " Fifty Perfect Poems " (1882). In 1876 he tried the experiment of making an abbreviated edition of some of the greater novels of the English language (4 vols., 16 mo., New York). Mr. Johnson has written, besides numerous con- tributions to periodicals, " Phaeton Rogers, a Novel of Boy Life," first published as a serial in " St. Nicholas " (New York, 1881) ; " A History of the War between the United States and Great Britain in 1812-'15 " (1882) ; " A History of the French War, ending in the Conquest of Canada " (1882) ; " Idler and Poet," a small volume of verses, of which the most popular is the hot-weather poem " Ninety-nine in the Shade " (Boston, 1883) ; and " A Short History of the War of Secession," first published serially in the New York " Examiner " in 1885-7. — His wife, Helen Kendrick, author, a daughter of Prof. Asahel C. Kendrick (q. v.), was educated at the Oread institute, Worcester, Mass., and was married in 1869. In 1886 she founded in New York the Meridian, a woman's club, which meets once a month, at mid-day, for the discussion of social, economical, and literary topics. She has contributed to various periodicals, is the author of " The Roddy Books " (3 vols., New York, 1874-'6), and has edited " Tears for the Little Ones, a Selec- tion of Poems and Passages inspired by the Loss of Children " (Boston, 1878) ; " Our Familiar Songs, and Those who made Them " (New York, 1881) ; " Poems and Songs for Young People " (1884) ; and " The Nutshell Series " (6 small vols., 1885).— His brother, Alexander Byron, educator, was gradu- ated at Oberlin in 1853, and has since been a teach- er, mainly at Avondale, Ohio. In 1875 he was president of the Ohio teachers' association, in 1881-3 was a member of the State board of ex- aminers, and for several years he has been a lec- turer at institutes in western states. — His sister, Evangeline Maria, was graduated at Roches- ter free academy, and in 1877 married Joseph O'Connor, a journalist and poet. She has trans- lated " Fire and Flame," from the German of Levin Schiicking (New York, 1876), and has prepared " An Analytical Index to the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne " (Boston, 1882), and " An Index to the Works of Shakspere" (New York and London, 1887). She has contributed numerous poems to periodicals, the best-known of which is that en- titled " Daughters of Toil." JOHNSON, Rowland, reformer, b. in German- town, Pa., 24 May, 1816 ; d. in West Orange, N. J., 25 Sept., 1886. His parents were members of the Society of Friends, and in early life he was a preacher of that denomination. In 1850 he re- moved to New York, and became a broker and commission-merchant in that city. He was among the earliest supporters of the abolition movement, and at one time was the leader of the anti-slavery party in New York. He was also one of the first members of the Union league club, and was ac- tive in charitable organizations. JOHNSON, Samuel, educator, b. in Guilford, Conn., 14 Oct., 1696 ; d. in Stratford, Conn., 6 Jan., 1772. His great-grandfather, Robert, came from Kingston-upon-Hull, England, to New Haven, about 1637. Samuel was graduated at Yale in 1714, and in 1716, when the college was removed from Saybrook to New Haven, he became one of its tu- tors. He resigned in 1719, having meanwhile studied theology, and in March, 1720, was ordained pastor of the Congregational church in West Haven. During his residence at New Haven several circumstances occurred to give him a predilection for episcopacy, and he would have preferred Episcopal to Congre- gational ordination, but deemed it prudent to con- form to the prevailing ecclesiastical usages of the country. In 1722 he met Mr. Pigot, an Episco- palian clergyman, who was settled at Stratford, and introduced him to his college friends. A series of meetings that followed resulted in the conver- sion of President Timothy Cutler, Tutor Daniel Brown, and himself to episcopacy, and he sailed with his friends for England, where all three were ordained. On his return to Connecticut, Mr. Johnson was assigned to the mission at Strat- ford. Soon after the arrival of Dean Berkeley in this country, Mr. Johnson made his acquaint- ance, and began a correspondence with him which continued throughout life. When Berkeley was about to return to Europe, Mr. Johnson suggested to him the gifts to Yale that he afterward made. (See Berkeley, George.) Mr. Johnson had not been long settled at Stratford when he felt called upon to engage with his pen in the defence of epis- copacy. In 1725 he was brought into a contro- versy with Rev. Jonathan Dickinson, of Elizabeth- town, N. J., and afterward with the Rev. Thomas Foxcroft, of Boston. In 1732 a similar contro- versy began between him and Rev. John Graham, of Woodbury, Conn., which did not end until 1736. During the revival in connection with Whitefield's labors, he published a pamphlet for the times, con- taining his views on the divine sovereignty (Bos- ton, 1745), which was replied to by Mr. Dickinson, and later, to counteract what he deemed the dan- gerous views that were then spreading, he issued a work on moral philosophy, entitled " A System of Morality " (1746). In 1744 his congregation had so increased that it was considered necessary to find a new place of worship. In 1752 Benjamin Franklin published in Philadelphia an enlarged edition of Dr. Johnson's "System of Morality," under the title of " Elementa Philosophica," for the use of the college that was about to be estab- lished in that city, and the author was urged to become the president of the institution, but de- clined. In the following year several residents of New York, chiefly Episcopalians, invited him to remove to that city preparatory to becoming presi- dent of a college (King's, afterward Columbia), for which an act of assembly had been obtained. This invitation he accepted, and began his la- bors on 17 July, 1754, with a class of ten pupils, of whom only seven were graduated. Under his rule the institution was guided through its early troubles, subscriptions were obtained for its endow- ment, and its policy and course of study regulated. He continued to hold office until early in 1763, when he resigned on account of family troubles and his advanced age. He then returned to Strat- ford to reside with his son, and the following year was again appointed to the charge of his old parish, where he remained until his death. Dr. Johnson received the degree of M. A. from both Oxford and Cambridge in 1723, and that of D. D. from the former in 1743. His published works, besides those already mentioned, include " A Letter from a Min- ister of the Church of England to his Dissenting Parishioners " (New York, 1733); "A Second Let- ter" (Boston, 1734); "A Third Letter" (1737) ; "A Sermon Concerning the Obligations we are under to Love and Delight in the Public Worship of God " (1746) ; " A Demonstration of the Reason- ableness, Usefulness, and Great Duty of Prayer " (New York, 1760) ; " A Sermon on the Beauty of Holiness in the Worship of the Church of England " (1761); and "An English and Hebrew Grammar" (London, 1767; 2d ed., 1771). See his "Life," by JOHNSON JOHNSON 449 ^crfx^. Rev. Dr. Thomas B. Chandler (1805; London, 1824), and " Life and Correspondence," by Rev. E. Edwards Beardsley, D. D. (New York, 1874). — His son. William Samuel, jurist, b. in Strat- ford, Conn., 7 Oct., 1727 ; d. there, 14 Nov., 1819, was graduated at Yale in 1744, studied law, and, when admitted to the bar, took high rank in his profession. In 1761, and again during two ses- sions in 1765, he rep- resented Stratford in the general as- sembly, and in the latter year was sent as a delegate to the Stamp-act congress in New York. In May, 1766, he was chosen to the upper house, or governor's council, and at the ensuing October ses- sion of the assembly was appointed a spe- cial agent at the court of Great Brit- ain, to present the defence of the colony with regard to its title to the territory that was occupied by the remnant of the Mohegan tribe of Indians. He accepted the mis- sion, but so many were the delays interposed by his opponents that he was unable to return to this country until the autumn of 1771. In the follow- ing year, after resuming his seat in the council, he was appointed one of the judges of the superior court of the colony, but retained the office for only a few months. After the battle of Lexington he and another colonist were deputed to wait on Gen. Gage, with a letter from the governor of Connecti- cut, the object of which was to stay hostilities and to inquire if means could not be adopted to secure peace ; but the embassy was unsuccessful. He re- tired from the governor's council before the Dec- laration of Independence, and, not being able con- scientiously to join in a war against England, lived in retirement in Stratford until the conclusion of peace. He then resumed the practice of his pro- fession, and from November, 1784, till May, 1787, served as a member of the Continental congress. In the latter year he was placed at the head of the Connecticut delegation to the convention for the formation of a Federal constitution, and was chairman of the committee of five appointed to revise the wording of the instrument and ar- range its articles. Among other suggestions he proposed the organization of the senate as a sepa- rate body. In the same year he resumed his place in the upper house of the Connecticut assembly, and he held it until 1789, when he was elected the first U. S. senator from that state. He rendered important service in drawing up the bill for the judiciary system, but resigned in March, 1791, in order to devote his entire time to the discharge of the duties of president of Columbia college, to which office he had been elected in May, 1787. Re- signing this office also, in 1800, on account of fail- ing health, he retired to Stratford, where he re- mained until his death. When in England he made the acquaintance of many eminent men, in- cluding Dr. Samuel Johnson, whose correspondent he became on his return to the United States. He received the degree of D. C. L. from Oxford in 1776, and that of LL. D. from Yale in 1788. He was the earliest graduate of the latter college to receive an honorary degree in laws, as his father had been the first to receive a similar degree in vol. in. — 29 divinity. Dr. Johnson added to superior mental endowments a fine personal presence and a musical voice. His oratory was deemed by his contempo- raries as well-nigh perfect. Forty-three of his let- ters, written during his sojourn in Great Britain, have been published by the Massachusetts historical societv in the " Trumbull Papers." See a " Sketch " by John T. Irving (1830), and " Life and Times of W. S. Johnson," bv Rev. E. Edwards Beardsley, D. D. (Boston, 1876). — William Samuel's great- grandson, Woolsey, phvsician, b. in New York city. 8 Feb., 1842 ; d. there, 21 June, 1887, was graduated at Princeton in 1860, and studied medi- cine for a year at the Albany medical school, and subsequently at the New York college of physi- cians and surgeons, where he was graduated in 1863. He then spent three years in the further study of his profession in Paris, London, Berlin, and Vienna, and on his return began to practise in New York city. He was surgeon of the Eye and ear infirmary, and consulting physician at the New York hospital. In 1881 he was appointed by Mayor Grace health-commissioner of the city of New York, his term expiring 1 May, 1887. Dur- ing this period Dr. Johnson did effective work. JOHNSON, Samuel, clergvman, b. in Salem, Mass.. 10 Oct., 1822 ; d. in North Andover, Mass., 19 Feb., 1882. He was graduated at Harvard in 1842, and at the divinity-school in Cambridge in 1846. He entered the ministry without ordina- tion, and his first charge was the Unitarian church in Harrison square, Dorchester, where he remained one year. His political preaching and anti-slavery sentiments gave offence, and his engagement was not renewed. About 1851-'2 he became pastor of a free church in Lynn, Mass., where he remained until 1870, lecturing often upon anti-slavery topics. About 1852-'3 he delivered a course of lectures in Salem, which was the germ of his subsequent works. He compiled with Rev. Samuel Longfel- low " Hymns for Public and Private Devotion " (Boston, 1846) ; and was the author of " Oriental Religions," comprising " India " (Boston, 1872), " China " (1877), and " Persia " (1885). See a me- moir of him by Samuel Longfellow (Boston, 1883). JOHNSON,' Samuel Frost, artist, b. in New York city, 9 Nov., 1835. He began the study of art in Milwaukee, Wis., and continued it in the antique and life schools of the National academy of design in New York, in the Art academy of Diisseldorf in 1859-61, and afterward in the Acad- emy of Saint Luke at Antwerp, and the Ecole des beaux-arts in Paris. In 1865-9 he was a pupil of Edward Frere at Ecouen. After painting for some time in London he returned to New York, and was a professor in the art-schools of the Metropolitan museum in 1883-'5, also teaching science and art classes at St. John's college, Fordham, in 1884-'5. His representations of still-life, and his studies of heads, mostly taken abroad, have been highly praised. His works include " Les Pommes," shown at the Paris salon of 1869 ; " Good Night *' (1876) ; •' Love Me, Love Me Not " ; " Does Your Mother Know You're Out f " ; " Stitch in Time " : " Young Ornithologist " (1879) ; " After Rain " (1880) ; '• Moorland Landscape " (1881) ; a portrait of Car- dinal McCloskey, and one of Lady Helen Black- wood, daughter of Lord Dufferin, the color effects in which have been highly praised. He is now (1887) engaged in painting a large altar-piece, rep- resenting " The Last Supper," on the walls of St. Cecilia's church, New York city. JOHNSON, Samuel William, chemist, b. in Kingsborough, N. Y., 3 July, 1830. He studied at the Yale (now Sheffield) scientific school, and then 450 JOHNSON JOHNSON at the universities of Leipsic and Munich in Ger- many. In 1856 he was appointed professor of theoretical and agricultural chemistry in the Shef- field scientific school, and he has since held that chair. He early became associated with the work conducted under the auspices of the Connecticut state agricultural society, and later was chemist of the Connecticut state board of agriculture, con- tributing to both of these organizations numerous papers and reports on fertilizers and kindred sub- jects, with analyses. He is a member of scientific societies, and was elected president of the Ameri- can chemical society in 1878, also receiving in 1866 an election to the National academy of sciences, and in 1875 was chairman of the chemical section of the American association for the advancement of science. As an authority on matters pertaining to the application of chemistry to agriculture, Prof. Johnson stands deservedly high. In addition to many papers that he has furnished to scientific journals and agricultural reports — among which are the " Examination of Two Sugars (Panocite and Pinite) from California" (1856); "Soil Analyses: Notice of the Agricultural Chemistry of the Geo- logical Surveys of Kentucky and Arkansas " (1861) ; "On Native Crystallized Terpin" (1867); "On Nitrification " (1869) ; and " On the Use of Potas- sium Dichromate in Ultimate Organic Analysis " (1874) — he is the author of "Peat, and its Uses as a Fertilizer and Fuel " (New York, 1866) ; " How Crops Grow" (1868; London, 1869; German ed., Braunschweig, 1871 ; Russian ed., St. Petersburg, 1873) ; " How Crops Feed " (1870 ; German ed., Braunschweig, 1872) ; and also translator and edi- tor of Fresenius's "Manual of Qualitative Anal- ysis " (1864) : and his " Manual of Quantitative Analysis " (1869). JOHNSON, Sarah Barclay, author, b. in Albe- marle county. Va., in 1837; d. in Greenwich, Conn., 21 April. 1885. Her father, Dr. James T. Barclay, was for some time a missionary in Jerusa- lem, and wrote a description of that city entitled " The City of the Great King " (Philadelphia, 1857). His daughter accompanied him on this mission, and drew most of the illustrations in his book. In 1856 she married J. Augustus Johnson, then U. S. consul-general in Syria, and returned with him to that country, where she lived many years. She afterward resided with her husband in New York city, and after 1883 in Greenwich, Conn. She was shot, together with her daughter, by her son, who took his own life immediately afterward. His act was regarded as the result of a fit of insanity. Mrs. Johnson published " The Hadji in Svria," which attained popularity (Philadelphia, 1858). Her son, Barclay (1862-85), had been re- cently graduated at the head of his class at Yale, and was a young man of much promise. He had contributed to periodicals, and published an ad- dress on education (1884). JOHNSON, Theodore Taylor, merchant, b. in Lebanon, N. J., in 1818. He was engaged in com- merce in Philadelphia from 1843 till 1860, and in 1847 his firm were the largest shippers of bread- stuffs from that port to Great Britain. In 1849 he visited Jamaica, Central America, and Mexico, and was the bearer of government despatches to Com. Jones, commander of the fleet on the California coast. In 1862 he travelled extensively through South America. He published " California and Oregon, or Sights in the Gold Region and Scenes by the Way" (New York, 1849). JOHNSON, Thomas, statesman, b. in St. Leon- ard's, Calvert co., Md.. 4 Nov.. 1732 : d. at Rose Hill, Frederick co., Md., 25 Oct., 1819. His grandfather, Thomas Johnson, emigrated to Maryland in 1689- '90. The grandson studied law and was admitted to the bar of the general court. He represented Anne Arundel county in the house of delegates of the province from 17*62 till 1773. and was the lead- ing spirit in all the measures and discussions in opposition to the stamp-tax. On 6 Dec, 1765, he prepared and reported the instructions to Charles Garth, agent of the province in London, that the agent should exert himself in opposition to any scheme to tax the province, and on 15 Oct., 1773, he was elected one of the committee of correspond- ence. In June, 1774, he was member of the con- vention of county committees which met at An- napolis and elected deputies for the province to at- tend a general congress of representatives from all the colonies " to effect one general plan of conduct operating on the commercial connection of the colonies with the mother country for the relief of Boston and the preservation of American liberty." On 15 June, 1775, as deputy from Maryland in the congress at Philadelphia, he nominated George Washington to be commander-in-chief of the army. During 1775 he was also a member of the commit- tee of safety and of the provincial convention. On 5 Jan., 1776, he was elected senior brigadier-gen- eral of the military forces of the province. He prepared and reported a scheme for the emission of bills of credit to defray the expenses of defending the province, and was in charge of all measures and means for the public defence. On 21 May, 1776, he was re-elected to congress, but remained in the provincial convention organizing the prov- ince for resistance. On 4 July the convention re- elected him to congress, resolving that it was more important to have his services in congress than at home, and on 10 Nov. he was again elected to the Continental congress. On 14 Feb., 1777, he was elected the first governor of Maryland, and he was re-elected in 1778 and 1779. In October, 1780, he was again elected deputy to the Provincial con- gress, and in December of that year was elected a member of the house of delegates, where, on 21 Jan., 1781, he introduced a bill to confiscate all British property in Maryland. On the 29th he procured a message to be sent by the house to the senate, pressing for instructions to be sent to the Maryland deputies to sign the articles of confed- eration. Mainly owing to Johnson's efforts these instructions were given, and John Hansen and Daniel Carroll signed the articles on 1 March, 1781. Up to that time Maryland had refused to join the confederation until Virginia should agree to re- lease all lands west of the Ohio river. Gov. John- son was member of the house of delegates in Octo- ber, 1781, of the Continental congress in 1781-'87, and in 1787 introduced a resolution to sell the western lands. He was member of the Maryland convention of 1789 to ratify the constitution of the United States, and was an ardent supporter of it. On the organization of the judiciary under the new government, he was appointed one of the district judges, which office he declined, and on 20 April, 1790, he was appointed chief judge of the general court of Maryland, but resigned on 7 Nov., 1791, on being appointed an associate justice of the U. S. supreme court. On the resignation of John Rutledge as chief justice. Washington insisted on Judge Johnson's taking that place, but he declined. He resigned on 4 March, 1793, and on 24 Aug., 1795. was tendered the portfolio of secretary of state, which he declined. He was appointed, with Dr. Stuart and Daniel Carroll, commissioner to lay out the city of Washington. In 1774 he became engaged with Washington in the scheme for the JOHNSON JOHNSON 451 improvement of the navigation of the Potomac so as to open communication with the western lands. After the Revolution the plan was prosecuted by the formation of the Potomac company by the leg- islature of Maryland through Johnson's influence. and by the general assembly of Virginia on the personal application of Washington. He was one of the committee appointed by congress in Octo- ber. 1774, to draft an address to the king, and was influential in July, 1776, in inducing the provincial convention of Maryland to declare independence of Great Britain and to authorize their deputies in congress to join in the Declaration of Independ- ence of the thirteen united colonies. When Wash- ington was in retreat through the Jerseys in 1776-7. he sent an urgent appeal to Johnson to re-enforce him, saying that he had not men enough to fight the enemy, and too few to run away with, and Johnson embodied and organized 1,800 militia in the western counties and led them in person to the relief of Washington. — His brother, Bexjamix. b. 26 July, 1727, was a major in the Maryland forces. — Another brother, James, b. 30 Sept., 1736. was a colonel. — Johx, b. 29 Aug.. 1745, was a sur- geon. — Rogee, b. 15 March. 1749, was a major of the military force of the province. — Joshua, b. 25 June, 1744, removed to England and became a merchant. At the beginning of hostilities he went to Nantes, France, where he acted as the agent of Maryland during the war, and was the first consul of the United States at London, 1785-99. His daughter, Louisa Catherine, married John Quincy Adams in London in 1796. — Baker, another broth- er, b. 30 Sept., 1749, was a deputy from Frederick county, Md\, in the revolutionary conventions of 1774, 1775, and 1776, was colonel of the 4th Mary- land regiment, and commanded it at the battle of the Brandywine and at Germantown. JOHNSON, Virginia Wales, author, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 28 Dec, 1849. She has travelled in Europe since 1870, and now (1887) resides in Florence. Her publications include " Kettle Club Series " (Boston, 1870) ; " Travels of an American Owl" (Philadelphia, 1870); "Joseph, the Jew" (New York, 1873) ; "A Sack of Gold " (1874) : " The Catskill Fairies " (1875) : " The Calderwood Secret " (1875); "Miss Nancy's Pilgrimage" (1877); "A Foreign Marriage" (1880); "The Neptune Vase" (1881) ; " The English Daisy Miller " (1882) ; " The Fainalls of Tipton " (1885) : " Tulip Place " (1886) ; and " The House of the Musician " (1887). JOHNSON, Walter Rogers, chemist, b. in Leominster. Mass., 21 June, 1794; d. in Washing- ton, D. C, 26 April, 1852. He was graduated at Harvard in 1819. taught in Framingham and Sa- lem, Mass., and in 1821 became principal of the academy in Germantown, Pa. In 1826, when the high-school was established in Philadelphia, under the auspices of the Franklin institute, he was given the chair of mechanics and philosophy, and at the same time delivered a public course of lectures on those subjects, which were largely attended. In 1836 he began a series of geological investigations. with special reference to the coal-formations and iron-ores of Pennsylvania, and a year later was given charge of the department of magnetism, electricity, and astronomy on the U. S. exploring expedition, but soon resigned this office, owing 1 to changes in the original plan. From 1839 till 1843 he held the professorship of physics and chemistry in the medi- cal department of the University of Pennsylvania. In 1843 he was appointed by congress to investi- gate the character of the diffei - ent varieties of coal, with reference to their absolute and relative values for generating steam and heat and producing il- luminating gas. and he published a report on that subject during the following year. Subsequently he made scientific researches for the navy depart- ment, and in 1845 was appointed by the city authorities of Boston to examine the sources from which pure water might be brought to the city. In 1848 he became connected with the Smithsonian institution in Washington, and in 1851 he was sent to the World's fair in London. Prof. John- son was active in the organization of the Associa- tion of American geologists and naturalists, and when it gave place to the American association for the advancement of science he was its first secre- tary. His publications include "Natural Philoso- phy," originally entitled "Scientific Class-Book, No. 1 " (Philadelphia. 1835) ; " Chemistrv." origi- nally entitled " Scientific Class-Book, No. 2 " (1835) : " Notes on the Use of Anthracite in the Manufac- ture of Coal " (Boston, 1841) : Knapp's " Chemical Technology." translated (Philadelphia, 1848) ; Weis- baeh's " Mechanics," translated (1849) ; and " Coal Trade of British America " (Washington, 1850). JOHNSON, Sir William, bart., British soldier. b. in Smithtown, County Meath. Ireland, in 1715 ; d. in Johnstown. N. Y., 11 July, 1774. He was a younger son of Christopher Johnson, an Irish gen- tleman of good family. William was educated for a mercantile life, but his career was entirely changed by the refusal of his parents to permit him to marry a lady with whom he had fallen in love. His uncle, Admiral Sir Peter Warren, had married a daughter of Stephen De Lancey, of New York, and received with her a large land- ed estate in that colo- ny, which he increased by purchase, chiefly in the valley of the Mohawk, and at this juncture he offered his nephew the man- agement of his entire property in New York if he would undertake its improvement and settlement. Johnson accepted, and in 1738 established himself on a tract of land on the south side of Mohawk river, about twenty-four miles west of Schenectady, which Sir Peter had called " Warrensburgh." He began to colonize this tract, and also embarked in trade with the Indians, whom he always treated with perfect honesty and justice. This course, added to an easy but dignified and affable manner, and an intimacy with them which he cultivated by ac- commodating himself to their manners and some- times even to their dress, soon won for him their entire confidence and gave him an influence over them greater than that ever possessed by any other white man. He became a master of their lan- guage, and was thoroughly accmainted with their peculiar habits, beliefs, and customs. The Mo- hawks adopted him. chose him a sachem, and named him " Wariaghejaghe." or " Warraghiaghy." meaning " he who has charge of affairs." In 1744. on the resignation of the Albany Indian commis- sioners, Gov. George Clinton appointed Johnson colonel of the Six Nations. In 1746 he was made commissary of New York for Indian affairs, and was active against the French. In February. 1748. he was placed in command of all the New York colonial forces for the defence of the frontier, and 452 JOHNSON JOHNSON prepared a plan of campaign ; but the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle stopped all operations. In April, 1750, he was appointed by the king a member of the governor's council. The revival of the Albany board of Indian commissioners in 1753 led to a quarrel between the colonists and the Indians, and the council and assembly of the province urged Col. Johnson to effect a reconciliation. The gov- ernor granted him a special commission, 5 July, 1753,- and he went to Onondaga, where he held a council and succeeded in settling the difficulty, but declined having anything further to do with Indian affairs. He lived then at Fort Johnson, a large stone dwelling that he had erected on the north side of the Mohawk, directly opposite War- rensburgh, and which he had fortified in 1743, shortly before the beginning of the war with the French. It is still standing in good preservation, about three miles west of the present village of Amsterdam. In 1754 he attended, as one of the delegates from New York, the congress of Albany and the great council that was held with the Indi- ans on that occasion, at which they strongly urged his reappointment as their superintendent. At the council of Alexandria, 14 April, 1755, he was sent for by Gen. Braddock, and commissioned by him " sole superintendent of the affairs of the Six United Nations, their allies and dependants." He was also, according to the determination of that council, created a major-general, and appointed commander-in-chief of the provincial forces for the expedition against Crown Point. At the head of these forces, in September, 1755, Johnson utter- ly defeated Baron Dieskau at Lake George. He was wounded in the hip early in the action, but re- mained on the field of battle. This victory saved the colony from the ravages of the French, pre- vented any attack on Oswego, and went far to counteract Braddock's disastrous defeat on the Monongahela. Gen. Johnson received the thanks of parliament for this victory, was voted £5,000, and on 27 Nov., 1755, was created a baronet of Great Britain. It was on his arrival at Lake St. Sacrement on this occasion, and a few days before this battle, that he gave to that lake the name of Lake George, " not only," in his own words, " in honor of his majesty, but to assert his undoubted dominion here." In March, 1756, he was commis- sioned by George II. " colonel, agent, and sole su- perintendent of the affairs of the Six Nations and other northern Indians," with a salary of £600, which was paid by Great Britain. He held this office for the rest of his life. In 1756 and 1757 he was engaged with his Indians in the abortive at- tempts of the British commanders to relieve Oswe- go and Fort William Henry ; and in 1758 he was present with Abercrombie at the repulse of Ticon- deroga. In Gen. Prideaux's expedition against Fort Niagara in 1759, Sir William Johnson was second in command, and on the death of Prideaux by the explosion of a gun before that fort, he suc- ceeded to the command in chief. He continued the siege with great vigor, routed the French force under Aubry that had been sent to its relief, and then summoned the garrison, which surrendered at discretion. In the following year, 1760, he led the Indians in the Canadian expedition of Amherst, and was present at the capitulation of Montreal and the surrender of Canada, which ended forever the French power in America. The king granted to Sir William for his services a tract of 100,000 acres of land north of the Mohawk, which was long known as Kingsland or the Royal Grant. His influence alone prevented the Six Nations as a whole from joining Pontiac in the war of 1763, though he could not prevent some acts of hostility by the Senecas. In 1764 Sir William built "John- son Hall " (which is shown in the accompanying illustration), a large wooden edifice still standing near the village of Johnstown, a few miles north of " Fort Johnson." This village, called after his own name, had already been laid out by him, and the building of stores, an inn, a court-house, and an Episcopal church, all chiefly at his own ex- pense, soon followed. Numerous settlers were brought in, the surrounding country was improved, and in three years Johnstown became a thriving village and in 1772 the shire town of Try on county. Sir William gave great attention to agriculture, and was the first that introduced sheep and blood- horses into the valley of the Mohawk. He lived in the style of an English baron, exercising the most unbounded hospitality. As head of the In- dian department he concluded the great treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768, and his death actually re- sulted from over-exertion in addressing an Indian council on a very warm day. In 1739 he married Catharine Wisenburgh, daughter of a German set- tler on the Mohawk, who died young, leaving him with three children, a son, John, who was knighted in 1765, and two daughters. Anne and Mary, who married respectively Col. Daniel Claus and Col. Guy Johnson. Sir William never married again. He had for some years afterward many mistresses, both Indian and white, and one of his earlier ones, a German, has been the probable cause, from being confounded with his wife, of the erroneous state- ment that has been made that none of his children were legitimate. Mary, or as she is generally called " Molly," Brant, the sister of Thayendanegea, or Joseph Brant, the Mohawk sachem, whom later he took to his house, and with whom he lived hap- pily till his death, has sometimes been termed his wife ; but they were never married. He had eight children by her, whom he provided for by his will, in which he calls them his "natural children." The church under which he was buried was burned in 1836 and rebuilt, but not exactly on the old site. In 1862 the vault was discovered with its top broken in. His remains were removed, the vault repaired, and were then reinterred therein on 7 July, 1862, Bishop Horatio Potter, of New York, officiating. Sir William was the author of a valuable paper en- titled " The Language, Customs, and Manners of the Six Nations," written to Arthur Lee, secretary of the Philosophical society of Philadelphia, and published in their " Transactions " for November, 1772. His voluminous correspondence with the British and the colonial governments, published in the colonial and documentary histories of New York, are extremely well written and absolutely necessary to a correct understanding of the history of New York and of America in general. His life has been written by William L. Stone (2 vols., Al- bany, 1865). — Sir William's son, Sir John, bart., b. in " Mount Johnson," on Mohawk river, 5 Nov., 1742; d. in Montreal, Canada, 4 Jan., 1830, was educated under his father's direction by clergymen JOHNSON JOHNSON 453 of the Dutch church and Church of England, chiefly at Albany and in the city of New York. He was not so popular as his father, being less so- cial and less acquainted with human nature. As a youth he spent some time in England, during which he was knighted by George III. as a compli- ment to his father. Hence both bore titles at the same time. He accompanied his father on several of his expeditions, and saw in his youth consider- able militia service. Soon after the close of the French war he was sent at the head of a body of militia and Indians to arrest Capt. Bull, who had been charged with stirring up war among the In- dian tribes, in which enterprise he was successful. At his father's death, in 1774, he succeeded him in his baronetcy and estates, as well as in his post of major-general of militia, to the latter of which he was appointed in November, 1774. In the spring of 1776, learning that Gen. Philip Schuyler was about to seize his person, he fled with about 300 of his Scotch Tory tenants through the woods into Canada, reaching Montreal only after the severest hardships. He did not, however, as has been charged, violate his parole by this flight, as a letter from Gen. Schuyler to himself, in Peter Force's "Archives," discharging him from his parole proves conclusively. On arriving in Canada he was commissioned colonel, raised two battalions known as the " Queen's royal greens," and in Au- gust, 1777, at their head, under command of Col. Barry St. Leger, took part in the latter's invest- ment of Fort Stanwix, now Rome, N. Y. A de- tachment of his corps took part in the battle of Oriskany, on 6 Aug., 1777, a few miles east of that fort, with Gen. Nicholas Herkimer (q. v.), who was approaching with the design of raising that siege. The siege was afterward resumed, but on the ap- proach of Arnold to the relief of the fort, on 22 Aug., St. Leger and Johnson fled in haste and con- fusion to Canada, and their Indian allies, fearing to meet Arnold, deserted them. In May, 1780, he desolated Cherry valley with fire and tomahawk, and in October of the same year, with Brant and Cornplanter, he made a raid into the Mohawk val- ley. At Fox's Mills they fought Gen. Henry K. Van Rensselaer, both sides retreating by different ways at the close of the action. At the end of the Revolution, Sir John, whose estate had been con- fiscated by the New York act of attainder, retired to Canada, receiving from the crown the appoint- ment of superintendent-general of Indian affairs in British North America. He went to England in 1784, residing during his stay at a country-seat at Twickenham, but returned the following year and made his home in Canada. He was the last pro- vincial grand master of the Masonic order for the colony of New York, and was a member of the provincial council of Canada, but was never gov- ernor of that province as has been stated. He mar- ried, 30 June, 1773, Mary, daughter of John Watts, of New York, of whose loveliness Mrs. Grant, of Laggan, has left us a charming pen-portrait in her " Memoirs of an American Lady " (Albany, 1876). By her he had eight sons and three daughters. His last child, an unmarried daughter, died in London, England, 1 Jan., 1868. Of the sons, seven were in the British army and one served for a time in the British navy. His eldest son, William, a colonel in the British regular army, married Susan, daugh- ter of Col. Stephen de Lancey, of New York. In appearance Sir John was imposing, well propor- tioned, and muscular. His complexion was fair, his eyes dark blue and penetrating. He was par- ticularly fond of children, a characteristic that seems at variance with the shocking cruelties that were perpetrated with his alleged consent by his Indian followers at the Cherry valley massacre. He was succeeded in his title by his son, Sir Adam Gordon, who, dying in 1843 childless, was in turn succeeded in the title by his nephew. Sir William George, the present baronet (1887), who resides at Mount Johnson, near Montreal. — Sir William's nephew, Guy, superintendent of Indian affairs, b. in County Meath, Ireland, in 1740 ; d. in London, England,* 5 March, 1788. Upon the refusal of Sir John Johnson to accept the succession to his father's dignities and offices in connection with the Indians, they were conferred upon his cousin, Guy, who exercised them from Sir William's death and throughout the Revolutionary war, a circumstance which has caused the careers of the two cousins frequently to be confounded. He married his cousin, Mary, a daughter of Sir William, and dur- ing the latter's life was his deputy superintendent of Indian affairs. He served against the French in 1757, and again in 1759, when he commanded a company of rangers under Sir Jeffrey Amherst. He built for his residence a substantial stone man- sion, which is still standing near Amsterdam, N. Y., and known as " Guy park." At the beginning of the public excitement in 1775 the park was abandoned by its owner, who, accompanied by his family and a few faithful Indians, fled by way of Oswego to Montreal, whence he embarked for Eng- land. Returning the following year, he remained several months in New York, during which he was one of the British officers who managed the John street theatre in that city. In 1778 he was with Brant in his raids upon the Mohawk valley. In October, 1779, he was attainted and his estates confiscated by the New York colonial assembly. JOHNSON, William, law-reporter, b. in Middle- town, Conn., about 1770 ; d. in New York city in July, 1848. He was graduated at Yale in 1788, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. From 1806 till 1823 he served as reporter of the supreme court of New York, and from 1814 till 1823 he held the same relation to the New York court of chan- cery. Judge Story says : " No lawyer can ever ex- press a better wish for his country's jurisprudence than that it may possess such a chancellor [Kent] and such a reporter " [Johnson]. Judge Kent dedi- cated his " Commentaries " to him, and Judge William A. Duer wrote in 1857: "Johnson was a man of pure and elevated character, an able lawyer, a classical scholar, a gentleman, and a Christian." He received the degree of LL. D. from Hamilton college in 1819, and from Princeton in 1820. He published a translation of D. A. Azuni's " Sistema Universale dei principii del diritto maritimo dell' Europa " (2 vols., New York, 1806) ; and also issued " New York Supreme Court Reports, 1799- 1803" (3 vols., 1808-12); "New York Chancery Reports, 1814-'23," and "Digest of Cases in the Supreme Court of New York" (2 vols., Albany, 1825 ; 3 vols., Philadelphia, 1838). JOHNSON, William, jurist, b. in Charleston, S. C, 27 Dec, 1771; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 11 Aug., 1834. His father, William Johnson, was of an English family which settled in Holland after the revolution in 1660, assumed the name of Jan- sen, and emigrated to New Amsterdam. By re- suming its English name, on the cession of the colony to the Duke of York, the family lost the benefit of the grant to Jansen, within the limits of which a part of the city of New York is now built. William removed to Charleston, and Gen. Christopher Gadsden said he first set the ball of revolution rolling in South Carolina. He repre- sented the city in the general assembly of the 454 JOHNSON" JOHNSTON state until age obliged him to retire. The son was graduated at Princeton in 1790 with the highest honors of his class, studied law in the office of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and was admitted to the bar in 1793. He was elected to represent Charleston in the legislatures of 1794-'6 and 1796-8, and after his last election was chosen speaker of the house of representatives. At this session the court of common pleas was organ- ized, and William Johnson, Louis Trezevant, and Bphraim Ramsey were made judges. On 6 March, 1804, he was appointed an associate justice of the U. S. supreme court. He was an ardent supporter of the constitutional principles advocated by Thomas Jefferson. In May, 1808, the collector of the port of Charleston, acting under the authority of the embargo act and the instructions of the president of the United States through the secre- tary of the treasury, which prohibited vessels from carrying goods from American ports, refused clear- ances to five ships. The question of the right of the president to give such an order was submitted by consent to Justice Johnson, on a motion for a mandamus to the collector, directing him to issue such clearances. Justice Johnson decided that the order was without warrant in law and ordered the mandamus to issue, and the vessels named were cleared. Mr. Jefferson referred all the proceedings of the circuit court of South Carolina in the man- damus proceedings to Cesar A. Rodney, U. S. at- torney-general, who pi'epared an elaborate discus- sion, attacking the conduct of Justice Johnson, and insisting that the executive department must of necessity be independent of the judicial, and that the decision of the South Carolina court if submitted to would make the latter department subordinate to the former. Justice Johnson replied by a vigorous discussion in the public press. Dur- ing his judicial career he constantly resisted the extension of the admiralty jurisdiction, then being pressed by Mr. Justice Story and some of his asso- ciates upon the bench of the supreme court. When the nullification agitation arose in South Carolina in 1831-'3, Justice Johnson found himself arrayed against the great body of his fellow-citizens. Be- lieving that his judicial position required complete neutrality, he absented himself from the state, and during the summer of 1833 resided in western Pennsylvania. Princeton gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1818. He edited " The Life and Corre- spondence of Major-General Nathanael Greene," with annotations (2 vols., Charleston, 1822). — His brother, Joseph, phvsician, b. in Charleston, S. C, 15 June, 1776 ; d. there, 6 Oct., 1862, was gradu- ated at the Charleston college in 1793, and received his medical degree at the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1797. He began to practise medicine in Charleston, and in 1807 was made president of the Medical society of South Carolina. He was presi- dent of the U. S. branch bank from 1818 till 1825, and mayor of Charleston in 1826. He was an ac- tive leader in the nullification controversy, and an efficient worker in the literary and philosophical societies. For many years he was commissioner of the public schools, was president of the Appren- tices' library association from its establishment in 1826, for more than sixty years a member of the South Carolina society, and for twenty years its pre- siding officer. He published, besides many trea- tises, essays, and orations, " Traditions and Remi- niscences of the Revolution" (Charleston, 1851). JOHNSON, William Bullien, clergyman, b. in Sir John Island, S. C, 13 June, 1782; d. in Green- ville, S. C, 10 Jan., 1862. He was ordained pastor of the Baptist church in Eutaw, officiated at Co- lumbia, S. O, and Savannah. Ga., and in 1822 was principal of a female academy in Greenville. He taught there and at Edgeville and Anderson for many years, but finally returned to Greenville, where he was pastor until his death. He was a member of the Bible revision society, forty years president of the Georgia Baptist convention, and three years president of the General Baptist con- vention of the United States. Brown conferred on him the degree of D. D. in 1833. He contributed largely to current religious literature, published " Infant Baptism Argued from Analogy," " The Church's Argument for Christianity," " Exami- nation of Snodgrass on Apostolic Succession," " Examination of Confirmation Examined." and a " Memoir of Rev. Nathan P. Knapp," and edited " Knapp's Select Sermons." JOHNSTON, Albert Sidney, soldier, b. in Washington, Mason co., Ky., 3 Feb., 1803 ; d. near Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., 6 April, 1862. He was the youngest son of Dr. John Johnston, a country physician, a native of Salisbury, Conn. Albert Sidney was graduated at the U. S. military acad- emy, eighth in his class, in 1826, and was assigned to the 2d infantry, in which he served as adjutant until his resignation, 24 April, 1834. In 1829 he married Henrietta Preston, who died in Au- gust, 1835. During the Black Hawk war in 1832 Lieut. Johnston was chief of staff to Gen. Henry Atkin- son. His journals furnish an original and accu- rate account of that campaign. After his wife's death he was a farmer for a short time near St. Louis, Mo., but in August, 1836, joined the Texas patriots, devoted himself to the service of that state, and by his personal qualities, physical and mental, soon attained notice. He was specially admired for his fine horsemanship, and his feats of daring, one of which was the killing of a puma with his clubbed rifle. He had entered the ranks as a private, but rapidly rose through all the grades to the command of the army. He was not allowed to assume this, however, until he had encountered his competitor, Gen. Felix Huston, in a duel, in which he received a dangerous wound. In 1838 President Mirabeau B. Lamar made him secretary of war, in which office he provided for the defence of the border against Mexican invasion, and in 1839 conducted a campaign against the intruding U. S. Indians in northern Texas, and in two bat- tles, at the Salines of the Neches, expelled them from the country. In 1843 he married Miss Eliza Griffin, and engaged in planting in Brazoria county, Texas ; but when the Mexican war began he joined the army, under Gen. Zachary Taylor, on the Rio Grande." His regiment, the 1st Texas rifles, was soon disbanded, but he continued in service, and was inspector-general of Butler's division at the battle of Monterey. All his superiors recommended him as a brigadier-general, but he was set aside by the president for political reasons, and retired to his farm. Gen. Taylor said he was " the best soldier he ever commanded." Gen. Johnston remained on his plantation in poverty and neglect until, JOHNSTON JOHNSTON 455 without solicitation, he was appointed a paymaster in the U. S. army by President Taylor in 1849. He served as paymaster for more than five years, mak- ing six tours, and travelling more than 4,000 miles annually on the Indian frontier of Texas. In 1855 President Pierce appointed him colonel of the 2d (now 5th) cavalry, a new regiment, which he or- ganized. Robert E. Lee was lieutenant-colonel, and George H. Thomas and William J. Hardee were the majors. Gen. Scott called Gen. Johnston's appointment "a god-send to the army and the country." He remained in command of his regi- ment and the Department of Texas until ordered, in 1857, to the command of the expedition to re- store order among the Mormons in Utah, who were in open revolt against the National govern- ment. In his conduct of affairs there he won great reputation for energy and wisdom. By a forced march of 920 miles in twenty-seven days, over bad roads, he reached his little army of 1,100 men, to find it lost in the defiles of the Rocky mountains, with the snow a foot deep and the thermometer 16° below zero, their supplies cut off by the hostile Mormons, their starving teams their sole food, and sage-brush their only fuel. By an extraordinary display of vigor and prudence he got the army safely into winter-quarters, and be- fore spring had virtually put an end to the rebel- lion without actual collision, solely by the exercise of moral force. Col. Johnston was brevetted brigadier-general, and was retained in command in Utah until 29 Feb., 1860. He spent 1860 in Ken- tucky until 21 Dec, when he sailed for California, to take command of the Department of the Pacific. Gen. Johnston witnessed the culmination of "the irrepressible conflict " in secession, and the pros- pect of war, with unalloyed grief. He was a Union man from both principle and interest, and the highest posts in the United States army were within easy reach of his ambition. He believed the south had a grievance, but did not believe se- cession was the remedy. Still, his heart was with his state, and he resigned his commission, 9 April, 1861, as soon as he heard of the secession of Texas. Regarding his command as a sacred trust, he con- cealed his resignation until he could be relieved. He remained in California until June. After a rapid march through the deserts of Arizona and Texas, he reached Richmond about 1 Sept., and was appointed at once to the command of all the country west of the Atlantic states and north of the Gulf states. When he arrived at Nashville, 14 Sept., 1861, he found only 21,000 available troops east of the Mississippi. Gen. Leonidas Polk had 11,000 at Columbus, Ky., Gen. Felix K. Zollicoffer had about 4,000 raw levies at Cumber- land gap, and there were 4,000 armed men in camps of instruction in middle Tennessee. Ten- nessee was open to an advance by the National forces, and, for both military and political reasons, Gen. Johnston resolved on a bold course, and oc- cupied Bowling Green, Ky., with his 4,000 avail- able troops, under Gen. Simon B. Buckner. This place he strongly fortified, and vainly appealed to the Confederate government and state govern- ments for troops and arms. He was enabled to hold the National army in check until January, 1862, during which time a single engagement of note occurred, the battle of Belmont, in which Gen. Grant suffered a reverse by the Confederates under Gens. Polk and Pillow. On 19 Jan., Gen. Critten- den, commanding the small army defending east Tennessee, contrary to his instructions, attacked the National forces, under Gen. George H. Thomas, at Fishing creek. His repulse was converted into a route, and Johnston's right flank was thus turned. Gen. Johnston wrote to his government : " To suppose, with the facilities of movement by water which the well-filled rivers of the Ohio, Cumber- land, and Tennessee give for active operations, that they [the National forces] will suspend them in Tennessee and Kentucky during the winter months, is a delusion. All the resources of the Confederacy are now needed for the defence of Tennessee." As he had to take the risk somewhere, and these were positions less immediately vital than Bowling Green and Columbus, he took it there. On 6 Feb., 1862, Gen. Grant and Flag-Officer Andrew H. Foote moved upon Fort Henry on the Tennessee, and, after a few hours' fighting, the fort was surren- dered. The Confederate troops, about 4.000, re- tired to Fort Donelson. The Tennessee river was now open for the National navy and armies to Gen. Johnston's left flank and rear, and he began a retreat, intending to cover Nashville and the line of the Cumberland if possible, and if not, then to fall back behind the line of the Tennessee. He de- termined to defend Nashville at Donelson, and placed 17,000 troops there under Gens. Floyd, Pillow, and Buckner, to meet Grant's impending attack. For himself he reserved the more difficult task of covering Nashville. He was cheered on the arrival of the rear of his army at Nashville on 15 Feb. by a telegram from his generals at Donel- son announcing a brilliant victory, but before daylight next morning he was informed that the fort would be surrendered. (See Grant, Ulysses S.) Amid the utmost popular demoralization and rage, a blind fury directed against himself, Gen. Johnston preserved his equanimity and fell back to Murfreesboro, where he reorganized his troops. He had given Gen. Beauregard the command of west Tennessee when Fort Henry fell, with large discretionary power, and had advised him of his plan to unite their forces when possible. He now sent his stores and munitions by the railroad, and marched to Decatur, Ala., and thence moved by rail to Corinth, Miss. This was the key of the de- fence of the railroad system in the Mississippi valley, and the Confederate government re-enforced him "with Bragg's army from Pensacola, 10,000 strong, and 5,000 men from Louisiana, so that on 24 March he had concentrated 50,000 men at Corinth, 40,000 of whom were effectives. It was Gen. Johnston's purpose to attack Grant's forces in de- tail. He was delayed some time reorganizing Beauregard's forces, but held himself ready to attack as soon as he should hear of Buell's ap- proach. This intelligence reached him late at night on 2 April, and he began his march next day, hoping to assail Grant unprepared. Heavy rains delayed the march of his troops over twenty miles of bad roads, through a wooded and unknown country, so that, instead of being in position to at- tack on Friday afternoon, a full day was lost, and his troops were not up until the afternoon of the 5th. Then, in an informal council of war, his second in command, Gen. Beauregard, strenuously protested against an attack, and urged a retreat to Corinth. Gen. Johnston listened, and replied: " Gentlemen, we will attack at daylight." Turn- ing to his staff officer, he said : " I would fight them if they were a million." Gen. Beauregard twice renewed his protests, but Gen. Johnston, on Sunday morning, as he was mounting his horse to ride forward, gave this final reply : " The battle has opened. It is now too late to change our dis- positions." Gen. Johnston said to a soldier friend early in the battle : " We must this day conquer or perish " ; and to all about him : " To-night we will 456 JOHNSTON JOHNSTON water our horses in the Tennessee river." His plan was to mass his force against the National left, turn it, and crowd it into the angle of Snake creek and the Tennessee river, where it must surrender, and as long as he lived the battle was fought ex- actly as he planned. The struggle began before dawn on Sunday, 6 April. The Confederates at- tacked in three lines of battle under Gens. Hardee, Bragg, Polk, and Breckinridge. The National army was surprised, and Prentiss's division was broken and driven back. It rallied on its supports, and a tremendous conflict ensued. The struggle lasted all day, and at half-past two o'clock, in leading the final charge, which crushed the left wing of the National army, Gen. Johnston received a mortal wound. His death was concealed, and his body borne from the field. (For the subsequent con- duct of this battle, see articles Beauregard and Grant.) Gen. Johnston's body was first carried to New Orleans, and was finally buried at Austin, Tex. See his life, by his son (New York, 1878).— His son, William Preston, educator, b. in Louisville, Ky., 5 Jan., 1831, was graduated at Yale in 1852. He became a colonel in the Confederate array at the beginning of the civil war, and served on the staff of Jefferson Davis. After the war he was a pro- fessor in Washington and Lee university till No- vember, 1880, when he became president of the Louisiana state university. On the foundation of Tulane university in New Orleans in 1884, he be- came its first president. Besides fugitive pieces and addresses, he has published a " Life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston" (New York, 1878).— Albert Sidney's half-brother, Josiah Stoddard, b. in Salisbury, Conn., 24 Nov., 1784 ; d. on Red river, La., 19 May, 1833. He was taken by his father to Washington, Mason co., Ky., in 1788, and when he was twelve years old was sent to New Haven, Conn., to school. He was graduated at Transylvania university in 1805, studied law in the office of George Nicholas, and .he emigrated to the territory of Louis- iana, then late- ly acquired from the French, set- tling at Alexan- dria, Rapides par- ish, a frontier vil- lage. He won rapid success at the bar, was elected to the territorial legislature, and remained a member until Louisiana became a state in 1852. He held the post of dis- trict judge from 1812 till 1821, and also raised a regiment of volunteers late in the war with Great Britain, but it saw no active service. In 1820 he was elected to congress as a Clay Democrat, and in 1823 to the U. S. senate, to fill a vacancy. He was re-elected in 1825, and in 1831 was again chosen by a legislature that was politically opposed to him. He was killed by the explosion of the steamboat " Lion " on Red river. In the senate he was chair- man of the committee on commerce, and a member of the committee on finance. He gave an independ- ent support to the administration of John Quincy Adams, and was on terms of intimacy with Gen. Winfield Scott, but his closest personal and political association was with Henry Clay, for whom he acted as second in the duel with John Randolph. He fcA y. x/erlrr^o ^"— opposed nullification, and favored a closely guarded protective tariff. His study of constitutional and international law was close, and he strenuously advocated a mitigation of the laws of maritime war, and that the neutral flag should protect the goods on board, without regard to ownership, and that contraband of war should be limited to the fewest articles possible. He was the author of an able report on the British colonial trade question, and of several pamphlets, including one on the effect of the repeal of the duty on sugar. — Albert Sidney's nephew, Josiah Stoddard, journalist, son of John Harris Johnston, b. in Rapides parish, La., 10 Feb., 1833, became an orphan early, and was brought up in Kentucky. He was graduated at Yale in 1853, and was a planter in Louisiana before the civil war. During the war he served on the staffs of Gen. Braxton Bragg and Gen. Simon B. Buekner, and as chief of staff to Gen. John C. Breckinridge, and shared in over twenty battles. He was with the party that escorted Jefferson Davis in his flight from Richmond, Va., to Char- lotte, N. C. After the war he was editor of the " Kentucky Yeoman," at Frankfort, Ky., for nearly twenty years. During the most of this time he has also been secretary or chairman of the Demo- cratic state central committee, and has been noted for the moderation and tact of his party rulings. He was adjutant-general of Kentucky in 1870-'l, and held the office of secretary of state for the commonwealth for nearly ten years. In 1870 he be- came president of the Kentucky press association. JOHNSTON, Alexander, author, b. in Brook- lyn, N. Y., 29 April, 1849. He was graduated at Rutgers in 1870. After studying law in New Brunswick, N. J., he was admitted to the bar in 1876, and taught in Rutgers college grammar- school till 1879, when he became principal of the Norwalk Latin-school. Since 1883 he has been professor of jurisprudence and political economy in Princeton. Rutgers gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1886. He has published " History of American Politics " (New York, 1879) ; " The Gene- sis of a New England State," Connecticut (Johns Hopkins University Series, 1884) ; " Representa- tive American Orations, with an Outline of Ameri- can Political History " (1885) ; " History of the United States for Schools " (1886) ; " History of Connecticut " (" American Commonwealth" Series, Boston, 1887); and articles on the United States in a supplement to the '■ Encyclopaedia Britannica." JOHNSTON, Amos Randall, jurist, b. in Maury county, Tenn., 28 Sept., 1810 : d. in Cin- cinnati, Ohio, 25 June, 1879. He began life in the town of Henry, Tenn., as a printer, afterward es- tablished a newspaper with Gen. Felix R. Zollicof- fer, and at an early age became known as a politi- cal writer. Removing to Mississippi in 1830, he settled in Clinton, represented Hinds county in the legislature as a Whig in 1836, and was county-clerk from 1837 till his election as probate judge in 1845. In 1851 he was Union delegate to the State consti- tutional convention, to determine the course of Mississippi regarding the compromise measures of 1850. He opposed secession, and canvassed the state in favor of the preservation of the Union in 1859-60, and declined the nomination of his party to congress and to the governorship. He took no active part in the civil war, but was engaged in the practice of his profession. In 1865 he was a member of the convention that repealed the ordi- nance of secession, and in 1875 served in the state senate as a conservative Democrat. JOHNSTON, Christopher, physician, b. in Baltimore, Md., 27 Sept., 1822. He studied at St. JOHNSTON JOHNSTON 457 Mary's college, Cincinnati, St. Mary's college, Baltimore, and at the medical department of the University of Maryland, where he was graduated in 1844. He then settled in Baltimore, giving special attention to microscopy, histology, and pathology, in 1858 became lecturer on micro- scopic anatomy in the Baltimore college of den- tal surgery, in 1864 professor of anatomy and physiology in the University of Maryland, in 1866 was professor of general, descriptive, and surgical anatomy, and in 1870 filled the chair of surgery, becoming professor emeritus in 1880. His facility as an artist enabled him to illustrate his lectures with water-colors and descriptive drawings. He is a member of many scientific and professional societies, and has been president of the Medical and chirurgical faculty of Maryland, of the Balti- more medical association, and of the Clinical so- ciety of Baltimore. He is now (1887) president of the Maryland academy of science, and a constant contributor to professional literature. JOHNSTON, David Claypoole, artist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in March, 1797 ; d. in Dorches- ter, Mass., 8 Nov., 1865. Hb studied engraving with Francis Kearney, of Philadelphia, and be- came an engraver of original caricatures, which found ready sale ; but the originals were so readily recognized that they became loud in their com- plaints and threats, and the print- and book-sellers, fearing libel suits, declined to invest their money in his prints, or to expose them for sale. Johnston then adopted the stage, appearing for the first time at the Walnut street theatre on 10 March, 1821, as Henry in " Speed the Plow." In 1825 he went to Boston and entered on an engagement at the Boston theatre. At the close of the first season he retired from the stage and set up an engraver's office in that city. In 1830 he began the publica- tion of " Scraps," an annual of five plates, each containing nine or ten separate humorous sketches. His work brought him both fame and money. JOHNSTON, Gabriel, governor of North Caro- lina, b. in Scotland in 1699 ; d. in Chowan county, N. C., in August, 1752. He was educated at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, and studied medicine, but is supposed not to have practised. For several years he was professor of oriental lan- guages at St. Andrews. Removing to London, he became distinguished as a man of letters and lib- eral views, and was engaged with Lord Henry Bo- lingbroke in writing for the " Craftsman," a politi- cal and literary magazine. Emigrating to the United States about 1730 and settling in North Carolina, through the influence of the Earl of Wil- mington he was appointed governor of that colony. His administration was successful, the province greatly increasing in wealth, population, and gen- eral prosperity under his l'ule, which continued from his appointment till his death. — His nephew, Samuel, senator, b. in Dundee, Scotland, 15 Dec, 1733 ; d. near Edenton, N. C, 18 Aug., 1816, came to this country in 1736 with his father, John, who settled in North Carolina, and acquired large es- tates there. Samuel was educated for the bar, and in 1767-'72 was clerk of the superior court of Chowan county, N. C, and at the same time a naval officer under the crown. He soon became known as a politician and lawyer, was an ardent patriot, a member of the assembly in 1769, where, he was placed on its standing committee of inquiry and correspondence, an active member of the first two Provincial congresses, and presided over the third and fourth. In August, 1775, he was elected chair- man of the provincial council, and virtually be- came governor of the state. He was chosen treas- urer of the northern district of North Carolina in September of that year, was a member of the Con- tinental congress of 1781-'2, and in 1788 elected governor of the state, presiding over the conven- tion that failed to ratify the Federal constitution, which he supported with all his influence. In the following year he also presided over the conven- tion that adopted the constitution. In 1789-93 he was a member of the U. S. senate, as a Federal- ist, and in February, 1800, was appointed judge of the superior court, resigning in 1803. JOHNSTON, Harriet Lane, b. in Mercersburg, Pa., in 1833. She is the daughter of Elliott T. Lane and his wife, June Buchanan, who, dying, left her to the care of her maternal uncle, James Buchanan. She was educated at the Ro- man Catholic con- vent, in Georgetown, D. O, and, on the appointment of Mr. Buchanan to the English mission in 1853, accompanied him to London, where she dispensed the hospitalities of the embassy. Dur- ing his term as pres- ident she was mis- £s\ of a new judicial circuit, and resided there till his death. He married Mary Wood, a niece of Patrick Henry. — His son, Joseph Eggleston, soldier, b. in Longwood, near Farmville, Va., 3 Feb., 1809, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1829 in the same class with Robert E. Lee, and was commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 4th ar- tillery. He served in garrison at Fort Columbus, X. Y., in 1830-1, at Fort Monroe, Va,, in 1831-2, was in the Black Hawk expedition in 1832, in gar- rison at Charleston, S. C, in 1832-'3, at Fort Monroe in 1833-'4, at Fort Mad- ison, X. C, in 1834, and on topographi- cal duty in 1834-'o. He was made 1st lieutenant, 4th artil- lery, 31 July, 1836, aide-de-camp to Gen. Winfield Scott in the Seminole war in 1836-'8, and resigned on 31 May, 1837. He was a civil engineer in 1837-'8, and was appointed 1st lieu- tenant in the corps of topographical engineers, 7 July, 1838, and brevetted captain for gallantry in the war with the Florida Indians. On one oc- casion, having been sent under the escort of a party of infantry and sailors to make a survey or reconnoissance of a region around a lake, and hav- ing crossed the lake in boats, the party fell into an ambuscade, and nearly all its officers were killed or disabled at the first fire. The men were thrown into confusion, but Lieut. Johnston took command, subdued what was fast becoming a panic, and conducted the retreat for seven miles. A ball struck him above the forehead, and ranged backward, grazing the skull the whole distance The troops repelled the enemy, and carried off their wounded in safety to the boats. The uniform worn by Lieut. Johnston on this occasion was long preserved by a friend as a curiosity, being perfo- rated by thirty bullets. He was in charge of the Black river improvement, Xew York, in 1838-9, of the Sault Ste. Marie in 1840, the boundary be- tween Texas and the United States in 1841, the harbors on Lake Erie in 1841, and the topographi- cal bureau at Washington in 1841-2. He served in the Florida war of 1842-'3, and as acting assist- ant adjutant-general in 1842-3, on the survey of the boundary between the United States and* the British provinces in 1843-4, on the coast survey in 1844-'6, and became captain in the corps of topo- graphical engineers, 21 Sept., 1846. In the war with Mexico he participated in the siege of Vera Cruz and the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churu- busco, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and the as- sault on the city of Mexico, and was brevetted ma- jor, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel, 12 April, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct on reconnoi- tring duty at Cerro Gordo. He was severely wounded at Cerro Gordo, and again at Chapulte- pec, 13 Sept., 1847, where he led a detachment of the storming party, and Gen. Scott reported that he was the first to plant a regimental color on the ramparts of the fortress. He was mustered out as lieutenant-colonel of volunteers, 28 Aug., 1848, but was reinstated by act of congress with his original rank as captain of topographical engineers, to date from 21 Sept., 1846. He served as chief of topo- graphical engineers of the Department of Texas in JOHNSTON JOHNSTON 459 1852-'3, was in charge of western river improve- ments in 1853-'5, and was acting inspector-general on the Utah expedition of 1858. On 28 June, 1860, he was commissioned quartermaster-general of the U. S. army, which post he resigned on 22 April. 1861. to enter the Confederate service. He was commissioned major-general of volun- teers in the Army of Virginia, and with Gen. Robert E. Lee organized the volunteers of that state, who were pouring into Richmond. On being summoned to Montgomery, the capital of the Con- federate states, he was appointed one of the four brigadier-generals then commissioned, and was assigned to the command of Harper's Ferry. Gen. Robert Patterson, at the head of a National force, was then approaching from the north of the Po- tomac, and Gen. Johnston withdrew from the cul- de-sac at Harper's Ferry and took position at Winchester with his army, which was called the Army of the Shenandoah. 'When Gen. Beaure- gard was attacked at Manassas by the National army under Gen. McDowell, 18 July, 1861, John- ston, covering his movement with Stuart's cavalry, left Patterson in the valley and rapidly marched to the assistance of Beauregard. On reaching the field he left Beauregard, whom he ranked, in tac- tical command of the field, and assumed re- sponsibility and charge of the battle then about to be fought. (See Beauregard.) Gen. Johnston remained in command of the consolidated forces until the spring of 1862. when, finding McClellan about to advance, he withdrew to the Rappahan- nock, whence he moved to meet McClellan. He was wounded at Seven Pines, 31 May, 1862, and incapacitated for duty until the following autumn. On 16 May, 1861, the brigadier-generals Johnston, Cooper, and Lee were created generals by act of the Confederate congress in the order named. On 31 Aug., 1861, Johnston was appointed one of the five full generals authorized by this act, who were commissioned in the following order : Samuel Cooper, Albert Sidney Johnston, Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, and G. T. Beauregard. This assignment of rank was directly contrary to the act of the Confederate congress, which re- cpiired that when officers resigned from the U. S. army the rank of such officers, when commissioned in the army of the Confederate states, should be determined by then former commissions in the IT. S. army. The order of rank thus established by law was Joseph E. Johnston, brigadier-general ; Samuel Cooper, colonel ; Albert S. Johnston, colonel : Rob- ert E. Lee, lieutenant-colonel ; Pierre G. T. Beau- regard, captain. Gen. Johnston protested against this illegal action, and his protest is believed to have been the beginning and cause of Mr. Davis's hostility, which was exhibited throughout the war. When Gen. Johnston was ordered to the peninsula to oppose McClellan, he asked to be re-enforced with the troops from the sea-coast, to enable him to crush McClellan ; but this was not done. On 24 March, 1863, he was assigned to the command of the southwest, including the troops of Gens. Bragg. Kirby Smith, and Pemberton. He at once ad- dressed a letter to the secretary of war, Mr. Ran- dolph, and urged that Gen. Holmes's army, 55.000 strong, then at Little Rock, should be ordered to him, to enable him to defeat Grant. Sec. Ran- dolph had actually issued such an order before Johnston's communication was received, but Mr. Davis countermanded it, and Randolph resigned. In May. 1863, Gen. Grant crossed the Mississippi to attack Yicksburg in the rear, and Gen. Johnston was ordered to take command of all the Confeder- ate forces in Mississippi. Going there at once, he endeavored to withdraw Pemberton from Vieks- burg and re-enforce him from Bragg's army, but failed by reason of Pemberton's disobedience of or- ders, and Yicksburg was taken by Grant. On 18 Dec, 1863, he was transferred to the command of the Army of Tennessee, with headquarters at Dal- ton, Ga. During the winter of 1863-'4 he was oc- cupied in restoring and reorganizing this force, which had been broken bv the defeat of Mission- ary Ridge, By May, 1864, he had collected 43,000 men of all arms (exclusive of officers, musicians, teamsters, etc.), and a week later he was re-en- forced by Gen. Polk's corps. (For an account of the campaign that followed. Johnston's army slowly retreating toward Atlanta, followed closely by Sherman's, see Shermax, William Tecumseh.) On IT July, 1864, the Richmond authorities, dis- satisfied with Johnston's movements, relieved him of the command, and directed him to turn it over to Gen. John B. Hood. On 23 Feb., 1865, Gen. Johnston was ordered by Gen. Lee, then commander-in-chief of all the ar- mies of the Confederate states, to assume com- mand of the Army of Tennessee, and all troops in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. " to concen- trate all available forces and drive back Sherman." The available forces were 5,000 men of the Army of Tennessee, near Charlotte, N. C, and 11,000 scattered from Charleston through South Carolina, Sherman had 60,000 men. An inspection of the railroad depots in North Carolina showed that there were then collected in them four and one half months' provisions for 60,000 men ; but these Johnston was ordered not to touch, as they were for the use of Lee's army, so that the difficulty of collecting provisions was added to the other diffi- culties of his position. Gen. Johnston urged Gen. Lee to withdraw from Richmond, unite with him, and beat Sherman before Grant could join him ; but Lee replied that it was impossible for him to leave Virginia. Collecting such troops as could be got together, Johnston threw himself before Sher- man, and on 19-21 March attacked the head of his column at Bentonville, south of Goldsboro, and captured four pieces of artillery and 900 prison- ers. Then Johnston retired before Sherman to Raleigh, and thence toward Greensboro. In the mean time Richmond had been evacuated, and on 9 April, Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Grant. Johnston thereupon assumed the responsibility of advising Mr. Davis, whom he found at Greensboro, that, the war having been decided against them, it was their duty to end it, arguing that further continuation of war would be murder. Mr. Davis agreed that he should make terms with Sherman, and, on 18 April, 1865, Johnston and Sherman entered into a military convention, by which it was stipulated that the Confederate armies should be disbanded and con- ducted to their state capitals, to deposit their arms and public property in the state arsenals; the soldiers to execute an agreement to abstain from acts of war, and to abide the action of the state and National authorities ; that the several state governments should be recognized by the executive of the United States upon their officers and legis- latures taking the oath prescribed by the constitu- tion of the United States ; the people and inhabi- tants of the states to be guaranteed all their rights under the Federal and state constitutions; gen- eral amnesty for all acts in the late war ; war to cease and peace to be restored. This agreement was rejected by the National government, and, on 26 April, Gens. Johnston and Sherman signed another, surrendering the Confederate army on 460 JOHNSTON JOHNSTONE the terms of the agreement between Grant and Lee. After the war Gen. Johnston was president of a railroad in Arkansas, president of the Na- tional express company in Virginia, agent for the London, Liverpool, and Globe insurance company, and for the New York life insurance company in Savannah, Ga. In 1877 he was elected to repre- sent the Richmond district of Virginia in con- gress. He is now (1887) commissioner of railroads of the United States, appointed by President Cleveland. The difference of opinion as to the strategy and policy of the war between Mr. Davis and Gen. Johnston exhibited itself at an early date, and from it may be deduced many of the disasters that befell the Confederate arms and the final fall of the Confederate states. Mr. Davis was con- vinced that the whole territory of the seceded states ought to be protected from invasion by the National forces. Hence the sea-coast was fortified and garrisoned as far as possible, and lines along the frontier were held. Gen. Johnston, . on the other hand, was fixed in the opinion, and persistent in urging it, that there should be no defence of positions or of lines; that if any part of the coun- try was given up to invasion by withdrawal of troops provided for its defence, so as to re-enforce armies in the field, the destruction or repulse of the invading army would recover the terri- tory so abandoned. Early in the war Gen. John- ston advised the concentration of his Army of the Shenandoah with Beauregard's Army of the Poto- mac, for the purpose of fighting McDowell. This was attempted when it was too late, and only part of Johnston's army was engaged in the first battle of Bull Run. When McClellan transferred his operations to the peninsula, Johnston insisted on abandoning Yorktown so as to draw McClellan further into the interior, re-enforcing the Confed- erates with the troops from the sea-coast of Geor- gia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, thus giving him an equality, if not a preponderance, of force over McClellan ; but Mr. Davis refused to do this, although it was partly done after Johnston was wounded at Seven Pines. When Grant's army was scattered from Mississippi to Memphis, Johnston argued that Gen. Bragg should be re-en- forced from South Carolina, Georgia, and Mobile, and fall upon Grant and beat him in detachments. And he opposed Bragg's march into Kentucky as leading to no decisive result. Gen. Johnston was wounded in the Indian war in Florida, in the Mexican war, and in the civil war — ten times in all. Early in life he married Lydia McLane, daughter of Louis McLane (q. v.). She died in 1886 without issue. He has published a " Narrative of Military Operations directed during the Late War between the States " (New York, 1874). — Peter's grandson. John Warfield, senator, b. in Abingdon, Va., 9 Sept., 1818, was educated at the College of South Carolina, studied law at the University of Virginia, and practised until 1839, when he became judge of the 10th judicial district of Virginia. He was state senator in 1847-8, and president of the Northwest- ern bank at Jeffersonville in 1850-'9. He was elected in 1870 to the U. S. senate as a Conserva- tive, and by re-elections served till 1883. JOHNSTON, Richard Malcolm, author, b. in Hancock county, Ga., 8 March, 1822. He was graduated at Mercer university, Ga., in 1841, and, after teaching a year, was admitted to the bar of the northern circuit of the state, declining a judge- ship in 1857 to accept the chair of literature in the University of Georgia, where he remained till the beginning of the civil war. Retiring to his coun- try home near Sparta, Ga., he then opened a board- ing-school for boys, which in 1867 he removed to Baltimore county, Md., where he still (1887) resides. His first stories, a series of character sketches of the rural districts of Georgia, written after the war, were published under the title of " Dukesborough Tales " in the old " Southern Magazine," and af- terward collected in book-form (New York, 1883). His other writings, besides constant contributions to magazines, are " A History of English Litera- ture," in conjunction with William Hand Brown (Baltimore, 1879) ; " Biography of Alexander H. Stephens " (Philadelphia, 1883) : " Old Mark Lang- ston" (1884); and "Two Gray Tourists" (1885); and a collection of his stories (1887). JOHNSTON, Samuel, inventor, b. in Shelby, Orleans co., N. Y., 9 Feb., 1835. His father was a farmer and a weaver of fine linens ; his mother was also a weaver. At the age of twenty he invented a corn- and bean-planter and a bean-harvester. The most successful machines now in use in this line are built in many respects like those first made by him. In 1856 he applied his first self-rake to the Ketchum reaper ; its success attracted wide atten- tion, and its manufacture was begun in Buffalo, N. Y, in 1858. In 1864 Mr. Johnston established a factory at Syracuse, N. Y., and in 1868 bought one at Brockport, N. Y., and organized the John- ston harvester company. In 1875 he resigned from active interest in the company, and since that time his business has been confined to invent- ing. The Johnston self -rake caused a revolution in the harvesting of grain throughout the world. In 1879 ninety-five per cent, of all the reapers made used the inventions of Mr. Johnston. He has just completed (1887) a new self-rake binder. JOHNSTON, William Freame, governor of Pennsylvania, b. in Greensburg, Westmoreland co.. Pa., 29 Nov., 1808 ; d. in Pittsburg, Pa., 25 Oct., 1872. He was admitted to the bar in 1829, and, removing to Armstrong county, became district attorney. He also represented his county several terms in the legislature, and originated the bill to issue relief-notes. In 1847 he was elected state senator and president of that body. On the resig- nation of Francis R. Shunk in July following, he became governor of Pennsylvania, and in October, 1849, was elected for the full term. As an anti- slavery Whig, he took strong grounds against the fugitive-slave law. On retiring from office in 1852, he became president of the Alleghany Valley rail- road. During the civil war he took an active part in organizing troops, as chairman of the executive committee of public safety, superintended the con- struction of the defences at Pittsburg, and, in con- nection with John Harper, became financially re- sponsible for a large amount of ammunition that was sent to West Virginia. He was appointed col- lector of the port of Philadelphia by President Johnson, but was not confirmed. JOHNSTONE, George, British diplomatist, b. in Dumfries, Scotland ; d. 8. Jan., 1787. He was the third son of Sir James Johnstone, bart., of Wester- hall, Dumfriesshire, entered the navy, was made master and commander in 1760, post-captain in 1762, and in 1763 became governor of West Flori- da. After his return to England he represented Cockermouth and Appleby in parliament. In 1778 he was a commissioner sent with Lord Carlisle to the United States to treat with congress. In 1779 he made a violent attack on Lord Howe for his conduct of the American war. He gained much public notice by his zeal in the affairs of the East India company, and by his violent attacks on Lord Clive. He was the author of " Thoughts on Our Acquisitions in the East" (1777). JOHNSTONE JONES 461 JOHNSTONE, Job, jurist, b. in Fairfield county. S. C. 7 June. 1793; d. in Newberry, S. C, 15 April, 1862. He was graduated at South Caro- lina college in 1810, studied medicine, and was licensed to practise ; but, abandoning that profes- sion for law, was admitted to the bar in 1818, and entered into partnership with John B. O'Neal in Newberry, S. C. He was clerk of the state senate in 1826-30, and at the latter date was elected chancellor, his colleague being Henry W. De Saus- sure. Mr. Johnstone did much to reform the then imperfect practice of the court in South Carolina. and it was said that during the twenty-one years of his administration no suitor ever lost either his rights or his estate through the mal-administration of the chancellor. He held office till 1859, when he became associate justice of the court of appeals. His decisions are in Hill's " Chancery Reports," Strobhart's " Equity," Cheves's " Equity," and McCord's " Chancery Reports." JOHONNOT, James, educator, b. in Bethel, Vt., 3 March, 1823. He completed his education in 1848 in the State normal-school at Albany, N. Y. In 1850 he began to teach, and from 1861 till 1866 he had charge of the schools at Joliet, 111., and in 1872— '5 was president of the State normal school at Warrensburg, Mo. He was a mem- ber of the institute faculty of New York state for many years preceding. He is the author of " Prin- ciples and Practice of Teaching " (New York, 1878): " A Geographical Reader " (1882) ; " Glimpses of the Animate World " (1883) ; " Book of Cats and Dogs and Other Friends " (1884) ; " How We Live " (1884); "Friends in Feathers and Fur" (1885); " The Sentence and Word Book " (1885) ; " Some Curious Flyers, Creepers, and Swimmers " (1,887) ; and historical series of reading-books (7 vols., 1887). JOLLIET, or JOLIET. Louis, discoverer, b. in Quebec, 21 Sept., 1645 ; d. in Canada in May, 1700. He was educated in the Jesuit college of Quebec, and received minor orders in 1662, but in 1667 abandoned his intention of becoming a priest, and went to the west for a time. In 1672, Talon, the intendant, and Frontenac, the governor, of New France, determined to make an effort to discover the Mississippi, which was then supposed to empty into the Sea of California. By the advice of Talon, Frontenac charged Jolliet with this enterprise, as being, he said, " a man very experienced in these kinds of discoveries, and who had been already very near this river." All the aid the provincial govern- ment could afford consisted of a single assistant and a bark canoe. To obtain further assistance in his project he went to a Jesuit mission, and there met Father James Marquette, who had long been desirous of visiting the coimtry of the Illinois. In concert with Marquette and five other Frenchmen, Jolliet arrived in Mackinaw, 8 Dec, 1672. The sav- ages at this port supplied. them with information that enabled them to draw a map of their proposed route, which was afterward revised by Marquette, and in this form was published in Shea's " Discov- ery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley " (New York, 1852). With the aid of this map the explorers descended Wisconsin and Illinois rivers and entered the Mississippi, 17 June, 1673. On the 25th they visited the first Illinois village, and they then descended the river until they came to a vil- lage of the Arkansas Indians in 33° 40' north lati- tude. They set out on their return for the colony on 17 July, having ascertained beyond a doubt that the Mississippi empties into the Gulf of Mexico. Making their way northward against strong cur- rents, they reached the mission of St. Francis Xavier on Lac des Puants (Lake Winnipeg) toward the end of September. Here Jolliet spent the win- ter, and in the spring of 1674 he returned to Que- bec after losing his valuable maps and papers by the upsetting of his canoe in Lachine rapids. He at once made the governor of the colony and Father Dalton, superior-general of the Jesuits of Canada, fully acquainted with the discoveries that he had made, drawing a map from memory, which is now in the Archives de la marine, Paris. After his re- turn to Quebec, Jolliet married Clara Francis Bis- sot. He tried to urge the French government to cultivate the rich lands of the Mississippi valley and develop its mineral resources, but his plan for colonizing the territory he had discovered was for the time rejected. About 1680 he was granted the island of Anticosti. and built a fort there, but it was destroyed by the English in 1690, and his wile taken prisoner. Jolliet afterward explored Labra- dor, and was appointed royal hydrographer in 1693. On 30 April, 1697, he was granted the seigniory of Joliet. south of Quebec, which is still in possession of his descendants. The question as to whether the honor of first exploring the Mississipjri belongs to Marquette, Jolliet, or La Salle (q. v.) has long been a subject of controversy. See " Memoire de Nicolas Perrot," vol. iii. of the " Bibliotheca Ameri- cana " (Paris and Leipsic, 1864); Parkman's "La Salle " (1869) ; Pierre Margry's " Memoires et docu- ments," which supports the claim of La Salle (6 vols., Paris, 1876-'86) ; John G. Shea's " Bursting of Pierre Margry's La Salle Bubble " (New York, 1879) ; and Winsor's " Narrative and Critical His- tory of America " (Boston, 1884-'7), which contains a bibliography of the subject. JOLT, Henry Gustave, Canadian statesman, b. in France, 5 Dec., 1829. He was educated at Paris, and was called to the bar of Lower Canada in March, 1855. He represented Lotbiniere in the Canada assembly from 1861 till the union, when he was elected by acclamation for both the Domin- ion parliament and the Quebec legislature. He continued to sit in both houses until 1874, when he retired from parliament and confined himself en- tirely to the provincial legislature. He was re- elected for Lotbiniere in the latter in 1875, 1878, and in 1881. He declined a senatorship in 1874 and again in 1877, and a portfolio in the Dominion cabinet as minister of agriculture in the latter year. On the dismissal of the De Boucherville cabinet by Lieut.-Gov. Letellier de St. Just, in March, 1878, Mr. Joly was called upon to form a new ministry, which he accomplished, assuming, as premier, the portfolio of public works. He resigned with his colleagues, 30 Oct., 1879, and was leader of the op- position from 1879 till 1883. He is president of the reform association of the national party of Quebec, and of the Quebec and Gosforford railway. JONAS, Benjamin Franklin, senator, b. in Williamstown, Grant co., Ky., 19 July, 1834. He removed with his father to Adams county, 111., at an early age, and was educated there. He went to reside in New Orleans in 1853. and was graduated at the law department of the University of Louisi- ana in 1855. He served in the Confederate army, first as a private and afterward as acting adjutant of artillery in Hood's corps of the Army of Ten- nessee. Eie was a representative in the legislature in 1865, a delegate to the Democratic national con- vention of 1868, and was elected a state senator in 1872. He was elected city attorney of New Or- leans in 1874. and 1876 ; was again in the legisla- ture in 1876-7, and was elected U. S. senator from Louisiana from 4 March, 1879. JONES, Alexander, author, b. in North Caro- lina about 1802 ; d. in New York city, 25 Aug., 462 JONES JONES 1863. He was graduated in medicine in Philadel- phia, and began practice in Mississippi, where he became interested in the culture of cotton, and made several improvements in the cotton-gin, which were subsequently adopted throughout the south. In 1840 the East India company offered Dr. Jones $5,000 a year and his expenses to go to India and develop the production of cotton in that country, and, although he declined the offer for patriotic reasons after reaching London, he gave evidence before a British parliamentary committee on the cultivation of cotton in the United States. On his return from England he became a resident of New York city, where he was a correspondent of several English and American newspapers, and wrote for the " Journal of Commerce " over the signature of " Sandy Hook." In 1850 he became the agent of the Associated press, and invented a comprehensive system of ciphers, which was the first used by the association. Soon afterward he became commercial reporter of the " New York Herald," which place he retained till his death. Besides the inventions already mentioned, Dr. Jones de- vised a street-sweeping machine. He took great interest in the history and progress of the Welsh people, from whom he was descended, and was an active member of St. David's society. He is the author of " Cuba in 1851 " (New York, 1851) ; " Historical Sketch of the Electric Tele- graph " (1852) ; and " The Cymri of Seventy-Six, or the Welshmen of the American Revolution and their Descendants " (1855). JONES, Alexander H., member of congress, b. in Asheville, Buncombe co., N. C, 21 July, 1822. He was well educated, was a farmer during the early part of his life, subsequently a merchant at Asheville, and was for a time an editor. He adhered to the National government in the civil war, early in the summer of 1863 fled into the Union lines, and was commissioned by Gen. Burn- side to raise a regiment of loyal North Carolinians. While so employed he was captured in East Ten- nessee by Confederate troops, imprisoned at Ashe- ville, at Camp Vance, Camp Holmes, and in Libby prison, and was drafted into the Confederate army, but made his escape in November, 1864, without performing any service. After the surrender of Gen. Lee he returned, was elected to the State constitutional convention in 1865, and afterward to congress as a Republican ; but there being no established civil government in the state, he was not received. He was elected to the two ensuing congresses, and served from 20 July, 1868, till 3 March, 1871. He was a candidate for the 42d congress, but was defeated. JONES, Alfred, engraver, b. in Liverpool, Eng- land, in 1819. He came to the United States when young, and received the first prize at the National academy of design in New York, in 1839, for a drawing that he had made from Thorwaldsen's •' Mercury." He first came into public notice by his engravings of " The Proposal," by Asher B. Durand, and " The Parmer's Nooning," after Will- iam S. Mount, and his work was in request for il- lustrated publications. He went to Europe in 1846, and, after studying in life-schools there, was elected a member of the National academy, New York, in 1851. He is regarded as one of the best engravers in the United States. He has for many years been connected with the American bank-note company, New York, as an engraver. Among his steel plates are " The Image-Breaker," after Leutze, portraits of Adoniram Judson, by Chester Hard- ing, and William Cullen Bryant ; and " The Cap- ture of Major Andre," after Durand; "Sparking," by Edmonds ; " The New Scholar " ; " Mexican News " ; and various portraits. JONES, Alfred Gilpin, Canadian statesman, b. in Weymouth, Nova Scotia, in September, 1824. His grandfather, Stephen, a graduate of Harvard, was an officer in the king's American dragoons, and at the close of the Revolutionary war settled in Nova Scotia, where he died in 1830. Alfred was educated at Weymouth and at Yarmouth acade- my, became a merchant, and represented Halifax in the Dominion parliament from 1867 till 1872, when he was defeated. He was re-elected in 1874, but resigned in January, 1878, in consequence of an alleged breach of the independence of parlia- ment act. He became a member of the privy coun- cil, and held the portfolio of minister of militia from January till September, 1878. He was an un- successful candidate at the general elections of 1878 and 1882, but was re-elected in 1887 for the Dominion parliament. He is governor of Dalhousie college, and was for several years lieutenant-colo- nel of the 1st Halifax brigade garrison artillery. JONES, Allen, patriot, b. in Halifax county, N. C, in 1739 ; d. in Northampton county, N. C, 10 Nov., 1798. His father, Robin, was the agent and attorney of Lord Grenville, who was one of the lord proprietors of North Carolina. Allen was educated at Eton, England, and, returning to North Carolina, became known as a patriot and an effi- cient military leader. He was a delegate to the state conventions that met at New Berne, 25 Aug., 1775, and at Halifax, 4 April, 1776, was appointed brigadier-general by the legislature in May of the latter year, was a member of the Continental con- gress that met in Philadelphia in 1779-80, and from 1784 till 1787 represented Northampton coun- ty in the North Carolina senate. The next year he was a member of the Constitutional convention that assembled at Hillsborough, and advocated a strong Federal government in opposition to his brother Willie, who was of the state-rights party. — His brother, Willie, patriot, b. in Halifax, N. C, in 1731 ; d. near Raleigh, N. C, in 1801, was also edu- cated at Eton, became early attached to the patriot cause, was president of the North Carolina com- mittee of safety in 1775, and as such was virtually the governor of the state. He was a member of the first State constitutional convention in 1776, was in the house of commons of North Carolina in 1776-8, and succeeded his brother Allen as mem- ber of the Continental congress in 1780. He was elected to the Constitutional convention of 1787, but declined to serve, was a member of the Consti- tutional convention that met at Hillsborough in the next year, and was largely instrumental in its rejection of the Federal constitution. — His wife, Mary Montford, was the daughter of Col. Joseph Montford, of North Carolina, and many anecdotes are related of her wit and beauty. When the Brit- ish army was on its way to Virginia in 1781, the officers were for several days quartered among the families residing on Roanoke river. Col. Tarle- ton, who had been severely cut by the sabre of Will- iam Washington, was a resident of Mrs. Jones's family, and when he made to her some slighting remarks about Washington, saying among other things that he was an illiterate fellow, hardly able to write his name, Mrs. Jones replied : " Ah, colonel, you ought to know, for yoit bear on your person the proof that he at least knows very well how to make his mark." It is said that it was in affection- ate admiration of this lady that John Paul Jones, whose real name was John Paul, added Jones to his name, and under it, by the recommendation of Willie Jones, offered his services to congress. JONES JONES 463 JONES, Amanda Theodosia, author, b. in East Bloomfield, Ontario co., N. Y., 19 Oct., 1835. She was educated in the public schools, began to teach at fifteen years of age, and contributed her first literary work in 1854 to the " Ladies' Repository," a Methodist magazine. During the civil war she wrote several war-songs that were widely circu- lated. She was associate editor of the " Universe," a Chicago journal, in 1869, was subsequently con- nected with the " Western Rural," and in 1870 be- came editor of " The Bright Side," a juvenile weekly. Since 1873 she has partially given up literary work, and engaged in inventing. She has published several volumes of verses, including " Ulah, and Other Poems " (Buffalo, N. Y., 1860) ; " Atlantis, and Other Poems " (1866) ; and " A Prairie Idyl, and Other Poems " (Chicago, 1882). JONES, Anson, president of Texas, b. in Great Barrington, Mass., 20 Jan., 1798 ; d. in Houston, Texas, 8 Jan., 1858. He studied medicine in Litch- field, Conn., was licensed to practise in 1820, and after residing successively in Philadelphia, New Orleans, and in South America, he went to Texas and settled in Brazoria county in 1833. As chairman of a mass-meeting that was held there in Decem- ber, 1835, he drew up resolutions in favor of a declaration of independence, and of a convention of the people of Texas to form a constitution. He afterward raised a military company, with which he was engaged in the battle of San Jacinto, was judge-advocate-general, held several other military commissions in 1836-7, and in the last year was a member of the Texas congress. He was minister from Texas to the IT. S. government in 1837-9, president of the senate and ex-officio vice-presi- dent of the republic in 1840, secretary of state in 1841-'4, and president from 1845 till the annexa- tion of Texas to the United States. His earnest opposition to this measure greatly affected his popularity, and destroyed his political influence. His reason became unsettled, and in a fit of insan- ity he died by his own hand. The county of Jones, Texas, and its court-house, Anson, are named in his honor. His journal, preceded by a brief autobi- ography, was printed privately in 1859. JONES, Catlit, pioneer, b. in Virginia about 1750 ; d. in Columbiana county, Ohio, in 1829. He accompanied Daniel Boone to Kentucky, was one of the twelve settlers that rescued the daughter of Boone, who had been captured by Indians, and while guarding the " corn-patch " with Boone was severely wounded. After serving throughout the Revolution, he joined the Society of Friends, be- came a preacher, and in 1801 emigrated to Ohio. JONES, Charles A., poet, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., about 1815 ; d. in Mill Creek, Hamilton co., Ohio, 4 July, 1851. He removed with his parents to Cincinnati in childhood, and contributed to the press at an early age. His first articles, a series of satirical lyrics, appeared in the Cincinnati " Ga- zette," under the title of " Aristohaniana." After studying law he removed to Louisiana, and prac- tised in New Orleans. He published " The Out- law " (Cincinnati, 1835). JONES, Charles Colcock, clergyman, b. in Lib- erty county, Ga., 20 Dec, 1804 ; d. there, 16 March, 1863. He was educated at Andover and Princeton theological seminaries, was licensed to preach in 1830, and in 1831 became pastor of the 1st Pres- byterian church of Savannah, Ga. In 1832 he re- turned to Liberty county and devoted himself to the education of the negro race. He was professor of church history and polity in Columbia seminary, S. C, in 1835-'8, returned to missionary work in 1839, and was again professor in this institution in 1847-'50. He then removed to Philadelphia, and was secretary of the board of domestic missions of the Presbyterian church until failure of health necessitated his return to Georgia in 1857. Besides many tracts and papers, he published " Religious Instruction for Negroes in the Southern States " (Savannah, 1837) ; " Suggestions on the Instruction of Negroes in the South " (1855) ; and a " History of the Church of God," edited by his eldest son, Charles (New York, 1867).— His son, Charles Col- cock, lawyer, b. in Savannah, Ga., 28 Oct., 1831, was graduated at Princeton in 1852, and at the Har- vard law-school in 1855. Returning to Savannah, Ga., he was admitted to the bar the next year, and practised his profession, holding the office of mayor in 1860-'l. He joined the Confederate army in 1862, and served as colonel of artillery, surrendering with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in April, 1865. Mr. Jones removed to New York city in 1866, practised law there ten years, and, return- ing to Georgia in 1876, settled in Augusta. He has devoted much time and research to the his- tory of his state and that of the antiquities of southern Indians, and his archaeological and his- torical collections are of interest and value. He received the degree of LL. D. from the Uni- versity of New York in 1880, and from Oxford university, Ga., in 1882. Since 1879 he has been president of the Confederate survivors' associa- tion of Augusta. He has published, besides many papers on historical and scientific subjects, "Monumental Remains of Georgia" (Savannah, 1861) ; " Historical Sketch of the Chatham Ar- tillery during the Confederate Struggle for In- dependence" (Albany, N. Y., 1867); "Historical Sketch of Tomo-chi-chi, Mico of the Yamacraws " (1868) ; " Reminiscences of the Last Days of Gen. Henry Lee " (1870) ; "Antiquities of the Southern Indians" (New York, 1873): "Siege of Savannah in 1779" (Albany, 1874); "Life of Commodore Josiah Tatnall" (Savannah, 1878); "Dead Towns of Georgia" (1878); "Hernando de Soto and his March through Georgia" (1880); "Memoir of Jean Pierre Purry" (Augusta, Ga., 1880); "History of Georgia " (2 vols., Boston and New York, 1883) ; "Life, Labors, and Neglected Grave of Richard Henry Wilde " (1885) ; " Nine Annual Addresses before the Confederate Survivors' Association of Augusta, Ga." (1879-87) ; and has edited, besides, his father's " History of the Church of God " ; "Acts passed by the General Assembly of the Colony of Georgia from 1755 till 1774" (Wormsloe, Ga., 1881) ; and " Journal of the Transactions of the Trustees of the Colony of Georgia by Rt. Hon. John, Earl of Egmoiit" (1886). — Another son, Joseph, physician, b. in Liberty county, Ga., 6 Sept., 1833, was graduated at Princeton in 1853, and at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1855. He was professor of chemistry in the Medical college of Savannah, Ga., in 1856-7, of natural philosophy in the University of Georgia in 1858, of chemistry in the Medical college of Georgia, Augusta, in 1859-'65, and also a surgeon in the Confederate army. In 1866-8 he was professor of medicine in the University of Nashville, and since 1869 has been professor of chemistry and clinical medicine in Tulane uni- versity, New Orleans, La. He was president of the board of health of the state of Louisiana in 1880-'4. and is now (1887) president of the Louisiana state medical society. Dr. Jones has devoted his life to the investigation of the causes and prevention of disease in civil and mflitary hospitals, as well as in private practice, and while president of the board of health was successful in excluding yellow 464 JONES JONES fever from the valley of the Mississippi. Besides constant pamphlets and addresses on scientific and medical subjects, he has published " Investigations, Chemical and Physiological, relative to Certain American Vertebrata" (Smithsonian institution contributions, 1856) ; " First Report of the Cotton Planters' Convention of Georgia on the Agricul- tural Resources of Georgia " (Augusta, I860) ; " Sanitary Memoirs of the War of the Rebellion " (New York, 1869) ; " Surgical Memoirs of the War of the Rebellion " (1871) ; " Hospital Construction 'and Organization " (Baltimore, 1875) ; " Explora- tions of the Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee" (Smithsonian institution contributions, Washing- ton, 1876); "Reports of the Board of Health of Louisiana " (New Orleans, 1884) ; and " Medical and Surgical Memoirs " (1887). JONES, Charles W., senator, b. in Ireland in 1834. He emigrated to the United States when he was ten years of age, and after working at his trade as a mechanic, settled in Pensacola, Fla., in 1854, studied law, and two years afterward was admitted to the bar. He continued in practice during the civil war, was a member of the Balti- more National Democratic convention in 1872, and in the same year was an unsuccessful candidate for congress. He was a member of the Florida legislature in 1874, was chosen U. S. senator as a conservative Democrat in 1875, and re-elected in 1881, his term of service expiring 3 March, 1887. JONES, David, clergyman, b. in White Clay Creek hundred, Newcastle co., Del., 12 May, 1736 ; d. in Chester county, Pa., 5 Feb., 1820. His grand- father, David, who married Esther Morgan, a daughter of Morgan ap Rhyddereh, emigrated from Cardiganshire, Wales, in 1710, and settled at Welsh Tract, Del. After attending Hopewell academy, N. J., and studying theology under his cousin, Rev. Abel Morgan, of Middletown, N. J., he en- tered the ministry of the Baptist church. His first regular charge was the Freehold Baptist church, N. J., of which he was the pastor from 12 Dec, 1766, until April, 1775, when, becoming somewhat obnoxious to the Tories of that region, he removed to Chester county, Pa., and took charge of the Great Valley Baptist church for one year, On 27 April, 1776, he entered the Revolutionary army as chaplain of the 3d and 4th Pennsylvania battalions, and on 1 Jan., 1777, he became chaplain of Gen. Anthony Wayne, with whom he continued until the end of the war. He narrowly escaped being killed at the Paoli massacre. Throughout the whole Revolutionary struggle he exercised great power, especially in the region around Phila- delphia, in stimulating the zeal of the patriots and in overawing the disaffected. He had pastoral charge of the Southampton Baptist church, Bucks county. Pa., from 1786 till 1792, when he returned to Chester county and resumed the charge of the Great Valley Baptist church, with which he re- mained until his death, with frequent and pro- longed leaves of absence. In 1794, when his old commander, Gen. Wayne, was sent to the north- west, he accompanied the army as chaplain, and when the war of 1812 began he volunteered, and served in 1813-'15. The last occasion on which he appeared in public was at the dedication of the Paoli monument, 20 Sept., 1817, when he de- livered an address. In the years 1772 and 1773 he travelled to the region of the Ohio, and published a journal that he kept of these two trips (Burlington, 1774; new ed., 1865). He deliv- ered an address to the troops at Ticonderoga, 20 Oct., 1776, which was published at the time. On 20 July, 1775, at Great Valley church, on the day of the Continental fast, he preached a sermon, which was published Shortly after under the title " Defensive War in a Just Cause Sinless." He also published " The Doctrine of the Laying on of Hands " (Philadelphia, 1786) ; " A True History of Laying on of Hands upon Baptized Believers as such "' (Burlington, 1805) ; " A Treatise on the Work of the Holy Ghost under the Gospel Dis- pensation " (1804) ; and " Candid Reasons of Peter Edwards examined " (Philadelphia, 1811). Brown university gave him the degree of A. M. in 1774. — His son, Horatio Gates, clergyman, b. in Tre- dyffrin township, Chester co., Pa.. 11 Feb., 1777; d. in Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pa., 12 Dec, 1853, received an academical education, studied theology, and was ordained in 1802 at Salem, N. J., becoming pastor of the Baptist church there. In 1808 he became the first pastor of the Lower Merion Bap- tist church, which continued under his care for forty-five years. He was one of the founders of the Baptist board of Foreign missions, and presi- dent of the Philadelphia Baptist association from 1829 till 1853, and it was chiefly through his in- fluence that the latter body organized a Manual- labor school, which afterward became Haddington college. As long as the college existed he was president of its board of trustees, and spared neither time nor money in promoting its interests. In 1812 Brown conferred on him the degree of M. A., and in 1851 the university at Lewisburg (now Bucknell), of which he was then chancellor, bestowed on him its ' first degree of D. D. He published a " History of the Philadelphia Bap- tist Association " (1832). — Horatio Gates's son, John Eichter, lawyer, b. in Salem, N. J., 2 Oct., 1803 ; d. near New Berne, N. C, 23 May, 1863, was graduated in 1821 at the University of Pennsyl- vania, and admitted to the bar in 1827. In 1836 he was appointed one of the judges of the court of common pleas of Philadelphia county, which post he held until 1847. On retiring from the bench he settled in Sullivan county, Pa. In 1861 he raised the 58th Pennsylvania regiment, of which he was commissioned colonel. He met his death while at the head of a reconnoitering force at New Berne, N. C, just after a long march in which he had captured a considerable force of the enemy at Gum Swamp. In this expedition he was in command as acting brigadier-general of several regiments. He was a classical scholar, and carried with him to the camp his Septuagint version of the Old Testament, which he was accustomed to read daily. He was author of " The Quaker Sol- dier " (Philadelphia, 1858). — Another son, Horatio Crates, lawyer, b. in Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pa., 9 Jan., 1822, was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1841, admitted to the bar in 1847, and entered on active practice of the law, in which he has since continued. He was in the state sen- ate in 1875-'82, and introduced bills to secure free- dom from the penalties of the Sunday law of 1794 for all persons who observed the seventh day as the Sabbath. Mr. Jones has devoted much time to historical matters. He became a member of the Historical society of Pennsylvania in 1848, was its secretary in 1849-'67, and was then chosen one of its vice-presidents, which office he still holds. He has been president of the Welsh society of Phila- delphia for twenty-five years, is a member of nu- merous state historical societies, and in 1877 was elected an honorary fellow of the Royal historical society of Great Britain. He has also been an ac- tive member, of the Baptist church, and is president of the Philadelphia Baptist association. He has published " The Levering Family " (Philadelphia, JONES JONES 465 1858) ; " Ebenezer Kinnersley and his Discoveries in Electricity " (1858) ; •' History of Roxborough and Manayunk " (1859) ; " Memoir of Henry Bond, M. D." (Boston, 1860) ; " Report of the Committee of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, on the Bradford Bicentenary " (1863) ; " Biographical Sketch of Rev. David Jones, A. M." (New York, 1865) ; " History of Pennepek or Lower Dublin Baptist Church, Morrisania, N. Y." (1869) ; " An- drew Bradford, Founder of the Newspaper Press in the Middle States of America " (Philadelphia, 1869); "The Bradford Prayer-Book of 1710" (1870) ; " Diary of S. J., or Journal of a Country Baptist Minister " (1881) ; " Memoir of Rev. Abel Morgan of Pennepek Church " (1882) ; " History of the Great Valley, Pa., Baptist Church" (1883); " History of the Brandywine, Pa., Baptist Church " (1884) ; and " Welsh Books in Brown University " (Cincinnati, 1885). In 1863 Brown conferred on him the degree of M. A., and in 1880 Judson uni- versity that of D. C. L. JONES, David Ford, Canadian member of parliament, b. in Brockville, Canada, in 1818. He was educated at Upper Canada college, and sub- sequently engaged in business as a manufacturer of agricultural implements. He has been warden of Leeds and Grenville, and commanded the Ga- nanoque artillery for several years. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Canadian parlia- ment in 1863, but was elected in January, 1864, and served till the union. He was elected to the Dominion parliament in 1873, and again in 1878. JONES, David Rump, soldier, b. in South Carolina in 1825 ; d. in Richmond, Va., 8 March, 1863. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1846, bre vetted 1st lieutenant for bra- Very at Contreras and Churubusco, and captain for gallantry at Chapultepec during the Mexican war. He was commissioned 1st lieutenant in 1849, was assistant instructor in military tactics at West Point in 1851-3, assistant adjutant-general, with the rank of captain, in 1853, and resigned in 1861 to enter the Confederate army, where he was ap- pointed brigadier-general. He led a brigade at the battle of Bull Run, and in 1862 commanded a division under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. JONES, George, author, b. in York, Pa., 30 July, 1800 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 Jan., 1870. He was graduated at Yale in 1823, taught for two years on the U. S. frigates " Brandywine " and ■" Constitution," and for the two years following was tutor at Yale. He was ordained deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church in January, 1831, officiated at Middletowh, Conn., and in 1833 was appointed chaplain in the U. S. navy. At the time of his death he was stationed at the U. S. naval asylum at Philadelphia. Mr. Jones accompanied Com. Perry on the naval expedition to Japan in 1853-5, and his long and careful observations on the zodiacal light fill one volume of the report of the U. S. Japan expedition. The theory of a nebulous ring around the earth is a deduction from these. His other works are "Sketches of Naval Life " (New Haven, Conn., 1836) ; " Excursions to Cairo, Jerusalem, and Balbec " (New York, 1836); and "Life Scenes from the Four Gospels" and " Life Scenes from the Old Testament " (1865). JONES, George Wallace, senator, b. in Vin- cennes, Ind., 12 April, 1804. He was graduated at Transylvania university, Ky., in 1825, studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but was prevented by delicate health from practising. Removing to Mis- souri, he was clerk of the U. S. district court in 1826, served as aide-de-camp to Gen. Henry Dodge in the Black Hawk war, removed to Wisconsin vol. in. — 30 and settled at Sinsinawa Mound, where he was judge of the county court, and colonel, and subse- quently general, of militia. He was elected to con- gress as a Democrat in 1834, served till 1837, and in July, 1836, procured a division of Michigan terri- tory and the establishment of the territory of Wis- consin. In 1839 he was appointed by President Van Buren surveyor-general of the Northwest ter- ritory. He was removed by President Harrison, but reappointed by President Polk. He was U. S. senator from Iowa from January, 1848, till March, 1859, and was chairman of the committee on pen- sions and on enrolled bills. At the conclusion of his last term he was appointed by President Bu- chanan minister to New Grenada. In 1861, on his return to the United States, he was charged with disloyalty and imprisoned at Fort Warren. Since 1862 he has resided at Dubuque, Iowa. JONES, Hugh, clergyman, b. in England in 1669 ; d. in Cecil county, Md., 8 Sept., 1760. He emigrated to the United States in 1696, and was rector for sixty-five years of parishes in Maryland and Virginia. In 1702 he was professor of mathe- matics in William and Mary college, Va.. and chaplain of the Assembly of Virginia. He pub- lished " The Present State of Virginia," a rare and curious history of the colony (London, 1724). JONES, Hugh Bolton, artist, b. in Baltimore, Md., 20 Oct., 1848. He took his first art lessons in his native city, but visited Europe in 1877, where he studied four years, and greatly added to the effectiveness of his style. He was elected associate of the National academy in 1881, and member in 1883. His works include " Tangier," " Return of the Cows," " Brittany " (1878) ; "October" (1882); and " On Herring Run, Baltimore " (1884). JONES, Jacob, naval officer, b. near Smyrna, Del., in March, 1768; d. in Philadelphia, Pa.. 3 Aug., 1850. He studied medicine and began to practise, but became clerk of the Delaware supreme court, and on 10 April, 1799, entered the U. S. navy as a midshipman. He was promoted to lieutenant, 22 Feb., 1801, and was an officer on the frigate " Philadelphia " when she was captured in 1803 in the harbor of Tripoli, remaining a prisoner eighteen ■I 3a months. He was made commander, 20 April, 1810, assigned to the " Wasp," 18 guns, in 1811, and in 1812 was despatched with letters to the U. S. min- isters to France and England. Before he returned, war had been declared with England, and, after refitting his vessel, he left the Delaware on a cruise on 13 Oct., 1812. On 18 Oct. he fell in with the British brig " Frolic," a vessel of slightly superior force to his own, and captured her after a sharp engagement of forty-three minutes, during the lat- ter part of which the ships were so near that in loading some of the " Wasp's " guns the rammers hit against the bows of her antagonist, The con- test had no sooner ended than the English ship " Poictiers," 74 guns, hove in sight, and captured both the " Wasp"" and her prize, carrying them to Bermuda. The fight between the " Wasp " and the " Frolic " was the first of the war, in which the 466 JONES JOXES vessels were nearly equal, and it did much to de- stroy the idea of British invincibility on the ocean. Jones was given a vote of thanks and a gold medal by congress (see illustration), which also appropri- ated $25,000 as a compensation to the commander and crew of the " Wasp " for the recapture of their prize. Several of the states also presented Jones with swords, and the Delaware legislature gave him a piece of plate, suitably engraved. He was made post-captain, 3 March, 1813, and commanded the " Macedonian," of Decatur's squadron. After- ward he commanded squadrons in the Mediter- ranean and Pacific, and served as a commissary of the navy board, and governor of the Philadel- phia naval asylum. Jones was described in a sketch that was written during his life as of " about the middle size, of an active mind and vigorous make, and an excellent constitution." JONES, James, phvsician, b. in Georgetown, D. C, 18 Nov., 1807 ; d. in New Orleans, La., 10 Oct., 1873. He was graduated at Columbia college, D. C, in 1825, and in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1828, and practised in his native place till 1831, when he removed to New Orleans, La., was editor of the " Medical and Surgical Jour- nal" of that city in 1857-9. and was connected with the University of Louisiana, from 1836 till his death, as professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children in 1836-'9, then as professor of practical medicine till 1866, and afterward in his former chair. He was also dean of the faculty in 1841-'2 and 1848-'9, and delivered courses of lectures on chemistry. He contributed various ar- ticles to medical journals. JONES, James Atliearn, author, b. in Tisbury, Mass., 4 June, 1790 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., in Au- gust, 1853. After receiving a common-school edu- cation, he made several voyages to the West Indies, subsequently taught, and was an editor in Phila- delphia in 1826. He lived in England in 1829-31, and edited papers in Baltimore, Md., in 1816, and Buffalo, N. Y., in 1851. He published ' ; Traditions of the North American Indians, or Tales of an In- dian Camp," with etchings by W. H. Brooks (3 vols., London, 1820). Many of the legends were obtained from the author's nurse, an Indian woman of the Gayhead tribe in Massachusetts. He also wrote " Letter to an English Gentleman on English Libels of America " (Philadelphia, 1826) ; " Haver- hill, or Memoirs of an Officer in the Army of Wolfe " (3 vols., 1831) ; and poems. JONES, James Chamberlain, senator, b. in Davidson countv, Tenn., 20 April, 1809 ; d. in Mem- phis, Tenn., 29 Oct., 1859. He lost his father in in- fancy, and spent much of his boyhood in working on the plantation of his guardian, from whose li- brary he obtained the elements of an English edu- cation, also attending a country school at intervals. After reaching his majority he married, and settled on a farm in Wilson county, Tenn. He was in the legislature in 1837 and 1839, a candidate for elector on the Harrison and Tyler ticket in 1840, and in 1841 and 1843 was elected governor of the state by the Whigs, over James K. Polk, after animated per- sonal canvasses by the two candidates. In 1848 he was a delegate to the National Whig convention, where he earnestly advocated the nomination of Henry Clay, but he subsequently spoke in several states in support of Gen. Zachary Taylor. He re- moved to Memphis in 1850, and in 1851-7 served in the U. S. senate, afterward retiring to private life. He was a supporter of the Kansas-Nebraska bill in 1854, and was afterward identified with the Democratic party. He was often called " Lean Jimmy Jones " or " Bean-Pole." JONES, James Kinibrough, senator, b. in Marshall county, Miss., 29 Sept., 1839. His parents were residents of Tennessee, but in 1848 removed to a plantation in Dallas county, Ark. James served in the Confederate army during the civil war, and then engaged in planting till 1873, when he began to practise law in Dalton county, Ark. He was a member of the state senate in 1873-7, and its president in the last-named year. In 1881-5 he was a member of congress, having been elected as a Democrat, and in the latter year was chosen to the U. S. senate. JONES, Joel, jurist, b. in Coventry, Conn., 25 Oct., 1795 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 3 Feb., 1860. He was graduated at Yale in 1817, subsequently studied law at Litchfield and New Haven, and set- tled at Easton, Pa., where he practised for many years. In 1830 he was appointed a commissioner to revise the civil code of Pennsylvania. He be- came associate judge in 1835, and afterward pre- siding judge of the Philadelphia district court, was the first president of Girard college in 1847-9, and in 1849 mayor of Philadelphia. He took an active interest in theological speculations and inquiries, and was an earnest advocate of a literal inter- pretation of those scriptures which predict the second coming of Christ. He is the author of " Re- ports of a Commission to Revise the Civil Code of Pennsylvania " : "A Manual of Pennsylvania Land Law " ; " Notes on Scripture, or Jesus and the Coming Glory " (Philadelphia, 1860 ; new ed., 1865) ; " Knowledge of One Another in the Fu- ture State " ; and " Outlines of a History of the Court of Rome, and of the Temporal Power of the Popes," translated from the French, with original notes, and he also edited several English works on prophecy. — His brother, Joseph Huntington, clergyman, b. in Coventry, Conn.. 24 Aug., 1797: d. 22 Dec, 1868, was graduated at Harvard in 1817, and for a time was employed as a tutor in Bow- doin. He then studied at Princeton theological seminary, and was ordained as an evangelist, 29 April, 1824. He preached for a time at Woodbury and Baekwoodtown, N. J., and in 1825 was in- stalled as pastor of the Presbyterian church at New Brunswick, N. J., remaining there till 1838, when he became pastor of the Sixth church, Philadel- phia. From 1861 till his death he was secretary of the relief fund for disabled ministers. He was the author of "Revival of Religion" (Philadelphia, 1839) ; " Influence of Physical Causes on Religious Experience " (1846) ; " Life of Ashbel Green, D. D." (New York. 1849) ; " Sermon on the Death of the Rev. Cornelius C. Cuyler, D. D." (1850) ; and other sermons, reviews, and essays, published separately. JONES, John, surgeon, b. in Jamaica. N. Y., in 1729 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 June, 1791. He was a son of Dr. Evan Jones, a Welsh physician, who came to this country in 1728. He was edu- cated professionally at the medical schools and hospitals of London. Paris, Leyden, and Edin- burgh, where he became acquainted with the most eminent contemporary professors. On his return, after a long sojourn in Europe, he settled in New York, but in a few years was obliged to revisit London for a brief period for the benefit of his health. Dr. Jones was professor of surgery in King's college from 1767 till 1776. and one of the two original founders of the New York hospital — Dr. Samuel Bard being the other — in 1771. He was one of the ablest surgeons of his time, and especially skilful as an operator in cases of lithot- omy. He left New York, on the British occupa- tion of the city, for Philadelphia, after the evacu- ation of that city by the enemy, and there spent JOXES JONES 467 the remainder of his life. In his new home he was ' highly esteemed, holding several offices of trust j and importance connected with his profession. ; He was honored by the confidence and friendship of Washington and Franklin. On a critical occa- sion he was sent for to attend the president in New York in 1T90, and in the same year attended Franklin in his last illness, of which he has left a detailed and interesting account. Dr. Franklin remembered him in his will as among his personal friends. Dr. Jones was the author of " Plain Ee- | marks upon Wounds and Fractures, designed for ! the Use of the Young Military Surgeons of Arner- ' ica" (Xew York, 1775; new ed., with a memoir by Dr. James Mease, Philadelphia, 1795). JONES, John, vocalist, b. in London, England, in 1796 ; d. in New York city, 2 Nov., 1861. He i made his first appearance at the Adelphi theatre, i London, in 1816, in an operetta, " The Conjurer." In 1828 Jones came to this country, where he first I sang in public at Niblo's garden, New York city, | in a musical play entitled " Amateurs and Actors." Soon afterward he appeared at the Park theatre as Prince Orlando in "The Cabinet." In 1831 he was engaged for a short time at the Chestnut street theatre, Philadelphia, but returned to New I York city and. accepted a permanent engagement at the Park theatre, which lasted for many years, j interrupted only by a brief visit to Europe in 1835. j Having partially lost his voice, Jones retired from j the stage in 1844, and became a teacher of vocal music in the eastern states. As such he eventual- j ly settled in New York city, where, some years be- fore his death, he became the recipient of an annu- J ity from a dramatic benevolent association. Some of his best performances were the leading tenor characters in " La Dame Blanche," " Norma," and " Cinderella." Among the songs he published was "The Mellow Horn." which was verv popular. JONES, John B., author, b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1810. He was for many years engaged in jour- nalism, and in 1857 established a weekly paper in Philadelphia entitled the " Southern Monitor," de- voted to the advocacy of southern interests. He is the author of "Books of Visions " (Philadelphia. 1847); "Rural Sports, a Poem" (1848); "The Western Merchant" (1848); "Wild Western Scenes " (1849) ; "The Rival Belles " (1852) ; "Ad- ventures of Col. Yanderbomb " (1852) ; " The Mon- archist " (1853) ; " Life and Adventures of a Coun- try Merchant " (1854) ; " Freaks of Fortune " (1854) ; and a " Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the Confed- erate States Capital " (1866). JONES, John Grlancy, lawyer, b. in the valley of Conestoga river. Pa., 7 Oct., 1811 ; d. in Read- ing, Pa., 24 March, 1877. He studied theology, but left it for law, was admitted to the bar, and practised successfully at Reading, Pa. He was for a time deputy attorney-general of Pennsylvania, and except for part of the 33d congress was a rep- resentative from Pennsylvania from 1850 till 1858, having been chosen as a Democrat. He served on the committee on claims in the house and was the author of the bill creating the court of claims. In 1856 he was a presidential elector, and, having pre- viously declined the Berlin mission, was appointed by President Buchanan minister to Austria, where he served from 1 Nov., 1858. till 14 Nov., 1861. JONES, John Marshall, soldier, b. in Char- lottesville, Ya., 26 Julv, 1820 ; d. in Spottsvlvania, Va., 10 May, 1864. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1841, and after serving on frontier duty was assistant instructor of infantry tactics at the academy from 1845 till 1852. In 1854-5 he was a member of the board to revise rifle and light artillery tactics, and on 3 March, 1855, he was promoted captain. He was then in garrison at various forts, and in the Utah expedi- tion of 1858-60, and on 27 May, 1861, resigned and entered the Confederate army. He was appointed colonel of a Virginia regiment, and in 1863 pro- moted brigadier-general and given a command in Gen. Longstreet's corps. He was severely wounded at Gettysburg, and took part in the siege of Knox- ville, Tenn., and in the operations from the Wil- derness to Spottsvlvania, where he was killed. JONES, John Mather, journalist, b. in Bangor, North Wales, 9 June, 1826 ; d. in Utica, N. Y., 21 Dec, 1874. He was educated in his native place, came to this country in 1849, and, after engaging in mercantile pursuits, made a voyage around the world for his health, acting as purser of a ship of which his brother-in-law was captain. After the close of the civil war he founded the Welsh town of New Cambria, Mo., and in 1869, with James A. Whittaker, he bought a large tract of land in Osage county, Kan., where he founded the town of Avonia. From 1865 till his death he was proprie- tor and publisher of " Y Drych " (" The Mirror "), the oldest Welsh newspaper in the United States, and in this place he exercised much influence over his countrymen. Mr. Jones was an earnest Aboli- tionist and a Republican in politics, but never sought nor held anv office. He published a " His- torv of the Rebellion " in Welsh (Utica, N. Y., 1866). JONES. John Panl, naval officer, b. in Kirk- bean, Scotland, 6 July, 1747 ; d. in Paris. 18 July, 1792. He was the son of John Paul, gardener at Arbigland. The name Jones was assumed about 1773. At the age of twelve he went to sea, sailing from Whiteha- ven and visit- ing a brother, in Fredericks- burg, Va., on his first voyage. While under twenty he serv- ed as mate in two vessels that were engaged in the slave-trade, but leaving this traffic in dis- gust, he sailed for England as a passenger. The death of two of the offi- cers of the brig left him the on- ly navigator on board, and he took charge and brought her into port. Her Scotch owners then employed him as master, and he made two voyages to the West Indies. In 1770 a charge of cruelty to one of his crew was made against him at Tobago, and. although it was dis- missed as frivolous, the man's death a few weeks later caused it to be revived. Jones was not ar- rested, but the affair caused him much annoyance, and made him anxious to prove his innocence at home, for which purpose he sent affidavits to his family. The brother in Virginia died in 1773, and Jones took charge of his estate, proposing to set- tle at Fredericksburg. He now added the name of Jones to his signature for reasons which are un- known. He continued to correspond with his family, and to give his original name too much prominence for concealment. When congress de- 468 JONES JONES cided in 1775 to equip a navy " for the defence of American liberty," Jones was named as the senior 1st lieutenant. He sailed from Delaware river in the '' Alfred " in February, 1776, to attack New Providence. The expedition returned in April, and Jones was placed in command of the sloop " Providence." He cruised for six weeks, captur- ing sixteen prizes, and doing some damage on the coast of Nova Scotia. Much address was required to escape from vessels of superior force, as his sloop was armed only with four - pounders. He was then given the " Alfred," and made another successful cruise to the northward. Jones felt that he was not treated justly when congress un- dertook to establish the rank of naval officers, and his strenuous remonstrance to the marine board was somewhat arrogant in tone. In March, 1777, he was appointed to the command of the " Ranger," and sailed in her for France in November. The American commissioners at the French court gave him authority to " distress the enemies of the United States by sea or land," and, accordingly, he sailed from Brest, 10 April, 1779, took prizes in St. George's channel, and landed at Whitehaven, where he tried to burn the shipping with a view to cutting off the supply of coal for Ireland. He also attempted to capture the Earl of Selkirk. Off Carrickfergus he fell in with the " Drake," a British man-of-war of 20 guns, which he captured after a close action lasting more than an hour. The " Drake " lost 42 men, including her captain and lieutenant, and was badly cut up, while the " Ran- ger's" loss was small. Jones returned to Brest with his prizes, after a cruise of 28 days, which his boldness, nautical skill, and local knowledge had rendered very effective. Jones spent more than a year in trying to raise a force for further operations, and met with many disappointments, but got to sea again on 14 Aug., 1779, with a squadron of four vessels. His own ship was an old Indiaman which he named the " Bon Homme Richard." To her battery of twelve-pounders he added six eighteens, in ports cut in the gun-room. His officers were Americans without experience in naval duties, and his crew was a motley assem- blage. The other vessels were commanded by Frenchmen, though all were under the American flag. A daring scheme to seize the shipping and exact a ransom at Leith was frustrated by a gale, which drove him out of the Forth. At last, on 23 Sept., he sighted a fleet of 40 British merchant- men returning from the Baltic, under convoy of the " Serapis," 44 guns, and the " Countess of Scar- borough," 28 guns. He made signal for a general chase, but most of the merchantmen ran in shore and anchored under the guns of Scarborough cas- tle. At seven in the evening the "Bon Homme Richard " closed with the " Serapis," and began one of the most desperate conflicts on record. After a few broadsides they fouled and lay side by side until the fight was over. The " Serapis " let go an anchor to swing clear, but Jones lashed the two ships together to deprive the enemy of the advantage of his superior battery and sail power, and to prevent his retreat. Two of the " Rich- ard's " eighteens had burst at the first fire, blow- ing up the deck and many of their crews. The fire of the " Serapis " silenced her opponent's main- deck battery, and crashed through her sides. Jones kept on fighting with a few light guns on the spar-deck, and musketry in the tops. A. hand- grenade that was dropped from the main-yard of the " Richard " down a hatchway in the " Serapis " caused a terrible explosion on the lower deck. Jones drove back a boarding party, and the " Sera- pis" struck her flag at half-past ten at night. Each ship had nearly half her men killed or wounded. Capt. Pearson, of the " Serapis," re- ported that on going on board the " Bon Homme Richard " he " found her in the greatest distress, her counters and quarter driven in, all her lower- deck guns dismounted, on fire in two places, and six or seven feet of water in the hold." She had ' to be abandoned, and sank the next morning. The " Alliance," commanded by Landais, fired indis- criminate broadsides of grape at both the contend- ing ships, killing several of the " Richard's " crew. The " Countess of Scarborough " was taken by the " Pallas," the only other ship engaged. Franklin commended " the sturdy, cool, and determined bravery " which Jones displayed in this action, and the victor was received with enthusiasm in France. The king gave Jones a gold sword and the order of merit. He also received the thanks of congress and was designated by a unanimous vote to com- mand the ship of the line that was then building. It was proposed to create the grade of rear-admi- ral for him, and he was considered " the principal hope of our future efforts on the ocean," as Jefferson styled him in 1788. But he had no further op- portunity for active service under the American flag. After visiting Denmark on public business, he entered the Russian service in 1788 with the rank of rear-admiral, reserving the right to return to the orders of congress when he should be called upon to do so. During a campaign against the Turks in the " Limau " he displayed his customary skill and energy. Disappointed in his hope of at- taining an independent command, and baffled by intrigue, he returned to St. Petersburg, was grant- ed an indefinite leave of absence, and returned to Paris in broken health. In 1792 an appointment as commissioner and consul of the United States at Algiers was sent out, but he died before receiv- ing it. The National convention sent a deputa- tion to attend his funeral. Numerous apocryphal narratives of his life appeared in England and France, and these legends, and a variety of preju- dices, have obscured the facts of his career. Eng- lish writers denounced him as a pirate for a gen- eration after his death, and still call him an adventurer. He would have resented either of these epithets. In 1779 John Adams thought him " ambitious and intriguing," and in 1813 referred to him as a " foreigner of the south, arrogating to himself merit that belongs to New England sail- ors." On the other hand, he seems to have retained the respect of Franklin, Jefferson, and Robert Mor- ris, after a long acquaintance. His devotion to the flag of the United States is as unquestionable as his daring. He declared that America had been " the country of his fond election since the age of thirteen." His zeal for glory may have been al- layed by a strain of restless vanity like that of other great seamen, but his conceptions of naval strategy and his appreciation of the value of in- tellectual culture for naval officers are far in ad- vance of his age and profession. He left letters which are able and interesting, in spite of their florid style and passionate assertion of his claims. He was always kind to his relatives in Scotland. Jones was of medium height, active, but quiet in manner, with a soft voice and a keen eye. James Fenimore Cooper made use of some of the inci- dents of Jones's career in his novel " The Pilot." His life has been written bv John H. Sherbourne (New York and London, 1825 ; 2d ed., New York, 1851) ; Janette Taylor " from letters, etc., in the possession " of the author (1830) ; Alexander S. Mackenzie (2 vols., 1841); and William Gilmore JONES JONES 469 Simms (1845) ; James Hamilton (1848). See also " Paul Jones, der kiihne Seemann " (Leipsic, 1828). JONES, John Percival, senator, b. in Hay, Brecon co., Wales, in 1830. Before he was a year old his parents came with him to the United States and settled in northern Ohio. He attended the public schools in Cleveland for a few years, and in 1849 went to California and engaged in mining and farming in Tuolumne county. Subsequently he Was sheriff of the county, and was several times its representative in the legislature. In 1867 he was an unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant- governor of California, and the same year went to Nevada, where he engaged in mining and became wealthy. He succeeded James Nye as U. S. sena- tor from Nevada, took his seat, 4 March, 1873, and has been twice re-elected. His term of service will expire on 3 March, 1891. He made a notable speech on the inflation bill in 1874. JONES, John Pringle, jurist, b. near Newton, Berks co., Pa., in 1812 ; d. in London, England, 16 March, 1874. He was graduated at Princeton in 1831, studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Philadelphia in 1834, afterward settling in prac- tice in Reading, Pa. He was appointed in 1839 deputy attorney-general for Berks county, and on 15 March, 1847, presiding judge of the 3d judicial district. Under the elective judiciary system of 1851 he was elected president of the Berks county courts for the term of ten years, at the expiration of which time he devoted himself to literature. In 1867, on the death of Judge Maynard, of the 3d judicial district. Judge Jones was appointed his successor for the unexpired term. In 1872 he travelled in Europe, and was on his way home when he died. He was the author of " Eulogy on A. Laussat" (Philadelphia, 1834); and volumes xi. and xii. of " Pennsylvania State Reports " (1850-'2). JONES, John Sills, soldier, b. in Champaign county, Ohio, 12 Feb., 1836. He was graduated at Ohio Wesleyan university in 1855, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1857. He was elected prosecuting attorney for Delaware county in 1860, but resigned in 1861, and enlisted as a private in the National army. He served with distinction throughout the war, rising to the colonelcy of the 174th Ohio regiment, and on 27 June, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier - general of volunteers. In 1866 he was elected mayor of Delaware, Ohio, and was prosecuting attorney of Delaware county, 1866-71, when he declined renomination. He was a member of the board of managers of the Ohio soldiers' and sailors' orphans' home from 1870 till 1874, and was a trustee of Wesleyan female college at Delaware from 1865 till 1875. He was a presi- dential elector in 1872, and was afterward elected to congress as a Republican, serving from 15 Oct., 1877, till 4 March, 1879. He was elected a mem- ber of the legislature of Ohio in 1879, re-elected in 1881, and was chairman of the judiciary committee of the house. He became a trustee of the Ohio soldiers' and sailors' orphan home in 1887. JONES, John Taylor, missionary, b. in New Ipswich, N. H., 16 July, 1802; d. in Bangkok, Siam, 13 Sept., 1851. He was graduated at Am- herst in 1825. studied theology at Andover and Newton seminaries, and was ordained a Baptist missionary to Burmah on 28 July, 1830. Having first accjuired the Taling and Siamese languages, he left Burmah for Siam, and reached Bangkok in April, 1833. He visited the United States twice subsequently, and was eminently successful as a missionary. Columbian college gave him the de- gree of D. D. in 1850. Dr. Jones published tracts in Siamese (1834); "Brief Grammatical Notices of the Siamese Language" (1842); and a Siamese translation of the New Testament (1843). JONES, John Winston, member of congress, b. in Chesterfield, Va., 22 Nov., 1791 ; d. 29 Jan., 1848. He was graduated at William and Mary in 1803, and was elected a representative from Vir- ginia in congress, serving bv successive elections from 7 Dec, 1835, till 3 March, 1845, when he de- clined another re-election. He was speaker of the house during his last term. JONES, John W., physician, b. in Montgomery county, Md., 14 April, 1806; d. in Atlanta, Ga., in 1872. When a boy he removed with his parents to Kentucky. He was graduated in medicine at Jefferson college, Philadelphia, subsequently prac- tised in Griffin, Ga., and, after becoming a mem- ber of the legislature, was elected a representative in congress, and served from 6 Dec, 1847, till 3 March, 1849. He afterward removed to Alabama and engaged in planting, but returned to Georgia and was a professor in the State medical college. JONES, Joseph, member of the Continental congress, b. in Virginia in 1727; d. there, 28 Oct., 1805. He was a member of the house of burgesses from King George county, served on the committee of safety in 1775 and in the convention of 1776, and represented Virginia in the Continental con- gress in 1778-9 and 1780-3. He was appointed 'judge of the general court on 23 Jan., 1778, but re- signed in October, 1779. He was reappointed to the same court, 19 Nov., 1789, was a member of the convention of 1788, and a major-general of Virginia militia. He was a friend of Washington, and had a correspondence with him relative to the limita- tion of the power of congress by the several states in 1780. In June, 1783, a proposition had been made in the Virginia legislature to revoke the re- lease to the United States of the territory north- west of the Ohio river, but through the opposition of Mr. Jones it was rejected, and the legislature was induced to conform to the wishes of congress. — His sister, Elizabeth, married Spence Monroe, and became the mother of James Monroe, presi- dent of the United States. JONES, Joseph Seawell, author, b. probably in North Carolina about 1811 ; d. in 1855. He was graduated at the Harvard law-school in 1833, and was the author of " A Defence of the Revolu- tionary History of North Carolina" (1834), and " Memorials of North Carolina " (1838). JONES, Joseph Stevens, play-writer, b. in 1811 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 30 Dec, 1877. Early in life he became an actor, and was at different times proprietor and manager of the Old National, Tre- mont, and other theatres in Boston. In 1843 he was graduated at the Harvard medical-school, and held the place of city physician for several years. He wrote about 200 plays; the most popular among them were " Solon Shingle," " Eugene Aram," " The Liberty Tree," '■ The Fire Warrior," "The Siege of Boston," "Moll Pitcher," "Stephen Burroughs," " The Carpenter of Rouen," with its sequel in " The Surgeon of Paris, or the Mask of the Huguenots," " Job and Jacob Gray," " The Last Dollar," " The People's Lawyer," " The Sons of the Cape," "Zofara," "Captain Lascar," and " Paul Revere." " The Silver Spoon," in which William Warren, of the Boston museum, made his great success as Jefferson Scattering Batkins, was revived at that theatre through many seasons. He also dramatized " The Three Experiments of Living," by Mrs. Hannah F. Lee. JONES, Leonard Augustus, author, b. in Templeton, Worcester co., Mass., 13 Jan.. 1832. He was graduated at Harvard in 1855, and at the 470 JONES JONES Harvard law-school in 1858, and has since prac- tised in Boston. He is the editor of the " Ameri- can Law Review," has written extensively for lit- erary periodicals, and is the author of "A Trea- tise on the Law of Mortgages of Real Property " (2 vols., Boston, 1878) ; " A Treatise on the Law of Railroads and Other Corporate Securities " (1879) ; " A Treatise on the Law of Mortgages of Personal Property " (1881) ; " Pledges, including Collateral Securities " (1883) ; " Forms in Convey- ancing" (1886); and "An Index to Legal Periodi- cal Literature " (1887). JONES, Llewellyn, Anglican bishop, b. in Liv- erpool, England, 11 Oct., 1840. He was educated at Harrow and at Trinity college, Cambridge, where he was graduated in 1862. He was curate of Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, from 1864 till 1874, when he was appointed rector of Little Hereford, near Tenbury. He was nominated by the crown to the see of Newfoundland, and was consecrated bishop in St. Paul's cathedral, 1 May, 1878. In 1879 he accepted the episcopal superintendence of the Church of England in Bermuda, and has since visited the island every alternate winter. JONES, Noble Wimberly, patriot, b. near London, England, in 1724; d. in Savannah, G-a., 9 Jan., 1805. He was the son of Dr. Noble Jones, an early settler of Georgia, who was treasurer of the province and a councillor of state. The son was associated with his father in the practice of medi- cine in Savannah from 1748 till 1756. At an early age he held a military commission, and was a mem- ber of the assembly in 1761 and subsequently, and served frequently as speaker. He was an active patriot in 1774, corresponding with Franklin, who was then in England. He was speaker of the first Georgia legislature, and a delegate to the Con- tinental congress from 1775 till 1776, and from 1781 till 1783. He lost a son at the capture of Sa- vannah in 1778, was taken prisoner at the fall of Charleston in 1780, and carried to St. Augustine. Dr. Jones was exchanged in July, 1781, and prac- tised medicine in Philadelphia until December. 1782, when he returned to Georgia, and again served in the assembly. He practised in Charleston from 1783 till 1788," after which he lived in Savannah. He was president of the convention that revised the state constitution in 1795. JONES, Rebecca, Quaker preacher, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 8 July, 1739 ; d. there, 15 April, 1818. From an early age she frequented Quaker meetings, notwithstanding the opposition of her mother, and, wishing to join the society, she made application to Catharine Payton, of Worcestershire, England, who had come to visit the Friends in this country in 1754. She was admitted into the ministry on 12 May, 1760, at the monthly meeting in Phila- delphia. In 1784 she went to England on a relig- ious visit, returning in 1788. In 1799 she visited the Society of Friends in New England, and before returning to Philadelphia went to Canada and preached in Kingston to a large assemblage, through the efforts of the chief justice. JONES, Roger, soldier, b. in Westmoreland county, Va., in 1789 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 15 July, 1852. He was appointed 2d lieutenant of marines on 29 Jan., 1809, and on 12 July, 1812, was transferred to the artillery, with the rank of cap- tain. He received the brevet of major for services in the battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, and lieutenant-colonel for gallantry in the sortie from Fort Erie. On 10 Aug., 1818, he was appointed adjutant-general, with the rank of colonel, and on 17 Sept., 1824, was brevetted colonel. On 7 March, 1825, he was appointed adjutant-general of the army, which post he held till his death. He was brevetted brigadier-general in June, 1832, and ma- jor-general in May, 1848. — His brother, Thomas ap Catesby, naval officer, b. in Virginia in 1789 ; d. in Georgetown, D. C, 30 May, 1858, entered the navy on 22 Nov., 1805, and became lieutenant, 24 May, 1812. commander, 28 March, 1820, and cap- tain, 11 March, 1829. From 1808 till 1812 he was engaged in the Gulf of Mexico, where he was suc- cessful in suppressing piracy, smuggling, and the slave-trade. When the British naval expedition against New Orleans entered Lake Borgne in 1814, he endeavored to intercept forty British boats with his small flotilla. Although wounded and com- pelled to surrender, his conduct was much praised. He commanded the Pacific squadron in 1842, and took possession of Monterey on receiving the erro- neous information that war existed between the United States and Mexico, for which he was tem- porarily suspended from the service. JONES, Samuel, soldier, b. in Virginia in 1820; d. in Bedford Springs, Va., 31 July, 1887. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in July, 1841, and assigned to the 1st artillery. After serving on garrison duty, he was appointed pro- fessor of mathematics and instructor of tactics, holding these offices from 1846 till 1851. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1847, and captain in 1853, when he served on frontier duty in Texas. He was assistant to the judge-advocate of the army in Washington, D. C, from 1858 till 1861, when he resigned his commission to enter the Confederate army with the rank of colonel. Soon afterward he became brigadier-general, and in 1863 he was ap- pointed to command a division with the rank of major-general. He commanded the Confederate forces in West Virginia till 1864, when he brought his troops to re-enforce Gen. Lee's army on Rapi- dan river. After the war he engaged in farming in Mattoax, Va., but removed to Washington in 1880, and obtained a clerkship in the War depart- ment, which he retained until his death. JONES, Samuel Porter, clergyman, b. in Chambers county, Ala., 16 Oct., 1847. He went with his father to live in Cartersville, Ga., in 1859, and after the civil war studied under various tutors, but was unable to take a collegiate course on ac- count of feeble health. He was admitted to the bar in 1869, and married one month afterward, but his private and professional life was a failure on account of his passion for drink. After his father's death in 1872 he made a profession of re- ligion, and in one week from that time preached his first sermon, entering the North Georgia an- nual conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, in the same year. From the first his suc- cess as a revivalist was remarkable. He was fre- quently called to other places, preaching during the first eight years of his ministry about 400 ser- mons a year. In 1881 he was appointed agent of the Decatur orphans' home, and since that time has given his services to revival work in the large cities of the United States. Several collections of his sermons, made up from the notes of short- hand reporters, have been published. They in- clude " Sam Jones's Sermons " (Nashville, 1885) ; " The Music Hall Series " (Cincinnati, 1886) ; and "Quit Your Meanness" (1886); revised edition, entitled " Sam Jones's Own Book " (1887). JONES, Seaborn, lawyer, b. in Augusta, Ga., in 1788 ; d. in Columbus, Ga., in 1874. He entered Princeton, but was obliged to leave before gradu- ation on account of his father's f ailure in business. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar by special act of the legislature. He became so- JONES JONES 471 licitor-general of Georgia in 1823, and was after- ward elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 1833 till 1835, and again from 1845 till 1847. Among his treasures was a cane made from the timber of the frigate " Constitution," presented to him by his friend Com. Isaac Hull. JONES, Thomas, soldier, b. in Strabane. Ulster co., Ireland, about 1665 : d. in Fort Neck, Queens co., L. L, 13 Dec, 1713. His family were origi- nally from North Wales. Taking part in the civil war on the side of James II.. he participated in the battles of the Boyne in 1690. of Aghrim in 1691, and in the siege and capitulation of Limerick in 1691. Escaping to France, he embarked early in 1692 under one of the numerous letters of marque to participate in the Revolution, and was present at the great earthquake of Jamaica, 7 July, 1692, and in that year came to Long Island. He mar- ried Freelove, daughter of Thomas Townsend, who presented him with a tract of land at the confluence of the Massapequa river with the Great South bay. By subsequent purchases from the Indians and neighboring owners, he acquired an estate of 6,000 acres, and in 1696 built, near the river, the first brick house in that part of the island. On 2 March, 1699. he was admitted by deed an associate freeholder under the Oyster Bay patent of 1677. On 20 Oct., 1702, he was* commis- sioned captain of militia in Queens county by Gov. Cornbury. On 14 Oct., 1704, he was appointed high sheriff of Queens county, and on 3 April, 1706, he was made major of the Queens county regiment. He received the commission of "ran- ger-general of the island of Nassau " (then the legal name of Long Island) from Gov. Hunter on 4 Sept., 1710. which office gave him the mo- nopoly of the whale and other fisheries from the •shores of the island, his jurisdiction ranging around the coast from Little Neck bay to Jamaica bay, and over all ungranted lands within its limits. He held this office until his death. — His son. David, jurist, b. in Fort Neck, L. I., 16 Sept., 1699 ; d. there. 11 Oct., 1775, received an excellent private education and studied law, and practised in New York city. He was appointed judge of Queens county in 1734, and in 1737 was elected to the colonial assembly, where he remained till 1758, serving as speaker for thirteen years. From 1758 till 1773 he was a judge of the supreme court. — His son. Thomas, jurist, b. in Fort Neck, L. I., 30 April, 1731 ; d. in Hoddesdon. England, 25 July, 1792, was graduated at Yale in 1750, studied law, was licensed in 1755, and began his practice in New York. In 1757 he was appointed clerk of Queens county courts, and for many years he was the attorney for the governors of King's college, of which body he was a member, and also attorney for the corporation of New York city. In 1769 he became recorder of the city, which office he held till 1773, when he was appointed judge of the su- preme court in place of his father, serving until the close of the Revolutionary war. and held the last court under the crown at White Plains in April, 1776. On 27 June, 1776, he was arrested at his house by an armed party by order of a commit- tee of the New York Provincial congress on a charge of refusing to obey the summons of the committee to show why he "should be considered a friend of the American cause." He was brought to New York and discharged on giving his parole to ap- pear when congress should direct. On 11 Aug. he was seized by a body of riflemen, taken to New York and again arraigned before a board of offi- cers, who told him the parole was void. He was then sent to Connecticut as a prisoner, remaining there under the charge of disaffection until De- cember, when he signed a second parole and re- turned to his home in Fort Neck. On 6 Nov., 1779, his house was suddenly entered and robbed by a party of Whigs under the command of Capt. Daniel Hawley, of Connecticut, who seized Jones, though under parole, and carried him to Connec- ticut, in order to effect an exchange for Gen. Gold Selleck Silliman, who had been captured six months before in his house in Fairfield. Neither had any personal con- nection with the seiz- ure, nor did it alter their friendship which had been formed in Yale. In April, 1780, they were exchanged. While in Connecticut Judge Jones's health failed owing to inju- ries received on being thrown from a sleigh. In 1781 Judge Jones sold his stock at auc- tion, and went to Eng- land with his family. After living in Bath for his health for three years, he retired to Hoddesdon in Hert- fordshire. The negotia- tion of peace in 1782 prevented his return, as he was included in the New York act of attainder, by which his life was ipso facto forfeited and his estate confiscated. He married Anne de Lancey, daugh- ter of James de Lancey, chief justice and lieuten- ant-governor of New York. She received about two acres of land from her brother James, between the Bowery and the East river, upon which site Jones erected a large house, surrounded with gar- dens. He named it " Mount Pitt," and it remained standing till the close of the last century. When Gen. Charles Lee built fortifications around New York in 1776, he made this point the site of a large redoubt, which was called Jones's Hill Fort. The accompanying illustration of Fort Neck house represents his spacious residence, which is still (1887) in possession of the family. It was origi- nally Tryon hall, and was erected for Judge Thomas Jones by his father in 1770. It faces the Great South bay and has a frontage of ninety feet. His father entailed this estate upon him and his heirs and in default of the latter upon his daugh- ters and their heirs, on condition that they should add to their name that of Jones. Hence David Floyd, son of Arabella Jones and Richard Floyd, of Suffolk county. N. Y.. received the Fort Neck estate under the entail and became the first of the name of Floyd-Jones. Judge Jones was the au- thor of " History of New York during the Revo- lutionary War." which vras edited by Edward Floyd de Lancey and printed for the New York histori- 472 JONES JONES cal society (New York, 1879). This work is a valuable contribution to American history. It is an account of the Revolution from a loyalist point of view, and is the only contemporary history written by one living at that time. — The first Thomas's grandson, Samuel, son of William Jones, lawyer, b. 26 July, 1734; d. in Westneck, L. I., 21 Nov., 1819, studied law in the office of William Smith, the historian of New York, who was subse- quent!}'' chief justice. During the Revolution he remained in the British lines, being a loyalist in principle, but took no part in the war. After peace was declared he became a strong Federalist. He held many offices of trust, political and legal, was often in the state assembly, and an active mem- ber of the convention at Poughkeepsie that adopted the constitution of the United States in 1788. In 1789, with Richard Varick, he revised the stat- utes of the state of New York, of which work he did the principal part. In the same year he was appointed recorder of the city of New York, an office he held for eight years, when he was suc- ceeded by Chancellor Kent. At the request of John Jay in 1796 he drew up the law establishing the comptroller's office of New York state as it now (1887) exists, and was appointed in that year to this office, which he held for three years, after which he retired to his country-seat, Westneck, L. I. Dr. David Hosack said : " Common consent has indeed assigned him the highest attainments in jurispru- dence, and the appellation of father of the New York bar." " No one," says Chancellor Kent, " sur- passed him in clearness of intellect and in mod- eration and extreme simplicity of character; no one equalled him in his accurate knowledge of the technical rules and doctrines of real property, and his familiarity with the skilful and elaborate, but now obsolete and mysterious, black-letter learning of the common law." He published, with Richard Varick, " Laws of the State of New York " (2 vols., New York, 1789), and contributed valuable papers on the history of New York to the collections of the New York historical society. — His second son, Samuel, jurist, b. 26 May, 1769 ; d. in Cold Spring, N. Y., 9 Aug., 1853, was graduated at Columbia in 1790, and studied law in his father's office, having for his fellow-student De Witt Clinton. He held many important judicial offices, and at the outset of his career took an active part in politics. He was a member of the assembly in 1812-'14, recorder of New York city in 1823, chancellor of the state in 1826-'8, chief justice of the superior court of New York city in 1828-47, and justice of the state su- preme court in 1847-9. At the age of eighty, on the expiration of his term, he resumed practice at the bar, and was actively engaged in profession- al life till within about two months of his death. He was active in the councils of the Protestant Episcopal church, and to his latest days remarka- ble for his interest in all matters of social and pub- lic importance. Judge Jones, like his father, was often called the " father of the New York bar." — Another son, David S., lawyer, b. in Westneck, L. I., 3 Nov., 1777 ; d. in New York city, 10 May, 1848, was graduated first in his class at Colum- bia in 1796. For a few years after leaving college he was secretary of Gov. Jay, and for nearly half a century one of the most active and influential members of his profession. After residing for sev- eral years on his estate at Massapequa, L. I., he re- moved to New York. He was especially interested in the institutions of that city, Columbia college, the Society library, and the General theological seminary, and connected with each of them as trustee and legal adviser for an unusual term of years. He also took much interest in the affairs of the Protestant Episcopal church. He was first judge of his native county while a resident at Massapequa, and about 1840 received the title of LL. D. from Alleghany college, Meadville, Pa. Mr. Jones was connected by his three marriages with the Livingston, LeRoy, and Clinton families. See " Memorial of the Hon. David S. Jones " (New York, 1849). — David S.'s son, William Alfred, au- thor, b. in New York city, 26 June, 1817, was gradu- ated at Columbia in 1836, and studied law with Daniel Lord, but has never practised. He resided in his native city till 1867, and since then has lived in retirement in Norwich, Conn. He was librarian of Columbia college from 1851 till 1865. Mr. Jones has contributed many literary and critical essays to periodicals. His published volumes, which are principally collections of these essays, are " The Analyst, a Collection of Miscellaneous Papers " (New York, 1839) ; " Literary Studies " (2 vols., 1847) ; " Essays upon Authors and Books " (1849) ; " Memorial of Hon. David S. Jones," his father (1849) ; and " Characters and Criticisms " (2 vols., 1857). His pamphlets include '' The Library of Columbia College " (New York, 1861) ; " The First Century of Columbia College " (1863) ; and " Long Island," an address before the Long Island his- torical society (1863). — The first Samuel's grand- son, Samuel William, jurist, son of Maj. William Jones, of Cold Spring, b. 6 July, 1791 ; d. in New York city, 1 Dec. 1855, was graduated at Union in 1810. He studied law in the office of his uncle, Samuel Jones, and practised in Schenectady, N. Y., of which city he was mayor many years. He was also surrogate, and first judge of Schenectady county. — The first Samuel's nephew, Walter Re- stored, marine underwriter, son of John Jones, b. in Cold Spring, L. I., 15 April, 1793 ; d. in New York city, 5 April, 1855, was the founder of the Atlantic mutual marine insurance company, of New York city. By his untiring energy and devo- tion, his accuracy and masterly management of its interests, he built up a comparatively weak cor- poration to a valuable institution, over which he presided for many years. Mr. Jones was largely interested also in manufacturing enterprises, and especially in whaling operations, at a day when that was a lucrative department of our national industries. He may be considered the founder of the Life saving association. — Walter Restored's nephew, Jolm Divine, son of John H. Jones, b. in Cold Spring, N Y., 15 Aug., 1814, was placed in the office of his uncle, and under his guidance filled all the offices of the Atlantic company, of which he has been president since 1855. Mr. Jones has been a liberal benefactor of many public institutions, especially to the Protestant Episcopal church of New York city and Long Island, and to the His- torical society of New York. JONES, Walter, physician, b. in Virginia in 1745; d. in Westmoreland county, Va., 31 Dec, 1815. He was graduated at William and Mary in 1760, and studied medicine in Edinburgh, Scotland, receiving his degree in 1770. On his return he settled in Northumberland county, Va., and at- tained note as a scholar and physician. In 1777 he was appointed by congress physician-general of the hospital in the middle military department. He was afterward elected to congress as a Demo- crat, serving from 1797 till 1799, and again from 1803 till 1811. He was at one time a free-thinker, but he subsequently embraced the Christian faith and wrote a volume denouncing his former theories. JONES, William, governor of Rhode Island, b. in Newport, R. I., in 1754; d. in Providence, 9 JONES JORDAN 473 April, 1822. He was a carpenter in his youth, but entered the Revolutionary army in 1775 as a cap- tain in Lippett's Rhode Island regiment. He after- ward commanded a marine corps on a National frigate, and was made prisoner at Charleston, S. C. After the war he engaged in business at Providence, was for several years a representative in the state assembly, and served as its speaker. He was gov- ernor of the state from 1811 till 1817. JONES, William, statesman, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1760 ; d. in Bethlehem, Pa., 5 Sept., 1831. He joined a volunteer company at the age of six- teen, and was present at the battles of Trenton and Princeton. Afterward he entered the Continental naval service, and served gallantly under Com. Truxtun on James river, when that officer encoun- tered and beat off a British ship of superior force. He then entered the merchant service, but in 1790-3 lived in Charleston, S. C. He returned to Phila- delphia in the latter year, and was elected to con- gress as a Democrat, serving one term in 1801-'3. He was secretary of the navy from 12 Jan., 1813, to 7 Dec, 1814, and afterward served as president of the U. S. bank and collector of the port of Phila- delphia. He was a member of the American philo- sophical society, and published " Winter Naviga- tion on the Delaware " (Philadelphia, 1822). ' JONES, William Edmondson, soldier, b. near Glade Spring, Washington co., Va., in May, 1824 ; d. near New Hope, Augusta co., Va., 5 June, 1864. He was educated at Emory and Henry college, and at the L T . S. military academy, where he was gradu- ated in 1848. He was assigned to the mounted rifles, and served in various frontier posts till 26 Jan., 1857, when he resigned, and, after travelling abroad, became a farmer near Grlade Spring, Va. He entered the Confederate army as captain, and on 28 Sept., 1861, became colonel of the 1st Vir- ginia cavalry. He was promoted to brigadier-gen- eral on 19 Sept., 1862, and in the winter of 1862-3 commanded the Department of the Valley of Vir- ginia. He was made major-general in 1863, and then had charge of southwestern Virginia and eastern Tennessee till he was ordered back to the valley of Virginia to meet Gen. Hunter. He was killed in an action with the forces of that general. JONES, William Palmer, physician, b. in Adair county, Ky., 17 Oct., 1819. He attended the Louisville medical institute in 1839-40, and subse- quently received diplomas from the Medical college of Ohio, and Memphis medical college. He re- moved to Nashville, Tenn., in 1848, and has since been a resident of that city. He established the " Parlor Visitor " in 1852, was an editor of the " Southern Journal of Medicine " for several years after 1853, and in 1874 was associate editor of the " Tennessee School Journal." He aided in found- ing Shelby medical college in 1858, and filled its chair of materia medica, and in 1876 became presi- dent of Nashville medical college, and professor of psychological medicine and mental hygiene. He was in charge of the first military hospital in Nash- ville on the arrival of the National forces in the state, and in 1862 became superintendent of the Tennessee hospital for the insane, one of the first institutions of the kind for colored people on the continent. As a member of the state senate he in- troduced the public-school law, which provides equal educational advantages for children of all races. In 1877 he became postmaster of Nashville. He has contributed to current medical literature, chiefly on the treatment of the insane. JORDAENS, Mauritius (zhor-dah'-ains), Dutch physician, b. in Surinam in 1762 ; d. there in 1824. He served as a military surgeon in Saint Eustache, Java, and Sumatra, and in 1797 was appointed president of the board of health of Dutch Guiana, which post he held till his death, refusing in 1816 the presidency of the University of Leyden. His medical publications on the diseases peculiar to America include " Von der Wasserscheu oder der tollen Hundswuth, nebst den bewaehrtesten Mit- teln, diesem Ungliick zu begegnen " (2 vols., Am- sterdam and Leipsic, 1806) ; " Des maladies pesti- lentielles " (Amsterdam. 1809) ; " Traite de la fievre jaune " (Surinam, 1810) ; " Thesaurus artis medici- nae " (Amsterdam, 1819). JORDAENS, Melchior, Dutch physician, b. in Leyden in 1751 ; d. in Dort in 1829. He entered the service of the company of the Indies, and was for several years surgeon in Batavia, and after- ward in Surinam. He became deputy lieutenant- governor of the island of Saint Eustache in 1783, president of the board of health in Dutch Guiana in 1792, and deputy lieutenant-governor of Surinam in 1795, which post he held till 1806, when he retired to Dart. Jordaens not only promoted many sani- tary measures in Guiana, but greatly exerted him- self in improving the country, drying some former- ly inundated lands, encouraging emigration from Europe, and obtaining from the home government the decree of homestead that brought the country to the prosperity it enjoyed at the beginning of the 19th century. Napoleon appointed Jordaens chief surgeon of the kingdom of Westphalia in 1809, and afterward president of the board of health of Hamburg, which post he held till 1813. He then retired again to Dart, which he never left afterward. Jordaens is the author of many trea- tises, some of which are yet consulted. Those relating to America include " Guianaland, geo- gnostisch und geologisch dargestellt " (2 vols.. Ham- burg, 1811) ; " Geognostische Bemerkungen fiber die basaltischen Gebilde des westlichen Guiana- landes " (2 vols.. Leipsic and Dort, 1816). JORDAN, Ambrose Latting, lawyer, b. in Hillsdale, Columbia co., N. Y., in 1791 ; d. in New York city, 16 July, 1865. He began the practice of law in Cooperstown, N. Y., in 1813, and in 1820 removed to Hudson, N. Y., where he remained in business until he settled in New York city in 1838. He attained eminence as a lawyer, was a member of the assembly, a state senator, judge of the court of appeals, and attorney-general of the state. JORDAN, Conrad N., banker, b. in New York city, 20 April, 1830. He studied in private schools until he was thirteen years of age, and then, enter- ing a printing-office, learned the trade and became a compositor, which occupation he followed until 1852. He then was appointed clerk in the Hanover bank of New York, and in 1864 was made cashier of the Third national bank of that city. In 1880 he became treasurer of the New York, Ontario, and Western railroad, but resigned in 1884, and in 1885 was appointed assistant treasurer of the United States, which office he resigned in 1887 to accept the post of vice-president of the Western national bank in New York city. In July of that year he de- vised .a new form of silver bullion certificate, which was issued and put on the market by the bank. JORDAN, Cornelia Jane Matthews, poet, b. in Lynchburg, Va., 11 Jan., 1830. She is the daugh- ter of Edwin Matthews, who was at one time mayor of Lynchburs. Miss Matthews received her educa- tion at the Academy of the visitation in George- town, D. G, and in 1851 she married Francis H. Jordan, of Page county, Va. In 1863 she visited Corinth, Miss.^ where her husband held a staff ap- I pointment under Gen. Beauregard, and where she J wrote her poem "Corinth." This was seized on 474 JORDAN JORQUERA its publication in 1865 as " objectionable and in- cendiary," and was burned in the court-house yard in Lynchburg, by order of Gen. Alfred H. Terry. Her publications include " Flowers of Hope and Memory " (Richmond, 1861) ; " Corinth and Other Poems of the War " (1865) : " A Christmas Poem for Children " (Lynchburg, 1865) ; " Richmond : Her Glory and Her Graves " (Richmond, 1867) ; and " Useful Maxims for a Noble Life " (1884). JORDAN, David Starr, naturalist, b. in Gainesville, N. Y., 19 Jan., 1851. He became in- structor in botany at Cornell in 1870, meanwhile also studying at that university, where he was grad- uated in 1872. Subsequently he settled in Indian- apolis, and was graduated at the Indiana medical college in 1875, after lecturing in 1874 on marine botany at the Anderson summer school of natural history at Penikese island, Mass., and on botany and ichthyology at the Harvard school of geology, at Cumberland gap, in 1875. He then became pro- fessor of biology at Butler university, and in 1879 was appointed to a similar chair in Indiana uni- versity. During 1879-'81 he was a special agent of the U. S. census for the marine industries of the Pacific coast, and he has also held appointments at various times as assistant to the U. S. fish com- mission and the U. S. national museum. Mr. Jordan is a member of scientific societies, and has published about 250 papers on North American ichthyology, also a " Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern Unites States " (Chicago, 1876). JORDAN, John, antiquarian, b. in Philadel- phia, Pa., 8 May, 1808. He was educated at Nazareth hall, became a merchant in Philadelphia, and was for twenty-eight years president of the Mechanics' national bank in that city. For over forty years he has been a zealous antiquarian. He is one of the oldest surviving members of the Historical society of Pennsylvania, an active pro- moter of its interests, among its most liberal donors, and is now one of its vice-presidents, and a trustee of all its various trusts. He has con- tributed largely to the printed archives of the " United Brethren." — His nephew, John Woolf, antiquarian, b. in Philadelphia, 14 Sept., 1840, was graduated at Nazareth hall in 1857. He is the assistant librarian of the Historical society of Penn- sylvania, editor of the " Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography," and a contributor to his- torical publications, especially to " The Moravian." Among his publications are " Fried ensthal and its Stockaded Mill : a Moravian Chronicle, 1749-1767" (Bethlehem, 1877) ; " A Red Rose from the Olden Time " (1883) ; " Something about Trombones " (1834) : and " Occupation of New York by the Brit- ish, 1775-1783 " (1887). JORDAN, Richard, Quaker preacher, b. in Norfolk county, Va., 19 Dec, 1756 ; d. in Newton, N. J., 14 Oct., 1826. He became a minister in the Society of Friends, and began to preach at the age of twenty-five, visiting the entire eastern portion of the United States. In 1803 he went to Europe, where he remained for three years. He visited in his ministerial capacity every yearly meeting of the society in existence, and labored in behalf of the negroes. He wrote an autobiography, " Jour- nal of Richard Jordan " (Philadelphia, 1879). JORDAN, Robert, Quaker preacher, b. in Nansemond, Va., 27 Oct., 1693 ; d. in Philadelphia, 5 Aug., 1742. He began to preach in 1718, visited Virginia, Maryland, and Carolina, and New Eng- land in 1722, suffering imprisonment for his prin- ciples. He travelled in Great Britain and the West Indies in 1728-30, made a journey to Barbadoes in 1740, and was in Boston in 1741, returning to Philadelphia. — His brother, Joseph, b. in Nanse- mond, Va., in 1695 ; d. 26 Sept., 1735, preached with his brother Robert in 1718, in this country and in parts of England and Ireland. He also labored in Holland. JORDAN, Thomas, soldier, b. in Luray valley, Va., 30 Sept., 1819. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1840, and served as 2d lieutenant of the 3d infantry in the war against the Seminole Indians. He was then on garrison duty in the west and south, and took part in the war with Mexico. He became 1st lieutenant, 18 June, 1846, and captain and quartermaster, 3 March, 1847, serving on the Pacific coast. He resigned, 21 May, 1861, entered the Confederate army as lieu- tenant-colonel, and was immediately made adjutant- general of the forces at Manassas Junction. He accompanied Gen. Beauregard to Tennessee as chief of staff, and became brigadier-general after the bat- tle of Shiloh. He served temporarily on the staff of Gen. Bragg, but returned to his former post with Gen. Beauregard during the defence of Charleston in 1862-'4. After the war he was made chief of the general staff of the Cuban insurgent army, and in May, 1869. landed at Mayan with 300 men, and arms, ammunition, and supplies for 6,000. On marching into the interior to join the insurgents he was at- tacked by the Spanish forces and lost 80 men. In December he succeeded to the chief command of the revolutionists, and in January, 1870, gained a vic- tory over a superior force at Guaimaro. But as the supply of arms and ammunition was exhausted, and as there was small chance of reorganizing an effective force, he resigned in February, 1870, and returned to the United States. He has since re- sided in New York city and is now (1887) editor of the " Mining Record." Immediately after the civil war he published a critical review of the Con- federate operations and administration in " Har- pers Magazine," and was the editor of the " Mem- phis Appeal" in 1866. He has contributed to periodical literature and published, in connection with J. B. Pryor, " The Campaigns of Lieut.-Gen. Forrest " (New York, 1868). JORDON, Edward, a West Indian statesman, b. in Kingston, Jamaica, 13 Nov., 1801 ; d. in St. Andrews, Jamaica, 8 Feb., 1869. He was a quad- roon, and in his youth suffered from the social proscription and political disabilities to which the colored people were at that time subjected in all the West India colonies of England. He had received a good education, and began agitation with the view of obtaining political rights for the free colored population. Having succeeded in securing these, he became a zealous advocate of emancipation, calling on his enfranchised countrymen of the colored class to unite with the anti-slavery party of England in bringing about this result. For expressions that were used in a newspaper of which he was editor he was put on his trial for treason, with the certainty of being hanged if convicted; but the firmness of one man on the jury saved his life. About the time of the passage of the emancipation act Jordon was elected a member of the Jamaica house of assembly, and thenceforward he rose until he had been successively member of the privy council, prime minister in the first executive com- mittee under Sir Henry Barkly's administration, speaker of the house of assembly, receiver-general, and finally colonial secretary. He became a com- mander of the bath in 1854, the first instance in which this honor was given to a colored man. JORQUERA, Jacinto (hor-kay'-rah), Chilian clergyman, b. in Santiago, Chili, in 1600; d. there in 1675. He entered the Dominican order in Santiago, JORRIN JOUBERT 475 and received the degrees of doctor of philosophy and theology at a very early age from the university of that city. He was next appointed professor of theology and general examiner of the diocese of Santiago, and in 1646 was elected provincial of the Dominicans of Chili. During his provincialship, 13 May, 1647, Santiago was destroyed by an earth- quake, and he excited general admiration by his devotion to the sufferers. Immediately afterward he began to rebuild his convent, but left the care of finishing this work to his deputy, and went to visit the different parts of his province. During his visit he introduced important reforms in the convents of Paraguay, Cordova, and Buenos Ayres. He was nominated bishop of Paraguay by the Spanish court, but the chronicles of his order make no mention of his acceptance, and it is certain that he died a simple monk in the convent of San- tiago. Father Jorquera was a voluminous writer on religious subjects. Most of his works are in manuscript, but a memoir that he published, de- fending Bernardino de Cardenas, bishop of Para- guay, against the powerful men who persecuted him. excited great attention at the time both in Spain and in Spanish America. JORRIN, Jos6 Silverio (hor-reen'), Cuban au- thor, b. in Havana, Cuba, in 1816. He studied law in his native city, and was admitted to the bar in 1841. After finishing his studies he spent sev- eral years in travel through the United States and Europe, and on his return to Havana filled im- portant offices, devoting his time to his professional duties, literary pursuits, and the promotion of public instruction in the island. Jorrin belongs to several literary and scientific societies, and is a correspond- ing member of the Historical society of New York. He has been elected several times senator for Cuba in the Spanish cortes, and has been always a Liberal in politics and a stanch abolitionist. He has published a " Tratado de Dibujo Lineal " (1839) ; " Recuerdos de un Viaje a, Italia " ; a translation of Tacitus ; and a " Life of Columbus." JOSE DE SANTA THERESA (ho-say'), pen- name of Joao de Noroxha Freire, Portuguese historian, b. in Lisbon in 1658 ; d. in Rome in 1736. He became a Jesuit, and was for twelve years attached to the missions of South America, but his health compelled him to return to Europe, whei'e in 1694 he became librarian of the college of the Jesuits in Rome. He published " Istoria delle guerre del Regno del Brasile accadute tra corone di Portogallo e la republica di olanda," a standard work (2 vols., Rome, 1698); " Bibliotheca historica de Portugal " (4 vols., Rome, 1727) ; and several less important works. JOSEPHINE (Marie Josephine Rose Tas- cher de la Pagerie), empress of France, b. in Trois Ilets, Martinique, 24 June, 1763; d. in Mal- maison, near Paris, 29 March, 1814. She was de- scended from a family of the county of Blois, of which a branch settled in Martinique in 1726, and her father, an artillery officer, held the post of harbor-master of Port Royal at the time of her birth. She received her education in the latter city, at the convent of the Sisters of Saint Joseph, and at the age of thirteen was an accomplished Creole of great beauty. Her family betrothed her to the Viscount Beauharnais, a scion of an old family and the son of a former governor of Mar- tinique, whom she wedded in Paris on 13 Dec, 1779. The union was not happy, as the viscount became so jealous of the distinction that was shown to his young wife at the court of Marie Antoinette that he went to Martinique in 1786 to inquire into her former life, and on his return sued for divorce. I -JCfllzr" But the parliament of Paris dismissed his com- plaint. In the following year Josephine returned to Trois Ilets, and remained till 1790, when troubles began in the island, and she was obliged to fly for her life in great haste. Josephine was imprisoned in Paris during the reign of terror, and her husband was executed in 1794, but she never lost courage, as an old colored woman in Martinique had predicted in her infancy that she would some day occupy an exalt- ed position. On 9 March, 1796, she married Napoleon Bonaparte, and in 1804 ascended the throne with him. She used her in- fluence in behalf of acts of benevolence, interceding with Napoleon for Toussaint L'Ouverture, disapproving the ex- pedition to Santo Domingo, and urging him to cede Louisiana to the United States. For political reasons, Napoleon was divorced from her, 9 Jan., 1810, but he always entertained a kind regard, and maintained her household as that of the reigning empress. By her former marriage, Josephine had two children, both born in Paris. Eugene de Beau- harnais, known as Prince Eugene, who became viceroy of Italy and a noted general, and Hortense, who married Louis, king of Holland, and became the mother of Napoleon III. JOSSELTN, John, traveller, b. in England early in the 17th century. He was the son of Sir Thomas Josselyn, of Kent. He sailed for New England on 26 April, arriving in Boston on 2 July, 1638, and " presented his respects to Mr. Winthrop, the governor, and to Mr. Cotton, the teacher of Boston church, to whom he delivered from Mr. Francis Quarles, the poet, the translation of sev- eral Psalms into English meter." He returned to England in October. 1639, and made a second voyage on 23 May, 1663, to New England, where he spent eight years. On his return in December, 1671, he published a book entitled " New England's Rarities Discovered in Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Ser- pents, and Plants of that Country, etc.," with a picture of Boston in 1663 (London, 1672). This was reprinted, with notes, by Edward Tuckerman (Boston, 1865). Josselyn was also the author of " An Account of Two Voyages to New England, etc." (1674) and " A Chronological Table of the most Remarkable Passages from the First Dis- covery of the Continent of America to 1673," which was appended to the former work. Both of these were reprinted (Boston, 1865). — His brother, Henry, was active and influential in the affairs of Maine, arriving in Piscataqua in 1634. From 1636 till 1640 he was a member of the Maine govern- ment, in 1643 he succeeded to the Cammock pat- ent at Black Point, Me., and in 1645 became dep- uty governor. He was appointed a commissioner for the administration of the government in 1665. JOUBERT, Antoine Henry (zhoo'-bair'), Span- ish missionary, b. in Besancon in 1601 ; d. in San- tiago. Chili, in 1674. He became a Jesuit, was attached to the missions of South America, and 476 JOITETT JOITFFROY was successively professor of rhetoric and rector of the College of Santiago. In 1652 he became procu- rator of Chili and visitor of the order, the next rank to that of commissary-general, of the Jesuits. Joubert published " Epistola ad praeposituus gene- ralem Societatis Jesu qua statuus in provincia Chilensi exponit " (3 vols., Santiago, 1656) ; " His- torica relacion del Reino de Chile y de las misi- ones y ministerios que ejercita en el la Compania de Jesus " (2 vols., 1659) ; " Compendium Geo- graphic Americanse " (1658) ; "Dictionario geografi- co estatistico y historico del Reino de Chile " (3 vols., 1661) ; and " Memorias sobre las colonias de Espaiia situadas en la costa oriental y occidental de America " (6 vols., Buenos Ayres, 1664). JOUETT, Matthew Harris, artist, b. in Mer- cer county, Ky., 22 April, 1788 ; d. in Lexington, Ky., 10 Aug.," 1827. His ancestors were Hugue- nots, who emigrated to North Carolina, and finally settled in Virginia. They were stanch patriots during the Revolution, Matthew, his uncle, being clerk of the first legislative body that assembled west of the Alleghany mountains, 23 May, 1775, and subsequently serving as captain in the Revo- lutionary army, falling at Brandywine. His father, John, eluded the British commander Tarleton, and gave the alarm to the legislature, then in ses- sion at Charlottesville, Va., for which action he received complimentary resolutions from congress, and Virginia presented him with a sword and pistols. The son was educated for the law, but devoted much time to drawing and painting. He enlisted in the war of 1812 as lieutenant of the 28th infantry, serving in the northwest, and was appointed captain. In 1815 he taught himself portrait and miniatm-e painting, but in 1816 went to Boston, where he studied four months under Gilbert Stuart. In October, 1816, he returned to Lexington, achieving reputation as a portrait- painter, practising his art with success in New Or- leans and Natchez, and throughout Kentucky. He painted more than 300 portraits, among which one of Lafayette was ordered by the legislature of the lower house of congress of Kentucky. A sketch of his life is now (1887) in preparation by his grand- son, Richard Jouett Menefee.— His son, George Payne, soldier, b. near Lexington, Ky., 14 April, 1813; killed at the battle of Perrysville, Ky., 8 Oct., 1862; was educated at Transylvania, where he studied medicine under Dr. Benjamin W. Dud- ley. Subsequently he read law with his brother- in-law Richard H. Menefee and finally engaged in commerce until the civil war, and was the owner of steamboats on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. He raised with Col. Curran Pope and Major Camp- bell the 15th Kentucky Federal regiment. His amateur efforts in sculpture proved rare artistic talent. — Another son, Alexander Stuart, soldier, b. near Lexington, Ky., in 1816; d. in Harrods- burg, Ky., in 1849, was a non-commissioned officer in young Henry Clay's regiment of mounted in- fantry that fought so gallantly at Buena Vista. He possessed great courage and gained a reputa- tion in the Mexican war. — Another son, James Edward, naval officer, b. in Lexington, Ky., 27 Feb., 1828, was educated at the high-school in Lex- ington, and entered the U. S. navy as a midship- man on 10 Sept., 1841. He served in the Mexican war, was made a lieutenant on 15 Sept., 1855, and took an active part in the civil war. In command of the first and second launches of the IT. S. frigate "Santee," on the night of 7 Nov., 1861, he cap- tured by boarding the armed schooner " Royal Yacht," in the harbor of Galveston, Tex., after an obstinate encounter, during which he was twice 3aj.&3ovca5fr severely wounded. He was appointed lieutenant- commander in 1862, and ordered by Admiral Far- ragut to the steamer " R. R. Cuyler," off Mobile. He was afterward sent to command the " Meta- comet," which was selected by Farragut to accom- pany the flag-ship " Hartford " through the engage- ment in Mobile bay, the two vessels being lashed together ac- cording to his plan of the battle. Dur- ing the engagement the " Metacomet " cast off to chase Con- federate gun-boats, and crippled the " Gaines," so that she ran ashore and was destroyed by her cap- tain. The "Morgan" had retreated, and in one hour's running fight up the bay the " Selma " was cap- tured, Capt. Jouett having attacked four times the number of his guns in this encounter. In his official report of the battle Farragut says : " Lieut.-Com. Jouett's conduct during the whole affair commands my warmest commendations." A board, composed of Admirals Farragut, Dupont, Goldsborough, Davis, and Porter, recommended that Commander Jouett should "receive an advancement of thirty num- bers for heroic conduct in battle." He was subse- quently engaged with the ." Metacomet " on block- ade duty off the coast of Texas. He became a com- mander, 25 July, 1866, and a captain and member of the board of inspection on 6 Jan., 1874. He was made commodore, 11 Jan., 1883, and while in com- mand of the North Atlantic squadron conducted the operations on the Isthmus of Panama in 1885 for the protection of American interests during an insurrection, securing a free transit across the isthmus, restoring order, and receiving the thanks of the citizens, both native and foreign. He became a rear-admiral, 19 Feb., 1886, and is now (1887) president of the board of inspection and survey. JOUFFEOY, Gabriel, French missionary, b. in Calais in 1631 ; d. in St. Vincent, W. I., in 1685. He became a Jesuit, and was attached, in 1658, to the missions of Cuba, moving some years later to St. Vincent, where he remained till his death. He is considered the apostle of the Caribs, who had made the island their refuge. He did much to bring them to civilization, and deserves praise for his exertions in rescuing from a savage life many white men, for the most part English, whom the Caribs had kidnapped when they were children, and who had forgotten their own language, and scorned all entreaties of the missionaries to lead a more becoming life. It is said that Father Jouffroy converted thousands of them, thus greatly helping to weaken the forces of the Caribs, and otherwise contributing to the advancement of civilization. He left several manuscripts, which were published after his death, and are the most exact descrip- tions of the habits of an extinct race. They include " Voyage qui contiens une relation exacte de l'ori- gine, moeurs, coutumes, guerres et voyages des Ca- ra'ibes, sauvages des iles Antilles de l'Amerique " (2 vols., Paris, 1696) ; " Dictionnaire Caraibe Fran- cais " (1697) ; and " Maniere d'apprendre la langue des Cara'ibes, suivie d'un traite sur la prononcia- tion de ces peuples " (1697). JOUIN JOYCE 477 JOUIN, Louis, clergyman, b. in Berlin, Prus- sia, 14 June, 1818. He is descended from a Huguenot family that settled in Berlin after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He was edu- cated by private tutors and afterward entered a college that prepared young men for the adminis- tration of large estates. At the age of twenty-two he became a Roman Catholic, and in 1841 he en- tered the Society of Jesus. He prepared himself for the priesthood in the Roman college, and at the conclusion of his studies was appointed pro- fessor of mathematics in the College of Rezzio. The revolution of 1848 forced him to leave Italy, and he came to the United States, where he has since been employed as professor of mental phi- losophy in Jesuit colleges, with the exception of the years 1875-'7, when he taught philosophy in the College of Montreal. Father Jouin has been for several years professor in the post-graduate course in St. John's college, Fordham, N. Y. He is the author of " Elementa Philosophiaa Moralis " (Amiens, 1862 ; New York, 1873) ; " Compendium Logical et Metaphysicaa " (New York, 1869) ; and " Evidences of Religion " (1877) ; and is about to publish a course of lectures that he has delivered on " Church and State." JOUTEL, Henry, French explorer, b. in Rouen, France, late in the 17th century; d. there early in the 18th. He was a soldier in early life. When La Salle was commissioned in 1684 to reconnoitre the mouth of the Mississippi by sea, Joutel ac- companied him as intendant. In 1685 he was ap- pointed by La Salle to finish Fort St. Louis, which the latter had begun. After the departure of La Salle on his expedition two of the colonists formed a plot to murder Joutel, but he discovered it in time, and, having received an order on 14 July to join La Salle with all his force, he delivered the criminals to the latter. In October, Joutel was again made commander of Fort St. Louis with 34 men under him, and was again disturbed by plots to kill him or deprive him of his office. He set out for the Illinois on 12 Jan., 1687, with La Salle, and, after the assassination of the latter on 19 March, Joutel's death was also decided on, but his life was finally spared. Not long afterward he set out for the Illinois accompanied by six other Frenchmen, and after various adventures reached Fort St. Louis on 14 Sept., and arrived in Macki- naw on 10 May. Joutel went to Montreal and Quebec shortly afterward and embarked for Rouen, where he appears to have spent the rest of his life. Charlevoix says he saw and conversed with him in 1723. He speaks of Joutel as being a very up- right man and the only one of La Salle's party on whom that explorer could rely. He also says that Joutel's account of the last expedition of La Salle is the only trustworthy one. This work of Joutel, in which the author gives an account of his own travels after the death of La Salle, is entitled "Journal historique du dernier voyage, que feu M. de la Salle fit dans le Golfe de Mexique, pour trouver l'embouchure & le cours de la Riviere de Missicipi, nomine a present la Riviere de Saint Louis, qui traverse la Louisiane. Ou Ton voit l'histoire tragique de sa mort & plusieurs choses curieuses du nouveau monde, par Monsieur Joutel, l'un des compagnons de ce voyage, redige & mis en ordre par Monsieur de Michel " (Paris, 1713). JOY, Charles Arad, chemist, b. in Ludlow- ville, Tompkins co., N. Y., 8 Oct., 1823. He was graduated at Union in 1844, and at the Harvard law-school in 1847. During the same year he was appointed on the U. S. geological survey of the Lake Superior region, under Josiah I). Whitney and Charles T. Jackson. Subsequently he went to Europe and studied chemistry in Berlin, at Got- tingen, where in 1852 he received the degree of doctor of philosophy, and at the Sorbonne in Paris. Soon after his return he was called to the chair of chemistry in Union college, and held it until 1857, when he was elected to a similar professorship in Columbia, remaining there till 1877. His original investigation began in Gottingen with researches on the combination of alcohol radicles with sele- nium, in which field he was one of the earliest workers. Later he examined the compounds of glucinum, and published an account of his inves- tigations in the " American Journal of Science." He also made numerous analyses of minerals and meteorites. Of the former, many were contributed to Dana's " Mineralogy." Prof. Joy was a mem- ber of the juries of the International world's fairs of London, Paris, Vienna, and Philadelphia, and also a member of scientific societies. In 1866 he was elected president of the Lyceum of natural history (now New York academy of sciences). He was also president of the American photographic so- ciety, chairman of the Polytechnic association of the American institute, and foreign secretary of the American geographical society. Prof. Joy was a large contributor of popular articles on sci- entific subjects to various journals, and had held the editorship of the " Scientific American," and later of the " Journal of Applied Chemistry," also of the chemical articles in the " American Cyelo- pasdia." Failing health, the result of a sunstroke, that he received at the World's fair in Philadel- phia during 1876, compelled his retirement, and he is now (1887) residing in Germany. JOY, James F., railroad-constructor, b. in Dur- ham, N. H„ in 1810. He was graduated at Dart- mouth in 1833, removed to Detroit, Mich., in 1836, and was a successful lawyer. He organized the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy railroad about 1850, and became president of the Michigan cen- tral and its connections in 1866. He organized the company that constructed the St. Mary's falls ship-canal, and has been a railroad constructor and manager in the western states. JOT, Sylvanus, Canadian manufacturer, b. in Utica, N. Y., 4 July, 1833. He was educated at Union college, the University of New York, and Queen's college, Kingston, Canada, where he was graduated in medicine in 1856. He afterward practised in Tilsonburg, Ontario, and has been for twenty-five years coroner of the county of Oxford. In 1880 he organized a company for the manufac- ture of sugar from sorghum, which did not prove remunerative ; but he was more successful as a producer of wine from Canadian grapes, and was awarded a diploma at the World's fair at Paris. Dr. Joy is also one of the largest fruit-growers in the Dominion. — His daughter, Ida, artist, b. in Tilsonburg, Ontario, in November, 1858, after studying art in this country was sent to Europe, where she remained for eight years. She received medals for paintings that were exhibited at the salon exhibitions in Paris, and the Royal Albert exhibition in London. JOYCE, Charles Herhert, lawyer, b. in Wher- well, Hants, England, 30 Jan., 1830. He emi- grated with his parents to the United States in 1836, and settled in Washington county, Yt. He afterward studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1852, and began practice at Northfield. He was state librarian in 1855-6, and county attorney in 1856-7. Mr. Joyce served in the National army during the civil war as major and lieutenant-colo- nel, and after resuming practice in Rutland, Vt., 478 JOYCE JUAREZ was a member of the state legislature in 1869-71, and its speaker in 1870-'l. He was afterward elected to congress from Vermont as a Republican, and served from 1875 till 1883. JOYCE, Robert Dwyer, poet, b. in County Lim- erick, Ireland, in September, 1836 ; d. in Dublin, 23 Oct., 1883. He received his education in his na- tive county and at Dublin, was graduated in medi- cine at Queen's university in that city, and became professor of English literature in the preparatory college of the Roman Catholic university there. He also practised his profession with success in Dublin, but in 1866 came to this country with his wife and family, and resided in Boston till his death. After coming to the United States he-was elected a member of the Royal Irish academy. He wrote many ballads, songs, and sketches for the " Pilot " and other Irish journals, and published a collection of them with the title "Ballads, Ro- mances, and Songs " (Boston, 1872). His best work is " Deirdre," an epic poem that appeared anony- mously as one of the " No Name " series (1876). He also published " Legends of the Wars in Ireland " (1868) ; " Fireside Stories of Ireland " (1871) ; " Bla- nid," a poem (1879) ; and " The Squire of Castle- ton," an historical novel. JOYNES, Levin Smith, physician, b. in Acco- mac county, Va., 13 May, 1819 ; d. in Richmond, Va., 18 Jan., 1881. His father, William T. Joynes, was a judge of the Virginia court of appeals. He was graduated at Washington college, Pa., in 1835, and in medicine at the University of Virginia in 1839. He afterward studied medicine in Paris, Dublin, and elsewhere, in 1843 began practice in Accomac, and in 1844 removed to Baltimore, Md. He became professor of physiology and medical jurisprudence in Franklin medical college, Phila- delphia, in 1846, returned to Accomac in 1849, and in 1855 was appointed professor of the institutes of medicine and medical jurisprudence in the medi- cal college of Virginia at Richmond, becoming dean of the faculty in 1857, and holding both places until his resignation in 1871, when he was made emeritus professor. He was assistant sur- geon in the forces of Virginia from April till June, 1861. In 1872 he was appointed permanent secre- tary of the state board of health, and he was a delegate to the International medical congress of 1876. He contributed to various medical jour- nals.— His brother, Edward Sonthey, educator, b. in Accomac county, Va., 2 March, 1834, was graduated at the University of Virginia in 1853, and immediately appointed assistant professor of ancient languages under Dr. Gessner Harrison. He went to Berlin for study in 1856, and returned in 1858, as professor of Greek in William and Mary college. He was in the Confederate civil service during the late war, and in 1866 became professor of modern languages in Washington col- lege, Lexington, Va. By his request, the subject of English was attached, and for the first time in Virginia made a prominent college study. His courses of lectures have since become widely known, and the example has been followed (of English study) in other colleges. In 1875 he removed to Vanderbilt university, and bore a leading part in its organization. In 1878 he was called to a pro- fessorship in the University of Tennessee, Knox- ville, and in 1883 he accepted the chair of modern languages in South Carolina college, Columbia, S. C. Here, as elsewhere, he has been especially useful in the work of organization. He is the edi- tor of the Joynes-Otto series of text - books, in French and German (New York, 1870-5), and also of classic French plays that have been used in both Harvard and Yale (2 vols., 1870-'82). Prof. Joynes has written nothing on English, although his lec- tures have received much attention. He has taken an active part in public-school work in both Vir- ginia and Tennessee, and also in the National edu- cational association, before which he has delivered addresses on " The Study of the Classics " (1873) ; and "Modern Languages in Higher Education" (1876). He has in press (1887) the " Joynes-Meiss- ner German Grammar " (Boston). JUAN Y SANTACILIA, Jorge (hwan-e-san- tah-theel'-yah), Spanish mariner, b. in Novelda, near Alicante, 5 Jan., 1713 ; d. in Madrid, 21 June, 1773. At the age of twelve he entered the order of Malta, and after some campaigns in Africa was admitted to the royal marine guards, studying mathematics and astronomy in the schools of his corps at Car- thagena. He was intrusted, at the age of twenty- two, with the command of a corvette, in which he made several voyages to America. In 1735 he ac- companied Ulloa, La Condamine, and others in their journey to Peru to execute the project of measuring an arc of the meridian at the equator, and it was entirely owing to him that the height of mountains was measured successfully by means of the barometer. On his return to Spain he de- voted himself to the reorganization of the Spanish navy. In addition to several works on navigation, he wrote " Observaciones sobre astronomia y fisica, hechas en el Reino del Peru por Don Jorge Juan y Don Antonio Ulloa" (Madrid, 1748; French trans- lation, Amsterdam and Paris, 2 vols., 1752) ; " Di- sertacion historica sobre el meridiano de demarca- cion entre los dominios de Espana y Portugal" (1749 ; French translation, Paris, 1776) ; and " Es- tado de la astronomia en Europa " (1773). JUAREZ, Benito Pablo (wah'-reth), president of Mexico, b. in San Pablo Guelatao, Oajaca, 21 March, 1806 ; d. in Mexico, 18 July, 1872. His par- ents, of pure Indian race, died when he was scarcely four years old, and, although they had left a modest inherit- ance, the boy grew up in the house of an uncle without learn- ing to read and write or to speak Spanish correctly. But at the age of twelve a de- sire for knowledge seized him, and he went to Oajaca, where Antonio Salanueva, a former Franciscan monk, took him un- der his protection and taught him the elementary branch- es, placing him in 1821 in the seminary of that city, where he made rapid progress and was graduated in 1827. He now abandoned theology for the studv of law at the new college, where from 1829 till 1831 he held the chair of experimental physics, and was admitted to the bar in 1834. He had been elected a member of the board of aldermen in 1831, and in 1833 was deputy to the state assem- bly. He was imprisoned for a short time in 1836, in consequence of an abortive rebellion against the conservative government, appointed judge of the civil court in 1842, and in 1845 secretary to the gov- ernor. Gen, Leon, but soon resigned and was elected prosecutor of the superior court, which place he lost in the same year by the revolution of Paredes. / &^t>*^ T^et^ef JUAREZ JUAREZ 479 After the counter-revolution of Gen. Salas in 1846, the state of Oajaca resumed its sovereignty, and a junta of the principal citizens put the executive power into the hands of a triumvirate, composed of Jose Maria Arteaga, Fernandez del Campo, and Juarez, which lasted till the restoration of the federal constitution of 1824. Arteaga was chosen governor, and Juarez sent as delegate to the con- stituent congress, where he supported with vigor the liberal policy of the acting president, Gomez- Farias, and helped to negotiate a loan on church property to defray the expenses of the war against the United States. When Santa-Anna dissolved the congress at the end of the year, Juarez re- turned to Oajaca, and, as Arteaga had resigned, he was elected in 1847 constitutional governor. During the war with the United States he took energetic measures for the national defence, and after the destruction of the Oajaca division under Gen. Leon at Molino del Rey, raised new forces, and in a few days forwarded three battalions and a field-battery to the seat of war. After the occu- pation of Mexico by the U. S. forces Santa- Anna appeared with an escort at Tehuacan, intending to go to Oajaca ; but Juarez, fearing his schemes, sent orders to Teotitlan to prevent his passage, and after a short time Santa- Anna abandoned the presi- dency. In 1849 Juarez was re-elected governor for three years, and soon Oajaca became under his administration the model state of the federation. He introduced many reforms and managed the finances so honestly and skilfully that he antici- pated all the contributions to the national govern- ment, liquidated the state debt of eighteen years' standing, and on retiring from office in August, 1852, left in the treasury a cash surplus of $50,000. He was then elected director of the Institute for science and arts, and resumed the practice of law ; but when, in consequence of the revolution of Jalisco, Santa- Anna returned to power in April, 1853, one of his first acts was to revenge himself on Juarez by ordering his arrest, imprisonment in the castle of Ulua, and final expatriation. Juarez remained for two years in New Orleans, suffering great privations ; but when he learned of the favorable progress of the revolution of Ayutla against Santa-Anna, he joined Gen. Alvarez, the commander of the revolutionary forces in Aca- pulco, in July, 1855, and followed him to the capi- tal. When Alvarez was elected president on 4 Oct., he appointed Juarez minister of justice and religion, and the latter proposed and procured the passage of a bill for the abolition of the special clerical and military courts, under which the clergy and the army had practically enjoyed im- munity from the laws for a long time. When Comonfort succeeded Alvarez as president, 11 Dec, 1855, fearing Juarez's influence, he appointed him governor of Oajaca, in order to remove him from the cabinet. Here Juarez improved education and finances, sanctioned the civil and criminal code, and in September, 1857, was elected by an over- whelming majority constitutional governor. But at the same time he had been chosen at the general elections president of the supreme court of justice, which, according to the new constitution, is equiva- lent to the vice-presidency of the nation. In Oc- tober, Comonfort was forced by the voice of the Liberal press to appoint J uarez secretary of the in- terior, and his presence in the cabinet was almost the only support of the president, whose conservative inclinations had already begun to cause suspicion. When the latter finally joined the church party, and the revolt of Tacubaya began on 17 Dec., Juarez, who tried to preserve order, was imprisoned in the government palace. But the revolutionists did not recognize Comonfort's authority, and the latter tried too late to obtain the support of the Liberals by setting Juarez free on 11 Jan., 1858. After the occupation of Mexico by Miramon and Osollo, Comonfort retired to Vera Cruz and Juarez to Guanajuato, whence he issued a manifesto on 19 Jan., assuming the executive in virtue of his office as chief justice, and formed a cabinet, his government being recognized by the states. Un- able to oppose the reactionary forces, he had to transfer the seat of government first to Guada- lajara, then to Colima, and finally, by way of Pana- ma and New Orleans, to Vera Cruz, where he arrived, 4 May, 1858. Here, protected by the troops under the governor, Gutierrez Zamora, he installed his government, which was recognized by the United States in April, 1859, and on 12 and 13 June of that year he issued laws abolishing relig- ious orders and confiscating all church property for the benefit of the nation. After the final defeat of Gen. Miramon, Juarez entered the capital on 11 Jan., 1861, and in the general elections of March was chosen constitu- tional president over Miguel Lerdo de Tejada. In consequence of the law that was sanctioned by congress, 17 July, 1861, ordering the suspension for two years of payments on account of the foreign debt and of the diplomatic conventions, the alli- ance of intervention was signed in London on 31 Oct. between England, France, and Spain, and on 8 Dec. the allied forces reached Vera Cruz. But Juarez sent Manuel Doblado to treat with the foreign plenipotentiaries in La Soledad, and by his promise to protect the interests of foreign debtors obtained the rupture of the tripartite convention at Orizaba, 9 April, 1862, and the British and Spanish forces evacuated the country, while France, under the pretext of protecting French residents, declared war against Juarez on 16 April. After the capture of Puebla by Gen. Forey, 17 May, 1863, the Republican government dissolved con- gress, and evacuated the capital on 31 May, and Juarez, on 10 June, established his government in San Luis Potosi. He was obliged to retire before the advancing French troops on 22 Dec. to Saltillo ; but being informed that the governor of Coahuila and Leon, Santiago Vidaurri, was treating with the French, Juarez went to Monterey. He was not recognized by Vidaurri, who offered armed resist- ance ; but, not being sustained by the citizens of those states, the latter had to fly to Mexico, and Juarez established his government in Monterey. On 15 Aug. he had to retreat from that city before the imperialist forces under Gen. Quiroga, and after some detentions at Viezca, Mapimi, and Na- zas, to organize the rest of the Republican forces from the states of Zacatecas, Durango, and Chi- huahua, he arrived in the latter city on 12 Oct. He had at last to withdraw from Chihuahua, 5 Aug., 1865, and on the 15th of that month, accom- panied by twenty-two of his most trusted friends, who were afterward called in Mexico the " iminacu- lates," he established his government on the U. S. frontier in Paso del Norte. Meanwhile, Juarez's term of office having ex- pired on 30 Nov., Gen. Gonzalez Ortega, as nominal president of the supreme court, which place he had practically abandoned long before, claimed the executive power ; but Juarez, foreseeing the disastrous effects of a change of government under such circumstances, declared his term of office ex- tended until constitutional elections in time of peace could take place, and was sustained by the few Republican authorities that remained in the 480 JUAREZ JUAREZ northern states. To avoid the appearance of aban- doning the national soil, which, according to the constitution, would cause his forfeiture of the presidency, he frequently refused friendly invita- tions from the commander of the U. S. troops at Fort Bliss to visit him. On 20 Nov., 1865, when Chihuahua had been evacuated by the French troops, Juarez transferred his government to that city, but had to retreat before the returning ene- my, on 9 Dec, to Paso del Noi'te, arriving on 18 Dee. Early in June, 1866, the Republican arms obtained the first decided success. Chihuahua was finally evacuated by the Imperialists, and on the 17th Juarez established his government again in that city. Henceforth the tide of war turned in favor of the Republican arms, the northeastern states were gradually wrested from the Imperial- ists, and as the victorious army of Escobedo ad- vanced southward. Juarez transferred his govern- ment, on 26 Dec, 1866, to Durango, and on 22 Jan., 1867, to Zacatecas, where, on 27 Jan., he barely es- caped falling into the hands of Miramon's forces, and was obliged to fly • to Sombrerete. After Miramon's defeat at San Jacinto, Juai'ez finally established himself, in San Luis Potosi early in February, while Maximilian's forces began to con- centrate at Queretaro. After the fall of Maximilian and the capture of Mexico by Diaz on 21 June, Juarez entered the capital again on 5 July, 1867. After the execution of Vidaurri without trial, milder counsels prevailed, and the Imperialist chiefs and political followers, who had been im- prisoned to the number of over 200, were regularly judged by the courts, and only nineteen executed, among them Gen. O'Horan and Gen. Severo Cas- tillo. On 14 Aug., Juarez called for general elections. Congress met in December, and on 25 Dec proclaimed Juarez elected constitutional presi- dent over Porfirio Diaz. His term of office was disturbed by the constant I'evolutionary attempts of Diaz, Garcia de la Cadena, Negrete, and others. Even Santa-Anna invaded the republic, and was caught and sentenced, but escaped execution. When the electoral campaign of 1871 approached, Juarez was advised by his best friends to decline a re - election : but, either owing to his ambition or because he thought his presence in the govern- ment necessary for the good of the nation in an abnormal period, he accepted the candidacy against Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada and Porfirio Diaz. Congress met on 16 Sept., 1871, and on 12 Oct., Juarez was declared re-elected, as the votes of the opposition were divided between Lerdo and Diaz. This re-election, although at that time it was per- mitted by the constitution, was generally unpopu- lar, and in consequence there were numerous revo- lutionary attempts. Diaz proclaimed the plan de la Noria, and numerous officers pronounced against the government, including Trevino in Monterey, Garcia de la Cadena in Aguas Calientes, Donato Guerra in Zacatecas, and Martinez in Coahuila. With indomitable energy Juarez confronted every new attempt with new military forces, notwith- standing the complete exhaustion of the treasury, the military alone being paid ; and even repeated reverses could not discourage him when, after a short illness, he died near midnight of 18 July of heart-disease, or, as some have hinted, of poison. This extraordinary man has been judged differ- ently by admirers and enemies. Although only of medium talent and defective education, he supplied these defects by perception and judgment, and his distinct characteristics were a will of iron and the cold impassibility of his native Indian race in the presence of danger. He has been accused of cruelty for not commuting the sentence of death of Maximilian and his principal followers ; but it must be remembered that, according to Juarez's view, a terrifying example was needed to discourage forever future attempts against the national in- tegrity, and after the first and perhaps necessary executions, only those persons that were guilty of common crime, or officers deserting active service, were condemned to death. He was a constant enemy of the retrograde church party and heartily hated by its members, and while he could pardon his political opponents, he followed with relentless hate his personal enemies, and even those political followers who by chance had offended him. His supreme and redeeming quality was his thorough honesty, and perhaps in this character alone he deserves the name of the Mexican Washington, which some have bestowed on him in his country. His funeral took place on 22 July, 1872. The body, after lying in state at the government palace for two days, was carried in procession to the cemetery of San Fernando, where a group in white Carrara marble has been erected, of which the accompany- ing picture is an illustration. It is the work of the brothers Isla of the city of Mexico. JUAREZ, Jose (wah'-reth), Mexican painter, lived in the 17th century. The information re- garding his birth and death is very uncertain, nor is it known whether he was a relative of Luis, the elder painter of that name. Two of his paintings are signed in 1642 and 1698 respectively. His works are noted for the elegant position of the figures, vigorous tone, and delicacy of execution. The two most noteworthy are in the academy of San Carlos, and are " The Adoration of the Three Magi " and " The Martyrdom of St. Justo and St. Pastor." There is also at the above-mentioned academy another of his paintings, " Heavenly Vis- ion of St. Francis," which, although not equal to the others, is an excellent work. — His nephews, Juan and Nicolas Rodriguez, who lived toward the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century, were painters, but never reached the fame of either their uncle or Luis Juarez. Nicolas Rod- riguez, a priest of some means, never exercised his art as a profession. His best painting, marked 1690, is a " Saint Gertrude " kneeling before an altar, offering her heart to God, and has rich col- oring worthy of the Venetian school. JUAREZ, or XUAREZ, Juan (wah'-reth), Spanish missionary, b. in Spain ; d. probably on the banks of the Mississippi river late in 1528. He entered the reformed order of Franciscans, and when Cortes applied for missionaries to undertake the conversion of Mexico, was one of those who sailed from Sanlucar, 15 Jan., 1524. He landed at Vera Cruz on 13 May, and was appointed superior of the mission at Huexotzingo. Here the mission- aries assembled the Indian children for instruc- JUAREZ JUCHERAU 481 tion, and in a short time the natives allowed the temple to be destroyed, in which they were accus- tomed to offer human sacrifices. In 1526 Father Juarez returned to Spain, accompanied by some of his Indian pupils, and laid a report of the state of his mission before his superiors. It is said that he returned to Mexico the same year, bringing with him six other Franciscans ; but, if so, it was for a brief interval, as he was again in Spain in 1527. He accompanied the expedition of Panfilo de Nar- vaez to Florida with five Franciscans, of whom he was appointed commissary. It is said by some Spanish authorities that he was also nominated bishop of Florida, that his diocese was to extend from the Atlantic to Rio de las Palmas in Mexico. This assertion, if true, would make him the first bishop that was appointed to any see within the present territory of the United States. The fleet of Narvaez, while endeavoring to enter the harbor of Havana, was driven on the coast of Florida. The Spaniards landed near Appalachee bay and be- gan a long and disastrous inarch along the north- ern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Father Juarez and his companions embarked in one of the five boats that Narvaez built, in the hope of reaching some Spanish settlement. The boat was over- turned, probably near Mobile, and the missionaries had a narrow escape. There is no further record of Father Juarez, and it is supposed that he per- ished from hunger or at the hands of the Indians. J U AREZ, Luis, Mexican painter, b. late in the 16th century; d. about 1650. He was a contempo- rary of Echave (q. v.), belonged to the same school, and, although his inferior in correctness of design, excels in the softness of his brush as well as in color. One of his best pictures is an altar-piece in the church of Jesus Maria, in Mexico, representing biblical scenes, which was finished in 1621, and cost $9,000, a large amount at that time. The greater part of his paintings that are preserved are in the academy of San Carlos, notably the " Appa- rition of the Infant Jesus to Saint Antonio," " Ap- parition of the Virgin to St. Ildefonso," " Betrothal of Saint Barbara," " Ascension of the Saviour," and " Prayer in the Garden of Gethsemane." JUAREZ-CELMAN, Miguel (wah'-reth-thel- mahn'), president of the Argentine Republic, b. in Cordova, 29 Sept., 1844. He studied law in the university of his native city, and was graduated in 1870 as doctor in jurisprudence. He entered po- litical life during the agitation of the religious question, and by his eloquence aided in the triumph of the Liberal party. He was elected to the pro- vincial assembly, and later to the senate of the province, and in 1878 became minister of the inte- rior for his province. In 1880 he was chosen gov- ernor of the province, and surrounded himself with the ablest councillors, without regard to par- ty. He introduced gas and water in the city of Cordova, and gave a great impulse to the public VOL. III. — 31 schools. In 1884 he was elected to the national senate for Cordova, and took an active part in favor of the educational law, which was then under dis- cussion. In 1886 his name was presented as a can- didate for the presidency by independent branches of the different political parties. The canvass was one of the most hotly contested that had taken place in the republic, and on 11 April, Juarez-Cel- man was declared elected. On 12 Oct., 1886, he took the oath of office and assumed the executive. His inaugural message made a favorable impres- sion, and thus far his administration has been pro- gressive and favorable to the general welfare of the country, to national education, and to emigration, which of late years has given a great impulse to the agriculture of the country. The accompany- ing illustration represents the new government palace at La Plata, finished during the adminis- tration of Juarez-Celman. JUARREZ, Jose Domingo (war-reth'), Para- guayan author, b. in San Jose de los Arroyas in 1801 ; d. in Caraguaty in 1837. He began life as a teacher, and soon acquired the reputation of a suc- cessful writer. He went to Asuncion in 1824, and was presented to the dictator Francia, who took an interest in him and gave him an appointment in the state department to enable him to pursue his historical studies. But later Francia became offended by Juarrez's " Historia de la Independen- cia del Paraguay " (2 vols., Asuncion, 1834), in which he saw a criticism of his government, and he sent the author to the prison of Oliva. Juarrez was released in the following year and exiled to Caraguaty, where he died. His other works in- clude " Historia de peregrinaciones " (1825) ; " Noti- cias para a historia e geographia das nacoes ultra- marinas " (2 vols., 1827) ; " Disputatio Esquimauy gente America " (1827) ; " Memorias sobre an- tigiiedades Uruguayas y Paraguayas " (1831) ; and " Viagero Universal," a cyclopaedia of the explora- tions of the Spanish and Portuguese in South America below the river Plate (1832). JUARROS, Domingo (war'-ross), Central American historian, b. in the city of Guatemala in 1752 ; d. there in 1820. He had access to ecclesi- astical and government records, and, as a result of his researches, published " Historia de la ciudad de Guatemala " (2 vols., Guatemala, 1808-18 ; abridged English translation. London, 1823 ; new ed., Guate- mala, 1857). This is in reality a history of Central America. The first volume treats of geography, settlements, church topics, and the history of Guatemala city ; the second of the ancient records of the country, its conquest and settlement. JUCHERAU, Nicholas (zhoo'-she'-ro'), Sieur de St. Denis, French soldier, b. in Ferte Vidame, France, in 1626 ; d. in Baupre, Canada, in 1692. He came with his father, John Jucherau, to Cana- da, about 1640, and was afterward appointed mem- ber of the superior council of Quebec. With the view of protecting the colonists from the incur- sions of the Iroquois, he formed his tenantry into a body of militia, and at their head followed De Courcelles in his expedition against the Agniers in 1665. His conduct on this occasion was so ad- mirable that he was made perpetual commander of this force. He commanded the militia at the bat- tles at Beaufort against the English under Sir William Phipps on 18, 20, and 21 Oct., 1690, and was severely wounded. The victory was consid- ered due to Jucherau's bravery. He was ennobled by Louis XIV. for his conduct on this occasion. — His son, Louis (called by some writers Barbe), Sieur de St. Denis, soldier, b. in Quebec, Canada, 18 Sept., 1676 ; d. probably in Louisiana after 1731. 482 JUDAH JUDD acquired renown in Louisiana as a skilful negotia- tor and able soldier. His influence with the Indi- ans and knowledge of their language induced Iber- ville (q. v.) to place him in command of the French fort at the mouth of the Mississippi in 1700. La Motte Cadillac sent him on a mission to the vice- roy of Mexico, in 1714, to make a treaty of com- merce. After travelling through a great extent of country and meeting several Spanish governors and officers, by whom he was well received, he reached the city of Mexico, 25 June. 1715. He was at first imprisoned by the viceroy, but, on the lat- ter's learning that he was a relative of Iberville, he was set at liberty and treated with courtesy. He afterward went on a mission to the Assinais Indi- ans of Texas, who were in revolt, persuaded them to submit to the Spaniards, and returned to Mexi- co accompanied by twenty- five of their chiefs. He was not successful, however, in achieving the object of his embassy, returning to Mobile. 25 Aug., 1716. During the attack of the Spaniards on the French possessions on the Gulf of Mexico in 1719, he assembled the Biloxi and other Indian tribes, and, at their head, contributed to the repulse of the Spaniards from Dauphin island. He was re- warded with the cross of St. Louis and made gov- ernor of Fort Natchitoches in 1720. The fort was besieged in 1731 by the Natchez. He had only a few soldiers, but, having received a re-enforcement of Assinais, he attacked the enemy and defeated them, destroying nearly all their leaders. JUDAH, Henry Moses, soldier, b. in Snow Hill, Md., 12 June, 1821 ; d. in Plattsburg, N. Y, 14 Jan., 1866. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in July, 1843, and, entering the 8th infantry, served in the Mexican war. He com- manded his company at the storming of Monterey, and for bravery at Molino del Rey, and at the cap- ture of the city of Mexico, was brevetted 1st lieu- tenant and captain. On 29 Sept.. 1853, he became captain in the 4th infantry, and served actively against the Indians of California and Washington and Oregon territories till the civil war. He was made colonel of a regiment of volunteers in 1861, brigadier-general of volunteers. 21 March; 1862, and acting inspector-general of the Army of the Tennessee. Resigning his staff appointment,, he was ordered to command the 1st division of the army of the reserve, which he relinquished after the evacuation of Corinth by the Confederate troops. He was reappointed acting inspector-gen- eral of the Army of the Ohio, 10 Oct., 1862, and held various other commands until he was mus- tered out of volunteer service. 24 Aug., 1865. He was active in his pursuit of Morgan at the time of the latter's raid into Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio, in 1863. At his death he was commandant of the post at Plattsburg, N. Y. JUDD, Garritt Parmlee, Hawaiian statesman, b. in Paris, Oneida eo., N. Y., 23 April, 1803 ; d. in Honolulu, Hawaiian islands, 12 July. 1873. He studied medicine, and in 1828 went to Honolulu as a physician in the seiwice of the American foreign mission. In 1840 he accompanied Com. Wilkes in his exploring expedition through the islands, and in 1842 he severed his connection with the mission and became recorder and interpreter to the govern- ment of Kamehameha III. When Lord George Paulet took possession of the islands in 1843, Dr. Judd was appointed one of the joint commission to represent the king, but soon resigned. When the sovereignty was restored to Kamehameha III., 31 July, 1843, Dr. Judd was invited by the king to or- ganize a ministry, which he did, and this was the first Hawaiian cabinet. In the following year he took the portfolio of finance, which he held till 1853. In 1849 he accompanied the princes Liholi- ho and Lot Kamehameha to Europe to make new treaties and to settle a difficulty with France. Dr. Judd established a good financial reputation for the Hawaiian government and many substantial improvements in the city of Honolulu. JUDD, Norman Bnel, lawver, b. in Rome, N. Y., 10 Jan., 1815 ; d. in Chicago, 10 Nov., 1878. He received a common-school education, studied law, and in 1836 was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in Chicago. He was city attorney there in 1837-9, state senator in 1844-'60, a member of the Bloomington convention which organized the Republican party in 1856, and chairman of the state central committee of that party in 1856-'61. He was chairman of the Illinois delegation in the Chicago convention that nominated Abraham Lin- coln for the presidency, and was U. S. minister to Prussia from 1861 till 1865. He was then elected to congress, serving from 4 March, 1867, till 3 March, 1871, and was afterward appointed collec- tor of the port of Chicago by President Grant. He was president of the Peoria and Bureau Valley rail- road and of the Rock Island railroad bridge com- panv. A sketch of his life was published by Ar- thur Edwards (Chicago, 1878). JUDD, Oranare, editor, b. near Niagara Falls, N. Y, 26 July, 1822. He was graduated at Wes- leyan university in 1847, and, after teaching until 1850, spent three years in studying analytical and agricultural chemistry at Yale. He became editor of the " American Agriculturist " in 1853, and in 1856 its owner and publisher, continuing as such until 1881, and also holding the place of agricul- tural editor of the " New York Times " in 1855-'63. He was the principal member of the firm of Orange Judd and Company, which made a specialty of publishing agricultural and scientific books, and also published " Hearth and Home." During 1863 he served with the U. S. sanitary commission at Gettysburg, and then with the Army of the Poto- mac from the Rapidan to Petersburg. In 1868-'9 he was president of the New York, Flushing, and North Side railroad, and also president of the New York and Flushing railroad. He has taken an ac- tive interest in the affairs of Wesleyan university and edited the first edition of the " Alumni Rec- ord." The Orange Judd hall of natural science, dedicated in 1871, is the result of his munificence, and he held the office of trustee in 1871-'81. Mr. Judd has written for the press, notably in his own journals, and originated in 1862 a series of Sunday- school lessons for every Sunday in the year, upon which the later Berean and International lessons have been modelled. — His brother, David Wright, editor, b. in Lockport, N. Y., 1 Sept., 1838 ; d. in Mew York city, 6 Feb., 1888. He was graduated at Williams in 1860, was connected with the " New York Times," and became editor and a proprietor of " Hearth and Home," and in 1883 president of the O. Judd publishing company. During the civil war he enlisted as a private, but received a captain's commission before he resigned. He was elected as a Republican to the New York legisla- ture in 1871, and introduced the Judd jury bill and also the bill establishing the National rifle association. In 1873 he was appointed one of the three commissioners of quarantine, and he held the office by reappointment till his death. He was the author of " Two Years' Campaigning in Vir- ginia and Maryland " (Rochester. N. Y., 1864), and edited "The Educational Cyclopaedia" (New York, 1874), and " The Life and Writings of Frank For- ester," in ten volumes (vols. i. and ii., 1882). JUDD JUDSON 483 JUDD, Sylvester, antiquarian, b. in Westhamp- ton, Mass., 23 April, 1789 ; d. in Northampton, Mass., 18 April, 1860. He received only a com- mon-school education, but while employed in the country store of his native town taught himself languages, history, and mathematics, and in later years gave much attention to botany and geology. He became a partner in the store, and in 1817 was sent to the legislature. In 1822 he removed to Northampton, and became the owner and editor of the " Hampshire Gazette," which he conducted till 1834. He spent many years in investigating the history of the towns of Massachusetts and the Connecticut valley, and published a genealogical work on his family from the coming of the first American ancestor in 1633 or 1634, entitled " Thomas Judd and his Descendants " (Northamp- ton, 1856). His " History of Hadley," with a notice of his life, was published posthumously (1863). — His son, Sylvester, b. in Westhampton, Mass., 23 July, 1813 ; d. in Augusta, Me., 26 Jan., 1853, was graduated at Yale in 1836. While teaching at Templeton, Mass., he became a Unitarian, and, de- clining a professorship in Miami college, entered the divinity-school at Harvard, where he was graduated in 1840. On 1 Oct. of that year he was ordained pastor of a church in Augusta, Me., with which he was connected till his death. His first published work was a series of papers entitled " A Young Man's Account of his Conversion from Calvinism," written in his second year at the theo- logical seminary. In 1843 he began a work entitled " Margaret, a Tale of the Real and Ideal, including Sketches of a Place not before described, called Mons Christi " (Boston, 1845 ; revised ed., 1851). In 1856 a folio edition of illustrations by Felix 0. C. Darley was published. The book was intend- ed to promote the cause of liberal Christianity and the principles of temperance and universal peace. It consists of a loosely constructed tale of old New England life, interspersed with descriptions of nature. In addition to his work in the pastorate, Mr. Judd's services were in frequent demand as a lecturer on social questions, especially in opposi- tion to war and slavery, and in advocacy of tem- perance. In the later years of his ministry he devoted his efforts to spreading the idea of birth- right in the church, urging that children should be regarded as members of the church from their birth, and that no distinction should be made between the church and the community, but that all people should share in whatever of value there is in the administration of the sacraments. These principles were adopted by his own society and by many others in Maine. He also published a didac- tic poem in defence of Unitarian doctrines, entitled " Philo, an Evangeliad " (Boston, 1850) ; a novel of modern New England life, similar in purpose and character to " Margaret," under the title of " Rich- ard Edney and the Governor's Family " (1850) ; and a posthumous work entitled " The Church, in a Series of Discourses" (1854). He left in manu- script " The White Hills," a tragedy illustrating the evils of avarice. See " Life and Character of Sylvester Judd," by Arethusa Hall (Boston, 1854). JUDD, Willard, clergyman, b. in Southington, Conn., 23 Feb., 1804; d. in Wyoming, N. Y, in February, 1840. He was educated in Southington academy, and after teaching for some time settled in Canaan, N. Y., and was licensed as a Baptist minister in 1826. He then removed to Herkimer county and preached alternately in Salisbury and Oppenheim till August, 1828, after which, till 1835, his labors were limited to the church in Sal- isbury. In 1839 he was appointed classical teacher C^f .^0<. ^^^T-2-^ in Middlebury academy, Wyoming, N. Y., which place he held till his death. He published " Review of Professor Stuart's Work on Baptism " (New York, 1836), and a collection of some of his miscellane- ous papers, with a memoir, was published after his death (New York). JUDSON, Adoniram, missionary, b. in Maiden, Mass., 9 Aug., 1788; d. at sea, 12 April, 1850. His father was a Congregational minister. Adoniram was graduated at Brown in 1807, and spent a year in teaching in Plymouth, Mass. He had become sceptical on theological subjects, and, being in- clined to adopt dra- matic authorship as his profession, at- tached himself for a short time to a the- atrical company for the purpose of be- coming familiar with the regulations of the stage. But he soon experienced a de- cided change of feel- ing, and in 1808 en- tered Andover theo- logical seminary as a special student. Dur- ing his residence there he became deeply interested in the subject of foreign missions, and in 1810 formed the resolution to go as missionary to Burmah. In April, 1810, he addressed a letter, in behalf of him- self and two or three associate students, to the Lon- don missionary society, offering to go in its service to " India, Tartary, or any part of the eastern con- tinent," and his proposition was favorably received. He married, 5 Feb., 1812, Ann Haseltine, of Brad- ford, Mass., and on 19 Feb. they sailed for Asia, landing at Calcutta in June. The most noteworthy incident of the voyage was a change in the views of Mr. and Mrs. Judson on the subject of Christian baptism. They became convinced that the baptism of the New Testament was immersion, and in ac- cordance with this view they were baptized by im- mersion on reaching Calcutta. Being thus severed from the body under whose auspices they had en- tered on their mission, they were left for a time in uncertainty as to their future support. Dr. Jud- son's objective point had been Burmah, but he and his associates were not favorably received thei*e, and unpleasant relations between England and Burmah made their stay impossible. They were ordered to return to America, and only after much effort and anxiety obtained permission to proceed instead to the Isle of France. After a stay there of a few months, they determined to go to Madras, whence, by reason of the renewed hostility of the East India company's officers toward the mission- aries, they found themselves forced either to re- turn home or to venture into Burmah. They chose the latter course, and went to Rangoon, where Dr. Judson applied himself at once to the task of learning the Burmese language. His mas- tery of this difficult and unattractive language evinced strikingly his persistence, his ability, and his consecration to his chosen work. He practi- cally abandoned the English language, and read, spoke, and thought in Burmese. In May, 1814, he received the news that the Baptists of' America had formed a missionary union, which had taken the Baptist missionaries under its care. As soon as his knowledge of the language permitted, Dr. Judson began his public preaching. The first 484 JUDSON JUDSON inquirer after religious truth gave him great en- couragement, and the baptism of the first convert was an occasion of much rejoicing. Dr. Juclson prepared and published tracts, taught, preached, undertook a perilous journey to obtain the assist- ance of a few native Christians of whom he had heard, and in many other ways pushed forward the work. He was prosecuting it with much hope and some success, when the accession to the throne of a bigoted and zealous Buddhist cast a dark shadow over the prospects of the mission. Dr. Judson re- solved to go in person to Ava to solicit from the king tolerance for the Christian religion. Al- though this seemed to secure to the missionaries no very favorable result, yet for several years their work was not seriously interrupted. In 1817 Dr. Judson completed the translation of the Gospel of Matthew, and in 1821 the Epistle to the Ephe- sians. In 1824 he removed to Ava, where he was well received. The war, which at this time began between the English and the Burmese, involved the missionaries in extremest sufferings. They were suspected of being in correspondence with the English, and were subjected to every form of cruelty and indignity that a fierce and malicious government could invent. They were imprisoned in the "death prison," where there was foul air and no light, were given little food, and loaded with five pairs of fetters. They were driven like cattle, almost naked, under a scorching sun to another prison, where the purpose was to burn them alive in the presence of one of the high officials, who regarded it as a festive occasion. They were finally liberated and assisted through the agency of Sir Archibald Campbell, and left Ava for Rangoon. Finding this place ineligible for the re-establishment of their mission, they re- moved to Amherst, the capital of the provinces re- cently ceded to the British. Dr. Judson had been previously offered, but had declined, the post of interpreter in the English service, at a salary of $3,000. In 1830 and 1831 he made missionary tours to Prome and Rangoon, where hundreds of his tracts were distributed. In 1831 he removed his residence to Maulmain, which had been selected as the English capital. At this time he began a series of preaching-tours in the Karen jungles, which were followed by marked results. The next twenty-five years witnessed, it is estimated, 20,000 conversions among the Karens to the Christian faith. In June, 1833, Dr. Judson completed the translation of the Bible into Burmese. He at once began a revision of the whole Scripture, which occupied him till near the close of 1840. His chief literary works consisted of a Burman gram- mar, a Pali dictionary, a Burman dictionary, and a complete Burman bible. His mastery of the Bur- mese language was remarkable ; he forbade himself the use of English, excepting one English newspaper. About 1841 he began the revision of his Burman dictionary. His first plan of the work was to make only one part, Burmese into English ; but the work grew on his hands, and he decided to make it double, Burmese into English, and English into Burmese. He finished the first part in 1849, and hoped to complete the second in the following year. Brown university gave him the degree of D. D. in 1823. In 184*2 Mrs. Judson's declining health made it necessary that she should seek a colder climate. Her husband was obliged to ac- company her, and they took passage for America. On their way thither Mrs. Judson died, and was buried on the island of St. Helena. Dr. Judson, with'the children, continued the voyage and landed in Boston. On 11 July, 1846, he embarked for Maulmain. He fixed his residence in Rangoon, with the resolution of trying again to get a foot- hold in Ava ; but on account of the low state of the treasury was obliged to return to Maulmain, where he devoted himself to the completion of his dictionary. In November, 1849, he took a violent cold, and from that time his health failed steadily until his death at sea, on his way to the Isle of France. His life has been written by Fran- cis Wayland (2 vols., Boston, 1853), and by his son Edward (New York, 1883).— His first wife, Ann Haseltine, missionary, b. in Bradford, Mass., 22 Dec, 1789 ; d. in Amherst, India, 24 Oct., 1826, was educated at the Bradford academy. She mar- ried Dr. Judson on 5 Feb., 1812, and sailed with him for Calcutta. Her health having become im- paired, she left India in August, 1821, and after a visit to England arrived in New York, 25 Sept., 1822. She visited Philadelphia, Bradford, and Baltimore, where she spent the winter in preparing a " History of the Burmese Mission,"' in the form of letters addressed to her English host, Josiah Butterworth. In March, 1823, she visited Wash- ington, D. C, where the Baptist general convention held its session. A committee was appointed to confer with her respecting the Burman mission, and at her suggestion several important measures were adopted. The copyright of her " History of the Burmese Mission " she presented to this com- mittee. She returned to Calcutta in 1823, and sailed thence to Rangoon. Dr. Judson having been committed to the " death prison," she was un- protected against the plundering of her goods and the seizure of her person. She visited those in authority to ask assistance for the imprisoned mis- sionaries, and with her infant and two Burmese girls she followed her husband to the prison. After Dr. Judson's release, she was attacked with spotted fever, and only partially recovered. A trib- ute to Mrs. Judson, which appeared in a Calcutta paper, written by one of the English prisoners, calls her "the author of those eloquent and for- cible appeals to the government which prepared them by degrees for submission to terms of peace never expected by any who knew the hauteur and inflexible pride of the Burman court." After peace was concluded Dr. and Mrs. Judson settled in Amherst. With the aid of a teacher, she trans- lated the Gospel of Matthew and the Burmese catechism into Siamese, and assisted him in pre- paring a Burmese grammar and made translations into that language. — His second wife, Sarah Hall Boardnian, missionary, b. in Alstead, N. H., 4 Nov., 1803: d. in the harbor of James Town, St. Helena, 1 Sept., 1845, married George Dana Board- man (q. v.), and went with him to India, remain- ing two years in Calcutta, studying the Burmese language, and preparing for future work. In April, 1827, Mr. and Mrs. Boardman removed to Amherst, which had been selected as the seat of the mission and also for the English capital in Burmah. They subsequently resided in Maul- main, and removed to Tavoy in 1828, where she established a girls' school. After the death of her husband in 1831, she remained in Burmah, and made journeys through the Karen jungles accom- panied by some of her Karen disciples, and ad- dressed assemblies of two or three hundred. In 1834 she married Dr. Judson. and removed to Maulmain. In 1845 her health became impaired, and she went with her husband to the Isle of France and re-embarked there for the United States, but died and was buried in the island of St. Helena. In connection with her missionary labors, she translated a portion of " Pilgrim's Prog- JUDSON JUELS 485 ress," Mr. Boardman's " Dying Father's Advice," a tract, which became popular, about twenty hymns in Burmese, printed in the chapel hymn-book, which she was appointed by the mission to edit, and published four volumes of Scripture questions, for use in the mission schools. — His third wife, Emily Chubbuck, b. in Eaton, Madison co., N. Y., 22 Aug., 1817 : d. in Hamilton, N. Y., 1 June, 1854. As a child she was delicate in health, and had an extremely sensitive mental organization. She became a teacher in 1834, united with a Bap- tist church, gave much thought to foreign missions, and early recorded her desire to engage in mission- ary work. In 1840 she entered the Utica female seminary, where she reached at once the front rank as a scholar, and exhibited an easy and graceful style in writing. In 1841 she wrote her first book, " Charles Linn," her second, " The Great Secret," in 1842, and "Allan Lucas" in 1843, all of which showed decided talent, and were for a time much in demand. In 1844 she became acquainted, through the " New Mirror," with Nathaniel P. Willis, its editor, and a warm literary friendship sprang up between them. Mr. Willis was at this time one of the most popular editors and writers of the country, and by timely praise and kindly suggestion and influence won the right to the title, which she gave him, of the " fos- ter-father" of her intellect. The two or three years following her introduction to him comprised her career as an author, in which she became known in the literary world as Fanny Forrester. Many stories from her pen, of spirit and elegance, always pervaded by a high moral tone, appeared in the magazines, and most of them were subsequently collected under the title of " Alderbrook " (2 vols., Boston, 1846). In December, 1845, Miss Chubbuck met Dr. Judson, then on his only visit to this country, and they were married, 2 June, 1846, at Hamilton, N. Y., where she then resided. On 11 July they sailed from Boston, and landed, 30 Nov., at Amherst, in Bengal. When Dr. Judson died at sea, early in 1850, Mrs. Judson remained in igno- rance of his death for nearly four months. Her health decided the question of remaining in the mission field, and she embarked, 22 Jan., 1851, for the United States, with three children (one her own, and two of the late Mrs. Judson's), and reached New York in October, 1851. Her first efforts were directed to the gathering together of her husband's children in a home at Hamilton ; her next to the collecting of material for his biog- raphy, written by Francis Wayland. She then devoted her pen to the advancement of the cause ■of missions, and wrote a small volume called the " Kathayan Slave " (Boston, 1853). She published her collected poems under the title of "An Olio of Domestic Verses " (New York, 1852). Some of her •occasional poems are exceedingly beautiful, and show alike fine poetical taste and capacity. But her health steadily declined and . she died of con- sumption. Her other publications include " Trip- pings in Author Land " (New York, 1846) : " My Two Sisters " (Boston, 1854) ; and a memoir of Mrs. Sarah B. Judson (New York, 1850). Her life was written by Asahel C. Kendrick (New York, 1860). — Edward, son of Adoniram and Sarah Boardman Judson, clergyman, b. in Maulmain, Burmah, 27 Dec, 1844, was graduated at Brown in 1865, became principal of a seminary in Towns- bend, Vt., and in 1867 was made professor of Latin and modern languages in Madison university. In 1875 he became pastor of the Baptist church in North Orange, N. J., where the membership was largely increased during his ministry: but in 1881 be resigned and removed to New York city, where he entered upon a peculiar mission work, becoming pastor of the Berean Baptist church, in a down- town district, and attracting thither a large con- gregation. Besides numerous contributions to cur- rent literature, he has published a life of his father (New York, 1883). He was given the degree of D. D. by Madison university in 1883. JUDSON, Andrew Thompson, lawyer, b. in Ashford, Conn., 29 Nov., 1784 : d. in Canterbury, Conn., 17 March, 1853. His father, Andrew, by whom the son was chiefly educated, was first pas- tor of the third church in Ashford. The son stud- ied law, was admitted to the bar in 1806, and after two years' residence at Montpelier. Vt., settled in Canterbtiry, Conn. He was in the legislature in 1816, and in 1818 was one of the most active mem- bers of the Toleration party, which had for its ob- ject disunion between church and state. After a severe struggle the Tolerationists, aided by the Democrats, succeeded in setting aside the charter that was granted by Charles II., and adopted the new constitution, which has been the fundamental law of Connecticut since that time. Mr. Judson became state's attorney in 1819, was for several terms a member of the legislature, and in 1834 was elected to congress as a Derrtocrat, serving till 1837, when he became district judge of Connecti- cut, which he held until his death. JUDSON, Edward Z. C, author, b. in Philadel- phia, Pa., in 1822 ; d. in Stamford, Delaware co., N. Y., 16 July, 1886. His father was a lawyer, and intended to educate the son for the bar, but he ran away to sea as a cabin-boy, and the next year shipped on board of a man-of-war. When thirteen years old he rescued the crew of a boat that had been run down by a Fulton ferry boat, and received from President Van Buren a commission as mid- shipman in the U. S. navy. On being assigned to the " Levant," he fought seven duels with midship- men who refused to mess with him because he had been a common sailor, and escaped from each with- out a wound. During the civil war he was chief of scouts among the Indians, with the rank of colonel, and during his service received twenty wounds. His first literary efforts began with a story of adventure in the " Knickerbocker Maga- zine " in 1838. He became editor of a weekly story- paper, called " Ned Buntline's Own," in 1848, and during the Astor place riots was arrested for excit- ing an outbreak through its columns. In Septem- ber, 1849, he was sentenced to a $ 250 fine and a year's imprisonment. After his release he devoted himself to writing sensational stories for weekly newspapers under the pen-name of " Ned Buntline," and his income from this source is said to have amounted to $20,000 a year. He was a frequent lecturer on temperance, and until the presidential canvass of 1884 was an ardent Republican politician. JUELS, Niels (yoo'-els), Swedish geographer, b. in Westrogothia in 1729 ; d. in Upsala in 1793. He was the son of a poor miner, and worked for some time in the mines of Dalecarlia. At the age of nineteen he joined a Dutch merchant- vessel that was bound for South America, but deserted on reaching Buenos Ayres. He was successively a servant, trader, ranchman, and merchant, and for two years remained a prisoner among the Charruas Indians. In 1758 he was converted by Father Quesada, vicar of the cathedral of Buenos Ayres, who took an interest in him and employed his leisure time in giving him lessons. Jitels obtained through his influence a brevet of lieutenant in the Spanish army in 1760. In the following year he wedded the 'daughter of a prosperous Portuguese merchant, who died soon afterward, leaving him all 486 JUENGLING JULIEN her property. Juels then devoted twenty years to travel in South and North America, Europe, and India, returning to Stockholm in 1784. He settled in Upsala, where he received from the university the honorary diploma of LL. D., and obtained let- ters of nobility from Gustav 111. The remainder of his life was devoted to scientific pursuits. Among his works are " Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Geographie " (Upsala, 1787) : " En Resa till Norra Amerika" (2 vols., 1787); "En Resa till Sodra Amerika" (2 vols., 1789); "En Resa till India" (1789) ; " Bes Krifning om Amerikanska Maysen " (1790) ; " Sodra Amerikanska Sargoter " (1791) ; and "Compendium Universi completens geographica descriptio " (1793). JUENGLING, Frederick, artist, b. in New York city, 8 Oct., 1846. He studied at the New York art students' league, adopted art as a profes- sion, and has attained to high rank as an engraver. He was a founder of the American society of wood- engravers, its first secretary in 1881-'2, and in 1882-3 was vice-president of the Art students' league. Mr. Juengling is identified with what is known as the new school in wood-engraving. He received honorable mention at the Paris salon in 1881, and a second-class medal at the International exhibition of fine arts, held in Munich in 1883. Among his works are " The Professor," engraved after Frank Duveneck, and "The Voice of the Sea," after Arthur Quartley. His paintings in- clude " The Intruder "' (1884) ; " Westward Bound " (1884) ; and " In the Street " (1886). JUGLER, Lorenz (yu'-gler), German naturalist, b. in Detmold in 1692 ; d. in Halle in 1764. He united with the Moravian church, but was after- ward converted to the Lutheran faith. He be- came preceptor to the children of the Prince of Reuss-Greitz, and professor of chemistry at the Uni- versity of Gottingen, and afterward at Dortrecht. The young Prince of Reuss died in 1746 and left him a handsome legacy, which enabled him to travel. After a journey of three years in Europe he sailed for India in 1749, but was taken in the latter country as a spy both by the French and English, and in spite of his protestations was not allowed to proceed. Returning to Holland, he sailed for Boston, and travelled in North and South America for seven years, settling in Halle on his return in 1755. Among his many publications are " Geschichte und Zustaende der Deutschen in Amerika" (Leipsic, 1756); " Metallurgische Reise durch einen Theil von Neu England " (Halle, 1756) : " Erste Urkunden der Geschichte der Amerikas " (2 vols., 1757) ; " Thesaurus geographicus " (1758) ; and " Flora Americana? " (2 vols., 1763-4). JULIAN, George Washington, statesman, b. near Centreville, Ind., 5 May, 1817. He received a common-school education, taught for three years, studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1840. He was elected to the Indiana house of representa- tives in 1845 as a member of the Whig party ; but becoming warmly interested in the slavery ques- tion through his Quaker training, severed his party relations in 1848, became one of the founders and leaders of the Free-soil party, was a delegate to the Buffalo convention, and was then elected to con- gress, serving from 3 Dec, 1849, to 3 March, 1851. In 1852 he was a candidate for the vice-presidency on the Free-soil ticket. He was a delegate to the Pittsburg convention of 1856, the first National convention of the Republican party, and was its vice-president, and chairman of the committee on organization. In 1860 he was elected as a Repub- lican to congress, and served on the joint commit- tee on the conduct of the war. He was four times re-elected, and served on the committee on recon- struction, and for eight years as chairman of the committee on public lands. He espoused the cause of woman suffrage as early as 1847, and in 1868 proposed in congress a constitutional amendment conferring the right to vote on women. During the discussions on reconstruction he was zealous in demanding the electoral franchise for the negro. In 1872 he joined the Liberal Republicans, and supported Horace Greeley for president. His most strenuous efforts in congress were directed to the championship of the homestead policy and the preservation of the public lands for the people. In May, 1885, he was appointed surveyor-general of New Mexico. He has published " Speeches on Political Questions." containing a sketch of his life by Lydia Maria Child (Boston, 1872), and " Polit- ical Recollections " (Chicago, 1884), and has con- tributed to magazines and reviews articles deal- ing with political reforms. — His brother, Isaac Hoover, journalist, b. in Wayne county, Ind., 19 June, 1823, removed to Iowa in 1846, resided there till 1850, and returning to Indiana settled in Centreville and edited the " Indiana True Repub- lican," which he afterward published in Richmond, Ind., under the title of " The Indiana Radical." He occupied several local offices in that town, removed to San Marco, Texas, in 1873, and since that date has edited the " San Marco Free Press." He has published, besides numerous poems, pam- phlets, and essays, a " Memoir of David Hoover " (Richmond, Ind!!, 1857). JULIEN, Alexis Anastay, geologist, b. in New York city, 13 Feb., 1840. He was graduated at Union college in 1859, but continued as a student in the chemical laboratory a year longer. In I860 1 he went to the guano island of Sombrero as resi- dent chemist, and continued there until 1864, also making studies of its geology and natural history, especially of its birds and land shells. He sent his collections to the Smithsonian institution, for which he also made meteorological observations, this island being the most southerly under its di- rection. In 1862 he made a geological survey of the islets around St. Bartholomew for the Swedish government, receiving in recognition of his services a gold medal from the king of Sweden. Soon after the establishment of the Columbia school of mines- he became the assistant in charge of the quantita- tive laboratory, and in 1885 he was appointed in- structor in charge of the department of microscopy and biology in the same institution. He was connected with the geological survey of Michigan in 1872, making a special study of the crystalline rocks and ores of the Marquette district, and his lithological reports appear in the published volumes of the survey. In 1875 he began the study of the petrography of North Carolina for the state geo- logical survey, and served for three successive sum- mers in the field. He visited the islands of Bo- naire, Cui-acoa, and Aruba, W. I., during 1881-2, and investigated the guano deposits and geology of these islands. The degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him in 1882 by the University of New York. He is a member of scientific societies, and was vice- president of the New York academy of sciences in 1884. Dr. Julien was one of the founders of the New York microscopical society in 1880, and in 1883 was one of the originators of the Society of naturalists of the eastern United States. His con- tributions to scientific literature have been very numerous. Among his papers are " On the Geo- logical Action of the Humus Acids " (1879) ; " On Spodumene and its Alterations " (1879) ; " Build- ing-Stones of New York City and Environs " and JULIO JUNCKBR 487 " The Durability of Building-Stones in New York City and Vicinity " (contributed to the U. S. cen- sus reports, 1880) ; " The Genesis of the Crystalline Iron-Ores " (1882) ; " Notice on the Microscopical Examination of a Series of Ocean, Lake, River, and Desert Sands " (1884) ; and " On the Variation of Decomposition in the Iron Pyrites, its Cause, and its Relation to Density " (1886). JULIO, E. B. D. Fabrino, artist, b. in the island of St. Helena in 1843; d. in Georgia, 15 Sept., 1879. He was the son of an Italian father and a Scotch mother. After a careful education in Paris, he removed to the United States at the be- ginning of the civil war, lived in the north several years, and, removing to New Oiieans, established himself there as a portrait-painter. Revisiting Paris about 1872, he entered the studio of Leon Bonnat, and, returning to New Orleans two years later, established a school of art in that city. His best-known painting, " The Last Meeting of Lee and Jackson," is a composition of merit. His "Diana," the "Harvest Scene," exhibited at the Centennial in 1876, a sketch of " Kernochan's Plan- tation," and several Louisiana landscapes, although defective in color, show him to have been a rapid and skilful draughtsman, and an original artist. JUMEL, Eliza Bowen, heiress, b. at sea be- tween France and the West Indies in 1769; d. in New York, 16 July, 1865. Her mother, whose name was Capet, died at her birth, and the daughter was adopted by a Mrs. Thompson, of Newport, R. I. At seventeen years of age Eliza eloped with and married Col. Peter Croix, a British officer, and, re- moving to New York city, became, through her great beauty and talents, the friend and favorite of many distinguished men of the age. Her un- bounded love of admiration caused her to commit many imprudences, from which her reputation suffered. After the death of Col. Croix, she mar- ried, about 1801, Stephen Jumel, a French wine- merchant of great wealth. She then removed to Paris, and became a leader of fashion under the patronage of the Marquis de Lafayette. In a few years she spent a large portion of Jumel's fortune by her extravagance, but, returning to the United States, devoted herself to its restoration with such success that she soon regained all she had dissi- pated. After Jumel's death she sought legal ad- vice from Aaron Burr, with whom she had been acquainted in her youth. He was at that time seventy-eight years of age, but the pair were mar- ried in 1830. On Burr's losing, in Texas specula- tions, a large sum of money that she had put in his hands a few days after the wedding, she filed a complaint against him, and a separation ensued, although a divorce was not granted. The remain- der of her life was spent in retirement in New York city. The Jumel estate on the Harlem river, near Manhattanville, has recently been divided and sold as city lots, but the mansion erected by Col. Roger Morris in 1758, represented in the accompanying dlustration, still remains in the possession of her heirs — one of the most interesting of the old land- marks of Manhattan island. Washington used it as his headquarters, and there Madame Jumel, who purchased it in 1810, entertained Joseph Bona- parte, Moreau, and many other distinguished men. There, too, on a rocky eminence overlooking the river, Fitz-Greene Halleck wrote his famous lines on the Greek patriot " Marco Bozzaris." JUMONVILLE, N. Coulon de, French sol- dier, b. in Picardy, France, about 1725 ; d. near the site of Pittsburg, Pa., 27 May, 1754. He was edu- cated as a soldier, and, coming to this country to join his brother, Coulon de Villiers, who held the rank of captain in the French army, he was sent in the spring of 1754 in charge of a small force to summon Washington to surrender the fort that he had built at Great Meadows, on the bank of the Ohio. The latter, being warned of his approach, joined forces with his Indian allies, and came upon the French suddenly at night. An action lasting a quarter of an hour ensued. On the side of the English one man was killed and three wounded, while ten of the French were killed, including De Jumonville, and twenty-one made prisoners. The dead were scalped by the Indians, and a scalp and a hatchet sent to each of the tribes of the Miamis, with an invitation to join the Six Nations as allies of the English. The killing of Jumonville, who bore a summons to surrender, was considered in France and Canada as a violation of the law of nations. Jumonville's death was avenged early in the following July by his brother, Coulon de Villiers, who, at the head of 600 French and 100 Indians, appeared before the rude stockade that had been built at Great Meadows by Washing- ton, and named Fort Necessity. After an engage- ment in which three of the French and thirty of the Virginians were killed, the American officer accepted terms of capitulation, by which he agreed to retire from the basin of the Ohio. JUNCKER, Henry Daniian, R, C bishop, b. in Fenetrange, Lorraine, France, about 1810 ; d. in Alton, 111., 2 Oct., 1868. He came to the United States at an early age, studied for the priesthood, and was ordained by Bishop Purcell, 16 March, 1834. He was then appointed pastor of the Church of the Holy Trinity, the first German church in Cincinnati. At the end of two years he was trans- ferred to Canton, Ohio, and in 1846 appointed pas- tor of the Church of Emanuel at Dayton. He also ministered to several English congregations and over a dozen German settlements. In 1857 he was appointed bishop of the newly created see of Alton, and consecrated by Archbishop Purcell on 26 April. His diocese embraced the greater part of Illinois, and it contained only eighteen priests. He went to Europe early in 1858, returning in July with four ecclesiastical students, whom he ordained, and within a little over a year he had increased the number of priests to forty-two. During the same period he built eight new churches. In 1859 he completed his cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, which is among the finest churches in the United States. His visitations of his diocese were long and severe journeys, during which he founded congregations to which he afterward sent clergy- men, and performed every duty of a simple priest. He gave especial attention to education, founded two colleges for boys and six academies for girls, erected an ecclesiastical seminary near his cathe- dral, and built two hospitals, as well as an or- phan asylum. In 1868 the number of priests had 488 JUNEAU JUNIPERO increased to 100, besides 25 clerical students, the churches to 125, and the parochial schools to 56. He also introduced into his diocese various relig- ious fraternities. Bishop Juncker was a fluent speaker in the French, German, and English lan- guages, and an able controversialist. His per- sonal friendships went beyond persons of his own religious denomination. To those with whom he was familiar he declared himself an agent in be- half of law and order, deeming the ministration of the Roman Catholic church the most powerful agency to control the evil tendency of the masses. JUNEAU, Laurent Solomon, pioneer, 1). in L' Assumption parish, near Montreal, Canada, 9 Aug., 1793 ; d. in Shawano, Wis., 14 Nov., 1856. He was of Alsatian descent. In 1816 he went to Mackinaw and became clerk to Jaques Vieau, a fur-trader. In 1821 he was the first white settler in Milwaukee, Wis., and erected a house and store of tama- rac- poles, near the present intersection of Wisconsin and East Water streets. He continued to trade in furs, and was one of the most trusted friends of John Jacob Astor, Ramsay Crooks, and other members of the American fur company, of which he was for years the agent. During his residence of fifteen years among the In- dians he acquired much influence over |P them. When he died they cared for his remains and buried them. He was the first postmaster of Mil- waukee, its first mayor, and, with Morgan L. Mar- tin, the builder of the first court-house that was erected in Wisconsin, which he presented to Mil- waukee. He was unable to retain possession of his property, and died in poverty and debt. His re- mains have been recently removed to Milwaukee, and in 1887 a heroic statue, presented to the city of Milwaukee, was erected in Juneau park through the munificence of the firm of Bradley and Met- calf, of that city. See accompanying illustration. JUNGER, ^Egidius, R. C. bishop, b. in Burt- scheid, near Aix-la-Chapelle, Rhenish Prussia, 6 April, 1883. He studied theology, was ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood on 26 July, 1862, and in October of that year came to this country as a missionary, and was stationed at Walla Walla, Washington territory. In 1864 he was attached to the cathedral at Vancouver, and on the resignation of Bishop Blanchet became second bishop of the diocese of Nesqually, being consecrated on 28 Oct., 1879. In 1884 his diocese contained 30 churches and 62 stations and Indian missions. JUNGMANN, Bernhardt (yung'-man). German botanist, b. in Ronneburg in 1671 ; d. in Mexico in 1747. He studied in Leipsic, and was professor of botany and chemistry in the University of Gottin- gen iii 1702, and that of Kiel in 1709. ' In 1712 he went to Leyden, and was sent by the Dutch gov- ernment on a scientific mission to America. He visited successively Canada, New England, Mexico, Cuba, and Porto Rico in 1715-24, and lived several years in Saint Eustache and Saint Lucia, returning in 1727 to Leyden. He went again to Mexico in 1744, but was persecuted and imprisoned for his faith. He died of yellow fever a few days before his intended departure for Europe. He published " Fasciculus plantarum rariarum et exoticarum '' (Leyden, 1728); "Naturalis dispositio echinoder- matum " (1731) ; ' " Historia piscium naturalis ' (1732) ; " Historia adium " (1733) ; " Tantamen me- thodi astrocologica?, sive dispositio naturalis coch- lidum et concharum" (2 vols., 1741); " Methodus plantarum genuina" (1743); "Enumeratio plan- tarum circa Mexico sponte provenientium " (Mexi- co, 1746); and " Thesaurus plantarum americana- rum " (2 vols., 1747). He also contributed papers to the academies of sciences of Paris and Vienna, on Mexican antiquities, which were inserted in the "Recueil des memoires de l'academie," and re- printed in the " Blatter fur literarische Unterhal- tung " (Brunswick, 1837). JUNGMANN, John George, missionary, b. in Hockenheim, Palatinate, 19 April, 1720;' d. in Bethlehem, Pa,, 17 July, 1808. In 1732 he came with his father to this country, and settled at Oley, Berks co., Pa. At that place he witnessed, in 1742, the baptism of the first three Moravian converts from the Indian nation, and was so deep- ly impressed that he resolved to devote himself to missionary work among the aborigines. He labored with zeal and distinguished success at Gnadenhuetten, Pa., at Pachgatgoch, Conn., at Wyalusing. Pa,, at Friedensfadt. on Beaver river, Pa., and in the Tuscarawas valley, Ohio, first as a lay evangelist, and after 1770 as an ordained deacon of the Moravian church. In consequence of the complications that were produced along the western border by the Revolutionary war he re- tired in 1777 to Bethlehem for a few years, but in 1781 resumed his work in Ohio. It was of but short duration. Jungmann and all the other mis- sionaries were taken prisoners by the Huron half- king and his band of British Indians, carried with the whole body of converts to Sandusky, and even- tually brought to Detroit by order of the command- ant of that post. The massacre of nearly one hun- dred Christian Indians in 1782 broke up the flourishing mission in Ohio, the converts scattering in every direction. When at last they returned to their" teachers, Jungmann helped to found a new station on Clinton river, in Michigan, and then, in 1785, after thirty-five years in the service of the Indian mission, retired to Bethlehem. JUNIPERO, Miguel Jose Serra (hoo-ne- pav-ro), missionary, b. in the island of Majorca, 24 Nov., 1713 : d. in' Monterey, Cal., 28 Aug., 1784. When a boy he was employed as a chorister in the convent of San Bernardino, and at the age of six- teen was admitted a member of the order of St. Francis. In due time he received the degree of doctor of theology and became professor in one of the colleges of his brethren. He joined a band of missionaries that set out from Cadiz in 1749, and, after a narrow escape from shipwreck, reached the city of Mexico, 1 Jan., 1750. After a short rest, Father Junipero was sent to labor among the wandering tribes of the Sierra Gorda, and in this mission he spent nineteen years. In 1767 the Jesuits were expelled from Lower California by the Spanish government. The Franciscans were ordered to take charge of the vacant missions, and in 1769 Father Junipero was appointed superior of the band of priests that were sent to that province. As soon as he had organized the missions, he joined the expedition of Don Jose de Galvez with three Franciscans, and after some sailing, and a land J UN KIN JUSTINIANO 489 journey of forty-sis days, chiefly on foot, he reached the site of San Diego, CaL, 16 July, 1769. Here he founded his first mission in Upper California, set- ting up a bower of reeds and green branches as a chapel, and erecting a wooden cross on the sea- shore. He attracted the Indians by presents, and gradually gathered thern in villages around the mission church. He taught them to cultivate the land, to sow wheat, grind corn, and bake, introduced the olive, vine, and apple, and showed them how to weave, to yoke oxen, and prepare leather from hides, as wellas instructing them in the rudiments of commerce. In the following winter provisions began to fail, several of the colonists died, Father Junipero fell sick, and an order was issued to abandon the settlement in March, 1770, in spite of the entreaties of the missionary. At length the ' ; San Antonio " arrived laden with supplies, and Father Junipero sailed at once for Monterey, where he founded the mission of San Carlos on 3 June. He then went to the south with a train of soldiers and mules, and, coming to a pleasant A r alley, halted, and, hanging on a tree the bell that he had brought with him, began to ring it,~crying : " Give ear, ye Gentiles ! Come to the faith of Jesus Christ ! " There were no Indians in sight, but he continued ringing until a native appeared, in evident aston- ishment. Soon hundreds were attracted to the spot, and here he founded the mission of San An- tonio on 14 July, 1771. On 8 Sept., 1771, he be- gan the mission of San Gabriel, twelve miles from Los Angeles, among Indians of a superior race, and he founded the mission of San Luis Obis- po on 1 Sept.. 1772. The date that is assigned for the foundation of the city of San Francisco is 27 June, 1776. In October of the same year he began the mission of San Francisco (Do- lores). San Juan Capistrano followed on 1 Nov., 1776, Santa Clara, 18 Jan., 1777, and San Buenaventura, 31 March, 1782. Settlements grew up around these missions, numbering thousands of Indians, who were industrious, well-clothed, and well-fed, with flocks and herds, gardens, orchards, vineyards, and fields of wheat. Father Junipero's zeal was untiring. When hostile Indians attacked his mission of San Diego, he began at once to re- build the houses, working himself as laboriously as his Indians. He then went to Mexico in search of supplies, walking 240 miles, attended only by an Indian boy. He is said to have baptized over a thousand with his own hand. The death of his friend, Father Crespi, 1 Jan., 1782, was a blow from which he never recovered. In the next year he paid a farewell visit to the missions, travelling from one to another on foot, as was his custom. He returned to Monterey, 1 Jan., 1783, and from that time his health rapidly declined. JUNKIN, George, clergvman, b. near Carlisle, Pa., 1 Nov., 1790 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa,, 20 May, 1868. His father was an officer in the Revolution- ary army. The son was graduated at Jefferson col- lege, Pa., in 1813, studied theology in New York city, and in 1819 became pastor of the Associate Reformed church at Milton, Pa., where he was active in establishing the Milton academy, and in 1828-9 edited the " Religious Farmer." In 1822, with the body of his church, he entei'ed the Pres- byterian church. He was principal of the Manual labor academy in Germantown, Pa., in 1830, and in 1832 founded" and became president of Lafayette college, Easton, Pa. In 1841-'4 he was president of Miami university, Ohio, returning to Lafayette as its president a second time in 1845. From 1848 till 1861 he was president of Washington college, Lex- ington, Va., but resigned at the beginning of the civil war, after vigorous efforts to maintain the Union, and at a great sacrifice of property returned to Philadelphia, where he resided until his death. He was moderator of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church in 1844. Among his numer- ous works are " The Vindication, a Reply to the Defence of Albert Barnes " (Philadelphia, 1836) ; " Treatise on Justification " (1839) ; " Lectures on the Prophecies " (1844) ; " Political Fallacies " (1862) ; " Treatise on Sanctifieation " (1864) ; '• Two Commissions, the Apostolic and Evangelical " (1864); and "The Tabernacle" (1865). A biog- raphy of him was published by his brother. David X. Junkin (Philadelphia, 18*71). — His brother, David X., clergvman, b. in Mercer, Pa., 8 Jan., 1808 ; d. in Martinsburg, Pa., 22 April, 1880, was graduated at Jefferson college, Pa., in 1831. After teaching a short time, he was a student at Princeton theological seminarv, and was licensed to preach, 17 Oct., 1833. From 1835 till 1849 he was pastor of the Presbyterian church at Greenwich, N. J., and in 1837-'42 was also professor of literature in Lafayette college, Pa, In 1851-'60 he was pastor of a church in Washington, D. C, and of the Pres- byterian church in Hollidaysburg, Pa., becoming chaplain in the U. S. navy in May of the last- named year. In 1869 he became pastor of a church in Chicago, 111., and from 1876 till his death offici- ated at New Castle, Pa. He published " The Oath a Divine Ordinance and an Element of the Social Constitution " (New York, 1845), and " Memoir of Rev. George Junkin, D. D." (Philadelphia, 1871).— George's son, George, lawyer, b. in Milton, Pa., 18 March, 1827, studied at Lafayette, and at Miami university, where he was graduated in 1842. He then studied law, and in 1848 was admitted to the Philadelphia bar. at which he has attained high rank as a practitioner before the civil courts. In 1882 he was an independent Republican candidate for judge of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. He is active in the affairs of the Presbyterian church, has been a director of Princeton theologi- cal seminary since 1869, and served on the com- mittee that was appointed to prepare a hymnal for his denomination. JUSTINIANO, Bartolome (hoos-teen-yah'- no), Spanish explorer, d. in Asuncion, Paraguay, late in the 16th century. He went to Rio de la Plata as treasurer of the expedition of Juan de Sa- lazar de Espinosa in 1552, but was shipwrecked near the coast of Brazil. There was now a division be- tween the captains Juan de Salazar and Hernando de Frejo, and the friends of the former remained with him in the place that afterward was known as San Vicente. There they passed two years, and at the end of this time Capt. Salazar sent Justiniano, as the most capable man among them, to ask as- sistance from Domingo de Irala, who sent Capt. Nuflo de Chavez to their rescue, in 1555. On reaching Asuncion. Justiniano gave to Irala the stores and ammunition which he brought with him for the government of the 'country. In executing the orders of the king, they met with much oppo- sition by the settlers, many of whom wrote letters to the court against Irala and treasurer Justiniano. Justiniano seems to have been exonerated, and settled at Asuncion, acting with ability in the wars against the natives. After he served for several years, he resigned his post of treasurer. 490 KAERCHER KALB K KAERCHER, George Ringgold, lawyer, b. in Potts ville, Pa., in November, 1845. His father, Franklin B. Kaercher, published the "Anthracite Gazette" at Pottsville, served as lieutenant of Pennsylvania volunteers in the Mexican war, and was subsequently treasurer of Schuylkill county. The son took a special course in Lafayette college, studied law, and in 1874 was elected district at- torney of Schuylkill county. He took an active part in checking official corruption and in prose- cuting violators of the election laws, and to his efforts were largely due the detection and convic- tion of the " Mollie Maguire " murderers. In 1883 he became general solicitor of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad, but in 1886 resigned and resumed his private practice. KAIN, John Joseph, R. C. bishop, b. in Mar- tinsburg, Berkeley co., W. Va.. 31 May, 1841. He was graduated at the Preparatory seminary of St. Charles, went through a course of theology and philosophy in St. Mary's college, Baltimore, and was ordained by Archbishop Spalding, 2 July, 1866. He was then stationed at Harper's Ferry, but for several years also had charge of the Roman Catholics living in eight counties of West Virginia and four of Virginia. During his pastorate he restored the churches of Harper's Ferry and Mar- tinsburg, and rebuilt those that had been destroyed at Winchester and Berkeley Springs during the civil war. He was nominated bishop of Wheeling, 21 Feb., 1875, and consecrated by Archbishop Bayley in the following May. Bishop Kain has now (1887) thirty-four priests under his jurisdic- tion, ministering to a Roman Catholic population of over 20,000. There are sixty-two churches and eight chapels in his diocese, and forty stations. There are four convents, one college for boys, six academies for girls, an orphan asylum, and a hos- pital. The total number of pupils in the parochial schools reaches nearly 2,000. KALAKAUA, David, king of Hawaii, b. 16 Nov., 1836. He is 'descended from one of the chief families of the Sandwich islands, received a good education, including a familiar knowledge of the English language. When King Kamehameha died in 1872, he was a candidate for the throne, but his opponent, William Lunalilo, was elected by the people, and confirmed by the legislature. The latter died within a year, and in February, 1874, Kalakaua was elected to the vacant throne by a legislature that had been convened for the pur- pose. Ex-Queen Emma, the rival candidate, re- ceived six votes in the assembly, to thirty-six for him. The partisans of Queen Emma provoked dis- orders, which were quelled by the intervention of English and American marines. In the autumn of 1874 the king set out on a tour of the United States and Europe. He was conveyed to San Francisco in a steam frigate, placed at his disposal by the American government, arriving in that city on 28 Nov. On 10 July, 1887, after some po- litical excitement, he signed a new constitution, limiting the prerogatives of the crown. — His wife, Kapiolani, b. 31 Dec, 1835, l-eceived a native edu- cation, and adheres to the national customs. She founded in Honolulu a home for the children of lepers. In the spring of 1887 she visited the United States, and in the summer was a guest of the queen of England on the occasion of the jubilee memorial. — His sister, Lydia Kame- kaeha Liliuokalani, was nominated to be his suc- cessor by Kalakaua, who has no children. In 1879 the princess, who speaks the English language fluently, visited San Francisco. She is accom- plished in music, and has composed some native hymns. She is married to Col. John O. Dominis, an Englishman, b. in 1830, who is commander-in- chief of the Hawaiian military forces, and was for- merly governor of the island of Oahu. The prin- cess and her husband accompanied Queen Kapio- lani on her visit to the United States in 1887. — The queen-dowager, Emma Kaleleonalani, b. in Honolulu, 2 Jan., 1836; d. there, 25 April, 1885, was the daughter of a chief of high rank by an Englishwoman, and was adopted into the family of Dr. Rooke, an English physician, settled in the islands, who had married her aunt. She received a good English education, and married King Kamehameha on June 19, 1856. In 1865-6, after the death of her husband, she visited the United States and Europe. Her only child died at the age of four years. She founded the Kamehameha hospital in Honolulu, and left her large estate in trust for the benefit of the Anglican mission. KALB, Joliann de, soldier, b. in Huttendorf, Bavaria, 29 July, 1721 ; d. near Camden, S. C, 19 Aug., 1780. He served in the French army in 1743 as lieutenant, and in 1747 he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general under Marshal Broglie. He took part in the Seven Years' war, and obtained the order of military mer- it in 1761. After peace was declared he married the daughter of a millionaire of Holland. In 1768 he visit- ed the Ameri- can colonies as a secret agent of the French gov- ernment. He was a briga- dier in the French ser- vice when he made an en- gagement with Franklin and Silas Deane to join the Continental army. He accordingly accom- panied Lafayette to America, arriving in the Bay of Georgetown on 3 June, 1777, and in that year was appointed by congress to be major-general. He began his service under the immediate com- mand of Washington, and was with him at Val- ley Forge. He served in New Jersey and Mary- land until April, 1780, when he was sent to re-en- force Gen. Lincoln, but arrived too late. When Cornwallis heard news of the gathering storm on the borders of South Carolina, he decided to join Lord Rawdon, who was stationed at Camden. He arrived there 13 Aug., and found to his dismay that many of the British troops were ill, and the whole force would amount to but little. He there- fore planned to march forward and meet Gen. Gates before the arrival of the Virginia troops, which were known to be advancing. Gen. Gates was joined by Kalb, who commanded the Dela- ware and Maryland forces, and they decided to at- KALBFLEISCH KALM 491 tack Camden. While the American army was ap- proaching, Cornwallis struck his tents and marched toward Rugeley's. Neither party was aware of the close proximity of its opponent until the advanced guards met, about two o'clock in the morning. In the battle that ensued soon after sunrise, Kalb commanded on the American right and was driving his adversary, Lord Rawdon, before him, when the defeat of our left wing exposed his flank and rear to the assaults of Webster and Tarleton. Kalb was thus attacked on all sides, but remained during the whole encounter, fighting bravely to the last. Bare- headed and dismounted, with sword in hand, he engaged in one personal encounter after another, encouraging his men with his voice as well as his example, till he had received eleven wounds. His lieutenant, Du Buysson, saved him from instant death. He died three days afterward, and was buried at Camden. A marble monument was erected to his memory by the citizens of that town, the corner-stone being laid by Gen. Lafayette in 1825. On 16 Aug., 1886, a statue of Kalb, exe- cuted in Rome by Ephraim Keyser, was placed in front of the court-house in Annapolis, Md., the address being delivered by Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware. See " Leben des amerikanischen Gen- erals, Johann Kalb," by Friedrich Kapp (Stuttgart, 1862 ; English translation, New York, 1870). KALBFLEISCH, Martin, manufacturer, b. in Flushing, Holland, 8 Feb., 1804 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 12 Feb., 1873. He received a common-school education, and at the age of eighteen embarked with an American captain to engage in trading in Sumatra, but returned on account of cholera. Form- ing a partnership with an American, he carried on business in Havre, France, for four years. In 1826 he emigrated to the United States, settled in New York city, found employment as clerk, and next as chemist, and in 1835 established a color-factory in Harlem, afterward removing it to Norwalk, Conn., where his building was destroyed by fire. In 1842 he founded a chemical factory at Greenpoint, L. I. He was elected mayor of Brooklyn in 1861, and in 1862 was chosen to congress as a Democrat. In 1867 and 1869 he was elected by the Democrats mayor for the second and third time, and in 1871 was an independent candidate, but was defeated by the regular Democratic nominee. KALER, James Otis, journalist, b. in Winter- port, Me., 19 March, 1848. He was educated in the common schools, and. adopting journalism as a pro- fession has at different times been associate editor with Frank Leslie and Norman Munro, and under the pen-name of " James Otis " has published tales for the young, including " Toby Tyler " (New York, 1880); "Tim and Tip" (1880); "Left Behind" (1882) ; " Raising the Pearl " (1883) ; " Mr. Stubb's Brother " (1883) ; and " Silent Pete " (1885). KALISCH, Isidor, clergyman, b. in Krotoschin, Posen, Prussia, 15 Nov., 1816 ; d. in Newark, N. J., 11 May, 1886. He was educated at the universities of Berlin, Breslau, and Prague, and while pursu- ing his studies in theology and philosophy con- tributed to German periodicals. In 1842 he wrote a patriotic poem, entitled " Schlacht-Gesang der Deutschen," which was set to music and became one of the popular songs of the day. In 1843 he preached the first German sermon ever delivered in his native town. He came to the United States in 1849, and in 1850 was called to the Tifireth Israel congregation in Cleveland, Ohio, where he labored in the interest of reformed Judaism. In 1855 the first conference of rabbis was held in Cleveland, and a ritual and common prayer-book was agreed upon, entitled " Minhag America," <7^W^ i)k//iU which he edited and which is now in use in many synagogues. In 1855 he was requested by Prof. Josiah W. Gibbs, of Yale, to decipher a Phoenician inscription that had been found in Sidon, Asia, his rendering of which was read before the Syro- Egyptian society of London, 13 Nov., 1855. In 1856-'9 he had charge of a congregation in Mil- waukee, Wis., where he united the two factions of Israelites, and or- ganized Die treue Schwestern, a benev- olent society of Jew- ish ladies. He then held charges in In- dianapolis, Detroit, Leavenworth, Kan., Newark, N. J., and Nashville, Tenn., where he erected a synagogue. He re- turned to Newark, N. J., in 1875, and devoted himself to literary work and to lecturing, taking part in polemical discussions in be- half of the ultra-reform element in Judaism. His controversies with Rev. Isaac Leeser, arising from Dr. Kalisch's criticism of Leeser's English version of the Bible, and on the " Jewish Belief in a Per- sonal Messiah," have become famous in the his- tory of Jewish literature. From 1853 till 1878 he edited the " Guide," and contributed a great num- ber of essays and discourses to German and Eng- lish religious periodicals. He was the author of poetry in Hebrew and German, including " Tone des Morgen-Landes," "Die letzten Lebensmomente Moses," " Die mystische Harfe," " Der Teufel- stein," and " Gesicht der Seele," and several hymns which are contained in the " Reformed Hebrew Prayer-Book." In addition to lectures, miscella- neous works, and translations, he published " Weg- weiser f iir rationelle Forschungen in den biblischen Schriften " (1853 ; English translation by Dr. M. Mayer, of Charleston, S. C, 1857) ; and English translations of Lessing's " Nathan der Weise " (New York, 1869) ; of " Sepher Yezirah, a Book on Creation, or the Jewish Metaphysics of Remote Antiquity," with notes and glossary, together with a " Sketch of the Talmud " (1877) ; of the Hebrew autobiography of Rabbi Jom Tow, or Lipman Heller (in the " Jewish Record," Philadelphia, 1878) ; of Prof. Munk's celebrated " History of the Philosophy and Philosophical Authors of the Jews," from the French (1881) ; and of the " Ha- Tapnach," an imitation of Plato's " Phasdor," ascribed to Aristotle the Stagyrite, from the He- brew (New York, 1885). His contributions to Tal- mudical lexicography were published in the " Lon- don Jewish Chronicle" (1867) ; and in the "Litera- tur-Blatt" (Magdeburg, Germany, 1880). See " Der deutsche Pioneer " (Cincinnati, 1873). KALM, Peter, botanist, b. in Ostro Bothnia, Sweden, in 1715 ; d. in Abo, Sweden, 16 Nov.. 1779. He was educated at Upsala and Abo, and after travelling extensively in Russia, was sent by the Swedish government, at the suggestion of Linna?us, to investigate the botany and natural history of North America. Landing in Philadelphia in 1748, he spent three years in Pennsylvania, New York, and Canada, and returning to Abo became a pro- fessor of natural history there. He was afterward elected a member of the Stockholm academy of sciences, and created kniarht of the Order of Yasa. 492 KALOPOTHAKES KANE The evergreen plant kalmia was named in his honor. Besides several scientific works, he wrote " A Voyage to North America," an account of the soils and the natural curiosities of this country (Abo, 1753-61 ; English translation, London, 1772). KALOPOTHAKES, Martha Hooper Black- ler, missionary, b. in Marblehead, Mass., 1 June, 1830 ; d. in Athens, Greece, 1G Dec, 1871. She be- came interested in missions, and in 1858 married M. D. Kalopothakes, who studied medicine and theology in New York city. He returned to Greece, his native land, as a Protestant missionary, accom- panied by his wife, who acquired the Greek lan- guage, and assisted him in editing a weekly paper. She labored as a missionary, and exercised a wide influence among the Greek women. During the last three years of her life she translated books from the English, and edited a juvenile paper that was published in Greek. KANE, Elias Kent, senator, b. in New York city, 7 June, 1796 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 11 Dec, 1835. He was a cousin of John Kintzing Kane. He studied law, practised in Nashville, Tenn., and in 1815 removed to Kaskaskia, Illinois territory. He was a delegate to the convention that framed the state constitution of Illinois in 1818, and was the first secretary of state, and after- ward a member of the legislature. He was elected to the U. S. senate as a Jacksonian Democrat, and re-elected for a second term, serving from 5 Dec, 1825, until his death. KANE, George Proctor, merchant, b. in Balti- more, 21 Aug., 1817 ; d. there, 23 June, 1878. His parents came from the north of Ireland. He be- came a grain-merchant in Baltimore, and during the famine in Ireland was active in sending food to the suffering peasantry. He held various local offices, and during the administration of Presidents Taylor and Fillmore was collector of the port of Baltimore. While marshal of police in 1861 he endeavored to protect the 6th Massachusetts regiment from the assaults of the mob, but resisted the demand of Gen. Butler for the surrender of arms in the pos- session of the city authorities. As a suspected protector of contraband traffic in arms, and head of an armed force hostile to the United States, he was arrested in June, 1861, and confined in Fort Mcllenry, and subsequently in Forts Warren and Lafayette. When released at the end of fourteen months he went to the south, where he remained till the close of the war. He was sheriff of Balti- more in 1873, and at the time of his death mayor. KANE, John Kintzing, jurist, b. in Albanv, N. Y, 16 May, 1795 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 21 Feb., 1858. He was graduated at Yale in 1814, studied law with Joseph Hopkinson, was admitted to the bar in 1817, and practised in Philadelphia. At an early period of his life he manifested an in- terest in public affairs as a member of the Feder- alist party. He was sent to the legislature in 1823, but shortly afterward joined the Democratic party. He filled the office of solicitor of Philadel- phia in 1828-'30. In the electoral canvass of 1828 he ably supported Andrew Jackson. He was ap- pointed in 1832 one of the three commissioners under the convention of indemnity with France of 4 July of the preceding year. He prepared the report of that commission, and was the author of " Notes " on questions decided by the board, which were published after the conclusion of its labors in 1836. The first printed attack on the U. S. bank was written by him, and passages in the messages and public utterances of President Jackson were supposed to have been of his composition. His enjoyment of the friendship of the president led to his being for a brief period subjected to social proscription in' Philadelphia, the stronghold of the bank party. A memorable letter addressed by Jackson to James K. Polk during the campaign of 1844 was written by Kane, and during what is known as the " Buckshot war " in Pennsylvania he was the effective manceuvrer of the Democratic party. He became attorney-general of Pennsyl- vania in 1845, but resigned" in 1846 on being ap- pointed U. S. judge for the district of Pennsyl- vania. He was distinguished for his attainments in the Boman and continental law, and his judicial decisions, especially in the admiralty and in the patent law, were much cited. His action in the case of Passmore Williamson, who was committed for contempt of court in a proceeding under the fugitive-slave law, was, however, violently assailed by the Abolition party. He led in the struggle of the first board of trustees to open Girard college, and took a prominent part in the controversy which divided the Presbyterian church into the new and old schools. He was one of the trustees and legal advisers of the Presbyterian church in the United States. From 1856 until he died he was president of the American philosophical society. — His son, Elisha Kent, arctic explorer, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 20 Feb., 1820 ; d. in Havana, Cuba, 16 Feb., 1857, was obliged, owing to illness, to leave, in his seventeenth year, an elective course at the University of Virginia. Improving in health, he applied himself so diligently to study that while but twenty-two years of age he graduated in medicine at the head of his class at the University of Penn- sylvania. Kane en- tered the U. S. navy, 21 July, 1843, as as- sistant surgeon, and was promoted to be passed assistant sur- geon, 14 Sept., 1848. He served as sur- geon in China, on the coast of Africa, in Mexico, where he was wounded while on special service, in the Mediterranean, and on coast-survey duty in the Gulf of Mexico, from which he was re- lieved, at his urgent request, for duty with the first Grinnell arctic expedition. In all his service he eagerly sought opportunity for travel, exploration, and adventure, and once, in descending into the crater of Teal, in the Philippines, he barely escaped with his life. ' His experiences included six months of practice as a physician in China, an encounter with Bedouin robbers in Egypt, and a visit to the king of Dahomey in Africa. Kane prepared for his arctic voyage in two days' time, and sailed as sur- geon of the " Advance " under Lieut. Edwin J. DeHaven, who commanded the squadron, the " Ad- vance " and " Rescue." These vessels, purchased, strengthened, and fitted out through the liberality of Henry Grinnell, were accepted by the United States, under the joint resolution of congress, ap- proved 5 May, 1850, for the purpose of assisting in the search for the English expedition under Sir John Franklin. The squadron discovered " Grinnell Land," an island north of Cornwallis island, which should not be confounded with the better known Grinnell Land bordering on the frozen sea. Failing to reach an advantageous point for further search, DeHaven decided to return home the same year, t^z^t^y KANE KANE 493 but his vessels were closely beset by the ice in Wellington's channel, and drifted from September, 1850, till June 1851, southeasterly into Baffin bay, where they finally escaped from the pack. Kane's exertions and medical skill did much to mitigate the ills of the scurvy-stricken squadron, and bring back the party with undiminished numbers. His reputation as an arctic explorer depends almost entirely on his second expedition, which was under- taken at the solicitation of Lady Franklin in a search for Franklin and his companions. The expedition contemplated an overland journey from Baffin bay to the shores of the polar sea. Kane sailed 30 May, 1853, from New York, in command of the brig " Advance," which Henry Grinnell had placed at his disposal. George Peabody contributed liberally, while various scientific societies of the country also fostered the undertaking. Kane not only spent much of his private means, but through strenuous exertions succeeded in sailing under the auspices of the U. S. navy department, although congress failed to aid him. Dr. Isaac I. Hayes (q. v.) went as surgeon of the expedition. The " Advance " touched at various Greenland ports, where Esqui- mau recruits were obtained, and finally, by follow- ing the bold coast of Smith sound, reached 78° 43' N., the highest latitude ever attained, even to this day, by a sailing-vessel in that sea. Unable to pro- ceed farther, Kane wintered in Van Rensselaer harbor, 78° 37' N., 70° 40' W. Short journeys that autumn resulted in the discovery of Humboldt glacier, which, issuing at its southern edge from the great mer-de-glace of Greenland in 79° 12', ex- tends northward many miles. An attempt to push northward along this glacier in the spring of 1854 resulted only in the loss of two lives and the maim- ing of two other persons. Later, Morton, with Esquimau Hans, reached, by dog-sledge, Cape Con- stitution in 80° 35' N., 21 June, 1854, from which point the southwesterly part of Kennedy channel was seen to be entirely open and free from ice. Dr. Hayes, with dog-sledge, crossed Kane sea, and, reaching Cape Hawkes, Grinnell Land, pushed northward to the vicinity of Cape Frazier, 79° 45' N. The ice remaining unbroken near his win- ter-quarters, Dr. Kane, in July. 1854, made an un- successful attempt by boat to visit Beeehy island, about 400 miles distant, whence he hoped to obtain assistance. Later that year half of the party, under the command of Petersen, a Dane, abandoned Dr. Kane and the brig in an attempt to reach Uper- navic, but, after three months of extreme hardship and suffering, were obliged to return to Kane, who received them kindly. In 1855 Kane was reluc- tantly forced to abandon the " Advance," which was yet frozen in. By indefatigable exertions he suc- ceeded in moving his boats and sick some sixty miles to the open sea, losing one man on the way. During this journey he received much aid and kindness from the Etah Esquimaux. He reached Cape York, 21 July, and, crossing Melville bay suc- cessfully, arrived at Upernavik, 6 Aug., 1855. This second voyage of Kane's greatly enlarged the world's knowledge of the Etah Esquimaux, and added to geography the most northern lands of that day, while the scientific observations were more accurate and valuable than those of any pre- ceding polar expedition. The explorer and his companions were received with enthusiasm on their return. Arctic medals were authorized by congress, and the queen's medal was presented to officers and men. Kane received the founder's medal of 1856 from the Royal geographical society, and the gold medal of 1858 from the Societe de geographie. His health had been much impaired by the suffer- ings of his second expedition. In the hope of re- covering it he visited England, and then went to Havana, Cuba, where he died. His remains were taken to Philadelphia, and accorded civic and mili- tary honors. Dr. Kane published " The U. S. Grin- nell Expedition " (New York, 1854) ; and " The Sec- ond Grinnell Expedition " (Philadelphia, 1856). See William Elder's "Biography of E. K. Kane" (Philadelphia, 1858). — Another son, Thomas Leip- er, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 27 Jan., 1822 : d. there, 26 Dec, 1883, was educated in Paris, where he associated with Auguste Comte and French Re- publicans, and contributed to "Le National," a democratic organ. After his return to Philadel- phia he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1846, and held for several years the office of clerk of the U. S. district court, but resigned it on ac- count of the passage of the fugitive-slave law. In 1847 he visited the Mormon settlements, and se- cured their confidence to such an extent, by be- friending them during the miseries of their pil- grimage to Utah, that in 1858, after Brigham Young had called the people of Utah to arms to prevent the entrance of U. S. troops, and- Gov. Al- fred Cumming (q. v.) had issued a proclamation de- claring the territory to be in a state of rebellion, he went to Utah at his own expense with letters from President Buchanan, and arranged the basis of the settlement that was afterward concluded by peace commissioners. He founded and laid out the town of Kane in the northwestern part of Pennsylvania, where he raised, in April, 1861, a regiment of hunters and loggers known as the " Bucktails," which became famous for valor and endurance. He was wounded at Dranesville, where he led the advance, and at Harrisonburg he was sent to the rescue of a regiment that had fallen into an ambuscade, with 104 picked riflemen en- countered three regiments of the enemy, and was wounded and taken prisoner. He was released on parole, and in August, 1862, exchanged. On 7 Sept., 1862, he was made a brigadier-general for gallant services in the field. At the beginning of the battle of Gettysburg he was absent on sick leave, yet he hastened to Washington for orders, took to Gen. Meade the information that the Na- tional telegraphic cipher was known to the Con- federates, joined his brigade on the morning of the second day, and held an important position on the extreme right. He resigned on 7 Nov., 1863, being disabled by wounds and exposure. He was the au- thor of "The Mormons" (Philadelphia, 1850); "Alaska" (1868); and "Coahuila" (1877). KANE, Paul, Canadian artist, b. in Toronto in 1810 ; d. there in 1871. He early evinced a love of art, and after studying in Upper Canada college, he visited the United States in 1836, and followed his profession there till 1840, when he went to Europe. There he studied in Rome, Genoa, Naples, Florence, Venice, and Bologna. He finally returned to Toronto in the spring of 1845, and after a short rest went on a tour of art exploration through the unsettled regions of the northwest. He travelled many thousands of miles in this country from the confines of old Canada to the Pacific ocean, and was eminently successful in delineating the physical peculiarities and appear- ance of the aborigines, as well as the wild scenery of the far north. He returned to Toronto in De- cember, 1848, having in his possession one of the largest collections of Indian curiosities that was ever made on the continent, together with nearly four hundred sketches. From these he painted a series of oil-pictures which are now in the pos- session of George W. Allan, of Toronto, and em- 494 KANNEGIESER KAULBACH brace views of the country from Lake Superior to Vancouver's island. Mr. Kane is the author of " Wanderings of an Artist " (London, 1858). KANNEGIESER, Sigisniund (kan-na-ge-zer), German explorer, b. in Freiberg in 1706 ; d. in Ratisbon in 1759. He studied in Vienna, and was appointed a clerk in the state department in 1728, but soon resigned his post to follow his tastes for adventure and science. He travelled in North and South America and the West Indies for fifteen years, and was offered the appointment of pro- fessor of history in the College of Santiago, Chili, but refused it, and, returning in 1744, settled in Ratisbon. He published " Briefe aus Siid- Amerika " (Ratisbon, 1746) ; " Menschen und Lan- der" (1747); "Tagebuch der Reisen" (Stuttgart, 1749) ; " Reisen im siidlichen Amerika " (3 vols., Leipsic, 1750) ; " Neueste Reisen durch Louisiana " (2 vols., Ratisbon, 1751) ; " Das Leben der Incas Prinzen von Peru" (3 vols., Vienna, 1755); and " Ansichten iiber die Peruanischen Alterthilmer und Peru iiberhaupt " (3 vols., Ratisbon, 1758). KAPP, Friedrich, German author, b. in Hamm, Prussia, 13 April, 1824 ; d. in Berlin, 27 Oct., 1884. He was at the University of Heidelberg from 1842-'5, and studied law in Berlin, practising his profession in Hamm and Unna till 1848, when he removed to Frankfort-on-the-Main. He then spent some time in Belgium and Paris, and translated two works of Alexander Herzen, who entrusted him with the charge of his son. In 1850 he came to New York, where he practised law till 1870. In 1860 he was a presidential elector, and in 1867 he was appointed commissary of emigration, which office he held till his return to Germany in 1870. In 1871 he became a member of the German diet. He received the degree of doctor of philosophy from the University of Bonn on 4 Aug., 1868. He was the author of "The Slave Question in the United States " (Gottingen, 1854) ; " Life of the American General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steu- ben " (Berlin, 1858 ; New York, 1859) ; " History of Slavery in the United States of America " (New York, 1858); "The Trading in Soldiers of the German Princes with America, 1775-83 " (Berlin, 1864) ; " A History of the German Migration into America " (New York, 1867) ; " On Immigration and the Commission of Emigration " (1870) ; " Life of the American General Johann Kalb" (Stutt- gart, 1862 ; New York, 1870) ; and " Frederick the Great and the United States " (Berlin, 1871). At the time of his death he was engaged in writing a history of the German book-trade, which was sub- sequently published (1886). KASSON, John Adams, lawyer, b. near Bur- lington, Vt., 11 Jan., 1822. After graduation in the University of Vermont in 1842, he studied law in Massachusetts, and was admitted to the bar. He practised law in St. Louis, Mo., until 1857, when he removed to Des Moines, Iowa. He was chairman of the Republican state committee from 1858-60. when he was a delegate to the Republican national convention at Chicago. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln first assistant postmaster-general, which office he resigned in 1862, and was elected to congress as a Republican, serving from 1863-'7. He was U. S. postal commissioner to Paris in 1863, and again in 1867, when he negotiated postal conventions with Great Britain and other nations. He was a member of the Iowa house of representatives from 1868-'73, when he was again elected to congress, serving from 1 Dec, 1873, till 3 March, 1877. He was appointed U. S. minister to Austria in 1877, having first declined the mission to Spain, and remained in Vienna until 1881, when he was again elected to congress, serving from 4 March. 1881, till his ap- pointment on 4 July, 1884, as minister to Germany, where he was succeeded in 1885 by George H. Pen- dleton. He was president of the committee on the centennial celebration of the adoption of the con- stitution, held in Philadelphia in September, 1887. KATTE, Walter, civil engineer, b. in London, England, 14 Nov., 1830. He was educated at King's college school, and in 1846-9 served his pupilage in a civil engineer's office. He came to the United States in 1850, entered the American railway service, and in 1857-'8 was resident engineer of the state canals of Pennsylvania. He was resi- dent engineer of the western division of the Pitts- burg, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad in 1858-'9, and in 1859-'61 chief assistant engineer of the Pitts- burg and Steubenville railroad. In 1861-2 he was connected with the U. S. military railway ser- vice in Washington, Virginia, and Maryland, and in 1863 he became chief engineer of the Lewiston branch of the Pennsylvania railroad, and in 1863-5 resident engineer and engineer of bridges and buildings on the Northern Central railroad. Mr. Katte held in 1865-75 the offices of engineer, sec- retary, and general western agent of the Keystone bridge company of Pittsburg, closing this service as superintending engineer of the erection of the St. Louis steel arch bridge. After two years in St. Louis he came to New York as chief engineer of the New York elevated railroad, which office he held in 1877-80, and in 1880-'6 he was chief en- gineer of the New York, West Shore, and Buffalo railroad and its branches, and of the North river construction company. In 1886 he became chief engineer of the New York Central and Hudson river, New York and Harlem, and West Shore rail- roads with their branches. Mr. Katte is a member of various societies of civil engineers. KAUFMAN, David Spangler, lawyer, b. in Boiling Springs, Cumberland co., Pa,, 18 Dec, 1813 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 13 Jan., 1851. He was graduated at Princeton in 1833, and studied law in Natchez, Miss. In 1835 he began practice in Natchitoches, La., but removed to Nacogdoches, Tex., in 1837. He served as a volunteer against the Indians, and was a member of the Texas house of representatives from 1839-'43, when he became a member of the state senate, serving till 1845. In 1844 he presented a report in favor of annex- ation, and took an active part in its consummation. In 1845 he was appointed charge d'affaires in the United States, but that office was superseded by the act of annexation, and he was elected one of the first members of congress from Texas, serving from 1846 till his death, which took place suddenly. KAUFMAN, Theodore, artist, b. in Nelsen, Hanover, 18 Dec, 1814. He served for several years as a mercantile apprentice, and studied painting in Hamburg and Munich. He took part in the revolution at Dresden in 1848, came to this country in 1855, and fought in the National army during the civil war. Subsequently he resided in Boston. His works include " Gen. Sherman near the Watchfire," " On to Liberty," " A Pacific Railway Train attacked by Indians," "Slaves seeking' Shelter under the Flag of the Union," " Admiral Farragut entering Harbor through Torpedoes," and " Farragut in the Rigging." KAULBACH, Henry Adolphns Newman, Canadian senator, b. in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, in 1830. He was educated at the grammar-school of his native town, studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Nova Scotia in 1855. He afterward was graduated at the Harvard law-school in 1857. KAUTZ KAVANAUGH 495 ^2^i&sis<^£ : v~&~/&u^-'y£ He was appointed queen's counsel in 1873, repre- sented Lunenburg in the provincial legislature from 1863-'7, was defeated in 1867, and was called to the senate in March, 1872. He is a large land - proprietor and ship-owner. — His brother, Charles Edwin, Canadian member of parliament, b. in Lunenburg, 13 July, 1834, was educated in his native place. He was elected a member of the Dominion parliament in 1878 and re-elected in 1882, but, his seat having been declared vacant and a new election ordered, he was again chosen in October, 1883. He was sheriff for several years. KAUTZ, August Valentine, soldier, b. in Ispringen, Baden, Germany. 5 Jan., 1828. His parents emigrated to this country in 1828, and set- tled in Brown county, Ohio, in 1832. The son served as a private in the 1st regiment of Ohio volunteers in the Mexican war, and on his discharge was ap- pointed to the United States military acad- emy, where he was graduated in 1852 and assigned to the 4th infantry. He served in Oregon and Wash- ington territory till the civil war, and in the Rogue river wars of 1853-'5, and was wounded in the latter, and in the Indian war on Puget sound in 1856, in which he was also wounded. In 1855 he was promoted 1st lieutenant, and in 1857 commended for gallantry by Gen. Scott. In 1859-'60 he travelled in Europe. He was appointed captain in the 6th U. S. cavalry in 1861, and served with the regiment from its organi- zation through the peninsular campaign of 1862, commanding it during the seven days until just before South Mountain, when he was appointed colonel of the 2d Ohio cavalry. His regiment was ordered to Camp Chase, Ohio, to re-mount and re- fit, and he commanded that post from Decem- ber, 1862, till April, 1863, when he led a cavalry brigade in Kentucky, forming a part of Gen. Car- ter's division of the Army of the Ohio. He took part in the capture of Monticello, Ky., 1 May, 1863, and on 9 June was brevetted major for com- manding in an action near there. He was en- gaged in the pursuit and capture of John Mor- gan in July, 1863, preventing him from cross- ing the Ohio, and afterward served as chief of cavalry of the 23d corps. On 7 May, 1864, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers and assigned to the command of the cavalry division of the Army of the James. He entered Petersburg with his small cavalry command on 9 June, 1864, for which attack he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, and he led the advance of the Wilson raid, which cut the roads leading into Richmond from the south, for more than forty days. On 28 Oct., 1864, he was brevetted major-general of volun- teers, and in March, 1865, was assigned to the command of a division of colored troops, which he marched into Richmond on 3 April. He was brevetted colonel in the regular service for gallant and meritorious service in action on the Darby- town road, Virginia, 7 Oct., 1864. Also brigadier and major-general for gallant and meritorious ser- vices in the field during the war, 13 March, 1865. Gen. Kautz was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 34th infantry in 1866, transferred to the 15th in 1869, and commanded the regiment on the New Mexican frontier till 1874. He organized sev- eral successful expeditions against the Mescalero Apaches, who had fled from their reservation in 1864, and in 1870-'l succeeded in establishing the tribe on their reservation, where they have since re- mained. In June, 1874, he was promoted colonel of the 8th infantry, and in 1875 was placed in command of the department of Arizona. He served in California from 1878 till 1886, and is now (1887) in Nebraska. Gen. Kautz is the author of " The Company Clerk " (Philadelphia, 1863) ; " Customs of Service for Non-Commissioned Offi- cers and Soldiers " (1864); and "Customs of Ser- vice for Officers " (1866). — His brother, Albert, naval officer, b. in Georgetown, Ohio, 29 June, 1839, was graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1861. He was appointed lieutenant, 21 April, 1861 ; lieutenant-commander, 31 May, 1865 ; com- mander, 3 Sept., 1872; and captain in 1885. In June, 1861, he was placed in command of the prize brig "Hannah Balch,'' off Charleston, S. C, or- dered to Philadelphia, and was captured near Cape Hatteras by privateer " Winslow." For two months he was on parole in North Carolina, and then was imprisoned in Richmond as a retaliatory measure consequent on the imprisonment of privateers in New York city. In October, 1861, he was released on parole and went to Washington to negotiate an exchange, by means of which Admiral John L. Worden, Lieut. George L. Selden, and himself were released from prison and restored to duty, on condition that Lieutenants Stevens, Loyal, and Butt should be sent south under a flag of truce. There were also 350 prisoners, captured at Hatteras Inlet in August, 1861, sent south under the same negotiation, for which they received 350 Union prisoners, who were captured at Hatteras Inlet in July, 1861. This was the first exchange author- ized by President Lincoln. He served in the flag- ship " Hartford " at the passage of Port Jackson and Fort St. Phillip, at the capture of New Orleans, 24 April, 1862, and in the various engagements with the Vicksburg batteries in June and July, 1862, being highly commended in the official de- spatches for " gallantry and ability." He is now (1887) stationed at the Boston navy-yard. KAVANACrH, Edward, statesman, b. in New- castle, Me., 27 April, 1795 ; d. there, 21 Jan., 1844. His father, James Kavanagh, came from Wexford, Ireland, to Boston in 1780, and settled in Damaris- cotta Mills, where he engaged extensively in the lumber business and built several vessels. The son was educated in Georgetown, D. C, and gradu- ated at the Montreal seminary in 1820. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began to practise in Damariscotta, Me. He was a mem- ber of the Maine legislature in 1826-'8, and again in 1842-'3. In 1830 he was secretary of the state senate, and he was afterward for a short time its president. He was elected to congress as a Jack- son Democrat, serving from 1831 till 1835, and then became charge d'affaires in Portugal, where he remained till 1842. He was afterward a mem- ber of the commission to settle the northeastern*' boundary of Maine. On the election of Gov. John Fairfield to the U. S. senate he served as acting governor of Maine in 1842-'3. KAVANAUGH, Hubbard Hinde, M. E. bish- op, b. in Clarke county, Ky., 14 Jan., 1802; d. in Columbus, Miss., 19 March, 1884. His father, Rev. William Kavanaugh, of Irish descent, was one of the pioneer ministers of the Methodist Episcopal church. The son was educated in pri- vate schools until he was thirteen years of age, 496 KEAGY KEARNY when he was placed in an office at Paris to learn the printing business. At the age of fifteen years he united with the Methodist church. He was licensed to exhort in the country pulpits in 1822, assigned to the Little Sandy circuit in 1823, where he labored several years, and afterward became pastor of various congregations in the state. In 1839 he was appointed superintendent of public in- struction for the state. In 1854, he was elected a bishop, and in that office ranked as one of the ablest divines of his day. His appearance in the pulpit was impressive. His voice was strong and full, and it was always distinct, sonorous, and pleas- ant. His sermons were delivered without notes. KEAGY, John M., physician, b. in Martic township, Lancaster co.. Pa., in 1795 ; d. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 30 Jan., 1837. He received a classical education, studied medicine, and was graduated in 1817. He was principal of the Harrisburg acad- emy about two years, after which he removed to Philadelphia and took charge of the Friends' high- school. Shortly before his death he was appoint- ed professor of languages in Dickinson. He was one of the first to advocate the mode of teaching children to read by making them learn to recog- nize the words without knowing the letters of which they are composed. In 1830 he published a series of educational articles in the " Baltimore Chronicle," which were afterward reprinted in book-form. He also published " The Pestalozzian Primer," a book that was made up largely of so- called " thinking lessons " (1827). KEAN, John, patriot, b. in South Carolina about 1756 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., in May, 1795. He fought against the British, was taken prisoner, and suffered on the prison ship in 1781. He was a delegate to congress from South Carolina from 1785 till 1787, and voted against the extension of slavery to the northwestern territory. He was a commissioner to settle accounts between the Unit- ed States and individual states, and was a cashier in the U. S. bank, Philadelphia. KEANE, John, Baron, British soldier, b. in Belmont, Ireland, in 1781 ; d. in Burton Lodge, Hampshire, England, 24 Aug., 1844. He entered the army as ensign in 1792, served in Egypt as aide-de-camp to Lord Cavin, and took part in the campaign of Martinique and the siege of Fort Desaix. He became lieutenant-colonel of the 60th foot in 1812, and commanded a brigade in the peninsular war. In 1814 he became major-general, and was appointed to command the military force destined to co-operate with Admiral Cochrane in the attack on New Orleans, but was superseded by Sir Edward Pakenham as general-in-chief, under whom he served, having command of the 3d brigade. In the assault on the American lines on 8 Jan., 1815, he received two severe wounds. He was afterward commander-in-chief of the West Indian army, and during a part of that period ad- ministered the civil government of Jamaica. He served at Bombay, India, in 1833-9, and then was intrusted with the operations in Afghanistan, of which the capture of Ghuznee in Cabool was his greatest achievement. For this service he was raised to the peerage as Baron Keane in December, 1839, also receiving from the East India company a pension of £2,000. KEANE, John Joseph, R. C. bishop, b. in Bal- lyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland, 12 Sept., 1839. He came with his family to the United States in 1846, was educated at St. Charles's college and at St. Mary's seminary, Baltimore, and in 1866 en- tered the Roman Catholic priesthood. He was assistant pastor of St. Patrick's church, Washing- ton, D. C, till 1878, when he was made bishop of Richmond, Va., being consecrated on 25 Aug. Bish- op Keane has taken an active part in the organiza- tion of Roman Catholic societies, and has been ap- pointed rector of the Roman Catholic university that is to be established at Washington, D. C. KEARNY, Lawrence, naval officer, b. in Perth Amboy, N. J., 30 Nov., 1789 ; d. there, 29 Nov., 1868. He entered the U. S. navy as a midship- man in 1807, and served, during the continuance of the embargo and non- intercourse acts, on the flotilla of gun-boats un- der Com. John Rodgers. Subsequently he was on the frigates " Constitu- tion " and " President " until 1810, when he was transferred to the " En- terprise," and in March, 1813, was promoted lieu- tenant. He was active- ly employed in the de- fence of the coast of South Carolina and ad- jacent states during the war of 1812-15, and after its close distin- guished himself in clear- ing the West Indies and Gulf coast of pirates. In 1826 he was given command of the " Warren," and sent to the Levant, where he successfully attacked the Greek pirates, broke up their strongholds, and finally dispersed them, frequently capturing several vessels in a day, and at one time had more than 100 prisoners on board his vessel. On his return to the United States in 1832, he was made captain, and after various appointments on shore duty was given command of the " Potomac," and in 1841 ad- vanced to the command of the East India squad- ron. He hoisted his broad pennant on the " Con- stitution " in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro, the first instance of that act being performed at a foreign station. While in the east he was active in the suppression of opium smuggling, and se- cured the rights of American merchants in China. Learning that a commercial treaty was about to be concluded between the English and Chinese governments, he at once communicated with the officials and secured a promise on the part of the Chinese government to extend similar facilities to American merchants. In consequence of this ac- tion, the U. S. government sent Caleb Cushing as special envoy to China, who negotiated the treaty that was ratified in July, 1845. While on his homeward voyage in 1843, Capt. Kearny stopped at the Hawaiian islands, and there protested against the treaty then in progress of settlement leading to the transfer of these islands to the Brit- ish government. He afterward held various shore appointments, including the command of the New York station, the presidency of one of the naval boards of inquiry, and membership in the light- house board. In April, 1867, he was made com- modore on the retired list, and he was also a mem- ber of the New Jersey board of pilot commission- ers. — Lawrence's second cousin, Stephen Watts, soldier, b. in Newark, N. J., 30 Aug., 1794 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 31 Oct., 1848, was a student at Co- lumbia, but at the outbreak of the war of 1812 entered the army as a lieutenant in the 13th in- fantry. At the assault on Queenstown heights, on 13 Oct., 1812, he distinguished himself by his bravery, and on 13 April, 1813, was made captain. He was retained in the army after the war, and by KEARNY KEARSLEY 497 successive promotions became lieutenant-colonel of the 1st dragoons, 4 March, 1833, and brigadier- general on 30 June, 1846. At the beginning of the Mexican war he had command of the Army of the West, which set out from Bent's fort on the Arkan- sas, crossed the country, and took possession of New Mexico. He established a provisional civil government in Santa Fe, and then continued his march to California, when, on 6 Dec, 1846, he fought the engagement at San Pasqual, where he was twice wounded. Subsequently he commanded the sailors and marines and a detachment of dra- goons at the passage of San Gabriel river and the skirmish on the plains of Mesa, 8 and 9 Jan., 1847. For his services in this campaign he received the brevet of major-general on 6 Dec, 1846, and was made governor of California, holding that office from March till June, 1847. He then joined the army in Mexico, and was military and civil gov- ernor of Vera Cruz in March, and of the city of Mexico in May, 1848. Illness, caused by disease contracted in Mexico, resulted in his death. Gen. Kearny published a " Manual of the Exercise and Manoeuvring of U. S. Dragoons" (Washington, 1837) and " Laws for the Government of the Terri- tory of New Mexico " (Santa Fe, 1846). — Stephen Watts's nephew, Philip, soldier, b. in New York •city, 2 June, 1815 ; d. near Chantilly, Va., 1 Sept., 1862, was graduated at Columbia in 1833, and then studied law under Peter A. Jay, but in 1837 ac- cepted a commission in the 1st dragoons, and was stationed at Jefferson barracks, Mo., serving on the staff of Gen. Henry Atkinson. He was sent to Europe by the war department in 1839 to examine the tactics of the French cavalry service, and for the thorough accomplishment of this purpose en- tered the cavalry-school in Saumur. After six months of this experience he went to Algiers as a volunteer with the 1st chasseurs d'Afrique, and served with Col. Le Pays de Bourjolli. He made the passage of the Atlas mountains, and participated in the engagements at the plains of Metidjah and of the Chelif, at the siege of Milianah, and passage of the Mousaia. His daring exploits during these campaigns attracted the attention of the French army. In the autumn of 1840 he returned to the United States, and was almost immediately ap- pointed aide-de-camp to Gen. Alexander Macomb, holding this appointment until the death of the commander-in-chief. For some months he was then stationed at the cavalry barracks in Carlisle, Pa., but he was soon recalled to Washington to serve on the staff of Gen. Winfield Scott. In 1845 he accom- panied his uncle, Gen. Kearny, on the march to the South Pass, which was the first expedition that penetrated so far from settlements into the Indian country. During the Mexican war. at the head of •a magnificently equipped company of cavalry, he •operated at first along the Rio Grande, but later joined Gen. Scott on his march to Mexico. His command served as the body-guard of the general- in- chief, and Kearny was promoted captain in December, 1846. He took part in the battles of Contreras and Churubnsco, and at the close of the latter, as the Mexicans were retreating into the capi- tal, Kearny, at the head of his dragoons, charged the enemy and followed them into the city of Mexico itself ; but as he fell back he was shot in the left arm, which necessitated amputation. When Gen. Oliver 0. Howard lost his right arm at the battle of Fair Oaks, Kearny happened to be pres- ent when the amputation was performed, and Howard, looking up, said : " We'll buy our gloves together hereafter." A month later Gen. Scott with his army entered the city of Mexico, but the vol. in. — 32 first man who had entered, sword in hand, the gate of the captured capital was Capt. Kearny, who was rewarded with the brevet of major. On his recovery he was stationed in New York on recruit- ing service, and was presented with a sword by the members of the Union club. Ear- ly in 1851 he went to California, and was engaged in the campaign against the Rogue river Indians, but re- signed from the army in October, 1851. He then went around the world by way of China and Ceylon, and, after spend- ing some time in Paris, settled at Belle Grove, oppo- site Newark, N. J. In 1859 he returned to France, and. joining his old comrades of the chasseurs d'Afrique, participated in the war in Italy. At Solferino he was in the charge of the cavalry under Gen. Louis M. Morris, which penetrated the Austrian centre, capturing the key-point of the situation. He is described on this occasion as charging "holding his bridle in his teeth, with his characteristic impetuosity." He re- ceived the cross of the Legion of honor, being the first American that had ever been thus honored for military service. In 1861, soon after the. begin- ning of the civil war, he returned to the United States, and tendered his services to the National government. After their rejection by these authori- ties and those of New York state, his claims were pressed by New Jersey, and he was made brigadier- general on 17 May, 1861, and assigned to the com- mand of the 1st New Jersey brigade in Gen. William B. Franklin's division of the Army of the Poto- mac. Gen. Kearny was present at the battle of Williamsburg, where his timely arrival changed the repulse into a victory, and served through the engagements in the peninsula, then with the Army of Virginia from the Rapidan to Warrenton. In May, 1862, he was given command of the 3d divis- ion, and his commission as major-general bears date 7 July, 1862, but was never received by him. At the second battle of Bull Run he was on the right, and forced Gen. Thomas J. Jackson's corps back against Gen. Longstreet's men. A few days later, at Chantilly, while reeonnoitering, after plac- ing his division, he penetrated into the Confed- erate lines, and was shot. His remains were sent by Lee under a flag of truce to Gen. Hooker, and found their last resting-place in Trinity church- yard, New York city. Gen. Scott referred to Gen. Kearny as " the bravest man I ever knew, and the most perfect soldier." See " Personal and Mili- tary History of Philip Kearny," by J. Watts De Peyster (New York. 1869). KEARSLEY, John, physician, b. in England about 1684; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., in January, 1772. He was educated in England for the medi- cal profession, and before 1719 emigrated to Phila- delphia, where he became eminent. He served for many years in the assembly of Pennsylvania, became a vestryman of Christ church in 1719, and continued to serve in this capacity or as warden until his death. Being known to possess skill and taste in architecture, he was selected by this church in 1727 to direct the remodelling and enlarging of 498 KEATING KEEPER their edifice, which work he performed under plans that were drawn by himself. The building at the time of its erection surpassed anything of the kind in this country. In 1729 he was one of a com- mittee that was appointed by the assembly to select a site and prepare plans for a state-house (afterward Independence hall), and direct its con- struction. He was the founder of Christ church hospital, having by his will bequeathed a large estate for this purpose. He was the author of " A Letter to a Friend; containing Remarks on a Discourse proposing a Preparation of the Bodv for the Small-Pox, etc." (Philadelphia. 1751) ; and ""The Case of Mr. Thomas " (1760). See Dorr's " History of Christ Church " (1841). KEATING, William Hypolitus, chemist, b. in Wilmington, Del., 11 Aug., 1799 ; d. in London, England, about 1844. His ancestors removed from Ireland to France to escape religious per- secution, and were ennobled by Louis XVI. His father, Baron John Keating, was colonel in the French army, and was stationed with his regi- ment in the West Indies at the beginning of the Revolution. Resigning his commission, he came to this country and settled in Wilmington, after which he removed to Philadelphia. The eldest son, John, who died at the age of twenty- five, attained distinction at the Philadelphia bar, served in the state legislature, and married the granddaughter of Francis Hopkinson, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence (q. v.). William was graduated at the University of Penn- sylvania in 1816, and received his scientific train- ing in polytechnic and mining schools of France and Switzerland. On his return to Philadelphia he was elected to the newly organized chair of chemistry and mineralogy in the University of Pennsylvania, which post he held from 1822 till 1827. He delivered several courses of lectures, and opened a laboratory in the old university building. His efforts for an institution of higher aims in scientific instruction ultimately led to the founding of the Franklin institute in 1824, in which he was professor of chemistry. He was geologist and historiographer of Maj. Stephen H. Long's second expedition in 1823. Subsequent to his scientific studies he had read law, and was practising with success when he was sent to Eng- land to negotiate the first mortgage loan of the Reading railroad company. He was the author of a " Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, etc., in 1828 " (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1824 ; London, 1825). — His nephew, William Valentine, physician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 April, 1823, was graduated at St. Mary's college, Baltimore, in 1840, and, after receiving his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1844, began to practise in Philadelphia, where he has since remained. In 1860 he was elected professor of obstetrics in Jefferson medical college, which chair he resigned, owing to impaired health, and was clinical lecturer there for several years. He was also physician at St. Joseph's hospital and at St. Joseph's orphan asylum, and acting surgeon in the U. S. army. After the battle of Gettysburg he was medicai director of the U. S. army hospital on Broad and Cherry streets, Philadelphia, and previously he had been connected with the staff of the Satterlee hospital. He edited Churchill on "Diseases of Children " (Philadelphia, 1856) and Ramsbotham's " Obstetrics " (1856). — His son, John M., physician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 30 April, 1852, studied at Seton hall college, South Orange, N. J., and was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1873, and subsequently at the Philadelphia polytechnic college. In 1879 he trav- elled with Gen. Grant to India, Burmah, Siam, and China. He is now (1887) medical director of the Pennsylvania mutual life insurance company. In addition to numerous publications in the medical journals, he is the author of " With Gen. Grant in the East " (Philadelphia, 1880) ; " Mother's Guide for Management and Feeding of Infants " (1881) ; and " Maternity, Infancy, and Childhood " (1887) ; and is joint author of " Diseases of the Heart in Infancy and Adolescence " (1887). KEAYNE, Robert, philanthropist, b. in Eng- land in 1595 : d. in Boston, Mass., 23 March, 1656. He was a merchant tailor by trade, and, possessing considerable estate, aided the Plymouth colony by donations in 1624, and became one of the founders of the Massachusetts colony, settling in Boston in 1635. Having been a member of the " Honorable artillery company " in London,, he organized the body bearing the same name in Boston. He was frequently a representative to the state legislature between 1638 and 1649, a liberal donor to Harvard, and left a legacy for the establishment of a free school in Boston, which is now the Latin-grammar school. He was eccentric, and his will, which is- reprinted in part in the " New England Histori- cal and Genealogical Register " (vol. vi.), is one of the longest on record in the United States. ' KEDNEY, John Steinfort, clergyman, b. in Essex county, N. J., 12 Feb., 1819. He was gradu- ated at Union in 1838, and at the General theo- logical seminary, New York city, in 1841, and entered the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church. He was rector of St. John's, Salem, N. J.,. of Bethesda, Saratoga Springs, N. Y., of Trinitv, Society Hill, S. C, of Trinity, Potsdam, N. Y., of Grace, Camden, S. C, and since 1871 professor of divinity in Seabury divinity-school, Faribault, Minn. He is the author of " Catawba and other Poems" (New York, 1847); "The Beautiful and the Sublime" (1880); and "Hegel's ^Esthetics'" (Chicago, 1885). A theological work entitled " Chris- tian Doctrine considered from the Speculative Standpoint " is now (1887) in preparation. KEEFER, Samuel, civil engineer, b. in Thor- old, Canada, 22 Jan., 1811. His father, George, removed from New Jersey to Canada in 1792 after his property had been confiscated by congress. He was afterward the first president of the Wel- land canal company. The son was educated as an engineer, was appointed secretary of the board of works for Lower Canada in 1839, from 1841 till 1853 was chief engineer of the Government board of public works, and in 1852 made a survey for the Sault St. Marie canal. In 1853 he resigned his- place under government to become resident engi- neer of the Grand trunk railway, and established the line between Montreal and Kingston. He was appointed government inspector of railways in 1857, and soon afterward deputy commissioner of public works, and held both places till 1864. His report upon the plans for the new parliament buildings at Ottawa was approved of by the gov- ernor-general in 1859, and in 1869 he completed the suspension-bridge at Niagara falls, which was at that time the longest single-span bridge in the world. He received a diploma and gold medal for the design and description of this work at the Paris- exposition of 1878. In June, 1880, he was ap- pointed a member of a royal commission to inquire into the conduct and prosecution of the Canadian Pacific railway. — His brother, Thomas Coltrain, Canadian engineer, b. in Thorold, 4 Nov., 1821, was educated at Upper Canada college, Toronto, and in 1838 began his career as an engineer. After KEELER KEEN 499 having been employed in various capacities, he was ordered by the government in 1850 to survey the rapids of the St. Lawrence with a view to their improvement, and also to explore the country be- tween the head-waters of the St. John in New Brunswick and the St. Lawrence, opposite Sague- nay river, for the purpose of opening intercolonial communication by canal or railway. In 1851 he resigned from the government service and was ap- pointed chief engineer of the Toronto and Kingston section of the Grand Trunk railway, and made pre- liminary surveys for a bridge over the St. Law- rence, the present Victoria bridge being the out- come of his plans. He constructed water-works for Montreal, Hamilton, Ottawa, and other cities. In 1878 he was sent to Paris as chief commissioner for Canada at the international exhibition. In 1849 he was the successful competitor for a premi- um that was offered by the Earl of Elgin for an " Essay on the Influence of the Canals of Canada upon her Agriculture." He published " The Phi- losophv of Railways " (1849). KEELER, Ralph, journalist, b. in Ohio in 1840 ; d. at sea near Cuba, 16 Dec, 1873. On the death of his parents Ralph was sent, at eight years of age, to the care of an uncle in Buffalo, N. Y., but ran away, was cabin-boy on a lake steamer, train- boy on a railroad, a member of several bands of strolling minstrels, and finally was connected with the " Floating Palace," a large steamboat fitted up for theatrical purposes. He studied at St. Vincent college in 1854-'6, and, after serving as a clerk in the Toledo, Ohio, post-office, spent two years in Kenyon college. He visited Europe and studied in Germany, supporting himself by correspondence with English, Scotch, and American journals. He then spent three years in California, writing for the newspapers and occasionally lecturing. While there he published in the " Atlantic Monthly " " Three Years a Negro Minstrel," and " A Tour of Europe on $181." In 1870 he became art editor of " Every Saturday," a weekly published in New York, and in the following year he revisited Eu- rope. In 1873 he became special correspondent of the " New York Tribune " in Cuba, and while en- gaged in this work mysteriously disappeared. It is supposed that he was murdered and thrown overboard from a steamer. He published, besides numerous magazine and newspaper articles, " Glov- erson and his Silent Partner" (San Francisco, Cal., 1868) ; " Vagabond Adventures " (New York, 1871) ; a translation of George Sand's " Marquis de Villemer " (1873) ; and at the time of his death had in preparation a " Life of John Brown." KEELT, John Worrall, inventor, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 3 Sept., 1837. He studied in the Phila- delphia public schools until he was twelve years of age, when he became a carpenter's apprentice, and continued at that trade until 1872. Meanwhile, with inadequate training, he had become interested in speculations concerning physical forces, and originated certain theories of questionable value. His object was the liberation of primitive atomic motion, and its application to the uses of man ; the resolution of ether in which the waves of sound and light are supposed to be produced into a work- ing " energy." The vibrations of windows and glass dishes in response to the sounding of various musical chords first set his mind upon the subject of vibration, and the curious sympathy between distant waves vibrating in harmony. His efforts were unaided until 1872, when a company was or- ganized, and funds, since aggregating $500,000, were placed at Mr. Keely's disposal. This work resulted in the invention of a "hydro-pneumatic pulsating vacuo machine," whose action, it is claimed, is produced by forces obtained from water and air, which he still keeps secret, and which can exert a pressure of 500 pounds to the square inch. Subsequently he constructed 124 different engines, and has at present (1887) eliminated the use of water entirely in developing the energy that he claims to control. Results which are marvel- lous in their effects have been obtained by Mr. Keely, in the presence of reliable experts ; but all exact details of the method of operation have thus far been carefully kept secret. KEEN, (xeorge,.or Joran Kyn. colonist, b. in Sweden about 1620 ; d. in Chester, Pa., about 1690. He accompanied Gov. Printz to New Sweden as a soldier in 1643, and dwelt with him for several years on Tinicum island in the Delaware. After- ward he removed to Upland (now Chester, Pa.), where he bought a large tract of land, and settled his two sons and his daughter. He is described as of a singularly pious and gentle disposition, and is the ancestor of eleven generations of descendants that have been born on American soil. — His grand- son, Matthias, legislator, b. at Upland in 1667; d. at Tacony, Pa., 13 July, 1714, was a vestryman of the Swedish Lutheran congregation of Gloria Dei and chairman of the committee on building their church, which is the oldest extant in Phila- delphia. With other Swedes he presented a peti- tion to the general assembly of Pennsylvania in 1709 for redress of grievances that they had expe- rienced at the hands of " William Penn and his officers," charged with fraudulently getting posses- sion of their deeds, abstracting their lands, and in- creasing their quit-rents. This complaint was re- ferred to the proprietor, and by him to the royal council of Sweden. In 1713 Mr. Keen was elected a member of the assembly, and held that office at his death. — Morris Lonffstreth. inventor, b. in West Philadelphia, Pa., 24 May, 1820 ; d. at " High- land Grove," near Stroudsburg, Pa., 2 Nov., 1883, was a grandson of John Keen, who was a great- grandson of Matthias. After receiving a private- school education he was entered as apprentice in Norris's locomotive works. Later, with his younger brother, Joseph, he established a foundry in West Philadelphia for the manufacture of flat-irons on a new principle of his invention. Some years after- ward he gave attention to the making of paper out of wood, which had already been accomplished un- profitably by chemical methods, and discovered a means of attaining the end by boiling under pres- sure, which has completely revolutionized the art of paper-making and reduced the cost of paper about one half. This invention was first carried into ef- fect by Mr. Keen in the old engine-house of the Wilmington and Philadelphia railroad at Gray's Ferry, in West Philadelphia, and was brought to perfection by him in a paper-mill at Rover's Ford, Chester co., Pa,, in 1854. This led to the forma- tion in 1863 of the American wood-paper com- pany, with patent-rights for the United States and privileges in other Tands. Mr. Keen made many improvements in various departments of machinery and manufacture, for which he received upward of forty patents. — His brother, Gregory Bernard, clergyman, b. in West Philadelphia, 3 March. 1844, was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1861, and at the Protestant Episcopal divinity- school of Philadelphia in 1866. He then was or- dained to the ministry of that church, but in 1868 became a Roman Catholic. In 1871 he was ap- pointed professor of mathematics in the theological seminarv of St. Charles Borromeo at OTerbrook, Pa. From 1873 till 1876 he devoted himself to the 500 KEENAN KEEP study of Greek literature. In 188? he was elect- ed librarian of the University of Pennsylvania. Since 1880 Mr. Keen has been corresponding sec- retary of the Pennsylvania historical societv, and during 1883 and 1884 he edited the "Pennsyl- vania Magazine of History and Biography." He has contributed to this periodical translations of numerous Dutch and Swedish manuscripts relat- ing to the early colony on the Delaware and a series of original articles on " The Descendants of Joran Kyn, the Founder of Upland." He also wrote the chapters on " New Sweden " and " New Albion " in the " Narrative and Critical History of America," edited by Justin Winsor (Boston, 1884). — His cousin, William Williams, physician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 19 Jan., 1837, was graduated at Brown in 1859, and at Jefferson medical college in 1862. He was a surgeon in the U. S. army in 1862-'4, and, after two years of European study, returned in 1866 and established himself in Philadelphia, where he was lecturer on pathological anatomy in Jefferson medical college for nine years, and also conducted the Philadelphia school of anatomy. Since 1884 he has been professor of surgery in the Woman's medical college of Philadelphia, and he is also professor of artistic anatomy in the Penn- sylvania academy of fine arts. He has published " Gunshot Wounds and other Injuries of Nerves " (Philadelphia, 1864) ; " Reflex Paralysis " (Washing- ton, 1864) ; " Clinical Charts of the Human Body " (1872) ; " Complications and Sequels of Continued Fevers " (1876) ; " Early History of Practical Anat- omy " (1875) ; besides which he has edited " Gray's Anatomy " (1887), and other works. KEENAN, Henry Francis, novelist, b. in Rochester, N. Y., 4 May, 1849. He was educated mainly in the public schools, enlisted in the Na- tional service during the civil war, and was wound- ed in action at Drury's Bluff, Va. He entered upon journalism in 1868 as a member of the staff of the Rochester, N. Y., " Chronicle," and first attracted attention by a remarkable account of a balloon voyage that he was prevented from making. After- ward he was connected with various newspapers in Rochester, Indianapolis, Ind., and New York city, and as a correspondent in Washington and in Paris. In 1883 he left journalism for general literature. He has published the novels " Trajan " (New York, 1884) ; " The Aliens " (1886) ; and " One of a Thou- sand " (1887) ; and the anonymous novel " The Money-Makers " (1886) has been attributed to him. KEENAN, Peter, soldier, b. in York, Living- ston co., N. Y., 9 Nov., 1834; d. at Chancellors- ville, Va., 2 May, 1863. He was the son of poor Irish parents, but was adopted into a wealthy fam- ily. He was a resident of Philadelphia when the war began, and in the summer of 1861 went to Williamsport, and assisted in recruiting the 8th Pennsylvania cavalry, in which he was made a captain, 19 Aug. He was many times sent out as a scout. At Chancellorsville, where he was in command of his regiment, holding the rank of major, he was ordered by Gen. Alfred Pleasonton, after the rout of the 11th corps on the right wing, to charge the advancing enemy in a wood, and hold them in check until the artillery could be got into position. He charged with his regiment, which numbered fewer than 500 men, so impetu- ously that the Confederates were startled, and hesi- tated to advance from the wood, until the guns were ready to rake the column as it emerged. Keenan met an inevitable death at the head of his men, many of whom fell with him, but the sacrifice enabled Gen. Pleasonton to hold Stonewall Jack- son's corps in check and save the army from rout. KEENE, Laura, actress, b. in England in 1820; d. in Montclair, N. J., 4 Nov., 1873. At an early age she developed a taste for the stage. Her first ap- pearances were made in London, at the Lyceum, while that theatre was under the management of Madame Vestris. She was most successful in comedy. In October, 1851, she appeared as Pau- line in Bulwer's " Lady of Lyons," and achieved a marked success. She came to the United States in 1852, and on 20 Oct. made her first appearance at Wallack's theatre, New York, performing in her favorite parts and commanding excellent houses. In 1854, after visiting Boston, Philadel- phia, and other eastern cities, Miss Keene went to California, and thence to Australia. In a pecuni- ary sense, as well as otherwise, her visits to the gold regions were quite successful ; and when in 1855 she returned to this coun- try, she assumed the management of the Varieties theatre in New York. Soon af- terward she estab- lished a new theatre, which was known for several years by her own name, but later as the Olympic, and continued its lessee and manager until 1863. In this house she brought out. 18 Oct., 1858, " Our American Cousin," with Joseph Jefferson as Asa Trenchard and Edward A. Sothern as Lord Dundreary. This piece had an immense run. On 26 Nov., 1860, she produced " The Seven Sisters," which had a run of 169 nights. Soon afterward Miss Keene married a Mr. Lutz. The Laura Keene company became well known outside of New York, and it was at one of her representations of " Our American Cousin " at Ford's theatre, Washington, 14 April, 1865, that President Lincoln met his death. In 1868 she visited England. On her re- turn she organized a travelling company, of which she retained the management, reappearing in New York in 1870, and occupying the stage until within two years of her death. Her last undertaking was the publication of a weekly art journal in New York city, which was issued for about one year. She constructed several plays, which met with only moderate success. KEENER, John Christian, M. E. bishop, b. in Baltimore, Md., 7 Feb., 1819. He was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1835, and engaged in business in Baltimore till 1841, when he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church. He was stationed at various places in Alabama till 1853, when he went to New Orleans, and was pre- siding elder of that district in 1858 and 1860. In 1861-'4 he was superintendent of chaplains in the Confederate army west of Mississippi river, and in 1865-70 he was again presiding elder, and also edited the " New Orleans Christian Advocate." He was elected a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, in 1870, and in 1873 founded a mis- sion in Mexico. He received the degree of D. D. in 1854 and that of LL. D. in 1880. He has published '•The Post Oak Circuit" (Nashville, Tenn., 1857). KEEP, Henry, financier, b. in Jefferson countv, N. Y., in 1818 ; d. in New York city, 30 July, 1869. After suffering many hardships through poverty, he worked his way to Honeoye Falls, near Roches- ter, N. Y., was employed as a teamster, and, having KEEP KEIM 501 saved a small sum of money, invested it during the financial crisis of 1837 in depreciated currency, which, upon its subsequent rise, yielded him a handsome profit. He then bought Canadian bank- notes at a discount from residents of the American frontier, and cashed them at par in Canada. In this way he amassed sufficient capital to estab- lish a bank at Water town, N. Y., and afterward founded several other country banks. He then re- moved to New York, and became largely interested in railroads and railroad stocks. In 1861-'3 he was treasurer of the Michigan Southern railroad, and for six months of 1866 was president of the New York Central railroad. From June, 1868, until the time of his death, he was president of the Chicago and Northwestern, controlling mana- ger of the North Indiana, and president of the Cleveland and Toledo railroad. KEEP, John, clergyman, b. in Long Meadow, Mass., 20 April, 1781 ; d. in Oberlin, Ohio, 11 Feb., 1870. He was graduated at Yale in 1802, studied theology, was licensed to preach in 1805, and for sixteen years was pastor of the Congregational church at Blanford, Mass. He removed to Homer, N. Y., in 1821, and was pastor there till 1833, when he resigned. The year following he organized and became pastor of the 1st Congregational church, Cleveland, and in 1835 became agent to raise funds for Oberlin college, leading the subscription by his own donation of $10,000. Soon after his election as a trustee of Oberlin, he gave as president of the board the casting vote that admitted colored stu- dents. In 1837 he returned to pastoral work, then went on a mission to England to raise funds for Oberlin, and in 1850 settled in Oberlin. He was the last surviving founder of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions. KEESE, John, auctioneer, b. in New York city, 24 Nov., 1805 ; d. in Brooklyn, 30 May, 1856. He received an academical education, and at the age of eighteen entered as clerk with a book-pub- lishing house in his native city. Several years afterward he became partner in the concern, and from 1842 until 1853 he was engaged in the book- auction business. In 1854 Mr. Keese received the appointment of appraiser of books in the New York custom-house, which office he filled until his death. While in office he devoted many evenings to his former vocation of book auctioneer. During his career Mr. Keese became widely known among literary men and booksellers as a humorous off- hand speaker, editor, and wit. He was the author of many verses that appeared anonymously in the periodicals of his time. In 1852 he delivered a lecture on " The Influence of Knowledge " at the Broadway tabernacle in New York city. After the formation of the auction firm of Cooley, Keese and Hill he began his opening address at the book- trade sales, saying : " Gentlemen : You have a right to know something about our methods and plans of business. First, we shall on all occasions take everything Cooley. As for the security of your goods, they will always be under the pro- tection of excellent locks and Keese ; and you may rely on our stability, for we rest upon one of the granite Hills of New Hampshire." At another time he offered a collection of poems by some un- known author, remarking : " This is a book by a poor and pious girl, who wrote poor and pious poetry." Again a parcel of books was knocked down to one Owen Phalen, with the remark: " Don't know about selling to a man who is always Owen and Phalen." Mr. Keese edited " The Poets of America" (2 vols., New York, 1839-'40) ; "The Poetical Remains of Lucy Hooper " (1842) ; " Poems bv Elizabeth Oakes Smith" (1843); "The Mourner's' Chaplet" (Boston, 1844); " The Winter- Green," an annual (1844) ; " The Opal," an annual (2 vols., 1846-'7) ; " The Forest Legendary " (1848) ; and " The Floral Keepsake " (1850). He also fur- nished a large part of the text for " North Ameri- can Scenery," by Whitefield (1845). See "John Keese — Wit and Litterateur," bv William L. Keese (New York, 1884).— His son, William Linn, b. in New York city, 25 Feb., 1835, was educated at schools in Brooklyn and New York, and received a mercantile training. He has frequently written in prose and verse for newspapers and magazines, and contributed articles to "Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United States" (5 vols.. New York, 1886). He has published, besides the memoir of his father, mentioned above, " William E. Burton — Actor, Author, and Manager " (1885). KEHR, GUistar Herman (kair), German bota- nist, b. in Freysingen in 1581 ; d. in Magdeburg in 1639. He was professor in the universities of Tubingen and Halle, and afterward librarian of the Prince of Lippe-Detmold, who sent him in 1621 to America to study the plants of that country. Kehr went first to New Spain, and after several years crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and, sailing for Patagonia, studied the plants of the country that is now the Argentine Republic from 1624 till 1629, visiting afterward Chili, Brazil, and Peru. On his return he published, among other works, " De Sexu plantarum " (Magdeburg, 1631) ; " Aphorismi botanicas" (Tubingen, 1633); "Historia generalis plantarum Americanarurn " (3 vols., Halle, 1635) ; " Grundlehren der Anatomie und Physiologie der Pflanzen von Amerika " (Magdeburg, 1636) ; " Ser- tum Patagonicum et florula peruviensis " (2 vols., Dresden, 1636) ; " Criptogama? Brasilienses ab Gustavius Kehr collectse" (Magdeburg, 1632); and " Reisen in Amerika " (2 vols., 1639). KEIFER, Joseph Warren, lawyer, soldier, and politician, b. in Clark county, Ohio, 30 Jan., 1836. He was educated at Antioeh college, Yellow Springs, Ohio, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1858, and began practice in Springfield. On 19 April, 1861, he enlisted in the National service, and was commissioned major of the 3d Ohio infan- try on 27 April. He was promoted lieutenant-colo- nel on 12 Feb., 1862, and on 30 Sept. was made colo- nel of the 110th Ohio infantry. During the war he was four times wounded. He was brevetted briga- dier-general on 19 Oct., 1864, and major-general on being mustered out in June, 1865. He returned to the practice of his profession at Springfield, Ohio, declining a lieutenant-colonel's commission in the regular army, which was offered him in No- vember, 1866. In 1868-9 he was a member of the Ohio senate. He was a delegate to the National Republican convention in 1876, and was elected a member of congress from Ohio the same year, serving from 15 Oct., 1877, till 3 March, 1885. He was speaker of the house during the 47th congress, from 5 Dec, 1881, till 3 March, 1883, and was the orator at the unveiling of the Garfield statue in Washington, in May, 1887. KEIM, William High, soldier, b. near Read- ing, Pa., 25 June, 1813 ; d. in Harrisburg, Pa., 18 May, 1862. He was educated at Mount Airy mili- tary academy, Pa., was mayor of Reading in 1848, was elected to congress as a Democrat to fill a va- cancy, and served in 1858-9, and then became surveyor-general of the state. In 1861 he was commissioned major-general of the Pennsylvania volunteers that were sent by order of the governor, under Gen. Robert Patterson, to defend the towns of Chambersburg, Pa., Hagerstown, Md., Harper's 502 KEDIER KEITH Ferry. Va.. and the upper Potomac. In the au- tumn of this year. Keim was commissioned briga- dier-general of volunteers, and, joining the army under Gen. McClellan, he commanded a Pennsyl- vania brigade in the peninsular campaign. His death was the result of camp fever. KEIMER, Samuel, printer, b. in England : d. in Barbadoes after 1738. He learned the trade of a printer in London, was a member of the sect known as the " French Prophets," and came to this country in 1722. accompanied by his sister, a prophetess of the same sect. He brought with him printing materials, consisting "of an old damaged press and a small cast of worn-out Eng- lish types contained in one pair of cases," and es- tablished himself in business in Philadelphia, Pa. Probably the first printer that he employed to assist him was Benjamin Franklin, who, in 1723, found employment in Philadelphia in Keimer's office. Shortly afterward he published a pam- phlet called " A Parable,"' which was said to be the joint work of himself and Franklin, and which so offended the Quakers that, by order of their month- ly meeting in September. 1723, he was denounced and disowned. On Franklin's return from Europe he engaged again with Keimer. and on the latter s hearing that Franklin intended to pubb'sh a news- paper, Keimer issued a prospectus announcing his intention to begin the publication of one of his own. and on 24 Dec, 1728, appeared the first issue of the '• Universal Instructor in all Arts and Sci- ences, and Pennsylvania Gazette."' Through the covert opposition of Franklin, Keimer was unable to make his paper a success, and in nine months from its first issue he sold the " Gazette " to Frank- lin and Hugh Meredith. Shortly thereafter he re- moved to Barbadoes, where in 1731, at Bridgetown, he began the publication of the " Barbadoes Ga- zette," the first newspaper that was issued in the Caribbean islands, and the first that was published twice a week, for any considerable time, in any part of America. He continued its publication until 1738. Selections from this paper were after- ward published under the title " Caribbeana, a Collection of Essavs," arranged in imitation of the " Tattler " (2 vols., London, 1741). He was also the author of " A Brand plucked from the Burn- ing, exemplified in the Unparalleled Case of Sam- uel Keimer " (London. 1718). KEISAR, Mauritius Tan, Dutch physician, b. in Essequibo, Guiana, in 1663 : d. in Demerara in 1725. He was graduated at the University of Leyden, and was for some time a military surgeon ; but his father having died in 1695 and left him a large estate in Guiana, the son tendered his resigna- tion, and, returning to America. settled in Demerara. where he divided his time between the exercise of his profession and agricultural schemes. He made experiments on his own estate, and urged the adoption of artificial guano. The country greatly benefited by his exertions and his experiments, as he established at his own expense a model farm in which a practical agricultural education was given free to those who were willing to leam. Keisar published many books, some of which are yet standard works. These include " Expose des moyens de mettre en valeur et d'administrer la Guiane "' (Amsterdam, 1709); " Notions sur la culture des basses terres dans la Guiane Hollan- daise" (Leyden, 1706): "Land und Leute von Guiana" (Demerara. 1719); " Trait e du cafe" (Amsterdam. 1720) ; "Traite du tabac" (1731); " System der Medicin " (Leipsic and Amsterdam, 1721 1 : and " Grundlage der Pathologie und Thera- pie des Menschen" (1723). KEITH, Alexander, Canadian statesman, b. in Falkirk. Caithness-shire. Scotland, 5 Oct., 1 795 ; d. in Halifax 14 Dec. 1873. He was educated in Scotland, and in 1817 came with his father's family to Halifax, X. S., where he engaged in the brewing and malting business. He became commissioner of the court of common pleas, served as mayor of Halifax in 1843. 1853, and 1854, and was also for a long period a director of the Bank of Xova Scotia. He became a member of the legislative council in 1843. sat in that body for thirty years, and when the Xova Scotian legislature was consti- tuted in 1867 became president of the upper house. In the same year he was appointed to the Domin- ion senate, but declined the office. KEITH, Charles Penrose, lawyer, b. in Phila- delphia. Pa.. 15 March. 1854. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1873, and taught for a year, after which he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1877. For a few years he acted as librarian of the Historical society of Pennsylvania. He is the compiler of " The Pro- vincial Councillors of Pennsylvania who held office between 1733 and 1776. and those Earlier Councillors who were some time Chief Magistrates of the Province, and their Descendants " (Philadel- phia, 1883), and has contributed historical and ge- nealogical articles to periodicals. KEITH, George, clergyman, b. in Aberdeen, Scotland, about 1645 ; d. in Sussex, England, in 1715. He was educated in the schools of the Church of Scotland and at the University of Aber- deen. Becoming a Quaker in 1664, he suffered confiscation and imprisonment, and in 1675 was engaged with Robert Barclay in a discussion be- fore the students of Aberdeen university concern- ing Quaker doctrines. A continuance of persecu- tions induced Keith to emigrate to the United States in 1684. He became a surveyor in Xew Jersey, and was engaged to determine the bound- ary-line between the eastern and western parts of the state. He removed to Philadelphia in 1689, and took charge of a Friends' school, but left it to travel in Xew England, where he engaged in con- troversy with John Cotton and Increase Mather. On his return to Philadelphia he became involved in disputes with his own sect. He then went to London and met William Penn in controversy, who pronounced him an apostate and dismissed him from the society. Keith responded in an able argument, and formed a society of his own known as the Christian or Baptist Quakers, or Keithians. Becoming again dissatisfied, he was ordained in the Church of England, and in 1702 was sent by the Society for propagating the gospel on a mission to Pennsylvania and Xew Jersey. He was signally successful in this work, 700 Quakers under his in- fluence receiving baptism in the Episcopal church. He subsequently returned to England, and became rector of Edburton. Sussex. Bishop Burnet, who was his fellow-student at Aberdeen, says of him in his '"History of My Own Times": "Keith was the most learned man ever in the Quaker sect, well versed both in the Oriental tongues and in phi- losophy and mathematics." Besides theological works, he published " Journal of Travels from Xew Hampshire to Caratuck " (London. 1706); •• Standard of the Quakers " (1702 : republished in Janney"s " History of Friends," Philadelphia, 1867) ; and "Xew Theory of Longitude " (1709). KEITH. Isaac Stockton, clergyman, b. in Xewton, Bucks co., Pa., 20 Jan., 1755 ; d. in Charles- ton, S. C, 13 Dec, 1813. He was graduated at Princeton in 1775, entered the ministry in 1778, and was ordained pastor of the Presbyterian church KEITH KEITH 503 in Alexandria, Pa., in 1780. From 1788 until his death he was pastor of the Presbyterian church of Charleston, S. C. His sermons and addresses were published by Andrew Flynn (Charleston, 1810). KEITH, 'James, clergyman, b. in Scotland in 1643 ; d. in Bridge water, Mass., 23 July, 1719. He was educated at Aberdeen, Scotland, came to Bos- ton, Mass., about 1662, and became the first or- dained minister of the church at Bridgewater on 18 Feb.. 1664 Mather, in the " Magnolia," places him in the third class, " who were all such minis- ters as came over after the re-establishment of the Episcopal church government in England, and the consequent persecution of the non-conformists." His pastorate continued until his death, a period of over a half-century. In 1717, at the dedication of the new meeting-house in South Bridgewater, he delivered the dedicatory sermon, which was pub- lished in the " Bridgewater Monitor," and in which he spoke on the subject of intemperance. He owned a one fifty-sixth proprietary interest in all the lands at Bridgewater. Mr. Keith had much to do with saving the life of the wife and son of the Indian chief King Philip in 1676. His letter on King Philip's family is printed in the " History of Bridgewater," by Nahuni Mitchell (1840). KEITH, Reuel, clergyman, b. in Pittsford. Vt„ 26 June, 1792 ; d. in Sheldon, Vt, 3 Sept., 1842. After serving as a merchant's clerk in Troy, N. Y., he entered Middlebury college, where he was gradu- ated in 1814, and after teaching studied theology and was ordained a priest of the Protestant Episco- pal church. His first charge was as an assistant at St. John's, Georgetown, D. C. This he resigned in 1820 to accept the chair of humanity and history in William and Mary college, where he also instructed candidates for holy orders. A theological seminary was soon afterward organized at Alexandria, with which institution he became connected as professor of pulpit eloquence and pastoral theology. Here he remained until 1840, when his health began to decline. He received the degree of D. D. from Mid- dlebury in 1827. His publications include a trans- lation of Hengstenberg's " Christology of the Old Testament " (Alexandria. 1836 ; abridged by Thos. K. Arnold, London, 1847). KEITH, Sir William, bart, lieutenant-gover- nor of Pennsylvania and Delaware, b. near Peter- head, England, in 1680; d. in London, 18 Nov., 1749. He was the son of Sir William Keith, of Ludquhairn in Aber- deenshire, Scotland, the third baronet of the line, and was bap- tized, 16 Feb., 1680. The son was sent in his youth to the court of the exiled Stuarts at St. Germains, where he remained for sev- eral years, and, being treated with favor by the Pretender and his mother, he expected, if the former should succeed Queen Anne, to be appointed under- secretary for Scotland. He returned to the British isles about the time of Simon Fraser's in- trigue, and was arrested, and narrowly escaped be- ing tried for treason. Before the close of Queen Anne's reign, the Tories coming into power, he was appointed surveyor-general of the customs for the southern district of North America, and in this capacity he resided in Virginia, but after the acces- sion of the Whigs under George I. he was re- moved. His deportment had been agreeable to the colonists, and as Pennsylvania and the three lower counties (now Delaware), of which William Penn was titular governor, had long suffered under lieutenant-governors who were persons of neither character nor ability, the principal inhabitants were delighted at Keith's applying for the position. For this purpose he went to 'England, and while there presented the address of the assembly of Pennsylvania to George I., expressing joy at his accession and the suppression of the rebellion. After nearly two years' negotiation. Keith returned duly commissioned, arriving in Philadelphia, 31 May, 1717. For a long time he had the good-will and admiration of all classes. The assembly granted him a fair salary, which he spent in keep*- ing up a style that had not been attempted by his predecessors. His country house in Horsham, Montgomery co., is still standing. He accomplished the organization of a militia in the Quaker colony, and the establishment of a high court of chancery, in which he sat as chancellor ex officio, and which is the only court of that kind that ever has existed in Pennsylvania. The court was abolished in 1735. Keith held several conciliatory conferences with the Indians, and under his administration, and to a certain extent at his suggestion, several useful laws were passed which are still in force, notably that by which the wives of persons away at sea can become femnie sole traders. He early showed himself independent of his council. As time went on, he followed the wishes of the people as opposed to the widow Penn's, as an instance of which he issued the first paper money of the province. He is said to have built the first iron-furnace in Dela- ware. On his father's death, at the close of the year 1720, he succeeded to the baronetcy. His father had died insolvent, and he too sank into debt. His circumstances now led him into dis- honorable conduct. He played desperately for popularity, but he was unfaithful to the proprietary family in matters where he could not allege the public interest as the excuse. Yet he had devoted partisans, being the only lieutenant-governor before the Revolution that espoused the cause of the common people. The legal complications follow- ing the death of the founder of the province, and the order of the lords justices that the lieutenant- governor continue to act until further order, ren- dered him independent of any one part of the Penn family, and enabled him to act as if directly under the crown. The widow wrote him a letter of in- structions which she intended to be confidential, requiring him to submit to the council in legisla- tion, and all other matters of importance; but Keith, refusing to be so bound, laid this before the assembly, and so stirred up the populace as to threaten the destruction of the proprietary author- ity. Finally, the widow and the heir-at-law of Penn united in the nomination of a new lieutenant- governor, who obtained the royal confirmation. Thus superseded. Keith published a vindication, and undertook to lead an opposition party. He was chosen a member of the assembly at the first election following, but failed to obtain the speaker- ship, at which he had aimed. He was re-elected to the house the next year, but in March, 1728. left the province, embarking surreptitiously at New Castle to avoid his creditors. In November, 1728, he presented to the king a " Short Discourse on the Present State of the Colonies in America with re- spect to the Interest of Great Britain." He is said to have first suggested to the British crown 504 KEITT KELLEY the taxation of the American colonies. He finally became very poor, passed some time in prison for debt, and died in the Old Bailey, London. Sir William was the author of various essays, several of which were published in one volume (London, 1740). He projected writing a series of colonial histories, but only one appeared, that of Virginia, which was published by the Society for the en- couragement of learning (1738). KEITT, Laurence Massillon (kit), congress- man, b. in Orangeburg district, S. C, 4 Oct., 1824 ; d. in Richmond, Va., 4 June. 1864. He was grad- uated at the College of South Carolina in 1843, and was admitted to the bar in 1845. He was in the legislature in 1848, was chosen to congress in 1852 as a state-rights Democrat, and served until his withdrawal in December, 1860, to become a delegate to the secession convention of South Caro- lina. He was a member of the provisional Con- federate congress in Montgomery, Ala., in 1861, and was conspicuous in forming the provisional and permanent Confederate constitution. In 1862 he joined the Confederate army as colonel of the 20th South Carolina volunteers, and was mortally wounded, at the head of his regiment, at the battle of Cold Harbor, dying in Richmond the next day. KELLAR, Ezra, clergyman, b. in Middleton valley, Md., 12 June, 1812 ; d. in Springfield, Ohio, 29 Dec, 1848. He was graduated at Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1835, licensed to preach two years afterward in the Lutheran ministry, and be- came an itinerant missionary in the western states. He was subsequently in charge of churches in Tarrytown and Hagerstown, Md., and in 1844 es- tablished Wittenberg college, Springfield, Ohio, serving as its president till his death. Jefferson college gave him the degree of D. D. in 1848. Michal Diehl wrote his life (Springfield, Ohio, 1859). KELLER, Christian Arnold, Swiss explorer, b. in Friburg in 1711 ; d. in Basle, 11 Oct., 1790. He received his early education in Switzerland, but finished it in Paris, and was employed in 1734 in the physical cabinet of the Paris Academie des sciences. In 1735 he accompanied Charles Marie de la Condamine to South America. In 1740 he followed La Condamine again during his explora- tion of the Amazon, but parting with him in Columbia, he travelled extensively in South Amer- ica, and returning in the spring of 1749, after an absence of fourteen years. In 1751 he was given the chair of physics and chemistry in the University of Basle, which he occupied till his death. Keller's works include " Discours du voyage des astro- nomes La Condamine, Bouguer et Godin, pour mesurer un arc du meridien a l'equateur, suivi d'un traite et description des plantes et des animaux qui habitent les Cordillieres du Perou " (2 vols., Geneva, 1771) ; " La pression atmospherique dans les Cordillieres des Andes et du Perou" (Paris, 1756) ; " Observations astronomiques faites dans les Cordillieres du Perou" (1758); " Reise auf dem Amazonenflusse " (1773); "Neue Ameri- kanische Beitrage " (1776) ; " Reisen im Innern von Siid-Amerika" (Basle, 1781); "Land und Leute von Peru" (2 vols., 1784); and "Grand atlas de PAmerique du Sud " (6 vols., 1788). KELLER, Joseph Edward, clergyman, b. in Kandel, Bavaria, in 1827 ; d. in Rome, Italy, 4 Feb., 1886. He was brought by his parents to St. Louis when a child, and studied in the university of that city. He joined the Jesuit order in 1844, was or- dained priest, and afterward was professor succes- sively in the Jesuit colleges of Cincinnati, Flores- sant, Bardstown, and St. Louis. He was elected to represent his order at the convention that was held in Rome in 1868, and in 1869-'77 he was provin- cial of the Maryland province. He was made president of St. Louis university in 1877, and after- ward of Woodstock seminary, Md. He went to Rome in 1883 as delegate of the society, and was retained there as assistant to the Jesuit general for all the English-speaking peoples of the world. He was an ardent advocate of higher education, and founded in the University of St. Louis the post-graduate and scientific courses of studies. He held high rank as a linguist, and was the author of various publications, but never affixed his name to any, except " The Life and Acts of Leo XIII." (New York, 1885). KELLETT, Sir Henry, British naval officer, b. in England in 1807; d. in China, 1 March, 1875. He entered the British navy when he was four- teen years old, participated in the coast survey of America in 1835-'40, under Admiral Frederick W. Beechey and Sir Edward Belcher, and continued this work from 1S45 till 1848, when he was ordered to Bering straits to take part in the search for Sir John Franklin. He discovered Herald (now Wrangell) Land in 1849, was with Belcher in the arctic expedition of 1852 as commander of the " Resolute," and found Sir Robert J. McClure with the crew of the " Investigator." He was appoint- ed commodore in 1854, admiral superintendent of Malta in 1864, and in 1869 became commander of the naval station in China. KELLEY, Alfred, lawyer, b. in Middletown, Conn., 7 Nov., 1787; d. in Columbus, Ohio, 2 Dec, 1859. He studied law, and in 1810 removed to Cleveland, Ohio, where he practised his profession. He was one of the first to advocate the internal improvement of the state by means of canals, and was afterward appointed a commissioner to carry that policy into effect. By his exertions in 1836-'43, and chiefly on his personal responsibility, he raised a large sum of money for the discharge of the pub- lic debt, and thus saved the state from bankruptcy. He was also active in railroad matters, and was re- peatedly a member of the Ohio legislature, in which he originated important measures. KELLEY, Benjamin Franklin, soldier, b. in New Hampton, N.H., 10 April, 1807. He removed to West Virginia in 1826, and, settling in Wheel- ing, engaged in merchandise till 1851, when he be- came freight-agent on the Baltimore and Ohio rail- road. In May, 1861, he raised the first Virginia regiment for the National army, and was commis- sioned its colonel. He was engaged at Philippi. near Grafton, W. Va., and severely wounded, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 17 May, 1861, captured Romney on 26 Oct., and was again victorious at Blue's Gap. He was then given the command of the Department of Harper's Ferry and Cumberland, but was relieved at his own re- quest, in consequence of his wounds, in January, 1862. In the following summer he resumed com- mand of the railroad district under Gen. John C. Fremont, and in July, 1863, he was assigned to the Department of West Virginia. He was engaged in the pursuit of Lee after his passage of the Poto- mac, and in November, 1863, destroyed the camp of the Confederates under Gen. John D. Imboden, near Morefield, Va. In August, 1864, he repulsed the Confederate forces at Cumberland, Md., New Creek, and Morefield, Va., and on 13 March, 1865, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers. At the close of the civil war he was appointed col- lector of internal revenue for the 1st district of West Virginia, in 1876 became superintendent of Hot Springs reservation, Ark., and since 1883 has been examiner of pensions. KELLEY KELLOGG 505 KELLEY, Hall Jackson, colonist, b. in North- wood, N. H., 28 Feb., 1790; d. in Palmer, Mass., 17 Jan., 1874. He was graduated at Middlebury in 1813, became principal of a public school in Boston, Mass., and was interested in various edu- cational enterprises, writing several text-books, founding the Boston young men's educational so- ciety, and organizing the first Sunday-school in New England. He was subsequently engaged as a surveyor on railroads in Maine, and projected a canal from Boston to the Connecticut river, and a railroad from the city of Mexico to Vera Cruz. For many years, beginning about 1817, he was in- terested in the settlement of the country west of the Rocky mountains. In 1829 he procured from the legislature of Massachusetts an act of incor- poration of the " American society for encouraging the settlement of the Oregon territory." He pub- lished a " Geographical Memoir of Oregon " (Bos- ton, 1830), accompanied by the first map of that territory that ever was compiled, and a manual of the Oregon expedition for the guidance of emi- grants. In 1831 he completed arrangements for sending out a party of several hundred persons, but the plan was abandoned at the last moment. A few months later he set out with a smaller com- pany that reached New Orleans, but disbanded there, to Kelley's great personal loss. He then went to Mexico, and, after many adventures and hardships, organized a party of Americans who had settled at Monterey, and with them finally arrived in Oregon, but was almost at once evicted by the Hudson bay company. He then returned to Bos- ton, broken in health and fortune, and during his later life resided in Palmer, Mass. Harvard and Middlebury colleges gave him the degree of A. M. in 1820. He published, in addition to the writ- ings already mentioned, " A History of the Set- tlement of Oregon and of the Interior of Upper California, and of Persecutions and Afflictions of Forty Years' Continuance endured by the Author " (Springfield, Mass., 1868). KELLEY, William Darrah, congressman, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 12 April, 1814. His grandfather, John, was a Revolutionary officer, of Salem county, N. J. William lost his father at an early age, and was apprenticed first to a printer and subsequently to a jeweller in Boston, where, while following his trade, he acquired a reputation as a writer and speaker. Returning to Philadelphia in 1840 he studied law, was admitted to the bar the next year, and while practising his profession devoted much time to literary pursuits. He was attorney-gen- eral of the state in 1845-'6, and a judge of the court of common pleas of Philadelphia from 1846 till 1856. Until 1848 Mr. Kelley was a Democrat and free-trader, but in 1854 he joined the Repub- lican party, became a protectionist and an ardent abolitionist, and delivered in Philadelphia in 1854 an address on "Slavery in the Territories," that became widely known. In 1860 he was a delegate to the National Republican convention, and was elected to congress, where he has served till the present time (1887), and is the senior member of the house in continuous service. He has been a member of numerous committees, such as those on naval affairs, agriculture, and Indian affairs, was. chairman of that on weights and measui'es in the 40th congress, and of that on the Centennial cele- bration. He is often called the "Father of the House," and is popularly known as " Pig-iron Kel- ley." In addition to many political speeches and literary essays, he has published " Address at the Colored Department of the House of Refuge " (Philadelphia, 1850) ; " Reasons for abandoning the Theory of Free Trade and adopting the Prin- ciple of Protection to American Industry " (1872) ; "Speeches, Addresses"; "Letters on Industrial and Financial Questions" (1872); "Letters from Europe " (1880) ; and " The New South " (1887). KELLOGG, Edward, economist, b. in Norwalk, Conn., 18 Oct., 1790 ; d. in New York city, 29 April, 1858. He had little early education, and soon af- ter coming of age engaged in business on his own account in Norwalk. In 1820 he removed to New York city, and established the firm of Edward Kellogg and Co. In the financial crisis of 1837 his attention was turned to the evils that resulted from the existing monetary system. After much thought he concluded that all money should be issued by the government, and so managed that usury could not be exacted nor losses be incurred in exchange between foreign countries. To effect this he proposed to establish a National safety fund, and issue notes bearing interest at the rate of two per cent per annum, payable half-yearly in gold or silver. In 1843, with the encouragement of Horace Greeley, he published his views in news- paper-form under the title of " Usury, the Evil and Remedy," a few months later printing them in a pamphlet, with some additions, under the title of " Currency, the Evil and the Remedy, by Godek Gardwell " (New York, 1844). He subsequently retired from active business and devoted himself to the study of finance. He also published " Labor and Other Capital " (1849 ; new ed., by his daugh- ter, Mary Kellogg Putnam, entitled " A New Monetary System," 1861). KELLOGG, Elijah, clergyman, b. in Portland, Me., 20 May, 1813. He was graduated at Bow- doin in 1840, and at Andover theological seminary in 1843. The next year he was ordained pastor of the Congregational church in Harpswell, Me., and in 1855-65 he was chaplain of the Boston seaman's friend society. Since the latter date he has for the most part been engaged in writing juvenile books. He has also delivered various lectures, and is the author of the popular " Address of Sparti- eus to the Gladiators." His books include " The Elm Island Series " (Boston, 1868-70) ; " Pleasant Cove Series " (1870-4) ; " Whispering Pine Series " (1871-3) ; " Good Old Times Series " (1877-'82) ; and " The Forest Glen Series " (1878). KELLOGG, Francis W., congressman, b. in Washington, Hampshire co., Mass., 30 May, 1810 ; d. in Alliance, Ohio, in November, 1878. After re- ceiving a limited education he removed to Grand Rapids, Mich., and engaged in the lumber business. In 1856-'7 he was a member of the legislature, and from 1859 till 1865 served in congress, having been chosen as a Republican. During the civil war he raised six regiments of cavalry for the Na- tional army. In 1865 he was appointed collector of internal revenue for the southern district of Alabama, and was a member of congress from 22 July, 1868, till 3 March, 1869. KELLOGG, George, inventor, b. in New Hart- ford, Conn., 19 June, 1812. He was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1837, and after engaging in the manufacture of machinery was principal of Sumter academy, Sumterville, S. C. in 1838-41. He then became a manufacturer at Birmingham, Conn., and in 1855 removed to New York to edu- cate his daughter. In 1863-'6 he was a U. S. reve- nue officer, and afterward engaged in manufactur- ing and in various experiments, removing to Cold Spring, N. Y. He has testified as an expert in noted patent cases, and has made many inventions, including a machine to make jack-chain at the rate of a yard a minute (1844); a dovetai ling-ma- 506 KELLOGG KELLOGG chine (1849) ; a type-distributor (1852) ; an obstet- rical forceps (1853) ; and an adding apparatus (1869). In 1845 he established a manufactory of hooks and eyes, with American machinery, at Red- ditch, England, and in 1868, while in Europe with his daughter, he began to make hats in London under a patent that had been issued to his brother. — His brother, Albert, botanist, b. in New Hartford, Conn., 6 Dec, 1813 ; d. in Alameda, Cal., 31 March, 1887, was educated at Wilbraham academy, Mass., and subsequently received his degree at the medi- cal department of Transylvania university, Lex- ington, Ky. The first accurate description of the big trees of California was made by him and pub- lished by John C. Fremont in his " Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the years 1843-4" (Washington, 1845). Dr. Kellogg was associated with Audubon in his exploration of Texas at the time of the annexation of that coun- try to the United States. Afterward he made bo- tanical excursions along the western coast of the American continent from Tierra del Puego in the south to Alaska in the north. He accompanied, as botanist, in 1867, the first government expedi- tion that was sent to Alaska under the auspices of the U. S. coast survey. He began his work at the northern end of Vancouver's island, and continued through Alexander archipelago, then on part of Kodiak island, and finally at Una- laska island. Dr. Kellogg was a large contributor of articles on botanical subjects to the periodi- cal press, and also to various state and national reports. Many of his papers are given in the " Proceedings of the California Academy of Sci- ences," of which society he was a member. He left a botanical manuscript on the natural trees of California, illustrated by 500 large pen-and- ink drawings. — George's daughter, Clara Louise, singer, b. in Sumterville. S. C., 12 July, 1842, was named after Clara Novello, the singer. From her earliest childhood, which was passed in Birming- ham, Conn., she showed an extra- ordinary talent for music. It is said that at nine months she hummed a tune, and the quick- ness and accu- racy of her ear have often aston- ished musicians. Miss Kellogg re- ceived the great- er part of her musical educa- tion in New York from French and Italian masters, which was com- pleted abroad. She made her first appearance as Gilda in " Rigoletto " at the Academy of music, New York, in 1861, but did not make her greatest success until 1864. This was as Marguerite in Gounod's "Faust," a part that had never been played here before, and with which she has so identified herself that many competent judges regard her impersonation of it as the finest ever seen in this country. After singing with great success in her own country, Miss Kellogg went to Her Majesty's theatre, London, in 1867. She made her debut there as Marguerite, and won instant and enthusiastic recognition. In other characters she was no less successful. She sang at the Han- del festival at the Crystal palace in 1867, and of her rendering of " Oh, had I Jubal's Lyre " the " Times " said : " The old Handelian fire was mainly felt when Mile. Kellogg sang the noble air from ' Joshua.' " In 1868 she returned to the United States, and made her first concert-tour under the management of Max Strakosch. In 1869-'71 she appeared again in Italian opera at the Academy of music, New York. She afterward organized an English opera company, and did more for American musical art than had been done before. Her organization was the best that had been heard in English opera, and she gave employment to a large number of young Ameri- cans, who, beginning their careers in her chorus, soon advanced to higher places in the musical world. In 1876 she organized an Italian opera company, and appeared in " Aida " and " Carmen." After the dissolution of this company she retired from the operatic stage in this country, but was heard in concerts in all parts of the United States. In 1880 she received an offer to appear in Austria, where she sang in Italian, the other performers singing in German, and she afterward sang in Italian opera in St. Petersburg. Miss Kellogg's list of operas includes forty-five, and among those with which she has most closely identified her name are " Faust," " Crispino," " Traviata," "Aida," and " Carmen." As an actress she possesses an ability that is quite unusual among singers. Miss Kellogg's voice covers a wide range. It was at first a high soprano with a compass reaching from C to E flat. As she grew older it changed, losing some of its higher notes, but gaining in richness. As an artist she will be remembered as the first American to win musical recognition for her coun- try from the Old World. KELLOGrGr, Samuel Heury, clergyman, b. in Westhampton. N. Y., 6 Sept., 1839. He 'was gradu- ated at Princeton in 1861, entered the theological seminary there, was ordained an evangelist in 1864, and, under an appointment of the board of foreign missions of the Presbyterian church, sailed for India in December of that year, arriving in Cal- cutta, 5 June, 1865. In 1872 he removed to Alla- habad, and became instructor in the theological training-school there. Resigning his office as mis- sionary, he returned to the United States in 1876, the next year was elected pastor of a Presbyterian church in Pittsburg, Pa., in 1879 was chosen pro- fessor of didactic and polemic theology, and lec- turer on comparative religion in Western theologi- cal seminary, and since 1886 has been pastor of St. James square church, Toronto. In 1872 he was elected corresponding member of the American oriental society, and in 1885 became an associate of the Philosophical society of Great Britain. Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1877. He has translated the larger catechism of the Presbyterian church into Hindi, rendered valuable service in the revision of the Scriptures, and pub- lished " A Grammar of the Hindi Language " (Cal- cutta and London. 1876) ; " The Jews, or Prediction and Fulfilment " (New York, 1883) ; " The Lisftt of Asia and the Light of the World " (1885) ; " From Death to Resurrection " (1885) ; " Are Premillen- nialists Right 1 " (Chicago, 1885). KELLOGKx, William, jurist, b. in Ashtabula county, Ohio, 8 July, 1814. He received a com- mon-school education, and, removing to Illinois in 1837, studied law, was admitted to the bar at Can- ton, and acquired an extensive practice in cases of disputed land-titles. He was a member of the KELLOGG KELLY 507 legislature in 1849-50, was three years a judge of the circuit court of Illinois, and in 1856 was elected to congress as a Republican, serving till 1863. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln min- ister to Guatemala, but declined to serve, and in 1S66 he became chief justice of Nebraska territory. KELLOGG, William Pitt, senator, b. in Or- well, Vt.. 8 Dec, 1831. He removed to Illinois in 1848, studied law iu Peoria, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, beginning practice in Fulton county. He was a delegate to the Republican national conventions of 1856 and 1860, and a presi- dential elector in both these years, and in 1861 was appointed chief justice of Nebraska, which office he resigned later in the year to become colo- nel of the 7th Illinois cavalry. He served under Pope in Missouri, and commanded a brigade until the evacuation of Corinth, but left the army on account, of feeble health, and in April, 1865. was appointed collector of the port of New Orleans. On the reorganization of the state government in Louisiana he was chosen to the E. S. senate as a Republican, and served from 1868 till 1871. On 19 June, 1872, he was nominated for governor by the " custom-house " branch of the party, and in August, by an agreement with the branch that had nominated P. B. S. Pinchback, became the can- didate of the whole party. The various wings of the Democratic party united on John McEnery. The election was held on 4 Nov., and Kellogg, on 16 Nov., obtained a temporary injunction in a. IT. S. court, restraining the returning-board from an- nouncing the result, alleging among other things that changes had been illegally made in the board for the purpose of declaring McEnery elected. Judge Edward H. Durell rendered a final decision in Kellogg's favor ; but both the rival boards were organized, two legislatures convened,eaeh candidate was declared elected, and both were inaugurated on 14 Jan., 1873. A committee of congress inves- tigated the matter, and advised that a new election be held ; but a bill to that effect was lost, and the administration recognized Mr. Kellogg as legal governor of the state. The McEnery party finally appealed to arms, alleging that the Kellogg admin- istration was a usurpation, and after a conflict with the metropolitan police, in the streets of the city, seized the state and city buildings and prop- erty on 14 Sept., and compelled Gov. Kellogg to take refuge in the custom-house. President Grant immediately issued a proclamation ordering the insurgents to disperse, and by 20 Sept. order had been restored by L T . S. troops, and the Kellogg government was re-established. The political ex- citement continued, and civil war was prevented only by the presence of the U. S. forces ; but in 1875 there was a second congressional investigation, and an agreement was made by which Gov. Kellogg remained in office, while a compromise legislature was recognized as the legal one. On 25 Feb., 1876, Gov. Kellogg was impeached by the lower house of the legislature, the principal accusation being that he had used for other purposes money that- had been set apart for the payment of interest ; but the case was dismissed by the senate. On 8 Jan., 1877, his term expired, and, as before, both the Republicans and the Democrats organized state governments. Mr. Kellogg was chosen to the U. S. senate by the former, and admitted to his seat by vote of the senate on 30 Nov.. 1877. He was elected to the lower house of congress in 1882, and served from 1883 till 1885. KELLUM, John, architect, b. in Hempstead, N. Y., 27 Aug., 1809 ; d. there, 25 July, 1871. He began life as a house-carpenter in his native vil- lage, but after a few years went to Brooklyn. N. Y., worked at his trade, studied architecture", and was subsequently foreman in the workshop of Gamaliel King, of New York, who in 1846 took him into part- nership. He was fertile in invention, and particu- larly successful in adopting the renaissance style of architecture to business purposes. Among the build- ings that were designed by him in New York city are the " Herald " building. Alexander T. Stewart's building at 10th street and Broadway and his residence on Fifth avenue, the Park avenue hotel, the Stock exchange, the Mutual life insurance company's buildings on Broadway, and the New York city court-house. Mr. Kellum was also the superintendent of all the buildings that were erected by Alexander T. Stewart at Garden City. N. Y. KELLY, James Edward, sculptor," b. in New York city, 30 July, 1855. He studied at the Na- tional academy of design and at the Art students' league, and also acquired a knowledge of wood-en- graving. In 1875 he opened a studio with Edwin A. Abbey, and there made numerous drawings for the magazines and Bryant and Gay's " History of the United States." In 1878 he was commissioned by a publishing-house to prepare a series of por- traits of the distinguished generals of the civil war. Among these were Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Hooker, Hancock, and Ord. In addition to mak- ing portrait studies, sketches and studies were made, from life in each case, for pictures of re- markable incidents in the careers of these officers, the models themselves furnishing all details. Dur- ing the progress of this work he made the statuette of " Sheridan's Ride," which was shown in the ex- hibition of the National academy in 1879. He now determined to devote his attention to scvdpture. In 1883 he was chosen from among many competi- tors to make the five bass-reliefs which" surround the base of the Monmouth battle monument. The subjects selected were " Council of War at Hope- well," •• Washington rallying the Troops," " Ramsay defending his Guns," " Molly Pitcher," and. " Wayne's Charge." Later he obtained the first prize in the competition for the Paul Revere monu- ment in Boston, but. the work was subsequently assigned to a local artist. In 1886 he modelled the panel "Schuyler surrendering his Plans to Gen. Gates before the Battle of Saratoga," for the Sara- toga monument. At present (1887) he is engaged on an equestrian statue of " Gen. Grant at Donel- son," made from sittings given by Grant himself in 1880, and also on similar statues of Gen. William T. Sherman and Gen. John A. Logan. KELLY, James Kerr, senator, b. in Centre county, Pa., 16 Feb., 1819. He was graduated at Princeton in 1839, studied law, and was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1842. He went to Cali- fornia in 1849, and in 1851 to Oregon, where in 1852 he. was selected by the assembly one of a commission of three to prepare a code of laws for the territory. He was a member of the legislative council in 1853-'7. and in the latter year was a member of the convention that framed the consti- tution of Oregon. He had been chosen lieutenant- colonel of the 1st regiment of Oregon mounted volunteers in 1855. and in 1855-'6 served in the war against the Yakima Indians. He declined the office of U. S. district attorney in 1860. and from that year till 1864 sat in the state senate. In 1871-'7 he was a member of the U. S. senate, hav- ing been chosen as a Democrat, and served on the committees on post-offices, mines and mining, and military affairs. KELLY, James Madison, lawyer, b. in Wash- ington county, Ga., in January, 1795 ; d. in Perry, 508 KELLY KELLY Ga.. 17 Jan., 1849. He studied law, and in 1827 I was admitted to the bar. He was several times a member of the lower branch oi the legislature, and in 1839 served in the state senate. On the estab- lishment of the Georgia supreme court he became its first reporter in 1846. and published " Georgia Reports " (5 vols., 1846- ; 8). KELLY. John, antiquarian, b. in Warner. X. H.. 7 March. 1786 : d. in Exeter, X. H., 3 Nov., 1860. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1804. admitted to the bar, and practised in Henniker and Xorth- wood, X. H. Mr. Kelly was a member of the legis- lature, clerk of the house in 1828, and state coun- cillor in 1846. He removed to Exeter in 1831, and for many years edited the " Xews Letter." He was the author of many articles in the " Proceedings " of the State historical society, and the " Xew Eng- land Historical and Genealogical Register." KELLY. John, politician, b. in Xew York city, 21 April, 1821 ; d. there. 1 June, 1886. He received a public-school education, was apprenticed to the mason's trade, and engaged in business for himself at the age of twenty-four. In 1854 he was elected an alderman, and from this time until his death he was active as a Democratic politician. In 1855 and 1857 he was elected to congress, during his last term was elected sheriff of the county of Xew York, and in 1876 succeeded Andrew H. Green, by ap- pointment, as comptroller. In 1871 he aided Charles O'Conor, Samuel J. Tilden. and their asso- ciates in the struggle against the Tweed ring. KELLY, Jonathan Falconbridge, author, b. in Philadelphia in 1818 : d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1854. He was educated in a private school in his native city, became a printer and publisher of theatrical criticisms, and afterward removed to the west, where he lectured and wrote on humorous subjects. He published the " Arena " in Xew York city, the Boston " Traveller," and the " Aurora Bo'realis," and was the author of " The Humors of Falconbridge " (Philadelphia. 1856). KELLY." Patrick. R. C. bishop, b. in Ireland; d. there, 8 Oct., 1829. He was educated in St. Patrick's college, County Kildare. and was ap- pointed president of Birehfield college, Kilkenny. In 1820 Virginia was made a Roman Catholic dio- cese, and Dr. Kelly was nominated its first bishop. He arrived in the United States in January, 1821, making Xorfolk his place of residence. His pov- erty was so great that he was obliged to teach. There were seven Roman Catholic churches in the state, which were only occasionally visited by priests from other dioceses. In the endeavor to attend al- most singly to the need of the Roman Catholics of Virginia. Bishop Kelly impaired his health, and was translated to the see of Waterford and Lis- more in Ireland in July, 1822. KELLY, Robert Morrison, journalist, b. in Paris. Ky., 22 Sept., 1836. He was educated in his native town, and after teaching for several years qualified for the practice of law, and opened an office at Cynthiana in 1860. He aided in recruit- ing volunteers for the Xational army at Camp Dick Robinson, was made captain, and successively promoted major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel of the 4th Kentucky infantry, and commanded this regiment until its discharge, 1 Sept.. 1865, nearly all of the time in active duty in the field. In 1866 he was appointed collector of internal revenue for the 7th district, but in 1869 he resigned to take editorial charge of the " Louisville . Daily Com- mercial," at the head of which he continued until 1886. In 1873 he was appointed pension-agent at Louisville, which office he held until he was re- moved bv President Cleveland. KELLY. William, senator, b. in Tennessee about 1770: d. in Xew Orleans. La., about 1832. He studied law, and practised in Huntsville, Ala., and afterward in Elyton. near what is now Bir- mingham. Ala, He was elected U. S. senator as a Jackson Democrat, in place of John W. Walker, resigned, and served from 21 Jan., 1823. till 3 March, 1825. About 1831 he removed with his family to Xew Orleans. KELLY, William, philanthropist, b. in Xew York city, 4 Feb.. 1807 : d. in Torquay. England, 14 Jan., 1872. His father, a political exile from Ireland, who had become a successful merchant, died in 1825. leaving three sons. John, William, and Robert, all of whom were under age. The business was continued by the two first mentioned, and after 1826 by the three together, who were known as the " boy merchants." After the death of John in 1836. the remaining brothers retired and devoted themselves to charitable and educational work. William bought the estate of Ellerslie, near Rhine- beck. X. Y. (now the property of Levi P. Morton), and engaged in farming. He was president of the State agricultural society in 1854, one of the found- ers of the State agricultural college at Ovid, X. Y., and president of its board of trustees. He was also president of the board of trustees of Vassar college from its foundation till his death, and of that of Rochester university for many years, and was ac- tive in charitable enterprises, to all of which he contributed liberally. He was a state senator in 1855-'6, and the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor of Xew York in 1860. — His brother, Robert, philanthropist, b. in Xew York citv. 10 Dec, 1808 ; d. 27 April. 1856, was graduated first in his class at Columbia in 1826. and in the same year became a member of the firm of J. and W. Kelly and Co. He was the founder of the Free academy (now College of the city of Xew York), president of the board of education, a regent of the State uni- versity, and a founder and president of the board of trustees of Rochester university. He was also president of the board of managers of the House of refuge, and was identified with numerous other be- nevolent associations. At the time of his death he held the office of city chamberlain. KELLY. William, inventor, b. in Pittsburg, Pa.. 22 Aug.. 1811; d. in Louisville, Ky.. 11 Feb., 1888. At an early age he evinced great fondness for mechanics by constructing a tin steam-engine and boiler. At the age of eighteen he built a pro- pelling water-wheel, and four years later a revolv- ing steam-engine. Subsequently he became engaged in the commission business in Pittsburg, and also owned interests in steamboats: but in 1845, his property having been destroyed by fire, he removed to Kentucky, and there engaged in the manufac- ture of iron. The property known as the Eddy- ville iron-works, including the Suwanee furnace and the Union forge, situated on the Cumberland river in Lyon county, was purchased by him in 1846, and he soon acquired a high reputation for the excellence of his products. At the Suwanee furnace nearly one half of his metal was converted into large sugar-kettles made on cast-iron elastic moulds of his own invention, which found their way to the sugar-plantations in Louisiana and Cuba, while at the Union forge he made charcoal blooms which were sent to the rolling-mills in Cincinnati. In 1847. owing to the great cost of fuel, he began experimenting toward decarbonizing the iron by the introduction of a current of air, thereby directly converting pig-iron into steel by means of a converter, which can still be seen at the Cambria iron-works in Johnstown, Pa. Zerah KELPIUS KELTON 509 Colburn, in his history of the Bessemer process of refining iron, says : " The first experiments in the conversion of melted cast-iron into malleable steel, by blowing air in jets through the mass in fusion, appear to have been made by William Kelly, an iron-master at the Suwanee furnaces, Lyon county. Kentucky, U. S." This method, long known as " Kelly's air-boiling process," was used for the manufacture of boiler-plates before Sir Henry Bessemer was known, and it was claimed by Mr. Kelly that Bessemer obtained his original knowledge of the process that bears his name from information that was procured through English workmen in Mr. Kelly's employ. As soon as Besse- mer brought out his process in England, applica- tion was at once made by Mr. Kelly for a patent in the United States, and after considerable delay, during which time the English applicant appeared in the patent-office, the commissioner decided that Mr. Kelly was the first inventor and entitled to the patent, which he at once issued to him. In 1863 a syndicate of iron-masters organized the Kelly process company, for the purpose of control- ling Mr. Kelly's patents, and at once erected experi- mental works at Wyandotte, Mich, (see Durfee, William F. and Zoheth S.), where steel was first made under Kelly's patents in the United States, months before the similar production under Besse- mer's patents at Troy by Alexander L. Holley (q. v.). In 1866 the interests of the several patentees were consolidated under the title of the Pneumatic steel association. Application was made at the patent- office in 1871 for the renewal of the Bessemer, Mushet, and Kelly patents, and the claims of the two former were rejected, while a renewal of seven years was granted to Mr. Kelly. In 1854 Mr. Kelly, finding slave labor unsatisfactory, imported through a Xew York tea-house ten Chinamen to take the place of negroes in his iron-works. This is said to have been the first introduction of that kind of labor into the United States, and it excited much comment. The experiment proved successful, and arrangements were made for the further im- portation of fifty Chinamen, when a difficulty be- tween the two nations prevented their coming. KELPIUS, John, mystic philosopher, b. in Sie- benbiirgen, Transylvania, Germany, in 1673 ; d. in Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1708. He was of a wealthy family, and was educated at the Uni- versity of Helmstadt, where his preceptor, Dr. John Fabricius, selected him as his assistant in the authorship of a work in Latin. His native lan- guage was the German, but he was also acquainted with the Hebrew. Greek, Latin, and English. He early devoted himself to theological studies and became a follower of Philip Jacob Spener, the founder of the sect called Pietists. While in Lon- don he met Jane Leade, the head of the Phila- delphians, another mystic sect. Of course his pe- culiar views met with opposition, and although at this time there was a great spirit of inquiry all over the land, under the name of Quietism in the Roman church, and Pietism, Chiliasm, and Phila- delphianism in the Protestant churches, the desire to live where religious liberty could be enjoyed led him and his followers to emigrate to the Xew World. At the age of twenty-one years, with about forty others of like faith, he began his voyage to this country, 7 Jan., 1694, and after a dangerous and tempestuous journey reached Philadelphia, 23 June, and next day went to Germantown, where the German emigrants and those from Holland had settled under the leadership of Francis Daniel Pastorius, the German jurist. Kelpius and his fol- lowers soon attracted much attention by their dress, their peculiar doctrines, and holy way of living. He afterward selected a spot on the banks of the Wissahickon, where in a small valley he built a hut or cave, and walled a spring of water, that is still known as "the hermit's spring." There they lived as an unbroken brotherhood for about ten years. They held religious services in the groves, and crowds of curious people as- sembled to hear the preaching of the hermits. It is said that they taught little children that were brought to them. They were called the " Society of the women in the wilderness," and their relig- ious views were tinctured with the doctrines of Jacob Boehme, the Teutonic philosopher. Kel- pius was a firm believer in the millennium, said it was near at hand, and told Alexander Mack, the Tunker preacher, that he should not die till he saw it. His Latin journal, kept during his voyage across the Atlantic, is still preserved in the His- torical society of Pennsylvania. In it are copies of several letters in English and German, which he wrote to learned persons both in Europe and Ameri- ca. When Pastorius ceased to be the agent of the Frankfort company, Kelpius was chosen in his place, but it does not appear that he ever acted as such. Reference is made to Kelpius in " The Chronicon Ephratense," and it would seem that after his death many of his followers joined the Seventh Day Baptists at Ephrata, Pa. (See Beissel, Coxrad.) Whittier, in " The Pennsylvania Pd- grim," speaks of the hermit as " Painful Kelpius from his hermit den By Wissahickon, maddest of good men." KELSO, Thomas, philanthropist, b. in Ireland in 1784; d. in Baltimore, Md., 26 July, 1878. He came to the United States in 1791, and engaged in business in Baltimore, where he accumulated a fortune. He was a director of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore railroad for thirty- seven years, and held various other financial offices. He founded the Kelso orphan home, for the or- phans of members of the Methodist church, at a cost of $120,000, and gave liberally to churches in Baltimore and Washington. KELTON, John Ciiningham, soldier, b. in Delaware county, Pa., 24 June, 1828. His great- grandfather, James, came from Ireland to Chester county, Pa., about 1735. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1851, and was employed on the frontier tdl 1857, and at the academy, as instructor in infantry tactics and the use of small arms, till 24 April, 1861. He served during the civU war in 1861-5 as assistant adjutant-general, with the exception of two months in 1861, when, as colonel of the 9th Missouri regiment, he com- manded a brigade in that state. He resigned his volunteer commission, 12 March, 1862, but was in the field during the advance upon Corinth and the siege of that place in April and May, and was on Gen. Henry W. Halleck's staff from July of that year till 1 July, 1865. He was brevetted lieutenant- colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general, U. S. army, on 13 March, 1865, "for most valuable and arduous services both in the field and at headquarters." Gen. Kelton was in charge of the appointment bureau in the adjutant-general's office at Washing- ton in 1865-70, and was afterward adjutant-gen- eral of the Division of the Pacific. On 15 June, 1880, he attained the staff rank of colonel, and since 1885 he has been on duty in the adjutant- general's office at Washington. Since 1880 he has patented a modification of the locking mechanism of the Springfield rifle, reducing the number of motions required to load and fire it to four : a front sight cover and protector; a detachable 510 KBMBLE KEMBLE magazine ; a safety-stop for revolvers, preventing accidental discharge in a cavalry combat ; a pistol- pack, whereby any jointed revolver can be loaded in two seconds ; an automatic check-rein that en- ables the cavalryman to have both hands free ; and a rear sight for rifles. Many of these have been adopted by the ordnance department. Gen. Kel- ton has published " Manual of the Bayonet " (New York, 1861) ; and has printed privately " Fencing with Foils " (San Francisco, 1882) ; " Pigeons as Couriers" (1882); "Information for Riflemen" (1884) ; and " Select Songs for Special Occasions " (1884). He has edited " System of Horse Train- ing " by John Grace (1884). KEMBLE, Charles, actor, b. in Brecon, Wales, 27 Nov., 1775 ; d. in London, England, 12 Nov., 1854. He was the brother of John Philip and Mrs. Sarah Siddons, carefully educated at the Roman Catholic seminary in Douai, and in 1792 became engaged as a junior clerk in the London general post-office. In April, 1794, he made his theatrical debut in Sheffield as Orlando in "As You Like It," and he appeared on the London stage at Drury Lane theatre on the 22d of that month, as Malcolm in "Macbeth." In 1806 he married Miss Maria Theresa De Camp, a ballet-dancer, who, after the loss of her sprightliness, became an act- ress. Later he and his wife played in the cities of the United Kingdom, and after joined the com- pany at Covent Garden. From 1828 until 1832 he was manager of the last-named theatre. In 1832 Kemble came to the United States in company with his daughter, Frances Anne. He opened at the Park theatre in New York city as Hamlet. For two years father and daughter continued playing in the large cities of the Union. After the actor's return to London, in 1834, he performed in pub- lic for limited periods, taking a farewell of the stage in 1836. He then became a dramatic reader in public, and was frequently invited to read con- densations of Shakespeare's plays in the royal household. In 1840, for a single season, he again managed Covent Garden. His permanent connec- tion with the stage was closed in 1842. Toward the last, Charles Kem- ble became examin- er of plays for the London theatres. During his manage- ment he produced and published sev- eral dramas that were translated from Schiller, Kot- zebue, Dumas, Sr., and others. If it be true, as the Eng- lish would have it, that " there never was a Welshman of first -rate abili- ty," Charles Kem- ble comes under this sarcasm. While his sister, brother, and daughter were actors of remarkable endowments, he, the Welsh member of the family, could not claim so high a distinction. It was long, laborious application and careful study that pol- ished him into the refined and scholarly actor. Criticism has justly recorded him as " a first-rate performer of second-rate parts." Among his best Shakespearian renderings were Mercutio, Fauleon- bridge, Edgar, Petruchio, Cassio, Benedick, and Macduff. — His eldest daughter, Frances Anne, actress, b. in London, England, 27 Nov., 1809, is usually spoken of as Fanny Kemble. After receiv- -t^,, ing a careful education at seminaries, she dwelt in a theatrical atmosphere ; the ways of the stage were more familiar to her than the duties of the house- hold or the graces of the drawing-room. Her fa- ther, who managed Covent Garden theatre in 1829, was in serious financial difficulties and devised the expedient of introducing his daughter to the public as an actress. She made her debut on 5 Oct. of that year, in the character of Juliet, in com- pany with her father as Mercutio and her mother as Lady Capulet. Miss Kemble's success, which was immediate and remarkable, continued for several years in London and other large cities. On 15 March, 1832, she produced at Covent Garden her drama " Francis the First," in which she essayed Louise of Savoy. As a literary production the play was favorably criticised, but it became weari- some on repetition. At this time Miss Kemble's attractive Shakespearian characters were Juliet, Portia, Constance, and Queen Katherine, supple- mented, by Bianca in " Fazio," Julia in " The Hunchback," Belvidere in " Venice Preserved," and Juliana in " The Honeymoon." In 1832 she came with her father to this country, and played for about two years in the principal cities. Their success was so marked as to cause great excitement, that lasted until Miss Kemble's marriage and her father's departure for England. Her last appear- ance was at the Park theatre in New York city in June, 1834. She came before the public in the United States in the full flush of young woman- hood — lithe and graceful, with black hair and brilliant eyes, set forth by expressive features. Remarkable energy and a voice of uncommon range and power were among her attributes. On 7 June, 1834, she married, in Philadelphia, Pierce Butler, a southern planter, son of the U. S. sena- tor of that name. During most of Miss Kemble's American career he had followed her from place to place, frequently engaged as a volunteer musi- cian in the orchestra. For the greater part of their married life the young couple dwelt in Bramble- ton, near Philadelphia, varied by brief winter visits to their estate of Butler's Island in Georgia. Here the wife found the conditions of a southern plant- er's life unendurable. Her outspoken condemna- tion of slavery fostered disagreements, and in 1846 the wife permanently forsook her husband's home. In 1848 Mr. Butler sued for a divorce, on the plea of abandonment and incompatibility of temper. The case stood entirely " non criminis." His coun- sel was Geo. M. Dallas, hers Rufus Choate. A di- vorce was readily granted by the Philadelphia court, to the satisfaction of both parties. Mr. Butler died in 1867. Immediately after the divorce Mrs. Butler resumed her maiden name, and for years lived in Lenox, Mass. In 1849 she came before the public at Philadelphia, in her first course of Shakespearian readings. These entertainments were repeated in many cities from 1856 until 1860, and again from 1866 until 1868. From 1873 until 1877 Mrs. Kemble resided near Philadelphia. At the present time (1887) she is living in England. She read in all twenty-four Shakespearian plays. The reader's own favorite was " The Tempest." Mrs. Kemble's renderings of the masculine roles of Lear and Macbeth were particularly admired. As a reader Mrs. Kemble was pre-eminent, displaying both scholarship and intellectual mastery, and combining tenderness with power. It sounds strangely to hear from one so highly gifted that " her dislike for the stage made her indifferent to her own success " as an artist. Apart from her acting and reading she has claims to distinction as a poet, dramatist, critic, and prose-writer. Her KEMBLE KEMP 511 publications include " Francis the First," a drama (London, 1832; New York, 1833); "Journal" (2 vols., London, 1835 : Philadelphia and Boston, 1835) ; " The Star of Seville," a drama (London and New York, 1837) ; " Poems " (London and Philadelphia, 1844; Boston. 1859); "A Year of Consolation " (2 vols., London and New York, 1847); '• Plays," translated (London, 1863) : "Jour- nal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation " (Lon- don and New York, 1863) ; " Records of a Girlhood " (3 vols., London, 1878 ; New York, 1879) ; "Records of Later Life " (3 vols., 1882) ; and " Notes on some of Shakespeare's Plays " (London, 1882). KEMBLE, Grouverneur, manufacturer, b. in New York city, 25 Jan., 1786 ; d. in Cold Spring, N. Y., 16 Sept., 1875. He was a son of Peter Kemble, of New Jersey, and a nephew of Gen. Gage, of the British army, was graduated at Columbia in 1803, engaged in com- merce, and during the administration of President Monroe was appointed consul to Cadiz. He subse- quently visited the / ^ ll^w atg^ 1 Mediterranean ports, \ ^lpff»> ^ and transacted busi- ness for the U. S. gov- ernment in connec- tion with the supply of the squadron dur- ing the Algerian war in 1815. On his re- turn he established at Cold Spring, N. Y, opposite West Point, the first foundry in the United States where cannon were cast with any approach to perfection. He served in congress in 1837-'41, having been chosen as a Democrat, was a member of the New York state constitutional convention of 1846, and a promot- er of the Hudson river and Panama railroads. Mr. Kemble was a lover and patron of art, and made a valuable collection of paintings. He was the life-long friend of Washington Irving and his brother-in-law, James K. Paulding, was the owner of the house near Newark, N. J., described by those writers in " Salmagundi " as " Cockloft Hall," and was celebrated for his hospitality at his beauti- ful bachelor establishment at Cold Spring, desig- nated by Irving as the "Bachelor's Erysium." Some of the letters preserved by Mr. Irving con- tain pleasant, allusions to the hall, and show how fondly it was remembered. Mr. Kemble writes to Irving in 1842 : " I still look forward to the time when you, Paulding, Brevoort, the Doctor [Peter Irving], and myself shall assemble there, recount the stories of our various lives, and have another game at leap-frog." At their last meeting, shortly before Mr. Irving's death, he said of Mr. Kemble : " That is my friend of early life, always unchanged, always like a brother; one of the noblest beings that ever was created. His heart is pure gold." Gen. Winfield Scott pronounced the glowing eulo- gium on Kemble that he was "the most perfect gentleman in the United States." KEMEYS, Edward, sculptor, b. in Savannah, Ga., 31 Jan., 1843. He studied in New York, and later in Paris, where he was impressed by the style of Barye, although in no sense an imitator. His works show powerful conception and individuality and a keen perception of animal traits of character. He has made a specialty of the wild animals of the American continent. His " Fight between Buf- falo and Wolves " attracted much attention at the Paris salon in 1878. Among his other important works are " Panther and Deer," and " Coyote and Raven." A recent work is a colossal head of a buffalo for the facade of the station of the Pacific railroad at St. Louis, which was cast in bronze in New York in August, 1887, and is the largest work of its kind that has been done in this countrv. KEMP, James, P. E. bishop, b. in Keith Hall parish, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in 1764: d. in Baltimore, Md.. 28 Oct., 1827. He was graduated at Marischal college, Aberdeen, in 1786, but con- tinued there a year as resident graduate. He came to the United States in 1787, and became tutor in a family in Dorchester county, Md., where he re- mained two years. Although brought up a Pres- byterian, he was led at that time to examine the doctrines of the Protestant Episcopal church, with which he shortly afterward united: He then stud- ied theology, was ordained priest, 27 Dec, 1789, and in August, 1790, became rector of Great Chop- tank parish, where he remained for over twenty years. In 1813 he was elected associate rector of St. Paul's, Baltimore. Having been elected by the convention of Maryland, he was consecrated, 1 Sept., 1814, suffragan bishop with Dr. Thomas J. Claggett. The latter committed to his charge the churches on the eastern shore, making about one third of all parishes in the diocese. On the death of his superior in 1816 he succeeded to the bishop- ric. In 1815 he was elected provost of the Uni- versity of Maryland, which office he held until his death, and in 1802 he received the degree of S. T. D. from Columbia. Dr. Kemp published, in addition to several occasional discourses, " A Tract on Conversion " (1807) ; " Letters in Vindication of Episcopacy " (180S) ; " A Sermon on Deathbed Re- pentance" (1815); and "A Sermon on the Death of Bishop Claggett " (1816). KEMP, John, educator, b. in Achlossan, Scot- land, 10 April, 1763 ; d. in New York city, 15 Nov.. 1812. He was graduated at the University of Aber- deen, Scotland, in 1781, and before he was of age became a member of the Royal society of Edin- burgh. He emigrated to the United States in 1783, and, after settling in Virginia, came to New York city, where in 1785 he was appointed teacher, and the next year became professor of mathematics in Columbia. In 1795 he was transferred to the chair of geography, history, and chronology. Prof. Kemp had an important influence in moulding the views of De Witt Clinton on topics of internal im- provement and national policy. In 1810 he visited Lake Erie to examine into the feasibility of the projected canal, and in advance of the surveys pro- nounced it entirely practicable. KEMP, William Miller, phvsician, b. in Frederick county, Md., 21 Feb., 1814 ; d. in Balti- more, Md., 6 Sept., 1886. He was graduated in medicine at the Universitv of Pennsylvania in 1834, and settled in Baltimore in 1839. While he was president of the board of health of Baltimore in 1855, he repeatedly visited Norfolk, Ya., where yellow fever was epidemic. A careful study of this disease in that city convinced him that it was non- contagious, and the board of health therefore de- termined, with the best results, not to quarantine vessels that transported persons from Norfolk to Baltimore. Dr. Kemp was president of the board of health until 1861, in 1859 was a founder and president of the National quarantine and sanitary association, and in 1883 was president of the Bal- timore medical and chirurgical faculty. He con- tinued to practise in Baltimore until his death. He published various surgical and medical papers. 512 KEMPER KEMPT KEMPER, Jackson, P. E. bishop, b. in Pleas- ant Valley, Dutchess co., N. Y., 24 Dec, 1789; d. in Delafield, Waukesha co., Wis., 24 May, 1870. He was graduated at Columbia in 1809, studied theology, was ordered deacon in 1811, and or- dained priest in 1812. He was the assistant of Bishop White in the rectorship of St. Peter's church, Philadelphia, until 1831, when he was called to be rector of St. Paul's, Norwalk, Conn. In 1835 he was elected the first missionary bishop of the Prot- estant Episcopal church, his jurisdiction compris- ing what was then known as the northwest. Out of it have since been formed the dioceses of Mis* souri, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Kan- sas, and Nebraska. Early in the winter of the lat- ter year Bishop Kemper reached St. Louis, where he took up his residence until he removed to Wis- consin in 1844. Meanwhile (about 1838) he had been elected bishop of Maryland, but preferred the more burdensome office he then held. In 1847, Wis- consin having been organized into a diocese, the pri- mary convention elected Bishop Kemper diocesan. He again declined, but, on being unanimously re- elected in 1854, he accepted on condition that he should still remain missionary bishop. The latter office, however, he finally resigned in 1859, and from that time until his death confined his labors entirely to the diocese of Wisconsin. He had been active in the establishment of a theological semi- nary within the bounds of his episcopate, and when it was founded at Nashotah, Wis., he took up his residence on an adjoining farm. In 1868, notwith- standing his great age, he attended the general council of bishops in London, and received from the University of Cambridge the degree of LL. D. That of S. T. D. had already been conferred upon him by Columbia in 1829.— His sister, Sophia Cornelia, lived to be over one hundred (b. in 1777 ; d. in Easton, Pa., 19 Jan., 1879), and mar- ried Samuel Sitgreaves, minister to England under President Adams. KEMPER, Reuben, adventurer, b. in Fauquier county, Va., in 1770 ; d. in Natchez, Miss., 10 Oct., 1826. He emigrated to Ohio in 1800 with his father, who was a Baptist preacher. Reuben and his two brothers subsecpiently went to the Mississippi ter- ritory, engaged in land-surveying, and were leaders in the movement to rid western Florida of Spanish rule. In 1808 they formed an unsuccessful ex- pedition to Baton Rouge from the adjacent coun- ties of Mississippi, and were kidnapped by Spanish authority. They were rescued by the commandant of the U. S. fort at Pointe Coupee, and afterward inflicted severe chastisement on the Spaniards who had been engaged in the capture. Reuben then devoted himself to driving the Spaniards out of North America. He was engaged in an unsuccess- ful attempt to capture Mobile, was one of the organizers of the expedition of Gutierrez and To- ledo against Spanish authority in Mexico, and in 1812 he commanded with the rank of major, and subsequently that of colonel, a force of about 600 Americans that co-operated with the Mexican in- surgents. The expedition advanced into Texas, and several successful battles were fought, but the dissensions that followed between the Mexicans and Americans enabled the Spaniards to put the divided forces to rout, and the Americans, dis- gusted with their allies, returned home. Kemper then joined the U. S. army as a volunteer, served under Andrew Jackson at the defence of New Or- leans, and performed important duties that greatly added to his reputation. At the conclusion of the war, he settled as a planter in Mississippi. He is described as of stalwart and gigantic stature, reso- nant voice, and brusque soldier-like manner, and was celebrated for his " eloquent profanity." — His cousin, James Lawson, soldier, b. in Madison county, Va., 11 June, 1823, was graduated at Wash- ington college, Lexington, Va., in 1842, and was a captain in the U. S. army during the Mexican war. He was a member of the Virginia legislature ten years, during two of which he was speaker of the house, and in 1861 entered the Confederate army as colonel of the 7th Virginia regiment. He was commissioned brigadier-general in May, 1862, was in many battles, and severely wounded and cap- tured at Gettysburg, being disabled for further service. In 1874 he was governor of Virginia, and, since the conclusion of his term, he has been en- gaged in planting in Orange county, Va. While governor he published a volume of messages to the legislature (Richmond, 1876). KEMPSTER, Walter, physician, b. in London, England, 25 May, 1842. He emigrated to the United States in childhood, was educated in the public schools of Syracuse, N. Y., and graduated at Long Island medical college, Brooklyn, in 1864. Entering the National army as a private, he served throughout the civil war, and in 1865 became acting assistant surgeon. At the close of the war he settled in Syracuse, N. Y., and in 1865-'6 was assistant superintendent of the Asylum for idiots there. He was assistant physician to the New York state lunatic asylum in Utica in 1866-'73, and since that time has been superintendent of the Northern Wisconsin hospital for the insane, at Oshkosh, Wis. From 1866 till 1873 he was asso- ciate editor of the "American Journal of Insanity." Dr. Kempster was the first physician in the United States to make systematic investigations into the pathological condition of the brains of the insane, and the first to photograph, through the microscope, the conditions therein found. He has published several papers on the jurisprudence of insanity, and "Reports of the Northwestern Hospital for the Insane " (Oshkosh, 1873-87). KEMPT, Sir James, governor of Canada, b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1765 ; d. in London, Eng- land, 20 Dec, 1855. He entered the army as en- sign, 31 March, 1783, became lieutenant in 1784, and captain in 1794. From June, 1796, till Febru- ary, 1797, he served as inspecting field-officer of the recruiting-service in Scotland, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel, 28 Aug., 1799. In June, 1800, he accompanied Sir Ralph Abercromby to the Mediterranean, and afterward to Egypt, and con- tinued with him until that general's death at Alex- andria. In 1806 he went to Calabria, and com- manded the light brigade at the battle of Maida. In November, 1807, he was appointed quarter- master-general of the forces in British North America,, and on 8 March, 1809, became aide-de- camp to the king. He served in the peninsular campaign, attained the rank of major-general, 1 Jan., 1812, and subsequently was on the staff in North America and in Flanders, where he com- manded a brigade. After the battle of Waterloo, in which he was severely wounded, he was made a knight grand cross of the bath, and received simi- lar honors from the sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and the Netherlands. In 1820 he succeeded the Earl of Dalhousie as governor of Nova Scotia, and on 10 July, 1828, became governor of Canada, which post he held for over two years. When he arrived at Quebec he found the country in a state bordering on rebellion, but after he had adminis- tered the government for a few months tranquillity was restored. While in office, Sir James reinstated magistrates and militia officers who had been dis- KENDALL KENDALL 513 missed for party reasons, secured for his executive council a broader basis by introducing members that possessed the confidence of the majority, and urged the judges to retire from the legislative council. On his retirement from office he was pre- sented with complimentary addresses by various public bodies in Canada, and on his return to Eng- land he was appointed master-general of the ord- nance, 30 Nov., 1830, and became a privy councillor, and on 23 Nov., 1841, attained the rank of general. KENDALL, Amos, journalist, b. in Dunstable, Mass., 16 Aug., 11 d. in Washington, D. C, 11 Nov., 1869. His ancestor, Francis, came from England to Woburn, Mass., about 1640. His parents were poor, and, after working on his father's farm till he was sixteen years old, he entered Dartmouth with a year's preparation, and was graduated in 1811 at the head of ^^^ his class, although he had been absent much during his course that he might support him- self by teaching. He then studied law, and in 1814 removed to Lexington, Ky., where he practised, and was also tutor in the fam- ily of Henry Clay dur- ing the latter's absence to negotiate the treaty of Ghent. He was then postmaster and JL~^ Y^JhcSJl editor of a local paper at Georgetown, Ky., and in 1816 became co-editor and part owner of the " Argus of Western America," the state journal at Frankfort. Pie aqtively supported the Demo- cratic party, and also secured the passage by the legislature of an act setting apart half the profits of the Bank of the commonwealth as a school fund. He warmly supported Jackson in 1824, and the latter at the beginning of his term in 1829 appointed Kendall fourth auditor of the treasury. He acquired great influence with the administra- tion, and became one of the readiest and most power- ful political writers in the capital. Some of Jack- son's ablest state papers were attributed to Kendall's pen. He aided in shaping the president's anti-bank policy, was appointed a special treasury-agent to ne- gotiate with state banks, and during the quarrel with Calhoun, foreseeing the disaffection of the " Telegraph," the administration organ, advised the president to invite Francis P. Blair to establish the " Globe " in Washington. Harriet Martineau wrote of him at this time : " I was fortunate enough to catch a glimpse of the invincible Amos Kendall, one of the most remarkable men in America. He is supposed to be the moving spring of the admin- istration ; the thinker, planner, and doer ; but it is all in the dark." He was made postmaster-general in 1835, and introduced many reforms in the de- partment, also freeing it from debt. His action in 1835 in refusing to punish the postmaster of Charleston, S. C, for allowing the destruction by a mob of northern newspapers, which it was alleged contained "abolition documents," created much excitement. In his next annual report he urged the passage of a law forbidding the circulation in the mails of anything touching the subject of slavery. He retired from the cabinet in 1840, and afterward refused a foreign mission that was tendered to him by President Polk. He was for several years em- barrassed by a suit that was brought against him by certain mail-contractors, and which he chose to vol. in. — 33 defend at his own expense, but it was finally de- cided in his favor. He established a bi-weekly called "Kendall's Expositor" in 1841, and the " Union Democrat," a weekly, in 1842, but both were soon discontinued. Kendall became asso- ciated with Samuel F. B. Morse in 1845 in the ownership of the latter's telegraph patents, and by his ability and enterprise aided ..in insuring their success. His connection with their manage- ment, after years of trial and defeat, made him a rich man, and he spent the rest of his life in Washington and at his country-seat, Kendall Green, near that city. He was active in works of philanthropy, contributed $100,000 toward build- ing the Calvary Baptist church in Washington in 1864, and after its destruction by fire in 1867 gave largely toward rebuilding it. He was the founder of the Washington deaf and dumb asylum and its first president, and gave it $20,000. Among his other gifts were $25,000 to two mission schools, and several scholarships to Columbian college, of whose board of trustees he was for some time president. In 1860 Mr. Kendall published in the Washington " Evening Star " a series of protests against secession, and during the civil war he ear- nestly supported the administration by his pen, though he still called himself a Jackson Democrat. He was the author of " Life of Andrew Jackson, Private, Military, and Civil " (New York, 1843, un- completed) ; and a pamphlet entitled " Full Ex- posure of Dr. Charles T. Jackson's Pretensions to the Invention of the American Electro-magnetic Telegraph," which was republished with prefatory remarks by Prof. Morse (Paris, 1867). After his death appeared his autobiography, edited by William Stickney (Boston, 1872). KENDALL, Bion Freeman, lawyer, b. in Bethel, Me., in October, 1827 ; d. in Olympia, Washington territory, 4 Jan., 1863. He was gradu- ated at Dartmouth in 1852, became a clerk in one of the departments at Washington, and then acted as astronomer for the expedition that was sent under Gen. Isaac I. Stevens to explore a route for the Pacific railroad. He afterward became a lawyer in Olympia, W. T., where he attained note in his profession, and was secretary of the legisla- ture, also engaging in the lumber business. At the beginning of the civil war he made a four- months' trip in the southern states, and reported to Gen. Scott on the condition, resources, and war material of each. Soon afterward he was ap- pointed superintendent of Indian affairs for Wash- ington territory, and also edited a newspaper there. He was assassinated by a man whose father Kendall had attacked in his journal. KENDALL, Edward Hale, architect, b. in Boston, Mass., 31 July, 1842. He was educated at the Boston Latin-school, studied architecture in Paris, and has practised his profession in New York city. Since 1884 he has been president of the New'York chapter of the American institute of architects. He was associated in designing the original Equitable building, and was the architect of the German savings-bank on Fourth avenue, the Washington building on lower Broadway, and the residences of Robert and Ogden Goelet on Fifth avenue. New York city. KENDALL, George Wilkins, journalist, b. in Amherst (now Mount Vernon), N. H., 22 Aug., 1809 ; d. in Oak Spring, near Bowie, Tex., 22 Oct., 1867. He learned the printer's trade at Burlington, Vt., and then worked as a journeyman in the middle, southern, and western states. He went to New Orleans in 1835, and on 27 Jan., 1837, established there, with Francis A. Lumsden, the " Picayune,' 514 KENDRICK KENDRICK the first cheap daily paper in that city. This jour- nal became under his direction one of the most influential in the south. In 1841. partly from love of adventure and partly for his health, he joined in the Santa Fe trading expedition, was taken prisoner, and carried to the city of Mexico, but was released after seven months of captivity. During the war with that country he accompanied the U. S. forces under Gen. Taylor and Gen. Scott, and by means of pony expresses and steamers supplied his paper with' the latest news, sometimes giving information to the government in advance of the official despatches. On one occasion he char- tered a steamer for this purpose at a cost of $5,000. After travelling two years in Europe, where he superintended the publication of his work on the war, he purchased, in 1852, a large grazing farm in Comal county, Tex. There he spent the rest of his life, and amassed a fortune, often raising $50,000 worth of wool in a single year. He re- tained his interest in the " Picayune," and occa- sionally contributed editorials to its columns. In private life Mr. Kendall was genial and companion- able. On his tombstone are the words "Poet, journalist, author, farmer — eminent in all; clear head, stout heart, a man of many friends, best be- loved by those who knew him best." He published "Narrative of the Texan Santa Fe Expedition," which was highly commended, and had a large sale (2 vols., New' York, 1844; London, 1845; new ed., enlarged, New York, 1856) ; and " The War between the United States and Mexico " (folio, with 12 colored plates by Carl Nebel, New York, 1851). KENDRICK, Clark, clergvman, b. in Han- over, N. H., 6 Oct., 1775 ; d. in Poultney, Vt., 29 Feb., 1824. He spent three years in teaching in his native town, and on 20 May, 1802, was ordained pastor of a Baptist church at Poultney, Vt. He also made several missionary excursions in Ver- mont and northern New York between 1810 and 1814. He was vice-president in 1813-17, and then corresponding secretary till his death, of the auxil- iary Baptist foreign missionary society in Vermont, and he was chaplain to the Vermont legislature in 1817. It was chiefly through his efforts that the Bap- tist education society of Vermont was organized, the object of which was to assist indigent young men in their preparation for the ministry. Mr. Ken- drick was chosen its president, and subsequently appointed an agent to visit the churches and pro- cure funds in its behalf. In 1820, when the es- tablishment of a school was contemplated, it was decided to co-operate with the Baptists of central and western New York in supporting the college already in operation at Hamilton, Madison co., N. Y., and Mr. Kendrick was appointed general agent for the state to carry out this object. He published a pamphlet on close communion en- titled "Plain Dealing with the Pedo-Baptists," and a few sermons. — His son, Asahel Clark, educator, b. in Poultney, Vt., 7 Dec, 1809, after graduation at Hamilton college in 1831, became a tutor in the literary and theological institution at Hamilton (now Madison university), which his fa- ther's cousin, Dr. Nathaniel Kendrick, had founded. The second year he was made professor of Latin and Greek, but he was afterward relieved from the Latin department and made professor of Greek exclusively. Save for one interval of a year and a half, when he took a horseback journey through the southern states for his health, he remained at Madison until 1850. Then, on the establishment of the University of Rochester, he was called to the professorship of Greek in that institution. During his stay at Madison he had been called to professorships at Hamilton, Waterville, Brown, and other institutions, and a professorship at Hamilton had been promised to him while he was still a student there. In 1852 he visited Europe, and made a long stay at Rome and Athens, devot- ing himself there and at other points es- pecially to the study of antiquities. He travelled in northern Greece, and made a journey through the Peloponnesus. Re- turning in 1854, he took his place as pro- fessor in the Univer- sitv of Rochester, with which he is still (1887) connected. From 1865 till 1868, in addition to his usual duties, he filled the chair of He- brew and New Testa- ment interpretation at Rochester theological semi- nary, and when the American committees were formed to aid in the revision of the authorized Eng- lish version of the Bible, 4 Oct., 1872, he was ap- pointed a member of the committee on New Tes- tament revision, and took an active part in the work until its completion in 1880, rarely missing a meet- ing of the committee for eight years. He was ordained as a Baptist clergyman, but has never had a pastoral charge. , In his special department, the Greek language and literature, he is among the foremost scholars of the country, endowed, apart from his broad and accurate knowledge, with a subtile and sensitive appreciation of their beauties ; but he has paid much attention to oriental learn- ing also, and is widely read in general literature, touching naturally and familiarly everything per- taining to art and scholarship. Besides various sermons and magazine and review articles, he has published " A Child's Book in Greek " ; " Intro- duction to the Greek Language " ; the " Greek Ollendorf " (New York, 1852) ; a revised edition of the English translation of Olshausen's " Commen- tary on the New Testament," many notes being added and some portions translated anew (6 vols., 1853-8) ; " Echoes," a small volume of translations from the French and German poets (Rochester, 1855) ; " Life of Linus W. Peck " ; " Life and Letters of Emily C. Judson" (New York, 1860); a translation of the Epistle to the Hebrews, with notes, for Lange's " Commentary " (1867), a brief work, giving the results attained in a more elaborate and exhaustive work that is still in manuscript ; " Our Poetical Favorites," three volumes of selec- tions (New York, 1870, 1875, 1880); and an edi- tion of Xenophon's " Anabasis," with notes (1873). He also revised Bullions's Greek grammar, con- tributed the greater part of the " Life of Rev. James S. Dickerson " (Chicago, 1879), and revised, with notes, Heinrich A. W. Meyer's " Commentary on John" (New York, 1885). — Another son, James Ryland, clergyman, b. in Poultney, Vt., 21 April, 1821, was graduated at Brown, delivering the classical oration in 1840, and for two years was a teacher in Georgia. He was ordained at Forsyth, Ga., in the autumn of 1842, and in 1843 became pastor of a Baptist church in Macon. In 1847 he was called to the pastorate of the 1st Baptist church in Charleston, and in 1854 established the Citadel square church in that city. During the war he preached at Madison, Ga. He had been a Union man throughout the struggle, and in No- KENDRICK KENNA 515 vember, 1865, was called to the Tabernacle church, New York city, where he officiated seven years. In 1873-'80 he was pastor of the Baptist church in Poughkeepsie. He is a trustee of Vassar college, and in 1885-'6 was its president. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Rochester university in 1866. He was for some time one of the editors of the " Southern Baptist," published in Charles- ton, he has contributed largely to periodical litera- ture, and has published numerous sermons, tracts, and addresses, has contributed to periodical litera- ture, and has compiled " The Woman's College Hymnal " (Boston, 1887). — Clark's cousin, Nathan- iel, educator, b. in Hanover, N. H., 22 April, 1777: ■d. in Hamilton, N. Y., 11 Sept., 1848, worked on his father's farm till the age of twenty, and subse- quently engaged alternately in teaching and at- tending the academy. He had been educated as a Congregationalist, but united with the Baptist •church, and after studying theology, and being licensed in the spring of 1803, he was ordained pastor of the church at Lansingburg, N. Y., in August, 1805, remaining there until his removal in 1810 to Middlebury, Vt., where he divided his time between several feeble churches. In 1817 he was called to Eaton, N. Y., and in 1822 was elected professor of systematic and pastoral theology in the seminary that had recently been established at Hamilton, N. Y. From 1825 till 1837 he was one •of the overseers of Hamilton college, Clinton, N. Y., and in 1836 was chosen president of the Hamilton literary and theological institution (now Madison university), which office he did not ac- cept, although he performed its duties for a time. From 1834 till his death he served as correspond- ing secretary of the New York Baptist education society. In 1845 he was rendered helpless by a fall, and lingered for three years in great suffer- ing. In 1823 he received the degree of D. D. from Brown. Dr. Kendrick's theology was thoroughly •Calvinistic. His publications include a few occa- sional sermons. See a memoir by his son-in-law, Rev. Samuel W. Adams, D. D. KENDRICK, Henry Lane, educator, b. in Lebanon, N. H., 20 Jan., 1811. He was graduated .at the U. S. military academy in 1835, and assigned to the 2d infantry. For the next twelve years he was assistant professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology at West Point, and in the mean time was transferred to the 2d artillery and made cap- tain, 18 June, 1846. He saw active service during the war with Mexico, taking part in the battle of •Cerro Gordo, the siege of Vera Cruz, and the de- fence of Puebla, for gallant and meritorious con- duct in which he was brevetted major, 12 Oct., 1847. After the close of the war he was stationed chiefly in the west, taking part in several expeditions against the Indians, and for five years command- ing a post in New Mexico until 1857, when he was appointed professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology in the IT. S. military academy. On 28 Feb., 1873, he was made colonel, and on 13 Dec, 1880, at his own request, having been forty-five years in the service, with the reputation of being, perhaps, the kindest-hearted and most popular pro- fessor ever employed at West Point, he was retired. In 1859 he was a member of the board of assay com- missioners at the U. S. mint in Philadelphia, and •on 23 Sept., 1861, he was commissioned brigadier- general of volunteers, but declined. He received the degree of A. M. from Dartmouth in 1844, and that of LL. D. from the University of Missouri in 1868, and from the University of Rochester in 1869. His portrait has been added to the collec- tion in the library of the U. S. military academy. KENDRICK, John, navigator, b. in Boston about 1745 ; d. in Hawaii in 1800. He resided in Wareharn, Mass., commanded a privateer during the Revolutionary war, and was one of the first Ameri- can seamen to undertake useful voyages of discov- ery. In 1787, while commanding the " Columbia " and the sloop " Washington," fitted out by Boston merchants, he explored the northwest coast of America and the islands of the Pacific. He ex- changed ships with Capt. Gray, his second in com- mand, and the latter, in a subsequent voyage, discovered the Columbia river. In 1791 Capt. Kendrick, in company with Capt. Douglas, in the brigs " Washington " and " Grace," made a voyage to the South seas. He visited Oceania and origi- nated and carried on a successful trade in sandal- wood with China. His death was caused by the accidental firing of a charge of grape-shot from a cannon by an English captain in returning his sa- lute in Sandwich island waters. KENLY, John Reese, soldier, b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1822. He was educated in the private schools of his native city, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1845. He joined the " Eagle artillery " of Baltimore, rose to the rank of lieutenant, and at the beginning of the Mexi- can war raised a company of volunteers. Capt. Kenly took part in the battles that preceded the fall of Monterey, and when Col. William H. Wat- son fell during that engagement he rallied and re- formed the battalion. He returned to Baltimore on the expiration of his term of enlistment, but at once received a commission as major and returned to active service. After the Avar the general assem- bly of Maryland voted him the thanks of the state for gallantry in the field. He continued the prac- tice of his profession until the beginning of the civil war, when he was commissioned colonel, 11 June, 1861, and given the command of the 1st Maryland regiment. In May, 1862, being stationed at Front Royal, he aided in checking the Con- federate advance, and in saving the force under Gen. Banks from capture. In this action Col. Kenly was severely wounded and taken prisoner, but was exchanged on 15 Aug., and for his ser- vices at Front Royal was made brigadier-general on 22 Aug. 1862. He was assigned to the com- mand ./' all the troops in Baltimore outside the forts, jcned McClellan after the battle of Antietam, and rendered efficient service at Hagerstown and Harper's Ferry. In 1863 Gen. Kenly led the Mary- land brigade at the recapture of Maryland Heights, Harper's Ferry, and from that date until the close of the war he held various brigade commands in the 1st and 8th army corps. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, and after he was mustered out the general assembly of Maryland again passed a vote of thanks to him, and the corporation of Baltimore presented him with a sword. Since the close o„ the war Gen. Kenly has devoted himself to his profession and to literature. He has written "Memoirs of a Maryland Volun- teer," in the Mexican war (Philadelphia, 1873). KENNA, John Edward, senator, b. in Valcou- lon, W. Va., 10 April. 1848. After working on a farm he entered the Confederate army as a pri- vate, served chiefly in Missouri, was wounded in 1864, and was surrendered at Shreveport, La., in 1865. He afterward attended St. Vincent's college at Wheeling, studied law at Charleston. W. Va., and was admitted to the bar, 20 June, 1870. He was prosecuting attorney for Kanawha county in 1872-'7, and in 1875 was elected by the bar, under statutory provision, to hold the circuit courts of Lincoln and Wayne counties. He was chosen to 516 KENNADAY KENNEDY congress as a Democrat, serving from October. 1877, until March. 1883, and had been re-elected when he "was elected U. S. senator to succeed Henry Gr. Davis, and took his seat in December. KENNADAY, John, clergyman, b. in New York city, 3 Nov., 1800 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y.. 13 Nov., 1863. He was apprenticed in early life to a printer, but devoted his leisure moments to the study of law. He entered the ministry in the Methodist church, and during forty years of clerical life filled pulpits in the New York. Philadelphia, and New York East annual conferences. He was a member of two general conferences, and at the time of his death was presiding elder of Long Isl- and district. " In the pulpit," said Bishop Janes, " he was clear in the statement of his subject, abun- dant and most felicitous in his illustrations, and pathetic and impressive in his applications. His oratory was of a high order." KENNAN, George, traveller, b. in Norwalk. Huron co., Ohio, 16 Feb.. 1845. He was educated in the public schools of his native town, and in 1862 attended the Columbus, Ohio, high-school "while working at night as a telegraph-operator. In 1864 he was assistant chief operator in the tele- graph-office at Cincinnati, and in December of the same year went to Kamtchatka by way of Nicara- gua. California, and the north Pacific. As a leader of one of the Paisso-American telegraph company's exploring parties in northeastern Siberia in 1865-"6, and as superintendent of construction for the mid- dle district of the Siberian division from 1866 till 1868, he explored and located a route for the Russo- American telegraph-line between the Okhotsk sea and Bering strait, spending nearly three years in constant travel in the interior of northeastern Si- beria, and returning to the United States on the abandonment of the enterprise in 1868. In 1870 he went again to Russia to explore the mountains of the eastern Caucasus, proceeded down the Yolga river to the Caspian sea, made extensive explora- tions on horseback in Daghestan and Chechnia, crossing the great range of the Caucasus three times in different places, and in 1871 returned to this country. In 1885-'6 he made a journey of 15.000 miles through northern Russia and Siberia for the purpose of investigating the Russian exile system, visited all the convict-prisons and mines between the Ural mountains and the head-waters of the Amur river, and explored the wildest part of the Russian Altai. Mr. Kennan has arranged (1887) for the publication of a series of magazine articles on Siberia and the exile system, which will ultimately be issued in book-form. He is also the author of " Tent Life in Siberia and Adventures among the Koraks and other Tribes in Kamtchatka and Northern Asia " (New York, 1870). KENNEDY, Alfred L., physician, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 25 Oct., 1818. He was educated in his native city, studied civd and mining engineer- ing and also medicine, being graduated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1848, then studied physi- ology and physiological chemistry in Paris and Leipsic, and geology and botany in Paris. Re- turning to Philadelphia, he began the practice of medicine in 1853, but in 1865 retired and settled in Montgomery co.. Pa. He was made assistant professor of chemistry in the Pennsylvania medi- cal college in 1839, lecturer on chemical physics in 1840, and on general and medical botany and medi- cal jurisprudence and toxicology in 1842. He was also appointed lecturer on medical chemistry in the Philadelphia school of medicine in 1843, and on industrial botany in 1849 and agricultural chemistrv in 1852 in the Franklin institute in the same city. In 1849 he was elected professor of medical chemistry in the Philadelphia college of medicine. In 1842 he had established the Phila- delphia school of chemistry, and remained at its- head until 1853. when it became under a new char- ter the Polytechnic college of the state of Penn- sylvania. He was then chosen its president. He was vice-president of the American agricultural congress in 1876, and the same year held the same post in the Pennsylvania agricultural society. During the war he acted as a volunteer surgeon of the 2d army corps in the Gettysburg hospital, and in 1863 was commissioned colonel of volunteer en- gineers. Dr. Kennedy has published " Practical Chemistrv a Branch of Medical Education, etc." (Philadelphia. 1852). KENNEDY. Archibald, publicist, b. in Scot- land ; d. in New York in 1763. He was a lineal descendant of Thomas Kennedy, second son of the third Earl of Cassilis. in the peerage of Scotland. Coming to this country, he was made collector of customs at the port of New York, and was also a member of the provincial council in 1750. He ad- vocated parliamentary taxation, and publicly urged on the ministry that " liberty and encouragement are the basis of colonies." " To supply ourselves with manufactures," he insisted, " is practicable ;. and where people in such circumstances are nu- merous and free, they will push what they think is for their interest, and all restraining laws will be thought oppression, especially such laws as. ac- cording to the conceptions we have of English liberty, they have no hand in controverting or making. They cannot be kept dependent by keep- ing them poor." He at one time acted as receiver- general of the province. Kennedy published " Importance of the Northern Colonies " (New York, 1749) and " Present State of Affairs in the Northern Colonies " (1 754). KENNEDY, Cranmiond, lawyer, b. in North Berwick, Scotland. 29 Dec, 1842. After attending school in his native country, he came to New York in 1856. and in 1857-60 delivered addresses on re- ligious subjects to large audiences in that city and elsewhere, being widely known as " the boy preach- er." He studied in Madison university in 1861-'3, and in the latter year was ordained as chaplain of the 79th New York regiment, the " Highlanders." He was brevetted major for services in east Ten- nessee and the Wilderness, lectured in England and Scotland on the civil war in 1864-'5, and in 1865-7 was connected with the Freedmen's com- mission. He became editor and proprietor of the '• Church Union " in 1869, and in that year was as- sociated with Henry Ward Beeeher in establishing the " Christian Union," of which he became man- aging editor in 1870. He then studied law, was graduated at Columbia law-school in 1878, and has since practised his prof ession in New York and in AYashington, D. C. He has published " James- Stanley," a prize Sunday-school book, issued anony- mously (Nashville. Tenn., 1859) : " Corn in the Blade," poems (New York, I860) ; " Close Com- munion or Open Communion ? " (1869) ; and a prize essay on " The Liberty of the Press " (1876). KENNEDY, John Alexander, superintendent of police, b. in Baltimore, Md.. 9 Aug., 1803 : d. m New York city, 20 June, 1873. His father was a native of the north of Ireland, and had been for many years a teacher in Baltimore. The son re- ceived a good education, and while still young re- moved to New York city and began business with his brother. In 1849 he was appointed a commis- sioner of emigration, and in 1854 he was elected a member of the common council. Subsecpiently he KENNEDY KENNEDY 517 was appointed superintendent of Castle Garden, and did much to protect emigrants against swindlers. In 1860 he became superintendent of the Metropolitan police. During the draft riots he was severely beaten by a mob, while protecting the office of the provost-marshal at Third avenue and Forty-sixth street, on the morning of 14 July, 1863, and never fully recovered from his wounds. Upon returning to duty he was appointed provost- marshal of New York city, as well as superintend- ent of police, and continued to serve in this double capacity during the civil war. He made many enemies through his efforts to enforce the metro- politan excise law. He resigned on 11 April, 1870, was president of a street-railroad company for about two years, and then held the office of col- lector of assessments till his death. KENNEDY, John Pendleton, author, b. in Baltimore, Md., 25 Oct., 1795 ; d. in Newport, R. I., 18 Aug., 1870. He was graduated at Baltimore college (now University of Maryland) in 1812, and in 1814 fought at Bladensburg and North Point. Subsequently he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1816. He was elected to the Maryland house of delegates in 1820, and re-chosen the two years following. In 1823 he was appoint- ed secretary of legation to Chili, but withdrew his acceptance before the mission sailed. He was a warm advocate of the administration of John Quincy Adams, and wrote diligently in its support, strenuous- ly opposing the exten- sion of slavery. He also wrote a review (Baltimore, 1830) of Churchill C. Cambre- leng's report on com- merce and navigation, combating its anti-protective arguments. This was widely circulated, and the following year Kennedy was sent as a delegate to the National convention of the Friends of manu- facturing industry, and was one of the committee appointed to draft an address setting forth the protectionist view. In 1838 he was elected to con- gress, and in 1840 he was one of the electors on the Harrison ticket. In the latter year he was again sent to congress, and appointed chairman of the committee on commerce, in which capacity he drew up a report upon the reciprocity treaties and their effects on the shipping interest of the country. On President Tyler's abandonment of the Whigs, Mr. Kennedy was selected, at a meeting of the members of that party in both houses of congress, to draft a " manifesto " condemning the course of the chief magistrate. In 1842 he was once more returned to congress. At the next election he was defeated by a small vote, but in 1846 was elected to the Mary- land house of delegates, and made speaker. In 1852 Mr. Kennedy was appointed secretary of the navy, and it was mainly to his efforts that the suc- cess of Com. Perry's Japan expedition and of Dr. Kane's second arctic voyage was due. On the accession of Franklin Pierce to the presidency, Mr. Kennedy retired finally from politics. At the beginning of the civil war he warmly espoused the national cause, and at its close advocated the elec- tion of Gen. Grant. After the war he made three visits to Europe, chiefly with the view of bene- fiting his health, but without success, as his death J. A /tU^isX occurred soon after his return. While he was abroad he became a friend of William M. Thack- eray. On one occasion, in Paris, when " The Vir- ginians " was in course of publication in monthly numbers in London, Thackeray spoke of his dis- inclination to supply the printer with " copy " for the next chapter, and said, jestingly, " I wish you would write one for me." " Well," said Ken- nedy, " so I will, if you will give me the run of the story." The result was that Kennedy wrote the fourth chapter of the second volume of " The Virginians," which accounts for the accuracy of the descriptions of the local scenery about Cum- berland, with which Kennedy was familiar, and which Thackeray had never seen. During the last of his sojourns abroad he acted, in 1867. as U. S. commissioner to the Paris exhibition. He took great interest in the Peabody institute in Balti- more, and the donor largely availed himself of his advice in its organization. Mr. Kennedy also bequeathed to the institute his library and papers. He received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard in 1863. In 1818— '19 he issued in Baltimore, with Peter H. Cruse, " The Red Book," a fortnightly satirical publication. His novels are " Swallow Barn," a story of rural life in Virginia (Philadel- phia, 1832) ; " Horse-Shoe Robinson, a Tale of the Tory Ascendency " (1835) : and " Rob of the Bowl, a Legend of St. Inigoes," describing the province of Maryland in the days of the second Lord Bal- timore (Philadelphia, 1838). The three were after- ward issued in a new illustrated edition (New York, 1852). His other works include : " An- nals of Quodlibet," a political satire (1840), and " Memoirs of the Life of William Wirt " (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1849 ; 2d ed., revised, 1850). By his will Mr. Kennedy provided for the publication of a uniform edition of his entire works, which has since appeared (10 vols., New York, 1870). Among his various speeches, reports, addresses, etc.. that have been printed are " Address before the Balti- more Horticultural Society " (1833) ; " A Discourse on the Life and Character of William Wirt" (Baltimore, 1834) ; " A Discourse at the Dedica- tion of Green Mount Cemetery " (1839) : " A De- fence of the Whigs " (1844) ; and " Discourse on the Life and Character of George Calvert, the First Lord Baltimore " (Baltimore, 1845). The complete edition of his works also contains " Mr. Ambrose's Letters on the Rebellion " (New York, 1865), and " At Home and Abroad, a Series of Essays, with a Journal in Europe in 1867-'8 " (1872). See his life by Henry T. Tuckerman (New York, 1871), and " Tribute to the Memory of Hon. John Pen- dleton Kennedy," delivered by Robert C. Win- throp, 8 Sept., 1870. — His brother, Anthony, sena- tor, b. in Baltimore, Md., 21 Dec, 1811, removed with his parents to Charlestown, Va., in 1821, re- ceived a classical education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He never practised his pro- fession, but subsequently became a cotton-grower and manufacturer. From 1839 till 1843 he was a member of the Virginia legislature, and in 1847 the Whig candidate for congress. In 1850 he refused the consul-generalship to Cuba, and in 1851, after marrying for his second wife, Margaret, daughter of Christopher Hughes, removed to Baltimore, where he was elected to the U. S. senate, serving from 12 May, 1858, till 3 March, 1863. In the con- vention of 1867 he took an active part in framing the present constitution of Maryland. KENNEDY, Joseph Camp Griffith, statis- tician, b. in Meadville, Pa., 1 April, 1813 ; d. in Washington, D. G, 13 July, 1887. His grand- father, Samuel, served as a surgeon on the staff 518 KENNEDY KENNER of Gen. Washington. He was educated at Alle- ghany college, studied law, and before coming of age established and edited the Crawford, Pa., " Messenger " and the Venango, Pa., " Intelli- gencer." In 1849 he was appointed by President Taylor secretary of a board to prepare a plan for taking the seventh and future U. S. censuses. In 1857 he was appointed by President Buchanan to complete the census of 1850, and in 1859 was made superintendent of the 8th census, continuing the work until the failure of the appropriation in 1863. In 1850 he visited Europe on business that was connected with the census, with a special view of securing uniformity in the statistics of all nations, and also uniform cheap postage. In common with M. Guizot, Michael Chevalier, and Herr Qnitelet, the Prussian astronomer royal, he was active in organizing the first statistical congress, which met at Brussels in 1853. He was secretary of the U. S. commissioners to the World's Fair in London in 1851, a member of the statistical congresses of 1855 and 1860, and a commissioner to the London exhibition of 1862. In 1865-6 he acted as exam- iner of national banks under the comptroller of the currency. He received a gold medal from King Christian IX. of Denmark for his labors as a stat- istician, and was elected a member of different American, French, German, and Belgian learned societies. He received the degree of LL. D. from Alleghany college, and endowed that institution with four perpetual scholarships for the benefit of disabled voung soldiers, or the orphans of soldiers. KENNEDY, Josiali Forrest, physician, b, m Oak Grove, Perry co., Pa.. 31 Jan., 1834. He was graduated at Dickinson college in 1855, and subse- quently at Jefferson medical college, and at the medical department of the University of the city of New York. He removed to Iowa, and was an army surgeon in 1861, but resigned, and removed in 1870 to Des Moines, Iowa. In 1869 he was elected professor of obstetrics in the Iowa state university, but resigned the following year, and now occupies the same chair in the Iowa college of physicians and surgeons at Des Moines. He is secretary of the Iowa state board of health and of the Iowa state board of medical examiners. Dr. Kennedy is the editor of the "Iowa Health Bulletin," and has edited and compiled the third and fourth biennial reports of the state board of health (1883-5). He has also contributed to pro- fessional periodical literature. KENNEDY, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Scot- land in 1720 ; d. in Basking Ridge, N. J., 31 Aug., 1787. He was graduated at the University of Ed- inburgh, came to this country, and, after studying theology, was called in 1751 to be pastor of the Presbyterian church at Basking Ridge, where he remained until his death. During a meeting of the synod of New York and Philadelphia in May. 1760," attention was called to the ease of Rev. Will- iam McClenachan. a clergyman of the Church of England in Philadelphia, who had aroused enmity in his denomination by some display of religious zeal. Several members of the synod, including Mr. Kennedy, addressed a letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, asking him to retain McClenachan in his pastorate, which he seemed in danger of losing. To this letter the archbishop paid no at- tention, and, the affair soon becoming public, the missive found its way into print and was severely criticised. During the next meeting of the synod it was sold in the streets of Philadelphia with the proclamation, " Eighteen Presbyterian ministers tor a groat." Mr. Kennedy added to his labors as pastor those of teacher and medical practitioner. KENNEDY, William, author, b. near Paisley,. Scotland, 26 Dec. 1799 : d. near London, England, in 1849. Before he was twenty-five he published a prose story called " My Early Days " (London^ and in 1827 followed it with a volume of short poems under the title of " Fitful Fancies," which met with unusual success. He was the personal friend and literary partner of William Motherwell, and in 1828-'9 was associated with the latter in the management of the " Paisley Magazine," in which many of the poems of the two authors ap- peared. Not proving a pecuniary success, its pub- lication was soon abandoned. Kennedy's third volume was " The Arrow and the Rose ; with Other Poems " (London. 1830), and he then settled down to a literary life in the English metropolis. When the Earl of Durham went to Canada, Ken- nedy accompanied him as private secretary, and on the former's return to England received the appointment of British consul at Galveston, Tex., where he resided many years, going back to Eng- land in 1847, and retiring on a pension. Besides the works already mentioned, Mr. Kennedy pub- lished " The Rise", Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas" (2 vols., London, 1841), and an abridgment of the same entitled "Texas, its Geography Natural History, and Topography" (New York, 1844). See Wilson's " Poets and Po'et- ry of Scotland " (New York and London. 1876). KENNEDY, William Megee, clergyman, b. probablv in North Carolina, 10 Jan., 1773 : d. in Newberry district, S. C, 22 Feb.. 1840. His father lost nearly the whole of his estate in the Revolu- tion, and the son's early education was limited. He entered the ministry of the Methodist church in 1805, and labored as circuit and stationed preacher, as well as presiding elder, for more than thirty years. In 1838 he became agent for the Cokesbury, S. C, school, and originated and car- ried out "a plan of contribution which secured to that institution a handsome endowment. In 1839 he was stricken with apoplexy, but he continued to labor till his death. He was eminent among cler- gymen of the southern Methodist church. KENNEDY, William Nassau, Canadian sol- dier, b. in Darlington, Ont., 27 April, 1839 ; d. in London, England, 3 May, 1885. In 1870 he went to Winnipeg as a lieutenant in the expeditionary force under Gen. Garnet (now Lord) Wolseley. After this force was disbanded he adopted Winni- peg as his home, and in 1872 was appointed regis- ter of deeds for the city and county. In 1873 he became a member of the executive council of the northwest, and in 1875-6 was elected chief magis- trate. He. organized and was for several years lieutenant-colonel of the Winnipeg field battery, and in 1883 took command of the 90th Winnipeg rifles. When the demand came for Canadian voya- geurs to go to Egypt, Col. Kennedy selected them from Manitoba, and afterward served with them throughout the entire Egyptian campaign. KENNEDY, William Sloane, clergyman, b. in Muncy, Pa., 3 June, 1822 ; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 30 July, 1861. He was graduated at Western Re- serve college in 1846, studied theology, was licensed to preach in 1848, and soon afterward ordained pastor of the Congregational church in Bucksville, Ohio. He was called to Sandusky in 1852, and in 1859 took charge of a parish in Cincinnati. Mr. Kennedy was the author of " Messianic Prophe- cies " and a " Life of Christ " (Hudson, Ohio, 1852 ; new ed.. New York, 1858-60) ; and " A History of the Plan of Union " and " Sacred Analogies." KENNER, Duncan F., planter, b. in New Or- leans in 1813 ; d. there, 3 July, 1887. He became KENNY KENRICK 519 a wealthy sugar-planter, served for several terms in the Louisiana legislature, and was a member of the State constitutional conventions of 1845 and 1852, presiding over the latter. He was a member of the Confederate congress, and chairman of its ways and means committee, and in 1864 was sent by Jefferson Davis as special commissioner to England and France, to secure the recognition of the southern Confederacy. Much of his property was confiscated on the capture of New Orleans in 1862, but at his death he was again a millionaire. He was fond of horses, and owned one of the largest stock-farms in the United States. KENNY, Sir Edward, Canadian statesman, b. in County Kerry, Ireland, in 1800. He was edu- cated in Ireland, and came in 1824 to Halifax, N. S., where he engaged in trade. He sat in the legislative council of Nova Scotia for twenty-six years, and for eleven years was its president. He became a member of the privy council, and in July, 1867, was appointed receiver-general of Canada, which portfolio he held till October, 1869, when he became president of the privy council. He re- tired from the cabinet in May, 1870, on being ap- pointed administrator of the government of Nova Scotia. He was called to the senate in May, 1867, resigned in 1876, and was knighted in 1870. KENRICK, Francis Patrick, R. C. archbishop, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 3 Dec, 1797 ; d. in Balti- more, Md., 6 July, 1863. He prepared for the priesthood in the College of the propaganda at Rome in 1815-'21, and in the latter year was select- ed to direct the newly established theological semi- nary at Bardstown, Ky. During the jubilee of 1826-7, he attended Bishop Flaget in his pas- toral visitations, and gave public confer- ences on religion which led to the po- lemical discussions in which he was frequently engaged during the rest of his life. In 1829 he attended the coun- ^r cil of Baltimore as SY/ , /" theologian to Bish- (jy~t^n <^~* & /G*m*4, op Flaget, and was appointed assistant secretary. He was nominated coadjutor bishop of Philadelphia in 1830, and was consecrated bishop of Arath inpartibus infidelium on 6 June at Bards- town by Bishop Flaget. The administration of the diocese of Philadelphia required at this time great tact and firmness. The trustees of St. Mary's church, which was the bishop's cathedral, refused to recognize him as pastor, but he interdicted the church, and the trustees finally submitted to his authority. He then made a regulation that all church property in future should be vested in the bishop. The trustees of St. Paul's church, Pitts- burg, refused to accept this regulation, but after a bitter contest the bishop had his way. A large number of congregations in Pennsylvania were without pastors, and to remedy this evil he founded the Theological seminary of St. Charles Borromeo in Philadelphia in 1838. During the cholera epi- demic of 1832 he was active in his ministrations to the sick. In 1842 he introduced the Order of the hermits of St. Augustine into his diocese, and helped them to build the College of St. Thomas at Villanova. During the anti-Catholic riots of 1844 he constantly preached peace and forbear- ance, and patiently took measures to restore the edifices that had been destroyed. He aided in building St. Joseph's college in 1851, and another of the same name in Susquehanna county. On the death of Archbishop Eccleson he was translated to the see of Baltimore in August, 1851, and ap- pointed by the pope apostolic delegate to preside at a national council of all the archbishops and bishops of the United States in Baltimore in May, 1852. Some years afterward he was invested with a " primacy of honor " over the other archbishops. During his stay in Baltimore a great impulse was given to the erection of charitable and educational institutions, among which were the Infant asylum, the Aged women's home, St. Agnes's asylum for destitute sick, the School of St. Laurence at Locust point, and the College of Loyola. He went to Rome in 1854 to take part in the deliberations that resulted in the definition of the dogma of the im- maculate conception. Archbishop Kenrick was a profound Hebrew scholar, and spoke the principal modern languages fluently. He is considered the ablest theologian that the Roman Catholic church in the United States has produced, and his theo- logical works have been largely used both in this country and in Europe. His works are " Letters of Omicron to Omega " (1828) ; " Four Sermons preached in the Cathedral of Bardstown " (Bards- town, 1829) ; " Theologia Dogmatica " (4 vols., Philadelphia, 1839-'40 ; new ed., 3 vols.. Baltimore, 1857) ; " Theologia Moralis " (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1841-3) ; " Letters on the Primacy of the Holy See and the Authority of General Councils." in reply to Bishop Hopkins of Vermont (1837 ; enlai'ged ed., with the title " The Primacy of the Apostolic See vindicated," Baltimore, 1855) ; " The Catho- lic Doctrine on Justification explained and vindi- cated " (Philadelphia, 1841) ; " Treatise on Baptism " (New York, 1843) : " Vindication of the Catholic Church," a series of letters in reply to Bishop John H. Hopkins, and " End of Religious Controversy controverted " (Baltimore, 1855). Archbishop Kenrick was dissatisfied with the condition of the text of the English Roman Catholic Bibles that were used in the United States, which had widely departed from the Rheims and Douay translations. He devoted himself to a careful translation on the basis of the original Rhemish-Douay version, edited by Dr. Challoner, with copious notes. This includes " The New Testament " (2 vols., New York, 1849-51) ; " Psalms, Books of Wisdom and Canticle of Canticles " (Baltimore, 1857) ; and " Job and the Prophets" (1859). — His brother, Peter Richard, archbishop, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 17 Aug., 1806, was educated in his native country, and, after finishing his theological course, was or- dained priest about 1830. He followed his brother to the United States in 1833, and was appointed assistant pastor at the cathedral in Philadelphia. Shortly afterward he also took charge of the " Catholic Herald," and in 1835 he became pastor of the cathedral parish. He was then made presi- dent of the diocesan seminary, in which he also filled the chair of dogmatic theology, and he was next raised to the rank of vicar-general of the diocese, and accredited by Bishop Brute as his theologian to the Third provincial council of Balti- more in 1837. Bishop Rosati, of St. Louis, de- manded the appointment of a coadjutor in 1841, and Father Kenrick was chosen for the post. He was consecrated bishop of Drasa in partibus infidelium in Philadelphia on 30 Nov., and succeeded Dr. Rosati as bishop of St. Louis, 25 Sept., 1843. Bishop Kenrick found his diocese in financial 520 KENSETT KENT trouble, and with a large quantity of unimproved real estate, but, as the result of his efforts, it was soon freed from debt. It comprised, when he be- came coadjutor, several states and territories, from which so many new sees have been made that at present it embraces only the eastern part of Mis- souri. Bishop Kenrick gave a great impetus to the work of building churches. He delivered a series of lectures in St. Louis on the doctrines of his church, founded a magazine called the " Catho- lic Cabinet," and established various schools. In 1847 St. Louis was created an archiepiscopal see by Pius IX., and Dr. Kenrick became archbishop. In 1858 he received large bequests that afterward enabled him to carry out successfully his plans for endowing charitable and other institutions in St. Louis. During the civil war the archbishop de- voted his energies to the relief of the sick and wounded of both sides. When, after the war, a constitution was adopted by the state of Missouri, one of whose articles required all teachers and cler- gymen to take a stringent oath, he forbade his priests to do so, and the oath was afterward de- clared unconstitutional. In the Vatican council he was one of the ablest opponents of the dogma of papal infallibility ; but as his objection was not to the truth but the opportuneness of this doc- trine, he at once accepted it when it was defined. Archbishop Kenrick has introduced into his diocese numerous religious orders, which have charge of four industrial schools and reformatories, and 88 parochial schools with 17,180 pupils. The ceme- tery of St. Louis, laid out by him, is one of the finest on the continent. Among his works are " The Holy House of Loretto, or An Examination of the Historical Evidence of its Miraculous Trans- lation " ; and " Anglican Ordinations." KENSETT, John Frederick, artist, b. in Cheshire, Conn., 22 March, 1816 ; d. in New York city, 16 Dec, 1872. He was apprenticed to his uncle, Alfred Daggett, an engraver of bank-note vignettes, and de- voted his leisure to painting. In 1840 he went to Eng- land,where he stud- ied art for five years, supporting himself by engrav- ing. In the spring oi 1845 he exhib- ited in the Royal academy, London, his first picture, a distant view of Windsor castle, the purchase of which encouraged him to persevere in his pro- fession. He spent the following two years in Rome, painting views of Italian scenery, several of which became the property of the American art union. His "View on the Arno" and " Shrine," exhibited at the National academy in New York in 1848, established his reputation. In 1848 he returned to New York, where he re- sided till his death. He was elected an associate in 1848, and in 1849 a member of the National academy of design. In 1859 he was appointed a member of the National art commission to direct the ornamentation of the capitol in Washington, and to superintend the works of art that were placed there. His pictures are singularly equal in merit, facile and pure in feeling, and are popu- lar. George Bancroft wrote of him : " The works of his hands will make John F. Kensett familiar to posterity ; the loveliness of his character and his virtues live in the memory and affection of his friends." His works are chiefly landscapes, and include " Mount Washington from North Conway " (1849); "Sketch of Mount Washington" (1851); " Franconia Mountains " (1853) ; " High Bank on the Genesee River " (1857) ; " Sunset on the Coast " (1858) ; " Sunset on the Adirondacks " (1860) ; "Au- tumn Afternoon on Lake George" (1864), in the Corcoran gallery, Washington : " Glimpse of the White Mountains" (1867); "Afternoon on Con- necticut Shore " ; " Noon on the Seashore " ; " Lake Cohesus "; " Coast of Massachusetts "; " New Hamp- shire Scenery," owned by the Century club ; " Lake George " ; and " Narragansett." Thirty-eight of his paintings were presented to the Metropolitan mu- seum of New York by his brother Thomas in 1873. Others were sold in New York in 1887. KENT, Aratus, clergyman, b. in Suffield, Conn., 15 Jan., 1794 ; d. in Galena, 111., 8 Nov., 1869. He was graduated at Yale in 1816, and he was licensed to preach in 1820. In 1822-'3 he studied in Princeton theological seminary and in 1825 was ordained pastor of a church in Lockport, N. Y, which charge he held till 1828. He then applied to the Home missionary society for "a place so hard that no one else would take it," and in 1829 was sent to the Galena, 111., lead-mines, where he established a Sabbath-school and a day- school. He organized the first Presbyterian church in Galena in 1831, and was its pastor till 1848, when he became agent for the Home missionary society in northern Illinois, serving till 1868. He was one of the founders of Beloit college and of Rockford female seminary, and although he had a small salary gave nearly $7,000 to the church. KENT, Edward, governor of Maine, b. in Con- cord, N. H., 8 Jan., 1802 ; d. in Bangor, Me., 19 May, 1877. He was graduated at Harvard in 1821, studied law, and began to practise in Bangor in 1825. In 1827 he was appointed chief justice of the court of sessions for Penobscot county, and from 1829 till 1833 he was a member of the legis- lature. He was mayor of Bangor from 1836 till 1838, and governor of the state from 1838 till 1840. His election as governor was the first indi- cation of the defeat of the Democratic party throughout the country in 1840, and gave rise to a famous political song — " Have you heard the news from Maine % " In 1843 Gov. Kent was appointed by the legislature a commissioner to settle the Maine boundary-line under the Ashburton treaty. He was a delegate to the National Whig convention of 1848, that nomi- nated Gen. Zachary Taylor to the presidency, and in 1849-53 was U. S. consul at Rio Janeiro. In 1859 he was appointed associate justice of the state supreme court, and on his retirement in 1873 he was chosen president of the constitutional com- mission of Maine. Waterville college (now Colby university) gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1855. KENT, Edward Augustus, Duke of, British soldier, b. 2 Nov., 1767 ; d. 23 Jan., 1820. He was the fourth son of King George III., and father of Queen Victoria. He studied at Gottingen and Geneva, and entered the army in 1790. Three years later he served under Sir Charles Grey in the at- tack on the French West India islands, and in com- pliment to him the name of Fort Royal in Marti- nique was changed to Fort Edward. In 1796 he was appointed governor of Nova Scotia, created Duke of Kent and Strathearne and Earl of Dublin, with a seat in the house of lords, and was appointed KENT KENT 521 commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America. The island of St. John changed its name in his honor to Prince Edward island. In 1802 he became governor of Gibraltar ; but his rigid dis- cipline produced a mutiny, and he was recalled. On 20 May, 1818, he married the Princess Maria Louisa Victoria, widow of the Prince of Leiningen, and daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg. Queen Victoria was the only child of this union. KENT, James, jurist, b. in Putnam countv, N. Y., 31 July, 1763; d. in New York city, 12 Dec, 1847. His grandfather, Elisha, was gradu- ated at Yale in 1729, became the pastor of the Presbyterian church at Philippi, N. Y., in 1740, and died there in 1776, and his father, Moss, was graduated at Yale in 1752, became a lawyer, was surrogate of Rens- selaer county, and died in 1794. James was graduated at Yale in 1781, where he was one of the founders of the Phi Beta Kappa society in 1780, studied law with Egbert Ben- son, was admitted to practice as an attor- ney in 1785 and as a counsellor in 1787, and settled in Poughkeep- sie, N. Y. He had been attracted to the study of the law by reading Blackstone at the age of sixteen. Not satisfied with the limited classical acquirements obtained at college, he adopted at the beginning of his professional life a plan of daily study, which he followed until he was elevated to the supreme bench. Rising early in the morning, he devoted two hours to Latin and two to Greek before breakfast. After the conclusion of his la- bors for the day he was accustomed to read French works for two hours, and, when not socially en- gaged, devoted his evenings to English writers. He was elected to the legislature in 1790 and 1792, but was defeated as the Federalist candidate for con- gress in 1793. He had already achieved a high reputation for legal learning, and on removing to New York city was appointed professor of law at Columbia college, which post he held till 1798. His attention was called to the writers on civil law of continental Europe by Alexander Hamilton, whose acquaintance he had made during the strug- gle over the adoption of the Federal constitution in New York state. Reading the works of Pothier, Emerigon, and other French jurists, he became imbued with the principles of the civil law. He began his lectures in November, 1794. The " In- troductory " was published by the trustees of the college, and three preliminary dissertations, dis- cussing the constitutional history of the United States and important principles of the law of na- tions, were issued by him in a volume (1797). In 1796 Gov. Jay, whose friendship he had won when a member of the legislature by his course during the election dispute in 1792 between Jay and George Clinton, appointed him one of the two masters in chancery, and in the same year he was returned to the legislature from New York city. In an anniversary address before the State society for the promotion of agriculture, arts, and manu- factures in 1796, he displayed an enlightened ap- preciation of the material needs and capabilities of the country. In 1797 he was appointed recorder of New York city, an officer at that time exercis- ing civil jurisdiction, and Gov. Jay nominated him in 1798 as one of the justices of the supreme court. On becoming a judge he returned to Poughkeepsie, but. in 1798 removed to Albany, where he continued to reside while he was on the bench. In 1802 he was joint editor of a collection of the " Revised Statutes of the State of New York." On 2 July, 1804, he became chief justice of the supreme court. He originated the custom of presenting a written argumentative opinion, with the citation of legal authorities, in all cases of importance. The law was at that time in an inchoate condition, and the courts depended for precedents on English decisions, and followed the procedure of the English tribunals. Judge Kent applied himself to the task of determining the un- settled principles of the law. In defining the limitations of the English common law as appli- cable to the United States, in the interpretation of constitutional provisions and the construction of recent statutes, in settling the forms of judicial procedure and the principles of practice, and in evolving principles of commercial law to fit the changing conditions of commerce and production and the needs of a young and growing nation, he did as much as any other jurist to give shape and direction to the evolution of American jurispru- dence. To questions of commercial and maritime law and the interpretation of contract obligations he brought the light of his reading of the civil law and its commentators. His written opinions con- tain the results of exhaustive researches on every mooted point. His decisions are fully recoi'ded in the " Reports " of George Caines (New York, 1813), and William Johnson's " Reports of Cases in the Su- preme Court and Court of Errors of New York from 1806 to 1823." On 25 Feb., 1814, he was appointed chancellor of New York. The court of chancery pre- vious to his accession had been shunned by lawyers and litigants on account of its dilatory proceedings and circuitous and expensive forms of practice. Chancellor Kent enlarged and improved the court, and by expounding and applying the doctrines of chancery, which before had not been adequately administered, laid the foundations of equity juris- prudence in the United States. His chancery de- cisions are given in Johnson's " Reports of Cases in the Court of Chancery of New York from 1814 to 1823." At the age of sixty, though possessed of the fullest degree of physical and mental vigor, he was retired in conformity with a statute that was afterward repealed. As judge of the supreme court and as chancellor he had important legisla- tive as well as judicial duties to perform. The higher judiciary constituted with the governor a council of revision, possessing a qualified veto on acts of the legislature, until the council was abol- ished, with the acquiescence of the judges, by the constitutional convention of 1822. He was active and efficient in the discharge of these political func- tions. In the discussions of the constitutional con- vention he took an active part, opposing without success the extension of the electoral franchise and other democratic innovations, but succeeding in the prevention of the proposed abolition of the court of chancery. His name was warmly urged by William Wirt, then attorney-general, for an ap- pointment to a vacancy in the U. S. supreme court, but President Monroe had already selected Smith Thompson. Returning to New York city, he re- sumed the professorship of law in Columbia col- lege. A "Summary of the First Ten Lectures" was published in 1824. The courses of lectures delivered to the classes during two years were em- 522 KENT KENTON bodied in his "Commentaries on American Law" (4 vols., New York, 1826-30), which embraces the jurisprudence of the Federal Union, the common and statutory laws of the individual states, and the leading principles of international law. It has since served as the standard general treatise on law in the United States. Retiring from the ac- tive duties of his professorship in 1825, he gave his attention to revising and elaborating his work, and to chamber practice and the decision of legal controversies that were submitted to his judgment. In 1828 he delivered an anniversary address before the New York historical society, of which he had been chosen president, and in 1831 one before the Phi Beta Kappa society at Yale college. A sec- ond edition of the " Commentaries." with many changes and additions, appeared in 1832. The sixth edition, which was the last one revised by the author, appeared shortly before his death. Part of the " Commentaries " was republished in Edinburgh under the title of " A Treatise on Com- mercial and Maritime Law " (1837). J. Eastman Johnson published an " Analytical Abridgment of Kent's Commentaries" (New York, 1840). The seventh (1852), eighth (1854), ninth (Boston, 1858), and tenth (1860) editions of the " Commentaries " were edited by William Kent and his friend Dor- man B. Eaton, the eleventh edition (Boston. 1866) by George P. Comstock, the twelfth (1873) by Oliver W. Holmes, Jr., the thirteenth by Charles M. Barnes (1884). This work, which was desig- nated by Judge Story as the first judicial classic of the United States, is as lucid, terse, and pure in style as the " Commentaries " of Blackstone, and resembles them in logical exactness of expres- sion and cogency of reasoning ; yet in breadth of scholarship and copiousness of learning the Ameri- can jurist was superior to his English predecessor, drawing illustrations, parallels, and arguments from the Roman law and the jurisprudence of continental nations, and discussing subjects which Blackstone was unable from lack of knowledge to include in his work, such as commercial and maritime law, the law of nations, and equity jurisprudence. In 1836 Judge Kent prepared and published at the instance of the common council of the city a compendious treatise " On the Char- ter of the City of New York and on the Powers of the Mayor, Aldermen, and other Municipal Offi- cers " (reissued in 1856). The same year he de- livered an address before the New York bar asso- ciation. In 1840 he prepared for the benefit of the Mercantile library association of New York a " Course of Reading," which, with additions and changes made by Charles King, was republished by Henry A. Oakley in 1853. After his death eu- logistic orations were pronounced at a meeting of the bar of New York by Ogden Hoffman, Benja- min F. Butler, and others. See a " Discourse on the Life, Character, and Public Services of James Kent," by Judge John Duer (New York, 1848). — His brother, Moss, b. in Rensselaer county, N. Y., studied law, and began practice in Le Raysville, Jefferson co., N. Y. He was a member of the state legislature in 1807 and 1810, and was elected to congress as a Federalist, and. re-elected for the following term, serving from 24 May. 1813, to 3 March, 1817. He was subsequently register of the New York court of chancery. — William, jurist, the son of James, b. in 1802 ; d. in Fishkill, N. Y., 4 Jan., 1861, studied law, and practised with suc- cess in New York city. Gov. Seward appointed him a judge of the circuit court of New York, but after serving some years he resigned in 1846 in order to accept the professorship of law in Har- /^-TO sional bill for the emancipation of slaves in any part of the United States, and wrote the bill for the eman- cipation of slaves in the District of Columbia. KEYES, Emerson Willard, lawyer, b. in Jamestown, Chautauqua co., N. Y., 30 June, 1828. He was graduated at the State normal school, Albany, in 1848, and engaged in teaching for sev- eral years. He was deputy superintendent of pub- lic instruction of New York in 1857-'65, and act- ing superintendent in 1861-2, during which time he was instrumental in organizing teachers' insti- tutes. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar of Albany in 1862. In 1865 he was appointed deputy superintendent of the banking department of New York state, serving till 1870, and was also acting superintendent in 1865-'6, exercising great influence on the present system of banking. From 1870 till 1873 he was state bank examiner, and from 1879 till 1883 practised law in New York city, and was a member of the New York bar asso- ciation. He is now (1887) connected with the board of education in Brooklyn, N. Y., as exam- iner of legal papers and questions relative to the laws of education, etc. He has published " New York Court of Appeals Reports " (4 vols., Albany, 1867-9) ; " History of Savings-Banks in the United States " (2 vols., New York, 1876-8) ; and " New York Code of Public Instruction " (Albany, 1879). KEYES, Erasmus Darwin (keeze), soldier, b. in Brim field, Mass., 29 May, 1810. He removed to Kennebec county, Me., in youth, and was ap- pointed from that state to the U. S. military acad- emy, where he was graduated in 1832. He was assigned to the 3d artillery, served in Charleston harbor during the nullification troubles of 1832-'3, and in 1837-'41 was aide to Gen. Winfield Scott. He became captain, 30 Nov., 1841, served in garri- son till 1844, and then as instructor of artillery and cavalry at West Point till 1848, after which he was again on frontier and garrison duty till 1860. During this time he commanded a battery of artillery against hostile Indians in the north- west, took part in several engagements, and was promoted major on 12 Oct., 1858. He was mili- tary secretary to Gen. Scott from 1 Jan., 1860, till 19 April, 1861, on 14 May became colonel of the 11th infantry, and on 17 May was made brigadier- general of volunteers. He was in New York and Boston, despatching and recruiting troops, till 3 July, and then served in the defences of Washing- ton, in the battle of Bull Run, and in the penin- sula campaign, commanding the 4th corps of the Army of the Potomac from March, 1862, and being promoted to major-general of volunteers on 5 May. He was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army on 31 May for his conduct in the battle of Fair Oaks. He organized a raid to White House, Va., 7 Jan., 1863, commanded the expe- dition to West Point, Va., on 7 May, and was engaged in another under Gen. John A. Dix to- ward Richmond in June and July. He served on the board for retiring disabled officers from 15 July, 1863, till 6 May, 1864, when he resigned, and removed to California. He was president of the Mexican gold-mining company in 1867-'9, and vice-president of the California vine-culture soci- ety in 1868-72. Gen. Keyes has published " Fifty Years' Observation of Men and Events" (New York, 1884). — His son, Edward Lawrence, phy- sician, b. in Charleston, S. C, 28 Aug., 1843, was graduated at Yale in 1863, and at the medical department of the University of New York in 1866, and, after eighteen months of study in Eu- rope, settled in practice in New York city. He became lecturer on dermatology in Bellevue hos- pital medical college in 1871, was made professor of that branch in 1872, and since 1875 has been also adjunct professor of surgery. He is a mem- ber of various medical societies, connected with several hospitals, and besides papers has published " Genito-Urinary Diseases with Syphilis " with Prof. William H. Van Buren (New York, 1874) ; " Tonic Treatment of Syphilis " (1877) ; " Venereal Diseases" (1880); and an article on "Urinary Cal- culus" in the sixth volume of the "International Encyclopaedia of Surgery " (1886). KEYL, Ernst Gerhard Wilhelm, clergyman, b. in Leipsic, Germany. 22 May, 1804 ; d. in Mon- roe, Mich., 4 Aug., 1872. He was graduated at Leipsic in 1829, and, after holding Lutheran pas- torates, came to this country in 1847, and officiated successively in Missouri, Milwaukee, Wis., Balti- more, Md., and Willshire, Ohio. For many years he was president of the eastern district of the Mis- souri synod, of which he was a founder. He was the author of " Lutherophilus " (St. Louis, 1854) ; " Katechismus-Auslegung aus Dr. Luther's Schrif- ten" (4 vols,, 1853-68); and " Predigt-Entwurfe uber die Sonn und Festtags-Evangelien aus Dr. Luther's Predigten" (1866). His biography was published by Rev. J. F. Kostering (St. Louis, 1882). KEYSER, Ephraim, sculptor, b. in Baltimore, Md., 6 Oct., 1850. He was educated at Baltimore city college, and studied art in the Maryland academy of arts in 1871-2. He went to Munich in 1872 and studied under Prof. Widmann in the Royal academy, remaining there until 1876, when he removed to Berlin, and entered the studio of Prof. Albert Wolff, under whose tuition he modelled a figure of Psyche, for which he gained the Michael- KEYSER KIDD 531 Beer prize, enabling him to spend a year in Italy at the government's expense. He also received a silver medal for a statuette in 1876. He now (1887) resides in Germany, but frequently visits this country. He has made numerous portrait busts, which include those of Cardinal Gib- bons and Sidney Lanier. His principal works are " Toying Page," " The Pet Falcon," " Ti- tania," " Psyche," " Ye Old Storye," and the De- Kalb monument in Annapolis, Md. (1883). This was modelled twice, the first figure having fallen while he was altering its pose. KEYSER, Peter Dirck, surgeon, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 8 Feb., 1835. He studied at Dela- ware college until 1851, when he entered the chemi- cal laboratory of Prof. Frederick A. Genth, and there made analyses of minerals, the results of which were published in the " American Journal of Science," and were afterward incorporated in Dana's " Mineralogy." In 1856 he went to Ger- many and pursued professional studies for two years. Soon after the beginning of the civil war he became captain in the 91st Pennsylvania regi- ment, and served with the Army of the Potomac until after the battle of Fair Oaks. Failing health then led to his resignation, and he returned to Germany, where he studied at the University of Munich, and then at that of Jena, receiving there the degree of M. D. in 1864. On his return he was appointed acting assistant surgeon in the U. S. army, and was detailed to the Cuyler hospital in Germantown, Pa. In 1865 he resigned from the service to enter on his private practice, and was called to the charge of the Philadelphia eye and ear infirmary. In 1868 he delivered a course of lectures to physicians upon the accommodation and refraction of the eye, and in 1870 he delivered the first regular course of clinical lectures on ophthalmology that ever was given in Philadel- phia, repeating the course in 1871-'2. Dr. Keyser was elected ophthalmic surgeon to the medical de- partment of the Philadelphia German, society in 1870, and one of the surgeons to the Wills ophthal- mic hospital in 1872. Dr. Keyser is a member of medical societies and of the Pennsylvania histori- cal society, and he has been a contributor of medical papers to the journals of his profession both in the United States and Europe. KIDD, William, navigator, b. in Scotland, probably in Greenock ; d. in London, England, 24 May, 1701. He is supposed to have been the son of a non-conformist clergyman who suffered tor- ture by the boot, and who died, 14 Aug., 1679. Young Kidd went to sea at a very early age, and in the latter part of the 17th century he had ac- quired a reputation as a bold, skilful, and success- ful captain. He had fought against the French, had performed some daring exploits, had done good service in the American colonies, and in 1691 had received from the council of the city of New York an award of £150. In those days piracy on the high seas prevailed to an alarming extent, especially in the Indian ocean. It was claimed that many of the freebooters came from America, where also they found a ready market for their spoils. When, in 1695, Richard Coote, Earl of Bellomont (q. v.), who had been appointed governor of New York and Massachusetts, was about to set out for his new post, King William, in an interview with him, referred in strong terms to the piracy that had become the disgrace of the colonies. " I send you, my lord, to New York," said the king, " be- cause an honest and intrepid man is wanted to put down these abuses, and because I believe you to be such a man." It was soon known at New York that the new governor was bent on the suppression of piracy ; and some of the more prominent colo- nists, among them Robert Livingston, promptly came to his aid. Kidd, who had acquired a com- petency, was now living in retirement in New York, and was well known to Livingston and other citi- zens. It was suggested to the governor that if such work was to be done, Kidd was the man to do it. He had all the requisite qualifications — skill, courage, large and widely extended naval experi- ence, and a thorough knowledge of the haunts of the pirates, u who prowled between the Cape of Good Hope and the Straits of Malacca"; and, what was of equal importance, he was willing to undertake the task. With a single ship of thirty or forty guns he believed himself able to sweep the whole race of pirates from the ocean. Bello- mont was pleased with the suggestion, and made it known to the king. It was referred to the admi- ralty, who raised objections ; but Bellomont was resolute. A private company was organized, in- cluding Lord Shrewsbury, Lord Romney, Lord Orford, first lord of the admiralty, and Somers, keeper of the great seal ; £6,000 were subscribed, the "' Adventure," a galley of 287 tons, with 30 guns, was equipped in London, and Kidd was placed in command. According to the arrangement, one tenth of the booty was to be set aside for the king, and was to be put into the treasury, and the re- mainder was to be divided among the share-holders, the captain, and the crew. Besides the ordinary letters of marque, Kidd carried with him two com- missions under the great seal — one authorizing him to act against the French, and another em- powering him to seize pirates, and to take them to some place where they might be dealt with accord- ing to law. Failing to find his full complement of hands in England, he sailed from Plymouth, 23 April, 1696, and visited New York, where he found volunteers in abundance. On his way across the Atlantic, when off Newfoundland, he captured a French ship, arriving with his prize at New York early in July. On 6 Sept., with a crew of 154 men, he sailed from Hudson river, and in January, 1697, reached the coast of Madagascar, then the great rendezvous of the buccaneers. It seems doubtful whether Kidd meant to play a game of deception from the first. The probability is that he set out with honest intentions, but he shared the opinions regarding piracy that were common at that time in the colonies, and it was so also with his crew. To a man of easy morals the temptation was strong. In any case, it soon began to be rumored that Kidd was also among the pirates, and on 23 Nov., 1698, orders were sent to all the governors of English colonies to apprehend him if he came within their jurisdiction. In April, 1699, he ar- rived in the West Indies in a vessel called the " Quidah Merchant," secured her in a lagoon on the island of Saona, southeast of Hayti, and then in a sloop called " San Antonio," of 55 tons and about 40 men, sailed for the north. Entering Dela- ware bay, he sailed up the coast to Long Island sound, and went into Oyster bay. There he took on board a New York lawyer, James Emott, and, running across to Rhode Island, he sent Emott to Boston to consult Bellomont as to a safe conduct. Bellomont was evasive, but finally Kidd was en- couraged to go to Boston, where he arrived, 1 July, 1699. Finally it was deemed necessary to summon him before the council, and, as his answers to ques- tions were not satisfactory, he was arrested, and ultimately, with several of his men, sent to Eng- land. He was charged not only with piracy, but with burning houses, massacring peasantry, brutal- 532 KIDDER KIDDOO ly treating prisoners, and particularly with mur- dering one of his men, William Moore. Kidd had called Moore a dog. " Yes, I am a dog," replied Moore, "but it is you that have made me so," whereupon Kidd, in a frenzy of rage, struck him down with a bucket, killing him instantly. It was not found possible to bring home the charge of piracy, but he was found guilty of the murder of Moore, and on 24 May, 1701, he was hanged, with nine of his accomplices, at Execution clock, Lon- don. Kidd protested his innocence to the last. He claimed that he had been coerced by his men, and that Moore was mutinous when he struck him, and there are many who are of the opinion that his trial was high-handed and unfair. Bellomont sent a vessel in search of the " Quidah Merchant," but it was found that it had been burned by the men that Kidd had left in charge. Kidd had taken ad- vantage of Emott's absence on his mission to Bos- ton to bury several bales of goods and some treas- ure on Gardiner's island. This was recovered and taken, with that which was found in Kidd's pos- session and on the " San Antonio "—gold and sil- ver and jewels, with bags of sugar and other mer- chandise ; the whole amounted to £14,000. Natu- rally enough, Kidd's conduct brought all his friends into serious trouble. It was charged by their po- litical opponents that Bellomont, Romney, Somers, and the others had a guilty knowledge of his de- signs, and that they had hoped to share the profits. Their participation in the enterprise was made the subject of parliamentary inquiry, but the result was a complete vindication of the men that had fitted out the privateer. KIDDER, Daniel Parish, clergyman, b. in Darien, Genesee co., N. Y., 18 Oct., 1815. He was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1836, entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church, and was stationed at Rochester, N. Y. In 1837 he went as missionary to Brazil, and during 1839 he traversed the eastern coast from San Paolo to Para. He introduced and circulated the Scriptures in Portuguese in the principal cities of the empire, and preached the first Protestant sermon on the waters of the Amazon. He returned to the United States in 1840, and was stationed in Paterson, N. J., in 1841 and in Trenton in 1843. In 1844 he was ap- pointed official editor of Sunday-school publica- tions and tracts in charge of the Methodist book concern, which post he held for twelve years, organ- izing the conference Sunday-school unions, conven- tions, and institutes, editing the " Sunday-School Advocate " and more than 800 books, and preparing the standard catechisms of the church. He was professor of practical theology in Garrett biblical institute, Evanston, 111., from 1856 till 1871, when he was called to a similar chair in Drew theologi- cal seminary, Madison, N. J. From 1881 till 1887 he was secretary of the board of education. His publications are "Mormonism and the Mor- mons " (New York, 1842) ; a translation from the Portuguese of Diego A. Feijo, entitled '• Demon- stration of the Necessity of abolishing a Con- strained Clerical Celibacy" (Philadelphia, 1844); " Sketches of a Residence and Travels in Brazil " (2 vols., New York, 1845 ; 2d ed., London, 1849 ; 8th ed., Boston, 1868): "Brazil and the Brazil- ians," with Rev. James C. Fletcher (Philadelphia, 1857 ; 6th ed., Boston, 1866) ; " Treatise on Homi- letics" (New York, 1864; revised ed., 1868); "The Christian Pastorate" (Cincinnati, 1871); and " Helps to Prayer " (New York, 1874). KIDDER, Frederic, author, b. in New Ipswich, N. H., 16 April, 1804; d. in Melrose, Mass., 19 Dec, 1885. His ancestors came from England and settled in Cambridge, Mass., in 1650, and his grandfather, Reuben Kidder, was one of the pur- chasers of New Ipswich from the proprietors. His father, Isaac Kidder, is said to have been among the first to introduce merino sheep into New Hampshire, and was one of the first manufacturers of cotton in this country. His early death left his family so reduced that this son was forced to leave his studies and to aid in its support. He became a clerk in Boston, and after a few years went to the south, where he engaged in business with his brother Edward. In about eight years he returned to Boston and entered into the West India trade, and in 1840 engaged in the southern commission business, which he continued for six years. In 1854 he removed to New York and engaged in business with James R. Gilmore, returning to Bos- ton in 1857 and renewing his partnership with Benjamin F. Copeland, which he had dissolved in 1861. In 1869 he removed to Melrose, where he aided in erecting a Unitarian church, and was active in establishing a public library. He was one of the first members of the " Roundabout club," and a member of the New England historic- genealogical society, contributing to its "Regis- ter." He was an antiquarian of authority, and gave much attention to the history of the New England Indians, particularly to their language and religion. He published, with Augustus A. Gould, " The History of New Ipswich. N. H., from its First Grant in 1736 to 1852 " (Boston, 1852), and was the author of " The Expeditions of Capt. John Lovewell " (1865) ; " Military Operations in Eastern Maine and Nova Scotia during the Revo- lution " (Albany, 1867) ; " History of the First New Hampshire Regiment in the War of the Revolu- tion " (1868) ; . and " History of the Boston Massa- cre, 5 March, 1770 " (1870). KIDDLE, Henry, educator, b. in Bath, Eng- land, 15 Jan., 1824. He came as a boy to New York city, where he studied under private tutors and at the normal school. In 1843 he was made principal of a ward school, but two years later resigned to take charge of one connected with the Leake and Watts home. In 1846-56 he was principal of a grammar-school, and he was then appointed deputy superintendent of common schools in New York city. He was made super- intendent in 1870, but resigned in 1879, owing to an adverse public sentiment created by his avowal of a belief in spiritualism. Mr. Kiddle received the degree of A. M. from Union college in 1848, and that of " officier d'academie " from the Uni- versity of France in 1878. He has published in pamphlet-form various addresses on education, modern spiritualism, and religious topics. He edited several revisions of Goold Brown's " Eng- lish Grammar" (last ed., New York, 1882) and other school text-books, including a " Text-Book of Physics " (1883), and has written " A Manual of Astronomy and the Use of the Globes" (1882); " New Elementary Astronomy " (1868) ; " Cyclo- paedia of Education " (1877), * with Alexander J. Schem; "Year Books of Education, 1878-'9," and " Spiritual Communications " (1879). KIDDOO, Joseph B., soldier, b. in Pennsyl- vania about 1840 ; d. in New York city, 19 Aug., 1880. At the beginning of the civil war he en- listed as a private in the 2d Pennsylvania volun- teers, and was engaged in the siege of Yorktown and in the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, and Malvern Hill. He was promoted major of the 101st Pennsylvania volunteers, and engaged in the bat- tles of South Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericks- burg, and served as colonel at Chancellorsville. In K1DERLEN KIEFT 533 October. 1863, he was appointed major of the 6th and in June, 1864, colonel of the 22d U. S. colored troops, being present at the siege of Petersburg with the Army of the James. He was severely wounded in October, 1864. He was brevetted brigadier-general and major-general of U. S. vol- unteers, and colonel and brigadier-general. U. S. army. On 28 July, 1866, he was appointed lieu- tenant-colonel of the 43d U. S. infantry, but owing to his wounds he was unable to serve, and he was retired on 15 Dec, 1870, with the full rank of brigadier-general in the regular army. KIDERLEN, William LudTvig Joseph, au- thor, b. in Ulra, Wiirtemberg. Germany, in 1813 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 July, 1877. He was educated at the gymnasium in Ulm, and came to this country in 1836. He served in the state de- partment in Washington, was U. S. consul to Stuttgart, and subsequentlv to Zurich, and from 1860 till 1871 was consul of "Wiirtemberg at Phila- delphia, where he resided until his death. He was the editor of several German newspapers in this country, including the Philadelphia " Stadt- post " and the Cincinnati " Republikaner," and published " Deutsche Grammatik " (Philadelphia, 1837); "Geographie und Geschichte der Yereinigten Staaten " (1838) ; and " Advice to Emigrants." KIDWELL, Zedekiah, physician, b. in Fair- fax county, Va., 4 Jan., 1814; d. in Fairmount, Va., 27 April, 1872. He was educated by his father, who was a civil engineer, and also studied at Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, where he was graduated in 1839. After practising for several years he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1849, and practised in Fairmount, Va. He served in the state house of representatives, was a delegate to the State constitutional convention of 1849, and a presidential elector on the Pierce and King ticket in 1852. He was a representative in congress from 1853 till 1857, having been chosen as a Democrat, and was then elected one of the three commissioners that formed the Virginia board of public works, serving for several years. From 1861 until the close of the civil war he held a civil office near Richmond. KIEFER, Herman, physician, b. in Salzburg, Baden, Germany, 19 Nov., 1825. He was educated at Freiburg, Mannheim, and Carlsruhe, and studied medicine at Freiburg. Heidelberg, Prague, and Vienna, being graduated by the state board of ex- aminers at Carlsruhe. He served as surgeon in the volunteer regiment of Emmendingen during the revolution of 1849, taking part in the battle of Philippsburg and Upstadt. He came to this coun- try in September, 1849, and settled in Detroit, where he has since practised medicine. He has been actively interested in German-American af- fairs, and was a founder of the German-American seminary, of which he was president and treasurer from 1861 till 1872. In lS66-'7 he was a member of the Detroit board of education, and in 1882 he became a member of the public library commis- sion, being re-elected in 1883 for a term of six years, a?id adding to the library a large collection of German works. He was chairman of the Ger- man Republican executive committee of Utica in 1854, a presidential elector in 1872, and a delegate to the Republican national convention of Cincin- nati in 1876. In 1883 he was appointed by Presi- dent Arthur U. S. consul to Stettin, which office he held till he resigned in 1885. He prepared valuable articles, which were published in the U. S. consular reports, and include ; ' American Trade with Stettin," "How Germany is Gov- erned," and " Labor in Europe." KIEFFER, Moses, clergyman, b. in Letter- kenny, Franklin co.. Pa., 5 May^ 1814. He was gradu- ated at Marshall college. Pa,,' in 1839, and ordained to the ministry of the German Reformed church. He was pastor of the 1st Reformed church in Hagerstown, Md., from 1840 till 1850, when he was called to found and build the 2d Reformed church in Reading, Pa. In 1855 he became presi- dent of Heidelberg college, Tiffin, Ohio, which post he held till 1864, serving as professor in the theological department from 1855 till 1867. After holding pastorates in Sandusky, Ohio, and in Greencastle, Pa., he became connected with a church in Gettysburg, Pa., of which he is now (1887) pastor. The publications of his church were under his care from 1848 till 1863, and he has contributed to religious periodicals. KIEFT, Wilhelm, governor of New Nether- lands, b. in Holland about 1600 ; d. off the coast of Wales in 1647. He was the fifth Dutch gov- ernor of New Netherlands, and was coldly re- ceived on his arrival there in " The Hen-ing," 28 March, 1638. It was said that he had failed in the mercantile business in Holland, and had been hanged in effigy, which was. in the Dutch estima- tion, a lasting disgrace. Subsequently he had been sent by the government as minister to Turkey, and intrusted with money to procure the ransom of Christians that were held in bondage ; but these captives were left in their chains, and the money never refunded. Kieft was energetic, but spiteful and rapacious, and utterly ignorant of the true principles of government. He began his ad- ministration by concentrating all executive power in his own hands, with one councillor, Dr. Johannes La Montague. He found New Amsterdam in a wretched condition, and said in his first letter to Holland, " The fort is open at every side, except the stone point ; the guns are dismounted ; the houses and public buildings are all out of repair ; the magazine for merchandise has disappeared ; every vessel in the harbor is falling to pieces ; only one wind-mill is in operation ; the farms of the company are without tenants and thrown into commons." Kieft began his reformatory work by pasting proclamations upon the trees and fences. He ordered that no attestations or other public. writings should be valid before a court in New Netherlands unless they were written by the colo- nial secretary. He improved the appearance of the town, and selected Pearl street, then a simple road on the bank of the river, for the best class of dwellings. A wind-mill stood on State street, and not far from it were the bakery, the brewery, and the company's warehouse. He repaired Fort Am- sterdam, and erected a private distillery on Staten island in 1640, which produced the first beer that was ever made in this country; but he forbade " the tapping of beer during divine service, and after one o'clock at night." He prohibited illegal traffic and the selling of guns or powder to the Indians, and enforced police ordinances, ordering the town-bell to be rung every evening at nine o'clock to announce the hour for retiring, every morning and evening to call persons to and from labor, and on Thursdays to summon prisoners to court. To promote agriculture he established two annual cattle-fairs, and caused orchards to be planted and gardens cultivated. Owing to the growth of the town and the increasing number of travellers, he concluded to erect a public-house. A clumsy stone tavern was completed in 1642 on the corner of Pearl street and Coenties slip, front- ing East river. He was also active in the erection of the stone church in the fort, and caused a mar- 534 KIERNAN KILLEN ble slab to be placed in the front wall with the inscription " Anno Domini, 1642. Wilhelm Kieft, Directeur General, Heeft de Gemeente Desen Tem- «pel Doen Bouwen." This slab was discovered bur- ied in the earth when the fort was demolished in 1687 to make room for'the government house, and removed to the belfry of the old Dutch church in Garden street, where it remained until that church was burned in 1835. In after years, Kieft absented himself from service, and ordered soldiers to prac- tise noisy amusements under the church win- dows, owing to an allusion that Dominie Bogardus had made to his despotism. A more liberal policy in respect to the ownership of land caused emi- gration to increase, the only obligation required from foreigners being an oath of allegiance to the states-general of Holland. Although his measures of reform were of lasting benefit to the colony, Kieft's government was marked by such bold tyranny, and his petty, irritable nature found vent in such cruelty, that he was detested by the peo- ple. The encroachments of the Puritans on the east and the Swedes on the Delaware gave Kieft much concern, and he wrote of them to the com- pany, who deemed Sweden too powerful to attack. Kieft's maltreatment of the Indians caused retalia- tion on their part, and in 1641 the governor called an assembly of the " masters and heads of families " in the town to co-operate with the council. Twelve men were chosen, and this was the first representa- tive assembly in New Netherlands. The assembly, on their third session, in February, 1642, devised a plan for a municipal government in New Am- sterdam, whereupon Kieft was alarmed, dissolved the assembly, and forbade its reorganization. In the winter of 1643 Kieft made an attack at Hobo- ken on the Mohawk Indians, who had made a de- scent to collect tribute from the river tribes. The Long Island tribes now took up arms, and for a time the Dutch colony was threatened. The colo- nists finally petitioned for Kieft's recall, and cele- brated his departure with salutes. He sailed for Holland on 16 Aug., 1647, in the ship " Princess," with more than $100,000. The vessel was wrecked on the coast of Wales, and Dominie Bogardus, Kieft, and 81 others were drowned. KIERNAN, James Lawlor, physician, b. in New York city in 1837 ; d. there, 26 Nov., 1869. He was graduated at the medical department of the University of New York in 1857, became a teacher in the public schools of New York, and was editor of the "Medical Press" in that city from 1859 till 1861, when he volunteered as assistant surgeon in the 69th New York regiment. He subsequently became surgeon of the 6th Missouri cavalry, serv- ing with Fremont in Missouri and at the battle of Pea Ridge ; but he resigned in 1863, owing to severe wounds that he received near Port Gibson, where he was captured, but escaped. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 1 Aug., 1863, but his resignation was accepted to take effect 3 Feb., 1864, and his name was not sent to the senate for confirmation. He served as surgeon of the U. S. pension bureau, and after the war became U. S. consul to Chin Kiang, China. KILBOURNE, James, pioneer, b. in New Britain, Conn., 19 Oct., 1770 ; d. in Worthington, Ohio, 9 April, 1850. While apprenticed to a farmer he was instructed in the classics and mathematics by the son of his employer. He became a mechanic, subsequently acquired a competence as a merchant and manufacturer, and about 1800 took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church. In 1801 he or- ganized the Scioto company, and in the following year emigrated at the head of a band of 100 persons to Ohio. They settled in 1803 in a place that was afterward called Worthington. There he organized St. John's and other parishes, and at the general convention of the Protestant Episcopal church pro- cured the establishment of a western diocese. He retired from the ministry in 1804, and in 1805 was appointed by congress surveyor of public lands. He was a trustee of Ohio college, Athens, one of the commissioners to locate Miami university, and for thirty-five years president of the trustees of Worthington college. In 1812 he was appointed by the president on the commission to settle the boundary between the public lands and the Virginia reservation. He was also colonel of the frontier regiment. He was afterward elected to congress from Ohio as a Democrat, and served from 24 May, 1813, till 3 March, 1817. The proposition to grant lands in the northwest territory to actual settlers originated with him, and as chairman of a select committee he drew up a bill for that purpose. He was elected to the legislature in 1823, and again in 1828. — His nephew, John, author and publisher, b. in Berlin, Conn., 7 Aug., 1787 ; d. in Columbus, Ohio, 12 March, 1831. He was graduated at Ver- mont university in 1810, and was for several years principal of Worthington college, Ohio. Subse- quently he became a bookseller and publisher in Columbus, Ohio. He published a " Gazetteer of Vermont," a "Gazetteer of Ohio" (1816), a map of Ohio, a volume of " Public Documents concern- ing the Ohio Canals" (Columbus, 1832), and a " School Geography." KILBOURNE, Payne Kenyon, author, b. in Litchfield, Conn., 26 July, 1815 ; d. there, 19 July, 1859. He learned the printer's trade, assisted in publishing a literary paper in Hartford, Conn., and was afterward owner and editor of the Litch- field "Enquirer" from 1845 till 1853. In 1857 he was private secretary to Gov. Alexander H. Holley. Mr. Kilbourne was an enthusiastic stu- dent of local history, and wrote both in prose and verse. He published " The Skeptic and Other Poems " (1843) ; " History of the Kilbourne Family, from 1635 to the Present Time " (Hartford, 1845) ; " Biographical History of the County of Litchfield " (New York, 1851); and "Sketches and Chronicles of the Town of Litchfield," which was put in type entirely by himself (Hartford, 1859). He also com- piled and arranged the appendices to Hollister's " History of Connecticut " (2 vols., New Haven, 1855), and prepared most of the notes for that work. KILBURN, Charles Lawrence, soldier, b. in Lawrence ville, Tioga co., Pa., 9 Aug., 1819. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1842 and appointed a lieutenant of artillery, served in the occupation of Texas and the Mexican war. doing good service at Monterey and Buena Vista, and after the war became captain and com- missary of subsistence. He was promoted major on 11 May, 1861, made lieutenant-colonel and as- sistant commissary-general on 9 Feb., 1863, colonel on 29 June, 1864, and served as chief commissary of various departments. At the close of the civil war he was brevetted brigadier-general. After the war he served as chief commissary of the Depart- ment of the Atlantic, and then of the military division of the Pacific until he was retired on 20 May, 1882. KILLEN, William, jurist, b. in Ireland in 1722 ; d. in Dover, Del., 3 Oct., 1805. He came to this country at the age of fifteen, found a home with the father of John Dickinson, acquired a clas- sical education, and held the office of county surveyor for several years. Subsequently he studied law, and obtained a large practice, especially in KILPATRICK KILTY 535 land-suits. For many years he was a member of the Delaware assembly, and he took an active part in the Revolutionary contest. In 1776 he was ap- pointed the first chief justice of Delaware, and held that office till 1793, when he was made chan- cellor. In 1801 he retired from the bench. KILPATRICK, Hugh Judson, soldier, b. near Deckertown, N. J., 14 Jan., 1836 ; d. in Valpa- raiso, Chili, 4 Dec, 1881. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1861, was appointed a captain of volunteers on 9 May, promoted 1st lieutenant of artillery in the regular army on 14 May, 1861, and was wounded at Big Bethel and disabled for several months. In August, 1861, he assisted in raising a regiment of New York cavalry, of which he was made lieutenant - colonel . He went to Kansas in January, 1862, in order to accom- pany Gen. James H. Lane's expedition to Texas as chief of artillery. On the abandonment * of the expedition he rejoined his regi- ment in Virginia, and was engaged in skirmishes near Falmouth, the movement to Thoroughfare Gap, raids on the Vir- ginia Central railroad in July, 1862, various skir- mishes in the northern Virginia campaign, and the second battle of Bull Run. In an expedition to Leesburg on 19 Sept., 1862, he commanded thg, cavalry brigade. After several months of absence on recruiting service, during which he became colonel, he returned to the field, and commanded a brigade of cavalry in the Rappahannock cam- paign, being engaged in Stoneman's raid toward Richmond, and in the combat at Beverly Ford. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 June, 1863, and commanded a cavalry divis- ion in the latter part of the Pennsylvania cam- paign. He was in command at the battle of Aldie, and was bre vetted for bravery on that occasion. He took part in the battle of Gettysburg, earning there the brevet of lieutenant-colonel in the U. S. army, and in the subsequent pursuit of the enemy was engaged in constant fighting at Smithsburg, Hagerstown, Boonsborough, and Falling Waters. In the operations in central Virginia, from August till November, 1863, he commanded a cavalry divis- ion, and took part in an expedition to destroy the enemy's gunboats " Satellite "' and " Reliance " in Rappahannock river, the action at Culpeper on 13 Sept., and the subsequent skirmish at Somerville Ford, the fights at James City and Bi'andy Station, and in the movement to Centreville and the action of 19 Oct. at Gainsville. In March, 1864, he was engaged in a raid toward Richmond and through the peninsula, in which he destroyed much prop- erty and had many encounters with the enemy, be- ginning with the action at Ashland on 1 March. In May, 1864, he took part in the invasion of Georgia as commander of a cavalry division of the Army of the Cumberland, and was engaged in the action at Ringgold and in the operations around Dalton until, on 13 May, he was severely wounded at the battle of Resaca. His injuries kept him out of the field till the latter part of July, when he returned to Georgia, and was engaged in guarding the com- munications of General Sherman's army, and in making raids, which were attended with much severe fighting. He displayed such zeal and con- fidence in destroying the railroad at Fairburn that Sherman suspended a general movement of the army to enable him to break up the Macon road, in the hope of thus forcing Hood to evacuate At- lanta. Kilpatrick set out on the night of 18 Aug., 1864, and returned on the 22d with prisoners and a captured gun and battle-flags, having made the circuit of Atlanta, torn up three miles of railroad at Jonesborough, and encountered a division of infantry and a brigade of cavalry. In the march to the sea he participated in skirmishes at Walnut Creek, Sylvan Grove, Rocky Creek, and Waynes- borough. In the invasion of the Carolinas his di- vision was engaged at Salkehatchie, S. C, on 3 Feb., 1865, near Aiken on 11 Feb., at Monroe's Cross Roads, N. C, on 10 March, near Raleigh on 12 April, at Morristown on 13 April, and in other ac- tions and skirmishes. He was brevetted colonel for bravery at Resaca. promoted captain in the 1st artillery oh 30 Nov., 1864, and on 13 March, 1865, received the brevet of brigadier-general for the capture of Fayetteville, N. O, and that of major- general for services throughout the Carolina cam- paign. He commanded a division of the cavalry corps in the military division of Mississippi from April to June, 1865, was promoted major-general of volunteers on 18 June, 1865, and resigned his volunteer commission on 1 Jan., 1866. He was a popular general, inspiring confidence in the soldiers under his command, and gained a high reputation as a daring, brilliant, and successful cavalry leader. He resigned his commission in the regular army in 1867. In 1865 he had been appointed minister to Chili by President Johnson, and he was continued in that office by President Grant, but was recalled in 1868. He then devoted himself chiefly to lec- turing, and took an active interest in politics as an effective platform speaker on the Republican side. In 1872 he supported Horace Greeley, but returned to his former party in 1876, and in 1880 was an unsuccessful candidate for congress in New Jersey. In March, 1881, President Garfield appointed him again to the post of minister to Chili. During his last diplomatic mission he had a conflict with Stephen A. Hurlbut, U. S. minister to Peru, and disregarded Sec. Blaine's instructions to interfere in behalf of the Calderon government in the latter country. His remains were brought from Chili for burial in West Point, N. Y., in October, 1887. See " Kilpatrick and our Cavalry," by John Moore (New York, 1865). KILTY, Augustus Henry, naval officer, b. in Annapolis, Md., 25 Nov., 1807: d. in Baltimore, 10 Nov., 1879. He was appointed a midshipman in 1821, served on the " Franklin " and the " Consti- tution," became a passed midshipman on 28 April, 1832, was in the West Indies for the next three years, and then on shore duty till he was commis- sioned, lieutenant on 6 Sept., 1837. Afterward he was sent to the East Indies. He also served in the Mediterranean, in Brazil, and on the coast of Africa, was commissioned commander on 14 Sept., 1855, and in 1861 was ordered to St. Louis to or- ganize the Mississippi flotilla. He commanded the gun-boat " Mound City " at Island No. 10 and at Fort Pillow, where his vessel was sunk, but was afterward raised and repaired. In June, 1862, he commanded an expedition to White river, Ark., and on 17 June he attacked and captured Fort St. Charles with the support of a land force. Near the close of this action he lost over one hundred 536 KIMBALL KIMBALL of his crew by an explosion, caused by a shot which entered the steam drum, and was himself so badly scalded that the amputation of his left arm was "necessary. He received his commission as captain on 16 July, 1862. was made a commodore on 25 July. 1866, and commanded the Norfolk navy-yard till 1870, when he was retired from ac- tive* service with the rank of rear-admiral. KIMBALL, Edgar Allison, soldier, b. in Pem- broke, N. H., in 1821 : d. in Suffolk, Va., 12 April, 1863. He was trained as a printer, and became the proprietor and editor of the " Age," a liberal Democratic newspaper published at Woodstock, Vt. He was appointed a captain of infantry in the U. S. army on 9 April, 1847, and served till his regiment was disbanded on 26 Aug., 1848, earning the brevet of major at Contreras and Churubusco. He was the first man to scale the walls of Chapul- tepec. and received the surrender of the castle from Gen. Bravo. After his return he was for some time employed in the office of a New York journal. In the beginning of the civil war he joined a New York regiment of zouaves, and was commissioned major of volunteers on 13 Mav. 1861. At the battle of Roanoke Island, N. C, on 7 Feb., 1862, he carried the enemy's works, and on 14 Feb. he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and soon after- ward succeeded to the command of the regiment. He participated in the reduction of Fort Macon, and in the battles of Antietam and Fredericks- burg. While the regiment was encamped at Suf- folk he was killed by Col. Michael Corcoran, who, according to one account, was kept back while passing through the lines on urgent business, and shot the officer who detained him. Another ver- sion is, that Corcoran either mistook, or pretended to mistake, the rival leader for an assassin. KIMBALL, (Jilman, surgeon, b. at Hill, N. H., 8 Dec, 1804. He was graduated in medicine at Dartmouth in 1827, and practised for a short time at Chicopee, Mass. He then visited Europe, at- tended clinics in Paris, and in 1830 settled in Lowell, Mass. He was elected professor of sur- gery in A'ermont medi- cal college, Woodstock, in 1844, and in Berk- shire medical college, Pittsfield, Mass., the year following, but subsequently resigned both professorships in V. ; NJvmJ, "^^ - order to assume the di- rection of the Lowell hospital, which was es- tablished by the pro- prietors of factories in that town for the bene- fit of the operatives. He served for four months as brigade sur- geon under Gen. Benjamin F. Butler in the be- ginning of the civil war, and at Annapolis and Fortress Monroe superintended the organization of the first military hospitals that were established for National troops. In 1882 Dr. Kimball was president of the American gynecological society. During his surgical practice, extending over nearly sixty years, he performed many successful opera- tions. He has contributed to medical literature papers on gastrotomy, ovariotomy, uterine extirpa- tion, and the treatment of fibroid tumors by elec- tricity, and was the first practically to illustrate the value of the latter method. KIMBALL, Harriet McEiven, poet, b. in Portsmouth, N. H.. 2 Nov., 1834. Her works con- sist chiefly of religious lyrics. She has published several volumes, including " Hvmns " (Boston. 1867); "Swallow Flights of Song" (New York, 1874); and "The Blessed Company of all Faith- ful People " (New York, 1879). KIMBALL, Heber Chase, Mormon leader, b. in Sheldon. Franklin co., Vt., 14 June, 1801 ; d. in Salt Lake City, Utah, 22 June, 1868. He received a common-school education, worked in his father's blacksmith-shop in West Bloomfield, N. Y., after- ward learned the potter's trade with a brother, pur- chased the business, and carried it on for ten years in Mendon, Monroe co., N. Y. Be married at the age of twenty-one. On 15 April, 1832, he was baptized into the church of the Latter Day Saints in Victor, N. Y., being ordained an elder by Joseph Smith in 1832, and was chosen one of the twelve Mormon apostles on 14 Feb., 1835. In the autumn of 1838 he was taken prisoner by the troops, but, not being so well known in Missouri as the other leaders, was released with Brigham Young, and with him led the Mormons into Illinois, where they established their church at Commerce, and afterward at Nauvoo. He went with Young on a mission to England, and remained nearly two years, returning in the summer of 1841. He left Nauvoo on 17 Feb., 1846, after the exodus had begun, and was one of the pioneer band that encamped in the valley of the Great Salt Lake on 24 July, 1847. In the* autumn he returned to the winter-quarters on the Missouri river to assist in the next season's emigration. On 27 Dec, 1847, he was chosen to be a counsellor of Brigham Young in the presidency of the Mormon church. KIMBALL, Increase, inventor, b. in Concord, N. H, 26 Oct., 1777 ; d. in Hanover, N. H., 16 Sept., 1856. He learned the tinman's trade, and fol- lowed it in Hanover. About 1804 he invented cut nails, and devised the first machinery for their manufacture. He refused a large sum for the patent, but never profited by it, because the man- ufacture was carried on with improved machinery, under patents that were obtained by others. In later life religious excitement affected his mind. KIMBALL, James Putnam, geologist, b. in Salem, Mass., 26 April. 1836. He was educated at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, the universities of Berlin and Gottingen, and the Frei- berg school of mining. Subsequently he fol- lowed a practical course in engineering, mining, and metallurgy at Freiberg, Saxony. On his return to the United States he became connected with the state geological surveys of Wisconsin and Illinois. He was professor of chemistry and economic geology at the New York state agri- cultural college at Ovid in 1861-2, and then be- came assistant adjutant-general of volunteers, with the rank of captain. In this capacity he served during the civil war as chief of staff to Gen. Marsena R, Patrick, participating in the cam- paigns of the Army of the Potomac. He after- ward served on the general staff under McClellan, Burnside, Hooker, and Meade, successively. Fail- ing health led to his resignation from the army in 1863, and then making New York city his residence he resumed the practice of his profession. In 1874 he became honorary professor of geolog_y at Lehigh universitv, and thenceforth until 1885 re- sided in Bethlehem. Pa, He was appointed in June, 1885, director of the U. S. mint, at the head of the bureau in Washington, under the control of which all the mints and assay-offices of the United States were placed in 1873. Dr. Kimball is a mem- KIMBALL KIMBERLY 537 ber of scientific societies, and was vice-president of the American institute of mining engineers in 1881-2. His publications, mostly on geological and metallurgical subjects, have been contributed to American and foreign technical journals, and also include his official reports to the National government as director of the mint. KIMBALL, James William, author, b. in Salem, Mass., 4 Feb., 1812 ; d. in Newton, Mass., 28 March, 1885. He entered Yale with a view to studying for the ministry, but feeble health obliged him to leave, and, after a visit to Europe in 1835, he devoted himself to commercial pursuits. Dur- ing the intervals of active business he wrote on religious subjects, publishing about fifty tracts, and in book-form " Heaven, my Father's House " (Boston, 1857); "Friendly Words with Fellow- Pilgrims " (1867) ; " Encouragements to Faith " (1873); "How to see Jesus" (1877); and "The Christian Ministry " (1884). KIMBALL, Joseph Horace, author, b. in Pembroke, N. H, in 1813; d. in Pembroke, N. H., 11 April, 1838. He resided in Concord, N. H., where he edited " The Herald of Freedom," an anti- slavery journal. After a visit to the West India islands he published jointly with two friends " Emancipation in the West Indies : a Six Months' Tour in Antigua, Barbadoes, and Jamaica in 1837 " (New York, 1838). KIMBALL, Nathan, soldier, b. in Indiana. He served in the Mexican war as captain of vol- unteers, and at the beginning of the civil war was appointed colonel of a regiment of Indiana infantry. He took part in operations in Cheat Mountain in September, and at the battle of Greenbrier in October, 1861, commanded a brigade at the battle of Winchester, and was com- missioned as a brigadier-general of volunteers on 15 April, 1862. At Antietam his brigade held its ground with desperate courage, losing nearly six hundred men. At Fredericksburg he was wounded in the thigh. Subsequently Gen. Kimball served in the west, commanding a division at the siege of Vicksburg in June and July, 1863, and at the bat- tle of Franklin on 30 Nov., 1864. He was brevetted major-general on 1 Feb., 1865, and mustered out of the service on 24 Aug., 1865. KIMBALL, Richard Burleigh, author, b. in Plainfield, N. H., 11 Oct., 1816. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1834, studied law, and in 1836 went to Paris, continuing his studies in the uni- versity there. On his return he practised his pro- fession in Waterford, N. Y., and afterward in New York city. He founded the town of Kimball, in Texas, and built the first railroad that was constructed in that state, running from Galveston to Houston and beyond, of which he was presi- dent from 1854 till 1860. In 1873 he received from Dart- mouth the degree of LL. D. He has pub- lished in magazines many tales, sketches of travel, and essays on biographical, his- torical, and financial subjects. Of his books four have been translated into Dutch, and several into French and German. They include " Letters from '/f.d$Lu«J6 England " (New York, 1842) ; " St. Leger, or the Threads of Life," a novel that had previously ap- peared in the " Knickerbocker Magazine " (1850) ; "Cuba and the Cubans" (1850); "Letters from Cuba " (1850) ; " Romance of Student Life Abroad " (1852) ; " Lectures before the Law Institute of New York City" (1853) : "Undercurrents of Wall Street" (1861) ; " In the Tropics, by a Settler in Santo Do- mingo," edited (1862) ; " Was he Successful 1 " a nov- el (1863) ; " The Prince of Kashna," a West Indian story, edited (1864) ; " Henry Powers, Banker, and how he Achieved a Fortune and Married " (1868) ; " To-Day in New York " (1870) ; and " Stories of Exceptional Life " (1887). He was also an editor of the " Knickerbocker Gallery " (New York, 1853). KIMBALL, Sumner Increase, general super- intendent of the U. S. life-saving service, b. in Leb- anon, York co.. Me., 2 Sept., 1834. He was gradu- ated at Bowdoin in 1855, studied law with his fa- ther, was admitted to the bar in 1858, and began practice at North Berwick, Me. In 1859 he sat in the legislature, and, though the youngest member, took an active part in the proceedings, serving on the committee on the judiciary. In January, 1861, he became a clerk in the treasury department at Washington. He rose to be chief clerk in the sec- ond auditor's office, and in 1871 was placed in charge of the revenue marine service, which he re- organized and reformed, greatly reducing the ex- penses of maintenance, while increasing its effi- ciency more than fivefold. While retaining this post he acted during the secretaryship of Lot M. Morrill in 1876-7 as chief clerk of the treasury de- partment, after twice declining a regular appoint- ment to that office. When Kimball was made chief of the revenue marine division, there were several buildings on the coasts of New Jersey and Long Island in which were stored surf-boats and simple appliances for the use of fishermen and wreckers in the rescue of shipwrecked persons. The keepers of these stations were scarcely more than mere custodians of the government property, and had generally been appointed on political grounds. During the winter of 1870-1 there had occurred several fatal disasters on these coasts, and when Mr. Kimball assumed office he made a tour of in- spection, and found that the stations were in a dilapidated condition, the keepers negligent and incapable, and the whole service inefficient. Con- gress appropriated $200,000 for fitting out and manning the stations, and the service was reorgan- ized by Mr. Kimball so thoroughly that during the following winter every person who was im- perilled by shipwreck on those coasts was rescued. The number of stations was increased, life-saving crews and modern appliances were provided for all of them, the incapable keepers were supplanted by expert surf men without regard to politics, and the patrol system for constantly watching the entire coast was introduced. The success of the life-sav- ing service during the first year caused it to be ex- tended in 1872 to Cape Cod, and afterward to other parts of the Atlantic coast. In 1878 the life-saving service was organized as a separate bureau, with Mr. Kimball at its head, and stations were estab- lished on the Pacific coast and on the Great Lakes. KIMBERLY, Lewis Ashfleld, naval officer, b. in Troy, N. Y., 2 April, 1830. He was appointed a midshipman in the navy from Illinois, 8 Dec, 1846, commissioned lieutenant in 1855, and lieu- tenant-commander, 16 July, 1862. He served on the frigate " Potomac " of the Western Gulf block- ading squadron in 1861-'2, and on the " Hartford " in 1862-'4, taking part in all the engagements in which that vessel participated. Capt. Percival 538 KINCAID KING Drayton, in his official report of the battle of Mobile bay, said : " To Lieut.-Cora. Kimberly, the executive officer, I am indebted not only for the fine example of coolness and self-possession which he set to those around him, but also for the excel- lent condition to which he had brought everything belonging to the fighting department of the ship, in consequence of which there was no confusion anywhere, even when, from the terrible slaughter at some of the guns, it might have been looked for." Kimberly was commissioned commander, 25 July, 1866; captain, 3 Oct., 1874: commodore, 27 Sept., 1884; and rear-admiral, 26 Jan., 1887. He was on shore duty from 1878 till 1887, when he was ordered from the command of the Boston navy-yard to that of the Pacific station. KINCAID, Eugenio (kin-kade'), missionary, b. in Westfield, Conn., in 1798 : d. in Girard, Kan., 3 April, 1883. He was one of five students that formed the first class in Madison university, and became pastor of the Baptist church at Galway, N. Y., subsequently removing to Milton, Pa. In 1830 he was appointed a missionary to Burmah, where he labored with success at Rangoon, Ava, and Prome. In 1842 he returned to this country, and spent twelve years in home work, devoting a portion of his time to raising the endowment of the university at Lewisburg, Pa., but his efforts were chiefly directed to the development of a missionary spirit in the churches. In 1854 he again visited Burmah, and labored at Prome until compelled by his wife's impaired health to return to the United States in 1865. See " The Hero Missionary," by Rev. Alfred S. Patton, D. D. (New York, 1858). KINCAID, John, lawyer, b. near Danville, Ky., 15 Feb., 1791 ; d. 7 Feb., 1873. He was repeatedly elected to the legislature, was commonwealth's attorney, was in congress from 1829 till 1833, hav- ing been chosen as a "Whig, and an elector on the Clay ticket in 1844. He was an ardent friend and admirer of Henry Clay, and enjoyed to a large degree his intimate confidence. He was over six feet two inches in height, erect in carriage, spare and sinewy, but graceful in action. His social qualities made him widely popular. He held high rank as a lawyer, and was effective as a public Speaker. — His grandson, Charles Easton, journalist, b. in Danville, Ky., in 1855, was gradu- ated at Centre college in 18*78, took charge of the " Anderson News " at Lawrenceburg, and was elect- ed county judge the next year. Resigning, he was reporter and correspondent of the " Courier-Jour- nal," at Frankfort, and was then appointed on the first board of railroad commissioners for Kentucky, serving two years. He was selected by the gov- ernor to accompany to this country from Italy the remains of the sculptor Joel T. Hart. Since his return he has acted as Washington correspondent of the Louisville " Daily Times." KING, Alonzo, clergyman, b. in Wilbraham, Mass., 1 April, 1796 ; d. in Westborough, Mass., 29 Nov., 1835. He was graduated at Waterville col- lege (now Colby university) in 1825, and was or- dained pastor of the Baptist church at Yarmouth, Me., 24 Jan., 1826. Impaired health compelled him to resign in 1831, but in 1832 he became pastor at Northborough, Mass., where he was also for some time agent of the Massachusetts Baptist conven- tion, and agent to raise funds for the endowment of the Newton theological institution. For a short time before his death he was pastor at Westbor- ough, Mass. He wrote some lyric poetry, and many of his productions are in circulation without his name. He also published a memoir of his friend, George Dana Boardman (Boston, 1835). KING, Austin Augustus, statesman, b. in Sul- livan county, Tenn., 20 Sept., 1801 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 22 April, 1870. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1822, and in 1830 removed to Mis- souri, where he continued to practise. In 1834 he was chosen to the legislature, and he was re-elected in 1836. In 1837 he was appointed judge of the circuit court, holding the office till 1848, when he was chosen governor of Missouri, his term expiring in 1853. In 1860 he was a delegate to the Demo- cratic national convention at Charleston, where he made an effective speech in behalf of Stephen A. Douglas. He subsequently took the ground that the war for the Union was unnecessary. In 1862 he was restored to his old place as circuit judge, but shortly afterward resigned to take a seat in the 38th congress, to which he had been elected, serv- ing from 7 Dec, 1863, till 3 March, 1865. He then devoted himself to the practice of his profession and the cultivation of his farm. KING, Charles Bird, artist, b. in Newport, R. I., in 1785 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 19 March, 1862. He studied with Leslie and Allston in Lon- don, where he resided and painted portraits for several years. He finally established himself in Washington, D. C, in 1822, where he remained un- til his death. Here he numbered among his sit- ters eminent men of all countries. His pictures were prized for their truthfulness rather than for delicacy of finish. During his life and by bequest he presented to the Redwood library of his native city the sum of $9,000 in money, nearly three hun- dred valuable books, fourteen bound volumes of engravings, and over two hundred paintings. KING, Dan, physician, b. in Mansfield, Conn., 27 Jan., 1791; d. in Smithfield, R. I., 13 Nov., 1864. Having studied medicine at New Haven and in his native town, he began its practice in Preston, Conn. After spending five years there and at Groton, he removed to Charlestown, R. I., where he continued to practise for eighteen years. He also took part in public affairs, both as a magis- trate and as a member of the general assembly, serving from 1828 till 1834. With Thomas W. Dorr (q. v.) he was active in the organization of the Suffrage party, and was nominated by it for first senator, and afterward for congress. Dr. King disapproved of the so-called Dorr war, and took no part in it. He was an earnest friend of the remnant of the Narragansett tribe of Indians, and with Benjamin B. Thurston was appointed by the Rhode Island house of representatives to report a plan of treating and governing the Indians. It was through his influence and exertions that a considerable annual appropriation was made by the state for the support of an Indian school. He afterward removed to "Woonsocket and then to Taunton, Mass., but returned to Rhode Island, and soon afterward began writing his " Life and Times of Thomas Wilson Dorr, with Outlines of the Po- litical History of Rhode Island" (Boston, 1859). Dr. King invented a valuable surgical instrument for the adjusting of fractured bones, which he free- ly gave for the use of the profession. He contrib- uted frequently to professional periodicals, and published, among other books and pamphlets, " An Address on Spiritualism " (Taunton, 1857), " Quack- ery Unmasked" (Boston, 1858), and "Tobacco: What it Is and What it Does " (New York, 1861). KING, Daniel Putnam, statesman, b. in Dan- vers, Mass., 8 Jan., 1801 ; d. there, 26 July, 1850. He was a descendant of William Kinge, who came in 1635 from England to Salem, Mass. Daniel was graduated at Harvard in 1823, and began the study of law, but found it uncongenial, and turned KING KING 539 his attention to agriculture. After filling various municipal offices in his native town, he was elected to the legislature in 1835, and after serving two years was returned as senator from Essex county. He held this office for four years, and during the latter half of the term was president of the senate. Again in 1842 he was a member of the state house of representatives and speaker of that body. In 1842 Mr. King was elected to congress as a Whig, and he kept his seat until the end of his life, tak- ing an active part in debate in opposition to the war with Mexico. Robert C. Winthrop delivered a memorial address on his death. — His son, Ben- jamin Flint, lawyer, b. in Danvers, Mass., 12 Oct., 1830; d. in Boston, 24 Jan., 1868, entered Harvard in the class of 1848, and afterward practised law in partnership with Joseph Story. At the beginning of the civil war he enlisted in the 44th Massa- chusetts regiment, and in 1863 was an officer in the 18th U. S. colored troops. The following year he was appointed judge-advocate on the staff of Gen. George L. Andrews, and was afterward de- tailed as provost-marshal. He returned to his regiment in 1864, and he was honorably discharged from the service that year, when he resumed his law practice in Boston. KING, David, physician, b. in Raynham, Mass., in 1774 ; d. in Newport, R. I., 14 Nov., 1836. He was graduated at Rhode Island college (now Brown university) in 1796, and pursued his medical studies under Dr. James Thatcher, of Plymouth. In. 1799 he settled in Newport, R. I., and also held the ap- pointment of surgeon at Fort Wolcott, Newport harbor. In 1819, during the prevalence of yellow fever, his skill and experience were successfully called into operation in combating that malady, which he considered non-contagious. He was one of the earliest promoters of the Rhode Island medi- cal society, and served as its president from 1830 till 1834. In 1821 he received the degree of M. D. from Brown. — His son, David, physician, b. in Newport, R. I., 12 May, 1812 ; d. there, 7 March, 1882, was graduated at Brown in 1831, studied medicine with his father and at Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, and received the degree of M. D. in 1834. He settled in Newport, where he soon secured a large practice, and in 1850-'l, 1872-4, and 1880, visited Europe for study. He was elected a member of the Rhode Island medical society in 1834, and subsequently served as its president. He was also president of the Newport historical soci- ety, the Rhode Island state board of health, and the Redwood library, and a founder of the American medical association. His collection of several thou- sand rare books was sold at auction in New York in 1884. Many of his literary treasures, consisting chiefly of Americana, bring exceedingly high prices. Among his publications were three Fiske prize es- says, entitled " Purpura Hemorrhagica " (Boston, 1837); "Cholera Infantum" (Boston, 1837); and " Erysipelas " (Boston, 1840). He also wrote " His- tory of Redwood Library " (Boston, 1860), and an " Historical Sketch of the Island Cemetery Com- pany at Newport, R. I." (1872). KING, David Bennett, lawyer, b. near Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland co., Pa., 20 June, 1848. He was graduated at Lafayette in 1871, and for the next three years was a tutor there. In 1874-'7 he was adjunct professor, and from 1877 till 1886 professor of Latin. Meanwhile he studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1883, and in 1886 opened an office in New York city. In 1881-'2 he wrote for the Philadelphia " Press " a series of let- ters from England and Ireland. He has contrib- uted largely to periodicals, on topics of govern- ment and political economy, and has published in book-form " The Irish Question " (New York, 1882). KING, Edward, jurist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1794: d. there, 8 May, 1873. He was well edu- cated, but without the benefit of a collegiate course, studied law with Charles Chauncey, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1816. He entered politics early in life, first as a Federalist, and then as a Democrat, and before he was thirty years of age was recognized as one of the leaders of the Demo- cratic party in his state. He became clerk of the orphans' court in 1824, and the next year was ap- pointed president judge of the court of common pleas, attaining eminence as a jurist, and doing more to establish the system of equity in Pennsylvania than all the judges of the state had done at the time of his retirement. He left the bench in Jan- uary, 1852, and shortly afterward was appointed by the governor on a commission to revise the criminal code of the state, which work was per- formed chiefly by Judge King. The new code, written by him, and reported to the legislature, was adopted almost literally as prepared. Most of the remaining years of his life he passed in travel abroad and in study. He was a member of the American philosophical society, and for many years president of the board of trustees of Jefferson medical college. His decisions are contained in Ashmead's and in Parsons's reports. KING, Edward, author, b. in Middlefield, Mass., 31 July, 1848. Mr. King was liberally educated, and early began writing for the press. His con- tributions, both of prose and poetry, have been very numerous and cover a wide field, comprising American and foreign topics. He has made a spe- cialty of the physical characteristics and present condition of the southern states and of French sub- jects, having resided for nearly twenty years in Paris. Mr. King acts as Paris correspondent for several American journals, and accompanied the Russian army into the Balkans during the Russo- Turkish war in that capacity. He has published " My Paris, or French Character Sketches " (Bos- ton, 1868) ; " Kentucky's Love " (1873) ; " The Great South" (Hartford, 1875); "Echoes from the Ori- ent," poems (London, 1880) ; " French Political Leaders " (New York, 1882) ; " The Gentle Savage " (Boston, 1883) ; " Europe in Storm and Calm " (Springfield, 1885) : " The Golden Spike " (Boston, 1886) ; and " A Venetian Lover " (London, 1887). KING, Gamaliel, architect, b. on Long Island about 1790 ; d. about 1865. He learned the trade of a carpenter, but subsequently became a builder, and afterward, by hard study, prepared himself for the profession of architect. In 1846 he offered his foreman, John Kellum, a partnership in his business, which connection lasted until 1860. Mr. King's most important work, apart from Mr. Kel- lum, was the Brooklyn city hall. He is credited by his contemporaries with " a good deal of clever- ness, great industry, and a touch of genius." KING, Horatio, postmaster-general, b. in Paris, Oxford co., Me., 21 June, 1811. His grandfather, George King, fought in the war of the Revolution. Horatio received a common-school education, and at the age of eighteen entered the office of the Paris, Me., " Jeffersonian," where he learned printing, afterward becoming owner and editor of the pa- per. In 1833 he moved it to Portland, where he published it until 1 Jan., 1838. In 1839 he went to Washington, D. C, having been appointed clerk in the post-office department, and was gradually promoted. In 1854 he was appointed first assist- ant postmaster-genei'al, and in January, 1861, while acting as postmaster- general, he was ques- 540 KING KING tioned by a member of congress from South Caro- lina with regard to the franking privilege. In his reply Mr. King was the first officially to deny the power of a state to separate from the Union. He was then appointed postmaster-general, serving from 12 Feb. until 7 March. 1861. On retiring from office he remained in Washington during the civil war. serving on a board of commissioners to carry into execution the emancipation law in the District of Columbia. Since his retirement from office Mr. King has practised in Washington as an attorney before the executive department and in- ternational commissions. He was active in pro- curing the passage of three acts in 1874. 1879. and 1885 respectively, requiring the use of the official " penaltv envelope." which has secured a large sav- ing to the government. He also took an active part in the work of completing the Washington monument, serving as secretary of the Monument society from 1881. Mr. King has been a frequent contributor to the press, and has published " An Oration before the Union Literary Society of Wash- ington " (Washington, D. C 1841), and " Sketches of Travel ; or. Twelve Months in Europe " (1878). — His son, Horatio Collins, lawyer, b. in Port- land. Me., 22 Dec, 1837. was graduated at Dickin- . son in 1858, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in New York city in 1861. He served in the armies of the Potomac and Shenandoah during the civil war from August, 1862, till October. 1865. when he resigned with the rank of brevet-colonel. He then practised law until 1870, when he be- came connected with the press. In 1883 he was appointed judge-advocate-general of New York. He is the author of " The Plymouth Silver Wed- ding" (New York, 1873) ; " The Brooklyn Congre- gational Council " (1876) ; " King's Guide to Regi- mental Courts-Martial" (1882); and edited i; Pro- ceedings of the Army of the Potomac " (1879-87). KING, John, clergyman, b. in England about 1750 : d. near RaleighVX. C. about 1830. Nothing is known of his early history prior to his coming to the United States from London in 1769. He was one of the first lay evangelists that assisted in introducing Methodism into this country. The church authorities hesitated when he presented himself for license; but he called a meeting "in the Potter's field," where he preached his first sermon over the graves of the poor. He was after- ward licensed and stationed at Wilmington, Del., whence he removed to Maryland, and was the first to teach the tenets of his* sect to the people of Baltimore, often preaching from tables in the streets and suffering much from mob violence. He was subsequently received into the regular itinerancy, was a member of the first conference in 1773, and was appointed to New Jersey. He soon after went to Virginia, and later returned to New Jersey. He "located" during the Revolution, but in 1801-3 served as an itinerant in Virginia. At the time of his death he was probably the only sur- viving preacher of the ante-Revolutionary period. KING. John Crookshanks, sculptor, b. in Kilwinning. Ayrshire, Scotland. 11 Oct., 1806; d. in Boston! Mass.. 21 April, 1882. He was edu- cated as a practical machinist, and, after coming to the United States in 1829. was employed for several years as superintendent of factories in Cin- cinnati and Louisville. In 1834. at the suggestion of Hiram Powers, he made a clay model of his wife's head, and his success encouraged him to adopt the profession of sculptor. From 1837 till 1840 he resided in New Orleans, modelling busts of public men and making cameo likenesses. Subse- quently he removed to Boston. His works include busts of Daniel Webster, John Quincy Adams, Louis Agassiz, and Ralph Waldo Emerson. KING, John Glen, lawver. b. in Salem. Mass., 19 March. 1787 : d. there, 26 July, 1857. He was a descendant of Daniel King, an early settler in Lynn, 3Iass. Mr. King studied at Harvard with the class of 1807, but did not receive his degree until 1818, having with others left college during what is known as the " grand commons rebellion." He afterward studied law with William Prescott and Judge Story, and was admitted to the bar in 1810. He was a member of both branches of the Massa- chusetts legislature for many years, and also of the executive council. In 1821. while a member of the house of representatives, he rendered impor- tant service in conducting the Prescott impeach- ment case. When the city government of Salem was organized, Mr. King acted as first president of the common council, and prepared the code of rules that is still in use. He was eminent in his pro- fession, and held the offices of master in chancery and commissioner of insolvency for Essex county." KING, John H.. soldier, b. in Michigan about 1818. He was appointed 2d lieutenant. 1st in- fantrv. in the regular armv. 2 Dec, 1837; 1st lieutenant, 2 March, 1839 ; captain. 31 Oct., 1846 ; and major. 15th infantry, 14 May. 1861. He was stationed in Florida and on the western frontier up to 1846. and was at Vera Cruz in 1847. During the civil war he was in command of battalions of the loth. 16th, and 19th regiments, U S. A., in 1862. and was engaged with the 15th and 16th at the battle of Shiloh, the advance on Corinth, the march to the Ohio river, and the battle of Mur- freesboro'. From April, 1863, he commanded a brigade of regular troops until the end of the war. He was also in the battles of Chickamauga, Resa- ca, New Hope Church. Kenesaw Mountain, and Peach Tree and Utoy Creeks, and commanded a division for thirty days during the Atlanta cam- paign. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. 29 Nov., 1862, and brevet major-gen- eral, 31 May, 1865. He was also brevetted colonel, U. S. A., for gallantry at Chickamauga. Ga.. briga- dier-general for meritorious services at Ruff's Sta- tion, Ga., and major-general for gallantry in the field during the war. He was commissioned colonel of the 9th infantry, 30 July. 1865, and on 6 Feb., 1882, he was retired from active service. KING, John Pendleton, senator, b. near Glas- gow, Barren co., Kv.. 3 April. 1799 ; d. in Augusta, Ga., 19 March, 1888. His father took him to Tennessee, and in 1815 the son made his way to Georgia, where he stud- ied law and was admit- ted to the bar in 1819. After spending two years in Europe, where he completed his pro- fessional education, he returned to Augusta, rising rapidly, and in a few years he acquired a large estate. In 1833 he was chosen a member of the Constitutional con- vention of Georgia, in which he became a lead- er of the Jackson Demo- crats, and by his speeches before the convention, and especially by his discussion with W. H. Crawford, ex-secretary of the treasury and once a candidate for the presidency, King took rank among the most KING KING 541 eloquent public men in Georgia. The same year he was elected to the U. S. senate to fill an unex- pired term, and, being re-elected in 1834 for the full term, he served from 2 Dec, 1833, till 1 Nov., 1837, when he resigned on account of newspaper criti- cism of a notable speech that he had made against some of the measures of the Van Buren adminis- tration. In 1842, when the country was in a state of financial depression, he took charge of the Georgia railroad, which, like many others, had failed. Under Mr. King's management it was speedily revived and the road finished. Various other roads, extending the connections of the Georgia road northwest and southwest, were pro- jected and completed mainly under his supervis- ion. He received the title of judge by executive appointment, but at the close of the term declined a re-election. — His daughter, Louise Woodward, b. in Sand Hills, near Augusta, Ga., 6 July, 1850 ; d. in Augusta, 7 Dec, 1878, was educated at home and in a private school in Switzerland. She estab- lished in Georgia the Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals, and was the founder of the " Louise King home " for widows in Augusta. She contributed several sketches and poems to periodi- cals. — Another daughter is the present Marchion- ess of Anglesea, having married the marquis after the death of her first husband. KING, Jonas, missionary, b. in Hawley, Mass., 29 July, 1792 ; d. in Athens, Greece, 22 May, 1869. He was graduated at Williams in 1816, and at Andover theological seminary in 1819, and was ordained to the ministry of the Congregational church in Charleston, S. C, on 17 Dec of that year. After doing missionary work in South Caro- lina, he was appointed professor of the Oriental languages and literature in Amherst, on the foun- dation of that college in 1821, and held the chair till 1828. While preparing himself for his duties in Paris, he became a missionary of the American board, and spent three years in Syria. After a brief stay in the United States in 1827-'8, he was invited to accompany one of the vessels sent with supplies to the Greeks. He married a Greek lady in 1829, resumed his connection with the American board in December of that year, and in 1831 removed to Athens, where he spent the rest of his life as a missionary. In 1832 he had established five schools, and in 1835 began to in- struct a class in theology. In 1839 a schoolhouse was finished. His 'teachings soon attracted the attention of the authorities of the Greek church, and in 1845 he was excommunicated by the synod of Athens. In 1846, and again in 1847, he was cited to appear before a criminal court, and in the latter year an adventurer named Simonides pub- lished in a newspaper at Athens a series of articles entitled " The Orgies of King," purporting to de- scribe shameful ceremonies that had been enacted at the missionary's house. In consequence of a popular clamor, King now fled to Italy, but in 1848 a friendly ministry came into power, and he returned to Athens. In 1851 he was appointed U. S. consular agent there, and on 23 March of that year some Greeks, who had come to one of his services at his house for the purpose of making a disturbance, were dispersed only by his display of the American flag. After this a new prosecution was begun against him, and in March, 1852, he was condemned to fifteen days' imprisonment and to exile. He had been accused of " reviling the God of the universe and the Greek religion," though he had done no more than preach the ordinary Calvinistic doctrines, and though Greece enjoyed nominal religious freedom. Dr. King ap- pealed from his prison to the Areopagus, which refused to reverse the decision of the lower court, and he then formally protested against his sen- tence in the name of the U. S. government. Dr. King was now temporarily released, and in the following summer George P. Marsh, then minister to Turkey, was charged by the U. S. government with the special investigation of his case, and also of Dr. King's title to a lot of land, of the use of which he had been deprived by the Greek govern- ment for twenty years with no compensation. The diplomatic correspondence, which fills 200 printed pages of executive documents, resulted in the issue of an order by the king in 1854, freeing him from the penalty that had been imposed. The action of the U. S. government in this case was of great service to the cause of religious liberty in Greece. After this Dr. King remained in Athens till his death. He was a man of indomitable energy, and a fine Oriental scholar. As the fruit of his labors a Greek Protestant church was erected in Athens in 1874. Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1832. Besides revising and translating into modern Greek sixteen volumes, among which were Baxter's " Saints' Best " and Lyman Beecher's " Sermons on Intemperance," he published a " Fare- well Letter" in Arabic to his friends in Syria (1825), which was translated into various European languages, put on the Index Expurgatorius at Rome, and produced a great effect in the eastern churches ; " The Defence of Jonas King," in Greek (Athens, 1845) ; his " Speech before the Areopa- gus," in Greek (New York, 1847) ; " Exposition of an Apostolic Church," in Greek (Cambridge, Mass., 1851 ; French and Italian translations at Malta) ; " Religious Rites of an Apostolical Church," in Greek (Athens, 1851) ; " Hermeneutics of the Sacred Scriptures," in Greek (1857) ; " Sermons," in Greek (2 vols., 1859) ; and " Synoptical View of Palestine and Syria," in French (Greek translation, Athens, 1859). His " Miscellaneous Works," in modern Greek, with the documents relating to his various trials, were afterward printed in one volume (Ath- ens, 1859-60). See " Life of Jonas King," by F. E. H. H. (New York, 1879). KING-, Mitchell, lawyer, b. in Crail, Fifeshire, Scotland, 8 June, 1783 ; d. in Flat Rock, N. C, 12 Nov., 1862. In youth he was an eager student of science and metaphysics. In 1804 he went to Lon- don to obtain employment, and on his return from a trip to Malta in that year he was captured by a Spanish privateer and taken to Malaga, whence he escaped in 1805, and landed in Charleston, S. C, on 17 Nov. He opened a school there in 1806, on 1 March of that year was made an assistant teacher in Charleston college, and in 1810 was its pi-inci- pal. He had begun to study law in 1807, was ad- mitted to practice in 1810, and attained note at the bar. He was a founder of the Philosophical society in 1809, delivered lectures before it on as- tronomy, and was also judge of the city court in 1819, and again in 1842-4. In 1830-2 he was an active opponent of nullification. Judge King was connected with many financial and benevolent en- terprises, was a delegate to the State constitutional convention, and the author of many essays and addresses, including one before the State agricul- tural society at Columbia on " The Culture of the Olive" (1846). Charleston college gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1857. KING-, Preston, senator, b. in Ogdensburg, N. Y., 14 Oct., 1806 ; drowned in Hudson river, 12 Nov., 1865. He was graduated at Union in 1827, studied law, and practised in St. Lawrence county, N. Y. He entered politics in early life, was a 542 KING KING strong friend of Silas Wright, and an admirer of Andrew Jackson, and established the " St. Law- rence Republican " at Ogdensburg in 1830, in sup- port of the latter. He was for a time postmaster there, and in 1834-'7 a member of the state assem- bly. He was a representative in congress in 1843-7 and in 1849-'53, having been elected as a Democrat, but in 1854 joined the Republican party, was its candidate for secretary of state in 1855, and in 1857-63 served as U. S. senator. Early in 1861, in the debate on the naval appropriation bill, Mr. King said that the Union could not be destroyed peaceably, and was one of the first to give his opinion thus plainly. In closing, he said : " I tell these gentlemen, in my judgment this treason must come to an end — peacefully, I hope; but never, in my judgment, peacefully by the igno- minious submission of the people of this country to traitors — never. I desire peace, but I would am- ply provide means for the defence of the country by war, if necessary." After the expiration of his term, Mr. King resumed the practice of law in New York city. He was a warm friend of Andrew Johnson, and, as a member of the Baltimore con- vention of 1864, did much to secure his nomination for the vice-presidency. After his accession to the presidency, Mr. Johnson appointed Mr. King col- lector of the port of New York. Financial trou- bles and the responsibilities of his office unsettled his mind, and he committed suicide by jumping from a ferry-boat into the Hudson river. KING, Rufus, statesman, b. in Scarborough, Me., in 1755 ; d. in New York city, 29 April, 1827. He was the eldest son of Richard King, a suc- cessful merchant of Scarborough, and was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1777, having contin- ued his studies while the college buildings were occupied for military purposes. He then studied law with Theophilus Par- sons at Newburyport. While so engaged, in 1778, he became aide to Gen. Sullivan in his expedition to Rhode Island, and after its unsuccessful issue was honorably discharged. In due time he was admitted to the bar, where he took high rank, and was sent in 1783 to the general court of Massachusetts. Here he was active in the discus- sion of public measures, and especially in carry- ing against powerful opposition the assent of the legislature to grant the 5-per-cent impost to the congress of the confederation, which was requisite to enable it to insure the common safety. In 1784, by an almost unanimous vote of the legislature, Mr. King was sent a delegate to the old congress, sitting at Trenton, and again in 1785 and 1786. In this body, in 1785, he moved " that there should be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of the states described in the resolution of congress in April, 1784, otherwise than in punishment of crime whereof the party shall have been personally guilty ; and that this regulation shall be made an article of compact, and remain a fundamental prin- ciple of the constitution between the original states and each of the states named in the said resolve." vOolaJ X^. V Though this was not at the time acted upon, the principle was finally adopted almost word for word in the famous ordinance of 1787 for the govern- ment of the northwestern territory, a provision which had been prepared by Mr. King, and which was introduced into congress by Nathan Dane, his colleague, while Mr. King was engaged in Phila- delphia as a member from Massachusetts of the convention to form a constitution for the United States. He was also appointed by his state to the commissions to settle the boundaries between Massachusetts and New York, and to convey to the United States lands lying west of the Alleghanies. While in congress in 1786 he was sent with James Monroe to urge upon the legislature of Pennsyl- vania the payment of the 5-per-cent impost, but was not so successful as he had been in Massachu- setts. In 1787 Mr. King was appointed one of the delegates from his state to the convention at Phila- delphia to establish a more stable government for the United States. In this body he bore a con- spicuous and able part. He was one of the mem- bers to whom was assigned the duty of making a final draft of the constitution of the United States. When the question of its adoption was submitted to the states, Mr. King was sent to the Massachu- setts convention, and, although the opposition to it was carried on by most of the chief men of the state, his familiarity with its provisions, his clear explanation of them, and his earnest and eloquent statement of its advantages, contributed greatly to bring about its final adoption. Mr. King had now given up the practice of law, and having in 1786 married Mary, the daughter of John Alsop, a dep- uty from New York to the first Continental con- gress, he took up his residence in New York in 1788. The "next year he was elected to the assem- bly of the state, and while serving in that body " received the unexampled welcome of an imme- diate election with Schuyler to the senate " of the United States. In this body he was rarely absent from his seat, and did much to put the new gov- ernment into successful operation. One of the grave questions that arose was that of the ratifica- tion of the Jay treaty with Great Britain in 1794. Of this he was an earnest advocate, and when he and his friend Gen. Hamilton were prevented from explaining its provisions to the people in public meeting in New York, they united in publishing, under the signature of " Camillus," a series of ex- planatory papers, of which those relating to com- mercial affairs and maritime law were written by Mr. King. This careful study laid the foundation of much of the readiness and ability that he mani- fested during his residence in England as U. S. minister, to which post, while serving his second term in the senate, he was appointed by Gen. Wash- ington in 1796, and in which he continued during the administration of John Adams and two years of that of Thomas Jefferson. The contingencies arising from the complicated condition of affairs, political and commercial, between Great Britain and her continental neighbors, required careful handling in looking after the interests of his coun- try : and Mr. King, by his firm and intelligent pres- entation of the matters intrusted to him, did good service to his country and assisted largely to raise it to consideration and respect. In 1803 he was relieved, at his own request, from his office, and, returning to this country, removed to Jamaica, L. I. There, in the quiet of a country life, he in- terested himself in agriculture, kept up an exten- sive correspondence with eminent men at home and abroad, and enriched his mind by careful and varied reading. He was opposed on principle to KING KING 543 the war of 1812 with England, when it was finally declared, but afterward gave to the government his support, both by money and by his voice in private and in the IT. S. senate, to which he was again elected in 1813. In 1814 he made an eloquent appeal against the proposed desertion of Washing- ton after the British had burned the capitol. In 1816, without his knowledge, he was nominated as governor of New York, but was defeated, as he was also when a candidate of the Federal party for the presidency against James Monroe. During this senatorial term he opposed the establishment of a national bank with $50,000,000 capital ; and, while resisting the efforts of Great Britain to exclude the United States from the commerce of the West Indies, contributed to bring about the passage of the navigation act of 1818. The disposal of the public lands by sales on credit was found to be fraught with much danger. Mr. King was urgent in calling attention to this, and introduced and carried a bill directing that they should be sold for cash, at a lower price, and under other salutary re- strictions. In 1819 he was again elected to the senate by a legislature that was opposed to him in politics as before. Mr. King resisted the admission of Missouri with slavery, and his speech on that occasion, though only briefly reported, contained this carefully prepared statement : " Mr. President, I approach a very delicate subject. I regret the occasion that renders it necessary for me to speak of it, because it may give offence where none is in- tended. But my purpose is fixed. Mr. President, I have yet to learn that one man can make a slave of another. If one man cannot do so, no number of individuals can have any better right to do it. And I hold that all laws or compacts imposing any such condition upon any human being are abso- lutely void, because contrary to the law of nature, which is the law of God, by which he makes his ways known to man, and is paramount to all human control." He was equally opposed to the compro- mise offered by Mr. Clay on principle, and because it contained the seeds of future troubles. Upon the close of this senatorial term he put upon record, in the senate, a resolution which he fondly hoped might provide a way for the final extinction of slavery. It was to the effect that, whenever that part of the public debt for which the public lands were pledged should have been paid, the proceeds of all fu- ture sales should be held as a fund to be used to aid the eman- cipation of such slaves, and the re- moval of them and of free persons of color, as by the laws of the states might be allowed to any territory beyond the limits of the United States. His purpose to retire to private life was thwarted by an urgent invitation from John Quincy Adams, in 1825, to accept the mission to Great Britain. Mr. King reluctantly acquiesced and sailed for Eng- land, where he was cordially received, but after a few months he was obliged, through failing health, to return home. — His wife, Mary, b. in New York, ^71 a T ^^.yXc^^C^c^^) 556 KIRKLAND KIRKPATRICK lished a seminary at Geneva, N. Y. After spending several years abroad, he removed with his family to Michigan, but returned to New York in 1842, and with Rev. Henry W. Bellows founded " The Christian Inquirer," a weekly Unitarian journal. At the time of his death he was editor of the " New York Evening Mirror." Besides many other contributions to periodical literature, he is the author of a series of " Letters from Abroad," which were never collected in book-form. — His wife, Caroline Matilda Stansbury, author, b. in New York city, 12 Jan., 1801 ; d. there, 6 April, 1864, was the daughter of a publisher of New York city. After his death she removed to Clin- ton, N. Y., where she married Mr. Kirkland in 1827. Her first publications were under the pen- name of " Mrs. Mary Clavers." Returning to New York in 1842, she established a girls' boarding- school, and at the same time contributed to the annuals and magazines. She became the editor of the " Union Magazine," which in 1848 was re- moved to Philadelphia and published as " Sartain's Magazine." Mrs. Kirkland's death was caused by overwork in her efforts to make the great New York sanitary fair a success. Her works include "A New Home ; Who'll Follow? " (New York, 1839) ; " For- est Life " (1842) ; " Western Clearings " (1846) ; an " Essay on the Life and Writings of Spenser," pre- fixed to an edition of the first book of the " Fairy Queen " (1846) ; " Holidays Abroad " (1849) ; " The Evening Book, or Sketches of Western Life " (1852) ; " A Book for the Home Circle " (1853) ; "The Helping Hand" (1853); "Autumn Hours and Fireside Readings " (1854) ; " Garden Walks with the Poets " (1854) ; " Memoirs of Washing- ton " (1857) ; " School-Girl's Garland " (1864) ; and " The Destiny of Our Country " (1864). — Their son, Joseph, author, b. in Geneva, N. Y., 7 Jan., 1830, received a common - school education, and since 1856 has resided in Illinois. He was successively private, lieutenant, and captain in the 12th Illinois volunteer infantry in 1861-'2, and major in 1863, and served in the Army of the Potomac. After the war he engaged in coal -mining in central Illinois and Indiana, where he made the social studies that have given their bent to his writings. Mr. Kirkland is a lawyer by profession, and is also engaged in literary work. He has published "Zury, the Meanest Man in Spring County," a story of western life (Boston, 1887). — His sister, Elizabeth Stansbury, is principal of a young ladies' school in Chicago, and has published " Six Little Cooks " (Chicago, 1875) ; " Dora's House- keeping" (1877); "A Short History of France" (1878) ; and " Speech and Manners " (1885). KIRKLAND, Thomas, Canadian educator, b. near Tanderagee, Armagh, Ireland, 12 Aug., 1835. He came to Canada in 1854, and thereafter was successively principal of Oshawa and Whitby schools, and mathematical master in Barrie gram- mar-school. In 1871-'84 Mr. Kirkland was science master in Toronto normal school, and then he be- came principal. For ten years he was professor of chemistry and physics, and lecturer on botany in Trinity medical school, Toronto. His publica- tions include a work on " Statics," and he is joint author of " Kirkland and Scott's Arithmetics." KIRKMAN, Marshall Monroe, author, b. in Illinois, 10 July, 1842. Since 1856 he has been connected with the Chicago and Northwestern rail- road, as accounting officer, local treasurer, and comptroller. He has published " Railway Expen- ditures " (2 vols., Chicago, 1877) ; " Railway Rev- enue, Accounts and Forms " (New York, 1877) ; '' Hand-Book of Railway Expenditures " (1877) ; " Train and Station Service " (Chicago, 1879) ; " The Baggage, Parcel, and Mail Traffic " (1879) ; " The Track Accounts of Railroads " (1882) ; " Relation of Railroads to the People" (1885); "Railway Legislation" (1886); "The Freight Traffic Way- Bill " (1886) ; " Division of Railway Expenses and Earnings " (1886) ; " How to Collect Railway Rev- enue Without Loss " (1886) ; " Maintenance of Railways " (1886) ; " Paymaster's Manual " (1886) ; and " The Handling of Railway Supplies " (1887). KIRKPATRICK, Andrew, jurist, b. in Mine Brook, N. J., 17 Feb., 1756 ; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., 7 Jan., 1831. His father, David, emigrated from Scotland to the United States and settled at Mine Brook, in 1726. Andrew was gradu- ated at Princeton in 1775, was subse- quently classical in- structor in the Rut- gers college gram- mar-school, and at the same time stud- ied law. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1785, and, settling in Morristown, soon established a large practice. In 1797 he was a member of the New Jersey legisla- ture, but he resigned at the end of the first session to become judge of the state supreme court. Six years later he became chief justice of the state, and he was twice re-elected, holding the office for twenty-one years. In 1792 he married Jane, eldest daughter of Col. John Bayard, of Bo- hemia Manor. Judge Kirkpatrick " was the beau- ideal," says Aaron Ogden Dayton, " of a minister of justice. His enunciation was slow and distinct ; his voice full and musical ; his opinions, when not previously prepared, were delivered with fluency and clearness ; when written, the language in which they were clothed was marked by great purity and precision. His opinions exhibited a depth of re- search which entitled him to rank among the first American jurists." His decisions are in Penning- ton's, Southard's, and the first three volumes of Hal stead's " Reports of the Supreme Court of New Jersey." — His wife, Jane Bayard, b. in Philadel- phia, Pa., 12 July, 1772 ; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., 16 Feb., 1851, was noted for her accomplish- ments, benevolence, and beautiful Christian char- acter. She is the author of " The Light of Other Days," edited by her daughter, Mrs. Jane E. Cogs- well (New Brunswick, N. J., 1856). See " Memorials of Andrew Kirkpatrick and of his Wife, Jane Bay- ard," by James Grant Wilson (printed privately, New York, 1870). — Their second son, Littleton, b. in New Brunswick, N. J., 19 Oct., 1797 ; d. at Sara- toga Springs, N. Y., 15 Aug., 1859, was graduated at Princeton in 1815, became a prominent member of the New Jersey bar, and was a member of con- gress from the New Brunswick district in 1843-5, having been chosen as a Democrat. Two of their grandsons, Andrew K. Cogswell and Andrew Kirk- patrick, became members of the New Jersey bench.- KIRKPATRICK, George Airey, Canadian statesman, b. in Kingston, Ont., 13 Sept., 1841. He was graduated at Trinity college, Dublin, in 1861, admitted to the bar of Upper Canada in 1865, and was elected a member of the Dominion parliament in 1870, 1872, 1874, 1878, and 1882. He was chosen speaker of the Canadian parliament on KIRKPATRICK KIRKWOOD 557 8 Feb., 1883. Mr. Kirkpatrick has been a lieu- tenant-colonel of militia, was on active duty dur- ing the Fenian raid, has been president of the Dominion rifle association, and commanded the Canadian rifle-team at Wimbledon in 1876. KIRKPATRICK, John Lj can, clergyman, b. in Mecklenburg county, N. C, 20 Jan., 1813 ; d. in Lexington, Va., 24 June, 1885. He was graduated at Hampden Sidney college in 1832, and after teaching two years entered Union theological seminary, New York city. He was licensed to preach in 1837, and installed pastor of the 2d Presbyterian church of Lynchburg, Va. In 1841 he accepted a call from Gainesville, Ala., and in 1853 from Charleston, S. C. During this pastorate he was for four years editor of the " Southern Pres- byterian." In 1861 he became president of David- son college, N. C, and in 1866 he was elected to the chair of moral philosophy in Washington college, Lexington, Va., under the presidency of Gen. Robert E. Lee. Dr. Kirkpatrick was the moderator of the general assembly of 1862. He was for many years a member of the board of trus- tees of Union theological seminary. KIRKWOOD, James Pngh, civil engineer, b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, 27 March, 1807: d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 22 April. 1877. He was edu- cated in Scotland, and in 1821 was apprenticed as a civil engineer, continuing as such and as an assistant until 1832, when he established himself independently in Glasgow. During the same year he came to the United States and served as assist- ant and resident engineer on various railroads. In 1839 he was engaged in the preliminary works of Flynn's Knoll lighthouse, New York harbor, un- der the orders of the U. S. engineers. For several years he was U. S. constructing engineer for the docks, hospital, and workshops at Pensacola, Fla., and afterward was general superintendent of the Erie railroad. During 1850-5 he was chief en- gineer on the Missouri Pacific railroad, and sub- sequently, while still continuing his relation with that road, as consulting engineer, he took charge of the work of lowering and moving horizontally the great water-main on Eighth avenue, New York city, into a rock-cut. He received the appointment in 1856 of chief engineer of the Nassau water-works in Brooklyn, and remained as such until 1860. Thenceforth his services were sought chiefly as a consulting engineer. The subject of municipal water-works was his specialty, and he made im- portant reports on it to many cities, including Cincinnati, Ohio, St. Louis, Mo., and Brooklyn, N. Y. He was advisory engineer of the Lynn., Mass., water-works at the time of his death. For the last twenty-five years of his life he was an in- valid, but he persisted in his work, and was re- garded as the first engineer in his specialty in the United States. He was president of the American society of civil engineers in 1867-'8. KIRKWOOD, Robert, soldier, b. near Newark, Del., in 1730 ; d. in Ohio, 4 Nov., 1791. After re- ceiving a classical education at Newark academy, he engaged in farming, but at the beginning of the Revolution entered the army as lieutenant, and participated in the battles of Long Island, Trenton, and Princeton. Early in 1777 he was commissioned captain, and engaged in all the important battles of the three following campaigns. In 1780 he ac- companied his regiment under Gen. Horatio Gates to the south, where it suffered severely at the battle of Camden. The remnant that survived the engagement was attached, under Kirkwood and Col. Jacquet, to Gen. Henry Lee's light infantry. Capt. Kirkwood commanded it at Cowpens, Guil- ford, Eutaw, and the other battles of this cam- paign, and was brevetted major. He afterward emigrated to Ohio, settling nearly opposite Wheel- ing, and was killed at the battle of Miami. KIRKWOOD, Robert, clergvman, b. in Paisley, Scotland, 25 May, 1793 ; d. in Yonkers, N. Y., 26 Aug., 1866. He was educated in Glasgow college, studied theology there, was licensed in 1828, and, in response to a call for pastors, went to the United States and became pastor of the Dutch Reformed church at Cortlandville, N. Y. He officiated suc- cessively there, at Auburn, and at Sandbeach, N. Y., until 1839, when he served seven years as domestic missionary in Illinois. For the next twelve years he was an agent of the Bible and tract society. He connected himself with the Presbyterian church in 1857, settled at Yonkers, and devoted his time to literary labors. Besides contributions to the re- ligious press, he published " Lectures on the Mil- lennium " (New York, 1855) ; " Universalism Ex- plained " (1856) ; " A Plea for the Bible " (1860) ; and " Illustrations of the Offices of Christ " (1862). KIRKWOOD, Samuel Jordan, senator, b. in Harford county, Md., 20 Dec, 1813. His only schooling was received at an academy in Washing- ton, D. C., and ended when he was about fourteen years old. He removed to Ohio in 1835, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1843. From 1845 till 1849 he was prosecuting attorney of Rich- land county, and in 1850-'l was a member of the State constitutional convention. He removed to Iowa in 1855, engaged in milling and farming, and in 1856 served in the state senate. He was elected governor of Iowa in 1859, and re-elected in 1861. He placed in the field nearly or quite fifty regi- ments of infantry and cavalry, all but the first being enlisted for three years, and throughout the war there was no draft in Iowa, as her quota was always filled by volun- teers. He was offered in 1862 the appoint- ment of U. S. minis- ter to Denmark, and, in the hope of his ac- ceptance, Mr. Lincoln held the appointment open until the expi- ration of Mr. Kirk- wood's term as gov- ernor, but he then made his refusal final. In 1866 he was elected U. S. senator as a Re- publican, to fill the un- expired term of James Harlan. In 1875 he was for a third time governor of the state, and the next year was re-elected U. S. senator, serving till 1881, when he resigned to enter the cabinet of President Garfield as secretary of the interior. Since 1882 he has held no public office. — His cousin, Daniel, mathematician, b. in Bradenbaugh, Md., 27 Sept., 1814, was educated in York county academy. Pa., and subsequently devoted his life to educational pursuits, becoming principal of Lancas- ter, Pa., high-school in 1843, and of Pottsville academy in 1848. In 1851 he was made professor of mathematics in Delaware college, and in 1854 elected president of that institution, holding these offices until 1856. He then received the appoint- ment of professor of mathematics in the Indiana university, Bloomington, and ten years later was called to fill a similar chair in Washington and Jefferson college, Pa. In 1867 he was recalled to Indiana, and has since remained in that university. 558 KIRTLAND KITCHING He received the degree of A. M. from Washington college, Pa., in 1850, and that of LL. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1852. Prof. Kirk- wood is a member of various scientific societies, and in 1851 was chosen a member of the American philosophical society. His contributions to scien- tific literature have been large, and include papers that have been published in the proceedings of societies of which he is a member, and in "The Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So- ciety," " The American Journal of Science," " The Sidereal Messenger," and other journals. Among these have been " Analogy between the Periods of Rotation of the Primary Planets " (1849) ; " Theory of Jupiter's Influence in the Formation of Gaps in the Zone of Minor Planets " (1866) ; and " Physical Explanation of the Intervals in Saturn's Rings " (1867). He has also published in book-form " Me- teoric Astronomy " (Philadelphia, 1867) ; " Comets and Meteors" (1873); and "The Asteroids or Minor Planets between Mars and Jupiter " (1887). KIRTLAND, Jared Potter, physician, b. in Wallingford, Conn., 10 Nov., 1793 : d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 10 Dec, 1877. He received his early educa- tion at the academies of Wallingford and Cheshire, Conn., and became an expert in the cultivation of fruits and flowers, and a close student of botany. At this time he made his first attempt in the pro- duction of new varieties of fruit, and he also managed a large plantation of white mulberry- trees for the rearing of silk-worms. In 1811 his grandfather died, leaving him a medical library, and sufficient money to permit him to attend medical lectures at Edinburgh ; but in 1813, on ac- count of the war with England, he entered the medi- cal department of Yale instead, where he was gradu- ated in 1815. He then settled in Wallingford, where he practised for about two years, devoting his unoccupied time to the cultivation of natural science. In 1818 he removed to Durham, Conn., and five years later to Poland. Ohio. He was elect- ed to the legislature in 1828, and served three terms, after which he was again occupied with his practice. In 1837-42 he filled the chair of the theory and practice of medicine in Ohio medical college, Cincinnati, and he also served as assistant on the geological survey of Ohio, being appointed in 1837, when it was organized under William W. Mather, and during the first summer collected specimens in all departments of natural history, from which a report on the " Zoology of Ohio " was published in the second annual report of the sur- vey. In 1841, having previously removed to a place near Cleveland, he began a series of lectures on the theory and practice of medicine, and physi- cal diagnosis, in Willoughby medical school, and was then, till 1864, professor of the theory and practice of medicine in Cleveland medical college, of which he was one of the founders. During the civil war he was examining surgeon for recruits at Columbus and Cleveland, and devoted his pay to the bounty fund and to the Soldiers' aid society of northern Ohio. His many investigations were published in the " American Journal of Science " and in the "Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History." These include researches in all departments of natural history ; but perhaps the most conspicuous was his discovery of the sexual difference in the naiades, in which he showed that the male and female could be distinguished by the forms of the shells as well as by their internal anatomy. The truth of this discovery was ques- tioned by eminent naturalists, but in 1851 it was confirmed by Louis Agassiz. In 1861 he received the degree of LL. D. from Williams, and he was one of the founders of the Cleveland academy of science in 1845, becoming its first and only presi- dent. This society in 1865 became the Kirtland society of natural history, and his collections of specimens were given to this organization. Dr. Kirtland was also a member of other scientific associations, had held the office of president of the Ohio medical society, and was one of the early members of the National academy of sciences. He was a man of great learning and peculiar personal magnetism. His influence in improving agricul- ture and horticulture, and in diffusing a love of natural history, was felt throughout all the north- WGStGr.Il ^t'Bjtfc^S KISLINGBURY, Frederick Foster, soldier, b. in Ilsley, near Windsor Castle, England. 25 Dec, 1847 ; d. at Cape Sabine, Greenland, 1 June, 1884. When a mere boy he came to this country with his parents and settled at Rochester, N. Y. He re- ceived a common-school education, and began a mercantile career, which was cut short by his en- listment in a cavalry regiment during the civil war. He served two years, and after the war was stationed at Detroit as chief clerk of the Depart- ment of the lakes. A few years later he was placed in command of a band of scouts engaged in fight- ing the Indians, and later he became 2d lieutenant in the 11th infantry, serving on the plains. When, in 1881, the U. S. government decided to send an expedition to the far north (see Greely, Adolphus W.), Lieut. Kislingbury was among the first to volunteer, was made the second officer in the expedition, and participated in the scientific work of the next two years. In May, 1884, the supplies became exhausted. There had been one death early in the year, and others now fol- lowed in rapid succession, and when the relief- vessels reached the cape, 22 June, 1884, only seven of the party were found alive. One of the last to die was Lieut. Kislingbury. His remains were taken to Rochester, N. Y., and buried in Mt. Hope cemetery. He was a member of the Knights of Pythias, and a lodge of that order has been formed in Rochester as a monument to his memory. Gen. Greely has joined other members of the party in testifying to his courage, ability, and enterprise. KISSAM, Richard Sharpe, physician, b. in New York city in 1763 ; d. there in October, 1822. He received his education at Hempstead, L. 1., and was graduated in medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1789, his inaugural discourse being published under the title of " De Rheu- matismo." He began practice in New York in 1791, and for thirty years was at the head of his profession. He was particularly noted as a lithoto- mist, only three out of his sixty-five operations proving fatal. In 1792 he declined the chair of botany in Columbia college, and for thirty years he was surgeon to the New York hospital. KITCHELL, Aaron, senator, b. in Hanover, N. J., 10 July, 1744; d. there, 25 June, 1820. He was a blacksmith by trade, and was actively en- gaged in the pre-Revolutionary movements. He was in congress as an anti-Federalist from 1791 till 1797, and again from 1799 till 1801. In 1804 he was elected U. S. senator from New Jersey, and served till 1809, when he resigned. In 1817 he was a presidential elector on the Monroe ticket. KITCHING, John Benjamin, merchant, b. in Horsforth, England, 20 April, 1813; d. in New York city, 19 July, 1887. He came to the United States in 1824, entered the business-house of Tom- linson and Booth, and afterward established him- self independently. He rendered the telegraph impoi'tant pecuniary aid in its early history, and KITTREDGE KLUBER 559 was among those who were interested in the suc- cess of the Atlantic cable. Mr. Hitching spent a large amount of money in the ship "Ericsson," which was intended to demonstrate the superiority of the method of propulsion by air-engines ; but on the trial-trip an accident occurred, causing the sink- ing of the vessel. In 1840 he removed to Brooklyn and was associated in the founding of several banks and in the establishment of the Polytechnic and Packer institutes. Later he was one of the promoters of the Manhattan market and the Gar- field national bank in New York city. In 1873 he was instrumental in founding St. John's school in New York city, which was conducted by his son-in-law, the Rev, Theodore Irving, and since the death of the latter by Mrs. Irving, Mr. Kitching's daughter. — His son, John Howard, soldier, b. in New York city, 16 July, 1840 ; d. in Dobb's Ferry, N. Y., 11 Jan., 1865, was educated in private schools in Brooklyn and New York, and at the beginning of the civil war enlisted as a private in the Lincoln cavalry. Soon afterward he received a captain's commission in the 2d New York artillery, and participated in all the battles of the peninsular campaign. In the autumn of 1862 he was made lieutenant-colonel of the 135th New York volun- teers, which was afterward changed to the 6th artillery, and in April, 1863, he was appointed colonel of his regiment. Subsequently he was almost constantly in command of a brigade, and on 1 Aug., 1864. received the brevet of brigadier- general of volunteers. During 1863-'4 he was stationed with the artillery reserve at Harper's Ferry, Brandy Station, and elsewhere in that vicinity. In May, 1864, he joined the Army of the Potomac, and participated in the overland cam- paign until July, 1864, when the 6th corps was detached from the army and sent to Washington, where Col. Kitching continued to act as a brigade- commander in charge of the defences of the capital. Later he had command of a provisional division in the Army of the Shenandoah, and in the battle of Cedar Creek received wounds from the effects of which he died some months afterward. See " More than Conqueror : or Memorials of Col. J. Howard Kitching " (New York, 1873). KITTREDGE, Jonathan, temperance advo- cate, b. in Canterbury, N H., 17 July, 1793; d. in Concord, N. H., 8 April, 1864. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1813, read law in New York city, practised there seven years, and subsequently set- tling in Canaan, N. H, represented that town in the legislature. From 1855 till 1859 he was chief justice of the court of common pleas, and in, the latter year he removed to Concord, where he re- sided until his death. Dartmouth gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1858. Judge Kittredge was an ardent temperance advocate, and delivered, at Lyme, in January, 1827, the first temperance lec- ture ever given in New Hampshire. This lecture was published (Lyme, N. H., 1827), and was long a popular tract on the subject. KITTREDGE, Thomas, surgeon, b. in An- dover, Mass., in July, 1746 ; d. there in October, 1818. He studied medicine at Newburyport, set- tling at Andover in 1768. He was appointed sur- geon in Col. James Frye's regiment in 1775, and was at the battle of Bunker Hill. Dr. Kittredge was an early member of the Massachusetts medical society, and served in the legislature several terms and in the council in 1810-'ll. KJOEPING, Olaus (kyuh-ping), Swedish ex- plorer, b. in Dalecarlia in 1741 ; d. in Soroe, Den- mark, in 1809. He entered the Danish service as military surgeon, and was stationed for several years in the West Indies, also visiting Louisiana, Guiana, and New Spain. In 1796 he became rec- tor of the academy of Soroe. His works concern- ing America, include " Beschreibung von Guiana " (Soroe, 1797) ; " Neueste Gemalde von Louisiana und Mississippi " (2 vols., 1792) ; " Prodromus flora?, sistens enumerationem plantarum cellularium quas in insulas, Santo Domingo, Cuba, Sancti Thomse et Sancti Bartholomei a Kjoeping collectas describit " (Copenhagen, 1799) ; and " Anmarkningar om Plan- ter af Cuba " (3 vols., 1807). KLEEBERG, Minna, poet, b. in Elsmhorn, Holstein, Germany, 21 July, 1841 ; d. in New Haven, Conn., 31 Dec, 1878. She was the daugh- ter of a physician named Cohen, and was carefully trained by her father, early showing poetical taste. In 1862 she married Rev. Dr. L. Kleeberg, with whom she came to this country in 1866. Her poems soon attracted attention, and her efforts to repel anti-Semitic accusations gained general praise. Most of her poems were published in Dr. L. Stein's " Freitag- Abend," at Frankfort-on-the-Main, and they were collected in book-form just before her death (Louisville, Ky., 1877). KLEIN, Gnstav "Frederic (kline). German mis- sionary, b. in Mannheim in 1708 ; d. in Talca, Chili, in November, 1771. He became a Jesuit, and in 1733 was sent to the missions of Uruguay. He was afterward rector of the College of Santia- go, dean of the cathedral of Quito, and, after the expulsion of the order in 1767, settled in Talca, where he bought a large- estate. Klein devoted most of his time to historical researches, and pub- lished " Descripcion general de la America Es- panola " (Buenos Ayres. 1737) : " Resumen de la historia de Chile" (Santiago, 1744); " Geographia generalis, seu descriptio globi terrarumque " (1749) ; " Documentos ineditos para la historia de Peru " (3 vols., Quito, 1752) : and " Memorias sobre las colonias de Espana situadas en la costa occidental de America " (5 vols., 1754). He left also several manuscripts, which were forwarded to Rome after his death, and published in the " Bibliotheca nova Scriptorum Soeietatis Jesu," including " Cronica del reyno de Chile " (5 vols., Rome, 1789) ; " Me- morias dos estabelecimentos portuguezes na costa do Brazil " (6 vols., 1790) ; and " Additamentos a's ditas memorias, emque se referem algumas par- ticularedades acerca dos estabelecimentos portu- guezes do Brazil " (6 vols, 1792). KL1NGSOHR, John Augustus, clergyman, b. near Dresden, Saxony, 13 June, 1746 ; d. in Beth- lehem, Pa., 5 Nov., 1798. He was graduated at the University of Leipsic, where he studied both theology and law. After serving the Moravian church in Germany in various capacities, and being ordained successively to the grades of deacon and presbyter, he accepted an appointment as pastor of the church at Bethlehem, Pa., where he arrived in 1783, and labored for fifteen years, until his death, with great acceptance and success. He was a learned theologian and distinguished preacher. KLUBER, Melchior, German explorer, b. in Dessau in 1713 ; d. in Gotha in 1764. He entered the ministry and became chaplain of the Prince of Lippe-Detmold in 1752. He had read the plead- ings of Las Casas in behalf of the Indians, and in- duced the prince to send him to South America to ascertain the real condition of the Indians two cen- turies after the conquest. Sailing from Bremen in November, 1756, he landed in the following Janu- ary in Santo Domingo, but met there with difficul- ties and was for some time unable to proceed on his mission. At last he won the friendship of the lieutenant of the king in Les Cayes, who gave him 560 KNAPP KNAPP French passports that opened him access to the Spanish dominions. Prom 1757 till 1759 Kliiber visited the West Indies, Cuba, Porto Rico, Jamaica, Saint Christopher, Saint Thomas, and Saint Croix, going afterward to Cayenne, and crossed Brazil to Buenos Ayres in 1759-'61, returning home in July, 1761. He published " Abhandlung von einigen in Cuba gefundenen Beinen " (Gotha, 1762) ; " Reisen im Innern von Cuba, Santo Domingo, Sanct Thom- as, und Guiana " (2 vols., Dessau, 1762) ; " Reisen in Sued Brazil " (Gotha, 1764) ; and " Hundert Tage auf Reisen in Sanct Christophe " (1764). KNAPP, Francis, scholar, b. in England in 1672 ; d. after 1715. His father, George, a captain in the British navy, commanded a ninety-gun ship on the American coast in the early part of the 18th century. The sou came to the United States to take possession of some lands that he had inherited from his grandfather in Watertown, Mass., where he passed his life in scholarly pursuits. He was a musical composer, and the author of " A Poetical Epistle to Mr. B.," reprinted in J. Nichols's " Select Collection of Poems " (Boston, 1780), and of a poeti- cal " Address to Mr. Alexander Pope, on his Wind- sor Forest," dated 17 June, 1715, which appears in the first and subsequent editions of Pope's works. Samuel L. Knapp, in his " American Biography," claims that this address was an American produc- tion ; but a note by William Roscoe, in his edition to Pope, says it was written in Killala, Ireland. KNAPP, Jacob, clergyman, b. in Otsego coun- ty, N. Y., 7 Dec, 1799 : d. in Rockford, 111., 2 March, 1874. He was educated at Madison uni- versity, was ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1825, and settled in Springfield, N. Y., where he began to preach, and at the same time engaged in farming and business, and became so successful that he was accused of want of zeal in his profes- sion. In 1830 he removed to Watertown, N. Y., and in 1832 gave up secular employment and be- gan to labor as an evangelist on his own responsi- bility, preaching first in barns and school-houses. In his revival work he visited New York, New England, and the western states, including Cali- fornia, preached about 16,000 sermons, led 200 young men to become clergymen, and baptized 4,000 persons. Vast numbers attended his meet- ings, and such excitement prevailed that mobs often threatened him and his hearers, and the pro- tection of the police was called for to prevent seri- ous disturbances. His preaching was characterized by fiery metaphors and denunciation of sin, his energy increasing with his excitement, so that, to quote his own words, " he was able to shake ser- mons from his sleeves." He left his property to his church. He published a few sermons, and wrote an autobiography which was never printed. KNAPP, Jacob Hermann, b. in Dauborn, Prussia, 17 March, 1832. His father, John, was a member of the Prussian house of representatives and the German reichstag. The son was educated in Germany, France, and England, was graduated in medicine at Giessen, Germany, in 1854, and in 1860-8 was professor and lecturer on ophthalmology in the University of Heidelberg. At the latter date he re- signed, and, removing to the United States, settled in New York city. He founded the New York oph- thalmic and aural institute in 1869, and since that date has been its surgeon. He was also sur- geon to the New York charity hospital in 1872, the same year was consulting oculist to the department of public charities, and in 1876 became lecturer on eye and ear diseases in the New York college of physicians and surgeons. He founded in 1869, with Prof. Moos, of Heidelberg, " The Archives of Ophthalmology and Otology," an international sci- entific monthly (Wiesbaden and New York). In 1874 he was president of the New York pathologi- cal society. His publications include " Curvature of the Cornea of the Human Eye " (Heidelberg, 1859) ; " Intraocular Tumors " (Carlsruhe, 1868 ; New York, 1869) ; " Cocaine and its Use in Oph- thalmic and General Surgery " (New York, 1885) ; " Investigations on Fermentation, Putrefaction, and Suppuration " (1886) ; " Cataract Extraction with- out Iridectomy " (1887) ; and reports on " A Series of One Thousand Successive Cases of Cataract Ex- traction without Iridectomy " (1887). KNAPP, Mathias, German explorer, b. in Wer- den in 1752 ; d. in Fulda, Hesse-Cassel, in 1814. He was educated in Munich, appointed in 1776 professor of natural history in the College of Erlan- gen, and was called to fill the same chair at the University of Munich in 1782. In the following year he was chosen president of the scientific ex- pedition that was sent to South America by the Duke of Bavaria. He made a thorough survey of the Andes, visited Brazil in its most remote parts, resided in Venezuela in 1787-'9, studying the ethnography of that country, and afterward visit- ed the Guianas, Peru, Chili, the Andes, Patagonia, and the Argentine Republic. He returned in 1792, and, resigning his professorship, devoted his time to the publication of the materials he had collected during his ten years' travels through South America. He afterward removed to Fulda, where he resided till his death. Among his works are " Origines gentis Americanorum " (Munich, 1795) ; " De usu et ratione experimentorum in perficienda historia naturalis " (Dresden, 1796) ; " Versuch fiber die Zeitrechnung der Vorwelt " (Leipsic, 1796); "Reisen im Siidwesten von Bra- zilien " (2 vols., 1797) ; " Geschichte der Entdeckung Amerikas " (3 vols., 1798) ; " Reisen nach Amerika " (3 vols., 1801); "Guianische Skizzen" (Dresden, 1804); "Reise durch Peru und Chile" (& vols., Leipsic, 1805) ; and " Die Chemie und ihre Anwen- dung auf das praktische Leben " (Dresden, 1808). KNAPP, Samuel Lorenzo, author, b. in New- buryport, Mass., 19 Jan., 1783 ; d. in Hopkinton, Mass., 8 July, 1838. He was graduated at Dart- mouth in 1804, studied law with Chief-Justice The- ophilus Parsons, and attained to eminence in his profession. During the war of 1812 he command- ed a regiment of militia on the coast defences. He became editor of the " Boston Gazette " in 1824, also conducting the " Boston Monthly Magazine," and in 1826 he established the •' National Repub- lican," on the failure of which, two years after- ward, he removed to New York city, and returned to the practice of his profession. His works, which are chiefly biographical, include " Travels in North America by Ali Bey " (Boston. 1818) ; " Biograph- ical Sketches of Eminent Lawyers, Statesmen, and Men of Letters" (1821); "Memoirs of Gen. La- fayette" (1824); "The Genius of Freemasonry" (Providence, 1828); "Discourse on the Life and Character of De Witt Clinton" (1828): "Lectures on American Literature " (New York, 1829) ; " Sketches of Public Characters by Ignatius Loy- ola Robertson, LL. D." (1830) ; " American Biogra- phy " (1833) ; a revised edition of John Hinton's " History of the United States " (1834) ; " Life of Thomas Eady " (1834) ; " Advice in the Pursuit of Literature " (1835) ; " Memoir of the Life of Daniel Webster" (1835); "Life of Aaron Burr" (1835); " Life of Andrew Jackson " (1835) ; " The Bachelor, and Other Tales" (1836); and "Female Biogra- phy " (Philadelphia, 1843). He edited " The Li- brary of American History " (New York, 1837). KNEASS KNICKERBOCKER 561 KNEASS, Strickland, civil engineer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 29 July, 1821 ; d. there, 14 Jan., 1884. His father, William Kneass, was for many years engraver of the IT. S. mint. The son was graduated at Rensselaer polytechnic institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1839. From that time until 1855, when he was chosen chief engineer and surveyor •of the consolidated city of Philadelphia, he was •employed in his profession in various important works. He served with ability in the office of •chief engineer of Philadelphia until 1872, when he resigned to accept the post of assistant to the presi- dent of the Pennsylvania railroad. He afterward became president of the Pennsylvania and Dela- ware and other railroads. KNEELAND, Abner, editor, b. in Gardner, Mass., 6 April, 1774; d. near Parmington, Iowa, 27 Aug., 1844. He was first a Baptist clergyman, then became a Universalist, and finally a Pantheist. He -edited a Universalist magazine in Philadelphia in 1821-3, conducted and edited the " Olive Branch .and Christian Enquirer " in New York city in 1828, and founded in 1832 " The Investigator," an organ •of free-thought, in Boston. In 1836 he was tried in Boston for blasphemy, before the supreme court of Massachusetts. See "Review of the Prosecution against Kneeland for Blasphemy, by a Cosmopo- lite " (Boston, 1836). Kneeland published " A Co- lumbian Miscellany " (Keene, N. H, 1804) ; " The Deist " (New York, 1822) ; a " Translation of the New Testament from the Greek" (Philadelphia, 1822); " Lectures on Universal Benevolence " (1824) ; " Lectures on the Doctrine of Universal Salvation " (1824) ; and " Review of the Evidences of Chris- tianity " (New York, 1829). KNEELAND, Samuel, printer, b. in Boston, Mass., in 1696 ; d. there, 14 Dec, 1769. He was .apprenticed to Benjamin Green, and for many years was printer to the government and council, printing also the laws and journals of the house of representatives. Besides many religious books and -pamphlets, he published " The Gazette " from 1727 till 1741, and " The New England Weeklv Jour- nal " from 1741 till 1752. KNEELAND, Samuel, naturalist, b. in Boston, Mass., 1 Aug., 1821. He was graduated at Har- vard in 1840, and at the medical department in 1843, taking the Boylston prize for his thesis on •" Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever," and again, in 1844, for his essay on " Hydrotherapy." Subse- quently he spent two years in professional studies in Paris, and then began the practice of his profes- .sion in Boston, meanwhile serving as demonstrator ■of anatomy in Harvard medical school during 1845-7, and as physician to the Boston dispensary. He then passed some time in Brazil, and also visit- ed the Lake Superior copper region. During the civil war he entered the army as acting assistant surgeon from Massachusetts, was assigned to duty with Gen. Burnside, and accompanied the expedi- tion to New Berne in March, 1862, after the capture of that place being assigned to duty at the Craven street hospital in New Berne, and at the hospital in Beaufort, N. C. In October, 1862, he was com- missioned surgeon of the 45th Massachusetts regi- ment, and served in that capacity in New Berne till the regiment was discharged in July, 1863. He then entered the corps of surgeons of volun- teers, and was placed in charge, successively, of the University hospital in New Orleans, and of the Marine hospital in Mobile. In 1866 he was mustered out of the service with the brevet rank •of lieutenant-colonel. He then returned to Boston, and became associated in the work of the Massa- chusetts institute of technology, holding the office vol. in. — 36 of instructor in 1867-9 and professor of zoology and physiology in 1869-78, also acting as secretary of the corporation in 1866-78, and of secretary of the faculty in 1871-8. Dr. Kneeland then re- turned to literary work and lecturing, which he has since followed in Boston and to the Philip- pine islands. He has travelled extensively in search of information concerning earthquakes and volcanic phenomena, having made visits to the Hawaiian islands and to Iceland in 1874, at the time of its millennial celebration, for this purpose. He is a member of numerous scientific societies, and has held the office of secretary to the Ameri- can academy of arts and sciences, and to the Bos- ton society of natural history. Dr. Kneeland has contributed largely to current medical literature, and was the author of many articles, mostly on zoological and medical subjects, in the " American Cyclopaedia." He edited the " Annual of Scientific Discovery" (1866-9); a translation of Andry's " Diseases of the Heart " (Boston, 1847) ; and Smith's " History of the Human Species " (1852). His own works include " Science and Mechanism " (New York, 1854) ; " The Wonders of the Yosemite Val- ley and of California" (Boston, 1871); and '"An American in Iceland " (1876). KNICKERBOCKER, Johannes, soldier, b. in Schaghticoke, N. Y.. in 1749; d. there about 1827. He was descended from Herman Jansen Knickerbocker, of Friesland, Holland, one of the earliest settlers of the state of New York, and in- herited the Knickerbocker estate at Schaghticoke from his uncle Her- man. This was a grant from the city of Albany, to whom it had been con- veyed by the Duke of York, and was subsequently di- vided between his sons. The home- stead (see next page) is still standing on the site of the old fort built by the Duke of York as a defence against the French and Canadian Indians, being the extreme northern outpost of the colony at that time. The tree of peace, planted by Gov. Dongan in the presence of the friendly Indians, is in the immediate vicinity of the man- sion. Col. Knickerbocker served in the army of the Revolution, and was at the surrender of Bur- goyne at Saratoga. He subsequently represented the county of Rensselaer in the legislature. — His son, Herman, lawyer, b. in Albany, N. Y., 27 July, 1782 ; d. in Williamsburg, N. Y, 30 Jan., 1855, re- ceived a classical education, studied law, and be- gan practice in Albany. Inheriting a large proper- ty, he removed to Schaghticoke, N. Y., where he dispensed such generous hospitality that he became known as the " Prince of Schaghticoke." He was elected to the 11th congress as a Federalist, and served from 22 May, 1809, till 3 March, 1811. In 1816 he was chosen to the state assembly, and also filled the office of county judge. He is alluded to by Washington Irving, in " Knickerbocker's His- tory of New York," as " My cousin, the congress- man " ; and when Mr. Irving visited Washington he introduced him to President Madison as " My cousin, Diedrich Knickerbocker, the great historian 562 KNIGHT KNIGHT of New York." He became involved pecuniarily in the latter years of his life. Very many anecdotes are related of " Prince Knickerbocker," who was particularly fond of practical jokes, some of which were extremely ludicrous in their consequences. One of the conditions of proprietorship by which the Knickerbocker estate was held was that the mayor and council of Albany should be entertained at least once in each year at the family mansion. " Prince Knickerbocker," having erected a spacious residence for himself some distance from the home- stead, decided to become the entertainer of the mayor and council of Troy, as an offset to the fes- tivities of the paternal home. On the arrival of these dignitaries, with appetites sharpened by a long drive, they found apparently no preparations to re- ceive them, but, on the contrary, were allowed to overhear a dispute between the " prince " and his butler as to how they should make two chickens suffice for so many mouths. A sudden relief came to the guests when the dining-room doors were opened on a sumptuous repast. — Herman's son, David Buel, P. E. bishop, b. in Schaghticoke, N. Y., 24 Feb., 1883, spells the family name with an " a " in the third syllable. He was graduated at Trinity in 1853 and at the General theological sem- inary in 1856. In the latter year he was made dea- con, and he was ordained priest, 12 July, 1857. He spent his entire clerical life, previous to his eleva- tion to the episcopate, in Minneapolis, Minn., first as a missionary and afterward as rector of Gethsem- ane parish. Having been elected the third bishop of Indiana, he was consecrated at St. Mark's, Phila- delphia, 14 Oct., 1883. In 1873 Bishop Knicker- backer received the degree of S. T. D. from Trinity. During his long residence in Minnesota he founded six parishes besides St. Barnabas hospital (1871) and the Sheltering arms orphanage (1882) of Minne- apolis. In 1877 he was chosen missionary bishop of New Mexico, but declined. In the autumn of 1864-'6 he visited the Chippewa Indian country as one of a board of visitors that had been ap- pointed for that purpose by the secretary of the interior. He has published several occasional ser- mons and addresses, and is editor of the " Church Worker " in Indianapolis. KNIGHT, Daniel Ridgeway, artist, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., about 1845. Early in his career he went to Paris and became a student at the Acade- mie des beaux arts. He was a pupil also of Gleyre in 1872, and of Meissonier in 1876. His studio is now (1887) in Poissy, and his professional life has been passed almost entirely in France. He draws suggestions for his subjects from French life. Among his works are " The Veteran " (1870) ; "Dividing the Profits" (1874); "Harvester's Re- past" (1876); "The Vintage in France" (1877); " Apres un Dejeuner " (1878) ; " Une Halte " (1880) ; " Sans Dot " (1883) ; " Un Deuil " (1883) ; " Chatter- Boxes" (1885); and "En Octobre" (1887). KNIGHT, Edward Collings, merchant, b. in Camden county, N. J., 8 Dec, 1813. His ancestor was among the early Quakers that came to Penn- sylvania. He became clerk in a country store in 1831, and in 1834 established himself in business in Philadelphia. In 1849 his firm was largely in- terested in the California trade, .and a steamer sent out by them was the first to ply on the wa- ters above Sacramento city. He has long been identified with large commercial interests, and has served as director in numerous financial institu- tions and railroad companies. He has been presi- dent of the Bound Brook road since 1874, was presi- dent of the Central railroad of New Jersey from 1876 till 1880, and is now (1887) acting president of the North Pennsylvania road. It was largely through Mr. Knight's instrumentality, as chairman of a committee of the Pennsylvania railroad, that the American steamship line between Philadelphia and Europe was established, and he was chosen its president. In 1856 he was nominated by the Ameri- can, Whig, and Reform parties for congress, but failed of an election. He was an elector on the- Republican presidential ticket in 1860, in 1873 a member of the State constitutional convention, and in 1882 president of the Bi-centennial association, and one of the most active promoters of the cele- bration that was held that year in commemoration of the founding of Pennsylvania by William Penn. KNIGHT. Edward Henry, mechanical expert, b. in London, England, 1 June. 1824; d. in Belle- fontaine, Ohio, 22 Jan., 1883. He was educated at the Friends' school in England, and in 1845 came to the United States, having previously taken a course in surgery, and learned the art of steel-en- graving. In 1846 he settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was a patent attorney for seven years,, and then followed agricultural pursuits until 1863,. when he was called to Washington for service in the preparation of the annual reports of the U. S^ patent-office, also acting as surgeon under the Christian commission. The meagre reports that were then issued at governmental expense for gratuitous distribution were replaced by him in 1871 by the " Official Gazette of the United States Patent-Office," which has since been issued as a. profitable weekly publication. He also organized the classification of inventions, under which the- work of the patent-office has since been carried on. Mr. Knight was a member of the international juries at the World's fairs in Philadelphia in 1876 and in Paris in 1878, and at the Atlanta exhibition of 1881, and was U. S. commissioner at the World's fair in Paris in 1878, receiving the appointment of chevalier of the Legion of honor from the French government in recognition of his services. His- brain was found to weigh 64 ounces, being the second largest on record, that of Cuvier weighing 64£ ounces. He was a member of scientific socie- ties both in the United States and abroad. He re- ceived the degree of LL. D. in 1876 from Iowa Wesleyan university. He edited the " Reports of" the Paris Exposition," and contributed the chap- ters on " Agricultural Implements " and " Clocks and Watches," and, besides other official reports, he compiled " A Library of Poetry and Song " (New York, 1870 : revised ed., 1876) ; " American Mechanical Dictionary" (3 vols., 1876); and the " New Mechanical Dictionary " (Boston, 1884). KNIGHT, Henry Cogswell, poet. b. in New- buryport, Mass., in 1788 ; d. in Rowley, Mass., 10 Jam, 1835. He was early left an orphan, and, re- moving to Rowley, Mass., resided with his mater- nal grandfather, Dr. Nathaniel Cogswell. He was. graduated at Brown in 1812, and was ordained in KNIGHT KNOLLYS 563 the Episcopal church, but never settled over a con- gregation, devoting himself to literary pursuits. He published a collection of vouthful verses en- titled " The Cypriad " (Boston, 1809) ; " The Broken Harp" (Philadelphia, 1815); and "Poems" (Bos- ton, 1821). — His brother, Frederick, poet, b. in Hampton, N. H., 9 Oct., 1791 ; d. in Rowley, Mass., 20 Nov., 1849, shared with Henry the home at Rowley, studied at Harvard and at Litchfield law- schooh and taught in Penobscot, Me., and Marble- head, Mass. He then returned to Rowley, where he passed his life, occupying himself in composition. A memorial of his life, with his poems, was pub- lished, entitled " Thorn Cottage " (Boston, 1855). KNIGHT, James, physician, b. in Taneytown, Frederick co., Md., 14 Feb., 1810. He was edu- cated at St. Mary's college, Md., and was graduated at Washington medical college, Baltimore, in 1832. He settled in New York city in 1835, and in 1840 devoted himself to orthopedic surgery. In April, 1863, he gave up his private dwelling for a hospi- tal, and established the New York society for the relief of the ruptured and crippled. In 1870, the society having completed a hospital of its own, he was appointed physician in charge, and has held office until the present date (1887). He has invent- ed a truss and a life-saving apparatus for use in heavy surf. Dr. Knight is a member of various medical, scientific, and benevolent societies, and is the author of " Improvement of Health of Children and Adults by Natural Means " (New York, 1875) ; " Orthopedia, or a Practical Treatise on the Aber- rations of the Human Form " (1874) ; and " Static Electricity as a Therapeutic Agent " (1882). KNIGHT, Jonathan, surgeon, b. in Norwalk, Conn., 4 Sept., 1789 ; d. in New Haven, Conn., 25 Aug., 1864. His father, Jonathan, after serving as surgeon's mate in the Revolutionary war, was a physician in Norwalk for nearly fifty years. The son was graduated at Yale in 1808, during the next two years taught in Norwalk and New London, Conn., and in 1810 returned to Yale as tutor. He attended medical lectures in the University of Pennsylvania in 1811-'13, was licensed to practise in 1811, settled in New Haven in 1813, and was ap- pointed professor of anatomy and physiology in Yale. He was transferred to the chair of surgery in 1838, and, resigning in 1864, was appointed pro- fessor emeritus. He was president of the American medical association in 1853-'4. and also for many years of the board of directors of the General hos- pital of Connecticut, and throughout this period was either an attending or consulting surgeon to the hospital. In 1864 he was influential in estab- lishing at New Haven the military hospital that bore his name. A sketch of his life was published by Dr. Francis Bacon (New Haven, 1865). KNIGHT, Neheniiah Rice, statesman, b. in Cranston, R. I., 31 Dec, 1780 : d. in Providence, R. I., 19 April, 1854. His father, Nehemiah. was a member of congress from 1803 till his death in 1808. The son received a public-school education, represented Cranston in the legislature in 1800. and, removing to Providence in 1802, became, in 1805, clerk of the court of common pleas. From 1812 till 1817 he was clerk of the circuit court, and in 1817-21 he was governor of Rhode Island. During the administration of President Madison he was collector of customs at Providence, in 1820 was elected to the U. S. senate as a Whig in place of James Burrill, Jr.. deceased, and was three times re-elected, serving till 1841. He was a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1843. and for many years was president of the Roger Williams bank in Providence. Mr. Knight was moderate and conciliating in his political course, and of ster- ling character. While governor he recommended the establishment of free schools in the state. KNIGHT, Sarah, teacher, b. in Boston, Mass.. 19 April, 1666: d. near Norwalk, Conn., 25 Dec, 1727. Her father, Capt. Thomas Kemble. was a merchant of Boston, and she married Richard Knight, who died about 1703. In 1706 she opened a school in Boston for children, and numbered among her pupils Benjamin Franklin and Samuel Mather. She is described as " excelling in the art of teaching composition," and, as a mark of respect, was called " Madam Knight." In 1713 she removed to Norwalk, Conn., and in the town- record is named as " taxed twenty shillings for selling strong drink to the Indians," but it is added " Madam Knight accuses her maid, Ann Clark, of the fact." Madam Knight's " Journey from Boston to New York in the Year 1704, from the Original Manuscript, in- cluding the Diary of the Rev. John Buckingham of a Journey to Canada in 1710 " (New York, 1825 ; Albany, 1865), is a record from a diary in the au- thor's own handwriting from notes recorded on the way. It is valuable as a history of the man- ners and customs of the time, and is full of graphic descriptions of the early settlements in New Eng- land and New York. KNIPE, Joseph Farmer, soldier, b. in Mount Joy, Lancaster co., Pa., 30 Nov., 1823. He was educated in a private school, served in the ranks through the war with Mexico, and then engaged in mercantile business in Harrisburg, Pa., until 1861, when he organized the 46th Pennsylvania regiment, and was commissioned its colonel. He was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers 29 Nov., 1862, and served in the Army of the Poto- mac, and in that of the Cumberland, commanding a brigade and then a division, till the fall of At- lanta, when he became chief of cavalry of the Army of the Tennessee. Gen. Knipe received two wounds at Winchester, Va., two at Cedar Mountain, Ga., and one at Resaca, Ga. He was mustered out of service in September, 1865, and is now (1887) su- perintendent of one of the departments in the military prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan. KNOLLYS, Hansard, clergyman, b. in Chalk- well, Lincolnshire, England, about 1598 ; d. in Lon- don, England, 19 Sept., 1691. He was educated at Cambridge, and afterward was master of the free schools in Gainsborough. In June, 1629, he was made deacon in the Church of England, and, after being ordained priest, received a living in Humber- stone. Three years later he began to doubt certain tenets of the "church, although he continued to preach for several years longer, but without sur- plice or prayer-book. He then resigned, and in 1636 was imprisoned in Boston, but escaped and came to this country, reaching Massachusetts early in 1638. There he was denounced as an Antinomian, and called "Mr. Absurd Knowless" by Cotton Mather. He appears to have settled in Piscataway, now Dover, N. H., where he founded a church in September, 1638, which was probably the first in New Hampshire. That he was a Baptist at this time there is little reason to doubt. An unfortu- nate controversy between two sections of his con- gregation led to his removal to Long Island, and he settled finally near New Brunswick, N. J. In 1641 he returned to England and preached in vari- ous places, getting himself into frequent trouble. He was formally ordained pastor, in 1645, of the Baptist church which he had gathered in London, and retained this charge until his death. Mr. Knoll vs is regarded as the first Baptist clergyman that preached in the colonies, and he possessed 564 KNORTZ KNOWLES great influence among that denomination, both in this country and England. He published several books, among which were " Flaming Fire in Zion " (1646) ; " Rudiments of Hebrew Grammar " (1648) ; and his " Autobiography " (1672), brought down to his death by William Kiffen (1692). In 1845 the Hansard Knollys society was organized in England for the republication of early Baptist works. KNORTZ, Karl, author, b. in Garbenheim, Rhenish Prussia, 28 Aug., 1841. He was educated at the gymnasium of Wetzlau, and Heidelberg uni- versity, and came in 1863 to this country, where he engaged in teaching at Detroit in 1864-'8, at Osh- kosh, Wis., in 1868-71, and in Cincinnati in 1871-'4. He then edited a German daily newspaper at In- dianapolis, but since 1882 has resided in New York city, where he has devoted himself to literature. Mr. Knortz has done much to make American literature known and appreciated in his native country. He has published, besides translations of American poetry, " Marchen und Sagen der nord- amerikanischen Indianer " (Jena, 1871) ; " Ameri- kanische Skizzen " (Halle, 1876) ; " American Shakespeare Bibliography " (Boston, 1876) ; " Hu- moristische Gedichte " (Baltimore, 1877); '"Long- fellow : Eine literarhistorische Studie " (Hamburg, 1879) ; " Aus dem Wigwam " (Leipsic, 1880) ; " Ka- pital und Arbeit in Amerika " (Zurich, 1881) ; " Aus der transatlantischen Gesellschaft " (Leipsic, 1882) ; " Staat und Kirche in Amerika " (Gotha, 1882) ; " Shakespeare in Amerika " (Berlin, 1882) ; " Ameri- kanische Lebensbilder " (Zurich, 1884) ; " Eines deutschen Matrosen Nordpolfahrten " (1885) ; " Rep- resentative German Poems," with translations (New York, 1885) ; " Gothe und die Wertherzeit " (Zurich, 1885) ; " Brook Farm und Margareth Fuller " (New York, 1886) ; and " Gustav Seyffarth " (1886). KNOTT, James Proctor, congressman, b. near Lebanon, Marion co., Ky., 29 Aug., 1830. He stud- ied in the neighboring schools and in Shelbyville, whither his father, Joseph Percy Knott, had moved. When he was sixteen years old he began to study law, and in May, 1850, went to Memphis, Scot- land co., Mo., and was employed in the county- clerk's office until he was twenty-one, when he was licensed to practise. In 1858 he was elected to the legislature, and at once made chairman of the judiciary committee. During this session articles of impeachment were preferred against Judge Al- bert Jackson, and Mr. Knott and Charles Hardin, afterward governor of Missouri, were chosen as managers. Pending the trial, which was held in June, 1859, a vacancy occurred in the office of attorney-general, and Mr. Knott was appointed to fill it at the unanimous request of the senate and the governor's cabinet. In 1860 he was elected to the same office by a flattering majority. At the beginning of the civil war Mr. Knott was arrested by Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, and, refusing to take an oath that he regarded as too stringent, was sent as a prisoner to the St. Louis arsenal, but after a time released, remaining under surveillance until March, 1862. In 1861, as he refused to take the test-oath that was prescribed for officials, his office was de- clared vacant, and he was disbarred from practice. In 1862 he removed to Lebanon, Ky., where he practised law, and in 1866 was elected to congress. He was not at first allowed to take his seat, but was finally admitted. His first speech was on the admission of John Young Brown to a seat, and was directed against the constitutionality of the test- oath, its applicability to members of congress, and its retrospective operation. He was re-elected in 1868, and served on the committee on the District of Columbia and the committee on private land claims. In his speech against the bill for the im- provement of Pennsylvania avenue he obtained a hearing by giving a humorous turn to the debate, and the bill was laughed out of congress. It was toward the end of the same congress that he made his " Duluth " speech, which gave him a reputation as a humorist. Mr. Knott was not in the 42d and 43d congresses, but after a vigorous canvass he was elected, and served from 1875 till 1883. He was appointed by Speaker Kerr chairman of the judi- ciary committee, and in the second session he also became chairman of the special committee on the powers and privileges of the house in reference to counting the votes for president. In the 45th con- gress he was reappointed by Speaker Randall as chairman of the committee on the judiciary, and again in the 46th and 47th congresses. In 1882 Mr. Knott declined a renomination, and in 1883 was elected governor of Kentucky. KNOWLES, James Davis, clergyman, b. in Providence, R. I., in July, 1798; d. in Newton Centre, Mass., 9 May, 1838. He was placed in a printing-office at the age of twelve, and while learning the trade studied French and Latin. At the age of twenty-one he became associate editor of William G. Goddard's " Rhode Island American." Entering the Baptist church in March, 1820, he was licensed to preach in the following autumn, and studied theology in Philadelphia and Wash- ington, D. C. There he also pursued a collegiate course in Columbian college, and after graduation in 1824 was appointed a tutor. On 28 Dec, 1825, he was ordained pastor of the 2d Baptist church in Boston, Mass. In 1832 he was compelled by failing health to resign his charge, and from that time till his death, which was due to small-pox, he filled the chair of pastoral duties and sacred rhetoric at New- ton theological seminary, at the same time con- ducting for over two years the " Christian Review," a quarterly magazine. Besides addresses he pub- lished " Memoir of Mrs. Ann H. Judson " (Boston, 1829), and " Memoir of Roger Williams, the Found- er of the State of Rhode Island " (1834). KNOWLES, Lucius James, inventor, b. in Hardwick, Mass., 2 July, 1819 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 25 Feb., 1884. He spent his early life on his father's farm, until he attained the age of fourteen, when for a time he studied in a high-school. Three years later he became a clerk in a store in Shrews- bury. He had already begun to invent and construct machinery, and now part of the store was trans- formed into a machine-shop. Here he spent much of his time in the investigation of new discoveries, and in testing them by experiments. Many of the improvements in reed-instruments that have since come into general use were invented in this way. In 1840 he put into operation several working models of steam-engines, and during his experi- ments invented the Knowles safety steam-boiler feed-regulator. He also turned his attention to magnetism and electricity, studying these subjects with special reference to motive power, and for a time the discovery of photography occupied his at- tention. He then proceeded to the manufacture of a variety of machinery and materials used in that art, continuing so for two years. His next inven- tion was a machine for spooling thread, which he began to manufacture in New Worcester. Later he turned his attention to the production of fine num- bers of thread, composed of six cords, and, after two years of experimenting, he was successful in pro- ducing six-cord spool-cotton equal to the English. In 1847 he began the manufacture of cotton warps at Spencer under the firm-name of Knowles and Sibley, and two years later the business was trans- KNOWLTON KNOX 565 ferred to Warren, Mass. He began to produce woollen goods in 1853, but in 1859 disposed of his interests. He thenceforth devoted his attention chiefly to the development of his inventions. The manufacture of his patent safety steam-boiler feeder was then begun, and in 1858 he began to construct his patent steam-pump. Soon afterward he procured patents for steam pumping-engines, an automatic boiler-feeder, and a fancy loom for producing all kinds of narrow textile fabrics. In 1860 he disposed of one half of the steam-pump business, and since that time, with gradual increase of plant, the Knowles pump-works have become the most extensive of their kind in the United States, but ultimately were disposed of to the George F. Blake manufacturing company of Boston. In 1861 he began the manufacture of the tape-bind- ing loom under the different patents that had been secured by him in preceding years, and under his management this business grew very rapidly. Mr. Knowles was elected a member of the Massachusetts legislature in 1S62 and 1865, of the senate in 1869, and received the degree of A. M. from Williams in 1865. KNOWLTON, Helen Mary, artist, b. in Little- ton, Mass., 16 Aug., 1882. She was a pupil of William M. Hunt, and opened a studio in Boston in 1867. She has exhibited charcoal sketches or landscapes and portraits in oil, in Boston, Phila- delphia, New York, and London, taught art stu- dents in the town and country, and written much on art. Some of her most effective work is in charcoal. She has published the " Talks on Art " of William M. Hunt, which she prepared from notes that she had taken while under his instruc- tion (Boston, 1879), and " Hints to Pupils in Draw- ing and Painting," relating chiefly to charcoal- drawing, with illustrations from drawings by Will- iam M. Hunt (1879). KNOWLTON, Miles Justin, missionary, b. in West Wardsborough, Vt., 8 Feb., 1825 ; d. in Ning- po, China, 10 Sept., 1874. He was educated at Madison university, Hamilton, N. Y., and studied theology at the Hamilton seminary, where he was graduated in 1853. After receiving ordination as a Baptist minister in his native town on 8 Oct., 1853, he sailed as a missionary with his wife for Ningpo, arriving there in June, 1854. In 1860 he published in Chinese a manual for native preachers, called "Scripture Catechism." He taught a theological class, besides conducting the mission church at Dinghai and two out-stations on the island of Chusan. Several other churches were founded and visited regularly by him during his stay in China. In 1862 he returned to the United States for the restoration of his health, but at the end of eighteen months resumed his missionary labors. In 1869 he made a journey to Pekin and Manchuria, and in 1870 one up the Yangtse Kiang, both of which he described in the " Baptist Missionary Magazine." He received the degree of D. D. from Madison uni- versity in 1871. In 1871, while on a visit to the United States, he wrote a prize essay on " China as a Mission Field," and delivered before the faculties and students of theological seminaries a series of lectures that were published under the title of " The Foreign Missionaxy, his Field, and his Work " (Philadelphia, 1872). KNOWLTON, Miner, soldier, b. in Connecticut in 1804 ; d. in Burlington, N. J., 25 Dec, 1870. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1829, and commissioned a lieutenant in the 1st ar- tillery, to which regiment he was attached till he was retired, rising to the grade of captain in 1846. In 1830-'7 he served as assistant professor of mathematics at the military academy, in 1833-7 as assistant teacher of French, and in 1837-44 as instructor of artillery and cavalry. As a member of the artillery board he aided in the compilation of the " Instructions for Field Artillery " that were adopted, 6 March, 1845, for the service of the United States. With a view of studying foreign military science, he went to Algeria in 1845, and served on the staff of Marshal Bugeaud. He was at Corpus Christi during the military occupation of Texas, and in the war with Mexico in mustering volunteers into service on the Rio Grande, and in the recruiting service and on engineer duty. He was on leave of absence from September, 1849, till 1861, when he was retired from active service for disability resulting from disease and exposure in the line of duty. Capt. Knowlton was the author of " Notes on Gunpowder, Cannon, and Projectiles" (1840) ; and the compiler of ' - Instructions and Regulations for the Militia and Volunteers of the United States " (1861). KNOWLTON, Paul Howard, Canadian states- man, b. in Newfane, Windham co., Vt., 12 Sept., 1787; d. in Knowlton, Brome co., Canada East, 28 Aug., 1863. He was appointed a member of the special council by Sir John Colborne, and in 1841, on the union of the provinces, was called by royal mandamus to the legislative council. He was for upward of thirty-five years engaged in political life. He had been mayor of Knowlton, which town was named after him. KNOWLTON, Thomas, soldier, b. in West Box- ford, Mass., 30 Nov., 1740 ; killed at the battle of Harlem Plains, N. Y., 16 Sept., 1776. He served during six campaigns in the French war, and took part in the capture of Havana in 1762. Returning after the war to Ashford, Conn., where his father had settled in early life, he followed farming until the beginning of the Revolutionary war. He was unanimously elected captain of a company of mi- litia that was raised in Ashford after the battle of Lexington, and with 200 Connecticut men that were spared from Gen. Artemas Ward's command he was ordered to Charlestown with Col. William Prescott. His force, consisting of farmers, without uniforms, and armed for the most part with shot- guns, was sent by Col. Prescott to oppose the ad- vancing British grenadiers, and took its post on the side of Breed's hill, where the British were landing, behind a rail fence, which was converted into a very effective breastwork by throwing up a parallel fence and filling the space between with new-mown grass. There they held their ground gallantly until the retreat. Knowlton was soon afterward promoted major, and on 8 Jan., 1776, made a daring and successful incursion into Charlestown. He commanded a regiment of light infantry that formed the advance-guard of the army at New York in 1776, and was afterward commissioned lieutenant-colonel of a regiment of rangers selected from the Connecticut troops. While reconnoitring the enemy's position near Bloomingdale on the morning of the battle of Har- lem Heights, he was attacked by Highlanders and Hessians. Gen. Washington sent Maj. Leitch to his aid, with orders to fall on the enemy's rear, while a feint in front engaged their attention. Knowlton's rangers and the Virginians attacked the British on the flank instead of in the rear, and both officers were killed in front of their men. Knowlton's loss was lamented by Washington, who mentioned him in his general orders as a soldier who " would have been an honor to any country." KNOX, Henry, soldier, b. in Boston, Mass., 25 July, 1750; d. in Thomaston, Me., 25 Oct., 1806. 566 KNOX KNOX He received a good education in the schools of his native city, early exhibited a taste for military service, and at the age of eighteen was chosen an officer in a company of grenadiers, composed of the young men of Boston, which was distinguished for its good discipline. At twenty he began busi- ness as a bookseller. He took sides warmly with the colonies in their controversy with the mother country, and after the battles of Lex- ington and Con- cord abandoned his business and hastened to join the army that was assembled at Cam- bridge. He fought gallantly in the bat- tle of Bunker Hill, and when after- ward Gen. Wash- ington joined the army, he had the rank of colonel. In laying siege to the city, Washington found himself em- ;/J/~ barrassed by the //1//1&DC want of suffi " cient artillery, and young Knox conceived the idea of obtaining a sup- ply from Lake George and the forts on the Canadian frontier. The peril and difficulty of transporting heavy guns that great distance through the woods, and part of the way over mere wood roads, were so great that his proposition was unfavorably received. But, after an interview with the enthusiastic young officer, Washington, who readily formed an esti- mate of the man, gave his consent, and Knox set out in November on his hazardous enterprise. He started on this month so as to be ready to move when snow covered the ground, as it was only then that heavy guns could be transported down the lakes and across the state. Setting out on horse- back with a squad of men, he reached Lake Cham- plain, where ice had formed, and by extraordinary efforts was able to return in December. He had gathered together 42 sleds, on which he loaded 13 brass and 26 iron cannon, 8 brass and 6 iron mortars, 2 iron howitzers, 2,300 pounds of lead, and a barrel of flints— 55 guns in all. The long pro- cession moved slowly, but at last it reached Boston, and as it passed into the American lines it was re- ceived with shouts by the troops. Knox was warmly complimented by Washington, and con- gress, as a reward for his services, made him brigadier-general of the artillery. The addition of 55 cannon was a great re-enforcement in those times, and Washington at once began preparations for a bombardment of the city, but circumstances caused him to change his plans, and the guns served a better purpose not long afterward on Dorchester heights. From this time Knox was the constant companion of Washington throughout the war and his warm personal friend and coun- sellor. Before the battle of Trenton he was sent by the general to cross the Delaware and march on the place. This he did before the stream became choked with ice. Halting where Washington with his army was struggling amid the floating ice and in the darkness, he stood on the shore, and with his voice indicated where the landing should be made. He then pushed his guns on through the blinding snow-storm, and they were soon thunder- ing by the camp of the astonished Hessians. He brought his young and beautiful wife to Valley Forge to cheer the encampment, and in the bat- tle of Monmouth, in the following summer, did good service. Though for so young and un- trained an officer he handled his guns with great skill and effect, yet once he made a serious mistake in judgment. In the surprise and flight of the British at Germantown about 200 of the enemy threw themselves into the Chew farm-house. As he came up to it he halted and began to unlimber his guns. Gen. Artemas Ward, seeing him halt, inquired his motive, and Knox replied, li It is a rule in war never to leave a fort in your rear." They sent off for Gen. Thomas Conway to decide the matter, but he could not be found. Knox held to his opinion, and the favorable moment was lost. He fought gallantly at Brandywine and James- town, and when the army Avas besieging Yorktown he visited with Washington the flag-ship of De Grasse, being the only American officer that ac- companied the commander-in-chief. In the siege of this place his artillery practice held its own beside that of the accomplished artillerists of France. Immediately after the surrender of Corn- wallis, congress, acting under the advice of Wash- ington, made him major-general, and he was appointed one of the commissioners to settle the terms of peace with Great Britain. He was after- ward quartered in New Windsor, N. Y., near Gen. Washington, the families of the two generals living on the most familiar terms. Knox accom- panied Washington to the " Old Temple," where the latter delivered his reply to the famous New- burg letters. When it was finished, as soon as Washington had disappeared through the door, Knox rose and moved a resolution of thanks to him, declaring that the army " returned his affection with all the strength of which the human heart is capable." He was one of the founders of the Society of the Cincinnati, and for years its chief secretary. He was deputed to receive the surrender of New York. When Washington bade farewell to his offi- cers in Fraunee's tavern, New York, Knox was the first to advance and receive his eiribrace, and wept on his neck. In 1785 he was appointed by congress to succeed Gen. Benjamin Lincoln as secretary of war, and he held the office for eleven years. The navy department was afterward attached to it, yet he discharged the duties of both with marked ability. The meagre salary he received not being sufficient to support his family, he resigned and removed to Maine, where his wife owned a tract of land. But he did not wholly retire from public life, and was frequently elected both to the legisla- ture and council of the state. In 1798, when war seemed probable with France, he was called to take his place in the army. But the threatened danger passing by, he returned to Thomaston, Maine. His death was caused by his accidentally swallow- ing a chicken-bone, which caused internal inflamma- tion. Knox was amiable, upright, and pure in his private life, and though ardent, impulsive, and en- thusiastic, he was yet sound in judgment and cool in action. See " Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox," by Francis S. Drake (Boston, 1874).— His wife, Lucy, b. in Boston, Mass., about 1754 ; d. in Thomaston, Me., in 1824, was the daughter of the secretary of the province of Massachusetts, whose name was Flucker. She was considered the belle of Massachusetts, and when she betrayed an at- tachment for a poor tradesman, who was moreover a Whig and an officer in the provincial militia, her parents were greatly incensed, and her father told her that she must choose between her family and her lover. The family left the country soon KNOX KNOX 567 after the battle of Lexington. The lovers had already been joined in wedlock. They escaped to- gether from Boston when it was occupied by the British, and Mrs. Knox followed her husband through all the campaigns. Her spirit and gayety encouraged the soldiers to endure hardships that they saw her bear with patience. Not only her husband, but Gen. Washington, relied on her judg- ment in affairs of moment, while in social and ceremonial matters she was the arbiter in the army, and afterward the chief adviser of Mrs. Washing- ton in New York and Philadelphia. She grew corpulent, like her husband, but her activity never abated, and her conversational talents and power of management gave her great influence in social and political circles. After her husband had re- tired to private life Madame Knox, as she was usually called, continued to exercise a lavish hos- pitality, frequently entertaining a hundred guests in'their mansion, which was built near the head of St. George's river on an estate skirting Penobscot bay that she inherited from her maternal grand- father. Gen. Samuel Waldo. KNOX, Huii'li. clergyman, b. in Ireland about 1733; d. in Santa Cruz," W. I., in October, 1790. He emigrated to this country in 1751, and found employment as assistant teacher under the Rev. John Rodgers at Middletown, Del. He fell in with frivolous companions, and on one occasion entertained them with an imitation of Dr. Rod- gers's preaching. Overcome with remorse for this act of irreverence, he went to Princeton and applied for admission to the college, with the intention of devoting himself to the Christian ministry. He was graduated in 1754, and, after studying theology a year longer, was ordained, and went to Saba in the West Indies as pastor of the Reformed Dutch church on that island. In 1772 he resigned his charge in order to become pastor of the Pres- byterians who had settled on the Danish island of Santa Cruz. Alexander Hamilton was placed un- der Mr. Knox's instruction in boyhood, and remained his life-long friend. He received the degree of D. D. from Glasgow university, and pub- lished two volumes of sermons (Glasgow, 1772). KNOX, James, pioneer hunter. He was a resident of western Virginia, and in 1769 was the leader of forty-two men from southwest Virginia and North Carolina who met at Reedy creek in June and crossed through Cumbei'land gap west- ward for the purpose of hunting and trapping. Each had one or more horses, with arms and camp equipage. Fording the south fork of Cumberland river, they halted at what is since known as Price's meadow, near a flowing spring, six miles from Monticello, Wayne co., Ky., and there made a per- manent camp for their supplies and skins, for de- posit every five weeks. They hunted during the year over "the country of Upper Green and Barren rivers, and found much of it open prairie covered with high grass. In October, 1769, Col. Knox with nine men sought fresher hunting-grounds northward. They met a party of friendly Cherokee Indians, whose leader, Captain Dick, directed them to the blue-grass region on the south side of Kentucky river. Following this direction, they came to a stream in the midst of this fertile region, and found game so abundant that they gave it the name of Dick's river, which it bears to the present day. Here they were on the borders of the country that was ranged over by Daniel Boone and his companions for the same two years, yet neither party knew of the other's presence in the wilderness. In 1774 Knox led his men 100 miles farther west, and built a camp and station for skins on a site nine miles east of Greensburg, on Green river, where they slew many thousands of bears, panthers, otters, beavers, deer, and other game. After over three years' absence, most of the party returned home, and were named and known afterward as the " long hunters," from their prolonged absence. Drake's pond and lick, Bled- soe's lick, and Manseo's lick, were discovered and marked on this expedition, and each named after the finder. Col. Knox returned to Kentucky in 1775 and settled. For years afterward he figured in the civil and military events of the state, and in 1795-1800 was state senator for Lincoln county. KNOX, John, clergyman, b. near Gettysburg, Pa,, 17 June, 1790 ; d. in New York city, 8 Jan., 1858. He was graduated at Dickinson college in 1811, studied theology under Dr. John M. Mason, was licensed by the Associate Reformed presbytery of Philadelphia in 1815, and became pastor of the Collegiate Reformed Dutch church in New York city in 1816. For the last twenty-five years of his life he was the senior pastor. He published oc- casional sermons and tracts. See his " Memorial," by Thomas De Witt and others (New York, 1858). KNOX, John J., merchant, b. in Canajoharie, N. Y, 18 March, 1791 ; d. in Knoxboro, N. Y, 31 Jan., 1876. He settled at Augusta, Oneida eo., N. Y., in 1811, and the village which was his resi- dence was subsequently named for him Knoxboro. He was the principal contractor in 1837 for a sec- tion of the Erie canal at Little Falls, and in 1839 was chosen president of the bank of Vernon, and served for twenty-four years. Gov. De Witt Clin- ton appointed him brigadier-general of militia in 1826. Gen. Knox was a presidential elector on the Harrison ticket in 1840 and on the Lincoln ticket in 1860. For forty-seven years he was a member of the board of trustees of Hamilton college, and for thirty years its chairman. — His brother, James, lawyer, b. in Canajoharie, N. Y., 4 July, 1807 ; d. in Knoxville, 111., 8 Oct., 1876. was graduated at Yale in 1830, studied law in Utica, N. Y., and was admitted to the bar in 1833. In 1836 he removed to Knoxville, 111., and engaged in commercial and agricultural pursuits. He was a member of the State constitutional convention in 1847, and a rep- resentative in congress from 5 Dec, 1853, till 3 March, 1857. He gave §50,000 to Hamilton col- lege, in part for an additional endowment of the professorship of political economy, and in part for a hall of natural history, and a like sum to Yale col- lege. — John J.'s son, John Jay, comptroller of the currency, b. in Knoxboro, N. Y, 19 March, 1828, was graduated at Hamilton in 1849. and trained to business in the bank of Vernon. From 1857 to 1862 he was a private banker in St. Paul, Minn. In January, 1862, he contributed a . paper to " Hunt's Merchant's Magazine," in which he ad- vocated the establishment of a national banking system, with circulation guaranteed by the gov- ernment. Secretary Chase's attention was at- tracted to its author, who was given an appoint- ment under the government in the same year, and did important work in San Francisco and New Orleans. In 1866 he was placed in charge of the mint and coinage correspondence of the treasury department at Washington, was appointed deputy comptroller of the currency on 10 Oct., 1867, by Secretary McCulloch, and advanced to the comp- trollership on 24 April, 1872, by President Grant. His report on the mint service, containing a codifi- cation of the coinage laws with amendments, was printed by order of congress in 1870. The bill which he prepared was passed, with a few modifi- cations, under the title of " The Coinage Act of 568 KNOX KNOX 1873," and an amendment to the bill, in recogni- tion of his services, made the comptroller of the currency a member of the assay commission. The bill provided for the discontinuance of the coinage of the silver dollar and the accompanying report gave reasons therefor. He was continued in the office of comptroller by President Hayes in 1877, and took an active part in the arrangements for making the assistant treasurer a member of the New York clearing-house, and for the resumption of specie payments on 1 Jan., 1879, and in the negotiations with bankers relative to the plan for the issue of 3-^ per cent, bonds in 1882. He was again appointed comptroller by President Arthur, but resigned in 1884, and became president of the National bank of the republic in New York city. His twelve annual reports constitute a stand- ard authority on financial questions that have arisen out of the civil war. He has delivered ad- dresses before the American bankers' association and . similar bodies, lectured to the students of Johns Hopkins university, contributed articles on financial subjects to cyclopaedias, published a monograph on " United States Notes, or a History of the Various Issues of Paper Money by the Gov- ernment of the United States " (New York, 1884 ; revised ed., 1887), and collected material for a his- tory of banking in the United States. — John J.'s grandson, George William, missionary, b. in Rome, N. Y. 11 Aug., 1853, was graduated at Ham- ilton in 1874, and at Auburn seminary in 1877. Immediately after completing his theological stud- ies he sailed for Japan, and engaged in missionary work. He became professor of homiletics in the Union theological seminary of Tokio, and in 1886 professor of ethics in the Imperial university of Japan. He has published in the Japanese language " A Brief System of Theology," " Outlines of Homi- letics " (Tokio, 1884) ; " Christ the Son of God," and " The Basis of Ethics " (1885) ; and in English a work on " The Japanese Systems of Ethics " (1886). KNOX, Samuel Richardson, naval officer, b. in Charlestown, Mass., 28 Aug., 1811 ; d- in Everett, Mass., 20 Nov., 1883. His father and grandfather were Boston pilots. After a voyage in a merchant vessel that was commanded by his brother, he en- tered the navy as a midshipman on 1 April, 1828, served in the Mediterranean and Pacific fleets, and was on furlough and engaged in exploring the northwest coast of North America from November, 1833, till March, 1837. In 1837-8 he accompa- nied Lieut. Charles Wilkes in surveys of Savannah and May rivers and George's bank and shoals, commanding the schooner " Hadassah." He served in 1838-'42 on the Wilkes exploring expedition, as commander of the " Flying Fish." His schoon- er approached nearer to the south pole than any other vessel in the squadron. Knox's highland, in latitude 70° 14' S., was named in his honor. He was promoted lieutenant on 1 Sept., 1841, and during the Mexican war commanded a landing- party of marines and sailors at the capture of the castle of San Juan de Ulloa, Vera Cruz, led a shore- party at the assault on Tuspan, and afterward com- manded the " Flirt " and the " Wasp." In 1849-52 he surveyed the coasts of California and Oregon. He was retired on 13 Sept., 1855, but in the be- ginning of the civil war was engaged in blockad- ing service off Galveston, Texas, where he had a skirmish with the enemy's batteries, and at Bara- taria and the mouth of the Mississippi, chasing two armed steamers up that river. He was made a captain on the retired list on 4 April, 1867. KNOX, Thomas Wallace, traveller, b. in Pem- broke, N. H., 26 June, 1835. He was educated at the academies in Pembroke and Pittsfield, N. H. r became a teacher, and established an academy in Kingston, N. H. In 1860 he went to Colorado to seek gold, and there became a reporter, and after- ward city editor of the Denver " Daily News," and correspondent for various eastern newspa- pers. He went in the beginning of the civil war to the southwest, and served as a volunteer aid in two campaigns. He sent letters to the New York "Herald," and, after receiving a wound in a skirmish in Missouri, went to New York to' become a journalist and general writer. His let- ters from the seat of war were republished under the title of " Camp-Fire and Cotton-Field " (New York, 1865). In 1866 he went on a journey around the world as a newspaper correspondent. In Si- beria, where he accompanied an expedition that was sent out by an American company to build a telegraph-line, he travelled 3,600 miles in sledges- and 1,400 miles in wagons. The narrative of his- journey was republished under the title of " Over- land through Asia " (Hartford, 1870). He went to Ireland in 1875, and telegraphed the score of the in- ternational rifle-match at Dollymount by means of a device of his invention, indicating, by the use of Morse signals, the spot in which each ball struck the target. This he developed into a system of topographical telegraphy, which he sold to the U. S. government for the transmission of weather- maps. In May, 1877, he set out on a second voy- age around the world, arriving at Paris in time to serve as a member of the international jury at the Paris universal exposition of 1878. Besides the works already mentioned, he is the author of " Un- derground Life " (Hartford, 1873) ; " Backsheesh " (1875) ; " The Boy Travellers in China and Japan " (New York, 1879) ; followed by a similar volume on " Siam and Java," for which the king of Siam con- ferred on him the order of the white elephant (1880) ; " How to Travel " (1880) ; " The Young Nimrods in North America," " The Boy Travellers in Ceylon and India," and " Pocket-Guide for Eu- rope " (1881) ; " The Young Nimrods in Europe, Asia, and Africa," " The Boy Travellers in Egypt and the Holy Land," and " Pocket-Guide around the World " (1882) ; " The Boy Travellers in Africa " (1883) ; " The Voyage of the ' Vivian ' to the North Pole " (1884) ; " Lives of Blaine and Logan " (Hart- ford, 1884) ; " Marco Polo for Boys and Girls " and "The Boy Travellers in South America" (New York, 1885) ; " Robert Fulton and Steam Naviga- tion " (1886); "Life of Henry Ward Beecher " (Hartford, 1887) ; " Decisive Battles since Waterloo " (New York, 1887); "Dog Stories and Dog Lore"; and " The Boy Travellers on the Congo (1887). KNOX, William, British politician, b. in Ire- land in 1732 ; d. in Ealing, England, 25 Aug., 1810. He accompanied Gov. Henry Ellis to Georgia as provost-marshal in 1756, and returned to England in 1761. After the close of the French war he sent a memorial to Lord Bute recommending the creation of a colonial aristocracy, and representa- tion of the colonies in the British parliament. Soon afterward he was appointed agent in Great Britain for Georgia and East Florida ; but his commission was withdrawn in 1765 in consequence of his pub- lishing two pamphlets in defence of the stamp-act, which he considered a mode of taxation least likely to meet with objection in America. One of them was entitled " A Letter to a Member of Parliament," the other " The Claims of the Colonies to an Ex- emption from Internal Taxes." In 1768 he pub- lished his principal political work, " The Present State of the Nation." The views of colonial policy that he expressed in this book were controverted KNYPHAUSEN KOEHLER 569 by Edmund Burke, whose reply elicited a new pamphlet from Knox in 1769. The same year he published " The Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies Reviewed." In 1770 he was made under-secretary of state for Ameri- can affairs. He published a pamphlet in defence of the Quebec act in 1774, and soon afterward drew up a project for the permanent union of the colonies and settlement with them. Lord North's conciliatory proposition of 1776 was probably based on this report. In 1780 he suggested the creation of a separate loyalist colony in the part of Maine that lies east of Penobscot river, with Thomas Oliver for governor and Daniel Leonard for chief justice. The king and ministers were in favor of this project, but it was abandoned because the at- torney-general held that the district was a part of Massachusetts. Knox continued under-secretary for America until the post was abolished at the close of the war of independence. He was still consulted after that with regard to the remaining colonies, and in July, 1783, drafted an order in council excluding American shipping from the West Indies. At his suggestion the province of New Brunswick was created in 1784, and lands were granted to the expelled loyalists of New Eng- land and New York. After the death of Sir James Wright he was attorney for the loyalists of Georgia, to press their claims on the British government for compensation on account of losses of property through the war. He secured a pension for him- self and for his wife as American sufferers. He also published a valuable collection of " Extra- Official State Papers " (1789). KNYPHAUSEN, Baron Wilhelm von, soldier, b. in Lutzberg, Germany, 4 Nov., 1716 ; d. in Cas- sel, 7 Dec, 1800. His father was colonel in a Ger- man regiment under the Duke of Marlborough. Knyphausen was educated in Berlin, entered the Prussian military service in 1734, and in 1775 be- came a general officer in the army of Frederick the Great. He came to this country as second in com- mand of an army of 12,000 so-called " Hessians " under Gen. von fleister (q. v.). With 6,000 soldiers he set sail from Bremen for the port of New York, and on 18 Oct. landed at Staten island, after a passage of twenty weeks. In 1777 disagreements between Gen. Howe and Gen. von Heister caused the latter's recall, and gave Knyphausen the entire command of the German auxiliaries. He served in the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Fort Washington, Brandywine, and Monmouth. For several years the main body of his soldiery occu- pied the upper part of Manhattan island, and dur- ing the temporary absence of Sir Henry Clinton, in 1780, he was in command of the city. Bodily infirmity and the loss of an eye caused his retire- ment in 1782, when he returned to Europe, hav- ing, as he said, achieved neither glory nor advance- ment. At the end of his life Knyphausen became military governor of Cassel. He was a taciturn and discreet officer, who understood the temper of his troops, and rarely entered on hazardous ex- ploits. His was a hireling army of recruits gath- ered from work-houses, and by impressment, and drilled in the use of arms on shipboard. As he frequently declared, on such forces a judicious com- mander could place little reliance ; they dwindled less bv death than bv desertion. KOEHLER, Alexander Daniel (kuh-ler), Ger- man botanist, b. in Altenkirchen, Riigen island, 18 April. 1762 ; d. in Langenbranden, Wiirtemberg. 6 Dec, 1828. He inherited from his father an in- dependent fortune, and occupied himself with bo- tanical studies. A letter from Alexander von Humboldt, then in America, determined him to make that country the field of his studies for sev- eral years, and he went in 1801 to Santa Fe de Bogota, and was for seven years a collaborator of Jose Mutis, the Spanish botanist. On his sugges- tion, Mutis established in 1801 an astronomical ob- servatory in Santa Fe. and Koehler provided it with valuable instruments. After the death of Mutis in 1808, he resolved to finish part of the lat- ter's work, and, going to Brazil, made a thorough study of the palm-trees of that country. The civil wars that desolated the northern part of South America at that time put a stop to his explora- tions, and. passing to Peru, he visited that coun- try, studying also the political institutions of Chili before returning in 1816. He devoted the remain- der of his life to the publication of the materials he had collected during his travels, and read sev- eral papers before the academies of sciences of Munich and Berlin, of which he was a correspond- ing member. He kept up also a correspondence with Humboldt, and furnished him with notes and information which the explorer utilized in the revised edition of his travels through America. Among his works are "Reise naeh Brasilien" (Stuttgart, 1817) : " Wanderungen in Peru und Chile" (2 vols., 1818); "Karte von dem pana- mischen Isthmus " (Munich, 1821) ; " Flora Brasi- liensis " (4 vols., Berlin, 1821-3) : " Flora Vene- zuliensis " (4 vols., 1822) ; " Studien fiber den of- fentlichen Unterricht in Chile " (Stuttgart, 1823) ; " Reisen durch Nordwest - Venezuela " (Leipsic, 1824) ; " Genera et species palmarum " (Stuttgart, 1825) ; " Sertum Peruanum " (2 vols., Berlin, 1826) ; " Institutiones botanicse " (Stuttgart, 1827) ; and " Conspectus polygalorum florae Brasilicae meri- dionalis" (2 vols., Berlin, 1827). KOEHLER, John Daniel, Moravian bishop, b. near Stendal, Germany, 28 Aug., 1737; d. in Neu- dietendorf, Germany, 28 Jan., 1805. He was a graduate of the University of Halle. In 1 783 he came to the United States and took charge of the church at Salem, N. C, and on 9 May, 1790, he was consecrated to the episcopate and became the presiding bishop of the southern district. After filling this office for eleven years he went to Europe in order to attend the general synod of the Mora- vian church, and on the adjournment of that body he did not return to the United States, but spent his remaining years in Germany. KOEHLER'. Robert, painter, b. in Hamburg, Germany. 28 Nov., 1850. He was brought to the United States in 1854, educated in Milwaukee. Wis., and apprenticed to a lithographer in 1866. He exercised that trade in Pittsburg, Pa., and in New York city, where he studied drawing in the night classes of the National academy of design. In 1873 he went to Europe to study with means fur- nished by George Ehret, of New York, whose at- tention had been drawn to the young artists's ambition and capabilities. He was a pupil in the Munich art academy, under Ludwig Loefftz and Franz Defregger. He began to exhibit in the Na- tional academy, New York, in 1877. In 1885 he took charge of a private school of art in that city. He organized the American department of the In- ternational art exhibition at Munich in 1S83, and was appointed by the Bavarian authorities to act in the same capacity in the exhibition of 1888. His works, which have been few. manifest study and care, and in technique and treatment are good ex- amples of the Munich school. The principal ones are "Holy-day Occupation" (1881); "Her Only Support " (1882) ; " The Socialist," a German agi- tator delivering a harangue (1883) ; and " The 570 KOEHLER KOERNER Strike," a large composition which attracted atten- tion on the walls of the National academy in 1886. KOEHLER, Sylvester Rosa, author, b. in Leipsic, Germany, 11 Feb., 1837. His grandfather was a musician and composer of note, and his fa- ther an artist. Mr. Koehler came to this country in 1849, after he had received the rudiments of a •classical education. His present home is in Rox- bury, Mass. He edited the " American Art Re- view " while it existed, and has contributed largely •on art to periodicals in this country and Europe. He has published translations of Von Betzold's "Theory of Color," edited by Prof. Edward C. Pickering (Boston, 1876), and Lalanne's " Treatise -on Etching," with notes (1880), and is the author of "Art Education and Art Patronage in the United States " (1882), and " Etching, an Outline •of its Technical Processes and its History, with Some Remarks on Collections and Collecting " (New York. 1885). Mr. Koehler wrote the text for " Original Etchings by American Artists " (1883) for " Twenty Original American Etchings " (1884) and for " American Art " (in press, 1887). He also edited the " United States Art Directory and Year Book " for 1882 and 1884, and is now (1887) •engaged on a history of color-painting. KOENIC*, George Augustus, chemist, b. in Willstedt, Baden, Germany, about 1845. He was graduated at the Carlsruhe polytechnic school in 1863 as a mechanical engineer, and then studied the natural sciences, especially geology and min- eralogy, at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin, receiving the degree of Ph. D. from the former in 1867. Subsequently he spent a year at Freiberg, Saxony, where he devoted his atten- tion to the practice of mining and metallurgy, and in October, 1868, he came to the United States. At first he was engaged in industrial chemistry, manufacturing sodium stannate from scrap tin, but in 1869 he became chemist to the Tacony chemical works in Philadelphia, for which corpora- tion he examined mining property in Mexico, nota- bly in the Botapelas district of Chihuahua. In 1874 he was appointed assistant professor of chem- istry and mineralogy in the University of Penn- sylvania, becoming acting professor of geology and mining in 1879, and professor of mineralogy and metallurgy in 1886. His scientific work includes the invention of chromometry or the application •of complementary colors to the quantitative esti- mation of metals that are dissolved in known quantities of glass fluxes, the description of four- new species of minerals, and the re-examination and more perfect determination of numerous other species, and the development of a method for free- ing the silver from low-grade ores by the combined action of chlorine, a concentrated solution of salt, and steam pressure, for which a patent was issued in 1880, but which failed of commercial success. He is a member of scientific societies, and was one -of the Seybert commission appointed by the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania to investigate spiritualism. Dr. Koenig's investigations have been published in the " Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society," in the " Journal " of the Philadelphia .academy of natural sciences, of which societies he is a member, and in other chemical journals at home and abroad. KOENIG, Juan Ramon (kuh'-nig), South American scientist, b. in Malines, Flanders, in 1623 ; d. in Lima, Peru, 19 July, 1709. He was a priest, and came to Peru in 1655, in the suite of the viceroy, the Count of Alba de Aliste, who ap- pointed him chaplain of the hospital of Espiritu Santo. Koenig taught various branches at the college of San Marcos, especially cosmography. By royal order he visited in 1672 the principal places of Peru to take observations of their latitude and longitude, for which purpose he had to construct for himself several mathematical instruments that were not to be obtained in Peru. In 1677 he was appointed successor of Francisco Lozano in the chair of mathematics, and was also appointed royal cosmographer. In 1781 he engraved with his own hands a map of Peru on a silver plate, which was highly praised by the French geographer, Louis Feuillet. When the viceroy, the Duke of La Pa- lata, resolved in 1682 to fortify the city of Lima, Koenig, together with Gen. Venegas Osorio, formed the plan for the fortifications, and directed their execution. Koenig wrote " Problema de la duplicacion del Cubo " (Madrid, 1678), and from 1680 till 1708 published in Lima daily weather ob- servations under the title of " Conocimiento de los tiempos." During his last years he had accumu- lated much material for a geography of Peru, but, unfortunately, after his death a friend burned nearly all his papers, to avoid making public his private matters, and thus the manuscript was lost. KOEPPEN, Adolphus Louis (kuh'-pen), edu- cator, b. in Copenhagen, Denmark, 14 Feb., 1804 ; d. in Athens, Greece. He was destined for a mili- tary career, but studied law, and in 1825 entered the' royal board of commerce. In 1834, during a visit to Greece, he was invited by King Otho to fill the professorship of history, archaeology, and modern languages at the royal military college of the Euelpides, which was then situated in the island of ^Egina. He was obliged to retire in 1843, in consequence of a popular demonstration against the German system of government, and re- turned to Denmark, but in 1846 came to the United States at the invitation of the Historical society of Philadelphia, before which he delivered a course of lectures on " Ancient and Modern Athens and Attica." These were repeated within the next few years in an enlarged form before the Lowell insti- tute in Boston, the Smithsonian institution in Washington, the University of Virginia, Brown university, and other similar bodies. In 1850-'l he gave lectures on the political, social, and liter- ary history of the middle ages. About the same time he accepted the professorship of history, aes- thetics, and modern languages in Franklin and Marshall college, Lancaster, Pa. He published " The World in the Middle Ages," accompanied by an " Historico-Geographical Atlas of the Middle Ages " (2 vols., New York, 1854). KOERNER, Gustay, jurist, b. in Frankfort-on- the-Main, Germany, 20 Nov., 1809. He was gradu- ated in law at Heidelberg in 1832, came to the United States in 1833, and studied American juris- prudence at Transylvania university in 1834-'5, after which he practised his profession in Belleville, 111., where he now (1887) resides. He was a mem- ber of the legislature in 1842-3, and judge of the supreme court of Illinois from 1845 till 1851. From 1853 till 1857 he served as lieutenant-gov- ernor of the state. He was instrumental in raising the 43d Illinois regiment in 1861, but, before its organization was completed, he was appointed colonel of volunteers in August, 1868, and assigned as aide to Gen. Fremont, upon whose removal he was assigned to Gen. Henry W. Halleck's staff, but resigned in April, 1862, owing to impaired health. In July, 1862, he was appointed U. S. minister to Spain, "which post he resigned in January, 1865. He was a member for the state at large of the Chicago conventions that nominated Lincoln in 1860 and Horace Greeley in 1872. In 1867 he was appointed KOHL KOLLOCK 571 president of the board of trustees that organized the Soldiers' orphans' home at Bloomington, 111., and in 1870 became president of the first board of railroad commissioners of Illinois. He is the au- thor of " Collections of the Important General Laws of Illinois, with Comments " (in German, St. Louis, 1838) ; " From Spain " (Frankfort-on-the- Main, 1866) ; " Das deutsche Element in den Ver- einigten Staaten. 1818-1848 " (Cincinnati, 1880 ; 2d ed.. New York, 1885) ; and a number of pamphlets. KOHL, John George, traveller, b. in Bremen, Germany, 28 April, 1808 ; d. there, 28 Oct., 1878. He studied law at the universities of Heidelberg, Gottingen, and Munich, and after spending six years as a tutor in Courland, visited Russia. Sub- sequently he travelled through Europe and pub- lished numerous works. Having collected mate- rial relating to the early history of America, he came to this country in 1854 and remained until 1858, when he returned to Bremen and became city librarian in 1863. He prepared for the U. S. government a series of valuable maps of America., and published, at the request of the U. S. coast sur- vey, the " History of the Discovery of the U. S. Coast " and the " History and Investigation of the Gulf Stream " (Bremen, 1868). Those of his pub- lications that relate to this country, many of which have been translated into English, are " Travels in Canada " (Stuttgart, 1856) ; " Travels in the United States" (New York, 1857); "History of the Two Oldest Charts of the New World " (Weimar, 1860) ; "History of the Discovery of the Northeastern Coast of America " (" Maine Historical Collections," Portland, 1869) ; a series of lectures entitled " His- tory of the Discovery of America " (Dresden, 1861 ; English translation, 1862) ; and " History of the Discovery and Voyage through the Straits of Ma- gellan " (Berlin, 1877). He also published a " Lec- ture on the Plan of a Chartographical Depot for the History and Geography of the American Con- tinent" (Smithsonian reports, Washington, 1856), and a descriptive catalogue of those maps, charts, and surveys relating to America that are men- tioned in vol. iii. of Hakluyt's " Voyages " (1857). KOHLMANN, Anthony, clergyman, b. in Kai- sersberg, France, 13 July, 1771 ; d. in Rome, Italy, in April, 1838. He studied the classics in Colmar, France, and philosophy and theology in the Col- lege of Freiburg, Switzerland, where he was or- dained priest in 1796. The same year he became a member of the Society of the sacred heart at Gogingen. He was driven from Belgium by the French revolutionists, and settled finally at Hagen- brunn, Austria, in 1797. During an epidemic in 1799 he devoted himself with such zeal to the suf- ferers that he was known among them as the " Martyr of Charity." He was next engaged in at- tending sick soldiers in Italy, was president of the College of Dillingen in Bavaria and of a college in Amsterdam, and finally, on the re-establishment of the Jesuit order within the jurisdiction of Arch- bishop Carroll, came to the United States as a member of that society, arriving in Baltimore, 3 Nov., 1806. He was appointed to visit the Roman Catholic congregations of Pennsylvania. In addi- tion to his other duties, he was in the habit of de- livering two sermons every day — one in German and one in English. He was appointed pastor in New York in 1808, and founded an academy for boys called the New York literary institution, and another for girls under the charge of the Ursuline nuns. He was present in 1809 at the death-bed of Thomas Paine, and has left an impressive descrip- tion of that event. During his ministry in New York restitution of stolen goods was made through his instrumentality, and Father Kohlmann was cited before court to give evidence in regard to the person from whom he had received the property. This he refused to do on the ground that the information was given to him in con- fession. It was finally decided that a priest was excused from answering in such cases, and the principle of this decision was afterward embodied in a statute. It was chiefly through his efforts that the cathedral in Mulberry street, the second Roman Catholic church in the city of New York, was completed, 4 May, 1815. He left New York the same year to take charge of the novitiate of the Jesuits at Whitemarsh, Md., and in 1817 he be- came superior of the order in the United States. He also filled the post of rector of Georgetown col- lege from 1818 till 1820. In 1821 he exchanged the superiorship of the mission for that of Wash- ington seminary, over which he presided three years. In 1824 he was summoned to Rome, where he taught theology for five years in the Roman college. He held several high official positions, and enjoyed the esteem of successive popes up to his death. His works include " A True Exposition of the Doctrine of the Catholic Church touching the Sacrament of Penance" (New York, 1813); " Centurial Jubilee to be celebrated by all the Reformed Churches throughout the United States " (1817) ; " The Blessed Reformation ; Martin Luther portrayed by Himself" (Philadelphia, 1818); and thirteen pamphlets on Unitarianism in reply to Jared Sparks, who was then a minister in Balti- more, Md. These were published in book-form as "Unitarianism Philosophically and Theologi- cally Examined " (2 vols., Washington, 1821). KOHNE, Frederick, philanthropist, b. in Rhe- da, Westphalia, Prussia, 30 March, 1757: d. in Philadelphia, Pa,, 26 May, 1829. He emigrated to this country in 1780, and obtained a clerkship in Charleston, S. C. Subsequently he entered into business, and retired in 1807 with a fortune. The remainder of his life was spent in Philadelphia and Charleston. He bequeathed nearly $400,000 to various societies and charities connected with the Protestant Episcopal chui'ch in both Pennsyl- vania and South Carolina, and directed that his residuary estate should be left so that the colored population might share in its benefits. KOLLOCK, Mary, artist, b. in Norfolk, Va., in 1840. She studied art in Philadelphia for three years under Robert Wylie in the Academy of fine arts, and subsequently took lessons in landscape from John B. Bristol and others. Afterward she spent a year in Paris, studied at the Julien school, and sketched in the north of France. She is a member of the Art students' league, and of the Ladies' art association, New York, in which she is now (1887) instructor in painting. Her contribu- tions to the exhibitions of the National academy of design include " Morning in the Mountains " and " On the Road to Mt, Marcy " (1877) ; " A Novem- ber Day " and an " Evening Walk " (1878) ; " A Gleam of Sunshine " (1882) ; " On Rondout Creek" and "The Old Fiddler" (1883); "Under the Beeches " (1885) ; " A Glimpse of the Catskills " (1886) ; and " Early Morning in the Mountains " (1887). To the Centennial exhibition of 1876 she sent " Midsummer in the Mountains." KOLLOCK, Shepard, editor, b. in Lewiston, Del., in 1750 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 July, 1839. He was commissioned lieutenant early in the Revo- lution, and took part in the battle of Trenton and other engagements. In 1779 he resigned and be- gan a newspaper entitled the " New Jersey Journal " in Chatham. He removed his press to New York 572 KOLTES KOSCIUSZKO in 1783, and established the " New York Gazet- teer," and in 178? removed to Elizabethtown, N. J., and revived his first journal, which he edited for thirty-one years. He was judge of common pleas thirty-five years and postmaster of Elizabethtown from 1820 till 1829. — His son, Henry, clergyman, b. in New Providence, N. J., 14 Dec, 1778 ; d. in Savannah, Ga., 29 Dec, 1819, was graduated at Princeton in 1794, and was tutor there from 1797 till 1800, at the same time studying theology. He was licensed to preach on 7 May, 1800, and in December he became professor of divinity in Princeton, and pastor of the church there. From 1806 till his death he was pastor of the independ- ent Presbyterian church in Savannah, Ga. In 1817 he spent eight months in England to collect materials for a life of John Calvin. Dr. James W. Alexander, in his memoir of Archibald Alexander (New York, 1854), spoke of him as " one of the most ornate yet vehement orators whom our country has produced." Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1806. His sermons were published, with a memoir, by his brother (4 vols., Savannah, 1822). — Another son, Shepard Koseiuszko, clergyman, b. in Elizabethtown, N. J., 29 June, 1795 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 7 April, 1865, was graduated at Princeton in 1812, studied theology with Dr. John McDowell and his brother, was licensed to preach in 1814, and ordained in 1818 as pastor of a Presby- terian church in Oxford, N. C. He was soon ap- pointed professor of rhetoric and logic in the Uni- versity of North Carolina, and in 1825 called to the Presbyterian church of Norfolk, Va., where he remained ten years. He then returned to New Jersey, and was for three years agent of the Board of domestic missions. He was successively pastor in Burlington, N. J., and Greenwich, N. J., till 1860, and in that year he removed to Philadelphia, where he preached to the benevolent institutions of the city until 1863. Princeton gave him the de- gree of D. D. in 1850. He contributed to the " Princeton Review," and published discourses and " Pastoral Reminiscences,*' translated into French and issued in Paris (New York, 1849). KOLTES, John A., soldier, b. in Rhenish Prussia in 1823 ; d. near Gainesville, Va., 30 Aug., 1862. He came to this country in 1846, and served throughout the Mexican war as orderly sergeant. After its close he became an officer of the marine corps, and was subsequently employed in the U. S. mint in Philadelphia. At the opening of the civil war he raised and commanded a regiment of Ger- mans. He was killed at the battle of Gainesville, Va. He had been acting brigadier-general in Gen. Adolph Von Steinwehr's division for four months, and his friends who had secured his promotion to this rank were carrying his commission, when they met his body as it was borne from the battle-field. KONDIARONK, also known as the Rat, chief of the Tionnontates Hurons, d. in Montreal, Canada, 2 Aug., 1701. He was considered by the French of Canada the bravest and ablest Indian they had ever met. He was constantly at war with the French until 1688, when Denonville, the governor, succeeded in making a treaty with him. In pursu- ance of this treaty, Kondiaronk set out on 26 May, at the head of 100 men, from Mackinaw to attack the Iroquois. He took Catarocouy on the road, and then learned that the French were negotiating with the Iroquois tribes, and that the French governor would not tolerate any hostility on the part of the Hurons. Kondiaronk was surprised at this change of affairs, but made no complaint, and withdrew from the fort, pi'etending to go to his village. He had learned, however, that Iroquois deputies and hostages were on their way to Mon- treal, and, after lying in wait for them several days at Hungry bay, rushed on them with his band, killing twenty and taking the rest prisoners. His intrigues after this exploit we.re marked by clever diplomacy, and had the effect of involving the French and the Iroquois in war, during the course of which he baffled all Denonville's steps for effecting peace. In 1689 he arranged a plan with the Iroquois for exterminating the Ottawas, the execution of which was prevented at the last mo- ment by Nicolas Perrot, who learned of the plot from an Aniez Indian. In 1690 he was instru- mental in prevailing on the Ottawas to treat with the Iroquois without the intervention of the French. He afterward became a firm friend of the French, and did them good service on many occasions. In 1697 he landed at the head of Lake Michigan with 150 warriors, and found that the Iroquois were encamped at some distance to the number of 250, but with canoes for only sixty. He advanced to the spot, but immediately feigned flight, and being pursued by sixty Iroquois in their canoes, turned and routed them. He afterward prevented the Hurons of Mackinaw from following the Baron, one of their chiefs in the English inter- est, to New York. He accompanied De la Motte Cadillac to Montreal in the same year, where Fron- tenac treated him with distinction. He took an active part in bringing about the treaty between the hostile tribes and the French in Montreal in 1700. Kondiaronk was at Montreal again in 1701. and it was by his influence that De Callieres, the governor, hoped to persuade the different tribes to make a mutual interchange of prisoners and to submit their differences in future to the French governor. His death was a heavy blow to the French interest. He was converted by Father de Carheil, and was accustomed to say that the only Frenchmen of talent he had met were De Carheil r De Callieres, and Count Frontenac KONSCHAK, Count Ferdinand, clergyman, b. in Warasdin, Croatia, 2 Dec, 1703 ; d. in California in 1760. He entered the Jesuit order, 22 Oct.. 1719, and, after teaching in Buda, set out as a missionary for Mexico, where he labored for several years. He was at first superior of the mission of St. Igna- tius in California, and afterward visitor of all the Jesuit missions. His works that he published after his arrival in Mexico are " Vida y muerte del P. Antonio Tempis, Jesuita Misionero de Californias " (Mexico, 1748) ; " Apostolicos Afaues de la Com- pania de Jesus, etc." (Barcelona, 1754 ; Paris, 1767) ^ and " Historia de las Misiones de Californias, nom- bradas : los Dolores del Norte, y la Magdalena," which remained in manuscript, but supplied Vene- gas (q. v.) with nearly all the materials for his his- tory of California. A narrative of Konschak's addressed to the confessor of the viceroy of Naples, dated Vera Cruz, 24 April, 1731, is in the 37th volume of the " Weltbote " (Augsburg, 1728-'50). KOQUETHAGACHTON, called by the English " White Eyes," Delaware chief, d. in Fort Laurens, Ohio, in November, 1778. He was appointed by Netawatwes, chief of the Turtle tribe, his first councillor, and on his death, in 1776, succeeded him. In Dunmore's war, as well as during the Revolution, White Eyes strove strenuously to keep the Delawares neutral. Failing in this in the lat- ter contest, he joined the Americans, and died when Mcintosh's expedition was about to move against the Sanduskv towns. KOSCIUSZKO, Tadeusz (Thaddeus) (kos-se- us'-ko), Polish patriot, b. near Novogrudek, Lithu- ania, 12 Feb., 1746 ; d. in Solothurn, Switzerland,. KOSCIUSZKO KOSTER 573 15 Oct., 1817. He was descended from a noble Lithuanian family, studied at the military acad- emy of Warsaw, and, completing his education in France at the expense of the state, returned to Po- land, entered the army, and rose to the rank of captain. An unrequited passion for the daughter of the Marquis of Lithuania induced him to leave Poland in 1775 and offer his assistance to the Americans in their war for in- dependence. The number of foreign auxiliary officers had become numer- ous, and Washing- ton had complained to congress, in Oc- tober, 1776, that he was unable to em- ploy many of them, owing to their ig- norance of English. Kosciuszko, how- ever, arrived with letters of recom- mendation from Benjamin Franklin to Washington, who inquired what he could do. " I come to fight as a volunteer for American in- dependence," answered Kosciuszko. " What can you do % " asked Washington. " Try me," was the reply. He received his commission as a colonel of engineers on 18 Oct., 1776, and repaired to his post with the troops under Gen. Gates, who de- scribed him as " an able engineer, and one of the best and neatest draughtsmen that he ever saw," and selected him for the northern service, ordering him, " after he had made himself thoroughly ac- quainted with the works, to point out where and in what manner the best improvements and addi- tions could be made thereto." Kosciuszko there- fore planned the encampment and post of Gates's army at Bemis Heights, near Saratoga, from which, after two well-fought actions, Burgoyne found it impossible to dislodge the Americans. Kosciuszko was subsequently the principal engi- neer in executing the works at West Point. He became one of Washington's adjutants, and aided Gen. Nathanael Greene in the unsuccessful siege of Ninety-Six, receiving for his services the thanks of congress and the brevet of brigadier - gen- eral, 13 Oct., 1783. One of Washington's latest official acts was to intercede with congress for the bestowal of these honors. He was also made a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. At the end of the war he returned to Poland, where he lived several years in retirement. When the Polish army was reorganized in 1789, he was appointed a major-general, and fought in defence of the con- stitution of 3 May, 1791, under Prince Poniatowski, against the Russians. He was in the battle of Zielence, 18 June, 1792, and in that of Hubienka, 17 July, 1792, where, with only 4,000 men, he kept 15,000 Russians at bay for six hours, making his retreat without great loss. But the patriots were overwhelmed by numbers, and when King Stanislas submitted to the second partition of Poland, Kosciuszko resigned his commission and retired to Leipsic, where he received from the na- tional assembly the citizenship of France. He de- termined to make a second effort for Poland, and a rising of his countrymen was secretly planned. Kosciuszko was elected dictator and general-in- *chief. On 24 March, 1794, he suddenly appeared in Cracow, issued a manifesto against the Russians, and hastily collected a force of about 5,000 peas- ants, armed mostly with scythes. At Raclawice he routed a Russian corps that was almost twice as strong, and returned in triumph to Cracow. He committed the conduct of government affairs to a national council that was organized by himself, and after receiving re-enforcements moved for- ward in quest of the Russian army. The march was opposed by the king of Prussia at the head of 40,000 men, and Kosciuszko, whose force was only 13,000, was defeated at Szczekociny, 6 June, 1794. Unable to check the prevailing anarchy, Kosciusz- ko resigned his dictatorship and retired with his army to Warsaw, and defended it against the Prussians and Russians, whom he compelled to raise the siege. Austria now took part against him with 150,000 men, and he was routed at Maciejowice, 10 Oct., 1794. Kosciuszko fell covered with wounds. He was imprisoned in St. Peters- burg for two years, until the death of Catherine, when the Emperor Paul gave him his liberty, with many marks of esteem. The czar, in releasing him, offered him his sword, but Kosciuszko refused to accept it, saying, " I have no need of a sword ; I have no country to defend." Subsequently his countrymen in the French army of Italy presented him with the sword of John Sobieski. On crossing the Russian frontier he returned to the czar the patent of his pension and every testimonial of Rus- sian favor, and passed the rest of his life in retire- ment. He visited the United States in 1797, where he was received with distinction, and obtained from congress a grant of land, in addition to the pen- sion that he had received after the Revolutionary war. He then resided in Fontainebleau until 1814, engaged in agriculture. When Napoleon was about to invade Poland in 1806 he wished to em- ploy Kosciuszko, who, being under parole not to fight against Russia, refused to enlist, and the proclamation to the Poles that appeared in the " Moniteur " under his name in 1806 he declared to be a forgery. In 1816 he removed to Solothurn, Switzerland, and in the following year sent a deed of manumission to all the serfs on his Polish es- tate. His death was caused by a fall from his horse over a precipice. The Emperor Alexander had him interred be- side Poniatowski and Sobieski in the cathe- dral of Cracow, near which city the people raised to his memory a mound 150 feet high, the earth of which was brought from every great battle-field of Poland. From a fan- cied resemblance to this mound the lofti- est mountain in Aus- tralia has received the name of Mount Kos- ciuszko. A monument of white marble, designed by John H. B. Latrobe, and represented in the illustration, was erected to his memory at West Point by the U. S. military academy cadet corps of 1828, at a cost of % 5,000. See Chodzko's " Histoire militaire, politique et privee de Kosciuszko " (Paris, 1837) ; and Falken- stein's " Leben Kosciuszko's " (Leipsic, 1825). KOSTER, Henry, English explorer, b. in Liver- pool in 1793 ; d. in Pernambuco, 20 May, 1820. His father was a merchant in Liverpool, and sent his son, who had been ordered to travel for his C W ■J'M- 574 KOTZEBUE KRAUTBAUER health, to his agent in Pernambuco. Young Henry landed in that city on 7 Dec, 1809, and, acquiring strength in a few months, began to explore the country, studying its natural productions. In the summer of 1811 he paid a short visit to England, returning on 27 December to Pernambuco, where he had resolved to make his home. He afterward bought the island of Itamaraca, which he colo- nized. Koster was the first to give to Europeans exact notions about the remote provinces of Bra- zil, where he travelled. He published " Travels in Brazil " (London, 1816), and " Explorations in Northern Brazil, 1809-'lo, through the Provinces of Pernambuco, Ceara, Parahiba, etc." (1816). KOTZEBUE, Otto von, Russian explorer, b. in Revel, Russia, 30 Dec, 1787; d. there, 15 Feb., 1846. His father was the celebrated dramatist. The son was educated at the Academy of St. Peters- burg, and entered the Russian navy. In 1815 he commanded an expedition that was equipped and sent out at the expense of Count Rumiantzeff, chancellor of the empire, to explore the South sea and Bering strait, in search of a northeast passage to the Atlantic. After exploring the South sea islands they steered toward Kamtchatka, and dis- covered, oii 20 April, an island to which they gave the name of their patron, Rumiantzeff. Kotzebue also discovered several islands and bays and a sound northeast of Bering strait, which he called Kotzebue sound. He arrived in Russia, 23 July, 1818, and in 1823 was appointed by Alexander I. to command the " Predpriatie," and ordered to the west coast of North America to protect the Rus- sian American company from the smuggling of foreign traders. In 1829 he retired from active service and spent the rest of his life with his fam- ily in Esthonia. He was the author of " Travels through Italy, 1804-'5 " (4 vols., London, 1807) ; ''Journey in Persia" (English translation, Phila- delphia, 1820) ; '" A Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Bering Strait in the Years 1815-'18 " (3 vols., Weimar, St. Petersburg, and London, 1821) ; and " A New Voyage Round the World in the Years 1823-6 " (2 vols., Weimar and London, 1830). KOUNS, Nathan Chapman, author, b. in Ful- ton, Callaway co., Mo., 17 Dec, 1833. His paternal ancestors, who came to this country with Lord Baltimore, were from Strasbourg. Mr. Kouns was educated chiefly at home, and at St. Charles college, Mo., where he was graduated in 1852. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised until he entered the Confederate army, in which he served during the civil war, being several times wounded. He afterward returned to the practice of the law, and in January, 1887, was appointed by the supreme court of Missouri librarian of the state library at Jefferson City. He is the author of " Dorcas, Daughter of Faustina " (New York, 1863), and " Arius, the Libyan" (1883), and of two other works that are still in manuscript. KOUNTZ, John S., soldier, b. in Richfield, Lucas co., Ohio, 25 March, 1846. He attended school in Maumee City, Ohio, until the age of four- teen, and in September, 1861 enlisted as a drum- mer-boy in the 37th Ohio infantry. At the battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn., 25 Nov., 1863, when the drum-corps was ordered to the rear he threw away his drum, seized a musket, and was severely wound- ed in the first assault, being left in the field under the enemy's guns until he was rescued by his com- pany. This episode is the subject of a poem by Mrs. Kate B. Sherwood, entitled " The Drummer- Boy of Mission Ridge," which attained a wide reputation. He remained in the hospital of Louis- ville until he was honorably discharged from the service on 25 April, 1864, and on his return to civil life he attended school for one year, after which he was treasurer of Lucas county from 1872 till 1874, and county recorder in 1875-'8. He has been connected with the Grand army of the republic since its organization in 1866, and was elected its commander-in-chief on 25 July, 1884. In the presidential contest that occurred during his official term he issued an order to bar politics from this organization. He is now (1887) president of the Toledo fire-underwriters' association. KRACKOWIZER, Ernest, physician, b. in Styria, Austria, in 1822 ; d. in Sing Sing, N. Y., 23 Sept., 1875. He studied medicine in Vienna and Padua, where, as captain of the students' league, he became involved in the insurrection of 1848. He came to this country, settled in Brook- lyn, where he practised until he removed to New York in 1857. He established the German dis- pensary, and assisted in reorganizing Bellevue hospital medical college in 1874. He was a mem- ber of the committee of seventy during the mu- nicipal reform, a member of several medical socie- ties, and attached to Mount Sinai and other hos- pitals. He contributed to medical periodicals. KRAITSIR, Charles, philologist, b. in Schmol- nitz, Hungary, 28 Jan., 1804; d. in Morrisania, N. Y., 7 May, 1860. He was graduated in medi- cine at Pesth in 1828, and in 1831 went to Poland and took an active part in the revolution there. He came to this country in 1833 with the inten- tion of founding a Polish colony, and in 1837-8 he established an academy at Ellicott's Mills, Md. Subsequently he resided in Washington, and in 1841-'2 was principal of the state academy of Maryland, Charlotte's hall. From 1842 till 1844 he delivered lectures in Boston on philology, and established a school there. In 1848 he went to Europe, but afterward returned to Boston, and in 1851 came to New York and passed his last years in Morrisania, engaged in literary pursuits. He is the author of " The Poles in the United States " (Philadelphia, 1836-'7) : " First Book of English " and " Significance of the Alphabet " (Boston, 1846) ; and " Glossology, being a Treatise on the Nature of Language and on the Language of Na- ture " (New York, 1852). KRAUTBAUER, Francis Xavier, R. C. bish- op, b. near Bruck, Bavaria, 12 Jan., 1824. He re- ceived his early education in Regensburg, and afterward studied theology in the Georgianum in Munich. He was ordained priest, 16 July, 1850, and arrived in the United States in October of the same year, intending to devote himself to the spiritual welfare of his countrymen. After a short residence in Buffalo he was appointed in 1851 pas- tor of St. Peter's church, Rochester, where he also erected schools for boys and girls. In 1859 he went to Milwaukee to become spiritual director of the school sisters of Notre Dame in that city, at the same time attending the church of Our Lady of the Angels. He remained in this post for over ten years, and the mother house of the sisterhood was built under his direction. In 1873 Father Kraut- bauer was shipwrecked on Lake Michigan and nar- rowly escaped drowning. In 1875 he was nomi- nated bishop of Green Bay and consecrated on 29 June of that year. He found the administration of his diocese a work of great difficulty, as his flock embraced people from every country in Eu- rope. Some congregations were made up of Eng- lish-speaking Roman Catholics, Germans. French- men, Hollanders, Bohemians, Walloons, Poles, and Indians. He devoted special attention to the work KRAUTH KREBS 575 of education, and in 1884 had forty-four parochial schools, attended by 5,292 children. The number of churches increased from 92 to 126, and the num- ber of priests from 63 to 96. KRAUTH, Charles Philip, clergyman, b. in Montgomery county, Pa.. 7 May, 1797; d. in Get- tysburg, Pa., 30 May, 1867. At the age of eighteen he began the study of medicine, but abandoned it for theology, and in 1819 the ministerium of Penn- sylvania licensed him to preach. After holding a pastorate at Martinsburg and Shepherdstown, Va., he was called in 1827 to Philadelphia, Pa., to take charge of the recently organized English congre- gation. In 1833 he was elected professor of bibli- cal and oriental literature in the theological semi- nary at Gettysburg, Pa., and the following year he was unanimously elected president of Pennsylvania college, at the same place. In 1850 he resigned his post as president of the college, in order to devote his time exclusively to duties in the theological seminary, where he continued to labor until his death. He was given the degree of D. D. by the University of Pennsylvania in 1837. Dr. Krauth edited the " Evangelical Review " from 1850 till 1861. and, besides articles in its pages, published various discourses, including his inaugural address as president of Pennsylvania college (Gettysburg, Pa., 1834), and " Discourse on the Life and Character of Henry Clay " (1852). He was co-editor of the general synod"s hymn-book (1828), and edited the "Lutheran Sunday-School Hymn-Book" (Phila- delphia, 1843). — His eldest son. Charles Porter- field, clergvman, b. in Martinsburg. Va.. 17 March, 1823; d. in Philadelphia. Pa,, 2 Jan., 1883, was graduated at Pennsvlvania college, Gettvsburg, in 1839, arid at the theological semi- nary at the same place, and entered the Lutheran min- istry in 1841. He was pastor succes- sively of Luther- an congregations at Baltimore, Md., in 1841-7; Shep- herdstown, Va.. in 1847-'8 ; Win- chester. Va., in 1848-'55 ; Pitts- burg. Pa,, in 1855- '9 ; of St. Mark's, Philadelphia, in 1859-61 ; and lat- er of other con- gregations in the same city. He was editor of the " Lutheran and Missionary ; ' in Philadelphia in 1861-7 ; professor of systematic theology in the Lutheran theological seminary, Philadelphia, in 1864-'83 : of mental and moral science in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1868-'83 ; vice-provost of the same institution in 1873-'83 : and after the retirement of Provost Stille declined to be his suc- cessor. The honorary degree of D. D. was con- ferred on him by Pennsylvania college, Gettys- burg, in 1856. and that of LL. D. by the same in- stitution in 1874. In 1852-3, on account of his wife's illness, he visited with her the Danish West Indies, and for three months of that time preached in the Dutch Reformed church at St. Thomas. He subsequently published a sketch of this visit under the title " A Winter and Spring in the Danish West Indies." In 1880 he went to Europe to visit the scenes of the life and labors of Luther, in or- der to complete a life of the great reformer, for tf.,/?^ -V-z*>£^2^u- which he had made extensive preparations : but his death prevented its completion. Dr. Krauth was by universal consent the most accomplished scholar and theologian of the Lutheran church in Ameri- ca, He was an active member of the Old Testa- ment company of the American Bible revision committee, and its chairman. Dr. Philip Schaff said of him : " Our country has produced few men who united in their persons so many excellences which distinguish the scholar, the theologian, the exegete, the debater, and the leader of his breth- ren, as did our accomplished associate. His learn- ing did not smother his genius, nor did his philo- sophical attainments impair the simplicity of his- faith." When, in 1864, the ministerium of Penn- sylvania determined to establish the theological seminary at Philadelphia, he was unanimously chosen one of the professors. His system of the- ology, as he gave it in outline to his classes, is a marvel of scientific arrangement. In the contro- versy in the Lutheran church, which resulted in the division in 1866 and in the establishment of the general council in 1867, he was the acknowl- edged leader. He wrote the " Fundamental Prin- ciples of Faith and Church Polity," to which the council has ever since adhered : he prepared, very largely, the constitution of the general council, and the constitution for congregations, and at his death was engaged in the preparation of a con- stitution for synods. His extensive researches in liturgies qualified him to take an active part in the preparation of the church-book at present in use in the general council churches, and the principles underlying the order of worship, adopted in 1865, have been made the basis of a common order of worship for all English-speaking Lutherans in the United States. Dr. Krauth's publications num- ber more than one hundred. His greatest work is entitled " The Conservative Reformation and its Theology" (Philadelphia, 1872). His other writ- ings include " Tholuck's Commentary on the Gos- pel of John," translated (1859) ; " Christian Liberty in Relation to the Usages of the Evangelical Lu- theran Church Maintained and Defended " (1860) ; " Fleming's Vocabulary of Philosophy," edited, with introduction and additions (I860; 2d ed. r enlarged, New York, 1877) ; " The Augsburg Con- fession," translated, with historical introduction, notes, and index (Philadelphia, 1868) : " Infant Baptism and Infant Salvation in the Calvinistic System," a review of Dr. Hodge's "Systematic Theology " (1874) ; " Ulriei's Review of Strauss " (1874) ; " Berkeley's Principles, Prolegomena, Notes of Ueberweg, and Original Annotations " (1874) ; and " Chronicle of the Augsburg Confession " (1878). Dr. Krauth also wrote poems, translated hymns from the Latin and German, and was a frequent contributor to religious periodicals. A memoir of him is now (1887) in preparation by his son-in-law. Rev. Adolph Spaeth, D. D. KREBS, John Michael, clergyman, b. in Ha- gerstown, Md., 6 May, 1804 ; d. in New York city, 30 Sept., 1867. He became a clerk in the employ of his father, the postmaster of Hagerstown, but spent his leisure in study, and was graduated at Dickinson in 1827, and at Princeton theological seminary in 1829. From that year till his death he was pastor of the Rutgers street Presbyterian church in New York city. He held many offices in the old-school branch of his church, and was a member of the board of foreign missions from its organization, and several years its president. In 1842 he became a director of Princeton seminary, and its president in 1865. which offices he held till his death. Dickinson gave him the decree of D. D. 576 KREHBIEL KRUMMACHER in 1841. He published sermons and religious works, " The Private, Domestic, and Social Life of Jesus Christ : a Model for Youth " (Philadelphia, 1849), and the " Presbyterian Psalmist " (1852). KREHBIEL, Henry Edward, musical critic, b. in Ann Arbor, Mich., 10 March, 1854. He re- ceived a general education from his father, a Ger- man clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church, and began in 1872 the study of law in Cincinnati. In June, 1874, he was attached to the staff of the " Cincinnati Gazette " as musical critic, which post he held until November, 1880. He then came to New York, where he is now (1887) musical critic of the " Tribune." Among his published works are " The Technics of Violin Playing " (Cincinnati, 1880) ; " Review of the New York Musical Season 1885-6 " (New York and London, 1886) ; and the same for the season of 1886-'7 (1887). KRIMMEL, John Lewis, artist, b. in Ebingen, Wlirtemberg, Germany, in 1787; d. near German- town, Pa., 15 July, 1821. He came to Philadelphia in 1810 to engage in business with his brother, but soon abandoned this occupation for art. He began by painting portraits, but, a copy of Wilkie's " Blind Fiddler" falling in his way, his attention was turned to humorous subjects. He also painted historical pictures, and at the time of his death — by drowning — he had received a commission to paint a large canvas on the landing of William Penn. Mi*. Krimmel was president of the Society of American artists. Among his works are " The Pepper-Pot Woman," " The Cut Finger," " Blind- man's Bluff," " Election Day," " The Fourth of July at Old Centre Square," " Going to and Re- turning from Boarding-School," "The Country Wedding," and " Perry's Victory." KROEGER, Adofph Ernst, author, b. in Schwabstedt, duchy of Schleswig, 28 Dec, 1837 ; d. in St. Louis, 8 March, 1882. He was the son of a clergyman who came to this country with his family in 1848 and settled at Davenport, Iowa. Young Kroeger first went into a banking-house, but in 1857 removed to New York city and was connected with one of the daily papers as trans- lator for three years. During the civil war he served on the staff of Gen. Fremont, and at its close settled in St. Louis. Both by translations of the works of Fichte, Kant, and Leibnitz, and by numerous essays in different periodicals, he largely contributed to a better understanding of German literature in this country, and increased the num- ber of those that are interested in it. He wrote regularly for the St. Louis " Journal of Speculative Philosophy." He published Fichte's " Science of Knowledge " (Philadelphia, 1868), the same au- thor's " Science of Rights " (1869), and translated his '• Science of Morals," but his translation still remains in manuscript. He also issued " The Minnesingers of Germany," containing translations of Walter von der Vogelweide and others (New York, 1873), and " Our Forms of Government and the Problems of the Future "' (1862). KROGSTRUPP, Otto Christian, clergyman, b. on the island of Fiihnen, Denmark, 18 Aug., 1714; d. in Bethlehem, Pa., 10 Oct., 1785. He was graduated at the University of Copenhagen, and was ordained to the ministry of the Lutheran church by the Danish Bishop Brodersen. In 1748 he united with the Moravian church, and in 1753 came to this country, where he labored for many years in Philadelphia, at Graceham, Md., and at Lititz, York, and Lancaster, Pa. Krogstrupp was distinguished for his power and eloquence as a preacher. An old record says : " He was a vessel of grace, filled with simplicity and love to God and man — a diadem among the faithful ministers whom God has given to the Moravian church." KROHN, Joseph Hyacinthe, French mariner, b. in Neuville, France, 16 Aug., 1766 ; d. in Saint Jean d'Angely, 21 March, 1823. He entered the navy in 1782, was wounded in an engagement with the English in the waters of St. Croix, and served in Santo Domingo from 1789 till 1795, where he won the commission of frigate-captain. He com- manded the French navy in Guadeloupe under Hugues from 1795 till 1799, and fought several successful engagements with the English fleet, which enabled the captain-general to reconquer all the French colonies in the West Indies. Krohn would have risen to the highest ranks had not his education been neglected. In 1801-'2 he com- manded a division of the expedition to Santo Do- mingo, but he lost all his crew from yellow fever in Havana. The admiral gave him orders to burn his ship, but Krohn opened the prisons in Havana, and recruiting 500 outlaws, maintained such strict discipline that he captured three English men-of- war. From 1804 till 1808 he commanded the sta- tion of Santo Domingo, and inflicted great damage on English commerce. He resigned in 1814, when he received the rank of commodore. KROTEL, Gottlob Frederick, clergyman, b. in Ilsfeld, Wiirtemberg, Germany, 4 Feb., 1826. He came to the United States when quite young, set- tled in Philadelphia, and was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1846. He then studied theology, was licensed to preach in 1848, and was ordained to the ministry in the Lutheran church in 1850. He has been pastor, successively, of Lutheran congregations at Lebanon, Pa., in 1849-53 ; Lancaster, Pa., in 1853-'62 ; and in Phila- delphia in 1862-'8 ; and since 1868 has had charge of the English Evangelical Lutheran church of the Holy Trinity, New York city, which he organized. At the establishment of the Lutheran theological seminary at Philadelphia, in 1864, he was elected one of the professors, a post which he filled un- til his removal to New York. He has held many offices in his church, and was president of its gen- eral council in 1870. He received the degree of D. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1865. Dr. Krotel was for several years editor of the " Lu- therische Herald," New York, and for many years of " The Lutheran," Philadelphia. Among his pub- lished works are " Life of Melanchthon," by Led- derhose, translated from the German (Philadelphia, 1854) ; " Who are the Blessed % A Meditation on the Beatitudes " (1855) ; " Memorial Volume of Trinity Church, Lancaster " (Lancaster, Pa., 1861) ; " Ex- planations of Luther's Small Catechism," with Rev. William J. Mann, D. D. (Philadelphia, 1863) ; and " Luther and the Swiss," a lecture by Dr. Gerhard Uhlhorn. translated from the German (1878). KRUMMACHER, Friedrich Wilhelm, cler- gyman, b. m Duisburg, Prussia, in 1796 ; d. in Potsdam, Prussia, 10 Dec, 1868. His father, Fried- rich Adolph Krummacher, was an eminent German theologian and writer. The son held a pastorate in Germany, and, although a minister of the Re- formed church, was a zealous advocate of the older Lutheranism, and gave great offence by his denun- ciation of rationalists. He came to New York in 1843, declined a theological professorship in Mer- cersburg. Pa., and afterward returned to Germany, settling in Berlin in 1847. Among his numerous works, nianv of which have been translated into English, are " Flying Roll of Free Grace Dis- played " (New York, 1841) ; " Elijah the Tishbite " (1847); "The Martyr Lamb " (1849) ; "The Last Days of Elisha " (1852) ; " The Risen Redeemer " KRUSENSTERN KUNTH 577 (1863) ; and " Bunsen and Stahl " (Berlin, 1856). Among his later devotional works are " Gottes Wort " (Berlin, 1865), and " David, der Konig von Israel " (1866 ; English translation, 1870). His ser- mons were published (Berlin, 1868), and his auto- biography edited by his daughter, which was trans- lated into English (London, 1871). KRUSENSTERN, Adam Johann von, Rus- sian navigator, b. in Haggud. Esthonia, 19 Nov., 1770 ; d. in Esthonia, 24 Aug., 1846. He was in the English service in 1793-'9, and afterward, hav- ing been made a captain in the Russian navy, com- manded in 1803 an expedition that he had planned for the exploration of the north Pacific coasts of America and Asia. He described this in his " Reise urn die Welt in den Jahren 1803-6 " (3 vols., St. Petersburg, 1810-'12 ; English translation, Lon- don, 1813). Krusenstern became an admiral in 1841. KRYN, called " The Great Mohawk," Indian chief, d. in Salmon River, near Lake Champlain, N. Y., 4 June, 1690. In 1674 his wife became a convert to Christianity, and the chief abandoned her. In his wanderings he reached the new vil- lage of La Prairie, on the St. Lawrence, which had been founded by Catherine Ganneaktena (q. v.) in 1670. He was struck by the peace and order that prevailed, and after some months became a Chris- tian. On his return to his tribe in Caughnawaga, he related what he had seen, and urged all who shared his ideas to follow him to La Prairie. Forty at once joined him, and reached the mission on Easter Sunday, 1676. In 1687, during a war be- tween the Iroquois and the Indians that were friendly to the French, Kryn made an offer to Denonville, the French governor, to go, with five others, and find out the real intentions of the Mo- hawk tribe. His offer was accepted, and as he was crossing Lake Champlain he met a body of sixty Mohawks who had been sent by Gov. Dongan to make a raid on the French settlements. Kryn persuaded them to return, and even preached to them with such success that four were converted. The Oneidas and Onondagas were also influenced by him, aided by Garaconthie (q. v.) to keep peace with the French. In February, 1690, under orders from the new governor, Frontenac (q. v.), a force of a hundred Frenchmen and eighty Indians, the latter commanded by Kryn, marched on Schenec- tady. Kryn encouraged his followers to avenge on the English the massacre of 200 Canadians by the Iroquois six months before. Schenectady was taken by surprise, and sixty-three of the inhabitants butch- ered. Later in the same year the great Mohawk set out with Lieut. Beauvais on a war-party. While halting at Salmon river, for the purpose of erect- ing a stockade, the party was attacked by the Ab- nakis, who mistook them for English, and Kryn fell dead at the first fire. KUHN, Adam, botanist, b. in Germantown, Pa., 28 Nov., 1741 ; d. in Philadelphia, 5 July, 1817. He studied medicine under his father, and at the University of Upsal in 1862, also studying botany under Linnasus. He took the degree of M. D. at the University of Edinburgh in June, 1767, and published his thesis, " De Lavatione frigida." On his return he settled at Philadel- phia and practised medicine. He was appointed professor of materia medica in the College of Phila- delphia in January, 1768, became professor of the theory and practice of medicine in the University of Pennsylvania in November, 1789, and held the chair of the practice of physic from the union of the college and the university in January, 1792, till 1797. He was a physician of the Pennsylvania hospital from May, 1775, till January, 1798, and vol. in. — 37 was president of the College of physicians from July,. 1808, till his death. KUHN, or KINO, Eusebius Francis, mission- ary, b. in Trent, Austria, about 1650 ; d. in Mag- dalena, Sonora, in 1711. He entered the Society of Jesus at an early period, and after completing his studies was appointed professor of mathematics in the University of Ingoldstadt, but resigned and went to Mexico as a missionary. He not only de- voted himself to the conversion of the Indians, but to bettering their social condition. Receiving permission to preach in Sonora, he set out from Mexico, 20 Oct., 1686, and met on the way Father Salva Tierra. Together they formed the project of converting and subjecting to Spain all the inhabi- tants from Mexico to Oregon. Father Kuhn was to undertake the territory of Sonora and the Pima country, which embraced most of the present terri- tory of Arizona. After entering Sonora he learned the different dialects of the inhabitants, and formed vocabularies and elementary works for the use of his assistants and successors. He is said to have baptized with his own hand over 48,000 of the na- tives, and caused them to adopt civilized life. He was constantly thwarted in his efforts by the cruelty of the Spaniards, and his denunciations of the violence and oppression with which the Indians were treated at length moved the Mexican coun- cil. Regulations were made for the protection of the Indians ; but they were never observed, and he often saw his converts dragged from their homes and compelled to work in the mines. He entered Arizona, 13 March, 1687, built chapels everywhere, made peace between hostile tribes, " and," says Clavigero in the " Storia della Califor- nia," " if he could have obtained additional mis- sionaries and not been hampered by constant im- pediments, calumnies, and false reports, he would then have easily converted all the tribes between Sonora and the rivers Gila and Colorado." In 1698 he set out on a tour of inspection of his mis- sion stations, and travelled on foot a thousand miles through a rugged country inhabited only by savages. He made several such journeys during the subsequent years of his ministry, and between 1693 and 1697 founded the missions of Santa Maria Somanca, Gueravi, Cocospera, San Cayetano, and San Xavier del Bac. The last was the largest rancheria in Arizona, having 176 houses and 803 Indians. He founded fourteen missions, most of which were abandoned after his death. He wrote " Explicacion astronomica del Cometa que se vio en todo el orbe en 1680 y 1681" (Mexico, 1681); " Mapa del paso por tierra a la California," pub- lished by Rev. L. Gobicu (1706) ; and several manu- script works, which he deposited with the Jesuits in Mexico, and which were used by Rev. Miguel Venegas in his " Historia de California." KUNKEL, John Christian, lawyer, b. in Har- risburg, Pa., 18 Sept., 1816; d. there, 14 Oct., 1870. He was graduated at Jefferson college, Pa., subse- quently studied law at the Carlisle law-school, was admitted to the bar of Dauphin county, and soon gained a reputation as a lawyer and a public speaker. During the presidential campaign of 1844 he spoke much in favor of Henry Clay, and the same year was elected to the legislature and served for three consecutive terms. In 1851 he was elected to the state senate, and at the close of the first session was chosen speaker. In 1854, and again in 1856, he was elected to congress as a Whig, and served from 1855 till 1859. KUNTH, Charles Sigismnnd (koont), Ger- man botanist, b. in Leipsic, 18 June, 1788; d, there, 22 March, 1850. He became a merchant's 578 KUNTZE KUNZE clerk in Berlin in 1806, but made the acquaintance of Alexander von Humboldt, who furnished him with means to attend lectures at the university, and afterward took him to Paris in 1813. From 1813 till 1819 Kunth devoted his time to classifying the plants that had been collected by Humboldt and Bonpland during their journey through America. Returning to Berlin in 1820, he became professor of botany at the university, and vice- president of the botanical garden, and in 1829 was elected member of the Academy of sciences of Ber- lin. In the same year he sailed for South America and visited, during a sojourn of three years, Chili, Peru, Brazil, Venezuela, Central America, and the West Indies. His collections were bought after his death by the Prussian government, and form a part of the royal herbarium in Berlin. Among his works are " Nova genera et species plantarum quas in peregrinatione ad plagam a?quinoctialem orbis novi collegerunt Bonpland et Humboldt " (7 vols., Paris, 1815-25) ; " Les mimosees et autres plantes legumineuses du nouveau continent " (1819) ; " Synopsis plantarum quas in itinere ad pla- gam asquinoctialem orbis novi collegerunt Hum- boldt et Bonpland " (1822-'3) ; " Les graminees de lAmerique du Sud " (2 vols., 1825-33). These four works form parts iii. and iv. of Humboldt and Bonpland's " Voyage dans l'interieur de lAme- rique." He was the author also of " Handbuch der Botanik" (Berlin, 1831); " Enumeratio plantarum omnium hucusque cognitarum, secundum familias naturales disposita, adjectis characteribus, differ- entiis, et synonymis " (Stuttgart, 1833-'50) ; " Lehr- buch der Botanik " (1847) ; and " Les melastomees et autres plantes legumineuses de lAmerique du Sud," being a continuation of Bonpland's work (3 vols., Paris, 1847-'52). KUNTZE, Edward J., sculptor, b. in Pom- erania, Prussia, in 1826 ; d. in New York city, 10 April, 1870. He received his artistic education mostly in Stockholm, Sweden, gained the Roman prize in the academy of fine arts there, and subse- quently lived for many years in London, England. In 1852 he came to this country and, devoting himself to his art, achieved a reputation, and was elected an associate of the National academy in 1869. Among his works are statuettes of Shake- speare, Goethe, Irving, Tennyson, and Lincoln; a statue of " Psyche," one of " Columbia," " Puck," " Puck on Horseback," and " Puck on the War- path " ; a bust of " Mirth " ; " Merlin and Vivien," in bas-relief; and many medallion portraits and busts. His principal work, a statue of the " Indian Minstrel Chiabobos " in Longfellow's " Hiawatha," was left unfinished. He exhibited three etchings at the National academy in 1868, and published a juvenile book, " Mystic Bells " (New York, 1869). KUNZ, George Frederick (koonts), mineralo- gist, b. in New York city, 29 Sept., 1856. He was educated at public schools and at the Cooper insti- tute in New York. His fondness for mineralogy early asserted itself, and he was led to make expe- ditions in search of specimens. When a sufficient variety was accumulated, he would dispose of them as collections to colleges and other institu- tions of learning. In connection with this work he became familiar with gems, and was invited to fill the office of gem expert to the firm of Tiffany and Co., New York. At present (1887) he is the best-known specialist on this subject in the United States, and matters of importance are submitted to his judgment from all parts of the country. He is a fellow of the American association for the advancement of science, and a member of the New York academy of science, and other scientific bod- ies. Mr. Kunz has contributed papers to scientific journals and to the popular magazines. He is a specialist on the staff of the " Century Dictionary," and is the author of " Reports on Gems " in the annual volumes of " Mineral Resources of the United States " (Washington, 1884-'7). He has now in preparation books on " Gems " and " Pearls." KUNZE, John Christopher (koon'-tseh), cler- gyman, b. in Artern, Saxony, 4 Aug., 1744 ; d. in New York city, 24 July, 1807. He received his classi- cal training at Rossleben and Merseburg, and his theological education at Leipsic. He was for three years engaged as teacher of the higher branches in the school at Closter-Bergen, near Magdeburg, and for one year as inspector of the orphans' home at Gratz. While engaged at the latter place he was selected by the theological faculty at Halle to go to America in response to an application for a minister from St. Michael's and Zion Lutheran con- gregations at Philadelphia, Pa., was ordained by the Lutheran consistory at Wernigerode, and ar- rived in Philadelphia in September, 1770. During his residence in Philadelphia he opened a theologi- cal seminary, which the Revolutionary war brought to an end. During the British occupation Zion church was converted into a hospital, and St. Michael's was used half the day as a garrison church. For several years he also occupied the post of professor in the University of Pennsylvania, to which he was appointed in 1780, giving instruc- tion in German and the oriental languages and lit- erature. The university conferred on him the de- gree of M. A. in 1780, and that of D. D. in 1783. In 1784 he accepted a call to New York, where he labored until his death. He also occupied the pro- fessorship of oriental languages and literature in Columbia in 1784-'7, and again in 1792-'9. Dr. Kunze's ability as a Hebrew and Arabic scholar was recognized outside of his church, and even by Jewish rabbis, who came to him for information. He was the leading spirit in the organization, in 1786, of the New York ministerium, the second Lutheran synod in the United States, and was its first presiding officer. Dr. Kunze was one of the earliest of the educated Germans in America who urged the expediency of giving the German youth an education in the English language. Through his influence and that of other progressive clergy- men English came to be used in the pulpits of the German and Dutch churches, and the congrega- tions which adhered to the old languages lost many of their members. His published works include a " Concise History of the Lutheran Church " ; a small volume of poetry entitled "Something for the Understanding and the Heart " ; "A Table of a New Construction for Calculating the Great Eclipse, expected to happen June 16, 1806"; "Hymn and. Prayer Book, for the Use of such Lutheran Churches as use the English Language," the first English Lutheran hymn-book ever pub- lished in the United States, containing hymns translated from the German collection, in the same metre as the originals (New York, 1795); and a "Catechism and Liturgy" (1795). He also pub- lished historical essays, sermons, and addresses. KUNZE, Richard Ernest, physician, b. in Al- tenburg, Germany, 7 April, 1838. He came to the United States in 1854, and was graduated at the Eclectic medical college of New York in 1868, sub- sequently becoming a member of the board of trus- tees of this institution, was president of the New York therapeutical association in 1880, introduced to the medical profession the various cactean drugs, and has added greatly to the previous knowledge of medical botany. He published a KURTZ KYAN 579 series of monographs on " Cactus " (Albany, 1875) ; " Cereus Grandiflorus and Cereus Bonplandi " (1876) ; " Cereus Triangularis and Phyllocactus G-randis " (1876) ; " Cardinal Points in the Study of Medical Botany " (New York, 1881) ; and " The G-ermination and Vitality of Seeds " (1881). KURTZ, John D., soldier, b. in the District of Columbia about 1822 ; d. in Georgetown, D. C, 16 Oct., 1877. He was graduated from the U. S. mili- tary academy, 1 July, 1842, and entered the corps of engineers. He was employed in repairing forti- fications in North Carolina and the forts in Charles- ton harbor, served on a commission to devise a project for the improvement of the harbor in 1852, and was promoted 1st lieutenant in March, 1853, and captain, 1 July, 1856, serving from 1852 till 1856 as assistant to the chief engineer in Washing- ton, and then on harbor works in New England till the civil war. He was promoted major, 3 March, 1863, brevet lieutenant-colonel and brevet colonel, 13 March, 1865, and lieutenant-colonel, 8 Aug., 1866. He served during the civil war as chief engineer of the Department of Annapolis from June till July, 1861, and of the Shenandoah in August, 1861, and then as assistant to the chief of engineers at Wash- ington, D. C, till 1869, having charge of the bureau during the absence of the chief engineer. After- ward he was employed as superintending engineer of various works, including the defences of Dela- ware bay and river in 1870-'7, the Delaware break- water in 1871-'2, and the foundation of the Wash- ington monument from 26 Sept., 1876, till his death. KURTZ, John Nicholas, clergyman, b. in Lutzelinden, Nassau -Weilburg, Germany, about 1720; d. in Baltimore, Md., 12 May, 1794. He was educated in the University of Halle, selected as a missionary to Pennsylvania, and came to this country, 15 Jan., 1745. Soon after his arrival he settled at New Hanover, Montgomery co., Pa., where he labored for two years, teaching and preaching. In 1748, at the first meeting of the first Lutheran synod in this country, he was or- dained to the ministry, and became pastor at Tul- pehocken, Pa., where he remained for twenty-three years. In 1771 he removed to York, Pa., where he continued his pastoral labors until 1789, when he retired from the active duties of the ministry and removed to Baltimore, Md., to spend his last days with one of his sons. By his learning and indefati- gable activity Dr. Kurtz acquired great influence in the church, and received various marks of con- fidence and honor, especially in being selected senior of the synod. — His son, John Daniel, b. in Germantown, Pa., in 1763 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 30 June, 1856, studied theology under the direction of his father, and afterward with Rev. Dr. Gotthilf Henry E. Muhlenberg at Lancaster, Pa. He was licensed to preach by the synod of Pennsylvania in 1784, and for some time assisted his father in pas- toral work. He afterward took charge of a con- gregation near York, Pa., and in 1786 was installed as pastor of the principal Lutheran church in Bal- timore, Md., with which he remained till 1832, when physical infirmities compelled him to resign. He was one of the founders of the General synod, a director in the Theological seminary, and promi- nently connected with all the benevolent institu- tions of the Lutheran church. — His grandson, Ben- jamin, b. in Harrisburg, Pa., 28 Feb., 1795 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 29 Dec, 1865, began his studies in Harrisburg academy, and at the age of fifteen was an assistant teacher there. At the age of eighteen he began the study of theology at Lebanon, Pa., in 1815 he was licensed to preach, and immediately re- ceived a call as assistant to his uncle, the Rev. John Daniel Kurtz, D. D., who was then pastor at Balti- more. He was then pastor at Hagerstown for sixteen years, and in 1831-'3 at Chambersburg, Pa. Retiring from the active duties of the ministry in 1833, owing to failing health, he took charge of the " Lutheran Observer," a post which he held for nearly thirty years. In 1838 he received the degree of D. D. from Washington college, Pa., and in 1858 that of LL. D. from Wittenberg college, Spring- field, Ohio. Dr. Kurtz was regarded as one of the most eloquent men of his time. H e was a zealous advocate of revivals, and had very little sympathy with the confessional writings of the Lutheran church. He was one of the founders of the general synod and of the theological seminary at Gettys- burg, and was for more than thirty years one of the trustees of Pennsylvania college and of the board of directors of the seminary. He was also the founder of Missionary institute at Selinsgrove, Pa. During his two European tours, in 1825 and 1846, he contributed interesting incidents and reminiscences to the "Lutheran Intelligencer" and to the " Lutheran Observer," of which he was editor at the time. Among his other publications are " First Principles of Religion for Children " (Hagerstown, 1821) ; " Sermons on Sabbath-Schools " (1822) ; " Faith, Hope, and Charity " (1823) ; " In- fant Baptism and Affusion, with Essays on Related Subjects " (Baltimore, 1840) ; " Theological Sketch- Book, or Skeletons of Sermons, Carefully arranged in Systematic Order," partly original, partly se- lected (2 vols., 1844) ; " Why are You a Lutheran ? " (1847) ; " Lutheran Prayer-Book " (1856), etc. KUYPERS, Warmuldus, clergyman, b. in Holland in 1732 ; d. in Schralenburg, N. J., in 1797. He studied in the University of Groningen, and was a pastor at Curacoa for some time before 1769, when he settled in New York, preached for two years at Rhinebeck Flats, Upper Red Hook, and the Landing, and in 1771 took charge of that part of the church in Hackensack, N. J., which belonged to the Conf erentie party and had no representation in the classis. — His son, Gerardus Arentse, cler- gyman, b. in Curacoa, W. I., 16 Dec, 1766 ; d. in New York, 28 June, 1833, came to the United States in his early childhood, and was educated at Hacken- sack. He studied theology first under the direction of his father, and subsequently under the Rev. Her- manus Meyer and the Rev. Dirck Romeyn. He was licensed to preach in 1787, and was ordained, 15 June, 1788, by the classis of Hackensack, as col- league pastor at Paramus, N. J. In 1789 he took charge of a church in New York city, where he re- mained till his death. Until 1803 his preaching was exclusively in Dutch ; but after that time he preached in English. He was appointed a teacher of Hebrew in 1799, received the degree of M. A. from Princeton in 1791, and that of D. D. from Rutgers in 1810. He left unfinished " Discourses on the Heidelberg Catechism." KYAN, John H., inventor, b. in England in 1775 ; d. in New York city, 9 Jan., 1850. He was the first to introduce a chemical process for the preservation of wood, finding that, where timber was steeped in a solution of corrosive sublimate or placed in an exhausting-cylinder and the solu- tion forced in under atmospheric pressure, the wood was rendered capable of resisting decay for a great length of time. This process he patented in England in 1832, and subsequently introduced it into the United States. This method was named kyanizing, after its inventor. Its expense and the difficulty of manipulation at first largely prevented its use, but with improved means it now finds wide application. 580 LABAGH LABASTIDA Y DAVALOS LABAGH, Peter, clergyman, b. in New York city in 1773 ; d. there in 1858. He studied classics under Dr. Peter Wilson, of Hackensack, N. J., and theology under Dr. Solomon Froeligh and Dr. John H. Livingston. He was licensed as a preacher in 1796, and after a missionary tour in western New York went to Kentucky, where he organized the church of Salt River, in Mercer county: On re- turning to New York, he was pastor in Greenbush, Rensselaer county, till 1809, and afterward of the united churches of Shannock and Harlingen till 1844. He was elected a trustee of Queens (now Butgers) college in 1811, and had the degree of D. D. conferred on him by that institution in the same year. He contributed largely to securing the endowment of the theological seminary at New Brunswick, was active in the councils of his church, and a powerful preacher. A memoir of him was published by the Rev. John A. Todd, D. D. (1860). —His son, Isaac P., clergyman, b. in Leeds, Greene co., N. Y., 14 Aug., 1804 ; d. in Fairfield, Iowa, 29 Dec, 1879, studfed. at Dickinson college, and at the New Brunswick theological seminary, where he was graduated in 1826, and licensed to preach. He was successively pastor of Dutch Reformed churches at Rochester and Gravesend, N. Y., till 1842. was subsequently suspended for his opinions concerning the second advent and the Christian Sabbath, and in 1846 entered the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church. He was for some years mission- ary to the Jews in New York city, and organized and built St. Paul's church, Haddonfield, N. J., and also St. Paul's church, South Brooklyn. In 1860 he removed to Illinois, and established a female seminary, Euphemia Hall, and after its destruc- tion by fire in 1863 he organized and built St. Peter's church at Cairo. He next removed to Fair- field, Iowa, and was pastor of St. Peter's church there till his death. He published " A Sermon on the Personal Reign of Christ" (1846); "Twelve Lectures on Great Events of Unfulfilled Prophecy " (1859) ; and " Theoklesia, or the Organization, Per- petuity, Conflicts, and Triumphs of the One Holy, Catholic Apostolic Church " (1868). LABARBINAIS LE GENTIL, Etienne Mar- cel (lah'-bar'-be'-nay'), French explorer, b. in Di- nan in 1685 ; d. in Brest in 1731. He was a mer- chant of Saint Malo, trading with South America, and in 1715-18 travelled in that country. He published "Nouveau voyage autour du monde" (3 vols., Paris, 1827) ; " Description de l'Amerique du Sud " (3 vols., 1829) ; and " Des meilleurs moy- ens de faire avantageusement le commerce avec l'Amerique du Sud " (2 vols., 1830). LABAREE, Benjamin, educator, b. in Charles- town, N. H., 3 June, 1801 ; d. in Walpole, N. H., 15 Nov., 1883. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1828, and at Andover seminary in 1831, and was ordained a minister of the Congregational church at Bradford, Mass., 26 Sept., 1831. He was pro- fessor of Latin and Greek in Jackson college, Columbia, Tenn., in 1832-'6, and its president from 1836 till April, 1837. He was subsequently secre- tary of the Education society, New York city, and was president of Middlebury college, Vt, from 1840 till 1866. He was pastor at Hyde Park, Mass., in 1869-71, and lecturer on moral philosophy and in- ternational law at Dartmouth in 1871-6. He re- ceived the degree of D. D. from the University of Vermont in 1841, and that of LL. D. from Dart- mouth in 1864. LABASTIDA Y DAVALOS, Pelagio Antonio de (lah-bas-te'-dah), Mexican archbishop, b. in Morelia, Mexico, in October, 1815. He entered the seminary of Morelia in 1830, and in 1839 received ordination to the priesthood. He was parish priest in different cities until 1850, when he was nomi- nated by Bishop Munguia to the parish of " La Merced " at Morelia. He was already known as an orthodox pulpit orator, preaching against all liberal and democratic ideas, and against the Free- masons, who at that time had begun to organize in Mexico. Owing to his preachings, the state of Michoacan was for many years a bulwark of the Conservative party, and as a reward he was ap- pointed a canon iri March, 1854. At that time the conflict between the Liberal and Conservative par- ties in Mexico had reached its highest point in the " three years' war." Labastida anathematized from the pulpit as heretical the doctrines of Mel- chor Ocampo and Miguel Lerdo, and after the triumph of the Conservatives he was consecrated in 1855 bishop of Michoacan in the cathedral of the city of Mexico. (See accompanying illustration.) After the Liberal success in 1857, Bishop Labastida went to Rome, but the Liberals were thrown out of power in 1859 by Gen. Miramon, and his first action was to recall the exiled prelate, who returned in June, having been already consecrated by the pope archbishop of Mexico. In the following years, until 1863, Liberals and Conservatives alternately obtained power, and the government policy changed accordingly, but the archbishop was not disturbed. But when the French invasion occurred in 1862, Archbishop Labastida secretly convoked at Mexico a " Junta de Notables " for the purpose of discuss- ing the plan of founding an empire. This idea was long discussed on account of doubt as to the nationality of the prince to whom the crown should be offered. Here the archbishop indicated the name of the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria, whose candidacy was accepted by accla- mation. He was a member of the council of re- gency that was formed for the purpose of govern- ing the country till Maximilian should arrive, but, not being in accord with the measures of his col- leagues, resigned in favor of his substitute, Bishop Ormachea. The archbishop officiated at the corona- tion of Maximilian in the cathedral of the city of Mexico, and exercised much influence in govern- ment affairs during the empire. Juarez exiled him from the country in 1867, and he lived abroad, chiefly at Rome, until, in 1871, he was allowed to return to Mexico. He has not lost his influence in politics, and is the intimate friend of President Diaz. At the conclave of cardinals in Rome, in LABAT LABOULAYE 581 1885, it was proposed to invest Archbishop Labas- tida with the cardinal's hat. LABAT, John Baptist, clergyman, b. in Paris in 1663 ; d. there, 6 Jan., 1738. He. entered the Dominican order at the age of nineteen, and taught philosophy and mathematics at Nancy as well as exercising the functions of a preacher. In 1693 he was in the convent of the Rue St. Honore. Paris, when he determined to devote himself to foreign missions. He landed in Martinique, 29 Jan., 1694, and was intrusted with the care of the parish of Macouba, where he remained two years. In 1696 he went to Guadeloupe, and on his return was ap- pointed procurator-general of all the Dominican convents in the Antilles. Owing to his scientific knowledge, the French government appointed him engineer, and in this capacity he visited the whole chain of the French, Dutch, and English Antilles from Grenada to Santo Domingo. He served for two years as engineer in Guadeloupe, and when the Engiish attacked the island in 1704 took an active part in the defence, firing several cannon with his own hand. He also invented new methods for the manufacture of sugar, which are still in use in the colony. In 1705 Labat was sent to Europe as deputy of his order, and after spending several years in Italy he went to Paris in 1715 and occu- pied himself with the publication of his travels and other literary works. Although Labat did not consider himself a botanist, his description of the flora of the Antilles is very complete. The genus Labatia, of the family of Ebenaceas, was named in his honor. His books that deal with America are " Nouveau vovage aux iles de l'Amerique " (6 vols., Paris, 1722 ; 2d ed., 8 vols., 1742 ; Dutch transla- tion, 4 vols., Amsterdam, 1725 ; German, 6 vols., Nuremberg, 1783-7); and "Voyage du Chevalier Demarehais en Guinee, iles voisines, et a Cayenne, fait en 1725, 1726, et 1727 " (4 vols., Paris, 1730). LABAT, L6on (lah-baf), French physician, b. in Agde, Herault, in 1803 ; d. in Nice, 16 Jan., 1847. He visited both Americas from 1824 till 1828, and afterward went to Algiers, Tunis, Turkey, Palestine, and Egypt, where he was appointed sur- geon to the khedive, returning to France in 1832. Two years later he travelled again through Europe and Persia, returning to Paris in 1839, and in 1844-'6 he went again to South America, visiting Chili, Peru, and Brazil. He published " Voyages en Amerique " (Paris, 1834) ; " Traite sur la fievre jaune et les maladies pestilentielles propres a l'Ame- rique " (1839) ; " Influence du climat des tropiques sur les Europeens vivant dans l'Amerique du Sud " (1840) ; " Histoire medico-chirurgicale de la maladie produite par la chique, insecte parasite tres com- mun dans l'Amerique meridionale " (1843) ; " Rou- tier de l'Amerique " (1844) ; and surgical works. LABERGrE, Charles Joseph, Canadian jour- nalist, b. in Montreal in 1827 ; d. in August, 1874. He was educated at the College of St. Hyacinthe, and was admitted to the bar in 1848. In 1854 he entered the Canadian parliament as a Liberal, and in 1858 he was solicitor-general for Canada East. He was an editor of the " Franco Canadian," was at a later date chief editor of " Le National," Mon- treal, and lieutenant-colonel of volunteers. LABEZARES, Guido de (lah-bay-thah'-rets), Spanish adventurer, b. in Bilboa in 1510 ; d. in Manila in 1580. He went in early life to New Spain, and accompanied Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in 1542 in his unfortunate expedition to the Spice islands, which he was not able to leave till 1549. He returned to the city of Mexico, and when the viceroy, Luis de Velasco, was preparing an expe- dition to conquer and explore Florida, was given command of a vessel with several pilots, which was sent in advance to , explore the coast for the most favorable landing-points. He sailed on 3 Sept., 1558, from San Juan de Ulua, and discov- ered in latitude 29° 30' N. a favorable bay, which he named Filipina ; but sailing for some distance along the coast and not finding a better port, he returned on 14 Dec. He wrote a narrative of his voyage, which greatly aided Luna de Arellano (q. v.) in his expedition of the next year, in which he was accompanied by Labezares. The latter re- turned to Mexico when Legaspi (q. v.) and Andres de Urdaneta were preparing their expedition for the conquest of the Philippine islands. He ob- tained the post of treasurer of the expedition, and sailed with the same, 21 Nov., 1564, from the port of Navidad. He accompanied Legaspi during the conquest, and after the latter's death was called to the chief command of the Philippines. Not- withstanding his advanced age, he governed the islands wisely, conquered the provinces of Pan- gasinan and Ilocos, and forced the Chinese general of the corsair " Li-Ma-Hon " to surrender Manila, which he fortified. In August, 1575, the newly appointed governor-general, Dr. Francisco de Saude, arrived, and Labezares surrendered the government. His official acts were approved, and till his death he retained the honorary title and salary of lieutenant-governor. He wrote a narra- tive of his two voyages to Florida, and one of the conquest of the Philippines, published by order of the Spanish government (Madrid, 1578). LA BORDE, French traveller. He was em- ployed in the Jesuit missions in the Antilles to- ward the middle of the 17th century, and was probably a member of the Jesuit order. Nothing is known of his life. He wrote "Relation de l'origine, mceurs, coutumes, guerres et voyages des Caraibes, sauvages des iles Antilles de l'Amerique " (Paris, 1674 ; German translation, Nuremberg, 1783). The account which this author gives of the man- ners and customs of the Caribs is among the most interesting in existence. LA BORDE, Maximilian, educator, b. in Edge- field, S. C, 5 June, 1804; d. in Columbia, S. C, 6 Nov., 1873. He was graduated at the College of South Carolina in 1821, and after studying law for two years entered the Medical college of Charles- ton, where he received his degree in 1826. He practised medicine in Edgefield, was editor of the " Edgefield Advertiser " in 1836-'8, a member of the state legislature, and in 1839 became secretary of the state, and removed to Columbia. He was elected a trustee of South Carolina college in 1841, in 1842 became professor of logic and English lit- erature in that institution, and in 1845 was trans- ferred to the chair of metaphysics. In 1865 South Carolina college became the University of South Carolina, and in this reorganization Dr. La Borde was put in charge of the school of rhetoric, criti- cism, elocution, and the English language and lit- erature. His connection with the university lasted till his death. During the civil war the central organization was established under his auspices, for receiving supplies for the state troops. He was for a time one of the regents of the state luna- tic asylum, and subsequently president of the board. He is the author of " Introduction to Physiology " (New York, 1855) ; " History of South Carolina College " (Charleston, S. C, 1859) ; and " Story of Lethea and Verona " (1860) ; and con- tributed to various magazines. LABOULAYE, Edouard Rene LeTevre, French author, b. in Paris, 18 Jan., 1811 : d. there, 25 May, 1883. He studied law while following a 582 LABRA LACLEDE mechanical trade, and in 1842 was admitted to prac- tice at Paris. In 1849 he was chosen professor of comparative legislation in the College of France. In 1871 he was elected to the national assembly for the department of the Seine, and as secretary of the committee of thirty on the constitution he combated the Monarchists effectually. In 1875 he was elected a life senator, and in 1876 he was appointed administrator of the College of France, resuming his lectures on comparative legislation in 1877. He was a careful observer of the politics of the United States, and an admirer of its constitu- tion, and during the civil war was a zealous advo- cate of the National cause. Among other works, he wrote " Political History of the United States " (3 vols., Paris, 1855-66) ; " The United States and France " (1862) ; " Paris en Amerique " (1863 ; Eng- lish translation, New York, 1863) ; and " Memoirs of Franklin" (1866-7). He also translated into French the works of William Ellery Channing. LABRA, Rafael M. de (lah'-brah), Cuban author, b. in Havana, Cuba, in 1841. When he was ten years old his parents took him to Madrid, Spain, where he was educated and admitted to the bar in 1860. He took an active part in the movement for the abolition of slavery in the Spanish colonies, and in 1869 was made president of the first anti-slavery society that was ever established in Spain. In 1871 he was elected a member to the Spanish cortes, representing Porto Rico, and since then he has constantly represented either Cuba or Porto Rico, in that body always advocating a liberal policy toward the colonies. Labra is a professor in the University of Madrid, and a member of many literary and scientific institutions. He has written much and on many subjects. His princi- pal works are " La Cuestion Colonial " (1868) ; " La Perdida de las Americas " (1869) ; " Las Colonias de Inglaterra en America " (1874) ; " La Colonisa- cion en la Historia " (2 vols., 1877) ; " La Aboli- cion de la Esclavitud " (1882) ; " Hombres y Cosas de Espana " ; " La Emancipacion de America " ; " Portugal y sus Codigos " (1878) ; " Inglaterra y los Codigos negros " (1879) ; " La Revolucion Norte- Americana en el Siglo XVIII." ; " La Democra- cia " ; and " El Derecho Ingles." LABRIE, James, Canadian historian, b. in Canada in 1783 ; d. there, 26 Oct., 1831. He stud- ied at the College of Quebec, and afterward was graduated in medicine in Edinburgh. He was one of the first to give a stimulus to education in Cana- da, founding model schools on a large scale, and academies for both sexes. He became editor of the " Courrier de Quebec " in 1807. He took an active part in Canadian politics, and separated from Louis Papineau on the question of subsidies. He was the author of " Premiers rudiments de la constitu- tion Britannique," translated from the English of Brooks, with an historical analysis, and obser- vations on the constitution of Lower Canada (1827), and also the first history of Canada that had ap- peared since that of Charlevoix, but his death pre- vented its publication. Shortly afterward the legislature appropriated £500 for the purpose of publishing this work in four volumes, but the manuscript was destroyed in the burning of St. Benoit in 1837. Some fragments survived, which were published in the " Bibliotheque Canadienne." LA BRUERE, Pierre Boucher de, Canadian journalist, b. in St. Hyacinthe, 5 July, 1837. He was educated in his native town, and became pro- thonotary of the superior court for the district of St. Hyacinthe, but resigned in 1875 to become edi- tor of the " Courrier de St. Hyacinthe." He was afterward a member of the executive council, and speaker of the legislative council of Quebec, 4 March. 1882. He is the author of the pamphlets " Le Canada sous la domination Anglaise " and " Historv of St. Hyacinthe." LACERDA Y ALMEIDA, Francisco Jose de (lah-ther'-dah), Brazilian scholar, b. in S. Paulo about 1750 ; d. in Lunda, Africa, about 1798. He was graduated in mathematics in Coimbra in 1777, and was appointed a member of the commission to settle the question of boundaries with Spain in America. He ascended the Rio Negro to Marabi- tanas, and afterward Amazon and Madeira rivers, struggling with many difficulties, and being at- tacked by the Muros Indians, by whom he was dangerously wounded. He reached Matto-Grosso on 28 Feb., 1782, and immediately began the ex- plorations of the Guapore and other rivers which are its tributaries. In 1786, accompanied by other scientific men, he explored Paraguay river and all its lakes and tributaries, reaching Albuquerque on 19 July. He returned to S. Paulo, 10 Jan., 1789, after other explorations, and while he was there preparing for the publication of his " Dia- rio " an order came from Lisbon calling him to that city, where he landed, 21 Sept., 1790. He pre- sented to the academy his journal and several maps and was elected a member. He afterward continued his work, which was highly praised, and the minister of the colonies sent him in 1797 to Mozambique on an exploring expedition across the continent of Africa, where he fell a victim to the climate. His assistant saved his notes and papers, which were published by his nephew. LACEY, John, soldier, b. in Bucks county, Pa., 4 Feb., 1755 ; d. in New Mills, N. J., 17 Feb., 1814. He took command of a volunteer company, and on 6 Jan., 1776, was made a captain in Anthony Wayne's regiment, and served in the Canadian expe- dition. In 1777 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of militia, and had many skirmishes with the enemy around Whitemarsh, Pa. He was made a brigadier- general of militia on 9 Jan., 1778, and performed arduous services during the British occupation of Philadelphia. Lacey was a member of the Penn- sylvania assembly in 1778, and in 1779-81 of the council. In August, 1780, he took the field with a brigade of militia, and continued in active service till October, 1781. He afterward removed to New Mills, N. J., engaged in iron-manufacturing, and was a judge and a member of the legislature. LACEY, William Brittainham, clergyman, b. in Wilmington, Del., in 1781 ; d. in Okolona, Miss., 31 Oct., 1866. He entered the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church in 1813, and in 1818 became rector of St. Peter's church, Albany, N. Y.. where he remained thirteen years. He subsequently became a teacher, and was the au- thor of text-books for schools and colleges, among them a " Rhetoric " and a " Moral Philosophy." During the last ten years of his life he was en- gaged on a work on the history of the English church prior to St. Austin. LACLEDE, Pierre Ligueste, pioneer, b. in Bion, France, in 1724; d. on Mississippi river, near the mouth of the Arkansas, 20 June, 1778. He was the head of a company that obtained from Gov. D'Abbadie in 1762 the exclusive right to trade with the Indians on Missouri river. Auguste Chouteau, who was second in authority, selected the site of the city of St. Louis for a fortified trad- ing-post, and removed the company's stores thither from Fort de Chartres on 15 Feb.", 1764. Laclede came a month later, approved of the spot for a per- manent station, and named it after Louis XV. He acquired a large fortune by trade with the Indians. LACOCK LACROIX 583 LACOCK, Abner, senator, b. in Virginia in 1770; d. in Freedom, Pa., 12 Aug., 1837. He set- tled in Beaver county, Pa., sat for many years in the state house of representatives and senate, and from 4 Nov., 1811, till 3 March, 1813, in the nation- al house of representatives, where he opposed Gen. Jackson, although a Democrat and an upholder of the war against Great Britain. At the conclusion of his term in the lower house he was sent to the senate, serving from 24 May, 1813, till 3 March, 1819. He was president of the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal company. LACORDAIRE, Jean Theodore (lah-cor- dare'), French explorer, b. in Reeey-sur-Ource, Bur- gundy, 1 Feb., 1801 ; d. in Liege, 18 July, 1870. He studied in Dijon, and was graduated at Paris. In 1825 he went to South America, where he re- mained seven years, returning to Paris in 1832 and becoming an editorial writer on the journal " Le Temps." In 1835 he was offered the newly found- ed chair of zoology at the University of Liege, which he held till his death. Most of Lacordaire's works are about South America. They include " Faune entomologique des environs de Rio de Janeiro " (2 vols., Paris, 1832) ; " La bataille de la Tablada" (1832); "Un souvenir du Bresil" (1832); " Revue de voyage " (1832) ; " Mceurs des jaguars de l'Amerique du Sud " (2 vols., 1833) ; " Excursion dans l'Oyapock " (1833) : " Une estancia de l'Ame- rique du Sud " (1834) ; " Une revolution dans la Republique Argentine " (2 vols., 1835) ; " L'or des Pinheiros " (1835) ; " Memoires sur les habitudes des coleopteres de l'Amerique du Sud " (3 vols., Liege, 1837) ; " Essai sur les coleopteres de la Guyane Francaise " (2 vols., 1838) ; " Essai sur les coleop- teres de la Guyane Hollandaise " (2 vols., 1839) ; " Notice sur les lepidopteres de la Guyane Fran- caise" (2 vols., 1843); "Monographie des eroty- liens " (3 vols., 1849) ; " Histoire naturelle des in- sectes: genera des coleopteres" (4 vols., Paris. 1857) ; " Impressions de voyage " (Liege, 1859) ; " De Pernambuco a la Guyane " (2 vols., 1861) ; "Le Nord et le Sud, ou situation politique des Etats-Unis, question du moment " (Paris, 1863) ; " De l'avenir de l'Amerique du Sud " (Liege, 1864) ; " La guerre de secession et de son influence sur l'Amerique en general " (2 vols., Paris, 1866) ; and " Comment se fait une revolution dans l'Amerique du Sud" (1867). LA CORNE, Pierre, Chevalier de, French-Cana- dian soldier. He was with Sieur Joncaire on an embassy to the Indians of Niagara in 1720. In 1747, with M. de St. Pierre, he defeated the Indians at Lachine Rapids, went to Acadia with De Ra- mezay, and succeeded to the command when that officer was wounded at Grand Pre. In 1749 he was sent, with Father La Loutre, to seduce the Acadians from their allegiance to Great Britain, and to induce them to remove north of the Bay of Fundy, but failed in the attempt. At this time he is said to have commanded about 2,500 men. For the ten years succeeding he was actively employed in Canada. He was wounded in the action at the Rapids, Lake Ontario, in 1759, was in command of colonial troops, and was again wounded at the capture of Quebec. His knowledge of Indian lan- guages made him of great service to the government. LACOSTE, Alexander, Canadian senator, b. in Boucherville, Canada, 12 Jan., 1842. He was edu- cated at St. Hyacinthe college and at Laval uni- versity, admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in 1863, and appointed queen's counsel in October, 1880. He was batonnier of the bar of Montreal from 1 May, 1879, till 1 May, 1881, and was a member of the legislative council of the province of Quebec from 4 March, 1882, until he was called to the senate, 12 Jan., 1884. He was at one time professor of civil law in Laval university. LACOSTE, Etienne Philippe, Baron de (lah- coast'), French administrator, b. in Dax in October, 1730 ; d. in Bordeaux in January, 1820. He was admitted to the bar at Bordeaux in 1757, removed to Paris in 1760, and in 1767* became director of the law division in the department of the colonies, and in 1774 chairman of the same department. Lacoste travelled through the French West In- dies, ascertaining their wants and investigating the local administrations. In January, 1783, he was elected by the colonial assembly of Santo Domingo its representative before the king's privy council, and in November, 1790, he was appointed special commissary to the West Indies. He restored or- der in Guadeloupe and partially in Santo Domin- go ; but in Martinique he was opposed by the Count de Bihague, the governor-general. He re- turned to France in February, 1792, was secretary for the navy and colonies from 16 March till 10 July, and in 1800 became president of the marine court for the privateers navigating in the West In- dies and South America and state councillor for the colonies. He held those posts during the whole of Napoleon's reign, retiring in 1815. He pub- lished several works on the administration of the colonies, including " Memoire au roi sur le regime interieur des colonies des Antilles" (Paris, 1792). LACOUR, Auguste (lah'-koor), West Indian magistrate, b. in Basse Terre, Guadeloupe, in 1795 ; d. there in 1866. He received his early education in Basse Terre, but finished his studies in Paris, where he was graduated in law, and soon afterward entered the colonial magistracy. He held several offices in Martinique and in Guadeloupe, and in 1840 became judge of the supreme court of Basse Terre. He served for several terms as a member of the " conseil general " of the island, was created knight of the Legion of honor, and received the badge of commander in 1854. The supreme court of Guade- loupe before the third empire enjoyed the privileges of a court of appeal, and in 1849 Lacour was con- spicuous among the judges of the court that took up the case of Beauvallon, who had been unjustly condemned in 1836 by the court of Paris for kill- ing in a duel the journalist Dujarrier. The verdict was set aside, and the accused granted a new trial, which resulted in his acquittal. This event caused a profound sensation in the West Indies, as Beau- vallon was at that time a prominent citizen of Guadeloupe. Lacour also devoted his leisure time to historical researches, and published " Histoire de la Guadeloupe," which is a standard work on that colony (6 vols., Basse Terre, 1850). LACROIX, Joseph Francois Pamphile, Vis- count de (lah-crwah'), French soldier, b. in Aymar- ques, Gard, 1 June, 1774 ; d. in Versailles, 16 Oct., 1841. He had scarcely finished his studies in Mont- pellier when he was attached to the staff of his cousin, Gen. d'Harville, and served afterward under Custine, Dumouriez, and Piehegru. When twenty- two years old he was made brigadier-general, de- feated the Austrians at Freiberg, 22 July, 1796, and served in Italy under Moreau and Macdonald in 1799. He enjoyed the reputation of a good soldier, but as he was disliked by Bonaparte he could neither obtain advancement nor important com- mands. He went to Santo Domingo in 1802, and directed the landing of the French at Cape Francais, 6 Feb., defeating Christophe, who had tried to op- pose the landing. He was rewarded with the com- mission of major-general, and given charge of the negotiations with Toussaint l'Ouverture and Chris- 584 LACROSSE LADD tophe, which were terminated by the treaty of peace of 9 May. On the resumption of hostilities with Christophe, Lacroix, who had won the affec- tion of the negroes through his humanity, owed his life to them several times, and was once rescued by the insurgents themselves from a party of Chris- tophe's soldiers, who had surprised him. He was subsequently lieutenant to Gen. Rochambeau, but a few weeks' later was sent back to France on ac- count of the latter's jealousy of his popularity among the colored population, who used to call him their king. Lacroix served under Murat from 1805 till 1809, fought at Waterloo in 1815, and in 1820 checked at Grenoble and Befort the insurrec- tions that were promoted by Lafayette. He retired in 1824. Gen. Lacroix published " Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de la revolution de Saint Do- mingue" (2 vols., Paris, 1819; revised ed., 1820). This work is the only impartial account by a wit- ness of that disastrous campaign of 1802 and 1803. —His brother, Etienne Joseph Francois, French soldier, b. in Aymarques, Gard, 21 July, 1776 ; d. in Jeremie, Santo Domingo, in April, 1803, enlisted in 1794, and served in Italy. He was a colonel when he went to Santo Domingo in 1802, and was sent to subdue Tortugas and the other neighboring islands. He also took Jeremie, and inflicted two severe defeats on Christophe, on 7 Aug. and 11 Oct.. near Port au Prince. He afterward recaptured Fort Dauphin, and defeated the negroes who be- sieged him there. After the departure of his brother for France, some colored citizens entered into negotiations with him to drive the French from the colonies, promising to elect him king in- stead of his brother. Lacroix was unwilling to ac- cept, but Christophe nevertheless took alarm and caused him to be killed in Jeremie during a riot. LACROSSE, Jean Baptiste Raymond, Baron, French naval officer, b. in Meilhan, 5 Sept., 1765 ; d. there, 9 Sept., 1829. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1780, fought in the West Indies in 1781, and from 1784 till 1789 was successively at- tached to the stations of Chili, Brazil, and Marti- nique. Toward the end of 1790 he was sent on a cruise around Santo Domingo, and in 1792 was commissioned to reorganize the administration in the French West Indies. He performed his mis- sion so well that the citizens of Guadeloupe elected him their governor in January, 1793. But the reign of terror had already begun, and Lacrosse was dis- missed in September of that year. In March, 1801, he was appointed governor-general of Guade- loupe, which was then in open revolt. Lacrosse dealt severely with the two parties, and restored order, but fell into an ambuscade and was carried to Dominique in November, 1801. After receiving re-enforcements from France, he landed again at Pointe a Pitre in May, 1802, in less than a month had subdued the whole island, and soon restored it to its former prosperity. His health compelled him to return to France in 1803. He defeated Nel- son at Boulogne, 1 Oct., 1804, and afterward com- manded at Roehefort ; but his failing health com- pelled him to retire in 1812. He published " Me- moire sur les moyens de ruiner les etablissements de l'Amerique qu'alimente le commerce de l'An- gleterre et en partieulier Rio de Janeiro " (Paris, 1795) ; " Memoire sur les etablissements Francais et Anglais dans les Antilles " (1800) ; " Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de la revolte des noirs a la Guadeloupe " (2 vols.. 1822) ; " Deux annees de gouvernement a la Guadeloupe " (1824) ; " De l'avenir des colonies Francaises dans les Antilles et en partieulier de la Guadeloupe " (2 vols., 1826) ; and several technical works on naval matters. LACUNZA, Jose Maria (lah-koon'-thah), Mexi- can statesman, b. in the city of Mexico in 1809 ; d. in Havana, Cuba, 19 June, 1869. He received an excellent education, studied law in the university of his native city, and in 1833 was admitted to the bar, where he soon attained reputation. At the same time he cultivated poetry, and many of his compositions appeared in the journals of the capi- tal. In May, 1849, he was called by Gen. Herrera to the portfolio of foreign relations, which he held till the end of Herrera's presidential term in Janu- ary, 1851, showing himself to be well meaning and progressive, but weak. During Juarez's adminis- tration Lacunza was elected a member of the su- preme court of justice ; but on the arrival of Maxi- milian he recognized the imperial government. He was appointed, in April, 1866, secretary of the imperial treasury, which place he occupied till July, when Maximilian made him president of the council of state. As such he voted in the council of 25 Nov., 1866, against the abdication of Maxi- milian. Afterward Lacunza resigned the presi- dency of the council of state, and, on the departure of Maximilian to take command of the army at Queretaro, he was civil governor of the capital un- der Gen. Marquez ; but after the occupation of the city by the republican forces, 21 June, 1867, he was obliged to hide himself, and a few days later left secretly for Havana, where he died. He was the founder of the literary academy of Letran, and several editions of his poems have been published. — His brother, Juan N., Mexican poet, b. in the city of Mexico, 22 Nov., 1812 ; d. there, 13 July, 1843, was graduated in philosophy in the College of San Juan de Letran of his native city, and be- gan to study civil and canonical law in the Uni- versity of Mexico in 1833, being admitted to the bar in 1837. He soon obtained an extensive practice, but devoted his leisure to writing poetry, and some of his first compositions appeared in the " Ano nuevo," the official journal of the literary academy of Letran. The magazine " Recreo de las Fami- lias " (1838) also published many of his best poems. LACUNZA, Manuel (la - koon' - thah), South American clergyman, b. in Santiago, Chili, 19 July, 1731 ; d. in Imola, Italy, 17 June, 1801. He studied in Santiago, and became a Jesuit on 7 Sept., 1747. In 1767, on the suppression of his order, he was ' expelled by the Spanish government, and spent the remainder of his life in Imola, Italy, where he lived in seclusion and passed the nights in observing the stars. In cloudy nights he took long solitary walks in the outskirts of the town, where he was found one morning drowned in a pool. He wrote a work that attracted much atten- tion both in Europe and America, entitled " La venida del Mesias en gloria y majestad : Observa- ciones de Juan Josafat Ben-Ezra, Hebreo Cristiano, dirigidas al sacerdote Cristofilo Atico Romano," which was edited after Lacunza's death at the ex- pense of Gen. Belgrano, the envoy of the republic of Buenos Ayres (4 vols., London, 1816; 3 vols., Paris, 1826 ; Latin translation, 5 vols., Mexico, 1825) ; an imperfect edition has already been pub- lished (2 vols., Cadiz, 1813). The author attempts to prove from the Bible that the second advent of Christ will take place before the final judgment. His book was placed on the Index Expurgatorius by a decree of 6 Sept., 1824. Father Lacunza was also the author of some poems and orations. LADD, Catherine, educator, b. in Richmond, Va., 28 Oct., 1809. Her maiden name was Stratton. At the age of nineteen she married G. W. Ladd, a portrait and miniature painter, and began contrib- uting poems, news-letters, and articles on education LADD LAET 585 and art to southern journals and magazines. In 1841 she settled in Winnsborough, S. C, where she successfully conducted a large boarding-school un- til the civil war began. She also published in the •• Floral Wreath " and other periodicals tales, essays, and poems under the pen-names " Minnie Mayflow- er." •• Arcturus," "Alida," and "Morna." In 1851 she began advocating in the press the encourage- ment of manufacturing industries and white labor in South Carolina, believing that cotton-growing could not much longer be carried on with profit in competition with the Gulf states. During the war she ceased teaching in order to care for sick and wounded soldiers, and she is said to have originated the design of the first Confederate flag. Her property having been destroyed by fire during the occupation of Winnsborough by Gen. Sher- man's army, she resumed teaching. In 1880 she retired to a farm near Buckhead, S. C. LADD, George Trumbull, educator, b. in Painesville, Ohio, 19 Jan., 1842. He was graduated at Western Reserve college in 1864, and at Ando- ver seminary in 1869. He preached in Edinburgh, Ohio, for two years, and was pastor of the Spring street Congregational church in Milwaukee, Wis., from 1871 till 1879, when he was called to the pro- fessorship of intellectual and moral philosophy in Bowdoin. While there he also lectured on church polity in the Andover seminary, and during the last year to graduates on systematic theology. In 1881* he assumed the chair of philosophy in Yale college. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Western Reserve in 1881. He is the author of "Principles of Church Polity" (Xew York, 1881); •'Doctrine of Sacred Scripture" (Xew York and Edinburgh, 1883) ; and " Elements of Physiological Psychology" (Xew York and London, 1887). He also published a translation of Lotze's " Philo- sophical Outlines " (6 vols., Boston, 1884-'7). LADD, Joseph Brown, poet. b. in Xewport, R, I., in 1764; d. in Charleston, S. C, 2 Xov., 1786. His father, William, a soldier of the Revolution and member of the Rhode Island legislature, cul- tivated a farm at Little Compton. Joseph began to write verses at the age of ten. His father placed him in a printing-office in Xewport, but took him away when he offended Dr. Samuel Hopkins by publishing a poem satirizing that di- vine. He wished to become a physician, and was placed with Dr. Isaac Senter. who encouraged his literary tastes, and, besides directing his medical studies, gave him instruction in the classics. His professional studies lasted four years, and during that time he composed most of his poetry. A large part of it consists of amatory verses, signed " Arouet," and addressed to " Amanda." They were intended for an orphan heiress, to whom he was devoted, and who was attached to him. though obstacles were placed in the way of their marriage by her guardians. By the advice of Gen. Xa- thanael Greene, he began practice in Charleston in 1784, and met with success. In 1785 he deliv- ered, at the request of Gov. William Moultrie, an oration at the second celebration ever held of the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. He also contributed articles on literary and political subjects to the press of Charleston. Becoming in- volved in a newspaper controversy, he was chal- lenged to fight a duel, and, firing his own shot in the air. received the ball of his antagonist in a vital part. He published" Poems of Arouet " (Charleston, 1786), and his poetry, with some of his prose writ- ings, was collected into a volume, containing also a memoir of the author, bv his sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Haskins (Xew York, 1832). LADD, William, philanthropist, b. in Exeter, X. H., 10 May, 1778 ; d. in Portsmouth, X. H., 9 April, 1841. He was graduated at Harvard in 1797, and on leaving college embarked as a sailor on one of his father's vessels, became a skilful navigator, and was captain of some of the finest ships that sailed from Xew England ports until he left the ocean at the beginning of the war of 1812. He resided at Minot, Me., and took an active part in organizing the American peace society, of which he was for many years president. The society was founded in 1828, and for a long period he was the only active and responsible officer. He gave his main attention to this society and the object it rep- resented until the end of his life. In its interests he edited the " Friend of Peace," established by Dr. Xoah Worcester, and the " Harbinger of Peace," which succeeded it as the organ of the society, and published a number of essays and occasional ad- dresses on the subject of peace, including an " Ad- dress to the Peace Society of Maine " (1824), one to that of Massachusetts (1825), and " An Essay on the Congress of Xations " (Boston, 1840). He car- ried his views to the extent of denying the right of defensive war, and caused this principle to be incor- porated into the constitution of his society. See his ki Memoir," by John Hemmenway (Boston. 1872). LADREYT, Casimir, educator, b. in France in 1797; d. in Boston, Mass., 4 July, 1877. He came to the United States about 1836, "taught the French language, and published " French Pronunciation " (Philadelphia) ; " The Study of French Simplified " (Xew York) ; and other text-books. LADRILLEROS, Juan (lah-dreel-yair'-oth), Spanish navigator. He lived in the 16th century, and took an active part in the civil wars of Peru. He was ordered by Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza (q. v.) to examine the southern coast of that coun- try and the Strait of Magellan, and left Yaldivia in Xovember^ 1557. with two vessels. After many adventures, and an attempt at a mutiny by the crew, he succeeded finally in entering the strait, minutely examined the neighboring coast, and re- turned to Yaldivia with a single sailor and a negro. The result of his voyage was a more exact knowl- edge of the island of Chiloe and the neighboring groups. There are two manuscript copies of his journal preserved in the general archives of the Indies. Xavarrete has inserted the narrative of La- drilleros in the introduction to his " Relacion del ultimo viage al estrecho de Magallanes en los anos de 1785 y 1786" (Madrid, 1788). The voyage of Ladrilleros was the first to overturn the opinion that it was impossible to return by the Strait of Magellan from the Pacific to the Atlantic. LAET, Jan, Flemish geographer, b. in Ant- werp; d. late in 1649. He was the author of treatises describing Italy, Spain, France, Belgium, India, Persia, Turkey, and Portugal, which were published in the Elzevir series of " Les petites re- publiques." He also published " Xovus orbis, seu descriptionis occidentalis, libri xviii., cum tabulis " (Leyden, 1633; French translation, 1633; Dutch translation, 1640). This account of America was much used by later geographers. In " Xotae ad Dissertationem H. Grotii de origine gentium ame- ricanarum " (Paris, 1643) he controverted the theory of Grotius respecting the origin of the American Indians. The latter replied somewhat acrimoni- ously, and drew from Laet a " Responsio ad Dis- sertationem secundam H. Grotii de origine gen- tium americanarum" (Amsterdam. 1644). He edited " Historia naturalis Brasilia," containing a treatise on medicine by G. Pison, and one on the natural his- tory of Brazil' by Georg Markgraff (Leyden, 1648). 586 LA FARGE LAFAYETTE LA FARGE, John, artist, b. in New York city, 31 March, 1835. He was a pupil of William M. Hunt, and has been an earnest student of Euro- pean art during the numerous trips he has taken to Europe. Mr. La Farge was first a draughtsman on wood, then a painter of flowers, landscapes, and portraits, and then a decorator of church interiors and a mural painter on biblical themes. As a draughtsman the illustrations that he contributed to an edition of " Enoch Arden," to " Songs from the Old Dramatists," and those published in the "Riverside Magazine," are remarkable for their beautv, and show the close sympathy of the artist with his subject. He established his reputation as a brilliant colorist and idealist by superb composi- tions of flowers and ideal groups as well as illus- trations. Mr. La Farge was one of the first to ad- mire Japanese art, and to call public attention to it by his writings. In 1886 he visited that empire. His most important recent work has been in the direction of decorative art and glass-painting. In the latter he has not only rivalled the colors of the finest mediaeval stained-glass windows, but he has been able to perfect an unsurpassed method of leading, in which the mechanical means are made to contribute to the rendering of details and the general effect. He was elected a National academi- cian in 1869, and is also a member of the Society of American artists. Among his leading decorative works, the interior of Trinity church in Boston, perhaps, takes precedence, although the painting and other decoration of the chancel of St. Thomas's in New York have a high value artistically. His other church work includes " The Adoration of the Wise Men " in the Church of the incarnation, and " The Ascension " in the chancel of the church of that name in New York city ; also the chancel of Trinity church in Buffalo, N. Y. Much of the in- terior decorations, notably the staircase windows and ceilings of the Vanderbilt mansion, and also the paintings for the music-room in the residence of Whitelaw Reid, are by Mr. La Farge. The " Bat- tle Window," in the Memorial hall at Harvard (1880), is one of his most brilliant successes in col- ored glass. His latest and most elaborate achieve- ment in this material is the Ames memorial window at Easton, Mass. (1887). His paintings include " New England Pasture-Land," " View over New- port," " A Gray Day," " A Snowy Day," " The Tri- umph of Love," "The Last Valley," "St. Paul," " The Wolf-Charmer." and " Sleeping Beauty." LAFAYETTE, Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilhert du Motier, Marquis de, French soldier, b. at the castle of Chavagnac, in Auvergne, 6 Sept., 1757; d. in Paris, 20 May, 1834. The family has been for more than three centuries distinguished in French history. The subject of this article was son of Michel Roche Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, colonel of grenadiers, who was killed in the battle of Min- den, 1 Aug., 1759, and Marie Louise, daughter of Joseph Yves Hyacinthe, Marquis de la Riviere. In 1768 he was taken by his mother to Paris, and entered the College of Louis-le-Grand. In 1770 the death of his mother and grandfather left him with a very large fortune. He became a page to the queen Marie Leczinska, and through her influ- ence received a lieutenant's commission in the royal musketeers, a body of soldiers charged with the defence of the king's person. He married, 11 April, 1774, Anastasie Adrienne de Noailles, sec- ond daughter of the Duke d'Ayen, afterward Duke de Noailles. Having been commissioned a captain of artillery in a regiment stationed at Metz, toward the end of 1776 he happened to meet at dinner the Duke of Gloucester, brother of George III., and heard of the Declaration of Independence and other events that had lately occurred in the United States. An enthusiastic sentiment of devotion to " liberty " and the " rights of man " was then growing up among youthful Frenchmen in all classes of society. Many young officers were eager to go to America, some from an intelligent interest in the cause at stake there, others from a love of romantic adventure or a desire to strike a blow at the English in revenge for the disasters of the Seven years' war. This last motive was strongly operative at court, though opinion was far from unanimous there. Louis XVI. had no sympathy with Americans or with rebels, and was fond of repeating the humorous remark of his brother-in- law, Joseph II. : " 1 am a royalist by my trade, you know." The policy of Choiseul, however, which would leave no stone unturned to undo the work of the Seven years' war and weaken the colo- nial empire of England, found favor with Marie Antoinette, as well as with Count Vergennes, the able minister of foreign affairs. Caution was needed, however. It was no part of the policy of Vergennes to run the risk of a quarrel with Great Britain until it should become quite clear that the American alliance was, from a military point of view, worth having. For the present, accordingly, he contented himself with sending secret aid to the Americans in the shape of money, arms, and ammunition. This aid was furnished through the agency of the famous author, Beaumarchais (q. v.), and in such a manner that the government might officially pretend to be ignorant of what was going on. In this surreptitious way as early as the spring of 1777 a large quantity of military stores had been conveyed to America, and had been followed by such officers as Pulaski, La Rouerie, and some fifty others. The Duke of Montmorency-Laval and other young nobles asked the king's permission to go to America ; but it was refused, and for the sake of keeping up appearances the refusal had some- thing of the air of a reprimand. It was necessary, therefore, for Lafayette to proceed with caution when he made up his mind, as the result of the con- versation at Metz, to cross the ocean and offer his services to congress. He consulted with the Baron de Kalb, who was cherishing a similar intention. De Kalb introduced him to Silas Deane, who gave him, 7 Dec, 1776, a letter of introduction to con- gress, in which he alluded to the great dignity and influence of Lafayette's family, and asked for him a major-general's commission. Lafayette now pro- ceeded secretly and at his own expense to fit out a vessel at Bordeaux, but his preparations were somewhat delayed by the necessity of making a journey to London in company with the Prince de Poix. He did not think it best to decline the in- vitation to this journey for fear of exciting suspi- cion as to his real plans. While at London, hear- ing of Washington's victories at Trenton and Princeton, he expressed such keen pleasure as to attract the notice of Lord Shelburne, the warm friend of the Americans. Madame de Lafayette's uncle, the Marquis de Noailles, was then the French ambassador at the court of St. James, and every word and action of his young visitor was sure to be carefully watched and weighed. After three weeks he returned secretly to Paris, leaving it to be supposed that he was still in England, while, to keep up the concealment as long as pos- sible, the Marquis de Noailles explained his non- appearance in society by spreading a report that he was slightly ill. After three davs at De Kalb's house in Paris, LAFAYETTE LAFAYETTE 58? Lafayette went on to Bordeaux. There he learned that the court had information of his movements and had issued an order for his arrest. To avoid this he sailed with his ship to Pasage, a Span- ish port, where his preparations were completed. Here he received letters from his family and the ministry which led him to return for a short time to Bordeaux. A letter which he now wrote to the government, begging permission to proceed with his enterprise, remained unanswered. In a private letter to Maurepas, he observed that " si- lence gives consent," and he should go on. There was more than mere pleasantry in this. He doubt- less understood well enough that the royal dis- approval of his movements was in great part as- sumed for the sake of appearances. He set sail from Pasage, 26 April, 1777, taking with him De Kalb and eleven other officers, and land- ed, 14 June, at George- town, S. C, whence he proceeded to Charles- ton. After a journey of more than a month on horseback he ar- rived in Philadelphia, where congress was in session. Congress was at that time beset with so many applications from foreign officers in quest of adventure, and in some instances, as in that of Du Coudray (q. v.), these applica- tions led to so much jealousy and discon- tent that Lafayette at first met with a rather cold reception ; but, after he had declared his wish to serve as a volunteer and at his own expense, congress (31 July, 1777) ap- pointed him major-general. The next day he was introduced to Washington, and the life-long friend- ship between the two was at once begun. As it appeared that his appointment was for the present merely honorary, Lafayette served for a time as a sort of volunteer aide upon Washington's staff. At the battle of Brandywine, 11 Sept., he behaved very gallantly and received a wound in the leg, which laid him up for two months. During this time he remained under the care of the Moravian Brethren at Bethlehem. On 25 Nov., in a reconnaissance of Gen. Greene against Cornwallis's position at Glou- cester Point, Lafayette with 300 men defeated a su- perior force of Hessians. In recognition of this service he was appointed, 4 Dec, to command the division of Washington's army lately under Gen. Stephen, who had been removed for alleged miscon- duct in the battle of Germantown. The intrigue known as the " Conway cabal," for removing Wash- ington from the chief command of the Continental army and putting Gates in his place, seemed at this time to be faring prosperously. Among the schemes of the intriguers was one for an invasion of Cana- da, which Washington was known to disapprove. It was thought that with the aid of Stark enough Green Mountain boys could be enlisted to join with a small force of regulars stationed at Albany, so as to make up an invading army of 4,000 men. The command of this small army was offered by the board of war to Lafayette, and it was hoped that on his arrival in Canada the French popula- tion of that country would hail him as their deliv- erer, and would forthwith rise against the British. 1 Lafayette's appointment was dated 23 Jan., 1778, ■ and at the same time Washington's enemy, Con- 1 way, was made second in command. His first in- | formation of the appointment was conveyed in a I letter of 24 Jan. from Gates, enclosed in one from that officer to Washington. Lafayette did not ac- cept the command until he had first consulted with Washington, and he furthermore insisted that De Kalb, who outranked Conway, should ac- company the expedition. On arriving at Albany it appeared that the scheme was a fiasco quite worthy of the shallow intriguers who had con- ceived it. The few regulars at Albany were in no- wise equipped for a winter march, no help could be got from Stark, and not a volunteer could be found in any quarter. The new alliance with France (6 Feb., 1778) had put an end to the desire of the New England people for conquering Canada. They feared that France might insist upon retain- ing it at the end of the war, and they greatly pre- ferred Great Britain to France for a neighbor. The failure of this scheme was a serious blow to the enemies of Washington, to whose camp Lafay- ette joyfully returned early in April. Throughout the whole affair he showed much sagacity along with unswerving fidelity to Washington. On 19 May the British Gen. Grant, with an over- whelming force, surprised him at Barren Hill, near Philadelphia ; but Lafayette succeeded in withdraw- ing his troops and artillery without loss. Here he gave proof of the skill in handling men which after- ward characterized his campaign in Virginia. Wash- ington's confidence in him was shown soon afterward at the battle of Monmouth, 28 June. The command of the force entrusted with the attack iipon Clinton's rear division was at first assigned to Lee as the officer highest in rank next to Washington. When Lee expressed his unwillingness to undertake the attack, Washington at once assigned this very im- portant operation to Lafayette. On the eve of the battle Lee changed his mind, and begged for the command which he had before refused. The operation was accordingly assigned to Lee, and Lafayette commanded one of the divisions of his force. When the strange disorder and retreat be- gan, he was one of the first to suspect Lee's treach- ery, and sent a messenger to Washington to hasten his arrival upon the field. During the remainder of the battle, Lafayette commanded the second line with ability. He was sent, 21 July, with two bri- gades of infantry, to operate under Sullivan in Rhode Island. After the destructive storm of 19 Aug., he tried in vain to dissuade D'Estaing from taking the fleet away to Boston ; and, 29 Aug.. rode on horseback from Newport to Boston to urge the admiral's speedy return ; next day a gallop of eighty miles in eight hours brought him back to Rhode Island just in time to assist in superintend- ing the retreat of the American forces. For his zealous efforts in this campaign he received from congress a vote of thanks. Having witnessed the ill success of this impor- tant enterprise, due chiefly to the misunderstand- ings and want of co-operation between the French and American commanders, Lafayette now thought that he could for a while be more useful to the American cause in France than in the United States. The alliance between the two countries would now insure him a favorable reception at court, in spite of the technical irregularity of his first departure for America, and the opportunity to visit wife and family could not but be grate- ful to the young soldier. He obtained leave of absence from congress, 21 Oct., but was seized with a fever which kept him for several weeks 588 LAFAYETTE LAFAYETTE dangerously ill at Fishkill. He sailed from Bos- ton, 11 Jan., 1779, in the new American frigate " Alliance," a swift and well-built ship, but manned by a rough and motley crew, picked up at short notice. A plot was laid among these ruffians to seize the ship and take her into a British port, after murdering all on board except Lafayette, who was to be delivered up to the British govern- ment as a prisoner of suitable rank to be exchanged for Gen. Burgoyne. The plot was betrayed to the marquis, who caused thirty of the mutineers to be put in irons. Arriving in Paris, 12 Feb., he was forbidden the king's pres- ence until he should have passed a week in confine- ment at his father-in- law's palace. After puri- fying himself by this kind of " political quarantine " from the stain of former disobedience, he was re- ceived with favor at court, and appointed colonel of dragoons to serve in the army with which it was designed to invade Eng- land early in the summer. The invasion depended upon the combined sup- port of the French and Spanish fleets, and owing to the failure of this naval support was abandoned. Lafayette took much pains in laying before Vergennes a clear and correct statement of the situation in the United States, and on his own responsibility urged him to send a land force as well as a fleet to co-operate with Washington's army. This was a step in ad- vance of the policy of congress, which as yet desired only naval assistance, and dreaded the dis- sensions likely to arise between French and Amer- ican soldiers serving together. To avoid such dissensions, Lafayette recommended that all dis- putes about precedence should be forestalled by expressly placing the French auxiliary army under Washington's command, and ordering that in all cases a French officer should be regarded as junior to an American officer of equal rank. These views were supported by D'Estaing upon his arrival in France early in 1780, and they were adopted by the ministry in sending out the auxiliary force of 6,000 men, under Count Rochambeau, which ar- rived in Rhode Island 10 July of that year. To report these negotiations to congress and prepare for the arrival of the troops, Lafayette sailed from Rochelle in the French frigate "Hermione," 19 March, 1780, and arrived, 27 April, in Boston har- bor. After transacting business at Philadelphia and Newport, connected with these matters, Lafay- ette repaired to Washington's headquarters at Tap- pan on the Hudson, and was appointed, 7 Aug.. to command a special corps of 2,000 light infantry ; his place, from first to last, was with the American army, not with the French auxiliaries. An inter- view between Washington and Rochambeau was arranged for 20 Sept. at Hartford, and Lafayette and Knox accompanied the American commander thither. Returning to the Hudson, they reached West Point, 26 Sept., the day on which Arnold's treason was discovered. Lafayette was a member of the board of fourteen generals that condemned Andre to death. When Arnold, with a British force, invaded Virginia, early in 1781, Lafayette was sent with 1,200 men from the New England and New Jer- sey lines to assist in the defence of that state. His troops were ill equipped for a campaign ; for want of tents they were obliged to pass the frosty_ nights in the open air, and many of them were' without hats or shoes. At Baltimore he pur- chased the necessary clothes and equipments for the troops, paying for them in drafts on the French treasury, which he endorsed for greater security in case the French government should not see fit to add the amount to the loans already appropriated for the United States. The military stores of Virginia were in great part concentrated at Richmond, and the British commanders Arnold and Phillips had planned the destruction of that town ; but Lafayette arrived there, 29 April, in time to foil the designs of the enemy. For some days skirmishing went on between Lafayette and Phil- lips, who was suddenly seized with fever, and died 13 May, leaving Arnold in sole command. Lord Cornwallis, retreating from North Carolina after the battle of Guilford, arrived 20 May at Peters- burg, where he effected a junction with Arnold. The British force now numbered 5,000 men, and Lafayette did not feel strong enough to oppose it until he should have been re-enforced by Wayne, who was moving southward with 1,000 infantry of the Pennsylvania line. He accordingly retreated northward from Richmond toward Fredericks- burg, with Cornwallis in full pursuit. " The boy cannot escape me," wrote the British general in a letter which was intercepted; but the young Frenchman's retreat was admirably conducted. He crossed the Rapidan at Ely's Ford, 4 June, and secured a strong position, while Cornwallis paused for a moment and detached Tarleton on a raid to Charlottesville, to break up the legislature which was in session there, and to Albemarle, where a quantity of military stores had been collected. The first part of the raid was partially successful, but Lafayette effected his junction with Wayne, 7 June, and prevented Tarleton from approaching Albemarle. Cornwallis now, when rejoined by Tarleton, abandoned as imprudent the idea of an offensive campaign in the interior of the country, so far from his base of operations on the sea-coast, and accordingly retreated to Richmond. Lafay- ette was presently re-enforced by Steuben, so that he outnumbered Cornwallis, who accordingly, 20 June, continued his retreat, crossing the Chicka- hominy near White Oak Swamp, and marching down to the peninsula to Williamsburg. At Green Spring, near that town, an indecisive action was fought between parts of the two armies, 6 July, the Americans attacking, but unsuccessfully. Corn- wallis continued his retreat to Yorktown, while Lafayette occupied Malvern Hill, and awaited further developments. Washington and Rocham- beau, with 6,000 men, started, 19 Aug., from the Hudson, and reached the head of Chesapeake bay, 5 Sept., the same day on which the French fleet, under De Grasse, repulsed the British fleet, and obtained full possession of the Virginia waters. Cornwallis as yet knew nothing of Washington's approach, but there was just a chance that he might realize his danger, and, crossing the James river, seek safety in a retreat upon North Carolina. This solitary chance was now forestalled by Lafay- ette. The troops of Saint-Simon, brought by the fleet, had now increased his army to 8,000, and with his force he took his stand, 7 Sept., across the neck of the peninsula at Williamsburg, thus cutting off Cornwallis's retreat. Washington ar- rived, 14 Sept., at Lafayette's headquarters and took command, and the ensuing concentration of all LAFAYETTE LAFAYETTE 589 the allied forces at Williamsburg sealed the doom of Cornwallis. During the whole campaign, from 20 May to 14 Sept., while Lafayette was in com- mand opposed to Cornwallis, his conduct was pru- dent and skilful, and contributed in no slight degree toward the grand result. On 22 Dec. he sailed again from Boston in the " Alliance," and on his arrival in France was greeted with enthu- siasm. An army of 24,000 French and Spanish troops was about to assemble at Cadiz, and Lafay- ette was appointed chief-of-staff, with a brevet of major-general. Before the preparations for this expedition were completed, the war was at an end, and Lafayette sent from Cadiz the swift frigate "Triumph," which arrived, 23 March, 1783, at Phil- adelphia, with the first news of peace. Nest year, at Washington's invitation, he returned to the United States, and after a visit to Mount Vernon made a journey through the country from Virginia to Massachusetts. On 25 Dec, 1784, he sailed from New York in the French frigate " Nymphe." In 1785 he travelled in Germany. About this time he was deeply interested in the abolition of slav- ery, and purchased a large plantation in Cayenne, where great numbers of slaves might be educated with a view to gradual emancipation. Washing- ton, Jefferson, and others were interested in this experiment, which it was hoped might furnish an example for imitation in the United States. In 1787 Lafayette was a member of the assembly of notables, and in the states-general of 1789 he sat as representative of the nobility of Auvergne. He was chosen, 26 July, 1789, commander-in-chief of the National guard, a position which he held till 8 Oct., 1791. Part of his difficult duties at this time related to the protection of the king and queen, who distrusted him, as they distrusted every one who might have been of real service to them. His moderate views made Lafayette very distaste- ful to the Jacobins, and with their rise to power his influence and popularity diminished. Having been promoted lieutenant-general, 30 June, 1791, he was appointed, on the declaration of war against Austria, 20 April, 1792, to command the army of the centre, 52,000 strong, between Philippeville and Lauterbourg. From his camp at Maubeuge, 16 June, he wrote the famous letter to the Na- tional assembly, in which he denounced the dan- gerous policy of the Jacobins. The insurrection of 20 June followed. On the 28th Lafayette came to Paris, and appeared before the assembly to de- fend his course. After two days, finding the Jaco- bins all-powerful in the city, he returned to camp, and formed a plan for removing the king from Paris. Before the plan was fully matured, and while his army was at Sedan, only four days' march from the capital, there came the news of the revo- lution of 10 Aug. and the imprisonment of the king. Lafayette now refused to obey the orders of the assembly, and arrested the three commission- ers sent by that body to his camp. In return the assembly removed him from command and ap- pointed Dumouriez in his place, 19 Aug. ; his im- peachment was also decided upon, and it became evident that his soldiers were in sympathy with the Jacobins. He fled into Belgium with half a dozen companions, was taken prisoner by the Aus- trians, and handed over by them to the Prussians, by whom he was imprisoned first at Wesel, after- ward at Magdeburg. He was offered his liberty on condition of assisting the allies in their invasion of France, but refused. After a year's incarcera- tion at Magdeburg, he was transferred to Austria for safe keeping, and passed the next four years in a loathsome dungeon at Olmutz, where he was treated with barbarous cruelty. Much sympathy was felt for him in the United States and in Eng- land. In parliament, Fox, Wilberforce, and Sheri- dan were active in his behalf, and Washington wrote to the emperor, Francis II., asking that he might be allowed to come on parole to the United States. In the autumn of 1794, through the bold- ness and skill of Dr. Bollmann, a young German physician, and Francis Kinlock Huger, of South Carolina, he was actually set free, and had nearly got clear of Austrian territory when he was cap- tured, loaded with irons, and carried back to his dungeon. With much difficulty, in 1795, his wife and two daughters got permission to share his cap- tivity. In these sufferings Lafayette served as the scapegoat upon which the emperor could freely vent his rage at the revolutionary party in general for the indignities heaped upon his kinswoman Marie Antoinette. The unfortunate victim was at length set free, 23 Sept., 1797, by the victories of Bonaparte. After a sojourn in Holstein .and then in Holland, he returned to France in March. 1800, after the overthrow of the Directory, and retired to his castle of La Grange, in Brie, about forty-three miles from Paris. Napoleon sdught to gain his ad- herence by offering him a senatorship, the cross of the Legion of honor, and the position of minister to the United States ; but he declined these offers. He also declined President Jefferson's offer in 1805 to appoint him governor of Louisiana. During Napoleon's rule he remained in the quiet of his home at La Grange, where his wife died, 24 Dec, 1807. (See illustration.) On Napoleon's return from Elba, it seemed desirable to secure the sup- port of that moderate liberal sentiment which La- fayette had always consistently represented, and Joseph Bonaparte was accordingly sent to La Grange to sound Lafayette and secure his alle- giance. Lafayette refused to accept a place in the hereditary peerage which the Corsican proposed to re-establish, or to attach himself in any way to his fortunes. " If I should ever again appear in public life," said he, " it can only be as a representative of the people." When a chamber of representatives was established he was chosen member for the De- partment of Seine-et-Marne, but took little or no part in the proceedings until after Waterloo. On 21 June, 1815, he insisted that Napoleon's abdication should be demanded, while at the same time his life and liberty should be guaranteed by the nation. He endeavored unsuccessfully to procure for Napoleon the means of escaping to the United States. In 1818, after three years of seclusion at home, he was elected to the chamber of deputies, where he sat till 1824, as a leader of the opposition, opposing the censorship of the press, and voting for all truly libera] measures. In 1824 congress passed unani- mously a resolution requesting President Monroe to invite Lafayette to visit the United States. He sailed from Havre, 12 July, in an American mer-' 590 LAFAYETTE LAFITTE chantman, and arrived 15 Aug. in New York. In the course of the next fourteen months he trav- elled through the whole country, visiting each of the twenty-four states and all the principal cities, and was everywhere received with tokens of enthu- siastic reverence and affection. In consideration of his services in the Revolutionary war, congress voted him a grant of $200,000, besides a town- ship of 24,000 acres, to be assigned somewhere among the unappropriated public lands. His sixty- eighth birthday, 6 Sept., 1825, was celebrated at the White House in Washington, on which occa- sion a noble farewell speech was pronounced by President Adams, and next day he sailed from the Potomac in the frigate " Brand'ywine," and arrived in Havre, 5 Oct. The illustration on page 588 represents a vase that was presented to him by the midshipmen of the frigate shortly after his ar- rival. He was again, in 1827, elected" to the cham- ber of deputies. In the revolution of July, 1880, he was made commander-in-chief of the National guard, and was instrumental in placing Louis Philippe on the throne, in the hope that France might thus at length be en- abled to enter upon the path of peaceful constitutional progress. He remained a member of the chamber of deputies un- til his death. He received a magnificent funeral, and his remains were interred beside those of his wife in the cemetery of Picpus in the fau- bourg Saint- Antoine. The grave is shown in the illustration above. He left one son, George Wash- ington, and two daughters, Anastasie and Vir- ginie; the elder married Charles de Latour Mau- bourg, and the younger the Count de Lasteyrie. In person Lafayette was tall and powerfully built, with broad shoulders, deep chest, and a tend- ency toward corpulence. His features were large and strongly marked. He had much dignity of manner, and was ordinarily quiet and self-possessed. Perhaps the best testimony to his purity of char- acter is the fact that his bitterest detractors, in the absence of any other available charge, are in the habit of insisting upon his vanity. Among all the eminent Frenchmen of the revolutionary period, he was perhaps the only one in whose career there was nothing to be really ashamed of. His traits of character were solid rather than brilliant ; and he was too thoroughly imbued with American ideas to identify himself with any one of the violent move- ments originating in the French revolution of 1789. His love of constitutional liberty was too strong for him to co-operate either with Bourbons or with Jacobins or with Bonapartists ; and from all three quarters attempts have been made to detract from his rightful fame. In European history his place, though not among the foremost, is respectable ; in American history he is not only a very picturesque and interesting figure, but his services in our strug- gle for political independence were of substantial and considerable value. Lafayette left a journal of the principal events in which he took part, which was published by his son, and completed with some supplementary documents, letters of Washington and other ' statesmen, under the title " Memoires, manuscrits et correspondance du General de Lafayette " (6 vols., Paris, 1837-'8). See also E. de la Be- dolliere, " Vie politique du Marquis de Lafayette " (Paris, 1833) ; Jules Cloquet, " Souvenirs de la vie privee du General Lafayette " (Paris, 1886) ; E. Laboulaye, " Histoire politique des Etats-Unis " ; Henri Martin. " Histoire de France " ; Duruy, " Histoire de France " ; Thiers, " Revolution Fran- caise " ; Sainte Beuve, " Portraits historiques et litteraires " and " Critiques sur Memoires de La- fayette " (" Revue des Deux-Mondes," 1838) ; Louis Blanc, " Histoire de mon temps": Napoleon, "Me- morial de Sainte Helene " ; L. de Lomenie, " Gale- rie des contemporaires " ; Chateaubriand, " Me- moires d'outre tombe " ; Louis Blanc, " Histoire de 10 ans " ; Vaulabelle, " Les deux restaurations " ; A. Nettenient, " Histoire de la restauration " ; Yillemain, " Souvenirs " ; Bourguelat, " Etudes critiques"; Guizot, "Memoires" and "Essai sur Washington " ; A. Maurin, " Chute des Bourbons " ; De Barante, " De la declaration des droits " ; Mira- beau, " Correspondance et memoires " ; Mme. de Stael ; Rivarol, " Portrait de Lafayette," etc. There are also numerous biographies of him both in French and English. — His son, George Wash- ington, b. in Paris in 1779 ; d. in December, 1849, entered the army as a lieutenant in 1800 and served with distinction until 1808, when he resigned and retired with his father to La Grange. During the Hundred Days he was elected to the house of rep- resentatives, and in 1822 to the chamber of depu- ties, voting constantly for all liberal measures. In 1824 he accompanied his father during his visit to the United States. He was re-elected to the cham- ber of deputies in 1827, and at all the subsequent elections till 1848. He left two sons, Oscar Thomas Gilbert du Motier, b. in Paris, 20 Aug., 1815, served as an artillery officer from 1835 till 1842, when he was elected to the chamber of depu- ties, and made himself conspicuous for his liberal opinions. Re-elected in 1848 and 1849, he sent his resignation after the coup d'etat, 2 Dec, 1851, and lived quietly in La Grange under the reign of Na- poleon III. In 1871 he was elected to the national assembly, and in 1875 became a life-senator. His brother," Francois Edjioxd Gilbert du Motier, b. 11 July, 1818, was in 1848 elected to the legis- lative assembly. Since 1876 he represents the de- partment of La Sarthe to the chamber of deputies, and is a Radical in politics. LAFITAU, Joseph Francis, French mission- ary, b. in Bordeaux, France ; d. in France in 1740. He belonged to the Jesuit order, was for several years a missionary in Canada, and after his return to France was a professor of belles-lettres till his death. He discovered in the country of the Iro- quois a plant that he named the Aureliana Cana- densis. In his opinion it was the same as the one which the Chinese call gin-seng. He wrote " Me- moire concernant la precieuse plante gin-seng de Tartaire" (Paris, 1718); "Mceurs des sauvages Americains compares aux mceurs des premiers temps," in which he tries to show that the Ameri- can Indians are descended from the primitive in- habitants of Greece (2 vols., 1723 ; 4 vols.. Rouen. 1724) ; and " Histoire des decouvertes et des con- quetes des Portugais dans le nouveau monde " (2 vols., Paris, 1733; 4 vols., 1734). LAFITTE, Jean, adventurer, b. in France about 1780; d. in Yucatan in 1826. He arrived in New Orleans about 1809 with his elder broth- er Pierre. They were men of limited education, but of attractive manners and enterprising char- acters. For some time they carried on a black- smith-shop with slave labor. Then engaging in LAFITTE LAFLAMME 591 the smuggling traffic with the corsairs of the coast, they became the leaders of the band, in conse- quence of which they were outlawed. Some of these buccaneers had received letters of marque from the French republic, and, after the close of the Franco-Spanish war, from the republic of Car- tagena, giving them authority to seize Spanish vessels. They are said to have seized merchant- men of all nations, not excepting the United States, into whose territory they brought their prizes, yet this charge has never been proved. Citizens of Louisiana carried on a contraband trade in captured goods and slaves with these pirates, who smuggled the wares into the city through the Barataria lakes and Bayou Lafourche, or through Bayou Teche, or sold them at auction to persons who went to Barataria to purchase the captured cargoes. The principal establishment of the privateers was on the island of Grand Terre, in front of the pass of Barataria. Gov. Claiborne issued a proclamation against the buccaneers on 15 March, 1812. Several expeditions were under- taken against them, but the outlaws were fore- warned by their friends, and escaped to some other part of the coast. On 24 Nov., 1813, after a rev- enue officer had been fired upon, Gov. Claiborne issued a second proclamation, offering a reward of $500 for the capture of Jean Lafitte. In January, 1814, the Lafittes offered for sale a consignment of 415 negroes. An inspector of revenue that was sent to their settlement was killed, and the col- lector urged Gov. Claiborne to drive the contra- bandists out of Louisiana. He laid the matter be- fore the legislature, but nothing was done, and Lafitte continued to send his goods to Donaldson- ville and other points on the river, under the guard of bodies of armed men. An indictment was then presented against the Lafittes in the U. S. court. John R. Grymes, who resigned the U. S. district attorneyship in order to defend them, and his associate, Edward Livingston, procured the cessation of the proceedings. When the British planned their descent upon New Orleans they expected the buccaneers to join them. Pierre Lafitte had recently been made a prisoner by the U. S. authorities, and was confined in the jail of New Orleans. Capt. Lockyer, of the royal navy, arrived at Lafitte's headquarters on 3 Sept., 1814, and delivered a letter from Col. Nichols, of- fering him a captain's commission in the British naval service and §30,000, and to his followers im- munity from punishment for past actions, the in- demnification of any losses, and rewards in money and lands. In an accompanying document the in- habitants of Barataria were threatened with ex- termination in case they rejected these proposals. Capt. Lockyer and the other British officers that landed in Barataria were seized by the bucca- neers, who purposed sending them to New Or- leans as prisoners of war, but Lafitte dissuaded his subordinates from this course, and pretended to treat with Lockyer in order to learn the details of the projected expedition. He told Lockyer to re- turn in ten days for a final answer, and after the British officers had departed wrote to a member of the legislature an account of what had happened, and forwarded the papers that contained the offers to himself. Gov. Claiborne called a council of officers of the army, militia, and navy, and sub- mitted the intelligence that he had received from Lafitte, who had sent a second letter on 7 Sept., inclosing information from Havana of the intend- ed operations of the enemy, and offering the serv- ices of himself and his followers on the condi- tion of an act of oblivion for their past offences. Pierre had meanwhile escaped from jail, and ap- proved his brother's course. Preparations were in progress for an expedition to Barataria to break up the organization and destroy the privateers. The majority of the officers who were called in council were of the opinion that the documents that had been sent by Jean Lafitte were forgeries, and that his story was a fabrication intended to pre- vent the destruction of his outlawed colony. Gen. Jacquez Villere alone dissented. Gov. Claiborne also believed in the sincerity of Lafitte, but acqui- esced in the decision of the officers. The expedi- tion was organized under the command of Com. Daniel T. Patterson, of the U. S. navy, and Col. George T. Ross, of the army. Lafitte supposed that the preparations were against the British. The naval and military forces made a sudden de- scent on Barataria, and broke up the establishment completely, capturing many, and carrying off to New Orleans most of their vessels and a rich booty, which was claimed as a lawful prize. Among those who escaped were Jean and Pierre Lafitte, who found aid and shelter on the banks of the Missis- sippi. They collected their adherents again at Last island, near the mouth of" Bayou Lafourche. When Gen. Andrew Jackson came to take com- mand at New Orleans he issued a proclamation de- claring that he called not upon " either pirates or robbers to join him in the glorious cause " ; yet, when Lafitte repeated his offer of military service, Jackson, after an interview, accepted the much- needed addition to his force, and from that time confided in the men whom he had denounced as " hellish banditti." A part were sent to man the redoubts on the river, and the rest formed a corps, and served the batteries at New Orleans with great skill. President Madison issued a proclamation declaring a full pardon for privateering and smug- gling prior to 8 Jan., 1815. Soon after the war both the Lafittes left New Orleans. One of the Lafittes settled in Galveston, Tex., in 1816, but in 1820 was expelled by the American authorities. After embarking his treasure and followers on board his six vessels, he burnt his establishments, and on 12 May, 1820, left the bay of Galveston for the coast of Yucatan, where he continued for some time his depredations against Spanish commerce, and died in 1826 either in Cozumel or Isla de Mu- geres. Lafitte's adventures form the subject of Joseph H. Ingraham's romance of " The Pirate of the Gulf," and of other similar works. See a " His- torical Sketch of Pierre and Jean Lafitte," by Charles Gayarre, in " Magazine of American His- tory," October and November, 1883 ; the same au- thor's i! History of Louisiana " ; and James Par- ton's '• Life of Jackson."' LAFLAMME, Toussaint Antoine Radolphe, Canadian statesman, b. in Montreal, 15 May, 1827. He was educated at St. Sulpice college, and was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in 1849. He was one of the earliest members of the Lower Canada " Rouge " party, was chief editor of the party organ, "L'Avenir," and identified himself with the extreme views of the most radical of his countrymen. When only nineteen years of age he was elected president of the Institute Canadien of Montreal, of which he was one of the founders. He was counsel for the seigneurs who claimed their indemnity in virtue of the seignorial act of 1857-'8, was appointed queen's counsel in 1863, and has been professor of the law of real property in McGill university, from which he received the degree of D. C. L. in 1873. In 1872 Mr. Laflamme was elected for Jacques Carrier to the Canadian parliament, and he represented that constituency 592 LAFLECHE LAFRAGUA till 1878. In November, 1876, he became a mem- ber of the privy council as minister of inland reve- nue, and. on 8 June, 1877, he was made minister of justice, which office he held until the resignation of the government in September, 1878. While holding this office Mr. Laflamme introduced a bill for further securing the independence of parlia- ment, a bill giving to the decrees of the Ontario maritime court the same meaning and weight as are attached to those of the court of chancery, and one providing for the abolition of the office of re- ceiver-general. He declined a puisne judgeship in the supreme court in 1875. LAFLECHE, Louis Francois Richer, Cana- dian R. C. bishop, b. in Sainte Anne de la Perade, Quebec, 4 Sept., 1818. He was educated at Nicolet college, ordained priest in 1844, and was a mission- ary near Red river from 1844 till 1856. He was appointed a professor at Nicolet college in 1856, vicar-general of Three Rivers in 1859, bishop of Anthedon in partibus infidelium in 1866, and was consecrated second R. C. bishop of Three Rivers in 1870. He is the author of a series of articles on the relation of religion in the family to society, first published in the Three Rivers " Journal " (Three Rivers, 1866), and " Mandements et autres actes Episcopaux " (3 vols., 1880). LAFOND DE LURCY, Gabriel, French ex- plorer, b. in Lurcy Levy, Allier, 25 March, 1802 ; d. in Paris, 11 April, 1876. He studied in Moulins, entered the merchant marine in 1818, and four years later had command of a ship. For several years he traded with both Americas, but, after in- heriting a large estate, he travelled more for pleas- ure than for mercantile purposes, visiting Chili, Brazil, and Central America in 1831-6. In 1849 he became Costa Rican consul in Paris, and in the following year minister of the same republic, which post he held for twenty years. He was elected a member of the Geographical society of Paris in 1851, and corresponding member of the Ameri- can geographical society in 1857. He published " Des lies Marquises et des colonies de la France dans l'Amerique et l'Oceanie " (Paris, 1842) ; " Voy- ages autour du monde et nauf rages celebres" (8 vols., 1843) ; " De Emancipation de l'esclavage dans les colonies Francaises de l'Amerique " (1844) ; •' Etudes sur l'Amerique Espagnole" (1848); "Quinze ans de voyage autour du monde " (2 vols., 1849) ; and " Cartes de l'Amerique Central " (1853). LAFONTAINE, Sir Louis Hypolite, bart., Canadian statesman, b. in Boucherville, Lower Canada, in October, 1807; d. in Montreal, 26 Feb., 1864. He studied and practised law, and when he had gained a competence became a follower, and afterward a rival, of Louis J. Papineau (q. v.), act- ing with the party of " La Jeune France." On 4 Nov., 1838, a warrant was issued for the arrest of Mr. Lafontaine on the charge of high treason. At that time he was about to proceed to England as the agent of his compatriots, and before his depar- ture underwent an examination before a special tribunal on the charge that had been preferred against him. On arriving in England he did not regard himself as safe, and, with the assistance of Edward Ellice, a wealthy Canadian, escaped into France. As no evidence incriminating him had been adduced, he returned to Canada. In 1841 he became a candidate for the representation of Terre- bonne, but withdrew from the contest before its close, and was afterward elected for North York, Upper Canada. Under Sir Charles Bagot, Mr. La- fontaine in 1842 became a member of the adminis- tration. This was about the time of the inaugura- tion of responsible government in Canada. On 28 Nov., 1844, he and his colleagues in office were compelled to resign, but in 1848 he again became a member of the government, and remained in office until October, 1851, when the Hincks-Tuche administration was formed. On 13 Aug., 1853, he was appointed chief justice of the court of queen's bench, and on 28 Aug., 1854, was created a baronet. LAFONTE, Aunet, clergyman, b. in Ambert, Auvergne, France, 2 Oct., 1812 ; d. in New York city, 7 Jan., 1875. He studied theology in the Seminary of Clermont-Ferrand, and became pro- fessor of philosophy, and afterward of theology, in that institution. He was ordained priest in 1837, entered the Society of the fathers of mercy in 1839, and was among the first missionaries of his order sent to the United States. He founded the French congregation in Canal street, New York, in 1842, introduced into this country the order of Christian brothers, and harbored the first Jesuits that came to the United States. He established the school of St. Vincent de Paul in New York city, founded the orphan asylum of the same name there in 1860, and was active in the erection of its fine building. LA FOREST, Antoine Rene Charles Mathu- rin, Comte de, diplomatist, b. in Aire, France, 8 Aug., 1756; d. 2 Aug., 1846. Retiring from the army, he entered the diplomatic service in 1774, and in November, 1778, was attached to the French legation in the United States. He was successive- ly vice-consul at Savannah, Philadelphia, and New York, and in 1785 became consul-general. He re- turned to France in 1792, and was again consul- general to the United States in 1794-'5. He was placed at the head of the French post-office depart- ment after the 18th Brumaire, in 1800 was minister to the congress of Luneville, minister to Berlin in 1803-'6, and to Spain in 1808-13. He was made a peer of France in 1819, and minister of state and member of the privy council in 1825. LAFOREY, Sir Francis, bart., British naval officer, b. in Virginia about 1760 ; d. in England in 1835. His great-grandfather was of a noble fami- ly in Poitou, France, and went to England with William III. During the American Revolution Sir Francis entered the British navy. In 1791 he at- tained the rank of commander, and in 1793 that of captain. He was nominated a K. C. B. in 1815, promoted vice-admiral in 1819, and admiral in 1832. He commanded the " Spartiate," of 74 guns, at the battle of Trafalgar, and at one time captured two French frigates. His last duty seems to have been on the Barbadoes station as commander-in- chief. He left no heir, having never married. LAFRAGrUA, Jose Maria (lah - f rah' - guah), Mexican statesman, b. in Puebla, 2 April, 1813 ; d. in the city of Mexico, 15 Nov., 1875. He entered Caroline college in 1824, and in 1835 was admitted to the bar and appointed professor of civil law and secretary of the academy of jurisprudence. He also devoted himself to politics and literature, con- tributing to various journals. In 1837 he was elected by the Federal party of Puebla representa- tive to Mexico, took part in the direction of sev- eral political papers, and in 1842 he was chosen a deputy to the constituent congress. In conse- quence of his opposition to Santa- Anna he was ar- rested, with others, on 2 May, 1843, but, after six weeks' imprisonment, set at liberty in consequence of an amnesty. He continued his opposition to the dictator, and in consequence of a political speech was imprisoned again ; but, to avoid public indignation, Santa- Anna released him on the fol- lowing day, and even offered him as satisfaction the place of minister to Spain, which Lafragua re- fused. He was secretary of the chamber of depu- LA FUENTE Y ALCANTARA LAGOS 593 ties when congress was dissolved by Gen. Paredes ; but after the triumph of the revolution of the " Ciudadela,'' in August, 1846, he was appointed by Gen. Salas councillor of state, and in October sec- retary of foreign relations, which place he occupied until Gomez Farias assumed the executive in De- cember. Santa- Anna offered him a seat in the cabinet in 1847 ; but he refused. After the conclu- sion of peace with the United States he was elected senator, and, declining the appointment of minis- ter to Paris and Rome, continued in the senate till the dissolution of congress in 1853 by Vice-Presi- dent Ceballos. Foreseeing the consequences of Santa-Anna's return to power, Lafragua retired from public life and favored the plan of Ayutla. Gen. Alvarez offered him the government of Pue- bla and the Spanish mission : but he refused, and on the accession of Gen. Comonfort the latter ap- pointed Lafragua, in December, 1855, secretary of the interior, and he was one of Comonfort's most faithful advisers during his administration. In February, 1857, he was sent as minister to Madrid, and, after the fall of Comonfort in January, 1858, he continued to represent the Liberal government of Juarez, protesting against the admission of a minister from Mirarnon till he was relieved in 1860 at his own request. After travelling through Eu- rope and the United States, he returned to Mexico in November, 1861, and remained there during the intervention and the empire, but firmly refused a seat in the cabinet, which was several times tend- ered him by Maximilian. On 20 June, 1867, he was commissioned by Gen. Marquez to treat with Diaz about the surrender of Mexico ; but, before he could leave, the city was attacked from all sides and occupied next day. On 3 Aug., Lafragua was appointed professor of history and chronology and member of the commission to form the civil code, and in 1868 he was elected member of the supreme court of justice and director of the national library, and commissioned to form the penal code. In June, 1872, he was appointed secretary of foreign relations, resigning his seat on the supreme bench, and, after the death of Juarez in July, he presented his resignation together with the other ministers ; but it was not accepted by Lerdo de Tejada, and when congress elected him again to the supreme court, 7 Dec, 1873, that body allowed him to con- tinue as secretary of foreign relations, so that he held both posts till his death. LA FUENTE Y ALCANTARA, Miguel, Span- ish historian, b. in Archidona, Malaga, 10 July, 1817; d. in Havana, Cuba, in August, 1850. He studied law, devoted himself to historical investi- gations, became secretary of the cortes, and was appointed fiscal, or attorney-general, in the island of Cuba. He had barely arrived in Havana when he was attacked by the local fever and died. He published " Historia de Granada " (4 vols., Grana- da, 1843-8 ; 2 vols., Paris, 1851), and also wrote works on hunting, and on the characters and revo- lutions of the different races in Spain, especially of the Moors during the v middle ages. LA GALLISSONNIERE, Roland Michael Barrin, Count de, French governor of Canada, b. in France early in the 18th century ; d. there, 26 Oct., 1756. He was a distinguished officer in the navy, and administered the government of Canada from 1747 till 1749, during the imprisonment in England of the governor, Admiral De la Jonqmere. His administration of the affairs of the colony was marked by disputes with the British and their colonists in relation to their right of way in and about the peninsula of Nova Scotia and the Ohio. He constructed forts throughout the province, and vol. in. — 38 projected the settling of the French Canadians, who lived on the peninsula, on the north shore of the Bay of Fundy, a scheme that received the ap- proval of the French ministry, and was carried into effect. On his return to France, he went into active service and was intrusted with the transport of land-forces to Minorca, for the siege of Fort Mahon. When returning with the French fleet, he met Admiral Byng's squadron (British) and de- feated it, for which Byng was tried by court-mar- tial, sentenced, and shot. Count De ia Gallisson- niere was of short stature, deformed, and scarcely more distinguished for his naval skill and admin- istrative ability than for his scientific attainments. LAGES, Joao Vieira de Carvalho (lah'-zhays), Marquis of, Brazilian soldier, b. in Olivenga, Portu- gal, in 1781 ; d. in Rio Janeiro, Brazil, 1 April, 1847. He entered the army in 1801, and at the French invasion of Portugal in 1807 accompanied the royal family to Brazil. As a captain he fought in the campaigns against the rebels of Do Sul in Brazil in 1811-'12 and 1816-'17, and in the latter campaign did good work in fortifying important places. He was appointed commandant of the colony of Nova Friburgo in 1821, and in 1822 joined the party that advocated the independence of Brazil. The follow- ing year the emperor, Pedro I., raised him to the nobility, and promoted him to brigadier. He was appointed secretary of war and Baron of Lages in 1824, in 1826 counsellor of state, and in 1828 gen- eral of the army. In 1831 he was again appointed secretary of war. and, although the country was in a state of revolution, he established the schools of the arsenal and a powder-factory. During the re- gency of 1831-'40 Lages was twice called to be secretary of war, in which post he contributed in 1840 to the declaration of Pedro II. 's majority. In that year he received the title of Marquis of Lages. LAGOS, Manoel Ferreira (lah'-gos), Brazilian writer, b. in Rio Janeiro in 1816 ; d. there, 23 Oct., 1867. He studied in his native city, but refused to write the required thesis, and could not be gradu- ated. In 1839 he began to write for the journal of the " Instituto geographico Brazileiro," and in 1845 he was appointed secretary of that body. In 1852 he was elected vice-president of a scientific com- mission to the north of the empire, and on his re- turn he gave lectures, exposing the falsehoods of many that had written about that part of the country. He was then appointed chief clerk of the secretary of state, in 1854 became keeper of the National library, and the same year established the sections of zoology and comparative anatomy in the National institute. He was appointed repre- sentative of Brazil at the Paris exposition of 1867. Besides writing for the journal of the " Instituto geographico Brazileiro," he contributed to the official gazette and several other papers, and wrote many important works, the manuscripts of which were purchased by the government of Brazil. LAGOS, Pedro (lah'-gos). Chilian soldier, b. in Chilian in December, 1827 ; d. in Santiago in Oc- tober, 1884. In his early youth he entered the army as a common soldier, and during the civil war of 1851 did good service in the battle of Petor- ca on 14 Oct. and in that of Longomilla on 8 Dec, and was promoted major. In the civil war of 1859 he served again under the government, be- came brevet colonel, and, after numerous cam- paigns against the Araucanians, was promoted colonel by congress in 1875. He was for many years commander of the Chilian frontier against the Araucanians, and in 1878 was appointed in- spector-general of the national guard. During the war against Peru and Bolivia he was in command 594 LAGRANDIERE LA HONTAN of a brigade, and took part in the battles of Cala- ma, 23 March, Pisagua, 2 Nov., Dolores, 19 Nov., and Tarapaca, 27 Nov., 1879. In 1880 he partici- pated in the expedition to the province of Moque- gua, and commanded in the attack and capture of the fortress of Arica on 7 June, for which he was promoted brigadier. In January, 1881, he com- manded a division of 8,500 men in the battle of Chovrillos, and the victory of Miraflores was prin- cipally due to him, according to the official report of the commander-in-chief. After his return to Chili he was promoted by congress major-general and appointed inspector-general of the army, which post he held at v the time of his death. LAGRANDIERE, Charles Marie de (lah'- grond'-yair'), West Indian naval officer, b. in La Desirade, W. L, in 1729 ; d. in Vannes, France, 27 April, 1812. He entered the French navy in 1744, and served during most of his life in Canada and in the West Indies. During the war of American independence he commanded a squadron, and cruised from Charleston to Boston. Joining Ad- miral Destouches, he defeated, 16 March, 1781, in Chesapeake bay, the British fleet under Marriot Arbuthnot. He was employed afterward in the West Indies, and made several expeditions against Dominica, the Bahama islands, and British Guiana. He governed La Desirade in 1783-6, and afterward commanded Les Saintes. During the French revo- lution he was employed at Santo Domingo, Marti- nique, and Guadeloupe. He retired in 1802. He published " Histoire de la marine Francaise durant les guerres d'Amerique " (2 vols., Vannes, 1808). LAGRAYIERE, Jurien Pierre Roch de (lah - grav'-yair'), French naval officer, b. in Gannat, 5 Nov., 1772 ; d. in Paris, 14 Jan., 1849. He entered the navy in 1785, and in 1796 commanded a brig, with which he cruised for eighteen months on the coast of Brazil and in the West Indies, destroying slave-ships. In 1798, as captain of a frigate, he commanded the station of Paraguay. In 1802 he was attached to the expedition to Santo Domingo, and captured the fortress of Leogane, 4 March, 1803. During the following years he was employed to escort French merchant vessels from America to Brest. In 1816 he was promoted rear-admiral, and in 1819 bombarded Algiers. On his return he received orders to visit all the harbors of Brazil, West Indies, and South America, to ascertain the justice of the claims of the French residents in those countries, and especially to study the politi- cal and commercial situation of South America, and in eighteen months he accomplished his mis- sion successfully. In 1824 he was instructed to force the government of Hayti to settle the claims of the French residents who had been despoiled during the troubles of 1790-84, and twenty-four hours after his arrival off Port au Prince a treaty was signed with the French minister. On 1 March, 1831, he was promoted vice-admiral, and in the fol- lowing year was created a peer of France. His publications include " Rapport a sa Majeste Tres Chretienne sur la situation politique et commer- ciale du Perou et du Chili " (2 vols., Paris, 1821) ; " Rapport sur la situation et les reclamations des residents Francais dans l'Amerique du Sud " (2 vols., 1822) ; " La question Haitienne : l'indemnite, et les veritables ressources du pays " (1824) ; and " Encore la question Haitienne : Haiti peut-il payer l'indemnite f " (2 vols., 1835). LA GUERRA, Pablo de, jurist, b. in Califor- nia ; d. in Santa Barbara, CaL, 5 Feb., 1874. He was the son of Don Jose Antonio de la Guerra y Noriega, a native of Spain, who went to Mexico as an officer of the Spanish army. Don Jose was for many years commandant at Santa Barbara, and, at his death in 1858, left over 100 descendants. Three of his daughters married Americans. Pablo, the most eminent of his sons, studied law, was elected to the state senate, and was for a long time judge of the 1st judicial district of California. LA HAILANDIERE, Celestine Ren6 Lau- rence Guynenier de, R. C. bishop, b. in Com- bourg, France, in 1798 ; d. in Triandin, France, in 1882. He finished his classical education in the College of Rennes, was admitted to the bar, and made judge of the tribunal of Redon at the age of twenty-four, but soon resigned the office and entered the theological seminary of Rennes. He was or- dained deacon in 1824, priest in 1825, and assigned to missionary duty in Rennes. In 1836 he accom- panied Bishop Brute to the United States as his vicar-general, labored among the French Catholics of Vincennes. Ind., and also assisted in the ad- ministration of the diocese. In 1838 he went to Europe to procure priests for German Catholics who were beginning to settle in Indiana. While engaged in this work he heard of the death of Bishop Brute, and at the same time that he had been appointed his coadjutor, with right of succes- sion. He was consecrated in 1839, and before he left France he sent several clerical students and priests. He persuaded the Eudist fathers of Rennes to send a body of priests to found a college in Vin- cennes at their own expense, and induced the newly established Society of the holy cross to send some of their brothers, with a priest at their head, to • found schools for boys in his diocese. He also induced skilled workmen, who were not then to be found so far in the western settlements, to follow him, by whose aid he afterward erected the beautiful cathedral of Vincennes. With the money he had ob- tained in France he built a seminary in Vincennes, complete in all details, after the European plan, and founded a library. Through his energy the little village of Vincennes, consisting of a few hundred families, was transformed into a city. Afterward he obtained leave to remove his see to Indianapolis, as Vincennes was out of the line of travel, but he finally determined to remain. Mean- while dissatisfaction was springing up around him ; he was accused of being arbitrary, and of not allowing his vicar-general and his other officials to take any part in the management of the diocese. In 1845 he went to Rome, laid his diffi- culties before the pope, and offered his resignation ; but the pope refused to receive it, and invested De la Hailandiere with the dignity of assistant to the pontifical throne, and he hastened back, bring- ing more priests and students. During his ab- sence the discontent among the clergy and laity had taken greater proportions. He had, they said, meddled with every institution, changed priests from one place to another, and created such a feel- ing of general uneasiness that no one knew what he was to do or not to do. The bishop acknowl- edged that there was some reason for dissatisfac- tion, and asked to be relieved, and this time his resignation was accepted. His health was some- what shattered, and he wintered in New Orleans, and later went to New York, where, after making arrangements with Bishop Hughes for the publica- tion of the life of Brute, he sailed for France, where the rest of his life was spent. His remains were brought to the United States in 1882 and entombed near the three other bishops of Vincennes. LA HONTAN, de, Armand Louis de Delon- darce, Baron, French traveller, b. near Mont de Marsan, Gascony, France, about 1667; d. in Han- over in 1715. He arrived in Canada, probably as LAIDLEY LAIRD 595 a private soldier, in 1683 in one of the companies of marines that were sent by Gov. de la Barre against the Iroquois, and was afterward with Denonville's expedition against the Senecas, being stationed successively at Chambly and at Fort Frontenac, Fort Niagara, and Fort St. Joseph's. He was sent to Mackinaw and Sault Ste. Marie with a detachment, was at Green Bay the year fol- lowing, and claimed to have explored and discov- ered Long river, a branch of the Mississippi. He returned to Quebec, and went to France in 1690, but came back the following year, and soon after- ward was sent by Count Frontenac with despatches to the French government announcing the failure of Sir William Phipp's expedition against Quebec. The vessel on which he sailed put into Placentia, Newfoundland, and he rendered such valuable ser- vice in defending that port from an attack by the English that he received a command as king's lieu- tenant in Newfoundland and Acadia. In 1693, be- coming involved in difficulties with De Brouillon, the governor of Newfoundland, he made his escape to Portugal, and thence went to Spain, Denmark, and England. He afterward solicited advancement and redress from the French court in vain. He published " Nouveaux voyages de M. le baron de Lahontan dans l'Arnerique Septentrionale " (2 vols., the Hague, 1703) ; " Dialogue de M. le baron de Lahontan et d'un sauvage dans 1'Amerique, avec les voyages du meme en Portugal " (Amsterdam, 1704) ; and " Response a la lettre d'un particulier opposee au manifesto de S. M. le roi de la Grande Bretagne contre la Suede," published after his death. Truth and fiction are so blended in his works thev have long ceased to have any authoritv. LAIDLEY, Theodore Thaddeus' Sobieski, soldier, b. in Guyandotte, Va., 14 April, 1822 ; d. in Palatka, Fla., 4 April, 1886. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1842, and was appointed 2d lieutenant in the ordnance corps. From 1842 till 1846 he served as assistant in vari- ous arsenals, and then in the war with Mexico, where he participated in the siege of Vera Cruz, battle of Cerro Gordo, and the siege of Pueblo. Just before the battle of Cei'ro Gordo, Lieut. Laid- ley and Lieut. Roswell S. Ripley were charged with the placing of an eight-inch howitzer on the sum- mit of a hill on the south side of the Rio del Plan in such a manner as to enfilade the enemy's line of batteries from the right. The work was accom- plished at night, over au almost impracticable route that was obstructed by rocks and tropical shrub- bery. The gun was placed, and in the morning an effective fire was at once opened, and the enemy driven out of his works. The appearance of a gun of such calibre, with sufficient supports, in such a place, discouraged the Mexicans, and their forces surrendered. Laidley received the brevets of cap- tain and major, and at the close of the war returned to Watervliet arsenal as assistant ordnance officer. Subsequently for ten years he was engaged on ord- nance duty at various stations, becoming captain in July, 1856. In 1858 he was assigned the duty of compiling a new ordnance manual, which became known as the " Ordnance Manual of 1861 " and remained a standard for many years. During the civil war he was inspector of powder in 1861-'2, and then was in command of Frankford arsenal until 1864, when he became inspector of ordnance, and was given charge of the Springfield armory until 1866. Afterward he had command of the New York arsenal on Governor's island, and later of that at Watertown, N. Y., becoming colonel in April, 1875. He served on several boards for mak- ing scientific tests and experiments, and was presi- dent of the commission to test the strength and value of all kinds of iron, steel, and other metals at the Watertown arsenal in 1875-'81. Col. Laidley was retired, at his own request, in December, 1882, after over forty years of active service, being at the time of his retirement senior colonel in the ord- nance department. He invented several valuable appliances that are now used in the department, including an igniter, a laboratory forge, an artil- lery forge, and a cavalry forge. Besides important government reports, he was the author of " Instruc- tions in Rifle Practice " (Philadelphia, 1879). LAIDLIE, Archibald, clergvman, b. in Kelso. Scotland, 4 Dec, 1727 ; d. in Red Hook, N. Y., 14 Nov., 1779. He was graduated at Edinburgh uni- versity, and, having been ordained in 1759. became pastor of the Scotch church in Flushing, Holland, where he remained four years. He then accepted a call to the Collegiate Dutch Reformed church of New York, and preached his first sermon there, 15 April, 1764. He was the first minister that was called to preach in English in connection with the Reformed Dutch church, and the fact of his assum- ing the pastorate of the chief congregation of this body practically ended the long-continued contro- versy over the use of the Dutch language in their churches. Dr. Laidlie was eminently successful as a preacher; but his brief ministry was inter- rupted by the Revolutionary war, which forced him to retire to Red Hook, where he remained till his death. Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1770. He translated the Heidelberg catechism into English for the use of his church (1770). LAIGHTON, Albert, poet, b. in Portsmouth, N. H, 8 Jan., 1829 ; d. there, 6 Feb., 1887. He was educated at private schools in his native place, and was for much of his life connected with a bank in that town. He wrote much poetry for periodicals, beginning in his fifteenth year, and published two volumes of his collected verses (Boston, 1859 and 1878). His longest poem, " Beauty," was read be- fore the literary societies of Bowdoin college and elsewhere in 1858, and parts of it are included in his published volumes. He also compiled, with A. M. Payson, " Poets of Portsmouth," a collection of poems" by natives of that town, with a preface by the Rev. Andrew P. Peabody, D. D. (1865). LAIRD, Alexander, Canadian statesman, b. in Kilmalcolm, Renfrewshire, Scotland, 12 April, 1798 ; d. in New Glasgow, Prince Edward island, 15 April, 1873. He went to Prince Edward island in 1819, represented the first district of Queens county for sixteen years in the provincial parliament, and served four years as a member of the administra- tion. In 1847 he promoted a petition on behalf of constitutional rule, which was granted in 1851. He was well known as a scientific farmer, and did much to improve the character of agriculture and stock in Canada. — His son, David, statesman, b. in New Glasgow, Prince Edward island, 12 March, 1833, was educated at the Presbyterian theological seminary in Truro, Nova Scotia, and established the Charlottetown " Patriot," of which he is now (1887) the editor. Like his father, Mr. Laird was an ardent Liberal, but he was for a time at variance with the leaders of his party in consequence of their desire to exclude the Bible from the public schools. He was at first opposed to confederation, but when more favorable terms had been granted to Prince Edward island he gave in his adhesion to the scheme. He represented Belfast in the assembly of his native province from 1871 until the province entered the Dominion in 1873, when he was elected to the Dominion parliament. He was re-elected by acclamation on his being appointed to office, and 596 LAJOIE LALLEMAND again in 1874. He was an unsuccessful candidate in 1882, and again in February, 1887. Mr. Laird was a member of the executive council of Prince Edward island from November, 1872, till April, 1873, and while acting in this capacity was a mem- ber of a delegation that was sent to Ottawa to ne- gotiate terms of union with the Dominion govern- ment. He became a member of the privy council and was minister of the interior from 7 Nov., 1873, till 1876, when he was appointed lieutenant-gov- ernor of the Northwest territories, and held this post for five years. In 1874 he was a commissioner to treat with Indian tribes in the northwest, and concluded a treaty at Qu'Appelle lakes by which they surrendered to the government about 75,500 square miles, through the northern part of which the Canada Pacific railway now passes. LAJOIE, Antoine &4V-€^-?^ shortly afterward elected to congress as a Democrat, and served frpm 1857 till 1860, when he resigned to take a seat in the Secession convention of his state. He then entered the Confederate army as lieutenant-colonel of the 19th Mississippi regi- ment, of which he afterward became colonel. He shared in many of the engagements of the Army of Northern Virginia, but was compelled to leave active service on account of his health, and was sent as commissioner to Russia ; but when he reached Europe, in 1863, circumstances had changed, and a successful mission was no longer possible. After the close of the war Col. Lamar returned to Mis- sissippi. He was elected professor of political economy and social science in the University of Mississippi in 1866, and in 1867 was transferred to the chair of law, but afterward returned again to the bar. He was elected again to congress in 1872, when for the first time in many years a Democratic house of representatives assembled, and he was selected to preside over the Democratic caucus, where he made a noteworthy address, outlining the policy of his party. He was re-elected in 1874, and then chosen to the U. S. senate, taking his seat, 5 March, 1877. In both the house and senate Col. Lamar spoke rarely, and not often at great length, but when he did it was usually on critical occasions, and with much power and effectiveness. He has insisted that, as integral members of the Federal Union, the southern states have equal rights with the other states, and hence that they were bound both by duty and interest to look to the general welfare, and support the honor and credit of a common country. He was also a zeal- ous friend of public improvements, especially the Mississippi river improvement and the Texas Pa- cific railroad. He has great independence of thought and action, and at one time, when he was instructed by the legislature of his state to vote on the currency question against his convictions, he refused to obey, appealed to the people, and was sustained. On 5 March, 1885, Mr. Lamar became secretary of the interior in President Cleveland's cabinet. His course since has been consistent with his previous career. — The elder Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus's brother, Mirabeau Buonaparte,. president of Texas, b. in Louisville, Ga., 16 Aug., 1798; d. in Richmond, Tex., 19 Dec, 1859, was engaged in agricultural and mercantile pursuits until 1828, when he established the Columbus "Independent," a state-rights journal, and en- gaged in politics. His second wife was a daughter of the Rev. John N. Maffitt (g. v.). In 1835 he emigrated to Texas, and in the movement for in- dependence was an active member of the revolu- tionary party. At San Jacinto he commanded a company of horse, leading a charge that broke the Mexican line, and decided the issue of the combat. He was commissioned as major-general, appointed attorney-general in the cabinet of Gov. Henry Smith, afterward made secretary of war, and in 1836 elected the first vice-president of the republic. In 1838 he was chosen president, which office he held till 1841. During his term of office the independence of Texas was recognized by the principal powers of Europe. At the beginning of hostilities between the United States and Mexi- co in 1846 he joined Gen. Zachary Taylor's army at Matamoras, took an active part in the battle of Monterey, and was appointed division-inspector, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In October, 1846, he took the command of an independent company of Texan rangers, and stationed him- self at Laredo, where he was for two years en- gaged in checking the inroads of the Coinanches* LA MARDELLE LAMB 599 In July, 1857, he was appointed U. S. minister to the Argentine Republic, but did not go to his post, and on 23 Dec, 1857, was commissioned min- ister, and on 20 Jan., 1858, minister resident, to Nicaragua and Costa Rica, from which posts he re- tired in May, 1859. He was the author of " Verse Memorials " (New York, 1857). LA MARDELLE, Guillaume Francois de (lah'-mar'-del'), "West Indian jurist, b. in the city of Santo Domingo in 1732; d. in Tours, Prance, 19 Jan., 1813. He studied law, and, while filling the office of attorney-general of the superior court at Port au Prince, made a special study of slavery and the administration of justice in the colony, aiming to better the condition of the slaves and to improve the proceedings of the courts. While he was in France for his health he presented to Mar- shal Castries a memoir on these subjects, which was approved by the government, and its author rewarded with a seat in the council of state. In 1786 he returned to his native country, where he carried out his ideas, though they met strong op- position. He published "Eloge du Comte d'En- nery," with an appendix on the administration of justice in the colony, the first work of the kind which appeared in the colonies (Paris and Port au Prince, 1789). When the revolution began in Hayti he went to France, taking up his residence at Tours, where he published " Reforme judiciaire en France" (Paris, 1806) and philosophical and metaphysical works. LAMARE-PICQUOT, N., French naturalist, b. in Bayeux, France, about 1785 ; d. after 1835. He established a pharmacy in Mauritius, but afterward returned to Paris, and subsequently travelled to the East Indies, where he made natural history collections that were bought for the British mu- seum. In 1841 he travelled in. North America, and returned to Paris with numerous specimens, including a plant that he proposed to introduce in France. It was called by the Indians " tipsina," and by botanists " Psoralea esculenta," and has taken the name of Picquotiane, after its importer. It had been known to botanists. Pursh, who first described it about 1815, called it the famous bread- root of the northwestern Indians, and a favorite name with the French voyagers was pomme de prairie. A disease was prevailing at this time in the potato, and Picquot proposed the root of this plant as a substitute. In 1847 Mr. Lamare-Picquot received from the minister of commerce 7,000 francs and the order to search in North America for nu- tritious plants. He arrived in New York on 24 Jan., and went to the west, traversing Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and the northern part of the Mississippi. He returned to Havre in 1848, with the plants " psoralea " and " apios," the latter of which had been already cultivated in Europe. LAMAS, Andres, South American historian, b. in Montevideo, Uruguay, 30 Nov., 1817. He received his education in his native city, and at an early age attained note in literature and politics, found- ing the Historical institute of Montevideo and fill- ing several important offices. During a part of the nine years' siege he was prefect of Montevideo, was subsequently minister of finance, and several times plenipotentiary to Brazil and Buenos Ayres. He has made large collections of South American historical material, and his private collections of manuscript are the most important that exist on this subject. He has published " Apuntes histori- cos sobre las agresiones del dictador Argentino D. Juan-Manuel Rosas, contra la independencia de la Repiiblica Oriental del Uruguay" (Montevideo, 1849); "Notice sur la Republique orientale de l'Uruguay " (Paris, 1851) ; " Colleccao de memorias e documentos," relating to Rio de la Plata (Rio Janeiro, 1855) ; and poems and historical treatises. LAMB, Edward, actor, b. in New York city, 18 Oct., 1828; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 5 July, 1887. He entered his profession as utility-man in the Chatham street theatr^in 1852, and subsequently played in the Bowery and other theatres in New York and Brooklyn. From 1856 till 1859 he ap- peared in low comedy parts in Richmond, Wash- ington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, and Mon- treal, and in 1880 went with Edward A. Sothern to San Francisco, appearing as Asa Trenchard in "Our American Cousin." He played his most successful engagement at the old Park theatre in Brooklyn, of which he was lessee and manager. LAMB, Isaac Wixan, inventor, b. in Salem, Mich.. 8 Jan., 1840. He is the son of Rev. Aro- swell Lamb, a pioneer clergyman. From an early age the son manifested a taste for mechanical labor, and at the age of twelve began with his brother to make whip-lashes by hand for the neigh- bors, after which they constructed a machine that would braid four strands. He afterward devised a machine that would braid any number of strands, for which he obtained a patent on 28 June, 1859. He next began to experiment on a family knitting- machine that could knit either flat or tubular work, and that could widen or narrow. In this he was finally successful, and obtained a patent on 15 Sept., 1863. After unsuccessful attempts to manu- facture the machines, which failed on account of the incompetency of the workmen, the Lamb knit- ting-machine manufacturing company was organ- ized in Springfield, Mass., in 1865, and another company under the same name in Rochester, N. Y., in the same year. These companies were consoli- dated in 1867 and their manufactory removed to Chiopee Falls, Mass. Mr. Lamb's machine pro- duces more than thirty kinds of knitted goods, making about 4,000 loops a minute at ordinary speed. The invention is patented in Great Britain, France, and Belgium, and a large manufactory has been erected in Switzerland. The machine has received a great number of medals and diplomas at different fairs in the United States, and a silver medal at the Paris exposition of 1867. Mr. Lamb sold his interest in the Lamb knitting-machine manufacturing company, and is now secretary and treasurer of the Lamb knitting company of Con- cord, Mich. He was ordained by a Baptist coun- cil in 1869, and since then has engaged in preach- ing in Michigan. — His brother, Martin Thomas, is a Baptist missionary in Utah. LAMB, John, soldier, b. in New York city, 1 Jan., 1735 ; d. there, 31 May, 1800. He assisted his father in the business of optician and maker of mathematical instruments, and in 1760 engaged in the liquor-trade. He was active in all the early scenes of the Revolution in New York, and took an active part in Montgomery's expedition to Que- bec, where he was wounded and taken pi'isoner. He returned to New York in the following sum- mer, was promoted to major and colonel of artil- lery under Gen. Knox, and rendered good service throughout the war. He was subsequently elected to the New York legislature, and was appointed by Washington collector of customs for the port of New York, which post he held till his death. See his life by Isaac Q. Leake (Albany, 1850). LAMB, Martha Joanna Reade Nash, histo- rian, b. in Plainfield, Mass., 13 Aug., 1829. She is a daughter of Arvin Nash and Lucinda Vinton, and granddaughter of Jacob Nash and Joanna Reade. She was educated in all the higher Eng- 600 LAMB LAMBERT lish branches and the languages, and married Charles A. Lamb, of Ohio, in 1852. She resided eight years in Chicago, was there a founder of the Home' for the friendless and Half-orphan asylum, and secretary of the first sanitary fair in 1863, the success of which was largely due to her. Since 1866 she has resided in New York city, de- voting her time to literature. Her dis- tinguishing work is the " History of the City of New York "(2 vols., 8vo, 1877-'81), besides which she has written eight books for children (1869- '70) ; " Spicy," a nov- el (1873) ; about fifty shorter stories ; " The Homes of America" (1879) ; <; Memorial of Dr. J. D. Russ," " The Christ- mas Owl " (1881) : " The Christmas Basket," " Snow and Sunshine " (1882) ; " Wall Street in History," " Historical Sketch of New York for the Tenth Cen- sus " (1883) ; and more than 100 historical and other papers in magazines. In May, 1883, she became editor of the " Magazine of American History," which post she still (1887) holds. Mrs. Lamb has been elected to membership in fifteen historical and learned societies in this country and Europe. LAMB, Roger, British soldier, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 17 Jan., 1756 ; d. in May, 1830. He served as a sergeant in the Royal Welsh fusiliers through- out the Burgoyne campaign, and afterward in the Southern department under Sir Henry Clinton and Cornwallis, carried the regimental colors at the battle of Camden, and after that action, having a little medical knowledge, was appointed temporary surgeon to his regiment. At the battle of Guilford Court-House he saved Lord Cornwallis from cap- ture. During the war he was in six battles, four sieges, and several important expeditions. In 1778, when he was prisoner with Burgoyne's army, he escaped with two men whom he brought with him to Sir Henry Clinton at New York, and again in 1782, when he was taken with Cornwallis's army, he eluded the vigilance of the American guards, and conducted under his command seven men to Sir Guy Carleton. then commander-in-chief in New York, each time giving important intelligence re- specting the American army. For these services he was appointed by Gen. Birch, then commandant of the city, his chief clerk, and adjutant to the Mer- chants' corps of volunteers. After the war he re- turned to Dublin, and for many years taught the free school in that city, employing his leisure in writing two works, entitled "A Journal of Occurrences during the Late American War " (Dub- lin, 1809) ; and " Memoir of My Own Life " (1811). The " Journal of Occurrences " is one of the most valuable of the original sources from which the history of the Revolutionary war has been derived, and the " Memoir " gives a correct general idea of North American scenes, and interesting anecdotes of the prominent actors and officers that were em- ployed on both sides during the war. It also con- tains a description of the fauna and flora of Canada and the northern states, founded on much keen observation. In recognition of his military and literary services he was, 28 Jan., 1809, placed upon the " out-pension "' of Chelsea hospital. LAMBDIN, James R., artist, b. in Pittsburg, Pa., 10 May, 1807. He studied art in Philadelphia in 1823-'5 under Thomas Sully, and at eighteen years of age was established in his native place as a portrait-painter. Subsequently he followed this profession with success in the chief cities be- tween Pittsburg and Mobile, Ala. In 1837 he re- turned to Philadelphia, of which city he has since been a resident. Mr. Lambdin has painted many portraits at Washington, including several of the presidents. He has been professor of fine arts in the University of Pennsylvania, was for twenty- five years an active officer of the Pennsylvania academy of the fine arts, and has been president of the Artists' fund society. — His son, George Coch- ran, artist, b. in Pittsburg, Pa., in 1830. He stud- ied with his father, in his native place, and after- ward in the academies of Munich and Paris. His professional life has been passed chiefly in Phila- delphia. Mr. Lambdin has been especially suc- cessful as a painter of still-life, particularly flow- ers, although he has done agreeable work in other directions. His works include " Dead Wife " (1867) ; " Ask Me No More " ; " Portrait of Mrs. Joseph Har- rison " ; and " Pink and Yellow Roses " (1885). He has devoted much attention to floriculture in his garden at Germantown. — His brother, Alfred Cochran, journalist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 29 Jan., 1846, was graduated in medicine at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1866, and practised at Germantown for several years. He edited the " Ger- mantown Chronicle," an independent paper, in 1870- '4, and since 1875 has been managing editor of the Philadelphia " Times." He is the author of " An Account of the Battle of Germantown," pre- pared for its centennial celebration in 1877. LAMBERT, John, statesman, b. in New Jersey in 1748 ; d. in Amwell, N. J., 4 Feb., 1823. He re- ceived an academical education, and served in the state house of representatives for many years. He was vice-president of the council and acting gov- ernor of New Jersey in 1802-'3, elected to con- gress in 1804, and re-elected for the succeeding term, serving from 1805 till 1809, when he was chosen senator, serving till 1815. LAMBERT, Sir John, British soldier, b. in 1772 ; d. in 1847. He became ensign in the first foot-guards in 1791, lieutenant in October, 1793, captain in May, 1801, colonel in July, 1810, and major-general in June, 1813. He was present at the sieges of Valenciennes and Dunkirk, and fought in the Irish rebellion, the expedition to Walcheren, and with Wellington in the peninsular campaigns. He accompanied Sir Edward. Pakenham's expedi- tion to New Orleans, La., as third in command, and in the battle of 8 Jan., 1815, was severely wounded. LAMBERT, John, English traveller, b. about 1775. He visited this country in 1805 to study the effect of its new government, and to explore " those parts rendered interesting by the glories of a Wolfe and a Washington," and after travelling in Canada and this country, returned to England and pub- lished " Travels through Lower Canada and the United States of America in the Years 1806, 1807, and 1808 " (3 vols., London, 1810). In his second vol- ume he publishes several essays from Washington Irving's " Salmagundi," saying that " they afford one of the most successful specimens of original composition that has been hitherto produced in the United States," and in his third volume he gives biographical notes of several statesmen of this country, a general statistical view of the United States for a period of twenty years, and observa- tions upon its existing constitution and the cus- toms of the people. LAMBERVILLE LAMM 601 LAMBERYILLE, John de, French mission- ary, b. in France ; d. there in 1699. He belonged to the Jesuit order, came to Canada probably in 1668, and was sent to labor among the Onondagas in 1671. In 1681 he warned Frontenac of the in- trigues that Gov. Thomas Dongan was carrying on among the Iroquois, and induced some of that tribe to consent to treat with the French governor at Cataroeony (Fort Frontenac), but the latter in- sisted that the Iroquois deputies should come to Montreal, and the negotiation was abandoned. The missionary kept Frontenac and his successor, De la Barre, constantly informed of the feelings and plans of the Iroquois, but his advice was seldom heeded. In 1686 he endeavored, unsuccessfully, to prevent the Iroquois chiefs from meeting Dongan at Albany. He set out for Quebec to inform De- nonville, who had succeeded De la Barre, of the condition of affairs, having meanwhile obtained a promise from the Onondaga sachems that they would not undertake any enterprise during his absence. He was immediately sent back by the governor, loaded with presents for the Onondaga chiefs. The governor of New York had been so successful in his negotiations with the Iroquois that Lamberville, on his arrival, found a part of their warriors ready to march against the French settlements. But by his suavity of manner, which had first gained their affection, and by a prudent distribution of presents, Lamberville dispelled their suspicions and induced, them to make peace with the French. Toward the end of September he went again to Quebec to report that while the Onondagas had restored their prisoners according to treaty, the Senecas refused to do so. The gov- ernor prepared to take the field against the Sene- cas, and, to cover his design of treacherously seizing some of the Iroquois chiefs, sent Lamber- ville back to Onondaga. By order of Denonville, the missionary induced several of the Iroquois to assemble at Cataroeony in 1687. The treacherous seizure of these chiefs by Denonville put the life of Lamberville, who remained among the Ononda- gas, in .jeopardy. But the sachems of the tribe were convinced that he had no knowledge of the act. They insisted that he should depart, and gave him guides and a guard to save him from the ven- geance of the young braves who would hold him responsible. He escaped to Cataroeony, and shortly afterward persuaded the Onondagas to spare the lives of some prisoners they had taken near the fort. After the war that ensued, Denonville at- tributed the safety of the colony to Father de Lamberville. Shortly afterward Lamberville re- turned to France. In 1698 the Iroquois begged the governor to recall him, saying that he was better fitted than any one else to maintain a good under- standing between the two nations. — His younger brother, James, French missionary, b. in France ; d. in Sault Saint Louis, Canada, about 1706. He was a member of the Society of Jesus, and was sent to Canada, but at what time is unknown. He founded a mission at Gandaouague. in the Mohawk valley, in 1675, and baptized the niece of an Iro- quois chief the same year. Gov. Dongan, having discovered, in 1686. that Lamberville's influence among the Iroquois was an obstacle to his plans, summoned the Onondaga cantons to deliver the missionary to him, but met with a refusal. Lam- berville was recalled to Quebec the same year, and his brother sent in his place. In 1702 he was or- dered to return to the Onondaga tribe. He re- stored the mission, and, through his influence, the Iroquois remained neutral for a time, although Eng- land and France were at war. In 1709 he was waited on by Col. Peter Schuyler (q. v.), who won his confidence and persuaded him to visit Canada in order to confer with the governor with a view to peace. After his departure the Indians plundered the church and house, and set them on fire, and the Onondaga mission was finaliv broken up. LAMETH, Count Theodore (fah'-mate'), French soldier, b. in Paris, France, 24 June, 1756; d. in the Chateau de Busagny, near Pontoise, France, 19 Oct., 1854. He was descended from a noble family of Picardy. He entered the navy at the age of fif- teen, but, abandoning it for the army and after at- taining the rank of captain of cavalry, came with his brothers to this country, where he fought in the war of the Revolution, being wounded in the combat of Grenada, He was made field-marshal by Louis XVI., and in 1791 was a member of the chamber of representatives. He published " Ob- servations de M. le general Comte Theodore de La- meth, relatives a des notices qui se trouvent dans la biographie universelle sur ses freres Charles et Alexandre" (Paris, 1843). — His brother, Count Charles Malo Francois, soldier, b. in Paris, France, 5 Oct., 1757; d. there, 28 Dec, 1832, served as aide on the staff of Count Rochambeau in the American Revolution, and was wounded at the capture of a British redoubt at Yorktown. where he was promoted colonel in the Orleans dragoons, and rewarded with the cross of St. Louis. During the Revolution his career was singularly parallel to that of his brother Alexandre. After his return to France he was chosen president of the National as- sembly in 1791, and was made a field-marshal. He fled in 1792, and, settling in Hamburg, engaged in business with his brother. He served under Napo- leon in 1809-'14, attaining the rank of lieutenant- general. After the restoration he lived in privacy until he was elected to the chamber of deputies in 1829, and co-operated in the revolution of 1830. — Another brother, Count Alexandre, soldier and politician, b. in Paris, France, 28 Oct., 1760; d. there, 19 March, 1829, rendered service in the American war of independence as aide- de-camp on Rocham- beau's staff, and com- manded, as adjutant- general, the attack against Jamaica. He was chosen president of the National as- sembly in 1790. In 1792 he served as field-marshal in the Army of the North, and in 1792-'5 was in an Austrian pris- on. Thence he went to England, and af- terward to Hamburg, where, with his brother Charles, he engaged in commerce, but returned to France, and was prefect of several departments during the empire. He was made a lieutenant-general by Louis XVIII. . during whose reign he served four sessions as leader of the opposition in the chamber of depu- ties. Lameth wrote much on politics, his most important work being " Histoire de l'assemblee constituante " (2 vols., Paris, 1828-9). LAMM, Eniile, inventor, b. in Av, France, 24 Nov., 1834 ; d. near Mandeville. La,. 1*2 July, 1873. He was educated at the College royale in Metz, but came to the United States in 1848, and became a dentist, following his profession in Alexandria, 602 LA MOUNTAIN" LAMY La., until the civil war. Dr. Lamm served in the Confederate army under Gen. Braxton Bragg during the war, and after its close resumed his practice in New Orleans. As a boy he showed de- cided mechanical ingenuity, and in 1869 devised an ammoniacal tireless engine for the propulsion of street-cars. The system was tested by street railway companies in New Orleans, New York, St. Louis, and other cities, with satisfactory re- sults; but owing to Mr Lamm's premature death and unfortunate management on the part of the com- pany that controlled the patent, the motor has not been put into practical operation in the United States. The system has been introduced in France and Germany, where it has been improved and perfected, so that at present (1887) it is extensively used for street-cars and vehicles. During his work on this invention he became impressed with the facility with which the vapor of water may be condensed, even at an elevated temperature, in water under high pressure ; and pursuing his ex- periments, he produced another tireless engine, which he patented in 1872, and which is now in practical use. He also invented a method for the manufacture of sponge gold, for which he ob- tained a patent and a gold medal at the Mechan- ics' fair in New Orleans. This process is used largely by dentists throughout the United States. Dr. Lamin was a fellow of the New Orleans acade- my of sciences. He was drowned. LA MOUNTAIN, John, aeronaut, b. in Wayne county, N. Y., in 1830 ; d. in Lansingburgh, N. Y., in 1878. He had but little education, and on the early death of his father he became the sole sup- port of his mother. When a young man he was successful in making several minor ascensions. He then formed the idea of making a longer voyage than any on record, and constructed a large balloon of silk, having an approximate capacity of 70.000 cubic feet, which he named " The Atlantic." The as- cent was made from St. Louis, Mo., on 1 July, 1859, and several passengers, including John Wise, accom- panied the aeronaut. The states of Illinois and Indiana were passed over during the night, and Ohio was reached in the morning. The balloon then passed across Lake Erie into New York, and to Lake Ontario, into which it descended, but rose again, and a landing was made in Henderson, Jefferson co., N. Y. The time occupied in making this journey was nineteen hours and fifty minutes, and the distance traversed 1,150 miles, or 826 in an air line. The honor of planning and executing this greatest of all aerial voyages is due to La Mountain alone, although the credit for it has been claimed by others. In September, 1859, he made an ascension from Watertown, N. Y., which was remarkable on account of his perilous experience. The ascension was made when the temperature was 84° F., but on reaching a height of three and one-half miles it had sunk to 18° F. As night came on, the balloon was over the Canadian wilder- ness, and a partial descent was made to " tie up " till daylight came, when he again proceeded in a northerly direction. Unwilling to continue far- ther, he descended during the day, and wandered in the wilderness for four days, without adequate food or clothing, until rescued by lumbermen 150 miles north of Ottawa, and 300 miles from Water- town. In 1862 he was appointed aeronautic engi- neer to the Army of the Potomac, under Thaddeus S. C. Lowe (q. v.), and in that capacity made sev- eral ascensions, but. owing to lack of cordiality between himself and Mr. Lowe, soon severed his connection with the army. Subsequently he made occasional ascensions, but none of importance. LAMPSON, Sir Curtis Miranda, bart., b. in Yermont, 21 Sept., 1806 ; d. in London, England, 13 March, 1885. He went to England in 1830, and was naturalized in 1848. On the formation of the company for laying the Atlantic telegraph, in 1856, he was appointed one of the directors, and became vice-president. The aid rendered by him in the undertaking was acknowledged in a letter from Lord Derby to Sir Stafford Northcote, who pre- sided at the banquet given at Liverpool, 1 Oct., 1866, in honor of those who had been active in lay- ing the cable. Sir Curtis was deputy governor of the Hudson bay company, and one of the trus- tees of the fund that was given by his friend, the late George Peabody, for the benefit of the poor of London. On 13 Nov., 1866, he was made a baronet. His only daughter is the wife of Frederick Locker, the English poet and Shakespearian collector. LAMSON, Alvan, clergvman. b. in Weston, Mass., 18 Nov., 1792 ; d. in Dedham, Mass., 17 July, 1864. He was graduated at Harvard in 1814, and appointed tutor in Bowdoin, but left in 1816, and entered the Harvard divinity-school. In 1818 he became pastor of the First church in Dedham, Mass., which charge he retained till 1860. He was a vigorous writer, a contributor to the " Christian Examiner," and the author of " History of the First Church in Dedham" (Dedham, Mass., 1839); " Sermons " (Boston. 1857) ; and " The Church of the First Three Centuries " (2d ed., 1865). LAMSON, Daniel Lowell, physician, b. in Hopkinton, N. H., 18 June, 1834. He was educated at Hopkinton and Fryeburg academies, and was graduated in medicine at the University of New York in March, 1857. He settled in practice in Fryeburg, Me., in 1862, was appointed state-exam- iner for volunteers and drafted men, and in 1864 U. S. pension examining surgeon, which post he still retains. Dr. Lamson has invented an adjusta- ble gauge spring- vaccinator and several mechanical appliances that are used in surgery. He con- structed a double-seam sewing-machine as early as 1859, and has also devised a double-heating furnace using coal or wood, which he patented in 1868, and an endless cutter mowing-machine in 1870. He is the author of "Lectures" (Fryeburg, 1872) and " Differential Diagnosis of Disease " (1870). LAMY, John Baptist, R. C. archbishop, b. in Auvergne, France, in 1814. He came to the United States after his ordination, and was sta- tioned in 1839 at Sapp's Settlement (now Danville), Ohio, where he secured the construction of a fine church. He was engaged in missionary work in Ohio until about 1848, when he was appointed pas- tor of St. Mary's, Covington, Ky., then in the dio- cese of Cincinnati. When the province of New Mexico was acquired by the United States, religion had greatly declined there. No bishop had visited the country for eighty years ; the Franciscans, who had ministered for centuries to the Spaniards and Indians, had been removed, and all schools had been closed. To remedy these evils the holy see formed from the territory a vicariate-apostolic, and Father Lamy was consecrated bishop of Agatho- nica, 24 Nov.", 1850. The territory then contained a population of 60,000 whites and 8,000 Indians, with twenty-five churches and forty chapels. Bish- op Lamy endeavored to obtain exemplary priests to attend to the spiritual wants of his people, and under his direction the Sisters of Loreto opened an academy in 1853. On 29 July of the same year the see of Santa Fe was created, and Dr. Lamy elected its first bishop. He visited Europe to obtain aid, and returned with four priests, a deacon, and two subdeacons. He also succeeded in securing the LANCASTER LANDA 603 assistance of Brothers of the Christian Doctrine, who ultimately founded a college. Sisters of Charity also came to him, and in 1867 the Jesuits opened a college at Las Vegas, and established a journal. In 1875 the see was made archiepiscopal, with Dr. Lamy as archbishop. In 1885 he resigned, leaving the diocese with 34 parish churches, 203 regularly-attended chapels, and 56 priests who have charge of 111,000 Roman Catholics of Span- ish origin, 3,000 that speak English, and 12,000 Pueblo Indians. LANCASTER, Sir James, English navigator, b. in England about 1550 ; d. in 1620. He made a voyage to the East Indies in 1591, and afterward sailed round the Cape of Good Hope, visiting Cey- lon and Palo Penang, where the mutinous conduct of his crew obliged him to return home. In 1594 he engaged in a predatory expedition to South America, took several prizes, and captured Per- nambuco in Brazil, returning in 1595 laden with immense booty. He sailed from Torbay, 15 Feb., 1601, with a fleet of five vessels to the East Indies, formed a commercial treaty with the king of Achen, established a friendly correspondence with the state of Bantam in the island of Java, and re- turned in 1605, with information relative to a northwest passage to the East Indies, which gave rise to the subsequent expeditions of Hudson and others. Baffin gave the name of Lancaster sound to an inlet that he discovered in latitude 74° N. This navigator received the honor of knighthood from Queen Elizabeth. LANCASTER, Joseph, educator, b. in London, 25 Nov., 1778 ; d. in New York city, 24 Oct., 1838! At the age of sixteen he decided to become a cler- gyman, but afterward united with the Society of Friends, by which he was long afterward disowned. In 1798 he opened at Southwark a school for poor children, whom he taught almost gratuitously. For many years he was actively engaged in deliv- ering lectures, and forming schools in various parts of England on the plan of employing the more ad- vanced pupils in a school to instruct the class next below themselves, a plan that had been originally introduced into England from India by Dr. An- drew Bell. For many years the contest between the friends of these two men as to which was en- titled to priority was very acrimonious. His la- bors in giving this system a notoriety it would not otherwise have obtained, while gaining him ap- plause, kept him poor ; and in 1818 he emigrated to the United States. His system had been pre- viously introduced into American schools to a con- siderable extent, so that he was not pecuniarily benefited by the change. After visiting South America and the West Indies, he went in 1829 to Canada, where the legislature made him some pe- cuniary grants to enable him to give his system a fair trial. But he soon became embarrassed again ; some of his friends purchased for him a small an- nuity, and he removed to New York, where he was run over by a carriage in the street, and died from the injuries that he received. His family went to Mexico, where, under the name of Lancaster-Jones, several of his grandchildren have attained note in politics. Under the management of a National Lancasterian society his system has been adopted in that countiy, as it has to a lesser extent in Colom- bia and other parts of South America. Lancaster published " Improvements in Education " (London, 1803 ; New York, 1807) ; " The British System of Education " (Washington, 1812) ; and " Epitome of the Chief Events and Transactions of my own Life " (New Haven, 1833). See " Life of Lancaster," by his friend William Corston. LANCASTER, Lydia, Quaker preacher, b. in Graithwaite, Lancashire, England, in 1684; d. 30 May, 1761. In the course of her ministry she visited several times the greater part of England, Ireland, and Scotland, and did much to advance the interests of her society there and in the United States, whither she came in 1718. LANCASTRO Y ABREU, Maria Ursula (lan-cas'-tro), South American adventuress, b. in Rio Janeiro in 1682; d. in Goa, East Indies, in 1730. She was the only daughter of a family of wealth in Brazil. In 1700 she left her home secretly, and, dressing herself in male costume, took the name of Balthazar do Conto Cardoso and sailed for Portugal. In Lisbon she enlisted as a volun- teer in an expedition to India, and soon afterward took part in the attack of Amboina and in the occupation of the islands of Corjuem and Panelem. For these deeds she was promoted to captain, and in 1703 she was appointed governor of an impor- tant castle. In 1704 the fortress Madre de Deus was put under her charge, and from that time till 1714 she performed many great exploits that made her assumed name well known. In 1714 she fell in love with the captain, Alffonso Teixeira Arras de Mello, who was the governor of the castle S. Joao Baptista, and, disclosing her sex, she received per- mission from the king to marry. On 8 March, 1718, the king of Portugal, Joao V., granted her a pension for her services to the nation, with per- mission to bequeath it to her heirs. LANCE, William, author, b. in Charleston, S. C, in 1791 ; d. in Texas in 1840. He was educated in Charleston, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar, and in 1812 was a member of the legislature. He early attained note as a scholar and public speaker, and was a diligent classical student. He wrote frequently, chiefly as a political essayist, and published in Latin a " Life of Washington " (Charleston, 1834). LANCHERO, Luis (lan-tchay'-ro), Spanish sol- dier, d. in Tunja, Colombia, in 1562. He was cap- tain of the guards to the Emperor Charles V., and served under the Constable of Bourbon at the siege of Rome in 1527, but in 1533 left the Spanish army and went to Venezuela in search of adventures. He entered the service of Geroni- mo de Ortal ; but not meeting with the success he expected, he joined Nicholas Federmann, with whom he crossed the Andes to Santa Fe de Bo- gota. He filled the highest posts in this colony, and although he had been persecuted by the visitor Armendariz, when this officer fell into disgrace, Lanchero protected him, defrayed the cost of his journey to Spain, and aided him to justify him- self. Besides filling many civil posts, Lanchero was engaged in most of the military expeditions of his time. In 1559 he founded the city of Trini- dad de los Muzos (now Muzo). LANDA, Diego de (ian'dah), Mexican R. C. bishop, b. in Cifuentes, Guadalajara, Spain, 17 March, 1524 ; d. in Merida, Mexico, 30 April, 1579. In 1541 he became a Franciscan monk, and soon was sent as one of the first of his order to Yucatan. He founded the convent of Izamal, of which he was elected superior in 1553, and later became provincial of his order in Yucatan. His severity in repressing the licentious customs of the Spaniards made him many enemies, and he was accused of usurping the powers of the bishop, and ordered to Spain ; but he was absolved by the council of the Indies, and in 1573 returned to Yucatan as second bishop of Mei'ida. He had again to suffer persecu- tions, and an unsuccessful attempt was made against his life. He wrote an interesting " Relaciou 604 LANDER LANDERS de las cosas de Yucatan," which gives a key for deciphering the Mexican hieroglyphics, and an " Introduccion sobre las fuentes de la historia primitiva de Mexico y de la America Central en los monumentos egipci'os y de la historia de Egipto en los monumentos Americanos." These were pre- served in manuscript and published by Brasseur de Bourbourg (Spanish and French, Paris, 1864). LANDER, Frederick William, soldier, b. in Salem, Mass.. 17 Dec, 1821 ; d. in Paw Paw, Va., 2 March. 1862. He was educated at Dummer acad- emy, Byfield, and studied civil engineering at the military academy at Norwich, Vt. He practised that profession a few years in Massa- chusetts, and was then employed by the U. S. govern- ment in conduct- ing important ex- plorations across the continent. He made two surveys to determine the practicability of a railroad-route to the Pacific, and from the second, which was under- taken at his own expense, he alone, of all the party, returned alive. He afterward surveyed and constructed the great overland wagon-route. While engaged in 1858 on this work, his party of seventy men were attacked by the Pah Ute Indians, over whom they gained a decisive victory. He made five trans-continental explorations altogether, as engineer, chief engineer, or superintendent, and for his efficiency received praise in the official reports of the secretary of the interior. When the civil war began in 1861 he was employed on important secret missions in the southern states, served as a volunteer aide on Gen. McClellan's staff, and participated with great credit in the capture of Philippi and the battle of Rich Mountain. He led one of the two columns that set out, 3 June, 1861, to surprise the enemy at Philippi, and, after marching all night, opened the attack with an effective artillery fire, and soon put the Confederates to flight. He was made briga- dier-general of volunteers on 17 May, and in July took an important command on the upper Potomac. Hearing of the disaster at Ball's Bluff, he hastened to Edward's Ferry, which he held with a single com- pany of sharp-shooters, but was severely wounded in the leg. Before the wound was healed he re- ported for duty, and at Hancock, 5 Jan., 1862, he repelled a greatly superior Confederate force that besieged the town. Though much debilitated by his wound, he made a brilliant dash upon the ene- my at Blooming Gap, 14 Feb., 1862, for which he received a special letter of thanks from the secre- tary of war. The enemy retreated before the Union cavalry, but checked their pursuers in the pass, until Gen. Lander called for volunteers and swept down on the Confederate infantry. Increasing ill health compelled him to apply for temporary relief from military duty ; but, while preparing an attack on the enemy, he died of congestion of the brain. His death was announced in a special order issued by Gen. MeClellan on 3 March. Gen. Lander wrote many stirring patriotic poems on incidents of the campaign. — His wife, Jean Margaret Davenport, actress, b. in Wolverhampton, Eng- land, 3 May, 1829, was the daughter of Thomas Donald, a Scotchman, who was originally a lawyer, but became manager of the Richmond theatre, where, at the age of eight, Jean made her first appearance. In 1838 she was brought to the United States and played in various cities. In 1842 she returned to Europe, where she travelled, and studied music under Garcia. At the Lon- don Olympic she became a favorite as Juliet in " The Countess " and as Julia in " The Hunch- back." In 1846 she took a company to Holland, where she was for two years highly successful, and upon returning to England, in 1848, became well known as a reader. In 1849 she visited the United States for the second time, and appeared, 24 Sept., 1851, at the Astor place opera-house. She went to California in 1855, and subsequently twice re- visited England. On 12 Oct., I860, at San Fran- cisco, she married Gen. Lander. Soon after his death, together with her mother, she took en- tire charge of the hospital department at Port Royal, S. O, where for over a year she rendered good service. She afterward returned to her home in Massachusetts, but on 6 Feb., 1865, she reappeared upon the stage at Niblo's garden, New York, in a play of her own translation called " Messalliance." She afterward played the char- acter of Queen Elizabeth at the National theatre, in Washington, in April, 1867, and appeared else- where throughout the country with success. She was the first representative in this country of Browning's " Colombe," Hawthorne's " Hester Prynne," and Reade's "Peg Woffington," also appearing in translations of Scribe's "Adrienne Lecouvreur," Schiller's " Mary Stuart,' ; Legouve's '■ Medea," and Giacometti's " Queen Elizabeth." Her last appearance was in Hawthorne's " Scarlet Letter " at the Boston theatre. — Gen. Lander's sis- ter, Louisa, sculptor, b. in Salem, Mass., 1 Sept., 1826, modelled excellent likenesses of various members of her family in her youth, and also executed cameo heads. In 1855 she went to Rome and studied under Thomas Crawford, and soon afterward finished in marble " To-Day," a figure emblematic of America, and " Galatea." Among her subsequent works are a bust of Gov. Gore, of Massachusetts ; a bust of Hawthorne ; a statuette of Virginia Dare, the first English child born in America ; " Undine " ; a life-size statue of " Vir- ginia " ; a reclining statue of " Evangeline " ; " Elizabeth, the Exile of Siberia " ; " Ceres Mourn- ing for Prosperine " ; " A Sylph Alighting," and numerous portrait-busts. Her last work is a large group " The Captive Pioneer." — Another sister, Sarah West, author, b. in Salem, Mass., 27 Nov., 1819 ; d. there, 15 Nov., 1872, published a series of sketches of foreign countries, under the title of " Spectacles for Young Eyes," of which nearly 50,000 copies have been sold. LANDERS, Franklin, merchant, b. in Morgan county, Ind., 22 March, 1825. He attended a com- mon school during the winter, worked on his fa- ther's farm in the summer, and in 1847, having saved $300, he began business as a merchant, which he followed for six years, after which he purchased a tract of land and located the town of ' Brooklyn, Ind. He removed to that place and re- sumed farming and mercantile pursuits for twelve years, establishing five churches of various de- nominations on his estate, contributing largely to their support. In all deeds of lots that he sold he inserted a clause prohibiting the sale of in- toxicating liquors. He then engaged in business in Indianapolis, and in 1860 was elected state sena- tor. He declined a nomination for congress in 1864, LANDIVAR LANDRETH 605 but in 1874 was elected to congress from Indiana, and served from 6 Dec, 1875, till 3 March, 1877. LANDIYAR, Raphael, Central American cler- gyman, b. in Guatemala, 27 Oct., 1731 ; d. in Bo- logna, Italy, 27 Sept., 1795. He became a Jesuit in Tepozotlan, 7 Feb., 1750, and afterward taught theology and philosophy in his native city. After the banishment of the Jesuits from the Spanish colonies he resided in Italy. Besides several funer- al orations (Los Angeles, Mexico, 1766) he wrote a Latin poem, which was popular among Italian scholars in its day. The last edition is entitled " Raphaelis Landivar Rusticatio Mexicana, Editio auetior et emendatior " (Bologna, 1782). LANDO, or OLANDO, Francisco Manuel de, governor of Porto Rico, b. in Castile, Spain, about 1480 ; d. in Spain after 1539. He came as the lieu- tenant of Admiral Diego Columbus to the island of Santo Domingo in 1509, where he showed skill and energy, and in the year 1530 he was appointed by the admiral, and confirmed by the emperor, governor of the island of Porto Rico. In this same year three terrible hurricanes visited the isl- and — on 26 June and 23 and 31 Aug. — which de- stroyed all the farms and drowned almost all the cattle. Two months afterward, on 23 Oct., the Caribs attacked the island, slaughtering its in- habitants and destroying their property. Owing to these events and to the recent conquest of Peru, with the exaggerated accounts of its riches, the in- habitants of Porto Rico made ready in large num- bers to leave their island. To prevent its total de- population, Lando imposed on all who intended to emigrate the penalty of death or mutilation. These measures and his persecutions of the Caribs re- sulted in the firm establishment of the colony, where Lando remained until 1539. LANDOLPHE, John Francis, French navi- gator, b. in Auxonne, Burgundy, 3 Feb., 1747 ; d. in Paris in 1825. He went to Paris at the age of eighteen to study medicine, but resolved to become a sailor, and he made his first voyage in 1767 on a merchant vessel bound for Santo Domingo. He was made captain in 1775, and spent the next three years in efforts to extend the French colonies on the west coast of Africa. In 1778 he made several voyages to the Antilles and the coast of North America, after which he returned to Africa. He was at Guadeloupe toward the end of 1792, where by his courage and presence of mind he did much to save the colony from external attacks, and de- fended it against a revolt of the negroes. Later he was intrusted by the French government with the task of obtaining for the island the stores and munitions of war of which it stood in need. He skilfully eluded the English cruisers, reached the United States safely, and fulfilled his mission. The French ambassador gave him the command of a vessel that had been taken from the English, in which he was to return to Guadeloupe. On reach- ing the island, he found that a captain who had sailed with him was accused before the revolution- ary tribunal of intending to deliver his vessel to the enemy. At great risk to himself, Landolphe pleaded warmly for his friend and procured his acquittal. Some months afterward his vessel was taken by an English frigate and he was led prisoner to Portsmouth. After his release he was given command of a frigate on which he sailed for Guiana in 1796. He cruised along this coast and among the West Indian islands up to 1800, capturing sev- eral English merchantmen. In that year the French squadron was attacked by a superior Eng- lish force and his vessel taken. After his release he spent the rest of his life chiefly in writing his memoirs. They are entitled " Memoires du capi- taine Landolphe, contenant l'histoire de ses voy- ages pendant trente-six ans, aux cotes d'Afrique et aux deux Ameriques, rediges sur son manuscrit par J. S. Quesne " (Paris, 1823). LANDRAM, John James, soldier, b. in War- saw, Ky., 16 Nov., 1826. He obtained an English education, and at nineteen years of age enlisted in the 1st Kentucky cavalry, under Col. Humphrey Marshall, and led his company in the battle of Buena Vista. He was elected to the legislature in 1851, and was afterward circuit clerk until 1858, being master-commissioner at the same time. He was then graduated at the law-school in Lcjuisville, and settled in Warsaw, Ky., where he has since practised his profession. At the opening of the civil war he aided in recruiting and organizing for the National government the 18th Kentucky regi- ment, of which he became lieutenant-colonel. He was afterward transferred to the command of the post at Cynthiana, Ky., where large army supplies were stored. The garrison of several hundred home- guards and recruits, and a squadron of artillery, was attacked by Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry, 23 July, 1862, and after a desperate struggle, with severe losses on both sides, was compelled to surren- der. Col. Landram escaped, with a slight wound, to Paris, where, on the next day, he rallied and united several detachments of National troops, and harassed Morgan on his retirement from Ken- tucky. On 30 Aug., 1862, he led his regiment in the battle of Richmond,' Ky., where several horses were shot under him, and he received a serious wound in the head, which partially blinded him for life and compelled him to retire from the serv- ice. He had been recommended for promotion to the rank of brigadier-general. Col. Landram was elected to the state senate in 1863, and served as chairman of the committee on military affairs through the remainder of the war. He was de- feated as a Republican candidate for congress in 1876 and 1884, and was a delegate to the Republi- can national convention in the former year. LANDRETH, David, agriculturist, b. in Phila- delphia in 1802 ; d. in Bristol, Pa., 22 Feb., 1880. He was the son of David Landreth, an English farmer, who emigrated to the United States in 1783. After receiving an education in private schools he joined his father in the nursery busi- ness. He was a member of various public organi- zations, one of the founders of the Pennsylvania horticultural society in 1827, and its corresponding secretary from 1828 till 1836, and president of the Society for the promotion of agriculture. He pub- lished the " Illustrated Floral Magazine " in 1832, was the author of numerous fugitive articles on agricultural and horticultural subjects, and edited, with additions, Johnson's " Dictionary of Modern Gardening" (Philadelphia, 1847). LANDRETH, Olin Henry, engineer, b. in Addison, N. Y., 21 July, 1852. He was graduated as a civil engineer in 1876 at Union college, but continued his scientific studies as a graduate for a year longer. In August, 1877, he became assistant astronomer at the Dudley observatory in Albany, N. Y., which appointment he held until September, 1879, when he was called to the chair of engineer- ing in Vanderbilt university, Nashville, Tenn. Prof. Landreth was consulting engineer in regard to the new water-supply of Nashville in 1884-'5, and has also filled other shorter engineering en- gagements. He is a member of scientific societies, and, besides contributing technical papers to their proceedings, he has published " Metric Tables for Engineers" (Philadelphia, 1883). 606 LANDRY LANE LANDRY, Anguste Charles Phillipe Robert, Canadian author, b. in Quebec, 15 Jan., 1846. His father was a surgeon of the province of Quebec, one of the founders of Laval university, in which he was a professor for nearly thirty years. The son graduated at Quebec seminary, studied at St. Anne agricultural college, was assistant professor of chemistry in Laval university in 1865-7, and afterward became a farmer. He was an unsuccess- ful candidate in 1873 for the local house, and was first elected to the Quebec legislative assembly for Montmagny in 1875. He was unseated, 29 May, 1876, by judgment of the superior court, and elected for Montmagny to the Dominion parliament in 1878, and again in 1882. In 1885 Mr. Landry, though a Conservative, introduced a motion cen- suring the government of Sir John A. Macdonald for the execution of Louis Riel. He is a member of the Entomological society of Canada, president of the Quebec Conservative association, and a knight of the Order of Gregory the Great. He is the author, among other works, of " Boissons al- cooliques et leurs falsifications " (Sainte Anne de la Pocatiere, 1867) ; " Oil est la disgrace % Repense a une condamnation politique " (Quebec, 1876) ; " Traite populaire d'agriculture theorique et prac- tique " (Montreal, 1878) ; " L'Halie, ses beautes et ses souvenirs " (Quebec, 1880) ; " L'eglise et l'etat " (Rome, 1883); " Cette enquete" (Quebec, 1883); " Les six raisons du Dr. Verge contre le cercle Catholique de Quebec " (1884) ; and various scien- tific, literary, and political pamphlets. LANDRY, Pierre Armand, Canadian lawyer, b. in Dorchester, N. R, 1 May, 1846. He was edu- cated at St. Joseph's college, Memramcook, and was admitted to the bar of New Brunswick in 1870. He was elected to the legislative assembly of New Brunswick in 1870, 1878, and 1882, and appointed a member of the executive council and chief com- missioner of public works, 13 July, 1878. He re- signed this portfolio, 25 May, 1882, and on the same day was appointed provincial secretary. He resigned his seat in the legislative assembly in August, 1883, and was elected to the Dominion parliament, to which he was chosen again in Feb- ruary, 1887. He became queen's counsel in 1881, and refused a judgeship in 1885. LANE, Amos, lawyer, b. near Aurora, N. Y., 1 March, 1778 ; d. in Lawrenceburg, Ind., 2 Sept., 1849. He received a public-school education, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Lawrenceburg, Ind., having removed to the Ohio river in 1807. He was a member of the state legis- lature, in which he served one session as speaker, and was afterward elected to congress as a Demo- crat, serving from 1833 till 1837. — His son, James Henry, soldier, b. in Lawrenceburg, Ind., 22 June, 1814; d. near Leavenworth, Kansas, 1 July, 1866, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1840, and elected to the city council of Lawrenceburg. In May, 1846, he enlisted as a private in the 3d Indi- ana volunteer regiment, organizing for the Mexi- can war, was chosen colonel, and commanded a brigade at Buena Vista. He became colonel of the 5th Indiana regiment in 1847, and in 1848 was chosen lieutenant-governor of Indiana. Prom 1853 till 1855 he was a representative in congress, hav- ing been chosen as a Democrat, and voted for the repeal of the Missouri compromise. In 1855 he went to Kansas, where he took an active part in politics as a leader of the Free-state party, and was made chairman of the executive committee of the Topeka constitutional convention. He was elected by the people major-general of the free- state troops, and was active in driving out the Missouri invaders. In 1856 he was elected to the U. S. senate by the legislature that met under the Topeka constitution ; but the election was not recog- nized by congress, and he was indicted in Douglas county for high treason and forced to flee from the territory. In 1857 he was president of the Leaven- worth constitutional convention, and again made major-general of the territorial troops. In 1858 he shot a neighbor named Jenkins in a quarrel about a well, for which he was tried and acquitted. On the admission of Kansas to the Union in 1861, he was elected to the U. S. senate, serving on the com- mittees of Indian affairs and agriculture. In May, 1861, he commanded the frontier guards that were organized for the defence of Washington, and on 18 Dec. he was made brigadier-general of volun- teers; but the appointment was cancelled, 21 March, 1862. He commanded the Kansas brigade in the field for four months, rendering good service in western Missouri. He narrowly escaped from the Lawrence massacre in August, 1863, and was an aide to Gen. Curtis during Gen. Sterling Price's raid in October, 1864. He was a delegate to the Baltimore convention of 1864. He was re-elected to the United States senate in 1865, but in the following year, while on his way home, he was at- tacked with paralysis, his mind became unsettled, and he committed suicide. LANE, Ebenezer, jurist, b. in Northampton, Mass., 17 Dec, 1793; d. in Sandusky, Ohio, 13 June, 1866. He was graduated at Harvard in 1811, studied law under his uncle, Matthew Gris- wold, of Lyme, Conn., in 1814 was admitted to the bar, and, after practising for three years in Connec- ticut, removed to Ohio and settled in Norwalk, Huron co. He became judge of the court of com- mon pleas in 1824, and from 1837 till 1845 was judge of the supreme court of Ohio. After his re- tirement from the bench he resumed his profes- sion, and was afterward engaged in various rela- tions with the western railroads, withdrawing from active employment in 1859. LANE, George, clergyman, b. in Ulster county, N. Y., 13 April, 1784; d. in Wilkesbarre, Pa., 6 May, 1859. He joined the Philadelphia confer- ence of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1805, and was itinerant missionary in central and west- ern New York, and in Virginia and in Maryland, subsequently settling near Wilkesbarre, Pa. He became agent for the Methodist book concern in 1836, and for many years was treasurer of the Methodist missionary society. Under his manage- ment the book concern doubled its business, and the missionary society was relieved of a debt of $60,000. — His son, George Washington, educa- tor, b. in Wilkesbarre, Pa., 15 Jan., 1815 : d. in Oxford, Ga., 21 Sept., 1848, was licensed to preach in the Methodist ministry in 1834, and, removing to Georgia, was for ten years professor of languages in Emory college, Oxford. LANE, Joel, pioneer, b. in Halifax county, N. C, in 1740; d. in Wake county, N. C, in 1795. He removed with his two brothers, Joseph and Jesse, from Halifax to Wake county N. C, was one of the first settlers in that region, and amassed a large fortune. In 1775 he was a member of the Provincial congress that met at Hillsbor- ough, N. C, and in 1781 he served in the gen- eral assembly, which was held in his own house. In April, 1792, he gave to the state of North Caro- lina 1,000 acres of land, upon which the city of Raleigh was built. — His great-nephew, Joseph, soldier, b. in Buncombe county, N. C, 14 Dec, 1801 ; d. in Oregon, 19 April, 1881, removed with his parents to Henderson county, Ky., in 1804, LANE LANE 607 VtSTt^r and in 1816 he went to Warwick county, Ind., where for several years he was a clerk in a mer- cantile house. He was elected to the legislature in 1822, continued in office till 1846, when he en- listed as a private in the 2d regiment of Indiana volunteers, was in a few weeks commissioned its colo- nel, and in June re- ceived from President Polk the appointment of brigadier - general. He was wounded at the battle of Buena Vista, was brevetted major-general for gal- lantry at Huamantla, commanded at Atlix- co, took Matamoras, 22 Nov., 1847, cap- tured Orizaba in Jan- uary, 1848, and the next month fought the robber-chief Jaranta at Tchualtaplan. He was known as the " Marion of the Mexican army." At the conclusion of the war he was appointed governor of Oregon by President Polk, was its delegate to congress, being elected as a Democrat in 1851-7, and in 1853 com- manded the settlers in the campaign against the Rogue Indians, whom he defeated at the battle near Table Rock, in which he was severely wound- ed. On the admission of Oregon as a state he was elected U. S. senator, served from 1859 till 1861, and in 1860 was nominated for vice-president on the John C. Breckinridge ticket. His defeat ended his political career, and he passed his old age in ob- scurity and poverty in a remote part of Oregon. — Joseph's son, Lafayette, congressman, b. in Van- derberg county, Ind., 12 Nov., 1842, was educated in Washington, D. C, and in Stamford, Conn., adopted law as a profession, and removed to Ore- gon. He was a member of the legislatux*e in 1864, code-commissioner of Oregon in 1874, and in that year was elected to congress as a Democrat to fill a vacancy occasioned by the death of George A. La Dow, serving till 1877. He was defeated at the next congressional election, and is now (1887) en- gaged in the practice of law. — Another great- nephew of Joel, Henry Smith, senator, b. in Mont- gomery county, Ky., 24 Feb., 1811; d. in Craw- fordsville, Ind., 11 June, 1881, worked on a farm and attended school at intervals till he was six- teen years old. He began the study of law at eighteen, was admitted to the bar at twenty-one, and, removing to Indiana, practised his profession till 1854. He was in the legislature in 1837, and the next year was elected to congress as a Repub- lican, serving till 1843. The defeat of Henry Clay for the presidency retired Mr. Lane from political life for sixteen years. At the first National Re- publican convention he made so effective a speech that, in June, 1856, he was elected permanent presi- dent of that body, and for several years he led the Republican party in the state. The election of 1858 gave the Republicans the majority of both houses of the Indiana legislature. In 1859, with the aid of the " Americans," they elected Mr. Lane to the U. S. senate, hoping to annul the informal election of 1858 that gave the seat to Jesse D. Bright. The case was referred to the congres- sional committee on elections, which reported in favor of the validity of the former election, and sustained Mr. Bright. Mr. Lane became governor of Indiana in 1860, and in February of that year was elected to the U. S. senate, serving till 1867. He retired from politics at the end of his term, and, except as Indian peace-commissioner under Gen. Grant, undertook no regular public service. He was a delegate to the loyalists' convention in 1866, to the Chicago national Republican conven- tion in 1868, and to that of Cincinnati in 1876. LANE, John, pioneer, b. in Virginia, 8 April, 1789 ; d. in Vicksburg, Miss., 10 Oct., 1855. His early life was passed in Georgia, where he was a student for several years at Franklin college. He entered the South Carolina conference of the Methodist church in 1814, and the next year was sent to the Natchez circuit, becoming the pioneer of Methodism in Mississippi. His early work there was among the Cherokee and Creek Indians, whose confidence he won by his daring and self- sacrifice. He was appointed presiding elder on the Mississippi circuit in 1820, and this year set- tled on the estate of his father-in-law, Rev. Newit Vick, the site of the present city of Vicksburg, which Mr. Lane named in Vick's honoi*. Mr. Lane subsequently engaged in business, was pro- bate judge of Warren county, and, although preach- ing continually, became one of the most influen- tial business men in the state of Mississippi. He re-entered the conference in 1831, and during the greater part of his subsequent career was a presid- ing elder. For many years he was president of the conference missionary society, and of the board of trustees of Centenary college, Jackson, La. LANE, Jonathan Homer, mathematician, b. in Geneseo, N. Y., 9 Aug., 1819 ; d. in Washing- ton, D. C, 3 May, 1880. He was graduated at Yale in 1846, entered the employ of the U. S. coast sxirvey in 1847, and a year later was made assistant examiner in the U. S. patent-office, becoming prin- cipal examiner in 1851. Subsequently he re-en- tered the coast survey, and from 1869 till 1880 was connected with the bureau of weights and meas- ures. He devoted considerable attention to as- tronomy, and was sent, under the auspices of the coast survey, with the expedition to Des Moines, Iowa, to observe the total solar eclipse of 1869, and to Catania, Spain, in 1870, for a similar pur- pose. Mr. Lane was a member of scientific socie- ties, and was early elected to membership in the National academy of sciences. Among his impor- tant inventions were a machine for finding the real roots of the higher equations ; a machine for very exact uniform motion ; a visual telegraph ; a visual method for the comparison of clocks at great distances apart ; an improved basin for mer- curial horizon ; and a mechanism for holding the Drummond light and reflector on shipboard. His principal memoirs were " On the Law of Electric Induction in Metals " (1846) ; " On the Law of In- duction of an Electric Current on Itself " (1851) ; " Report on the Solar Eclipse of 7 Aug., 1869 " (1869); "Theoretical Temperature of the Sun" (1870) : " Report on the Solar Eclipse of 12 Dec, 1870 "' (1871) ; " Description of a New Form of Mercurial Horizon " (1871); and "Coefficients of Ex- pansion of the British Standard Yard Bar " (1877). LANE, Sir Ralph, governor of Virginia, b. in Northamptonshire, England, about 1530; d. in Ireland in 1604. He was the second son of Sir Ralph of Orlingbury, and Maud, first cousin of Catherine Parr, queen of Henry VIII. The son entered the queen's service in 1563, was an equerry in her court, held a command in Ireland in 1583-'4, and in 1585, by invitation of Sir Walter Raleigh, took charge of the colony that the latter was about to send to Virginia. Sir Richard Grenville (q. v.), who commanded the fleet that bore the colony to 608 LANG LANGDON this country, left Lane with 107 men on Roanoke island, and on 25 Aug. returned to England. Lane at once erected a fort, and began to explore the coast and rivers of the country within a radius of about 100 miles. He soon became convinced that a mistake had been made in settling on Roanoke island on account of the dangerous coast and bad harbor, and resolved to move the colony to Chesa- peake bay as soon as supplies should arrive from England. Provisions soon ran short, there was trouble with the Indians, and Lane and his men finally abandoned the colony on 19 June, 1586, returning to England in the fleet of Sir Francis Drake. Lane served as a colonel under Drake in the Portuguese expedition of 1589, was muster-master- general in Ireland in 1591, where he was danger- ously wounded, and was knighted by the lord deputy in 1593. Several letters of Sir Ralph are preserved in Hakluyt's " Voyages " and Francis L. Hawks's " History of North Carolina " (1857), and have been edited by Edward E. Hale in " Ar- chasologia Americana," vol. iv. (1860). These let- ters show that enmity between Lane and Sir Rich- ard Grenville, which began on the voyage to Vir- ginia, probably had much to do with the former's abandonment of his enterprise. LANG, Gavin, Canadian clergyman, b. in Glas- ford, Lanarkshire, Scotland, in July, 1835. He was graduated at the University of Glasgow, licensed to preach in 1864, and served as assistant minister at the parish church in that city. In 1865 he became pastor at Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, where he remained five years, and then was for a short time pastor of his father's church at Glas- ford. In 1870 he succeeded Rev. Alexander Ma- thieson as pastor of St. Andrew's Presbyterian church, Montreal. When the union between the adherents of the Free church and the Established church in Canada was proposed, the scheme was strongly opposed by Mr. Lang, and when the union was consummated in 1875 he was one of the three ministers that stood aloof, claiming to re- main still the Presbyterian church of Canada, in connection with the Church of Scotland. When the United church applied for confirmatory legis- lation from the Dominion parliament, Mr. Lang appeared before the private bills committee and strenuously opposed the measure, which was, how- ever, passed. He is now (1887) a professor in Dal- housic college, N. B. He is an impressive preacher, and has for years taken an active part in the pro- ceedings of the Evangelical alliance. LANG-, Louis, artist, b. in Waldsee, Wiirtem- berg, 29 Feb., 1812. His father, a historical paint- er, wished him to become a musician, but his taste was for art. At the age of sixteen he executed pastels with success. He studied at Stuttgart and Paris, and settled in the United States in 1838, his studio being for several years in Phila- delphia. He spent the years 1841-'5 in Italy, and came to New York in the latter year, where he now (1887) resides, with frequent visits to Europe. He was elected a National academician in 1852, and is a member of the Artists' fund society. Lang's style is characterized by brilliant but well- balanced coloring ; his choice of subjects is senti- mental and popular. Among his best-known works are " Maid of Saragossa," " Mary Stuart distributing Gifts," " Blind Nydia," " Jephtha's Daughter," " Neapolitan Fisher Family," " Little Graziosa among the Butterflies " (1871) ; " Landing of the Market-Boat at Capri " (1876) ; and " Ro- meo and Juliet," which is in the Century club, New York. His most recent work at the National academy is " Portrait of a Little Child " (1885). LANGDELL, Christopher Columbus, lawyer, b. in Hillsborough county, N. H., 22 May, 1826. He entered Harvard in 1848, but left in 1849 to become a teacher, and was afterward graduated at the law-school in 1853. He then practised in New York city till 1870, when he became professor of jurisprudence, and dean of the law faculty, at Har- vard. He was given his degree of A. B., as a mem- ber of the class of 1851, in 1870, and that of LL. D. in 1875. Prof. Langdell has published " Selection of Cases on the Law of Contracts " (2 parts, Boston, 1870 ; enlarged ed., 1877) ; " Cases on Sales " (1872) ; " Summary of Equity Pleading " (Cambridge, 1877 ; 2d ed., 1883) ; and " Cases in Equity Pleading " (printed privately, 1878). LANGDON, Oliver Monroe, physician, b. near Columbus, Ohio, 2 Feb., 1817; d. there, 15 June, 1878. He studied at St. Xavier's college, Cin- cinnati, was graduated at the Medical college of Ohio in 1838, and after two years in Madison, Ind., settled in Cincinnati. He was soon after- ward appointed physician to one of the four town- ships into which the city was then divided, prac- tised till 1846, then joined the 4th regiment of Ohio volunteers, and served as its surgeon till the close of the Mexican war. Dr. Langdon was one of the founders of Miami medical college, and an instigator of the movement that removed lu- natics from the Cincinnati commercial hospital to the lunatic asylum at Lick Run, of which he was superintendent in 1850-'6. At that date he organized, and was made superintendent of, the insane asylum at Longview, continuing in office till 1870, when failure of health compelled his re- tirement from all active duties. Previous to 1866 all the colored insane in the state of Ohio had been confined in prisons ; at that date Dr. Lang- don established a separate department for their ac- commodation at Longview asylum, and, as the trustees of Longview could not, under their charter, own a negro institution, it was purchased in Dr. Langdon's name, and was held in trust for the county by him. He was a member of various medical societies, and a trustee of Miami medical college from its foundation till his death. LANGDON, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass., 12 Jan., 1723 : d. in Hampton Falls, N. H., 29 Nov., 1797. He was graduated at Harvard in 1740, and while teaching in Portsmouth, N. H., studied theology, and was licensed to preach. In 1745 he was appointed chaplain of a regiment, and was present at the capture of Louisburg. On his return he was appointed assistant to Rev. James Fitch, of the North church of Portsmouth, was or- dained pastor in 1747, and continued in that charge till 1774, when he became president of Harvard. His ardent patriotism led him to adopt measures that were obnoxious to the Tory students, and although he endeavored to administer the govern- ment of the college with justice, his resignation was virtually compelled in 1780. The next year he became pastor of the Congregational church at Hampton Falls, N. H. In 1788 he was a delegate to the New Hampshire convention that adopted the constitution of the United States, often led its debates, and did much to remove prejudice against the constitution. He was distinguished as a scholar and theologian, and exerted a wide influence in his community. The University of Aberdeen gave him the degree of D. D. in 1762, and he was a member of the American academy of arts and sciences from its foundation. He published " Summary of Christian Faith and Practice " (1768) ; " Observa- tions on the Revelations " (1791) ; " Remarks on the Leading Sentiments of Dr. Hopkins's System of LANGDON LANGEVIN 609 Doctrines" (1794); and many sermons. In 1761, in connection with Col. Joseph Blanchard, he pre- pared and published a map of New Hampshire. LANGDON, William Channcy, clergyman, b. in Burlington, Vt., 19 Aug., 1831. He was gradu- ated at Transylvania university in 1850, and was adjunct professor of astronomy and chemistry in Shelby college, Ky„ in 1850-'l. In May, 1851, he was appointed assistant examiner of the'U. S. pat- ent-office, and four years later he became chief examiner. In 1856 he resigned and entered on the practice of patent law, but not long afterward resolved to enter the ministry of the Episcopal ■church, and was made deacon in 1858, and priest in 1859. He served for a year as assistant minister in St. Andrew's church, Philadelphia, and in the autumn of 1859 went to Rome, Italy, and founded the American Episcopal church in that city, of which he was the first rector. Returning to the United States, he was rector of St. John's church, Havre de Grace, Md., from 1862 till 1866. In the general convention of 1865 he brought forward the subject of Italian Catholic reform, and was ap- pointed a member of the joint committee, and sent to Italy in this behalf in January, 1867. He vis- ited Florence, where he remained until 1873, being the agent and instrument of intercourse between the bishops and clergy of the Church of England and of the American church, and those members of the Latin churches that were inclined to reform. He was active in bringing about relations between the " Old Catholics " and the American bishops, and was present at the Old Catholic congress in 1872, in Cologne, and also at subsequent congresses in 1872, 1873, and 1874, as well as at the reunion conferences in Cologne and Bonn in 1872-'5. He founded Emmanuel church, Geneva, Switzerland, in 1873, and was in charge until 1875. He received the degree of D. D. in 1874 from Gambier college, Ohio. He returned to the United States in 1875, and accepted the rectorship of Christ church, Cam- bridge, Mass., in 1876, but toward the close of 1878 resigned, greatly broken in health. In 1883 he became rector of St. James's church, Bedford, Pa., where he now (1887) resides. Besides numerous re- ports of his special work in Europe, Dr. Langdon has published " Some Account of the Catholic Re- form Movement in the Italian Church " (London, 1868) ; " The Defects in our Practical Catholicity " (New York, 1871); "Plain Papers for Parish Priests and People " (1880-3) ; and " The Conflict of Practice and Principle in American Church Polity " (Cambridge, 1882). LANGDON, Woodbury, statesman, b. in Ports- mouth, N. II., in 1739; d. there, 13 Jan., 1805. He received a public-school education, engaged in mercantile pursuits, and was active in pre-Revolu- tionary movements. He was a delegate from New Hampshire to the Continental congress of 1779-80, was a member of the executive council in 1781-'4, and a judge of the supreme court of New Hamp- shire in 1782, and subsequently from 1786 till 1790. — His brother, John, statesman, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 25 June, 1741 ; d. there, 18 Sept., 1819, after receiving a common-school education entered a counting-house and became a successful merchant. In 1774, with John Sullivan and others, he partici- pated in the removal of the armament and mili- tary stores from Fort William and Mary in Ports- mouth harbor. He was elected a delegate to the Continental congress in 1775, but resigned in June,, 1776, to become navy agent. In 1777, while he was speaker of the New Hampshire assembly, when means were wanted to support a regiment. Langdon gave all his money, pledged his plate, vol. in. — 39 and subscribed the proceeds of 70 hogsheads of tobacco for the purpose of equipping the brigade with which Gen. John Stark subsequently defeated the Hessians at Bennington. Langdon partici- pated in this battle, and was in command of a volunteer company at Saratoga, and in Rhode Island. In 1779 he was continental agent in New Hampshire, and president of the State convention. He was again a dele- gate to congress in 1783, was repeatedly a member of the legis- lature and its speaker, and in 1787 a delegate to the convention that framed the constitu- tion of the United States. In March, 1788, he became gov- ernor of New Hamp- shire, and in 1789 he was elected U. S. sena- tor, holding office till 1801, and was chosen president of the sen- ate in order that the electoral votes for president of the United States might be counted. A president of the senate had therefore a legal existence before there was either a president or a vice-president of the United States. He was a Republican in politics and acted with Jefferson, who, on assuming office in 1801, offered him the post of secretary of the navy, which he declined. From 1805 till 1812, with the exception of two years, he was governor of New Hampshire, and in 1812 the Republican congressional caucus offered him the nomination for the office of vice-president of the United States, which he declined on the score of age and infirmities, passing the remainder of his life in retirement. LANGELIER, Francois Charles Stanislas, Canadian statesman, b. at Sainte Rosalie, Quebec, 24 Dec, 1838. He was educated in classics at St. Hyacinthe college, and in law at Laval university, where he was graduated in 1861. He was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in that year, and in 1863 was appointed professor of Roman law at Laval, becoming, in 1870, professor of civil law and political economy. He was elected for Mont- magny to the legislature of Quebec, 16 Dec, 1873, and for Portneuf in 1878, but was defeated in 1881. He was a member of the executive council and commissioner of crown lands of the province of Quebec from 8 March, 1878, and treasurer from March, 1879, till the resignation of the Joly minis- try in October, 1879. He was first elected to the Dominion parliament for Megantic in 1884, and for Centre Quebec in 1887. In 1882 he was elected mayor of Quebec, which office he still (1887) holds. LANGERFELDT, Theodore Otto, artist, b. in Buckeburg, Schaumburg-Lippe, Germany, 2 March, 1841. He first studied architecture at the Poly- technic school, Hanover, which gave a bias to his selection of subjects. He then passed five years in London, and removed to Boston, Mass., in 1868, where he has since l'esided. He paints chiefly in water-colors. One of his architectural paintings was awarded a prize at the Centennial exhibition of Philadelphia in 1876. LANGEVIN, Jean Pierre Francois La Force, R. C. bishop, b. in Quebec, 22 September, 1821. He was educated at the Seminary of Quebec, and ordained a priest, 22 Sept., 1844. He was professor of the higher mathematics in the Seminaiy of 610 LANGEVIN LANGLADE Quebec from 1840 till 1849, parish priest of St. Clair from 1850 till 1854, at Beauport from 1854 till 1858, and principal of Laval normal school from 1858 till 1867. On 1 May, 1867, he was con- secrated bishop of St. Germain de Rimouski in the province of Quebec. In 1870 he attended the (Ecu- menical council of the Vatican, and while on a second visit to Rome in 1886 was made a Roman count, and assistant to the apostolic throne. He founded the College of Rimouski in 1870, L'hospice des sceurs de la charite in 1872, Les sceurs des petites ecoles in 1874, and established a chapter in his cathedral in 1877. He is the author of " Traite de calcul differentiel " (Quebec, 1848) : " Histoire du Canada en tableaux " (1860) ; " Notes sur les archives de Notre Dame de Beauport " (1860) ; "Reponses aux programmes de pedagogie et d'agriculture " (1862) ; and " Cours de pedagogie " (1865). — His brother, Edmund Charles Hippo- lyte, clergyman, b. in Quebec, 30 Aug., 1824, was ordained a priest in 1847, became vicar-general of Quebec in 1867, and of Rimouski in the same year. He is the author of a life of Bishop Laval (Montreal, 1874), and "Notes historiques sur le chapitre de la cathedral de Quebec " (1874). — An- other brother, Sir Hector Louis, Canadian states- man, b. in Quebec, 26 Aug., 1826, was educated at the seminary in that city. He studied law, was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in October, 1850, and was appointed queen's counsel in 1864. He was ed- itor of the "Melanges religieux," of Mont- real, from 1847 till 1849, also of the " Journal d'agricul- ture " of that city, and in 1857 of the " Courrier du Cana- da," of Quebec. He was mavor of Quebec from 1858 till 1861, represented Dorches- ter in the Canadian assembly from 1857 till the union in 1867, and afterward in the Dominion parliament till 1874, when he re- tired. He also represented Dorchester in the local legislature from 1867 till 1871, when he was elected by acclamation for Quebec Centre, which he repre- sented till he retired in January, 1874. He was elected to the Dominion parliament for Charlevoix in January, 1876, and again returned for this con- stituency in April, 1877, after having been unseated on petition, and unsuccessfully contested Rimouski in 1878. He was elected by acclamation for the city of Three Rivers, 17 Nov., 1878, without oppo- sition for that constituency in 1882, and again in 1887. He was a member of the executive council of Canada from 30 March, 1864, till 1867, held the office of solicitor-general for Lower Canada from 30 March, 1864, till November, 1865, and was post- master-general from that date till 1867. He was sworn as a member of the privy council, 1 July, 1867, and appointed secretary of state for Canada, which portfolio he retained until appointed minister of public works, 8 Dec, 1869. While in the state department he was ex - officio registrar-general, superintendent-general of Indian affairs, and was a commissioner to assist the speaker in the manage- ment of the interior economy of the house of com- mons ; -also chairman of the railway committee of the privy council. He was a delegate to the Char- lottetown union conference in 1864, to that in' Que- bec in the same year, and to the "London colonial conference of 1866-'7, to complete the terms of union of the British North American provinces. He acted as a leader of the Lower Canada Con- servatives in 1873, during the absence in England of Sir George Etienne Cartier, and after his death became, in 1873, leader of the party in that province. He was made postmaster-general, 19 Oct., 1878, and minister of public works, 20 May, 1879. On 5 April, 1879, he was chosen by the Mar- quis of Lome, the governor-general, to go to Lon- don and lay before the British government the views of the Canadian cabinet relative to the pro- posed dismissal of Mr. Letellier de St. Just, the lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec. His mission resulted in the recognition by the home government of the constitutional rights of the Canadian government to remove lieutenant- governors for proper cause. He was created a com- panion of the Order of the Bath in 1868, a knight- commander of the Order of Pope Gregory the Great in 1870, and a knight-commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in May, 1881. He is the author of " Le Canada, ses institutions " (Quebec, 1855) ; " Droit administratif, ou manuel des paroisses et fabriques " (1862 ; 2d ed., 1878) ; and " Report on British Columbia " (1872). —An- other brother, Edward Joseph, Canadian official, b. in Quebec in 1833, was educated at the seminary of his native city. He was admitted as a notary in December, 1858, and was a member of the cham- ber of notaries for the district of Quebec. He served as a volunteer officer during the excitement that was caused by the " Trent " affair, was ap- pointed clerk of the crown in chancery, 4 Jan., 1865 ; to the same office for the Dominion, 5 July, 1867 ; deputy registrar-general, 1 July, 1868 ; under- secretary of state for Canada, 9 July, 1873 ; secre- tary for the civil-service board in 1876, and clerk of the senate, 25 Jan., 1883. LANGLADE, Charles Michel de, French sol- dier, b. in Mackinaw, Mich., in May, 1729 ; d. in Green Bay, Wis., in January, 1800. He was the son of Augustin de Langlade and of Domitilde, widow of Daniel Villeneuve, and sister of Nis-so- na-quet, the principal chief of the Ottawas. At the head of the Ottawas he planned and executed the ambuscade that resulted in the defeat of Gen. Edward Braddock on Monongahela river in 1755. After that event he retired to Green Bay, and the following year returned to Fort Duquesne, where, as a lieutenant of infantry, he rendered valuable service to the commander of that post in obtaining information of the movements of the English in the vicinity of Fort Cumberland. In 1757, at the head of 337 Ottawas, he joined Montcalm just as that general had completed the investment of Fort George, and, for the aid which he gave the French on that occasion, he was, at the end of the cam- paign, appointed by the Canadian governor. Vau- dreuil, second in command of the post of Macki- naw. He was again with Montcalm during the siege of Quebec by Gen. Wolfe, and on 20 July, 1759, planned an ambuscade and attack on a de- tachment of Wolfe's army, 2,000 strong. Had he been properly supported he probably would have put an end to the English expedition. He took an active part in the battle of the Plains of Abra- ham, and, on 28 April, 1760, fought under the Chevalier de Levis, when that officer, at the head of the Canadian militia, achieved an abortive tri- umph upon the same field which had witnessed the defeat of Montcalm. At the time of Pontiac's conspiracy, in 1763, he gave the western garrisons LAXGLEY LAXGLEY 611 timely notice of that chieftain's treachery, and. had his warning been heeded, the massacres at the dif- ferent frontier posts •would not have occurred. At the beginning of the American Revolution, Lang- lade attached himself to the English cause, and, at the head of a large body of Indians, composed of Sioux, Sacs, Foxes. Menomonees, Winnebagoes. Ottawas.Chippewas. and other western tribes, joined Burgoyne's army at Skenesborough (now White- hall. X. Y.) at the end of July, 1777. Upon the murder of Jane McCrea (q. v.), and the severe rep- rimand which that event called forth from Bur- goyne, the Indians deserted the British general almost to a man, leaving Langlade and St. Luc no alternative but to return with them. These two were afterward the objects of a bitter attack on the part of Burgoyne in parliament, since, had their influence been exerted to detain his Indian allies. Burgoyne believed his subsequent disaster would not have occurred. Langlade, however, does not seem to have been censured by the English govern- ment, since, in 1780, he was made Indian agent, and later Indian superintendent and commander- in-chief, of the Canadian militia, which last two posts he retained until his death. He was also granted for his services to the English during the Revolutionary war a life annuity of $800. After the war he settled at Green Bay, where he became one of the most enterprising pioneers of the west. He is still known there as " the founder and father of Wisconsin. 7 ' Although during his life he had taken part in ninety-nine battles and skirmishes, he was of a mild and patient disposition, and in- spired the affection and respect of those with whom he came into social relations. His integrity was proverbial, and his accounts with the English gov- ernment were always remarkable for their exact- ness. Langlade was of medium height, squarely built, with broad shoulders and piercing, jet-black eyes. His head was slightly bald, and in his old age his remaining locks were streaked with silver. His face was round and full of expression. He married, 12 Aug., 1754, at Mackinaw, Charlotte Ambroisine Bourassa, by whom he had two daugh- ters. It is believed that none of his descendants are now living. LANGLEY, Samuel Pierpont, astronomer, b. in Roxbury, Boston. Mass., 22 Aug., 1834. He was graduated at the Boston Latin-school, and then turned his attention to civil engineering, after which he was occupied with the practice of archi- tecture. As a boy he showed a decided fondness for astronomy, not only reading books on that sci- ence, but also experimenting and making small telescopes for his own use. In I860, after spend- ing two years in Europe, he returned to the United States, was for a few months an assistant in the Harvard observatory, and then was called to a chair of mathematics in the U. S. naval academy at Annapolis. In 1867 he was invited to fill the profes- sorship of astronomy in the Western university of Pennsylvania in Pittsburg, with chai'ge of the ob- servatory in Allegheny City. Here he has since re- mained, and in January, 1887, received the appoint- ment of assistant secretary of the Smithsonian institution, succeeding to the full secretaryship in August, 1887. His work at the Allegheny observa- tory began in 1869 with the establishment of a complete time service, then a novel feature, which has since been widely copied. The present ex- tended systematic distribution of time began then at Pittsburg. Prof. Langley accompanied the par- ties that were sent out by the U. S. coast sur- vey to observe the total eclipses of 1869 and 1870. being sent during the former year to Oakland, Ky., @S. Vl <^^/t^~~) and to Xeres. Spain, during the latter year. He also observed the solar eclipse of 1878 from Pike's Peak. In 1870 he began his series of brilliant re- searches on the sun which have since led to his being recognized as one of the foremost authorities on that body. His first paper was on the structure of the photosphere, and included a plate giving the most de- tailed representation of a sun-spot that had appeared up to that time. This he followed with a study of the heat of the so- lar surface by means of the thermopile. He showed among his conclusions that the direct effect of sun- spots on terrestrial temperatures is sensible. Find- ing that the thermopile was not sufficiently sensitive for his work, he invented the bolometer, with which exceedingly delicate measurements of heat were made. He spent the winter of 1878-9 on Mount Etna. Sicily, obtaining excellent results. In 1881 he organized an expedition, which was fitted out at the cost of a citizen of Pittsburg ; but went also under the auspices of the U. S. signal service to the top of Mount Whitney, in California, and there made important observations in solar heat and its absorp- tion by the earth's atmosphere. In 1885 he was invited to lecture at the Royal institution, London, and there gave an account of the novel results that he had obtained on Mount Whitney. His scientific papers have been very numerous and include more than fifty important titles. Of these, aside from those directly of scientific value, the most interest- ing are a series of popular expositions entitled " The Xew Astronomy " that he contributed to the " Century " in 1884-'6. Prof. Langley has delivered courses of lectures before the Lowell and Peabody institutes, and in 1882 was invited to address the British association for the advancement of science at Southampton. He has received the degree of Ph. D. from Stevens institute of technology in 1882, and that of LL. D. from the Universities of Wisconsin in 1882. Michigan in 1883, and Harvard in 1885. In 1886 he received the first Henry Dra- per medal that was awarded by the Xational academy of sciences, for his work on astronomical physics. During the present year (1887) he re- ceived the Rumford medal from the Royal society, London, and also the Rumford medal from the American academy of arts and sciences, two dis- tinct foundations, whose awards were conferred independently. Prof. Langley is a member of numerous foreign and American scientific societies, and in 1876 received an election to the Xational academy of sciences. In 1878 he was elected vice- president of the American association for the ad- vancement of science, delivering his retiring ad- dress at its Saratoga meeting, and in 1886 was elected president of that association, presiding over the deliberations of its Xew York meeting in August. 1887.— His brother, John Williams, chemist, b. in Boston. Mass., 21 Oct., 1841, was graduated at the Lawrence scientific school of Har- vard in 1861, and then served as assistant surgeon in the U. S. navy during the civil war, after which he visited Europe. In 1867 he became assistant professor of natural philosophy and chemistry in 612 LANGMUIR LANGWORTHY the U. S. naval academy, where he remained for three years, becoming, in 1872, professor of chem- istry in the Western university of Pennsylvania. Since 1875 he has filled the chair of chemistry in the University of Michigan. Prof. Langley's sci- entific work has been principally in connection with the development of the chemistry of iron- ores, and his results have been published in the " American Journal of Science " and elsewhere. In 1877 he received the honorary degree of M. D. from the University of Michigan, and, besides be- ing a member of several societies, held the office of vice-president of the American association for the advancement of science in 1884. LANGMUIR, John Woodbnrn, Canadian of- ficial, b. in .Warwickmains, Ayrshire, Scotland, 6 Nov., 1835. He was educated at Kilmarnock, came to Canada in 1849, and was a merchant at Pictou till 1867. In 1859 he was elected mayor of that town, and in 1868 appointed by the Sandfield- Macdonald administration inspector of prisons and public charities for Ontario, which post he re- signed in 1882. During his term of office there were founded under his supervision the asylums for the insane at Toronto and Hamilton, the asy- lum for idiots at Orillia, the institution for the deaf and dumb at Belleville, the institution for the blind at Brantford, and the Central prison, and the Mercer reformatory and refuge at Toronto. His reports to the legislature during his inspector- ship fill fourteen volumes. In 1882 Mr. Langmuir and others established the Toronto general trust company, of which he is now (1887) manager. He is one of the Niagara Falls park commissioners. ' LANGSDORFF, George Henry, Baron de, German traveller, b. in Laisk, Suabia, in 1774 ; d. in Fribourg, Germany, 3 July, 1852. He studied medicine in the University of Gottingen, began his travels in 1797, and during the following years visited Japan and explored Siberia. After the peace of 1815 he entered the service of Russia, &nd was appointed consul-general in Brazil. He occu- pied himself very actively with plans of coloniza- tion for this country, with only partial success, but acquired much knowledge of the natural his- tory of Brazil. He went to Russia in 1823 and spent some time in exploring the Ural mountains. On his return to Brazil he was employed- at the expense of the Russian government, and in company with the astronomer Ruszow, the natu- ralists Riedel and Menetries, and the painter Ru- gendas, in extensive journeys in the interior of Brazil from 1825 till 1829. The botanical collec- tions in the museums of St. Petersburg benefited greatly by his labors during this period. Among his works are " Plants collected during a Voyage Round the World" (2 parts, Tubingen, 1810-'18), and " Memoirs on Brazil, a Guide for those who wish to Settle there " (Paris, 1820). LANGSTON, John Mercer, educator, b. in Louisa county, Va., 14 Dec, 1829. He was by birth a slave, but was emancipated at the age of six years. He was graduated at Oberlin in 1849, and at the theological department in 1853. After studying law he was admitted to the bar of Ohio in 1854, and practised his profession there until 1869, during which time he was clerk of several townships in Ohio, being the first colored man that was elected to an office of any sort by popular vote. He was also a member of the board of education of Oberlin. In 1869 he was called to a professor- ship of law in Howard university, Washington, D. C, and became dean of the faculty of the law department and active in its organization, remain- ing there seven years. He was appointed by Presi- dent Grant a member of the board of health of the District of Columbia, and was elected its sec- retary in 1875. In 1877-'85 he was U. S. minister and consul-general in Hayti. On his return to this country in 1885 he was appointed president of the Virginia normal and collegiate institute in Petersburg, which office he now (1887) holds. In addition to various addresses and papers on polit- ical, biographical, literary, and scientific subjects, Mr. Langston is the author of a volume of select- ed addresses entitled " Freedom and Citizenship " (Washington, 1883). LANGSTROTH, Lorenzo Lorraine, apiarian, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 25 Dec, 1810. He was graduated at Yale in 1830, and subsequently held a tutorship there in 1834-'5. After this he was pastor of various Congregational churches in Mas- sachusetts, and in 1848 became principal of a young ladies' school in Philadelphia. Since 1858 he has made Oxford, Ohio, his residence, and de- voted his time to bee-keeping. He invented the movable-comb hive, which has come into exten- sive use, and is the author of " The Hive and the Honey-Bee " (Northampton, 1853). LANGTRY, Lillie, actress, b. in the island of Jersey in 1852. She was the daughter of Very Rev. William Coi'bet Le Breton, dean of Jersey, mar- ried Edward Langtry, a native of Belfast, Ireland, and became distinguished for taste and beauty in London society. Determining to go upon the stage, she made her debut as Lady Clara, in " A Fair Encounter," in the Town hall at Twicken- ham, and soon afterward appeared at the Haymar- ket theatre, London, as Miss Hardcastle in " She Stoops to Conquer," on 15 Dec, 1881. In the following month she played Blanche Haye in Thomas W. Robertson's play of " Ours." After a provincial tour, during which she essayed new characters, she made her appearance in Septem- ber, 1882, as Hester Grazebrook in Tom Tay- lor's " Unequal Match," and a week later as Rosa- lind in " As You Like It." The same autumn she came to the United States and played in New York and Boston to large audiences, which, like the English public, manifested at first a qualified approval. As she improved rapidly in her acting, she gained the praise of critics and popular ap- plause. Returning to London, she leased the Prince's theatre, and appeared on 20 Jan., 1885, in the title role of an English version of " La Prin- cesse Georges," by Alexander Dumas the younger, on 11 Feb. as Lady Teazle, and on 6 April as Lady Ormonde in "Peril." In 1886 she created the character of the heroine of Charles F. Coghlan's " Enemies," and played Pauline in the " Lady of Lyons." In the autumn of that year she returned to the United States, and repeated her successes in this country, where she has invested most of her earnings. Other characters played by Mrs. Lang- try are Julia in " The Hunchback," the title role of " Galatea," and the part of Lady Clancarty in " The Young Tramp." which was written for her by G. F. Mills. In July, 1887, while in San Fran- cisco, she renounced British allegiance, and applied for naturalization as a citizen of the United States. LANGWORTHY, Edward, patriot. He was educated in Whitefield's orphan house, in Georgia, where he subsequently taught, but at the opening of the Revolution became secretary for the coun- cil of safety, organized 11 Dec, 1775. He was a delegate to the Continental congress from Georgia in 1777-'9, and a signer of the articles of confedera- tion. After the establishment of the constitution he removed to Maryland, where he died. Mr. Lang- worthy was the first to attempt to write a history LANIER LANMAN 613 of Georgia, for which purpose he collected a vari- ety of rare papers during his political service. LANIER, Sidney, poet, b. in Macon, Ga., 3 Feb., 1842 ; d. in Lynn, N. C, 7 Sept., 1881. When a child he learned to play many instruments al- most without instruction, devoting himself espe- cially to the flute. He was graduated at Ogle- thorpe college, Midway, Ga., in 1860. He enlisted in the Confederate army in April, 1861, and participated in the seven days' fight- ing near Richmond. Afterward he was transferred to the signal service, with headquarters at Pe- tersburg. In 1863 his detachment served in Virginia and North Carolina, and afterward, while in command of a block- ade-runner, he was captured,and for five months imprisoned in Point Lookout, Pla. His experience is pictured in a novel that he wrote in three weeks entitled " Tiger-Lilies " (New York, 1867). He was a clerk in Mont- gomery, Ala., in 1865-'7, afterward principal of an academy in Prattville, Ala., and in 1868-'72 practised law with his father, Robert S. Lanier, in Macon. At the suggestion of his friend Bayard Taylor he was chosen to write the words of the cantata for the opening of the Centennial exhibi- tion in Philadelphia in 1876. In October, 1877, he settled in Baltimore and delivered lectures on English literature. In 1879 he was appointed lec- turer on this subject at Johns Hopkins university. In December, 1880, he wrote his poem " Sunrise," one of a projected series entitled " Hymns of the Marshes." In the following summer lie encamped in the mountains of North Carolina, where he died of consumption. His scholarship was wide and accurate, and his investigations in the scientific construction of verse are formulated in his " Sci- ence of English Verse" (New York, 1880). His other works are "Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History " (Philadelphia, 1876) ; " Poems " (1877) ; " The Boy's Froissart " (New York, 1878) ; "The Boy's King Arthur" (1880); "The Boy's Mabinogion" (1881); "The Boy's Percy" (1882); and " The English Novel and the Principles of its Development" (1883). A collection of his poems, with a memorial by William Hayes Ward, was ed- ited by his wife, Mary Day Lanier (1884). — His brother, Clifford Anderson, author, b. in Griffin, Ga., was educated at Oglethorpe college, but his studies were interrupted by the civil war. He served in the Confederate army, and was afterward signal officer on the steamer " Talisman," running the blockade between Wilmington, N. C, and Ber- muda until the vessel was wrecked in December, 1864. In 1885-'6 Mr. Lanier was superintendent of the city schools, Montgomery, Ala. He is the author of occasional poems and essays and of a novel entitled " Thorn-Fruit " (New York, 1867). LANIGAN, George Thomas, journalist, b. on St. Charles river, Canada, 10 Dec, 1845 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 Feb., 1886. After receiving his early education at the Montreal high-school, he learned telegraphy, and worked as an operator, and afterward as superintendent of a circuit on the government telegraph-lines. During the Fenian raid of 1866 he sent important despatches to New York journals. Returning to Montreal, he estab- lished with Robert Graham and others the " Free Lance," a satirical and humorous paper, which de- veloped into the " Evening Star," and is still pub- lished under that name. After selling his interest Mr. Lanigan came to the United States and was connected with various newspapers. He was the author of "Canadian Ballads" (Montreal, 1864); " Fables Out of the World " (New York, 1878) ; and a comic " Life of Andrew Jackson," which was never finished. Among his most successful humor- ous poems are " The Amateur Orlando " and " A Threnody for the Ahkoond of Swat." LANMAN, James, lawyer, b. in Norwich, Conn., 13 June, 1769 ; d. there, 7 Aug., 1841. He was graduated at Yale in 1788, studied law, was ad- mitted to the bar in 1791, and began practice in his native town. He was state's attorney for New London county from 1814 till 1819, a member of the lower branch of the legislature in 1817 and again in 1832, a delegate to the convention that framed the first constitution for Connecticut in 1818, and was elected to the state senate in 1819. Mr. Lanman was subsequently elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat, serving from 6 Dec, 1819, till 3 March, 1825. From 1826 till 1829 he was judge of the supreme and superior courts of Connecticut, and for several years was mayor of Norwich. His second wife was the mother of Park Benjamin, the author. — His son, Charles James, lawyer, b. in Norwich, Conn., 5 June, 1795; d. in New London, Conn., 25 July, 1870, was gradu- ated at Yale in 1814, and admitted to the bar in 1817. He was soon afterward invited by Henry Clay to settle in Kentucky, but preferred to emi- grate to Michigan, on the solicitation of Gen. Lewis Cass. Locating at Frenchtown (now Mon- roe), on Raisin river, he held many offices, includ- ing those of attorney for ^he territory, judge of probate, and inspector of customs. He was ap- pointed by President Monroe in 1823 receiver of public moneys for the district of Michigan, re- appointed by President John Quincy Adams, and continued in office eight years. He was a founder of Tecumseh, Mich., a commissioner to locate many county-seats in the state, and the surveyor and once the sole owner of the land where the city of Grand Rapids now stands. Although not a practical farm- er, he at one time cultivated two farms, and was the first to import the best breeds of blooded horses from Kentucky and Virginia. In 1835 he returned to Norwich, and in the panic of 1837 lost the greater part of his property. In 1838 he was chosen mayor of his native town, and filled other local offices. In 1862 he removed to New London, where he remained until his death. — Another son, James Henry, b. in Norwich, Conn., 4 Dec, 1812 ; d. in Middletown, Conn., 10 Jan., 1887, was edu- cated at Washington (now Trinity) college, studied law at Harvard, was admitted to the bar, and prac- tised at Norwich, New London, and Baltimore, Md. He then removed to New York, and devoted himself to literature. Visiting Michigan a short time before it was made a state, on the invitation of his brother, he became interested in the coun- try and its people, spent one or two years there, and published a " History of Michigan, Civil and Topographical " (New York, 1839), which was sub- sequently issued by Harper and Brothers in their " Family Library," under the title " History of Michigan from its Earliest Colonization to the Pres- ent Time " (1842). He contributed to the " National Portrait Gallery " (1861), the " North American " and " American Quarterly " Reviews, and the 614 LANMAN LANSDOWNE " Jurist." For several years he was also one of the chief writer* for "Hunt's Merchants' Magazine." Failing health compelling him to give up all lit- erary work, he retired to his native town, where he resided until his death. — Charles James's son, Charles, b. in Monroe? Mich., 14 June, 1819, re- ceived an academical education, and had been ten years in a busi- ness-house in New York city when he returned to Michigan, and in 1845 took charge of the " Monroe Gazette." The following year he was associate ed- itor of the Cincin- nati " Chronicle," and in 1847 was an assistant on the New York " Ex- press." In 1849 he was librarian of the war de- partment at Wash- ington, in 1850 librarian of copyrights and private secretary of Daniel Webster (at whose request he resigned his official employment), in 1853 examiner of deposi- taries for the southern states, in 1855-7 librarian and head of the returns office in the interior de- partment, in 1866 librarian of the house of rep- resentatives, and from 1871 till 1882 secretary to the Japanese legation. He studied painting with Asher B. Durand, and, although only an amateur, was elected an associate of the National academy of design in 1846, and has frequently exhibited paintings and sketches from nature in oil. Among his pictures are " Brookside and Homestead," "Home in the Woods" (1881), and " Frontier Home " (1884). He has contributed frequently to English and American journals, and was one of the first to describe in book-form the scenery of the river Saguenay and of the mountains of North Carolina, being called by Washington Irving "the picturesque explorer of the United States." Among Mr. Lanman's published works are "Essays for Summer Hours" (Boston, 1842); '• Letters from a Landscape-Painter" (1845); "A Summer in the Wilderness " (New York, 1847) ; "A Tour to the River Saguenay" (Philadelphia and London, 1848) ; " Letters from the Alleghany Mountains " (New York, 1849) ; " Haw-ho-noo, or Records of a Tourist " (Philadelphia, 1850) ; " Pri- vate Life of Daniel Webster " (New York and London, 1852); "Adventures in the Wilds of America " (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1856 ; London, 1859) ; " Dictionary of Congress " (Philadelphia, 1858 ; Washington, published by order of congress, 3 eds., 1862-'4; Hartford, 2 eds.. 1868-'9) ; "Life of William Woodbridge " (Washington, 1867); "Red Book of Michigan" (Detroit, 1871); "Re- sources of America" compiled for the Japanese government (Washington, 1872) ; " The Japanese in America " (New York and London, 1872) ; " Bio- graphical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States" (Washington, 1876; 2d ed., revised, New York, 1887): "Life of Octavius Perinchief " (Washington, 1879) ; " Curious Charac- ters and Pleasant Places" (Edinburgh, 1881); " Leading Men of Japan " (Boston. 1883) ; " Far- thest North " (New York, 1885) ; and " Haphazard Personalities" (Boston, 1886). He has edited "The Prison Life of Alfred Ely" (New York, 1862). and the " Sermons " of Rev. Octavius Per- inchief (2 vols., Washington, 1879). LANMAN, Joseph, naval officer, b. in Nor- wich, Conn., 11 July, 1811; d. there, 13 March, 1874. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 1 Jan., 1825, and passed that grade on 4 June, 1831. His first years of service were spent on the Brazil, West India, and Pacific squadrons. He was com- missioned lieutenant, 3 March, 1835, and served in the West India squadron in 1840, on ordnance duty in 1845-'6, and in the Pacific squadron in 1847-'8. He was on special duty from 1849 till 1851, and in 1852 in the sloop-of-war " San Jacinto," of the Mediterranean squadron. He was com- missioned commander, 14 Sept., 1855, and sta- tioned in the Washington navy-yard in 1855-'6, after which he commanded the steamer " Michi- gan" in the great lakes from 1859 till 1861, when he became captain. He commanded the steam- sloop " Saranac," of the Pacific squadron, in 1862. On 29 Aug. of that year he was made commodore and assigned to the steam-sloop " Lancaster," of the Pacific squadron, in 1863, and the frigate " Minnesota," of the North Atlantic blockading squadron, in 1864-'5. Com. Lanman commanded the 2d division of Admiral Porter's squadron at the two attacks on Fort Fisher, and was com- mended in the admiral's official report. He be- came rear-admiral, 8 Dec, 1867, and was made commandant of the Portsmouth navy-yard, after which he commanded the south Atlantic squad- ron on the coast of Brazil. On his return to the United States in May, 1872, he was retired, and resided in Norwich until his death. LANSDOWNE, Henry Charles Keith Petty Fitzmaiirice, Marquis of, governor - general of Canada, b. in England, 14 Jan., 1845. He is the eldest son of Henry, fourth Marquis of Lansdowne, under-secretary of state for foreign affairs from 1856 till 1858,' and of Emily Jane Mercer Elphin- stone de Flahault, Baroness Nairne. His great- grandfather, the first /#'** "" €&. 628 LATROBE LATTIMORE with his father, and was admitted to the bar in 1860. He was elected to the Maryland legislature in 1867, served till 1872, and was speaker in 1870-'2. In 1860 he was appointed judge-advocate- general, and assisted in reorganizing the Maryland militia under the act of 1868, of which he was the author. In 1875 he was elected mayor of Balti- more, serving three terms till 1881, and in 1883 he was again elected to this office, serving till 1885. During his term of office the supply of water by natural flow from Gunpowder river through a tun- nel of seven miles inland in solid rock was com- pleted. — Benjamin Henry's son, Charles Hazle- hurst, civil engineer, b. in Baltimore, 25 Dec, 1833, was educated at the College of St. Mary in that city. He entered the service of the Balti- more and Ohio railroad company, and was also in the Confederate service. After the civil war he returned to Baltimore and adopted bridge-building as his specialty. His most remarkable works of this description, however, were in Peru, about a dozen in all ; among them the Arequipa viaduct, which was 1,300 feet long and 65 feet high, and the Agua de Verrugas bridge, 575 feet long and 263 feet high. This structure was built across one of the deepest gorges in the Andes, and was, when erect- ed, the loftiest structure of its kind in the world. It was framed in the United States, taken apart, and shipped to Peru, where it was erected in ninety days. Latrobe wrote an exhaustive report to the Baltimore authorities upon sewerage, which was reprinted and largelv circulated. LATROBE, Charles Joseph, traveller, b. in England, 20 March, 1801; d. 4 Dec, 1875. He travelled in the United States and Mexico in 1832, and accompanied Irving in his tour, described in the " Cravon Miseellanv." He was the author of " Visit to South Africa in 1815-16 " (New York, 1818) ; " The Alpenstock, or Sketches of Swiss Scenerv and Manners in 1825-'6 " (London, 1829 ; 2d ed., 1839) ; ' ; The Pedestrian, or Rambles in the Tyrol in 1830 " (1832) ; " The Rambler in North America in 1832-'3 " (2 vols., New York, 1835 ; London, 1836) ; and " The Rambler in Mexico " (New York and London, 1836), which was highly commended by William H. Prescott and other critics. LATTA, Alexander Bonner, inventor, b. in Ross county, Ohio, 11 June, 1821 ; d. in Ludlow, Ky., 28 April, 1865. At an early age he worked in a cotton-factory, and subsequently in the navy- yard in Washington, D. C. After becoming an expert mechanic he settled in Cincinnati, where he operated the first iron planing-machine that ever was used in that city. He became foreman of a ma- chine-shop, and constructed for the Little Miami railroad the first locomotive that was built west of the Alleghany mountains. He invented and patented a series of improvements in railway ap- pliances, a few of which he succeeded in intro- ducing. In 1852 he invented a steam fire-engine, which he constructed in nine months, and which was tried on 1 Jan., 1853. In October, 1853, he con- structed a second, which contained several improve- ments and received a gold medal at the Ohio Mechanics' institute fair in 1854. He continued to build steam fire-engines until 1862, when he retired from active business. The boiler of Mr. Latta*s engine was constructed of two square chambers, one within the other, the space between which chambers was the steam and water space of the boiler. The inner chamber, which was the fire-box, was filled by a series of horizontal layers of tubes arranged diagonally over each other, but forming one continuous coil. The water entered this coil at the lower end and passed upward into the annular space, where it was evaporated. Upon arriving at the scene of the fire, the rear of the en- gine was raised off the ground and supported by means of screws on the sides of the boiler, and the hind-wheels, thus clearing the ground, acted as fly-wheels. In 1863-'o Mr. Latta introduced the manufacture of aerated bread into Cincinnati. He also made improvements in oil-well machinery. LATTA, James, clergyman, b. in Ireland in 1732; d. in Lancaster county, Pa., 29 Jan., 1801. At an early age he emigrated to this country with his parents, who settled near Elkton, Md. He was graduated at the College of Philadelphia in 1757, and became tutor there, while he studied theology with Dr. Francis Alison. He was licensed by the presbytery of Philadelphia in 1758, ordained in 1759, and appointed to the destitute settlements of Virginia and Carolina. In 1761 he became pastor of a church in Deep Run, Bucks co., Pa., but he re- signed in 1770 to accept the charge of Chestnut Level, Lancaster co.. Pa. Here he established a school, which was acquiring celebrity when its progress was arrested by the Revolution. During the war he served as soldier and chaplain in the American army. He published several sermons and a pamphlet showing that the principal sub- jects of psalmody should be taken from the gospel. LATTA, Samuel Arminius, clergyman, b. in Muskingum county, Ohio, 8 April, 1804 ; d. in Cin- cinnati, Ohio, 28 June, 1852. His father removed to Champaign county, near Urbana, Ohio, where his house was a resort for pioneer Methodist preach- ers. The son first studied medicine, was licensed, and practised for three years, during which time he read theology. He then became a local preacher in the Methodist church, and for several years practised both professions. In 1829 he joined the Ohio conference, and was appointed to the mission of St. Clair, Mich. In 1830 he was stationed at Cincinnati, and in 1831 he was travelling agent for the American colonization society. In 1837 he was agent for Augusta college, Ohio, and in 1840 re- tired from active work in the church, owing to impaired health. He then removed to Cincinnati, where he resumed his medical practice. The de- gree of M. D. was conferred on him by the Medical college of Ohio in 1846. He was the author of a small medical work and " The Chain of Sacred Wonders " (2 vols., Cincinnati, 1851-2). LATTIMEB, Henry, senator, b. in Newport, Del., 24 April, 1752 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa,, 19 Dec, 1819. He studied medicine in Philadelphia and in Edinburgh, and on his return to this coun- try practised until 1777, when he was appointed, with Dr. James Tilton, surgeon of the flying hos- pital. After the war he resumed his practice, but abandoned it in 1794. He was a member of the state house of representatives, and was elected to congress from Delaware, as a Federalist, serving from 14 Feb., 1794, till 28 Feb.. 1795, when he be- came U. S. senator, in place of George Read, and served until 3 March. 1801. LATTOIORE, Saninel Allan, chemist, b. in Union county, Ind., 31 May, 1828. He was gradu- ated at IndianawAsbury (now Depauw) university in 1850. and continued as tutor of languages in that institution for two years, becoming in 1852 profes- sor of Greek. In 1860 he was elected professor of chemistry in Genesee college, and in 1867 was called to fill a similar chair in the University of Roches- ter, where he has since remained, and now (1887) is director of the Reynolds laboratory. Prof. Lat- timore has also held the offices of chemist to the New York state board of health since 1881. and to the New York state dairv commission since 1886, LATTO LAUGHLIN 629 in which capacities he has accomplished much analytical work tending to the exposure of frauds in various food-products. He has received the degree of Ph. D. from Iowa Wesleyan university and from Depauw university in 1873, and that of LL. D. from Hamilton in the same year. Prof. Lattimore is a member of scientific societies, but his publications have been confined to official re- ports on chemical subjects. LATTO, Thomas Carstairs, poet, b. in Kings- barn, Fifeshire, Scotland, 1 Dec, 1818. After re- ceiving an elementary education from his father, Alexander Latto, the parish school-master, he en- tered the University of St. Andrews, but was not graduated. In 1838 he went to Edinburgh, and was employed as parliament-house and convey- ancing clerk in the office of John Hunter, auditor of the court of sessions. After serving as a clerk for several years in Edinburgh and Dundee he entered into business in Glasgow in 1852, and then came to New York, where he was a founder of the " Scottish American Journal." He was connected with the publishing-house of Ivison and Co., of New York, for eleven years, and in 1871 became a real-estate agent in Brooklyn, where he now (1887) resides. Mr. Latto's principal work, " The Village- School Examination," is still in manuscript. The poems that he has contributed to periodicals in- clude " When we were at the Schule." " The Blind Lassie," " The Grave of Sir Walter Scott," and "Lines on J. Fenimore Cooper." See Wilson's " Poets and Poetrv of Scotland " (New York, 1876). L'AUBERIVIERE, Francis Louis de Ponr- roy de (lobe'-ree'-vyair), Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in Attigny, France, in 1711 ; d. in Quebec in 1741. He belonged to a noble family, and possessed very great wealth, which he intended to spend in estab- lishing institutions of religion and charity in Can- ada. He was consecrated bishop of Quebec in Paris in 1739, and embarked for Canada. During the voyage a contagious disease broke out on board, and his attendance upon the sick produced the malady of which he died. When he arrived in Quebec in 1740, a report was spread that he had wrought miracles on board ship, which caused him to be received with great enthusiasm. Before he had time to become acquainted with his flock he was attacked by the fever that proved fatal. It was claimed that miracles were wrought at his tomb, which is still visited by Canadian Catholics, who have faith in the power of his intercession. LAUDERDALE, James, soldier, b. in Virginia about 1780 ; d. near New Orleans, La., 23 Dec, 1814. Early in this century he removed to west Tennessee. He became major in Gen. John Cof- fee's cavalry regiment of volunteers in 1813, and lieutenant-colonel in his brigade of mounted gun- men. While serving under Gen. Andrew Jackson in the battle of Talladega, Ala., with the Creek Indians, he was wounded. In 1814 he became a colonel and was killed in the first battle of New Orleans. Several counties and towns in the south- ern states are named in his honor. LAUDONNIERE, Rene _ de (lo'-don'-yair'), French colonist, b. in France in the 16th century ; d. there after 1586. He professed the Reformed religion and accompanied Ribault, who was sent by Coligny in 1562 to found a colony in Florida, which might serve as an asylum for the French Hugue- nots. This expedition failed, and Laudonniere was charged in 1564 with the direction of a new one. Three vessels were given to him, and Charles IX. made him a present of 50,000 crowns. He took with him skilful workmen and several young gen- tlemen, who asked permission to follow him at their own expense. He landed in Florida on 22 June, and was well received by the natives. The next day he sailed up the river Mai, and began the erection of a fort, to which he gave the name of Caroline, in honor of King Charles. The young gentlemen that had accompanied him voluntarily soon complained of being forced to labor at the fortifications like ordinary workmen. Fearing that they would excite a mutiny, he sent the most tur- bulent of them back to France on one of his ves- sels. But the spirit of revolt increased among the new cdlonists, and he removed part of them from the fort and sent them to explore the country under the orders of his lieutenant. A few day's afterward some sailors fled, taking with them the two boats that had been employed in procuring provisions, and finally others, who had left France solely with the view of making their fortunes rap- idly, seized one of his ships and went cruising in the Gulf of Mexico. In this condition of affairs Laudonniere could no longer count on securing the possession of Florida to France. Moreover, the savages, who had been rendered discontented by deserters, refused to supply the colonists with provisions any longer, and they were soon threat- ened with famine. They lived for some time on acorns and roots, and when they were at the last extremity they were saved by the arrival of Capt. John Hawkins, 3 Aug., 1565. He supplied them with provisions, and sold one of his ships to Lau- donniere, in which the latter purposed returning to France. He was waiting for a favorable wind to set sail, when Jean Ribault arrived with seven vessels, and informed Laudonniere that his loyalty was suspected by the French court, and that he had been deprived of the governorship of Florida. This intelligence only made him the more eager to reach France in order to justify himself. His de- parture, however, was delayed by the appearance of a Spanish fleet, under the command of Don Pedro Menendez. Ribault sailed out to meet the Spanish fleet, leaving Laudonniere, who was sick, in the fort with about a hundred men, scarcely twenty of whom were capable of bearing arms. The Spaniards who succeeded in landing above the fort profited by the departure of Ribault, and carried it by storm. They massacred all the sick, as well as the women and children, and hanged such of the soldiers as fell into their hands. Lau- donniere, after vainly trying to delay the capture of the fort, cut his way through the Spaniards and plunged into the woods, where he found some of his soldiers that had escaped the massacre of their companions. He revived their courage, and, putting himself at their head, led them to the sea- shore during the night. Here he found a son of Ribault with three vessels. Laudonniere embarked on board of one of them with the intention of join- ing Ribault, but his ship was driven on the English coast. He stayed some time in Bristol to recruit his health, and then returned to France in 1566. He was coldly received at court, and spent the rest of his life in retirement. He wrote "L'histoire notable de la Floride, contenant les trois voyages faits en icelles par des capitaines et pilotes fran- cais " (Paris, 1586). LAUGrHLIN, James, donor, b. in Belfast, Ire- land, in 1806; d. in Pittsburg, Pa„ 18 Dec, 1882. He came to this country in his youth, and en- tered mercantile life, in which he was successful. For many years he was an elder in the Presbyte- rian church, and gave largely to its charities. He was president of the board of trustees of the Penn- sylvania female college from its foundation in 1869, and was one of its liberal patrons. He con- 630 LAUGHLIN LAURENS tributed about $50,000 to the Western theological seminary in Pittsburg, Pa. LAUGHLIN, James Laurence, political econo- mist, b. in Deerfield, Ohio. 2 April, 1850. He was graduated at Harvard with the highest honors in 1873, after which he taught in Boston for five years. In 1878 he was appointed instructor in po- litical economy in Harvard, and in 1883 he became professor of this branch. In 1876 he received the degree of Ph. D. from Harvard, presenting a the- sis on " Anglo-Saxon Legal Procedure," which was published in "Essays of Anglo-Saxon Law" (Bos- ton. 1876). He is a member of the International institute of statistics, and other societies, and is correspondent for the "Vierteljahrsehrift fur Volks- wirthschaf t," of Berlin. He has contributed reviews and papers upon economic and political subjects to periodicals, and published a new edition of John Stuart Mill's " Principles of Political Economy," abridged, with bibliographical, explanatory, and critical notes, and a sketch of the historv of politi- cal economy (New York, 1884; 3d ed., 18*86) ; " The Study of Political Economy: Hints to Students and Readers" (1885); "The Historv of Bimetal- lism in the United States " (1885) ; and " The Ele- ments of Political Economy, with Some Applica- tions to Questions of the Day " (1887). LAUMAN, Jacob Gartner, soldier, b. in Taney- town, Md., 20 Jan., 1813 ; d. in Burlington, Iowa, in February, 1867. His early days were spent in York county, Pa., and he was educated at the academy there. In 1844 he removed to Burling- ton, Iowa, where he engaged in commerce. He was commissioned colonel of the 7th Iowa regi- ment in July, 1861, served under Gen. Grant in Missouri, and was severely wounded at Belmont, 7 Nov., 1861. At Fort Donelson, where he com- manded a brigade, he was one of the first to storm and enter the enemy's works. For his services on this occasion he was made brigadier-general of vol- unteers on 21 March, 1862. Gen. Lauman com- manded a brigade in Gen. Hurlbut's division at the battle of Shiloh, 6 and 7 April, 1862, and a division at the siege of Vicksburg. He was relieved by Gen. William T. Sherman after the capture of Jackson, Miss., 16 Julv, 1863, and returned to Iowa, LAUNITZ, Robert Eberhard, sculptor, b. in Riga, Russia, 4 Nov., 1806 ; d. in New York city, 13 Dec, 1870. His father, a German sculptor, studied under Thorwaldsen, whom he assisted in restoring the iEginetan marbles. The son also studied under Thorwaldsen, and, settling in New York in 1828, became the first instructor of Thomas Crawford. He was made a member of the National academy, and has been called the father of monu- mental art in America. Among his productions are the Pulaski monument in Savannah, Ga., the Battle monument in Frankfort, Ky., the monu- ment to Gen. George H. Thomas in Troy, N. Y., and other similar works, many of which are in Greenwood cemetery. LAURENS, Henry, statesman, b. in Charleston, S. C, in 1724; d. there, 8 Dec, 1792. His ances- tors were Huguenots, who had left France at the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He was edu- cated in Charleston and became clerk in a count- ing-house there, from which he was transferred to a similar house in London in order to acquire a thorough business education. Upon his return he engaged in mercantile pursuits and acquired a fortune. He was conspicuous in his oiDposition of British aggression, and had frequent contests with the crown judges, especially in respect to their de- cisions in marine law and in the courts of admi- ralty, and the pamphlets that he published against tPfc^^y tS^tvutS^^S these measures gave evidence of great legal ability. He also served in a military campaign against the Cherokees, of which he left a diary in manuscript. Retiring from business, he went to*England in 1771 to superintend the education of his sons, and travelled through Great Britain and on the continent. While in London he was one of the thirty-eight Americans who signed a petition in 1774 to dissuade parliament from passing the Bos- ton port bill, He returned to Charles- ton in that year, was a member of the 1st Provincial congress there in 1775, and drew up a form of association to be signed by all the friends of liberty. He also became pres- ident of the council of safety. In 1776 he was made vice- president of South Carolina under the new constitution and elected a delegate to the Continental con- gress, of which he became president after the resig- nation of John Hancock, serving from 1 Nov., 1777, till 10 Dec, 1778. In 1779 he was appointed minister to Holland to negotiate a treaty that had been unofficially proposed to William Lee by Yan Berckel, pensionary of Amsterdam. He sailed on the packet " Mercury," which was captured by the British frigate " Vestal," of twenty-eight guns, off Newfoundland. Mr. Laurens threw his papers overboard ; but they were recovered, and gave evidence of his mission. The refusal of Holland to punish Yan Berckel, at the dictation of Lord North's ministry, was instantly followed by war be- tween Great Britain and that country. Mr. Lau- rens was taken to London, examined before the privy council, and imprisoned in the Tower, on 6 Oct., 1780, on " suspicion of high treason," for nearly fifteen months, during which his health was greatly impaired. He was ill when he entered, but no medical attendance was provided, and it was more than a year before he was granted pen and ink to draw a bill of exchange to provide for himself. But he obtained a pencil, and frequent communications were carried by a trusty person to the outside world, and he even corresponded with American newspapers. When his son John appeared in Paris in 1781 to negotiate a loan with France,. Mr. Laurens was informed that his confinement would be the more rigorous because the young man had openly de- clared himself an enemy to the king and his coun- try. It was suggested that if Mr. Laurens would advise his son to withdraw from his commission, such action would be received with favor at the British court ; but he replied that his son was a man who would never sacrifice honor, even to save his father's life. Laurens received attention from many friends, among whom was Edmund Burke. Twice he refused offers of pardon if he would serve the British ministry. While a pris- oner he learned of his son- John's death in a skir- mish in South Carolina, and on 1 Dec, 1781, he addressed a petition to the house of commons, in which he said that he had striven to prevent a rupture between the crown and colonies, and asked for more liberty. He was soon afterward exchanged for Lord Cornwallis and commissioned LAURENS LAURENT 631 by congress one of the ministers to negotiate peace. He then went to Paris, where, with John Jay and Benjamin Franklin, he signed the preliminaries of the treaty, 30 Nov.. 1782, and was instrumental in the insertion of a clause prohibiting, on the British evacuation, the " carrying away any negroes or other property of the inhabitants." On his return to Charleston he was welcomed with enthusiasm and offered many offices, which his impaired health forced him to decline. He retired to his plantation near Charleston and devoted his life to agriculture. His will concluded with this request : " I solemnly enjoin it on my son, as an indispensable duty, that, as soon as he conveniently can, after my decease, he cause my body to be wrapped in twelve yards of tow-cloth and burned until it be entirely consumed, and then, collecting my bones, deposit them wherever he may think prop- er." This was the first cremation in this country. Some of Laurens's political papers have been pub- lished in the collections of the South Carolina his- torical society, and his rebus letter to Lord George Gordon is reprinted in the " Magazine of American History " (December, 1884). — His son, John, sol- dier, b. in South Carolina about 1756 ; d. there, 27 Aug., 1782, was educated in England. At the opening of the Revolution he returned home, joined the army, and becoming aide to Washing- ton, was frequently his secretary, and his chief medium of communication with the foreigners in the service. His first essay in arms was at Brandy- wine, 11 Sept., 1777, and it is said that he partici- pated in every action of the army that Washington commanded. After the battle of Monmouth, 28 June, 1778, he shot Gen. Charles Lee in a duel for disrespectful language to his commander. Lee afterward said of his opponent : " How hand- somely the young fellow behaved ! I could have hugged him." At the battle of Germantown he was severely wounded in the attempt to expel the British from the Chew house. On the appearance of the enemy in the south he repaired to Charleston and became attached to the militia force of Gen. Moultrie, who was watching the movements of the British in Georgia, and when Gen. Prevost made a demonstration against Charleston with a force of 5,000 men, Laurens did good service in skirmishing and covering defiles. At the pass of Coosawhatchie, at the head of about 20 regulars and 200 militia, he met Prevost, and was again wounded, escaping with his life by the gallantry of a subordinate officer. Subsequently, when the combined French and American forces under D'Estaing and Lincoln attempted to take Savannah, Laurens led the light infantry and was one of the first to mount the British works. He was also active in the de- fence of Charleston when it was besieged by Sir Henry Clinton. After its fall he rejoined Gen. Washington, and was sent by him to France to ob- tain money and supplies, arriving there early in the spring of 1781. Impatient of the delay of the French ministry, he finally, in defiance of precedent, demanded and obtained an audience with the king in person, and on the next day was officially informed that the required aid would be given. He returned to this country in August and re- ceived a vote of thanks from congress for his ser- vices. In three days after he reached Philadelphia he finished his business with congress, and had re- joined the American army. With Dr. Franklin, the Count de Vergennes, and the Marquis de Cas- tries, he arranged a plan for the campaign of 1781. At the siege of Yorktown he captured one of the two redoubts that were stormed, receiving in person the sword of the commander. When operations had ceased in the north he joined the army of the south under Greene, and by his ac- tivity checked every effort of the British garrison in Charleston, and confined them for many months to the walls of the city. Hearing of an enter- prise against a strong marauding force of the British, who were engaged in ravaging the planta- tions along the Combahee, Laurens, who had been ill, eagerly sought its command. By hard riding he overtook the brigade, and on the next day led his troops to a point where the British lay in am- bush, having been advised of the proposed attack. Laurens was slain at their first fire. " Poor Lau-* rens ! " wrote Gen. Greene, " has fallen in a paltry little skirmish. You knew his temper, and I pre- dicted his fate. The love of military glory made him seek it upon occasions unworthy his rank. The state will feel his loss." " He had not a fault that I could discover," wrote Washington, " unless it were intrepidity bordering upon rashness." He was also an intimate friend of Alexander Hamil- ton. His daring won for him from his comrades the title of the " Bayard of the Revolution." He once refused an unusual advance of grade that was offered him by congress, lest it should awaken jealousy and injure the service. He urged upon his father the employment of negroes in the army of the south, but the latter opposed the policy in a letter that is still extant. His correspondence was published for the Bradford club, with a memoir by William Gilmore Simms (New York, 1867). LAURENT, Cornelius Baldran (also called De Graff), Dutch buccaneer, b. in Dordrecht, Holland, in the latter half of the 17th century. He was at first in the Spanish service and fought against the buccaneers, but, having been captured by the latter, joined them and soon became one of their chiefs. He excited such terror in the Span- ish-American colonies that a prayer was inserted in the public service asking to be delivered from the wrath of " Laurencillo," the name by which he was known among the Spaniards. In 1683 there were about 1,200 buccaneers under the joint com- mand of Laurent and Van de Horn (q. v.). They had altogether seven vessels fully armed. Laurent and Horn commanded each a frigate of fifty guns. With this force they sailed to Vera Cruz, sur- prised the city during the night, took the princi- pal inhabitants prisoners, and held them for ran- som. A rescue was attempted by forces from the interior, and the buccaneers were forced to aban- don some of their captives, though they succeeded in getting more than 1,000 on board their vessels. Then a dispute arose on the subject of a division of the booty, which amounted to over $1,000,000, and a duel was fought between Horn and Laurent, resulting in the wounding of the former. The quarrel of the chiefs soon spread among the sail- ors, who would have come to blows if Laurent had not hastened to share the booty and prisoners among them. He then set sail with the greater part of the ships and arrived at Goave. on the west coast of Santo Domingo. The expedition to Vera Cruz having taken place in spite of the prohibition of the French government, Laurent, although well received by the inhabitants of Santo Domingo, was not allowed to appear in public. He resumed his operations in 1684, and took two frigates and a sloop off Carthagena on 23 Dec. He was then in- trusted by the governor of Santo Domingo with the task of transporting the royal commissioner to the Windward islands. From 1685 till 1688 he was engaged in various enterprises both in the Antilles and on the Atlantic coast. The king of France made him governor of Avache island, and he also 632 LAURIE LAUSSAT received orders to attack the pirates that were ravaging the southern coast of Santo Domingo. He discharged this duty with a firmness and jus- tice that gained him the respect of the Spaniards and English, and in a short time the territory un- der his control grew populous and prosperous. In 1691 trouble arose in the colony of Santo Domingo, and Laurent was summoned to its defence in 1692. He raised a body of over 2,000 of his followers, and the mere rumor of his approach caused the Span- iards to retreat after advancing within fifteen leagues of the cape. In 1693 he rendered still more important services to the colony, which was again threatened by the Spaniards. When Jamai- ca was attacked in 1694, Laurent, sword in hand, carried the important post of Ouatirou and was instrumental in the success of the French. The English now united with the Spaniards, and, a united attack being made on several points in San- to Domingo, Laurent, who was now lieutenant of the king, was charged with the defence of Port-du- Paix and the interior of the country. On this oc- casion he exhibited an indolence by which his ene- mies profited. The cape was taken and the French army obliged to retreat from Port-du-Paix. Lau- rent's wife fell into the hands of the Spaniards, who held her prisoner for many years in Santo Domingo, and released her only on the reiterated demands of the court of France. Although Lau- rent was intrusted with other missions, his con- duet in the affair of Port-du-Paix finally lost him his post ; but he was appointed captain of a frigate, and was frequently employed in piloting fleets in the Gulf of Mexico and the Antilles on account of his knowledge of these seas. LAURIE, James, clergyman, b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, 11 Feb., 1778 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 18 April, 1853. He was educated at the Univer- sity of Edinburgh and licensed to preach in 1800. About 1802 the Rev, John M. Mason, who was then in Scotland, urged him to emigrate to the United States and enter the service of the Associate Re- formed church. This denomination had formed a new congregation in Washington, D. C, of which Mr. Laurie was installed pastor in June, 1803. For several years he preached in the old treasury build- ing, which was burned by the British in 1814. He labored to build a church, and travelled from Bos- ton, Mass., to Savannah to solicit aid with such success that in 1807 a brick edifice was opened for service, which was the second Protestant church in Washington. He held charge of this pastorate for forty-six years, and was also employed in the treas- ury, holding office till his death. Williams gave him the degree of D. D. in 1815. LAURIE, James, civil engineer, b. in Bells Quarry, Scotland, 9 May, 1811 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 16 March, 1875. He was a maker of philo- sophical instruments, and followed that business abroad until 1832, when he came to the United States with James P. Kirkwood, and was associated with him in the location of various railroads. Sub- sequently he became chief engineer in charge of the construction of the Norwich and Worcester railroad, and later of the New Jersey Central rail- road. Mr. Laurie was employed on surveys of rail- roads in Nova Scotia, and as consulting engineer for the state of Massachusetts on the Hoosac tun- nel. He then turned his attention to bridge-con- struction, and built the wrought-iron bridge across the Connecticut river at Windsor Locks, which was one of the first of its kind in the United States. Thereafter he was employed chiefly as a consulting engineer concerning bridges, on which he was re- garded as the highest authority in this country up to the time of his death. Mr. Laurie was active in promoting the formation of the American society of civil engineers in 1852, and he was elected the first president of that society, which office he held continuously until 1867. LAURIE, John Wimburn, British soldier, b. in London, 1 Oct., 1835. He was graduated at the Royal military college at Sandhurst in 1853. He entered the army as an ensign in September, 1853, was promoted lieutenant-colonel in 1860, colonel in 1862, and major-general in September, 1882. He was inspector and commander of the military dis- trict of Nova Scotia in 1862-'80, and of the district of British Columbia in 1880-1. Gen. Laurie served through the Crimean campaign in 1854-'6, and was twice wounded, and, as a staff officer, was with the field force in central India during the Sepoy rebel- lion in 1858-60. He also served in the Transvaal campaign in South Africa in 1881, in the north- west Canadian half-breed rebellion, was major- general commanding lines of communication in 1885, and as Red cross commissioner in the Servo- Bulgarian war of 1885-6. Gen. Laurie, in addition to other decorations, has received the Turkish order of Medjidie, the Servian order of St. Gava, and the Red cross of Servia for saving life. He owns a large landed property at Oakfield, Halifax co., Nova Scotia, and in the intervals of his military career has been an experimenter on a large scale in agricultural science and practice, and lectures fre- quently on agricultural and military subjects. LAURIE, Thomas, missionary, b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, 19 May, 1821. He came to the United States in 1830 and sailed from Boston as mission- ary to the Mountain Nestorians, returning in 1846 on account of impaired health. He was the author of " Dr. Grant and the Mountain Nestorians " (Bos- ton, 1853 ; 2d ed., 1856). LAURIER, Wilfrid, Canadian statesman, b. in St. Lin, Quebec, 20 Nov., 1841. He was edu- cated at L'Assomption college, graduated in law at McGill university in 1864, and admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in 1865. He represented Drum- mond and Arthabaska in the Quebec assembly from 1871 till January, 1874, when he resigned, and was elected to the Dominion parliament. He was appointed minister of inland revenue in the Mackenzie government in September, 1877, which place he held till the resignation of the government in 1878. He was defeated in Drummond and Arthabaska upon appealing to his constituents, but was elected immediately afterward for Quebec, East. He was re-elected in 1878, 1882, and at the last general election, 22 Feb., 1887. Soon after this election Edward Blake retired from the leadership of the Liberal party in Canada, and M. Laurier was chosen to succeed him. The choice did not prove satisfactory to many of the Liberals, and by the majority of the party it was regarded as merely temporary. He was violently outspoken in his de- nunciation of the execution of Louis Riel, and de- manded the latter s exemption from punishment, not upon the plea of his innocence or irresponsi- bility, but simply on the ground of his nationality. M. Laurier is the leader of the " Rouge " or French Canadian section of the Liberal party in the Do- minion. He at one time edited " Le Defricheur," is an earnest advocate of temperance, and was a. delegate to the Dominion prohibitory convention at Montreal in 1875. LAUSSAT, Antony, lawver, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1806; d. there, 2 Nov., 1833. His parents, Pierre Antoine and Jane de Laussat, were from Navarre. When the father became a citizen of the United States, he dropped the prefix from his LAUTARO LAVAL 633 name. The son was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1821, studied law under Peter Duponceau, and was admitted to the bar, 1 Feb., 1827. Before this he had become a member of the law academy of Philadelphia, where most of the young lawyers of that day were trained. While yet a student, he wrote " An Essay on Equity in Pennsylvania" (Philadelphia, 1826), which at- tracted much attention, was published by order of the academy, and received high praise from Chan- cellor Kent and Chief-Justice Marshall. Judge George Sharswood, in an address before the law academy, said he had heard that Lord Brougham once remarked to an American lawyer : " If your law students produce such masterly treatises, your lawyers must be men of unusual learning." Mr. Laussat also edited Fonblanque's " Equity " (Phila- delphia, 1831 ; Brookfield, 1835). LAUTARO, or LATUR (low-tah'-ro), Arauca- nian chief, b. in the valley of Tucapel in 1537 ; d. in Mataquito in December, 1556. He belonged to the noble order of Ulmenes. In one of the hostile incursions of Gen. Valdivia he was taken prisoner, employed as Valdivia's page, and baptized with the name of Felipe Diaz. On 3 Dec, 1553, the toqui Caupolican was in great peril of losing the battle of Tucapel, but at the moment when his army was almost defeated, young Lautaro, who was with the Spanish garrison, deserted their lines, and, grasping a lance, turned against them, shout- ing to his countrymen to follow him to victory. The Spaniards were defeated and the fort of Tuca- pel destroyed. As soon as Valdivia, who was in Concepcion, heard this news he marched with all the forces he could gather, and on 1 Jan., 1554, en- countered the Araucanians near the ruins of Tu- capel. The Indians, by the advice of Lautaro, at- tacked Valdivia with different bodies successively, so that they always presented fresh forces. The Spaniards were defeated, Valdivia made prisoner, and, notwithstanding the entreaties of Lautaro, killed, after suffering cruel tortures. After this victory the Araucanian national assembly appoint- ed Lautaro lieutenant-toqui, and commander of a second army, with which he intrenched himself in the mountains of Mariguenu. In 1554. in this place, he defeated Gen. Villagra and captured a large number of prisoners, horses, and six pieces of artillery. In the same year he took possession of the fortress of Concepcion, plundered it, set the city on fire, and levelled its forts, and in 1555 he destroyed the city a second time. In 1556, at the head of 600 picked men, he set out for Santiago with the intention of taking possession of it. On the banks of the river Claro he defeated the Span- ish forces four times ; but toward the end of the year he met his death, Gen. Villagra, who was guided by a friendly Indian over an obscure and generally unknown road, having surprised and defeated him at night in his camp. LAUZON, Jean de, governor of New France, b. in France in 1582. He was the intendant of the company of the Cent associes in 1627. In 1642 he was engaged in furthering the restoration of Que- bec to France, and he subsequently procured the cession of Montreal to M. de la Dauversiere. In 1651 he became the fourth governor of New France, continuing in office for five years. The chief events of his administration were the nego- tiation of a treaty of peace with the Iroquois, es- pecially with the Mohawks, the arrival of a strong re-enforcement for Montreal, and the establishment of a mission among the Onondagas. He was the friend and protector of the Jesuits, and confided to them the conversion of the savages. LAUZUN, Armand Louis de GJontaut, Due de, French soldier, b. in Paris, 15 April, 1747; d. there, 31 Dec, 1793. In consequence of his having published a pamphlet entiled " L'etat de defense de l'Angleterre," he was given the command of an expedition against Senegal, Gambia, and other English settlements on the African coast, which he captured early in 1779. Greatly reduced in pecuniary resources through dissipation, he determined to join La- fayette and enlist in the American army. On his arrival in the United States, he was warmly welcomed by the Con- tinental leaders, and given the command of a troop of 500 cavalry, which became known as " Lauzun's legion." He took part in the siege of Yorktown and in the attack on New York in 1781. His handsome face and fine figure, his talents, his wit, and his bravery won him the friend- ship of those who ab- horred his profligacy. He returned to France in 1783, became Due de Biron in 1788, was a delegate to the states-gen- eral, and a confidant and secret agent of Philippe Egalite. On 9 July, 1792, he was appointed com- mander-in-chief of the Army of the Rhine. In 1793, on account of the machinations of secret agents, who incited his troops to insubordina- tion, he laid his resignation before the committee of public safety. The latter refused to accept it, and appealed to his patriotism. He withdrew it for the time, captured Saumur, and defeated the Vendean army under the walls of Parthenay, but afterward insisted that he should be relieved of his command. Various charges, including that of being too lenient with the Vendeans, were then brought against him. and he was removed from his command without being allowed a hearing, imprisoned at Abbaye, brought before the revo- lutionary tribunal on 31 Dec, and condemned to death on the pretext that he had conspired against the republic. On the scaffold Lauzun pro- fessed to be thoroughly disgusted with life. A moment before his execution he said, turning to his companions in misfortune : " All is over, gentle- men ; I am about to start on the long journey." Then, handing a glass of wine to the executioner, " Take it," he said : " you need courage in prosecut- ing a trade like yours." See ,; Memoires de M. le due de Lauzun " (2 vols., Paris, 1822). LAVAL, Antony J. de, clergyman, b. in Ly- ons, France, in the 17th century; *d. in France in 1758. He was a Jesuit, and appears to have been for some time a missionary in Louisiana. He wrote " Voyage de la Louisiane, en 1720-1728, dans lequel on ti'aite plusieurs matieres de physique, astrono- mie, geographie et marine." LAVAL, Jacint, soldier, b. about 1762 ; d. in Harper's Ferry, Va., 2 Sept., 1822. He came to this country as cornet of dragoons in Rocham- beau's army. Subsequently he was sheriff of Charleston, S. C, and was appointed captain of dragoons in the U. S. army, 3 May, 1809. He be- 634 LAVALETTE LAVAL-MONTMORENCY came major, 15 Feb., 1809, lieutenant-colonel of the 1st light dragoons, 7 June, 1813, and colonel. 1 Aug., 1813. From 21 May, 1821, until his death he held the post of military storekeeper. LAY ALETTE, Antoirie de, clergyman, b. in France, 21 Oct., 1707. The place and date of his death are unknown. He became a member of the Society of Jesus in Toulouse, 10 Oct., 1725, was or- dained priest in 1740, and in 1741 sent as mission- ary to the island of Martinique. In 1754 he was named superior-general of all the Jesuit missions ' in the French possessions in Central and South America. He was accused about the same time of engaging in commerce, contrary to the canon law, and summoned to Paris for trial ; but his defence was undertaken by the authorities in Martinique, and the matter was allowed to drop for the time. His conduct afterward was one of the causes that led to the downfall of his order. His mission was heavily in debt, and to restore it to financial prosperity he made extensive purchases of land in Dominica, and engaged in various commercial ven- tures, borrowing large sums of money when these proved unsuccessful. When Ricci, the Jesuit gen- eral, was informed of this, in 1757, he sent three visitors to Martinique, all of whom met with mis- haps that prevented them from arriving. At last, in the spring of 1762, the fourth visitor, Father de la Marche, reached the island, and organized a tribunal of the principal fathers of the mission, before whom Lavalette appeared. He was con- demned and suspended from all ecclesiastical functions until their report was laid before the general of the order in Rome. Lavalette signed a confession declaring that he alone was guilty, and after his confession he went to England, where he was notified of his expulsion from the society by the Jesuit general. Lavalette gave information to his superiors by which it appeared his debts amounted to 2,400,000 livres. The French Jesuits were making an effort to settle with the creditors when the case was brought before the courts, the whole society was held responsible for the debt, and a decree was issued for the seizure of all their property. This rendered the society in France bankrupt, and led to the royal edict of November, 1764, which abolished the order in that country. LA YALETTE, Elie A. F., naval officer, b, in Virginia about 1790; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 18 Nov., 1862. He entered the. navy as a sailing- master on 25 June, 1812, was commissioned as a lieutenant on 9 Dec, 1814, promoted commander on 3 March, 1831, and became a captain on 23 Feb., 1840. He was a favorite with Com. Isaac Hull, and accompanied that officer when he took command of the Mediterranean squadron in 1837. In accordance with the recommendation of the re- tiring-board he was made a rear-admiral on the retired list on 16 July, 1862. LAYALLE, Juaii (lah-val'-yeh), Argentine sol- dier, b. in Buenos Ayres, 16 Oct., 1797 ; d. in Jujuy, 9 Oct., 1841. He entered the army at the age of sixteen, fought in 1814 and 1815 against Jose Artigas, and in 1817-18 in the battles of Chacabuco and Maipu. In 1820 he embarked for Peru with the forces that were sent by Buenos Ayres to aid the revolutionists. He was promoted major for gal- lantry in action, took command of his regiment at Moquegua, where its colonel was wounded, and effectively protected the retreat of the army. He returned to Buenos Ayres in 1823, and shared in the campaign against Brazil from 1825 up to the conclusion of peace in 1828. His conduct at the battle of Ituzaingo gained him the grade of coronel mayor. About this time he began to take part in politics, headed a revolt against Col. Dorrego; gov- ernor of Buenos Ayres and chief of the Federal- ists, and overturned his government. 1 Dec, 1828. The governor was again defeated at Xavarro, and Lavade, obtaining possession of his person by treachery, had him immediately shot. On 26 April,- 1829, Lavalle was defeated by Estanislo Lopez y Santa-Fe, and forced to withdraw from Buenos Ayres. In 1838 a French expedition was sent out against the dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas, and the city of Buenos Ayres was declared block- aded. Lavalle was chosen commander-in-chief of the forces of Uruguay, united to those of Corrien- tes, and marched on Buenos Ayres; but when within sight of the city he suddenly gave orders to re- treat to Sante-Fe. Rosas, who had been much alarmed by the approach of the enemy, sent his lieutenant, Oribe, to attack that city, and mean- while Lavalle learned that a treaty of peace had been signed between the French and the governor of Buenos Ayres, 29 Oct., 1840. He rejected the offer of an asylum and a pension that was made him by the French representative, and determined to continue the war against Rosas unaided. But he was pursued by a superior force, defeated at Quebracho-Herrado on 28 Nov., and again on the plains of Famailla, 19 Sept., 1841. With great difficulty he reached the capital of the province of Jujuy, escorted by about 100 soldiers, when he met a party of the enemy and was killed in a house where he had taken refuge. LAYALLEJA, Juan Antonio (lah-val-yay- hah), Uruguavan soldier, b. in Montevideo. 18 Julv, 1795; d. there, 23 Oct., 1853. He served in the army of his country during the war for independ- ence : but little is known of his career during those years. On 19 April, 1825, a company of pa- triots of Uruguay, under the command of Col. Lavalleja, landed hi Boca de Gutierrez, Uruguay, with the intention of freeing their country from Brazilian control. Four days afterward they de- feated the Brazilian forces under Gen. Laguna in San Salvador. On 29 May of the same year with other forces he surprised Gen. Rivera, who with all his men joined the popular side. On 12 Oct. he gained the battle of Sarandi, and on 23 May, 1826, the congress of the provinces of Rio de la Plata rewarded him and his comrades with pensions for life. In the battle of Ituzaingo, 20 Feb., 1827, he commanded a brigade of cavalry under Gen. Alvear and routed the left wing of the Brazilian army. In 1832 Gen. Lavalleja headed a revolu- tion against the first government of Uruguay, but was defeated and obliged to take refuge in Brazil on 20 Sept. of that year. He continued his plot- ting, and on 19 March, 1834, landed in Punt a Gorda, but was defeated and again obliged to take refuge in Brazil. He then retired from politics until the year 1853, when he was the chief member of the triumvirate that was appointed to govern the republic after the deposition of President Giro. LAYAL-MONTMORENCY, Francis Xavier de, first Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in Laval, France, 30 April, 1623; d. in Quebec. 6 May, 1708. He studied in the College of La Fleehe, and received the tonsure at the age of nine. The death of his eldest brother left him heir to the title and estates of his family, but he persevered in his intention of becoming a priest, resigned his rights in favor of a younger brother, and, after finishing his theologi- cal course in Paris, was ordained in 1646. He en- tered the Congregation of the Holy Virgin, and during a visit to Paris in the interests of this order he attracted the favorable notice of the queen mother. He was nominated by the king in 1657 LAVAL-MONTMORENCY LAVIALLE 635 for the see of Quebec ; but his consecration was de- layed, partly by the hostility of the archbishop of Rouen, who claimed jurisdiction over New France, and partly by the desire of the pope to establish a vicariate apostolic, depending immediately upon himself. A compromise was effected, and Laval was consecrated vicar apostolic of Quebec and bishop of Petrasa in partibus, 8 Dec, 1658. He reached Quebec, 16 June, 1659, and his authority was generally acknowledged. He organized par- ishes in Quebec and the neighborhood, and as more priests continued to arrive he relieved the Jesuits of their charges as pastors of parishes, and sent them to the Indian missions. He travelled through his vicariate shortly after his arrival, and in the journey he contracted the seeds of the dis- ease that finally forced him to resign his bishop- ric. Learning that there were hitherto unknown tribes north and west of Lake Huron, he took measures for supplying them with priests. Laval was for some time powerless to prevent the sale of liquor to the Indians by the French traders. At- tributing his want of success in dealing with this and other evils to the fact that Quebec was a vica- riate apostolic and not a titular bishopric, he went to France and laid the matter before the king, also asking that a chapter should be instituted and a seminary established, and proposing that a civil council should be formed for the protection of in- dividuals from the arbitrary power of the governor- generals. The king accepted these proposals, but his negotiations with the pope for the erection of Quebec into a titular bishopric did not succeed until some years afterward. Laval sailed for Canada in 1663 in company with Augustine de Mezy, who was appointed governor at his request. On his arrival he at once set about building the church of Quebec on the site of the chapel that had been erected by Champlain. It was finished in 1664. The new governor now quarrelled with Laval, and the latter procured his recall in 1665. Having founded a " grand seminaire " for the edu- cation of priests, Laval opened a " petit seminaire " as a preparatory college, 9 Oct., 1668. On the rec- ommendation of Jean Baptist Colbert he made an effort to erect schools and a college for the educa- tion of Indian children, but did not meet with suc- cess. In 1669 the liquor traffic with the Indians was renewed, and Laval excommunicated all that engaged in it or favored it. The governor. Daniel de Courcelles, believed himself included in the anathema, and complained bitterly of the bishop, but the latter was sustained by the French court. In 1670 the vicariate of Quebec was erected into a titular bishopric, and Laval returned to France in 1672 to obtain the bulls of consecration. He re- turned to Canada toward the end of 1675, and found that, notwithstanding his efforts, the liquor traffic with the Indians was carried on more open- ly than ever. Frontenac, the governor, had per- suaded Colbert that it aided the French in exer- cising an influence among the Indian tribes. After two years of protest Laval succeeded in obtaining a decree that regulated but did not prohibit it. In 1678 Laval laid the foundation of the Seminary of the holy family, which was to take the place of the two seminaries that he had founded before, and he gave all his property for its support. In 1682 he engaged in a dispute with the Recollets, which was ended by the recall of the more violent members of that order from Canada. These disorders and his feeble health decided him to resign his see, which he did in 1684, going to France for that purpose. Notwithstanding the efforts of his family to retain him at home, he sailed in 1688 for Canada, where he retired into the seminary that he had erected. His personal influence was still great. and, during the absence of Bishop Saint Vallier in 1691-2 and 1700-11, he co-operated with those that were intrusted with the administration of the diocese. His seminary was burned, 15 Nov., 1701, and again in October, 1705, after it had been re- built, and he passed his last days in a part of the building that the flames had spared. He was ven- erated as a saint after his death, and miracles were ascribed to his intercession. The Roman Catholic church in Canada has petitioned the pope for his canonization, and Laval university, Quebec, is named after him. His life has been written by Louis Bertrend (Cologne, 1751), and by an anony- mous author (Quebec, 1845). LAYAL - MONTMORENCY, Mathieu Paul Louis, Due de, soldier, b. in 1748; d. in Paris, France, 27 Dec, 1809. He was the son of the Comte de Laval-Montmorency, who became a mar- shal of France in 1747. The son commanded in the American Revolution, under Rochambeau, the " D'Auvergne " regiment, which was remarkable for the severity of its discipline. — His son, Mathieu Jean Felieite, soldier, b. in 1767; d. in 1826, served under his father's orders in this country, and was wounded in a naval action near Chesa- peake bay in 1781. In 1821 he became minister of foreign affairs in the French government. LAYERDIERE, Charles Houore, Canadian educator, b. in Chateau-Richer, Canada. 23 Oct., 1826 ; d. in Quebec, 27 March, 1873. He was or- dained as a Roman Catholic priest in August, 1851, became professor in the Seminary of Quebec, and was appointed librarian of Laval university on the establishment of that institution. While a stu- dent he founded and edited for several years " L Abeille," a college journal, to which he con- tributed many historical articles. He aided in the publication of three volumes of " Jesuit Relations " concerning early missions in Canada (Quebec, 1858) ; edited the voyages of Champlain, with notes and a biography (5 vols., 1870) ; the " Jour- nal des Jesuites " (1871) ; wrote a " Histoire du Canada " for schools ; an account of' " Notre Dame de Recouvrance d'Quebec " ; and " A la memoire du R. P. Ennemond Masse, S. J.," one of the earliest Jesuit missionaries, whose grave at Sillery he dis- covered and marked with a fine monument. He also edited several books of songs and hymns, in- cluding " Chansonniers des colleges," " Cantiques a l'usage des maisons d'education," three editions of the " Chants liturgique," " La semaine sainte," and " Le rituel Romain." LAYIALLE, Peter Joseph, R, C. bishop, b. in Lavialle, Auvergne, France, in 1820 ; d. in Naza- reth, Ky.. 11 May, 1867. He studied for the min- istry under the Sulpitian fathers, but, before he had reached the age for ordination, he was persuaded bv his relative, Bishop Chabret, to come to Ken- tucky. He reached Louisville in 1841, and soon afterward entered the diocesan seminary of St. Thomas near Bardstown. He was ordained priest in 1844, and from that time till 1849 was attached to the pastorate of the Cathedral of St. Louis, Louisville. He was then appointed professor in the Seminary of St. Thomas, was president of St. Mary's college. Marion county, from 1856 till 24 Sept., 1865, when he was consecrated bishop of Louisville. Bishop Lavialle examined into the condition of every congregation, religious house, and educational 'establishment under his juris- diction. He built four churches in the city of Louisville alone, and allowed himself no rest un- til his health was ruined. 636 LAVRADIO LAW LAYRADIO, Antonio de Almeida Soares e Portugal (lah-vrah'-dyo), Marquis de. governor of Brazil, b. in Lisbon, 27 June. 1729 ; d. in Oporto, 2 March, 1790. He entered the navy in 1747. and served in South America. In 1760 he became gov- ernor-general of Brazil, and during his administra- tion of twenty years he greatly improved the coun- try. He developed the culture of indigo and rice. arid introduced the first coffee-trees into the coun- try. He also endeavored to civilize the Indians in- stead of persecuting them like most of his prede- cessors, and founded villages in countries where formerly no European had dared to travel. Un- der his administration Brazil grew rich and pros- perous. He first conceived the idea of making the culture of the ipecacuanha-tree a source of profit to the country, and had thousands of them planted, thus opening to Brazil a new branch of trade. He also did much to ameliorate the condition of the poorer classes and to check the insolence of the aristocracy toward the people. Alfonso de Yarn- hagen, in* his " Historia geral do Brazil," praises him as a benefactor of the country, and his name has been given recently to one of the principal streets of Rio Janeiro. In 1781 he was relieved of his command in Brazil and appointed vice-admiral. In 1782 he commanded the Portuguese fleet in South America, and in the following year became president of the admiralty and privy councillor of the king, which post he held till his death. LAW, Andrew, psalmodist. b. in Cheshire, Conn., in 1748 ; d. there in July, 1821. About the beginning of the 19th century he began the issue of a periodical, the " Art of Singing."' It was in three parts, entitled, respectively, " Musical Primer,'' " Christian Harmony," and " Musical Magazine," and is thought to be the first musical periodical that was issued in this country. He endeavored to introduce a new system of notation without the five lines, and, failing in this, modified the system by restoring the five lines in a broken manner. The heads of the notes had peculiar shapes — square, diamond, half-diamond, and quarter-diamond, ac- cording to their value. He published li Musical Primer " (1780) ; " A Collection of the Best and most Approved Tunes and Anthems known to ex- ist" (Cheshire, 1782), which was subsequently com- bined with a second volume entitled " Christian Harmony " ; " Original Collection of Music " (Bal- timore, 1786) ; and " Rudiments of Music." LAW, George, financier, b. in Jackson, Wash- ington co., X. Y., 25 Oct., 1806 ; d. in New York city, 18 Nov., 1881. He left his father's farm at the age of eighteen to seek his fortune, walked to Troy, and applied for work in vain until he saw a hod-carrier fall from a high ladder, and took the place of the disabled man. He learned the trades of mason and stone-cutter while working on a house in Hoosic, obtained employment on the Dela- ware and Hudson canal in 1825, superintended the making of canal-locks at High Falls, went to the York mountains of Pennsylvania to quarry stone for locks, and was employed as a mechanic on canals till June, 1829, when he obtained a contract for a small lock and aqueduct on the Delaware and Hudson canal. Though his only early educa- tion had been obtained in the winter night-school, he employed all his leisure hours in study, and made himself a good engineer and draughtsman. He soon became a large contractor for the con- struction of railroads and canals. In August, 1837, he went to New York city, where one of his brothers was engaged in the construction of the Croton water-works. He obtained contracts for sections of the aqueduct, and in 1839 that for the High Bridge, by which it crosses Harlem river. In 1842 he undertook the management of the Dry Dock bank, and subsequently purchased and ex- tended the Harlem and Mohawk railroads. He bought the steamer " Neptune " in 1843, built the " Oregon " in 1845. assumed the contract to carry the U. S. mails to California, had the " Ohio " and the " Georgia " built, and in 1849 carried the first passengers by steamship to the Isthmus of Panama. In the same year High Bridge was completed. When the Pacific mail steamship company estab- lished a competing line between New York and Chagres, Mr. Law placed an opposition line of four steamers on the Pacific. In April, 1851, the rivalry was ended by his purchasing their steamers on the Atlantic side, and selling to them his new line from Panama to San Francisco. In 1852 he ac- quired a large interest in the projected Panama railroad, went to the isthmus to examine the route, and located the terminus at Aspinwall. where he began to build the railroad and steamship wharf and depot. In 1852 he purchased from the incor- porators the franchise of the Eighth avenue street- railroad in New York city, and completed it within thirty days. He sold his interest in the Panama railroad in the winter of 1853. He also built the Ninth avenue road, and purchased the steam ferry to Staten island, and Grand and Roosevelt street ferries between New York city and Brooklyn. In 1852 he had a contest with the Cuban captain- general, which brought him prominently into pub- lic notice. The Spanish official was incensed be- cause the purser of one of his vessels had published an offensive statement in a New York newspaper, and refused entrance to any vessel having him on board. The American government refused to sus- tain Mr. Law in his determination to send the " Crescent City " to Havana with the purser on board, and withdrew the mail when he persisted. He nevertheless despatched the steamship, and the captain-general failed to carry out his threat to fire on her. Mr. Law, who after this was called '• Live-Oak George," from a nickname bestowed on him by the workmen in his ship-yard, assailed the administration, which he accused of pusillanimity, in newspaper articles, and for his bold demonstra- tion of American prestige he was placed in nomi- nation in February, 1855, by the Pennsylvania legislature, as the Native American or Know- Nothing candidate for the presidency. He was supported by several journals, but the National convention in Philadelphia in 1856 chose Millard Fillmore, the president whom Law had attacked, to be the party candidate. LAW, John, Scotch financier, b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, in April, 1671 ; d. in Yenice. Italy, 21 May, 1729. He inherited the estate of Lauriston, applied himself to abstruse studies, especially finance, and at the same time became skilled in games of dexterity and hazard. After squander- ing his property he went to London, and gained a footing in fashionable society, but killed an an- tagonist in a duel in 1695, and escaped to France after sentence of death had been pronounced. He investigated the financial methods of Jean Baptiste Colbert, spent some time in Holland studying the mercantile system of that republic, and about 1700 returned to Scotland and proposed a system of credit-banking and paper money for the develop- ment of the agriculture and industry of the coun- try. His plan was presented in a publication en- titled " Money and Trade Considered, with a Pro- posal for Supplying the Nation with Money " (Edinburgh, 1705). The court party favored his scheme, but parliament passed a resolution against LAW LAW 637 the establishment of any kind of paper credit. He thereupon went to Paris, gained the favor of the Duke of Orleans, and sought to introduce his pro- ject to the attention of the government, but was expelled as a gambler. Then he broached the scheme in Genoa, Turin, Vienna, and at various German courts ; but it was every- where rejected. His fascinating manners gained him admission to court circles, and his success at the gaming- table supplied him with means. When the Duke of Orleans suc- ceeded to the regency, Law re- turned to France with a private fortune of $500,- 000 that he had made by gam- bling and specu- lation. The gov- ernment was on the verge of bankruptcy, and the debasement of the currency had produced disorder in mercantile business. The council of finance rejected his project of a national bank, and the replacement of the metallic currency by an irre- deemable one of paper. He was authorized, how- ever, to establish a private bank of issue, which was chartered in May, 1716, and soon obtained a vast business. Law then conceived the project of raising the credit of the state and satisfying a part of its creditors, and at the same time developing the resources of the recently explored Mississippi valley, by transferring that region to a company whose shares should be made exchangeable at par for government stock. In August, 1717, the Com- pany of the west, or West India company, was formed, and was endowed by the king with sover- eign and proprietary rights over the Mississippi valley, with power to construct forts, raise troops, fit out ships of war, establish courts of justice, and develop mines. The regent presented the company with the vessels, forts, and factories that Antoine Crozat had constructed, and gave it a monopoly of the fur-trade with Canada for twenty-five years. The capital of the company was fixed at 100,000,000 francs, divided into shares of 500 francs each. The government funds, which had fallen to one third of their face value, on being made exchange- able for the new stock, immediately rose to par. Subscribers were required to pay for one quarter of their stock in money, while for the remainder government bills of credit were accepted at their face value. The colonization of Louisiana was be- gun on a prodigal scale. Three vessels arrived with 800 emigrants on 25 Aug., 1718, and other bands followed ; yet few could endure the climate except hardy pioneers from Canada. The capital was named New Orleans, after the regent. Large sections of rich land were granted by the western company to corporations and individuals. Law received a prairie in Arkansas, and invested 1,500,- 000 francs in the colony. The regent, on 4 Dec, 1718, issued a decree transforming Law's banking establishment into a state bank, and guaranteeing its circulation. Bank-notes were issued until there were 1,000,000,000 francs in circulation in Decem- ber, 1719. The Company of the west in May, 1719, obtained the new monopoly of the commerce with Asia, Africa, and the South sea. whereupon the name was changed to the India company, and new stock was issued, the total number of shares in November, 1719, being 624,000. Law hoped to complete his system by having the company as- sume the financial administration of the state and pay off the public debt, and engaged with the pro- ceeds of the new shares to lend the king 1,600,000,- 000 francs at 3 per cent. The payment of the state debt with this loan, and the inflation of the cur- rency, caused a mania for speculation to take pos- session of the people of Paris. Land and all com- modities rose rapidly in price, and the shares of the India company at the end of November, 1719, sold for thirty-six or forty times their nominal value. The crisis lasted from the end of October, 1719, till the beginning of February, 1720. When the panic began, Law, who was appointed comp- troller-general on 5 Jan., 1720, attempted to sus- tain the inflated values by edicts declaring the value of the paper money to be five per cent, above that of specie, forbidding the payment of large sums in metallic money, and requiring holders of coin in excess of a certain amount to exchange it for bills. The prices of all things rose with the emission of additional paper money, but the shares in Law's company fell in the market. On 21 May, 1720, ha acknowledged partial bankruptcy by pro- claiming the gradual reduction of the value of bank-notes to one half of their face value, which corresponded with their actual exchange value. The system of inflated currency and fictitious stock, by which he had sought to relieve the French government of its great burden of debt, finally collapsed, its author was dismissed from his ministerial post, and in December, 1720, fled from France. He lived for some time in London, a pen- sioner on his friends, and passed his last years in poverty in Venice. With the downfall of Law, ex- penditures in Louisiana ceased. But the colony survived the loss of such aid, as well as subsequent dangers and disasters. See " Histoire du systeme des finances sous la minorite de Louis XV." (the Hague, 1739) ; John P. Wood's " Memoirs of the Life of John Law " (Edinburgh, 1824) ; " Law. son systeme et son epoque." by Andre Cochut (Paris, 1853) ; and " The Mississippi Bubble," from the French of Adolphe Thiers (New York, 1859). LAW, Jonathan, colonial governor, b. in Mil- ford, Conn., 6 Aug., 1674 ; d. 9 Nov., 1750. He was graduated at Harvard in 1695, studied law, and opened an office in Milford. In 1715 he was ap- pointed a judge of the supreme court of Connecti- cut, and in 1725 chief justice and lieutenant-gov- ernor. In 1741 he was chosen governor, and filled that office till his death. He opposed the preach- ing of George Whitefield and other revivalists, and signed an act prohibiting any itinerating clergy- man or exhorter from preaching in a parish with- out the express desire of the pastor or people, un- der which Rev. Samuel Finley and others were driven out as vagrants. — His son, Richard, jurist, b. in Milford, Conn., 17 March, 1733; d. in New London, Conn., 26 Jan., 1806, was graduated at Yale in 1751, studied law with Jared Ingersoll, was admitted to the bar at New Haven in 1754, and practised in New London. He won reputation in his profession, and was appointed a judge of the county court. He sat in the general assembly, was a member of the council from 1776 till 1786, and in 1777-'8 and 1781-'4 was a delegate to the old congress. After the return of peace he and Roger Sherman revised and codified the statute laws of Connecticut. In 1784 he was elevated to the su- 638 LAWLER LAWRENCE preme bench of the state, and in May, 1786, was appointed chief justice. On the organization of the Federal Union, President Washington in 1789 appointed him U S. district judge for Connecticut, which office he held till his death. He was also mayor of New London from the adoption of the city charter in 1784. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Yale in 1802. — Richard's son, Lyman, lawyer, b. in New London, Conn., 19 Aug., 1770 ; d. there, 3 Feb., 1842, was graduated at Yale in 1791, studied law with his father, and became an eminent counsellor in New London. He was a member of the Connecticut legislature, chosen speaker for one session, and afterward elected to congress as a Federalist, serving from 4 Nov., 1811, till 3 March, 1817.— Lyman's son, John, jurist, b. in New London, Conn., in 1796 ; d. in Evansville, Ind., 7 Oct., 1873, was graduated at Yale in 1814, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1817, and the same year emigrated to Indi- ana and began practice at Vincennes. He was elected prosecuting attorney soon after his arrival, and in 1823 was sent to the legislature. He served again as district attorney till 1830, and then for eight years as circuit court judge. In 1838-'42 he was receiver at the land-office in Vincennes. In 1851 he removed to Evansville. In 1855-7 he served as judge of the court of land-claims, which was created for the adjudication of the claims of the early settlers in Indiana and Illinois. He was elected to congress as a Democrat for two succes- sive terms, serving from 4 July, 1861, till 3 March, 1865. He drew up a bill that was unanimously passed, giving the twelve surviving veterans of the Continental army $100 per annum. He was the attorney of Col. Vigo in his case against the gov- ernment, involving a claim for supplies that had been furnished to Gen. George R. Clarke in 1779, which was paid in 1877 after the original claimant and his lawyer were both dead. Judge Law was a student of the local history of the west, and before entering congress was long president of the Indi- ana historical society. He delivered an address at Vincennes in 1839 on the early history of that place, which was published at the time and re- issued in an enlarged form under the title of " Co- lonial History of Vincennes." LAWLER, Joab, clergyman and politician, b. in North Carolina, 12 June, 1796 : d. in Washing- ton, D. C, 8 May, 1838. He removed to Tennessee with his father, crossed over into Alabama about 1815, and in 1820 settled in Shelby county, where he became judge of the county court, and in 1826-'31 was in the legislature, at the same time officiating as pastor of a Baptist church, having received ordination in 1826. He was elected to the state senate in 1831, but resigned in 1832 in order to accept the appointment of receiver of pub- lic moneys for the Coosa land district. While liv- ing at Mardisville, Talladega co., where the land- office was, he founded two churches, and was their pastor until he was elected to congress in August, 1835. He was re-elected in 1837, but died during the first session of that congress. LAWLER, Michael K., soldier, b. in Illinois about 1820. He raised an independent company of volunteers at Shawneetown, 111., in August, 1846, and served as its captain during the re- mainder of the Mexican war. At the beginning of the civil war he joined the Union army, and was commissioned colonel of the 18th Illinois infantry on 20 May, 1861. He was promoted brigadier- general on*14 April, 1863. LAWRANCE, John, senator, b. in Cornwall, England, in 1750 ; d. in New York city in Novem- ber, 1810. He came to New York in 1767, and in 1772 was admitted to the bar, where he attained eminence. In 1775 he was appointed to a commis- sion in the 1st New York regiment, of which his father-in-law, Gen. Alexander McDougall, was colonel. He became aide-de-camp to Gen. Wash- ington in October, 1777, and as judge-advocate- general presided at the trial of Maj. John Andre. After the war he returned to the practice of the law. In 1785-'7 he was a delegate to congress un- der the confederation, but was superseded in 1788 in consequence of his advocacy of the adoption of the new Federal constitution. In 1789, when he was a member of the state senate, he became the first representative from New York city in the first U. S. congress. He also served in the second, and at its termination in 1794 was the first of the judges that were appointed for the U. S. district court of New York. In 1796 he resigned on being chosen U. S. senator, and served as such until 1800, presiding over the senate in 1798. He was an ardent patriot and the personal friend of Wash- ington and Hamilton. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Gen. Alexander McDougall, in 1775, and Elizabeth Livingston, widow of James Allen, of Philadelphia, in 1791. LAWRENCE, Amos, merchant, b. in Groton, Mass., 22 April, 1786 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 31 Dec, 1852. He was the son of Samuel, a Revolutionary officer, and was educated in the Groton academy, which was founded by his father. Amos became a clerk in a country store in Dunstable in 1799, and soon afterward in Groton. In April, 1807, he went to Boston, and, upon the failure of his employers there, began business upon his own account in De- cember, 1807, as a dry-goods merchant. On 1 Jan., 1814, he entered into a partnership with his brother Abbott, who for the previous five years had been his chief clerk, which continued uninterruptedly until the death of Amos. The business operations of the firm were conducted with great success, and both brothers aided in the establishment of manu- factures in New England, especially the cotton in- dustry of Lowell, where they established a factory in 1830. After a serious illness in 1831, Amos was compelled to retire from active participation in the affairs of his firm, and devoted the remaining years of his life to acts of beneficence. From 1829 till his death he expended, according to his books, $639,000 for charitable purposes. Among the pub- lic objects of his bounty were Williams college, to which he gave nearly $40,000; the academy in Groton, the title of which was changed in 1843 to Lawrence academy, on which he expended at dif- ferent times $20,000 ; Wabash college, Kenyon col- lege, the theological seminary at Bangor, Me., and several others. He sent collections of books to many literary institutions and deserving persons. He established and for some time maintained a child's infirmary in Boston, and gave $10,000 for the completion of the monument on Bunker hill. His private benefactions were almost innumerable, and several rooms in his house were used as the re- ceptacles of articles for distribution. At his death his fortune was estimated at $1,000,000. See " Ex- tracts from the Diary and Correspondence of the late Amos Lawrence, with a Brief Account of some Incidents in his Life," edited by his son, William R. Lawrence, M. D. (Boston, 1855). — His brother, Abbott, merchant, b. in Groton, Mass., 16 Dec, 1792; d. in Boston, Mass., 18 Aug., 1855, was bound an apprentice to Amos at the age of fifteen, and in 1814 became one of the firm of A. and A. Lawrence, which for many years conducted a prosperous business in the sale of foreign cotton LAWRENCE LAWRENCE 639 and woollen goods on commission. After the con- clusion of peace in 1815 the import trade greatly expanded, and in that year, and regularly there- after, Abbott visited England to buy goods. Sub- sequent to 1830 they were largely interested as sell- ing agents for the manufacturing companies of Lowell, and in the latter part of his life Abbott partici- pated extensively in the China trade. In 1834 he was elected a represen- tative in congress as a Whig, and was appointed a mem- ber of the commit- tee on ways and means. He de- clined an election to the next con- gress, but served for a brief period in 1839-'40. In 1842 he was appointed a commissioner for the settlement of the northeast- ern boundary question, and arranged with Lord Ashburton the basis of an arrangement that was satisfactory to both the American and English gov- ernments. He was president of the Essex com- pany, which was organized in 1844 to build the manufacturing town of Lawrence on the Merri- mack river. He took an active part in the presi- dential canvass of 1844 as a supporter of Henry Clay, as he had done four years previously in the election of Gen. Harrison, and was a presidential elector in that year. In the Whig national con- vention of 1848 he was a candidate for vice-presi- dent, lacking but six votes of a nomination. In 1849 President Taylor offered him a seat in the cabinet, first as secretary of the uslyj, and then as secretary of the interior, which he declined ; but he accepted the post of minister to Great Britain, which he occupied until October, 1852, when he was recalled at his own request. He took up the negotiations that had been begun by his predeces- sor, George Bancroft, relative to the projected Nicaragua canal, and discovered in the archives documents that invalidated Great Britain's terri- torial claims in Central America ; but, much to his disappointment, the negotiations were transferred to Washington. He performed an important ser- vice in the settlement of the fishery question, which threatened to lead to a serious complication. The remainder of his life was devoted to his private business. In 1847 he gave to Harvard university $ 50,000 to found the scientific school, bearing his name, that is connected with that institution, and he bequeathed a like sum in aid of the same object. He also left $50,000 for the erection of model lodg- ing-houses, the income to be forever applied to certain public charities. See " Memoir of Abbott Lawrence," by Hamilton A. Hill (Boston, 1884). — Amos's son, William Richards, philanthropist, b. in Boston, 3 May, 1812 ; d. in Swampscott, Mass.. 20 Sept., 1885. After studying in the Dummer academy at Byfield and at Gardiner, Me., he went to Europe in 1829 and spent five years in travel and study. He was living in France at the time of the French revolution of July, 1830, and was at the storming of the barricades in Paris. He then engaged for a short time in business, but afterward studied medicine both at home and abroad, and was graduated at Harvard medical school in 1845. Having engaged for a short time in private practice, he established, with his father's aid, a hospital for poor children in Boston, to the management of wmich he devoted much of his time. Dr. Lawrence was for about twenty years a manager of the Boston dispensary, a mem- ber of the original board of trustees of the Boston city hospital, one of the founders of the Church home for orphans and destitute children, and of the Boston provident association, a trustee of the In- dustrial school for girls at Lancaster, and presi- dent of the Young men's benevolent society. He was an active member of the Protestant Episcopal church, was interested in the foundation of several parishes, and with his brother built the Church of our Saviour, Longwood. His father's " Diary and Correspondence " was at first printed by him for private distribution ; but, being urged to publish it, he did so, and the work obtained a circulation of 22,000 copies within six months, and has been many times republished. He was the author also of a " History of the Boston Dispensary " (1859) ; and " The Charities of France " (1867).— Another son, Amos Adams, b. in Boston, Mass., 31 July, 1814; d. in Nahant, Mass., 22 Aug., 1886, was graduated at Harvard in 1835, entered mercantile life, invested capital in cotton-manufactories, and became president or director of many banks and industrial corporations in Massachusetts; also an officer in numerous charitable institutions. In 1853-'4 he associated himself with Eli Thayer and others in the colonization of Kansas and its develop- ment into a free state, and was the treasurer and principal manager of the Emigrant aid association, which sent out parties of settlers from New Eng- land during the Kansas struggle. He was twice nominated by the Whigs and Unionists for gover- nor of Massachusetts. In the beginning of the civil war he aided in recruiting the 2d Massachusetts cavalry regiment. He built Lawrence hall, the Episcopal theological school in Cambridge, and was its treasurer for many years. In 1857-'60 he was treasurer of Harvard college, and in 1880 was chosen an overseer. The town of Lawrence, Kansas, and Lawrence university, at Appleton, Wisconsin, were named in his honor. A " Memoir " of him has been prepared bv his son William. LAWRENCE, Charles, British general, d. in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 19 Oct., 1760. He was a ma- jor in the British army when he was appointed, 19 Oct., 1749, a member of the council of Nova Scotia. The following spring he led a force against the French at Chignecto, but they withdrew into the woods after burning their town. In the summer he returned, and built Fort Lawrence at the head of the Bay of Fundy. He administered the gov- ernment after the retirement of Gov. Hopson in 1753, and was appointed lieutenant-governor in 1754, and governor in 1756. He was promoted colonel in September, 1757, and in Loudon's cam- paign of 1757 commanded the reserve. On 31 Dec, 1757, he was commissioned as a brigadier- general, and was at the siege of Louisburg. LAWRENCE, Cornelius Tan Wyck, congress- man, b. in Flushing, N. Y., 28 Feb., 1791 ; d. there, 20 Feb., 1861. He received a common-school edu- cation, and was brought up on a farm. He went to New York city in 1812, engaged in mercantile pursuits, and was elected to congress as a Jackson Democrat, serving from 2 Dec, 1833, till May, 1834, when he resigned in order to enter on the office of mayor of New York city, to which he was the first person chosen by popular suffrage. He served as mayor for two successive terms, and in 1836 was a presidential elector on the Van Buren I ticket. He was also collector of the port of New 640 LAWRENCE LAWRENCE York for two years. For twenty years he was president -of the Bank of the state of New York, and an officer in various insurance companies. In 1856 he retired to his country-seat at Flushing. LAWRENCE, Eugene, author, b. in New York city, 10 Oct., 1823. He was educated in part at Princeton, and graduated at New York university, studied law at Harvard, and practised for some time in New York city, but abandoned law for literature, and spent some time in the libraries of London and Paris. He has contributed to cyclo- paedias and magazines, presented papers before the New York historical society, and published " Lives of the British Historians " (New York, 1855) ; " Historical Studies " (1877) ; and " Literary Prim- ers " (1880). Among his contributions to periodi- cal literature are many articles advocating the ex- tension of the public-school system and a higher range of gratuitous instruction. For many years he has been engaged on a " History of Rome." LAWRENCE, George Washington, physician, b. in Plymouth, Pa., 4 July, 1823. He was gradu- ated at " the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1846, and then went to Balti- more, Md., but later removed to Nicholas, Cal. Subsequently he returned to Maryland and located in Catonsville, but in 1859 settled in Hot Springs, Ark., where he was made medical examiner and resident physician. While in the west he was ap- pointed assistant surgeon-general of California, and during the civil war he served in the Confed- erate army as inspector of hospitals in the Central Army of Kentucky, then as medical director of the 3d corps of the Army of the Mississippi, and finally as chief surgeon of the bureau of conscription in the trans-Mississippi department. Dr. Lawrence has made a specialty of chronic blood and nervous diseases and skin affections. He is a member of several medical societies, and, besides papers in professional journals, has published a " Report on the Climatology of Arkansas." LAWRENCE, James, naval officer, b. in Bur- lington, N. J., 1 Oct., 1781 ; d. at sea, 6 June, 1813. He received an appointment as midshipman in 1798, and was made acting lieutenant in two years, though he did not receive his commission until 1802. He joined the squadron that was engaged in the war with Tripoli, and distinguished himself while commanding a gun-boat, and also as second in command of Decatur's daring and successful expedition to de- stroy the captured frigate "Philadel- phia " under the walls of Tripoli. Lawrence spent nearly five years in desultory warfare on the Barbary coast. In 1808 he was 1st lieuten- ant of the " Con- stitution." and then in command of the " Argus," " Vixen," and " Wasp." He was promoted to cap- tain in 1811, and placed in com- mand of the "Hor- net." After war with Great Britain was declared, he made a cruise on the coast of Brazil. He blockaded the British man-of-war " Bonne Cito- yenne" in the port of San Salvador, and chal- lenged her captain to meet him at sea, but failed to bring on an action, and was driven off at the end of a fortnight by a ship of the line. Irrita- tion at having been passed over by the recent pro- motion of Capt. Charles Morris may have led Law- rence to seek for distinction in this manner. A few weeks later he fell in with the " Peacock " brig- of-war off Demerara. Both vessels manoeuvred for the weather-gage. Finding that he could weather the enemy, Lawrence tacked, and broadsides were exchanged at short range. The " Peacock " at- tempted to wear, and the " Hornet," running down on her quarter, poured in a heavy fire, which crip- pled her and compelled a surrender in less than fifteen minutes. She soon sank, drowning several of her crew and three men of those that were sent from the " Hornet." Lawrence had a slight ad- vantage in weight of metal, and a greater in the superior accuracy of his fire, as shown by the con- dition of his opponent. The " Peacock " lost her captain and nearly one third of her crew, while the " Hornet " had only one man killed and two wounded. Lawrence gained considerable reputa- tion by this victory, and was sent to Boston to take command of the frigate " Chesapeake." A few days after his arrival a challenge was sent in by Capt. Broke (q. v.), of the British frig- ate " Shannon," which was then cruising in the of- fing. A fair meet- ing was promised, and itwas pointed out that he could not hope to get to sea in the pres- ence of the Brit- ish squadron. In view of his previ- ous action in chal- lenging a British ship, and his imperative orders to proceed to sea, Lawrence was unable to de- cline a combat when, on 1 June, 1813, he sighted the " Shannon " and ran out to meet her. About thirty miles off Boston he came up with her, and went, into action in gallant style. After a few broadsides, the " Chesapeake" fouled her opponent, Lawrence fell mortally wounded, and nearly every officer with him was soon shot down. Broke saw that the men were flinching from their guns, and led his boarders to the " Chesapeake's " deck. The crew of the " Chesapeake " could not be brought up to repel them. Those stationed on deck fought desperately, but in disorder, and the ship was soon in the hands of the enemy. Several incidents of the action show that the crew of the " Chesapeake " lacked discipline. They were newly shipped and imperfectly trained. The " Shannon " was noted for excellent gunnery practice, and her captain had supplied sights for the guns at his own ex- pense. In size and armament there was not much disparity between the ships. Neither was much injured during the brief action, but the " Chesa- peake's" loss was 47 killed and 99 wounded, while the " Shannon's " total loss was only 85. Of the " Chesapeake's " wounded, 14 died in a few days, among them Capt. Lawrence, and Ludlow, his 1st lieutenant. Both ships were taken to Halifax, where Lawrence was buried with military honors. There was much exultation in England over a victory that seemed to restore the prestige of the British navy. Capt. Broke, who had been severely wounded in boarding the " Chesapeake," was made a baro- net, and received other marks of distinction. The LAWRENCE LAWRENCE 641 remains of Lawrence and Ludlow were restored to the United States, and received with public honors at Salem. Judge Joseph Story delivered an ora- tion there, and they were buried in state in Trinity church-yard, New York city, where there is a monu- ment to Lawrence's memory, represented in the illustration. The intense disappointment that was •caused by the loss of the " Chesapeake " might have led the public to criticise the conduct of Lawrence in accepting a contest for which he was •so poorly prepared, had it not been for the mem- ory of his tragic fate and his dying injunction, " Don't give up the ship." If he erred in admit- ting chivalric traditions into modern warfare, it should not be forgotten that he associated with them courtesy and humanity in the highest degree. LAWRENCE, Jonathan, author, b. in New York city, 19 Nov., 1807 ; d. 26 April, 1833. He was graduated at Columbia in 1823, studied law, and was admitted to the bar, where he gave great promise. His writings in prose and verse were collected by his brother (New York, 1833). LAWRENCE, Joseph Wilson, Canadian au- thor, b. in St. John, New Brunswick, 28 Feb._, 1818. He became a manufacturer of furniture in St. John in 1835, and for more than twenty-five years ■continuously was a director of the Mechanics' in- stitute, of which he has been president. He strongly opposed confederation, and, when the electorate of New Brunswick in 1865 pronounced against the proposed union of that province to the Dominion, and a new administration came into power, Mr. Lawrence was appointed president of the European and North American railway com- mission, which place he held till the defeat of the government on the question of confederation in 1866. During the Mackenzie administration he was one of a commission to report on the practica- bility of the construction of the Baie Verte canal. He has attained note as an antiquarian, and has published a pamphlet relative to the route of the Intercolonial railway, and " Foot-Prints, or Inci- dents in Early History of New Brunswick " (St. John. 1883) ; and has in preparation " The Judges ■of New Brunswick in the first Fifty Years." LAWRENCE, William jurist, b. in Mount Pleasant, Jefferson co., Ohio, 26 June, 1819. He was graduated at Franklin college, Ohio, in 1838, .and two years later was admitted, to the bar. He was appointed commissioner of bankruptcy for Logan county in 1842, in 1845 prosecuting attor- ney for the same county, and from 1845 till 1847 was editor and proprietor of the " Logan Gazette," subsequently conducting the " Western Law Jour- nal." He was in the legislature in 1846-'7, in 1848 a member of the state senate, in 1851 was elected reporter for the supreme court of the state, and in 1853 again elected to the state senate, where he ad- vocated and carried bills to quiet land titles. He was elected judge of the court of common pleas for five years in 1856, and re-elected in 1861, but re- signed in 1864. He served as colonel of the 84th Ohio regiment at Cumberland and New Creek in 1862, and in 1863 was tendered a U. S. judgeship in Florida, which he declined. Pie was then elected to congress from Ohio as a Republican, serving from 4 Dec, 1865, till 3 March, 1871 : and from 1 Dec, 1873, till 3 March, 1877. He was a delegate to the Philadelphia loyalist convention in 1866, and in 1880 was appointed first comptroller of the U. S. treasury, which post he resigned, 20 March, 1885. Judge Lawrence is the only one of the first comp- trollers whose decisions were regularly published. After his resignation he engaged in the practice of law in Bellefontaine, Ohio, and Washington. In VOL. III. — 41 J%^~/S^ addition to monographs and speeches on political and literary topics, he is the author of " Reports of Decisions of the Supreme Court of Ohio " (Colum- bus, 1852) ; " The Treaty Question " (Washington, 1871) ; " The Law of Religious Societies and Church Corporations " (Philadelphia, 1873-4) ; " The Law of Claims against the Government " (Washington, 1875) ; " The Organization of the Treasury Depart- ment of the United States " (1880) ; and "Decisions of the First Comptroller in the Department of the Treasury of the United States " (6 vols., 1881-5). LAWRENCE, William Beach, jurist, b. in New York city, 23 Oct., 1800 ; d. there, 26 March, 1881. His ancestor came from England about the middle of the 17th century, and received a patent of land on Long Island. His father, Isaac, was a wealthy merchant of New York. Beach was graduated at Co- lumbia in 1818, studied law, went to Europe in 1821, and on his return to the United States in 1823 was admit- ted to the bar. In 1826 he was ap- pointed secretary of legation in Lon- don, and in 1827 he was charge d'af- faires there. From London he went to Paris, and on his return to New York, after an absence of four years, he formed a law partnership with Hamilton Fish, and delivered in Columbia college lectures on po- litical economy, which were repeated before the Mercantile library association, and published. He attained eminence at the bar of New York, and promoted the construction of the Erie railway, being a member of the executive committee. About 1845 he purchased Ochre Point, at New- port, R. I., erected on it a summer residence, and resided there permanently after 1850. He was elected lieutenant-governor of Rhode Island in 1851, soon afterward became acting governor of the state, and in 1853 was a member of the State constitutional convention. During his term as governor he exerted himself to procure the aboli- tion of imprisonment for debt, and was instru- mental in defeating the passage by the legislature of the Maine liquor law. Gov. Lawrence achieved distinction in appearing before the British and American international tribunal at Washington in 1873 in the case of the " Circassian," involving more than half a million dollars. He won the suit, obtaining for his clients the reversal of a de- cision of the U. S. supreme court, the only instance of that character that has occurred in the country's history. Lawrence's argument in the case, on which the decision was rendered, is regarded, both in this country and in Europe, as an authoritative exposition of several important points of interna- tional law. He was a lecturer on international law in 1872-'3 in the law-school of Columbian college, Washington, D. C, and was an original member of the " Institute of the Law of Nations." For thirty years he was noted for the generous hospitality that he dispensed at Ochre Point, where he had collected one of the most valuable private libraries in the land. He was an active member of the New York historical society, and from 1836 till 1845 its vice-president. At the annual meet- 642 LAWRIE LAWSON ing on 3 Jan., 1882, James Grant Wilson delivered an address on Gov. Lawrence, at the same time presenting to the society a marble bust by Dun- bar, the gift of his eldest son, Isaac ; and also an unfinished address on " The Life, Character, and Public Services of Albert Gallatin," which had been prepared for the society. Mr. Lawrence pub- lished "Address to the Academy of Fine Arts" (New York, 1825) ; " The History of Louisiana," by Barbe Marbois, translated, with notes (Philadel- phia, 1830) ; " Bank of the United States " (Boston, 1831); -'Institutions of the United States " (New York, 1832) ; " Lectures on Political Economy " (1832) ; " Discourses on Political Economy " (1834) ; " Inquiry into the Causes of the Public Distress " (1834) ; " History of the Negotiations in Reference to the Eastern and Northeastern Boundaries of the United States " (1841) ; " Biographical Memoir of Albert Gallatin" (1843); "The Law of Chari- table Uses " (1845) ; a new edition of Wheaton's " Elements of International Law," with annota- tions and a notice of the author (1855) ; " Visita- tion and Search " (Boston, 1858) ; " Commentaire sur les elements du droit international " (4 vols., Leipsic, 1868-'80) ; " Etude de droit international sur le manage " (Ghent, 1870) ; " The Treaty of Washington " (Providence, 1871) : " Disabilities of American Women married Abroad" (New York, 1871) ; " The Indirect Claims of the United States under the Treaty of Washington of May 8, 1871, as submitted to the Tribunal of Arbitration at Geneva " (Providence, 1872) ; " Belligerent and Sovereign Rights as regards Neutrals during the War of Secession" (Boston, 1873); "Administra- tion of Equity Jurisprudence " (1874) ; and " Etudes sur la juridiction consulaire et sur l'extradition " (Leipsic, 1880). — His son, Albert Gallatin, sol- dier, b. in New York city in 1834 ; d. there, 1 Jan., 1887, received his early education at the Anglo- American academy, Vevay, Switzerland, entered Harvard on his return, and was graduated in 1856. He then studied in the law-school at Harvard, and, after graduation in 1858, entered the office of a New York attorney, but soon afterward went to Vienna as an attache of the U. S. legation. When the civil war began he returned, joined the volun- teer army, was commissioned as lieutenant in the 54th New York infantry, and served through the Maryland and Virginia campaigns. In 1864 he was made a captain in the 2d U. S. colored cavalry. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for bravery at Port Fisher, where, in leading the forlorn hope, he lost his right arm, and on 25 March, 1865, was given the brevet of brigadier-general. He was appointed minister to Costa Rica on 2 Oct., 1866, but was recalled in 1868 in consequence of a duel that he fought with a Prussian attache who had disparaged the United States. He subsequently served as a commissioner to investigate the griev- ances of Sitting Bull and his tribe and other dif- ficulties with the Indians. LAWRIE, Alexander, artist, b. in New York city in 1828. He studied in the National academy of design and the Pennsylvania academy of fine arts, and subsequently went to Europe, where he became a pupil of Leutze at Diisselclorf, and of Picot at Paris. His professional life has been passed chiefly in New York. Mr. Lawrie was elected a member of the National academy in 1866, and is also a member of the Artists' fund societies of New York and Philadelphia. He has made up- ward of a thousand crayon heads, including like- nesses of Richard H. Stoddard and Thomas Bu- chanan Read. One of his best oil portraits is the likeness of Judge Sutherland, painted for the New York bar association. Among his best landscapes- are " A Valley in the Adirondacks," and " Autumn in the Hudson Highlands " (1869). LAWSON, Alexander, engraver, b. in Raven- struthers, Lanarkshire, Scotland, 19 Dec, 1772 ; d. in Philadelphia, 22 Aug., 1846. He was left an orphan at fifteen years of age, and in 1792 came to this country, settling in Philadelphia, where he became an engraver. His first important works were four plates for Thomson's " Seasons," exe- cuted for Thomas Dobson, bookseller, which at- tracted much favorable notice. In 1798 Mr. Law- son formed a friendship with Alexander Wilson, for whose work on ornithology he engraved the best plates, and he contributed to the continuation of this work by Charles Lucien Bonaparte. He also engraved plates for a work on quadrupeds by George Ord, and a work on conchology by Prof. Samuel S. Haldeman. His works are numerous, and include plates for annuals, maps, charts, and illustrations of works on chemistry, botany, and mineralogy. — His son, Oscar A., engraver, b. in Philadelphia, 7 Aug., 1813 ; d. there 6 Sept., 1854,. entered the office of the U. S. coast-survey, at Washington, D. C, and remained there till 1851, when ill health compelled him to return to Phila- delphia. His engravings, chiefly book-plates, were executed with taste and ability. — His daughter, Mary Lockhart, poet, b. in Philadelphia, pub- lished poems in the " Knickerbocker " and " Gra- ham's Magazine " that were characterized by ten- der feeling and pleasing fancy. She occasionally wrote in the Scottish dialect. LAWSON, George, Canadian educator, b. in Maryton, Forfarshire, Scotland, in 1827. He studied law for some time in Dundee, but devoted most of his time to natural history and zoology. After re- moving to Edinburgh he was elected, in the spring of 1849, assistant secretary and curator to the Botanical society, and was also chosen a fellow and subsequently assistant secretary of the Royal physical society. He aided in establishing the Scottish arboricultural society in 1854, in 1855 be- gan a class in practical histology, and in 1851 gave a. course of lectures on botany in Church college. In 1858 he was elected professor of chemistry and natural history in Queen's college, Kingston, Ont., and subsequently became a professor in Dalhou- sie college, Halifax, N. S., where he now is (1887). Besides numerous other writings he has published a volume on " Water-Lilies " (Edinburgh, 1850). LAWSON, James, author, b. in Glasgow, Scot- land. 9 Nov., 1799 ; d. in Yonkers, N. Y, 20 March, 1880. He was educated at Glasgow university, came to the United States in 1815, and entered the counting-house of a maternal uncle at New York. On the failure in 1826 of a mercantile house in which Mr. Lawson had become a partner, he turned his attention to literature, wrote for the New York " Literary Gazette," and was associate editor of the " Morning Courier " in 1827-9, and of the " Mer- cantile Advertiser" in 1829-33. He afterward pursued the business of marine insurance in New York. Mr. Lawson was the intimate friend of Ed- win Forrest and William Gilmore Simms. He published " Tales and Sketches by a Cosmopolite " (New York, 1830) ; " Poems " (1857) ; " Giordano," a tragedy that was first performed at the Park theatre in November, 1828 ;. and contributed many criticisms, essays, tales, and verses to periodicals. See Wilson's " Poets and Poetry of Scotland " (2 vols., New York, 1876). LAWSON, John, historian, b. in Scotland ; d. on the river Neuse, N. C, in 1712. He came to this- country as surveyor-general of North Carolina, and LAWSON LAY 643 began his surveys in 1700, but fell a victim to the jealousy of the Tuscarora Indians, who confounded the surveyor of their territory with those that de- spoiled them of it. He was captured while he was exploring North Carolina in 1712, in company with a Swiss named Graffenried (q. v.). The latter was permitted to buy himself free, but Lawson was put to death, probably in the manner he thus de- scribes in his book : " Their cruelties to their pris- oners are such as none but devils out of hell could invent. . . . Others keep their enemy's teeth which are taken in war, while others split pine into splint- ers and stick them into the prisoner's body, yet alive, then they light them, which burn like so many torches, and in this manner they make him dance around a great fire, every one buffeting and deriding him till he expires." Lawson left one of the most valuable of the early histories of the Caro- linas, entitled " A New Voyage to Carolina, con- taining the Exact Description and Natural History of that Country, together with the Present State thereof ; and a Journal of a Thousand Miles trav- elled through Several Nations of Indians, giving a Particular Account of their Customs, Manners, etc." (London, 1700; new eds. in 1709, 1711, 1714, and 1718). The volume is a quarto of 258 pages, well illustrated with one of the best maps of the time, and with various other engravings, chiefly in natural history. The original edition is now very rare ; it was reprinted at Raleigh, N. C, in 1860. LAWSON, Leonidas Moreau, physician, b. in Nicholas county, Ky., 10 Sept., 1812 ; d. in Cincin- nati, Ohio, 24 Jan., 1864. His father, a pioneer Methodist clergyman, went to Kentucky from Vir- ginia. The son was graduated at Transylvania university in 1837, made professor of anatomy and physiology there in 1843, and was sent to Europe in 1846 to investigate the progress of medical science in England, France, and Germany. While there, he delivered a course of lectures before the medical department of University college, London. On his return in 1847, he became professor of ma- teria medica and pathology in Ohio medical col- lege, Cincinnati, and was transferred in 1852 to the chair of the principles and practice of medi- cine. He accepted in 1854 the professorship of the theory and practice of medicine in the Kentucky school of medicine at Louisville, but resumed his chair in Ohio medical college in 1857. He became professor of clinical medicine in the University of Louisiana at New Orleans in 1860, but in 1861 returned to Ohio medical college, where he re- mained till his death. He was the earliest writ- er of acknowledged ability on medical subjects in the valley of the Mississippi. He founded the " Western Lancet " in 1847 and contributed abundantly to its pages, conducting it till 1864. He published an edition of Dr. James Hope's " Morbid Anatomy " (1844) ; and "Practical Trea- tise on Phthisis Pulmonalis," which was highly praised, and became a standard both in the United States and abroad (Cincinnati, 1861). — His daugh- ter, Louise, b. in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1861, began her study of art under the professor of sculp- ture in the Cincinnati school of art, afterward stud- ied in New York and Boston, and then went to Paris, where she was a pupil of Rhodin. She went to Italy in 1884 and pursued her studies in Rome and Perugia. The directors of the Academy of fine arts of Perugia have conferred upon her their diploma of merit. Among her works are the " Rhodian Boy." " Avaconara," and " II Pastore." LAWSON, Robert, soldier, d. in Richmond, Va., in April, 1805. He became major of the 4th Virginia regiment, 13 Feb., 1776, colonel in 1777, and commanded a brigade of Virginia militia un- der Gen. Greene at the battle of Guilford. LAWSON, Thomas, soldier, b. in Virginia about 1781 ; d. in Norfolk, Va., 15 May, 1861. He was appointed surgeon's mate in the U. S. navy, 1 March, 1809, but resigned in 1811 to take a similar place in the army. In May, 1813, he became sur- geon of the 6th infantry; surgeon-general, with rank of colonel, 30 Nov., 1836 ; was lieutenant- colonel of a regiment of Louisiana volunteers in the Florida war in 1837 ; and commanded a battal- ion of New York and Pennsylvania volunteers till May, 1838. He was brevetted brigadier-general " for meritorious conduct " as chief medical officer of the U. S. forces in the Mexican war, 30 May, 1848. He was author of a " Report on Sickness and Mortality, U. S. Army, 1819-'39 " (1840) ; and of a " Meteorological Register, 1826-30 ; and Appen- dix for 1822-'5 " (Philadelphia, 1840). LAWTON, Alexander Robert, soldier, b. in Beaufort county, S. C, about 1818. He was gradu- ated at the U. S. military academy in 1839, com- missioned 2d lieutenant in the 1st artillery, and stationed on the northern frontier till 1841, when he resigned. He then studied law at Harvard, and in 1842 was admitted to the bar at Savannah, Ga. He was president of the Savannah and Augusta railroad in 1849-54, state senator in 1854-'61, and president of the Georgia Democratic convention in 1860. When the civil war began he was colonel of the only volunteer regiment in Georgia, and seized Fort Pulaski under Gov. Joseph E. Brown's orders. He retained command at Savannah till April, 1861, when he became brigadier-general in the pro- visional Confederate army, and was put in com- mand of the coast of Georgia. In June, 1862, he was transferred to Virginia, and served in several campaigns. He received the command of a divis- ion, was severely wounded at Antietam, and after his recovery served as quartermaster-general till the close of the war. Afterward he resumed the prac- tice of law in Savannah, and was in the legislature in 1875. In 1885 he was appointed by President Cleveland minister to Russia, but the disabilities that he had incurred by taking part in the civil war against the United States government had not been removed, and the appointment could not be confirmed. Subsequently he was appointed United States minister to Austria, LAY, Benjamin, philanthropist, b.in Colchester, England, in 1681 ; d. in Abington, Pa., in 1760. In 1710 he settled in Barbadoes as a merchant, but, be- coming obnoxious to the people by his abolition prin- ciples, he removed to the British colonies and settled at Abington, Pa., where he was one of the earliest and most zealous opponents of slavery. He was originally a member of the Society of Friends, but left it in 1717, because slave-holding was permitted to its members. Afterward he returned to the so- ciety when it assumed an attitude that was similar to his own. Mr. Lay was little over four feet in height, wore clothes of his own manufacture, and was distinguished scarcely less for his eccentricities than for his philanthropy. At one time he at- tempted to fast for forty days, but long before the expiration of that time his abstinence nearly proved fatal. To show his indignation' against slave-holders he carried a bladder filled with blood into a meeting, and in the presence of the congre- gation thrust a sword, which he had concealed under his coat, into the bladder, and sprinkling the blood on several Friends exclaimed, " Thus shall God shed the blood of those who enslave their fel- low-creatures." Upon the introduction of tea into Pennsylvania he delivered a lecture against its use 644 LAY LAZARUS from the balcony of the court-house in Philadel- phia, and scattered the tea and broke the cups and saucers that his wife had purchased a short time before. In 1737 he wrote a treatise entitled " All Slave-Keepers, that keep the Innocent in Bondage. Apostates." It was printed by Benjamin Franklin, who told the author, when the manuscript was brought to him, that it was deficient in arrange- ment. " It is no matter," said Mr. Lay, " print any part thou pleasest first." He was the pioneer of the abolitionists in the colonies, and in his bold, defiant denunciation of slave-holding, was in marked contrast to Anthony Benezet, his successor in this work, who achieved probably greater suc- cess by gentler methods. LAY, Henry Champlin, P. E. bishop, b. in Richmond, Va., 6 Dec, 1823 ; d. in Easton, Md., 17 Sept., 1885. He was graduated at the Univer- sity of Virginia in 1842, and at the Episcopal theological seminary in Alexandria in 1846. He was" ordained deacon by Bishop Meade in Christ's church, Alexandria, 10 July, 1846. During part of his diaconate he served in Lynnhaven parish, Va., but in 1847 he removed to Huntsville, Ala., where he assumed charge of the Church of the Nativity. He was ordained priest by Bishop Cobbs, 12 July, 1848, became rector of the Church of the Nativity, and held that post for eleven years. Having been elected missionary bishop of Arkansas and Indian territory, he was consecrated in St. Paul's church, Richmond, Va., 23 Oct., 1859. In 1868 the diocese of Maryland was divided, and a new one formed on the eastern shoi'e, under the title of the diocese of Easton. It being the privilege of a missionary bishop to accept the oversight of an organized diocese when elected thereto, Bishop Lay was translated to Easton, 1 April, 1869. He received the degree of D. D. from Hobart college in 1857, and from William and Mary in 1873, and that of LL. D. from Cambridge, England, in 1867, at the time of the Lambeth conference. Bishop Lay published numerous sin- gle sermons on special occasions, also " Letters to a Man Bewildered among many Counsellors " ; " Tracts for Missionary Use " ; " Studies in the Church " (New York, 1872) : " Ready and Desirous " (1885); and "The Church and the Nation" (1885). LAY, John L., inventor, b. in Buffalo. N. Y., 14 Jan., 1832. He entered the United States navy as 2d assistant engineer in July, 1862, and designed the torpedo by means of which Lieut. William B. Cushing (q. v.) destroyed the Confederate ram " Albemarle." In October, 1863, he was promoted to 1st assistant engineer, and in 1865, after the fall of Richmond, he was sent up James river in ad- vance of Admiral Porter's fleet to remove ob- structions. Subsequently he entered the Peruvian service, and was engaged in preparing fixed mines, and in placing suspended torpedoes in the harbor of Callao, in order to prevent the Spanish fleet from entering. At this time he conceived the idea of a locomotive torpedo, and on his return to the United States in 1867 he invented the sub- marine torpedo that bears his name, which has since become the property of the U. S. government. It consists of a cylindrical boat with conical ends, carrying a spar torpedo or containing in its for- ward end about 100 pounds of some explosive. The motive power is obtained from an engine that is worked by carbon - dioxide gas, and drives a screw propeller. The carbon dioxide, in a liquid form, is stored in the forward section, of the cylin- drical body. There is a coil of rope in the in- terior that connects it with the point from which it has been despatched, and the torpedo can be launched from shore as well as from a ship. All its movements are within the control of the opera- tor, who steers it, regulates its machinery, and ex- plodes it by means of a compact electric battery and key-board. The course of the boat is shown to the operator by a small flag, which rises above the surface of the water, and a speed of nine miles an hour has been attained in experiments. LAY, Oliver Ingrahani, artist, b. in New York city in 1845. He was a pupil of Thomas Hicks, studied at the Cooper institute and the National academy, and was elected an associate of the latter in 1876. His works include portraits of Edwin Booth as Hamlet (1883), Cyrus W. Field, Miss Fidelia Bridges, Henry A. Ferguson, and Winslow Homer, N. A. ; " Watching the Snow " (1879) ; and " The Two Friends." LAYE, Francis, British soldier, b. about 1753 ; d. in Newcastle, England, 29 Jan., 1828. He was ordered to New York as a lieutenant of artillery in 1773, wounded at Bunker Hill, took part in numerous battles, and accompanied Gen. Alexander Leslie's expedition to Virginia. He was severely wounded at Camden, under Lord Rawdon, received the special thanks of that officer for his services, and then sent home. He commanded the artil- lery in the West Indies in 1800, aiding in the capture of the islands by the expeditions under Sir John Duckworth and Gen. Trigge. LAZARUS, Emma, poet, b. in New York city, 22 July, 1849 ; d. there, 19 Nov., 1887. _ She was educated privately and turned her attention to po- etry. Her " Poems and Translations " (New York, 1867), were followed by " Admetus and oth- er Poems" (1871), and were received with favorable criti- cism on both sides of the Atlantic. Her first impor- tant prose work was " Alide, an Epi- sode of Goethe's Life" (Philadelphia, 1874), after which she contributed her poems, including numerous transla- tions from Heine, principally to " Seribner's Month- ly." Her translations were collected and published as "Poems and Ballads of Heine" (New York, 1881), and her miscellaneous poems under the title of " Songs of a Semite " (1882). Miss Lazarus was a Jewess, and wrote for "The Century" several very striking essays on topics relating to the con- dition of her race, notably " Was the Earl of Bea- consfield a Representative Jew?" and "Russian Christianity versus Modern Judaism." She also wrote critical articles on Salvini, Emerson, and others, for the same periodical. During the win- ter of 1882 thousands of Russian Jews came to New York to escape the brutal treatment suffered in Russia, and it became necessary to devise means for their employment. Miss Lazarus published articles in the "American Hebrew," indicating a system of technical education, solving the diffi- culty, and the project was soon put into exe- cution. During this year her "In Exile," "The Crowing of the Red Cock." and " The Banner of the Jew" were written. Her last writings, a se- ries of prose poems, appeared in 1887. She also translated poems from the mediaeval Hebrew writ- LAZCANO LEA 645 ers Judah Halevy, Ibn Gabirol, and Moses ben Esra, several of which have been incorporated in the ritual of many American synagogues. LAZCANO, Francis Xavier, Mexican author, b. in Puebla, Mexico, 22 Oct., 1702; d. there, 15 May, 1762. He entered the Society of Jesus, 22 Oct., 1717, and taught rhetoric and theology in Mexico and philosophy in Puebla. Among his works are " Vida y Virtudes de los PP. Keler y Provincial Mateo Ansaldo, de la Compania de Jesus " (Mexico, 1756) ; " Brevis notitia appariti- onis mirabilis B. Marias Virginis de Guadalupe " (Rome, 1757) ; " Zodiaco Guadalupano " (Mexico, 1776); and "Dos tratados de los Privilegios espi- rituales de los Jesuitas ye de los Indianos." LAZELLE, Henry Martyn, soldier, b. in En- field, Mass., 8 Sept., 1832. He was graduated at the IT. S. military academy in 1855, assigned to the infantry, served on the frontiers of Texas and New Mexico against the Apaches, and in February, 1859, was severely wounded in a skirmish with the latter in the Sacramento mountains. While sta- tioned at Fort Bliss, Tex., he was captured by the Confederates on 8 May, 1861, and held as a prisoner of war until he was exchanged on 28 July, 1862. He was promoted captain on 11 June, 1861, and served in 1862-'3 as assistant commissary of prisoners at Washington, D. C, and in August, 1862, was agent for the exchange of prisoners of war in the west. He was appointed colonel of the 16th New York cavalry on 23 Oct., 1863, commanded that regi- ment in operations against Mosby's guerillas, and was afterward placed in command of a cavalry brigade. He was brevetted major in the regular army on 19 Sept., 1864, for gallantry in the action near Culpeper, Va., resigned his volunteer com- mission on 19 Oct., 1863, and served subsequently as provost-marshal-general of the military division of west Mississippi. He took part in the Yellow- stone expedition against the Sioux Indians in 1872, being engaged in the action on Powder river, Dakota ; also in the Yellowstone expedition of the autumn of 1873, and in the operations against the Sioux in 1874, and was promoted major on 15 Dec, 1874. In 1877 he served in the field against the Indians in Montana. He was commandant of cadets at the IT. S. military academy in 1879-82, was promoted lieutenant-colonel on 26 June, 1882, represented the United States at the military ma- noeuvres in India in 1885, and served as assistant inspector -general of the department of the Co- lumbia till June, 1887, when he was placed in charge of the bureau of publication of war records at Washington, D. C, succeeding Col. Robert N. Scott. Lieut.-Col. Lazelle has contributed to vari- ous magazines, and has published " One Law in Nature " (New York, 1872), and a prize essay on " Improvements in the Art of War" (1882). LAZENBY, William Rane, horticulturist, b. in Benton, N. Y., 5 Dec, 1852. He was graduated at Cornell in 1874, and subsequently became botan- ist to the New York state horticultural society and horticultural editor of the "Husbandman." Later he was appointed assistant professor of horti- culture in Cornell, and secretary of the Cornell experiment station. In 1881 he was called to the chair of botany and horticulture in the Ohio state university, and in 1883 he received the additional appointment of director of the Ohio experiment station. Prof. Lazenby was the author of the bills that established the New York and the Ohio ex- periment stations. He has also held the office of lecturer to the New York state grange, and was secretary of the National association of teachers of agriculture and horticulture in 1883-7 ; also of the Society for the promotion of agricultural science. Prof. Lazenby is a member of other scientific societies, and has written various papers on cross- fertilization, forest-tree culture, and similar sub- jects, which he has contributed to the proceedings of the various societies of which he is a member, and to official reports. LEA, Lnke, congressman, b. in Surry county, N. O, 26 Jan., 1782; d. near Fort Leavenworth, Kan., 17 June, 1851. He removed with his father to Tennessee in 1790, was clerk of the state house of representatives, and commanded a regiment under Gen. Jackson during the Indian wars in Florida. From 1833 till 1837 he was a representative in con- gress from Tennessee, having been chosen first as a Democrat and afterward as a Union Democrat. For thirty years he was cashier of the state bank of Tennessee, and in 1849 was appointed by Presi- dent Taylor Indian agent at Fort Leavenworth. He met his death by being thrown from his horse while returning from a visit to the tribes near that place. — His son, John M., jurist, b. in Knoxville, Tenn., 25 Dec, 1818, was graduated at the Univer- sity of Nashville in 1837, admitted to the bar in 1840, and began the same year the practice of his profession in Nashville. He was appointed U. S. district attorney in 1842, and in 1850 elected mayor of Nashville. During a cholera epidemic in the fol- lowing year he was constantly among the sick and the dying in the hospitals, and by his judicious measures contributed largely to the stay of the pestilence. He was an ardent Unionist, and when Nashville fell into the hands of the government troops he was able, from his influence with the authorities, to do much to lighten the hardships which were necessarily felt by the families of the refugee Confederates. In 1865, at the urgent re- quest of the bar of Nashville, he accepted from Gov. William G. Brownlow the appointment of judge of the circuit court, but resigned in the fol- lowing year, and also declined a seat on the supreme bench of the state. When a bill to re- mand Tennessee to military control was before the reconstruction committee of congress, his oppo- sition prevented a report in its favor, and secured the defeat of the measure. In 1875 he was elected to the state senate, where he opposed every sug- gestion for repudiation of the public debt. He has been a liberal benefactor to the Tennessee school for the blind, the Woman's mission home, and other public charities, and is president of the Tennessee historical society. LEA, Thomas Gibson, botanist, b. in Wil- mington, Del., 14 Dec, 1785 ; d. in Waynesville, Ohio. 25 Sept., 1844. He was of Quaker descent, and his ancestors were among those who accom- panied William Penn to this country. He was occupied with business pursuits until 1827, when he withdrew from all mercantile occupations and devoted himself to botany. He was an industri- ous collector, and left at his death an extensive herbarium with the synonyms and description of many new species, and an unfinished catalogue. There was published posthumously from his pa- pers, by William S. Sullivan, a "Catalogue of Plants, Native and Naturalized, collected in the Vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio " (Philadelphia, 1849). — His brother, Isaac, naturalist, b. in Wilming- ton, Del., 4 March, 1792 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 8 Dec, 1886, showed in early youth great fondness for natural history. This was fostered by his mother, who was familiar with botany, and was developed by his association with Lardner Va- nuxem, who encouraged his interest in mineralogy and geology. His birthright in the Society of 646 LEA LEACH Friends was forfeited by his joining a company that was raised for the defence of the United States in 1814, although the organization was never called into service. In 1815 he was elected a member of the Academy of natural sciences in Philadelphia, and soon afterward published an account of the minerals that he had observed in the vicinity of Philadelphia. This was his first paper, and ap- peared in the "Journal of the Academy." He became in 1821 a member of the publishing-firm of Mathew Carey, whose daughter he had mar- ried, and continued as such until 1851. Mean- while his leisure was devoted to science, and in 1825 he began a series of memoirs on new forms of fresh-water and land shells, which he maintained throughout his life. The genus Unio received his special attention, and in 1827 he published his first paper on it, afterward issuing a synopsis of this genus (1836 ; 4th ed., 1870). The separate papers collected under the title of " Observations on the Genus Unio" (Philadelphia, 1827-74) form thirteen quarto volumes magnificently illustrated. His "Contributions to Geology" (1833) was the best illustrated paleontological work that had appeared in the United States. In his " Fossil Footmarks in the Red Sandstones of Pottsville" (1852) he described his discovery of the saurian footprints in the sandstone 700 feet below the conglomerate of the coal-formation. This discovery was of great interest, for the existence of an air-breath- ing animal as low as the coal-measures had not at that time been definitely accepted. Subse- quently the first bones and teeth ever found in this stratum in the United States were described by him, and he named the animal clepsysaurus Penn- sylvanicus. The number of new forms, recent and fossil, that were made known by him amount to nearly 2,000. These descriptions he communi- cated to the Academy of natural sciences in Phila- delphia. His collection of fresh-water shells, marine and land shells, minerals, fossils, and geo- logical specimens were bequeathed to the National museum in Washington, on condition that a room be devoted exclusively to them and the whole called the " Isaac Lea Collection." Mr. Lea re- ceived the degree of LL. D. from Harvard in 1852, and was a member of many scientific societies in the United States and Europe. He was elected president of the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences in 1858, and of the American association for the advancement of science in 1860. His pa- pers include 279 titles, and a complete bibliogra- phy of them, illustrated by an etched portrait, was published as a " Bulletin of U. S. National Mu- seum, No. 23 " (Washington, 1885). — Isaac's son, Mathew Carey, chemist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 18 Aug., 1823, received his education at home, and then turned his attention to chemistry, which he studied under James C. Booth. His early re- searches were numerous, and the titles of nearly fifty papers are credited to him by the younger Silfiman in his " American Contributions to Chem- istry " (Philadelphia, 1875). Mr. Lea has become best known through his large contributions to the literature of photographic chemistry. He has made a specialty of the chemical effects of light, especially on the haloid salts of silver, on which subject he has published numerous papers in the •' British Journal of Photography " and in home journals. He is the author of a " Manual of Pho- tography " (Philadelphia, 1868 ; 2d ed., 1871), which is recognized as a work of standard authority among photographers. — Another son, Henry Charles, publisher, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 19 Sept., 1825, was educated in Philadelphia, and at the age of seventeen entered the publishing-house of his father, ultimately becoming principal of the concern. Several papers on chemistry and con- chology, notably " Description of New Species of Shells," were published by him. During the civil war he organized the system of municipal bounties to encourage volunteering, and also wrote much for the periodicals. Since 1857 he has devoted special attention to European mediaeval history, and has published " Superstition and Force : Essays on the Wager of Battle, the Wager of Law, 'the Ordeal and Torture " (Philadelphia, 1866) ; " Studies in Church History: the Rise of the Temporal Power, Benefit of Clergy, Excommunication, the Early Church and Slavery " (1869) ; " An Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy " (1867) ; and " A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages" (3 vols.. New York, 1888). LEACH, De Witt Clinton, journalist, b. in Clarence, Erie co., N. Y., 22 Nov., 1822. He is a descendant of Lawrence Leach, noticed below. His great-grandfather, Samuel Leach, was killed in the French and Indian war, and his grand- father, Samuel Leach, served in the Revolution. He received his education in the public schools, and on reaching manhood began teaching. He then removed with his parents to Michigan, and in 1849 was chosen to the legislature of that state. In 1850 he was a member of the Constitutional convention, and made a speech before it urging the granting of the right of suffrage to the colored race. In 1854 he was appointed state librarian, in 1855 he became editor of a Republican pa- per at Lansing, and in the following year he was elected to congress, serving till 1861. He was commissioned by President Lincoln as Indian agent for Michigan, retaining the office four years. In 1867 he was for the second time chosen a mem- ber of a Constitutional convention of the state. About this time he purchased the " Herald," Trav- erse City, Mich., which he published and edited for nine years. He has since published the " Pa- triot Advertiser," Springfield, Mo., and the " North- west Farmer," Traverse City, Mich. LEACH, James Madison, member of congress, b. in Lansdowne, Randolph co., N. C, in 1824. He received a college education, but was not gradu- ated, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1842. He was for ten years in the house of repre- sentatives of North Carolina, six years in the state senate, and was a presidential elector on the Fill- more ticket in 1856. He was then elected to con- gress from North Carolina as a Whig, and served from 3 Dec, 1859, till 3 March, 1861. He opposed secession till the beginning of hostilities, but was for one year a field-officer in the Confederate army and a member of the Confederate congress in 1864-'5. After the war he served twice in the state senate, and was elected to congress for two consecutive terms as a Conservative, serving from 4 March, 1871, till 3 March, 1875. He was a presi- dential elector in 1876 and 1880. LEACH, Josiah Granville, lawyer, b. in Cape May, N. J., 27 July, 1842. His father, Rev. Joseph S. Leach, a descendant of Lawrence Leach (q. v.), became in 1855 editor of the " Ocean Wave," the first newspaper in Cape May county, N. J. The son entered journalism in 1860, and in August, 1862, enlisted in the army, and served as sergeant, sergeant-major, and lieutenant in the 25th New Jersey regiment. In 1866 he was graduated in law at the University of Pennsylvania, and admitted to the Philadelphia bar. He" has been active in poli- tics since he was nineteen years old, has served in the legislature of Pennsylvania, and in 1881-2 was LEACH LEAMING 647 ■one of the leaders of the independent Republican movement in Pennsylvania. He is now (1887) com- missary-general of Pennsylvania. He has written largely for biographical publications, and is pre- paring genealogies of the Leach and Manning families in the United States. — His brother, Frank Willing", lawyer, b. in Cape May, N. J., 25 Aug., 1855, was educated in public and private schools, studied law, and in 1877 was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia. He has been active in politics in Pennsylvania, has filled the office of secretary to numerous state conventions, in 1881-2 was secre- tary to the independent Republican state com- mittee, and in 1885 was chosen secretary to the Republican state committee, which position he still holds. Since he was seventeen years old he has contributed largely in both verse and prose to peri- odicals. He contributed several chapters to Scharff -and Westcott's "History of Philadelphia" (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1883), and has now (1887) in prepara- tion " The Signers of the Declaration of Independ- ence : their Ancestors and Descendants." LEACH, Lawrence, colonist, b. in England in 1589 : d. in Salem, Mass., in 1662. He was one of the " planters " that came over with Rev. Francis Higginson in 1629, was a man of repute in Eng- land, and is said to have descended from John Le Leche, surgeon to King Edward III. At Salem he •engaged extensively in the farming and milling business, his large plantation and mills being lo- cated in what is now Beverly. The mills were of such importance that the adjacent towns caused public roads to be opened to them. He was active in public affairs, was one of the twelve jurymen who at Boston (1630) served on the trial of the first capital case that was heard in Massachusetts, and for many years represented Salem in the legis- lature. He assisted in the formation of the first church that was organized at Salem. — His son, Robert, became one of the founders of Manches- ter, Mass., and one of its largest landed proprietors. — Giles, believed to have been his youngest child, and the only one born in this country, was a founder of Bridgewater, Mass., owning one of the •' fifty- six proprietary interests " of the town. LEACH, Sheperd, manufacturer, b. in Easton, Mass., 30 April, 1778 ; d. there, 19 Sept., 1832. His father, Abisha Leach, was a member of the " com- mittee of correspondence and safety" in 1775, and afterward served in the Revolutionary army. His business was that of a manufacturer of iron, in which the son was early instructed and by which lie became widely known. In 1802 he purchased his father's forge and furnace, and a few years later became the proprietor of the Easton furnaces. He was ambitious to control the iron business in New England, and purchased all the foundries of which he could get possession. In 1823 he was running seven furnaces in Easton besides several in other Massachusetts towns, at which time and up to the time of his death his operations in the iron trade were probably more extensive than those of any other man in New England. He possessed large wealth, of which he gave liberally to be- nevolent objects. He was commissioned captain of militia in 1804, colonel in 1816, brigadier-gen- eral in 1819, and major-general in 1827, which office he held until his death. LEACH, William Turnbull, Canadian educa- tor, b. in Berwick-on-Tweed, Scotland, 2 March, 1805 : d. in Montreal, Canada, in November, 1886. He graduated at the University of Edinburgh, studied theology, and in 1831 was ordained a min- ister of the Presbyterian church. Shortly after- ward he became pastor of St. Andrew's church at Toronto, Canada. In 1834 he took an active part in the movement to establish Queen's college at Kingston. In 1837-8 he served as chaplain to the 93d Highlanders, and in 1841 united with the Church of England and became the first incum- bent of St. George's, Montreal, which rectorship he filled for nearly twenty years, resigning it to de- vote his whole time to his educational duties in connection with McGill college. The congregation was then the strongest of the Anglican church in Canada. He also filled for some time the office of rector of Lachine. With McGill college he was prominently identified for twenty-seven years, fill- ing the posts of professor of the faculty of arts, of the Molson chair of English literature, and of mental and moral philosophy. In 1854 he received the dignity of canon of Christ church cathedral, and in 1865 he was appointed archdeacon of Mon- treal. At the time of his death he held the offices of vice-principal of McGill college and dean and emeritus professor in the faculty of arts. He was an eloquent and able preacher. Dr. Leach was a member of the council of public instruction for the province of Quebec. He had received the de- grees of D. D., D. C. L„ and LL. D. His lectures on English literature are under revision for publi- cation by Rev. Edwin Gould, of Montreal, and by his son, David S. Leach, a lawyer of that city. LEACOCK, Hamble James, missionary, b. in Cluff's Bay, Barbadoes, 14 Feb., 1795 ; d. in Sierra Leone, Africa, 20 Aug., 1856. His father was a wealthy slave-owner. The son was educated at Codrington college, Barbadoes, studied theology, and took deacon's orders in 1826. While acting as assistant priest of St. John's church he aroused the hatred of the whites by freeing his slaves and by extending the privileges of the church to all the slaves in the parish. He was soon afterward trans- ferred to the island of St. Vincent, and then to Nevis, where he became pastor and rural dean of St. George's church, Charlestown. While there he opposed polygamy successfully ; but in 1835 a diffi- culty with the bishop and other causes led him to remove to the United States, where he settled in Lexington, Ky. He secured a livelihood by teach- ing till 1836, and then held various pastorates. He preached again in Barbadoes from 1848 till 1855, when he went to Africa as a missionary, be- ing the first volunteer to the AVest Indian church association for the furtherance of the gospel in western Africa. He landed at Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 10 Nov., 1855, and founded a mission station at Rio Pongas, afterward opening a school for boys, which became a great success. As a re- sult of his labors a large missionary field was opened. See his biography by his friend, Rev. Henry Caswall, D. D. (London, 1857). LEAKE, Walter, senator, b. in Virginia about 1760; d. in Mount Salus, Hinds co., Miss., 17 Nov., 1825. He fought during the Revolutionary war, and afterward removed from Virginia to Hinds county, Miss., where he practised law. He was elected U. S. senator from that state, and served from 11 Dec, 1817, till 1820, when he resigned. Immediately afterward he was appointed a judge of the circuit court, and so continued till 1821, when he was chosen governor of Mississippi, which office he held till 1825. LEAMING, Jeremiah, clergyman, b. in Mid- dletown, Conn., in 1717; d. in New Haven, Conn., in September, 1804. He was graduated at Yale in 1745, and officiated as lay-reader in the Episcopal church in Norwalk, Conn. In 1747 he went to London to obtain orders, there being no bishop at that date in this country. Having been ordained 648 LEAMING LEARNED deacon and priest, he returned home in September, 1747, bringing a letter from the Society lor propa- gating the gospel in foreign parts, signifying that the society approved of Mr. Learning for a school- master, catechist, and assistant minister. He en- tered upon his duties at once in Trinity church, Newport, R. I., where he did good service for eight years. Thence he removed to Norwalk, Conn., in 1755, where he continued for twenty-one years. Mr. Learning, sympathizing with the British gov- ernment at the beginning of the Revolution in 1776, suffered severely in consequence. He lost his furniture, books, and papers during Tryon's raid on Norwalk in July, 1779, and for a time was imprisoned as a Tory. * After the war he was for several years minister of the church in Stratford, Conn. In 1783 he was chosen by the convention of Connecticut to be their first bishop, but declined the appointment on account of age and infirmities. In 1789 he received the degree of S. T. D. from Co- lumbia. The last years of his life were spent in New Haven, Conn. Dr. Learning published a "Defence of the Episcopal Government of the Church " (1766) ; a " Second Defence, in Answer to Noah Welles " (1770) ; " Evidences of the Truths of Christianity" (1785); and "Dissertations on Va- rious Subjects" (1789). LEAMING, Thomas, patriot, b. 20 Aug., 1748 ; d. in Philadelphia in 1797. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, studied law with John Dickinson, and practised his profession until 1776. He possessed a large landed estate in New Jersey, and was chosen a member of the conven- tion that met 10 June, 1776, to frame a constitu- tion for that state and declare its independence. This was done on 2 July, two days before the pas- sage of the Declaration of Independence by con- gress. Throughout the whole exciting session of this convention, Mr. Learning's votes and influ- ence were invariably given to the patriot cause. He declined to accep't the protection offered by the British to those who would not bear arms against them, although such refusal rendered his property liable to confiscation. He returned to Philadel- phia, and, as soon as war was decided upon, joined the patriot army and, after obtaining a knowledge of military tactics, returned to New Jersey to arouse the people in the neighborhood of his estates. He first obtained the signatures of every able- bodied man in the county to a paper pledging them to support their country, and afterward en- rolled them in a battalion which he drilled, officered, and equipped. Going back to Philadelphia he joined the 1st city troop of light horse, which acted as a body-guard to Gen. Washington in 1776-7, un- til the formation of the regular Continental cav- alry. He afterward took part in the battle of Ger- mantown, 4 Oct., 1777, and remained a member of the troop until his death. The war having closed the courts, he began business as a merchant, be- coming the moneyed partner in the house of A. Bunner and Co. Notwithstanding the fact that the firm lost largely by the dishonoring by congress of the Continental currency, they persisted in im- porting large quantities of ammunition and other necessaries of war, and, at a time when the new government had neither money nor credit, fur- nished from their stock a large quantity of such equipments as were needed. At the time when the army, dispirited by defeat and in want of the common necessaries of life, turned for succor to a bankrupt government, the sum of £260,000 was subscribed for their relief by the merchants of Philadelphia. The list was headed by Robert Morris and Blair McClennaghan with £10,000 each. The next largest subscription was that of Mr. Learning's firm, which gave £6,000. The latter was also largely engaged in privateering, and Mr. Learning said, in 1785, that their vessels had cap- tured fifty prizes and over 1,000 prisoners. LEANDRO DO SACRAMENTO (lay-an '-dro\ Brazilian naturalist, b. in Rio Janeiro, 16 Oct., 1762; d. there, 7 April, 1809. He received his- early education in his native city, but finished his studies in Coimbra, Portugal, and became a Car- melite friar in 1784. He returned afterward to Rio Janeiro, and until his death was president .of the botanical garden, which he greatly improved. He specially directed his attention to the studies; of the Balanophorei, and gave valuable assistance in preparing the "Flora Brasilica" (1799-1825). He was a corresponding member of the Academies of sciences in Paris, Berlin, and Vienna, and pub- lished many papers in the proceedings of those so- cieties. He wrote most of his works in French. They include " Memoires sur les Archimedees ou Balanophorees, plantes particulieres a l'Amerique meridionale " (3 vols., Rio de Janeiro and Paris, 1798) ; the botanical part of Geoff roy St. Hilaire's " Voyage dans le district des diamants et sur le littoral du Bresil" (6 vols., Paris, 1805); "Me- moires sur les legumineuses arborescentes de l'Ame- rique du Sud " (5 vols., Rio de Janeiro and Paris, 1806) ; " Etudes sur les champignons propres a l'Amerique du Sud " (2 vols., 1807) ; and " Me- moires sur la famille des pommes de terre, iguames, couscous, et autres varietes propres a l'Amerique du Sud" (6 vols., 1808). Many of these are ac- companied by colored plates. LEAR, Tobias, diplomatist, b. in Portsmouth. N. H, 19 Sept., 1762 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 11 Oct., 1816. He was graduated at Harvard in 1783 r and in 1785 became private secretary to Gen. Washington. For several years he attended to the details of Washington's domestic affairs, and was liberally remembered by him in his will. In 1802 Mr. Lear was consul-general at Santo Domingo, and in 1804 was made consul-general at Algiers. In 1805 he was appointed commissioner to conclude a peace with Tripoli, but discharged this duty in a manner that gave umbrage to Gen. William Eaton (q. v.), who, in concert with Isaac Hull and Hamet Caramelli, the deposed bey, had gained im- portant advantages over the reigning bey. It was- thought that to accept terms of peace at this junc- ture was to throw away the fruits of hard-earned success, but Mr. Lear's conduct was approved by his government, though much censured by a part of the public. He returned shortly afterward to the United States, and was employed in Washing- ton as accountant for the war department until the time of his death by his own hand. LEARNED, William Law, jurist, b. in New London, Conn., 24 July, 1821. He was graduated at Yale in 1841, studied law in New London and in Troy, N. Y., was admitted to the bar in 1844, and practised in Albany, N. Y., until 1870, when he was appointed by Gov. John T. Hoffman a jus- tice of the supreme court to fill a vacancy. In the same year he was the Democratic nominee for the office, and was retained in it by the popular vote. In 1875 Gov. Samuel J. Tilden appointed him pre- siding justice of the third division. At the close of his term he was continued on the bench in the election of 1884, and reappointed presiding justice by Gov. Grover Cleveland. He has been a pro- fessor in the Albany law-school since 1874, lectur- ing on equity, Roman law, and trials of cases, and is president of that institution. Judge Learned edited " Madame Knight's Journal " (Albany, 1865) LEAVENWORTH LEAVITT 649 and "Earle's Microcosmography " (1867), and com- piled the " Learned Genealogy " (1882). LEAVENWORTH, Abner Johnson, educa- tor, b. in Waterbury, Conn., 2 July, 1803 ; d. in Petersburg, Va., 12 Feb., 1869. He was graduated at Amherst in 1825, studied theology at Andover, and was licensed to preach as a Congregationalist, 22 April, 1828. After holding charges at Orange and Bristol, Conn., he became pastor, in 1831, of the Young ladies' seminary at Charlotte, N. C, and in 1838 removed to Warrenton, Va., where he again took charge of a school until he was called, in 1840, to a Presbyterian church at Petersburg, Va. Resigning in 1844, he became the principal and proprietor of the Leavenworth academy and col- legiate seminary for young ladies, which acquired a wide reputation throughout the south. Mr. Leavenworth was a vigorous and ready writer, and as corresponding secretary of the Virginia educa- tional association, which he was largely instrumen- tal in founding, exerted a powerful influence for good throughout the southern states. LEAVENWORTH, Elias Warner, lawyer, b. in Canaan, N. Y., 20 Dec, 1803 ; d. in Syracuse, N. Y., 25 Nov., 1887. He was graduated at Yale in 1824, studied law with William C. Bryant, was admitted to the bar in 1827, and practised in Syra- cuse, N. Y., until 1850, when he was compelled to retire through ill health. He was mayor of the latter city in 1849, and again in 1859, member of assembly in 1850 and 1857, secretary of state of New York from 1854 till 1855, and president of the board of quarantine commissioners in 1860. In 1861 he became a regent of the State university, and he was appointed by President Lincoln a com- missioner under the convention with New Granada. He subsequently filled the offices of president of the board of commissioners to locate the State asy- lum for the blind, trustee of the State asylum for idiots for over twenty years, and constitutional commissioner. He was elected to the 44th con- gress, serving from 6 Dec, 1875, till 3 March, 1877. From the year 1879 till his death he acted, with Henry R. Pierson, chancellor of the board of re- gents, and Chauncey M. Depew, as a commission to establish and define the boundaries between New York and New Jersey, and between New York and Pennsylvania. Mr. Leavenworth was the author of an elaborate " Genealogy of the Leavenworth Family in the United States " (Syracuse, 1873). LEAVENWORTH, Henry, soldier, b. in New Haven, Conn., 10 Dec, 1783 ; d. in Cross Timbers, Indian territory, 21 July, 1834. He studied and practised law, and at the beginning of the war of 1812 was appointed captain in the 25th infantry. Promoted major, 15 Aug., 1813, lieutenant-colo- nel, 10 Feb., 1818, and colonel, 16 Dec, 1825, he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for gallantry at the battle of Chippewa, colonel for meritorious con- duct at Niagara, where he was wounded, and briga- dier-general, 25 July, 1824, for " ten years' faithful service in one grade." He subsequently command- ed an expedition against the Arickaree Indians on the upper Missouri river, and founded several mili- tary posts on the western frontier, one of which, Fort Leavenworth, was the nucleus of the Kansas town of that name. LEAVITT, Dudley, almanac-maker, b. in Exe- ter, N. H., 23 May, 1772; d. in Meredith, N. H., 15 Sept., 1851. He at one time taught in winter, and worked on his farm throughout the year, making almanacs, arithmetics, and grammars during the long winter evenings. He was known throughout his native state as " Old Master Leavitt," and made its almanacs for over half a century. In 1800 he edited the Gilmanton " Gazette," and in 1806 he removed to Meredith. In 1811 he began the pub- lication of the " New Hampshire Register," which he continued to edit for several years. LEAVITT, Humphrey Howe, jurist, b. in Suffield, Conn., 18 June, 1796; d. in Springfield, Ohio, in March, 1873. He went with his father to Ohio in 1800, received a classical education, stud- ied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1816. He settled at Cadiz, but soon removed to Steubenville, and, after being appointed prosecuting attorney, was chosen successively a member of both branches of the Ohio legislature in 1825-6 and '7. He was then elected, as a Jackson Democrat, to congress, serving from 6 Dec, 1830, till 18 June, 1834, when he resigned, having been appointed by President Jackson judge of the U. S. court for the district of Ohio. This office he held for nearly forty years. His opinions are contained in Bond's and McLean's reports and in Fisher's " Patent Cases," in which latter branch of the law he was deemed an au- thority. Judge Leavitt decided the Vallandigham case during the civil war, which Mr. Lincoln said was worth three victories to him. He was a mem- ber of the Presbyterian church, and sat as a dele- gate during eleven sessions of the general assembly. LEAVITT, John McDowell, clergyman, b. in Steubenville, Ohio, 10 May, 1824. He was gradu- ated at Jefferson college in 1841, and studied law. but after a few years' practice he went to the theo- logical seminary at Gambier, Ohio, and was ad- mitted to orders in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1848. Mr. Leavitt has been successively pro- fessor in Kenyon college and in Ohio university ; also president of Lehigh university, Bethlehem, Pa., and of St. John's college, Annapolis, Md. For several years he was editor of " The Church Re- view," and he founded and edited " The Interna- tional Review." He received the degree of D. D. from Ohio university in 1874. Dr. Leavitt has published " Hymns to our King " (1872) ; " Old World Tragedies from New World Life " (1876) ; " Reasons for Faith in this Nineteenth Century " (1883); and "Visions of Solyma " (1887); and he has also contributed freely to educational and current literature. LEAVITT, Joshua, reformer, b. in Heath, Franklin co.. Mass., 8 Sept., 1794 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 16 Jan., 1873. He was graduated at Yale in 1814, admitted to the bar in 1819, and began to practise in Putney, Vt., in 1821. In 1823 he abandoned his pro- fession for the study of theology, and was graduated at Yale divinitv - school in 1825. "He settled the same year at Strat- ford, Conn., where he had charge of a Con- gregational church until 1828. In 1819, while a student of law in Heath, Mr. Leavitt organized one of the first Sabbath-schools in western Massachusetts, embracing not only the children, but the entire congregation, all of whom were arranged in classes for religious instruction. He also became interested in the improvement of the public schools.' Before he entered the theologi- cal seminary he prepared a new reading-book, called " Easy Lessons in Reading " (1823), which 650 LEBAY LEBORGXE DE BOIGNE met with an extensive sale. He subsequently issued ' a " Series of Readers "' (1847). but these were not as popular. When the American temperance society was formed he became its first secretary, and was one of its travelling agents, in many places deliver- ing the first temperance lecture the people had heard. In 1828 he removed to Xew York city as secretary of the American seamen's friend society j and editor of the " Sailor's Magazine." He estab- i lished chapels in Canton, the Sandwich islands. Havre, Xew Orleans, and other domestic and for- ; eign ports. He also aided in founding the first city temperance society, and became its secretary. He' became in 1831 editor and proprietor of the new- | ly established " Evangelist." which under his man- agement soon grew to be the organ of the more liberal religious movements, and was outspoken on the subjects of temperance and slavery. Mx. Leavitt bore a conspicuous part in the early anti- slavery conflict. His denunciation of slavery cost his paper its circulation in the south and a large proportion of it in the north, well-nigh compelling its suspension. To offset this loss he undertook the difficult feat of reporting in full the revival lectures of Charles G. Finney (q. v.), which, though not a short-hand reporter, he accomplished success- fully. The financial crisis of 1837 compelled him, while erecting a new building, to sell out the - Evangelist."' In 1833 he aided in organizing the Xew York anti-slavery society, and was a member of its executive committee, as well as of that of the Xational anti-slavery society in which it was merged. He was one of the abolitionists who were obliged to fly for a time from the city to escape mob violence. In 1837 he became editor of the " Emancipator." which he afterward moved to Boston, and he also published in that city " The Chronicle," the earliest daily anti-slavery paper. In the convention that met* at Albany in 1840 and organized the Liberal party, Mr. Leavitt took an active part, and he was also chairman of the national committee from 1844 till 1847. In 1848 Mr. Leavitt became office-editor of the Xew York " Independent." and was con- nected editorially with it until his death. Mr. Leavitt was an earnest and powerful speaker. In 1855 Wabash college conferred on him the degree of D. D. Dr. Leavitt's correspondence with Rich- ard Cobden, and his " Memoir on Wheat," setting forth the unlimited capacity of our western terri- tory for the growth and exportation of that cereal, were instrumental in procuring the repeal of the English corn laws. During a visit to Europe he also became much interested in Sir Rowland Hill's system of cheap postage. In 1847 he founded the Cheap postage society of Boston, and in 1848-'9 he labored in Washington in its behalf, for the estab- lishment of a two-cent rate. In 1869 he received a gold medal from the Cobden club of England for an essay on our commercial relations with Great Britain, in which he took an advanced position in favor of free-trade. Besides the works already mentioned, he published a hymn-book for revivals, entitled the " Christian Lvre " (1831). LEBAY, Theodore Constant (leh-bay'). French colonial officer, b. in Lous-le-Saulnier in 1795 : d. in Saint Pierre, Martinique, 17 Oct., 1849. He entered the colonial service in 1817 as secretary of the treasurer of Guadeloupe, served in Terre Xeuve, La Desirade, and Guadeloupe, as treasurer in 1831-"4, and in St. Pierre as commissary from 1835 till his death. He interested himself in the study of the countries where he resided, and tried to promote emigration from France to the West In- dies. His works include " Statistique cle la Guade- loupe " (2 vols., Paris, 1831) ; " Des productions, de la consommation. et du commerce des Antilles Franchises comparees entre elles " (2 vols.. 1835) ; •' Les Antilles sont - elles propres a Immigration Franeaise ? " (1836) ; " Du climat des Antilles " (1839) ; " Statistique de longevite dans les Antilles Franchises, comparee avec les tables de mortalitee dressees pour la France " (1840) : " Des pays pro- pres a Immigration pour la race Franeaise " (1842) ; and " Xecessite de Immigration et des avantages qu'elle procure a la mere patrie " (1843). LEBLOXD, Jean Baptiste, French naturalist, b. in Toulon^eon. near Autun, France, 2 Dec. 1747: d. in Masille, France, 14 Aug., 1815. He devoted himself from boyhood to the study of the natural sciences, and was named in 1767 royal commissioner to Guiana to make researches as to Peruvian bark and other objects of natural his- tory. He spent many years in this colony, and was there at the time of the French revolution. After his return to France he resided for some years in Paris, where he read several papers on the natural history of Guiana before the Agricul- tural society of the Seine and the Academy of medicine. He wrote " Essai sur l'art de l'indigo- tier" (Paris, 1791); '■ Moyen de faire disparaitre les abus et les effets de la mendicite par l'emigra- tion volontaire a la Guiane francoise " : " Obser- vations sur le cannellier de la Guiane " (Cayenne, 1795: enlarged ed.. Paris, 1796); " Memoire sur la culture du cotonnier a la Guiane " (1801) ; " Voy- age aux Antilles et a FArnerique meridionale " (Paris, 1813) ; and " Description abregee de la Guiane francoise " (1814 ; 2d ed., with a notice on the author, 1825). — His son, a native of Guiana, published " Trente annees cVexistence de F.-F. Leblond, Creole de Cayenne, fils du celebre medecin- naturalist.e de ce nom, ancien medecin du roi a la Guiane francoise. par un ami " (Paris. 1834). LEBORGXE DE BOIGXE, Claude Pierre Joseph (leh-born), French colonial administrator, b. in Chambery, 8 March. 1764; d. in Paris, 7 Jan., 1822. He entered the French service, was given in 1786 an appointment in the colonial depart- ment, and in 1791 sent as one of a special commis- sion to Santo Domingo to pacify the island. After a few weeks' stay his colleagues gave up the task and returned to France ; but he remained and suc- ceeded in winning the confidence of the negroes. During the following year he promulgated the de- cree of the Xational assembly that liberated all slaves within the French dominions; but the whites opposed the decree, and, uniting their forces, besieged the commissary in Jeremie and compelled him to return to France. The home government sustained Leborgne. and sent him again, in January. 1793, to the West Indies. He landed in La Desirade. where he organized a new government, and, going to Guadeloupe, restored order in that island. He had nearly succeeded in accomplishing the same result in Martinique when that colony was attacked by the British under Admiral Jervis. Leborgne at first defeated the enemy, but afterward was taken prisoner, and the colony surrendered on 11 May, 1793. Leborgne was transported to England, but liberated in the course of a few months. In 1796 he was sent again to Santo Domingo as quartermaster of the armies of Gen. Sothonac and Gen. Rigaud, and took pos- session of the Spanish part of the island, which the treaty of Basel had given to France. In April, 1797. he was elected deputy from the island to the French directory, and returned in 1798 to the council of five hundred. He protested in the lat- ter assembly against the policy of Toussaint i'Ou- verture, and was instrumental in the government's LE CARON LECLERC 651 opposition to the measures of that statesman. He refused to serve under Napoleon I., and in 1817 declined the governorship of La Desirade. He published " Essai de conciliation de l'Amerique, et tie la necessite de l'union de cette partie du monde avec l'Europe " (Paris, 1817) ; " Nouveau systeme de colonisation de Saint Domingue, combinee avec la creation d'une compagnie de commerce pour re- tablir les relations de la France avec cette ile" (1817) ; " Considerations generates sur le regime colonial des Europeens dans les deux Indes" (1818) ; and " Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de Saint Domingue " (2 vols., 1819). LE CARON, Joseph, French missionary, b. in France ; d. there, 29 March, 1632. He became a member of the Franciscan order, and in 1615, with three others, followed Champlam to Canada, where they built a rude monastery on St. Charles river, near Quebec. Le Caron set out in the autumn of 1615 with some French traders for the Huron country, and, after enduring many hardships, reached Lake Huron, being the first white man to enter it. He landed at what is now Simcoe coun- ty, Ontario, and chanted the first Te Deum and said the first mass in the country of the Hurons on 12 Aug., 1615. His missionary labors were not successful, and, after wintering with the Indians. he set out with Champlain in the spring of 1616 for Quebec, and embarked for France. On his re- turn, in March, 1617, he celebrated the first Chris- tian marriage in Canada. In 1623 the French col- ony feared that the Hurons would abandon their alliance and join the Iroquois, and Le Caron was sent to the Huron country again, but with no suc- cess. When Quebec was taken, in July, 1629, by the English, Le Caron was led prisoner to Eng- land, but afterward released. He endeavored to return to Canada when it was restored to France, but every obstacle was thrown in his way by the commercial company that ruled the colony, and he is said to have died broken-hearted at his fail- ure. Le Caron was the founder of the Huron mission, and left Huron vocabularies that were found useful bv his successors in Canada. LECHFORD. Thomas, author, b. in London about 1590 ; d. there, probably, in 1644. He emi- grated to Boston in 1638, and was the first to prac- tise law in Xew England, but returned to England in 1641. much dissatisfied with his experience. He published " Plaine Dealing, or Newes from New England" (London, 1642), and "New England's Advice to Old England " (1644). A new edition of "Plaine Dealing," with notes by J. Hammond Trumbull, has been published (New York, 1867). Although written in a spirit of hostility to New England, it contains much valuable information. LE CLEAR, Thomas, artist, b. in Owego, N. Y., 17 March, 1818; d. in Rutherford Park, N. J., 26 Nov., 1882. He began to follow art professionally before he had had any instruction, and his later ad- vantages in that direction were confined to simple observation of the works of other artists. He went to London, Canada, with his father in 1832, and after painting portraits for a time there, and in Elmira and Rochester, he made his way to New York city and opened a studio in 1839. In 1844-60 he resided in Buffalo, but afterward returned to New York. In 1863 he was elected a National academician. Among his compositions are "The Reprimand " ; " Marble-Players " ; and " Itiner- ants " (1862). Of his numerous portraits, one of the best is that of George Bancroft, at the Century club. New York : other excellent portraits are those of William Cullen Bryant. Bayard Taylor. Presi- dent Fillmore, and Edwin Booth as Hamlet. LE CLERC, French adventurer, b. in Tirles- Moutiers, near Mezieres, France, about 1750 ; d. in Mezieres in 1817. Although he was generally known by the name of Le Clerc, his real name seems to have been Milfort. Having killed a ser- vant of the king's household in a duel, according to his own story, he took refuge in the United States, and went to the country of the Creek Indians. whose friendship he gained by adopting their cus- toms. He fought at the head of these savages in the wars against the frontier settlements, and was named by them Tastanegy, or "great warrior." Hearing of the changes that the revolution had wrought in France, he went to Paris and offered his services and those of his adopted tribe in strengthening the French possessions in North America. He was well received by the Directory, but the sale of Louisiana to the United States in 1803 rendered his mission useless. It was feared that he might make a bad use of his influence among the Indians if he returned to this country, and he was therefore ordered to remain in France, where he was given the commission of general of brigade. He lived quietly in France until the in- vasion of 1814, during which he performed various exploits. He published " Memoires, ou coup d"ceil rapide sur rnes voyages en Louisiane. et mon sejour dans la nation Creeke " (Paris, 1802). These me- moirs are interesting; but they could not have been written by Le Clerc, who was quite illiterate, and had almost forgotten his native language in the course of his travels. LECLERC, Yictov Emmanuel (leh-clairk ). French soldier, b. in Pontoise, 17 March, 1779 : d. in Tortugas, 2 Dec, 1802. He enlisted in the army as a private in 1790, became a captain in 1793, and in 1796 a major-general. He served in Italy under Bonaparte, did good service at the battles of Ro- veredo and Rivoli, and married, in Milan in 1797. Pauline Bonaparte, sister of the future emperor. Through his timely arrival with his grenadiers, Bonaparte was enabled successfully to carry out his coup d'etat in 1799, and Leclerc was rewarded with the commission of lieutenant-general. In 1801 Leclerc defeated the Prince of Brazil at Bada- joz, and in December following he was appointed commander-in-chief of the expedition to Santo Domingo, which was then in possession of the ne- gro insurgents under Toussaint TOuverture. An army of 33.000 veterans was assembled at Roche- fort, and a fleet of eighty sail under Yillaret Joy- euse (q. v.) transported the troops and co-operated in the campaign. Madame Leclerc accompanied her husband to participate in his triumph, and sev- eral poets were in the retinue of the general to celebrate his victories. On 28 Jan., 1802, the fleet anchored in the Bay of Samana. Three divisions were immediately sent to different parts of the isl- and, while Leclerc himself set sail for Cape Fran- cais, where he arrived on 3 Feb. Henry Chris- tophe. then in command at Le Cap, tried to nego- tiate with the French while awaiting instructions from Toussaint l*Ouverture ; but Leclerc refused, and on 6 Feb. landed his forces, whereupon Chris- tophe set fire to the town and withdrew with his troops to the mountains. Leclerc afterward en- tered into negotiations with Toussaint. and through the sons of the latter, whom he had brought from France, tried to win him to the French cause. Failing in this attempt, he issued proclamations to the inhabitants, endeavoring to enlist them against Toussaint, and, joined by a considerable number of negroes, opened the campaign, which lasted three months and devastated the country. Leclerc was besieged at Cape Francais so closely that a large 652 LECLERQ LE CONTE number of his forces fell a prey to a pestilence ; but after receiving re-enforcements by sea from the other generals, who had so far been successful, he defeated Toussaint, and on 9 May the latter signed a treaty, acknowledging the dominion of France over the whole island. In spite of the treaty, Le- clerc ordered the arrest of Toussaint a few days later, and sent him to France as a prisoner. Then, assuming the rank of governor-general, he began to carry out his plan of re-enslaving the negroes. A rising took place in the interior, and the whole island was soon ablaze with the fires of the insur- rectionists. The negroes now committed horrible acts of vengeance, and the French retaliated with revolting cruelties. The latter were soon worn out and decimated by yellow fever and want of pro- visions. The blacks gained ground, and Leclerc retired to the island of Tortugas, where he died of yellow fever. See Thomas Madion's " Histoire d'Haiti " (Port au Prince, 1847) ; Pamphile La- croix's " Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de la revolution de. Saint Domingue " (Paris, 1819) ; and Ardouin's " Etudes sur l'histoire d'Haiti " (1883). LECLERQ, Chretien, French missionary, b. in Artois, France, about 1630 ; d. in Lens, France, about 1695. He was a member of the Recollet order of Franciscans, and in 1655 was sent as a missionary to Canada. Landing on the coast of the island of Gaspe, he learned the language of the Indians and labored among them for six years, when he was sent to France to obtain permission to found a house of Recollets in Montreal. He was successful, and returned to his mission in 1662. After passing several years in Canada and meeting with little success in his work, he re- turned to France, and was made guardian of the convent of Lens. He wrote " Nouvelle relation de la Gaspesie " (Paris, 1691) ; " Etablissement de la foi dans la nouvelle France " (2 vols., Paris, 1691 ; English translation, by John G. Shea, New York, 1881). Charlevoix complains that Leclerq seldom speaks of any religious affairs except those in which his order took part, and that he treats of the history of the colony only as far as Count Frontenac was connected with it, and that there is reason to believe that Frontenac had some part in composing the work. Leclerq claims for the Recollets the honor of being the first to compile a dictionary of the languages of the Indians of Canada, and insists on the superiority of his order, as Indian missionaries, to the Jesuits. LE CONTE, Lewis, naturalist, b. near Shrews- bury, N. J., 4 Aug., 1782 ; d. in Liberty county, Ga., 9 Jan., 1838. He was descended from a French Huguenot family that settled, about the close of the 17th century, in New Rochelle, N. Y., and was graduated at Columbia in 1799, after which he studied medicine with Dr. David Hosack. Mr. Le Conte was soon afterward called to the charge of the family estates of Woodmanston, in Georgia, and gave up his profession, but cultivated several branches of the natural and physical sciences. He established a botanical garden on his plantation, which was especially rich in bulbous plants from the Cape of Good Hope, and a laboratory in which he tested the discoveries of the chemists of the day. In consequence of an aversion to appearing in print, he published nothing, but gave the fruits of his investigations to his scientific friends. The mono- graphs of his brother, John Eatton Le Conte, were enriched by his observations. Stephen Elliott, of South Carolina, and other contemporary botanists, acknowledged their obligations to him. He also devoted much attention to mathematical subjects, and among others to that of " magic squares." His death resulted from poison that was taken into his system while he was dressing a wound for a mem- ber of his family. — His brother, John Eatton, naturalist, b. near Shrewsbury, N. J., 22 Feb., 1784 : d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 21 Nov., 1860, entered the corps of topographical engineers of the U. S. army in 1818, and remained in the service till 1831, at- taining, in 1828, the brevet rank of major for ten years' faithful service. He had been associated with his elder brother in the study of botany in New York city. Maj. Le Conte published special studies on utricularia, gratiola, ruellia, tillandsia, viola, and pancratium ; also on native grape-vines, tobacco, and the pecan-nut. He also wrote several papers on mammals, reptiles, batrachians, and Crustacea, mostly of a systematic character, and collected a vast amount of original material for the natural history of American insects, as may be seen by a single instalment that was published in Paris in conjunction with Boisduval upon " North American Butterflies." His specialty was coleop- tera, particularly during the latter part of his career, though he published only four papers upon them, and chiefly upon the histeridas. He not only gathered a considerable collection, but left an extensive series of water-color illustrations of American insects and plants that he made with his own hands. Maj. Le Conte was a member of the New York lyceum of natural history, and vice- president of the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences, to whose proceedings he contributed sci- entific papers. — Lewis's son, John, physicist, b. in Liberty county, Ga., 4 Dec, 1818, was graduated at Franklin college, of the University of Georgia, in 1838, and at the College of physicians and surgeons, New York, in 1841. He settled in Savannah, Ga., in 1842, and there began the practice of his profes- sion, but in 1846 was called to the chair of natural philosophy and chemistry in Franklin college, which he held until 1855. He lectured on chemistry at the College of physicians and surgeons at New York, in 1855-'6, and in 1856 became professor of natural and mechanical philosophy in South Carolina col- lege, at Columbia. In 1869 he was appointed pro- fessor of physics and industrial mechanics in the University of California, and, after holding the office of president of the university, in addition to his chair, during 1876-'81, retired in the latter year to the chair of physics, which he still (1887) retains. His scientific work extends over nearly fifty years, and at first was in the line of medi- cal investigation, but subsequently became con- fined almost exclusively to physical science. It includes more than fifty communications that have appeared in scientific journals both in the United States and in England, also in the '• Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science," of which organization he was general secretary in 1857. During the same year he de- livered a course of lectures on the ' l Physics of Meteorology" at the Smithsonian institution in Washington, D. C, and in 1867 one of four lectures on the " Stellar Universe " at the Peabody insti- tute in Baltimore, Md. Prof. Le Conte received the degree of LL. D. from the University of Georgia in 1879. Since 1878 he has been a mem- ber of the National academy of science. A treatise on " General Physics," which had been nearly com- pleted by him, was destroyed by fire in the burning of Columbia, S. C, in 1865. — Another son of Lewis, Joseph, geologist, b. in Liberty county, Ga., 26 Feb., 1823, was graduated at Franklin college, of the University of Georgia, in 1841, obtained his medical degree at the College of physicians and surgeons, New York, in 1845, and, settling in LE CONTE LEDERER 653 Macon, Ga., practised for several years. In 1850 he entered the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, and there devoted his attention principally to the natural sciences and geology under Louis Agassiz. He received the degree of B.S. in 1851, and during the same year ac- Jh^' oL^$&t-*-£^ companied Agassiz on an exploring ex- pedition to Florida. In 1852 he became professor of natural science in Oglethorpe college, and a year later was called to the chair of geology and natural history in Franklin college. He accepted, in 1857, the professorship of chemistry and geolo- gy in South Carolina college, and in 1869 became professor of geology and natural history in the University of California, which chair he still (1887) retains. During the civil war he served as chemist to the Confederate laboratory for the manufacture of medicines in 1862-'3, and in a simi- lar capacity to the nitre and mining bureau in 1864— '5. Prof. Le Conte's work includes numerous original investigations in geology and physiologi- cal optics, and he has written essays on subjects pertinent to the development theory, that have been contributed to scientific journals, to the re- views, or to the transactions of societies with which he is connected. He received the degree of LL. D. from the University of Georgia in 1879, and is a, member of numerous scientific societies, includ- ing the National academy of sciences, to which he received an election in 1875. Prof. Le Conte has published " Religion and Science," a series of Sun- day lectures (New York, 1873) ; " Elements of Ge- ology " (1878) : " Sight : an Exposition of the Prin- ciples of Monocular and Binocular Vision " (1880) ; " Compend of Geology " (1884) ; and " Evolution : its Nature, its Evidences, and its Relation to Re- ligious Thought " (1887). — John Eatton's son, John Lawrence, naturalist, b. in New York city, 13 May, 1825 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 15 Nov., 1883, was graduated at Mount St. Mary's college, Emmetts- burg, Md., in 1842, and at the College of physicians and surgeons of New York in 1846. As a student he devoted considerable attention to the study of natural history, visiting Lake Superior and the upper Mississippi in 1844, the Rocky mountains in 1845, and the Lake Superior region again in 1846. He visited this region for a third time, with Louis Agassiz, in 1848, and during the following year went to California, where he remained until 1851, exploring the Colorado river. In 1857 he spent several months in Honduras, during the survey of the interoceanic route across that country, and in 1867 he visited parts of Colorado and New Mexico while the survey for the Kansas Pacific railroad was in progress. Subsequently he made other expe- ditions at various times to Panama, Europe, Egypt, and Algiers, collecting valuable material on the fauna of the world. In 1852 he moved to Philadel- phia, where he resided until his death. Soon after the beginning of the civil war he enlisted in the U. S. army as surgeon of volunteers, and was ad-, vanced to the office of medical inspector with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, which he retained until the end of the war. He became chief clerk of the U. S. mint in Philadelphia in 1878, and held that place until his death. Dr. Le Conte was a member of various scientific societies, held the vice-presi- dency of the American philosophical society in 1880-3, and was one of the founders of the Ameri- can entomological society. He was one of the charter members of the National academy of sci- ences, and in 1873 was elected president of the American association for the advancement of sci- ence, delivering his retiring address at the Detroit meeting on " Modern Biological Inquiry," in which he collated the known facts concerning the actual distribution of certain American coleoptera. Dr. Samuel H. Scudder calls him " the greatest en- tomologist that this country has yet produced." His specialty was the coleoptera, and full lists of his papers are given by Louis Agassiz in his " Bib- liographia Zoologies," and by Hermann A. Hagen in his " Bibliotheca Entomologica." The Smith- sonian collections include his " Classification of the Coleoptera of North America " (part i., 1862 ; part ii., 1873) ; " List of Coleoptera of North America " (part i., 1866) ; and " New Species of North Ameri- can Coleoptera " (part i., 1866 ; part ii., 1873). LECOR, Carlos Federico (lay-kor), Portuguese soldier, b. in Algarve, Portugal, about 1765 ; d. in Sacramento, Brazil, in 1836. He was educated in Holland, his father's native country, and was in- tended for a commercial career, but entered the Portuguese army, and at the close of the Napo- leonic wars was a lieutenant-general. He was sent to Brazil at the head of an army of 4,500 men in 1816, and captured Montevideo, 20 Jan., 1817. The Banda Oriental was then exposed to a revolution- ary movement in consequence of the intrigues of Jose Artigas, and Lecor, after routing the latter. persuaded the country to recognize the provisional authority of the court of Brazil. He was rewarded by his sovereign with the title of Baron de Laguna. When it was seen that the Brazilian occupation was to be permanent, there was an insurrection in Montevideo that resulted in a disastrous war. Finally Lecor was commissioned by the court to propose that the inhabitants should place them- selves under the protectorate of Brazil, while re- taining their independence. This proposition was submitted to an assembly of notables ; but, in con- sequence of the intrigues of Lecor, the deputies pronounced in favor of the union of the country with the united kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and Algarve. In 1822 Dom Pedro I., who had been proclaimed emperor of Brazil, sent Lecor to Monte- video to persuade or force the deputies to swear to accept the act of union. The city was divided on the question, and Lecor took command of the Bra- zilian troops against those who favored a continu- ance of the union with Portugal; but the Portuguese party was victorious, and Lecor was forced to leave Montevideo. Afterward the place fell into his hands again, and he kept control of it till 1825. The discontent of the inhabitants ended in an in- surrection which was supported by the government of Buenos Ayres. The army of Lecor was defeated, but he maintained his position in Montevideo until re-enforced from Brazil in 1826. After this he was dismissed, and retired to private life. LEDERER, John, traveller. He explored the Alleghany mountains in 1669-70,. and wrote in Latin an account of his discoveries, which was translated by Sir William Talbot with the title " The Discoveries of John Lederer in Three Several Marches from Virginia to the West of Carolina and other Parts of the Continent ; begun in March, 1669, and ended in September, 1670. Together with a General Map of the whole Territory which he traversed " (London, 1672). The translator says 654 LEDLIE LEDYARD in the preface that Lederer's presumption in going " where Englishmen never had been, and whither some refused to accompany him," brought on him " affronts and reproaches " in Virginia, so that he was obliged to flee to Maryland. Here he became known to Talbot, who, though at first prejudiced against him by popidar report, found him " a mod- est, ingenious person and a pretty scholar," and determined to vindicate him by translating his ac- count of his travels. Lederer appears to have reached only the "top of the Apalatean moun- tains," but gives reasons for supposing that " they are certainly in a great error who imagine that the continent of North America is but eight or ten days' journey over from the Atlantic to the Indian ocean." Sir William's volume is rare. LEDLIE, James Hewett, soldier, b. in Utica, N. Y., 14 April, 1832 ; d. in New Brighton, Staten island, N. Y., 15 Aug., 1882. He studied at Union college, became a civil engineer, and at the begin- ning of the civil war was commissioned major of the 19th New York infantry, which in the autumn of 1861 became an artillery regiment. He was made chief of artillery on the staff of Gen. John G. Fos- ter late in 1862, and on 24 Dec. promoted to brigadier - general of volunteers. He served in North and South Carolina, and subsequently in the Army of the Potomac, where his brigade made the assault on the crater after the mine-explosion at Petersburg. On 23 Jan., 1865, he resigned, de- clining a commission in the regular army, and re- turned to his profession. He took the entire con- tract for the construction of bridges, trestles, and snow-sheds on the Union Pacific railroad, built the breakwaters of Chicago harbor, and was engaged in railroad construction in the west and south. At the time of his death Gen. Ledlie was chief en- gineer of railways in California and Nevada, and president of the Baltimore, Cincinnati, and West- ern railroad construction company. LEDO, Joaquim Goncalves (lay-do), Brazilian statesman, b. in Rio Janeiro, 11 Dec, 1771 ; d. in Macacu, 19 May, 1847. He studied at Coimbra, but was not graduated on account of feeble health. In 1821 he was elected from Rio Janeiro to the constituent assembly that opened its sessions in that year. He was active in exciting the people to rebellion against the Portuguese authorities, and as soon as independence was secured, in 1825, was elected to parliament. He gained the friendship of the Emperor Bom Pedro I. and the sympathies of a great part of the intelligent people of the country, but he had to contend against the broth- ers Andrada (q. v.), who were his political adver- saries. In 1827 Ledo fled to Buenos Ayres because the Andradas had discovered a plot to wrest the power from them ; but Pedro I. pardoned him and recalled him from exile. In 1831, when Pedro I. abdicated, Ledo also retired from politics ; but in 1835 he was elected representative by the province of Rio Janeiro, and until 1847 he held several pub- lic offices. When he was in the government he struggled to introduce in his country labor-saving machinery. In 1847 he resolved to withdraw for- ever from politics, and retired to a farm to devote himself to literature; but in a fit of insanity he burned the larger part of his manuscripts, only a few being saved. The Brazilian government has lately issued a decree for printing those of his works that remain unedited. Ledo was a power- ful orator and good writer, his best work being his " History of the Independence of Brazil " (1846). He also composed several poems and tragedies. LEDRU, Andre Pierre (leh-droo'), French nat- uralist, b. in Chantenay, France, 22 Jan., 1761 ; d. in Mans, 11 July, 1825. At the beginning of the French revolution he had been ordained to the priesthood, and was one of the first to take the oath prescribed by the civil constitution of the clergy in 1791. When, in 1793, the convention decreed the abolition of all religion, Ledru returned to his family and afterward went to Paris, where he remained until he left his country with the expedition to the Canary and West India islands under Capt. Bau- din, to which he had been appointed botanist. On his return in 1798 the government made him the professor of legislation in the central school of La Sarthe, and afterward opened a school for free in- struction in physics and natural history in his house, where he had a large library, a fine herbari- um, and a botanical garden. His collections are now in the museum of the city of Mans. From 1816 until 1830 he occupied himself in preparing for publication several works, of which the most important are " Memoires sur les ceremonies re- ligieuses et vocabulaire des Guanches," published in " Memoires de l'Academie Celtique " (1809), and "Voyage aux isles de Tenerif, La Trinite, St. Thomas, Ste. Croix, et Porto Rico, execute par l'ordre du gouvernement Francais, par Andre Pierre Ledru, l'un des natural istes de l'expedition " (Paris, 1810-20). A Spanish translation of the part of this book that relates to Porto Rico was made by Julio L. Vizcarrondo (Porto Rico, 1863). LEDRU, Hector Priam, West Indian sculp- tor, b. in Les Saintes in 1726; d. there in 1775. He was a mulatto, and, as he early exhibited a, strong tendency for sculpture, the Marquis Pinel Dumanoir de la Palan, whose slave he was, sent him to study in Paris. There he interested Dide- rot, D'Alembert, Holbach, Rousseau, and the phi- losophers of the " Encyclopaedia," to which he con- tributed several articles and sketches on the colo- nies and Central American characters. In 1761 he exhibited, in the salon of the Louvre, a bust of Columbus, which was highly praised. Among his other works are " Captive Indians " (1756); "Buc- caneers at Rest" (1759); "Slave Unjustly Chas- tised " (1763) ; and " America the Treasure of Eu- rope " (1767). Returning to his native country in 1763, he executed ornaments and statues for churches of Les Saintes, Guadeloupe, and Martin- ique, and became wealthy. He published " Histoire de l'art en Amerique"'(2 vols., Paris, 1769) and " L'art chez les Aztiques et les Incas " (4 vols., 1771). LEDYARD, William, soldier, b. in Groton, Conn., about 1750; d. there, 7 Sept., 1781. He held the commission of colonel in the militia of Connecticut, and during the expedition of Bene- dict Arnold along the coast of that state in Sep- tember, 1781, was in command of Fort Trumbull and Fort Griswold, which protected New London. In the latter work, with 157 hastily collected and poorly armed militia, he resisted for nearly an hour the attack of a British force of 800 men led by Lieut.-Col. Eyre. This attack was made on three sides, and, although there was a battery between the fort and the river, the Americans could spare no men to work it. The enemy made their way into the fosse and scaled the works in the face of a severe fire from the little garrison. Lieut.-Col. Eyre was wounded, and died twelve hours afterward on shipboard, and his successor, Maj. Montgomery, having been killed while - mounting the parapet, the command devolved upon Maj. Bromfield, a Tory, who effected an entrance into the fort after nearly 200 of his men had been disabled, including 48 killed, the Americans having lost only about twelve men. Col. Ledyard ordered his men to cease firing and to lay down their arms. " Who LEDYARD LEDYARD 655 commands this garrrison ? " shouted Bromfield, as he entered. " I did, sir, but you do now," replied Ledyard, handing him his sword. According to the generally received tradition, Bromfield im- mediately plunged the weapon to the hilt in the body of Ledyard, killing him instantly. The waistcoat that was worn by Ledyard on this occa- sion is still (1887) preserved by the Connecticut historical society. A massacre of the Americans then ensued, in which nearly 100 were killed or wounded. A monument has been erected near the spot to commemorate this event. Arnold, in a despatch to Sir Henry Clinton, two days after- ward, gave the impression that the killed were victims of honorable strife. " I have inclosed a return of the killed and wounded, by which your excellency will observe that our loss, though very considerable, is short of the enemy's, who lost most of their officers, among whom was their commander. Col. Ledyard. Eighty-five men were found dead in Fort Griswold, and sixty wounded, most of them mortally. Their loss on the opposite side (New London) must have been considerable, but cannot be ascertained." On the following morning at dawn Col. Ledyard's niece, Fanny, visited the prisoners, who had been conveyed across the river, to alleviate their sufferings. — His nephew, John, traveller, b. in Groton, Conn., in 1751 ; d. in Cairo, Egypt, 17 Jan., 1789, lost his father at an early age, and after an ineffectual attempt to study law, en- tered Dartmouth in 1772, with a view toward fit- ting himself for missionary duty among the Indians. The restraints of this mode of life prov- ing irksome, he absented himself from college for several months, during which he visited the In- dians of the Six Nations, and finally abandoned the idea of becoming a missionary, and, embark- ing on the Connecticut river in a canoe of his own fashioning, floated to Hartford. After a brief experience as a theological student, he shipped at New London as a common sailor in a vessel that was bound for the Mediteri'anean, and at Gibraltar enlisted in a British regiment, from which he was discharged at the request of his cap- tain. Returning to New London by way of the West Indies at the end of a year, he soon embarked from New York for England, and arrived in Lon- don when Capt. Cook was about to sail on his third and last voyage around the world. Having pro- cured an introduction to Cook, he was engaged for the expedition, and made corporal of marines. He kept a private journal of this voyage, which, in accordance with a general order of the government, was taken from him on the return of the expedi- tion to England. Subsequently he wrote from recollection, assisted by a brief sketch that was issued under the sanction of the admiralty, an account of the expedition, which was published (Hartford, 1783). During the two years succeed- ing his return to England he remained in the ser- vice of the British navy, but refused to take arms against his native country. In December, 1782, being in a. British man-of-war off Long Island, he escaped and revisited his friends after an absence of eight years. After spending many months in fruitless endeavors to fit out an expedition to the northwestern coast of North America, which he was the first of his countrymen to propose, he embarked for Europe in June, 1784, in the hope of finding there the means for carrying out this pro- ject. He remained several months in Lorient, where hopes of receiving command of a ship for an exploring expedition were held out to him. Upon the failure of these negotiations he went in 1785 to Paris, where he was received by Thomas ! Jefferson, then minister to France, Lafayette, and others, and found in Paul Jones a ready co-operator in his plans of maritime exploration." After these had failed he determined to carry out his original design by a journey through northern Europe and i Asia, and across Bering straits to the western I hemisphere. An application to Catherine II. of ! Russia for permission to pass through her domin- ions, which was made by Mr. Jefferson, remained unanswered for five months, during which time Mr. Ledyard went to London, where the influence of Sir James Hall obtained him free passage to the Pacific, but the vessel was brought back by order of the government, and the voyage abandoned. He was finally supplied with a sum of money by Sir Joseph Banks and others, and departed on his long overland journey in 1786. On his arrival at Stockholm, he attempted to cross the Gulf of Both- nia on the ice to Abo in Finland, but was met by open water, which caused him to alter his course, and in the depth of winter he walked around the whole coast of the gulf, arriving in St. Petersburg in the latter part of March, without money, shoes, or stockings. This journey of about 1,400 miles was accomplished in less than seven weeks. After a delay of several weeks, he procured his passport from the empress and received permission to ac- company Dr. Brown, a Scotchman in the Russian service, as far as Barnaul, in southern Siberia, a dis- tance of about 3,000 miles. He then travelled with a Swedish officer, Lieut. Laxinan, to Irkutsk, whence he sailed in a small boat down the Lena to Ya- kutsk. Permission being refused to go to Okhotsk, he accompanied Capt. Billings, in the Russian ser- vice, back to Irkutsk, where, on 24 Feb., 1788, he was arrested by order of the empress. Accom- panied by two guards, he was conducted with speed to the frontiers of Poland, and there dis- missed with an intimation that he would be hanged if he entered Russia. The reason for this summary expulsion of Ledyard has never been satisfactorily explained. He returned to London in the spring, to use his own words, " disappointed, ragged, and penniless, but with a whole heart," and was cordially received by Sir Joseph Banks and others who had befriended him. Undaunted by adversity, he eagerly accepted an offer from the Association for promoting the discovery of the inland parts of Africa to undertake an expedition into the interior of that continent; and when asked how soon he would be ready to start, replied: " To-morrow morning." He departed from Eng- land in June, intending to cross Africa in a westerly direction from Sennaar, and had reached Cairo, when he became ill. His death was con- sidered a great loss to the society. For capacity of endurance, resolution, and physical vigor he was one of the most remarkable of modern trav- ellers. Thomas Jefferson says of him : " In 1786, while at Paris, I became acquainted with John Ledyard, of Connecticut, a man of genius, of some science, and of fearless courage and enterprise. ... I suggested to him the enterprise of explor- ing the western part of our continent by passing through St. Petersburg to Kamtchatka and procur- ing a passage thence in some of the Russian ves- sels to Nootka sound, whence he might make his way across the continent to the United States; and. I undertook to have the permission of the empress of Russia solicited." Many extracts from Ledyard's journals and private correspondence with Jefferson and others are given in his " Life," by Jared Sparks (Cambridge. 1828 : London, 1828 and 1834), which is also included in Sparks's " American Biography." 656 LEE LEE LEE, Albert Lindley, soldier, b. in Fulton, Oswego co., X. Y„ 16 Jan.. 1834. He was gradu- ated at Union college, in 1853, studied law, and re- moved to Kansas, where he was judge of the state supreme court in 1861. He became major of the 7th Kansas cavalry in that year, was made colonel in 1862. and on 29 Xov. was commissioned briga- dier-general of volunteers. He commanded the cavalry in the Red River expedition of 1864. and was iii the advance when the Confederate attack was made at Sabine Cross-roads, after which he was superseded by Gen. Richard Arnold. He re- signed on 4 May, 1865, and since the war has passed much of his time in Europe. LEE. Andrew, clergyman, b. in Lyme, Conn., 7 Mav, 1745 : d. in Lisbon, Conn., 25 Aug., 1832. He was graduated at Yale in 1766, and. after study- ing theology for two years, began preaching in 1768, being" in that year ordained pastor of the Trinitarian Congregational church at Hanover (now Lisbon), Conn. Here he spent his life, dis- charging his clerical duties until within a twelve- month of his death. From 1807 till 1823 he was a member of the corporation of Yale college, and in 1809 he received the degree of D. D. from Harvard. Among Dr. Lee's publications are " An Inquiry whether it be the Duty of Man to be Willing to Suffer Damnation for the Divine Glory " (1786) ; •• The Declensions of Christianity an Argument for its Truth" (1793): and "Sermons on Various Im- portant Subjects" (1803). LEE, Ann. religious teacher, b. in Manchester. England, 29 Feb., 1736 ; d. in Watervliet, X. Y., 8 Sept., 1784. She was the daughter of a black- smith, and, after working in a cotton-factory and as cook in an infirniary. while yet a young girl married Abraham Stanley, also a blacksmith, by whom she had four children, all of whom died in infancy. When she was about twenty-two years old Ann came under the influence of James AA'ard- ley, who was at that time the chief exponent of the Camisards, or French Prophets, who had fled to England from France on account of persecution and found willing followers, especially among the Quakers. Ann joined the new sect that was found- ed in 1747, and called from their physical contor- tions "Shaking Quakers." She was naturally of an excitable temperament, and her experience in the performance of these peculiar religious exer- cises was most singular and painful. At times her flesh wasted away under the discipline, and she be- came so weak that she had to be fed like a child, while on other occasions she would enjoy " inter- vals of releasement," in which she asserted that her strength had been miraculously renewed and her soul filled with heavenly visions and divine revelations. By 1770 she had grown greatly in favor among her people, and being persecuted and imprisoned in that year by the secular authorities, she was acknowledged on her release to be their spiritual mother in Christ. She now also claimed to be the incarnation of infinite wisdom, and the " second appearing of Christ," as really and fully as Jesus of Nazareth was the incarnation of infinite power or Christ's first appearing, and therefore did not hesitate to call herself " Ann the Word." She now began to declare the wrath of the Almighty against marriage, and for this she was again im- prisoned, this time on a charge of misdemeanor. On her release she returned to the attack on what she termed " the root of human depravity," which so enraged her fellow-townsmen that she was shut up for several weeks in a mad-house. Thus har- assed and persecuted on English soil, she de- clared that she had " a special revelation " to mi- grate to this country, and with several of her so- ciety that had similar revelations she arrived in New York in May. 1774. In the spring of 1776 she went to Albany and established at Watervliet, eight miles from that city, a congregation that she called " The Church of Christ's Second Appear- ing," and. after formally dissolving her marriage relation, became its recognized head. The new sect soon aroused the hostility of the authorities. Ann being accused by some of witchcraft and by others of secret correspondence with the British, probably because she was opposed to war. She was arrested" on a charge of high treason and impris- oned in Albany during the summer of 1776, but was subsequently removed to the jail at Pough- keepsie. X. Y., where she remained until pardoned by Gov. George Clinton in 1777. It was not, how- ever, until 1780 that the society increased materi- ally in numbers. At the beginning of that year an unusually extensive revival occurred at New Lebanon, X. Y., in which Mother Lee took an ac- tive part. She succeeded in securing many con- verts and in establishing a branch society at that place. In 1781 she set out, in company with her elders, on an extended preaching tour through the Xew England states, where she founded societies at Harvard. Mass., and other places. She did not live long after her return to Watervliet, but died a natural death in spite of her claim that when she left this world she would " ascend in the twinkling of an eye to heaven." Xotwithstanding her fanati- cal excesses, it must be admitted that Ann was a remarkable woman. She was entirely without education, but founded a sect and inspired perfect faith in her divine mission, although it was sought to invalidate her claims by plausible charges that her life was shamefully impure. LEE. Benjamin, sailor, b. in Taunton, Eng- land, 26 Feb.. 1765; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 15 Aug., 1828. He entered the British navy as a midshipman, having as companions Lord Xelson and the Duke of Clarence, and commanded a bat- tery of guns in the naval battle between Admiral Rodney and Count de Grasse off the island of Guadeloupe. 12 April, 1782. Having challenged a superior officer for countermanding his humane order relative to certain prisoners, he was con- demned by court-martial to be shot for insubordi- nation, but was saved through the intervention of the Duke of Clarence, afterward William IV., the sentence of death being commuted to dismissal from the service. It is related that on being set ashore he at once sent a fresh challenge to the same officer, which was accepted, and Lee is said to have left his adversary dead on the field. He then came to the United" States, entered the mer- chant marine as captain, and was one of the first to carry the flag of his adopted country to the far east. After thirteen years on the ocean he retired to a farm, and subsequently declined a commission as 1st lieutenant of the frigate "Constitution" that was offered to him by President Adams. — His son. Alfred, P. E. bishop, b. in Cambridge. Mass., 9 Sept., 1807; d. in Wilmington, Del., 12 April, 1887, was graduated at Harvard in 1827. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Xew London. Conn., where he practised for two years, but afterward went to the General theological seminary. Xew York city, -and was graduated in 1837. He was admitted to deacon's orders in Xorwich, Conn., by Bishop Brownell. 21 May, 1837, and to priest's orders, bv the same bishop, in Hart- ford, 12 June, 1838. He oificiated for a short time in St. James's church, Poquetanoe. Conn., and in September, 1838, became rector of Calvary church, LEE LEE 657 Rochdale, Pa. This post he occupied for three years. He was elected first bishop of Delaware, and was consecrated in St. Paul's chapel, Xew York, 12 Oct., 1841. The new bishop took up his residence in Wilmington, Del., and in 1842 assumed the rectorship of St. Andrew's church in that city, which post he held during the remainder of his life. On the death of Bishop Smith in May, 1884, he became presiding bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church in the United States. He re- ceived the degree of S. T. D. from Trinity in 1841, the same degree from Harvard in 1860, and that of LL. D. from Delaware college in 1877. Bishop Lee was of the same school of churchmanship with Bishop Griswold, Bishop Mcllvaine, Bishop Bedell, Dr. Muhlenberg, and others of the older evangeli- cals. He was also a scholar of excellent attain- ments, and was a member of the American com- pany of the revisers of the Xew Testament (1881). Among his publications were " Life of St. Peter " (Xew York, 1852): "Life of St. John" (1854): " Treatise on Baptism " (1854) ; " Memoir of Mi~s Susan Allibone " (1856) ; " Harbinger of Christ " (1857); and "Eventful Xights in Bible History" (1886). In addition, he published several charges to the clergy, single sermons, addresses, and pastoral letters. — Alfred's son, Benjamin, physi- cian, b. in Xorwich, Conn., 26 Sept., 1833, was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1852, and at the Xew York medical college in 1856, receiving a prize for his thesis on " The Mechan- ics of Medicine." After studying abroad he es- tablished himself in practice in Xew York city, in 1862 edited the "American Medical Monthly," and in 1862-'3 was surgeon of the 22d Xew York regiment. In 1865 he removed to Philadelphia. Dr. Lee has made a specialty of orthopedic surgery and the treatment of nervous diseases. He is the inventor of the method of self-suspension as a means of treating spinal affections. He is a mem- ber of A T arious medical associations, has been treas- urer of the Pennsylvania medical society since 1873, and in 1884 was president of the American academy of medicine. In 1885 he was appointed a member of the newly created State board of health, of which he is now (1887) secretary and executive officer. As a member of the committee on medical legislation of the State medical society, he has been instrumental in securing the passage of laws for regulating the practice of medicine, and for the registration of physicians. Besides contribu- tions to medical literature, he has published " Cor- rect Principles of Treatment for Angular Curvature of the Spine " (Philadelphia, 1867) ; and " Tracts on Massage," original and translated (1885-'7). LEE, Benjamin Franklin, clergvman, b. in Gouldtown, X. J., 18 Sept., 1841. He is of African descent, and was educated at Wilberforce univer- sity, Ohio. He entered the ministry in 1869, was appointed to the chair of pastoral theology, homi- letics, and ecclesiastical history in Wilberforce university in 1873, and elected* its president in 1876. He was chosen to represent his church at the Ecumenical conference in London in 1881, and at the Methodist centennial in Baltimore in 1884. He was given the degree of D. D. by Wil- berforce university, Ohio, in 1883, and elected editor of the "Christian Recorder" in 1884. He has written " Wesley the Worker " (Xew York, 1880), and " The Causes of the Success of Methodism." LEE. Charles, soldier, b. in Dernhall, Cheshire, England, in 1731 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 2 Oct., 1782. He was the youngest son of Gen. John Lee, of Dernhall, and Isabella, daughter of Sir Henry Bunbury, of Stanney. He is said to have received ■- ytt-^ tJ-^—-^ a commission in the army at the age of eleven. However this may have been, he is known to have studied at the free grammar-school of Bury St. Ed- munds, and afterward at an academy in Switzer- land. He acquired some familiarity with Greek and Latin and a thorough knowl- edge of French. In the course of his ram- bles about Europe he afterward became proficient in Spanish, Italian, and German. He applied himself diligently to the study of the military art. On 2 May, 1751, short- ly after his father's death, he received a lieutenant's commis- sion in the 44th regi- ment, of which his father had been colonel. The regiment was or- dered to America in 1754, where it was one of the two European regiments that took part in Gen. Edward Braddock's expedition to Fort Duquesne, and Lee was present at the disastrous defeat of Braddock at Monongahela in the following year. The remains of the shattered army were in the autumn of 1755 taken northward to Albany and Schenectady, where they went into winter-quar- ters. Lee was present at several conferences be- tween Sir William Johnson and the chiefs of the Six Xations, and became much interested in the Indians. His relations with them soon became so friendly that he was adopted into the Mohawk tribe of the Bear under the curiously prophetic name of " Ounewaterika," or " Boiling Water." His captain's commission in the 44th, which he purchased for £900, was dated 11 June. 1756. He was wounded in the disastrous assault upon Ticon- deroga, 1 July, and was soon afterward stationed on Long Island, where an army surgeon, with whom he had quarrelled, attempted to assassinate him, and nearly succeeded. It was remarked about this time that Capt. Lee had a fault-finding dis- position with an extremely caustic tongue. He was fond of abusing his superior officers, and was by no means nice in his choice of epithets. As commander of foraging parties he pillaged friend and foe with impartial violence, and showed him- self on many occasions arrogant and insubordinate. In the next campaign he was present at the cap- ture of Fort Xiagara, and was sent with a small party to follow the route of the few French who escaped. This was the first party of English troops that ever crossed Lake Erie. Their march led them to Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburg), whence they marched all the way to Crown Point to meet Gen. Amherst. In the final campaign of 1760 Lee's regiment was part of the force led by Amherst down the St. Lawrence to Montreal, and after the capture of that town he returned to Eng- land. He was promoted, 10 Aug., 1761, to the rank of major in the 103d regiment, which was dis- banded two years later ; but Lee was continued a major on half-pay. In 1762 the British govern- ment sent a small' army to assist Portugal in driv- ing out the invading Spaniards. Burgoyne com- manded a division in this army, and Lee accom- panied him with the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the Portuguese service. The expedition was brill- iantly successful, and Lee received honorable men- tion for personal gallantry in the action at Villa 658 LEE LEE Velha. On his return to England he busied him- self with a scheme for founding two new colonies in America — one on the Ohio river below the Wabash, the other on the Illinois. Inducements were to be held out for emigrants from Switzer- land and Germany as well as New England ; but the ministry refused to sanction the scheme. About this time he wrote several pamphlets, re- viewing the colonial policy of the government in language so arrogant and bitter as to make ene- mies of the ministry, while on the other hand his censorious and quarrelsome temper prevented his making many friends among the opposition party. In his endeavors after military promotion he was disappointed, and in 1764 he made his way to Po- land, where he received an appointment on the staff of King Stanislaus Augustus. Two years afterward, in accompanying the Polish embassy to Turkey, he narrowly escaped freezing to death on the Balkan mountains, and again in Constantino- ple came near being buried in the ruins of his house, which was destroyed by an earthquake. In 1766 he returned to England and spent two years in a fruitless attempt to obtain promotion. His anger at the ministry was vented so freely that he soon acquired the reputation of a disappointed and vindictive place-hunter. In 1769 he returned to Poland, was appointed major-general in the Polish army, and served in a campaign against the Turks. On this, as on other occasions, he expressed the opinion that the commanders under whom he served were fools. After barely escaping with his life from a violent fever, he went to Vienna and spent the winter there. During the spring of 1770 he travelled in Italy, where he lost two fingers in a duel with an officer whom he killed. He then went by way of Minorca to Gibraltar, whence he returned in the autumn to England, where he wrote his ironical epistle to David Hume, and other papers. He spent the summer of 1772 in France and Switzerland, seeking relief from rheu- matism. On 25 May of that year he was promoted lieutenant-colonel on half-pay, but was unable to obtain further recognition from the government. It now seems to have occurred to him that the troubles in America might afford a promising ca- reer for a soldier of fortune. He arrived in New York, 10 Nov., 1773, in the midst of the agitation over the tea duties, and the next ten months were spent in a journey through the colonies as far as Virginia in one direction and Massachusetts in the other. In the course of this journey Lee made the acquaintance of nearly all the leaders of the Revo- lutionary party, and won high favor from the zeal with which he espoused their cause. At this time he rendered some real services with tongue and pen, while his self-seeking motives were hidden by the affected earnestness of his arguments in behalf of political liberty and the real sincerity of his in- vectives against the British government. The best of his writings at this time was the " Strictures on a Friendly Address to all Reasonable Americans, in Reply to Dr. Myles Cooper" (1774), in which the arguments of the Tory president of King's col- lege were severely handled. This pamphlet was many times reprinted and exerted considerable in- fluence. While the 1st Continental congress was in session at Philadelphia, Lee was present in that city and was ready with his advice and opinions. He set himself up for a military genius, and there was no campaign in modern European history which he could not expound and criticise with the air of a man who had exhausted the subject. The American leaders, ill acquainted with military sci- ence and flattered by the prospect of securing the aid of a great European soldier, were naturally ready to take him at his own valuation; but he felt that one grave obstacle stood in the way of his appointment to the chief command. He wrote to Edmund Burke, 16 Dec, 1774, that he did not think the Americans " would or ought to confide in a man, let his qualifications be ever so great, who has no property among them." To remove this objection he purchased, for about £5,000 in Virginia currency (equal to about £3,000 sterling), an estate in Berkeley county, in the Shenandoah valley, near that of his friend Horatio Gates. He did not complete this purchase till the last of May, 1775, while the 2d Continental congress was in session. A letter to a friend at this time in- dicates that he was awaiting the action of the congress, and did not finally commit himself to the purchase until virtually sure of a high mili- tary command. To pay for the estate he borrowed £3,000 of Robert Morris, to whom he mortgaged the property as security, while he drew bills on his agent in England for the amount. On 17 June he received as high a command as congress thought it prudent to give him, that of second major-general in the Continental army. The rea- sons for making Washington commander-in-chief were generally convincing; and as the only Con- tinental army existing was the force of 16,000 New England men with which Gen. Artemas Ward was besieging Boston, it was not deemed politic to place a second in command over Ward. Some of Lee's friends, and in particular Thomas Mifflin, afterward active in the Conway cabal, urged that he should at least have the first place after Washington ; but John Adams declared that, while the New England army would cheerfully serve under Washington, it could not be expect- ed to acquiesce in having another than its own general in the next place. Accordingly, Ward was appointed first of the major-generals and Lee second. The British adventurer, who had cher- ished hopes of receiving the chief command, was keenly disappointed. For the present he repressed his spleen against Washington, but made no secret of his contempt for Ward, whom he described as "a fat old gentleman who had been a popular church-warden, but had no acquaintance whatever with military affairs." When Lee was informed of his appointment, 19 July, he begged leave, before accepting it, to confer with a committee of con- gress with regard to his private affairs. The com- mittee being immediately appointed, he made it a condition of his entering the American service that he should be indemnified by congress for any pecuniary loss he might suffer by so doing, and that this reimbursement should be made as soon as the amount of such loss should be ascertained. Congress at once assented to this condition, and Lee accepted his appointment. Three days after- ward he wrote a letter to the British secretary of war, Lord Barrington, resigning his commission as lieutenant-colonel and the half-pay that up to this moment he had been willing to receive from a gov- ernment against which he was concerting measures of armed resistance. Having thus entered the American service, Lee accompanied Washington in his journey to Cam- bridge, and at every town through which they passed he seemed to be quite as much an object of curiosity and admiration as the commander-in- chief. According to Lee's own theory of the rela- tionship between the two, his was the controlling mind. He was the trained and scientific Euro- pean soldier to whose care had been in a measure intrusted this raw American general who for politi- LEE LEE 659 cal reasons had been placed in command over him. In point of fact, Lee's military experience, as sketched above, had been scarcely more extensive than Washington's. Such little reputation as he had in Europe was not that of a soldier, but of an unscrupulous political pamphleteer. Yet if he had been the hero of a dozen great battles, if he had rescued Portugal from the Spaniard and Poland from the Turk, he could not have claimed or ob- tained more deference in this country than he did. On arriving at Cambridge he was placed in com- mand of the left wing, with his headquarters at Winter Hill, in what is now Somerville. The only incident that marked his stay at Cambridge was a correspondence with his old friend Burgoyne, then lately arrived in Boston, which led to a scheme for a conference between Lee and Burgoyne, with a view to the restoration of an amicable understand- ing between the colonies and the mother country. The scheme, being regarded unfavorably by the Provincial congress of Massachusetts, was aban- doned. In December, 1775, when Sir Henry Clin- ton was preparing to start from Boston on his southern expedition, fears were entertained for Rhode Island and New York, and accordingly Lee was sent to Newport, where his military genius displayed itself in the arrest of a few Tory citizens. Thence he proceeded in January to New York, where he did good service in beginning the fortifi- cations needed for the city and neighboring strate- gic points. On the news of Montgomery's death, Lee was appointed to command the army in Cana- da ; but scarcely had he been informed of this ap- pointment when his destination was changed. It had become clear that Clinton's expedition was aimed at some point in the southern states, and Lee was accordingly put in command over the southern department, and in March went to Vir- ginia. His recommendation to the Virginians to raise and discipline a cavalry force was sensible and useful. On 7 May he wrote a letter to Patrick Henry, strongly advocating a declaration of inde- pendence. Shortly after this Clinton, re-enforced by Sir Peter Parker's fleet with fresh troops under Lord Cornwallis, arrived in Charleston harbor ; and Gen. Lee, following him, reached that city on the same day, 4 June. Preparations had already been made to resist the enemy, and Col. William Moultrie was constructing his famous palmetto fort on Sullivan's island. Lee blustered and found fault as usual, sneered at the palmetto fort, and would have ordered Moultrie to abandon it ; but President Rutledge persuaded him to let Moultrie have his way. In the battle of 28 June between the fort and the fleet, Moultrie won a brilliant vic- tory, the credit of which was by most people incon- siderately given to Lee. On the departure of the discomfited British fleet, the " hero of Charleston," as he was now called, prepared to invade Florida ; but early in September he was ordered to report to congress at Philadelphia. The question of his in- demnification had been laid before congress in a letter from Rutledge, dated 4 July, and action was now taken upon it. The bills for £3,000 drawn upon his agent in England to repay the sum advanced by Robert Morris had been pro- tested for lack of funds, as Lee's property in Eng- land had been sequestrated. Congress accordingly voted, 7 Oct., to advance $30,000 to Gen. Lee by way of indemnification. Should his English estate ever be recovered, he was to repay this sum. Lee then went to New York, where he arrived on 14 Oct., and took command of the right wing of Washington's army upon Harlem heights. By the resignation of Gen. Ward in the spring Lee had become senior major-general, and in the event of disaster to Washington he might hope at length to realize his wishes and become commander-in- chief. The fall of Fort Washington, 16 Nov., seemed to afford Lee the opportunity desired. At that moment Washington, whose defensive move- ments had been marked by most consummate skill, had placed half of his army on the New Jer- sey side of the river, in order to check any move- ment of the British toward Philadelphia. He had left Lee at Northcastle, with the other half of the army, about 7,000 men, with instructions to await his orders and move promptly upon receiving them. As soon as the nature of Howe's designs had become appai'ent, Washington sent an order to Lee to cross the Hudson river and effect a junction of the two parts of the army. But Lee pretended to regard the order in the light of mere advice, raised objections, and did not stir. While Washington was now obliged to fall back through New Jersey, in order to avoid fighting against overwhelming odds, his messages to Lee grew more and more peremptory ; but Lee disregarded them. Many people were throwing the blame for the loss of Fort Washington upon the commander- in-chief, and were contrasting him unfavorably with the " hero of Charleston," and Lee busied himself in writing letters calculated to spread and increase this disaffection toward Washington. The latter had left Heath in command in the High- lands, with very explicit instructions, which Lee now tried, but in vain, to overrule. On 2 Dec, Washington had retreated as far as Princeton, with a force diminished to 3,000 men. On the same day, after a fortnight's delay, Lee crossed the Hudson and proceeded by slow marches to Morris- town, with his force diminished to 4,000 men. The terms of service of many of the soldiers had ex- pired, and the prospect was so dismal that few were willing to re-enlist. At this moment Gates was coming down from Ticonderoga with seven regiments sent by Schuyler to Washington's assist- ance ; but Lee interposed, and diverted three of these regiments to Morristown. By this time Washington had retreated beyond the Delaware, and most people considered his campaign hope- lessly ruined. Lee's design in thus acting inde- pendently seems to have been to operate upon the British flank from Morristown, a position of which Washington soon afterward illustrated the great value. The insubordinate commander wished to secure for himself whatever advantage might be gained from such a movement. For some unex- plained reason, he made his headquarters at Bask- ingridge, four miles from his army, and here he was captured, 13 Dec, by a party of British dragoons. His troops, thus opportunely relieved of such a commander, were promptly marched by Sullivan to Washington's assistance in time to take part in the glorious movement upon Trenton and Prince- ton. The capture of Lee was considered a grave misfortune by the Americans, who did not possess the clew to his singular behavior. Of his conduct in captivity, which would soon have afforded such a clew, nothing whatever was known until eighty years afterward. Lee was taken to New York and confined in the city hall, where he was courteously treated, but he well understood that his life was in danger in case the British government should regard him as a deserter from the army. Sir William Howe wrote home for instructions, and in reply was directed to send his prisoner to England for trial. Lee had already been sent on board ship, when a letter from Washington put a stop to these proceedings. The letter informed Howe 660 LEE LEE that Washington held five Hessian field-officers as hostages for Lee's personal safety. This was the beginning of a discussion that lasted about a year, involving the exchange of several letters between Howe and his government on the one hand and Howe and Washington on the other, until at length, 12 Dec, 1777, Howe was instructed to con- sider Lee a prisoner of war, and subject to ex- change whenever convenient. During the interval, while his fate was in suspense, Lee was busy in operations on his own account. First, he assured the brothers Howe that he was opposed to the Declaration of Independence, and hoped, if he could obtain an interview with a committee from congress, to be able to open negotiations for an honorable and satisfactory adjustment of all exist- ing difficulties. The Howes, who were well dis- posed toward the Americans and sincerely anxious for peace, allowed him to ask for the interview ; but congress refused to grant it. Lee's extraordi- nary conduct before his capture had somewhat injured his reputation, and there were vague sus- picions, though no one knew exactly what to suspect him of. These doubts affected the sound- ness of his judgment rather than of his character. His behavior was considered wayward and eccen- tric, but was not seen to be treacherous. The worst that was now supposed about him was that he had suffered himself to be hoodwinked by the Howes into requesting a conference that could answer no good purpose. As soon as the confer- ence was refused, he straightway went over to the enemy, and sought to curry favor with the Howes by giving them aid and counsel for the next cam- paign against the Americans. He went so far as to write out for them a plan of operations. After the disastrous result of the campaigns of 1777, the brothers did not wish to disclose the secret of their peculiar obligations to such an adviser, and Lee's papers remained hidden in their domestic archives until 1857. A fac-simile of it is given in George H. Moore's monograph on the " Treason of Charles Lee " (New York, 1858). The paper is in Lee's handwriting, folded and indorsed as " Mr. Lee's Plan— 29th March, 1777." The indorsement is in the handwriting of Henry Strachey, secretary to the royal commissioners, Lord and Sir William Howe. In this paper Lee expressly abandons the American cause, enters " sincerely and zealously" into the plans of the British commanders, and recommends an expedition to Chesapeake bay, essentially similar to that which was actually xm- 'dertaken in the following summer. This advice seems to throw light upon the movements of Gen. Howe in July and August, 1777, which were for- merly regarded as so strange. If anything had been 'known about these treacherous shifts on the part of Lee, he certainly would never have been taken back into the American service. As nothing was known about the matter, he was exchanged early in May, 1778, and joined Washington's army at Valley Forge. It is not altogether easy to see why he should have returned to his place in the Amer- ican army unless it may have been with the inten- tion of playing into the hands of the enemy ; nor, except upon some such theory, is it easy to see why the British commander should have acquiesced in his return. Possibly Sir Henry Clinton, who had lately superseded Sir William Howe, may have known nothing of Lee's tergiversation; but the facts seem compatible with the supposition that in this case Sir Henry was willing to profit by treach- ery in the American camp, as afterward in his conspiracy with Arnold. Perhaps he was only acting upon the declared opinion of Sir Joseph Yorke, that such a man as Charles Lee was " the worst present the Americans could receive." In the campaign of 1778 Lee proved himself to be such. When, in June, Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Philadelphia, it was his purpose to retreat across New Jersey to New York without a battle, if pos- sible. It was Washington's object to attack Clin- ton on his retreat and cripple him. Lee at first endeavored to dissuade Washington from making such an attack. Then, when it was resolved to make the attack upon the rear division of the British army, with the view of cutting it off from the advanced division, Lee showed such unwilling- ness to undertake the task that Washington as- signed it to Lafayette. Each of the opposing armies numbered about 15,000 men, and each was marching in two divisions, three or four miles apart. The American advance, of about 6,000 men under Lafayette, was to attack the British rear division upon it's left flank and engage it un- til Washington, with the main body, should come up and complete its discomfiture. At the last moment Lee changed his mind and solicited the command of the advance, which Lafayette grace- fully gave up to him. Washington's orders to Lee were explicit and peremptory. On the morning of 28 June, Lee overtook the enemy near Monmouth Court-House ; but the fighting had scarcely begun when his conduct became so strange and his orders so contradictory as to excite uneasiness on the part of Lafayette, who sent a messenger back to Washington, begging him to make all possible haste to the front. When the commander-in- chief, with his main force, had passed Freehold church on the way toward the scene of action, he was astonished at the spectacle of Lee's division in disorderly retreat, with the enemy close at their heels. In a fierce outburst of wrath he upbraid- ed Lee for his behavior, then rallied the troops, and repelled the enemy. Later in the day he sent Lee to the rear. During the night Clinton with- drew from the field, leaving his wounded behind. Lee's extraordinary conduct in failing to grasp the opportunity that all believed within his reach excited indignant comment among officers and soldiers, and he now wrote two angry letters to the commander-in-chief, to which Washington re- plied by placing him under arrest. He was tried by court-martial on three charges: 1. Disobedi- ence of orders in not attacking the enemy. 2. Misbehavior before the enemy in making an un- necessary, disorderly, and shameful retreat. 3. Disrespect to the commander-in-chief. On 12 Aug. he was found guilty on all three charges, and suspended from command in the army for the term of one year. For a long time his conduct in the battle of Monmouth seemed utterly unintel- ligible ; the discoveries since made regarding his behavior while in captivity do not yet clear it up, but they certainly make it appear susceptible of the worst possible interpretation. On learning the sentence of the court-martial, which was presently confirmed by congress, Lee's spite against Wash- ington became quite ungovernable, and his venom- ous tongue soon got him into trouble. In a duel with Washington's aide-de-camp, Col. Laurens, he was wounded in the arm. After some time he addressed an impudent letter to congress, and was immediately dismissed from the army. He retired in disgrace to his estate in the Shenandoah valley, and lived there long enough to witness the triumph of the cause he had done so much to injure. On a visit to Philadelphia he was suddenly seized with fever, and died in a tavern, friendless and alone. His last words were : " Stand by me, my brave LEE LEE 661 grenadiers." In his will he had expressed a wish that, he might not be buried within a mile of any church or meeting-house, as since his arrival in America he had kept so much bad company in this world that he did not wish to continue it in the next. He was buried, however, in the cemetery of Christ church, and his funeral was attended by the president of congress and other eminent citizens. Gen. Lee. was one of the numerous persons credited with the authorship of " Junius." In a letter dated at Dover, Del., 1 Feb., 1803, published in the " Wilmington Mirror " and copied into the "St. James Chronicle," London, Thomas Rodney gave the substance of a conversation between him- self and Gen. Lee in 1773. Lee observed that not a man in the world but himself, not even the pub- lisher, knew the secret of the authorship of " Ju- nius." Rodney naturally replied that no one but the author himself could make such a remark as that, " I have unguardedly committed myself," said Lee, " and it would be folly to deny to you that 1 am the author ; but 1 must request you will not reveal it during my life, for it never was nor ever will be revealed by me to any other." Lee then went on to point out several circumstances corroborative of his claim. Such a statement, from a gentleman of so high a character as Mr. Rodney, at once attracted attention in Europe and America. Two intimate friends of Lee maintained opposite sides of the question. Ralph Wormeley, of Virginia, published a letter in which he argued that Lee was very far from possessing the knowl- edge of parliamentary history exhibited in the pages of "Junius." Daniel Carthy, of North Carolina, published a series of articles in the " Virginia Ga- zette " in refutation of Wormeley. Dr. Thomas Girdlestone, of Yarmouth, England, followed on the same side in a small volume entitled " Facts tending to prove that Gen. Lee was never Absent from this Country for any Length of Time during the Years 1767-'72, and that he was the Author of ' Junius ' " (London, 1813). The first part of Dr. Girdlestone's title points to the fatal obstacle to his hypothesis. The simple fact is, that Lee was ab- sent in such remote countries as Poland and Turkey at the very dates when " Junius " was pub- lishing letters exhibiting such minute and detailed acquaintance with affairs every day occurring in London as could only have been possessed by an eye-witness living on the spot. This fact makes it impossible that Lee should have written the " Let- ters of Junius " ; and the statement of Mr. Rod- ney only goes to show that in other than military matters Lee was willing to claim what did not belong to him. The most interesting thing to- day in Girdlestone's volume is the portrait of Lee which stands as frontispiece. It was taken from a drawing by Barham Rushbrooke, which, though designed as a caricature, was " allowed, by all who knew Gen. Lee, to be the only successful delinea- tion either of his countenance or person." It was taken on his return from Poland, in his uniform as aide to King Stanislaus, and shows the inevitable dog. Lee was very fond of dogs, and was seldom seen without half a dozen at his heels. He was slov- enly in dress, dirty in person, repulsive in feature, and rude in manner, always ready with disagree- .able and sarcastic remarks. His eccentricities were so marked as perhaps to afford some ground for the plea of insanity whereby to palliate his misdemeanors. The biography of Charles Lee has not yet been properly written. His essays and miscellaneous papers were edited, with an inter- esting biographical sketch, by Edward Langworthy. under the title "Memoirs of the late Charles Lee, Esq." (London, 1792). The sketch by Jared Sparks (" American Biography," 2d series, viii., Boston, 1846) is carefully written, but has little value to-day, because the author knew nothing of that treasonable correspondence with the Howes which modifies so profoundly our view of Lee's whole career in America. George H. Moore an- nounced in 18G0 a biography and collection of essays, with documents never before published ; but this much -needed book has not yet made its appearance. Dr. Moore's monograph above cited contains much information not easily to be found elsewhere ; the portrait which stands as its frontispiece is reduced from the folio print pub- lished in London during the Revolutionary war. No relationship is traceable between Charles Lee and the illustrious Lees of Virginia. LEE, Charles Alfred, physician, b. in Salis- bury, Conn.. 3 March, 1801 ; d. in Peekskill, N. Y., 14 Feb., 1872. He was graduated at Williams in 1822, and at Berkshire medical college in 1825. In 1826 he settled in New York, and with Dr. James Stewart founded the Northern dispensary of that city, of which he was long the chief physician. Dr. Lee held professorships at various times, chiefly of materia medica and obstetrics, in the medical departments of the University of New York and elsewhere. He was one of the found- ers of the medical college of the University of New York, and of the Buffalo medical college, of which he was professor emeritus at the time of his death. His attention during his later years was devoted to the subject of the treatment of the insane, and his views on the colonization or out- door system, which he personally investigated while he was in Europe in 1865, were adopted after his return by some of the chief institutions for the in- sane in this country. For some years he conducted the " New York Journal of Medicine," and he edited the American edition of Copeland's " Dictionary of Practical Medicine" (New York, 1844-'58). Be- sides writing numerous medical articles, he was the author of several successful text-books, " Ele- ments of Geology for Popular Use " (New York), and " Human Physiology." LEE, Cliauncey, clergyman, b. in Coventry, Conn., 10 July, 1718 ; d. "in Hartwick, N. Y., 5 Nov., 1842. His father, Jonathan, was the first minister that settled in Salisbury, Conn. Chaun- cey was graduated at Yale in 1784, and, after practising law for a short time, studied theology, and was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Sunderland, Vt., in 1790. He officiated successively there, at Colebrook, N. Y., and at Marlborough, Conn., till 1835, when he retired from active duty. He was skilled in music, com- posed verses, and was a classical scholar. Colum- bia gave him the degree of D. D. in 1823. His publications include an arithmetic (Boston, 1797) ; a " Poetical Version of the Book of Job " (1807) ; " Sermons for Revivals " (1824) ; and " Letters from Aristarchus to Philemon " (1833). LEE, Day Kellogg, clergyman, b. in Sempro- nius, N. Y., 10 Sept., 1816 ; d. in New York city, 2 June, 1869. He entered the ministry in 1835, and was pastor of various Universalist churches until 1865, when he settled in New York city. Tufts college gave him the degree of M. A. in 1864, and the theological school of St. Lawrence university, Canton, N. Y, that of D. D. in 1868. His publications include three volumes on the labor question, entitled " Summerfield, or Life on a Farm " (Auburn, N. Y., 1852) ; " The Master Build- er, or Life at a Trade" (New York, 1854); and " Merrimack, or Life at a Loom " (1854). 662 LEE LEE LEE, Eliza Buckminster, author, b. in Ports- mouth, N. H., in 1794 ; d. in Brookline, Mass., 22 June, 1864. She was the daughter of Rev. Joseph Buckminster, from whom, and from her brother, Joseph S. Buckminster, she acquired a classical education and a fondness for literary pursuits. She married Thomas Lee, of Boston, and passed the greater part of her life in that city and in its vicinity. Her career as an author began with " Sketches of New England Life " (Boston, 1837), which was followed by " Delusion " (1839). She then published a translation from the German of the " Life of Jean Paul Richter " (New York, 1842), and " Walt and Vult, or the Twins " (1845), from Richter's " Flegeljahre." Her other writings are " Naomi, or Boston Two Hundred Years Ago " (Boston, 1848) ; " Memoir of Dr. Joseph Buckmin- ster and of his Son, Rev. Joseph Stevens Buckmin- ster " (1849) ; " Florence, the Parish Orphan " (1850) ; " Parthenia, or the Last Days of Pagan- ism " (1858) ; and a translation of Berthold Auer- bach's " Barefoot Maiden " (1860). LEE, Ezra, soldier, b. in Lyme. Conn., in 1749 ; d. there, 29 Oct., 1821. In August, 1776, he was selected by Gen. Samuel H. Parsons, with the ap- proval of Washington, for the hazardous enterprise of affixing to the British ship Eagle, then lying in New York harbor, an infernal machine called the " Marine Turtle," the invention of David Bushnell (q. v.). The attempt was only partially successful, owing to the thickness of the ship's copper sheath- ing, but Lee landed safely after remaining several hours in the water, and received the congratulations of Washington, who afterward employed him on se- cret service. Lee made a similar attempt a short time afterward with Bushnell's machine and en- deavored to destroy a British frigate that lay opposite Bloomingdale, N. Y., but was discovered and compelled to abandon the enterprise. He sub- sequently participated in the battles of Trenton, Brandywine, and Monmouth. LEE, Gideon, merchant, b. in Amherst, Mass., 27 April, 1778; d. in Geneva, N. Y., 21 Aug., 1841. He was a shoemaker by trade, began business on his own account in Worthington, Mass., and, re- moving to New York city in 1807, entered the leather trade, and, as agent for the Hampshire Leather Manufactory, established an extensive and lucrative business. He was elected to the legis- lature in 1822, became mayor of New York in 1833, and displayed courage and energy in sup- pressing the election riots of 1833. He was elected to congress as a Jackson Democrat in 1834 and served till 1837, and in 1840 he was a presidential elector. His son-in-law, Charles M. Leupp, a lover and patron of American art, and a member of the Century Club, was associated with him in the leath- er trade, and succeeded to his business. LEE, Hannah Farnhani Sawyer, author, b. in Newburyport, Mass., in 1780 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 27 Dec, 1865. She was the daughter of a physician of Newburyport, married George Gardiner Lee, of Boston, early in life, and resided in the latter city for many years. Her first acknowledged pub- lication was an appendix to Hannah Adams's memoir of herself (Boston, 1832). This was suc- ceeded by " Grace Seymour " (New York, 1835), and " Three Experiments in Living " (1838), a work suggested by the commercial disasters of the time, which passed through more than thirty editions in the United States, and as many as ten in England. Her works exercised a wide and. healthful influence on the youth of the first quarter of the nineteenth century. Her other writings include many tracts and essays that were published anonymously, and " Eleanor Pulton," a sequel to " Three Experiments in Living" (Boston, 1838); "Familiar Sketches of the Old Painters " (1838) ; " The Huguenots in France and America " (1842) ; " Stories from Life " (1849) ; " Memoir of Pierre Toussaint " (1853) ; and " Hisory of Sculptors and Sculpture " (1854). LEE, Henry, pioneer, b. in Virginia in 1758 : d. in Mason county, Ky., in 1846. He was well educated, and studied surveying, which profession he pursued for many years in Mason county,. Ky., having been one of the early settlers in that state. He was a member of the Virginia legisla- ture from the district of Kentucky, and also of the- convention that adopted the constitution of the United States. He was elected to the convention at Danville in 1787, was one of the commissioners that located the seat of government at Frankfort, and county lieutenant for all the territory north of Licking river. He then studied law, was ap- pointed judge of the quarter sessions and associate judge of the circuit court for Mason county, and was also for many years president of the Washing- ton branch of the Bank of Kentucky. He was a sagacious man, of excellent business habits, and amassed a large fortune. His personal appearance was imposing, as he was tall and powerfully built. LEE, Henry Washington, P. E. bishop, b. in Hamden, Conn., 29 July, 1815 ; d. in Davenport, Iowa, 26 Sept., 1874. He received his education and training for college at the Episcopal academy, Cheshire, Conn., removed to Massachusetts, opened a private school at Taunton, and studied theology while engaged in school-work. He was ordained deacon in Grace church, New Bedford, Mass., 27 May, 1838, by Bishop Griswold, and priest in St. Anne's church, Lowell, 9 Oct., 1839, by the same- bishop. He served part of his diaconate in New Bedford, but in October, 1839, he removed to- Springfield, Mass., and became rector of Christ church, 2 April, 1840. Three years later he ac- cepted the rectorship of St. Luke's church, Roches- ter, N. Y., which post he occupied for eleven years. He was elected first bishop of Iowa, and conse- crated in St. Luke's church, Rochester, 18 Oct., 1854. He received the degree of D. D. from Ho- bart college in 1850, and from the University of Rochester in 1852. Bishop Lee received also the degree of LL. D. from the University of Cambridge, England, in 1867. He made no contributions to church literature. LEE, James, merchant, b. in Scotland in 1795; d. in New York city, 16 June, 1874. For more than forty years he was a prosperous merchant in New York city, and was principally engaged in the Scotch trade. He was for a long time connected with the New York society library, and Brown's- statue of Washington on Union square was erected mainly through his instrumentality. When a rich and penurious merchant, in answer to his appeal for a subscription, answered that a statue was un- necessary, as Gen. Washington was enshrined in the hearts of his countrymen, Mr. Lee answered : " Well, Mr. R , if he is in your heart, he is in a d— d tight place." LEE, Jesse, missionary, b. in Prince George county, Va., 12 March, 1758 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 12 Sept., 1816. At the age of nineteen he removed to North Carolina, and, entering the ministry of the Methodist church, preached his first sermon in 1779. In 1780 he was drafted into the militia to repel the British invasion of South Carolina, and on his refusal to do active duty was impressed as a chaplain, serving four months in that capacity. His first appointment was near Edenton, N. O, and in 1783 he was received into the conference on LEE LEE 663 trial. He was appointed to the Salisbury circuit in 1784, and accompanied Bishop Asbury on a tour of labor that extended from Norfolk, Va., to the ex- treme southwest of North Carolina. Together they reorganized the various circuits that nearly had been destroyed by the war. After three years in North Carolina, Virginia, New Jersey, and Mary- land, he was sent in 1789 to Stamford circuit, Conn., where his preaching excited general attention. Having visited and established classes in Norwalk, New Haven, and several adjacent towns, he arrived in Boston in 1790, and preached his first sermon on the common. For six years he travelled throughout New England, preaching in barns, private houses, and on the highway, forming new circuits and directing the labors of his assistants. He became an assistant to Bishop Asbury in 1796, and held conferences and superintended churches. His subsequent life was passed for the most part in the south as pastor and presiding elder. In 1808 he advocated a delegated general conference, a plan that he had urged fourteen years before, and on its adoption the general conference became the su- preme authority of the Methodist Episcopal church. He was chaplain of the U. S. house of representa- tives in 1807, 1812, and 1813, and from 1814 until his death he was chaplain of the U. S. senate. Lee's labors in New England earned him the title of the "Apostle of Methodism." He published " A History of Methodism " (1807), which was the first work on the subject, and an authority in the early history of that church. See " Life and Times of Jesse Lee," by Leroy M. Lee (Richmond, Va., 1848). — His nephew, Leroy Madison, clergyman, b. in Petersburg, Va., 30 April, 1808 ; d. in Ash- land, Va., 20 April, 1882, studied law, but entered the ministry of the Methodist church in 1828. He occupied many important stations in the Virginia conference till 1836, when he became editor of the Richmond " Christian Advocate." He was a mem- ber of the general conference in 1844, took an ac- tive part in the events that resulted in the division of the church, and represented the Virginia con- ference in the Louisville, Ky., conference of 1845, when the organization of the Methodist church, south, was effected. He retired from the editorial management of the " Christian Advocate " in 1858, resumed the work of the itinerant ministry, and became in 1874 presiding elder of the Petersburg district of the Virginia conference. Besides oc- casional sermons, and the life of his uncle, men- tioned above, he published " Advice to a Young Convert " (Richmond, 1834) ; and " The Great Sup- per not Calvanistic " (1855). LEE, Luther, clergyman, b. in Schoharie, N. Y., 30 Nov., 1800. He joined the Methodist Episcopal church in 1821, soon began to preach, and in 1827 entered the Genesee conference, becoming an itin- erant missionary, preacher, and successful temper- ance lecturer. He began to preach against slavery in 1836, was mobbed several times, and in 1841 established and edited " The New England Christian Advocate," an anti-slavery journal, at Lowell, Mass. He subsequently edited " The Sword of Truth," and in 1842 seceded from the Methodist church, began a weekly journal, " The True Wesleyan," and when the Wesleyan Methodist connection was organized, became pastor of that church in Syra- cuse, N. Y. He was the first president of the first general conference of the new church, was editor of the organ of that body, " The True Wesleyan," till 1852, and after that date was successively pastor of churches in Syracuse and Fulton, N. Y. In 1854-'5 he edited a periodical entitled " The Evan- gelical Pulpit." He became president and profes- sor of theology in the Michigan union college at Leoni in 1856, resigning the next vear to officiate in churches in Ohio. From 1864 till 1867 he was connected with Adrian college, Mich., and at the latter date returned to the Methodist Episcopal church, slavery, which was the cause of the or- ganization of the Wesleyan connection, having* ceased to exist. Since 1867 he has been a member of the Michigan conference, and is now (1887) su- perannuated. His publications include " Universal- ism Examined and Refuted" (New York, 1836); " The Immortality of the Soul " (1846) ; " Revival Manual " (1850) ; " Church Polity " (1850) ; " Slav- ery Examined in the Light of the Bible " (1855) ; and " Elements of Theology " (1856). LEE, Richard, statesman, b. in Shropshire, England, toward the end of the 16th century ; d. in Virginia. He belonged to one of the oldest families in England. The founder of the family, Launcelot Lee, received from William the Con- queror a princely estate in Essex. In 1192 Lionel Lee, first Earl of Lichfield, raised a company of knights, at the head of which he accompanied Richard Cceur-de-Lion in the third crusade. He won his earldom by gallant conduct at the siege of Acre. One of his descendants, Richard Lee, in 1542, accompanied the unfortunate Earl of Surrey in his expedition against the Scotch Borderers. His grandson, Richard, the subject of this arti- cle, was member of the privy council of Charles I., and early in the reign of that monarch emi- grated to Virginia with a number of followers, whom he settled upon lands improved at his own expense. He made several voyages to England, bringing back settlers each time, and finally made his home in Northumberland county. For many years he was secretary to Sir William Berkeley. On the death of Charles I., Berkeley and Lee declared allegiance to his son, and invited the fugitive royalists to come to Virginia. More than 300 came toward the end of 1649. In the fol- lowing year Charles II. was invited to come him- self to Virginia as its ruler. In 1652 the victorious parliament sent an expedition to Virginia, and a treaty was made in virtue of which Berkeley was removed and a provisional government established. While Charles II. was at Breda, Lee visited him there, to learn whether he could undertake to pro- tect the colony in case it should again declare its allegiance to him ; but, as no assurance of support coidd be obtained, he returned to Virginia, and took no further measures until Cromwell's death. Berkeley and Lee then issued a proclamation of allegiance to Charles II. as "King of England, France, Scotland, Ireland, and Virginia." The assembly nevertheless consulted the dictates of prudence in acknowledging obedience to Richard Cromwell. In recognition of its loyalty, Charles afterward allowed Virginia to quarter its arms with those of England, France. Scotland, and Ire- land, with the motto " En dat Virginia quintam " ; after the union of England with Scotland, in 1707, this was changed to " En dat Virginia quartam," '• Behold, Virginia makes the fourth." Hence, according to the younger Richard Henry Lee, the title of " Old Dominion," often given to Virginia. According to William Lee, his great-grandson, the founder of the Lees of Virginia was " a man of good stature, comely visage, enterprising genius, sound head, vigorous spirit, and generous nature " — qualities that may be recognized in many of his descendants. — His second son, Richard, d. in Vir- ginia after 1690, was educated at Oxford, and de- voted his life to study, being especially proficient in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. He was a member 66-1 LEE LEE of the governor's council. He married Miss Corbin. of Staffordshire, and left five sons, Richard, Phil- ip, Thomas, Francis, Henry, and one daughter, who married the second William Fitzhugh. — Thomas, third son of the preceding, d. in Virginia in 1750, was for many years president of the coun- cil. He organized a company for the exploration and settlement of lands in the Ohio valley, but the scheme was premature and unsuccessful. It is said that he once remarked to one of his friends that he " had no doubt this country would in time declare itself independent of Great Britain, and that the seat of its government would be near the little falls of the Potomac river." At the time of his death he had just been appointed royal gov- ernor of Virginia. During his life the original manor-house, built by Richard, was burned, and Queen Caroline sent him a sum of money with which to replace it. He then built Stratford House, which is represented in the illustration, and which is still standing. He married Hannah, daughter of Col. Philip Ludwell, of Green Spring, near Williamsburg, whose father had been gov- ernor of North Carolina. By this marriage he had six sons, Philip Ludwell, Thomas Ludwell, Rich- ard Henry, Francis Lightfoot, William, and Ar- thur, and two daughters. — His second son, Thomas Ludwell, statesman, b. in Stafford, Va., about 1730 ; d. in 1777, studied law and was admitted to the bar. He took an active part in public affairs, was a member of the Virginia house of burgesses, a delegate to the conventions of July and December, 1775, and was also a member of the committee of safety. In the convention of May, 1776, he was appointed one of a commit- tee" to draft a declaration of rights and a plan of government. On the organization of the Vir- ginia state government he was one of the five " revisors," and was afterward elected a judge of the general court.— Richard Henry, statesman, b. in Stratford, Westmoreland co., Va., 20 Jan., 1732; d. in Chantilly, Va., 19 June, 1794, was third son of Thomas*. At an early age he was sent over to England and educated at the academy of Wakefield in Yorkshire. In 1752 he returned to Virginia. The wealth of his family was such that it was not necessary for him to earn a liv- ing, but, without any view to professional prac- tice, he applied himself with great diligence to the study of law. Not only English but Roman law occupied his attention, and he was an earnest student of history. In 1757 he was appointed justice of the peace for Westmoreland county. In 1761 he was elected to the house of burgesses, of which he remained a member until 1788. Extreme diffidence for some time prevented his taking any part in the debates. His first speech was on a motion " to lay so heavy a duty on the importation of slaves as effectually to put an end to that iniquitous and disgraceful traffic within the colony of Virginia." On this occasion his hatred of slavery overcame his diffidence, and he made a powerful speech containing the germs of the prin- cipal arguments used in later days by the northern Abolitionists. He was an energetic opponent of the stamp-act, and in 1765 formed an association of citizens of Westmoreland county for the pur- pose of deterring all persons from undertaking to sell stamped paper. A Tory gentleman in the neighborhood accepted the office of stamp-collector, and boasted that he would force the stamped pa- per upon the people in spite of all opposition. Mr. Lee, being then captain of a volunteer com- pany of light horse, at once went with his men to this gentleman's house and made him deliver up his commission as collector and all the stamped paper in his possession, and bind himself by oath never again to meddle with such matters; the commission and the obnoxious paper were there- upon burned with due ceremony in a bonfire on the lawn. At the news of the Townshend acts of 1767, Mr. Lee moved, in the house of burgesses, a petition to the king, setting forth in pointed terms the grievances of the colonies. In July, 1768, he wrote a letter to John Dickinson, suggest- ing that all the colonies should appoint select committees "for mutual information and corre- spondence between the lovers of liberty in every province." The suggestion was in harmony with the views of the famous " circular letter " of the Massachusetts assembly, written by Samuel Adams and lately sent forth to all the colonies. There has been some discussion as to whether Adams or Lee is to be credited with the first . suggestion of those remarkable " committees of correspondence " which organized the American Revolution. The earliest sugges- tion of such a step, however, is to be found in a letter from the great Boston preacher, Jona- than Mayhew, to James Otis, in June, 1766. The letter just men- tioned from Lee to Dickinson seems to have come next in point of date, and at the same time Christopher Gadsden appears to have received from Lee a letter of similar purport. Mr. Lee may or may not have heard of Mayhew's suggestion. The idea was one that might naturally have occurred to several of these eminent men independently. The machinery of committees of correspondence was first actually set in motion by Samuel Adams, as between the towns of Massachusetts, in 1772. The project of in- tercolonial committees was first put into practical shape by the Virginia house of burgesses in the spring of 1773, on motion of the youthful Dabney Carr, brother-in-law of Thomas Jefferson. Mr. Lee was a member of the Virginia committee then ap- pointed, and about this time he wrote to Samuel Adams a letter, which was the beginning of the life- long friendship between the two great leaders. In August, 1774, Mr. Lee was chosen delegate to the 1st Continental congress just about to assemble at LEE LEE 665 Philadelphia. He was member of the committees for stating the rights of the colonies, for enforcing commercial non-intercourse with Great Britain, and for preparing suitable addresses to the king and to the colonies — Canada. New Brunswick, Nova Sco- tia, Georgia, and the Floridas — that had not sent delegates to the congress. In the 2d congress he drew up the address to the people of Great Britain, which, along with a last petition to the king, was carried over to London by Richard Penn in August, 1775. About this time Mr. Lee was chosen lieutenant of Westmoreland county, an office which, after the analogy of the lord-lieu- tenancy of a county in England, gave him com- mand of the militia ; hence he is often addressed or described, in writings of the time, as " Colonel Lee." For more than a year he had openly and warmly advocated a declaration of independence ; and after the Virginia convention, 17 May, 1776, had instructed its delegates in congress to propose such a measure, it was Lee who took the foremost part. On 7 June he moved " that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states ; and that all political connec- tion between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." The motion was seconded by John Adams. Congress deferred action for three weeks, in order that more definite instructions might be received from the middle colonies. During the interval Mr. Lee was called home by the illness of his wife, so that Mr. Jefferson was appointed in his place as chairman of the committee for preparing a draft of the pro- posed declaration. For the same reason, the task of defending the motion, when taken up for dis- cussion, fell mainly upon John Adams, who had seconded it. During the next four years Mr. Lee served on more than a hundred committees, and his labors in congress were so arduous as to injure his health, so that he was several times obliged to go home and devote himself to recruiting his strength. In 1780-'2 he did not take his seat in congress, inasmuch as the affairs of Virginia seemed to require his presence in the assembly of that state. Besides the business of defence against the British army then operating in the southern states, two questions of great importance were then debated in Virginia. The one related to the propriety of making a depreciated paper currency a legal tender for debts, the other was brought up by a proposal to repudiate all debts to British merchants contracted by citizens of Virginia be- fore the beginning of the war. In these debates Mr. Lee took strong ground against paper money, and he vehemently condemned the repudiation of debts, declaring that it were better to be " the honest slaves of Great Britain than to become dis- honest freemen." After the peace he devoted much time to considering the best method of funding the public debt of the state, and providing for the revival of public credit. On 30 Nov., 1784, he was chosen president of the Continental con- gress. At the end of the presidential term of one year he returned to Virginia, but in 1787 was sent again to the congress. He was not a member of the convention at Philadelphia which in the summer of that year framed our Federal constitution ; and when the new constitution was reported to con- gress, he earnestly opposed its adoption. He thought it provided for a consolidated national power that would ultimately destroy the state governments and end in a centralized despotism. His correspondence at this time with Samuel Adams, who was inclined to entertain the same fears, is very instructive. These misgivings were shared by Patrick Henry and many other patriotic Virginians, and the first senators elected by their state were Lee and Grayson, in opposition to two Federalists, one of whom was James Madison, who had been foremost in the constructive work of the great convention. As senator, Mr. Lee proposed the tenth amendment to the constitution in these words : " The powers not delegated by the consti- tution to the United States, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively." The amendment, as adopted, substituted the word " granted " for " delegated," and added at the end the words " or to the people." Though at first an Anti-Federalist. Mr. Lee came to be a warm sup- porter of Washington's administration, and es- pecially approved of his course in the affair of " citizen " Genet. In 1792 he was obliged by fail- ing health to resign his seat in the senate and retire to his estate at Chantilly, where he spent the last two years of his life. Mr. Lee was tall and graceful in person and striking in feature. His voice was clear and rich, and his oratory impressive. He did not waste time in rhetoric, but spoke briefly and to the point. His ideas were so lucid and his expression so forcible that when he sat down after a few weighty words it used to seem as if there were no more to be said on the subject. His capacity for work was great, though sometimes limited by poor health ; as Dr. Rush said, " His mind was like a sword too large for its scabbard." He was twice married, and left, by his first wife, a Miss Aylett, two sons and two daughters ; by his second, a Miss Pinkard, two daughters. His life has been written by his grandson, Richard Henry Lee, of Leesburg. Va., " Memoir of the Life of Richard Henry Lee. and his Correspondence " (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1825). See also Bishop Meade's " Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia," vol. ii., pp. 135-143. — Francis Lightfoot, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. in Stratford, Westmoreland co., Va., 14 Oct., 1734 ; d. in Richmond, Va., 3 April, 1797, was fourth son of Thomas Lee. He was ed- ucated at home, having for tutor a Scotch clergy- man named Craig. In 1765 he was elected to the house of bur- gesses for Lou- don county. In 1772 he married Rebecca, daugh- ter of Col. John Tayloe, of Rich- mond county,and established his residence in that county, which he was forthwith chosen to represent in the house of burgesses. He was elected delegate to the Con- tinental congress. 15 Aug., K75, on the resigna- tion of Col. Bland, and was re-elected in the three following years. He signed the Declaration of Independence, and was a member of the committee that drew up the articles of confederation. He rendered good service in the debates on the New- foundland fisheries and the navigation of the Mississippi,, insisting that no peace should be made with Great Britain unless she conceded the American demands upon both these points. In the spring of 1779 he retired from congress, and, CT^Wstvoui eJay/irf^e^ e&es 666 LEE LEE except for a brief service in the Virginia legisla- ture, took no further part in public affairs. A short sketch of his life is to be found in the ninth volume of Sanderson's " Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence " (Philadelphia, 1827). — William, diplomatist, b. in Stratford, Va., in 1737; d. at Green Spring, Va., 27 June, 1795, was fifth son of Thomas Lee. He engaged in mercantile business in London, and was for a time agent for Virginia. In 1773 he was elected , sheriff of Middlesex, and in 1775 alderman of London. After the breaking out of the war he accompanied his brother Arthur to France, where early in 1777 he was appointed commercial agent for the United States at Nantes. He was afterward appointed commissioner to the Hague, and to Berlin and Vienna, but, owing to the unwillingness of the neutral powers to offend Great Britain by receiving an American commis- sioner, he was obliged to remain a great part of the time in Paris. In 1778 an Amsterdam mer- chant, Jan de Neufville, procured a loan for the United States from Holland, and was allowed by Van Berckel, burgomaster of Amsterdam, to meet Lee at Aix-la-Chapelle, to confer with him about the matter. During the conference Lee and Neuf- ville drew up a commercial treaty to be adopted by congress and the states-general. This docu- ment, with Neufville's signature, re-enforced by that of Van Berckel, was sent to Philadelphia, and in October, 1780, was found among the papers of Henry Laurens, who was taken prisoner by a Brit- ish cruiser while on his way to the Hague to nego- tiate a loan. This document furnished the Brit- ish ministry with a pretext for declaring war upon Holland. During 1779 William Lee was con- cerned in his brother Arthur's quarrel with Frank- lin at Paris, which ended in the recall of the two brothers by congress. — Arthur, diplomatist, b. in Stratford, Westmoreland co., Va., 20 Dec, 1740 ; d. in Urbana, Middlesex co., Va., 12 Dec, 1792, was sixth and youngest son of Thomas Lee. He was educated at Eton, whence he went to the University of Edinburgh and obtained the degree of M. D. He gave especial attention to botany and to materia medica ; and his Latin treatise on the botanical character and medicinal uses of Peruvian bark obtained a prize and was published by the university. After taking his degree, he travelled in Holland and Germany, then returned to Virginia and began the practice of medicine at Williamsburg. But presently, in the excitement that ensued upon the passage of the stamp-act, he made up his mind to go to London and study law, with a view to a political career, and in the hope of being able to do good service in England as an advocate of the constitutional rights of the Americans. In 1766 he was accordingly settled in London as a student in the Temple. He con- tinued the study of law until 1770, and before he left England in 1776 he acquired a lucrative prac- tice. He took an active part in the discussions con- cerning the Townshend acts and other measures relating to America, and won fame as the author of the " Monitor's Letters," " An Appeal to the Eng- lish Nation," and " Junius Americanus." He was one of the leading members of a society of gentle- men called " Supporters of the Bill of Rights," in which the measures of the ministry were discussed. One of the published resolutions of this society re- quired " from any candidate whom the members of the society would support for election to parlia- ment a pledge to seek the restoration to America of the essential right of taxation by their oWn representatives, and a repeal of all acts passed in violation of this right since the year 1763." John Wilkes was a member of this society, and Mr. Lee, as author of the resolution just mentioned, sus- tained an interesting discussion with the myste- rious writer of the " Letters of Junius." During these years Mr. Lee numbered among his friends such men as Burke, Priestley, Dunning, Barre, and Sir William Jones, and was chosen a fellow of the Royal society. In 1770 he was appointed by the assembly of Massachusetts to serve as agent for that colony in London, in association with Frank- lin. In August, 1775, he was associated with Richard Penn in the fruitless attempt to lay before the king the last petition from the Continental con- gress. In November of that year the congress ap- pointed Franklin, Jay, and Dickinson a committee for the purpose of secretly corresponding with the friends of the colonies in other parts of the world, and this committee appointed Mr. Lee their secret agent in London. In this capacity he entered into negotiations with the French government, at first through the mediation of Caron de Beaumarchais, afterward directly with Count Vergennes. He spent the spring and summer of 1776 in Paris, and in the autumn was appointed by congress joint commissioner with Dr. Franklin and Silas Deane for the purpose of securing a treaty of alliance with France. In the following summer he was intrusted with special missions to the courts of Spain and Prussia. After the conclusion of the French treaty, it was decided to appoint a minis- ter plenipotentiary in place of the joint commis- sion, and Franklin was accordingly appointed in October, 1778, while Lee continued for another year to serve as sole commissioner to Spain and acting commissioner to Prussia. During his resi- dence in Paris he became involved in bitter quar- rels with his fellow-commissioners, and was con- nected with the unjust charges against Silas Deane which led to the virtual exile of that unfor- tunate gentleman. It may be said in Lee's behalf that appearances were against Deane at the time, and his conduct was never satisfactorily explained until the discovery of Beaumarchais's papers by M. de Lomenie in a Paris garret in 1857. It can hardly be questioned, however, that Lee gave abundant evidence of a morbidly suspicious and quarrelsome disposition. By the autumn of 1779 his attacks upon Franklin had become so virulent, and his conduct in general so troublesome, that he was recalled by congress. In 1781 he was elected member of the Virginia assembly, and from 1782 till 1785 was a member of the Continental congress. In 1784 he was appointed on a commission for making treaties with the northwestern tribes of Indians, and travelled on this business through the western districts of New York and Pennsylvania. From 1784 till 1789 he was a member of the " Board of Treasury " by which the desperate financial affairs of the confederation were man- aged. The last three years of his life were spent on his estate at Urbana. He was opposed to the adoption of the Federal constitution. His biogra- phy has been written by his grand-nephew, Rich- ard Henry Lee, " Life of Arthur Lee, with his Po- litical and Literary Correspondence " (2 vols., Bos- ton, 1829). A large number of his papers on politi- cal and diplomatic subjects were deposited in the library of Harvard university, and a descriptive catalogue of them has been published in the "University Bulletin," edited by Justin Winsor (1879). A full account of the quarrels at Paris is given in the second volume of Parton's " Life of Franklin." See also Lomenie's " Beaumarchais et son temps" (2 vols., Paris, 1858). — Henry, sol- LEE LEE 667 dier, b. at Leesylvama, Westmoreland eo., Va., 29 Jan., 1756 ; d. on Cumberland island, Ga., 25 March, 1818, was grandson of Henry, the younger brother of Thomas Lee, of Stratford. His father, also named Henry, was for many years a member of the house of burgesses. His mother was Miss Lucy Grymes, for whom Washington in early youth entertained an unrequited passion ; she is once or twice alluded to in Washington's cor- respondence as the " Lowland beauty." Henry Lee was graduated at Prince- ton in 1774, and two years afterward, at the nomination of Patrick Henry, he was appointed captain of one of the six companies of Virginia caval- ry that formed the legion commanded by Col. Theodoric Bland. In Septem- ber, 1777, Capt. Lee, with his company, joined Washing- ton's army in Pennsylvania. In January, 1778, he was promoted for gallant conduct to the rank of major, and placed in command of an independent partisan corps, consisting of two troops of horse, to which a third troop, together with a small body of infantry, was afterward added. This peculiar corps came to be known as '• Lee's legion," and its young commander received the affectionate nickname of " Light-horse Harry." With great skill and daring, on 19 July, 1779, he surprised the British garrison at Paulus Hook, and carried off 160 prisoners, losing but five of his own men. For this affair he was presented by congress with a gold medal. In the autumn of 1780, after the disastrous battle of Camden, having been promoted lieutenant-colonel, he was sent to South Carolina with his legion, to join the army just reorganized under command of Gen. Greene. In the famous retreat through North Carolina in February, 1781, Lee's legion covered the rear of the American army and was engaged in some lively skirmishing with Tarleton's dragoons. When Greene crossed the Dan into Virginia, he left Lee on the south side of the river, to act in concert with Pickens in watching and harassing the enemy and keeping up the spirits of the Whigs in that part of the country. In the discharge of these duties Lee was unsuccess- ful in his attempts to surprise Tarleton, but de- feated a body of 400 Loyalists under Col. Pyle. His legion was actively engaged in the desperate battle at Guilford, where it proved itself more than a match for Tarleton's dragoons. When- Greene re- turned into South Carolina to drive Lord Rawdon from Camden, he detached Lee and Marion to operate against Fort Watson, which commanded Rawdon's communications with the sea-coast. By a very skilful operation Fort Watson was forced to surrender, and consequently Rawdon, although victorious in the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, was compelled, by the cutting of his line of communi- cations, to abandon the all-important strategic point of Camden. Col. Lee next captured Fort Motte and Fort Granby, and on 5 June, after a siege of sixteen days, Augusta surrendered to him. He then rejoined Greene, and was engaged in the sie%fc of Ninety-Six. In the brilliant battle of Eu- taW Springs, 8 Sept., he played a very important part, and captured great numbers of the enemy in the pursuit that followed. Throughout this event- ful year Col. Lee showed himself remarkably fer- tile in conceiving plans, and swift in executing them. At the close of the campaign he i-eturned to Virginia, married his second cousin, Matilda, daughter of Philip Ludwell Lee, and thus came into possession of Stratford House, where he spent the latter part of his life. In 1786 he was chosen delegate to the Continental congress, and in 1788 was a member of the convention called by Vir- ginia to decide upon the ratification of the Federal constitution. In the remarkable debates that fol- lowed in the convention he earnestly and ably seconded the efforts of Madison and Marshall in defence of the constitution, and won distinction for his eloquence. In 1789-91 he was member of the Virginia legislature, and in 1792-5 was gov- ernor of the state. When the whiskey insurrec- tion, in the summer of 1794, broke out in western Pennsylvania, President Washington appointed Lee as general to command the army of 15,000 men sent against the insurgents. The presence of so large a force made it possible to quell the insur- rection without bloodshed. In 1 799 Gen. Lee was elected to congress, and on the death of Gen. Washington he was appointed to deliver an oration commemorating the services of that great man. Upon this occasion Lee uttered the famous phrase, " First in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen." In 1801 Gen. Lee retired into private life. In August, 1812, he happened to be in Baltimore at the time of the riot occasioned by the conduct of the " Federal Republican," a Feder- alist newspaper, in opposing the war ; and in the effort to defend the property of his friend, the editor, from the violence of the mob, Gen. Lee re- ceived injuries from which he never recovered. He visited the West Indies in the hope of restoring his health, but died on his journey homeward, while stopping at the house of Mrs. Shaw, daughter of his old friend, Gen. Greene. By his first wife, Matilda Lee, he had a son and a daughter ; by his second wife, Anne Carter, he had three sons and two daughters. His " Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States " (Phila- delphia, 1812 ; second ed., with additions by his son, Henry Lee, Washington, 1827 ; third ed., re- vised, with a biography of the author, by his son, R. E. Lee, New York, 1869), written in 1809, is an excellent book. There is no full and satis- factery biography of Gen. Lee. An engraving of his portrait by Stuart, with a brief biographical notice, may be found in the third volume of " The National Portrait Gallery," by James B. Long- acre and James Herring (Philadelphia, 1836). — His brother, Charles, attorney-general, b. in 1758 ; d. in Fauquier county, Va., 24 June, 1815, studied law in Philadelphia under Jared Ingersoll, and was ad- mitted to the bar. He was sent as a delegate to the Continental congress, and afterward served as a member of the Virginia assembly. He was naval officer of the district of the Potomac till 1795, when he was appointed on 10 Dec. U. S. attorney-gen- eral. This office he filled until 1801. He was sub- sequently offered the chief-justiceship of the su- preme court by President Jefferson, but declined. — His son, Henry, author, b. in Westmoreland county, Va., in 1787 ; d. in Paris, France, 30 Jan., 1837, was graduated at William and Mary college in 1808. He served in the war of 1812, having been appointed by President Madison a major in the 12th regiment, designed chiefly for interior de- fence but soon went to the Canadian frontier as 668 LEE LEE aide to Gen. James Wilkinson and afterward to Gen. George Izard. On his return from Canada he met in New York Lord Jeffrey, the " Edinburgh " re- viewer, and both men were much sought after in society on account of their brilliant conversational powers. At the close of the war Major Lee retired to his estate in Virginia. He was first impelled to authorship by the publication of Judge William Johnson's " Life of Gen. Greene," in which he con- sidered that both his father's good name and that of the latter's " Legion " were unjustly assailed. He resolved to defend both, and did so in an octavo volume entitled " The Campaign of 1781 in the Carolinas " (Philadelphia, 1824). Major Lee, hav- ing been by education and conviction attached to the Federal school in politics, was proscribed by the dominant party. On the nomination of Gen. Jackson, who had, in 1812, opposed this proscrip- tion, he became one of the most influential advo- cates of the latter's election, publishing a series of essays in his support. As a reward he was ap- pointed consul at Algiers, where he went in 1829 ; but, the appointment not being confirmed by the senate, he remained there less than a year. Jour- neying through Italy on his way home, he met Madame Mere, the mother of Napoleon. His ad- miration of the latter's Italian campaigns induced him to vindicate Napoleon from slander. He was somewhat delayed in the execution of this task by the necessity of entering the field again in defence of his father's memory from assaults in the pub- lished writings of Jefferson. After the completion of his " Observations on the Writings of Thomas Jefferson" (New York, 1832; Philadelphia, 1839), he devoted himself to his " Life of Napoleon," of which only one volume was published before his death (New York, 1835). Subsequently this instal- ment, together with the additional matter he had prepared, was issued in a single volume with the title, "The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte down to the Peace of Tolentino, and the Close of his First Campaign in Italy" (London and Paris). — Richard Henry's grandson, Samuel Phillips, naval officer, b. in Fairfax county, Va., 13 Feb., 1812, entered the IT. S. navy in 1825, was com- missioned lieutenant in 1837, commander in 1855, captain in 1862, commodore in 1866, and rear- admiral in 1870. In 1861 he commanded the war- sloop " Oneida " in the attack on Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, and in various battles on the Mississippi river from New Orleans to Vicksburg. In 1862 he was ordered to the command of the North Atlantic blockading squadron. He was as- signed to the Mississippi squadron in 1864, and in December of this year, when Gen. John B. Hood was advancing upon Nashville, and the safety of the National troops under Gen. George H. Thomas largely depended on the prompt arrival of re-en- forcements and supplies, Lee kept open Cumber- land river, which was the only channel of com- munication. During this campaign he i*eceived a vote of thanks from congress. He was president of the board to examine volunteer officers for ad- mission into the regular navy in 1866-'7, and at the latter date commanded the North Atlantic fleet. In 1873 he was retired. He published " The Cruise of the ' Dolphin ' " in the " Reports of the U. S. Naval Department " (Washington, 1854). — Another grandson of Richard Henry, Richard Henry, author, b. in Westmoreland county, Va., in 1794 ; d. in Washington, Pa., 3 Jan., 1865, was son of Ludwell Lee. He was graduated at Dickinson in 1812 and studied law, but in 1833 accepted a chair in Washington college, Pa. He took orders in 1856, and was rector of a church there till his death. He published " Memoirs of the Life of Richard Henry Lee " (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1825) ; "Life of Arthur Lee" (2 vols., Boston, 1829); and " Life of Harriet Preble " (New York, 1856). LEE, Robert Edward, soldier, b. in Stratford, Westmoreland eo., Va., 19 Jan., 1807 ; d. in Lex- ington, Va., 12 Oct., 1870. He was the son of the Revolutionary general Henry Lee (q. v.), known as " Light-Horse Harry," was graduated from the U. S. military academy at West Point in 1829, ranking second in a class of forty-six, and was commissioned as a 2d lieutenant in the engineers. At the beginning of the Mexican war he was as- signed to duty as chief engineer of the army under Gen. Wool, his rank being that of captain. His abilities as an engineer, and his conduct as a sol- dier, won the special admiration of Gen. Scott, who attributed the fall of Vera Cruz to his . skill, and repeatedly singled him out for commendation. Lee was thrice brevetted during the war, his last brevet to the rank of colonel being for services at the storming of Chapultepec. In 1852 he was as- signed to the command of the military academy at West Point, where he remained for about three years. He wrought great improvements in the academy, notably enlarging its course of study and bringing it. to a rank equal to that of the best European military schools. In 1855 he was ap- pointed lieutenant-colonel of the 2d regiment of cavalry, and assigned to duty on the Texan fron- tier, where he remained until near the beginning of the civil war, with the exception of an .interval when, in 1859, he was ordered to Washington and placed in command of the force that was sent against John Brown at Harper's Ferry. On 20 April, 1861, three days after the Virginia convention adopted an ordinance of secession, he resigned his commission, in obedience to his con- scientious conviction that he was bound by the act of his state. His only authenticated expression of opinion and sentiment on the subject of secession is found in the following passage from a letter written at the time of his resignation to his sister, the wife of an officer in the National army : " We are now in a state of war which will yield to noth- ing. The whole south is in a state of revolution, into which Virginia, after a long struggle, has been drawn; and though I recognize no necessity for this state of things, and would have forborne and pleaded to the end for redress of grievances, real or supposed, yet in my own person I had to meet the question whether I should take part against my native state. With all my devotion to the Union, and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an Ameri- can citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home. I have therefore resigned my commission in the army, and, save in defence of my native state — with the sincere hope that my poor services may never be needed — I hope I may never be called upon to draw my sword." Repairing to Richmond, he was made command- er-in-chief of the Virginia state forces, and in May, 1861, when the Confederate government was removed from Montgomery to Richmond, he was appointed a full general under that government. During the early months of the war he served in- conspicuously in the western part of Virginia. . In the autumn Lee was sent- to the coast of South Carolina, where he planned, and in part construct- ed, the defensive lines that successfully resisted all efforts directed against them until the very end of the war. He was ordered to Richmond, and on 13 March, 1862, assigned to duty " under the direction of the president," and " charged with the conduct LEE LEE 669 of military operations in the armies of the Confed- eracy." The campaign of the preceding year in Vir- ginia had embraced but one battle of importance, that of Bull Run or Manassas, and the Confederate success there had not been followed by anything more active than an advance to Centreville and Fairfax Court-House, with advanced posts on Ma- son's and Munson's hills. Meantime MGClellan had been engaged in reorganizing the National army, and converting the raw levies into disci- plined troops. When he was finally ready to ad- vance, the Confederates retired to the south side of the Rappahannock, and when McClellan trans- ferred his base to Port Monroe and advanced upon Richmond by way of the peninsula, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston removed his army to Williamsburg, leaving Jackson's division in the valley and Ewell's on the line of the Rappahannock. Johnston fell back in May to make his stand in defence of Rich- mond immediately in front of the town. Mc- Clellan advanced to a line near the city with his army of more than 100,000 men, and, under the mistaken impression that Johnston's force out- numbered his own, waited for McDowell, who was advancing with 40,000 men from the neighborhood of Fredericksburg to join him. To prevent the coming of this re-enforcement, Lee ordered Ewell to join Jackson, and directed the latter to attack Banks in the valley of the Shenandoah, drive him across the Potomac, and thus seem to threaten Washington city. Jackson executed the task as- signed him with such celerity and success as to cause serious apprehension in Washington. Mc- Dowell was recalled, and the re-enforcement of McClellan was prevented. The latter now estab- lished himself on the Chickahominy, with a part of his army thrown across that stream. A flood came at the end of May, and, believing that the swollen river effectually isolated this force, Gen. Johnston attacked it on 31 May, hoping to crush it before assistance could reach it from the north- ern side of the river. Thus resulted the battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, in which Johnston was seriously wounded and rendered unfit for further service for a time. McClellan fortified his lines, his left wing lying near White Oak Swamp, on the south of the Chickahominy, his right extending up the river to Mechanicsville, and his depot being at the White House on the York river railroad and the Pamunkey river. Now, for the first time, Gen. Lee had direct command of a great army confronting an enemy strongly posted, and his capacity as a strategist and commander was first demonstrated in that bloody and brilliant, but only in part successful, series of manoeuvres and contests known as " the seven days' battle." He determined to adopt that offensive defence which was always his favorite method. Instead of awaiting McClellan's attack, he resolved to defend Richmond by dislodging the foe that threatened it. His plan was secretly to bring Jackson's force to his aid, and, while holding McClellan in check on the south side of the river with a part of his force securely in- trenched, to transfer the rest of it to the north side, turn the enemy's flank, and move down the river in his rear, threatening his communications and compelling him to quit his intrenchments for a battle in the open, or to abandon his position altogether, and retreat. The first necessity was to fortify the lines south of the river, and when that was done, Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, with a cavalry column, was sent to march around McClellan's position, ascertain the condition of the roads in his rear, and gather such other information as was needed. Jackson, with his entire force, was brought to Ash- land, on the Fredericksburg railroad, from which point he was to move on 25 June to the neighbor- hood of Atlee's Station, and turn the enemy's po- sitions at Mechanicsville and Beaver Dam on the next day. A. P. Hill's division was to cross the river at Meadow Bridge as soon as Jackson's move- ment should uncover it, and Longstreet and D. H. Hill were to cross in their turn when the passage should be clear. There was a delay of one day in Jackson's movement, however, so that he did not turn the position at Beaver Dam until the 2?th. A. P. Hill, after waiting until the afternoon of the 26th for the movement of Jackson to accomplish the intended purpose, pushed across the river at Meadow Bridge and drove out the force that occu- pied Mechanicsville. Longstreet and D. H. Hill also crossed, and the next morning the works at Beaver Dam were turned and the Confederates pushed forward in their march clown the river, Jackson in advance with D. H. Hill for support, while Longstreet and A. P. Hill were held in re- serve, and upon the right, to attack McClellan in flank and rear, should he seriously oppose Jackson's advance toward the York river railroad. There was some miscarriage of plans, due to a mistake in Jackson's movement, and, in consequence, Long- street and Hill encountered the right wing of McClellan's force in a strong position near Gaines's Mills before the advance under Jackson was en- gaged at all. The resistance of the National troops was stubborn, and it was not until after Jackson came up and joined in the conflict that the position was forced. The National troops suffered severely, and were finally driven across the river. Lee now commanded McClellan's communications, and no course was open to the National general but to save his army by a retreat to the James river, during which severe battles were fought at Savage's Station and Frazier's Farm. The series of manoeuvres and battles ended in a fierce conflict at Malvern Hill, where the Confed- erates suffered terribly in a series of partial and ill-directed assaults upon a strong position taken by the retreating foe. The bloody repulses thus inflicted consoled the retreating army somewhat for their disaster, but could not repair the loss of position already suffered or do more than delay the retreat. The operations outlined above had. brought McClellan's movement against Richmond to naught, and their moral effect was very great ; but Lee was convinced that he had had and lost an opportunity to compel the actual surrender of his enemy, though stronger than himself in num- bers, and regarded McClellan's escape upon any terms as a partial failure of his plans, due to acci- dental miscarriages. (For a further account of this campaign, see McClellan, George Brinton.) Having driven McClellan from his position in front of Richmond, and having thus raised what was in effect the siege of that city, Gen. Lee's de- sire was to transfer the scene of operations to a distance from the Confederate capital, and thus relieve the depression of the southern people which had followed the general falling back of their armies and the disasters sustained in the west. McClellan lay at Harrison's Landing, below Rich- mond, with an army that was still strong, and while the Confederate capital was no longer in im- mediate danger, the withdrawal of the army de- fending it would invite attack and capture unless McClellan's withdrawal at the same time could be forced. For effecting that, Lee calculated upon the apparently excessive concern felt at the north for the safety' of Washington. If he could so dis- 670 LEE LEE pose of his forces as to put Washington in actual or seeming danger, he was confident that McClel- lan's army would be speedily recalled. In the mean time, Gen. John Pope, in command of another National army, had advanced by way of the Orange and Alexandria railroad, with the purpose of effecting a junction with McClellan, and it was necessary to meet the danger from that quarter without exposing Richmond, as already explained ; for if the people of the north laid ex- cessive stress upon the preservation of Washington from capture, the people of the south held Rich- mond in a like sentimental regard. Jackson was ordered, on 13 July, to Gordonsville with his own and Ewell's divisions, and he moved thence to Orange Court-House, where A. P. Hill was ordered to join him at the end of the month. With this force Jackson crossed the Rapidan, attacked a part of Pope's army at Cedar Mountain on 9 Aug., and gained an ad- vantage, hold- ing the ground until Pope ad- vanced in force two days later, when he retired to the south of the river. Lee now hurried troops forward as rapidly as possible, and on 14 Aug. took personal command on the Rapidan. His force was slightly supe- rior to Pope's, and, as the National commander seemed at that time unaware of the presence of the main body of the Confederate army, Lee hoped, by a prompt attack, to take him somewhat unpre- pared. The movement was planned for 19 Aug., but there was a delay of a day, and in the mean time Pope had become aware of his danger and withdrawn behind the Rappahannock, where he had posted his army in a strong position to oppose a crossing. Finding the advantage of position to be with the enemy, Lee moved up the river, Pope keeping pace with him until a point near Warren- ton Springs was reached. There Lee halted and made a demonstration as if to cross, on 24 Aug., while Jackson, crossing about eight miles above, made a rapid march around Bull Run Mountain and through Thoroughfare Gap, to gain the ene- my's rear. The movement was completely suc- cessful, and on. the 26th Jackson reached Manassas Junction, capturing the supply depots there. _ As soon as Pope discovered the movement he with- drew to protect his communications. Longstreet at once marched to join Jackson, following the same route and effecting a junction on the morn- ing of 29 Aug., on the same field on which the first battle of Manassas or Bull Run was fought in 1861. Pope's army, re-enforced from McClellan's, was in position, and battle was joined that after- noon. The National assaults upon Lee's lines on that day and the next were determined but unsuc- cessful, and on 30 Aug. the Confederates succeeded in driving their enemy across Bull Run to Centre- ville. Lee, re-enforced, turned the position on 1 Sept., and Pope retired toward Washington. The way was now clear for the further offensive operations that Lee contemplated. The transfer of McClellan's invading force to Washington had been made imperative, and Lee's army, encouraged by success, was again filled with that confidence in itself and its leader which alone can make an army a fit tool with which to undertake aggressive en- terprises. He determined to transfer the scene of operations to the enemy's territory. The plan in- volved the practical abandonment of his commu- nications so far as the means of subsisting his army was concerned, but the region into which he planned to march was rich in food and forage, and, with the aid of his active cavalry under Stuart, he trusted to his ability to live upon the country. The move- ment was begun at once, and on 5 Sept. the army, 45,000 strong, crossed the Potomac and took up a position near Frederick, Md., from which it might move at will against Washington or Baltimore or invade Pennsylvania. A strong garrison of Na- tional troops still held Harper's Ferry, to Lee's surprise and somewhat to the disturbance of his plans, as it was necessary for him to have the route to the valley of Virginia open to his ammunition- trains. On' 10 Sept., therefore, he directed Jackson to return to the south side of the river and advance upon Harper's Ferry from the direction of Martins- burg, while McLaws should seize Maryland Heights, Walker bold Loudon Heights, and D. H. Hill post himself at Boonsboro' Pass to prevent the escape of the garrison. Having made these dispositions, Lee moved to Hagerstown to collect subsistence and to await the capture of Harper's Ferry by his lieutenant, after which the several divisions were to unite at Boonsboro' or Sharpsburg, as occasion should determine. McClellan was at this time advancing at the head of the National army from Washington, but with unusual deliberation. By one of those mishaps which play so large a part in military operations, a copy of Lee's order, giving minute details of his dispo'sitions and plans, fell into McClellan's hands, and that general, thus fully apprised of the exact whereabouts of every subdivision of Lee's tempo- rarily scattered forces, made haste to take advan- tage of his adversary's unprepared situation. Mak- ing a rapid march, on 14 Sept. he fell upon D. H. Hill's division at Boonsboro' Pass. Hill resisted stubbornly and held his ground until assistance ar- rived. During the night Lee withdrew to Sharps- burg, where news soon reached him of the surrender of Harper's Ferry with about 11,000 men and all its stores. By the 16th the army was again united, except that A. P. Hill's division had remained at Harper's Ferry to care for the prisoners and stores. Meantime McClellan had reached Sharpsburg also, and on the 17th battle was joined. (For an account of the battle, see McClellan.) Neither side having gained a decisive victory, neither was disposed to renew the contest on the 18th, and the day was passed in inactivity. During the night following Lee recrossed the Potomac and marched to the neighborhood of Winchester, where he remained until late in October, the enemy also remaining in- active until that time, when Lee retired to the line of the Rappahannock. The conflict at Sharpsburg or Antietam is called a drawn battle, and it was such if we consider only the immediate result. Neither army overcame the other or gained a de- cisive advantage, and neither was in condition, at the end of the affair, to make effective pursuit should the other retire. But McClellan had had the best of it in the fight, and Lee's invasion of northern territory was brought to an end ; the bat- tle was thus in effect a victory for the National LEE LEE 671 arras. On the other hand, if we include the cap- ture of the garrison at Harper's Perry, Lee had in- flicted greater loss upon the enemy than he had himself suffered. So far as the definite objects with which he had undertaken the campaign were concerned, it had been successful. Richmond had been relieved of present danger. The moral situa- tion had been reversed for a time. From standing on the defensive, and hard pressed in front of their own capital, the Confederates had been able to march into their enemy's country, overthrowing an army on their way, and to put the National capital upon its defence. The spirits of the south- ern army and people were revived, and from that time until the last hour of the war the confidence of both in the skill of their commander was implicit and unquestioning. Lee was thenceforth their re- liance and the supreme object of their devotion. Gen. Burnside, having succeeded McClellan in command of the National army, adopted a new plan of campaign that should threaten Richmond by an advance over a short line, and at the same time keep Washington always covered. He made his base upon the Potomac at Acquia Creek, and planned to cross the Rappahannock at Fredericks- burg. The head of his column reached Falmouth, opposite Fredericksburg, on 17 Nov. Lee moved promptly to meet this new advance, and occupied a line of hills in rear of the town, which commanded the plain below and afforded excellent conditions for defence. Here he posted about half his army, under Longstreet, while D. H. Hill was at' Port Royal, twenty miles below, and Jackson lay be- tween, prepared to support either wing that might be attacked. Lee's total force numbered about 80,000 men of all arms ; Burnside's about 120,000, of whom 100,000 were thrown across the river on the day of the battle. The crossing was made on 12 Dec. in two col- umns, the one at Fredericksburg and the other three miles below. No serious opposition was made to the crossing, it being Left's plan to await attack in his strong position on the crests of the hills rather than risk an action in the plain below. Burnside spent the 12th in preparation, and did not advance to the assault until the next morning about ten o'clock. Two points of attack were chosen, one upon the Confederate right, the other upon the left. The attack upon the Confederate right was for a time successful, breaking through the first line of defence at a weak point, but it was quickly met and repelled by Jackson, who had hurried to the point of danger. The National troops were forced back and pressed almost to the river, where a heavy artillery fire checked Jackson's pursuit, and upon his return to the original line of defence the battle in that quarter ended in Confederate suc- cess, but with about equal losses to the two armies. On the other side of the field the assaults were re- peated and determined, and resulted in much graver loss to the assailants and much less damage to the Confederates. The nature of the ground forbade all attempts to turn Lee's left, and the National troops had no choice but to make a direct advance upon Marye's Heights. Here Lee was strongly posted with artillery so placed as to enfilade the line of advance. A little in front of his main line, and on the side of the hill below, lay a sunken road, flanked by a stone wall running athwart the line of the National advance, and forming a thoroughly protected ditch. Into this road about 2,000 infant- ry had been thrown, and Burnside's columns, as they made their successive advances up a narrow field, swept by the artillery from above, came sud- denly upon this concealed and well-protected force, and encountered a withering fire of musketry at short range, which swept them back. The nature of the obstacle was not discovered by the National commanders, and assault after assault was made, always with the same result, until the approach of night put an end to the conflict. The next day Lee waited for the renewal of the assault, which he had repelled with a comparatively small part of his force, but, although Burnside remained on the Con- federate side of the river, he made no further at- tempt to force his adversary's position. He had lost nearly 13,000 men, while Lee's loss was but a little more than 5,000. The National army recrossed the river on the 15th, and military operations were suspended for the winter. (For a further account of this battle, see Burnside, Ambrose Everett.) Gen. Joseph Hooker, who succeeded Burnside in command of the Army of the Potomac, planned a spring campaign, the purpose of which was to force Lee out of his intrenched position at Fredericks- burg and overcome him in the field. His plan of operations was to throw a strong detachment across the river below Fredericksburg, threatening an as- sault upon the works there, while with the main body of his army he should cross the river into the region known as the Wilderness above the Con- federate position, thus compelling Lee to move out of his intrenchments and march to meet his ad- vance at Chancellorsville. Lee's army had been weakened by detachments to 57,000 men, while Hooker's strength was about 120,000, and the Na- tional commander hoped to compel the further di- vision of his adversary's force by occupying a part of it at Fredericksburg. The plan was admirably conceived, and no operation of the war so severely tested the skill of Lee or so illustrated his charac- ter as did the brief campaign that followed. About the end of April, 1863, the plan was put in operation. Sedgwick, with 30,000 men, crossed below Fredericksburg, while Hooker, with the main body, crossed at the fords above and marched through the Wilderness to gain a position upon the Confederate flank. Leaving about 9,000 men in the works at Fredericksburg, Lee marched on 1 May to meet Hooker's advance, which he encoun- tered near Chancellorsville. He attacked the ad- vance force at once, and it retired upon the main body, which occupied a strong position and seemed disposed to act upon the defensive. Notwithstand- ing the great inferiority of his force (48,000 men), Lee decided upon the hazardous experiment of dividing it. Retaining about 12,000 or 14,000 men with whom to make a demonstration in front, he sent Jackson with the remainder of the army to march around Hooker's right flank and strike him in the rear. The manoeuvre was extremely hazard- ous, but was made necessary by the situation, and was fully justified by its success. Jackson made his march without discovery of his purpose, and, late in the afternoon of 2 May, came upon Hooker's rear with a suddenness and determination that threw a part of the National army into confusion and gave the Confederates a great advantage. The contest lasted until after nightfall, and the armies lay upon their arms throughout the night. Jack- son having received a mortal wound from the fire of his own men, the command of his force devolved upon Stuart, who renewed the attack early next day and pressed it with vigor until about ten o'clock, when a junction was formed with the troops imder Lee, operating from in front. The whole line then advanced with great impetuosity, under the im- mediate command of Gen. Lee, and the enemy was driven with great loss from the field, retiring to the works that defended the river crossings. 672 LEE LEE Meantime Sedgwick had carried the position at Fredericksburg, and was advancing on Lee's right flank. He had reached a point within six miles of Chaneellorsville before forces detached for the purpose could check his advance. On the next dav Early came up, and Lee succeeded in driving Sedgwick across the river. A storm interfered with plans for pressing Hooker's retreat, and by the 6th he had withdrawn completely from the southern side of the river, and was resuming his position opposite Fredericksburg. Lee also re- turned to his works, facing the enemy, with the river between. It was now incumbent upon Gen. Lee to determine, so far as the matter was within his control, where and how the campaign of the approaching summer should be carried on. His policy was in a general sense defensive, but it was open to him to choose between a rigid adherence to that policy and the adoption of offensive meas- ures with a defensive intent. He wished to avoid the depressing moral effect of a second near ap- proach of the enemy to Richmond, and, notwith- standing the inferiority of his force to that which he was likely to encounter, he resolved to risk another attempt to transfer operations to northern soil. His army now consisted of three corps, under Longstreet* Ewell, and A. P. Hill. Early in June Ewell was sent into the valley of Virginia with orders to drive out Gen. Milroy's small force and advance toward the Potomac. As soon as he had cleared the lower valley, Longstreet took up his march, moving northward east of the Blue Ridge, and, in exact fulfilment of Gen. Lee's expectation, Hooker withdrew from in front of Fredericksburg and retired to cover and defend Washington, es- tablishing his army south of the Potomac, near Leesburg, to await the further development of his adversary's plans. A. P. Hill now followed E well's line of march, and Longstreet also passed into the valley. Ewell had crossed the Potomac, and Lee followed with the other two corps, arriving at Chambersburg on 27 June, Ewell being then at Carlisle. Stuart, in command of the cavalry, had been left to observe the enemy, with orders to cross the river and place himself on Ewell's right as soon as possible after the National army should have left Virginia. Some discretion was given to him, however, and in the exercise of it he made a successful march around the National army, but meantime left Lee without cavalry in an enemy's country, and without that information of the enemy's movements which was indispensable to the wise ordering of his own. Moreover, Stuart's absence misled Lee. Confident that his cavalry commander, who was a marvel of alertness and promptitude, would not delay to join him after the passage of the river by the adversary, Lee argued from his absence that the main body of the enemy was still south of the river, and perhaps planning a counter-operation against Richmond, while in fact the entire army under Meade was hastening toward Gettysburg, where Lee encountered its ad- vance on 1 July, unexpectedly and under a com- plete misapprehension as to its strength. Heth's division, which constituted Lee's advance, met the enemy first, and was directed to ascertain his strength, with orders to avoid a general engage- ment if he should find anything more than cavalry present. Heth undertook to feel of the force in his front, and, as it consisted of infantry and artil- lery in large bodies, he was soon hotly engaged in spite of his endeavor to confine his operation to a reconnoissance. When Lee arrived on the field, it was evident that a general engagement was not to be avoided, and he ordered up such re-enforcements as were at hand, at the same time sending direc- tions for the remainder of his forces to hasten for- ward. Two divisions of Hill's corps and two of Ewell's were brought into action, and during the afternoon, after a sharp contest, the enemy was driven to a position south of the town, where he occupied a line of hills and awaited a renewal of the attack. In the absence of his cavalry, Lee was without any other information as to the strength or the purposes of his enemy than that which he could get from the prisoners taken, from whom he learned that Meade's entire army was approaching. It was important, if possible, to seize the position held by the enemy before further bodies of Meade's troops should arrive, as the line of hills afforded many advantages to the commander who could oc- cupy it, and Lee directed Ewell to gain possession of it if possible, leaving him certain discretion, however, in the exercise of which Ewell delayed the attempt, to await the arrival of his remaining division, and so the opportunity was lost. It was Lee's intention to attack with his whole available force on the morning of the 2d, but it was not until late in the afternoon that Longstreet, whose troops had been some miles in the rear, was ready to bear his important part in the assault, and in the mean time the greater part of Meade's force had arrived and taken position. The assault was made at four o'clock, with Ewell on the left. Hill in the centre, and Longstreet on the right. The plan was for Longstreet to carry the position occupied by the enemy's left, Ewell and Hill making demon- strations on the left and centre, but converting theh operations into a real attack should it appear that troops from their front were withdrawn to aid in opposing Longstreet. This was done, and a part of the enemy's works was carried by the Confeder- ate left, but relinquished because of Rhodes's in- ability to render support to Early as promptly as had been intended. Meantime Longstreet had forced back the enemy's left for some distance, and gained a favorable position for further operations. The day came to an end with no decisive result, but Lee was encouraged to believe that by a carefully concerted assault on the next day he might win a victory that would go far to decide the issue of the war in favor of the Confederates, or at any rate to compensate for the continued disasters suffered by the Confederate arms in the west, and perhaps compel the withdrawal of the National forces from that quarter for the defence of the middle and eastern states. The value of such a victory, if he could achieve it, would be incalculable, and, as Longstreet has declared, the army under Lee's command at that time " was in condition to under- take anything." It was therefore decided to make a supreme effort on the next day to carry the enemy's position and put him to rout. Longstreet, strengthened by three brigades under Pickett, and additionally re-enforced from Hill's corps, was to make the main assault upon the enemy's right, while Ewell should attack his left and Hill menace his centre. There was some slight miscarriage in preparation, however, which resulted in Ewell's be- coming engaged before Longstreet advanced to the assault. Moreover, for reasons that have since been the subject of somewhat acrimonious controversy, and the discussion of which would be manifestly improper in this place. Longstreet's attack was not made with his entire force, as had been intended ; and although by that charge, which has become historically famous as perhaps the most brilliant feat of arms performed by Confederates on any field, Pickett's division succeeded in carrying the hill in their front and entering the enemy's lines, it LEE LEE 673 was left without adequate support and was quickly hurled back, broken, and almost annihilated. This in effect ended the battle of Gettysburg. As at Antietam, so on this field, no decisive vic- tory had been won by either army, but Lee's su- preme effort had ended in a repulse, and the ad- vantage rested with the National arms. " It is with an invading army as with an insurrection : an indecisive action is equivalent to a defeat." Lee was not driven from the field, and his army was still unbroken ; but he had failed to overthrow his adversary, and his project of successful inva- sion of the enemy's country was necessarily at an end. He tarried a day in inactivity, and then retired without serious molestation to Virginia, whither Meade followed. The two armies having returned to the line of the Rapidan, and neither being dis- posed to undertake active operations, the campaign of 1863 ended in August. The campaign of 1864 was begun by the advance of the National army under Gen. Grant, who crossed the Rapidan on 4 May with about 120,000 men, including non-com- batants, teamsters, etc. Lee's force at that time was about 66,000 men. not including commissioned officers, teamsters, and other non-combatants, but he determined to attack his adversary as quickly as possible. There followed a succession of stub- bornly contested battles and movements by flank from the Wilderness, where the adversaries first met, by way of Spottsylvania Court-House and Cold Harbor, to Petersburg, for an account of which, and of the siege of Petersburg, see Graxt, Ulysses S. Grant sat down before Petersburg about the middle of June, and prepared for a pa- tient siege of that place and of Richmond, to which it afforded a key. By extending his lines farther and farther to the south, and pressing his left for- ward, he forced Lee to stretch his own correspond- ingly, until they were drawn out to dangerous tenuity, there being no source from which the Con- federate commander could draw i*e-enforcements, while his already scant force was slowly wasting away under the operations of the siege. Grant was gradually enveloping the position, and pushing back the Confederate right, so as to secure the lines of railway leading to the south, and it was mani- festly only a question of time when Petersburg, and Richmond with it, must fall into the hands of the enemy. By all military considerations it was the part of wisdom for the Confederates to with- draw from the obviously untenable position while there was yet opportunity for them to retire to the line of the Roanoke, and there is the best authority for saying that if he had been free to determine the matter for himself, Lee would have abandoned Richmond many weeks before the date of its ac- tual fall, and would have endeavored, by concen- tration, to win important advantages in the field, where strategy, celerity of movement, and advan- tages of position might offset disparity of forces. But the Confederate government had decided upon the policy of holding Richmond at all hazards, and Lee was bound by its decision. The end of his power of resistance in that false position came early in the spring of 1865. Grant broke through his defences, south of Petersburg, and compelled the hasty evacuation of the entire Richmond line on 2 April. Meantime Sherman had successfully transferred his base from northern Georgia to Sa- vannah, and was following Johnston in his retreat toward North Carolina and Virginia. Lee made an ineffectual attempt to retreat and form a junc- tion with Johnston somewhere south of the Roa- noke ; but the head of Grant's column was so far in advance on his left as to be able to beat him back VOL. III. 43 toward the upper James river, capturing a large portion of his force, and the small remnant, in a state of actual starvation, was surrendered on 9 April, at Appomattox Court-House, its total strength being fewer than 10,000 men. The war being at an end, Lee withdrew at once from public affairs, betaking himself to the work of a simple citizen, not morosely, or in sullen vexa- tion of spirit, but manfully, and with a firm con- viction of duty. He frankly accepted the result, and used his great influence for the restoration of friendly relations between the lately warring sec- tions, for the prompt return of his soldiers to peaceful pursuits, and for the turning of their de- votion to the southern cause into a patriotic pride of American citizenship. He became president of Washington college, at Lexington, Va. (now Wash- ington and Lee university), and passed the remain- der of his life in earnest work as an educator of youth. Physically, intellectually, and morally, Lee was a man of large proportions and unusual sym- metry. Whether or not he possessed the highest or- der of genius, he had a mind of large grasp, great vigor and activity, and perfect self-possession. He was modest in his estimate of himself, but not lack- ing in that self-confidence which gives strength. His mind was pure, and his character upright in an eminent degree. His ruling characteristic was an inflexible devotion to duty, as he understood it, accompanied by a perfect readiness to make any and every sacrifice of self that might be required of him by circumstance. In manner he was digni- fied, courteous, and perfectly simple ; in temper he was calm, with the placidity of strength that is accustomed to rigid self-control. He was a type of perfectly healthy manhood, in which body and mind are equally under the control of clearly de- fined conceptions of right and duty. Descended from men who had won distinction by worth, and allied to others of like character, he was deeply imbued with a sense of his obligation to live and act in all things worthily. As a military com- mander he had thorough knowledge of the art of war, and large ability in its practice. His combi- nations were sound, and where opportunity per- mitted, brilliant, and his courage in undertaking great enterprises with scantily adequate means was supported by great skill in the effective employ- ment of such means as were at his command. The tasks he set himself were almost uniformly such as a man of smaller courage would have shrunk from, and a man of less ability would have undertaken only to meet disaster. His military problem was so to employ an inferior force as to baffle the de- signs of an enemy possessed of a superior one. His great strength lay in that form of defence which involves the employment of offensive manoeuvres as a means of choosing the times, places, and con- ditions of conflict. A military critic has said that he lacked the gift to seize upon the right moment for converting a successful defence into a success- ful attack, and the judgment appears to be in some measure sound. In the seven days' fight around Richmond his success was rendered much less complete than it apparently ought to have been by his failure so to handle his force as to bring its full strength to bear upon his adversary's retreating column at the critical moment. At Fredericksburg he seems to have put aside an opportunity to crush the enemy whom he had repelled, when he neglected to press Burnside on the river bank, and permitted him to withdraw to the other side unmolested. After his victory at Chancellorsville a greater readiness to press his retreating foe would have promised results that for lack of that readiness 674 LEE LEE were not achieved. A critical study of his cam- paigns seems also to show that he erred in giving too much discretion to his lieutenants at critical junc- tures, when his own fuller knowledge of the entire situation and plan of battle or campaign should have been an absolutely controlling force. It is no reflection upon those lieutenants to say that they did not always make the wisest or most fortunate use of the discretion thus given to them, for with their less complete information concerning matters not immediately within their purview, their decis- ions rested, of necessity, upon an inadequate knowl- edge of the conditions of the problem presented. Instances of the kind to which we refer are found in Stuart's absence with the cavalry during all that part of the Gettysburg campaign which preceded the battle, and in EwelFs failure to seize the strong position at Gettysburg while it was still possible to do so. In both these cases Lee directed the doing of that which wisdom dictated ; in both he left a large discretion to his lieutenant, in the conscien- tious exercise of which an opportunity was lost. Three days after Gen. Lee's death his remains were buried beneath the chapel of the university at Lexington. In accordance with his request, no funeral oration was pronounced. For a view of Gen. Lee's residence, " Arlington House," see Cus- tis, George W. P., vol. ii., p. 45. The corner-stone of a monument to his memory was laid in Rich- mond', Va., on 27 Oct., 1887. There is a recumbent statue by Valentine over his grave, and a bronze statue on a column in New Orleans. A portrait of him was painted from life by John Elder, for the commonwealth of Virginia, which is now in the senate chamber at Richmond ; another by Elder, for the city of Savannah, is in the council chamber of that city ; and still another is at the University of Virginia. The vignette is copied from an early portrait, while the steel engraving is from a photo- graph taken in Richmond, during the last year of the war. Gen. Lee edited, with a memoir, a new edition of his father's "Memoirs of the Wars of the Southern Department of the United States" (New York. 1869). See "Life and Campaigns of Robert Edward Lee," by E. Lee Childe (London, 1875); "Life of Robert E. Lee," bv John Esten Cooke (New York, 1871) ; " Life and Times of Rob- ert E. Lee," by Edward A. Pollard (1871) ; " Per- sonal Reminiscences of Robert E. Lee," by John W. Jones (1874); "Four Years with Gen. Lee," by Walter H. Taylor (1877); and " Memoirs of Robert E. Lee," by Gen. A. L. Long (1886). A • life of Gen. Lee is now (1887) in prepa- ration by Col. Charles Marshall, aide - de- camp on his staff, 1861-5, to whom the original papers of Gen. Lee have been committed by the family. — His wife, Mary Randolph Custis, b. at Arling- ton House, Alexan- dria co., Va., in 1806 ; d. in Lexington, Va., 6 Nov., 1873, was the only daughter of George Washington Parke Custis, the adopted son of Washington, and the grandson of his wife. In June, 1831, she mar- ried Robert E. Lee, by which event he came into possession of Arlington, on the Potomac river, and ^£a^^7 -^.a&Z^ --Z^ of the White House, on the Pamunkey. Mrs'. Lee had strong intellectual powers, and persistently fa- vored the Confederate cause. She was in Rich- mond during the civil war, and afterward accompa- nied her husband to Lexington, where she resided until her death. — His eldest son, George Washing- ton Custis, soldier, b. at Arlington, Va., 16 Sept., 1832, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1854 at the head of his class. He was commis- sioned 2d lieutenant of engineers and assigned to the engineer bureau at Washington. In the spring of 1855 he was assigned to duty on Amelia island, Fla., where he was engaged in constructing the fort at the mouth of St. Mary's river, and in the autumn of 1857 was ordered to San Francisco, Cal., for the construction of the works at Fort Point. In Octo- ber, 1859, he was promoted 1st lieutenant and or- dered to the engineer bureau at Washington, where he remained until the beginning of the civii war, when he resigned his commission and entered the Confederate service. He was commissioned major of engineers of the provisional army of Vir- ginia, 10 May, 1861, and on 1 July was appointed captain in the Confederate corps of engineers. He located and constructed the fortifications around Richmond, and on 31 Aug., 1861, was appointed aide-de-camp to Jefferson l)avis, with the rank of colonel of cavalry. On 25 June, 1863, he was com- missioned brigadier-general and assigned to a bri- gade organized for local defence around Rich- mond. In the autumn of 1864 he was commis- sioned major-general and given the command of a division in the Army of Northern Virginia, which he led bravely and skilfully till he was captured at Sailor's Creek. In October, 1865, he became professor of military and civil engineering and applied mechanics in Virginia military institute, and in February, 1871, succeeded his father as president of Washington college (now Washington and Lee university). Tulane university gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1887.— His brother, Will- iam Henry Fitzhugh, soldier, second son of Robert E. Lee, b. at Arlington, Va., 31 May, 1837, was graduated at Harvard in 1857, and in the same year appointed 2d lieutenant in the 6th in- fantry, U. S. army, and served in the Utah cam- paign of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, and after- ward in California. Early in 1859 he resigned his commission and took charge of his farm, the his- toric White House, on the Pamunkey. In the spring of 1861 he raised a cavalry company for the Confederate service, was made captain, and was soon promoted major and made chief of cavalry to Gen. Loring in the West Virginia campaign. In the winter of 1861-2 he was ordered to Fredericks- burg and was made lieutenant-colonel. In the spring of 1862 he was made colonel, and not long afterward was attached to the brigade of Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, in most of whose campaigns he par- ticipated. On 3 Oct., 1862, he was made briga- dier-general, to date from 15 Sept. At Brandy Station, 9 June, 1863, he was severely wounded, and was afterward captured by a raiding party and carried to Fortress Monroe, where he was held for some time as a hostage. In the early spring of 1864 he was exchanged, on 23 April was promoted ma- jor-general of cavalry, and led his division in the fights from the Rapidan to Appomattox, where he surrendered. He soon went to work at the White House, rebuilding the dwelling, and became a farmer. For some years he was president of the Virginia agricultural society. In 1875 he was elected to the state senate, and in 1886 to congress. — Robert Edward's nephew, Fitzhugh, soldier, b. in Clermont, Fairfax co., Va., 19 Nov., 1835, was LEE LEECH 675 graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1856, and commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 2d cav- alry. He was severely wounded in a fight with Indians, and in May, 1860, was ordered to report at West Point as instructor of cavalry. At the beginning of the civil war in 1861 he resigned his commission and entered the Confederate service. He was first placed on staff duty, and was adjutant- general of Swell's brigade until September, 1861, when he was made lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Virginia cavalry, and later was promoted colonel, and he particijDated in all the campaigns of the Army of Northern Virginia. On 25 July, 1862, he was made brigadier-general, and on 3 Sept., 1863, major-general. In the battle of Winchester, 19 Sept., 1864, three horses were shot under him, and he was disabled by a severe wound, which kept him from duty for several months. In March, 1865, he was put in command of the whole cavalry corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, and a month later he surrendered to Gen. Meade at Farmville, after which he retired to his home in Stafford county. In 1874 he made a speech at Bunker Hill which attracted wide attention. In the winter and spring of 1882-'3 he made a tour through the southern states, in the interest of the Southern historical society. He was elected gov- ernor of Virginia in 1885. LEE, Samuel, clergyman, b. in England in 1625; d. in St. Malo, Prance, in 1691. He was a learned non-conformist divine, and minister to a church in Bristol, R. I., in 1686-'8. On his way home he was captured by the French. Besides several relig- ious treatises, he published " The Temple of Solo- mon portrayed by Scripture Light " (London, 1659). LEE, Thomas, statesman, b. in Charleston, S.C., 1 Dec, 1769; d. there, 24 Oct., 1839. His father was one of the Charleston patriots that were sent to St. Augustine by Sir Henry Clinton. Thomas was admitted to the bar in 1790. soon rose to eminence, was clerk of the South Carolina house of representatives in 1798-1804, at the latter date was elected an associate judge, and on his resigna- tion a few months subsequently became comp- troller-general of the state, holding office till 1816. He was president of the state of South Carolina bank from 1817 till his death, served several terms in the legislature, and in 1823 was appointed by President Monroe U. S. district judge, holding office during the remainder of his life. He was active in the temperance reform and in benevolent enterprises. — His niece, Mary Elizabeth, author, b. in Charleston, S. C, 23 March, 1813 ; d. there, 23 Sept., 1849, early manifested literary tastes, was a zealous student, and possessed a remarkable talent for the acquisition of languages. Her prose writings have not been collected, but ' ; Historical Tales for Youth," published in the " Massachu- setts School Library," is from her pen. "The Blind Negro Communicant " is the best known of her poems. A volume of her verses, with a me- moir of her by Rev. Samuel Gilman, was published after her death (Charleston, 1851). LEE, Thomas Sim, statesman, b. in Frederick county, Va., in 1744; d. there, 9 Nov., 1819. He was educated by private tutors, and removed to Maryland, where he held several local offices, and was governor of the state in 1779-'83. He was a delegate to the Continental congress in 1783-'4, and to the State constitutional convention in 1786. In 1794 he was elected U. S. senator from Maryland, but declined to serve. LEE, William Little, chief justice of the Ha- waiian islands, b. in Sandy Hill, Washington co., N. Y., 25 Feb., 1821 ; d. in Honolulu, 28 June, 1857. He was graduated at Norwich university, Vt., and went to Portsmouth, Va., as superintendent of the military academy that had been established there by Capt. Alden Partridge. He then studied at Harvard law-school and settled in the practice of his profession at Troy, N. Y. Being threatened with pulmonary phthisis, he decided to try a milder climate, and in 1846 set out for Oregon. Being detained for several months at Honolulu by repairs to the vessel on which he had sailed, Mr. Lee un- dertook some important suits for the Hawaiian government, and soon afterward accepted the post of chief justice and chancellor, which he retained through life. Among his labors were the framing of the revised constitution of the kingdom, and the drawing up of its civil and criminal codes. He strenuously urged upon the king and chiefs the policy of giving up a third of their lands to the common people, and when a law to that effect was passed he was appointed president of the land com- mission to carry out its provisions ; but he declined to accept any compensation for his services. Judge Lee's health, always delicate, gave way as a result of undue exposure in attendance upon the sick during an epidemic of small-pox that decimated the Hawaiian nation in 1853. This brought on a return of his early malady, and in 1855 he left for the United States in the hope of regaining his health. As minister Judge Lee negotiated a reci- procity treaty, while there, with William L. Marcy, who was then secretary of state. LEE, Wilson, clergyman, b. in Sussex county, Del., in 1761 ; d. in Anne Arundel county, Md., 11 Oct., 1804. He became an itinerant Methodist minister in 1784, and labored extensively in the west, especially in Kentucky. He was appointed to the New London, Conn., district in 1794, and subsequently served on the New York, Philadel- phia, and Baltimore circuits. He was one of the most laborious and successful missionaries of his time, his labors in the west contributing largely to the evangelization of Kentucky and" Tennessee, and he shared with Jesse Lee in the founding of Methodism in New England. LEECH, Daniel D. Tompkins, government official, b. in Nassau, N. Y., 3 April, 1810 ; d. in Washington. D. C, 5 Nov., 1869. His grandfather, Capt. Hezekiah Leach, served in the French and Indian and Revolutionary wars. He was graduated at Union college in 1829, was a tutor of languages there, and afterward taught in the Albany academy under Joseph Henry. About 1837 he removed to Washington with Prof. Henry, took a clerkship in the post-office department, and retained a post either in this or in the treasury department until his death, his duties being largely in connection with the foreign departments because of his lin- guistic acquirements. In 1855, as confidential clerk to the postmaster-general, he compiled a post-route bill, covering the entire United States, for which congress voted him $1,000. In 1857 he wrote the histories of the U. S. departments for the " National Intelligencer." He was the author of the first postal directory (1857), and continued it for several years as a private enterprise, till it was adopted by the government. He was widely known for his zealous ministrations during the civil war among the National soldiers in camp, bar- racks, and hospitals. — His son, Samuel Van Derlip, clergyman, b. in Albany, N. Y., 17 March, 1837, attended school until he was fourteen years of age, when he became private secretary of Thomas S. fiocock, of Virginia. In 1853 he went as sec- retary to a government expedition to Central America, Venezuela, and the West Indies, on his 676 LEEDS LEFEVRE return studied the classics, and then was prepared for the ministry at Garrett biblical institute, Evanston, 111., and in 1858 was admitted to the Baltimore conference, became pastor of a Method- ist church in that city, and subsequently held charges at Martinsburg, Va., Baltimore, and Cum- berland, Ind., and Albany and Saratoga, 1ST. Y. In 1886 he was chosen president of New York state temperance society. In 1860 he wrote for the " Baltimore Exchange " a series of historical papers on the '• Rise and Progress of American Method- ism," and afterward issued a volume of temperance poems (1863). In 1874, as special correspondent of the Baltimore "American," he wrote the " Round Lake Letters " for that journal. He has served on the editorial staff of the " Methodist " and " Baltimore Record," has written for the " Met- ropolitan Pulpit," and contributed largely to several historical publications. He received in 1879 the degree of D. D. from St. John's college, Annapolis, Md. He has also published "The Drunkard " (1869) ; " Ingersoll and the Bible " (1880) : and " The Inebriates " (1886). LEEDS, Daniel, author, b. in England in 1652 ; d. in Burlington, N. J., 28 Sept., 1720. He settled at Shrewsbury, 1ST. J., about 1677, and afterward removed to Burlington, where he became one of the foremost men in the province of West Jersey. In 1682 he was appointed surveyor-general of the province, and was chosen to the assembly. Upon the recommendation of the Earl of Nottingham, he was appointed a member of Lord Cornbury's council in 1702, in which post he served several years. He was at first a Quaker, but became a violent opponent of that denomination. He pub- lished a series of almanacs at Philadelphia and New York from 1687 till 1713, his first being the second almanac that was issued in the middle colonies. Among his other works, which are aimed at the Quakers, except his compilation entitled " The Temple of Wisdom " (Philadelphia, 1688), are " The News of a Trumpet " (1697) ; " Hue and Cry against Error " (1698) ; " A Trumpet Sounded " (1699) ; " The Rebuker Rebuked " (1703) ; and " The Great Mystery of Pox-Craft Discovered " (part L, 1704 ; part ii., 1706). LEEDS, John, astronomer, b. in Bay Hundred, Talbot co., Md., 18 May, 1705; d. in Wade's Point plantation, Md., in March, 1780. He was clerk of Talbot county court for forty years, and was sub- sequently a judge of the provincial court. In 1760 he was commissioned to supervise the returns of Mason and Dixon of the boundaries of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and was surveyor-general of Maryland at the time of his death. He published " Observations of the Transit of Venus," in " Philo- sophical Transactions " (London, 1769). LEESEE, Isaac, clergyman, b. in Neuenkirchen, Prussia, 12 Dec, 1806 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 Feb., 1868. He arrived in Richmond, Va., in 1824, and after engaging in commerce was called to the pastorate of a Philadelphia synagogue in 1829. His literary labors began early, with translations from the German and articles in defence of Judaism ; also with the publication of volumes of sermons, catechisms, and the editing of religious and devo- tional works. In 1843 he issued " The Occident," a monthly, the pioneer in Jewish periodical litera- ture. He published " Instructions in the Mosaic Religion," translated from the German (Philadel- phia, 1830) ; " The Jews and the Mosaic Law " (1833) ; " Discourses, Argumentative and Devo- tional, on the Subject of the Jewish Religion " (1836) ; " Portuguese Form of Prayer, in Hebrew and English" (1837-'8); "Hebrew Spelling and Reading Book " (1838) ; " Catechism for Young Children " (1839) ; " Discourses " (1840) ; an edition of Grace Aguilar's " Spirit of Judaism " (1842) ; " Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine," from the Hebrew of Rabbi Joseph Schwartz ; and a translation of the Scrip- tures from the original Hebrew, the work by which he is best known (1845-'53). Mr. Leeser was a zealous worker in charitable and educational fields, possessed a wonderful memory, and was esteemed for his honesty and singleness of purpose. He be- longed to the conservative school. LEETE, William, governor of Connecticut, b. in England about 1603 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 16 April, 1683. He was educated in England as a law- yer, and, emigrating to this country in 1637, set- tled in New Haven, and was subsequently a found- er of Guilford, Conn., and one of the pillars of the church there. He was deputy governor in 1661-'5, was frequently a commissioner of the colony, re- elected governor in 1676, and afterward annually chosen until his death. Leete was an ardent re- publican, and befriended and hospitably enter- tained the regicides Edward Whalley, William Goff, and John Dixwell while he was deputy in 1661. In July, 1675, when Edmund Andros, governor under the grant of the Duke of York, proceeded with armed men to Connecticut to vindicate his jurisdiction as far as the river, Leete convened the assembly, and signed the proclamation that was forwarded to Capt. Thomas Bull, who com- manded the garrison at Saybrook. This procla- mation, though full of loyalty to the king, forbade Andros's landing, and protested against his illegal proceedings. Dr. John Trumbull says of him : " He presided in times of the greatest difficulty, yet always with such integrity and wisdom as to meet the public approbation. An island near Guil- ford bears the governor's name. LEFEBVRE-DESNOUETTES, Charles (leh- faibr'-day-noo-et'), French soldier, b. in Paris, France, 14 Sept., 1773 ; d. at sea, 22 April, 1822. He served in the French army in Belgium in 1792, was aide-de-camp to Napoleon at Marengo, became briga- dier-general in 1806, and general of division in 1808. He was made a peer in 1815, fought at Fleurus and Waterloo, and after this battle was condemned to death by the royalists, but escaped to the United States, where he attempted, with Gen. Lallemand (q. v.), to found a colony of French refugees in Ala- bama. While in this country he was in correspond- ence with Napoleon for the purpose of effecting his rescue from St. Helena. On the death of the latter, Lefebvre received by his will 150,000 francs, but was lost at sea while returning to Europe. LEFEVRE, Peter Paul, R. C. bishop, b. in Roulers, West Flanders, 30 April, 1804 ; d. in De- troit, Mich., 4 March, 1869. He finished his studies in Paris, left that city for the United States in 1828, and, going to St. Louis, Mo., was ordained subdeacon by Bishop Rosati in 1831. In the same year he was ordained priest and stationed at New Madrid, Mo., but after a few months was trans- ferred to the pastorate of Salt river, consisting of the northern part of Missouri, the western part of Illinois, and southern Iowa. This was the largest and most laborious mission ever attended by a single priest. In one of his expeditions to a dis- tant part of his charge he -sustained an injury to his ankle from which he never recovered. At length his health was broken by his labors, and in 1841 he went to France to rest. While there he was nominated bishop of Zela in partibus and co- adjutor bishop of Detroit, and on his return to the United States he was consecrated at Philadelphia LEFFERTS LEGARE 677 by Archbishop Kenrick. On his arrival in Detroit he had a dispute with some of the laity as to the tenure of church property in the city, in which he' was finally successful. At this time there were only two Roman Catholic churches in Detroit, and twenty-five in the states of Michigan and Wiscon- sin,, which were included in his diocese. During his episcopate the number of churches in Detroit increased to eleven, and in that part of Michigan called the lower peninsula to 160, the upper penin- sula and Wisconsin having been formed into new dioceses. He built the cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, and purchased sites for churches and other church property in places where cities where likely to be built. His foresight in this respect has re- sulted in a permanent revenue for the diocese ■of Detroit for religious and charitable purposes. The Indian missions were the object of his special care, and he established stations at obscure and distant points where the Indians and half-breeds could attend religious services. To provide a sup- ply of priests he founded the Redemptorist con- vent of Detroit. He was also instrumental in founding the American college of Louvain, Bel- gium, with the same object. While the number of priests in his diocese when he entered on his office was but eighteen, at his death it had increased to ■eighty-eight in the lower peninsula alone. He was a strong supporter of Roman Catholic education, and introduced into his diocese several brother- hoods and sisterhoods that they might open schools. Numerous charitable institutions are due to the energy of Bishop Lefevre, among them four or- phan asylums, St. Mary's hospital and insane asy- lum, and the Michigan state retreat. He attended several of the provincial councils of Baltimore and Cincinnati, and the national council of 1852, and took an active part in these assemblies. LEFFERTS, Marshall, engineer, b. in Bedford, L. I., 15 Jan., 1821 ; d. near Newark, N. J., 3 July, 1876. He was educated in the common schools, was first a clerk, and subsequently a civil engineer, .and, returning to mercantile pursuits, became a partner in the importing-house of Monewood and Company, New York. In 1849 he became presi- dent of the New York, New England, and New York state telegraph companies, from which office he retired in 1860 and began a system of telegraph- wires, which was worked on the automatic plan of transmission. These patents were subsequently purchased by the American (now the Western Union) telegraph company, of which he became electric engineer, and at the same time he was con- sulting engineer of the Atlantic cable company. He was the first in the United States to make and apply instruments for the detection of faults in •electric cables, and to reduce the system of relays to common standards. He resigned his office with the Western Union telegraph company in 1867 to organize the commercial news department of that company, became president of the gold and stock telegraph company in 1869, and when, two years .afterward, the latter purchased the commercial news department, he again assumed its control. He joined the New York 7th regiment in 1851 as a private, became its lieutenant-colonel the next year, and its colonel in 1859. In 1861 this regi- ment, under his command, was the first to leave the city for the seat of war. It was again called out in 1862 and in 1863, and at the latter date was stationed in Frederick, Md., where Col. Lefferts was military governor, returning to New York to protect the city in the draft riots of July, 1863. At the close of the war he resigned his command, and accepted that of commandant of the veteran corps of the 7th regiment, holding office until his death, which occurred on the railroad train while he was going with his corps to the Fourth of J uly parade in Philadelphia in 1876. — His son, George Morewood, physician, b. in Brooklyn, 24 Feb., 1846, was educated at the College of the city of New York, graduated at the New York college of physicians and surgeons in 1870, and in 1872-'3 studied in Vienna. He then settled in New York city, making a specialty of diseases of the throat and chest, and in July, 1874, he performed the op- eration of subhyoidean laryngotomy for the first time that it has been attempted in the United States. He is professor of laryngoscopy in the New York college of physicians and surgeons, is surgeon and consulting surgeon to several New York hospitals, is a member and trustee of various professional bodies, and in 1876 was president of the New York laryngological society. He con- ducted at one time the quarterly reports of laryn- goscopy in the " New York Medical Journal," and the semi-annual reports on syphilis of the mouth, nose, and larynx in the " Archives of Dermatol- ogy." He contributed largely to medical litera- ture, and is the author of "Diseases of the Nose and its accessory Cavities " (New York, 1884) ; " Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Nasal Ca- tarrh " (St. Louis, Mo., 1886) ; and " Pharmacopia for Diseases of Throat and Nose" (New York, 1887). He has also translated " Frankel on the Gen- eral Diagnosis of Diseases of the Nose, Pharynx, and Larynx " (1876) ; and " Ziemssen's Cyclopaedia of Practice of Medicine " (1876). LEFFINGWELL, Charles Wesley, clergyman, b. in Ellington, Conn., 5 Dec, 1840. He entered Union college in 1857, and studied there for two years. During 1859-'60 he was principal of Gal- veston academy, Texas. He then entered Knox college, Galesburg, 111., and was graduated in 1862. He was vice-principal of the military school at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1862-'5, studied theology at Nashotah theological seminary, Wis., and after his graduation in 1867 was for a brief period tutor there. He then took orders in the Episcopal church, and was assistant minister in St. James's church, Chicago, 111., in 1868. Soon afterward he founded and became rector of St. Mary's school, Knoxville, 111. He received the degree of D. D. from Knox college in 1875. Dr. Leffingwell has been presi- dent of the standing committee of the diocese of Quincy, and was editor of the diocese and province in 1875-'9. Since 1879 he has devoted himself earnestly to journalism in the interests of his church, and is editor of a weekly paper, "The Living Church." In addition to his work as editor, he has prepared a " Reading-Book of English Clas- sics for Young People " (1879). LEFTWICH, Joel, soldier, b. in Bedford county, Va., in 1759 ; d. there, 20 April, 1846. During the Revolutionary war he fought at Germantown and at Camden, and was severely wounded at Guilford. In the war of 1812 he commanded a brigade under Gen. Harrison, and he was subsequently major- general of militia, often a member of the Virginia legislature, and for many years a justice of the peace of Bedford county. LECrARE, Hugh Swinton (leh-gree'), states- man, b. in Charleston, S. C, 2 Jan., 1789 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 2 June, 1843. He was of French Huguenot stock on the paternal, and Scottish on the maternal, side. A physical infirmity that de- barred him from manly sports gave him a taste for reading, and to become an orator was the chief object of his ambition. He was graduated at the College of South Carolina in 1814, studied law for 678 LEGASPI LEGGE three years, and spent the next two in study and travel abroad. On his return to Charleston he en- gaged in planting cotton on John's island. In 1820- '2 he was in the legislature, and at the latter date he removed to Charleston and began the prac- tice of law, but met with little success. He represented Charleston in the legislature in 1824 -'30, was then elected attorney - gen- eral, and during the nullification excite- ment ardently sup- ported the Union in public speeches. At this time Legare be- came the coadjutor of Stephen Elliott in the publication of the " Southern Review," a quarterly magazine. /& t/ ~/L_^«— -r-^- e wr °te the initial ~f>-^- ■ article for the first v number on " Classical Literature," and continued its principal contrib- utor until the death of Elliott, when he became editor. At the end of the eighth volume the magazine was suspended. Meanwhile he ably filled the office of attorney-general. In 1832 he became charge d'affaires at Brussels. In the au- tumn of 1836, after an extended tour of the con- tinent, he returned home, and was immediately elected to congress as a Union Democrat, taking his seat in the extra session of 1837 that was called to deliberate on the financial embarrassments of the country. He greatly increased his reputation in the debates that followed, but his course in opposition to the sub-treasury project caused his defeat at the next election. He returned to his profession, was soon employed in cases of magni- tude that were then pending in the courts of South Carolina, and in the case of " Pell and Wife vs. the Executors of Ball"' achieved a triumph that decided his place at the Charleston bar. In the presidential canvass of 1840 he favored the election of Gen. Harrison, and at this time he began a series of brilliant papers in the " Xew York Review " on i4 Demosthenes," " Athenian Democracy," and " The Origin, History, and Influence of the Roman Law." In 1841 he was appointed by President Tyler attor- ney-general of the United States, and after the withdrawal of Daniel Webster on the ratification of the Ashburton treaty, in the composition of which, especially in the part regarding the right of search, Mr. Legare had rendered important service, he discharged for some time the duties of secretary of state. He died suddenly in Boston while at- tending, with President Tyler, the ceremonies at the unveiling of the Bunker Hill monument. Chief-Justice Story said of him : " His argumen- tation was marked by the closest logic : at the same time he had a presence in speaking I have never seen excelled." A memoir of him, with selections from his writings, including addresses, despatches, and his diary at Brussels, was edited and published by his sister, Mary Swixtox Legare Bullex (Charleston, S. C, 1848). She attained some suc- cess as a painter, and removed in 1849 to West Point, Lee co., Iowa, where she founded and en- dowed Legare college for women. LEGASPI, Miguel Lopez de (lay-gas'-pee), Spanish soldier, b. in Zumarraga, Guipuzcoa, in 1524; d. in Manila, 20 Aug., 1572. He came to New Spain in 1545, and was for some years chief notary to the common council and the civil gover- nor of the city of Mexico. The viceroy, Luis de Velasco. appointed him in 1564 commander of the expedition that he was preparing by order of Phil- ip II. for the conquest of the Philippine islands. The viceroy died in July of that year, but the au- diencia, governing provisionally, completed the ar- mament of the expedition, and on 21 Xov., 1564 r Legaspi sailed, with four ships and a numerous force, from the port of Navidad. After visiting the whole Philippine archipelago and conquering Min- doro, he despatched one vessel, to report his prog- ress, to Mexico, which arrived in Acapulco, 20 Aug.,. 1569. In 1570 he conquered the island of Luzon, and founded the city of Manila, where he died two years afterward. He wrote several despatches to the king about his conquest, which, under the title '• Cartas al Rev Don Felipe II. sobre la expedieion, conquistas y progresos de las islas Felipinas," are- preserved in manuscript in the archives of the In- dies at Seville, Spain. LEGENDRE, Napoleon Narcisse Gabriel, Canadian author, b. in Nicolet, Canada, 13 Feb., 1841. He was educated at the Christian brothers' college, Point Levis, and at St. Mary's Jesuit col- lege, Montreal, where he received the degree of licencie-en-loi in 1864. He was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in 1865, and edited " Le jour- nal de l'instruction publique " from 1871 till 1876, when he was appointed clerk of French journals of the legislative council of Quebec. He was made by the governor-general, the Marquis of Lome, a member of the Royal society of Canada, in the section " de la litterature Franc-aise," at the time of its formation. In addition to many articles and essays published in French and Canadian peri- odicals, he is the author of " Sabre et scalpel," a romance (Montreal 1872) ; " Albani," a biography (Quebec, 1874) ; " A mes enfants " (1875) ; " Echos de Quebec " (2 vols., 1877) : " Notre constitution et nos institutions " (Montreal, 1878) ; and " Les Perce-Xeige," poems (Quebec, 1886). LEGGE, William, second Earl of Dartmouth, English statesman, b. in England in 1731 ; d. there in 1801. His grandfather, George, first Baron of Dartmouth, was master of the ordnance, and afterward admiral of the fleet, under James II., whose fortunes he fol- lowed in the revo- lution of 1688. and his father. William, was made an earl by Queen Anne, at whose death he was a lord - justice of Great Britain. The son succeeded to the title in 1750. He took much in- terest in education in the colonies, and was a subscriber to the fund that was collected in Eng- land by Sampson Occum, a young Mohican Indian, "for the benefit of the Indian charity-school that had been planned by Occum, and partially endowed by Joshua Moor, in Lebanon, Conn. (See Wheelock. Eleazar.) Lord Dart- mouth became president of the trustees of this fund, and when, in 1769, the institution was char- tered as a college and removed to Hanover, X. H., V LEGGETT LEIDY 679 it was given the name of its patron, although, with his fellow-trustees, he opposed the change. As a result of this opposition, the charity-school obtained an independent charter, and remained distinct from the college till 1849. Lord Dartmouth was secre- tary of state for the colonies from 1770 till 1775. LEGGETT, Mortimer Dormer, soldier, b. in Ithaca, N. Y., 19 April, 1831. He removed, in youth, with his parents, who were Friends, to Ohio, was graduated in medicine at Willoughby, Ohio, in 1844, and in 1846 organized the first system of union free schools in the state. He was admitted to the bar in 1845, and was professor of plead- ings and practice in the Ohio law college from 1855 till 1858, when he became superintendent of schools in Zanesville. At the beginning of the civil war he raised the 78th Ohio ■ infantry, of which he was appointed colonel in January, 1862, and which he led at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, where he was wounded, and at Corinth. In June of this year he commanded a brigade, and captured Jack- son, Tenn., defended Olivia, Tenn., against a large- ly superior force, and was slightly wounded. In November, 1862, he was commissioned brigadier- general of volunteers. He was severely wounded at Champion Hills, and again at Vicksburg, com- manded the 3d division of the 7th corps in Gen. Sherman's march to the sea, and in July, 1864, was brevetted major-general. On 21 Aug., 1865, he was commissioned major-general of volunteers, and on 28 Sept. resigned. In 1871 he was ap- pointed U. S. commissioner of patents. LEGGETT, William, author, b. in New York city in 1802 ; d. in New Rochelle, N. Y., 29 May, 1839. His father, Maj. Abraham Leggett, was a soldier of the Revolution. The son was educated at Georgetown college, D. C, and in 1819 re- moved with his father to Illinois. He entered the navy as a midship- man in 1822, but re- signed in 1826, and became editor of the " Critic," a weekly lit- erary journal which was soon united with the "New York Mir- ror." In 1829 he be- came an editor of the "New York Evening Post," and was at- tached to that journal till 1836. At the out- set he stipulated with William Cullen Bry- ant, the senior editor, that he should not be required to write political articles, as he had neither taste nor fixed opinions regarding politics ; but before the year had passed he appeared to have found his true vocation in discussing them, and wrote vigor- ous editorial articles in favor of free trade and against the U. S. bank. In 1835 the meetings of the Abolitionists in New York were dispersed by mobs. Leggett denounced these proceedings, and defended the right to free discussion in re- gard to slavery as well as all other subjects. Re- tiring from the " Post," he began the publication of "The Plain Dealer " in 1836, which attained a large circulation, but was discontinued in less than a year through the failure of its publisher. After this, his health being greatly enfeebled, Mr. Leggett left literary work and retired to New Rochelle, N. Y. He was appointed in 1839 by President Van Buren diplomatic agent to Guatemala, but ^VL^Cjk died before the day of sailing. Mr. Leggett was remarkable among the journalists of his day as an unflinching advocate of freedom of opinion for his political opponents as well as for his own party. Mr. Bryant wrote the poem to his memory begin- ning " The earth may ring from shore to shore." He describes Leggett as fond of study, delighting to trace principles to their remotest consequences, and as having no fear of public opinion regarding the expression of his own convictions. It was the fiery Leggett that urged on Bryant to attack Will- iam L. Stone, a brother editor, in Broadway. Soon afterward he fought a duel at Weehawken with Blake, the treasurer of the old Park theatre. To the surprise of all New York, Leggett selected James Lawson, a peacefully disposed Scottish- American poet, who was slightly lame, as his sec- ond ; and when asked after the bloodless duel for his reasons, he answered : " Blake's second, Berke- ley, was lame, and I did not propose that the d — d Englishman should beat me in anything." His writings include " Leisure Hours at Sea " (1825) ; " Tales of a Country Schoolmaster " (1835) ; " Na- val Stories " (1835) ; and " Political Writings," edit- ed, with a preface, by Theodore Sedgwick (1840). See " Bryant and His Friends," by James Grant Wilson (New York, 1886).— His nephew, William Henry, botanist, b. in New York city, 24 Feb., 1816 ; d. there in April, 1882, was the son of Abra- ham Alsop Leggett. He was graduated at Colum- bia in 1837, and after travelling through Europe followed the profession of a teacher till his death. He was one of the earliest members of the Greek club, an association of college gi'aduates that was formed for the study of that language, and was devoted from early life to the science of botany, in which he became an authority. He founded the "Torrey Botanical Bulletin," and was its sole editor and publisher from 1870 till 1880. Mr. Leggett was a member of the New York academy of sciences and of the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences. LEGRAND, Pierre (leh-gron'), French buc- caneer, b. in Dieppe, France, about 1620 ; d. there in 1670. He was the first buccaneer on the isl- and of Tortugas, and became famous by his auda- cious capture of the vice-admiral of the Spanish fleet near Cape Tiburon, on the western shore of Santo Domingo, which he performed with a small boat manned by twenty-eight men. His vessel was leaking, and he was rendered desperate by want of provisions. After reaching the Spanish vessel, Legrand cut a hole in the boat by which he had come, so that his followers were forced to take the ship or die in the attempt. The vessel soon sur- rendered, an immense booty was divided among the buccaneers, and Legrand, with his share, returned to France, where he remained till his death. LEIB, Michael, senator, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1759 ; d. there, 22 Dec, 1822. After receiv- ing a common-school education, he studied medi- cine, practised in Philadelphia, and occupied sev- eral offices of trust, including a service of several years in the state legislature. He was elected to congress as a Democrat in 1798, re-elected for the three succeeding terms, and served till 1806, when he resigned. In 1808 he was a presidential elector on the Madison and Clinton ticket. In the same year he was elected to the U. S. senate in place of Samuel Maclay, who had resigned, and was in office till 1814, when he was appointed postmaster at Philadelphia, Pa. LEIDY, Joseph, naturalist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 9 Sept., 1823. He early acquired a knowledge of mineralogy and botany by his own efforts, 680 LEIDY LEIPER studied medicine under Dr. Paul B. Goddard. and was graduated in that department at the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1844. At first he became assistant in the chemical laboratory of Robert Hare and James B. Rogers, also practising medicine, but in 1846 he wholly relinquished the practice of his profession, excepting during the civil war, when he entered the U. S. volunteer army and served as a contract surgeon in the Satterlee general hospital in Philadelphia, Pa, Meanwhile, in 1845, he be- came prosector to the chair of anatomy in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, which was then held by Dr. William E. Horner, and in 1846 became demon- strator of anatomy in Franklin medical college. The latter appointment he held for one session only, and then he renewed his association with Dr. Horner, with whom he also gave a private course of anatomical lectures. He visited Europe in 1848, examining the museums and hospitals there, and on his return lectured on microscopic anatomy, and in 1849 began a course of lectures on physi- ology at the Medical institute. In 1852 he took Dr. Horner's place, and delivered his lectures to the completion of the course, and on the death of the latter in the following year Dr. Leidy was elected to the chair of anatomy. In 1871 he was also called to the chair of natural history in Swarth- more college, and he still (1887) holds both these posts. Prof. Leidy, in 1884, on the establishment of the department of biology in the University of Pennsylvania, became its director, which office he still fills. He is an accomplished draughtsman, and in 1844, when Dr. Amos Binney was about to publish his work on the terrestrial air-breathing mollusks, he selected Prof. Leidy to dissect and draw the internal organs of the species that were to be described. Prof. Leidy obtained the Walker prize of $1,000 from the Boston society of natural history in 1880, and also the Lyell medal with the sum of £25 from the Geological society of London "in recognition of his valuable contributions to paleontology," and received in 1886 the degree of LL. D. from Harvard. He is a member of numer- ous scientific societies, in 1884 was elected to the National academy of sciences, and is president of the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences. The titles of his published papers exceed 800 in number, all on biological subjects, of which many are from specimens obtained on the various surveys under the U. S. government and submitted to him for study and report. His first palseontological paper, published in 1847, was " On the Fossil Horse," a subject which later, in the hands of Thomas H. Huxley and Othniel C. Marsh, has been used in the illustration of the theory of evolution. Prof. Leidy's principal works are " Memoir on the Ex- tinct Species of American Ox " (1852) ; " A Flora and Fauna within Living Animals " (1853) ; " An- cient Fauna of Nebraska " (1853) ; " On the Extinct Sloth Tribe of North America" (1855); "Creta- ceous Reptiles of the United States " (1865) ; '" The Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and Ne- braska " (1869) : " Contributions to the Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories" (1873) ; " Description of Vertebrate Remains from the Phosphate Beds of South Carolina" (1877); '■' Fresh -Water Rhizopods of North America" (1879) ; " The Parasites of the Termites " (1881) ; " On Manayunkia speciosa " (1883) ; and " Tape- Worm in Birds " (1887). The foregoing have been issued by the Philadelphia academy of natural sci- ences, the Smithsonian institute, and under the auspices of the National government. He is also the author of " An Elementary Text-Book on Hu- man Anatomy " (Philadelphia, 1861). LEIGH, Benjamin Watkins, senator, b. in Chesterfield county, Va., 18 June, 1781 ; d. in Rich- mond, Va., 2 Feb., 1849. He was graduated at William and Mary in 1802, and at twenty-one years of age was admitted to the bar. He prac- tised successfully till 1813 in Petersburg, Va., was a member of the legislature from that city, and presented a series of resolutions that asserted the right of the legislature to instruct the U. S. sena- tors from Virginia. He then removed to Rich- mond, where he at once took a high place at the bar, was one of the commissioners to revise the statutes of the state, and became reporter to the court of appeals. In 1822 he was sent as commis- sioner to Kentucky, and in concert with Henry Clay, on the part of that state, made an agreement concerning the " occupying claimants " law, which threatened to annul the Virginia title to lands in Kentucky. He was an active member of the State constitutional convention in 1829-'30, and in 1834 was elected to the U S. senate, as a Whig, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William C. Rives, Democrat, who had refused to obey the instructions of the legislature. Mr. Leigh was re-elected at the next session of the legislature, but in 1836, the political complexion of that body having changed, he could not obey his instruc- tions, and in July of this year he resigned and re- tired to private life. William and Mary gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1835. He published " Re- ports of Cases in the Court of Appeals, and in the General Court of Virginia " (Richmond 1830-'44). — His cousin, Hezekiah Gilbert, clergyman, b. in Perquimans county, N. G, 25 Nov., 1795 : d. in Mecklenburg county, Va., 18 Sept., 1858, was edu- cated in Murfreesborough, N. C. taught for two years, in 1818 joined the Virginia conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, and for thirty-five years occupied responsible charges in that state and in North Carolina. In 1829 he was a founder of Randolph Macon college, Va., and subsequently he was one of its principal supporters. In 1849 he was an organizer of the Methodist Episcopal church, south. Randolph Macon college gave him the de- gree of LL. D. in 1858. LEIGHTON, William, poet, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 22 June, 1833. He received the degree of B. S. at Harvard in 1855, and engaged in the manu- facture of glass. In 1868 he removed to Wheel- ing, W. Va. He is the author of " The Sons of Godwin," a tragedy (Philadelphia, 1876) ; " Change : the Whisper of the Sphinx," a philosophical poem (1878); "A Sketch of Shakespeare" (Wheeling, 1879) ; " Shakespeare's Dream, and other Poems " (Philadelphia, 1881) ; " The Subjection of Hamlet," an essay on the motives of thought and action in that tragedy (1882) ; and " The Price of the Present Paid by the Past," a poem that he delivered at the dedication of a soldiers' monument in Wheeling (printed privately, 1883). LEIPER, Thomas, b. in Strathaven, Lanark, Scotland, 15 Dec, 1745 ; d. in Delaware county, Pa., 6 July, 1825. He was educated at Glasgow and Edinburgh, and emigrated to Maryland in 1763. In 1765 he removed to Philadelphia, where he engaged in the storing and exportation of to- bacco. When the Revolution began the principal tobacco-house was interdicted, and Mr. Leiper, seiz- ing this opportunity, pushed his connection so that he soon became the principal factor in Philadelphia. A few years later he built in Delaware county, Pa., several large mills for the manufacture of tobacco and snuff, and in 1780 he bought and operated quarries in the neighborhood of his mills. By these means he amassed a large fortune, which LEISLER LEISLER 681 enabled him to subscribe freely to the improve- ment of Philadelphia and that part of Delaware county in the neighborhood of " Avondale," his country residence. Mr. Leiper was one of the founders of the first troop of city light horse, better known as the Philadelphia city troop, and served with them as lieutenant during the Revo- lution at the battles of Princeton, Trenton, Brandy- wine, and German town. As treasurer of the troop, he carried the last subsidies of the French to the Americans at Yorktown. He also acted with his corps in quelling several civil insurrections and riots, notably in the whiskey riot of 1794, and in the attack on the residence of James Wilson in Philadelphia, when he was one of the seven troop- ers that charged and routed the mob of rioters. Mr. Leiper was a staunch Democrat, and was gen- erally chosen chairman of all Democratic town- meetings, at one of which he was the first to nomi- nate Gen. Jackson for the presidency. He was a presidential elector, director of the banks of Penn- sylvania and the United States, commissioner for the defence of the city in the war of 1812, and a member, and ultimately president, of the common council of the city of Philadelphia. In 1809 Mr. Leiper had constructed, from his quarries on Crura creek to his landing on Ridley creek, in Delaware county, what was the first permanent tramway in America. The road was three fourths of a mile in length, and continued in active use until 1828, when it was superseded by a canal, after the plan made by Mr. Leiper, but not carried into effect until after his death. — His son, George Gray, b. in Delaware county, Pa., 3 Feb., 1786 ; d. there, 17 Nov., 1868, was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1803. He represented Delaware county in congress from 1829 till 1831, and for many years served as lay associate judge of the Delaware county circuit court. LEISLER, Jacob, soldier, b. in Frankfort on the Main, Germany; d. in New York city, 16 May, 1691. He came to this country in 1660 as a sol- dier in the service of the Dutch West India com- pany. Leaving the army soon after his arrival, he engaged in the Indian trade, and became a com- paratively wealthy man. While on a voyage to Europe in 1678 he was captured by Moorish pirates, and was compelled to pay a ransom of 2,050 pieces of eight to obtain his freedom. Previous to this voyage he was a resident of Albany, where he was a magistrate, and had incurred the displeasure of Sir Edmund Andros, the governor, by the arbi- trary and high-handed measures that he and his associates had adopted to prevent the spread of popery, the political bugbear of the day. Leisler had also endeared himself to the common people by befriending a family of French Huguenots that had been landed on Manhattan island so destitute that a public tribunal had decided they should be sold into slavery in order to pay their ship-charges. Leisler prevented the sale by purchasing the free- dom of the widowed mother and son before it could be held. Under Dongan's administration in 1683 he was appointed one of the judges, or " com- missioners," of the court of admiralty in New York. In 1688 Gov. Dongan was succeeded by Lieut.-Gov. Francis Nicholson. In 1689 the mili- tary force of the city of New York consisted of a regiment of five companies, of one of which Leisler was captain. He was popular with the men, and probably the only wealthy resident in the province that sympathized with the Dutch lower classes. At that time much excitement prevailed among the latter, owing to the attempts of the Jacobite office-holders to retain power in spite of the revo- lution in England and the accession of William and Mary to the throne. On a report that the ad- herents of King James were about to seize the fort and massacre their Dutch fellow-citizens, an armed mob gathered on the evening of 2 June, 1689, to overthrow the existing government. The cry of " Leisler " was-raised, and the crowd rushed to his house. At first he refused to lead the movement, but when the demand was reiterated by the men of his regiment he acceded, and within an hour received the keys of the fort, which had meanwhile been seized. Fortunately for the revolutionists, the fort contained all the public funds, whose re- turn the lieutenant-governor in vain demanded. Four hundred of the new party signed an agree- ment to hold the fort " for the present Protestant power that reigns in England," while a committee of safety of ten of the city freeholders assumed the powers of a provisional government, of which they declared Jacob Leisler to be the head, and com- missioned him as " captain of the fort." In this capacity he at once began to repair that work, and strengthened it with a " battery " of six guns be- yond its walls, which was the origin of the public park that is still known as the Battery. Nicholson and the council of the province, with the authori- ties of the city, headed by Stephanus van Cortlandt, the mayor, attempted by pacific means to prevent the uprising, but without effect. Finally, becom- ing alarmed for their own safety, the lieutenant- governor sailed for England, and the mayor, with the other officials, retired to Albany. To the latter city, where the Jacobite office-holders still held control, Leisler sent his son-in-law, Milbourne, in November, with an armed force to assist in its de- fence against the Indians, but he was directed to withhold it unless Leisler's authority was rec- ognized. This was refused, and Milbourne re- turned unsuccessful. In December a despatch ar- rived from William and Mary directed " to Francis Nicholson, Esq., or in his absence to such as for the time being takes care for preserving the peace and administering the laws in his majesty's prov- ince of New York." This Leisler construed as an appointment, of himself as the king's lieutenant- governor. He therefore dissolved the committee of safety, swore in a council, and assumed the style of a royal lieutenant-governor and commander-in- chief. In the spring of 1690, Albany, terrified by an Indian invasion, and rent by domestic factions, yielded to Milbourne. Amid distress and con- fusion a house of representatives was convened, and the government was constituted by the popu- lar act. After the massacre at Schenectady in February, 1690, Leisler engaged with great vigor in the expeditions against the French, and equipped and despatched against Quebec the first fleet of men-of-war that had been sent from the port of New York. In January, 1691, Maj. Ingoldesby ar- rived with the news of Henry Sloughter's appoint- ment as governor, and demanded possession of the fort, which Leisler refused. On Sloughter's own de- mand immediately upon his arrival in the following March, he likewise refused to surrender it until he was convinced of Sloughter's identity and the lat- ter had sworn in his council. As soon as the latter event occurred, he wrote the governor a letter re- signing his command. Sloughter replied by arrest- ing him and nine of his friends. The latter were subsequently released after trial, but Leisler was imprisoned, charged with treason and murder, and shortly afterward tried and condemned to death. His son-in-law and secretary, Milbourne, was also condemned on the same charges. These trials were manifestly unjust; the judges were the per- 682 LEITCH LE JEUNE sonal and political enemies of the prisoners, and so gross were the acts of some of the parties that Sloughter hesitated at signing the death-warrants, and it is said that he finally did so when under the influence of wine. By the English law of treason their estates were forfeited to the crown, but the committee of the privy council to whom the mat- ter was referred reported that, although the trial was in conformity to the forms of law, they never- theless recommended the restoration of the estates of the culprits to their heirs. In 1695 Leisler's son succeeded in procuring the passage of an act of parliament reversing his father's attainder. Three years later the Earl of Bellomont, who had been one of the most influential supporters of the efforts of Leisler's son, was appointed governor of New York, and through his influence the assembly voted an indemnity to "Leisler's heirs. The bones of Leis- ler and Milbourne were honorably interred in the Dutch church. Among Leisler's claims to kindly remembrance is the fact that, in 1689, while exer- cising the functions of governor, he purchased the land that is now occupied by the village of New Rochelle, N. Y., as a place of refuge for the perse- cuted Huguenots. See his "Life," by Charles Fenno Hoffman, in Sparks's "American Biog- raphy" (Boston, 1844). See also "A Man whom New 'York Beheaded," by Emily C. Judson, included in " Alderbrook " (Boston, 1846). LEITCH, William, Canadian educator, b. in Rothesay, Scotland, in 1814 ; d. in Kingston, Can- ada, 9 May, 1864. He was educated at the gram- mar-school of Greenock, and at the University of Glasgow, where he received the degree of M. A. in 1836. After studying in the Divinity hall of Glasgow, in 1838 he was licensed as a preacher in the Church of Scotland. He was minister of the parish of Monimail from 1843 till 1859, when he resigned on his appointment as principal of Queen's university, Kingston, Canada. By virtue of his office he was a member of the synod of the Pres- byterian church of Canada, and in 1862 was elected moderator. He was also a member of the senate of the University of Toronto, and was an examiner in that institution. He was in favor of maintain- ing a great Canadian university, with all properly organized colleges throughout the country rallying around it, on such terms as would best secure a collegiate education for the various sections of the country, and at the same time promote a generous rivalry among the various colleges constituting that university. His scheme is still advocated in Canada, but with little prospect of success. He was an enthusiastic student of science, lectured in Glasgow university on astronomy while studying there, and for several years acted as assistant to Prof. Nichol, the astronomer. For some time he conducted a series of investigations on the sub- ject of partheno-genesis and alternate generation, as illustrated by the phenomena of sexual develop- ment in hymenoptera, the result of his researches being published in the " Transactions of the Brit- ish Association for the Advancement of Science " and in the "Annals of the Botanical Society of Canada." In addition to several publications on the subject of national education in Scotland and India, he wrote a work entitled " God's Glory in the Heavens " (New York, 1866). LEITE FERREIRA DE MELLO, Jose Bento (lay'-e-teh), Brazilian politician, b. in Campanha, Minas Geraes, 6 Jan., 1785; d. near Pousoalegre, 8 Feb., 1844. He studied and was graduated in Sao Paulo, where he was ordained priest in 1810, and. soon afterward he was appointed rector of the parish of Pousoalegre. In 1821 he took part in politics as a member of the Liberal party, which elected him representative to the assembly of Lis- bon. In 1822 he was appointed member of the provisional government of Brazil, and in 1825 he was elected to the legislature of the nation. In that year he began to publish the paper " Pre- goeiro Constitucional," and some years afterward the " Recopilador Mineiro." In 1831 he founded in Pousoalegre the society " Defensora da Liber- tade e Independencia Nacional," and from that year till 1834 he was active in propagating liberal ideas concerning the abolition of slavery. During the regency of Father Feijo he sustained the gov- ernment, and in 1840 was the first to propose the declaration of the majority of Pedro II. In 1843 he espoused the revolution of the Liberal party in S. Paulo and Minas Geraes, and, being defeated, retired to his province on account of feeble health and his decreasing popularity. Next year, on the way to one of his plantations, he was murdered. LEITH, Sir James, British general, b. in Aber- deenshire, Scotland, 8 Aug., 1763 ; d. in Barbadoes, W. I., 16 Oct., 1816. He entered the army as a lieutenant in 1780, served under Sir John Moore and Wellington in Spain, attaining the rank of lieutenant-general, and in 1814 was appointed com- mander-in-chief of the British forces in the West Indies, and captain-general of the Leeward isles. From Barbadoes he sent troops to aid the French commander in suppressing the revolt in Guade- loupe, and forced the insurgents to capitulate. LEIVA, Andres Diaz Venero de (lay'-e-vah), first governor of New Granada, b. in Valladolid, Spain, in 1523 ; d. in Madrid in 1585. He studied in the College of Santa Cruz de Valladolid, where he obtained the degree of doctor in civil and eccle- siastic law, and occupied the posts of attorney-gen- eral and auditor of the council of the Indies. He was appointed in 1563 governor of the newly created province of New Granada, and arrived in Santa Fe on 12 Feb., 1564. He adopted many measures for the protection of the natives, punish- ing excesses that were committed against them, es- tablishing numerous schools, and obtaining a royal order in 1566 for the foundation of several con- vents. He organized and regulated the missions, distributing them in different parts of the country, founded villages for the Indians, organized police forces for their protection, and gave them the best lands for their colonies, which were called resguar- dos. Instead of using the Indians as beasts of burden, he introduced for this purpose a great number of donkeys, thus giving new facilities for commerce. He established a college in the capital for sons of caciques and other Indians of rank, and also created a court of justice for their bene- fit. Leiva was the only governor under whose administration the country enjoyed peace and prosperity. In 1573 he was recalled to Spain and made president of the council of the Indies. LE JEUNE, Paul (leh-zhun'), French mission- ary, b. in the diocese of Chalons, France, in 1592 ; d. in Paris, 7 Aug., 1664. He became a Jesuit in 1614, and after completing his theological studies was professor of rhetoric and literature in various colleges. He was sent to Canada in 1632, and on his arrival in Quebec made superior of the missions. In 1637 Commander de Sillery sent workmen to Le Jeune with a request that he would employ them in founding villages for the Christian Indians. The superior conducted them to a point about four miles above Quebec, and there founded the village of Sillery. In a few years this settle- ment became a considerable town, and the Indian inhabitants cleared a large tract, and were gradu- LELAND LELAND ally civilized by Le Jeune. He ceased to be supe- rior in 1639, and in 1649 returned to France, where he was made procurator of the foreign missions. In 1658 he was selected by Anne of Austria for the new bishopric that was to be erected in Canada, but the Jesuits represented to her that their rules did not permit them to accept such a dignity. His works are " Brieve relation du voyage de la Nouvelle France," the first of the " Relations" on New France which the Jesuits continued to 1672, and which form one of the best sources of infor- mation with regard to the North American Indians (Paris, 1632) ; " Relation de ce qui s'est passe en la Nouvelle France en l'annee 1633 " (1634) ; and seven other " Relations," ending with that of 1660-'l (1662). He also wrote many devotional works, some of which became very popular. LELAND, Aaron, clergyman, b. in Holliston, Mass., 28 May, 1761 ; d. in Chester, Vt., 25 Aug., 1833. He received a common-school education, was ordained as a Baptist minister about 1786, set- tled in Chester, Vt., and built up a church from which sprang those at Andover and Grafton, Mass., Weathersfield and Jamaica, Vt., and other places. He was an earnest Jeffersonian Democrat, sat in the legislature from 1801 till 1811, during which period he was thrice elected speaker, was a councillor for four years, and for five successive years elected lieutenant-governor of Vermont. He also served as an assistant justice of the county court for eighteen years. In 1828 he was proposed as a candidate for governor, but declined the nomi- nation, being unwilling to desert the pulpit, in which he was an effective orator. LELAND, Charles Godfrey, author, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 15 Aug., 1824. Before he was fifteen years of age he began to contribute short poems to newspapers. He was graduated at Princeton in 1846, afterward studied aesthetics, history, philoso- phy, and the modern languages in the universities of Heidelberg and Munich, and then went to Paris, where he attended lectures at the Sorbonne and the College Louis-le-Grand, and was one of the Ameri- can deputation that congratulated the provisional government after the revolution of February, 1848. In October, 1848, he returned to Philadelphia, where he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. He soon relinquished that profession, and became a contributor to the " Knickerbocker Magazine," for which he had begun to write while a student in college, the " International Magazine," " Sartain's," " Graham's," and other periodicals. He resided for some time in New York city, where he edited the " Illustrated News," but returned to Philadelphia in 1855, and was connected with the " Evening Bul- letin " three years. At the beginning of the civil war he wrote in support of a vigorous National pol- icy in the " Knickerbocker Magazine," and estab- lished in Boston the " Continental Magazine," in which he proposed and urged the emancipation of the slaves. He returned to Philadelphia in 1863, and wrote and made the illustrations for a political satire entitled " The Book of Copperheads." In 1865 he engaged in speculations in the coal and petroleum fields, and travelled through Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia. On his return to Philadelphia he became editor of the " Press," which was prosperous under his management. After travelling through the west he went to Eu- rope in May, 1869, and. remained till 1880, resid- ing chiefly in London, and while there he pur- sued original investigations into the history, lan- guage, and customs of the Gypsy race. When he returned to Philadelphia he introduced and super- vised a system of industrial-art education in the public schools. Mr. Leland is the author of " The Poetry and Mystery of Dreams," containing the fruit of curious researches in ancient and modern literature (Philadelphia, 1855); " Meister Karl's Sketch-Book," a collection of sketches of foreign travel and other articles reprinted from magazines (1855) ; " Pictures of Travel," translated from the German of Heinrich Heine (1856) ; " Sunshine in Thought " (New York, 1862) ; " Legends of Birds " (Philadelphia, 1864) ; " To Kansas and Back," a pamphlet describing a journey to the far west (1866) : and a pamphlet on the " Union Pacific, Eastern Division " (1867). His most popular works were the " Hans Breitmann Ballads " (complete ed., Philadelphia, 1871), the first of which humor- ous dialect poems were so much admired that he composed an extended series, burlesquing pecul- iarities of character, as well as of thought and speech among the ruder type of German Ameri- cans. His later works are " The Music-Lesson of Confucius, and other Poems," in which he seeks to harmonize the Christian religion with the antique sentiments of joy and beauty (London, 1870) ; " Gaudeamus," a translation of humorous poems by Josef V. Schefel and other German writers (1*871); "Egyptian Sketch-Book" (1873); "The English Gypsies and their Language " (1873) ; " Fu-Sang, or the Discovery of America by Chi- nese Buddhist Priests in the Fifth Century " (1875) ; "English Gypsy Songs," in collaboration with Janet Tuckey and Prof. Edward H. Palmer (1875) : " Johnnykin and the Goblins " (1876) ; " Pidgin- English Sing-Song " (1876) ; " Abraham Lincoln " (1879) ; " The Minor Arts " (1880) ; " The Gypsies " (1882) ; and " The Algonquin Legends of New Eng- land " (1884). In connection with the educational movement that he set on foot he edited a series of " Art- Work Manuals " (1885), containing instruc- tions for ceramic painting, brass repousse work, leather work, papier-mache work, stencilling, and wood-carving. He now (1887) resides in London, England. — His brother, Henry Perry, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 Oct., 1828; d. there, 22 Sept., 1868, was a frequent contributor in prose and verse to newspapers and magazines. He was an extensive traveller, and a student in various de- partments of knowledge, and possessed a vein of humor that pervades his writings. While serving as a lieutenant in the 118th Pennsylvania regiment during the civil war, he was prostrated by a sun- stroke, from the effects of which he never fully re- covered. He published " The Grey Bay Mare, and other Humorous American Sketches " (Philadel- phia, 1856), and a volume of sketches of foreign travel, entitled "Americans in Rome" (1863). LELAND, Henry, artist, b. in Walpole, Mass., in 1850 : d. in Paris, France, 5 Dec, 1877. He en- gaged in mercantile pursuits in Boston till 1874, when he resolved to be an artist, and became a pupil of Bonnat in Paris. Here his short career was marked by rapid success.. His early death was the result of an accident. In 1876 he exhibited the portrait of Mile. d'Alembert at the Paris salon, and in 1877 " A Chevalier of the Time of Henry III." and " An Italian Girl." LELAND, John, clergyman, b. in Grafton, Mass., 14 May, 1754; d. in North Adams, Mass., 14 Jan., 1841. He was educated as a Congrega- tionalist, but, adopting Baptist tenets, was licensed as a preacher in 1774, and in 1775 removed to Vir- ginia, where until 1791, with the exception of oc- casional visits to the north, he was actively em- ployed in discharging the duties of his office. He resided at first in Culpepper county, but on account of difficulties in his church removed to Orange 684 LE LYONNET LEMBKE county, and engaged in preaching tours throughout Virginia and the northern parts of North Carolina and as far northward as Philadelphia. He was not regularly ordained until June, 1787. When the Federal constitution was under discussion Elder Leland was put forward as the candidate of the party that was opposed to its adoption unless the views that were dominant in Virginia were in- corporated, James Madison being the opposing candidate for delegate to the State convention from Orange county ; yet after a conversation with the latter Leland withdrew in his favor. In Feb- ruary. 1792, he settled in Cheshire, Mass.. where he resided for the most part until his death. He was a prolific writer, and during his fifteen years' ministry in Virginia preached more than 3,000 ser- mons, founded two large churches — one in Orange and one in Louisa county — and baptized 700 per- sons. He continued his itinerant ministry after returning to Massachusetts, and down to 1821 had baptized 1,352 converts. Toward the close of 1801 he went to Washington to present to Mr. Jefferson a mammoth cheese weighing 1,450 pounds, as a testi- monial of the esteem and confidence of the people of Cheshire in the new chief magistrate. He was firmly attached to the Democratic party, and some- times manifested his predilections in his pulpit discourses. His " Occasional Sermons and Ad- dresses," with essays on moral, religious, and politi- cal subjects, an autobiography, written in 1819, and additional notices of his life by his grand- daughter, Miss L. F. Greene, appeared in 1845. LE LYONNET, Charles (leh-le'-on-nay'), French statistician, b. in Paris in 1767 ; d. there in 1826. He entered the colonial civil service, and was several times accredited as unofficial agent to the government of Santo Domingo. He went four times to that country— in 1800, 1803, 1809, and 1811 — and was also given missions to French and Dutch Guiana, Louisiana, and several of the West India islands. He published " Statistique de Saint Do- mingue" (2 vols., Paris, 1811); ''Statistique de la Guyane Francaise " (1813) ; " Statistique de la Louisiane" (1803; revised ed., 1814) ; "Statistique des Antilles Francaises " (1817) ; and other works. LE MAIRE, James, Dutch navigator, b. in Hol- land about 1565 ; d. at sea, 31 Dec, 1616. With the object of eluding the letters-patent that had been granted by the states-general to the Company of the East Indies, and which forbade Hollanders that did not belong to the company to pass south of the Cape of Good Hope or through the Straits of Magellan on the route to India, the chief inhabi- tants of the town of Hoorn formed a company for the discovery of other routes into the Pacific. The first idea of this enterprise was due to Isaac Le Maire, and he communicated it to Cornelis Sehou- ten, an experienced navigator who believed that the American continent terminated in an open sea south of Tierra del Fuego. The half of the ex- penses of the expedition, was borne by Isaac Le Maire, and Schouten was charged with the equip- ment of the ship " Concord," of 360 tons, with 65 sailors and 29 cannon of small calibre. A smaller vessel was equipped in the same manner, but its name is not mentioned. Although Schouten was commander, James Le Maire, the son of Isaac, seems to have had entire control of the expedition under the title of director-general. The expedition sailed from the Texel, 14 June, 1615, and after many perils, in which the smaller of the two vessels was lost, the " Concord " passed the Straits of Magellan on 24 Jan., 1616, and found itself near the eastern extremity of Tierra del Fuego. When they reached this point Le Maire and Schouten discovered a high land to the east which they named St'aten island. They saw also a fine channel opening to the south, beyond which the coast of Tierra del Fuego tended toward the west, and they expected every moment to reach the extremity of the conti- nent. After discovering Barneveld islands, the " Concord " doubled the cape that extended far- thest toward the south, and was the first vessel to enter the Pacific in this way. The Hollanders called the cape Cape Horn, and the strait through which they had passed before doubling it was called after Le Maire. The two navigators next directed their course toward Juan Fernandez ; but they were driven back by winds and currents. They then sailed out into the Pacific, and after many discoveries and dangerous experiences reached the Dutch settlement in Batavia, sixteen months after leaving the Texel. Here they were arrested and sent home on board the "Amsterdam" to stand trial for infringing on the privileges of the Company of the East Indies, but Le Maire died before his arrival in Holland. The only original narrative of the voyage of Le Maire was written by Ars Classen, a clerk on board the smaller of the two vessels. It was translated into Latin, and a French version is found in the " Recueil des voyages " of the Company of the East Indies. LEMAY, L6on Pamphile, Canadian author, b. in Lotbiniere, Quebec, 5 Jan., 1837. He was educated at the Quebec seminary and studied law, but after obtaining his diploma he abandoned the j)rofession on his appointment to an office un- der the government. He is at present (1887) keeper of the legislative library at Quebec. From an early age he had cultivated his poetic talent, and in 1865 published " Essais poetiques " (Que- bec). In 1867 he received a gold medal from Laval university for the best poem on " The Dis- covery of Canada." He had previously been awarded a gold medal for a "Hymne national pour la fete des Canadiens-Francais." His trans- lation of Longfellow's " Evangeline " (1870) attract- ed attention. His romance " Le pelerin de Sainte Anne " (1877) was violently attacked by many as immoral, but its sequel, " Picounoc le maudit," disarmed hostile criticism. His latest prose pub- lication, " L'Affaire Sougraine " (1884), is said to contain his best work. Besides the volumes of poetry noticed above, he has also issued " Poeines couronnes " (Quebec, 1870) ; " Les Vengeances " (1875 ; the same dramatized, 1876) ; " Une Gerbe " (1879) ; and " Petits poemes " (1883). He is also the author of " Fables Canadiennes " (1882). LEMBKE, Francis Christian, clergyman, b. in Blansigen, Baden, 13 July, 1704 ; d. in Nazareth, Pa., 11 July, 1785. He was a graduate of the uni- versities of Strasburg and Jena, and in early years was a skeptic, devoted to philosophy, but he was converted while at Jena, and in 1735 accepted a professorship in the gymnasium of Strasburg and the office of assistant preacher in the church of St. Peter, where he became a popular pulpit orator. Some time afterward he was cited before the con- sistory, and told that he must pledge himself to relinquish his friendly relations to the Moravians, with whom he had kept up a fraternal fellowship for several years. This he refused to do, where- upon he was forbidden to preach. The effort to deprive him of his professorship failed in conse- quence of the determined attitude of his colleagues. But he no longer felt at home at Strasburg, and, resigning his professorship in 1746, he joined the Moravians. Eight years later he was called to this country, and intrusted with the church at Nazareth, Pa. There he labored for thirty years LEMCKE LE MOIXE 685 with faithfulness and success. In 1755 the struc- ture known as Nazareth Hall was erected, and within its walls a boarding-school was opened in 1759 for boys of the Moravian church. Of this school Lembke was constituted the principal. Out of it grew, in 1785, that enlarged school which now, for more than a century, has been educating boys from all parts of the United States. Lembke was a learned divine, an able educator, and an eloquent preacher. LEMCKE, Henry, clergyman, b. in Mecklen- burg, Germany, 27 June, 1796 ; d. in Carrollton, Cambria co., Pa., 29 Nov., 1882. His parents were poor, but he educated himself sufficiently to gain admission to the College of Schwerin, where he supported himself by giving private lessons. He entered the German army in 1813, afterward went to the University of Rostock to study for the Lutheran ministry, and was licensed to preach in 1819: He united with the Roman Catholic church, 21 April, 1824. and was ordained to its priesthood, 11 April, 1826. In 1833 he volunteered for mis- sionary duty among the Germans of the United States, and labored first in Philadelphia and then as assistant to Father Demetrius Gallitzin in Lo- retto, Pa. He took up his residence at E bens- burg, and purchased a farm near by, on which he afterward erected St. Joseph's church. He next bought 400 acres of land, on which he built a house and chapel in 1838, and in 1839 he laid out a town on it, which he wished to name after his friend Gallitzin, but, on the remonstrance of the latter, called it Carrollton. In 1840 he succeeded Father Gallitzin as pastor of Loretto, and was then the only priest in Cambria county, but he soon obtained the aid of others. After a successful visit to Europe in 1844 to collect money, he bought 800 acres of land, on which he intended to estab- lish a colony of Benedictines, but they preferred to settle in Westmoreland county. He became a member of the order of St. Benedict on 2 Feb., 1852, performed missionary duty in Kansas, and founded the abbey of St. Benedict in Atchison, Kan. He returned to Pennsylvania in 1858, and after a visit to Germany labored in New Jersey till 1877, when he withdrew to Carrollton, Pa. He wrote his own autobiography, part of which appeared in the jour- nals of Cambria county, and published translations of several controversial works in German, and " Le- ben und Werken des Prinzen Demetrius Augustin Gallitzin " (Minister, 1861). LEME, Antonio Pires da Silva Pontes (lay'-meh), Brazilian scholar, b. in Minas-Geraes, Brazil, about 1756 ; d. there in 1807. He studied at the University of Coimbra, was graduated in 1777, and went to the East Indies, whence he returned to Lisbon, and in 1780 accompanied Dr. Lacerda, who was sent to Brazil by the gov- ernment of Portugal to study the question of boundaries with the Spanish colonies. In 1781 Leme explored Paraguay and the territories of Cazalvasco and Barbados, meanwhile making copi- ous notes on the geography of the country that were afterward published by the government of Brazil (1841). The commission finished its work in 1783, and returned to Portugal. Leme now drew a complete map of Brazil and a maritime guide of its coasts, for which, in addition to his other services, he was given a medal by the govern- ment of Portugal. In 1798 he was appointed by the king professor in the Academy of Lisbon. and on 29 March, 1800, he was appointed gov- ernor of the province of Espirito Santo, where he gave much attention to the civilization of the Indians, establishing for them a college and an industrial school. He retired from his office in 1804, and devoted himself to the completion of his works, but was obliged to abandon them on ac- count of illness. He published a work entitled " Construccao e Analyse das proposicces geometri- cas e experiencias practicas que serven de funda- mento a architectura naval " (1799). LE MERCIER, Andrew (leh-mair'-se-ay'), cler- gyman, b. in Caen, France, in 1692 ; d. in "Boston, Mass., 31 March, 1763. He was graduated at Geneva, and immediately afterward, in 1715, came to this country through the influence of Andrew Faneuil, to succeed Rev. Pierre Daille as pastor of the French Protestant church in Boston, over which he pre- sided till 1748. He built a house for the relief of shipwrecked mariners on the Isle of Sables, to which he sent provisions, and which was the means of saving many lives. He wrote " The Church His- tory of Geneva, in Five Books, with a Political and Geographical Account of that Republic " (Boston, 1732), and a "Treatise against Detraction" (1733). LE MERCIER, Francis, French missionary, b. in France early in the 17th century ; d. in Mar- tinique, W. I., 12 June, 1690. He entered the Society of Jesus, 14 Oct., 1620, and was sent to Canada in 1635, where he was attached to the Huron mission until its destruction in 1649. He held the post of superior of the missions from 1653 till 1656, labored among the Iroquois till 1658, and was again superior from 1665 till 1670. After leaving Canada in 1673 he was sent to the West Indies as visitor. While he was superior in Canada he published six volumes of " Relations." LE MOINE, James MacPJierson, Canadian author, b. in Quebec, 24 Jan., 1825. He is the son of Benjamin Le Moine, a wealthy merchant of Quebec and a lineal descendant of Jean Le Moyne, seigneur of three fiefs, who was a near rela- tive of Baron Le Moyne de Longueuil. James received his preparatory educa- tion in St. Thomas, Lower Canada, at the home of his maternal grandfather, a Unit- ed Empire loyalist who fled from Phila- delphia in 1783. In 1838 James entered the Petit seminaire de Quebec, where he re- mained till 1845. He subsequently studied law, and was admit- ted to the bar of Quebec in 1850. In 1847 he became superintendent of inland revenue at Que- bec, which post he still (1887) retains. He has been president of the Literary and historical so- ciety of Quebec, and was selected by the Mar- quis of Lome to preside over the first section of the Royal society of Canada. Mr. Le Moine is an enthusiastic student of Canadian history ami ornithology, and at his residence, Spencer Grange, near Quebec, he has an extensive aviary, a museum of natural history specimens, and a large collec- tion of books and curios connected with the early history of Canada. He has written on the subject of Canadian history with such impartiality as rarely to challenge adverse criticism. His works include " L*Ornithologie du Canada " (Quebec, 1860) ; " Etude sur les navigateurs arctiques Franklin. McClure. Kane. McClintock" (1862); " Etudes sur Sir Walter Scott " (1862) ; " Legend- 686 LE MOINE LE MOYNE ary Lore of the Lower St. Lawrence " (1862) ; "Maple Leaves" (4 vols., 1863-5); " Les pe- cheries du Canada" (1863): "Memoir de Mont- calm vendee " (1865) ; " L'Album Canadien " (1870) ; " The Tourists' Note-Book " (1870) ; " Notes historiques sur les fortifications et les rues de Quebec" (1874); "Conference sur l'ornithologie " (1874) ; " Coup-d'ceil general sur l'ornithologie de 1' Amerique du Nord " (1875) ; " Quebec : Past and Present " (1876) ; " Chronicles of the St. Law- rence " (1878) ; " The Sword of Brigadier-General Montgomery " (1879) ; " The Scot in New France " (1880) ; " Notes sur l'archeologie, l'histoire, du Canada, etc." (1882) ; " Monographies et esquisses " (1885) ; and " Chasse et peche " (1887). LE MOINE, Sauvolle, governor of Louisiana, b. in Montreal, Canada, about 1671 : d. in Biloxi, in what is now Mississippi, 22 July, 1701. He in- herited a large fortune from an aunt, and was sent to be educated in France, where he was a favorite in society and so remarkable for his attainments that he was known as the American prodigy. Ra- cine pronounced him a poet, Bossuet predicted that he would be a great orator, and Villars called him a marshal of France in embryo. He accom- panied Iberville and Bienville to the Mississippi, and the former left him in command of the colony there. Louis XIV. appointed him its governor in 1699, and he retained the office till his death. He was the first colonial governor of Louisiana. LEMOS MESA, Manoel de (lay'-mos-may'- sah), Portuguese jurist, b. in Estremoz in 1670 ; d. in Coimbra in 1744. He went to Brazil about 1700, and for thirty years held various offices in the courts of justice of that country. He became chief justice of Brazil in 1732, but returned to his native country a few months before his death. His most important work is " Doacoo da Capitania de Porto Seguro em favor de Pedro Tourinho" (Coimbra, 1724). In it the author relates the conditions of the sale of Brazil by the natives to the early Portuguese settlers, and those which Leonor "do Campo Tourinho exacted from the Portuguese government, after the death of her father, for her claims to the sites of Rio de Janeiro and other important cities of Brazil. LE MOYNE, Charles, Sieur de Longueuil, b. in Dieppe, France, in 1626 ; d. in Villemarie, Cana- da, in 1683. In 1641 he sailed for Canada, where. after spending four years among the Hurons and becoming familiar with their language, he settled at Villemarie and served as interpreter to the colony. In 1648 the Iroquois advanced toward the fort under pretence of parleying, but with the real object of surprising it. Le Moyne, who di- vined their purpose, rushed among them, seized two Indians, and forced them to march as prisoners into the fort. A similar act of bravery on his part some weeks later produced such effect on the savages that for some time they did not venture to appear in the neighborhood. He resumed the cultivation of his lands ; but the Iroquois renewed their attacks on the colonists in May, 1651, and, collecting some of his men, Le Moyne routed them with great slaughter. In consequence of this ac- tion he was appointed garde magazin, and in 1653 he negotiated a peace with the Iroquois. In 1655 this tribe again attacked the colony, which was saved, owing chiefly to the efforts of Le Moyne. . He was captured by these Indians the same year while he was hunting, after displaying great bra- very. The savages were about to burn him, but his demeanor at the stake impressed them so much that they released him, and at the end of three months set him at liberty. Francois de Lauzon, to whom sixty leagues of territory had been grant- ed by the royal government, counted Le Moyne among his earliest vassals, and in 1657 conferred on him the amplest seigniorial rights. To his former possessions was added in 1664 the island of St. Helene, Round island, and other properties. He took part in the expeditions of Tracy and Courcelles in 1666-7, and in 1668 Louis XIV., in recognition of his services, ennobled him, con- ferring on him the title of Sieur de Longueuil, to which was added the title of Chateauguay on his acquiring that fief. He afterward took part in several expeditions against the Iroquois, his knowl- edge of the Indian dialects rendering his services of great value to successive governors. He was for a long time captain of Montreal, and was rec- ommended by De La Barre to the French govern- ment for appointment as governor of that place. He had eleven sons, of whom two (see Bienville and Iberville) are noticed elsewhere. — His son, Charles, first Baron de Longueuil. b. in Villemarie, 10 Dec, 1656 ; d. there, 8 June, 1729, was surnamed the " Maccabeus of Montreal" on account of his valor. He served in the French army in Flanders, was made a lieuten- ant, and, on return- ing to Canada in 1683, was made mayor of Montreal, and en- gaged in colonizing his estates, building churches and a stone fort at Longueuil. He commanded a divis- ion of the Canadian militia in the cam- paign against the Iro- quois in 1687, and went with a body of Huron and Abenaki Indians to watch the movements of the English fleet before Quebec in 1690. The same year he was wounded in an action against the British under Sir William Phips and was made governor of Montreal, and baron in 1700, on account of his services to the colony. His dex- terity in negotiating with the Onondaga Indians in 1711 saved the French colony from great dan- gers, and he commanded the Canadian troops at Chambly in the unsuccessful attempt by the Eng- lish to surprise Montreal. He became command- ant-general of the colony in 1711, was governor of Three Rivers in 1720, and of Montreal again from 1724 till 2 Sept., 1726. He administered the colony for some months in 1725, but his request to be ap- pointed governor of Canada was refused on the ground that he was a native of that province. He was made a chevalier of St. Louis, and persuaded the Iroquois in 1726 to rebuild Fort Niagara, notwithstanding the opposition of Gov. William Burnet, of New York. — His son, Charles, second Baron de Longueuil, b. in Canada, 18 Oct., 1687 ; d. there, 17 Jan., 1755, entered the army, and was made captain in 1719. He succeeded his father in the barony in 1729, was named major of Montreal in 1733, and received the cross of St. Louis in 1734. He was appointed governor of Montreal in 1749. On the death of the governor-general, De la Jonquiere, in 1752, he administered the gov- ernment of the colony until the arrival of the Marquis cle Menneville in August of the same year. During this period his intervention saved £ (/Aoy* 704 LEWIS LEWIS was handsomely constructed and ornamented with carvings that were brought from England for the purpose. His wife was majestic in person and lovely in mental and moral attributes. Later in life she so much resembled her brother George that, by putting on his long military coat and his hat, she could easily have been mistaken for the general. Mary, the mother of Washington, died on Mr. Lewis's farm and is buried there. Of their sons, George was a captain in Washington's life- guard, Robert one of his private secretaries, and Andrew was aide to Gen. Daniel Morgan in sup- pressing the whiskey insurrection in Pennsylvania. Another son, Lawrence, was Washington's favor- ite nephew. His wife, Eleanor Parke Custis, b. at Abingdon, Fairfax co., Va., in March, 1779 ; d. at Audley, Clarke co., Va., 15 July, 1852, was the daughter of John Parke Custis, the son of Martha Washington. At the death of her father, in 1781, she, with her brother George, was adopted by Gen. Washington, and lived at Mount Vernon. Eleanor was regarded as the most brilliant and beautiful young woman of her day, the pride of her grand- mother, and the favorite of Washington, who was the playmate of her childhood and the confidant of her girlhood. However abstracted, she could al- ways command his attention, and he would put aside the most important matter to attend to her demands. She was accomplished in drawing, and a good musician. Washington presented her with a harpsichord at the cost of a thousand dollars. Irving relates an anecdote that illustrates their relations: "She was romantic, and fond of wan- dering in the moonlight alone in the woods. Mrs. Washington thought this unsafe, and forced from her a promise that she would not visit the woods again unaccompanied, but she was brought one evening into the drawing-room where her grand- mother, seated in her arm-chair, began in the presence of the general a severe reproof. Poor Nellie was reminded of her promise, and taxed with her delinquency. She admitted her fault and essayed no excuse, moving to retire from the room. She was just closing the door when she overheard Washington attempting in a low voice to intercede in her behalf. ' My dear,' he observed, ' I would say no more — perhaps she was not alone.' His intercession stopped Miss Nellie in her retreat. She reopened the door and advanced up to the general with a firm step. ' Sir,' said she, 'you brought me up to speak the truth, and, when I told grandmamma I was alone, I hope you be- lieve I was alone.' Washington made one of his most mag- nanimous bows. ' My child,' he replied, ' I beg your pardon.' " In February, 1799, she married his neph- ew, Lawrence Lewis, the son of his sister Elizabeth. Young Lewis, after Wash- ington's retirement from public life, had resided at Mount Ver- non, and after their marriage they continued there till the death of Mrs. Washington in May, 1802. Her portrait is from the picture by Gilbert Stuart. — Her grandson, Edward Parke Custis, diplomatist, b. in Audley, Clarke co., Va., 7 Feb., 1837, was educated at the University of Virginia, and studied law, but subse- quently engaged in planting. He served through- out the civil war in the Confederate army, rising to the rank of colonel, and for fifteen months was a prisoner of war. He settled in Hoboken, N. J., in 1875, served in the legislature in 1877, was a delegate to the Democratic national convention in 1880, and in 1885 was appointed by President Cleveland U. S. minister to Portugal. LEWIS, Francis, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. in Llandaff, Wales, in March, 1713 ; d. in New York city. 19 Dec, 1803. He was early left as an orphan to the care of his uncle, the dean of St. Paul's, educated at Westminster school, and entered com- mercial life in London. On coming of age, he sold his patri- mony, invested in merchandise, and embarked for this country, where he estab- lished mercantile houses in New York and Phila- delphia. Lewis made many trad- ing voyages with great success to various parts of /-/l^^vy*^ Europe, through yiC/c2^Z^ Russia as far north as Arch- angel, and on the coast of Africa, and was twice wrecked on the shores of Ireland. In one of his ventures on the African coast, two negro boys and a girl were rescued from an island, where they had been aban- doned by kidnappers, and restored to their friends, who rewarded the deliverer with a valuable amount of ivory and gold-dust. Lewis endeavored to estab- lish a regular trade to the mouths of Zambesi river, but was prevented by the jealousy of the Dutch. In 1752 Lewis was at Oswego, and served as volun- teer aide to Gen. Hugh Mercer. When the fort was assaulted by the French and Indians, Lewis was given as prisoner of war to the Indians, con- ducted to Montreal, and sent to France, but was afterward exchanged in a cartel and returned to this country. The British government gave him 5,000 acres of land for his services. In 1765 he moved his family from New York city to White- stone. L. I., and gave himself entirely to public affairs. His financial experience and business tal- ent made him a most useful member of the com- mittees on which he served, and the wealth that he had acquired was freely expended in the service of his country. His house at Whitestone was burned by the British, and Mrs. Lewis was impris- oned in the city ; but her situation was brought be- fore congress, and her exchange was finally effected by an order from Gen. Washington. Lewis was one of the first to join the Sons of Liberty. He was a member of the New York committee in the 1st Colonial congress, which met in New York city in 1765, was elected a member of the 1st Continen- tal congress in 1775, was one of the New York committee of 100, and on several army and finance committees. In the following year he signed the Declaration of Independence, in 1777 he was re- elected to congress, and in 1779 appointed commis- LEWIS LEWIS 705 sioner of the board of admiralty, and elected a ves- tryman of Trinity church. His old age was happy and cheerful ; literature was an unfailing resource, and the society of his grandchildren a great amuse- ment. — His second son, Morgan, statesman, b. in New York city, 16 Oct., 1754; d. there, 7 April, 1844, was graduated at Princeton in 1773, and studied law. In 1774 he joined the army before Boston as a volunteer, was elected captain of a New York militia regiment, and received a com- mission as major when this regiment was taken into the Continental service as the 2d New York. In 1776 Maj. Lewis was aide to Gen. Horatio Gates, with rank of colonel and quartermaster- general of the northern army, serving throughout the cam- paign that terminated in the battle of Saratoga. In 1778 Col. Lewis commanded at the battle of Stone Arabia and at Crown Point. In 1783 he re- sumed his legal studies, was admitted to the bar of New York, and elected a member of the assembly, first from New York city and afterward from Dutchess county. He became a judge of the court of common pleas, in 1791 attorney-general of the state, in 1792 chief justice of its supreme court, and in 1804 governor of the state. While governor he urged upon the legislature the necessity of national education, and under his administration a perma- nent fund for common schools was established, and the militia system was enlarged and rendered more efficient. From 1807 till 1812 Gov. Lewis lived at his estate at Staatsburg, Dutchess county, and paid much attention to agriculture. In 1812 Presi- dent Madison offered him the post of secretary of war, which he declined, and accepted the appoint- ment of quartermaster-general of the armies of the United States. In 1813 Gen. Lewis was promoted to the rank of major-general. He served on the Niagara frontier, captured Fort George, and com- manded at Sackett's Harbor and French Creek. At the close of the war he advanced the funds that were necessary for the discharge of American pris- oners in Canada. He remitted all arrears of rents that were due from those of his own tenants in Delaware county that had either gone or sent a son to the war, and by his good management avoided on his own estates all anti-rent difficulties. Early in life Gen. Lewis became a Freemason, and he was elected grand master of the order in 1831. He was president of the Historical society and of the Order of the Cincinnati. At the Centennial celebration of the birth of Gen. Washington, Gen. Lewis, who was then in his seventy-ninth year, delivered an oration that gave in a graphic manner an account of Washington's military career. Gen. Lewis mar- ried Gertrude, daughter of Judge Robert R. Liv- ingston, and left one daughter, Margaret. See " Biographies of Francis and Morgan Lewis," by Julia Delafield (New York, 1877). LEWIS, Henry Carvill, geologist, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 16 Nov., 1853. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1873, and in 1879 joined the state geological survey as a volun- teer, and first investigated the surface geology of southern Pennsylvania, after which he studied the glacial phenomena of the northern part of the state, and traced the great terminal moraine from New Jersey to the Ohio frontier. He furnished numerous papers on the geology and mineralogy of Pennsylvania to the " Proceedings of the Phila- delphia Academy of Natural Sciences." He was elected professor of mineralogy in the Academy of natural sciences in 1880, and to the chair of geolo- gy in Haverford college in 1883. These places he still holds, although since 1885 he has been en- gaged in geological studies in Europe, working at vol. in. — 45 microscopic petrology in the University of Heidel- berg. He has completed a map of the separate ancient glaciers and ice-sheets of England, Wales, and Ireland. Prof. Lewis is a member of scientific- societies in the United States and Europe, and has contributed to their proceedings and to other sci- entific periodicals, including the " American Natu- ralist," of which for some time he was editor of the mineralogical department. LEWIS, Ida, heroine, b. in Newport, R. I., in 1841. Her father was the keeper of the Lime Rock light-house in Newport harbor, and she early became skilled in swimming and rowing. When eighteen years of age she rescued four young men that were upset in a boat in the harbor, and brought them safely ashore in her skiff. A little later three drunken sailors stove a hole in their boat ; two swam ashore, and Miss Lewis saved the third. In 1867 she rescued three men. In 1868 she saved a' small boy who had clung from the mast of a sail-boat from midnight till morning, and the nest year, assisted by her brother Hosea, she rescued two sailors who had capsized in a sail- boat half a mile from the light. The citizens of Newport, R. I., presented her with a boat as a token of their admiration of her bravery. In 1870 she married William H. Wilson, of Black Rock, Conn. LEWIS, John Francis, senator, b. near Port Republic, Va., 1 March, 1818. He was engaged in planting for many years, was a delegate to the Virginia convention of 1861, and the only mem- ber from east of the Alleghanies that refused to sign the ordinance of secession. He was an unsuc- cessful Union candidate for congress in 1865, and in 1869 was nominated for lieutenant-governor by the True Republican party on the ticket with Gil- bert C. Walker, and elected by 20.000 majority. The same year he was elected to the United States senate as a Republican, serving from 1870 till 1875. LEWIS, John Travers, Canadian Anglican bishop, b. in Garrycloyne castle, County Cork, Ire- land, 20 June, 1825. He was graduated at Trinity college, Dublin, in 1847 as senior moderator iii ethics and logic, and gold medal- ist. In July, 1848, he was made dea- con, and appoint- ed curate of New- town Butler, County Ferma- nagh. He came to Canada in 1849, and was soon af- terward appoint- ed missionary at West Haw'kes- bury. In 1854 he became rec- tor of St. Peter's church, Broek- ville, where he remained till his election, 13 July. 1861, as the first bishop of the new see of Ontario. His appointment was subse- quently ratified by royal letters-patent, this being the last occasion on which such were issued. He was consecrated at St. George's cathedral, Kings- ton, 25 March, and remained in that city, which was the seat of the diocese till 1871, when it was re- moved to Ottawa. Bishop Lewis was the original author and promoter of the Lambeth conferences. In November, 1885, by order of the governor-gen- eral in council, the bronze medal struck in com- memoration of confederation in 1867 was presented 706 LEWIS LEWIS to Bishop Lewis as an expression of appreciation of his services to the cause of literature and sci- ence. He is the author of many essays, sermons, and reviews. LEWIS, Lawrence, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 20 June, 1857. He was graduated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1876, read law, and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1879. He has contributed articles to various periodicals, and has been one of the editors of " Weekly Notes of Cases " (Philadelphia) since 1877, and sole editor of " American and English Corporation Cases " and "American and English Railroad Cases" (New York, 1880-6). He is the author of the '■ Courts of Pennsylvania in the 17th Century" (Philadelphia, 1881) ; " History of the Bank of North America " (1882) ; " Memoir of Edward Shippen, Chief Jus- tice of Pennsylvania " (1883). LEWIS, Mathew Gregory, author, b. in Lon- don, 9 July, 1775 ; d. at sea, 14 May, 1818. He was educated at Christ church college, Oxford, and lived for some time in Germany. By the death of his father he inherited a large property and planta- tions in Jamaica, which, says Sir Walter Scott, " he twice visited in the cause of humanity in or- der to ameliorate the condition of his slaves." After the appearance of his first novel he was popularly known as " Monk Lewis." Some of his works were of so profligate a character that he was threatened with prosecution by the government. They include " The Monk " (London, 1795) ; " Tales of Wonder," with Sir Walter Scott (1801) ; " The Bravo of Ven- ice" (1804); "Timour the Tartar" (1812); many poems and dramas, and " The Journal of a West Indian Proprietor," published after his death (1834), of which Coleridge says : " It is delightful, and almost the only unaffected book of travels I have read of late years." LEWIS, Meriwether, explorer, b. near Char- lottesville, Va., 18 Aug., 1774; d. near Nashville, Tenn., 8 Oct., 1809. He was a great-nephew of Fielding Lewis, noticed above, and inherited a for- tune from his father, who died when the son was a child. Meriwether, who was of a bold and adventurous dis- position, left school at eighteen years of age, and in 1794 volunteered in the troops that were called out to quell the whiskey insur- rection in western Pennsylvania. He entered the regular service in 1795, be- came captain in 1800, and in 1801-'3 was private secre- tary to President Jefferson, who in the latter year rec- ommended him to congress to command an ex- ploring expedition across the continent to the Pa- cific. He set out in the summer of 1803, accom- panied by his associate, Capt. William Clark, and a company that was composed of nine young men from Kentucky, fourteen soldiers, two Canadian boatmen, an interpreter, a hunter, and a negro servant of Capt. Clark. They began to ascend Missouri river in the spring of 1804, passed a sec- ond winter among the Mandans in latitude 47° 21' N., and on 7 April, 1805, continued to ascend the Missouri until the middle of July, when they reached the great falls. Near the close of this month they attained the confluence of three nearly equal streams, to which they gave the names of Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin. They ascended the Jefferson to its source, travelled through the mountains from August till 22 Sept., when they entered the plains of the western slope, in October embarked in canoes on the Kooskoosky, a branch of the Columbia, and on 15 Nov. reached the mouth of that river, after travelling more than 4,000 miles from the confluence of Mississippi and Missouri rivers. They passed the following winter on the south bank of the Columbia in an in- trenched camp, in March, 1806, began to ascend the Columbia on their homeward journey, and in May left their boats and made a difficult journey on horseback across the mountains to the Missouri, upon which they re-embarked in August, reaching St. Louis in September, after an absence of two years and four months. Congress made grants of land to the men of the expedition and to their chiefs, and Lewis was made governor of Missouri territory. He found the country torn by dissen- sions, and, although his impartiality and firmness soon restored comparative order, he began to suffer from hypochondria, to which he had been subject from his youth. During one of his attacks of de- pression he was called to Washington, and at a lodging-place in Tennessee he put an end to his life. Lewis and Clark, a county of Montana, is named in honor of the explorers. President Jeffer- son said of him : " He was courage undaunted, possessing a firmness of purpose which nothing but impossibilities could divert from its direction, and was intimate with Indian character, customs, and principles." A narrative of the expedition of Lewis and Clark, from materials that were furnished by the explorers, was prepared by Nicholas Biddle and Paul Allen, with a memoir of Lewis by Thomas Jef- ferson (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1814; new ed., with additions by Alexander Mc Vickar, New York, 1843). LEWIS, Samuel, educator, b. in Falmouth, Mass., 17 March, 1799; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 28 July. 1854. In his youth he made several voyages as cabin-boy with his father, who was captain of a coasting vessel. The family removed to Ohio in 1813, the father and his five sons walking from Falmouth to Pittsburg, Pa. Samuel was succes- sively a farm-laborer, mail-carrier, and carpenter, and at twenty years of age obtained a place in the clerk's office of the Hamilton county court. He was admitted to the bar three years afterward, and in 1824 was licensed as a local preacher in the Methodist church. He aided efficiently in forming the Western college for teachers in 1831, was ac- tive in promoting common-school education in Ohio, and in 1837 he was elected by the legislature superintendent of schools. His measures for the improvement of educational systems were adopted. He was reappointed a second term, and became at the same time editor of the " Common School Di- rector," but the failure of his health compelled his resignation of both offices. From 1841 till his death he was the favorite candidate of the Anti- Slavery party for the state senate, for congress, and for governor. He was zealous in the cause of tem- perance and kindred reforms, and to his efforts were due the founding of Woodward school, and Hughes high-school in Cincinnati. LEWIS, Tayler, scholar, b. in Northumber- land, Saratoga co., N. Y., in 1802 ; d. in Schenec- tady, N. Y., 11 May, 1877. His father was a Revo- lutionary officer. Tayler was graduated at Union in 1820, studied law, and began practice at Fort Miller, N. Y. He gave a large part of his time to LEWIS LEWIS 707 c^^y biblical and classical studies for nearly ten years, and at length abandoned the practice of law, and in 1833 opened a classical school at Waterford, N. Y., whence, in 1835, he removed to a school in Og- densburg, N. Y. He became professor of Greek in the Univer- sity of New York in 1838, and from 1849 until his death was professor of Greek, instructor in the ori- ental tongue, and lec- turer on biblical and oriental literature at Union college. In 1851-'6 he contribut- ed many articles to the " Editor's Table " of "Harper's Maga- zine." Union gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1844. Prof. Lewis had a wide acquaintance with the Greek and Latin classics, Arabic and Syriac, and the works of the Hebrew rabbis, and was especially inter- ested in the system of Plato. His works, besides numerous discussions on social and political top- ics, are " Defence of Capital Punishment," with George B. Cheever (New York, 1845) ; the Greek text of the tenth book of Plato's dialogue, " The Laws," under the title of " Platonic Theology, or Plato against the Atheists," with critical and ex- planatory notes and illustrative dissertations that show profound learning (1845) ; " The Six Days of Creation," his best-known work, maintaining, on philological grounds, the harmony of Scripture and geology (1855) ; " The Bible and Science," re- plying to criticisms on the pi'eceding work (1856) ; " The Divine Human in the Scriptures " (I860) ; " States Rights, a Photograph of the Ruins of Ancient Greece " (1864) ; " Heroic Periods in a Nation's History" (1866); "Special Introduction to Genesis," with commentary on chapters i. to xi., and xxxvii. to 1., inclusive, in " Lange's Commen- tary" (1868); " Rhythmetical Version of Eccle- siastes" (1870); with Edward W. Blyden and Timothy Dwight, " The People of Africa, their Character, Condition, and Future Prospects "(1871); '• The Light by which we see Light," the Vedder lectures (1875) ; " Memories of President Nott " (1876) ; and numerous addresses and reviews. LEWIS, William, soldier, b. in Virginia in 1765 ; d. in Little Rock, Ark., 17 Jan., 1825. He served in the Indian war in 1791, and was a cap- tain under Gen. Arthur St. Clair, resigning in 1797. He was lieutenant-colonel of Kentucky vol- unteers in the war of 1812, commanded in the ac- tion with the British and Indians at Frenchtown, on the River Raisin, 8 Jan., 1813, and served under Gen. James Winchester at his defeat there on the 23d of the same month, where he was captured and remained a prisoner two years in Quebec. LEWIS, William Berkeley, politician, b. in Loudon county, Va., in 1784; d. near Nashville, Tenn., 14 Nov., 1866. He removed to Tennessee early in life and settled near Nashville. He was quartermaster under Gen. Andrew Jackson in the war of 1812, served through the Creek campaign, and formed a friendship with Jackson (q. v.) that had much to do with bringing the latter forward as a candidate for the presidency in 1821. On his election, Lewis accompanied Jackson to Washing- ton, prepared in part his inaugural address, and became one of his family, holding the office of auditor of the treasury. Lewis was conversant with all the purposes of the administration, assisted in establishing the " Globe " in 1830. and prepared accounts of the feud between Jackson and Calhoun, for which, with Amos Kendall, he was partially re- sponsible, and of the removal of the bank deposits. After leaving Washington in 1845 he lived in re- tirement on his estate near Nashville until shortly after the civil war, when he served one term in the legislature. He was a Union man, and after the occupation of Nashville by the National troops ex- ercised a pacific influence there. See " Life of An- drew Jackson," by James Parton (New York, 1861). LEWIS, William David, translator, b. in Christiana, Del., 22 Dec, 1792 ; d. near Florence, N. J., 1 April, 1881. He was private secretary to Henry Clay in 1814-'15, accompanying him when he was U. S. peace commissioner to Great Britain in the latter year. Subsequently he resided ten years in Russia, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and devoted much study to the language. On his return to Philadelphia, from 1849 till 1853 he was collector of the port ; in 1854 was president of the Catawissa railroad, and treasurer of the Williamsport and Elmira railroad. For many years he was cashier of the Girard bank of Phila- delphia. He was a trustee of various benevolent institutions, and at one time was president of the Pennsylvania academy of fine arts. He translated and published the " Bokesarian Fountain," by Alexander Pushkin, and other poems by various Russian authors (Philadelphia, 1841), which was favorably commented on by the Russian press, and was an introduction to the subsequent demand for Russian literature in America. — His son, William David, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1828 ; d. there, 19 Jan., 1872, was active in the Philadelphia militia previous to the civil war, and at the first call for volunteers served three months as colonel of the 18th Pennsylvania regiment, subsequently becoming colonel of the 110th Pennsylvania volun- teers. He participated in the battle of Winchester and others of that campaign, and in March. 1865, was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. LEWIS, Winslow, sailor, b. in Wellfleet, Cape Cod, Mass., 11 May, 1770; d. in Roxbury. Mass., 20 May, 1850. His ancestors, who were of Welsh ori- gin, were among the first settlers of New England. Winslow went to sea in early youth, subsequently settled in Boston, and became a lighthouse con- tractor. He built 200 government lighthouses. and was the first to introduce modern methods of illumination and to lay the foundation for improve- ment in the structures as well as in lantern lamps and reflectors, and invented the binnacle illumina- tor. During the war of 1812 he was commander of the Boston sea fencibles, a body of sea-captains and mates who armed and disciplined themselves to resist invasion. For several years he was poi*t- warden of Boston and president of the Marine so- ciety. — His son, Winslow, surgeon, b. in Boston, 8 July, 1799 ; d. in Grantville, Mass., 3 Aug., 1875. was graduated at Harvard in 1819 and in the medi- cal department there in 1822. He continued his studies in Paris and London, and on his return to the United States practised with success in Boston. He was for many years consulting physician of the Massachusetts general hospital, served several terms in the legislature, was city physician in 1861, and president of the New England historic-genea- logical society from this year till 1866. He trans- lated from the French " Gall on the Structure and Functions of the Brain " (Boston, 1835) ; edited Paxon's "Anatomy" (1837); and the " Journal of the Boston Gynecological Society," one volume of which was published (1869). 708 LEWIS LHERMINIER LEWIS, Zachariah, scholar, b. in Wilton, I Conn., 1 Jan., 1773 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 14 Nov., | 1840. His lather, Isaac, was a Congregational cler- j gyman. Zachariah was graduated at Yale in 1794, I was tutor there in 1796-'9, studied theology in j Philadelphia under Rev. Ashbel Green, and at the same time was tutor in Gen. Washington's family, j He was licensed to preach, but delicate health pre- j vented his accepting a charge, and in 1803 he be- came editor of the New York " Commercial Adver- tiser " and of the New York " Spectator," continu- ing in this employment till 1820, when he began the publication of the " American Missionary Reg- ister." In 1814^'20 he was corresponding secretary of the New York religious tract society, out of which grew some years afterward the American tract society. At the latter date he took charge of the domestic correspondence of the United for- eign missionary society, continuing in this office till 1825. About this date he retired from active pursuits and devoted his time and means to chari- table objects. He published an oration before the Connecticut Society of the Cincinnati in 1799 ; "Remarks on a Subterranean Wall in North Caro- lina " (Philadelphia, 1800) ; and the " Annual Re- ports of the New York Religious Tract Society from 1815 till 1820 " (New York, 1815-'20).— His twin-brother, Isaac, d. in New York city, 23 Sept., 1854, became an eminent clergyman of the Presby- terian church, and was the author of numerous popular tracts, sermons, and addresses. Delaware college gave him the degree of D. D. in 1844. LEYBURN, John, clergyman, b. in Lexington, Va., 25 April, 1814. He was graduated at Wash- ington college, Lexington, and at Princeton in 1833, and studied theology at Union theological seminary, Va., and at Columbia, S. C. He then organized a Presbyterian church in Gainesville, Ala., and after remaining there two years went to Petersburg, Va., where he served nine years, dur- ing which time a new church was erected. He then removed to Philadelphia, being appointed secretary of the Presbyterian board of publication, changing the character of its publications and enlarging its operations. In 1847 he became half owner and chief editor of the Philadelphia " Presbyterian." At the opening of the civil war he went to the south, anal was secretary of the board of publica- tion of the southern Presbyterian church. After the war he settled in Baltimore, where he was pas- tor for twenty years of an independent Presby- terian church, of which he is now (1887) pastor emeritus. He has travelled widely in Europe and in oriental lands, and has contributed accounts of his travels to the "New York Observer" and to " The Presbyterian." Hampden Sidney gave him the degree of D. D. in 1849. In addition to numer- ous pamphlets, editorials, and reviews, he is the au- thor of " The Soldier of the Cross " (New York, 1851 ; Edinburgh, 1853). He has just completed " Hints to Young Men from the Parable of the Prodigal Son," and has now (1887) in manuscript " Lectures on the Journeyings of the Children of Israel, from the Land of Bondage to the Land of Promise," illustrated from his travels. LEYDT, Johannes, clergyman, b. in Holland in 1718 ; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., in 1783. He emigrated to this country early in life with an elder brother, settling in Dutchess county, near Fishkill, N. Y., and, after studying theology, was licensed in 1748, and he became pastor of the united churches of New Brunswick and Six Mile Run, N. J., which charges he held until his death. In the conflict between the Coetus and the Confer- entie he was actively identified with the former party, which insisted upon the education of minis- ters in this country and upon an independent church organization separate from the Reformed church of the mother-country. During the Revo- lution he was a firm patriot, preaching boldly upon the questions of the time, arousing much enthusi- asm and advising the young men to join the army of freedom. He was active in the founding of Queens (now Rutgers) college in 1770, and was one of its trustees. His publications are " True Liberty the Way to Peace" (Philadelphia, 1760) and "A Defence of True Liberty the Way to Peace " (1762). Several pamphlets on the church question men- tioned above, with replies by Johannes Ritzema, and a letter of the synod of North Holland in 1765 condemning the Coetus, were collected in a vol- ume, and are in the Sage library in New Bruns- wick. They have been translated by Rev. Maurice G. Hansen, of Coxsackie, and are now (1887) pre- pared for publication. LEYPOLDT, Frederick, bibliographer, b. in Stuttgart, Germany, 17 Nov., 1835 ; d. in New York city, 31 March, 1884. He had an early liking for the drama and books, and when a boy wrote a play, which he offered unsuccessfully to German mana- gers. He left school in 1851, and in 1854, making his way to the United States, entered the service of a bookseller in New York. In 1859 he established himself in business, opening a bookstore and read- ing-room in Philadelphia, and in 1863 he began to publish, first translations of foreign books, and afterward foreign text-books with English notes. In January, 1866, with Henry Holt, he established the firm of Leypoldt and Holt ; but in 1868, though the firm-name continued much longer, he deter- mined to devote himself personally to bibliographi- cal work. The monthly " Literary Bulletin," his first periodical, which he established in 1868, be- came in 1870 the " Trade Circular " ; in January. 1872, it absorbed George W. Childs's " Publishers' Circular," and was issued weekly, and in 1873 it became the " Publishers' Weekly." Mr. Leypoldt published an " American Catalogue " for 1869, and in 1876 he began work on the American catalogue proper, which was completed in 1880. His " Pub- lishers' Uniform Trade-List Annual " was begun in 1873, the " Literary News " in 1875, the " Library Journal " in 1876, and the " Index Medicus," a monthly medical bibliography, in 1880. He was among the founders of the American book-trade union in 1875, and of the American library asso- ciation hi 1876. Under the anagram of " F. Pylo- det " he edited a successful series of French text- books, and he wrote also some German verse and some translations into German. LHERMINIER, Felix Louis (lair'-meen'-yay'), French naturalist, b. in Paris, 18 May, 177*9 ; d. there in October, 1833. After studying under the ablest professors of chemistry and natural history in Paris, he went to the island of Guadeloupe in 1795, where he devoted himself to his favorite sciences, making a thorough investigation of the varieties of plants and of the mineral and entomo- logical productions of the country. He was com- pelled to leave Guadeloupe in consequence of the troubles that ensued on the change of government in 1815, came to South Carolina, and afterward went to the island of St. Bartholomew. When peace was restored he resumed his scientific pursuits in Guadeloupe till 1829, when he returned to France. His works are " Recherches sur l'appareil sternal des oiseaux, considere sous le double rapport de l'osteologie et la myologie, suivies d'un essai sur la distribution de eette classe de vertebres " (Paris, 1827) ; " Memoire sur le guacharo de la caverne de LHERMITTE LIEBER 709 Caripe"; and " Recherches anatoraiques sur quel- ques oiseaux rares ou peu connus dans leur organi- sation profonde." The last two appeared in the "Annates du museum d'histoire naturelle" (Paris). LHERMITTE, Jean Marthe Adrien, Baron (lair-meet/), French naval officer, b. in Coutances, France, 29 Sept., 1766 ; d. in Plessis Piquet, near Paris, 28 Aug., 1826. He entered the navy as mid- shipman in 1780, and was engaged in the war of American independence. He became a lieutenant in 1787, served in Santo Domingo in 1790-'3, was made a commander in 1796, and in 1805 appointed to the command of a squadron of eight vessels to prey on English commerce. L'HOMMEDIEU, Ezra, lawyer, b. in Strong- hold, L. I., 30 Aug., 1734 ; d. there, 28 Sept., 1811. His ancestor, Benjamin, was a Huguenot, of Ro- chelle, France, who came to New York in 1687, and settled in Southold in 1690. He was graduated at Yale in 1754, studied law, and practised in New York city. He was a delegate to the New York provincial congress in 1775-'8, and assisted in forming the first state constitution. Mr. L'Hom- medieu was a member of the New York assembly in 1777-'83, and chosen a delegate to the Conti- nental congress in 1779, 1781, 1783, 1787, and 1788. He was state senator from 1784 till 1792, and from 1794 till 1809, was once a member of the council of appointment, and was regent of the state uni- versity from 1787 until his death. In politics he was a Federalist. Mr. L/Hominedieu contributed papers to the first New York agricultural societv. LIBRAMENTO, Joaquim Francisco do (lee- brah-men'-to), Brazilian philanthropist, b. in Nossa Senhora do Desterro, 22 March, 1761 ; d. in Mar- seilles, France, in 1829. He made good progress at school, and at the death of his father, gave for charitable purposes all the property that he in- herited, and entered a convent, where, instead of his family name of Costa, he took that of Libra- mento. He founded an asylum for the destitute by asking alms throughout the province, and after- ward went to Lisbon, where Queen Maria granted the institution an income of 300 millreis. He re- turned in 1796, took charge of the asylum, and, after erecting the chapel " Do Menino Deus," went in 1800 to Bahia, where he built the " Seminario de Orphaos de San Joaquim," which was also granted an annual income by the queen. In 1809 Libra- mento visited the province of Sao Paulo, where he founded two seminaries amid great obstacles and persecutions. In 1820 he went to Rio de Janeiro, where, after many difficulties, the Seminary of Ja- caucanga, for the education of the poor, was opened under his direction, and, though he was old and in feeble health, he gave lessons because the institution had no means to pay teachers. In 1826 he went to Lisbon and Rome on a charitable mis- sion, but in the latter city his health failed, and he died on his way home. LICK, James, philanthropist, b. in Fredericks- burg, Pa., 25 Aug., 1796 ; d. in San Francisco, Cal., 1 Oct., 1876. He received a common-school educa- tion, and obtained employment as an organ- and piano-maker in Hanover, Pa., and then in Balti- more, Md. In 1820 he established himself in busi- ness in Philadelphia, but a year later emigrated to Buenos Ayres, where for some time he engaged in the manufacture of musical instruments. Subse- quently he went to Valparaiso and various other places, but in 1847 settled in California, where he invested largely in real estate, and employed his means in other enterprises, which resulted in his accumulating a great fortune. The last years of his life were spent in San Francisco, where he was president of the Society of California pioneers. He had the reputation of being "unlovable, eccentric, solitary, selfish, and avaricious," and it is said that his disagreeable character was the result of disap- pointment in love. In his younger days he was attached to the daughter of a wealthy miller, but his suit was rejected by the father on account of Lick's poverty. The disappointed suitor then vowed to build a mill which should be far superior to that of the Pennsylvania miller, and in after- years erected one near San Jose at an expense of $200,000. The interior was finished in costly Cali- fornia woods, highly polished, and before it was burned it was regarded a« one of the curiosities of the neighborhood. In 1874 he assigned real and personal property valued at about $3,000,000 to seven trustees for various public and philanthropic enterprises ; but twice before his death he revoked this gift, requiring each time a new board of trustees. Besides many bequests to friends, relatives, and charities, he left $60,000 for the erection of a bronze monument in Golden Gate park to Francis Scott Key, the author of "The Star-Spangled Banner," $100,000 for three groups of bronze statuary rep- resenting three historical periods of California his- tory, to be erected in front of the city hall in San Francisco. $100,000 to found an old ladies' home in San Francisco, $150,000 for the building and maintenance of free public baths in that city, $540,000 to found and endow a California school of mechanical arts, and $700,000 to construct an observatory and erecting therein a telescope more powerful than any that had been made, the same to be a department of the University of California. During the present year (1887) the trustees who have had charge of the construction of this ob- servatory since Mr. Lick's death will, when it is completed, transfer it to the regents of the Uni- versity of California. (See illustration.) It is on the summit of Mount Hamilton, fifty miles south of San Francisco, on a reservation of 1,790 acres, em- bracing a circle of over one mile below the sum- mit of the mountain. The telescope, which is the largest in the world, has an object-glass of thirty- six inches clear aperture, and the dome is turned by hydraulic power and the floor is elevated and lowered by like means, whereby the chair is ad- justed to any height to reach the eye-piece of the telescope. The base of the pier sustaining the great equatorial telescope contains, in a vault with- in its foundations, the remains of James Lick, which were placed there in January. 1887, and above which the pier rises thirty feet. LIEBER, Francis, publicist, b. in Berlin, Ger- many, 18 March, 1800 ; d. in New York city, 2 Oct., 1872. His father, William, was engaged in com- merce, and suffered heavy losses during the Napo- leonic wars of 1789-1815. The son had begun the study of medicine when, in 1815. he joined the Prussian army as a volunteer, fought at Ligny and 710 LIEBER LIEBER -£«St-*r ^-i-S' Waterloo, and was severely wounded in the assault of Namur. At the close of the campaign he re- turned to his studies and entered the gymnasium of Berlin, but was arrested as a Liberal and con- fined several months in prison. After his dis- charge, without a trial he was prohibited from studying in the Prussian universities, and according- ly went to Jena, where he took his degrees in 1820, but was again persecuted as a member of a stu- dents' society. He then went to Halle ; but, being subject to surveillance, he sought refuge in Dres- den, and afterward took part in the Greek revolu- tion. He spent one year, in 1822-3, in Rome in the family of Niebuhr, then Prussian ambassador, as tutor to his son. While there he wrote in German a journal of his so- journ in Greece un- der the title of " The German An- acharsis " (Leipsic, 1823). With the king's promise of protection he re- turned to Berlin in 1824, and went to the University of Halle, but was again imprisoned at Kopenick, where he wrote a collec- tion of poems enti- tled " Wein- und Wonne-Lieder," which on his release, through the influence of Niebuhr, were published under the pen-name of " Franz Arnold " (Berlin, 1824). An- noyed by persecutions, he fled to England in 1825, and supported himself for a year in London, giv- ing lessons and contributing to German periodicals. He also wrote a tract on the Lancasterian system of instruction. In 1827 he came to this country and lectured on history and politics in the large cities. He settled in Boston, where he edited the " Encyclopaedia Americana," based on Brockhaus's " Conversations-Lexicon " (13 vols., Philadelphia, 1829-33). At this time he made translations of a French work on the revolution of July, 1830, and of the life of Kaspar Hauser by Feuerbach. In 1832 he received a commission from the trus- tees of the newly founded Girard college to form a plan of education (Philadelphia, 1834). He re- sided in Philadelphia from 1833 till 1835, when he accepted the professorship of history and politi- cal economy in the University of South Carolina, Columbia, remaining there until 1856, when he was appointed to the same chair in Columbia col- lege, New York. He held this until 1865, and in 1880 became also professor of political science in the law-school of that institution, which post he held until his death. His inaugural address as professor at Columbia, on "Individualism; and Socialism, or Communism," was published by the college. As early as 1851 he delivered an address in South Carolina warning the southern states against secession, and during the civil war was active in up- holding the Union, frequently being summoned to Washington by the secretary of war for consulta- tion on important subjects. In 1863 he was one of the founders of the " Loyal publication society," of which he served as president. More than one hundred pamphlets were issued by it under his su- pervision, of which ten were by himself. His " Guerrilla Parties considered with reference to the Law and Usages of War," written at the request of Gen. Halleck, was often quoted in Europe dur- ing the Franco-German war ; and his " Instruc- tions for the Government of the Armies of the United States in the Field" (Washington, 1863) was ordered by President Lincoln to be promul- gate^ n the general orders of the war department, and .ts formed the basis for many later European co^ £, In 1865 he was appointed superintendent o. a bureau in Washington that had for its object the collection, arrangement, and preservation of the records of the Confederate government, and in 1870 he was chosen by the United States and Mexi- co as final arbitrator in important disputes between the two countries, which work was not completed at his death. In 1844 he visited Europe, when he published in Germany an essay on " Extramural and Intramural Executions," proposing measures which have since been adopted, and also " Frag- ments on Subjects of Penology." In 1848 he re- visited Europe, and published several essays on political science. He translated the work of De Beaumont and De Tocqueville on the " Penitenti- ary System in the United States," adding an intro- duction and notes (Philadelphia, 1833), and was the author of " Letters to a Gentleman in Ger- many, written after a Trip from Philadelphia to Niagara" (Philadelphia, 1834; republished under the title " The Stranger in America," 2 vols., Lon- don, 1835). His other works are " Reminiscences of Niebuhr" (Philadelphia and London, 1835); "•Manual of Political Ethics," which was adopted by Harvard as a text-book (2 vols., Boston, 1838 ; revised ed., edited by Theodore D. Woolsey, Phila- delphia, 1875) ; " Legal and Political Hermeneutics, or Principles of Interpretation and Construction in Law and Politics " (1838 ; 3d ed., edited by Prof. William G. Hammond, of Iowa university, St. Louis, Mo., 1880) ; a translation of Lewis Rams- horn's " Dictionary of Latin Synonymes " (1839 ; Philadelphia, 1870) ; " Laws of Property : Essays on Property and Labor " (New York, 1842) ; " Great Events described by Great Historians"(1847) ; " The West and other Poems " (1848) ; and " Civil Liberty and Self-Government " (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1852 ; new ed., adopted as a text-book by Yale, 1874). Special branches of civil polity also largely occupied his attention, particularly the subject of penal legislation, on which he wrote "Essays on Subjects of Penal Law and the Penitentiary System," pub- lished by the Philadelphia prison discipline socie- ty ; " Abuse of the Penitentiary Power," published by the legislature of New York: "Remarks on Mrs. Fry's" Views of Solitary Confinement," pub- lished in England ; " Letter on the Pardoning Sys- tem," published by the legislature of South Caro- lina. Among his more notable occasional papers are " Letter on Anglican and Gallican Liberty," trans- lated into German, and annotated by the distin- guished jurist, Mittermaier, who also superintended a translation of " Civil Liberty " ; a paper on the vocal sounds of Laura Bridgman, the blind deaf- mute, compared with the elements of phonetic lan- guage, published in the " Smithsonian Contribu- tions to Knowledge " ; a series of political articles in " Putnam's Monthly " on " Napoleon " and " Shall Utah be admitted to the Union % " and nu- merous anniversary and other addresses. In 1867 he published " Reflections on the Changes Neces- sary in the Present Constitution of the State of New York," " Memorial relative to the Verdict of Jurors," and " The Unanimity of Juries," and in 1868 " International Copyright and Fragments of Political Science, or Nationalism and Internation- alism." As regards the exterior relations of politi- cal economy he believed in free-trade, and his LIEBER LIGON 711 pamphlet " Notes on Fallacies of American Pro- tectionists " was published in this country and in England. He also contributed articles on po- litical subjects to the New York "Evening Post," under the signature of " Americus." Dr. Lieber was a member of the French institute, and of many learned and scientific bodies in Europe and America. A volume of his minor works has been issued entitled " The Miscellaneous Writings of Francis Lieber " (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1880). This also contains a discourse on his life, character, and writings, delivered before the Historical society of Pennsylvania by M. Russell Thayer, and previously printed (Philadelphia, 1873). See " Life and Let- ters of Francis Lieber," edited by Thomas S. Perry (Boston, 1882). — His son, Oscar Montgomery, geologist, b. in Boston, Mass., 8 Sept., 1830 ; d. in Richmond, Va., 27 June, 1862, was educated at Berlin, Gottingen, and Freiburg. He was state geologist of Mississippi in 1850-1, engaged in the geological survey of Alabama in 1854-'5, and from 1856 till 1860 held the office of mineralogical, geo- logical, and agricultural surveyor of South Caro- lina. His first annual report of the last-mentioned survey was published in 1857, and the fourth and last in 1860. In 1860 he accompanied the Ameri- can astronomical expedition to Labrador as geolo- gist. At the beginning of the civil war he joined the Confederate army, and died of wounds that he received in the battle of Williamsburg. He was the author of " The Assayer's Guide " (Philadel- phia, 1862) ; " The Analytical Chemist's Assistant," translated from the German of Wohler's " Beispiele zur Uebung in der analytischen Chemie," with an introduction (1852), and various articles on mining in this country in the New York " Mining Maga- zine." — Another son, Hamilton, b. in Philadelphia. Pa., 7 June, 1835 ; d. in Baden-Baden, Germany, 18 Oct., 1876, entered the vohmteer army at the beginning of the civil war as 1st lieutenant, 9th Illinois regiment, and was badly wounded at Fort Donelson. Afterward he was appointed a captain in the veteran reserve corps, and served during the draft riots in New York city in 1863. In 1866 he was made a captain and military storekeeper in the regular army, and was retired on account of dis- abilities contracted in the line of duty. — Another .son, GUiido Norman, b. in Columbia, S. C, 21 May, 1837, was graduated at the University of South Carolina in 1856, and at Harvard law-school in 1859, and in that year was admitted to the bar of New York. At the beginning of the civil war he became 1st lieutenant in the 11th infantry, U. S. army, and was appointed regimental adjutant, and served, during the peninsular campaign under Mc- Clellan, being brevetted captain for gallantry at the battle of Gaines's Mills, 27 June, 1862. He was with his regiment at the second battle of Bull Run, Va., 27 Aug., 1862, being then appointed aide- de-camp to the general-in-chief. In 1862 he was appointed major and judge-advocate, and he served in this capacity in the Department of the Gulf, being present in the Teche and Red River cam- paigns. For gallantry during the latter he re- ceived another brevet, and he was brevetted a third time for services during the war. He also served as adjutant-general of the department, and as judge of the provost court in New Orleans. He was then transferred to the judge-advocate-general's office in Washington, and subsequently appointed assist- ant to his father, Dr. Francis Lieber, in the bureau of Confederate archives. He afterward served as judge-advocate of various military departments and divisions, being, when stationed in New York, one of the founders of the Military service institu- tion. He was professor of law at the U. S. military academy from 1878 till 1882, when he was assigned to duty in Washington in the bureau of military justice. In 1884 he was appointed assistant judge- advocate-general, with the rank of colonel, and he has since then been on duty as acting judge-advo- cate-general of the army. LIGHT, Alexander Luder, Canadian engi- neer, b. in Durham, England, 17 April, 1822. He came to Canada in 1834, attended the Kingston grammar-school, and in 1842 became assistant en- gineer on the board of works of Canada. In 1846 he entered the employ of the Great Western rail- way, in 1851 was appointed chief engineer of the St. Andrews and Quebec (now New Brunswick and Canada) railway. Subsequently he was chief en- gineer of government railways in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and built the European and North American railway. He went to England in 1863, was elected a member of the institute of civil en- gineers there, and soon afterward appointed engi- neer of the Santos and Sao Paulo railway in Bra- zil. He was in charge of the construction of a section of the Intercolonial railway in 1869, in 1874 became government engineer for the province of Quebec, and in 1884 was chosen by the Do- minion government as engineer in charge of sur- veys of one division of the proposed short-line railway from Montreal to St. John and Halifax. LIGHT, George Washington, journalist, b. in Portland, Me., 21 Jan., 1809; d. in Somerville, Mass., 27 Jan., 1868. He was educated in the schools of his native place, and became a printer and publisher, also editing in Boston the " Young Mechanic," "The Essayist" (1829-30), and the " Young Men's Magazine " (1847). Mr. Light was the author of a " Life of Timothy Claxton " (Bos- ton, 1839), and of " Keep Cool, Go Ahead, and a Few Other Poems " (1851). LIGHTBURN, Joseph Andrew Jackson, sol- dier, b. in Westmoreland county, Pa., 21 Sept., 1824. He received a common-school education, removed to western Virginia, and represented Lewis county in the convention that reorganized the state government in 1861. He organized the 4th Vir- ginia regiment of the National army, was made its colonel, 14 Aug., 1861, and in 1862 commanded the District of the Kanawha. He conducted the retreat from Kanawha valley in September of that year, and was promoted to brigadier-general of volun- teers, 16 March, 1863. He then took part in the siege and capture of Vicksbui'g, and the battle of Missionary Ridge, and was with Sherman in his campaign to Atlanta, where in August, 1864, he received a gun-shot wound in the head. After his recovery he led a brigade in Shenandoah valley, and was then president of an examining board 22 June, 1865, when he resigned his commission. In 1866-7 he was a member of the West Virginia legislature. LIGON, Richard, English traveller. He was a royalist, lost his fortune in the troubles of 1647, and went in that year to Barbadoes, where he bought a house and land. He was subsequently attacked by a fever, and after narrowly escaping death returned to England in 1650. Before his departure from England he had been intimate with Abraham Duppa, bishop of Salisbury, and on his return the prelate was so much impressed with Ligon's account of Barbadoes that he advised him to publish a narrative of his adventures. The au- thor was soon afterward cast into prison by his creditors, and whether he died there or was re- leased by his friends is uncertain. His work, a folio, with maps and illustrations, is entitled " A 712 LIGON LIMA True and Exact History of Barbadoes " (London, 1650). From this work Steele drew the facts for his tale of " Inkle and Yarico " in the " Spectator." Yarico was one of Ligon's Indian slaves. The Abbe Raynal has also drawn largely on the same author in his " Histoire philosophique des Indes," and the Englishman, Inkle, and his victim, Yari- co, have been the subjects of several romances. LIGON, Thomas Watkins, governor of Mary- land, b. in Prince Edward county, Va. He was graduated at the University of Virginia, studied at the Yale law-school, was admitted to the bar, and began to practise law in Baltimore. Subse- quently he removed to Ellicott's Mills, and thence to Elkton. Md. He served in congress from 1 Dec, 1845, till 3 March, 1849, having been chosen as a Democrat, and from 1854 till 1858 he was governor of the state of Maryland. LILIENTHAL, Max, clergyman, b. in Munich, Bavaria, in 1815 ; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 5 April. 1882. After studying for the Jewish ministry and being graduated at the university of that city, he was called in 1839 to Riga, Russia, as director of its Hebrew school, and, after several years' success- ful educational work, he came to New York in 1845, being chosen rabbi of three congregations. In 1855 he was called to the rabbinate of a Cin- cinnati congregation, and remained at its head until his death. Dr. Lilienthal was widely known in the west, and in Cincinnati filled posts of dis- tinction on the board of education and at the uni- versity, while his best efforts were always enlisted in the" cause of charity. He took an active part in the task of uniting the American-Jewish congre- gations, and established the " Sabbath-School Visit- or " and the " Rabbinical Quarterly Review." He was a speaker of power, and belonged to the pro- gressive school of Jewish thought. LILLIE, John, clergyman, b. in Kelso, Scot- land, 16 Dec, 1812 ; d. in Kingston, N. Y., in Feb- ruary, 1867. He was graduated at the University of Edinburgh in 1833, studied theology in that city for two years, and then, coming to the United States, completed his course in the New Bruns- wick seminary, and in 1836-41 was pastor of the Dutch Reformed church at Kingston, N. Y. He then had charge till 1843 of the grammar-school of New York university, held a pastorate in New York city till 1848, and in 1844-'8 was also editor of the "Jewish Chronicle." He was a translator for the American Bible union in 1851-'7, and from 1858 until his death served as pastor of the Presby- terian church in Kingston, N. Y. He received the degree of D. D. from the University of Edinburgh in 1855. Dr. Lillie was a fine scholar, clear and direct as a pulpit orator, and was an outspoken opponent of slavery when to be such was to risk popularity. He revised and translated several books of the New Testament for the Anglo-Ameri- can edition of " Lange's Commentary," and pub- lished, besides various sermons and addresses, " The Perpetuity of the Earth," embodying his millena- rian views (1842). LILLINGTON, John Alexander, soldier, b. in Barbadoes, W. I., about 1725 ; d. in North Carolina in 1786. His grandfather, Alexander, came to Al- bemarle county, N. C, from Barbadoes, and was deputy governor of North Carolina in 1693. His fa- ther, Col. George Lillington, an officer in the British army, was a member of the royal council of Barba- does in 1698, and came to North Carolina about 1734. His son, who accompanied him, early be- came a decided Whig, and in August, 1775, was appointed by the Provincial congress colonel for the Wilmington district. He was second in com- mand under Col. Richard Caswell (q. v.) in the de- feat of the Scotch Tories at Moore's Creek Bridge, 27 Feb., 1776, and had charge of the field before Caswell's arrival. On 4 April he became colonel of the 6th North Carolina regiment of the Continental army. He was afterward promoted to brigadier- general, and served under Gen. Gates in 1780. He is described as a man of herculean frame and great courage. At the close of the war he retired to his house, Lillington Hall^ which is still standing, about forty miles above Wilmington, N. C. It was par- tially burned by Cornwallis on his march to Wil- mington. The town of Lillington. N. G, was named in his honor. — His son, John, was a colonel in the Revolutionary army, and served through the war. LILLO, Eusebio (leel'-yo), Chilian statesman, b. in Santiago in 1826. He studied in the university of his native city, where he was graduated in law. He began early to take part in politics, in 1849 and 1850 was a constant contributor to the Liberal pa- pers, and, on account of his opposition to the Con- servative government, was banished in 1851. He went to Bolivia, and during his sojourn there founded in La Paz the Bank of Bolivia. After the assumption of the executive by Perez in 1860 he returned to his native country, and in 1864 became editor of " La Patria " in Valparaiso. In 1870 he was appointed professor of law at the University of Chili, but did not accept. He has been elected to congress several times, and during the war with Peru and Bolivia he was one of the active advisers of the government. In October, 1880, he was ap- pointed Chilian commissioner to attend the con- ferences that were held on board the U. S. corvette 4i Lackawanna " in the port of Arica, by suggestion of the U. S. minister, to treat concerning condi- tions of peace between the three republics, but which did not produce the desired result. In 1883 he was sent as minister to Bolivia, and concluded a treaty of peace with that republic. In 1884 he was called by President Santa Maria to the cabi- net as secretary of state, and. in the autumn of the same year elected to congress as senator for six years. He has achieved fame in South America as a poet. Among his principal compositions are " El Junco," " Loco de amor," " Cancion nacional de Chile," " Recuerdos del Proscrito," " Rosa y Carlos," " Deseos," " La Violeta," and " Plegaria." A collection of his poems has also been published in several editions (Santiago, 1862-84). LILLY, Samuel, physician, b. in Geneva, N. Y., 28 Oct., 1815 ; d. in Lambert ville, N. J., 3 April, 1880. He was educated at a classical school in Lambertville, N. J., where he practised his profes- sion after his graduation at the medical depart- ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1837. He was elected a representative to the 33d con- gress as a Whig, serving from 5 Dec, 1853, till 3 March, 1855, was also judge of the Hunterdon county court and of the court- of errors and ap- peals of New Jersey, and consul-general in British India. He was a member of the New Jersey medi- cal society, of which he was vice-president and president, and contributed to medical journals. LIMA, Francisco (lee'-mah), Brazilian R. C. bishop, b. in Portugal early in the 17th century ; d. in Olinda, Brazil, 29 April, 1704. In 1695 he was rector of a parish in Lisbon, when he was sur- prised by the appointment of bishop of Pernam- buco. His diocese was in a disorganized state, but he preached, founded churches and schools, and gave his whole income to establish thirty missions among the Indians, and raised money to found four hospitals for the poor. In 1703 he spent a year in visiting his Indian missions, and, returning LIMA LIMA E SILYA 713 to Olinda in failing health, he died in one of the hospitals that he had founded. LIMA, Joao de Brito, Brazilian poet, b. in Bahia, 22 Oct., 1671 ; d. there, 25 Nov., 1747. He received his education from private tutors, and en- tered a convent in early life. Soon afterward he became known as one of the best Portuguese poets of his time. In 1718 " conde de Villaflor" was published in Lisbon, and other poems soon ap- peared. A second volume of his compositions was published (Lisbon, 1742), and he left " Poema epico Cezaria, narrando la genealogia de D. Yasco Fer- nandes, conde de Sabugosa, suas accoes e sucessos nos governos da India e do Brazil," " A profissao de duas irmaes no convento de Santa Clara na Bahia," and " D. Luiz Alvares de Figueiredo," which are now (1887) in course of publication by the Instituto geographico Brazileiro. LIMA, Jose Ignacio Ribeiro Abren de, Bra- zilian revolutionist, b. in Recife about 1770 ; d. in Bahia, 29 March, 1817. He studied theology, and was graduated in Coimbra, where he was ordained priest in 1792, but- suffered persecution and went to Rome to answer an accusation of heresy. On his return he retired from the ministry, was gi'adu- ated in law in 1796, and opened an office in Per- nambuco. When he heard, at the end of 1807, of the determination of the royal family to come to Brazil, he tried to induce the people of Bahia to prevent their landing unless the regent promised to give a constitution to Brazil. This plot was discovered and Lima was cast into prison, but set free two years later, and continued to work secret- ly for independence. In 1812 he published several articles in the daily papers, and founded the " Jus- tice e Progresso," which was discontinued a year later. In 1817 Lima was the leader in the repub- lican revolution of Pernambuco. He went to Ala- goas and Bahia for aid, and, being successful, was about to sail for Pernambuco when he was taken prisoner by the royalists, tried by a military tribu- nal, and condemned to death. He was shot with- out revealing his accomplices. He published " Un commentario as ordenacoes do reino " (1816). — His son, Jose Ignacio de Abren de, Brazilian sol- dier, b. in Pernambuco, 6 April, 1796 ; d. in Recife, 20 Jan., 1869. received his early education at Olinda. and was graduated at the military academy of Rio Janeiro in 1814. Soon afterward he was appointed captain, joined the Revolutionary party in 1817, and was arrested, but escaped to the United States, whence he went to Venezuela and offered his ser- vices to Gen. Bolivar. He fought in the battle of Queseras under Gen. Paez. that of Angostura under Gen. Soublette, and in Santa Fe de Bogota. In 1821 he accompanied the expedition to Ecuador, where he did good service, and when the Inde- pendents triumphed he accompanied Sucre in his expedition to Peru, whence he returned to Xew Granada, and was sent on a commission from that government to the United States. During his service in Spanish America he was promoted to general. The government of Venezuela admitted him to the military order of " Los libertadores de Venezuela," and that of Xew Granada inscribed his name among those of the liberators of the na- tion. After the war he did not mix in the politics of the Columbian republic, but remained faithful to Bolivar. After the latter's death in 1830. Lima went to Europe, and remained two years in Paris ; but when the parliament of Brazil acknowledged his services, recognizing his rank of general, he returned to that country. He then began to col- lect documents for completing the history of his country, but his studies were several times inter- rupted by his labors as a journalist. In 1835 he was the editor of " Raio de Jupiter," and from this year to 1840 he was a contributor to the " Me- sageiro Xictheroyense " and "O Maiorista." In 1847 he began to publish in the press his ideas re- garding civil marriage, which caused him to be bitterly attacked by the clergy of the Roman Catholic church. At that time he was a contribu- tor to the " Diario Novo." In 1848 he published in Pernambuco the paper -'A Barca de Sao Pedro." He retired from journalism, but for years con- tinued to advocate his ideas. On account of im- paired health he went to Recife in 1869. LIMA, Manoel de, Brazilian explorer, b. in Sao Pablo in 1685 ; d. in Para in 1750. He was a Jesuit, and was employed for many years in the missions of the Moxos Indians, of which he became president in 1735. As the missions that had been founded since 1684 covered a large area. Lima had ample opportunity during his travels to explore the country. The Moxos missions having become im- portant, Antonio Rolim de Moura, governor of Para, saw the necessity of opening a more direct way between them and the capital of the province, and summoned Lima to Belem in 1742. His health failed in consequence of the fatigue of his journey, and, being unable to return to his missions, he re- mained in Para, using his influence to promote use- ful works and explorations of the province under his charge. In 1751 Rolim de Moura utilized the road that was first traversed by Lima, and, sending an expedition to the Moxos missions, secured to Eu- ropeans the vast country explored by the Jesuit. LIMA E SILYA, Francisco de (lee'-mah), Bra- zilian soldier, b. in Rio Janeiro, 8 July, 1785 ; d. there, 2 Dec, 1853. At five years of age he was entered as cadet in the regiment of Braganca, which was commanded by his father, and rose in rank until he became his father's successor. In 1821 he was active in the cause of independence, and rendered great service to the city of Rio Ja- neiro in keeping order in that time of popular com- motion. During the republican revolution in Pernambuco in 1824, Lima was sent as general of the forces to repress the rebellion, and was also made provisional president of the province. At the beginning he employed severe measures, but after the suppression of the movement made every effort to prevent the execution of the leaders. He was appointed governor of the province of S. Paulo in 1828, in 1829 commander of the forces in Rio Janeiro, and in 1831 of those in the province of S. Paulo, but on 7 April of the same year he was elected a member of the regency. Lima re- ceived the decree of abdication of Pedro I., and read it to the troops, proclaiming Pedro II. em- peror of Brazil. He was regent of the empire four years, and by his calmness and prudence prevented many public evils. He organized the army, tried to settle the difficulties of the national treasury, which was in a wretched condition, and endeav- ored to preserve the public peace. On 12 Oct.. 1835, Father Feijo was appointed sole regent, and Lima retired to private life. In 1837 he was elect- ed senator by the province of Rio de Janeiro, and in that year the assembly voted him a pension. In 1840 he took an active part in declaring the ma- jority of Pedro II. — His son, Luis Alves, Brazil- ian soldier, b. in Estrella, 25 Aug., 1803, was en- tered as a cadet in the 1st regiment of the line in 1808, and finished his studies in the military academy in 1819. In 1822 he was appointed by Pedro I. adjutant of the battalion of the emperor, and fought in Bahia against the Portuguese troops. After the abdication of Pedro I. in 1831, 714 LINAN Y CISNEROS LINCECUM when Rio Janeiro was in clanger of being sacked by a mob, Lima formed among his friends and fellow-officers a force for the security of the city, and was appointed second in command. In 1837, as a colonel, he accompanied the secretary of war in the campaign of Rio Grande do Sul, and on 14 Dec, 1839. he was appointed president of the prov- ince of Maranhao, which office he held till 1841. In that year he was promoted to brigadier and created Baron of Caxias, and the province of Ma- ranhao elected him its representative to congress. On 18 May, 1842, he was appointed commander- in-chief and vice-president of the province of S. Paulo, which he pacified before 23 July. The em- peror now made him his adjutant, and two days afterward sent him as commander of the forces to the province of Mina, where, by the battle of Santa Luzia, on 20 Aug., he put an end to a revolution. On his return he was promoted major-general and sent to the province of Rio Grande, where, in two years, he re-established peace. He then was cre- ated Count of Caxias, and elected senator for the province of Rio Grande. He was in congress till 1851, in which year he was appointed for the second time president of the province of Rio Grande and commander of the army that was to invade the Argentine Republic. At the head of 20,000 men, aided by Gens. Urquiza and Garson, he defeated Rosas in Arroyo Moron on 3 Feb., 1852, and on his return he was made a marquis and lieutenant-general. On 14 July, 1855, he was appointed secretary of war, and in September, 1856, president of the imperial council. In 1866 he was promoted to field-marshal and appointed to com- mand the army against the republic of Paraguay. Under his command the Brazilians defeated the enemy at Villeta, Angostura, and Loma Valen- tura, and on 5 Jan., 1869, entered Asuncion. On 23 March he was created Duke of Caxias. LOAN Y CISNEROS, Melchor de (leen-yan'), Peruvian archbishop, b. in Madrid, Spain, 19 Dec, 1629 ; d. in Lima, Peru, 20 Oct., 1708. He studied in Alcala, where he was graduated as doctor in theology. He was pastor of several parishes in Madrid, in 1661 member of the supreme council of the Inquisition, and in 1664 became bishop of Santa Marta. In 1666 he was promoted bishop of Popa- yan, and in 1671 he was appointed by the king visitor of the kingdom of New Granada with the titles of president, governor, and captain-general. His administration is said to have saved to the treasury $130,000 annually. On 24 Feb., 1672, he was made archbishop of Charcas, and in 1674 he took charge of his diocese. On 14 Dec, 1676, he was appointed archbishop of Lima, and on 14 Feb., 1678, took charge of that diocese. On the occasion of the earthquake in Lima, 17 June, 1678, he was active in the assistance of the wounded. On 7 July of the same year he was appointed temporary viceroy of Peru, which place he held till 20 Nov., 1681. During his civil administration he intro- duced several reforms in the public and military service, constructed forts, enlarged the army, and fortified the city against the pirates. In his eccle- siastic government he reformed the service, estab- lished monasteries, and gave much to charity. LINARES, Jose Maria (lee-nah'-reth), Bolivian statesman, b. in Potosi, 10 July, 1810 ; d. in Valpa- raiso, Chili, in 1861. He studied in La Paz, was graduated as doctor in jurisprudence in 1835, and in early life began to take part in politics, being called to several important public places, including membership in the commission to form a code of laws for Bolivia. At the downfall of the adminis- tration of Gen. Santa Cruz he was called by Gen. Velasco to take charge of the portfolio of the inte- rior in 1839, and afterward was sent as minister to Spain, where he negotiated the treaty for the recog- nition of the independence of Bolivia. In 1848, as president of the senate, he was called, during the absence of Velasco, to take charge provisionally of the executive, and he was soon the acknowledged leader of the " Rejenerador " party. He was sev- eral times presented as a candidate for the presi- dency, and finally in 1857 was elected by a large majority. His administration was one of the most energetic and honest that the country had seen. He introduced many reforms, and vigorously at- tacked the abuses that had crept into the public administration ; but his course made him enemies, and in 1861 he was overthrown by a revolution that was favored by his own cabinet, and banished to Chili, where he died. L'INCARNATION, Mother Marie de, educator, b. in Tours, France, 18 Oct., 1599 ; d. in Quebec, 30 April, 1672. The name of her parents was Guyard. She was noted for her piety in early life, and wished to enter a convent, but, in deference to the wishes of her parents, married, at the age of seventeen, M. Martin, a silk-manufacturer. She aided him in his business, showing an ability for management which was subsequently to be of great assistance to her. Her husband died when she was nineteen, and when her son had attained the age of twelve she entered the Ursuline convent of Tours, in 1631. Here she met Madame De la Peltrie, and formed with her the project of founding an Ursuline con- vent in Quebec She arrived in Canada with a few nuns in 1639. She immediately began the work of instruction in Quebec, the nuns taking as pupils not only the daughters of the colonists, but also those of the friendly Indian tribes. This led her to acquire several of the Indian languages, in which she wrote instructions for her pupils. She was not able to begin her monastery until 1641, which was finished in 1642. It was destroyed by fire in 1650, in the middle of a Canadian winter. Notwithstand- ing poverty and trials of various kinds, she set to work with energy and soon rebuilt it. She con- tinued to direct the monastery up to her last illness. In the troubles of the colony caused by the war waged by the Iroquois, she was frequently con- sulted, and her advice often adopted. In one of her letters she predicted the great future in store for whatever people should occupy the valley of the Hudson, and endeavored to persuade her country- men to take possession of it. She was styled by Bossuet " the Teresa of our days and of the New World." The cause of her canonization as a saint of the Roman Catholic church was introduced before the papal authorities several years ago, and is still prosecuted in Rome. She was the author of "Lettres" (Paris, 1677); "Retraite, avec une expression succincte du cantique des cantiques" (1682) ; and " Ecole chretienne, ou explication farni- liere des mysteres de la foi " (1684). These were all published after her death by her son, Dom Claude Martin, who also issued her life, written by herself by order of her superiors (Paris, 1677). See also a shorter biography by Charlevoix (Paris, 1724). LINCECUM, Gideon, naturalist, b. in Han- cock county, Ga., 22 April, 1793 ; d. in Brenham, Washington co., Tex., 28 Nov., 1874. He was self- educated, and became a practising physician, serv- ing also as county judge in Lowndes county. Miss., about 1815, as postmaster of two towns in that state about 1840, and in the same office in Long Point, Tex., in 1856. During the war of 1812 he served in the Georgia militia. In 1868 he went to Tuxpan, Mexico, where he spent five years. Dr. LINCOLN LINCOLN 715 Lincecum was an enthusiast in natural history, a regular correspondent of Charles Darwin, Alexan- der von Humboldt, Louis Agassiz, and other natu- ralists in this country and abroad, and a member of numerous scientific societies, to whose publica- tions, notably those of the Smithsonian institu- tion, the Franklin institute, and the Essex institute, Mass., he contributed valuable papers. To the latter institution he gave a collection representing forty-eight different families of ants and butter- flies, and to the Jardin des plantes in Paris he sent specimens of all the flora of Texas. Among his published papers is a valuable monograph on the red ant, to the study of which he devoted fourteen years. He wrote several works, which remain unpublished. These include " Traditions of the Choctaw Indians," among whom he lived for many years, " Medical History of the Southern United States,'" and an autobiography, now in the possession of his daughter. LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth president of the United States, b. in Hardin county, Ky., 12 Feb., 1809; d. in Washington, D. C., 15 April, 1865. His earliest ancestor in America seems to have been Samuel Lincoln, of Norwich, England, who settled in Hingham, Mass., where he died, leav- ing a son, Mordecai, whose son of the same name removed to Monmouth, N. J., and thence to Berks county, Pa., dying there* in 1735. He was a man of some property, which at his death was divid- ed among his sons and daughters, one of whom, John Lin- coln, having dis- posed of his land in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, estab- lished himself in Rockingham coun- ty, Va. The records of that county show that he was pos- sessed of a valuable estate, which was divided among five sons, one of whom, named Abraham, emigrated to Kentucky about 1780. At this time Daniel Boone was en- gaged in those labors and exploits in the new coun- try of Kentucky that have rendered his name illus- trious ; and there is no doubt that Abraham Lin- coln was induced by his friendship for Boone to give up what seems to have been an assured social position in Virginia and take his family to share with him the risks and hardships of life in the new territory. The families of Boone and Lincoln had been closely allied for many years. Several mar- riages had taken place between them, and their names occur in each other's wills as friends and executors. The pioneer Lincoln, who took with him what for the time and place was a sufficient provision in money, the result of the sale of his property in Virginia, acquired by means of cash and land-warrants a large estate in Kentucky, as is shown by the records of Jefferson and Camp- bell counties. About 1784 he was killed by In- dians while working with his three sons — Mor- decai, Josiah, and Thomas — in clearing the forest. His widow removed after his death to Washington county, and there brought up her family. The two elder sons became reputable citizens, and the two daughters married in a decent condition of life. Thomas, the youngest son, seems to have been below the average of the family in enterprise and other qualities that command success. He learned the trade of a carpenter, and married, 12 June, 1806, Nancy Hanks, a niece of the man with whom he learned his trade. She is represented, by those who knew her at the time of her marriage, as a handsome young woman of twenty-three, of appearance and intellect superior to her lowly for- tunes. The young couple began housekeeping with little means. Three children were born to them ; the first, a girl, who grew to maturity, married, and died, leaving no children ; the third a boy, who died in infancy ; the second was Abraham Lincoln. Thomas Lincoln remained in Kentucky until 1816, when he resolved to remove to the still newer country of Indiana, and settled in a rich and fertile forest country near Little Pigeon creek, not far distant from the Ohio river. The family suffered from diseases incident to pioneer life, and Mrs. Lincoln died in 1818 at the age of thirty-five. Thomas Lincoln, while on a visit to Kentucky, married a worthy, industrious, and intelligent widow named Sarah Bush Johnston. She was a woman of admirable order and system in her habits, and brought to the home of the pioneer in the Indiana timber many of the comforts of civil- ized life. The neighborhood- was one of the roughest. The president once said of it : " It was a wild region, with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods, and there were some schools, so called ; but no qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond readin', writin', and cipherin' to the rule of three. If a straggler sup- posed to understand Latin happened to sojourn in the neighborhood, he was looked upon as a wizard. There was absolutely nothing to excite ambition for education." But in spite of this the boy Abraham made the best use of the limited oppor- tunities afforded him, and learned all that the half-educated backwoods teachers could impart ; and besides this he read over and over all the books he could find. He practised constantly the rules of arithmetic, which he had acquired at school, and began, even in his early childhood, to put in writing his recollections of what he had read and his impressions of what he saw about him. By the time he was nineteen years of age he had ac- quired a remarkably clear and serviceable hand- writing, and showed sufficient business capacity to be intrusted with a cai-go of farm products, which he took to New Orleans and sold. In 1830 his father emigrated once more, to Macon county, 111. Lin- coln had by this time attained his extraordinary stature of six feet four inches, and with it enormous muscular strength, which was at once put at the disposal of his father in building his cabin, clear- ing the field, and splitting from the walnut forests, which were plentiful in that county, the rails with which the farm was fenced. Thomas Lincoln, however, soon deserted this new home, his last migration being to Goose Nest Prairie, in Coles county, where he died in 1851, seventy-three yeai's of age. In his last days he was tenderly cared for by his son. Abraham Lincoln left his father's house as soon as the farm was fenced and cleared, hired himself to a man named Denton Offutt, in Sangamon county, assisted him to build a flat-boat, accom- panied him to New Orleans on a trading voyage, and returned with him to New Salem, in Menard county, where Offutt opened a store for the sale of general merchandise. Little was accomplished in this way, and Lincoln employed his too abundant 716 LINCOLN LINCOLN leisure in constant reading and study. He learned during this time the elements of English grammar, and made a beginning in the study of surveying and the principles of law. But the next year an Indian war began, occasioned by the return of Black Hawk with his bands of Sacs and Foxes from Iowa to Illinois. Lincoln volunteered in a company raised in Sangamon county, and was im- mediately elected captain. His company was or- ganized at Richland on 21 April, 1832 ; but his service in command of it was brief, for it was mustered out on 27 May. Lincoln immediately re-enlisted as a private, and served for several weeks in that capacity, being finally mustered out on 16 June, 1832, by Lieut. Robert Anderson, who afterward commanded Fort Sumter at the begin- ning of the civil war. He returned home and began a hasty canvass for election to the legislature. His name had been announced in the spring before his enlistment ; but now only ten days were left before the election, which took place in August. In spite of these disadvantages, he made a good race and was far from the foot of the poll. Although he was defeated, he gained the almost unanimous vote of his own neighborhood, New Salem giving him 277 votes against 3. He now began to look about him for employment, and for a time thought seriously of learning the trade of a blacksmith ; but an opportunity presented itself to buy the only store in the settlement, which he did, giving his notes for the whole amount involved. He was associated with an idle and dissolute partner, and the business soon went to wreck, leaving Lincoln burdened with a debt which it required several years of frugality and industry for him to meet ; but it was finally paid in full. After this failure he devoted himself with the greatest earnestness and industry to the study of law. He was appointed postmaster of New Sa- lem in 1833, an office which he held for three years. The emoluments of the place were very slight, but it gave him opportunities for reading. At the same time he was appointed deputy to John Calhoun, the county surveyor, and, his modest wants being sup- plied by these two functions, he gave his remaining leisure unreservedly to the study of law and politics. He was a candidate for the legislature in August, 1834, and was elected this time at the head of the list. He was re-elected in 1836, 1838, and 1840, af- ter which he declined further election. After enter- ing the legislature he did not return to New Salem, but, having by this time attained some proficiency in the law, he removed to Springfield, where he went into partnership with John T. Stuart, whose acquaintance he had begun in the Black Hawk war and continued at Vandalia. He took rank from the first among the leading members of the legislature. He was instrumental in having the state capital removed from Vandalia to Springfield, and during his eight years of service his ability, industry, and weight of character gained him such standing among his associates that in his last two terms he was the candidate of his party for the speakership of the house of representatives. In 1846 he was elected to congress, his opponent being the Rev. Peter Cartwright. The most important congressional measure with which his name was associated during his single term of service was a scheme for the emancipation of the slaves in the District of Columbia, which in the prevailing tem- per of the time was refused consideration by con- gress. He was not a candidate for re-election, but for the first and only time in his life he applied for an executive appointment, the commissionership of the general land-office. The place was given to another man, but President Taylor's administra- tion offered Mr. Lincoln the governorship of the territory of Oregon, which he declined. Mr. Lincoln had by this time become the most influential exponent of the principles of the Whig party in Illinois, and his services were in request in every campaign. After his return from con- gress he devoted himself with great assiduity and success to the practice of law, and speedily gained a commanding position at the bar. As he says himself, he was losing his interest in politics when the repeal of the Missouri compromise aroused him again. The profound agitation of the question of slavery, which in 1854 followed the repeal of the Missouri compromise, awakened all the energies of Lincoln's nature. He regarded this act, in which Senator Douglas was the most prominent agent of the reactionary party, as a gross breach of faith, and began at once a series of earnest political discussions which immediately placed him at the head of the party that, not only in Illinois but throughout the west, was speedily formed to pro- test against and oppose the throwing open of the territories to the encroachments of slavery. The legislature elected in Illinois in the heat of this discussion contained a majority of members op- posed to the policy of Douglas. The duty of select- ing a senator in place of Gen. Shields, whose term was closing, devolved upon this legislature, and Mr. Lincoln was the unanimous choice of the Whig members. But they did not command a clear ma- jority of the legislature. There were four mem- bers of Democratic antecedents who, while they were ardently opposed to the extension of slavery, were not willing to cast their votes for a Whig candidate, and adhered tenaciously through several ballots to Lyman Trumbull, a Democrat of their own way of thinking. Lincoln, fearing that this dissension among the anti-slavery men might re- sult in the election of a sujDporter of Douglas, m - ged his friends to go over in a body to the support of Trumbull, and his influence was sufficient to ac- complish this result. Trumbull was elected, and for many years served the Republican cause in the senate with ability and zeal. As soon as the Republican party became fully organized in the nation, embracing in its ranks the anti-slavery members of the old Whig and Democratic parties, Mr. Lincoln, by general con- sent, took his place at the head of the party in Illinois ; and when, in 1858, Senator Douglas sought a re-election to the senate, the Republicans with one voice selected Mr. Lincoln as his antagonist. He had already made several speeches of remark- able eloquence and power against the pro-slav- ery reaction of which the Nebraska bill was the significant beginning, and when Mr. Douglas re- turned to Illinois to begin his canvass for the senate, he was challenged by Mr. Lincoln to a series of joint discussions. The challenge was ac- cepted, and the most remarkable oratorical combat the state has ever witnessed took place between them during the summer. Mr. Douglas defended his thesis of non-intervention with slavery in the territories (the doctrine known as " popular sover- eignty," and derided as "squatter sovereignty") with remarkable adroitness and energy. The ground that Mr. Lincoln took was higher and bolder than had yet been assumed by any Ameri- can statesman of his time. In the brief and sen- tentious speech in which he accepted the champion- ship of his party, before the Republican convention of 16 June, 1858, he uttered the following pregnant and prophetic words : " A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government can- not endure permanently half slave and half free. LINCOLN LINCOLN 717 I do not expect the Union to be dissolved ; I do not expect the house to fall ; but I do expect that it will cease to be divided. It will become all the one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it and place it where, the public mind shall rest in the be- lief that it is in course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward until it shall be- come alike lawful in all the states, old as well as new, north as well as south." This bold utterance excited the fears of his timid friends, and laid him open to the hackneyed and conventional attacks of the supporters of slavery ; but throughout the con- test, while he did not for an instant lower this lofty tone of opposition to slavery and hope of its extinction, he refused to be crowded by the fears of his friends or the denunciations of his enemies away from the strictly constitutional ground upon which his opposition was made. The debates between him and Senator Douglas aroused extraordinary interest throughout the state and the country. The men were perhaps equally matched in oratorical ability and adroitness in debate, but Lincoln's su- periority in moral insight, and especially in far- seeing political sagacity, soon became apparent. The most important and significant of the debates was that which took place at Freeport. Mr. Doug- las had previously asked Mr. Lincoln a series of questions intended to embarrass him, which Lin- coln without the slightest reserve answered by a categorical yes or no. At Freeport, Lincoln, tak- ing his turn, inquired of Douglas whether the peo- ple of a territory could in any lawful way, against the wish of any citizen of the United States, ex- clude slavery from its limits prior to the formation of a state constitution. By his reply, intimating that slavery might be excluded by unfriendly ter- ritorial legislation, Douglas gained a momentary advantage in the anti-slavery region in which he spoke, but dealt a fatal blow to his popularity in the south, the result of which was seen two years afterward at the Charleston convention. The ground assumed by Senator Douglas was, in fact, utterly untenable, and Lincoln showed this in one of his terse sentences. " Judge Douglas holds," he said, " that a thing may lawfully be driven away from a place where it has a lawful right to go." This debate established the reputation of Mr. Lincoln as one of the leading orators of the Repub- lican party of the Union, and a speech that he de- livered at Cooper Institute, in New York, on 27 Feb., 1860, in which he showed that the unbroken record of the founders of the republic was in favor of the restriction of slavery and against its exten- sion, widened and confirmed his reputation ; so that when the Republican convention came together in Chicago in May, 1860, he was nominated for the presidency on the third ballot, over William H. Seward, who was his principal competitor. The Democratic convention, which met in Charleston, S. C, broke up after numerous fruitless ballotings, and divided into two sections. The southern half, unable to trust Mr. Douglas with the interests of slavery after his Freeport speech, first adjourned to Richmond, but again joined the other half at Baltimore, where a second disruption took place, after which the southern half nominated John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, and the northern por- tion nominated Mr. Douglas. John Bell, of Ten- nessee, was nominated by the so-called Constitu- tional Union party. Lincoln, therefore, supported by the entire anti- slavery sentiment of the north, gained an easy victory over the three other parties. The election took place on 6 Nov., and when the electoral college cast their votes Lincoln was found to have 180, Breckinridge 72, Bell 39, and Doug- las 12. The popular vote stood : for Lincoln, 1,866- 462; for Douglas, 1,375,157; for Breckinridge, 847,953 ; for Bell, 590,631. The extreme partisans of slavery had not even waited for the election of Lincoln, to begin their preparations for an insurrection, and as soon as the result was declared a movement for separation was begun in South Carolina, and it carried along with her the states of Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Missis- sippi, Louisiana, and Texas. A provisional govern- ment, styled the " Confederate States of America," of which Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was made president, was promptly organized, and seized, with few exceptions, all the posts, arsenals, and public property of the United States within their limits. Confronted by this extraordinary crisis, Mr. Lin- coln kept his own counsel, and made no public ex- pression of his intentions or his policy until he was inaugurated on 4 March, 1861. He called about him a cabinet of the most promi- nent members of the anti-slavery parties of the nation, giving no preference to any special faction. His secretary of state was William H. Seward, of New York, who had been his principal rival for the nomination, and whose eminence and abili- ties designated him as the leading member of the administration ; the secretary of the treasury was Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio, whose pre-eminence in the west was as unquestioned as Seward's in the east ; of war, Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania, the most influential politician of that state ; of the navy, Gideon Welles, of Connecticut; of the interior, Caleb B. Smith, of Indiana ; the border slave-states were represented in the government by Edward Bates, of Missouri, attorney-general, and Montgom- ery Blair, of Maryland, postmaster-general — both of them men of great distinction of character and high standing as lawyers. Seward, Smith, and Bates were of Whig antecedents ; all the rest of Democratic. The cabinet underwent, in the course of Mr. Lincoln's term, the following modifications : Sec. Chase, after a brilliant administration of the finances, resigned in 1864 from personal reasons, and was succeeded by William P. Fessenden, of Maine ; Sec. Cameron left the war department at the close of the yearl861,and was appoint- ed minister to Russia, and his place was taken by Ed- win M. Stan- ton, a war Democrat of singular en- ergy and vig- or, and equal ability and devotion ; Sec. Smith, accepting a judgeship, gave way to John P. Usher, of Indiana ; Attorney-Gen- eral Bates resigned in the last year of the adminis- tration, and was succeeded by James Speed, of Ken- tucky : and Postmaster -General Blair about the same time gave way to William Dennison, of Ohio. In his inaugural address President Lincoln treated the acts of secession as a nullity. He declared the Union perpetual and inviolate, and announced with perfect firmness, though with the greatest modera- tion of speech and feeling, the intention of the gov- ernment to maintain its authority and to hold the places under its jurisdiction. He made an elabo- rate and unanswerable argument against the legal- ity as well as the justice of secession, and further 718 LINCOLN LINCOLN showed, with convincing clearness, that peaceful secession was impossible. " Can aliens make trea- ties," he said, " easier than friends can make laws f Can treaties be more faithfully enforced between aliens than laws can among friends 1 Suppose you go to war ; you cannot fight always, and when, after much loss on both sides and no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identical old questions as to terms of intercourse are again upon you." He pleaded for peace in a strain of equal tenderness and dignity, and in closing he said : " In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The govern- ment will not assail you. You can have no conflict with- out being your- selves the ag- gressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to de- stroy the gov- ernment, while I shall have a most solemn one to preserve, protect, and de- fend it." This speech pro- foundly affect- ed the public opinion of the north ; but in the excited state of senti- , ment that then controlled the south it natu- rally met only contempt and defiance in that section. A few weeks later the inevitable war began, in an attack upon Fort Sumter by the secessionists of South Carolina under Gen. G. T. Beauregard, and after a long bombardment the fort surrendered on 13 April, 1861. The president instantly called for a force of 75,000 three-months' militiamen, and three weeks later ordered the enlistment of 64,000 soldiers and 18,000 seamen for three years. He set on foot a blockade of the southern ports, and called congress together in special session, choosing for their day of meeting the 4th of July. The remaining states of the south rapidly arrayed themselves on one side or the other ; all except Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri were drawn into the secession movement, and the western part of Virginia, adhering to the Union, under the name of West Virginia, separated itself from that ancient commonwealth. The first important battle of the war took place at Bull Run, near Manassas station, Va., 21 July, 1861, and resulted in the defeat of the National troops under Gen. Irwin McDowell by a somewhat larger force of the Confederates under Gens. Joseph E. Johnston and Beauregard. Though the loss in killed and wounded was not great, and was about the same on both sides, the victory was still one of the utmost importance for the Confederates, and gave them a great increase of prestige on both sides of the Atlantic. They were not, however, able to pursue their advantage. The summer was passed in enlisting, drilling, and equipping a for- midable National army on the banks of the Poto- mac, which was given in charge of Gen. George B. McClellan, a young officer who had distinguished himself by a successful campaign in western Vir- ginia. In spite of the urgency of the government, which was increased by the earnestness of the peo- ple and their representatives in congress, Gen. McClellan made no advance until the spring of 1862, when Gen. Johnston, in command of the Confederate army, evacuated the position which, with about 45,000 men, he had held during the autumn and winter against the Army of the Poto- mac, amounting to about 177,000 effectives. Gen. McClellan then transferred his army to the penin- sula between the James and York rivers. Al- though there was but a force of 16,000 opposed to him when he landed, he spent a month before the works at Yorktown, and when he was prepared to open fire upon them they were evacuated, and Gen. Johnston retreated to the neighborhood of Richmond. The battle of Seven Pines, in which the Confederates, successful in their first attack, were afterward repelled, was fought on 31 May, 1862. Johnston was wounded, and the command devolved upon Gen. Robert E. Lee, who in the latter part of June moved out from his position before Richmond and attacked McClellan's right flank, under Gen. Fitz-John Porter, at Gaines's Mills, north of the Chickahominy. Porter, with one corps, resisted the Confederate army all day with great gallantry, unassisted by the main army under McClellan, but withdrew in the evening, and McClellan at once began his retreat to the James river. Several battles were fought on the way, in which the Confederates were checked ; but the retreat continued until the National army reached the James. Taking position at Malvern Hill, they inflicted a severe defeat upon Gen. Lee, but were immediately after withdrawn by Gen. McClellan to Harrison's Landing. Here, as at other times during his career, McClellan labored under a strange hallucination as to the numbers of his enemy. He generally estimated them at not less than twice their actual force, and continually re- proached the president for not giving him impos- sible re-enforcements to equal the imaginary num- bers he thought opposed to him. In point of fact, his army was always in excess of that of Johnston or Lee. The continual disasters in the east were somewhat compensated by a series of brilliant successes in the west. In February, 1862, Gen. Ulysses S. Grant had captured the Confederate forts Henry and Donelson, thus laying open the great strategic lines of the Tennessee and Cumber- land rivers, and, moving southward, had fought (6 and 7 April) the battle of Shiloh, with unfavor- able results on the first day, which were turned to a victory on the second with the aid of Gen. D. C. Buell and his army, a battle in which Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston was killed and the Confederate invasion of Kentucky baffled. Farragut, on 24 April, had won a brilliant naval victory over the twin forts above the mouths of the Mississippi, which resulted in the capture of New Orleans and the control of the lower Mississippi. After Gen. McClellan's retreat to the James, the president visited the army at Harrison's Landing (8 July), and, after careful consultations with the corps commanders, became convinced that in the actual disposition of the officers and the troops there was no reasonable expectation of a successful movement upon Richmond by McClellan. An or- der was therefore issued for the withdrawal of the army from the James, and. Gen. Halleck having been appointed general-in-chief. Gen. Pope was sent forward from Washington with a small force to delay the Confederate army under Gen. Lee un- LINCOLN LINCOLN 719 til the Army of the Potomac could arrive and be concentrated to support him. McClellan's move- ments, however, were so deliberate, and there was such a want of confidence and co-operation on the part of his officers toward Gen. Pope, that the National army met with a decisive defeat on the same battle-field of Bull Run that saw their first disaster. Gen. Pope, disheartened by the lack of sympathy and support that he discerned among the most eminent officers of the Army of the Potomac, retreated upon Washington, and Gen. McClellan, who seemed to be the only officer under whom the army was at the moment willing to serve, was placed in command of it. Gen. Lee, elated with his success, crossed the Potomac, but was met by the army under McClellan at South Mountain and Antietam, and after two days of great slaughter Lee retreated into Virginia. President Lincoln availed himself of this occa- sion to give effect to a resolve that had long been maturing in his mind in an act the most momen- tous in its significance and results that the century has witnessed. For a year and a half he had been subjected to urgent solicitations from the two great political parties of the country, the one side ap- pealing to him to take decided measures against slavery, and the other imploring him to pursue a conservative course in regard to that institution. His deep-rooted detestation of the system of domes- tic servitude was no secret to any one ; but his rev- erence for the law, his regard for vested interests, and his anxiety to do nothing that should alienate any considerable body of the supporters of the government, had thus far induced him to pursue a middle course between the two extremes. Mean- while the power of events had compelled a steady progress in the direction of emancipation. So early as August, 1861, congress had passed an act to confiscate the rights of slave-owners in slaves em- ployed in a manner hostile to the Union, and Gen. Fremont had seized the occasion of the passage of this act to issue an order to confiscate and eman- cipate the slaves of rebels in the state of Missouri. President Lincoln, unwilling, in a matter of such transcendent importance, to leave the initiative to any subordinate, revoked this order, and directed Gen. Fremont to modify it so that it should con- form to the confiscation act of congress. This ex- cited violent opposition to the president among the radical anti-slavery men in Missouri and elsewhere, while it drew upon him the scarcely less embar- rassing importunities of the conservatives, who wished him to take still more decided ground against the radicals. On 6 March, 1862, he sent a special message to congress inclosing a resolution, the passage of which he recommended, to offer pe- cuniary aid from the general government to states that should adopt the gradual abolishment of slavery. This resolution was promptly passed by congress ; but in none of the slave-states was pub- lic sentiment sufficiently advanced to permit them to avail themselves of it. The next month, how- ever, congress passed a law emancipating slaves in the District of Columbia, with compensation to owners, and President Lincoln had the happiness of affixing his signature to a measure that he had many years before, while a representative from Illi- nois, fruitlessly urged upon the notice of congress. As the war went on, wherever the National armies penetrated there was a constant stream of fugitive slaves from the adjoining regions, and the com- manders of each department treated the compli- cated questions arising from this body of " contra- bands," as they came to be called, in their camps, according to their own judgment of the necessities or the expediencies of each case, a discretion which the president thought best to tolerate. But on 9 May, 1862, Gen. David Hunter, an intimate and esteemed friend of Mr. Lincoln's, saw proper, with- out consultation with him, to issue a military or- der declaring all persons theretofore held as slaves in Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina forever free. The president, as soon as he received this order, issued a proclamation declaring it void, and reserving to himself the decision of the question whether it was competent for him, as commander- in-chief of the army and navy, to declare the slaves of any state or states free, and whether at any time or in any case it should have become a necessity indispensable to the maintenance of the govern- ment to exercise such supposed power, and prohib- iting to commanders in the field the decision of such questions. But he added in his proclamation a significant warning and appeal to the slave-hold- ing states, urging once more upon them the policy of emancipation by state action. " I do not argue," he said ; " I beseech you to make the argument for yourselves. You cannot, if you would, be blind to the signs of the times. I beg of you a calm and enlarged consideration of them, ranging, if it may be, far above personal and partisan politics. This proposal makes common cause for a common ob- ject, casting no reproaches upon any. . . . "Will you not embrace it I So much good has not been done, by one effort, in all past time, as in the providence of God it is now your high privilege to do. May the vast future not have cause to la- ment that you have neglected it." He had several times endeavored to bring this proposition before the members of congress from the loyal slave-hold- ing states, and on 12 July he invited them to meet him at the executive mansion, and submitted to them a powerful and urgent appeal to induce their states to adopt the policy of compensated emancipation. He told them, without reproach or complaint, that he believed that if they had all voted for the resolution in the gradual emancipa- tion message of the preceding March, the war would now have been substantially ended, and that the plan therein proposed was still one of the most potent and swift means of ending it. " Let the states," he said, " which are in rebellion see definitely and certainly that in no event will the states you represent ever join their proposed con- federacy, and they cannot much longer maintain the contest." While urging this policy upon the conservatives, and while resolved in his own mind upon emancipation by decree as a last resource, he was the subject of vehement attacks from the more radical anti-slavery supporters of the gov- ernment, to which he replied with unfailing mod- eration and good temper. Although in July he had resolved upon his course, and had read to his cabinet a draft of a proclamation of emancipation which he had then laid aside for a more fitting oc- casion (on the suggestion from Mr. Seward that its issue in the disastrous condition of our military affairs would be interpreted as a sign of despera- tion), he met the reproaches of the radical Repub- licans, the entreaties of visiting delegations, and the persuasions of his eager friends with argu- ments showing both sides of the question of which they persisted in seeing only one. To Horace Greeley, on 22 Aug., Mr. Lincoln said : " My para- mount object is to save the Union, and not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it ; if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it ; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that." And 720 LINCOLN LINCOLN even so late as 13 Sept. he said to a delegation of a religious society, who were urging immediate ac- tion : " I do not want to issue a document that the whole world will see must necessarily be inopera- tive, like the pope's bull against the comet. ... 1 view this matter as a*practical war measure, to be decided on according to the advantages or disad- vantages it, may offer to the suppression of the re- bellion." Still, he assured them that he had not decided against a proclamation of liberty to the slaves, but that the matter occupied his deepest thoughts. The retreat of Lee from Maryland af- ter his defeat at r jZ^ Antietam seemed to the president to afford a proper occasion for the execution of his long-matured re- solve, and on 22 Sept. he issued his preliminary proc- lamation, giv- ing notice to the states in rebel- lion that, on 1 Jan., 1863, all persons held as slaves within any state or designat- ed part of a state, the people where- of should then be in rebellion against the Unit- ed States, should be then, thence- forward, and for- ever free. When congress came to- gether on 1 Dec. he urged them to supplement what had already been done by constitutional action, concluding his mes- sage with this impassioned appeal : " Fellow-citi- zens, we cannot escape history. We of this congress and this administration will be remembered in spite of ourselves. No personal significance or in- significance can spare one or another of us. The fiery trial through which we pass will light us down in honor or dishonor to the latest generation. We — even we here — hold the power and bear the re- sponsibility. In giving freedom to the slave, we as- sure freedom to the free — honorable alike in what we give and what we preserve. We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, the last, best hope of earth. Other means may succeed ; this could not fail. The way is plain, peaceful, generous, just — a way which, if followed, the world will forever applaud, and God must forever bless." It was hardly to be expected, however, that any action would be taken by con- gress, before the lapse of the hundred days that the president had left between his warning and its execution. On 1 Jan., 1863, the final proclamation of emancipation was issued. It recited the pre- liminary document, and then designated the states in rebellion against the United States. They were Arkansas, Texas, a part of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, excepting certain counties. The proclamation then continued : "I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated states and parts of states are, and henceforward shall be, free ; and that the execu- tive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said per- sons." The criticisms and forebodings of the op- ponents of emancipation had well-nigh been ex- hausted during the previous three months, and the definitive proclamation was received with general enthusiasm throughout the loyal states. The dis- satisfaction with which this important measure was regarded in the border states gradually died away, as did also the opposition in conservative quarters to the enlistment of negro soldiers. Their good conduct, their quick submission to discipline, and their excellent behavior in several battles, rap- idly made an end of the prejudice against them ; and when, in the winter session of congress of 1863-4, Mr. Lincoln again urged upon the atten- tion of that body the passage of a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery, his proposition met with the concurrence of a majority of con- gress, though it failed of the necessary two-third vote in the house of representatives. During the following year, however, public opinion made rapid progress, and the influence of the president with congress was largely increased after his tri- umphant re-election. In his annual message of 6 Dec, 1864, he once more pleaded, this time with irresistible force, in favor of constitutional emanci- pation in all the states. As there had been much controversy during the year in regard to the presi- dent's anti- slavery convictions, and the suggestion had been made in many quarters that, for the sake of peace, he might be induced to withdraw the proclamation, he repeated the declaration made the year before : " While I remain in my present position I shall not attempt to retract or modify the emancipation proclamation ; nor shall I return to slavery any person who is free by the terms of that proclamation or by any of the acts of con- gress. If the people should, by whatever mode or means, make it an executive duty to re-enslave such persons, another, and not I, must be their instrument to perform it." This time congress acted with alacrity, and on 31 Jan., 1865, proposed to the states the 13th amendment to the constitu- tion, providing that neither slavery nor involun- tary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. The states rapidly adopted the amendment by the action of their legislatures, and the president was especially pleased that his own state of Illinois led the van, having passed the necessary resolution within twenty-four hours. Before the year ended twenty- seven of the thirty-six states (being the necessary three fourths) had ratified the amendment, and President Johnson, on 18 Dec, 1865, officially pro- claimed its adoption. While the energies of the government and of the people were most strenuously occupied with the war and the questions immediately concerning it, the four years of Mr. Lincoln's administration had their full share of complicated and difficult questions of domestic and foreign concern. The interior and post-office departments made great progress in de- veloping the means of communication throughout the country. Mr. Chase, as secretary of the treasury, performed, with prodigious ability and remarkable success, the enormous duties "devolving upon him of providing funds to supply the army at an ex- pense amounting at certain periods to .$3,000,000 a day ; and Mr. Seward, in charge of the state de- partment, held at bay the suppressed hostility of European nations. Of all his cabinet, the presi- LINCOLN LINCOLN 721 dent sustained with Mr. Seward relations of the closest intimacy, and for that reason, perhaps, shared more directly in the labors of his depart- ment. He revised the first draft of most of Sew- ard's important despatches, and changed and amended their language with remarkable wisdom and skill. He was careful to avoid all sources of controversy or ill-feeling with foreign nations, and when they occurred he did his best to settle them in the interests of peace, without a sacrifice of national dignity. At the end of the year 1861 the friendly relations be- tween England and the United States were seri- ously threatened by the capture of the Confeder- ate envoys, Mason and Slidell, on board a Brit- ish merchant-ship. (See Wilkes, Charles.) Pub- lie sentiment approved the capture, and, as far as could be judged by every manifestation in the press and in con- gress, was in favor of retaining the prisoners and. defiantly refusing the demand of England for their return. But when the president, af- ter mature deliberation, decided that the capture was against American precedents, and direct- ed their return to Brit- ish custody, the second thought of the country was with him. His pru- dence and moderation were also conspicuously displayed in his treat- ment of the question of the invasion of Mexico by France, and the establish- ment by mili- tary power of the emperor Maximilian in that coun- try. Accept- ing as genuine the protesta- tions of the emperor of the French, that he intended no interference with the 'will of the people of Mexi- co, he took no measures unfriendly to France or the empire, except those involved in the mainte- nance of unbroken friendship with the republican government under President Juarez, a proceeding that, although severely criticised by the more ar- dent spirits in congress, ended, after the presi- dent's death, in the triumph of the National party in Mexico and the downfall of the invaders. He left no doubt, however, at any time, in regard to his own conviction that " the safety of the people of the United States and the cheerful destiny to which they aspire are intimately dependent upon the maintenance of free republican institutions throughout Mexico." He dealt in a sterner spirit with the proposition for foreign mediation that vol. ni. — 46 the emperor of the French, after seeking in vain the concurrence of other European powers, at last presented singly at the beginning of 1863. This proposition, under the orders of the president, was declined by Mr. Seward on 6 Feb., in a despatch of remarkable ability and dignity, which put an end to all discussion of overtures of inter- vention from European powers. The diplomatic relations with England were exceedingly strained at several periods during the war. The build- ing and fitting out of Confederate cruisers in English ports, and their escape, after their con- struction and its purpose had been made known by the American min- ister, more than once brought the two nations to the verge of war; but the moderation with which the claims of the United States were made by Mr. Lincoln, the en- ergy and ability dis- played by Sec. Seward and by Mr. Charles Francis Adams in pre- senting these claims, and, it must now be recog- nized, the candor and honesty with which the matter was treated by Earl Russell, the British minister for foreign af- fairs, saved the two coun- tries from that irrepara- ble disaster ; and the British government at last took such measures as were necessary to put an end to this indirect war from the shores of England upon American commerce. In the course of two years the war attained such propor- tions that vol- unteering was no longer a sufficient re- source to keep the army, con- sisting at that time of near- ly a million men, at its full fighting strength. Congress therefore authorized, and the departments executed, a scheme of enrolment and draft of the arms-bearing population of the loyal states. Violent opposition arose to this measure in many parts of the country, which was stimu- lated by the speeches of orators of the oppo- sition, and led, in many instances, to serious breaches of the public peace. A frightful riot, beginning among the foreign population of New- York, kept that city in disorder and terror for three days in July. 1863. But the riots were sup- pressed, the disturbances quieted at last, and the draft was executed throughout the country. Cle- ment L. Yallandigham, of Ohio, one of the most eloquent and influential orators of the Democratic party, was arrested in Ohio by Gen. Burnside for 722 LINCOLN LINCOLN his violent public utterances in opposition to the war, tried by a military court, and sentenced to imprisonment during the continuance of the war. The president changed his sentence to that of transportation within the lines of the rebellion. These proceedings caused a great fer- ment among his party in Ohio, who, by way of chal- lenge to the gov- ernment, nomi- nated him for gov- ernor of that state. A committee of its prominent politi- cians demanded from the president his restoration to his political rights, and a correspond- ence took place be- tween them and the president, in which the rights and powers of the government in case of rebellion were set forth by him with great lucidity and force. His letters ex- ercised an important influence in the political dis- cussions of the year, and Mr. Vallandigham was defeated in his candidacy by John Brough by a majority of 100,000 votes. The war still continued at a rate that appears rapid enough in retrospect, but seemed slow to the eager spirits watching its course. The disasters of the Army of the Potomac did not end with the removal of Gen. McClellan, which took place in November, 1862, as a consequence of his persistent delay in pursuing Lee's retreating army after the battle of Antietam. Gen. Burnside, who succeeded him, suffered a humiliating defeat in his attack upon the intrenched position of the Confederates at Fredericksburg. Gen. Hooker, who next took command, after opening his campaign by crossing the Rapidan in a march of extraordinary brilliancy, was defeated at Chancellorsville, in a battle where both sides lost severely, and then retired again north of the river. Gen. Lee, leaving the National army on his right flank, crossed the Potomac, and Hooker having, at his own request, been relieved and succeeded by Gen. Meade, the two armies met in a three days' battle at Gettysburg, Pa., where Gen. Lee sustained a decisive defeat, and was driven back into Virginia. His flight from Gettys- burg began on the evening of the 4th of July, a day that in this year doubled its lustre as a histor- ic anniversary. For on this day Vicksburg, the most important Confederate stronghold in the west, surrendered to Gen. Grant. He had spent the early months of 1863 in successive attempts to take that fortress, all of which had failed ; but on the last day of April he crossed the river at Grand Gulf, and" within a few days fought the successful battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Cham- pion Hills, and the Big Black river, and shut up the army of Pemberton in close siege in the city of Vicksburg, which he finally captured with about 30,000 men on the 4th of July. The speech that Mr. Lincoln delivered at the dedication of the National cemetery on the battle- field of Gettysburg, 19 Nov., 1863, was at once recognized as the philosophy in brief of the whole great struggle, and has already become classic. There are slightly differing versions; the one that is here given is a literal transcript of the speech as he afterward wrote it out for a fair in Baltimore : " Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated, to the proposi- tion that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicat- ed, can long endure. We are met on. a great bat- tle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate — we cannot consecrate — we can- not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicat- ed here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Gen. Grant was transferred to Chattanooga, where, in November, with the troops of Thomas, Hooker, and Sherman, he won the important vic- tory of Missionary Ridge ; and then, being ap- pointed lieutenant-general and general-in-chief of the armies of the United States, he went to Wash- ington and entered upon the memorable campaign of 1864. This campaign began with revived hopes on the part of the government, the people, and the army. The president, glad that the army had now at its head a general in whose ability and enterprise he could thoroughly confide, ceased from that moment to exercise any active influence on its movements. He wrote, on 30 April, to Gen. Grant : " The particulars of your plans I neither know nor seek to know. You are vigilant and self-reliant, and, pleased with this, I wish not to obtrude any constraints or restraints upon you. ... If there is anything wanting which is in my power to give, do not fail to let me know it. And now, with a brave army and a just cause, may God sustain you." Grant crossed the Rapidan on 4 May, intending to move by the right flank of Gen. Lee ; but the two armies came together in a gloomy forest called the Wilderness, where, from the 5th to the 7th of May, one of the most sanguinary battles known to modern warfare was fought. Neither side having gained any decisive advantage in this deadly struggle, Grant moved to the left, and Lee met him again at Spottsylvania Court- House, where for ten days a series of destructive contests took place, in which both sides were alter- nately successful. Still moving to the left, Grant again encountered the enemy at the crossing of North Anna river, and still later at Cold Har- bor, a few miles northeast of Richmond, where, assaulting Gen. Lee's army in a fortified position, he met with a bloody repulse. He then crossed the James river, intending by a rapid movement to seize Petersburg and the Confederate lines of com- munication south of Richmond, but was baffled in this purpose, and forced to enter upon a regular siege of Petersburg, which occupied the summer LINCOLN LINCOLN 723 and autumn. While these operations were in prog- ress, Gen. Philip H. Sheridan had made one of the most brilliant cavalry raids in the war, threat- ening Richmond and defeating the Confederate cavalry under Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, and killing that famous leader. While Grant lay before Rich- mond, Gen. Lee, hoping to induce him to attack his works, despatched a force under Gen. Early to threaten Washington ; but Grant sent two corps of his army northward, and Early — after a sharp skirmish under the fortifications of Washington, where Mr. Lincoln was personally present — was driven back through the Shenandoah valley, and on two occasions, in September and October, was signally defeated by Gen. Sheridan. Gen. William T. Sherman, who had been left in command of the western district formerly com- manded by Grant, moved southward at the same time that Grant crossed the Rapidan. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, one of the ablest of the Confederate generals, retired gradually before him, defending himself at every halt with the greatest skill and address ; but his movements not proving satis- factory to the Richmond government, he was re- moved, and Gen. John B. Hood appointed in his place. After a summer of hard fighting, Sherman, on 1 Sept., captured Atlanta, one of the chief manufacturing and railroad centres of the south, and later in the autumn organized and executed a magnificent march to the seaboard, which proved that the military power of the Confederacy had been concentrated at a few points on the frontier, and that the interior was little more than an empty shell. He reached the sea-coast early in December, investing Savannah on the 10th, and capturing the city on the 21st. He then marched northward with the intention of assisting Gen. Grant in the closing scenes of the war. The army under Gen. George H. Thomas, who had been left in Tennessee to hold Hood in check while this movement was going on, after severely handling the Confederates in the preliminary battle of Franklin, 30 Nov., inflicted upon Hood a crushing and final defeat in the bat- tle of Nashville, 16 Dec, routing and driving him from the state. During the summer, while Grant was engaged in the desperate and indecisive series of battles that marked his southward progress in Virginia, and Sherman had not yet set out upon his march to the sea, one of the most ardent political canvasses the country had ever seen was in progress at the north. Mr. Lincoln, on 8 June, had been unani- mously renominated for the presidency by the Re- publican convention at Baltimore. The Demo- cratic leaders had postponed their convention to a date unusually late, in the hope that some advan- tage might be reaped from the events of the sum- mer. The convention came together on 29 Aug. in Chicago. Mr. Vallandigham, who had returned from his banishment, and whom the government had sagaciously declined to rearrest, led the ex- treme peace party in the convention. Prominent politicians of New York were present in the in- terest of Gen. McClellan. Both sections of the con- vention gained their point. Gen. McClellan was nominated for the presidency, and Mr. Vallandig- ham succeeded in imposing upon his party a plat- form declaring that the war had been a failure, and demanding a cessation of hostilities. The capture of Atlanta on the day the convention ad- journed seemed to the Unionists a providential answer to the opposition. Republicans, who had been somewhat disheartened by the slow progress of military events and by the open and energetic agitation that the peace party had continued through the summer at the north, now took heart again, and the canvass proceeded with the greatest spirit to the close. Sheridan's victory over Early in the Shenandoah valley gave an added impulse to the general enthusiasm, and in the October elec- tions it was shown that the name of Mr. Lincoln was more popular, and his influence more powerful, than any one had anticipated. In the election that took place on 8 Nov., 1864, he received 2,216,000 votes, and Gen. McClellan 1.800,000. The difference in the electoral A T ote was still greater, Mr. Lincoln being supported by 212 of the presidential electors, while only 21 voted for McClellan. President Lincoln's second inaugural address, delivered on 4 March, 1865, will foi'ever remain not only one of the most remarkable of all his public utterances, but will also hold a high rank among the greatest state papers that history has preserved. As he neared the end of his career, and saw plainly outlined before him the dimensions of the vast moral and material success that the nation was about to achieve, his thoughts, always predisposed to an earnest and serious view of life, assumed a fervor and exaltation like that of the ancient seers and prophets. The speech that he delivered to the vast concourse at the eastern front of the capitol is the briefest of all the presidential addresses in our annals ; but it has not its equal in lofty elo- quence and austere morality. The usual historical view of the situation, the ordinary presentment of the intentions of the government, seemed matters too trivial to engage the concern of a mind stand- ing, as Lincoln's apparently did at this moment, face to face with the most tremendous problems of fate and moral responsibility. In the briefest words he announced what had been the cause of the war, and how the government had hoped to bring it to an earlier close. With passionless can- dor he admitted that neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration it had attained. "Each looked for iiii'iiiiiiiiimiMiiiiii iuwhhmmi—'jim^— m^i an easier triumph f : and a result less [- fundamental and | astounding " ; and, j passing into a strain » of rhapsody, which no lesser mind and s character could ev- ':', er dare to imitate, ■/',■'. j^^aJ he said: "Both f read the same Bible | ./*'^r ,; ' "' ■' and pray to the * \ same God, and each | invokes his aid I against the other. It may seem strange § that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wring- ing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces. But let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered; that of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has his own purposes. ' Woe uhto the world be- cause of offences ! for it must needs be that offences come ; but woe to that man by whom the offence cometh.' If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offences, which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both north and south this ter- rible war, as the woe due to those by whom the of- fence came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do f 724 LINCOLN LINCOLN we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by an- other drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, ' The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous al- together.' With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan — to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations." through them with the Confederate authorities,- Mr. Lincoln despatched him to Niagara Falls, and sent an open letter addressed, " To whom it may con- cern " (see illustration). It is in the possession of Mr. William H. Appleton, of New York, and now appears in f ac-simile for the first time. This docu- ment put an end to the negotiation. The Confed- erate emissaries in Canada, and their principals in Richmond, made no use of this incident except to employ the president's letter as a text for denuncia- tion of the National government. But later in the year, the hopelessness of the struggle having be- come apparent to some of the Confederate leaders, Mr. Davis was at last induced to send an embassy to Fortress Monroe, to inquire what terms of ad- justment were possible. They were met by Presi- dent Lincoln and the secretary of state in person. t&xtcixtivt {Vlansxon, c%> rYfacr^ 07 /hu^y ^oa&naton, Q^^y^ /fr . fgfy. C^n^cjz^-^^-, 'i-?in>>. /s-v^— £-e? ^£-V ' LINDSEY, William, b. in Rockbridge county, Va., 4 Sept., 1835. He received an education in the schools of his native place, and in 1854 re- moved to Hickman county. Ky.. where he taught, studied law, and was admitted to practice in lb58. At the opening of the civil war he entered the Confederate army as lieutenant, and was soon made captain in the 22d Tennessee infantry. He served as staff-officer with Gen. Buford and Gen. Lyon, and remained with the 2d Kentucky brigade until paroled as a prisoner of war early in 1865, at Columbus. Miss. At the close of hostdities he re- turned to Clinton, Ky., resumed the practice of his profession, and was elected to the state senate in 1867. In 1870 lie was chosen, to the highest judi- cial bench in the state, and in September, 1876, he became chief justice of Kentucky, leaving the bench two years afterward with a high reputation. He declined a renomination, and has since followed the profession of law at Frankfort. LINDSLEY, Philip, educator, b. inMorristown, N. J., 21 Dec, 1786 ; d. in Nashville. Tenn., 25 May, 1855. He was graduated at Princeton in 1804, and after teaching he was appointed in 1807 tutor in Latin and Greek at Princeton. Meanwhile he studied theology, and was licensed to preach in April, 1810. In 1812 he returned to Princeton, after preaching in va- rious places, as senior tutor. He was made profes- sor of languages in 1813, and at the same time be- came secretary of the board of trus- tees. In 1817 he was elected vice-president of Princeton, and, after the resigna- tion of Ashbel Green in 1822, he was for one year acting president, but in the succeeding year was chosen president of Cumberland college (now Uni- versity of Nashville), and also of Princeton, both of which he declined : but later he was again offered the presidency of Cumberland. He was finally in- duced to visit Nashville, and the result of his trip was his acceptance of the office in 1824. He con- tinued his relations with that college until 1850, when he accepted the professorship of archa?ology and church polity in the Presbyterian theological seminary in New Albany. Ind.. which he held until 1853. Meanwhile he declined the presidency of numerous colleges. He was chosen moderator in 1834 of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church, held in Philadelphia, and in 1855 commis- sioner of the presbytery to the general assembly in Nashville. In 1825 he received the degree of D. D. from Dickinson college. His publications, consist- ing chiefly of baccalaureate addresses and occasion-* al sermons, were collected by Leroy J. Halsey. and published as " Dr. Lindsley's Complete Works and a Biography" (3 vols.. Philadelphia. 1868). See also " A Sketch of the Life and Educational La- bors of Philip Lindslev." by Leroy J. Halsey (Hart- ford, 1859). — His son, Nathaniel Lawrence, edu- cator, b. in Princeton. N. J.. 11 Sept.. 1816; d. near Lebanon, Tenn., 10 Oct., 1868, was graduated at the 732 LINEN LINN University of Nashville in 1836, and devoted him- self to the study of languages, reaching a high rank as a philologist. For many years he was professor of languages in Cumberland university, and sub- sequently founded Greenwood seminary. He was associated with Dr. Joseph E. Worcester in the preparation of the dictionary that bears his name, and had projected a great work to be entitled " An Encyclo-Lexicon of the English Language." In 1859 he received the degree of LL. D. from Cumber- land university. — Another son, John Berrien, physician, b. in Princeton, N. J., 24 Oct., 1822, was graduated at the University of Nashville in 1839, and in 1843 at the medical department of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. He was appointed pro- fessor of chemistry in the University of Nashville in 1850, and held that chair until 1873, meanwhile founding the medical departments of that univer- sity and becoming its dean. He was its chancellor from 1855 until 1870, preserving the university unharmed during the civil war ; and also was pro- fessor of chemistry in the medical department of the University of Tennessee in 1880-'2. He was a mem- ber of the Nashville board of education in 1856 -'60, held the office of superintendent of city schools in 1866, and was secretary of the state board of education in 1875-87. He was health officer of the city of Nashville in 1876-80, secre- tary of the state board of health in 1877-'9, and in 1884 was chosen again for a term of eight years. Dr. Lindsley has also been treasurer of the Ameri- can public health association since 1879, and has been actively connected with other scientific so- cieties. In 1858 he. received the degree of D. D. from Princeton. He has contributed articles on Cumberland Presbyterian history to the " Quarter- ly " of that church (1875-'80), also papers on prison reform and African colonization, which have been reprinted and widely circulated. The second and third " Reports of the Nashville Board of Health " (1877-9) and the second " Report of the State Board of Health " (1880) were edited by him, also " The Military Annals of Tennessee, Confederate " (first series, Nashville, 1886). LINEN, Jaines, poet, b. in Scotland in 1808 ; d. in New York city, 20 Nov., 1873. He emigrated to the United States, and for many years carried on a large book-binding establishment in New York city. Later he spent some years in California, where he was an active member of the Scottish benevolent societies. His last years were passed in New York city. He contributed poems, mostly in the Scotch dialect, to the " Knickerbocker Magazine," and the " Scottish American Journal " and other news- papers, and published a collection under the title of " Songs of the Seasons, and other Poems " (New York, 1852). A large collection of his " Poetical and Prose Writings " (San Francisco, 1865) was fol- lowed by a smaller one (New York, 1866). He published also " The Golden Gate " (1869). LINGrAN, James Maccnbin, soldier, b. in Maryland about 1752 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 28 July, 1812. He was employed in a store in George- town, D. C, when at the beginning of the Revolu- tion he obtained a commission in the army. He fought at Long Island, York Island, and Fort Washington, where he was taken prisoner and con- fined in a prison-ship. After the war he became collector of the port of Georgetown, and, as he is given the title of "general," probably obtained this rank in the militia. He was killed in Balti- more jail, where he had taken refuge, by the mob that destroyed the office of the " Federalist," hav- ing been one of those who rallied to the support of the editor. (See Hanson, Alexander C.) LINING, John, physician, b. in Scotland in 1708 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, in 1760. He studied medicine, emigrated to this country about 1730, and settled in Charleston, S. C, where he became known as a skilful practitioner. He conducted experiments in physics, and published in the "Transactions" of the Royal society a series of observations on statical phenomena that he made between 1738 and 1742. He was a correspondent of Benjamin Franklin, and the first to introduce an electrical apparatus into Charleston. Dr. Lining was the author of a " History of Yellow Fever " (Charleston, 1753), which was the earliest Ameri- can treatise on the subject. LINK, Harvey, surgeon, b. in Washington county, Tenn., 4 Feb., 1824. He was educated at Greenville and Tusculum college, Tenn., gradu- ated at the Kentucky school of medicine in 1852, and practised in Greenville and New Albany, Ind., and after 1856 in Millard, Neb. He has held local offices, and sat in the Nebraska legislature. He has successfully treated traumatic tetanus from a wound in the foot by introducing morphine at the spot in the well foot corresponding to the place of the injury, in addition to the ordinary treatment, proceeding from the belief that sound tissues will better absorb the sedative and transmit the effect to the nerve-centres than diseased ones. LINN, Jaines, congressman, b. in New Jersey, in 1750 ; d. in Trenton, N. J., 29 Dec, 1820. He was graduated at Princeton in 1769, studied law, and practised in Trenton. He was elected to con- gress as a Democrat, serving from 2 Dec, 1799, till 3 March, 1801, after which he was appointed by President Jefferson supervisor of the revenue. From 1805 till the time of his death he was secre- tary of state of New Jersey. LINN, Lewis Fields, senator, b. near Louis- ville, Ky., 5 Nov., 1795 ; d. in Sainte Genevieve, Mo., 3 Oct., 1843. He was left to the care of his half-brother, Henry Dodge, at the age of eleven, studied medicine in Louisville, and settled in prac- tice at Sainte Gene- vieve about 1815. His reputation soon extended over the southern counties of .the state. In 1827 he was elected to the state senate, and in 1832 appointed a commissioner to de- cide on the validity of old land-titles in Missouri, and re- moved in the follow- ing year to St. Louis in order to attend the meetings of the board, which he in- duced to confirm French and Spanish grants. He was appointed U. S. senator to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Alexander Buck- ner, and took his seat on 16 Dec, 1833. The legis- lature ratified the appointment, and at the two next succeeding elections retained him in the sen- ate, where he was a conspicuous and popular mem- ber. He was zealous in promoting the interests of the Mississippi valley, and of his state, for which he secured Platte county. He urged on congress the duty of refunding the fine imposed on Gen. Andrew Jackson by Judge Hall in 1815, and was a strong advocate of the acquisition and coloniza- tion of Oregon, and the author of the Oregon bill. LINN" LINTNER 733 LINN, William, clergyman, b. in Shippensburg, Pa., 27 Feb., 1752 ; d. in Albany, N. Y., 8 Jan., 1808. His grandfather, William, and his father of the same name, came from the north of Ireland to Chester county, Pa., in 1732. The grandson was graduated at Princeton in 1772, ordained by Done- gal presbytery in 1775, and in 1776 served as a chaplain in the Continental army. After holding a pastorate at Big Spring (now Newville), Pa., in 1777-84, he was president of Washington college, Md., till 1785, and had charge of the collegiate Dutch church, New York city, from 1786 till 1805, when feeble health compelled him to retire. He also acted as president of Rutgers college in 1791-'4, was a regent of the University of the state of New York from 1787 till his death, and in 1789 was first chaplain of .the U. S. house of representa- tives. He was chosen president of Union college shortly before his death, but was not inaugurated. Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1789. Dr. Linn was a pulpit orator of much power. He published " Sermons, Historical and Characteristi- cal" (New York, 1791); "Signs of the Times" (1794); a "Funeral Eulogy on Gen. Washington," delivered 22 Feb., 1800, before the New York soci- ety of the Cincinnati, and various separate ser- mons. — His son, John Blair, clergyman, b. in Shippensburg, Pa., 14 March, 1777 ; d. in Philadel- phia, 80 Aug., 1804, was graduated at Columbia in 1795, and read law with Alexander Hamilton. While a law-student he wrote a drama called " Bourville Castle," which was produced at the John street theatre in 1797, but was unsuccessful. He afterward studied theology, was licensed as a Presbyterian clei^gyman in 1798, and on 13 June, 1799, installed as joint pastor of the 1st Presby- terian church, Philadelphia, where he remained till his death. He received the degree of D. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1803, and from Columbia in 1804. Several years before his death an exposure to the sun resulted in an affection of the brain, which often made it difficult for him to speak in the pulpit. Dr. Linn was a man of much promise. He published a poem on " The Death of Washington " (1800) ; " The Power of Genius," a poem in the style of Ossian (1801) ; two replies to Unitarian tracts by Dr. Joseph Priestley (1803) ; and " Valerian," a narrative poem, which was issued after his death, with a sketch of his life by his brother-in-law, Charles Brockden Brown (1805). He also published anonymously two volumes of miscellanies soon after he left college. — Another son, William, lawyer, b. in New York city, 31 Aug., 1790; d. in Ithaca, N. Y., 14 Jan., 1867, studied law, and practised his profession at Ithaca, N. Y. He was the author of a " Life of Thomas Jeffer- son " (Ithaca, 1834), and the " Roorbach Papers," purporting to be extracts from the travels of a " Baron Roorbach " (1844). From these the name of " Roorbach " came to be applied to any po- litical canard. Mr. Linn was also the author of a " Legal and Commercial Commonplace Book " (1850). — Another son, Archibald Laidlie, lawyer, b. in New York city, 15 Oct., 1802 ; d. in Schenec- tady, N. Y.. 10 Oct., 1857, was graduated at Union college in 1820, admitted to the bar, and began to practise in Schenectady. He was twice mayor of that town, served in congress in 1841-'3, having been elected as a Whig, and in 1844 was a member of the New York legislature. He also served as a county judge. — John Blair, grandson of William's brother, John, lawyer, b. in Lewisburg, Pa., 15 Oct., 1831, was graduated at Marshall college, Pa., in 1848, and admitted to the bar of Union county, Pa., in 1851. He became 1st lieutenant in the 51st Penn- sylvania regiment in 1862, served in the civil war, and was deputy secretary of the state in 1873-'8, and secretary in 1878-9. His published works are " Annals of Buffalo Valley" (1877) ; " Pennsylvania Archives," 2d series, with William H. Egle, M. D. (12 vols., 1874-'80) ; and " History of Center and Clinton Counties " (1883). LINSLEY, James Harvey, naturalist, b. in Northford, Conn., 5 May, 1787; d. in Stratford, Conn., 26 Dec, 1843. He was graduated at Yale in 1817, and ordained to the Baptist ministry, but delicate health prevented his preaching. He then devoted himself to the study of natural history, and collected a valuable cabinet of specimens, dis- covering more species of birds in Connecticut alone than had previously been catalogued as existing in the United States, more mammalia than had been found elsewhere in New England, and double the number of shells that were supposed to exist there. He prepared a series of papers on the zoology of Connecticut for the Yale natural history society that were published under the title of " Catalogue of the Mammalia of Connecticut " in the " Ameri- can Journal of Science and Arts," and also contrib- uted to that magazine " Catalogues of the Birds, Fishes, and Reptiles of Connecticut, with Notes " (1842-3). See " Memoir of James H. Linsley," by his daughter (Hartford, 1845). LINSLEY, Joel Hervey, clergyman, b. in Corn- wall, Vt., 16 July, 1790 ; d. in Greenwich, Conn., 22 March, 1868. He was graduated at Middlebury in 1811, was tutor there in 1812-'13, admitted to the bar in 1815, and, after practising with success for seven years, studied theology at Andover seminary, was licensed to preach, and became a domestic missionary in South Carolina. He was pastor of the 1st Presbyterian church of Hartford in 1824-'31, afterward of the Park street Presbyterian church in Boston, and in 1835-45 was president of Mari- etta college, raising a large endowment for that institution. He was subsequently agent of the Society for the aid of western colleges, and from 1847 till his death was pastor of the 2d Congrega- tional church, Greenwich, Conn. LINSLY, Jared, physician, b. in Northford, Conn., 30 Oct., 1803 ; d. there, 12 July, 1887. He was graduated at Yale in 1826, and subsequently at the College of physicians and surgeons of New York city in 1829. Since that time until his last illness he was actively engaged in the practice of his profession. He was a trustee of the College of physicians and surgeons, and of the Ophthalmic and aural institute ; and consulting physician to the Asylum for lying-in women, and to the New York dispensary and the Presbyterian hospital. He was a member of the New York society for the relief of the widows and orphans of medical men, and one of its managers and benefactors. He was also a member of medical societies, and took an active interest in Yale, founding the Noah and Jared Linsly fund for supplying books to the col- lege library, in memory of his uncle Noah, a grad- uate of Yale in 1791, who made one of the earliest similar endowments to that institution, and found- ed the first free school in a slave state. LINTNER, Joseph Albert, entomologist, b. in Schoharie, N. Y., 8 Feb., 1822. He studied in the Jefferson and Schoharie academies until 1837, and then engaged in business pursuits in New Y 7 ork city for several years, during which time his studies were actively continued through facilities that were afforded him by his official connection with the mercantile library association. In 1848 he returned to Schoharie, and there followed a mercantile life. About 1853 he became interested in the study and 734 LINTON" LIPPINCOTT collection of insects, to which his leisure thence- forward was devoted. He removed to Utica in 1860, and then engaged in the manufacture of woollen goods until 1867, when he became the zoo- logical assistant in the New York state museum of natural history in Albany. This office he held for the ensuing twelve years, during which time his attention was largely devoted to entomological re- search, and several papers in this department of science were prepared by him, and published in the annual reports of the museum and elsewhere. In 1881 he became state entomologist, and in 1883 was placed on the scientific staff of the museum. He received the honorary degree of Ph. D. from the regents of the University of the state of New York in 1884, and, in addition to membership in about twenty scientific associations in the United States and Europe, has held the presidency of the depart- ment of natural science in the Albany institute since 1879. His scientific papers down to July, 1887, number 413. Officially he has published " Re- port on the Injurious and other Insects of the State of New York" (2 vols., 1883-5) ; also "Re- port of the State Entomologist " (1883 et seq.). LINTON, William James, engraver, b. in Lon- don, England, in 1812. He studied under George W. Bonner, an English engraver, quickly estab- lished a reputation as a draughtsman on wood, and, though painting occasionally in water-colors, is best known as an engraver. He became a part- ner of Orrin Smith in 1842, and was engaged on the "London Illustrated News," in 1848 he was deputed to carry to the French provisional govern- ment the first congratulatory address from Eng- lish workmen. In 1851, with others, he found- ed the " London Leader," and he was a manager of "Pen and Pencil" in 1855. He removed to the United States in 1867, settling first in New York and subsequently in New Haven, where he opened a large engraving establishment. He is a member of the American society of painters in water-colors, and an associate of the National academy of design. His work includes his illus- trations in the "History of Wood Engraving" for the " Illustrated London News " (1846-7) ; in " Works of Deceased British Painters " for the "London Art Union" (1860); in Dr. Josiah G. Holland's " Katrina " (New York, 1869) ; in Will- iam Cullen Bryant's " Flood of Years " (1878), and " Thanatopsis " (1878). His literary works in- clude " Claribel and other Poems " (London, 1865) ; " The Flower and the Star " (Boston, 1878), which he also illustrated and engraved ; " Some Practical Hints on Wood Engraving " (1879) ; " A Manual of Wood Engraving " (1887) ; edited " Rare Poems of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries " (1882) ; and, with Richard H. Stoddard, " English Verse " (5 vols., New York, 1883). — His wife, Eliza Lynn, author, b. in Keswick, England, in 1822, is the daughter of a clergyman. Since the appearance of her first novel, " Azeth, the Egyptian " (Lon- don, 1846), she has been connected with the press. She married Mr. Linton in 1858. She has recent- ly acknowledged the authorship of a series of pa- pers entitled " The Girl of the Period " that ap- peared anonymously in the " Saturday Review," and were collected in book-form (London, 1883), and of most of the papers on the woman ques- tion that have been published in that journal. Her other works include " Witch Stories " (1861) ; " The Lake Country," illustrated by her husband (1864) ; " The True History of Joshua Davidson " (1872); "Patricia Kemball" (1874); "The World Well Lost" (1877): "My Love" (1881); and the " Autobiography of Christopher Kirkland " (1885). LIPPARD, George, author, b. near Yellow Springs, Pa., 10 April, 1822; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 9 Feb., 1854. He began to study law at fifteen years of age, but was never admitted to the bar. His sensational novels evince vigor and im- agination, but have few .other recommendations. He founded the Brotherhood of the Union, a se- cret charitable and benevolent institution, and wrote for it a ritual. Previous to the civil war this order was one of the strongest in the country. Lippard is described as a brilliant but erratic genius. He was passionately fond of country life, and, living with an aunt near Germantown, roamed along the banks of the romantic Wissahickon and wrote - much about it. With a strange fancy, he was married at sunrise on the banks of this stream. He was regarded as- an eloquent speak- er. His romances include " The Ladve Anna- bel" (Philadelphia, 1842); "The Belle "of Prarie Eden" (1844); "Legends of Mexico" (1847); " Legends of the Revolution " (1847) ; " Blanche of Brandywine " ; " The Nazarene " ; " New York — its Upper Ten, and Lower Million " ; " The Quaker City " ; " Paul Ardenheim, or the Monk of Wissa- hickon " ; " Herbert Tracy " ; " Adonai " ; and " Me- moirs of a Preacher." See his life, with selected writings (Philadelphia, 1855). In addition to the novels he published " Washington and his Gener- als " and edited the " White Banner Quarterly." LIPPINCOTT, James Starr, agriculturist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 12 April, 1819 ; d. in Haddon- field, N. J., 17 March, 1885. He was educated at Haverford college, and resided for many years in Haddenfield, N. J., where he paid much attention to scientific agriculture and meteorology. He patented a " vapor index," for measuring the amount of moisture in the atmosphere, which has been used in the Smithsonian institution and else- where. He was the author of six treatises, pub- lished in the " Reports of the Agricultural Depart- ment " (Washington, 1862-7), and numerous papers on horticulture in the " Gardener's Monthly " ; compiled a " Catalogue of the Books belonging to the Library of the Foiir Monthly Meetings of Friends of* Philadelphia" (Philadelphia, 1853); and edited the American revision of " Chambers's Encyclopaedia " (1870-1). For many years before his death he had been engaged on a history of " The Lippincotts of England and America," which is now (1887) in press. LIPPINCOTT, Joshua Ballinger, publisher, b. in Juliustown, N. J., in 1816 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 Jan., 1886. He was of Quaker parentage, and after receiving a common -school edu- cation went to Phila- delphia, where he was employed in a book- store, and two years later, when eighteen years old, was put in charge of the business. In 1836 he founded the publishing-house of J. B. Lippincott and Co., and in 1850, by the purchase of the entire stock of the house of Grigg and Elliott, he placed his firm at the head of the book - trade in Philadelphia. He es- tablished " Lippincott's Magazine" in 1868, the " Medical Times " a few years later, and in 1875 a LIPPINCOTT LISBOA 735 London agency to facilitate the importation of Eu- ropean literature into the United States. For many years he was a director of the Reading rail- road, the Philadelphia savings-bank, the Union league club, and the Academy of fine arts, and a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania. LIPPINCOTT, Sara Jane (Clarke), author, b. in Pompey, Onondaga co., N. Y, 23 Sept., 1823. Much of her childhood was passed in Rochester, N. Y., but in 1842 she removed with her father to New Brighton, Pa., and in 1853 married Leander K. Lippincott, of Philadelphia. She published occasional verses at an early age under her own name, and in 1844 her first prose publications appeared in the "New York Mirror" under the pen- name of " Grace Greenwood," which she has since retained. For several years she edited the " Little Pilgrim," a juvenile monthly magazine in Phila- delphia. She is also the author of several addresses and lectures, and has been largely connected with periodical literature as editor and contributor. " Ariadne " is her best known poem. Her other works include " Greenwood Leaves " (Boston, 1850) ; " History of My Pets " (1850) : " Poems " (1851) ; " Recollections of My Childhood " (1851) ; " Haps and Mishaps of a Tour in Europe " (1854) ; " Mer- rie England " (1855) ; " Forest Tragedy and Other Tales " (1856) ; " Stories and Legends of Travel " (1858) ; " History for Children " (1858) : " Stories from Famous Ballads " (1860) ; " Stories of Many Lands " (1867) ; " Stories and Sights in France and Italy" (1868); "Records of Five Years" (1868); and " New Life in New Lands " (1873). LIPPINCOTT, William Henry, artist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 6 Dec, 1849. He was educated at the Friends' school, Philadelphia, and was for six years a scene-painter in Philadelphia theatres. He then went to Paris and studied under Bonnat from 1874 till 1884, devoting himself to portraits and studies of child-life. He is an associate of the National academy of design, and a member of the Water - color society and of the Salmagundi club. He exhibited " Lolette " and two portraits at the Paris salon of 1878, and " The Duck's Breast " at the Centennial exhibition in Philadel- phia in 1876. His other works include " The Little Prince," various portraits, " Infantry in Arms " (1887), and numerous etchings. LIPPITT, Christopher, soldier, b. in Crans- ton, R. I., in 1744 ; d. there, 18 June, 1824. He occupied early in life many civil and military offices, was an ardent patriot, and in September, 1776, was commissioned colonel in the Continental army. He participated in the battles of White Plains, Trenton, and Princeton, was made briga- dier-general of the Rhode Island militia, and served in the battle of Rhode Island. He subse- quently sat in the Rhode Island legislature. LIPSCOMB, Aimer Smith, jurist, b. near Abbeville, S. C, 10 Feb., 1789; d. near Austin, Tex., 3 Dec, 1857. His father, Joel, emigrated from Virginia and Was an officer of the Revolu- tion. The son studied law with John C. Calhoun, who shaped the political opinions that he had throughout his life. He was admitted to the bar in 1811, the same year settled in St. Stephens, Ala., and served as captain of a volunteer expedition against the Indians in the war of 1812. For several years he was a member of the legislature, became judge of the supreme court in 1819, and in 1823-'35 was chief justice of Alabama. He re- moved to Texas in 1839, was secretary of state under President Lamar, and a member of the State constitutional convention in 1845, offering the reso- lutions of acceptance of the terms of annexation that were proposed by the United States. He was appointed an associate justice of the supreme court in 1846, and held office till his death. His opinions are published in Minor's, Stewart's, and Stewart and Porter's reports, and in the first seventeen volumes of Texas law reports. LIPSCOMB, Andrew Adgate, educator, b. in Georgetown, D. C, 6 Sept., 1816. He was edu- cated in Georgetown military academy and in a classical seminary. At nineteen years of age -he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church, was pastor successively in Baltimore, Md., Alexandria, Va., and Washington, D. C, and re- moved in 1842 to Montgomery, Ala. A few years afterward he was elected president of the Alabama conference, but, failure of health necessitating his retirement from the active ministry, he engaged in teaching, and established the Metropolitan insti- tution for the education of young women, Mont- gomery, Ala. He was subsequently president of the female college at Tuskegee, Ala., and in 1860-74 was chancellor of the University of Georgia. He then became professor of philosophy and criticism in Vanderbilt university, and is now (1887) professor emeritus. The University of Ala- bama has given him the degree of D. D., and Emory college, Oxford, Ga., that of LL. D. For many years he has contributed to the literary and religious reviews, and published, besides numerous tracts and pamphlets, "Studies in the Forty Days " (Nashville, 1885) ; and " Supplementary Studies " to the above (1886). LIRA, Maximo Rafael (lee'-rah), Chilian pub- licist, b. in Santiago in 1845. Early in life he began to contribute to political and literary periodicals, and in 1871 he became editor of the "Independiente" of Santiago. In 1873 he was elected deputy to congress, where he has since served. He was elected secretary of the council of state in 1874, and next year appointed secretary of the Chilian legation in Buenos Ayres. During the Bolivia-Peruvian war in 1879-'81 he served as secretary of the Chilian commander-in-chief, Gen. Baquedano. He was appointed assistant secretary of the interior in 1883, but resigned in 1885 to be- come editor-in-chief of the daily paper " Los De- bates," the organ of the Liberal party, which post he still (1887) holds. He is considered the first parliamentary orator, and one of the principal journalists of his country. He has published " Los Jesuitas y sus detractores " (Santiago, 1870) ; " La Comuna y sus ensenanzas " (1871) ; and " Magdalena," a novel (1872). LISBOA, Joao Francisco (lis-bo'-ah), Brazilian journalist, b. in Maranhao, 12 May, 1812 ; d. in Lisbon, Portugal, 26 April, 1863. His parents were country people, and young Joao spent his boyhood on their farm, reaching the age of seven- teen before he was able, to read and write. In 1829 he had made enough money to enter the col- lege in the capital of his province, and in two years he began to contribute to the local newspapers. He published the paper " O Brasiieiro " in 1832 and the " Pharol " and the " Echo do Norte " in 1833, all of which were in existence till 1836. In 1838-41 he published the " Chronica." From 1835 until 1848 he was chief clerk to the secretary of the government of the province of Rio Janeiro. He took an active interest in politics, and in 1840 was an unsuccessful candidate for congress. In 1848 he retired to private life, giving his time to study, and in 1855 Pedro II. sent Lisboa to Portu- gal to obtain data for completing the history of Brazil. After collecting all the necessary informa- tion he began the work, but died without finishing 736 LISBOA LISBOA SERRA it. He also published " Jornal de Timon " (1851) ; " Historia do Maranhao " (Maranhao, 1850) ; and a life of Father Vicera (Lisbon, I860). LISBOA, Jos6 Antonio, Brazilian statesman, b. in Rio Janeiro, 23 Feb., 1777 ; d. there, 29 June, 1850. He received his early education in his native city, and was graduated in mathematics at Lisbon in 1801. He afterward went to France and England, and in 1804 returned to Portugal, where he was ac- cused before the Inquisition of importing irrelig- ious books, and fled to Brazil. In 1810 the king of Portugal created several new institutions in con- nection with the government of Brazil, and one of these, the Junta do commercio, was placed under the direction of Lisboa. He was appointed super- visor of the newly founded Bank of Brazil in 1821, and in 1825 commissioned to treat with Portugal and England regarding the liquidation of the Bra- zilian debt. He dismissed many of the English claims, and in 1830 the British* envoy asked the government of Brazil to retire him ; but this re- quest was refused in a note dated 4 Sept., 1830, and on 3 Nov. Lisboa was called to occupy the ministry of finance. In 1832 he was appointed a member of the commission for forming a commer- cial code, which was finished in a few months. From 1833 till 1835 he steadily worked to relieve the condition of the treasury, contributed to estab- lish the mint, and organized a new bank. During the reign of Pedro II. Lisboa's services to the na- tion were rewarded with several decorations. He was a councillor of state and member of the Insti- tute historico-geographico Brasileiro. He pub- lished a biography of his friend Silvestre Pinheiro Ferreira (Rio de Janeiro, 1842). LISBOA, Jose da Silva, Brazilian scholar, b. in Bahia, 16 July, 1756 ; d. in Rio Janeiro, 20 Aug., 1835. He went to Portugal in 1772, and was gradu- ated in philosophy at Coimbra in 1779. He was made assistant teacher of Latin, Greek, and He- brew in Coimbra before his graduation, and on his return to his native country was appointed pro- fessor of languages and natural philosophy in the College of Bahia. After twenty years of teaching he was pensioned, on his return to Portugal in 1797, by the prince regent, and later appointed to a government office at Bahia, where he employed his leisure time in writing works on political econo- my. The regent, John VI., after the arrival of the royal family in Brazil, called Lisboa to Rio Janei- ro, and there appointed him professor of political economy. To his efforts was due the royal decree of 21 Jan., 1808, opening the ports of Brazil to all nations, which was strongly opposed by the mer- chants of Portugal. In defence of this measure Lisboa published his most notable work " Obser- vaeoes sobre o commercio franco " (Rio Janeiro, 1808). When the " Tribunal da junta do commer- cio, agricultura, fabricas e navegacao do Brazil " was created, Lisboa was appointed a member, or- ganized the first tribunal of commerce, and formed the commercial code of laws. In 1821 he was ap- pointed inspector of the literary establishments of Brazil, and in that year began to take part in poli- tics, publishing the journal " O Conciliador do Reino Lnido," which favored the continued union of Brazil and Portugal; but when Prince Pedro declared the separation of Brazil from the mother • country, Lisboa adhered to the cause of independ- ence, and published his work " Reclamacoes do Brasil" (Rio. de Janeiro, 1822). He was elected from his province to the constituent assembly of Brazil, in 1826 appointed senator, and in 1831 Vis- count de Cayru. EYom that year till his death he was contributor to the official paper, " Diario do Rio de Janeiro." Besides the works mentioned above he published " Principios de Dereito Mer- cantile " (Lisbon, 1801) ; " Principios de Economia Politica," in part a translation of the work of Adam Smith (1804); and twenty-three others, nearly all relating to political economy and the polities and history of Brazil.- — His brother, Bal- thazar, b. in Bahia, 6 Jan., 1761 ; d. in Rio Ja- neiro, 14 Aug., 1840, studied in Coimbra after 1775, and was admitted to the bar in 1784. He was appointed judge of the city of Rio de Janei- ro and a member of the tribunal of forestry in 1797, and in his leisure hours composed several of his works. He was also appointed in 1812 to study and report on the mines of Bendego and Cotegipe. He resigned from the tribunal of forestry in 1817, went to Lisbon in 1818 for his health, and on his return retired to his estate on the river Das Contas. In 1823 he was accused by calumniators of being an enemy of independence and was imprisoned ; but he proved his innocence, and was appointed by Pedro I. to the council of state, employing his leisure in writing. In 1838 he was one of the founders of the " Institute Historico e Geographi- co Brasileiro." He published " Phisica dos Bosques dos Ilheos " and " Descripcao do comarca de Ilhe- os " (Lisbon, 1803) ; " Annales da provincia da Ba- hia " (Bahia, 1820) ; " Bosquejo Historico da Lit- teratura portugueza " (Rio Janeiro, 1838) ; and con- tributions to scientific, literary, and political jour- nals. — Jose's son, Bento da Silva, b. in Bahia, 4 Feb., 1793 ; d. in Rio Janeiro, 26 Dec., 1864, was liberally educated, and in 1816 entered politics. In 1821-3 he took an active part in the movement for independence. During the government of Pe- dro I. he held several offices in the administration and represented his province in the assembly. At the dissolution of that body he continued to be a friend of the government. During the regency of Father Feijo and the government of Pedro II. he was twice secretary of state and special envoy to Portugal, England, and Germany, and was also commissioned to Italy in 1843 to settle the mar- riage of Pedro II. In his leisure hours he com- posed several works, and also wrote biographies of his father and his uncle Balthazar (1841). He took an active part in the foundation of the " Instituto Geographico Brasileiro," wrote several years for its journal, and was a member of several scientific and literary societies in Europe and America. He died poor, and the government made an appropria- tion for the support of his family. LISBOA SERRA, Joao Duarte, Brazilian poet, b. in Nossa Senhora das Dores de Itapecurumirim. 31 May, 1818 ; d. in Rio Janeiro, 16 April, 1855. He received his early education in Maranhao, and was graduated in arts and sciences at Coimbra, Portu- gal. From early life he cultivated poetry and published several compositions that were highly praised, including " Subindo pelo Vouga " and " No Cemiterio dos Christaos." In 1839 he returned to Brazil and there contributed to several newspa- pers. In 1842, falling heir to a large fortune, he abandoned journalism and poetry, and in 1847 was elected to congress by the province of Maranhao. In 1848 he was appointed by the government presi- dent of the province of Bahia, where he founded the provincial bank. In 1850 he became treasurer of the nation, councillor of state, and president of the Bank of Brazil. In the elections of 1853 he was chosen a representative in his native province, and took his seat in the assembly, but declined the post of a cabinet minister. Feeble health finally compelled Lisboa to retire to private life, and, his taste for poetry returning, he composed several LISPEXARD LITTLE 737 pieces that are highly esteemed. The best known are " Maranhense " and " Doraine. exaudi ora- tionem rneam," which has been translated into sev- eral foreign languages. LISPEXARD, Leonard, merchant, b. in New York city in 1716 ; d. there, 15 Feb., 1790. He was the grandson of Anthony Lispenard. a Huguenot refugee, who came to Xew York about the middle of the 17th century and became a merchant there. In 1741 he married Alice, daughter of Anthony Rutgers, who inherited one third of the extensive grant that was made by George II. to her father, and subsequently Mr. Lispenard acquired by pur- chase the remainder of the land, which has since been known as the Lispenard meadows. His coun- try mansion was on Lispenard hill, an elevation overlooking what later was called St. John's park. Mr. Lispenard was assistant alderman from the north ward in 1750-5, and alderman in 1756-'62. and member of the provincial assembly in 1765-'7. He was an active member of the Stamp-act con- gress in Xew York in 1765, of the committee of one hundred that was elected to control all gen- eral affairs in May. 1775. and of the first provin- cial congress in May. 1775. He was also treasurer of King's (now Columbia) college, one of the origi- nal members of the Society of the Xew York hos- pital, and one of its governors in 1770-'7. — His two sons, Leonard and Anthony, were well-known men at that time. The three streets, Leonard, An- thony (now Worth), and Thomas, were named after the sons of Anthony, and Bache street (now spelled Beach) after his son-in-law, Paul Bache, while Lis- penard street was named in honor of the family. and Barclay street after Rev. Thomas Barclay who married his wife's sister. LIST, Friedrich, political economist, b. in Reut- lingen, Germany, 6 Aug., 1789 ; d. in Kufstien, 30 Xov., 1846. He had become favorably known as a political economist, and in 1821 was elected to the Wurternberg chamber of deputies, but, having at- tacked the government in a petition, was prevented from taking his seat and sentenced to ten months' imprisonment. After fruitless attempts to obtain pardon and several years of exile, he was impris- oned in the fortress at Asperg. On his release he emigrated to the United States and settled in Pennsylvania, where he became an extensive land- holder, and was active in the establishment of railroads. He was appointed TJ. S. consul at Ham- burg in 1830, and, after residing for some time in Paris, returned to Pennsylvania. He finally set- tled in Leipsic in 1833, where for some time he was U. S. consul. He engaged in journalism in Paris in 1837-'43. and at the latter date estab- lished in Augsburg the " Zollvereinsblatt," a news- paper in which he advocated the enlargement of the custom's union, and the organization of a na- tional commercial system. In 1846 he visited Eng- land with a view to forming a commercial alliance between that country and Germany, but was un- successful, and, losing both health and property. he shot himself. He is the author of a " Xew Sys- tem of Political Economy" (Philadelphia, 1827). His literary remains were published with a biogra- phv by Ludwig Hausser (Stuttgart, 1850-1). LITTELL, Eliakim, editor, b. in Burlington, X". J., 2 Jan., 1797; d. in Brookline. Mass.. 17 May, 1870. His grandfather, Eliakim. was a captain in the Revolution, and did good service in the defence of Springfield. X. J., 4 June, 1780. The grandson removed to Philadelphia in 1819. and established a weekly literary paper entitled the " Xational Recorder," whose name he changed in 1821 to the "Saturday Magazine." In July. 1822, he again changed it to a monthly called the "Museum of Foreign Literature and Science," which was edited during the first year by Robert Walsh, and subse- quently by himself and his brother Squier. After conducting this with great success for nearly twenty- two years, he removed to Boston. Mass., where in April,1844.he began "LitteH's Living Age," a weekly literary periodical which is still (1887) continued. In 1855 he began the publication in Boston of the •• Panorama of Life and Literature," a monthly. Mr. Littell was the author of the " Compromise Tariff," which was advocated by Henry Clay and carried, through congress during the administra- tion of President Jackson. — His brother. Squier. physician, b. in Burlington. X. J., 9 Dec, 1803 : d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 July, 1886. was graduated at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1824, the next year practised in Buenos Ayres, South America, and, returning to Philadelphia in 1826, was a physician there until his death. For several years he edited in Phila- delphia the " Banner of the Cross." and with his brother Eliakim the " Museum of Foreign Litera- ture and Science." He was surgeon to the Wills ophthalmic hospital in 1834-'64. becoming surgeon emeritus on his resignation, consulting physician to the Philadelphia dispensary, and a member of various foreign and domestic medical societies. Besides various professional papers, he published " Manual of Diseases of the Eye " (Philadelphia. 1837 ; new ed., with notes, bv Hugh Houston, Lon- don, 1838); "Illustrations "of the Prayer-Book" (1840) ; and he edited the first American edition of Haynes Walton's "Treatise on Operative Ophthal- mic Surgery" (1853). — His brother, John Stock- ton, author, b. in Burlington, X. J., in 1806 : d. in Philadelphia. Pa.. 11 July, 1875, edited with bio- graphical and historical notes, Alexander Gray- don's "Memoirs of my own Tunes" (Philadelphia, 1846) ; and published a sketch of the " Life. Char- acter, and Services of Henry Clay." — Their cousin, William, lawyer, b. in Xew Jersey about 1780; d. in Frankfort. Ky., in 1825, was an eminent member of the Kentucky bar, and for many years reporter of the decisions of the court of appeals of that state. He published "The Statute Law of Kentucky" (5 vols., Frankfort, 1808-19); "A Di- gest of the Statute Law of Kentucky" (2 vols., 1822) ; " Reports of Cases at Common Law and in Chancery, decided by the Court of Appeals of Kentucky " (4 vols., 182.2— '4) ; " Selected Cases from the Decisions of the Court of Appeals of Kentuckv from 1795 till 1825" (1825); and "Festoons of Fancy in Essays. Humorous, Sentimental, and Po- litical, in Prose and Verse." LITTLE, Charles Coffin, publisher, b. in Ken- nebunk, Me., 25 July, 1799 ; d. in Cambridge. Mass.. 11 Aug., 1869. He went to Boston early in life, and entered a shipping-house, and afterward the book-store of Carter, Hilliard, and Co. He subse- quently became a member of the firm of Hilliard, Gray. Little, and Wilkins. in which he continued until the formation of his partnership with James Brown in the year 1837, under the style of Charles C. Little and Co. This was subsequently changed, by the admission of other partners, to Little. Brown, and Co. The house were not only large publishers of standard works, but for many years the most extensive law-publishers in the United States, and also the largest importers of standard English law and miscellaneous works, introducing to American buyers the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," the dic- tionaries of Dr. William Smith, and many other standard works. The present (1887) head of the firm is John Bartlett (q. v.). 738 LITTLE LITTLE LITTLE, George, naval officer, b. in Marsh- field, Mass., 10 April, 1754; d. in Weymouth, Mass., 22 July, 1809. Soon after the beginning of the Revolutionary war he had command of the " Boston," an armed vessel belonging to Massachu- setts, and in 1779 he was 1st lieutenant of the " Pro- tector.*' He was captured by a British frigate, but scaled the walls of his prison at Plymouth, Eng- land, and returning to the United States obtained command of the sloop-of-war "Winthrop," in which he cruised with success during the remainder of the war. In 1798 he was appointed to the com- mand of the 0". S. frigate " Boston," and he was made a captain in the navy, 4 March, 1799, captur- ing several armed French ships, among them " Le Berceau" after a severe conflict. He was dis- charged from the service under the peace estab- lishment, 22 Oct., 1801, and retired to his farm at Weymouth. He is the author of " The American Cruiser " (Boston), and " Life on the Ocean, or Twenty Years at Sea " (1844-'5). LITTLE, Harvey D., journalist, b. in Wethers- field, Conn., in 1803 ; d. in Columbus, Ohio, 22 Aug., 1833. He was the son of poor parents, who re- moved to the west about 1815, settling in Franklin county, Ohio, which was then mostly a wilderness. His early educational advantages were, of course, limited, but, by being apprenticed to a printer in Co- lumbus and using all his opportunities, he became, by the time he was of age, an excellent English scholar. He early developed a talent for poetry, and was in the habit of printing his v erses in the various papers with which he successively became connected. He afterward studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but family considerations in- duced him to return to newspaper work, and at the time of his death, which occurred suddenly from Asiatic cholera, he was editing the " Eclectic and Medical Botanist." His poems first attracted at- tention about 1830, and were written over the sig- nature of " Velasquez." LITTLE, James Laurence, surgeon, b. in Brooklyn, X. Y., 19 Feb., 1836 ; d. in New York city, 4 April, 1885. He was graduated at the Col- lege of physicians and surgeons, New York city, in 1860, and appointed junior assistant at the New York hospital, where he subsequently became senior assistant and house surgeon. Two years later he was made surgeon-in-charge of the Park barracks. In 1863 he was appointed clinical as- sistant to Dr. Willard Parker in the College of physicians and surgeons, and the following spring he began the delivering of a series of lectures, the first being on "Fractures and their Treatment." This series was continued until 1868, when he was appointed lecturer on operative surgery and surgi- cal dressings, which office he held for ten years. In 1875 he accepted the chair of surgery in the University of Vermont, although continuing to re- side in New York. He was also appointed con- sulting surgeon in the Northwestern dispensary, and attending surgeon to both St. Luke's and St. Vincent's hospitals. In 1880 he was chosen pro- fessor of clinical surgery in the medical depart- ment of the University of the city of New York, but resigned in 1882, and was appointed professor of surgery in the New York post-graduate medical school, which office he held until his death. He was a member and fellow of numerous medical so- cieties, and is the author of several professional papers of importance. Dr. Little introduced into this country the treatment of fractures by the plaster-of-Paris splint. He had a large experience in cases of stone in the bladder, and was the first, in 1872, to puncture that organ with the aspirator. The median operation was performed by him more frequently than by any other American surgeon. In the spring of 18*64 he joined in the movement in New York for sanitary reform, and was instru- mental in the formation of its board of health. LITTLE, Moses, soldier, b. in Newburv, Mass., 8 May, 1724; d. there, 27 May, 1798. In April, 1775, he marched with a company to Lexington, and took part in the engagement near that place. He was promoted colonel, and fought in the battle of Bunker Hill. After the evacuation of Boston he was ordered to New York, and commanded his regiment at Trenton and Princeton, N. J., but was compelled to return home in 1777 on account of impaired health. In 1779 he was appointed by the state of Massachusetts to command the naval ex- pedition to the Penobscot, but declined. In 1781 a stroke of paralysis deprived him of speech. LITTLE, Peter, legislator, b. in Petersburg, Huntingdon co., Pa., about 1775 ; d. in Baltimore county, Md., 5 Feb.. 1830. He received a com- mon-school education, and was apprenticed to a trade. Removing to Maryland, he settled at Free- dom, Carroll co., and was one of the few mechan- ics who have been sent from the workshop to con- gress. He was chosen as a Federalist from Mary- land, and served from 4 Nov., 1811, till 3 March, 1813, and, being re-elected, from 2 Dec, 1816, till 3 March, 1829, or over eighteen years in all. He was appointed by President Madison colonel of the 38th infantry on 19 May, 1813. and served till 15 June, 1815. — His son, Lewis Henry, b. in Balti- more in 1818 ; d. in Iuka, Miss., 19 Sept., 1862, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1839, and assigned to the 5th infantry. He was made 1st lieutenant, 18 April, 1845, and having taken part in the Mexican war, he was brevetted captain, 23 Sept., 1846, for " gallant and meritorious con- duct " at Monterey. He was given the full rank of captain. 20 Aug., 1847, but resigned, 7 May, 1861, to enter the Confederate army. He was appointed adjutant-general of the forces in Missouri on the staff of Gen. Sterling Price, and for his bravery at the battle of Elk Horn was promoted brigadier- general. When Van Dorn was assigned to the command of the district of Northern Mississippi, Little succeeded to the command of Price's divis- ion. He was killed at the battle of Iuka. LITTLE, Sophia Louise, poet, b. in Newport, R. I., 22 Aug., 1799. She was the second daughter of Asher Robbins, U. S. senator from Rhode Island. She was educated in her native town, and in 1824 married William Little, Jr., of Boston, who greatly assisted her by judicious criticism in the develop- ment of her poetic talent. Her first poem of any length, a description of a New England Thanks- giving, was printed in 1828 in " The Token." Mrs. Little took an active interest in the anti-slavery movement, and was a life-long friend of William Lloyd Garrison, being present at the Boston meet- ing, at which he was mobbed. She was also presi- dent of the Prisoner's aid association of Rhode Isl- and from its formation. With the aid of friends she opened a free reading-room for working people in Newport, which proved to be the germ of a free public library. She also established a Holly-tree coffee-house, and is still (1887) active in many char- itable enterprises. Mrs. Little, besides contributing frequently to various periodicals, has published the following poems : " The Last Days of Jesus " (Bos- ton, 1839) ; " The Annunciation and Birth of Jesus, and the Resurrection" (1842); and "Pentecost" (1873). In 1877 a complete edition of her relig- ious poems was published at Newport, bearing the title, "Last Days of Jesus, and Other Po- LITTLE CROW LITTLE TURTLE 739 ems." — Her son, Robbins, lawyer, b. in Newport, R. I., 15 Feb., 1832, was graduated at Yale in 1851, and was subsequently tutor in Greek there. He afterward studied in Harvard law-school, where he received the degree of LL. B., and practised law in Xew York city in partnership with William Winthrop, afterward judge-advocate in the U. S. army. From 1865 till 1869 he was instructor in in- ternational law at the U. S. naval academy. In 1873 he became an examiner of claims in the war department at Washington, remaining in that office until 1878, when he was elected superintendent and later a trustee of the Astor library in Xew York city. During his administration the library has been greatly improved and enlarged, the endow- ment has been increased by John Jacob Astor, grandson of the founder, the hours of public ad- mission have been lengthened, and the facilities for research much extended, especially by the pub- lication of a new catalogue in four large volumes. LITTLE CROW (To-wat-ah-tah-doo-tah), chief of the Sioux, b. in the Indian village of Kaposia, near St. Paul, Minn. ; d. near Hutchinson, Mc- Leod co., Minn., in 1863. He was the hereditary chief of the Kaposia band of the great Dakota or Sioux tribe. The name Little Crow descended from father to son through several generations. The father of the subject of this sketch was a firm friend of the Americans, and a highly intelligent and industrious man. He was accidentally wounded in withdrawing his gun from a wagon, and died on the following day. His parting injunctions to his son and successor, in the presence of the writer, were peculiarly impressive. Little Crow the younger paid but slight heed to the wise counsels of his father. He was essentially a bad man, an inveterate liar, and a drunkard, but possessed of cunning, energy, and determination. Subsequent to 1851. when the Sioux Indians ceded by treaty to the U. S. government their lands west of Missis- sippi river, the several bands, including the Ka- posias, were removed to large reservations on the upper Minnesota, where they dwelt peacefully, pro- fessing warm friendship for the white settlers, by whom they were treated kindly and hospitably. Suddenly and unexpectedly the savages, with a few exceptions, rose in a body, on 18 Aug., 1862, mur- dered their traders and the other whites at the two U. S. agencies, and then spread themselves in small parties along a line of frontier more than two hun- dred miles in extent, butchering the unsuspecting men, women, and children without mercy. Nearly 1,000 settlers fell victims. Little Crow was the rec- ognized head of the outbreak. After the decisive defeat of the combined force of warriors by the troops under the command of G-en. Henry H. Sib- ley, at Wood Lake, 23 Sept., 1862, Little Crow, and two or three hundred of the most desperate of his followers, fled with their families to the protection of the powerful bands of their kindred on the distant prairies, leaving the main camp to be captured with more than 2.000 souls, with the release of female white prisoners to the number of 120. About 40 of the 303 warriors that were found guilty and con- demned by a military commission, were hanged at Mankato in December following, the remainder being held in close confinement until they were re- prieved, despite the universal protest, by President Lincoln, and removed by his order to a reservation on Missouri river. Little Crow met his richly merited death in 1863. having been discovered and shot by a Mr. Lamson and his son while he was engaged with a small party in a raid. His scalp was deposited in the collections of the Minnesota historical society. c/r* £SjT^-&&£j&3>£t0 LITTLEJOHN, Abram Newkirk, P. E. bish- op, b. in Florida, N. Y., 13 Dec, 1824. He was graduated at Union college in 1845, and after preparation for the ministry was ordained deacon in St. Peter's church, Auburn, X. Y., 19 March, 1848, by Bishop De Lancey, and priest in Christ church, Hartford, Conn., 12 June, 1849, by Bishop Brownell. During his diaconate he was in charge for a brief period of St. Ann's church, Amsterdam, X. Y., and St. Anthony's church, Meriden. Conn. Early in 1850 he removed to Mas- sachusetts, and became rector of Christ church, Springfield. In June, 1851, he ac- cepted the rector- ship of St. Paul's church, Xew Ha- ven, Conn. He was elected presi- dent of Hobart college in 1858, but declined. For a period of seven years he was lec- turer on pastoral theology in Ber- keley divinity- school, Middletown, Conn. In 1860 he accepted the rectorship of the Church of the Holy Trinity, Brooklyn, X. Y., which post he occupied for eight years. He received the degree of D. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1855. He was elect- ed bishop of central Xew York in 1868, but de- clined, and in the same year was elected first bishop of Long Island, and consecrated in the Church of the Holy Trinity, Brooklyn, 27 Jan., 1869. In 1874, by appointment of the presiding bishop, he took charge of the American Episcopal churches on the continent of Europe. Bishop Littlejohn is a facile writer, and has contributed largely to church and general literature. Besides charges, criticisms, essays, and revising, he has published " Conciones ad Clerum " (1880) ; " Individualism, Discourses before the University of Cambridge, England " (1880) ; and " The Christian Ministry at the Close of the Xineteenth Century," being lec- tures before the General theological seminary, Xew York (1884). In 1880 he received from the Univer- sity of Cambridge the degree of LL. D. LITTLEPAGE, Lewis, diplomatist, b. in Han- over county, Va., 19 Dec, 1762 ; d. in Fredericks- burg, Va., 19 July, 1802. He was graduated at William and Mary in 1778, and being a relative of John Jay, then minister to Madrid, he joined him abroad. He volunteered in the expedition of the Due de Crillon against Minorca in 1782, and sub- sequently accompanied the Prince of Xassau-Siegen to the siege of Gibraltar, and thence to Constanti- nople and Warsaw. He was honored for many years with the esteem and confidence of Stanislas, king of Poland, under whom he held, among other offices, that of ambassador to Russia. He was cre- ated a knight of the order of St. Stanislas, cham- berlain anil confidential secretary, and acted as a special envoy in several important negotiations. When Stanislas sided with the Torgovitza Confed- erates in 1792, Littlepage returned to Yirginia. LITTLE TURTLE (Me-che-cun-na-qua), a chief of the Miami Indians, d. in Fort Wayne, Ind., 14 July, 1812. It is supposed that he was partially educated at a Jesuit school in Canada. He was remarkable for his mental vigor and common sense, 740 LIVERMORE LIVERMORE and was a brave and skilful military leader. He j took part in the border warfare of the west, and commanded at the defeat of Gen. Josiah Harmar on Miami river in October, 1790, and also at that of Gen. Arthur St. Clair at St. Mary's, 4 Nov., 1791. He was present, although not in command, at the battle of Fallen Timbers, in which the Indians were defeated by Gen. Anthony Wayne, 20 Aug., 1794, having vainly endeavored to dissuade them from attacking the ;t Chief- Who-Never-Sleeps," with whom he urged them to make peace. He was one of the signers of the treaty of Greenville in August, 1795. Early in 1797 he visited Presi- dent Washington in Philadelphia, where he also met Count Volney, the French philosopher, and was presented by Gen. Kosciuszko with his own pair of elegantly mounted pistols. LIVERMORE, Abiel Abbot, clergyman, b. in Wilton, N. H., 30 Oct., 1811. He was graduated at Harvard in 1833, and in the divinity-school in 1836, and was ordained pastor of the Unitarian church in Keene, N. H., in November of the latter year. He remained there until May, 1850, when he was called to a church in Cincinnati, Ohio. On 1 Jan., 1857, he removed to New York city to as- sume the editorship of the " Christian Inquirer," and in June of the same year he took charge of the 1st Unitarian Congregational church in Yonkers, N. Y., without relinquishing his journalistic duties. In 1863 he became president of the theological school at Meadville, Pa., which office he still (1887) fills. He is the author of " A Commentary on the New Testament " (6 vols., 1842-81) ; " Lectures to Young Men " (1846) ; " The Marriage Offering," a compilation of prose and poetry (1848) ; " The War with Mexico Reviewed," a prize essay (1850) ; " Discourses " (1852) ; " Anti-Tobacco " (1883) ; and " History of Wilton, N. H," which will probably be published in 1888. He has edited Priestley's " Cor- ruptions of Christianity " (Boston, 1838), and, with others, " Christian Hymns " (1845), a compilation that has passed through sixty editions, besides con- tributing to the " North American Review," " Chris- tian Examiner," " Christian Repository." etc. LIVERMORE, George, antiquarian, b. in Cam- bridge, Mass., 10 July, 1809; d. there, 30 Aug., 1865. He was educated at the public schools and trained for a mercantile career. After brief ex- periments elsewhere, he settled in Boston and be- came one of the foremost commission-merchants in that city. Early in life he began to devote his leisure to historical and antiquarian research, in which he became a recognized authority, having one of the finest collections of different editions of the Bible in this country. He was fond of large- paper copies and illustrated editions, in which his library was very rich. He was an active member of several learned societies, and wrote for the news- papers and reviews on subjects of a bibliographical or historical character, his articles displaying ex- tensive research. Among them may be mentioned one on the " New England Primer," in the " Cam- bridge Chronicle " (1849), and another on " Public Libraries " in the " North American Review " (1850). His most important essay, " An Historical Research respecting the Opinions of the Founders of the Republic on Negroes as Slaves, as Citizens and as Soldiers," was read before the Massachusetts historical society, 14 Aug., 1862, printed in the " Proceedings," and issued separately in four other editions. He was given the degree of A. M. by Harvard in 1850. See a sermon delivered in his memory by Rev. Edward E. Hale, entitled " The Public Service of a Private Man," and other trib- utes by Robert C. Winthrop and Charles Deane. LIVERMORE, Mary Ashton, reformer, b. in Boston, Mass., 19 Dec, 1821. Her maiden name was Rice. She was noted in childhood for resolu- tion and restless activity, being foremost in all healthful, out-door sports, and also remarkable for proficiency in her studies. She was a pupil and for some time a teacher in the Charlestown, Mass., female seminary, and subsequently became a gov- erness in southern Virginia, where she remained two years, and then taught at Duxbury, Mass. There she met Daniel P. Livermore, a Universalist clergyman, whom she married and accompanied successively to Stafford, Conn., Maiden and Wey- mouth, Mass., Auburn, N. Y., and Quincy, 111., in which places he had pastorates. In 1857 he be- came editor and publisher of the " New Covenant " at Chicago. During this period Mrs. Livermore wrote frequently for the periodicals of her denomi- nation, and edited the " Lily," besides assisting her husband for twelve years as associate in his editorial labors. At the beginning of 1862 Mrs. Livermore was appointed one of the agents of the northwestern branch of the U. S. sanitary commis- sion, which had been then recently established in Chicago. During that year she travelled through- out the northwest, everywhere organizing sanitary aid societies. In the following December she at- tended a council of the National sanitary commis- sion at Washington, and the next spring was ordered to make a tour of the hospitals and mili- tary posts on the Mississippi. At this time sani- tary supplies were low, and the most serious results at the Vicksburg camps were feared ; but by per- sonal appeals, by circulars, and by untiring persist- ence and enthusiasm, she secured immediate relief. She also took an active part in the organization of the great Northwestern sanitary fair in Chicago in 1863, from which nearly $100,000 were secured for the purposes of the association, and obtained the original draft of his Emancipation proclama- tion from President Lincoln, which sold for $3,000. Since the war she has labored earnestly in the woman suffrage and temperance movements, often appearing on the platform, and editing the " Wom- an's Journal " (Boston, 1870-1). Her success as a lecturer before lyceums has been great. At a time when those institutions were at the height of their popularity, she was one of the four lecturers that were most in demand and that commanded the largest fees, the other three being men. For years she spoke five nights in the week for five months in the year, travelling 25,000 miles annually. Among her more popular lectures are " What shall we do with our Daughters % " " Women of the War," and " The Moral Heroism of the Temperance Reform." The first of the foregoing has been issued in book- form (Boston. 1883). She is the author of " Pen Pictures " (Chicago. 1865), and " Thirty Years too Late," a temperance tale (Boston, 1878). She has also prepared a work of 600 pages giving her ex- perience during the war, which will probably be issued during the present vear (1887). LIVERMORE, Samuel, statesman, b. in Wal- tham, Mass., 14 May, 1732 ; d. in Holderness, N. H., 18 May, 1803. He was graduated at Princeton in 1752, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1757, beginning to practise the following year at Portsmouth, N. H. He was a member of the gen- eral court of that province in 1768-70, and in 1775 removed to Holderness, of which he was one of the original grantees and the principal proprietor. He was appointed king's attorney in 1769, and after the change of government he was state's attorney for three years. He was also judge-advocate of admi- ralty before the Revolution, and a delegate to the LIVERMORE LIVINGSTON 741 Continental congress from 7 Feb., 1780, until he resigned, 21 June, 1782, and again in 1785. He was chief justice of the state supreme court from 1782 till 1789, and in 1788 a member of the convention that adopted the Federal constitution. He was elected a representative from New Hampshire to the 1st and 2d congresses, serving from 4 March, 1789, till 2 March, 1793. In the latter year he was chosen U. S. senator, served as president of the senate during two sessions, and resigned in 1801 on account of failing health. — His son, Edward St. Loe, lawyer, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 5 April. 1702 ; d. in Lowell, Mass., 15 Sept., 1832, received a classical education, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised successfully at Concord, Portsmouth, Newburyport, and Boston. He was state's attorney for Rockingham county from 1791 till 1793. and justice of the supreme court of New Hampshire from 1797 till 1799. He then removed to Boston, and was chosen to represent Essex county, Mass., in the 10th and 11th congresses, serving from 7 Dec, 1801, till 3 March, 1811. In 1799 he delivered at Portsmouth an oration "On the Dissolution of the Union between this Country and France," and on 6 Jan., 1809, an oration on the embargo law. — Another son, Arthur, jurist, b. in Londonderry, N. H., 26 July, 1776 ; d. in Camp- ton, N. H., 1 July, 1853, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised at Concord and Chester. He sat in both branches of the legislature, was a justice of the superior court from 1799 till 1816, presiding as chief justice from 1809 till 1813, and was nominated as a presidential elector on the John Adams ticket in 1801. He was elected as a Demo- crat to congress, serving from 1 Dec, 1817, till 3 March, 1821, and from 1 Dec, 1823, till 3 March, 1825, and was also chief justice of the court of common pleas from 1825 till 1833. LIVERMORE, Samuel, lawyer, b. about 1786 ; d. in New Orleans in 1833. He was graduated at Harvard in 1804, studied law, and was admitted to the bar, subsequently removing to New Orleans, where he attained eminence. He is the author of " A Treatise on the Law of Principal and Agent, and of Sales by Auction " (Boston, 1811; 2 vols., Baltimore, 1818), and of " Dissertations on the Ques- tions which arise from the Contrariety of the Posi- tive Laws of Different States and Nations " (New Orleans, 1828). "This subject, 'The Conflict of Laws,' " says Allibone, " was afterward more fully treated by Judge Story. Mr. Livermore's work, although not sufficiently methodical, is very able." LIVINGSTON, Robert, first ancestor of the family in America, b. in Ancrum, Scotland, 13 Dec, 1654; d. in Albany, N. Y., 20 April, 1725. He was the son of John Livingston, a Scottish Presbyterian divine, born in 1603, who was ban- ished in 1663 for non-conformity and went to Rotterdam, where he died in 1672. Among the early members of the family was Mary Living- ston, who went to France with Mary Stuart as one of her maids of honor. Robert emigrated to Charlestown, Mass., in April, 1673, settled in Al- bany, and as early as 1675 became secretary of the commissaries, which office he held until Albany be- came a city in 1686. Subsequently he continued to hold the similar office of town-clerk until 1721. Mr. Livingston was a member of the colonial as- sembly from the city and county of Albany in 1711. and after 1716 was returned from his manor till 1725, becoming speaker in 1718. He acquired great influence over the Indians, retaining the office of secretary of Indian affairs, which he received from Gov. Edmund Andros. for a long series of years. In 1686 he received from Gov. Thomas Dongan a grant of a large tract of land, which in 1715 was confirmed by a royal charter from George I., erect- ing the manor and lordship of Livingston, with the privilege of holding a court leet and a court baron, and with the right of advowson to all the churches within its boundaries. This tract em- braced large parts of what are now the counties of Dutchess and Columbia, N. Y.. and is still known as the Livingston man- or, though most of it has long since passed out of the hands of the family. It was through his influence that means were pro- cured to fit out the ship with which Captain William Kidd (q. v.) undertook to restrain the excesses of pi- / 1\A) r^ da, widow of the \~J Rev. Nicholas Van Rensselaer and daughter of Philip Pietersen Schuyler, by whom he had three sons, Philip, Robert, and Gilbert. — Robert's son, Philip, second lord of the manor, b. in Albany, 9 July, 1686; d. in New York city, 4 Feb., 1749, was for some time deputy secretary of Indian af- fairs under his father, and. on the resignation of the latter in 1722, succeeded to the secretaryship. In 1709 he was a member of the provincial assem- bly from the city and county of Albany, and he was also county-clerk in 1721-49. Livingston was a member of the provincial council till his death. He married Catherine Van Brugh, of Al- bany, and during the latter part of his life enter- tained with great magnificence at his three resi- dences in New York, Albany, and the manor. His eldest daughter, Sarah, married William Al- exander, Lord Stirling, and his son, Robert, be- came the third and last lord of the manor.— Philip's son, Peter Yau Brugh, merchant, b. in Albany in October, 1710 ; d. in Elizabethtown, N. J.. 28 Dec, 1792, was graduated at Yale in 1731, and soon afterward settled in New York, where he erected a large mansion on the east side of what is now Hanover square, with grounds extending to East river. He engaged in the shipping business with William Alexander. Lord Stirling, whose sis- ter, Mary, he married in November, 1739, and one of the transactions in which he was engaged was the furnishing of supplies to Gov. William Shir- ley's expedition to Acadia in 1755. For many years he was a member of the council of the prov- ince, and he was also one of the committee of one hundred. He was a delegate to the 1st and 2d provincial congresses of New York in 177-5— '6. being president of the 1st congress. In 1776 he was made treasurer of the congress, and held that office for two years, also participating in all of the pre-Revolutionary measures. Late in life he re- moved to Elizabethtown. N. J., where he spent his last years. He was a firm Presbyterian, and in 1748 was named one of the original trustees of the College of New Jersey, holding that office until 1761. John Adams spoke of him as "an old man i extremely stanch in the cause and very sensible." — 742 LIVINGSTON LIVINGSTON ^*tU« Another son of Philip, Philip, signer of the Dec- laration of Independence, b. in Albany, N. Y., 15 Jan., 1716; d. in York, Pa., 12 June, 1778, was graduated at Yale in 1737, and in 1746 was re- ferred to as one of the fifteen persons in the colony that possessed a collegiate education. After gradu- ation he engaged in business suc- cessfully as an im- porter in New York city, and Sir Charles Hardy said of him in 1755 that " among the considerable mer- chants in this city no one is more es- teemed for energy, promptness, hon- esty, and public spirit, than Philip Livingston." He was elected one of the seven aldermen of New York in September, 1754, and held that of- fice with the approbation of his constituents con- tinuously for nine years. He was also returned to the provincial assembly as member from New York city, and so continued by re-election until its dissolution in January, 1769. During his legis- lative career he identified himself with the rising opposition to the arbitrary measures of the mother country and was active in the conduct of public business. He was one of the committee of corre- spondence with Edmund Burke, then the agent for the colony in England, and the great knowledge of colonial affairs that was shown by Mr. Burke in the house of commons was derived from this source. In September, 1764, he drew up a spirited address to Lieut.-Gov. Cadwallader Colden, in which the bold- est language was employed to express the hopes of the colonists for freedom from taxation, and he was a delegate to the stamp-act congress in October, 1765. He was chosen speaker of the provincial assembly at the last session that he attended, and declined a re-election from the city, but was returned for his brother's manor of Livingston, and took his seat in April. A month later he was unseated by the Tory majority on the plea that he was a non-resi- ' dent. Mr. Livingston was chosen a member of the first Continental congress which met in Philadel- phia in September, 1774, and continued a member of that body until his death. At the first conven- tion he was appointed one of the committee to pre- pare an address to the people of Great Britain, and later was one of the New York delegates that signed the Declaration of Independence. Mean- while he was also active in local affairs, holding the office of president of the provincial congress in April, 1775, and in February, 1776, he was again chosen a member of the general assembly. It was at his house on Brooklyn heights that Washington held the council of war in August, 1776, that de- cided on the retreat from Long Island. This man- sion, shown in the illustration on this page, was situated on what is now Hicks street, a little to the south of Joralemon. It was on the highest point of the property, which included about forty acres, and commanded a magnificent view of New York harbor. The house itself was elegantly fin- ished, containing exquisitely carved Italian marble mantels, and was magnificently furnished. Dur- ing the Revolutionary war the British took posses- sion of the building and converted it into a naval, hospital. The property soon went to decay, and the old mansion was ultimately destroyed by fire. In May, 1777, he was chosen a state senator, and in September he attended the first meeting of the first legislature of the state of New York. He was then elected one of the first delegates to congress under the new confederation. Mr. Livingston was active in the movements tending to develop the interests of New York city. He was one of the founders of the New York society library in 1754 and of the Chamber of commerce in 1770, one of the first gov- ernors of the New York hospital, chartered in 1771, and one of the earliest advocates of the establish- ment of Kings (now Columbia) college. In 1746 he aided in founding the professorship of divinity that bears his name in Yale, and was one of the contributors to the building of the first Methodist church in the United States. — Another son of Philip, William, governor of New Jersey, b. in Albany, N. Y., 30 Nov., 1723 ; d. in Elizabethtown, N. J., 25 July, 1790, was the protege of his ma- ternal grandmother, Sarah Van Brugh, with whom his boyhood days were spent. Before he was four- teen years old he lived an entire year among the Mohawk Indians, under the care of an English missionary. He was graduated at Yale in 1741, at the head of his class, and then began the study of law in the office of James Alexander, completing his course under William Smith. In October, 1748, he was admitted to the bar, and soon became one of the leaders in his profession, acquiring the name of the Presbyterian lawyer. He was elected to the provincial legislature from his brother's manor of Livingston, and served for three years, meanwhile also continuing his practice. In 1760 he purchased property near Elizabethtown, N. J., and there erected a country-seat which is cele- brated as "•Liberty Hall," and in May, 1772, having reduced his professional practice, he re- moved to that place with his family. It was of this residence, shown in the illustration on page 743, that his daughter Susan said, ; 'We are go- ing into cloister seclusion," as she bade adieu to her city friends, but "the toilsome and muddy way from New York was kept well trodden by brilliant and ever welcome guests," who came to pay their addresses to the four young ladies. Among their visitors was John Jay, who in 1774 married Miss Sarah V. B. Livingston from this mansion, and to it came also Alexander Hamil- ton, a boy from the West Indies, with letters to Gov. Livingston from Dr. Hugh Knox. It had an eventful history during the Revolutionary war, and more than once attempts were made to burn it. The stairs still show the cuts that were left by the angry Hessians when they were bafflsd in their attempts to capture its owner. After the war its graceful hospitalities were renewed, and here in May, 1789, Mrs. Washington was entertained over LIVINGSTON LIVINGSTON 743 night while on her journey to meet the president, after his inauguration. The hall was decoi'ated with flowers, and a brilliant assemblage of distin- guished guests gathered to do her honor. In the morning Washington himself came out to escort her to the city. His retirement was soon inter- rupted by the progress of public events, and he was elected a* deputy for the province of New Jersey to the 1st Continental congress in July, 1774, and re- elected to the 2d and 3d congresses. In June, 1776, he left congress forElizabethtown, to assume the duties of brigadier-general and commander-in- chief of the New Jersey militia, an invasion by the British being feared. This duty prevented his re- turn to Philadelphia, and explains the absence of his name from the signers of the Declaration of Independence. In August he was elected first governor of the state of New Jersey, and after resigning his military command he continued in ofGce until his death. Gov. Livingston, in his message in 1777 to the assembly, recommended the abolition of slavery, and in 1786, through his in- fluence, caused the passage of an act forbidding the importation of slaves, he himself liberating those in his own possession, with the resolution never to own another. During the occupancy of New Jersey by British troops he filled his office with great efficiency, as is shown by Washington's writings. Several expeditions were made for the purpose of kidnapping him, but he was always fortunate in escaping. Gov. Livingston was known as the " Itinerant Dey of New Jersey," " the Knight of the most honorable Order of Starvation and Chief of the Independents," and the " Don Quixote of the Jerseys," on account of his being very tall and thin. A " female wit " dubbed him " the whip- ping-post." In 1787 he was a delegate to the con- vention that framed the IT. S. constitution, and he had previously declined the appointment of com- missioner to superintend the construction of the Federal buildings, and that of minister to Holland. He received the degree of LL.'D. from Yale in 1788, was among the original trustees of the New York society library, and in 1751 was made one of the trustees of Kings (now Columbia) college, but declined to qualify when he found that the presi- dent must be a clergyman of the Church of Eng- land. For some time he was president of the '• Moot," a club of lawyers formed in 1770 and well known in the early history of New York city, and he was also a member of the American philo- sophical society and of the American academy of arts and sciences. President Timothy Dwight, of Yale, says of him : " The talents of Gov. Living- ston were very various. His imagination was brilliant, his wit sprightly and pungent, his under- standing powerful, his taste refined, and his con- ceptions bold and masterly. His views of politi- cal subjects were expansive, clear, and just. Of freedom, both civil and religious, he was a distin- guished champion." Gov. Livingston began the publication in 1752 of " The Independent Re- flector," a weekly political and miscellaneous jour- nal, in which he opposed the establishment of an American episcopate and the incorporation of an Episcopal college in New York. It was discon- tinued after the publication of fifty-two numbers. He wrote largely for the newspapers, and, besides numerous political tracts, published " Philosophic Solitude, or the Choice of a Rural Life," a poem (New York, 1747) ; " A Funeral Elogium on the Rev. Aaron Burr " (1757); "A Soliloquy" (1770); and, with William Smith. Jr.. "A Digest of the Laws of New York— 1691-1762 " (1752-62). See *• Life and Letters of William Livingston," by Theodore Sedgwick, Jr. (New York, 1833).— Will- iam's son, Henry Brockholst, lawver, b. in New York city, 26 Nov., 1757 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 19 March, 1823, was graduated at Princeton in 1774, at the beginning of the Revolutionary war entered the American army with the grade of cap- tain, and, being selected by Gen. Philip Schuyler as one of his aides, was attached to the northern department with the rank of major. Subsequently he was aide to Gen. Arthur St. Clair during the siege of Ticonderoga, and was with Benedict Ar- nold at the surrender of Burgoyne's army in Oc- tober, 1777. Later he served again with Gen. Schuyler, and obtained the rank of lieutenant-colo- nel. In 1779 he accompanied his brother-in-law, John Jay. to Spain, as private secretary. On his return voyage in 1782 he was captured by a British vessel, and on reaching New York was thrown into prison. He was liberated on the arrival of Sir Guy Carleton, who sent him home to his father, saying that he came to conciliate and not to fight. Liv- ingston then went to Albany, where he began the study of law with Peter Yates, and in 1783 was ad- mitted to the bar. After the evacuation of New York he established himself in that city, and from that time he dropped his first name. He was re- garded as " one of the most accomplished scholars, able advocates, and fluent speakers of his time in the city, but violent in his political feelings and conduct." In June, 1802, he was made a puisne judge of the state supreme court, and in 1807 he succeeded William Patterson as associate justice of the U. S. supreme court. Judge Livingston was appointed one of the trustees of the New York society library, on its reorganization in 1788, and was elected 2d vice-president of the New York his- torical society on its organization in 1805. He was also one of the first corporators of the public-school system of New York city. In 1818 the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Harvard, and in 1790 he delivered an oration before the president and other notable persons in St. Paul's chapel, New York, on the occasion of the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. He also contributed political articles to the press of his time under the pen-name of Decius. — The second Philip's grand- son, Walter, lawyer, b. in 1740; d. in New York city, 14 May, 1797, was a resident of Albany, and a member of the provincial congresses that were held in New Y'ork during April and May, 1775. In 1777 he was appointed one of the judges for Albany by the convention that made his kinsman, Robert R. Livingston, chancellor. He was a mem- ber of congress in 1784-'5, and appointed in 1785 one of the first commissioners of the treasury. Mr. Livingston married Cornelia Schuyler, step-daugh- ter of Dr. John Cochrane. In 1779 Mrs. Living- ston and Mrs. Cochrane were specially invited to dine with Gen. Washington, whose headquarters 744 LIVINGSTON LIVINGSTON "were then at West Point. In the letter of invita- tion Washington writes : " If the ladies can put up with such entertainment, and will submit to partake of it on plates once tin, but now iron (not become so by the labor of scouring), I shall be happy to see them." — Walter's son. Henry Walter, lawyer, b. in Livingston Manor, Linlithgow, N. Y.. in 1768 ; d. there, 22 Dec, 1810, was graduated at Yale in 1786. and, after studying law, began the practice of his profession in New York city. In 1792 he accompanied Gouverneur Morris as private secretary, when the latter was sent as minister plenipotentiary to France, and returned with him in 1794. Mr. Morris sent him to the president with the statement, " You will find Mr. Livingston is to be trusted, for. although at a tender age. his dis- cretion may always be depended on." For some time he was judge of the court of common pleas in Columbia county, and was twice elected to con- gress, serving from 17 Oct., 1803, till 3 March, 1807. He married the granddaughter of the chief justice of Pennsylvania. Mary Penn Allen, who was well known In New York society as " Lady Mary." — John William, a descendant of John, third son of the first Philip, naval officer, b. in New York citv. 22 May, 1804 ; d. there, 10 Sept., 1885, was the son of W illiam Turk, a surgeon in the L T . S. navy, who married Eliza Livingston. The son sought, in 1843, and obtained permission from the legisla- ture to assume his mother's surname. In March, 1824, he was appointed midshipman in the IT. S. navy from New York, and served in the Mediter- ranean squadron during the war with the pirates. He received his commission as lieutenant in June. 1832, and was assigned to the frigate " Congress." serving in the Pacific squadron in 1846-'7, seeing active service during the war with Mexico, then in the East India squadron in 1848-9, after which he was on duty at the navy-yard in New York. In May, 1855, he was made commander, given charge of the " St. Louis," and cruised off the coast of Africa in 1856-8. He then commanded the " Pen- guin," and was attached to the blockading squad- ron in 1861, during which year he was promoted captain, and also captured several vessels. In July. 1862. he was made commodore, and given charge of the Norfolk navy-yard after its evacuation by the Confederate forces until 1864, and in 1865 he was sent to the naval station at Mound City, 111. He was detached from this duty in 1866, and ordered on special service, having charge princi- pally of the sale of condemned government ves- sels. In May, 1868. he was commissioned rear- admiral, and in 1874 placed on the retired list, after which he lived in New York city. — Robert R (the initial R was assumed in order to distinguish him from other members of the family having the same name), son of Robert, the second son of the first Robert, jurist, b. in New York in August, 1718 : d. in Clermont. N. Y.. 9 Dec, 1775, turned his at- tention to law, and became well known in that pro- fession. In 1760 he was made judge of the admi- ralty court, and in 1763 a justice of the New York supreme court. He represented Dutchess county in the provincial assembly in 1759-68, and was chairman of the committee that corresponded with Robert Charles, the agent of New York in Eng- land. Judge Livingston was a member of the stamp-act congress in 1765, and was energetic in his refusal to sustain measures compelling the adoption of stamps. In 1767, and again in 1773, he served on commissions to locate the boundary- line between New York and Massachusetts, and he was also a member of the committee of one hun- dred that was elected in 1775 to control in all gen- eral affairs. He married Margaret, daughter of Col. Henry Beekman. and whilehe resided princi- pally at Clermont, he also had a city residence on Broadway, near Bowling Green. Sir "Henry Moore, governor of New York, describes him as '" a man of great ability and many accomplishments, and the greatest [richest] landholder, without any ex- ception, in New York." His daughter. Janet, married Gen. Richard Montgomery. See "History of Clermont or Livingston Manor," by Thomas S. Clarkson (Clermont, 1869).— Robert R, son of Robert R, statesman, b. in New York city. 2"7 Nov., 1746 ; d. in Clermont, N. Y., 26 Feb., 1813, was grad- uated at Kings (now Columbia) college in 1765. and studied law with William Smith and his kinsman, William Livingston. He was admitted to the bar in 1773, and for a short time was associated in partnership with John Jay, who had been his con- temporary in college. Mr. Livingston met with great success in the practice of his profession, and was appointed re- corder of the city of New York bv Gov. William Try- on in 1773, but lost this office in 1775, owing to his active sympathy with the revolutionary spirit of the times. In 1775 he was elected to the provincial assembly of New York from Dutch- ess county, and sent by this body as a delegate to the Con- tinental congress, where he was cho- sen one of a com- mittee of five to draft the Declaration of Independence. He was prevented from signing this document by his hasty return to the meeting of the provincial convention, taking his seat in that assembly on 8 July, 1776, the day on which the title of the " province " was changed to that of the ' ; state " of New York, and he- was appointed on the committee to draw up a state constitution. At the Kingston convention in 1777 the constitution was accepted, and he was appoint- ed first chancellor of New York under its provis- ions, which office he held until 1801. Chancellor Livingston continued a delegate to the Continental congress until 1777, was again one of its members in 1779-'81, and throughout the entire Revolution was most active in behalf of the cause of inde- pendence. As chancellor he administered the oath of office to George Washington on his inaugura- tion as first president of the United States. The ceremony took place at the City Hall (where the present U. S. sub-treasury building stands), then fronting on Wall street. It had been specially fitted up for the reception of congress, and the exact spot where Washington stood is now marked by a colossal statue of the first president, which rests on the original stone upon which the cere- mony took place. The statue was designed by John Q. A. Ward, and unveiled on the centennial celebration of the evacuation of New York. 25 Nov., 1883. Immediately after administering the oath Chancellor Livingston exclaimed in deep and impressive tones: " Long live George Washington, president of the United States." He held the office of secretary of foreign affairs for the United States in 1781-3, and in 1788 was chairman of the LIVINGSTON LIVINGSTON 745 New York convention to consider the U. S. con- stitution, whose adoption he was largely instru- mental in procuring. The post of minister to France was declined by him in 1794, and he also refused the secretaryship of the navy under Thomas Jefferson, but in 1 801, being obliged by consti- tutional provision to resign the chancellorship, he accepted the mission to France. He enjoyed the personal friendship of Napoleon Bonaparte, who, on Livingston's departure in 1805, presented him with a splendid snuff-box containing a minia- ture likeness of himself, painted by Isabey. It is said that " he appeared to be the favorite foreign envoy." He was successful in accomplishing the cession of Louisiana to the United States in 1803, and also began the negotiations tending toward a settlement for French spoliations on the commerce of the United States. Subsequent to his resigna- tion he travelled extensively through Europe. While in Paris he met Robert Fulton, and together they successfully developed a plan of steam navi- gation. Mr. Livingston had previously been im- pressed with the advantage that was to be derived from the application of steam to navigation, and he obtained from the legislature of the state of New York the exclusive right to navigate its wa- ter-ways by steam-power for twenty years. He then constructed a boat of thirty tons burden, with which he succeeded in making three miles an hour, but the concession was made on condition of attaining a speed of four miles an hour, and other duties intervened to prevent success. He made numerous experiments with Fulton, and finally launched a boat on the Seine, which, however, did not fully realize their expectations. Later, on their return to the United States, their experi- ments were continued until 1807, when the " Cler- mont " succeeded in accomplishing five miles an hour. (See Fulton, Robert.) After his retire- ment from public service, Livingston devoted con- siderable time and attention to the subject of agriculture, and it was through his efforts that the use of gypsum for fertilizing purposes became general. He was also the first to introduce the merino sheep into the farming communities west of Hudson river. He was the principal founder of the American academy of fine arts in New York in 1801, and its first president, for some time president of the New York society for the promo- tion of useful arts, and a trustee of the New York society library on its reorganization hi 1788. In 1792 the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by the regents of the University of the state of New York. He published an oration that he delivered before the Society of the Cincinnati on 4 July, 1787, an address to the Society for promoting the arts (1808), and "Essays on Agriculture" and " Essay on Sheep " (New York, 1809, and London, 1811). Benjamin Franklin called him the " Cicero of America," and his statue, with that of George Clinton, forms the group of the two most emi- nent citizens of New York being placed by act of congress in the Capitol in Washington. See " Biographical Sketch of Robert R. Living- ston " by Frederic He Peyster (New York, 1876). — Another son of the first Robert R. Henry Beekman, soldier, b. in Clermont, N. Y., 9 Nov., 1750 ; d. in Rhinebeck, N. Y., 5 Nov., 1831, raised a company of soldiers in August, 1775, and accom- panied his brother-in-law, Gen. Richard Mont- gomery, on his expedition to Canada. For his services in the capture of Chambly in 1775 he was voted a sword of honor by congress in December of that year. In February, 1776, he became aide- de-camp to Gen. Philip Schuyler, and in November he was made colonel of the 4th battalion of New York volunteers, but he resigned that command in 1779. He also served with Lafayette in Rhode Island, and was with him at Valley Forge. At the close of the war he was made a brigadier-general. While on his way to Albany in 1824, after spending the night at Clermont, Lafayette inquired of Col. Nicholas Fish, " Where is my friend. Col. Harry Livingston '? " Soon afterward, while the steamer was at the Kingston dock. Col. Livingston, having crossed the river in a small boat from Rhinebeck, came on board. As soon as their eyes met, the two friends — the marquis and the colonel — now old men. rushing into each others arms, embraced and kissed each other, to the astonishment of the Americans present. Col. Livingston was one of the original members of the New York society of the Cincinnati. He inherited the Beekman estate at Rhinebeck, and married Miss Ann Home Ship- pen, niece of Henry Lee, president of the 1st congress. — Edward, youngest son of the first Robert R. statesman, b. in Clermont, N. Y., 26 May, 1764; d. in Rhinebeck, N. Y., 23 May, 1836, was graduated at Princeton in 1781, having entered the junior class, and then began the study of law in Albany with John Lansing. He was admitted to practice in January, 1785, after studying in New York city with his brother Robert, and at once took a high rank at the New York bar, having for competitors Egbert Benson, Aaron Burr, and Alexander Hamilton. He was sent to congress in 1794, and twice re-elected, serving from 7 Dec, 1795, till March, 1801. He opposed the adminis- tration, and introduced the resolution calling for the instructions that had been given by the execu- tive to John Jay at the time of the formation of the treaty with Great Britain. With the unani- mous approval of his cabinet, Washington declined to furnish these, although Livingston's resolution was carried by a vote of 62 to 37. With Madison and Gallatin he shared the distinction of being " the most enlightened members of congress in the party of the oppo- sition." At the time of Jefferson's eleva- tion to the presiden- cy a tie vote existed in the electoral col- lege, in consequence of which the elec- tion passed to the house, where after 35 ballots he was chosen to office. The New York delega- tion stood 6 to 4 in favor of Jefferson, and effort was made to induce Livingston to vote for Aaron Burr, but without wC^* • • / success. In March, O M