,1 1 iii ■ill |li liii ii ii !3'^1.T3 \ (>'o I It HI bill lljiixicvett\T in the (Citu of IUmu llorit V: ^zedented to (s>olunil)ia Ihnivezditij bij the (oommiddion on O^tc/iived of olie yenezai Convention ARCHIVES OF THE GENERAL CONVENTION I ARCHIVES OF THE GENERAL CONVENTION EDITED BY ORDER OF THE COMMISSION ON ARCHIVES BY ARTHUR LOWNDES DOCTOR IN DIVINITY VOLUME I THE CORRESPONDENCE OF JOHN HENRY HOBART 1757-1797 NEW YORK PRIVATELY PRINTED MDCCCCXI \ Publisher G. OCT 9 191 1 THE COMMISSION ON ARCHIVES May, 1911 The Right Reverend JFilliam Croswell Doane, D.D. The Right Reverend JVilliam Lawrence, D.D. The Right Reverend David Hummell Greer, D.D. The Reverend Alfred Brittin Baker, D.D. The Reverend Samuel Hart, D.D. The Reverend George Yemens Bliss, D.D. J . Pierpont Morgan, LL.D. Asa Bird Gardiner, LL.D. James Grant JFilson, L.H.D. SUB-COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION The Reverend Samuel Hart, D.D. J . Pierpont Morgan, LL.D. TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume I PAGE THE ARCHIVES OF THE GENERAL CONVENTION xi THE COMMISSION ON CHURCH ARCHIVES, 1868-1883 xci THE COMMISSION ON ARCHIVES, 1892-1911 xcii PREFACE xcv JOHN HENRY HOBART xcix BISHOP HOBART AND HIS DESCENDANTS cc BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BISHOP HOBART's WORKS ccv CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX TO LETTERS, 1757-1797 ccxi THE CORRESPONDENCE OF JOHN HENRY HOBART 3 ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO LETTERS, 1757-1797 351 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ANNOTATIONS 355 LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO 361 INDEX 371 THE ARCHIVES OF THE GENERAL CONVENTION THE ARCHIVES OF THE GENERAL CONVENTION TO the Churchmen of Connecticut belongs the honour of being the first to realize the importance of gathering material for the history of the Church in America. In 1804 "The Churchman's Monthly Magazine" was established under the auspices of the Convocation of the Clergv of the Diocese. The Rev. Dr. William Smith, then principal of the Episcopal Acad- emy at Cheshire, became the first editor. He sought to fill the pages of the magazine with articles giving information upon the doctrines and practices of the Church, upon devotional themes, and the cur- rent events in the Church. He also requested that sketches of the vari- ous parishes in Connecticut might be compiled and sent for insertion. The first sketch which was printed was upon Fairfield.* Subsequently many others appeared, not only of Connecticut churches, but of those in various parts of New England. In the third volume was com- menced the publication of "Original Documents" concerning the election and consecration of Dr. Seabury. As manv of the documents themselves have now disappeared, their printed form is our only source for ti-eating the history of the period. Thev were followed by docu- ments concerning the election and consecration of Dr. White and Dr. Provoost, and other papers concerning Bishop Seabury. f In the In- troduction to the second series, entitled "American Episcopate," the editor says : ' ' To illustrate the history of the Church in this country, and transmit to posterity a knowledge of her earl\- and present state, is part of our design." J In 1810 and 1811 a selection from the ex- tensive correspondence of the Rev. Dr. Samuel Johnson of Stratford, * The Churchman's Monthly Magazine, vol. i, February, 1804, No. 2, pp. 29-32. \The Churchman s Magazine, 1806, vol. iii, Nos. 3,4, 5, 6, 7, March, April, May, June, and July, pp. 1 1 i-i 15-160 ; 192-196; 237-238 j 276-278. X The Churchman's Magazine, 1807, vol. iv, p. 37. January series will be found on pp. 37, 39 ; 77-80 ;ii 6- Ii9;i5i-i55;i95- 198; 233-237. Vol. iv, January, February, March, April, May, and June. ARCHIVES OF THE Connecticut, and the first president of King's College, New York, was published.* Many articles of permanent historical value are found in the pages of the first series of the magazine, which ended with the issue for No- vember and December, 1811. The first dealing with any portion of the history of the Church in America was ' ' The Life of Samuel John- son, D.D., theFirstPresidentof King's College. "This had been pre- paredby the Rev. Dr. Thomas Bradbury Chandler of Elizabeth Town, New Jersey, a pupil and friend of the illustrious doctor, soon after his death in 1772, and largely from material furnished by Dr. Johnson himself. Prudential reasons made the family defer the publication of the draft submitted to them. Dr. Chandler intended to make alter- ations and additions whenever it was thought best to print a Life. When he sought refuge in England in 1775 he carried the manu- script with him, and brought it back upon his return in 1785. As President William Samuel Johnson of Columbia College was not prepared to publish it, the manuscript remained in the hands of Dr. Chandler. Happily it was preserved when a timid friend suggested the destruction of Dr. Chandler's papers. Mr. Hobart, his son-in-law, finding it, and reading it over, perceived its value, and published it in 1 805, t without abridgement or alteration, adding, however, some interesting letters to Dr. Johnson. In his "Advertisement," which takes the place of a preface and is unsigned, Mr. Hobart says: "How- ever humble may be the early annals of this country, they should be interesting to every American; and whatever tends to throw light upon them should be deemed worthy of preservation." J With the same desire to seek out historic information, he requested his friend, • The Churchman's Magazine, 1810, vol. vii, January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, Oflober, November, December, pp. 38-43 ; 78-93 ; 224-229 ; 306-3 17; 407- 517. Vol. viii, 181 1, January, February, March, April, May, June, July, and August, pp. 13-19 ; 99-105; 183-194; 211-220. t The Life of Samuel Johnson, D.D., the first President of Kings Colkge in Neiv York, by Thomas Bradbury Chandler, D.D. New York : Printed by T. & J. Swords, No. 1 60 Pearl Street, 7805. X Life — unpaged. [ Xii ^ GENER.\L CONVENTION Mr. Charles Fenton Mercer, when he visited England in 1802, to call upon the Rev. Mr. Boucher, vicar of Epsom in Surrey, formerly of Maryland. To the American edition of "Rees' Encyclopaedia," published in Philadelphia by Samuel F. Bradford from 1806 to 1808, Bishop White contributed many articles upon theological and historical sub- jects.* In his desire for an accurate view of the origin, organization, and growth of the Church in America, he wrote, from his abundant knowledge, the first historical sketch of it for that work. This prob- ably gave him the idea of a fuller view of the events in which he had taken such an effective part. Twelve years later appeared that inval- uable work, "Memoirs of the Protestant Episcopal Church." Only a few months before his death on July 17, 1836, a revised and enlarged edition was issued. It was republished nearly thirty years ago under the editorship of the Rev. Dr. Benjamin DeCosta, a well-known his- torical scholar, t as "Memoirs of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, by the Rt. Rev. William White, D.D. New York: E. P. Dutton &Co., 1880." In the same year, 1820, the Rev. Dr. Frederick Dalcho issued the first diocesan history, that of South Carolina. It was a carefully com- piled account of the general history of the Church in the state, the various parishes and the names of their incumbents, and included a reprint of the Journals of the Convention. J The first action bv the General Convention was taken in 1820. On * In 1728 Ephraim Chambers published his Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Diftionary of Arts and Sciences, in two volumes, folio. It was the most comprehensive work of the kind which had ever appeared. It went through several editions, the sixth and last being that of 1751-52. In 1753 a supplement was issued in two volumes, tolio. The Rev. Abraham Rees, a native of Montgomeiyshire, Scotland, bom in 1743, and for forty years, until his death in 1825, minister of the Unitarian congregation worshipping in an old chapel in Old Jewry, London, prepared on the basis of the work of Chambers a Cyclopaedia which was issued in parts from 1778 to 1788. It long remained standard, and was published frequently in revised editions. t Philadelphia : S. Potter & Co., 1820, pp. xv, 4.74. XAn Historical Account of the Protestant Episcopal Church m South Carolina, by Frederick Dalcho, M.D. Charleston, 1820. C xiii ] ARCHIVES OF THE Wednesday, May 24, Mr. Samuel Sitgrea\es, a prominent laj-man of Pennsylvania, and a founder of Trinity Church, Easton, offered in the House of Deputies a resolution "that the Rev. Mr. Kemper,* the Rev. Mr. Boyd,t and Thomas McEuen, Esq., J be a Committee on the part of this House, in conjunction \\ith a Committee to be ap- pointed by the House of Bishops, should that House agree thereto, to make a collection of the Journals of the General Convention, and of the several Diocesan Conventions, and of the important Documents, connected A\ith the History of the Church of the United States ; and to deposit the same, subject to the disposal of the General Convention, in such hands as may be deemed proper, for the present, and until a further order of the Convention." § The House of Bishops "concurred in a resolution to collect the Journals, &c., proposed by the House of Clerical and Lay Deputies," and appointed the Presiding Bishop || a committee for the purpose on the part of this House. At the General Convention of 1823, the report of the committee was presented in the House of Bishops on May 24, and this action taken : "Resolved that the House of Bishops approve of the disposi- tion made of the documents by the said Committee, and that they be requested to continue their services in procuring such other docu- ments as may be practicable." Tj In the House of Deputies on Sat- urday, May 24, ' ' a message was received from the House of Bishops, with a report of a joint Committee, appointed at the last General Convention, to collect documents and pamphlets, interesting to the Church, together with a resolution of the House of Bishops on the same subject. The report was read and accepted, and the resolution con- curred in, and notice of concurrence sent to the House of Bishops." ** * The Rev. Jackson Kemper, assistant minister of Christ Church, St. Peter's and St. James's Church, Philadelphia. t The Rev. George Boyd, reftor of St. John's Church, Northern Liberties, Philadelphia. I A lay deputy from Pennsylvania. fj Journal of the General Corfvention, 1820, p. 40. II The Rt. Rev. Dr. White. ^ Journal of the General Convention, 182;, p. 63. ** Ibid., p. 47 ; Perry, Reprint, 1874, vol. ii, p. 51. I xiv ] GENERAL CONVENTION It will be of interest to read this first official utterance of the Ameri- can Church upon its history : Report of a joint Committee^ appointed by the General Convention of 1820, in relation to the pmcunng of documents interesting to the Church. The joint Committee appointed by the Convention of 1820, to make a collection of the Journals of the General Conventions, and of the several Diocesan Conventions, and of other important documents con- nected with the history of the Church in the United States ; and to deposit the same, subject to the disposal of the General Convention, in such hands as may be deemed proper, beg leave to REPORT That they have been enabled to collect the greater part of the docu- ments they were required to obtain, which they have deposited in the library of St. James's Church, Philadelphia, under the care of the Society for the Advancement of Christianity in Pennsylvania. The Committee recommend that all the documents thus collected be placed under the care of the Society, in whose library they are now deposited ; and that the Bishops and the Secretaries of conven- tions and other members of the Church, be requested to forward to the librarian of the said Society copies of all publications connected with the history of the Church in America not jet procured by the Committee, and all \\hich may hereafter be published ; provided that the Trustees of the said Society will take charge of the above docu- ments, and submit them at all times to the inspection of the members of the General Convention. The accompanying papers, {marked A B'\, contain a list of those documents that have been obtained, and of those which, in the opinion of the Committee, it is desirable to possess. William White, George Boyd, Jackson Kemper. May 23d, 1823. ARCHIVES OF THE (A) List oj' Documents The Committee of the House of Clerical and Lay Deputies beg leave to state, that they are almost entirely indebted to the Right Rev. Bishop White for the Journals and other valuable papers they have obtained, i. An account in MS. of the first meetings of Committees for or- ganizing the Church. On this MS. there is written as follows: "I de- posit this w ith the Committee of the General Convention for collect- ing Journals — it being the original record of the first steps taken for the organizing of the Episcopal Church throughout the Union. "William White. "Oftober 30, I 82 I." 2. A collection in writing from the records of the office of the Bishop of London, relative to the Church in this country. The following statement is given on the co\er of the book : "This manuscript was copied from the records of the office of the Bishop of London, by the Rev. Alexander Murray, who had been Missionary in Pennsyl- vania before the Revolution. He went to England during the war. When measures began to be taken for the organizing of the Episco- pal Church, he began a correspondence with me, and transmitted some information which \Aas important, and had an effect on the pro- ceedings of the General Convention held in 1785. On my arrival in England with Bishop Provost, in the latter end of 1786, Dr. Murray communicated to us that he had been making such transcripts as the following; but Me held them entirely irrele^■ent to the situation in which we were, and did not ask for a perusal of them. Within a year or two after our return to America, he returned, also, and took up his residence in Philadelphia, where he died in the yellow fever of 1793. Before his decease he gave me the transcript. And I lav it bv, among papers relative to the Church, not knowing how far it may hereafter be a document gratifying to curiosity. William White." "June 25th, 1 8 10. C xvi ] GENERAL CONVENTION "Oct. 30th, 1821. I deposit this manuscript with the Committee ap- pointed at the last General Convention for the collection of Journals. "William White." 3. A volume containing Journals of the General Convention from the year 1785 to 1814, inclusive, to which are added the Pastoral Letters from the House of Bishops for the years 1808, 1811, 1814. On the first page of this volume the following statement is written: "This volume is the only entire collection within my knowledge, of the original Journals of the General Convention, from the begin- ning, for the space of thirty years. It may be of use in determining on any questions which may arise concerning any particular of the republication of the Journals bv John Bioren. Accordingly I deposit it with the Committee appointed by the last General Convention for the collection of Journals. I also deposit with the Committee my col- lection of the Journals of the Conventions in the diflerent States ; com- prehending, I believe, almost all which have been edited. Those for several of the States are entire. William White." "Oftober 30th, 1821." In addition to the Journals contained in this volume, the Committee have obtained the Journals for 1821. 4. Journal of Massachusetts for 1790, and a copy of the Constitu- tion and Canons published 1817. 5. Connecticut. The Journals of 1802 and 1803. The Journals from 1808 to 1821 inclusive. The Constitution printed in 1821, and Bishop Brownell's charge 1821. 6. New York. Journals from 1785 to 1791 inclusive. From 1801 to 1812 inclusive. From 1814 to 1816 inclusive. The Journals of 1818, 1820, 1821, and 1822. The Constitution and Canons in 1812. 7. New Jersey. Journals from 1785 to 1798 inclusive. From 1800 to 1822 inclusive. The address from the President of the Convention in 1797. The Canons, Constitution, &.C., printed in 1811. The re- C xvii ] ARCHIVES OF THE port on the state of the Church for 1814. The charge of the Bishop for 1819. 8. Pennsylvania. Tlie Journals from 1785 to 1822 inclusive. The Constitution and Canons printed in 1822. 9. Delaware. Commenced in 1791. The Journals from 1791 to 1794 inclusive. From 1798 to 1800 inclusive. The Journals of 1810, 1818, 1821. 10. Maryland. The Journal of 1784. From 1788 to 1800 inclusive. From 1802 to 1804, and from 1806 to 1819 inclusive. The Jour- nal of 1821. An address from Convention to the vestries in 1794. The Constitu- tion and Canons printed in 1802. Bishop Kemp's Address in 1816. The Pastoral Letter from the t\vo Bishops in 1816. The Address from a Committee ordered by the Con^'ention of 1817. 1 1. Virginia. The Journals of 1785 to 1787 inclusive. The Journals of 1789, 1791, 1792, 1794, 1813. Journal of the special Convention of 1814. Journals of 1816, '18 and '19. An address to the Convention by Bishop Madison, without date. 12. North Carolina. All the Journals commenced in 1817. 13. South Carolina. A MS. without date, containing a proposed constitution. The Journals from 1818 to 1822 inclusive. 14. Ohio. Commenced in 1818. The Journals of 1819, 1820. (B) Dociimfiits not obtained General Convention. Journals for 1817, 1820. Pastoral letters for 1817, 1820. All Sermons before General Convention. — Maine. All. — Massachusetts. All, except 1790. — New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, Eastern Diocese. All. — Connecticut. All Journals before 1802. Those from 1804 to 1807 inclusive. 1822. —New York. The Journals from 1792 to 1800 inclusive. Those of 1813, 1817, 1819. — New Jersey. The Journals for the annual and special Con- C xviii J GENERAL CONVENTION ventions of 1799. — Delaware. Journals from 1795 to 1797 inclu- sive. From 1801 to 1809 inclusive. From 1811 to 1817. The Jour- nals of 1819, 1820, 1822. — Maryland. Journals from 1785 to 1787 inclusive. And the Journals of 1801, 1805, 1820. — Virginia. Jour- nals of 1788, 1790, 1793. Journals from 1795 to 1812 inclusive. Journals of 1814, (not special) 1815, 1817, 1820, 1821, 1822. — South Carolina. Journals from the commencement to 1817. — Georgia. All.— Ohio. Begun with 1818. The Journals of 1818, 1821, 1822. The Committee presume it would be desirable to possess, in addi- tion to all the Journals, copies of all Pastoral Letters and Charges and of Sermons preached before Conventions — the Reports of Societies connected with the Church — copies of all publications in which the leading doctrines of the Church have been defended, and particu- larly the Reports of the \enerable Society in England for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts.* So far as any extant records show, no further effort was made by the Committee to gather additional documents, nor did they consider their work as a permanent one. Soon after, two voung clergymen in the South formed the ambitious design of tracing from the earliest European settlement the influence of the various Christian forces that had united in developing the civil- ization and character of the people of the United States. It A\as a task which it seemed almost impossible to accomplish, for litde had been written, the documents available were few, and the traditions vague and unsatisfactory, with the exception of New England. This, how- ever, did not deter the Rev. Francis Lister Ha\\ks of North Carolina and the Rev. Edward Rudedge of South Carolina from making their contribution to the ecclesiastical history of their country. Leaving for the future the larger and general view, they gathered with great in- dustry documents and traditions concerning the work of the Church * Journal oj the General Convention, 1823, pp. 69-73 ; Perry, Reprint, 1874, vol. ii, pp. 74-77. C xix J ARCHIVES OF THE of England in the Colonies and the records of the various dioceses since their organization in 1789. The early death of Mr. Rutledge, a man of singular sweetness of character and intellectual strength, left the whole burden upon Mr. Hawks. His first publication appeared in 1836 under the title, "Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History of the United States, by Francis L. Hawks, Rector of St. Thomas' Church, New York, Vol. I." * Upon a separate page was the sub-title: "A Narrative of Events connected with the Rise and Progress of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Virginia. To which is added an Appendix containing the Journals of the Convention in Virginia from the commencement to the present time." In his preface he explains the first intention of the historians, which was "to preserve in the form of annals the facts thus sa\ed from oblivion, for the benefit of some future historian who might attempt a connected narrative of events, believed to possess some interest at least for Episcopalians." As, however, " the material was both more numerous and more valuable than had been anticipated," a series of volumes, dealing with the several dioceses then coterminous with the states, was projected. It was at the time the volume upon Virginia \\ ent to press that Dr. Hawks, who had found gaps in the narrative which could not be satisfactorily filled by any manuscripts in this country, proposed the appointment of some suitable agent authorized by the General Convention, who should search the archives at Lambeth and Ful- ham Palaces, since the colonial clergy wrote at frequent intervals to their diocesan, the Bishop of London, and the Archbishop of Canter- bury. At the sessions of the General Convention, held in the city of Phila- delphia, from Wednesdav, August 19, to September 1, 1835, Dr. Hawks presented this communication : *New York: Published by Harper & Bros., No. Si ClitF Street, 1836. 8vo, pp. xvi, 286-332. C XX ] GENER.\L CONVENTION To the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, — The undersigned begs leave respectfully to invite the attention of the Convention to a subject important enough, as he hopes, to fur- nish a sufficient apology for the liberty which he takes in addressing your body. For more than five years, the individual who addresses you has been engaged in collecting from every source which was accessible to him, such materials as he could procure for a history of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. His efforts have been, he is happy to say, more successful than he could reasonably have antici- pated, but yet much remains to be done. Every day's delay, however, must increase the difficult}-, and the time is not far distant when one source of information (the testimony of living witnesses who saw the early struggles of the Church) will be lost for ever. Under these circumstances an appeal is respectfully made to the great legislative council of the Church at large, for its co-operation in sav- ing for those who are to come after us, all that can now be gathered of our early ecclesiastical history. As the subject is one which has occupied much of the attention of the undersigned, he begs leave respectfully to suggest the oudines of a plan for the accomplishment of the object in view, leaving it to the wisdom of the Convention to modify or alter it in any mode which may seem best. He earnestly hopes that he may not herein be deemed guilty of the presumption of dictating ; his only wish is to invite at- tention and secure efficient action upon a subject in which we all have a common interest. The plan submitted is as follows: 1. Let some individual be appointed by the General Convention as a collector and conservator of all books, pamphlets, documents, manu- scripts. Sec, which are connected with or throw light upon the pro- ceedings of the Church in any part of our country either in past or C xxi ] ARCHIVES OF THE present times. And to tliis indi\idual, let there be confided such docu- ments as the Church already possesses. 2. Let the conservator so appointed, have permission by a vote of the General Con\ention to ask i>i the name of the Church at large, and not merely as an individual, for such contributions of books, docu- ments, &.C., both in our own country and elsewhere, as \\\\\ further the objects of the Church in his appointment. It may not be gener- ally known to the members of the Convention, that a large mass of materials for our colonial church history exists in manuscripts in Eng- land. A request from the Church of this country might procure what would not so readily be yielded to individual solicitation. The archi- episcopal palace at Lambeth, the office of the venerable Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, as well as some other insti- tutions in London of less note, are known by the writer to contain valuable documents illustrative of our early history. 3. Let some safe place of deposit be selected, (the writer would sug- gest the Library of the General Theological Seminary,) and let the books, documents, &c., belonging to the General Convention be there kept in a case by themselves, under a lock and key, accessible to all persons under proper regulations, for consultation, but to be removed by no one. Make the conservator, or some one to be appointed by him, responsible for their preservation, and let a report of their condition and of the additions made to them be submitted by the conservator to every General Convention. These are the outlines of a plan which has suggested itself to the mind of him who addresses you : and if this, or some similar plan, \\ hich will secure what materials the Church already owns and pro- vide for their gradual future increase, shall be adopted by the Con- vention, then the undersigned requests of the Convention to accept as a donation at his hands, for the benefit of the Church at large, of such materials as he has already collected. They are chiefly the fol- lowing: [ xxii ] GENERAL CONVENTION The Churchman's Magazine — the three series, 15 Vols. The Christian Journal, 14 do. The Charleston Gospel Messenger, 7 do. The Gospel Advocate, 5 do. The Episcopal Magazine, 2 do. The Episcopal \\'atchman. 5 do. The Gambler Observer, 4 do. The Episcopal Recorder, 12 do. The Churchman, 4 do. The Banner of the Church, 1 do. The Protestant Episcopalian, 4 do. The Church Register, 4 do. The Southern Churchman, from its commencement. These are all the periodical publications of the Church which the subscriber owns, and the number is now increasing so rapidly that his means will not enable him to obtain all. He cannot doubt, how- ever, that the editors and publishers of all our church periodicals will give to the Church a copy of their respecti\'e works to keep the series complete, upon a proper application from the authorized agent of the Church. There is little doubt that the Church might with but little effort procure perfect sets of every periodical which has been pub- lished in this country by members of our communion, and experience enables the writer to add, that in many instances they would be found to furnish valuable materials to him who is engaged in ecclesiastical research. In addition to the periodicals named, the subscriber begs the accept- ance of the Convention of as complete sets of the journals of the sev- eral diocesan Conventions as he has been able to procure. Probably what is here offered, added to what the Convention owns already of diocesan journals, will furnish the most perfect sets that it is now- possible to procure anywhere. The sets here offered consist of about 20 volumes, bound. Besides C xxiii 2 ARCHIVES OF THE these, the subscriber begs permission to add fortv volumes of pam- phlets which he has had bound, and to \\hich he has made an alpha- betical index on a plan which admits of constant additions. These pamphlets (though it would scarcely seem credible) are almost en- tirely connected with some matter of interest to the Church at large, or some part of it; and, as many of them are controversial, thev very often, by furnishing the admitted points on each side, aft'ord no bad guide to the discovery of truth. Many of them are of a \ery early date. It should be made the duty of the conservator to be particu- larly careful to add all that is proper to this part of the collection. Finally, by application to the members of the families of some of our early clergy, to whom the Church is deeply indebted for her estab- lishment, the subscriber has been presented with many original let- ters and manuscripts, which form, in his view, not the least inter- esdng part of his collection. These, he always felt, should of right belong to the Church at large, and therefore in offering them, he feels that he is only placing in the possession of the Church that which is its own. The papers which he has, are such portions of the manu- scripts of deceased prelates and clergymen as concern the Church merely, or serve to throw light on any incident connected with her history. These papers he has endeavored to arrange chronologically and according to the subject matter of which they treat. They should be bound, and one volume is bound, rather as a specimen of the best mode of preservation, than for any other purpose. The binding, how- ever, is expensi\'e, though to the Church at large, the materials are worth much more than this expense of preservation. The precise num- ber of manuscript volumes in my possession cannot be stated ; prob- ably, however, at the least, there will be twenty, when all the manu- scripts are received which have been promised. The subscriber, in conclusion, in making this gift, (of which he has only to express his regret that it is not more valuable,) is obliged to withhold its immediate deli\ er\-, for a reason ^hich he will state. He has been endeavoring (with what success his brethren must here- C xxiv ] GENERAL CONVENTION after determine) to gather from the materials in his possession, some- thing liice a connected narrative of the progress of the Church up to the present day. The first vokime of his labors is now in press, and the use of his materials is indispensable in the preparation of the sub- sequent books : he must, therefore, be permitted to retain possession of what he has here offered, until he has completed the labors which he has marked out for himself. The books, however, shall be care- fully preserved and provision made for their ultimately coming into the possession of the Church. Yours respectfully, Francis L. Hawks.* The Bishops expressed their appreciation of his labours and gener- ous offer. It was referred to a Joint Committee, consisting of the As- sistant Bishops of Virginia, Dr. Meade; and Pennsylvania, Dr. Onderdonk; the Rev. Drs. Hawks and Wheaton; and Mr. Richard Potts of Maryland. The Committee made this report : Report of the Committee to whom was referred the communication of the Rev. Francis L. Hawks, D.D., concerning certain books, pam- phlets, manuscripts, isPc, relating to the history of the Church in these United States. The Committee report that they have had the same under considera- tion, and recommend the following resolutions to the General Conven- tion : — 1 . Resolved, That the thanks of the General Convention be returned to the Rev. Dr. Hawks, for his generous offisr of the books, peri- odicals, and manuscripts now in his possession, and that the conser- vator who shall hereafter be appointed, be directed to receive the same. 2. That the Right Rev. Bishop White, and the Rev. Dr. Hawks, be respectfully requested to apply, in the name of this Convention, * Journal of the General Conziention, 1835, pp. 89-91. ARCHIVES OF THE to such persons or societies in England alluded to in the letter of Dr. Hawks as possessing similar documents, soliciting the same, or copies thereof, for the use of the Church in this country. 3. Resolved, That a conser\ator of all the books, pamphlets, and manuscripts of the Church, be appointed by the General Convention, whose duty it shall be to receive and preserve all such books, pam- phlets, manuscripts, as the Church may now own, and in the name of the Church, respectfully to solicit its friends to add to the same, by donations of any books or manuscripts which may serve to illus- trate the history of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. 4. Resolved, That for the present, the books, pamphlets, and manu- scripts belonging to the Church, be deposited, with the consent of the Trustees of the General Theological Seminary, in the library thereof, in a separate case bv themselves, to be kept under lock and key, under the care of the conser\ator, or some person appointed by him ; that under such regulations as the conservator ma}' adopt to ensure their safety, the said books may be consulted by any one, but with- out special permission, shall be removed by no one; and the conser- vator shall triennially make report to the Convention of the condition of the library. 5. And for the purpose of defraying the expenses attendant upon the collection and preser\ation of the books, manuscripts, 8cc. herein referred to, Resolved, That the conservator be permitted to solicit pe- cuniary contributions to this end; and that it be recommended to the Churches to appropriate a small portion of their annual contributions for this purpose. 6. That it be recommended that the Rev. Dr. Hawks be requested to act as conservator of the abo\e-mentioned books, 8tc. All which is respectfully submitted by the Committee. William Meade, Chairman of Commiiter* "fjcurnal of t/ie General Con'uenlio/i, 1835, p. 100. [ xxvi ;] GENERAL CONVENTION Dr. Ha\\"ks lost no time in acting upon the report. Receiving a dona- tion from Trinity Church, Ne\\' York, and a contribution from a friend of Ascension Parish, he added enough from his personal means to enable him to prosecute his researches, and accordingly sailed for Eng- land bearing this letter from the Presiding Bishop : Philadelphia, March 17, 1836. Mv Lord Archbishop : Your grace will pardon the liberty taken by a stranger on find- ing that his object has a bearing on the ecclesiastical literature of a church which claims its descent from the church in which your grace presides. The bearer of this letter is the Re\erend Francis L. Hawks, D.D., rector of St. Thomas's church in the city of New York: who has been much occupied in the collection of documents relative to the his- tory of the Episcopal churches in these United States. In prosecution of the design he is now preparing to visit England, under the expecta- tion of finding in that kingdom many records, to ^^■hich access ma}- be had, if his views should be favoured by your grace in your archi- episcopal character, and in that of president of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. We trust that while one fruit of the labours of this gentleman, will be the perpetuating of the accounts of the origin of our communion, another will be the doing of justice to our parent church, in the record- ing of the aids furnished to her progeny in their colonial state. By the general convention of the American Church in August last there was appointed a committee, consisting of their presiding bishop and Dr. Hawks, for the furthering of the present object. Evidence of this appointment may be seen at the one hundredth page of the journal, a copy of which will be delivered with this letter. Being in the fiftieth year of the Episcopal succession, recei\ed bv me from the hands of one of the predecessors of your grace, the ven- erable Archbishop Moore, Avhose attentions and courtesies I remem- C xxvii J ARCHIVES OF THE ber with gratitude, I cannot be much longer efficient in endeavours to raise our church from the desolation, almost amounting to anni- hilation, in which she was left by the war of the revolution. But it is in the pursuit of the object to which my labours have been so long directed, that I solicit the condescension of your grace to the contents and the request of this letter ; being, with great respect. Your Grace's very humble servant, Wm White. To the Most Reverend the Archbishop of Canterbury.* As the accredited representative of the American Church, Dr. Hawks received every courtesy and attention. In a letter to Bishop White, which was received in Philadelphia a day or two after the Bishop's death, July 17, 1836, he gives this interesting account of his interview with Dr. Howley, Archbishop of Canterbury : London, May 24, 1836. Right Reverend and Dear Sir : In the fulfilment of the duties confided to us by the general conven- tion, in the matter of collecting all procurable documents which may illustrate the early history of our church, I have made my contem- plated voyage, and now write to communicate to you the result of my mission. I waited first upon the Archbishop of Canterbury with your letter and a copy of the journal of the last general convention. I was received with great courtesy and indeed kindness of manner, and found in his grace one of the humblest and most unpretending of men. He had been apprised of my arrival, and of the object of my visit, by one of his clergy, to whom I had letters, and who had seen my testimonials. I cannot better describe the scene which followed than by sending you a copy of my memoranda of our conversation, made upon my return home. After the first salutations I began : "Your grace, I believe, has already been informed by Mr. Norris * Wilson's Memoir of Bishop IV/nte, p. 256. j^ xxviii 3 GENER.\L CONVENTION of the general object of my visit to England. This letter from the senior bishop of the American Church will more particularly explain the nature of my mission . ' ' "Ah, this then is the handwriting of good Bishop White: I hope he is well." "He was well, my lord, when I left America." (He then began to read the letter silently.) After a short time, he said, "How old is the good Bishop now?" "In his eighty-ninth year, my lord." (Towards the close he began to read aloud, and continued so to read to the end.) He then said, "How beautifully he has expressed him- self — he is a venerable man." "And, I assure your grace, beloved as well as venerated by the Church in America." "No doubt of it. Well, I think there must be much in the library here which will be valuable to you, and everything is at your service. The records of the Venerable Society must also contain a great deal of information. I know that there are some MSS. in the library here touching America, but I have never been able to examine them par- ticularly, for I have but little time. We have a catalogue of our MSS., which I will show you." (Here he rose to get it.) "Through the kindness of Mr. Norris I have seen a copy of that catalogue, and examined it most carefully ; it offers very many valu- able papers to our purpose, if, through the kindness of your grace, we may obtain access to them." "Oh that you shall have most cheerfully." (I then handed him the copy of the journal ; and, in reply to his question about the constitution of our church, explained to him in few words our system of government, he. ; and expressing the sense of obligation which we felt in America to the Church of England for having planted and so long sustained us. I added that the present condition of our communion was an honourable monument to the zeal and piety of the Church of England ; and we were anxious to tell the C xxix J ARCHIVES OF THE \\orld our storv ; because we hoped that, among other things, it would be unsolicited testimony to the excellency of the parent church, and well-timed as coming when she Mas assailed by a strange combina- tion of those who were heretofore enemies to her and to each other. I said that the Venerable Society might point to our present prosper- ity, and challenge any other missionary society to show equal fruits of its labours.) "I am very happy to hear of the prosperity of the — Episcopal Church in America ; I was going to say of the Church, for such (it may be from my old fashioned notions) I cannot help considering her. I do not mean to say that those without episcopacy are not churches, but they are irregular ones, by their departure from primitive usage. A history of your church would be very interesting: I hope it will be written." "Bishop White has written, my lord, an account of our general history since the revolution ; and I hope, ere long, to put a copy into the hands of your grace " (and then I was obliged to tell him that I was at work, and had published the volume, on the Virginia Church) . "I shall be glad to see them both, and always pleased to render any service in my power to the American Church. And now let me see how I can aid you. I must bring you into communication with Mr. Rose" (the Re\erend Hugh James Rose, his chaplain, and he sent a servant for him). When Mr. Rose entered, he introduced me, and explained my business, and immediately arranged with Mr. Rose for affording me access at all times, and every desirable facility in my researches. "Now," said he, "I must help you further; you shall have all you wish from the records of the Venerable Society ; and you must search the British Museum, for there is a great deal about America. I will give you the necessary introduction there at once." Accordingly he wrote a note to Sir Henry Ellice and Mr. Torshall — the principal and second librarians. When he handed me the notes, he rose, and GENERAL CONVENTION I took it as a signal to withdraw. I rose also, and said — "It only remains that, in the name of the Episcopal Church in America, I should thank your grace for the ready kindness vvMth which you have met their wishes, and which I will not fail, my lord, properly to represent to them." "I shall be happy to serve them in this matter, and shall hope, sir, to have the pleasure of seeing you again." He then shook hands with me, and I withdrew. I then proceeded to call on the Bishop of London, but did not see his lordship. The next day I again called at his residence, and left my letters, he, but could not see him as he was sick; since which time he has been almost dead. He is now recovering. I have access however to all that he could furnish. Next I went to the British Mu- seum ; and there the archbishop's note made me as it were free of the whole house. All were thrown open to me. Next I went to the Ven- erable Society, and they again placed in my hands treasures indeed well worth the trouble of my voyage. In about forty volumes of MSS. I found all the original letters of our missionaries a6 initio, with me- morials, governors' letters, &c., furnishing a mass of information be- yond my most sanguine hopes. These they put into my possession to have what copies made I pleased. Finally, through the kindness of the Reverend Thomas Hartwell Home, I obtained access to the library of Sion College, where there are se\eral Aaluable MSS. of Dr. Brav's. I am now examining the MSS. of the Society, having finished those at Lambeth, and have as many clerks employed in copying as I can get. I hope to bring home many folios of transcripts of deep inter- est and importance to our communion, and will leave nothing behind me really valuable, unless my funds fail to pay for transcribing. I am working very hard, reading MSS. night and day, and shall be glad when I can leave London to examine the libraries at Oxford and Cambridge, where I have agents now at work. Bishop Doane ex- pressed much interest in the ends of my mission the day before I left New York ; and I must therefore request that when you see him you C xxxi ^ ARCHIVES OF THE will communicate what I have written. Do not, however, let anvthing (save of a general character) be printed; because we shall make a detailed report to the general convention, which w ill be put upon our journals. Very respectfully and affectionately. Your son and servant in the Church, FRA^'CIS L. Hawks.* The diligence and industry of Dr. Hawks deserve all praise. He found material which makes possible a connected and consistent narrative of the work of the clergy of the colonial Church. With his limitations of time and money, he allowed some documents of ^■erv real importance to be untranscribed. He selected sometimes only por- tions of letters, when the full letters would have been of service to those ^vho were tracing out the life of some worthy of the colonial Church or the annals of the parish in which he served. It is also understood that both at the office of the Propagation So- ciety and Fulham Palace there have been found since 1836 docu- ments of equal, if not of greater, value than those seen by Dr. Hawks. His work was a stupendous one for that day. The folios of tran- scripts he had properly arranged according to date and colonies, and bound substantially in eighteen folio volumes. The value of these transcripts is enhanced when it is known that some of the docu- ments have since been destroyed bv fire or otherwise, and some have disappeared. Dr. Hawks made this detailed report to the General Convention during its sessions in St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia, from Sep- tember 5 to September 17, 1838: Wilson's Memoir of Bis/iop U'Mte, p. 258. C xxxii ] GENERAL CONVENTION conservator's report to the general convention of i838 To the General Convention oftlie Protestant Episcopal Church, in the United States of America : — The undersigned, appointed at the last General Convention Conser- vator of the Books, Manuscripts, &c., belonging to the Convention, begs lea\e respectfully to report — That since the last meeting of your Body, he has endeavoured dili- gently to fulfil the purposes of his appointment, and he is happy to say, that his efforts have not been without success. For the better understanding of his acts, he will arrange the particulars of what he has to report under separate heads. 1. Periodicals of the Church. In addition to those named in my for- mer communication, printed on pp. 89-90, of the last Journal of this Convention, I have now to state, that I have continued to take, and preserve for the Church, "The Gambler Observer," "The Church- man," "The Episcopal Recorder," and "The Southern Church- man.' ' From the Rev. Dr. Rudd, editor of ' ' The Gospel Messenger, ' ' printed in the ^Vestern part of Ne\v-York, I have received six volumes of that work as a present to the Collection, accompanied by a promise, that the rest of the work shall be hereafter given, so that the series shall be complete. "The Christian Witness," of Boston, and the "Chronicle of the Church," of New-Haven, have both been estab- lished since the last General Convention. Of these, the latter has been sent by the editor to me, and I have preser\'ed it for the collection ; for the former I ha\'e applied to one of the gentlemen interested in its pub- lication, and there is no doubt that I shall get it. "The Charleston Gospel Messenger, ' ' and ' ' Protestant Episcopalian ' ' (of the former of A\"hich I ha\e se\'en volumes, and of the latter four), I would gladly have continued to take, but ha\e not been able to encounter the ex- pense. Neither have I, for the same reason, a file of "The Mission- ary," of New -Jersey. In truth, the periodicals of the Church have [^ xxxiil ] ARCHR ES OF THE now become so numerous, that I fear, unless their respective proprie- tors will give them to the Con\'ention, it will not be in my poA\ er longer to procure them. The subscription price, together with the postage, is a heavy tax. I would bear it cheerfully, if I could, but I am not in a condition to do so. A\ailing myself, ho\\"ever, of the pri\ilege conferred on me by the last Convention, of soliciting, in the name of the Church, additions to our collection, I would here respectfully ask of the editors and proprietors of all our Church periodicals, copies of their respective publications, to be preserved for the Church. 2. Books and Pamphlets. Of the first, I have recei\'ed some few dona- tions — one, a volume of the early Journals of Ohio, from Mrs. S. Johnson, of Cincinnati ; one from Rev. Dr. Reed, of Poughkeepsie ; one from Peter A. Jay, Esq.; another from W. H. Harison, Esq., of New- York, and one from the Rev. H. H. Norris, of Hackney, near London. I have also taken pains to procure copies of all Pamphlets connected Avith the affairs of the Church, that have been published since the last General Convention. When these shall be bound they will add several volumes to our collection of Pamphlets, and make it as nearh' perfect as is now possible. I have been careful, also, to keep up the series of Journals of the several State Contentions, and there is no doubt that the General Convention now possesses the most com- plete series extant. In this department, my greatest difficulty is in the expense of binding. I should be happy if the Convention could devise some mode of defraying it. 3 . Manuscnpts obtained in America. I have added some Aaluable mate- rials to this stock. These are the donations of the descendants of some of our deceased Bishops and Clergy. They will all, I hope, in due time be bound. Some of them are very important, as will be seen when I state, that among them are the original Canonical documents on which nearly all of our Bishops have been consecrated. 4. Manuscripts obtained abroad. It will be recollected that by the last General Convention, authority was given to our late venerable presid- ing Bishop and myself, to apply, in the name of the Church, to such C xxxiv ] GENER.\L CONVENTION persons or societies in England, as might be in possession of docu- ments illustrating our Ecclesiastical History, for copies of the same. In pursuance of this authority, in March, 1836, I sailed for Eng- land, furnished by Bishop White with proper credentials, and recom- mended, as to the purposes of my mission, to his Grace, the Arch- bishop of Canterbury, and to his Lordship, the Bishop of London. To say simply that my reception by these prelates was kind, would not adequately express my sense of the cordiality manifested to\vard me, in furthering the great ends of my agency. In an interview had with the Archbishop, soon after my arrival, he was pleased to express the deep interest he felt in the prosperity and \velfare of our portion of the Church of Christ, and after inquiries into its condition and prospects, said that he thought we were Mise in making efforts to preserve authentic materials for our history, and added that it afibrded him pleasure to aid us in so good a work . As President of the venerable Society for Propagating the Gospel, he then furnished me with a note to the Secretary, desiring that I might have free access to the documents and records of that institution. An introduction to Sir Henry Ellis, the Keeper of the British Museum, made accessible to me its rare treasures of early American tracts: and I was freely permitted to make my researches in the valuable Library of MSS., at the Archiepiscopal Palace at Lambeth. The MSS. under the control of the Bishop of London, at Fulham, were also most promptly and kindly submitted to my inspection, with full permission, both from the Archbishop and Bishop, to make copies of any papers that might seem to me valuable or important. Indeed, I owe it to both these distinguished prelates, to say, that the truly kind spirit they manifested toward our Church, and toward my- self, as being her agent in this business, was, during my whole stay, most gratifying to my feelings, as a Minister of the Protestant Epis- copal Church in the United States. Nor must I omit here to mention, that from some of the Clergy of the Church of England, I received the most valuable aid in my labours. The Rev. Mr. Norris, of Hack- [ XXXV ] ARCHIVES OF THE ney, whose interest in our Church had led him to some research into its early history, was especially kind. He freely bestowed his time, his influence, and his labours, in furthering the great end I had in view; and it is due to him to say, that but for his valuable assistance, my mission would have been far less successful than it w as. I met \\ith no Clergyman of the Church of England, who took a deeper interest in the welfare of our Communion, and none to whom, in the business of my agenc\-, the thanks of the Church in this country are more justly due. From all the Clergy, indeed, to Avhom my business was made known, I experienced the kindest treatment, but none could help me as Mr. Norris did. There were three sources from A\hich I expected to derive the documents our Church desired. These were, the Library of MSS. at Lambeth, the Correspondence of the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, and the Letters and Documents of the former Bishops of London, preserved at Fulham. I examined them all. By direction of the Archbishop, my copyists were furnished with e^■ery facility for making transcripts at Lambeth, and the kind feelings of his Grace will appear in the following extract from a Communication, received from his Chaplain : "I have the pleasure of stating to you, in behalf of the Archbishop of Canterbury, that you have had his Grace's full and free permis- sion of access to the Lambeth Library, for the important public object which you have had in view, and consequently, no fee or remuneration whatever, is to be paid by you to any of the officers of the Archiepis- copal establishment. His Grace has felt a lively satisfacdon in forward- ing, in this instance, the designs of the Episcopal Church of the United States, and begs to assure yourself, and through you, the Clergy and Laity of your Church, of the interest with which he has heard, and will always hear, of the prosperity of your religious institutions." The Bishop of London was not less kind in causing all the parcels relating to America to be selected from the mass of documents in his possession, and these I was permitted to examine at my leisure. t xxxvi ^ GENER.\L CONVENTION In the records of the venerable Society I found all the correspondence of the Missionaries sent out to this continent, from the commence- ment of its existence in 1701, up to the American revolution. This was contained in about fifty bound volumes, and a large mass of unbound MSS. I read the whole, and caused transcripts to be made of such portions as were useful in illustrating our history. The result of my labours was eighteen large folio volumes of MSS., which I arranged chronologically, and assorted with reference to the colony or province from which they came, and caused to be bound. A speci- men is herewith submitted for the inspection of the Con\ ention. Be- side a volume containing such papers as refer not to anv particular colony or province, but to the Church at large, there are historical documents touching the Church in Maine, New Hampshire, Mas- sachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New-York, New Jersey, Pennsyhania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. The Library of the Convention is therefore truly rich in unpublished MSS. Many of the papers in these volumes illustrate incidentally interesting points in our civil history, and they have been consulted with profit by those whose pursuits have led them to make historical researches. These volumes have cost two thousand dollars, and I am happv to inform the Convention that they are paid for. As the Agent of the Convention, under the resolution passed at the last Triennial Meeting, I applied to the Corporation of Trinity Church, in New- York, asking its aid to procure these valuable documents for the Church, and the Vestry very liberally appropriated $1,500 toward the expense of copying. A gentleman of the Church of the Ascen- sion, in New-York, gave me for the same purpose, $125, the residue I was happy to be able to give myself. In the name, and on behalf of the Convention, I wrote a letter of thanks to the Corporation of Trinity Church, and informed them of the good they had done to the Church in procuring these MSS. Before leaving England, I felt it to be mv duty to express, by letter, the thanks of this body to the [ xxxvii "2 ARCHIVES OF THE Archbishop of Canterl)ur\ , the Bisliop of London, and the venerable Societv for propagating the Gospel. I did this in the name of the Con- vention, and as its Agent in this business. Copies of these letters are appended to this report. From the Archbishop I received a letter con- taining the expression of his kind feeling to the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, and a message for our late father, the venerable and beloved Bishop White. Before I had an opportunity of delivering the latter, that good man \\as with God. It would be unjust to his memory to M'ithhold this tribute to his worth, from one so pious and estimable as the present primate of the English Church. Our hearts I am sure will all respond to the testimonial which living worth here renders to the virtues of our departed Bishop. It is a laud- able feeling tliat seeks to preserve it on our records. The letter of the Archbishop \\'ill therefore also be foimd in the Appendix to this report. I know not that I ha\e more to add to this official statement, except in general terms to say, that the Convention has now a very valuable library of materials for our Ecclesiastical history. A little care taken in adding to it from time to time will make it a treasure to our pos- terity. The foundation is well laid ; may we not hope that the Church will feel some interest in furnishing materials for the superstruction ? If members. Clerical and Lay, will but bear in mind that there is a place of safe deposit for e\erything connected with our history, past or present; and, gathering up the fragments within their reach that nothing may be lost, will but send them to the Conservator, they may, with but little trouble to themsehes, do much good to the Church. In conclusion, the Conservator begs leave to say, not officially, but as communicating that which maj- be of interest to some of his brethren, that since his return he has not been idle. With the valuable aid of the now ample materials in his possession, he has written two more volumes, and will soon have a third prepared for publication. With God's blessing he hopes to be enabled to go on until he has finished the long task he has undertaken, and put into the hands of the Pro- testant Episcopal Church in the United States its whole history. He [[ xxxviii J GENERAL CONVENTION has found in his researches into that history much of deep interest that he did not know before, mucli that is now unknown to his breth- ren. His work may therefore possess at least the attraction of novelty, and in its prosecution, he asks of his brethren. Clerical and Lay, their aid, their sympathy, and their prayers. Francis L. Hawks. New- York, September i, 1838. Letter from the Archbishop of Canterbury Lambeth, August I, 1836. Dear Sir : I LOSE no time in acknowledging your very acceptable present, the "History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Virginia," which I trust is to be regarded as the first of a series of volumes comprising the Ecclesiastical History of the United States of America, from the first settlement of the Colonies to the present day. This period is interesting in the highest degree, as considered with reference both to the growth of the Church imder the peculiar circumstances of the country, and to its instrumentality in ages to come in extending the limits of Christendom by the overflowings of population at home, or the agency of Missions at a distance. I have had great pleasure in affording from the MSS. collection at Lambeth, a supply of materials for this important work. . . . I can assure you with truth, that I shall be happy to avail myself of every opportunity of showing my high respect for the Protestant Episcopal Church in America, and the warm interest I take in its growing prosperity. I remain, Dear Sir, Your faithful Servant, W. Cantuar. P.S. I have been exceedingly gratified by Bishop White's attention in sending me the second edition of his Memoirs of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the U. S. of America. The work is more than [ xxxix '] ARCHI\'ES OF THE ordinarily valuable as an authentic record of transactions of the high- est importance to the American Church, and as a lasting memorial of the truly Christian principles, temper and conduct of the venera- ble persons, American and English, by whose prudence and jjiety the proceedings were brought to a happy issue. I trust that the rela- tion thus providentially established between the tw o Churches will subsist unimpaired, and will be acknowledged by mother and daugh- ter with sentiments of mutual respect and affection to the end of the world. To the venerable Prelate, who may be regarded as, in more senses than one, the Father of your Episcopal Church, I request you to convey my warm and sincere congratulations on his having been preserved by a gracious Providence to rejoice in the success of his labours, and in the prospect of a still brighter futurity. That his most sanguine hopes may be realized, and that the evening of a life devoted to the service of God, and the benefit of mankind, may be unclouded with pain or sorrow, is my earnest prayer. Copy of a Letter to the Archbishop ofCanterlniry London. Mv Lord Archbishop : In the name, and on behalf of "the General Convention of the Pro- testant Episcopal Church in the United States," it is my duty, and, allow me to add, my pleasure, to offer to your Grace the cordial thanks of that body for the ready kindness with which every facility was afforded to their agent in prosecuting the mission on a\ hich he was sent. The documents in the library of MSS. at Lambeth, as well as those of the venerable Society over which your Grace presides, have afforded most valuable materials for the history of the American Episcopal Church : and the aid which your Grace has, with so much generosity, rendered, in obtaining access to them, will be duly appreciated by those whom I have the honour here to represent. GENERAL CONVENTION Your Grace has been pleased through your chaplain (Mr. Ogilvie) to give it me in charge to communicate to the Clergy and Lait\' of the communion to which I belong, the gratification with w hich you have heard of the prosperity of the American Episcopal Church, and the interest felt in its future progress and welfare. The duty shall be faithfully performed, and will, I am sure, increase the affectionate feeling with which the Episcopalians of the United States do now contemplate that Church, ^\ hich, in the infancy of their communion, was a dear mother to them, and to which (in the language of the pre- face to our Book of Common Prayer) we are so deeply indebted "for a long continuance of nursing care and protection." I have the honour to be Your Grace's Most obedient Servant, Francis L. Hawks, Conservator of the Records and Documents of the Prot. Epis. Church in the United States. To the Right Hon. and Most Reverend, the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury'. Copi/ of a Letter to the Bishop of London London. Mv Lord: I SHOULD but execute in part the trust confided to me, if I did not in the name of "the General Convention of the Protestant Episco- pal Church in the United States," thank your Lordship for the aid afforded to me in accomplishing the purposes of my mission. I think it will afford satisfaction to your Lordship to know that the papers put into my possession at Fulham, ha\e been of essential value ; and on one point, of much interest in America, have furnished information which I have long sought without success. Tradition has brought down to us (on the other side of the Atlantic) the suspi- I xii : ARCHIVES OF THE cion, I can scarcely call it more, that before the separation from the mother country, two non-juring Bishops were living in America : I mean bishops consecrated by some of the non-juring Bishops here to sup- ply that want of the Episcopal office that w as so long and sorely felt in the Colonies. The papers put into my possession by your Lordship's kindness have confirmed the tradition, and I now know the names of the gentlemen who were thus consecrated. The discoveries on this subject will be hailed with much interest at home, and I confess I am enthusiast enough to feel that they quite reward all my labours. I have the honour to be, with great respect, Your Lordship's Most obedient Servant, Francis L. Hawks, Conservator of the Records and Documents of the Prot. Epis. Church in the United States. To the Right Hon. and Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of London. Copy of a Letter to the Secretary of the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts London. Rev. and Dear Sir : Permit me, through you, to tender to "the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts," the thanks of "the General Conven- tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States," for the kind and obliging manner in which their views and wishes have been met by the Society, in the business on which I was deputed to visit England. The free access which has been afforded me to the documents of the Society, has enabled me (in the correspondence of the Missionaries sent to the American Continent) to trace the progress of the Church in the United States, from the commencement of the Society's exist- C xlii ] GENERAL CONVENTION ence. For more than seventy years, our history is, in a great degree, but the history of your benevolence. May I not add that our present condition in America is such, that the Society, when asked for the fruit of its labours, ma}-, without shame, point to us. The tree, I be- lieve, will not disgrace those w ho planted it, and nursed its infancy. I have caused many Aolumes of transcripts to be made from your records, and these will be preserved, in America, in the Library of the General Convention, a body which represents the whole Church in our land. I shall not fail properly to represent at home, the kind spirit ex- hibited by the Society, and I will answer for its being duly appre- ciated. With every sentiment of respect for the members of the Society, and my earnest prayers for its continued prosperity and usefulness, I have the honour to be. Your obedient Servant, Francis L. Hawks, Conservator of the Records and Documents of the Prot. Epis. Church in the United States.* The Archbishop of Canterbury was William Howley , who succeeded to the Primacy in 1828 on the death of Archbishop Sutton. He had been Bishop of London from 1813 to 1828. The Bishop of London was Charles James Blomfield, who succeeded Bishop Howley in 1828; his successor in 1856 was Bishop Tait. The Mr. Norris referred to by Dr. Hawks was the staunch friend and correspondent of Bishop Hobart, and the reader is referred to volumes iii and iv of Dix's "His- tory of Trinity Parish" and to "A Century of Achievement, the History of the New York Bible and Common Prayer Book Society for One Hundred Years," by Lowndes, for further particulars concerning Mr. Norris and his correspondence. This report was received with congratulations and approbation. * Journal of the General Convention, 1838, pp. 131-136. C Xliii ] ARCHIVES OF THE The transcripts and other material previously collected were formally committed to the care of Dr. Hawks, and he received the appoint- ment of historiographer to prepare from them a full history of the Church in America in the manner that seemed to him best. At the same convention the Rev. Dr. Samuel Farmar Jarvis, then justly con- sidered the most accomplished scholar of the American Church, if not in the country, was appointed "Historiographer of the Church, with a view to his preparing from the most original sources now extant, a faithful ecclesiastical History reaching from the Apostles' times, to the formation of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States." Thus the \\isdom of the members of that Con\ention provided for a more careful study of the history of the Christian Church and a detailed view of the Church in America. The historiographer was a very busy man ; he was the rector of a large city parish, a preacher of the most polished elocution and ornate style, an educator of prominence, a lecturer of wide acceptance, a mem- ber of many learned societies, and prominent in both Diocesan and General Conventions. Dr. Hawks issued his second volume in 1839, under the title: "Con- tributions to the Ecclesiastical History of the United States, by Fran- cis L. Hawks, D.D., Rector of St. Thomas' Church, New York, Volume II. "* It had as a sub-title: "A Narrative of Events Con- nected with the Rise and Progress of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Maryland." The volume remains a valuable and standard book of reference, al- though much has since been written upon the history of the Church in Maryland. In 1841, at the session of the General Convention, held in the city of New York from October 6 to October 19, the House of Bishops made provision for the safe-keeping of the documents of that House, * New York : John S. Taylor, Theological and Sunday School Bookseller, Brick Church Chapel, 1859, S^Oj PP- "^''j 5^3- C xliv ] GENEIL\L CONVENTION particularly those which related to the consecration of Bishops, and which had been especially exempted from the provision concerning documents committed to the custody of the conservator which ulti- mately were to be preserved in the Library of the General Theolo- gical Seminary. The office of Register of the House of Bishops was created. It was his duty to collect from every possible source such material as bore upon the consecration of Bishops and other papers which related to the proceedings of the House of Bishops. They were to be preserved in " a fire-proof box, to be kept in the Librarv of the Gen- eral Theological Seminary, with the consent of the Trustees thereof. ' ' It was also made his duty to "procure a blank book, and have same labelled with the title 'Consecration of Bishops,' and record in the same the time and place of the consecrations of all Bishops with the names of the Bishops consecrating, and those present and assisting." The Librarian of the General Theological Seminary for the time being was then nominated and elected Register.* At the sessions of the General Convention held in the citv of Phila- delphia from October 2 to October 22, 1844, the Rev. Dr. John D. Ogilby, professor of history and librarian, reported that one pack- age of papers had been placed in his custody by the Bishop of Ohio, Dr. Mcllvaine. His application to the treasurer to purchase a fire- proof box or safe, and a blank-book, was met with the response "that there were no funds for that purpose;" consequently he had "re- frained from any active measures for procuring accessible documents. ' ' At the same session the Committee on Unfinished Business reported that the only matter requiring attention was the provision of a place of deposit for the material in the hands of theRegister. It was then resolved that the documents and other material ' ' be deposited with the Regis- ter of the House of Bishops, and that the Treasurer be requested to provide a safe or box." Upon the recommendation of a committee consisting of Bishop Otey of Tennessee ; Bishop Doane of New Jersey ; and Bishop Whittingham * "Journal of the General Con'vention, 1S41, pp. 89, 100, 109, no. I xlv ] ARCHIVES OF THE of Maryland, at the sessions of the General Convention held in the city of New York from October 6 to October 28, 1847, the name of the office appointed in 1847 was changed to Registrar, but without any formal motion. The new designation is found in a resolution au- thorizing the treasurer of the Convention to "furnish the Registrar of the House of Bishops the amount necessary to enable the said Regis- trar to perform the duties assigned to him by this House at that ap- pointment ; said amount to be determined by the Registrar and Treas- urer jointly."* In the House of Deputies this proviso was added: ' ' and to be paid after the contingent expenses of this Convention have all been liquidated." f The resolution, in this form, was passed by the House of Bishops, and as the receipts of the treasurer were onlv sufficient to cover the immediate expenses of printing, sexton's fees, and other immediate demands, the archives of the House of Bishops were still without proper protection. Bishop Whittingham brought before the House of Bishops on Saturday-, October 9, the third day of the session, reso- lutions concerning "books, pamphlets, and manuscripts,"! which were referred to the Committee on Unfinished Business. This report was made : The Committee on Unfinished Business beg leave to report that they find none which has not been referred to the proper Committee. Upon the "Resolutions," of the Bishop of Maryland, "relative to certain books, pamphlets and manuscripts," they beg leave to report that they have conferred with the Rev. Dr. Hawks, Conservator, appointed by the General Convention, and beg leave to lay before the House the following communication received from him: To Bishops Smith and Lee, Committee, &c. Rt. Rev. and Dear Sirs, The facts connected with my duties and acts as a Conservator of * JounialoJ the General Con'vention, 1847, p. 155. ■\ Ibid., p. 102. XllnJ., p. 161. C xlvi ] GENERAL CONVENTION Church Documents, I beg leave respectfully to state, and it may be considered as a "Report," if it be deemed best so to consider it. 1. The pecuniary expense attending the procuring of these Docu- ments was borne by me, with the exception of $1500, which I begged from Trinity Church, New-York, and $100 jiresented to me by- a gentleman of New-York. In addition to these sums, the business cost me $2500.* 2. The Documents from England are all bound, and on the cover of each, I caused to be printed the words, ' ' Property of General Con- vention," that the ownership might always be apparent. Beside, it is expressed fully, in the inside of each, with a statement w hence the documents came, and a certificate of their accuracy as copies. 3. To these Documents I have since added a great many others, from the papers of our deceased Bishops and Clergj'. These, as fast as I arrange, I put into bound volumes also, and it will be seen the number is not small, M"hen I state that I have the papers of Bishop White, touching the Church, those of Bishops Hobart, Ravenscroft, and others; those of Dr. Smith, the Rev. Mr. Peters, and other Clergymen, all of which I am preserving for the Church. And here I would mention that I Mas particular in preser\ing in bound volumes the Documents which Bishop White had in the case of the Conse- cration of our Bishops anterior to his death. These are the original evidence of our Episcopal succession, and therefore important. I wish to get all suhsequent to Bishop White's death, to keep the testimony complete. Now, all these Documents are kept by me with great care, and it is perfectly understood by my family and brethren of the Clergy living near me, that all, (should I die,) must be delivered to the Gen- eral Convention. I have heretofore made a list, and will, for further security, send Dr. Wainwright, when I reach home, a full list. But it will not be full long, for I continue adding to it. 4. I have also many printed books and pamphlets, (the latter are * The reader will notice the discrepancy between the figures here given and those in his report in 1838 on page xxxvii. Ed. C xlvii ] ARCHIVES OF THE bound up to a certain time,) which are yet in'me, but which I have told the General Convention, I shall give to it, when I have finished my use of them. This department I also add to when I can. 5. I am using all the materials above enumerated. I have on hand now, partly written, histories of our early Church in Massachusetts, Connecticut, North and South Carolina ; and the General Convention was kind enough, long since, to pass a Resolution, authorizing me to keep all I had in possession ^^ hile I needed the use of them in my work. The suggestion that the library of the General Seminary should be their^«a/ place of deposit, was mine ; but such it was understood was not to be the case until I finished my use of them. The Church may be assured that I will take every care in my power of these Documents, for no one can estimate their value and impor- tance more than I do. Respectfully, Franxis L. Hawks. Oflober 20, 1847. The Committee further report, that upon referring to the Journal of the Convention of 1835 (p. 91), they find in Dr. Hawks's letter to the Convention, he expressly says that ' ' he must be permitted to retain possession of what he has here offered, until he has completed the labors which he has marked out for himself." In the opinion of the Committee, it is but reasonable and just, that the books, pamphlets and manuscripts referred to, should remain in his possession for the purpose to Avhich he alludes. Appended to the Report the Committee presented certain Resolutions, which were discussed ; when — "Bishop Whittingham, seconded by Bishop DeLancey, oflered the following as a substitute, which was accepted by the Committee and unanimously adopted by the House : "'Resolved, the House of Clerical and Lay Deputies concurring. That the Rev. Francis L. Hawks, D.D., Conservator of the books, pamphlets and manuscripts, relating to tlie history of the Church in [ xlviii ] GENERAL CONVENTION these United States, belonging to the General Convention, and now in his possession, have leave to retain in his hands the said books, pam- phlets and manuscripts, so long as he shall require the same for use, under his appointment as a Historiographer of the Church ; Provided, that in order to protect the rights of the General Convention in case of Dr. Hawks 's death, he do execute a declaration of trust concern- ing the said books, pamphlets and manuscripts, to the General Theo- logical Seminary, specifying such as are now in his hands, and de- claring that he holds the same in trust for the General Convention ; said declaration of trust to be deposited in the keeping of the Regis- trar of the House of Bishops ; — and further Pivvided, that the origi- nal documents and evidences pertaining to the consecrations of Bish- ops of this Church be not included in this permission, but left, as required by the fourth Resolution of 1835, under which the Conser- vator received his appointment."* The formation of the Protestant Episcopal Historical Society in Sea- bury Hall, Trinity College, Hartford, on June 19, 1850, revived an interest in the work in which Dr. Hawks and a few others had been engaged. The attendance as recorded in this list was notable; it in- cluded the presiding Bishop of this Church, together with eight bish- ops, fifteen priests, and three laymen. The Rt. Rev. T. C. Brownell, D.D. The Rt. Rev. G. W. Doane, D.D. The Rt. Rev.W. H. DeLancey, D.D. The Rt. Rev. W. R. Whitdngham, D.D. The Rt. Rev. Manton Eastburn, D.D. The Rt. Rev. J. P. K. Henshaw, D.D. The Rt. Rev. Carlton Chase, D.D. The Rt. Rev. Alonzo Potter, D.D. The Rev. A. Cleveland Coxe. The Rev. C. P. Clarke. * "Journal of the General Con'vention, 1847, p. 152. [ xlix ^ ARCHIVES OF THE The Rev. Theodore Edson, D.D. The Rev. F. L. Hawks, D.D. The Rev. J. A. Hicks, D.D. The Rev. Professor A. Jackson. The Rev. W. C. Mead, D.D. The Rev. A. Nichols. The Rev. J. J. Robertson, D.D. The Rev. H. B. Sherman. The Rev. W. B. Stevens, D.D. The Rev. Peter Van Pelt. The Rev. H. J. Whitehouse, D.D. The Rev. J. Williams, D.D. The Rev. Benjamin Franklin. Mr. Edward A. Newton. Mr. W. T. Webbe. Professor Duncan L. Stewart. Bishop Brownell presided, and the Rev. Benjamin Franklin of Tren- ton, New Jersey, was chosen secretary. A constitution and by-laws were adopted and these officers chosen : The Rt. Rev. T. C. Brownell, D.D., President. The Rev. Francis L. Hawks, D.D., F ice- President. The Rev. Benjamin Franklin, Secretary. Frederick S. Winston, Treasurer. Executive Committee The Rev. William Bacon Stevens, D.D. The Rev. Philip Slaughter. The Rev. A. B. Paterson. The Rev. J. H. Hobart. The Rev. William I. Kip, D.D. The Rev. T. W. Coit, D.D. Henry Reed. c 1 : GENER.\L CONVENTION Wilkins Updike. Hon. Theron Metcalf. John H. Alexander. Samuel H. Huntington. Robert Bolton, Jr. These names \\ill be recognized as those of men known as historical students and representative Churchmen. During the sessions of the General Convention at Cincinnati in the following fall, the annual meeting was held, with encouraging results. It was expected and hoped that a great impetus would be given to the searching out of documents and traditions in every diocese. While some definite results were achieved, the progress of the organization was disappointing, for the membership dwindled, and only two vol- umes of "Collections" were issued. In the initial volimie* some material from the General Convention manuscripts «as used. It included letters of the Rev. George Keith and the Rev. John Talbot of Maryland, the ' ' travelling missionaries ' ' of the Venerable Propagation Society, 1702-1704, t some letters con- cerning the Church in New Jersey and the Rev. John Talbot, 1705- 1725 ; % a list of persons licensed bv the Bishop of London to officiate in the Plantation from 1745 to 1785 ; § the state of the Church in the colonies, 1703 to 1704; || a list of parishes in the colonies, 1724 ;T[ Mr. Blair's mission to North Carolina, 1703.** During the sessions of the General Convention held in Cincinnati from October 2 to October 16, 1850, the matter was not considered. Dr. Ogilby, the Registrar, \\ as then in Europe, in a very critical state of health. On Februarv 11, 1851, he died at Paris, in the forty-first year of his age. He was a student and a scholar, a man greatly beloved, and sincerely mourned. On March 26, 1851, the Rev. Dr. Jarvis died at his home in Mid- * CotkSions of the Protestant Episcopal Historical Society for 1851, p. xl. f IbiJ., pp. 55-86. Jii/V/., pp. 107-120. ^IbiJ. II IbiJ., pp. 99-106. ^ IbiJ., pp. 121-128. ** Ibid., pp. 183-187. C li ] ARCHIVES OF THE dletonn, Connecticut, in the sixty-sixth year of his age. He is justly regarded as one of the most profound and universal scholars of his age. As historiographer of the American Church he prepared and published two volumes, in which his familiaritv with the very intricate subject of chronology and acquaintance with even the most obscure ancient historians and authors is apparent on every page.* His contempo- raries expressed their very sincere regret that Dr. Jarvis could not complete the large Mork for the Church which he had planned. During the sessions of the General Convention held in the city of New York from October 5 to October 26, 1853, a resolution was offered in the House of Bishops on October 24, by the Rt. Rev. Dr. Wainwright, Provisional Bishop of New York, and seconded by the Rt. Rev. Dr. Green of Mississippi, embodying a canon defining the duties of the Registrar. It was unanimously adopted, and sent to the House of Deputies for concurrence. By that House it was referred to the Committee on Canons, of which Dr. William Cooper Mead of Connecticut was the chairman. It was reported favourably and adopted. With some changes the Canon is still in force. f The nomi- nation of a Registrar in the place of Dr. Ogilby was made in the House of Bishops on October 2 1 , when the Rev. Dr. Benjamin Isaac Haight, Professor of Pastoral Theology in the General Theological Seminary, * httroiluBion to the History of the Church: Being a new Enquiry into the true Date and Birth and Death of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, and containing an original Harmony of the Four Gospels now first arranged in the order of time, by the Rev. Samuel Farmar Jarvis, D.D., LL.D., Historiographer of the Church, member of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences of Boston, the American Antiqua- rian Society of Worcester, Massachusetts, the Historical Societies of New York and Connecti- cut, corresponding member of the National Institute at Washington. New York : Published by Harper £f Brothers, No. 82 Cliff St., 184.5, PP- "^'i ^'S- The Church of the Redeemed or the History of the Mediatorial Kingdom, vol. i. Containing the first five Periods: from the Fall of Adam in Paradise to the rejeiftion of the Jews and the calling of the Gentiles. By the Rev. Samuel Farmar Jarvis, D.D., LL.D., Historiographer of the Church, author of an IntroduBion to the History of the Church, a Harmony of the Four Gospels now first arranged in the order of time, Tnvo Discourses on Prophecv, with an appendix, etc. Edition recommended by the Gen- eral Conventions of 1847 and 1850. fFor the aflion of the General Convention of 1853, see Journal, 1853, pp. 106, 118,120. For the Canon, Constitutions and Canons, Appendix to the Journal, 1853, pp. 60, 61. It is Canon IV of 1853. For the duties of the Registrar at the present time, see Constitutions and Canons, 1789- 1907, Canon 46 of the General Convention, Appendix to the Journal, 1907, pp. 112, 113. GENERAL CONVENTION and assisting in Trinity Church, New York City, was chosen. As he at once declined, the Rev. John Henry Hobart, assisting in Trin- ity Parish, New York City, was nominated, and immediately con- firmed bv the House of Deputies. In the meantime the historiographer was arranging within the cov- ers and on the stubs of old cheques, vouchers, or certificate books, many of the papers which had come into his hands, particularly those of Bishop White, Bishop Hobart, Bishop Ravenscroft, Dr. William Smith, and Dr. Samuel Jarvis. He was making an index to the tran- scripts procured in England, and in the midst of a busy life as rector of a city parish, finding time to prepare some notes for the volumes proposed to be issued concerning each diocese. W hen the Re V . Dr . Robert Bolton , in 1 8 5 5 , prepared his " History , ' ' which gathered from everv possible source the facts concerning the Church in Westchester County, New York, he made excellent use of the manuscripts in the custody of Dr. Hawks. In his preface he says: "He cannot omit expressing his particular obligation to the Rev. Francis Hawks, D.D., LL.D., Historiographer of the Church, for the help which he afforded him in transcribing the letters of the missionaries and for his readiness in enabling him to examine the other treasures in his valuable library."* During the sessions of the General Convention in the city of Rich- mond from October 5 to October 22, 1859, the Rt. Rev. Dr. George Burgess, Bishop of Maine, presented to the House of Bishops on Fridav, October 7, the List or "Catalogue" prepared by him of all the Deacons ordained in this Church since the introduction of the Episcopate. Upon his motion, it was placed in the hands of the Registrar with instructions to continue the List from year to year. « History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Westchester, from its foundation, A.D., 1693, to A.D., 1 8 5 3, by Robert Bolton, author of the History of Westchester County, and a member of the Protestant Episcopal, New York, and the Georgia Historical Societies. " The Society for Pro- pagating the Gospel is the brightest light shining in the Candlestick of the Reformation; it has done more, and is doing more, for the cause of Christ, than all Christendom united." Hon. Rufus King, p. vii. New York: Stanford and Swords, Publishers, 1855. I liii 3 ARCHIVES OF THE A committee, the Bishop of Georgia, Dr. Elliott; Mississippi, Dr. Green; and Connecticut, Dr. Williams, made a report thanking Dr. Burgess for the gift, and making provisions for its continuance.* During the sessions of the General Convention held in the city of Richmond from October 5 to October 22, 1859, a resolution was introduced in the House of Deputies concerning the need of a re- publication of the early Journals. It was referred to a special com- mittee consisting of the Rev. Drs. Higbee, Hauks, and Howe, the Rev. Messrs. Willey and Perry, the Hon. Samuel B. Ruggles, and Mr. Simeon Ide. In a report which reviewed previous attempts and recited some of the measures taken to preser\e historic material, the committee unanimouslv recommended the proposed publication, but without expense to the Convention. f The report m as adopted by the House, and concurred in by the House of Bishops. The publication was to be under the direction of this joint committee: the Provi- sional Bishop of New York, Dr. Horatio Potter, the Bishop of Con- necticut, Dr. John Williams, and New Jersey, Dr. Odenheimer, the Rev. Drs. Higbee, Hawks, Ho\^"e, the Rev. Messrs. ^\'illey and Perry, the Hon. Samuel B. Ruggles, and Mr. Simeon Ide. By a resolution of the committee at a meeting held on April 9, 1860, Dr. Haw ks and Mr. Perry w ere requested to prepare historical notes and supervise the reprint of the Journals. The first \olume appeared in 1861. It contained the Journals from 1785 to 1808, with an histori- cal appendix giving a full account of the measures for organizing the Church after the Revolution in the various states, the obtaining of the Episcopate, and the eftbrts for "Continental Union," which was finally effected in October, 1789. The authors drew largely upon the manuscript archives, and the Bishop Parker correspondence in the possession of Mr. Perry. The title of the volume is: "Journals of the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America from a.d., 1785 to a.d., 1853 inclusive. * Journal of the General Comjention, 1859, pp. 151-135. \lbid. GENER.\L CONVENTION Published bv order of the General Convention, with illustrative His- torical Notes and Appendices, by the Rev. Francis L. Hawks, D.D. , LL.D., and the Rev. William Stevens Perry, M.A. Vol. I, Phila- delphia: Published by Joseph W. Rayner, 1861, 8vo, pp. 4, iii, 651." The ' ' Notes ' ' have this separate title-page : ' ' Historical Notes and Documents illustrative of the preceding Journals, compiled from various sources by the Rev. Francis L. Hawks, D.D., LL.D., and the Rev. William Stevens Perry, M.A." In 1862 Mr. James Pott, the church publisher, and son-in-law of the Rev. Dr. Hawks, commenced the publication, in numbers of about thirty-two pages each, of the ' ' Transcripts ' ' concerning the Church in Connecticut. While supposed to be printed exactly as they were copied, an examination shows many difl'erences in punctuation, abbreviations, and even phraseology. The only notation was a brief sketch of Colo- nel Caleb Heathcote; an account of the Seabury family, written by Mr. William Jones Seabury, then a young lawyer in New York, now a doctor in divinity and senior professor in the General Theological Seminary ; and a sketch of the state of the Church after the Revolution, the efforts for organization, the election and consecration of Bishop Seabury, attempts to effect a "Continental Union " until its final suc- cess in October, 1789. This sketch was compiled by the Rev. Mr. Perry, who used freely the Bishop Parker correspondence which was in his possession, and other rare manuscript authorities. When the series was completed, it was published in book form in two small volumes.* The subscriptions were few, and the publisher lost much of the money he invested in the enterprise. A single number upon South Carolina was also issued. With the same care as in his previous work, the historiographer arranged the documents concerning Virginia for publication. This task had just been completed when Francis Lister Hawks died, Sep- * Documentary History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, con- taining numerous hitherto unpublished documents concerning the Church in Connefticut, Fran- cis L. Hawks, D.D., LL.D., Wilham Stevens Perry, M.A., Editors. New York : James Pott, Pubhsher, No. 5 Cooper Union, Fourth Avenue, 1863, 8vo, vol. i, pp. 328; vol. ii, pp. 359. ARCHIVES OF THE tember 26, 1866. The Church is greatly indebted to him for pre- serving from destruction material for her history of inestimable value. His historical work was only a part of his active and useful career in the Church of God. When the Bishoj)s gathered in New York Citv for the consecration of the Rev. Dr. Channing Moore Williams, as Missionary Bishop of China, on October 3, 1866, in St. John's Chapel, they held a special session for the election of a Missionary Bishop for Montana. The im- portance of securing at once the documents and other papers in the custody of Dr. Hawks was fully realized. The Rt. Rev. Dr. Williams of Connecticut oifered this resolution, which was unanimously adopted : ''''Resolved, That the Re\'. W. S. Perry be appointed to receive from the Executors or Administrators of the late Rev. Francis L. Hawks, D.D., LL.D., all the Documents belonging to the General Conven- tion, which at the time of Dr. Hawks' decease, were in his hands, to give proper receipts for the same, and to hold them subject to the order of the next General Convention." At the special session of the House of Bishops held in St. John's Chapel, New York City, on February 5, 1868, this further action ^\■as taken : ''''Resolved, That the Manuscripts and Documents obtained from the executors of the late Rev. Dr. Hawks by the Rev. William Stevens Perry, acting under appointment of this House at its session in Feb- ruary, 1866, be and hereby are continued in the hands of the Rev. Mr. Perry, for the purpose of arrangement and cataloguing, and that he be instructed to report to the General Convention at its next meeting in October, such a list of these papers as may indicate their nature and render them serviceable to those interested in historical investigation. "Resolved, That the Rt. Rev. the Bishops of and and the Rev. Mr. Perry, be empowered to rearrange the manuscripts and papers forming the correspondence of Bishops White, Hobart, and Ravenscroft, and the Rev. Drs. Wm. Smith of Philadelphia, Samuel Peters, and others not alreadv mounted and prepared for consultation ' c ivi : GENERAL CONVENTION and use; and also to arrange and complete, if possible, the files of the ori- ginal editions of our Journals begun by Bishop White and continued b\' the Rev. Dr. Hawks, and that in the prosecution of this work, the Reg- istrar of the General Convention be instructed to furnish such \olumes or copies of Journals now on file in his charge, as may aid in complet- ing these files ; said perfected sets as soon as arranged, completed and bound, to be recommitted to the care of the Registrar for safe-keeping. "And whereas the publication of the manuscripts transcribed from the Archives of the \^enerable Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, from the records at Fulham and the Li- brary at Lambeth, undertaken by the late Rev. Dr. Hawks and the Rev. Mr. Perry as joint editors has been necessarily interrupted bv the death of the Rev. Dr. Hawks, 'Historiographer of the American Church,' and whereas the two volumes of the Annals of the Church in Connecticut and the initial chapters of the Annals of the Church in South Carolina attest the value and importance of this work ; therefore, ''''Resolved, That the surviving editor be authorized under the author- ity of this House, to continue this publication in the manner and on the principles observed in the portion of the w ork alreadv issued ; there being no pecuniary obligation assumed by this House or bv the Gen- eral Convention, and the restrictions as to the use of these papers on which their transcription was originally permitted in England being still observed, and that in the prosecution of this work, this House would recommend that, if possible, the volumes of this series be pri- vately printed by the subscription of those interested in this subject, instead of being published for promiscuous sale. The Presiding Bishop nominated Bishop Williams of Connecticut, and Bishop Ste\ens as the Committee to act with the Rev. Mr. Perry in accordance with the abo\e Resolutions." During the sessions of the General Convention held in the city of New York from October 7 to October 29, 1868, Bishop Williams, from the special committee, presented this report to the House of Bishops on October 22 : : Ivii J ARCHIVES OF THE The Committee appointed by the House of Bishops at its meeting in February, 1868, to examine and report upon the manuscript and printed vohimes received by the Rev. William Stevens Perry, from the executors of the late Rev. Francis Lister Hawks, D.D., LL.D., under the direction and by the authority of this House, would hereby report : That the said manuscript and printed volumes have been carefully and minutely examined by them, and are now in condition to be depos- ited in the Archives of the Church. These manuscripts and printed volumes comprise the transcripts made in England, at the expense of the General Convention, from the original documents in the Archi- episcopal Library at Lambeth, from the Library of the Bishop of Lon- don at Fulham, and from the letter-books of the Acnerable Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts ; in all, eighteen folio volumes of historical matter, the value of \\ hich cannot be too highly estimated. Besides these important folios, this collection com- prises the correspondence of Bishop White, Bishop Hobart, and Bishop Ravenscroft, and the Rev. Drs. William Smith, and Samuel Peters. These letter-books containing the letters of all who were prominent in the organization of our Church, and minutely detail- ing every step of the struggle for the Episcopate in the free and imre- strained language of friendly communications, — have, besides, the original Minutes of our early Conventions, both General and Dioce- san, — the autograph letters of Archbishops and Bishops of the Mother Church, the celebrated letter of Dr. Coke to Bishop White, touching the union of the Methodists wiih the Church, and other papers of scarcely less moment. The printed volumes comprise the early printed Journals gathered by the wise forethought of Bishop White and pre- serving documents of great value, and importance in many cases unique. Together with these, are volumes of controversial, historical, and statistical pamphlets, thro\\ing light upon many of the ^exed questions of our own time, and furnishing an admirable nucleus for a complete and authoritative collection of .Aj-chives, the preservation and : iviii ] GENERAL CONVENTION continuation of which should be at once undertaken, if for no other reason, for the praise and in memory of our fathers. Deeply impressed with a sense of the great and constandy increasing value of this collection, commenced by the venerable Bishop White, and continued bv the late Historiographer of the Church, the Rev. Dr. Hawks, and in connection with the matter of their particular ap- pointment, your Committee would call attention to the proposed issue in fitting stvle and manner, of the manuscript Annals of the Amer- ican Colonial Church, the originals of which — eighteen noble folio vol- umes — form a most valuable portion of these Archives. They would add the expression of their hope that the few remaining subscribers necessary to ensure the success of this plan may be secured at once, and that thus a \\'ork mav be successfully undertaken, the completion of which will be alike creditable to the promoters of so ^\orthy an enterprise and to the piety and zeal of our fathers in the faith, m hose painstaking efforts for the Church these annals so fully present. Your Committee cannot close their Report without placing on record their senseoftheChurch's lasring obligation to its late Historiographer, the Rev. Francis Lister Hawks, D.D. , LL.D. , whose labors in collect- ing and preserving these manuscripts and documents have sa\edtothe Church the material for her future historian's use. The collection itself may well bear his honored name, and go down to posterity as an attes- tation of his labors and success in elucidating the Church's history. In view of the action taken by the present General Convention, in a joint vote of the two Houses, creating a Commission of Archives, the Committee have no Resolutions to present, and respectfully ask to be discharged. All which is respectfully submitted, J. Williams, William Bacon Stevens, William Stevens Perry, Committee.* * Journal of the General Coni'ention, 1868, p. 227. : lix : ARCHIVES OF THE The heirs of Bishop White presented to the House of Bishops on October 20, through the Rt. Rev. Dr. Stevens, Bishop of Pennsyl- vania, this memorial, which was referred to the Committee on Me- morials : MEMORIAL FROM THE DESCENDANTS OF BISHOP WHITE To the Right Reverend the Bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States of America in Convention Assembled. The Memorial of the undersigned, descendants of the late Rt. Rev. William White, Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Pennsylvania, respectfully showeth : That the said Bishop White, some few years prior to his death, loaned to the Rev. Francis L. Hawks, D.D., LL.D., for the pur- pose of historical examination, the major portion of his collection of MSS., consisting of correspondence between himself and many Bishops, Clergymen, and Laymen, in this and other coimtries; as also other papers, bearing principally on the establishment of the Church in America, and being of very great value. That these papers Avere in Dr. Hawks's ctistody at the death of Bishop White, but were not claimed by the latter's executors, because of their under- standing that Dr. Hawks had not concluded his investigations, and so remained with Dr. Hawks until his decease, September 26, 1866, no claim having as yet been laid to them for the reason above stated ; that on October 27, 1866, subsequendy to Dr. Hawks's death, a de- scendant of Bishop White, and agent of your memorialists, called upon one of the executors of his estate, and then did make claim, to which answer by letter was returned under date of Noxember 16, 1866, by the said executor, to the effect that he would be heard from in due time upon the subject; that, not\\ ithstanding this reply, no- thing further has been heard, nor was an3-thing known as regards these papers by your memorialists, until a few months since, when information was received that they had all been placed by Dr. Hawks's executors in the custody of your venerable bodv. ■ ■ n ix J GENERAL CONVENTION Your memorialists furtlier show that they represent all the descend- ants of the said Bishop White, with the exception of two, who are now residents of distant parts of the United States, and with whom your memorialists have put themselves in communication ; that they have every reason to believe, and do believe, that the assent and rati- fication of the same, will in due course be had to this action of your memorialists, although it has been impossible by this date to obtain it for presentation herewith. Your memorialists therefore pray, that your Reverend Body take into consideration their claim to the said papers, and acknowledge the same, if in your \visdom it seems just ; and that they be permitted hereby to put upon record their wish to make a gift of the same to the House of Bishops, and their successors, when such gift can be perfected by all the parties interested therein . Elizabeth Macpherso.v Wiltbaxk, Elizabeth White Reed, William White Bronson, Mary H. Montgomery, Rebecca H. White, J. Brinton White, Thos. H. Montgomery, by authority, Maria H. White, Catherine A. White, Sarah F. Biddle, William A\"hite, George H. White. Philadelphia, Oftober 15, 1868.* This report was made by the Committee : The Standing Committee on Memorials and Petitions, to whom was referred the Memorial of the descendants of the late Right Rev. William White, D.D., Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, and * Journal of the General Con'vention, 1868, pp. 216 and 4.31. ARCHIVES OF THE Presiding Bishop, setting forth that certain papers of much histori- cal interest had been loaned by their venerable ancestor to the late Rev. Francis L. Hawks, D.D., LL.D., and upon the decease of Dr. Haw ks had been placed in the custody of the House of Bishops, asking of this House a recognition of their right of property, and permission to put upon record their a\ ish to make a gift of the same to the House of Bishops, when such gift can be perfected by all the parties interested therein, report the following Resolutions: Resolved, That the House of Bishops hereby ackno\\ledge that the right of property in the papers loaned by the late Bishop White, of Pennsylvania, to the late Rev. Francis L. Hawks, D.D., LL.D., remains in the heirs and descendants of Bishop White. Resolved, That this House ajipreciate the generous proposal of the Memorialists to present to the Bishops the above mentioned papers, and return their cordial thanks for the promise of a donation of so much historic value. All which is respectfully submitted. Alfred Lee. J. Johns. A. Cleveland Coxe.* New York, Oaober zz^i 1868. A fuller appreciation of the archives of the Church was shown by the action of the House of Deputies in response to requests from several dioceses concerning transcripts of the List of Deacons pre- pared by Bishop Burgess. f These requests were referred to a special committee, m ho made this report through its chairman, the Rev. Dr. Beardsley of Connecticut : The special Committee to whom was referred the resolution to the effect that the Diocese of Vermont ha\'e permission to make a tran- script of the Catalogue of the Ordinations in the American Church, prepared by the late Bishop Burgess, and also the Memorial and state- * "Journal of the General Con-vention, 1868, p. 227. f IbiJ., pp. 32, 33, 3+, 78, 79. C Ixii -\ GENERAL CONVENTION ment of the Rev. Dr. Bailey, of Vermont, embracing Preambles and Resolutions adopted by the Convention of that Diocese to the same effect, together with similar memorials from the Diocese of Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Hampshire — would respect- fully present the following Report : The fact that five Dioceses have asked for the loan of the same manu- script or for permission to make copies of it, is an evidence in the esti- mation of the Committee of its value, and shows that it ought to be pre- served with the utmost care. It was presented to the House of Bishops by the late Bishop of Maine, in 1859, and at that time the Bishops adopted a resolution requesting the Registrar to continue the list — a list M"hich is said to "contain the name of ever}- person admitted to Deacon's orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States from the time of its establishment down to a comparati\ely recent date." The record, if thus enlarged, becomes more valuable with every passing year, and the time may come when the Convention will see fit to authorize its publication. Those who are making investigations with a view to illustrate the history of the Church in their respective Dioceses ought to have access to the archives under such restrictions as the constituted authorities may impose, and while in the opinion of the Committee, it \\ould be improper to loan the manuscript for the purpose indicated in the memorials and resolutions referred to them, they yet believe that some facilities should be afforded to the Dioceses for procuring the information contained in the Catalogue of Bishop Burgess. And furthermore, it has occurred to your Committee in considering these memorials that it \\ould be well to create a permanent Commis- sion composed of an equal number of Bishops, Clergymen and Lay- men, who shall have power to control the archives of the Church and other articles belonging to the General Convention, and to whom dur- ing the interval between its sessions, application may be made for liberty to consult pamphlets or copy manuscripts according to rules C Ixiii ] ARCHIVES OF THE and regulations which the Commission might estabhsh. The Com- mittee, therefore, would propose for adoption these resolutions : Resolved, The House of Bishops concurring, that the Registrar be and he hereby is authorized to furnish to any Diocese or Dioceses a copy of the Chronological Catalogue of Ordination prepared by the late Bishop Burgess, the expense of such copy being defrayed by the Diocese or Dioceses asking for the same — but nothing herein shall be construed to authorize the Registrar to part with the custody of said Catalogue. Resolved further. The House of Bishops concurring, that a perma- nent Commission of Bishops, Clergymen and Laymen be created, composed of two of each order, who shall have power to control the archives and other articles belonging to the General Convention, and who may direct their removal and provide for their safe keeping, to \\hom in the interval between the sessions of the General Convention application may be made for copies of important documents, and who shall have power to edit and publish any manuscript without charges to this body, and, in case of the death or resignation of the Registrar or of his disability, shall appoint a successor until the next meeting of the General Convention. E. E. Beardsley. John B. Clemson. Hugh W. Sheffey. New York, Oftober 19th, 1868. The Rt. Re\'. Dr. Odenheimer of New Jersey, and the Rt. Rev. Dr. Stevens of Pennsyhania, represented the House of Bishops. The members appointed by the House of Deputies were the Rev. Eben Ed\vards Beardsley, D.D., of Connecticut; the Rev. Thomas Winthrop Coit and the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, LL.D., of Bos- ton, Massachusetts; and the Hon. Hamilton Fish, LL.D., of New- York City.* The Rev. William Stevens Perry of St. Michael's *For particulars see Journal of the Ge/wral Convention, i868, pp. 78, 79, 131, 166, 167, 215, 216, 221, 246, 251. C Ixiv J GENERAL CONVENTION Church, Litchfield, Connecticut, Mas appointed historiographer.* Soon after the adjournment of the General Convention, the new his- toriographer issued a prospectus of a series of volumes to be known as, "Historical Collections relating to the American Colonial Churches." The \ olumes ^vere to be in form ro}al quarto, printed upon a very hea\'y unglazed paper from a fount of type with a letter slightly larger than that known as pica. The edition was to be limited to two hundred and fifty numbered copies. Dr. Perry A\as to be the editor. The prospectus was sent to prominent Churchmen, historical students, historical societies, colleges, and public libraries. While the subscribers were not as many as had been expected, a sufficient sum of money was obtained to warrant sending to press the first volume, that upon Virginia. It was annotated by Dr. Perry, and printed at the Church Press in Hartford b}- Mallor\- and Company, the pub- Hshers of "The Churchman." It appeared in the fall of 1870. f It has this dedication : IN MEMORV OF FRANCIS LISTER HAWKS, D.D., LL.D., HISTORIOGRAPHER OF THE AMERICAN CHURCH, TO WHOSE ZEAL AND PERSONAL EFFORTS THE COLLECTION AND THE PRESERVATION OF THE DOCUMENTS AND PAPERS CONTAINED IN THIS WORK ARE DUE, THIS VOLUME IS INSCRIBED. In an Introduction, Dr. Perrv emphasizes the value of the papers in the volume as material from which the history of the Church in the "Old Dominion" must be drawn. While some of the documents often displayed personal or partisan prejudice, and some "were A\rit- ten with sinister ends in view," yet they are all necessary for a true * "Journal of the General Con'vention, 1868, p. 230. f Historical Colleilions relating to the American Colonial Church, edited by William Stevens Perry, D.D., volume i, Virginia. Printed for the Subscribers, mdccclxx, royal quarto, pp. xvii, 5S5. The Rev. Dr. Thomas Winthrop Coit's copy is No. 3S, and was received November 19, 1870. Dr. Coit was the reftor of St. Paul's Church, Troy, and professor of Ecclesiastical His- tory in the Berkeley Divinitv School. [ Ixv ] ARCHIVES OF THE and just history of the period when Church and State were closely united. Since the transcripts were made, some of the original docu- ments have disappeared or have been accidentally destroyed. This enhances the value of the printed volume. Dr. Perry says: "This Volume has been printed by the present Editor as jjrepared for the press by his revered instructor and friend the late Rev. Dr. Hawks. It seemed fitting that the initial volume of this collection of MSS. should be given to the World as it passed from the lo\ing hands of him whom we must ever recognize as the father of our American Church History." In addition to the notes, Dr. Perry gives a transcript of the draft of letters patent for the creation of a bishopric in Virginia in 1672, found among the papers of Sir Leolin Jenkins in All Souls' College, Oxford, which was given to the Rt. Rev. Dr. Quintard of Tennes- see when he visited Oxford during the Lambeth Conference of 1867, and by that prelate presented in 1868 to the House of Bishops.* The second vohime contained the letters and documents concern- ing Pennsylvania, t The Introduction is dated, ' ' Trinity Rectory, Ge- neva, N. Y., Feast of St. Matthew the Apostle, 1871." It has this dedication : ' ' To the Right Reverend William Bacon Ste\ens, D.D. , LL.D., Bishop of Penns3-lvania, this Volume, the result of histori- cal investigations first undertaken at his suggestion, and continued with his constant sympathy and encouragement, is respectfully in- scribed." On Monday, October 9, the Bishop of Pennsylvania presented from the descendants of Bishop White, a letter and deed of gift of certain historical documents which were then in the custody of the House. * Journal of the Getieral Connjention, i86S, pp. 228, 229. For notices of this attempt for an Amer- ican Episcopate see: " Efforts to obtain the Episcopate before the Revolution," by the Rev. Fran- cis L. Hawks, D.D. , in ColleSiions of the Protestant Episcopal Historical Society, for the year i S 5 1 , pp. 138, 139. The Anglican Episcopate and the American Colonies, by Arthur Lyon Cross, LL.D., 1902, pp. 90, 91. American Church History, by the Rev. Joseph Hooper, in The Church Eclec- tic, volume xxxiii, No. v, April, 1903, pp. 28, 29. f Historical Coileilions relating to the American Colonial Church, edited by William Stevens Pern,', D.D., volume ii, Pennsyl'vania. Printed for the Subscribers, mdccclxxi, royal quarto, pp. xxi, 607. : ixvi 3 GENERAL CON\ ENTION Upon his motion it was ^''Resolved, That the House of Bishops grate- fully acknow ledge the reception of the deed of gift by the descend- ants of Bishop ^^ hite, con\eying to this House the papers mentioned therein, and return to Thomas H. Montgomery, Esq., and through him to all represented by that gift, the thanks of this House for the important trust now committed to their sole custody."* During the sessions of the General Convention held in Baltimore from \\^ednesday, October 4, to Thursday, October 26, 1871, the Rt. Re\ . Dr. Odenheimer, Bishop of Ne\\' Jerse\', presented on Octo- ber 26 the report of the Commission on Church Archives, as follows : REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ON ARCHIVES The Commission on Church Archives, in presenting their first re- port, respectfully desire to call the attention of the Church, in the first place, to the \ alue and extent of the collections already under their care ; and, secondly, to the importance of perfecting these collections, and the duty resting upon the Church of providing for its archi\es a safe and appropriate place of deposit. The collections already gathered comprise, in the first place, the MSS . obtained from the executors of the late historiographer, the Rev . Francis Lister Hawks, D.D., LL.D. ; or received, by direct gift, from the survi\ing members of the family of the venerable Bishop W^hite ; the transcripts procured in England by the Rev. Dr. Hawks, and now in process of publication in a most sumptuous series of \ol- iimes, under the editorship of the present historiographer ; and the col- lection of Journals of General and Diocesan Conventions, and other important Church pamphlets, begun by Bishop White, continued by the Rev. Dr. Ha^ks, and largely increased of late by the exer- tions of the temporary custodian of these MSS. and other papers, the Rev. Dr. Perry, Deputy Registrar of the Convention. Besides these important documents, others of scarcely less impor- * Journal of t/ie General Coii'vention, 1871, p. 274. C ixvii D .VRCHIVES OF THE tance, covering the whole period of the Church's history since its reorganization after the War of the Revolution, are in the care and keeping of the Re\ . Dr. Hobart, for many years, and still the faith- ful Registrar of the Con^■ention. The perfecting of these MSS. from the rapidly disappearing papers of the families of our Bishops and clergy, the gathering together of Journals needed to complete the sets which, in more or less perfect- ness, are already in our care, and the preservation of all the MS. or printed matter illustrati\'e of our American Church history, cannot be delayed without danger. The Commission earnestly call upon the members of the Church to aid in this effort for the increase of our his- torical material. With a little effort now, much may be done to place within the reach of students of our history the means for the fullest gratification of their inquiries. The Deputy Registrar reports to the Commission the gradual com- pletion of the sets of Journals and important Church pamphlets in his hands. Large and \aluable additions to these files have been made by members of the families of the late Bishops Cobb, of Alabama, and Burgess, of Maine; the \enerable Dr. Benjamin Dorr, of Pennsyl- vania, many years rector of the historic Christ Church, Philadelphia ; the Rev. George Taft, D.D., long an honored presbyter of Rhode Island; and the Rev. D. L. B. Goodwin, whose name and labors are inseparably connected with the work of Church extension in that Dio- cese. The Rev. Samuel Chase, D.D., of Illinois, has largely added to the files of Convention Journals. The Re^'. Dr. Perry appends to this report a list of Journals still needed to complete the sets of ar- chives begun by the venerable first Bishop of Pennsylvania, and the Commission respectfully solicit, from those who possess these want- ing Journals, and any other MS. or printed matter illustrati\e of our general or diocesan history, the contribution of such papers to the collection of archives under the control of the Commission, to be the property of the Church in the United States. The Commission, feeling the importance of the historical collections C Ixviii ] GENER.\L CONVENTION now being privately printed by the historiographer, under authority of the House of Bishops, would commend this series of volumes to the support of the wealthy members of our communion who are in- terested in historical studies. They have further directed the editor of the series to reserve for the archives two sets of these papers, and to transmit, as the gift of the American Church, copies of the same to the Libraries of Lambeth, Fulham, and that of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, in grateful acknowledg- ment of the permission accorded to the late historiographer to make these transcripts of the letters and papers preserved in these venerable repositories of the literature of the past. The Commission feel it incumbent upon them to bring before the Church the expression of their conviction of the great want of a cen- tral and safe place of deposit for the archives of the Church. Some fire-proof building, in a central location, should be provided, where, under the constant oversight of a suitable custodian, these records should be open to the inspection of the curious, and thus made avail- able in the elucidation of our history. Till this is secured, the tenure bv which we hold our present possessions is but slight. Their loss would be irreparable. If secured from the danger of destruction bv fire or care- lessness, their number and value would be largely increased by further gifts of like nature. A lack such as this ought to be at once supplied. In closing their report, the Commission would commend to the sup- port and patronage of the members of our communion the many efforts now being made by indi\iduals to add to the historical literature of our Church. Such labors cannot be recompensed pecuniarily. They should, at least, claim for those who make them the hearty sympathy and thanks of every Churchman. All which is respectfully submitted. For the Commission, W. H. Odexheimer, Chairman. Baltimore, Md., Oftoher 25, 1871. [ ixix : ARCHIVES OF THE The same Bishop offered this resolution, which was unanimously adopted and concurred in by the House of Deputies : ' ' The Bishop of New Jersey, from the Joint Committee on Church Archives, presented their report, with the follow ing resolution : ' ' Resolved, the House of Clerical and Lay Deputiesconcurring,That, as every day is adding to the value and extent of the manuscripts, and other collections of Church Documents, under the control of the Com- mission to provide, at some central place, a suitable place of deposit for these manuscripts and papers, where, under proper restrictions, thev can be consulted by all who would acquaint themselves with the data of our ecclesiastical history. "On his motion the resolution as reported was adopted. On motion of the Bishop of New Jersey it was ordered that the report and resolution be communicated to the House of Clerical and Lay Deputies."* Bishop Randall of Colorado presented to the House of Bishops a me- morial from the Rev. William L Bartlett of Massachusetts, concern- ing the printing of the List of Deacons prepared by Bishop Burgess. It ^\•as reported to the Committee on Memorials, who reported that they saw no objection to granting the prayer of the memorialist. Mr. Bartlett's work upon the list in adding references, verifying dates, and making an index was very important. The "List " appeared in 1875 under the title: "List of Persons admitted to the Order of Deacon in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, from a.d. 1785 to a.d. 1857, both inclusive. Prepared by the late Right Rev. George Burgess, D.D., Bishop of Maine." f In a note Mr. Bartlett says: "There were probably but very few persons living twenty years since who could ha\e compiled such a 'List' as that prepared b}' the late Bishop Burgess, and which forms the staple of this book. It was only by unwearied labor, the * Foraftion concerning the archives, see Journal of the General Convention, 1871, pp. 241, 242, 375, 389. For the report, see pp. 612, 61 3. Dr. Perry appends a list of Journals needed, Journal, 1871, pp. 61 3, 614. fBoston : A. Williams & Co., 1875, i2mo, pp. 4^, xxv. c ixxn GENERAL CONVENTION exercise of no little tact, and a large expenditure of money on the part of the deceased Prelate that he drew from a \ariety of sources the information which he has digested into a volume. Such univer- sal love and respect were felt for him, that doubtless he succeeded in collecting material for his work when most others would have failed. If the compilation of a 'List of Persons Ordained Deacons in the P. E. Church,' had been left to the present dav, it would be next to impossiiile to find any indi\ idual who could successfully execute such a work. The book now issued is intended to present an exact reprint of the MS. which was left by Bishop Burgess, with certain suggestions for slight alterations in a few places, and many additions. "In the present volume the name of every person who attained to the honors and responsibilities of a Bishop is printed in small capitals. This distinction was not made in the manuscript copy. Bishop Bur- gess numbered the names up to and including 40. This number- ing has now continued to the end of the List. "It was evidently the intention of the Bishop to give the date of the death of those who had passed away, and also the ages of each at the time of his decease. Many of the clergy whose names appear on the List ha\e been called home since the estimable compiler has left these earthly scenes. Items concerning some of these are given in this printed volume. Such additions are distinguished b}- square brackets, thus, [ ] . This sign marks all the additions made by the under- signed, and it also indicates the \ery few alterations suggested by him. Both amount ho\\"ever to some four hundred. "The index is the sole work of the undersigned. That it adds materially to the value of the book, has been stated in various 'Book Notices,' and also in private letters. "The history of the attempt to give this List of Ordinations to the public, ought to be stated. In 1868 the Convention of the Diocese of Massachusetts, after expressing its conviction of the importance of this work of the late Bishop of Maine, instructed the Church Regis- trar of that Diocese to petition the General Convention at its next ses- c ixxi : ARCHIVES OF THE sion, to loan to him Bishop Burgess's manuscript \olume for a length of time sufficient to ha\ e it copied. At the next meeting of the Con- vention of the first named Diocese, the Registrar reported that he had petitioned as instructed, but that delegates from two other Dioceses asked a like privilege, and that the action of the General Convention A\as a practical denial of the petition. Taught by the experience of interference of delegates in the lower house of the General Convention in 1868, the Registrar quietly petitioned the House of Bishops at its next meeting, and that body gave their assent to the publication of the 'List.' And then the labor of raising the necessary funds tegan, which would probably have been unsuccessful had not four laymen of this Diocese contributed liberally to the undertaking. In fact, of the number of copies subscribed for, nearly one-half w as by persons living in Massachusetts. "The undersigned mav perhaps be permitted to say in conclusion, that during the progress of the attempt to bring this volume before the public he has repeatedlj- been reminded of the saying : '■Heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate.' Could he ha\'e foreseen one quarter part of the labor and disagree- ables which this enterprise has involved, he would certainly ne\ er ha\ e entered upon it." * The third volume, containing the documents and papers relating to Massachusetts, was issued in the spring of 1873. The Introduc- tion is dated, ' ' Trinity Rectory, Gene\'a, Nen' York, Monday in Easter Week, 1873 " (April 14). The annotation is fuller than in the other volumes, and includes valuable extracts from manuscripts in the Bod- leian Library, Oxford. f Dr. Perry, in addition to his work upon the archi\es, was preparing for the Press a reprint of the Journals of the General Coua ention from * List, p. XV. -f- Historical ColleSiions relating to the American Colonial Church, edited by William Stevens Perry, D.D., volume iii, Massachusetts. Printed for the Subscribers, mdccclxxiii, royal quarto, pp. XXV, 720. I Ixxii ] GENEIL\L CONVENTION 1785 to 1835. He appended to them an historical narrative of e^ ents concerning the organization of the Church in the several states and the "Continental Union." In this narrative he drew largelv upon the treasures in his care, particularly the manuscripts of Bishop White and Dr. \\'illiam Smith. He also reprinted Bishop ^^'hite's famous pamphlet of 1782, " The Case of the Episcopal Church Considered ; " Bishop Seabury's Communion Office, 1786 ; and "The Alterations of 1789," as contained in a pamphlet without date or name of printer. The volume has a separate title-page distinct from the two contain- ing the Reprint.* The narrative is practicallv the same as in the Reprint of 1861. During the sessions of the General Convention held in the citv of New York from Wednesday, October 7, to Tuesdav, No\"ember 3, 1874, the final report of the committee on the re-publication of the earlv Journals, originally appointed in 1859, was presented, and the com- mittee discharged. In it, the work of Dr. Perrv, which was entirelv without compensation, was highlv commended. Dr. Perrv, then sec- retary of the House of Deputies, was appointed to prepare an account of the Church for the Centennial Exhibition to be held in the citv of Philadelphia in 1876. He also received the formal thanks of the House of Deputies for his valuable services. t The Archives Commis- sion appears to ha\e presented no report. During the sessions of the General Convention held in the citv of Bos- ton from Wednesday, October 3, to Thursday, October 25, 1877, the * Journals of the General Contentions of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, published by authority of the General Convention, edited by William Stevens Perry, D.D., volume iii, Historical Notes anJ Documents. Claremont, N.H.: The Claremont Manufaifturing Company, 187+, 8vo, pp. Iv, 528. Sub-title: " Historical Notes and Documents illustrating the Organization of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United Statesof America, by William Stevens Perr)-, D.D., Historiographer of the American Church. Claremont, N.H.; The Clare- mont Manufacturing Company, 1S74." For action upon the re-publication of the early 3'""''- «a//, see j'oar/;^/, 1871, pp. 194, 195, 209, 354, 355, 359. The members of the joint commit- tee were the Bishops of New York (Dr. Potter); Connecticut (Dr. Williams) ; New Jersey (Dr. Odenheimer) ; the Rev. Dr. William Cooper Mead ; M. A. de Wolfe Howe ; William Stevens Perr)-; and Messrs. Samuel B. Ruggles, Henr)' P. Baldwin, and Enoch R. Mudge. ■\ Journal of the General Convention, 1874, pp. 169, 173, 174, 217, 265, 288, 337, 338, 340. C Ixxiii ] ARCHIVES OF THE Canon concerning the Registrar was amended so as to require the pres- ence of the Registrar or his deputy at every consecration of a Bishop. A letter of consecration, pre\iousiy prepared, was to be signed and sealed in his presence by the consecrators. The entry of each consecration in the "Book of Consecrations" was to be attested by a notary public* The elevation of the Rev. Dr. Perry on September 10, 1876, to the Episcopate, in succession to the Rt. Rev. Dr. Henr\' Washington Lee of Iowa, delayed his work upon the archives. In the meantime, the Rev. Dr. George Morgan Hills, rector of St. Mary's Church, Burlington, had thoroughly examined the material in the archives bearing upon the Church in New Jersey, and particularly that relat- ing to the origin and progress of St. Marv's Church and its first rector, the Rev. John Talbot. He embodied the results of his research in a scholarly history of the parish. f In the midst of his new duties and cares, the Bishop of Iowa found time to prepare two more \olumes for the press, containing the papers concerning Maryland and Delaware. While bound up together, thev have separate title-pages, introductions, and pagination, as w ell as in- dices. | In the Introduction to the Maryland volume he explains the delay by ' ' the pressure of new duties incident to a change of life and residence." He adds that "the partial destruction by fire of both the MSS. and the printed sheets, together with the copies of the pre- vious volumes still in hand, have proved a serious loss to the Editor, as well as a reason for further delay." He excuses the meagrenessof his annotations, saying there was less need of them owing to the services * Journal of t/ie General Connjention, liTJ, pp. 119, 151, 205,271, 285; also Digest of Canons, 1877, pp. 129, 130, appended to Journal. t History of the Church in Burlington, Neiv Jersey, comprising the fafls and incidents of nearly two hundred years, from original contemporaneous sources, by the Rev. George Morgan Hills, D.D.,re£torof St. Mary's Parish, and dean of the Convocation of Burlington. Trenton, New Jer- sey ; William S. Sharp, Printer, 1876, 8vo, pp. 739. X Historical Collegians relating to the American Colonial Church, edited by William Stevens Perry, D.D., volume iv, Marylami. Printed for the Subscribers, mdccclxxviii, royal quarto, pp. xii, 370. Historical ColkSions relating to the American Colonial Church, edited by William Stevens Perry, D.D., volume v, Delaivare. Printed for the Subscribers, mdccclxxviii, royal quarto, pp. vii, 151. [ Ixxiv '] GENERAL CON\'ENTION of the Rev. Dr. Ethan Allen, "whose life long labors have secured for this Diocese abundant material both in MSS., and in print, for the student of its history, material which year by }ear \\ ill be more highly valued. ' ' To him ' ' this volume of Maryland Papers is inscribed by his friend and brother The Editor." The Introduction is dated, "Bishop's House, Davenport, Iowa, St. Mark's Day, 1878." The Introduction to the Delaware papers is brief, and notes that they ' ' throw quite as much light upon the condition of the Church in Pennsylvania and Maryland, as upon the Church in the province under which they have been grouped by the late Historiographer of the American Church." It is dated, "Bishop's House, Davenport, Iowa, Feast of SS. Philip and James, 1878." During the sessions of the General Convention held in the citv of New York from \\'ednesday, October 6, to Wednesday, October 27, 1880, the vacancy on the Archives Commission by the death of the Bishop of Northern New Jersey, the Rt. Rev. Dr. Odenhei- mer, August 14, 1879, was filled bv the nomination bv the House of Bishops, and confirmation bv the House of Deputies, of the Bishop of Connecticut, the Rt. Rev. Dr. ^^'illiams. The Rev. Dr. Hobart asked for a conference concerning the better discharge of his duties as Registrar. As the result, the Canon concerning the Registrar was further amended, providing for duplicate copies of the letters of con- secration of each Bishop, also allowing the documents and papers in his possession to be kept in fire-proof boxes, or in some safe and con- venient place of deposit. The Registrar in his report spoke of the in- convenience he experienced, as no place had been provided. At that time he was indebted to the courtesy of the rector of Grace Church for the use of a room A\hich was needed for other purposes. The Archives Commission in a special report urged the necessity of such a permanent place of deposit in the city of New York. Its sugges- tions were appro\ed by the Convention.* * Journal of the General Con'vention, 1880, pp. 136, 148, 149, 189, 190, 192, 193, 250, 275, 277, 279, 280, 282, 324, 325, 326. For the report of the Registrar, see Appendix xviii, p. 502. [ ixxv ;] ARCHIVES OF THE During the sessions of the General Convention held in the city of Philadelphia from Wednesday, October 3, to Friday, October 26, 1883, no action concerning the archives was proposed or any report presented from the commission. The Registrar requested leave to change the "heading," as he styles it, of the Letters of Consecration from ' ' In the Name of God, Amen, ' ' to " In the Name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost, Amen," which was granted.* During the sessions of the General Convention held in the city of Chicago from Wednesday, October 6, to Thursday, October 28, 1886, the offer made by the trustees of the General Theological Sem- inary of a room for the use of the secretaries of the General Conven- tion, and a place of deposit for the archives in the care of the Regis- trar, was accepted with thanks. f The Commission on Archives made no report. The commission is omitted from the list of "Committees appointed to report to the next General Convention as permanent Commissions." No action was taken in either House leading to its abolition, so far as the printed Journal shows. John Henry Hobart, who since 1853 had been the Registrar, de- parted this life at Fishkill, New York, on August 31, 1889. He was born in New York City, October 1, 1817. He was well prepared for college in good private schools, and entered Columbia College at the age of fifteen. He was graduated with honour in 1836. After spend- ing two years in special study, he proceeded to the General Theologi- cal Seminary in 1838. Here he formed an intimate friendship with the poet-bishop. Dr. Arthur Cleveland Coxe. In his Senior year several classmates, notably James Lloyd Breck and William Adams, discussed with him an associate mission in the wilds of Wisconsin. The members were to be content with food, raiment, and shelter. A plan was formulated, and the approval of their Bishops sought. On June 27, 1841, Mr. Hobart was made Deacon '"''Journal cf the General Con-vcntion, 1883, pp. loi, 115. For the report of the Registrar see p. 609, Appendix xin. \ Journal of the General Convention, 1886, pp. 10, 68, 78, 235, 236. The report of the Regis- trar is on page 860, Appendix xxiv. C Ixxvi ] GENERAL CONVENTION by the Bishop of New York, Dr. Benjamin T. Onderdonk. Soon after, with his classmates, James Lloyd Breck and William Adams, he went to their chosen mission field, Prairieville, Wisconsin. The story of Nashotah and the biu'den of teaching, preaching, administering the sacraments, and other duties borne by these young men, is one that has often been told. For three years Mr. Hobart did his full share of the work. He then felt obliged to return East, and accepted in 1844 the rectorship of St. Paul's Church, Redhook, New York. In the following year he became rector of Trinity Church, Geneva, New York. In 1847 he was made a member of the clerical stafi'of Trinity Church, New York City. Until 1855, he was assigned to duty by the rector. He was made a full assistant minister and assigned to Trinity Chapel, March 26, 1855. In September, 1863, he resigned to take the rector- ship of Grace Church, Baltimore, Maryland. In 1868 his impaired health compelled him to give up the care of a large parish. He re- turned to the familv home at Short Hills, New Jersey, and accepted the charge of Calvary Church, Summit, which was near his home. In 1871 he gave up that position. In 1872 he accompanied Bishop Whittingham, as chaplain, to the important Old Catholic Congress at Cologne. In 1879 he removed to Fishkill, New York, and \\as made rector of Trinity Church. Here he spent the last ten years of his life in useful and fruitful work. In 1884 he was the Convention preacher. His discourse was a summary of the steps leading to the organization of the Diocese of New York after the Revolution. During the sessions of the General Convention held in the city of New York from Wednesday, October 2, to Thursday, October 24, 1889, the death of the Rev. Dr. John Henry Hobart was announced in the House of Bishops. Upon the motion of the Bishop of Iowa, the Rt. Rev. Dr. Perry, the Rev. Dr. John LIa ingston Reese of Albany, New York, was nominated as Registrar, and duly confirmed by the House of Deputies.* * Journal of the General Convention, 1889, pp. 26, 32, 285. C Ixxvii ] ARCHIVES OF THE No report \vas received from the Commission on Arcliives, nor does the commission appear in the list prefixed to the Journal of Com- mittees and Commissions. No report was presented from the late Registrar. During the sessions of the General Convention held in the city of Baltimore from Wednesday, Octobers, toTuesday, October25, 1892, the Bishop of Iowa offered on Monday, October 10, a preamble and resolutions concerning the value of the missionary archives of the Church, thanking the dean of the General Theological Seminary for the use of a room, and requesting the authorities of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society to provide in the new Church Mis- sions House, then building, a room or rooms \\ ith a fire-proof safe, in which "the Archives of the American Church, now and here- after to be in the keeping of the Registrar," could be kept and con- sulted in connection \\ ith the missionary archives. Provision was to be made by the authorities of the society ' ' for the care and preser- vation of the said Archives under the exclusive direction and control of the Registrar and such other officers of the Convention as may have by the vote of the Convention, care and charge of these papers." * The preamble and resolutions were referred to a special committee, the Bishop of Iowa, the Registrar, the Rev. Dr. Reese, and the Secre- tary of the House of Bishops, the Rev. Dr. Tatlock. The committee reported "that they have fully consulted with such authorities of the Church Missions House as were accessible, and w ith their approval recommend the adoption of the following resolution : ''''Resolved, That the preamble and resolutions referred to the Com- mittee be adopted." The report was accepted and the resolution adopted. f The House of Deputies at once concurred. On Friday, October 21, the Bishop of Io\va offered this resolution, which was adopted : ''''Resolved, the House of Deputies concurring, that a Commission on Archives be created, consisting of three Bishops, three Priests, and * Journal of t/ie General Con'vention, 1S92, p. 3;. f ll>iJ., p. 55. [^ Ixxviii '2 GENER.\L CONVENTION three Laymen, to co-operate with the Registrar of the Convention, in securing, arranging, and caring for all documents, manuscript or in print, illustrating the history of the American Church, which are already or may hereafter become the property of the General Conven- tion." The chairman of the House, the Rt. Rew Dr. Neely of Maine, appointed as members from the House of Bishops, the Bishop of Al- bany, the Rt. Rev. Dr. Doane, the Bishop of low a, the Rt. Rev. Dr. Perry, and the Bishop of New York, the Rt. Rev. Dr. Potter.* The House of Deputies concurred in the action of the House of Bish- ops, and the president, the Rev. Dr. Morgan Dix, appointed as mem- bers of the Commission on Archives, the Rev. Dr. Ed^vin Harwood of Connecticut, the Rev. Dr. Alfred B. Baker of New Jersey, and the Rev. Frederick Gibson of Maryland ; Mr. Henry Hayes of Newark, Mr. Asa Bird Gardiner of Long Island, and Mr. James Grant Wilson of New York.f During the sessions of the General Convention held in the city of Min- neapolis from Wednesday, October 2, to Tuesday, October 22, 1895, the vacancies in the commission by the resignations of the Rev. Dr. Frederick Gibson of Baltimore and Mr. Henry Hayes of Newark were filled bv the appointment of the Rev. Samuel Hart of Hartford, and Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan of New York. The report of the com- mission was presented by the Rt. Rev. Dr. Perry of Iowa. J It w as an historical summary of what had been done by Bishop White, Dr. Hawks, the General Convention, and himself as histo- riographer, for the preservation of manuscript and printed material for the history of the Church in the United States. He details the measures taken to obtain from the family of Dr. Hawks the books and manuscripts which \\ ere the property of the Church, and rejoices in the convenient and safe depositary at the Church Missions House for the preservation of the priceless treasures. § * Journal of tie General Convention, 1892, pp. iii, 112. f Ibid,, p. 387. X Journal of tie General Con-vention, 1895, pp. 56, 78, 146, 238, 252. ^Ibid., Appendix XVii, pp. 705-710. i^ Ixxix ^ ARCHIVES OF THE On May 13, 1898, William Stevens Perry, the Bishop of Iowa, died in the fifty-seventh year of his age. He \\"as a native of Providence, Rhode Island, and a member of a well-known family. He was gradu- ated from Harvard College in 1854. He was made deacon by Bishop Eastburn of Massachusetts in Grace Church, Newton, Massachu- setts, on March 29, 1857, and became assistant minister in St. Paul's Church, Boston. He was ordained priest by Bishop Eastburn in St. Paul's Church, Boston, on April 7, 1858. In November, 1858, he be- came rector of St. Luke's Church, Nashua, New Hampshire. Early in his ministry he developed an interest in the history of the Ameri- can Church. His first historical publication was in 1859, a sketch of the Church Missionary Association of the Eastern District of Mas- sachusetts. The gift to him of the correspondence and the papers of the Rt. Rev. Dr. Parker, Bishop of Massachusetts, which he rescued from proposed destruction, gave him most valuable material for the history of the Church in New England, of which he made good use. He was the collaborator with Dr. Hawks in preparing the historical notes and documents for a reprint of the early Journals, of which onlj' one volume was published in Philadelphia, in 1861. In May, 1861, he accepted the rectorship of St. Stephen's Church, where he re- mained until November, 1863. He edited " The Church Monthly " in Boston in 1864, and ^^■as from November, 1864, to April, 1869, rector of St. Michael's Church, Litchfield, Connecticut. In May, 1869, he was elected rector of Trinity Church, Geneva, New York, in suc- cession to the Rev. Dr. Bissell, who had been consecrated Bishop of Vermont. He was active in the affairs of the Diocese of Western New York, and in those of Hobart College, in \vhich he was professor of history from 1871 to 1873. In April, 1876, he was elected president. He retained this office, in connection with his parish, until Septem- ber, 1876. In Ma}^ 1876, he was elected Bishop of Iowa, and was consecrated in Trinity Church, Gene\a, New York, on September 10, 1876, by the Rt. Rev. Dr. Stevens, Bishop of Pennsylvania, presid- ing, assisted by the Bishops of \\^estern New York, Dr. Coxe ; Pitts- [ Ixxx ] GENERAL CONVENTION burgh, Dr. Kerfoot ; \'ermont, Dr. Bissell ; and the Metropolitan of Canada, Dr. Oxenden of Montreal, who was the preacher. As a Bishop, Dr. Perry strengthened diocesan institutions, notablv Griswold College, at Davenport, fostered the cathedral foundation, and increased the diocesan funds. He was an untiring worker in the large territory in which the Church needed strengthening and expan- sion. His historical work was continued, and in addition to the "Collec- tions," he prepared a "History" which Mill always be standard, in which are many monographs by historical scholars upon institutions, early churches, and incidents.* While using some of the rich material under his control as histo- riographer, he relied largely upon printed journals, periodicals, books, sketches, and articles, in the compilation of his narrative. He did a large and important work as a Church historian, and will always be honoured for it. During the sessions of the General Convention held in the city of Washington from W^ednesday, October 5, to Tuesday, October 25, 1898, the death of Bishop Perry was announced in the House of Bishops. t The Rev. Samuel Hart was elected historiographer and duly con- firmed by the House of Deputies. | The Bishop of Delaware, the Rt. Rev. Dr. Coleman, in place of Bishop Perry, and the Venerable Dr. Charles C. Tiffany, Archdea- con of New York, in place of the Rev. Dr. Harwood, who had re- signed, were appointed as members of the commission. § The report mentions the purchase, through the liberality of one of *Tfie History of the American Episcopal Church, 1587-1S83, by William Stevens Perry, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Iowa. Volume i, The Planting and Growth of the American Colonial Church, 1587-1783. Volume \\,The Organization and Progress of the American Church, 1783-1883, pro- jefted by Clarence F. Jewett. Boston : James R. Osgood and Company, 1885, vol. i, pp. xx, 665; vol. ii, pp. xiii, 696. \ Journal of the General Convention, 1898, p. 8. Xlhid., pp. 83, 298. (jibid., p. 8. C Ixxxi ] ARCHI\ ES OF THE its members, Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, of viiluahle documents from the executors of the estate of Bishop Perry, including a portion of the Bishop Parker correspondence, among M'hich were the letters of the Rev. Daniel Fogg of Pomfret, Connecticut, concerning the election of Dr. Seaburv, correspondence of Bishop Hopkins, and other inter- vening documents.* The Rev. Dr. John Livingston Reese died on January 31, 1899, in the sixty -first year of his age. He was a faithful parish priest, as his ministry of twenty-seven j'ears in the important cure of St. Paul's Chtirch, Albanj', New York, testifies ; he was an earnest advocate of missions, and for many years was an efficient member of the General Board of Missions ; he was prominent in the Councils of the Church, and a firm friend to all who knew him. The presiding Bishop, the Rt. Rev. Dr. Williams, nominated, and the president of the House of Deputies, the Rev. Dr. Dix, appointed, as acting Registrar, the Rev. Dr. Samuel Hart. In his first report, made to the General Convention of 1901 , Dr. Hart says of Dr. Reese : "The carefulness and dignity with which he discharged the duties of his office are well known to the Church ; but testimony may be borne here to the value of his work in collecting and preserving the Church's Archi\es, in providing (it may now be told, that it was at his own expense) Letters of Consecration for newly elected Bishops, and in securing the authentication of the records in the book of Registry. His services should be gratefully acknowledged, and long remem- bered."! During the sessions of the General Convention held in the city of San Francisco from Wednesdav, October 2, to Thursday, October 17, 1901, the only reference to the Commission on Archives is the recep- tion of its report, and a resolution continuing "until the next General Convention," all joint committees and joint commissions. J During the sessions of the General Convention held in the city of *For details see 'Journal of the General Coniiention, 1898, Appendix viii, p. 530. \ Journal oj the General Con-vention, 1901, p. 455. X IbiJ., pp. 46, 152, 314, 316. [| Ixxxii J GENERAL CONVENTION Boston from Wednesda}-, October 5, to Tuesday, October 25, 1904, the Bishop of Albany presented this report : "The Commission on Archives having held no meeting, the Chair- man reports that there are no special matters to be presented to the Convention ; but attention is called to the report of the Acting Regis- trar, which contains in its closing pages a statement of recent addi- tions which have been made to the Archives." * By a concurrent vote of both Houses it was determined that all joint committees and commissions be continued until the next General Convention.f In the reports of the acting Registrar it is stated that the archives had been enriched bv a list of ministers of other religious bodies con- forming to the Church between 1883 and 1896, with biographical notes by the Re^-. W. L. Himes of New Hampshire; a collection of historical pamphlets from the Rev. Dr. E. F. Slafter of Boston; and that with the exception of the sermons at the consecrations of Bish- ops Gilbert, Anson R. Graves, Barker, and Newton, the collection of sermons preached at the consecration of Bishops since 1887 had been completed. J During the sessions of the General Convention held in the city of Richmond from Wednesday, October 2, to Saturday, October 19, 1907, it was determined to continue the commission. The vacancy made by the death of the Venerable Dr. Tiftany was filled by the appointment of the Rev. Dr. George Y. Bliss of \^ermont. The commission, recognizing the increasing interest taken in the early history of the Church in the United States and the importance of placing the documents belonging to the General Convention in such a shape that they may be readily accessible to all students, unani- mously adopted in February, 1910, a resolution appointing Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan and the Rev. Dr. Hart a sub-committee, with po^\er to arrange for the publication of such of the archives as in their judge- * "Jaurnalof the General Con'vention, 1904., pp. 170, 294, 367, 370. \Ibid. Xlbid., Appendix vi, pp. 461-4.63. f Ixxxiii '] ARCHIVES OF THE ment they may deem fit. This sub-committee arranged with the Rev. Dr. Arthur Lowndes to edit the archives, commencing with the Ho- bart papers. This was rendered possible through the interest taken in the matter by Mr. Morgan, who agreed to bear the cost of the volumes now published. The Commission on Archives presented to the General Convention of 1910, held at Cincinnati October 5 to October 19, this report:* REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ON ARCHIVES To the General Convention to be holden on the first JVednesday of Octo- ber in the year of our LA)rd, 1910: The Commission on Archives refers to the report of the Acting Regis- trar for a statement of additions made to the Archives of the General Convention during the past three years. And the Commission has pleasure in reporting that, an offer having been made to provide for the editing and publication of the manu- script collections in the Archives without expense to the Convention, two members of the Commission, Dr. Morgan and Dr. Hart, were appointed in the early part of this year a sub-committee with power to undertake and execute this work. A beginning has been made w ith the Hobart papers, and the material for three volumes, carefully edited, is now ready for the printer. On behalf of the Commission, W^ILLIAJI CrOSWELL DoANE, J. PiERPONT Morgan, Samuel Hart."]" The vacancies on the commission by the deaths of Bishop Potter and Bishop Coleman were filled by the appointment of Dr. Law rence, Bishop of Massachusetts, and Dr. Greer, Bishop of New York. J The Rev. Dr. Hart, who since 1899 has been Acting Registrar, a\ as * Journal of the General Con-vention, 1910, pp. 45, 270. f Ibitl., p. 487. X Journal, p. vi. [^ Ixxxiv J GENERAL CONVENTION on October 21, 1910, elected Registrar.* For permanent record his re- ports as Acting Registrar and Custodian of the Standard Prayer Book are here gi\ en : REPORT OF THE ACTING REGISTRAR To the General Convention to be holden on thejirst JFednesday of Octo- ber in the year of our Lord 1910: The Acting Registrar of the General Convention begs leave to present his report. No election of a Registrar having been made at the last General Convention in the manner required by Canon, I have continued, as for the past ten years, to discharge the necessary duties of the office as Acting Registrar. Since the last General Convention ten Bishops have been conse- crated. In each case Letters of Consecration have been prepared and signed in duplicate as required by Canon : one copy on parchment has been given to the newly consecrated Bishop, and one on parch- ment paper has been filed in the Registrar's office, and transcripts of the same accompany this report. Records of all the consecrations have been made in the Registry book, and are ready for the signatures of the Bishops who laid on hands. I have appointed Deputy Registrars for the several consecrations, on nominations by the Bishops elect, as follows : The Rev. James Edward Freeman, to be Deputy Registrar at the consecration of the Bishop of Eastern Oregon ; the Rev. William Stro- ther Jones, D.D., at the consecration of Bishop Knight of Western Colorado; the Rev. Robert Clayton Hindley, Ph.D., at the consecra- tion of the Bishop of Nevada ; the Rev. George Sherwood Whitney, at the consecration of the Bishop of Georgia ; the Rev. Charles Harris Hayes, D.D., at the consecration of the Bishop of Delaware ; the Re\'. Thomas Jones Packard, D.D., at the consecration of the Bishop of * Journal of the General Con'vention, 1910, pp. 184, 191, and 408. [^ Ixxxv 3 ARCHIVES OF THE Washington ; the Rev. Hubert Wetmore Wells, at the consecration of the Bishop of Wyoming ; the Rev. Charles Edw in Perkins, at the con- secration of Bishop Brewster of Western Colorado; the Rev. Da\id Prescott Allison, at the consecration of the Bishop Coadjutor of Mary- land ; and the Rev. William Jackson Morton, at the consecration of the Bishop Coadjutor of Virginia. Journals for the current years, and in several cases for earlier years, have been received from the Secretaries of the Dioceses and Districts, either directly or through the Secretary of the House of Deputies, who has continued his kind assistance in the matter, as also in ar- ranging and caring for the volumes and documents in the Registrar's office. A few more Journals have been purchased, including those of North Carolina for 1851-56, 1859, and 1876, and those of Maryland for 1819, 1820, and 1822 ; a copy of the sheets of the Bioren reprint of the Journals of General Convention to 1814, untrimmed and in cover, with the autograph of Bishop Croes, has also been secured. A list of Journals needed to complete the sets in the Archives is submitted as an appendix to this report. Four pamphlets have also been purchased bearing on the contro\ersy as to the consecration of Bishop H. U. Onderdonk (1827). Mr. Bird W. Spencer, of Passaic, N. J. , has sent to the Archives an oaken box left in a vault by his father, the late J. A. Spencer, D.D., for many years Custodian of the Standard Bible. It contains a hand- somely bound copy of the literatim reprint of the English Bible of 1611, published in 1833, with a fe^v letters and ne^^"spaper cuttings relat- ing to it. The book bears the inscription : ' ' To the House of Bishops from James Murdock Smith." Through the kindness of J. Pierpont Morgan, LL.D., two bound volumes of valuable pamphlets have been added to the Archives. One includes the Journals of South Carolina for 1825, 1827, 1828, 1829, and 1830 ; the Journal of Connecdcut for 1829 ; that of General Con- vention for the same }'ear ; the report of the Committee on Psalms in Metre, 1830; with other publications. The other includes the Canons [^ Ixxxvi J GENER.\L CONVENTION of the General Convention to 1804, and those of 1808 ; the General Convention Journals of 1808, 1811, and 1817; Journalsof New York, 1806 and 1815; of Pennsylvania, 1814-17; of Connecticut, 1813-16; General Convention Sermons, 1808, 1811, 1814 (two) ; Pastoral Let- ters, 1808, 1811 ; and Office of Institution, 1808. These two volumes were once the property of the Rev. Andrew Fowler, and their con- tents were evidently collected by him. Mr. Morgan has also presented a set of the Journals of New York to the year of 1870, bound in seventeen volumes, and a set of the Jour- nals of Western New York to the year 1900, bound in t\\ enty volumes, with a collection of Journals of other Dioceses, chiefly those in the State of New York, of various dates ; also, twelve early General Convention Journals, a set of fi\e Journals of the General Council of the Church in the Confederate States, ^ith a copy of the Canons and a Pastoral Letter, the Documentary History of Connecticut in sheets, and reports of the Church Congresses in 1882 and 1888. Applications have been made from time to time for permission to consult certain historical manuscripts in the Archives of the General Convention, either that they might be included in indexes of like doc- uments or that they might serve some direct purpose of investigation and compilation. Ha\ing taken advice, I have given permission for such use in several cases in which it seemed that it would be for the interest of full and correct statement in matters relating to the history of this Church. Reference may be made to the report of the Commis- sion on Archives for a note as to the beginning of a publication of our manuscript collections. The expenses of this office for the past three years in connection with the consecration of Bishops have been : for engrossing Letters of Con- secration, nine on parchment and ten duplicates on paper, $56.00; for expenses in forwarding the documents, $5.30 ; for postage, $1 .00 ; total, $62.30. Other expenses have been : for old Journals purchased, $9.95 ; for other pamphlets, $12.50 ; for express and postage, $2.50 ; total, $24.95. Q Ixxxvii '2 ARCHIVES OF THE It will be necessary to ask this year for a special appropriation of $150.00 for the printing of forms of Letters for the Consecration of Bishops. Fifty copies on parchment and fifty on heavy paper were printed in 1901, and there are but a few left. All uhich is respectfully submitted, Samuel Hart, Acting Registrar* Oftober I, 1 910. REPORT OF THE CUSTODIAN OF THE STANDARD BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER To the General Convention to be holden on the first Wednesday of Octo- ber in the year of our Lord 1910: The Custodian of the Standard Book of Common Prayer begs lea\e to present his report. The last General Convention having amended Canon 41 in such manner as to require that all editions of the Book of Common Prayer of the size known as 32mo should be of uniform paging with the Standard, I ga\'e notice of the amendment to the actual publishers of the editions of the book. Under date of January 30, 1908, I issued a certificate for a new edition of the Book of Common Prayer to be published by the Oxford University Press; and under date of June 19, 1909, I issued a spe- cial certification for an edition in six copies of the Litany, etc., printed by The Irving Press. A copy of the Book of Common Prayer from the type of the Stan- dard, duly authenticated, has been sent, as the Canon directs, to the Ecclesiastical Authority of the new Diocese of Adanta. Also, copies of the same edition have been sent, in conformity with the order of the Convention, to the Bishop of London, to the Library of the Com- monwealth of Virginia, to the Library of the DeLancey Divinity * Journal of the General Connjention, 1910, p. 4.84. [| Ixxxviii "2 GENERAL CONVENTION School, Geneva, New York, and to the \\'atkinson Library, Hart- ford, Connecticut. Among the books acquired for the Custodian's collection during the past three years are an additional copy of the Standard Book of 1793, having bound up with it a collection of 46 selections of Psalms and 45 Hymns, printed at Charleston by W. P. Young in 1792; also copies of eight editions of the Prayer Book not already in the collec- tion, as follows: 1808, 8\o. Charleston, TF. P. Young [with special collection of 46 Psalms and 47 Hywns) ; 1809, 32mo. A'm- York, Smith and Forma n [l808] ; 1837, 24mo. Phila., JF. Marshall £s? Co., and Providence [1836] . 1839, 24mo. j\ew York, Louis Sherman, P. E. Press [l838] ; ru- bricated and proper Psalms at end. [1858], 24mo. Claremont, N. H ., Manufacturing Co. 1858, 32mo. New York, Delisser ^ Proctor. 1859, 8vo. Phila., Bums ^ Sieg\^Conn.\^^€\. [1864], 12mo. Boston, E. P. Button £sf Co., red lines. J. Pierpont Morgan, LL.D., in continuation of former gifts, has added to the Custodian's collection the American Prayer Book in the G'debo dialect of the Kru language, authenticated by Bishop Auer and printed at Basel in 1873 ; the American Prayer Book in French printed at New York in 1860; the Common Prayer Reformed for the use of the Essex Street Chapel, London, 1839 ; the Prayers of Israel with an English translation. New York, anno mundi 5609; also, an 8vo reprint of the Prayer Book of 1662 from the original manuscript, and works bv E\an Daniel and Dr. Morgan Dix on the Prayer Book. Miss Jennette Morrison, of Windsor, Conn., has presented a copy of the 12mo Prayer Book published in Boston, 1794, by Thomas & Andre^^'s, with the names of several members of her famih' ; Mrs. N. E. Baylies of New York has presented an 8 vo Bible published [ Ixxxix J ARCHIVES OF THE in New York, 1822, by White & Bliss and illustrated, witli an 8vo Prayer Book published in New York, 1819, by W. B. Gilley, uni- formly bound, formerly owned by her parents, Robert and Cornelia Ray, and also a Prayer Book published by D. Appleton &. Co., 1845, and a Prayer Book in French, published by the New York Prayer Book Society in 184'6; and the Rev. Dr. Thomas J. Packard has presented a collection of 428 Hymns, " compiled bv members of the Protestant Episcopal Church, supplemental to the Hymns set forth by the General Convention of said Church ; preliminary edition for private circulation," the work of Bishop George Burgess and others, bearing date Advent, 1859. There ha\e also been added to the collection a copy of The Book of Common Prayer reformed according to the plan of the late Dr. Sam- uel Clarke, with the Psalter or Psalms of David, London, 1774, to- gether with a sermon by Theophilus Lindsey and others of his works, probably an original issue of the book on \\hich the King's Chapel Liturgy was based ; the English Prayer Book in the Irish Language, Dublin, 1832 ; a small copy of the present Church of Ireland Prayer Book, with Church Hymnal ; Bishop Hobart's Clergyman's Compan- ion, 1855 ; Selections of Psalms and Hvmns, 8vo, 1850 (from Christ Church, Middle Haddam, Conn.); Office of Devotion for Sunday Schools, by Bishop Hobart and B. T. Onderdonk, second edition, 1846; Services and Hvmns for the use of the Unitarian Church at Charleston, S. C, 1867; Devotional Services for Public Worship, edited by Reuen Thomas, Boston, 1893 ; Prayers and Hymns for the Church and the Home, Universalist Publishing House, Boston, 1871 ; Liturgy for the New Church, Philadelphia, 1876; Watts's Psalms, Boston, 1808. There are now in the Custodian's Collection examples of 522 edi- tions of the American Prayer Book printed before the adoption of the present Standard in 1892. Their distribution as to dates of publica- tion can be thus shown : : xc : GENEIL\L CONVENTION 1790-1799, 9 editions 1800-1824, 66 editions 1825-1839, 106 editions 1840-1849, 103 editions 1850-1859, 106 editions 1860-1869, 85 editions 1870-1890, 47 editions In 101 years, 522 edidons The expenses of this office for the past three years have been, for books purchased and express charges, $25.59. All which is respectfully submitted, Samuel Hart, Custodian. Odlober i, 1910.* The following have been the members of the different Commissions on the Archives belonging to the General Convention from 1868 to May, 1911: THE COMMISSION ON CHURCH ARCHIVES 1868-1883 The Right Reverend William Bacon Stevens, d.d. The Right Reverend William Henry Odenheimer, d.d. The Right Reverend John Williams, d.d. The Reverend Eben Edwards Beardsley, d.d. The Reverend Thomas Winthrop Coit, d.d. Robert Charles Winthrop, ll.d. Hamilton Fish, ll.d. 868-1883 868-1879 880-1883 868-1883 868-1883 868-1883 868-1883 'Journal of the General Connjention, 1910, p. 4.95. C xci ;] ARCHIVES THE COMMISSION ON ARCHIVES 1892-1911 The Right Reverend William Croswell Doane, d.d. 1892- The Right Re\erend William Stevens Perry, d.d. 1892-1898 The Right Reverend Henry Codman Potter, d.d. 1892-1908 The Right Reverend Leighton Coleman, d.d. 1892-1907 The Right Reverend William Lawrence, d.d. 1910- The Right Reverend David Hummell Greer, d.d. 1910- The Reverend Edwin Harwood, d.d. 1892-1898 The Reverend Alfred Brittin Baker, d.d. 1892- The Reverend Frederic Gibson, d.d. 1892-1895 The Reverend Samuel Hart, d.d. 1895- The Reverend Charles Comfort Tiffany, d.d. 1898-1907 The Reverend George Yemens Bliss, d.d. 1907- Henry Hayes 1892-1895 Asa Bird Gardiner, ll.d. 1892- James Grant Wilson, l.h.d. 1892- J. Pierpont Morgan, ll.d. 1895- C xcii J THE CORRESPONDENCE OF JOHN HENRY HOBART PREFACE THE deciswfi to publish in the first volumes of the archives belonging to the General Convention the correspondence of Bishop Hobart was made on account of the vivid interest that is still felt among Churchmen in regard to anything which relates to the Third Bishop of New York, not only as an administrator of a great parish and a great diocese, but as a man who touched human life at so many points. The correspondence reveals zvith almost photographic minute- ness the charatler of John Henry Hobart. His individuality stands out with an accuracy of detail that is startling: his great quali- ties as well as his temperamental faults and shortcomings. We learn as could be possible in no other way the wonderful influ- ence he everted on all who came ivithin the glamour of his per- sonality; we see hozv he attached men to him as lfe-lo7ig friends, and how he commaJided the respect of those zvho opposed his policies. The value of this correspondence is also great from another aspedi. It is of value to the scholar and historian because of the minuteness of detail zvith zvhich it abounds. Names and cus- toms of the day stand revealed. The letters often enable us to settle a date or fix a memory. Some of the correspondents left but little mark on their times, others were men of eminence in Church or State. Many a letter is of little or no value to the biographer of Bishop Hobart, zvhile it is of peculiar value in throzving light on the records of some parish, or on the life of the correspofident himself, or on some person me?itioned therein. [ xcv 2 PREFACE After careful consideration, the Sub-Committee of the Commis- sion on Archives decided that every letter should be published, even although it should appear to be of little value historically. By so doing, everything is permanently placed on record and available to the future historian. The closing years of the eight- eenth and the opening years of the nineteenth century were a formative period, both in the Church a7id the nation. The getting together the great amount of tnaterial required for the Annotations to the letters would have been almost im- possible had it not been for the ready and courteous assistance rendered me by the Librarians and Secretaries of Libraries, Uni- versities, and Historical Societies in the different large cities, especially those in Baltimore, Boston, Brooklyn, Hartford, New Haven, New York, Philadelphia, Princeton, Washington, and Madisoti, fVisconsiii, ajid by the descendants of several of the correspondents of Bishop Hobart. To these and to all who have aided me in this work of research I wish to express my sincere thanks, hut above all I must place on record my obligations to my old friend and fellow-worker , the Reverend Joseph Hooper, M. A., who has been most indefatigable and painstaking in the tedious work of research and comparison of documents. His intimate acquaintance xvith the unbeaten paths of ecclesiastical history at the close of the eighteenth and opening of the nineteenth centuries has enabled the Annotations to be fuller than otherwise ivould have been possible. The letters are given in the chronological order in zvhich they were written. Before the first letter of a correspondent a brief sketch of that individual is given. This isfolloived by an accu- C xcvi ^ PREFACE rate transcript of the letter itself, without any corrections of spelling or punctuation. Then come the Annotations on the events or persons mentioned in the preceding letter. By this ?neans it is hoped that the letters can be read as intelligently as when received a himdred or more years ago. In addition to the Hobart correspondence belonging to the ar- chives of the General Co7ivention, some letters zchich have recently been discovered and which belongto the Editor have been included. The great charm of these old letters is that zve have before us not a biography made to order. The life and zcork of Hobart is revealed almost zveek by week not by his ozvn zcords only, but by those of his correspondents. In addition to his ozvn portraiture zve have thus presejited to us the men and ztwnen of that day as they lived and felt zvhen they zcrote those intimate letters without the slightest suspicion that they zcould ever be published or even preserved. They are from every variety of persons, dictated by every variety offeelitig and dealing with every variety of ques- tions. These letters are now gathered together in "ojie bundle of life," bound by the ofie con7ieSfi?ig cord of love and friendship for John Henry Hobart. By a remarkable coincidence I date this Preface on the very day when Trinity Church is celebrating the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Consecration to the Episcopate of its great Rector. A.L. New York May 31, 1 9 1 1 C; xcvii ] JOHN HENRY HOBART JOHN HENRY, the youngest son of Captain Enoch and Han- nah (Pratt) Hobart, w as born in the city of Philadelphia, Sep- tember 14, 1775. Upon his father's side he \vas descended from the \er}^ best New England stock. Edmund Hobart, a gentleman of Norfolkshire, England, came to Massachusetts with some members of his family in 1633. He joined other emigrants from the same country in forming a settlement at Bare Cove, soon named Hingham, in Plymouth County. He was followed two years later by his son, the Rev. Peter Hobart, a gradu- ate of Cambridge University in 1626, ordained by the Bishop of Norwich in 1627. He had a good benefice in England, but being firm in his opinions as a Puritan, he determined to seek the larger liberty of speech and action, which he desired, in the freer air of the colony beyond the sea. In a diary kept by him of baptisms, mar- riages, and deaths, he records on the first page: "I with my wife and four children came safely to New England June y= 8, 1635, forever praised be the God of Heaven, mj- God and King." He was invited to settle in various places, but declined. He threw in his lot «ith the friends and neighbours from the old country, and was made pastor of the Church of Christ in Hingham, organized in September, 1635. Here he lived for forty-four years, a guide, friend, and coun- sellor to two generations. He \\"as a man firm in his convictions, ever read}- to speak his mind, and was undeterred by any show of authority. On one occasion he was forbidden to perform a marriage in Boston, the magistrates keeping the right in their own hands, and only allow- ing a minister present to offer pra3'er. \\'^hen he wished to preach in Boston, and to argue the right of the ministry to marry people, Gov- ernor Winthrop said, in voting for not allowing him, that he was a "bold man and would speak his mind to the people." By Cotton Mather and other writers of this period, he is regarded as one of the burning and shining lights of the clerical aristocracy in Massachusetts. 13 xcix n JOHN HENRY HOBART His character is thus summed up bj- the Hon. Solomon Lincoln, the careful historian of Hingham : "Mr. Hobart was a scholar dis- tinguished for intellectual ^igor, glowing zeal, indefatigable indus- try, and various acquirements. Toward the close of life his mind seemed to rise to higher efibrts in the discharge of duty. The dis- courses which have been preser\ ed bear strong e\ idence of that bold- ness of denunciation and closeness of application w hich attracted the notice and secured the approbation of the most learned theologians as well as of his own flock." * Within the old meeting-house, built two years after his death, and still in use, is a monument. In the Hingham Cemetery is a memorial tablet with this inscription : IN MEMORY OF THE REV° PETER HOBART WHO DIED JANUARY 20TH, 1 679 IN THE SEVENTY-FIFTH YEAR OF HIS AGE AND FIFTY THIRD OF HIS MINISTRY, NINE YEARS OF WHICH HE SPENT IN GREAT BRITAIN AND FORTY FOUR IN MASSACHUSETTS. Of his fifteen children ten were sons. Four of them became minis- ters, f the others held honourable positions in the towns and colonies in which they lived. Joshua, his eldest son, was lx)rn in England in 1629. He was graduated from Harvard College in 1650. In 1665 he sailed for the Barbados, West Indies, where he married Margaret, daughter of William Vassal. He went to London in July, 1656. He studied medicine and seems to have been in practice in Boston and elsewhere. His first wife died in 1659. In 1672 he married Mrs. Mary Rainsford, in Boston. On October 7, 1674, he was ordained * An Address deli'vered before the Citizens of the Tonvn of Hingham on the Tiventy-eighth of September, 1835, being the Tiuo Hundredth Anni'versary of the To-ivn, by Solomon Lincoln, p. 16. Hingham: Jedidiah Farmer, 1835, Svo, pp. 63. f Joshua, see text. Jeremiah, born 1630, Harvard College 1650, ordained 1672, minister of Hempstead, Long Island, and Haddam, Connecticut; died November 6, 17 15. Gershom, bom 1645, Harvard 1667, ordained at Groton, Massachusetts, and died there 1712. Nehemiah, bom 1648, Harvard 1667, ordained at Newton, Massachusetts, and died there 1712. [ c : JOHN HENRY HOBART as pastor of Southold, Long Island, \\hich was essentially a New England town, and considered a part of that section of country. He succeeded the beloved John Youngs, the first minister, a man univer- sall}' esteemed. Here he remained for forty-three years as phjsician and clergyman, esteemed by all, and died on February 28, 1716. By a vote of the tow n in 1727, a monument was to be placed over the grave. It was not erected until 1732, as this entry in the town record shows: "October 31 -1732- the building Mr. Hobart's tomb, with stone, lime and tendence 16s lid " The stone is a heavy slab placed horizontally, supported by pillars. There is now no inscription. Traditionally it has been said that a slab of marble containing it was inserted; some maintain that it was cut upon a leaden tablet which was destroyed by the British soldiers in the Re\olution. This seems more probable. The inscription was composed by the famous Dr. Mather Byles of Boston. After a long search, the venerable Dr. Epher Whittaker, pastor of the church, found a copy of the epi- taph which he prints in his "History:" THE REV. JOSHUA HOBART BORN AT HINGHAM, JULY 1629 EXPIRED IN SOUTHOLD FEB. 28, 1716. HE WAS A FAITHFUL MINISTER, A SKILLFUL PHYSICIAN, A GENERAL SCHOLAR, A COURAGEOUS PATRIOT, AND TO CROWN ALL, AN EMINENT CHRISTIAN. BENEATH THE SACRED HONOURS OF THIS TOMB IN PENSrVE SILENCE AND MAJESTIC GLOOM THE MAN OF GOD CONCEALS HIS REVEREND HEAD AMIDST THE AWFUL MANSIONS OF THE DEAD. NO MORE THE STATESMAN SHALL ASSERT THE LAWS AND IN THE SENATE PLEAD HIS COUNTRY'S CAUSE; IN THE SAD CHURCH NO MORE THE LISTENING THRONG GAZE ON HIS EYES AND DWELL UPON HIS TONGUE. NO MORE HIS HEALING HAND SHALL HEALTH RESTORE, ELUDE THE GRAVE AND BATTLE DEATH NO MORE. IN EDEN'S FLOWERY VALES HIS SPIRIT ROVES WHERE STREAMS OF LIFE FLOW THROUGH IMMORTAL GROVES. FIXED IN DEEP SLUMBERS HERE THE DUST IS GIVEN TILL THE LAST TRUMP SHAKES THE FRAME OF HEAVEN. [ ci ] JOHN HENRY HOBART THEN NEW TO LIFE THE WAKING SAINT SHALL RISE AND GAY IN GLORY GLITTER UP THE SKIES WITH SMILING JOYS, AND HEAVENLY RAPTURE CROWNED, BID ENDLESS AGES WHEEL THEIR NEVER CEASING ROUND.' There is no extant record of any children by Mr. Hobart's first wife. By his second wife he had at least two sons : Peter, born in Southold in 1676, and John, born in 1677. A daughter was born in Boston in 1674, who married Mr. Way. There is a supposed third son, Isaac, who cannot be traced. Peter is believed to ha\e been a sailor, and apparendy left no descendants. John went south in 1707 and settled in Southwark, now a part of Philadelphia. He married there a lady of Swedish descent. He is found in New London in 1733, but evidently his sojourn was temporary. His eldest son Enoch was born in 1726; his younger son Peter was born October 19, 1727. John Hobart returned to the Church of his fathers, and was a wor- shipper at Christ Church and Gloria Dei Church, also known as the Old Swedes' Church. He seems to have been a man of character and influence. His son Enoch became a merchant, trading with the West Indies. He built, equipped, and commanded his own vessels. He Mas scrupulously honest and exact in all his dealings, and had a ^■ery large and profitable trade. In the islands and among his business associates in Philadelphia, he was known as the "honest Yankee." He was married to Hannah, daughter of Henry and Rebecca (Clay- poole) Pratt, in Christ Church, Philadelphia, by the Rev. William Sturgess, the rector. May 3, 1755. Mrs. Hobart was descended from Captain Henry Pratt, a son of Henry Pratt, ' ' pewterer, ' ' of London. Captain Pratt uas master of " a London ship in the American trade," and married "in or near Bos- ton," Hannah Hobart. f She was an aunt of Captain Enoch Hobart. Her grandson says that w hen he was a boy, about 1744, two of her » History of Southold : Its First Century, by the Rev. Epher Whittaker, Pastor of the First Church of Southold, Councillor of the Long Island Historical Society, Corresponding Member of the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, etc., p. 244. Southold: Printed for the author in 1881, izmo, pp. viii, 354. t Manuscript RecoUeftionsofMatthewPrattjin the Pennsylvania Historical Society, Philadelphia. c cii : JOHN HENRY HOBART sisters, Mary, who married jVIr. Gordon, and Frances, who married Mr. James Pellar, were living in Philadelphia, as well as Captain Enoch and Robert Hobart.* Henry Pratt, the father of Hannah, a gold and siher-smith b}" trade, w as a successful man, and purchased real estate largely. One of his sons, Matthew, was an artist of decided ability, and a friend of Ben- jamin A\^est. He brought up a family of se\en children, m ho were all w ell educated, both in useful knowledge and the accomplishments of life. Mrs. Hobart and her sister Deborah, A\ho married the Rev. Daniel Ruff, were noted for their facility in writing and for their artistic talent. The house of Captain Hobart was on the north side of Walnut Street. It A\as large and comfortable and known as Number 79. Toward the close of the century Mrs. Hobart's neighbours were persons of standing in the city and state ; among them were Bishop White, Judge Richard Peters, Peter Boynton, Joseph Bullock, and Miss Sarah Pemberton. The site of the house is in part co^ ered by the Merchant's Exchange. Nine children were born to them : Mary, March 8, 1756; bapdzed April 4. Rebecca, July 20, 1757; baptized August 14. Mary, May 3, 1759; baptized June 3. Rebecca, August 5, 1760; baptized August 30. Robert Enoch, September 30, 1761; baptized October 25. Deborah, September 12, 1763; baptized October 16. Deborah, April 7, 1766; baptized May 18. Robert Kvoch, April 25, 1768; baptized May 29. John Henry, September 14, 1775; baptized October 15. Four of their children died young. Sketches of Rebecca and Robert Enoch will be found in the annotations upon the first letter of John Henry Hobart to his mother. The youngest daughter of Captain Hobart, Mary, known as "Polly," was a helpless invalid. Both Captain and Mrs. Hobart Mere devout members of Christ Church, Philadelphia. Captain Hobart died on October 27, 1776, to * Manuscript RecoIleiSionsof Matthew Pratt, in the Pennsylvania Historical Society, Philadelphia. [ ciii ] JOHN HENRY HOBART the great grief of liis family and friends. This tlirew tiie care and responsibiUty of training the children upon Mrs. Hol^art. Her husband had retired from acti\ e business ^\ ith a ^■ery moderate fortune, \\ hich was carefully invested, and yielded an income sufficient to keep the family in comfort and to educate the children. Mrs. Hobart was capa- ble, energetic, and above all, deeply religious. She brought up her children weW, physically, morallv, and spiritually. Upon her young- est son she seems to ha% e bestowed a double portion of her care. John Henry was taught at home until old enough to enter the grammar school of Mr. Leslie, who \\as an excellent teacher and held in the highest regard. It Mas at this school that he laid the foundation of his chronic indigestion. Like other children, eager to be early at the after- noon session, he would hurry home, eat a hearty dinner, and then run back to school without allowing time for proper digestion. The Episcopal Academy of Philadelphia had been founded by earnest Churchmen, who were con\inced that religion and learning should be united. It was opened in April, 1794, with the Rev. Dr. John Andrews, afterward Vice-Pro^ ost and Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, as rector. Of this distinguished man, his pupil, the Hon. William Meredith, savs : " Dr. Andrews was known to be one of the ripest classical scholars in the country. He had great skill and experience in teaching, and never spared himself in the performance of duty; besides in his very manners and appearance, there was that which 'bespoke a man' — all that conciliates affection and esteem, and challenges profound respect. He was a Churchman by education and conviction, of exalted piety, and of that loftiness of character which was above the reach of the grovelling or crafty. No man was at a loss to infer his motives or purposes, either from his speech or actions. He Mas consistent, open, and direct, for he was ne\er of that school of time-serving philosophers, with whom policj- is of more worth than sincerity and truth. His passions and affections were powerful and ardent, and appeared the more so as the constitutional tempera- ment of his body \\ as nervous ; but he governed them w ell, observing C civ ] JOHN HENRY HOBART the apostle's precept, 'Be ye angry and sin not.' Malice and \ indic- tiveness were unknown to him, and arrogance was contrar\- to his nature. In short, a more frank, honourable, and upright man, or a better specimen of a Christian gentleman, has never fallen within the range of mvobser\ation. In the earl v history of the American Church, it is w ell known that he was among the most able, sound, and zealous of her sons." * It was under this sound and zealous man that the bov of nine was placed to be prepared for college. His friend and schoolmate, Mr. Meredith, gives a picture of his course, which was with honour and the approbation of both teach- ers and fellow-students. Although younger than many in the school, he took his part in the contests for supremacy. Mr. Meredith says: "Among boys, rank is generally conceded more to bodily than in- tellectual power. It was less the case in regard to Hobart than usual. There were iew of his years who were not taller or more robust than he; but he was acti\e, muscular, and well set, and what was more than all these, he was of approved courage; hence he was looked upon as a combatant to be respected, if not to be feared. Besides, he was ever anxious to have his quarrel just; and in our litde squabbles on the plav-ground, and more serious rencontres, we often heard him maintaining its justice bv impassioned harangues, which in vehemence might well have suited one of Homer's heroes. The singularity of these exercises, whether thev convinced or not, amused us, and often made strife and anger give place to mirth and good humour. The parley af- forded time at least for cooling and diversion from the cause of irri- tation ; but if the onset were once made, I cannot remember an instance in which our young friend turned his back upon the foe, \\ hether he was destined at last to be crowned victor, or to yield in defeat. " + Of a conflict with authority, this is the graphic account: "One in- stance, and but one is recollected, in which he was the subject of cor- poral chasrisement in the academy. It was inflicted by Mr. E. , a tutor, who was an exceedingly good scholar, but a most unamiable man. *McVic)car"s Earlf Tiars, p. 6. \Ihui., p. 7. C cv n JOHN HENRY HOBART There had been some disorderly conduct, and Hobart \\ as charged as being a party to it. He replied w ith coolness and respectfulness, 'I had nothing to do with it.' Such \vas the fact. 'Who made the noise then?' inquired the angr}^ tutor. 'I did not,' answered the ac- cused. Punishment followed for his refusal to inculpate others. There was profound silence — he submitted. And I remember the stateli- ness w ith which he returned to his place, while a buzz of applause sounded through the room : the triumph \\"as his, ^hile the defeat was E.'s, who was shortly after dismissed."* The young pupil was the founder of a "Society for the Ad\ance- ment of its Members in Useful Literature." Two documents came down to his famil}^ as survivals of his efforts, when only ten years old, for the good of his companions : a written defence from a member for refusing to write an essay, and a bill for three quarters of a yard of green baize to cover the speaker's desk, hinges, andalock. The amount was four shillings and six pence. It is to the period of his school life that a request to his mother to buy ' ' Elegant Extracts in Poetry " belongs. This shows the bov's eagerness for improvement. He was fond of declaiming, but preferred to follo^v his own way of rendering a passage. This sometimes exposed him to smiles and even laughter, as when he persisted in altering the rhythm of a line in his favourite piece, the speech of Cassius on the ambition of Julius Caesar. At the age of fifteen he was ready to enter the Uni\ersity. On March 31, 1790, without urging, he took the important step of confirmation, at the hands of Bishop White. It shows his deep religious feeling at a time when confirmation was thought to be only for those of mature years. The course of the 3"Oung student at the UuIa ersity of Pennsyhania was a continuation of his success at school. He was brilliant and pro- gressive. Here also he A\as prominent in a society for debate and oratory, called the Philomathean. From some of its records we learn that its members were held to a strict obedience to rules. It was suc- * McVickar's £ar/y Tears, p. S. C cvi '2 JOHN HENRY HOB.\RT ceeded soon by another, known as the Ciceronian, which endeavoured to train its members w ith equal firmness, as extant portions of its records show. Mr. Hobart spent three years at the university, and then was placed at the best known college in the Middle States, the College of New- Jersey, usually styled Nassau Hall. Its learned, dignified President was Dr. Witherspoon, who combined with his very profoiuid scholar- ship a keen appreciation of young men. As a teacher, writer, and pa- triot, he excited great admiration. He was then an old man, but still vigorous and active. Dr. Samuel Stanhope Smith, "accomplished and eloquent," was vice-president. Mr. Hobart found himself able to enter the junior class, and thus spent only two vears as a student. In this time he formed several strong friendships. His firm grasp upon any given subject made him superior in any debate or controversj-. It was at the date of his proceeding to Princeton that his friend, James Robertson, afterward president of the Richmond Bank, de- scribes him : "I first met him in the month of September, 1791, when he was about sixteen years of age. He had, a short time before, left the University of Pennsj-lvania, and it was decided by his family, and approved of by himself, that he should finish his collegiate edu- cation at Princeton. I then resided in the family of Robert Smith, of Philadelphia, who, in the month of July, was married to a sister of Mr. Hobart. It was in this family that I became acquainted with him. I ha^e at this time a distinct and lively recollection of our first meeting, and of the general tenour of our conversation during the e\enings which we spent together; and before we parted, I formed an attachment to him, which I have never ceased to cherish. He was between two and three years younger than I was, and had been, from the usual age, employed in the appropriate studies prepara- tory to a classical education : on the other hand, mine had been very limited, confined to our own language, and what was usually taught in a common English school. Notwithstanding these differences, however, in our pre\ious occupations and pursuits, and in our a iews t cvii ] JOHN HENRY HOBART and prospects for after life, we became friends at once. At the very first interview we felt entire confidence in each other, and entered fully into each other's feelings, wishes, and hopes. He looked for- ward with pleasure to the many ad\antages which Princeton College then held out to \oung men who \\ ould faithfully a.\ai\ themsehes of them, while I, with a strong desire for impro\ ement, was doomed to drudge at an employment always irksome to me, but \\hich necessaril_v occupied the most of my time and attention." * His earliest biographer, the Rev. Dr. Schroeder, says: "In native talent and indefatigable industry, young Hobart was not surpassed by any of his fellow-students. To the highest honours of his class he looked forv\ard with a steady purpose ; and he attained unto the first two to whom these honours were awarded. ' For his scholarship,' says one of the present officers of the Institution, John Maclean, A.M., Vice-President and Professor of Languages, 'For his scholarship he was particularly distinguished, having, in the opinion of the faculty, no superior, and but one equal, in a class consisting of but twenty- one members. The individual who shared with him the first honour was Mr. Bennet Taylor, of Virginia.' As it was the standing rule at Princeton, that the Oration, which is called the Latin Salutatory, was to be considered the appropriate reward of the most distin- guished scholar in each class ; and as two of the same class were this year judged equally entitled to it, the oration was to be assigned to one of them by lot. In the classical manner of seeking fates, by opening Virgil and applying the first seen passage as an oracular response, a decision might have been made, in a manner suited to the delicate refinement of Mr. Hobart's friend, the Professor of Moral Philosophy, Dr. Smith. But Mr. Taylor's friend, the Mathe- matical Professor Minto, instead of the sortes Firgi/ianae, used a less elegant, but more absolute and summary resolution of the problem. It is related by one of the present trustees of the college, that 'Pro- fessor Minto threw up a coin, to the great amusement of the class, *From Bcrrian's Memoir, vol. i, pp. 15-16. [ cviii ] JOHN HENRY HOBART exclaiming humourously, head's for Hobart, tail's for Taylor.' The coin thus cast conferred the doubtful prize on John Henry Hobart." * The public exercises, ho\\e\er, were never held, as yellow fever was raging in Philadelphia and throughout the country. The diplo- mas were awarded privately. After his return to Philadelphia, he entered the counting-room of his brother-in-law, Mr. Smith. It had been thought by his classmates that a man so equipped would certainly study law or enter a learned profession. While li\'ing, during the prevalence of the fever, at Mr. Smith's country seat at Frankford and going into Philadelphia for business, he was endeavouring to reconcile himself to his present work. But though he was diligent, his heart was not in it, and his mother, brother-in-law, and other friends saw that it would be best for him to continue his studies. An agreeable offer was made to him in the fall of 1793: Princeton, Nov. 1 8, 1793 Dear Sir, It has been suggested that your own inclination would lead you to pursue your liberal studies to a greater extent, and that a residence at Princeton would not be disagreeable to you, in order to have the more leisure for impro\ement. Although I have reason to believe that advantageous proposals ^\ ill be made you by Mr. Smith, yet I have been desired to inquire whether or not you will accept of an appoint- ment in the College, in the room of Mr. Abeel. I know not your private % iew s, nor how such a situation would accord with your ideas ; but if you were willing to accept the appointment, there is no person uho would more unanimously obtain it ; and I must say for myself, that it would be peculiarly agreeable to me. Your answer to this in- quiry, by the first post, will very much oblige. Dear Sir, Your very humble servant, Sam. S. Smith *Schroeder'b Memoir, pp. xxii and xxiii. JOHN HENRY HOBART Mr. Hobart made this frank reply: Philadelphia, Nov. 23, 1793. Sir, I MUST acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the eighteenth instant, and should ha\e sooner paid the necessary attention, had not its contents, interesting in a high degree to my future welfare and happiness, required consideration. The confidence of the Faculty, with which I am so unexpectedly honoured, excited in my mind a lively gratitude, accompanied by a feeling of the necessity of the most unremitted exertions on my part, to fulfil with honour the of- fice they would confer on me. A desire to pursue, with advantage, studies of a liberal nature, and also to have leisure for reflection and improvement, ha\ e induced me to look upon a residence at Princeton as desirable; and I had it in contemplation, with the consent of my friends, to remo\e there, to pursue my studies in a private capacity. But as the offer to which your letter has reference, would afford a greater scope for improvement, my own wishes, and, of consequence, the consent of my friends, lead to the acceptance of it. At the same time I repeat the declaration, that I am fully sensible the greatest exertions on my part could alone qualify me for the honourable discharge of its important duties : these I can safely promise, from a principle of duty, shall not be wanting. The wish of the Faculty on this subject should be handed to me by the first opportunity, as immediate preparations will be necessary. With a high sense of the honour conferred on me by the confidence of the Facultv, and of your kind wishes with respect to mj- futiu-e engagements, I remain Their and your Most obliged servant, John H. Hobart* This correspondence shows the regard felt for Mr. Hobart and his own conscientious desire to fulfil the expectations of his college friends. * Berrian's Memoir, vol. i, p. 37. C ex -] JOHN HENRY HOBART Through a misunderstanding the tutorship was otherw ise filled. Mr. Hobart, while disappointed, was anxious to retin-n to Princeton and join the Di\ inity class formed by Dr. Smith. He w as a firm and faith- ful Churchman. His principles were fixed, and few men could impart a better knowledge of the elements of theology and church history than the Princeton professor. Of this time of perplexity and anxiety. Dr. Berrian says: "He had been struck w ith the advantages w hich this situation offered for study and reflection, but then he feared, notw ithstanding the support and indulgence which he hoped to meet with from the Faculty, that the duties of the office would require more ability and experience than could reasonably be expected at his early age; and that he should be obliged to shake oft" his former pleasing intimacy with some of the students, and perhaps draw on him the ill will of others ; and that he should not participate in the enjoyments and impro\ ement to be derived from that favourite society (The Whig Society) in whose business and discussions he had always taken so conspicuous a part. These are some of the reasons which led him to waver in regard to this step ; but there were others still more weighty which increased his hesitation. 'My friends,' he remarks, in a letter to Mr. Skinner, ' though they acquiesced in this scheme, were averse to it. It is their wish that I should be with them. My mother also would lose a great part of her happiness were I to be away from her : she is now in the decline of life. Her children's happiness and interests have been the objects of all her exertions, and these now demand from them every attention which it is in their power to render. Uncertain how long she might be with us, I could not think of leaving her. She and all my other relations, however, wished me to go, if I thought it would be most to my advantage and interest. " 'I considered, also, that if I were to go to Princeton and engage as tutor, it might be expected that I should join the Presbyterian communion, and enter the ministry of that Church. As this would not be my wish, I am apprehensive that my situation there would not L cxi ] JOHN HENRY HOBART be altogether agreeable. . . . There was another reason, which I for- got to mention. As I intended to enter the ministry of the Episcopal Church, it \\ould be most proper that I should study under an Epis- copal minister. Having thus made up my mind, I feel an ease \\ hich I have not enjoyed since fall.' "This subject takes up a considerable part of fne different letters \\ hich he ^vrote to his friend Mr. Skinner. It is somewhat remarkable, that he who at this time A\as so slow, hesitating, and doubtful, at a later period of his life w as as quick as lightning in thought and action. "Dr. Smith, on learning the change which had taken place in his sentiments, endeavoured to obviate the reasons upon w hich it was founded ; and with respect to his religious opinions, he assured him that no improper bias should be given to his mind. "The President was aware of his attachment from principle and habit, to the Episcopal Church ; so far, therefore, from wishing to in- fluence him in favour of another, he remarked, that it would be his duty to have a constant reference to his establishment in the Church for which he was designed, and that, agreeably to these views, he would furnish him with every facility in his power. This letter, which reflected so much honour on the mind and heart of the writer, and gave so flattering a testimony to the scholarship and worth of Mr. Hobart, led him finally to comply with the request; and accord- ingly in the spring of 1794, he went to Princeton."* His friend Dr. Caldwell says: "There was a class of us, who were studying theology at that time under Dr. Smith. Mr. Hobart, one of our number, was known to be decidedly Episcopal in his views. He was Arminian in his sentiments ; the rest of us were Calvinistic. He was always strenuous, in everything which he deemed a peculiarity of opinion distinguished him from others, whenever circumstances evolved it into \'iew ; but we a\ ere in habits of the utmost forbearance and good feeling. If at any moment a spark appeared, struck out in dis- cussion in consequence of peculiarity in Church or doctrine, it seemed * Berrian's Memoir, vol. i, p. 38. C cxii ] JOHN HENRY HOB.\RT instanth" understood, that it \\as to be permitted to drop and disappear. The business of the class occupied much of his time ; and no small portion of it was gi\en to the preparation of Dr. Smith's lectures, \\ hich ^\■e had to write and to study closely. We had also to prepare experimental discourses, on such texts as we selected for ourselves. I cannot doubt, that his books were selected from Episcopal sheh es principally ; and I remember, that his references often indicated this, and that we all considered it so. His feelings, as I have said, Mere apt to kindle quickly on e\ery subject. This ga\e eloquence to his effusions. He had a ready utterance, indicating copiousness both in thought and pertinent expression. We did not estimate him as pro- found, but always interesting, and generally very amiable."* In 1796 Mr. Hobart became a tutor. This gave him authority, but he did not give up his association with the students, many of whom he was strongly impressing with true moralitj- and pure religion. He still continued his private examination of the doctrines, discipline, and wor- ship of the Church under the guidance of Bishop White. He thor- oughly grounded himself, and allowed no point that was obscure to escape his notice without an endeavour to make it clear for himself. In this manner he drew near the time fixed for his ordination. W'ith- draM'ing from Princeton early in the spring of 1798, he spent the re- maining weeks in special study and sincere self-examination. Mr. Hobart was made deacon by the Rt. Rev. Dr. White in Christ Church, Philadelphia, on June 3, 1798. He immediately took charge of Trinity Church, Oxford, and All Saints', Perkiomen. Oxford had been founded by the Rev. George Keith, who, renouncing Quaker doctrine, conformed to the Church of England, and was the first trav- elling missionary of the \^enerable Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts to report upon the places where missions could be established with the greatest prospect of permanence. There, near the city of his birth, the young deacon lived, studied, and worked. It is said by one of his successors, the Rev. George Sheets, that the * Schroeder's Memoir, p. xxviii. L cxiii ] JOHN HENRY HOBART church was crowded, "his pulpit talents greatly esteemed, and his person much belo\ed." Like other country parishes, and especially \\ hen two neighlx)uring churches are united under one minister, there was much visiting to be done and the distances were long ; consequently Mr. Hobart found that, owing to constant visiting, he had but little leisure for studv. It was, then, a serious consideration with him, ^\ hen the Re\ . Dr. Magaw, rector of St. Paul's, Philadelphia, offered him the position of assistant minister in that parish, whether he should accept it. He finally determined to remain in Oxford for the period he had prom- ised, but he was not willing to forego his plan of further study. He never regarded Oxford as a permanent home, and he was anxious to secure some parish near Princeton in which he could combine pastoral work with further study at the college. It was on May 4, 1799, that Mr. Hobart was in\'ited by the \estry of Christ Church, New Brunswick, New Jersey, "to perform divine service for the congregation and receive for it the sum of $266.67." Mr. Hobart had come to that town with letters from Bishop White. In the one to Dr. Beach, the venerable assistant rector of Trinity Church, New York, the Bishop said that his young friend "had lately entered into orders in our Church A\ith the general expectation of all who know him that he will be eminently useful in it." Mr. Hobart fulh' explained to the \estrv the terms upon w hich he accepted the call: "On mv first introduction there, I stated to indi- viduals, and I believe it was generally understood, that the cause of my removal from the churches in the vicinity of Philadelphia, for which I was first ordained, was, that I could not look on them as a permanent residence, and that I wished, for some time longer, to pur- sue my studies at Princeton, \\here I enjoyed peculiar ad\antages of books, of retirement, and of society. It was in the pursuit of this plan, that I proposed the temporary supply of the Church here; and the manner in which the vestry met my views A\as entirely satisfac- tory, and the engagement took place, for a supply of one year." C cxiv ] JOHN HENRY HOBART He fully improved his leisure, and found among his Princeton friends, and in its library, solace, comfort, and intellectual strength, and adding to his store of knowledge thus prepared himself for the future. "He officiated," says Bishop Croes, "the first three Sundays in each lunar month ; on the first Sunday twice, on the other two, only once." The death of the Rev. Dr. Thomas Lambert Moore on February 20, 1799, left the pleasant parish of Hempstead, Long Island, va- cant. After the declination of Mr. Moore's brother, the Rev. Rich- ard Channing Moore, afterward Bishop of Virginia, the vestry ap- pointed a committee to secure a rector. The Rev. Elijah D. Rattoone, then rector of Jamaica and Flushing, was considered, but preferred to remain in his parish. Mr. Hobart served as secretary of the House of Bishops at its ses- sions in Philadelphia from June 11 to June 19, 1799. Through the Rev. Henry Waddel of Trenton, New Jersey, the Hempstead vestry learned of the high regard of Bishop White for Mr. Hobart. Three months after accepting the call to New Brunswick, he was asked to become rector of St. George's Church, Hempstead. As his engage- ment at New Brunswick Mas for a whole year, he did not feel at lib- erty to break it. In a letter to the \estry of New Brunswick, on July 15, 1799, Mr. Hobart says: "It was not expected by me, that any permanent settlement A\ould offer, in the course of the year, under such peculiar circumstances as would be incompatible with the fulfil- ment of my engagement. About six weeks ago, I was urged to preach at the church at Hempstead, where I accordingly officiated, and spent some days, about the end of last month. Meetings of the vestry after- ward took place ; and last week, Mr. John Moore, one of them, waited on me A\ith the enclosed papers, and expressed his wish, and that of the vestry, to know by his return my probable determination. Was I not connected by an absolute engagement with your Church, respect for it, and sensibility to the kindness and attention I have received from its members, would lead me to consult them. Under these cir- C cxv J JOHN HENRY HOBART cumstances, I w ish to state, that I tliink I could be immediately set- tled in the Church at Hempstead, M'ith such peculiar ad\antages, as to render it my duty to accept the call. The congregation is large and respectable, supposed to consist of near a thousand persons, one hun- dred of whom are communicants ; and the discharge of ministerial duty among them is connected with peculiar circumstances of useful- ness and satisfaction. Their situation enables them to secure the im- mediate services of several clergymen, on some of whom their choice, they state, will immediately fall, unless it will be in my po\ver to com- mence mj' services with them, in the course of a few months. Thus circumstanced, I have thought it my duty to state to the vestry here, my desire that they would release me from my temporary engagement with them for the last six months, to enable me to accept a perma- nent settlement, which as fully meets my particular \'ievvs as I can have any reason to expect. I think it proper to mention, what I sup- pose, however, would not be doubted, that it is my determination and my wish to fulfil, to the best of my abilities, my engagement with the Church here, unless regularly released ihtYthom. Mr. Moore will be waiting in New-York the determination of the vestry on this subject, and it is therefore my wish to convey it to him as soon as possible."* Upon the following day, houe\'er, he wrote another letter, showing that e\ en as a young man he could control his impulsive disposition : "My business with your vestry has been the subject of my serious reflections since I left you ; and I have come to a determination, \\ hich, as it will render all further proceeding unnecessary, I am anxious to communicate as soon as possible. I think I shall not be satisfied, in existing circumstances, to receive a release from my engagement with your Church, and I must therefore beg leave to withdraw my request for it. I shall accordingly answer the call of the Church at Hempstead, by informing them, that my immediate acceptance of it is incom- patible w ith my engagements and dutj- to the Church at Brunswick. * Schroeder's Memoir, p. xxxiv. I cxvi ] JOHN HENRY HOBART I \\ ould not wish it to be understood, that my determination has arisen from any \ie\v to a permanent settlement at Brunswick, or there in union with any other place, but from a desire to secure the ease of my own mind, and to prevent any cause of censure, by the complete discharge of my engagements with your Church. And so fully have I made up my mind, that I ^\•ould not receive a release from my engagement, were it to be offered to me. Please to communicate the contents of this letter to the vestry. I feel myself bound to apologize to them for the trouble I ha\e gi\en them, and to you, for what you have voluntarily undertaken." * One happy result of his residence in New Brunswick was his en- gagement to Miss Mary Goodin Chandler, daughter of the Re\-. Dr. Thomas Bradbury Chandler of Elizabeth Town, a pillar of the colonial Church. While the people of Hempstead regretted his decision, they asked Mr. Hobart to officiate on as many of the Sundays w hen he was at leisure, as possible, until he ^\ as able to settle in Hempstead. In June, 1800, he went to Hempstead with his bride — for he was married on May 6, 1800 — and commenced what he thought A\ould be a long pastorate. His salary was to be one hundred and fifty pounds, as much firewood as he thought necessary, the use of the parsonage, and a suitable barn, which was to be built. His reputation was growing, for he was offered the rectorship of St. Mark's Church in the Bowery, New York City, on August 27, 1800. The letter of declination dated October 6, 1800, will be found in the Correspondence. In his new work he showed the same care as before, and he found in the people, friends generous and sympa- thetic . The enlargement of the work of Trinity Church, New York City, made it important that there should be additional assistant ministers. On September 8, 1800, Mr. Hobart was called to be an assistant minister, at a salary of fi\e hundred pounds a year. He wrote finally to Dr. Charlton, the senior warden: * Schroeder's Memoir, p. xxxvi. C cxvii ] JOHN HENRY HOBART Dr. John Char:.ton: Sir — I take the liberty of informing you, as chairman of the com- mittee who presented to me the call from the A'estr}- of Trinity Church to the office of an Assistant Minister, that I accept the said office on the terms stated in the said call. The congregation with which I am at present connected have exerted themsehes so much as to render my situation comfortable and happy, and I think I cannot with deli- cacy and propriety lea\e them before the spring, unless the)- should signify to me that they ha\ e chosen another minister, and are willing to dispense w ith my ser\ices. Permit me, through you, sir, to express to the Vestry my sensibil- ity to the polite and honourable manner in which this business has been conducted. The best evidence that I can give of my feelings, will be an endeavour to act in all cases with fidelity and independence, governed only by a sincere regard to the sacred dictates of conscience and dut_\-. The station would require the judgement and experience of more ad\anced years. I shall have therefore a peculiar claim on the friendship and counsel of the Vestr_v, on the candour and support of the congregation, and on the affectionate advice and aid of my supe- riors and brethren in the ministry. Thus strengthened and supported while I endeavour faithfully to discharge m_v dutj-, I trust that I may hope for the presence and blessing of Almightj' God. With sentiments of sincere respect for j-ourself and the committee, and for the Rector and A'estry of the Church, I am, Sir, Your obed't servant, John Henry Hobart Dr. Charlton Reluctantly and with a Christian courtes}' as rare as it is commend- able, the vestry of St. George's released him. Mr. Hobart had no\\' found his true place. He entered upon his work in New York with humble diffidence, but M'ith his heart aflame for the advancement of the Church of God. Bishop Pro\'oost had retired from active work in [ cxviii ] JOHN HENRY HOBART the parish and in the diocese, and Dr. Moore was reorganizing the parish. In a passing mood of seIf-retros])ection, Mr. Hobart writes his earli- est impressions of the new work, to his friend, Mr. Mercer: New-York, March i8th, i8oi. My long silence is indeed without excuse. It would be folly in me to pretend that engagements have prevented me from writing to you , though these, from my change of residence, have been numerous. My mind, however, has generally been so depressed that I ha\e not had the resolution to take up my pen. Though I ha\e not lateh* had those fits of melancholy to w hich I was formerh' subject, yet I seem to be the \ ictim of a languor that indisposes and disqualifies me for exertion. This state of my mind I attribute partly to constitutional malady, but particularly to ni}' ha\ ing been of late hun-ied through scenes so novel, and so wholly opposed to my former sentiments, habits, and pursuits. From a wise law of nature, however, which gradually bends the mind to the circumstances in which it is placed, I am becoming more reconciled to my situation ; and I am awakened from this fatal torpor, by the reflection that I am sacrificing to it the highest duties and enjoyments of life. I moved to town last Decem- ber, at which time I entered on the duties of my office as one of the assistant ministers of Trinity Church. I find enough to occupy my thoughts and my time. I have so many interruptions, and so many engagements, that my mind and feelings become relaxed and dissi- pated. I am endeavouring to introduce order and energy into mj- stud- ies and duties, which will, no doubt, ha%e a favourable effect on my mind. I can, however, never like a city. I pant for the enjoyments of the country, and still indulge the hope of being one day able to realize a plan of happiness somewhat like my wishes. Who is there that does not indidge this hope? Yet do not suppose that I am unhappy ; from the loftv regions of inexperienced fancy, in which we often soared, I have sunk down to the plain, but perhaps more valuable enjovments C cxix '] JOHN HENRY HOBART of common life. Except when under the uncontrollable influence of constitutional melancholy, I can generally find happiness in the en- dearments and duties of domestic life — in the enli\ening hopes of friendship — in plans of literary impro\ement and professional duty; and if I know my own heart, I can say, that regarding this A\orld as the scene of much vice and misery and containing no bliss but what Mill be infinitelv exalted in that which is to come, I cherish ah\ a_vs with pleasure, and sometimes \\ ith triumph, the prospect of lea\ing it, and entering on the perfection and unutterable happiness of my e\erlasting existence. J. H. HoBART* It is not the intention of this sketch to follow minutely the wonder- ful development of the joung deacon \\hen plunged into the mani- fold and pressing \\ork of a large parish. He soon gave e\ idence of that extraordinary energ)-, that clear insight, which made him rap- idlj' win the respect, admiration, and affection of the whole city. He was ordained priest by the Rt. Rev. Dr. Pro\oost on April 5, 1801. Curiously enough, the call to Mr. Hoi^art had to be renew ed, as the charter required that assistant ministers should be in priest's orders. This was done by a resolution of the vestry on April 12, 1802. Whether he suggested the formation of a society to aid young men stud3ing for the holy ministry or not, he was one of the incorpora- tors of the Society for promoting Religion and Learning, organized on August 16, 1802, and ever watchful of its interests. His literary activity began with the republication of Stephen's "Treatise on the Natureand Constitution of the Christian Church," which was adapted by him for the use of the voung in the countrj-, and published anony- mously in 1803. The first work to appear with his own name \vas "A Companion for the Altar," in 1804, which was extensively used for years. From this time till his death his pen was never idle.f * McVickar's Professional Tears, p. i8o. ■f For a full list of Bishop Hobart's works, see page ccv. C cxx ] JOHN HENRY HOB.\RT The \er\- great lack of any instruction for those seeking holy orders made him form a class in 1806, into which se\eral young men after- ward distinguished were gathered. The method of instruction is thus described by a member : ' ' The objects of this association, which was styled 'The Protestant Episcopal Theological Society,' were the advancement of its members in theological knowledge, in practi- cal pietv, and in all those principles, duties, and dispositions, \\ hich w ould fit them for being orthodox, e\ angelical, and faithful ministers of the Protestant Episcopal Church. The business of e^ery meeting, which was held weekly, was opened by the presiding clergj-man with an office of devotion prepared for the purpose. A sermon, or por- tion of a sermon, from some appro\ed author, was then read by one of the members with a \ iew to improvement in emphasis, accent, and general propriety. Afterwards a portion ^\ as read by another, of some treatise on the e\idences of Christianity, the Constitution of the Christian Church, the doctrines of the Gospel, or of any work which from time to time might be appointed by the presiding clergy- man, with the approbation of the Bishop. In regard to this passage, it w as expected that e\ ery member should be ready to answer any questions that might be proposed to him. The third exercise was the reading, by a different member, of an essay on some religious topic, or a sermon of his own composition; and this was to be delivered memoriter at the ensuing meeting, or an extract from some other sermon or essay that might be appointed. It was the duty of the clergyman who presided, after the performance of this exercise, to call upon the members present for their remarks on the pronuncia- tion, emphasis, style, and delivery, and to sum up the whole with his own. "Questions on theological topics were then to be proposed by the members, and the president was to choose one of these, or such other as he might think proper, and appoint four to discuss it at the fol- lowing meeting. This discussion was to take place in the absence of the clergyman, but no decision to be made on the question; and [ cxxi ] JOHN HENRY HOBART at a subsequent meeting, the next one w ho should preside was also to deliver his sentiments concerning it, for the information of the members. This part of the business of the meeting was closed wnh prayer. "There was also one other general proA'ision, too important and interesting to be passed o\er without notice. "It was made the duty of the clergymen who presided successi\ ely at the meeting of the society, from time to time, 'to impress on the members the usefulness, the dignity, and the high consolations and rewards of the Christian ministry; to enforce the necessity and duty of acting at all times \\ ith that circumspection and propriety w hich were demanded equally by their Christian obligations, and by the sa- cred profession which it was their intention to assume; to urge them to acquire and to cherish a practical view of the exalted plan of sal- vation through Jesus Christ, its conditions, its aids, and rewards, in order that they might be fitted in after life for proclaiming and enforcing them with suitable fidelity and zeal ; to explain to them the excellence of that Apostolic and Primitive Church to which they had the happiness to belong; and abo\e all, to impress on them that, as they could hope for sahation only through the merits of their Lord and Redeemer Jesus Christ, they should be frequent and earnest in invoking the grace of God to enlighten and purify their hearts, to strengthen them against the temptations of the world, and to enable them to discharge the public duties of the ministry as well as the private duties of the Christian life.' "The constitution, containing the provision for these useful exer- cises, and for the general regulation and government of the society, was drawn up by Mr. Hobart; and the prescribed forms of devotion which he compiled and composed, were so beautiful, appropriate, and impressive, that, as they were ne\er joined in without emotion, so I think they cannot be read without admiration. "Ha\ing been a member of this society myself for many years, it may be that the sacred recollection of them, now doubly hallowed by £_ cxxii 2 JOHN HENRY HOBART their association with my departed friend, in\ests them with an inter- est which they ma}- not in realit}- possess." * The bold and outspoken manner in w hich Mr. Hobart withstood attacks upon the faith and polity of the Church is shown in the course of his correspondence, and needs here only this mention. Some of his \ ery best literary and theological work was done in these controv er- sial writings. Jealous for the integrity of the Church and its exten- sion, he saw in the Book of Common Prayer a powerful missionary agent. His connection with the founding of the New York Bible and Common Prayer Book Society in 1809 is a matter of record. He wrote the address which announced its foundation, and asked Churchmen to join it. After filling several diocesan offices, as secretary of the Con\'ention and member of the Standing Committee, there came to him the call to the episcopate . In the spring of 1 8 1 1 , as Bishop Moore was so se\ erely paralyzed that he could no longer attend to any duty, under his direction, Dr. Hobart, as secretary, March 21, 1811, called a special convention, "to meet in the city of New- York on the second Tuesday in May next." When this convention assembled. Dr. Hobart was elected Bishop bv a decisi\e majority. To some this was a very severe grievance, for they thought him proud, haughty, overbearing, fond of power, and ambitious. The bitter personal attack in his "Solemn Appeal" by the Rev. Cave Jones aroused a controversy and excited men's passions in a way before unknown in the Church. f The consecration took place in Trinity Church, New York City, May 29, 1811. It had been expected that it would be in New Haven, during the sessions of the General Convention, which were held from May 21 to May 24, but there were only two Bishops in attendance. Bishop White and Bishop Jarvis. Bishop Claggett had set out, but was obliged to return on account of sickness. Bishop Madison, consid- ering his duty to the College of William and Mary paramount, would * Berrian's Memoir, vol. i, p. 1 1 1. fA sketch of the Rev. Cave Jones will be found later on in connexion with his letters. [^ cxxiii ~} JOHN HENRY HOBART not attend. There were gloomy forebodings in the hearts and minds of many sincere Churchmen as to the future of the Church. But tlie two Bishops elect, >Ir. Gris\\old for the confederation known as the Eastern Diocese and Dr. Hobart, did not share them. The story has often been told that when the two Bishops came to New York with those awaiting consecration, they had found Bishop Provoost, w ho had promised to take part if physically able, just reco\ering from an attack of jaundice. When the day and hour arrived for the consecration, the vast con- gregation assembled in Trinity Church were in a state of nervous sus- pense as to whether Bishop Provoost would really be on hand. The service had actually commenced before his arrival. At last the news spread through the congregation that he had entered the vestry-room. Audible thanksgivings ran through the assemblage. "He's come! He's come! Thank God ! " was echoed throughout the church. The sermon was preached by Bishop White. In closing, he made a touch- ing allusion to those about to be consecrated, particularly Dr. Hobart. Bishop White was consecrator, assisted by Dr. Pro\'oost, the retired Bishop of New York, and Dr. JarAis, the Bishop of Connecticut. The e\'ent of that day is an epoch in the history of the Church in Amer- ica. The danger-mark was passed. The two men went forth to their appointed fields to be shepherds of the flock of Christ. Differing in temperament, they were one in de\otion, and their perse\erance and labours revi\'ed the Church. It is unnecessary to detail here the manifold and vast burdens which came upon the youthful assistant Bishop. He was everywhere, find- ing out what was required and seeing that it was done. His visita- tions were marvellous in their extent and in the numbers confirmed. His genial, fervent manner, his sympathetic interest in all that con- cerned the clergy of his diocese, made him A\elcome everywhere. On one occasion while visiting in a coimtrv parish, the clergyman sho\\ed him how he had planted shrubbery and made a garden ; not knowing the Bishop's fondness for flowers and trees, he said enthusiastically, [^ cxxiv J JOHN HENRY HOBART "Oh, Bishop, with twenty dollars I could make this a paradise!" In his pleasant way the Bishop said, "Could you make it one, the money 's yours," and pro\ ided it. Such an incident shows a man who is ready to sympathize and make his sympathy effective. A plan for the better training of candidates for holy orders was much in the thought of Bishop Hobart. His class had proved useful, but students from other dioceses needed a place where they could study under proper instructors. It was with this intent that in 1814 he pro- posed the establishment of a Grammar School for the training of can- didates. It was to be located upon an estate in the town of Spring- field, New Jersey, which he had purchased many years before and named the Short Hills. In connection with it there would ultimately be a theological seminary . The Bishop of New York w as to be presi- dent, and the Bishop of New Jersey, vice-president. It was his in- tention to gi\e to the school a great portion of his time. Others also were thinking of better theological education. When, at the General Convention of 1814, the establishment of a General Theological Seminary was proposed, Bishop Hobart and the deputation from New York opposed it. In considering the charge of inconsistency brought against the Bishop, Dr. McVickar comments on the uncompromising attitude he presented to all Christian truth, and the debt the whole Church of Christ ' ' owes to him who stood fearlessly in the gap and fought 'a good fight' against that insidious enemy who was for changing the Gospel Banner from truth, to — LIBERALITY," and thcu says: "This uncompromising tone was in him a Christian, not a sectarian spirit, and they who deemed it such, still more, they who inveighed against it as such, and would have held him up to odium for maintaining it, do now owe to him, yea, rather to themselves, an 'honourable amend' for such misconstruc- tion. "This exposition of the principle on which he went bears upon the whole tenour of his life ; it is referred to here in order to account for what would otherwise appear a striking inconsistency in his course, [^ cxxv 2 JOHN HENRY HOBART in the General Convention of this }ear, in relation to the proposi- tion of a Theological Seminary under its control. After urging for years, by every means, the establishment of such an institution for the Church, when the very measure itself was moved in the General Convention, he opposed it. How can this be explained? " 'It is proper,' said he, in reporting those proceedings to the State Convention of this year, ' that on the subject of the proceedings of the General Convention I should remark, that the opposition from the deputation of the Church in New-York to the establishment of a gen- eral theological seminary, by an act of that body, did not arise from disaffection to a measure of vital importance to the Churcli, but from an opinion that the same object could be accomplished on the most correct and enlarged principles and vie\\s, by private concert and co- operation among the influential friends of the Church in various parts of the Union, without encountering many difficulties to M'hich the measure would be liable, if taken up under present circumstances by the General Convention. At the next meeting of that body they will doubtless be in possession of such facts as will enable them to come to a decision on this important subject.' The objection here hinted at is easil)- made clear : he feared, in the then state of the Church, compromitting its principles by putting the control of an institution, that was to give tone to its doctrines and discipline, into the hands of the General Contention. He deemed it safer, and therefore wiser, to pursue the object for a time, where there would be imity of counsel, and greater security for sound teach- ing. On this point, his letter introducing Dr. Moore to his friend in Virginia may be referred to in further explanation. This was his motive; for in after -years, when he esteemed those dangers compara- tively past, he then tmited in placing the seminary actuallij, where, theoretically y he had alwa}s thought that it should be, provided that it could be safely done, tmder the control of the general authorities of the Church. ' ' This course of Bishop Hobart's was then, and has often been since C cxxvl ] JOHN HENRY HOBART charged with inconsistency ; it is such inconsistency as is chargeable upon the sagacious pilot, who varies his course to avoid the rocks that lie in it. It is the end aimed at wherein the wise and good mind is to be tested, all else, within the limits of Christian probity, is a ques- tion of prudence and expediency; and he is the wisest ruler, and the safest pilot, who is wary as to his course, and inflexible only as to 'the haven where he would be.' "* Bishop Hobart constantly and persistently upheld the necessity of standing firmlv by the doctrines and discipline of the Church as found in the Book of Common Prayer. In 18 15 he issued one of his \ erv best pastoral letters on this subject, which was answered by "A Church- man," who laid stress upon evangelical principles and claimed that "the Bible and the Bible only was the religion of Protestants." It was soon after that the American Bible Society was formed. Bishop Hobart thought it his duty to raise against it a protest by the issue of "An Address to Episcopalians," which was published on May 11, 1816, the very day when the officers of the new society were elected . He reiterates and reinforces the arguments of his pastoral, and examines the alleged necessity for a new society, which to him seems to be closely allied to the General Assembly of the Presbvterian Church. He then asks Churchmen to remember that their patronage and their wealth should be gi\ en to the societies formed in their ow n Chtirch, as the Auxiliary New York Bible and Common Praver Book Society, and the New York Bible and Common Prayer Book Society, which circulated both the Holy Bible and the Prayer Book. A sharp and somewhat bitter controversv followed, the Bishop's chief opponent being the Hon. William Jay, a son of Judge John Jay. The Bishop maintained his ground and convinced many of the sound- ness of his arguments. Dr. Berrian remarks upon this subject: "The effect of them was very soon perceived in our own Church, and a change has since taken place in the opinions of many in other de- nominations, which forms a strong presumption in fa\our of their * McVickar's Professional Tears, p. 349. [^ cxxvii J JOHN HENRY HOBART justness and triitli. Whether it be from the overw hehning ascendency w hich Bishop Hobart predicted would be gained by some large so- ciety over every other, or from the want of harmony in carrying on their operations together, or from the discovery, that the Hberal in- difference arising out of general efforts was paralvzing their zeal for their peculiar principles, it is with good reason belie\ed, that, in two respectable bodies of Christians at least, there has been a great abate- ment of interest in the American Bible Society, and a growing dis- like to all similar associations for religious purposes. "But it was particularly gratifying to Bishop Hobart to perceive the favourable influence which these publications were exerting o\ er the minds of Episcopalians, leading some to reflect on the injurious tendency of general societies to the interests of the Church, directing the bounty of others into its proper channels, and rousing many w ho had hitherto been indifferent, to acti\'e and zealous exertions in behalf of our o\\ n institutions. Several Auxiliary Bible and Common Prayer Book Societies were immediately formed in \arious parts of the state; in the institution of which manj' of the distinguished laymen of our Church co-operated with the clergy. He encouraged others to an imi- tation of their example, by noticing the fact with marked approbation in his address to the Convention. He enforced the reasonings of his Pastoral Letter and Address in pri\ ate communications to those per- sons from whose discriminating minds and sound principle he might look for a correct decision, and from Avhose personal attachment he might hope for countenance and support. Nor in his intercourse with the people did he suffer the \\ ork to rest, but by argument, persuasion, and all the just influence of his station, urged it on with diligence and success, "The effects of these publications extended also bej-ond the imme- diate object for which thev \\'ere a\ ritten. As the general principles which thej- contained were alike applicable to all associations with other denominations for any common purpose ; so the tendency of them was to restrain Churchmen from this amalgamation in e\ ery case, [] cxxviii 3 JOHN HENRY HOBART and to u ithdra\\' them from such a connection where it had already been formed. The operation of them, in both respects, though gradual, was plainly perceived in the more w holesome tone of public sentiment among our people, and in a greater degree of union in their eftbrts for our own institutions." * Upon the death of the Rt. Rev. Dr. Moore, February 27, 1816, Dr. Hobart became the Bishop of the diocese, and rector of Trinitv Church, New York, ^^'hile there was added responsibilit}-, there was little increase of duty, for the whole charge of the diocese had been upon him since his consecration. His address at the funeral of Bishop Moore contains an instructi\e appendix upon the intermediate state which gi\ es it special distinction and permanent interest. The vacancy in the Diocese of Connecticut bv the death of Bishop Jarvis in 1813, made it necessary to ask the assistance of neighbour- ing bishops. Upon June 6, 1816, the Con\ en tion of the diocese placed it under the care of Bishop Hobart in accordance with Canon 20. His work extended o\ er three years and was highly acceptable. It termi- nated w ith the election and consecration of Dr. Brow nell as Bishop in October, 1819. By the General Convention of 1817, a General Theological Semi- nary was established. When funds had been solicited from e\ery part of the Church, and there was a prospect of a sufficient sum in the treasury to pay the salaries of two professors, the institution was quietly opened in the city of New York on May 1, 1819. It recei\ed a scant welcome from the Bishop and Churchmen of the citv. So dif- ficult and serious became the situation, and so few were the students, that the General Con\ention of 1820 determined that it should be re- moved to New Ha^■en, Connecticut. This left Bishop Hobart free to carry out his design for a diocesan school. In a pastoral letter he urged the formation of a "Protestant Episcopal Education Society," which was organized in October, 1820, bv the Con\ention of the diocese. In obtaining money for the proposed school. Bishop Hobart showed * Berrlan's Memoir, p. 178. [ cxxix ] JOHN HENRY HOBART more than his usual energy. He \\as \ery successful, for not only were abundant means secured, but Dr. Clement C. Moore offered, from his Chelsea estate, a plot containing sixty lots as a suitable site for the buildings. In addition to the New Yorlc School, there was to be a branch at Gene\a for students from the western part of the state, to be known as the Interior School. With his acute and sound discernment of men, he selected for both schools, as professors, those who could not only thoroughly teach the subjects assigned them, but also have a good influence o\er the young men. In May, 1821, the New York School w as opened, and soon after the Interior School. The career of the institution A\as short. The death in March, 1821, of Mr. Jacob Sherred, a vestryman of Trinity Church, New York City, caused a discussion between the trustees of the General Seminary and the Diocesan Seminary. By his will Mr. Sherred had left a legacy of about sixty thousand dol- lars to a seminary to be established in New York by the General or Diocesan Convention for the education of joung men designed for holy orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Legal opinions w ere sought and obtained by each board from men eminent in the profession. As the matter seemed of the very utmost importance to the whole Church, the presiding bishop was requested to call a special session of the General Con- vention, which accordingly met in Philadelphia on October 30, 1821. The result is well told by the Bishop's friend and biographer, the Rev. Dr. Berrian : "From the great respectability and importance of the State of New-York, and the increasing number and resources of the Episcopalians in it. Bishop Hobart had before been strongly disposed to favour the establishment of a diocesan seminary. The munificent bequest of Mr. Sherred, together with the valuable grant of land from Mr. Clement C. Moore, which afforded a beautiful and convenient site for the institution, rendered this at once a prac- ticable scheme. A regard to the promotion of those sound principles which he considered as \itally connected with the best interests of [^ cxxx 3 JOHN HENRY HOBART our Church, increased his anxiety for this arrangement. But still, from a spirit of conciliation, he was willing to g'ne up the unri\ ailed ad- vantages which, through the good providence of God, our own dio- cese enjoyed, and to share them with the Church at large. The con- stitution of the General Seminary was accordingly re-organized in such a way as to gi\ e a just degree of influence and control to the several dioceses; and the institution was transferred from Connecti- cut to New-York. The magnanimity of his conduct on this occasion has never perhaps been duly appreciated by those w ho differed from him in their Aiews, w hile the policy of it was doubted by some of his friends. From the profound respect which \\as entertained for him bv most of the clergy and laity of his own diocese, from their gen- eral accordance w ith his opinions, or their readiness to acquiesce in his wishes, an institution of our own would have been in a great measure subject to his control. The appointments would have been made with an exclusive \iew to the support of the principles and policy which it had been the ruling aim of his life to promote — to the inviolable union of e^•angelical truth and apostolic order. But though in the new arrangements great influence was given to the Diocese of New-York in the management of the General Seminary, yet, if Bishop Hobart had attempted to act as he undoubtedly would ha\ e done in a diocesan seminary, it would soon have been seen that this influence was altogether impotent. The whole plan was formed in a spirit of compromise. There might be opposition to his \ iews in the board of trustees, which he could not control. There might be reserve and silence in the faculty on points which he himself would have loudlv proclaimed. He had gi\en up what he might easily ha\e re- tained, and never did any man make a greater sacrifice of his private feelings and wishes for the sake of general harmony and peace."* In his relations with Columbia College, although younger than many of the board of trustees, he was the equal of any, and had a pre- ponderating influence. *Berrian's Memoir, vol. i, p. 2+9. Q cxxxi J JOHN HENRY HOBART Dr. McVickar says: "Dr. Mason, at the Board, was essentially a talking man ; Bishop Hobart a xvorking man, and it will generally be found that in all collective or deliberati\e bodies, the first rules only until the second appears; men listen to the one and follow the other; the moral energy of action, in the long run, rules men's minds far beyond the intellectual energy of reasoning. This was the basis of Bishop Hobart's influence. It was not his skill in debate, but the con- fidence reposed in his practical wisdom, in the sagacity of his Aie\\'s, the decision of his purposes and the untiring fidelity with which he laboured in whate\er dut}- he undertook. "Such are the qualities to which men ever look up in doubt or emer- gency ; plain, sterling, working qualities, partaking, moreover, of the heart even more than of the head. Without these, 'cle\erness is a mischie\ ous possession, w it but an empty flash, and e\ en wisdom an inoperative and useless dream.' "How much the qualities of heart added to Bishop Hobart's influ- ence in that body, those who there knew him can best tell, — and e\ en those who knew him anjavhere, can easilv imagine. Fairness, frank- ness, and straightforwardness, always marked his course. What he thought honestly, he spoke plainly — his heart and his tongue A\ere companions that travelled together, so that neither friend nor opponent was ever left in doubt where to find him. Sarcasm in debate he could use, but did most rarely. Nothing seems txtr to ha\'e pro\ oked him to it but duplicit}' and meanness. "Hearing on one occasion, that in a warm debate in the Board, contrary to his wont, he had treated ^ith scorn an opponent, whose attachment to the college was even more than questionable, the author ventured to inquire his motive ; — ' Sir , ' said he, ' there are some men whom it is needful to let feel your power — and he is one of them.' "On all other occasions, the kindliness of his nature shone forth, and sa\ed the feelings of his opponent amid all attacks upon his argu- ment. His zeal, therefore, however highly excited, had no rancour in it, his opposition no bitterness ; few ever heard him say a harsh word, [^ cxxxii '} JOHN HENRY HOBART — none an unkind one ; and \\hene\er w armth of contro\ersy struck forth a spark, or what to his sensiti\ e spirit appeared such, he seemed to feel no peace in his bosom until he had made personal acknow- ledgement, and solicited and obtained full forgiveness. "One or two instances of this, taken from the mouth of the narra- tors, may, for their truth and very simplicity, claim place in such a domestic narrati\e as this. "On one occasion, under the concurrence of many exciting causes, he answered a friend, in debate, in haste and heat. His friend was silent from respect but felt deeply hurt, for it was the first time he had heard such words from his lips. This friend had scarce reached his home, after the adjournment of the Board, and seated himself alone in his library, before the door opened, and Bishop Hobart entered \vith his quick, earnest step and manner, and both hands extended toward his friend, while he uttered warmly and hurried!}', these words; — ' Forgive me, my dear friend, forgi^■e me ; I was wrong — I was very much to blame.' It is needless to add that friend was his own for ever."* In the affairs of the Charity School, which had been made a sepa- rate corporation in 1800, and which under its new name of "The New York Protestant Episcopal Public School ' ' had, in 1827, enlarged its scope, he was not only the adviser as well as president, but exer- cised a judicious o\ersight over the studies. A man of such force, energy, and alertness, spending much of his time in rapid travel from town to town, could not escape serious illness. While he kept up his numerous activities in the parish, the citv, and the diocese, he had frequent and severe attacks of nervous dyspepsia. But his will power carried him through them without serious consequences until, in the fall of 1822, he had an attack of bilious intermittent fe\er while at the Short Hills. This left him weak and Mithout the strength to resist future attacks. In the summer of 1823 he was again worn out in body, and took ♦ McVickar's Professional Years, p. 429. [_ cxxxiii ]] JOHN HENRY HOBART the long journey to Quebec in company with Dr. Berrian, in the hope of regaining full health and \ igour. While returning after a delightful trip and many kind attentions from the Bishop, clergy, and men in ci\il and official life, he was taken so suddenly and % io- lently ill that his life was in great danger. He was tenderly cared for, and brought to New York by slow stages. A consultation was held A\ith the best physicians in the city ; they recommended a sea \ ovage and complete change of scene and air. Bishop Hobart sailed for England in the packet-ship Meteor, Captain Gardiner, September 24, 1823, cheered by the warm farewell of his clergv, the citv, and the diocese. In England, every possible attention and courtesy \vas shown to him. Dr. Schroeder thus epitomizes his route during the t\\"o years of his sojourn in Europe, and gives some incidents of his journevings : "In England, Wales, and Scotland, — and in France, Switzerland, and Italy, — he made an interesting tour of two years. Associations of the olden time, reminiscences of great and good men departed, and classical recollections were con tinualh' ho\'ering around his path. His active thoughts were every moment on the alert; and his faithful memory retained what his acute e^ye observed. "He was twice on the continent. During his first visit, in the spring of 1824, when he journeyed through France to Italy as far as Naples, his health did not admit of his contemplating with satisfaction the moral scenery in his course, or of even viewing with pleasure the muhiplied attractions of the classic realm. He returned to London in July. But in the autumn of the same year he renewed his ^isit to the continent. The capital and the country of France had less to engage his mind than he anticipated in the Italian metropolis and scenery. He hastened onward. In November he passed through Switzerland, and was in Italj' five months. He reached Rome a few days before the high festival of the Nativity; and until after Passion-week, lie spent most of his time at the central point of papal power and mag- nificence. A free citizen of the United States in the land of sovereignty the most absolute, — a Protestant Bishop in the ecclesiastical territory Q cxxxiv J JOHN HENRY HOBART of the Roman Pontiff", — his mind was far more occupied with the pre- "\ aihng thoughts and feelings of the people, than \\ ith the number- less curiosities bv w hich he w as surrounded. But he was not without a lively zest for these. He visited the gates and arches, squares and fountains, galleries and gardens, aqueducts and bridges, obelisks, and monuments and mausoleums, — the palaces, the castles, the churches, and the august cathedral. He was often in the Vatican, among its rare treasures of science, literature, and the arts. He was with the multitudes at the public places of concourse for the li\ ing, and among the relics of the dead within the sombre catacombs; — by moonlight contemplating the Colisean remains of the ancient city of the Caesars, — and frequently at sunrise ascending an eminence of the Pincian hill, near his lodging in the Piazza di Spagna, to survey the mod- ern city, and the Campagna di Roma, its wide encircling solitude. But all his feelings of admiration and solemnity yielded to more powerful emotions than those arising from a \ iew of the imperial capital, ' adorned with goodly stones and gifts.' To see so many of the great multitude around him 'wholly given to' their idle ceremonies; to see ' the prophets prophesy falsely, and the priests bear rule by their means, and the people love to have it so ;' to see the simple doctrines of our faith \'itiated b}- the corruptions decked in the gorgeous ap- parel, and moving in the pageantry of this world, — an eye-witness of the spectacle, 'his spirit was stirred in him.' Acts xvii. 16. "The United States' Consul made known to him a desire which had been expressed, that he should be introduced to the Pope on an occasion when two other American citizens were to be presented. But he promptly declined any inter\ iew, as the usual act of obei- sance on his part might so readily give rise to misapprehension. ' ' In the suburbs of the papal residence, and near the Gate of the People, (Porta del Popolo,) is a room used as a place of worship, in which the ser\ice of the Church of England is statedly performed. In his mildness. Pope Pius \^II allowed Protestants to meet for pub- lic prayer xvithin the walls; but Leo XII, who could not tolerate the Q cxxxv ] JOHN HENRY HOBART intrusion, commanded that it sliould be permitted only out of the gates. Bishop Hobart preached in this ejected chapel three times. It was on the last of these occasions that he made one of the annual appeals in behalf of the persecuted and depressed Waldenses in the valleys of Piedmont. A clergyman of the Church of England read the service; and 'the Bishop's sermon,' says one of his audience, 'met the high approbation of all present.' Although many of the Protestant strangers had left Rome, 'a hundred and t\\enty dollars were collected.' 'It is a remarkable and interesting trait in their history,' said the Bishop, speaking of the Waldenses, that while the ' Christian world had grossly and lamentably deviated from the purity of the Christian faith, polity, and worship, these people retained their faith, polity, and worship, in their primitive simplicity and integrity. Christian truth, almost extinguished in the darkness which for cen- turies overspread Christendom, was preserved pure and bright in the sequestered ^■allevs of Piedmont ; and here was lighted that torch which dispelled the superstitions and corruptions that rested on the Church, and restored her in manij countries to her primitive purity and brightness. ' The discourse, A\hich is entitled 'Christian Svmpathy,' was soon published at London, and re-published at New-York. "From Rome the Bishop made many e.\cursions, — especially to Naples, Vesuvius, Herculaneum, and Pompeii; to Ostia, Grotto Fer- rata, Frascati, and the ruins of Tusculum. At the beginning of Ma_v, 1825, accompanied by some American friends with whom he had then been residing for three months, he left Rome for Florence, vis- ited the Apennines, proceeded to Bologna, Ferrara, and Mantua, — in a gondola traversed Venice, tarrying at the Armenian convent on the island of St. Lazaro, — and thence journeyed to Milan. There parting from his companions, he ascended the Alps, and lingered with peculiar satisfaction amidst their w ild sublimity and terrific grandeur. "The journey of the Republican Protestant Bishop in the Italian states had been diligendy scanned, as if w ith all the eyes of the mytho- logical Pastor Centoculus. His books and papers had been searched Q cxxxvi J JOHN HENRY HOBART with singular precision. And \\ hen at Milan, he u as unceremoniously summoned before the ci\il magistrates, to be examined as to the actual object of his tour. Compelled to obey the summons, he appeared at the appointed time and place with his interpreter. But unable as he was to convey his thoughts and feelings, except through the tardy medium of interpretation, which his naturally glow ing temperament could not endure, — he spoke out all the sentiments of his heart in his own Eng- lish, and by the mere manner of his ardent frankness and unhesi- tating confidence, he in a few moments satisfied the jealousy of the inquisitorial magistrates, and was at once dismissed." * An aftectionate address from the Contention of 1824 greatly cheered him in his wanderings. He sailed for New York in the packet-ship Canada, September 1, 1825, and arrived October 12. So warmly was he greeted, says his friend, "that his heart melted within him, for the cordial congratulations of all seemed to confoimd the degrees of affection towards him, and each one w hom he met appeared like a dear and personal friend." f His joy at being home again found expression in the sermon he preached in Trinity Church on the Sunday after his return. In it he set forth his ow n sturdy Americanism, while justly describing religious and social conditions on the Continent of Europe and in England. It excited much comment, and was severely criticised by many of his English friends. The Convention of the diocese, which had been deferred until his return, met on October 18. There was a very large attendance, eight3'-nine clergymen and ninety-six laymen. It was graced ^\■ith the presence of tw o bishops, both of them dear friends of the Bishop of New York, Dr. Croes of New Jersey and Dr. Brownell of Connecticut. With an intense emotion the long absent ecclesiastical Father arose and pronounced his eloquent Address, breathing, throughout, the most ardent assurances of friendly affection and spiritual love. ' I again press to the bosom, — I have felt it, — of mutual affection,' said he, * Schroeder's Memoir, p. Ixxviii. f Berrian's Memoir, vol. i, p. 327. [ cxxxvii 2 JOHN HENRY HOBART 'again take with the hand of \\arm congratulation the clergv whom I had left, whom I had often seen in this sacred place. I knew not their full hold on my heart until I was separated from them, and again luiited to them. I also see the revered and honoured laymen, w hom I have been and am proud to call my friends, to denominate them with an appellation that still more endears them to me — the friends of the Church, — the Zion w hom they and I ought, and I trust do, supremely love ; not as the more religious party with w hich we are fortuitously cast, but as the depository and dispenser of the truths of salvation.' 'But I can say,' added he, 'and I 7mist say, that I honour, that I esteem, that I lo\e 30U. And do, I beseech you, carry w ith you to your congregations and jour fellow -churchmen, the ex- pressions of my gratitude for all the interest w hich, in \ arious wavs, they have so stronglj- manifested for their absent bishop. Tell them that he comes grateful indeed, for hospitalities and attentions abroad, and admiring much that he has seen, especially in the land of his fathers; but prizing all that he left behind, more, he would almost say infinitely more, than w hen he went away ; loving his Church as the purest and the best, however as yet himible among the Churches of Christendom ; and why should he not, for once in his life, mingle w ith his public acts as a Christian bishop his sentiments as a citizen, loving his country as the best and the happiest, because the freest upon earth : tell them that he comes with renovated desires to se/1'e them, — to do his duty to the beloved diocese of which he has charge.'' " * An incident of the welcome by the diocese. Dr. Berrian thus men- tions: "The annual convention of the diocese was held shortly after his return. The feelings of the clergy and laity from all parts of the state were in unison with those which prevailed in the city, and there was therefore a general desire to make a public demonstration of them on this interesting occasion. But though there were none w ho did not wish to unite in this testimony of gratitude for the happy return of * Schroedcr's Memoir, p. xcii. [ cxxxviii J JOHN HENRY HOBART the Bishop, yet there \\ere a few who, not agreeing ^\ ith him in some of his opinions, and in the main points of his policy, were anxious that the resolutions should be so framed as merely to express their sentiments of personal attachment and respect, and their high sense of his usefulness, piety, and \xorth. \\'ith a \iew, therefore, to render it an unanimous act, some of his friends, who agreed with him in all points, unhappily yielded to this consideration, and in a spirit of accommodation, as unusual as it w as unwise, drew them up in such a vague and general form as deprived them of all the force, charac- ter, and Aalue \\ hich could make them worthv of his acceptance. The Bishop had met his clergy and people with a generous narmth, which was most cordially reciprocated. He knew that, with verv few excep- tions, they were of one heart and one soul. He knew on what accounts he Mas particularly distinguished and esteemed. Any good and ami- able prelate, however weak, irresolute, and A\a\ering, might ha\e received this praise, and therefore, on the dav after the resolutions were adopted, he rose in his place, and in the bitterness of a jealous and Mounded affection rejected it with scorn. Never did I hear any person, in voice, manner, or expression, so eloquent. It was all nature, feeling, and passion, wrought up to the highest pitch. He represented this proceeding as a crafty device of his opposers, and an act of weak compliance on the part of his friends. Under the appearance of con- gratulation and praise, it left out all those notices of the characteristic and prominent points in his principles and policy which it had been the labour of his life to extend, through good and evil report, and in which he placed his glory and pride. It neither exhibited him as he was known at home, nor as he was \alued abroad. It was not agree- able to the just and afl'ectionate tribute which had been presented to him on his departure, nor was it the kind of commendation which he co^•eted on his return. It Mas a diluted and weakened praise, M'hich was in no way applicable to one ^\ ho had ah\ays stemmed the current of popular opinion, and he therefore requested that the resolutions should be expunged from the minutes. Q cxxxix J JOHN HENRY HOB.\RT "This is the mere faint and imperfect recollection of a speech wliich was so bold and poAverful, as to bow the hearts of the whole assembly as of one man. The justness and force of it Avere in the main uniAcr- sally felt. The particular friends of the Bishop were grie\ed at the pain which they had gi\en him, and mortified by the error into which they had fallen. The resolutions were modified in such a way as to give them an appropriate character ; and this fearless vindication of his fame, so far from being regarded as a display of arrogance and pride, A\ as only considered as a proof of that ele\ ation of mind \\ hich glo- ries in an honourable course, rather than in imdistinguishing and popular applause."* For nearly five years longer tlie undaunted champion of primitive truth and apostolic order was privileged to work and plan for the advance- ment of the diocese and general good of the Church. He had the satis- faction of knowing that the days of misunderstanding and opposition were past, and that everyone gave him their confidence and regard. At the General Con\ention of 1826, Bishop Hobart presented a series of resolutions proposing certain modifications in the use of the Book of Common Prayer, and adapting the Confirmation Office to actual conditions, since at that time it was usually adults A\ho receiAed the apostolic rite. But the very proposal produced alarm and conster- nation among all Churchmen. So sharp was the contention and so great was the indignation that any one, and especially Bishop Hobart, should presume to alter "our incomparable Liturgy," that Mhen the General Convention met at Philadelphia in 1829, it A\as the Bishop of New York himself Avho, on August 15, offered in the House of Bishops a resolution that ' ' under existing circumstances it was not expedient to adopt the proposed resolution relative to the Liturgy and office of Confirmation," which was concurred in by the House of Deputies. Dr. Berrian says: "In the General Convention of 1826 a proposi- tion was made by the House of Bishops for sundry alterations in the *Bcrrian's Memoir, vol. i, p. 361. [ cxl J JOHN HENRY HOBART Liturgy. The measure was adopted by the House of Clerical and Lay Deputies, but, according to the constitution, it was to be com- municated in the recess of the sittings of that body to the conven- tions of all the dioceses, and then to be acted upon at the following meeting of the General Convention. It was understood to have been brought forward by Bishop Hobart, and it is therefore necessary to explain by what motives he was influenced in the suggestion of a plan which was much more likely to open a boundless field for discus- sion than to lead to any satisfactory results. It was entirely contrary to all his predilections and habits. His love of the Liturgy Mas a passion. His admiration of it in every part A\as so great, that it had even been the occasion of charging him w ith a want of due \ enera- tion for the \\ord of God. He had at all times enforced the observ- ance of it among his clergy w ith the utmost earnestness, solicitude, and zeal. I do not remember an instance under any circumstances in our parish, of his omitting even those parts which are left to the dis- cretion of the minister, nor do I believe that if the alterations which he proposed, and which w ere also to have been discretionary had been adopted, that he A\ould have changed his own practice. "But in certain sections of the Church it had been alleged that the ser\'ice was too long, and in accommodation to this opinion, many of the clergy, in disregard of their solemn obligations and aows, had substituted their private will for the public law. This appeared to Bishop Hobart to be such a subversion of principle as would e\ ent- ually bring all authority and all order into utter contempt. If, there- fore, the pretext of the undue length of the ser\ ice could be remo\ed, and whatever was doubtful in the construction of a certain rubrick,* by which a very common irregularity was justified, were made clear and indisputable, then every violation of the order of the Church would be ^\ ithout excuse ; and he not only believed that it would be without excuse, but he was even disposed to indulge the hope, that it would in a great measure be without temptation. *The rubric relative to the Ante-Communion Sen'ice. [ cxli ] JOHN HENRY HOBART "The modifications proposed were such as would make no strik- ing aheration in the daily service of the Church. In its general form it was to remain the same as it had ever been . The change was to be entirely confined to the Lessons and the Psalms. These were either to be reduced in length to a certain extent, or retained in the w ay originally prescribed, at the discretion of the minister. The Preface also in the Confirmation Service was to be slightly altered, and the Rubrick in relation to the Ante-Communion Ser\ice to be made so explicit as to render the observance of it a matter of the clearest and strictest obligation. "No change could have been made with less violence to the de\out feelings and endearing associations of our people. It would have been so slight in appearance as scarcely to be noticed, and 3'et the abridge- ment of the Lessons and the Psalms would have been so material as to bring the service within reasonable bounds, to secure greater uniformity in its observance, or to expose its \'iolators to the se\erest censure and reproach. "The measure was brought forward by Bishop Hobart, with the view of promoting universal harmony and order, and in a spirit of the utmost conciliation and kindness ; which was met A\ith great cor- diality by some who differed widely from him in his general views. It was, however, with singular frowardness and per\ersit_v, stronglj^ opposed by many of those who were in the constant habit of mutilat- ing the Liturgy, as well as by others who sacredly observed it, and who dreaded the efl'ects of innovation and change. From this double opposition, therefore, it was finally rejected."* It was the happiness of Bishop Hobart to show the remnant of the once powerful Iroquois nation still living in the State of New York, the beauty and power of the Christian religion. As soon as it was known that some of the Indians on the Oneida reservation were inclined to study Christian truth, and that their teacher in secular knouledge, Mr. Eleazar Williams, supposed by some to be the son of a famous Mo- * Berrian's Memoir, vol. i, p. 367. : cxiii ] JOHN HENRY HOBART haw k chief, and by others the missing Dauphin, son of Louis XVI, was also instilHng into them the elements of Christianit}-, the Bishop saw that he was properly taught in the distincti\ e principle of the Church as he desired, visited the Indians in their castle, addressed them in affectionate terms, and received from them a most touch- ing address, praving him to take them under his spiritual care. His visits were periodical, and always producti\e of great good. It was at his visit on July 18, 1826, that he made Mr. Williams a deacon in the room they used for public service, w hile the church know n as St. Peter's was building. The scene, as described by him, was impressive. The address by their chief to their ' 'great and venerable father ' ' was full of the Indian dignit}', and j-et of deep thankfulness for the many blessings they had received from their Christian profession and practice. The Bishop, in his reply, was clear, affectionate, and yet simple in pointing to them the only true source of happiness. The chain of friendship formed by the oldest chief clasping the hand of the Bishop, and each in turn taking the hand of the one next inferior in dignity until it extended through the whole congregation, was solemn and significant. The Bishop's interest followed them to their new and distant home at Green Bay, Wisconsin, although he was unable to carry out his cherished plan of visiting them, even when he was as near as Detroit, Michigan, where he went to lay the corner-stone of St. Paul's Church, and sub- sequently to consecrate it. The convictions of Bishop Hobart in regard to the pernicious tendency of voluntary societies not under the sanction of Episcopal authority is shown by his attitude to the Clerical Association of the City of New York. Several earnest, hard-working clergymen, feeling the need of mutual aid, counsel, and criticism, had formed an asso- ciation in which there was to be united prayer, social intercourse, the reading and criticism of essays, sermons, and expositions of passages of Holv Scripture. The Bishop had been informally consulted before its organization, and plainly but briefly expressed himself as adverse [^ cxliii J JOHN HENRY HOBAl^T to it. He thought its tendency would be to self-righteousness, to an ignoring of the sober paths of the Church, to the exaltation of indi- \idual clergymen abo\ e their brethren as superior in intellect and devotion. He set forth his opinions in a pastoral letter which ga\e rise to a courteous but distressing controversy. The ^ iew s of the Bishop, it is said, were approved b}- the greater part of the clergy and laity of the diocese. While the result was the dissolution of the association, several of those who withdrew from it announced that their action was in de- ference to the Bishop, and not because they doubted the usefulness of such a societ}-. At the request of the members, "A Defence of the Association" was prepared and published. This was the last time Bishop Hobart engaged in a discussion of Church principles. For the remaining years of his life he was most imtiring in his \isitations. Larger numbers were presented for confirmation, more churches were consecrated, and there was an increased number of candidates for holy orders, show ing a healthy and permanent grow th of the Church. It was during his western visitation in the summer of 1830 that with startling suddenness he was taken ill at St. Peter's Rectorv, Auburn, the home of his dear friend, the Re\'. Dr. John Churchill Rudd. He died on the morning of Sunday, September 12, 1830. The particulars of his last illness are given with lo\ ing precision in "The Gospel Messenger" for September 13, 1830. The last Illness and Death of the Right Rev. JOHN HENRY HO- BART, D.D., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of New- York This Right Reverend Prelate and pious servant of God expired at the parsonage-house of St. Peter's Church, Auburn, the residence of his friend, the writer of this article, at four o'clock on Sunday morning, September 12, 1830, being 55 years of age. The follow ing article is not designed to draw the character of this distinguished ornament and defender of the Christian cause ; in it [ cxliv ] JOHN HENRY HOBART there w ill be no attempt made to delineate the features of that noble and energetic mind, nor \\ ill it be employed in ordinar\- obituarv reflections. The writer is under the impression that the public, especialh- that portion of it which is attached to the Episcopal Church, \\ill be im- patient to ha\ e before them the particulars of the last days of this extensi\ely known and ardently belo\ed indi\idual. Under the pres- sure of no common emotions, he deems it his duty to employ the first moments he has, after ha\ ing finished his attentions to the body of the friend of nearly thirty years, in gi\ing the afflicted members of the Church, and the weeping relati\es and personal friends of the deceased, such particulars as cannot well be expected from another, and which a sense of painful responsibility impels him not to delay. Should the task be found imperfectly performed, let his apology be read in the oppressi\e w eight of feeling \\ hich cannot be remo\ed till time has reconciled him to the pre\'ailing stillness and gloom of a dwelling \isited by death, to the absence of assiduous physicians, the retiring of anxious attendants and inquiring friends. Bishop Hobart arriyed at my house on the eyening of Wednesday, the 1st inst. in ordinary health, ■\\ith the exception of a slight cold, which he said made him a little chilly. He rested Mell that night, and complained of nothing unusual the following morning. He preached that morning in St. Peter's Church, and administered confirmation to nine persons. His sermon, alas his last sermon, Ayas uttered in his usually impressiye manner, and listened to by a full congregation, with a profound stillness and attention. The text was Job xxyiii. 28 — The Fear of the Lord, that is Wisdom. On returning to the parsonage-house, he complained of coldness, and oppression at the stomach, from which his friends haye known him to suffer \ ery severely for more than twenty years. He ate litUe at dinner, and shortly after retired to his room, where he slept some time. At tea he ate nothing, and soon after returned to his room, where he bathed his feet in w arm w ater, and \\ent to bed. On enter- : cxiv ] JOHN HENRY HOBART ing his room the next morning to hand him some letters, 1 found he complained still more of being unwell. He was urged to abandon the idea of meeting his appointments for the two next days, and take some active medicine. To this measure he expressed great reluctance, though it was repeatedh' pressed upon him by different members of the family. The Rev. Mr. Hollister, of Skaneateles, called about twelve o'clock noon, with a con\eyance to take the Bishop to Pompev, where there was a church to be consecrated the following day. About half an hour before this. Dr. Morgan, of tliis ^ illage, called to pay his respects. On discovering the Bishop's e\ ident tendency to indis- position, he seconded the remonstrance of the writer, against pro- ceeding on his tour of duty. The Bishop yielded to his advice, and the Doctor w'ent to his office to prepare some medicine, which he kindly offered to administer himself, and proposed to remain till the operation was over. This he did. It may be interesting to some, to be informed of a coincidence which will be here stated. On the 9th of September, 1826, the writer ha\- ing been but a few weeks a resident of the place. Bishop Hobart held confirmation in the church here. Towards evening of that day he was taken suddenly ill while alone in his room; a young man who has attended him in his last illness, being in an adjoining apartment, heard him fall; the writer was alarmed, and ran to his assistance, and found him lying on his face, faint, and somewhat convulsed. Orders were instantly gi\en to call a physician; and Dr. Morgan, then an entire stranger to all concerned, w as providentially found in the street, and in a few minutes was with the Bishop. By a timelj- pre- scription and careful attention the threatened illness passed o\er, and the next day found our Prelate consecrating a church at Moravia, nearly twenty miles from this place. Whenever the Bishop has sub- sequently made any stay in this village, the Doctor has called upon him. The Bishop was from the first much pleased with this gentle- man, and, as will be seen, grew fond of him, and placed the utmost confidence in him to the last. We now return to the narrative. [_ cxlvi J JOHN HENRY HOBART The medicine gi\en as abo\e stated, took a happy effect, and the prospect was, that after a few hours' rejwse and some further medi- cine, the Bishop would be relie\ed. He rested well the former part of the night of J>iday, the 3d ; and though, during most of the fol- lowing day, (Saturday, the 4th,) he suffered considerably, he found himself much better and more comfortable on Sunday, the 5th ; and it was supposed that he would be soon wholly relieved. It was evi- dent, however, that, under the most fa\'ourable circumstances, he could not in safety attend to his appointments for the two following weeks. During the middle of the day, a letter, dictated by himself, was addressed to his son. Dr. William H. Hobart, in the city of New York, expressing the opinion of the Bishop himself, that he was convalescent; but as he concluded that he should not have suffi- cient strength to perform the duties of his visitation appointments, it would be ad\'isable for him to return home as soon as he should be able to tra\ el, and he ^\ ished his son to come on for the purpose of attending him on the way. On Monday, the 6th, the writer suggested to the Bishop the pro- priety of issuing, in the form of a "Gospel Messenger" Extra, the notice which has been generally seen. In that Extra, which was read to the Bishop, he requested the alteration of the original expression of the writer, and substituted for it, "his disease is now yielding to judicious treatment." On Tuesday, the 7th, the symptoms were more unfavourable, but there was nothing by any means alarming either to the physician or himself. During Wednesday, the 8th, the Bishop's disorder assumed a severer character ; but he was evidently much more comfortable through a large portion of Thursday, the 9th ; but on Friday, the 10th, the symptoms became seriously alarm- ing, and towards the evening of that day, assumed a fatal aspect. About nine the Bishop's son arrived. His introduction into the room of his venerated father produced emotions better imagined than de- scribed, and which w ill not be soon forgotten by those present. The Bishop was in full possession of his powers of mind and voice. The C cxlvii ] JOHN HENRY HOBART inquiries he made after his family, the pious counsels he addressed to his child, the fervour of his religious feelings, the ardour of his affectionate language, produced for a time a most thrilling and o\ er- whelming effect. Painfully interesting as this interview was, it was truly gratifying to those who had hitherto surrounded the Bishop's bed, that Dr. Hobart could hear from his father's mouth, not only his last admonitions and affectionate entreaties to make the Sa\iour of his soul the supreme object of his love, but that he might have from it an assurance that the father had the fullest confidence in what his physicians had done for him. This sentiment was frequently expressed during the whole of his sickness. Though he had the ad- \antage of the counsel of se\ eral of the most distinguished and able medical gentlemen from other villages, and though he was ^•ery much gratified by their visits, and still more by their untiring attention, he never failed to assure both them and his attending physician, that he had the most entire confidence in the latter. To him he often addressed the most grateful, pious, and tender remarks. Again and again he would say, "My dear Doctor, give me your hand, it soothes me; you have been very kind and faithful to me; you have been most judicious in jour treatment of me ; you will not lose your reward ; for, whether I live or die, you ha\'e done jour duty. God will bless you; my Saviour will bless you." To his other attendants he \\as continually addressing the most warm acknoA\ledgements, imploring upon them the richest blessings. On receiving the slightest refresh- ment or relief, his first expression was, "God be praised," and then he would tenderly and repeatedly thank the immediate agent. Time will not permit anything like a narrative of his con\ ersations and remarks to those in his room. Throughout his sickness, none were admitted who were not necessary to his comfort. Though Bishop Hobart did not consider himself alarmingly ill till the latter part of his sickness, still he frequendy observed, even in the earlier part of it, that it was the third attack of the kind, and one such, he had 7io doubt, "would some day be his end." "Perhaps," said r cxlviii J JOHN HENRY HOB.\RT he, "this may be that one ; if so, God's will be done. O pray for me, that I mav not only say this, hvix. feel '\i — feel it as a sinner; for bear me w itness, I have no merit of my own. As a guilty sinner would I go to mv Saviour, casting all m_v reliance on him — the atonement of his blood. He is my only dependence — my Redeemer, my Sanctifier, my God, my Judge." Such was the tenour of much of his conver- sation ; and it is most earnesUy wished that the writer had the abil- ity as well as time to record, in the glowing language of the departed Prelate, the evidence he gave of deep humility, of lively faith, of animadng hope of the joys of heaven. On Sunday, the 5th, he requested the writer to perform in his room the office of visitation of the sick, in w hich, with his Prayer Book lying on his bed before him, he joined with that delightful fervour for which his manner has been so often admired. Frequently, through the day and the night, he would request either the writer, or the rev- erend brother who was with him all the time from Tuesday p.m. till he died, to use some short prayer. This practice was continued till he became too much exhausted to be benefited by it. He often asked for some portion of Bishop Andrews' Litany to be read. In his own repetition of them there was a thrilling effect upon those present. On Saturday morning the indications m ere so wholly discouraging that his physicians ad\ ised that he should be informed that they con- sidered him in a very dangerous situation. Though the Bishop had e\idently regarded his case as very doubtful, he might not be aware that his time was so near out as it has pro\ed to have been. The painful office of making the communication fell upon the writer, and it was suggested that if he had anything to do or say there should be no delay, and allusion was made to his wishes as to the Lord's supper. "Oh yes," said he, "the sacrament, the sacra- ment ; that is the last thing — that is all — let me have it." There was a firmness and composure in his manner, as he uttered the words, "Well, God's will be done," which moved every heart, and con- firmed all present in the conviction that the pious affection of this L cxlix ] JOHN HENRY HOBART venerated and belo\ ed Bishop could not be shaken bv the approaches of death. The sacrament was soon administered by the \\riter, and long w ill that solemn scene be remembered bv all w ho beheld the transaction, as one of the most tender and mo\ ing character. When the person officiating came, in the confession, to the words, "by thought, word, and deed," the Bishop stopped him and said, "You know the Church expects us to pause over these words; pause now, repeating one of the words at a time, till I request you to go on." This was done, and the pauses in each case were so long, that a fear passed o\ er our minds that he had lost his recollecdon, or fallen asleep. This, how- exer, proved not to be so; he repeated each word, "Proceed, I will interrupt jou no more." At the proper place he requested to hear read the 93d hymn. As soon as the reading was ended, he sung clearly the second and third verses. From this time, which was about nine o'clock in the morning, there was no very important change. During the night he said very little, and for about four hours before he expired was nearly, if not quite, insensible to what was passing around. He sunk into the arms of death without a struggle ; and his face soon assumed that engaging expression which has in life so often delighted those who loved him. The most expeditious preparations w ere made for his removal to the city, for interment. A very respectable body of the inhabitants of the village assembled at the parsonage-house where, after a few re- marks by the writer, he performed that service in the Clergyman's Companion, prepared by the Bishop himself for similar occasions. The body being placed in a hearse, (Sunday, 3 o'clock p.m.) a procession was formed ; the writer and some members of his family, with the wardens and \estrymen of St. Peter's Church, with some other members of the congregation, followed the corpse in carriages — Dr. Hobart having previously taken his departure. The bell of St. Peter's Church ^vas tolled till the procession reached the edge of the \ illage, when the people on foot and some others returned, and : ci ] JOHN HENRY HOBART se\ eral carriages proceeded with tlie bod}" to W^eedsport, eight miles, where a canal-boat « as in readiness ; and it was committed to the care of the Rev . Francis H. Cuming, and Mr. Thomas Y. How,jun., \\ ho had been the constant attendants of the Bishop night and day, the former from Tuesday, p.m. The qualification of this gentleman for a nurse, and his untiring assiduity, made him a most important aid to the writer and his family during those trying days. He was so acceptable to the Bishop, that he was unwilling to have him a moment from his room, except now and then he would command him to go and get some rest. The foregoing has been m ritten to meet the supposed expectation of the distant public, and the Bishop's more immediate friends, that the writer would make them acquainted with the most prominent facts and incidents in the last days of that eminent man, w hose death fills the Church with mourning. John C. Rudd The sorrow was universal throughout the diocese and the whole Church. As the canal-boat, with its company of mourners surround- ing the body of their Bishop and friend, proceeded slowly from town to town, the bells were tolled and sad-faced groups watched it pass. When the coffin \\ as transferred to the steamer Constellation at Albany, a delegation from the \ estry of St. Peter's acted as a guard of honour, and many Churchmen and citizens accompanied it to the wharf. The funeral was held in Trinity Church, New York City, on Friday, Sep- tember 17. The procession, which included the representati\ es of many organizations in the Church, the acting governor of the State, the mayor of the city, the clergy, and citizens in general, moved from the rectory. No. 50 Varick Street, at a quarter before five o'clock, and arrived at Trinity Church at half-past six. It was esdmated that it was a mile in length. There were eighty clergymen and se\en hundred persons belonging to the various societies and boards to whom places had been assigned. * Schroeder's Memorial, p. 237. C Cli ] JOHN HENRY HOBART An eve-witness says: "Well do I recollect the thrill of unfeigned sorrow that went through this citv (when there was no railroad and no telegraph), as, day after day, the papers announced that the Bishop had fallen sick at Auburn, and that his life was despaired of. So it always occurs \\ith great CAcnts e\en in our days ; something conies beforehand, and no one knows how it comes ; but the news is e\ ery- where surmised, and then at last comes the sudden blow. Permit me to recall the funeral of Bishop Hobart, which I followed from St. John's Square all the way down through Walker Street to Broadway, and so on to Trinity Church ; the most decorous and most \enerable, in every respect the most impressi\e funeral that I e\er beheld. All New York looked on and e\'erything was done with decency and order, yet without parade and with a sublime simplicitj-. The funeral train was verv long; there were no carriages, save one or two, per- haps, for the Bishop's family, and all that was good in New York seemed present. The ministers of religion, the students of Columbia College, in academic dress, and \'enerable presbyters of the diocese, in gown and cassock, with bands, made a striking figure. "The bod}- was carried on men's shoulders and co\ered w ith a pall, which six presbjters supported as pall-bearers. As they passed down Broadway a military company, or perhaps a larger portion of a regi- ment, met the funeral by accident; but instincti\ely, reverentlj-, by those methods \\hich militarj- men better understand than I can de- scribe them, the ranks Mere separated and they stood with re^ersed arms \\ hile the remains of the great Bishop of New York passed between that file of solemn soldiery, offering an unbought tribute to his universally acknowledged merits as a prelate and a man of God."* The burial service was said by the Rt. Rev. Dr. Moore of Vir- ginia, the Rev. Dr. L3ell, rector of Christ Church, and the Rev. • The Rt. Rev. Dr. Coxe, in an address at St. Thomas's Church, New York City, Wednesday, September 50, 1885, on pages 107, 108. The Centennial History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese ofNeiv York, 1 78 5-1 88 5. New York : D. Appleton and Company, 1886, 8vo, pp. 454. c ciii : JOHN HENRY HOB.^RT John F. Schroeder, an assistant minister in Trinity parish. The Rev. Dr. Benjamin T. Onderdonk preached the sermon from the text, "He was a burning and a shining light: and ye were willing for a season to rejoice in his light." St. John v. 35. "Such was the Saviour's declaration of St. John the Baptist. It alluded to a figure common and well understood by the Jews, whereby a teacher of religion was called a light, or more properly, a lamp^ a dispenser of light. The expression, 'for a season,' during w hich the Jews are declared to have been willing to rejoice in his light, may be considered either as implying reproach, on account of their not having continued steadfast in their regard for St. John's preach- ing, or as referring to the short continuance of his ministry. With its particular bearing, howe\er, the present design in selecting the text has no connexion. The \erse refers to 'a burning and a shining light,' whose bright irradiations were a source of joy — and joy, alas ! but ' for a season . ' "Christian brethren, it were doing violence to the best feelings of your hearts, those which, in the order of Providence, are now the most absorbing, and at the same time the most appro\ed by a sound and well ordered understanding, were I longer to delay that appli- cation of the subject which your affectionate sorrows loudly claim. You wish to call home every errant thought, and fix your minds wholly and undixidedly on the melancholy event which has brought you to the house of God. When the words of my text first met your ears, your minds reverted, at once, to a burning and a shining light, which has been — not extinguished — but taken from us, and called to mingle w ith the pure splendour of perfect day. And why should we weep because another ardent spirit has been summoned to join the ranks of those who cease not, day nor night, in rendering homage to Him who sitteth upon the throne, and to the Lamb? Wh)' should we weep because another blessed trophy of God's grace has been added to the number of the sa\ed? Why should \\e weep because another soul, purified and made white in the blood of the Lamb, has : ciiii ] JOHN HENRY HOBART been called to adorn itself in the robes of celestial righteousness"? For these things we weep not. We w eep not for the father and the friend who has rested from his toils, his anxieties, and his sorrows. We weep not that a good and faithful ser^•ant has been called to the joy of his Lord. We weep not at hea\en's gain : but, oh ! we do w eep at our loss. \\ e weep, because a burning and a shining light, in which we had so long been wont to rejoice, has been taken from us. "There were three favourite ejaculations often on his lips — God be merciful to me a stnnei — GocFs will be done — God be praised for all his mercies. " God be merciful to me a sinner — the effectual fervent prayer which was the blessed mean of justification to the humble and contrite publican. " God's will be done — the devout ejaculation of our Di\ ine Exem- plar, in the days of his suffering humanity. And it was attended with the devout prayer that he might not say this only because he must — because God's will must have its course; but that he might feel it; that it might be the language not of constraint, but of his heart — of willing, cheerful resignation. " God be praised for all his mercies. If 'the ruling passion,'' so also the ruling affections and dispositions, are 'strong in death.' All who knew our beloved Bishop knew that the praises of God were a fa\ our- ite employment, to which his heart was e\er attuned, and in which he was ever happy to be united w ith a band of Christian worshippers. And now, that he saw the bright inheritance just before him, and that rest, and peace, and joy, were soon to succeed his labours, his trials, and his sufferings, he drew fresh strength from near approach to the communion of the just made perfect, and with his whole soul, blessed the Lord for all his mercies. "At this trying moment, as ever, his religious views and feelings were built on the onlv sure and allowed foundation — faith in the [ cliv ] JOHN HENRY HOBART doctrines of the Gospel. The corner-stone of them all, the doctrine of the Trinit}-, presented itself to his mind in all the rich fulness of grace, mercy, and truth. He found in it comfort and support which could come from no other source. He clung to it, as that which, only, can minister to the wants of the dying Christian. He dwelt upon it as the most glorious, and most precious of God's revelations. When the Di\ ine Persons were separately invoked in his behalf, ' Oh ! ' he exclaimed, ' in what interesting relations does this doctrine represent the Deity as standing to his people ! ' And his acquies- cence in this great truth, and the immense value which he set upon it, were far from being the operations of a weak, a deluded, and a superstitious mind. They were the homage of an intellect as high in order, and as rich in cultivation, as perhaps ever fell to the lot of man. But high as were its natural powers, and extensive as was its culti\ation, he knew and felt it to be but the intellect of tjian. He appreciated the obvious truth, that in the perfect intelligence of the Deitv there must be a capacity infinitely greater than in any human mind, and perfectly equal to the full apprehension of truths, however inexplicable and mjsterious to us. He felt, too, that in the teaching of God's holy word, he was sure to be safe, and therefore received with meekness and gratitude all that it reveals. "With such faith, such devotion, and such piety, our revered fa- ther entered into his rest. He has gone, people of his charge, whither you must follow him; and he will stand where you must meet him, at the bar of impartial justice. What account can you then render of the fidelity with which you have waited on his ministrations, and the impro\ement which 30U ha\ e made of his faithful labours in your behalf? Ask this question, each one seriously of his own conscience. Ask it, on bended knees, before your God. Ask it, with a full view of the momentous consequences which rest upon a faithful answ er. For nearly thirtj- years he has laboured among 3011. Many blessed evidences of his successful lalx)ur ha\e been afforded. How many shall be added to the happy number, from among those who cannot C civ J JOHN HENRY HOBART forget, while life will last, how zealously, afiectionately, and indus- trioush', he sought their spiritual and eternal welfare? "For nearly two thirds of the period of our beloved father's minis- try, he was, my re\ erend brethren of this diocese, over us in the Lord; and we all are ^\•itnesses with what fidelity he fulfilled the weighty trusts of his high office ; what a glorious pattern of earnestness and de\otion he set before us; how well he knew, and how zealously he ad\'ocated and vindicated, the principles of our holy Church; and how successfully he pursued, in her behalf, what his well-informed and well-regulated judgment satisfied him was the policy the most accordant w ith her interests, and Avith the interests of the e^•er-blessed Gospel, on w hose account he loved her so much, cherished her so faithfull}^, defended her so valiantly, and laboured so industriously in her cause. Oh! we have had privileges and blessings in our connex- ion with our spiritual father of the choicest and most elevated char- acter. Forget we not, therefore, that we have correspondent weighty obligations resting upon us. Be not ours the guilt of godly counsels neglected, and a godl_v example unfollowed. Under the softening and chastening influence of the affliction which now fills our hearts, it \\ ill be well to renew our vows of ministerial duty, and to devote oursehes, with fresh vigour, to the work whereunto we have been called. Mel- ancholy is the reflection, that, besides our venerated father, six of our brethren of this diocese have been called away since, less than a year ago, we assembled in our ecclesiastical convention. The hoary head, the mature in years, and the almost youthful fellow-servant at the altar, have been taken from us. We are spared ; but God only knows how long we shall be. "What shall I say of this our bereft diocese? Brethren, it is im- possible for words to express what we of the diocese most acutely feel. The praise of our late head is in every church ; and church- men of other dioceses, and the religious of e\erv name, gi\e us their tenderest condolence, because they feel and know that a greater loss could hardly ha\e been sustained hv a religious body. I might speak C civi 2 JOHN HENRY HOBART of an activity and of labours almost beyond the ordinary strength of man. I might speak of an energy, a quickness, a devotion, of men- tal pov\ ers, perhaps without a parallel. I might refer to the prompt- ness with which the calls of duty were ever answered, at the most disinterested sacrifice of comfort, of feeling, and of the ten thousand considerations which would have stood in the May of ordinarj- men. I might tell of the nearly threefold increase of the diocese which has blessed the labours of him who there sleeps in silence. I might call on the zealous missionary, or the faithful parish priest, to bear testimony how his spiritual father has encouraged, aided, and co-operated with him in his labours ; how he has cheered him, w hen ready to despond ; what excellent counsel he has given him in difficulties ; and how he has strengthened his hands, when he began to yield to the many dis- couragements which lie in the way of the minister of the Gospel. But, brethren, why should I do this? Your hearts anticipate all I have to say, and your memories crowd proof after proof on your minds. Oh ! let us be duly thankful for the rich blessing we have enjoyed, and humbly pray, and faithfully strive, that it may not be lost ; but that the influence of principles so correct, a policy so sound, and labours so abundant, may be maintained and strengthened , as a permanent blessing to our diocese. "But this diocese is far from being alone concerned in our bereave- ment. A voice is hushed which was never raised in the ^e«ero/ coun- cils of our Church, without commanding the respect and influence to which it was every way entitled. The cause of pure religion has been deprived of one of its most able and enlightened advocates and supporters. Virtue and morality lament that diligent teaching and a uniform example, of inestimable value to their interests, are no more. Literature and science have bid a long adieu to one of their most faithful and judicious friends. And every interest connected with human welfare, and the elevation of the human character, droops, in melancholy and in mourning, over the ashes of one who well knew how they might best be promoted, and faithfully and indefati- gably laboured to promote them. C civil ;] JOHN HENRY HOBART "Over those venerated ashes let devout Christians kneel, and meekly, and resignedly exclaiming ' God''s will be done,'' pray devoutly that his grace may cause the affliction of this day of sadness to work for us spiritual good here, and a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory, in those happy regions \\here all tears will be wiped from all eyes, where there will be no more sorrow, sickness, or death, and where the righteous will enjoy perpetual rest and felicity." * The burial was in a vault beneath the chancel. From everj- quarter of the Church came resolutions of sympathy, and in many churches memorial sermons were preached. The Rev. Dr. Berrian, on the Sunday after the burial, preached in Trinity Church from the text: "How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out! " Romans xi. 33. "When the melancholy event which now occupies all our thoughts was broken to me, and the first burst of feeling was over, this pas- sage rushed upon my mind, mingling wonder and awe ^\ ith agita- tion and grief. The agents, by which God carries on his plans in the improvement and salvation of his creatures, very often appear in our eyes so important to the success and accomplishment of the ^\•ork, that we not onl}' hope, but seem to look for the prolongation of their days till they have reached the utmost limit of their usefulness. V^e are surprised that those who are pre-eminently fitted, by their talents, piety, and worth, to adorn and bless the world, and to promote the glory of God, should be cut off in the midst of their labours; whilst so many who are sluggish, inactive, and unfruitful, are still left in the vineyard of the Lord. This mysterious part of the arrange- ments of Pro%'idence often leads us to exclaim, Horv unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out! Never has the sentiment been impressed more strongly on my mind, than at this time. Within the brief space of a few weeks, a youthful minister of the sanctuary, f whose cultivated mind was like the polished shaft of the temple, and whose varied talents promised to be an ornament and treasure to the * Schroeder's Memorial, pp. 5 and 6, 1 1 and 18. fThe Rev. Edmund D. Griffin. [ clviii ] JOHN HENRY HOBART Church of God, was suddenly taken from us, to be recei\ ed, as we trust, in the Church of the Urst-born, and to render 'blessing and honour unto Him that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb, for ever and ever.' He seemed only to ha^e lived in preparation for his work, and \\hen all were looking for the fruits of his labours, their hopes were blighted fore\er. And now another of the most fa\ oured servants of God is taken hence, who had long been engaged in his Master's work ; w ho united the highest human talents with the fervent zeal of an aposde, and consecrated all his gifts to the ser- vice of Him who gave them; who, if we were to judge of his labours by the common standard of usefulness, had filled up the measure of manv li\ es, and the verv remnant of whose days would have been a greater blessing to the Church than the whole existence of ordinary men. Now, indeed, we see through a glass darkly, and cannot compre- hend these things. But though they may confound our judgment, they do not shake our faith. The Author and Giver of life knows best \\ hen it should be taken away; and when we come to see things Jcice to face, we shall imdoubtedly perceive his wisdom and goodness as clearly displayed in the most mysterious of his judgments, as in the plainest manifestations of his mercy and love. While our hearts then are pierced \\ith grief, let them also be bo^\■ed down in humble submission to his will. Right dear in the sight of the Lord is the death of his saints, and their memory is blessed among men. I shall indulge my own fond feelings, while at the same time I shall gratify yours, by recalling the talents, the virtues, the piety, and worth, which gave our dear and venerated friend such claims on our admiration and love. "At times, when there was any special reason for excitement, he united all the dignity and force of manly eloquence with the sim- plicity and tenderness which gave such a charm to his discourses in earlier years. And in one respect he surpassed all men w hom I have ever heard. Whatever might be the languor of his bodv, which C clix ] JOHN HENRY HOBART w as often oppressed by disease, or the state of his spirits, \\hich w ere still more frequentl}- weighed dou n by care, he was almost always able to arouse himself from his hea\ iness, to throw oft his anxieties and troubles, and to rise to that degree of vehemence and passion, which was suitable to the solemnity and importance of the sacred truths which he was enforcing. "But the powers of his mind, though \er_v advantageously dis- played in the public exercises of his ministry, appeared still more remarkable in his intercourse with mankind, and in the practical business of his office, and of life in general. Here his habit of acting on general principles, and of carrying them out to their true and legit- imate consequences, his keen and ready detection of any departure from these principles, the happy illustration of his arguments, the fertility of his invention, the abundance of his resources, ga\e him an immense superiority o\er men of loose reasoning and luisettled minds. The soundness of his thoughts, whether in public debate or private conversation, was aided by the ease and fluency of his ex- pression, and no one lost any of the force of his arguments by the w ant of clearness and precision in his language. And the \ ery occa- sions which would have confounded ordinary men and embarrassed their efforts, seemed always to rouse his energies to a higher pitch, and to make him rise above himself. "This fitness for the practical business of life, which his enlarged intercourse with the world, from the duties of his Episco|)al office and his connexion with many literary and religious institutions, rendered every day more striking, increased his ascendancy over the minds of men. We should not notice this influence, except that it w as all exerted for the interests of true religion and virtue, and for the pro- motion of sound learning in connexion w ith faith and piety. "And here let me remark, that he was thought by many to be an ambitious man, who mingled too much of human pride with the high and holy duties of his calling. He was ambitious, but his am- bition was the noble and insatiable desire of doing good. In the pur- C clx J JOHN HENRY HOBART suit of this object he set no limit to his plans ; in defending and pro- pagating the truth he cared not whose path he crossed ; in guarding the Church against its outward enemies and secret foes, he was thank- ful for any superiority which God had gi\en him, as he devoutly believed it redounded to his glory. "But for his own sake, whether for present reputation or posthu- mous fame, as unconnected with the promotion of the temporal and eternal happiness of men, he was not ambitious. He stooped to the humblest duties of his calling with as much pleasure as he engaged in the most exalted. Oneof the latest and most admirable of the works upon \\ hich he bestowed the attention of his powerful mind, was a simple Catechism for children, and it was compiled with so much judgment, arranged with so much order, expressed with so much clearness, and made so agreeable in every part to scriptural truth, that I never teach the young out of it, without feeling instructed my- self. He composed one book, which, without adding to his literary reputation, will ever be the commendation of his piety, that has fur- nished thousands with holy thoughts and de\out ejaculations at the altar, and that will continue perhaps to excite the fervour of Chris- tian souls, when works of more ambitious pretensions are forgotten. The 'Festivals and Fasts,' that excellent expositor of the institutions of the Church and summary of Christian doctrine, the 'Christian's Manual,' the 'Clergyman's Companion,' the 'Commentary on the Bible,' were all prepared wdth much labour and care, and without any view to the reputation of authorship or pecuniary reward. In the revision, improvement, and enlargement of these works, he kept a single eye to the welfare of the Church, the promotion of piet}-, and the advancement of sound doctrine among men. The only original work of any extent in which he was ever engaged, his 'Apology for Primitive Order,' together with all his other controversial pieces, were written with a simple view of defending the truth against the misrepre- sentations of error. If the time which he spent in these unostentatious but useful labours had been employed with more selfish and ambi- r cixi ] JOHN HENRY HOBART tious ends, it might ha\e gained for him an enviable pre-eminence among literary men. What a striking proof of his humilitA and faith ! To all his other remarkable qualifications our revered Bishop added a zeal which was never quenched, an industry which never tired, an activity which the hand of death alone could arrest. It was remark- able to observe, amidst the m eightier duties of his Episcopal office, ^\ hat a deep interest he felt in the humble concerns of his parochial charge. He was always considering in what way its prosperity might be promoted ; he mourned over the indifference of the lukew arm, and rejoiced at every indication among its members of vital godliness and enlightened zeal. "But this zeal was shown in every way, by his faithful and laborious preaching, by his fostering care of our Sunday schools, by his mi- nute attention to the affairs of all our societies, and his happiness at every evidence of their success, by his unceasing watchfulness over the diocese committed to his care, and his constant anxiety for the peace and prosperity of the Church at large. He was almost as thoroughly acquainted with the circumstances of every parish in the state as with the condition of his own, and his restless and acti\e mind was continually employed in promoting their temporal and spir- itual good. His industry was almost without a parallel; and I think that I shall hardly be accused of exaggeration in expressing my own opinion, that perhaps no bishop, of any age or nation, since the time of the apostles, has surpassed him in zeal, activity, diligence, and the success of his labours. "And indeed, melancholy as was his separation from his family and so many of his dearest friends at the time of his death, yet it would seem as if God in his providence had so ordered it that he should die in the discharge of his duty, as a beautiful and appropriate close to a life which had been entirely spent in his service. "When we consider the rare union of those qualities which pre- [ clxii 2 JOHN HENRY HOBART eminently fitted him for the responsible duties of that exalted station which he so long and advantageously filled — when we consider his rational, but simple, fervent, unaffected piety, the purity of his life, the warmth and tenderness of his social affections, the frankness and generosity of his nature, which atoned for all his infirmities and faults, and all the virtues and graces which made him so dear to us individually and the whole Church of God — we cannot help lament- ing, in the bitterness of our hearts, our irreparable loss. Oh, may we never forget the instructions which he has given us, his holy coun- sels, his tender expostulations, his godly reproofs ! May e\ery good feeling, and every de\out affection, which he at any time may ha\e been the means of exciting in us, be revi\ed in all its force, that we may have reason to bless his ministry, and he to look upon us as the crown of his ?-ejoicirig/''^ * From a sermon by the Rev. Dr. Jonathan Mayhew Wainw right, then rector of Grace Church, Ne\v York, afterward Provisional Bishop of New York, from the text: "We have this treasure in earthen vessels, that the excellency of the power may be of God, and not of us" (II Corinthians iv. 7), this estimate by one who was an excellent judge of character is taken : "When a friend is summoned from amongst us, they who knew and loved him will pause upon his newly-co\ered graAC, and recall those features and expressions \\ hich marked the emotions of his soul and mind; and they will dwell, too, with a melancholy satisfaction upon those moral lineaments which were distinctive of his character. In this mournful employment our sorrows are alleviated, while, by its salutary influence, our hearts are made better. And this, which is a resource and solace in private domestic affliction, belongs to us also as members of a community, when we are deprived of its benefactors and distinguished ornaments. How much more when, as members of a Church, we are called to mourn, should we affectionately and grate- fully remember them which have had the nde over its, who have spoken * Schroeder's Memorial, p. 21. C clxiii 3 JOHN HENRY HOBART unto us the word of God! I would now draw you, mv lirethren, to such solemn meditation. I would recall to you our departed Bishop, that once more you may behold him ere his mortal remains ha\e quite de- cayed beneath that altar, and ere we ha\ e well realized that we can see his face no more; because he hath assumed the garments of immortal- ity, and commenced his joyful intercourse w ith the redeemed. Let us think of him then ; and in this place, and on this sacred day, he w ill first be brought to our minds in those public official duties, in which he chiefly delighted, which he performed \\ith such distinguished excellence and success, and in which it was our enviable pri\ilege often to behold him. With M'hat ardent lo\ e for the souls of men did he enter the sacred desk, and diere put forth the energies of his mind, and the affections of his heart, to speak of the things which make for our eternal peace ! The sounds of his animated and pathetic eloquence have hardly yet ceased from our ears, and his energy and grace of expression ^ve can yet see in the picture of our minds. As a preacher of the Gospel, he was powerful and convincing, and its peculiar doctrines he exhibited in a faithful and uncompromising spirit. He shunned not to declare the whole counsel of God. The fall and corruption of man — the Trinity of Persons in the Unityof theGodhead — the atonement for sin by the death and sacrifice of Christ — our restoration to the favour of God through faith alone in the merits of the Di\ine Redeemer and sanctification of the Holy Spirit — the means of grace, as promised and conveyed in the sacraments of the Church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth, which he purchased with his blood — the second ad\ent of Christ to judgement, when we must all appear before him, and be received into eternal bliss, or be consigned to eter- nal wo, according to the deeds done in the body — these were the sacred themes upon which he dwelt with faithful constancy. Nor did he fail to explain and inculcate the moral duties, and to enforce the precepts of religious wisdom as applied to all the relations of man, with which the Scriptures abound, and to which our blessed Saviour's sermon on the mount was devoted. But then, in this department of the preacher's C clxiv ] JOHN HENRY HOBART duty, he was not the cold and formal expounder of ethics derived from heathen philosophy, and slightly modified and confirmed by the Gos- pel — No; in the spirit of the Gosjjel he proclaimed all its truths, doctrinal as well as moral ; and moral obedience was enforced upon the groimd of faith, and its attainment \\ as encouraged through the influences of the Holy Spirit helping our infirmities, and given in answer to constant fervent prayer. "i\gain Ave remember him, as, in the robes of his sacred office, he stood before the altar, to lay his hands and invoke his solemn bless- ing upon those presented for the holy rite of confirmation. With what dignit}-, solemnity, and feeling, were the sacred fimctions performed ! and how animated and affectionate A\"as the exhortation with which he was accustomed to conclude this most interesting service of our Church! Indeed, in all the public services of the Church he engaged with an heartfelt interest, which e\erywhere and at all times excited a devout attention ; and thus even the outward ministration promoted our spiritual edification and comfort. "LeaA'ing the temple of the Lord and its holy employments, we must recall his image when divested of his sacred functions, and en- gaged in social intercourse. Who that upon these occasions has once beheld him, will not remember, and, alas! weep at remembering — now to be seen, and heard, and felt no more — his kind expressive smile, the cheerful accents of his Aoice, the quick and friendly pres- sure of his hand ! How earnest, cheerful, and engaging, \\ ere his powers of couAcrsation ! and how ready and unaffected was his inter- est in all that concerned the happiness and welfare of his friends ! Actively as he was engaged in public duty, and in those various con- cerns by which he thought the best interests of society were advanced , yet he was ready to participate in those innocent relaxations by \\ hich its cares are alleviated. In public the eloquent preacher and the dig- nified prelate; in private he became the warm friend, the cheerful, instructive, and condescending companion. ' ' To present to you the characteristic features of his mind in full C clxv '] JOHN HENRY HOBART delineation, would require a larger space than could be filled in the brief time allotted to our meditations, and Avould demand the pencil of a master hand. But this imperfect sketch can hardly fail to show- some of the stronger marks of resemblance in a character so open and so uniform. No one could have known him, even casualh', without a full conviction that he possessed a heart as warm and as suscep- tible of all kind affections as ever rested in a human bosom, and that his powers of intellect were of the highest order of excellence, and were equal to grasping in all its parts, and exhibiting in their just development, any subject to which their attention was directed. With a quickness that seemed like intuition, could he see the comparati\e force of arguments, and where their strength or weakness lay. And this gift of discrimination, which he possessed in an eminent degree, was rendered still more effective b}^ his power of carrying plans and arguments into rapid and efficient execution. Active in body as in mind, prompt in judgement, decided and firm of purpose, perse\ering in exertion, his efforts were indeed triumphant. To these intellectual and moral properties are we to ascribe the \\onderful degree of pros- perity which always crowned his path in public life. Discriminating, decided, active, zealous, his integrity unstained and unsuspected, the evidences of a single heart strongly exhibited in his countenance, his words, his manner, differences of opinion almost uniformly gave way before him; and where there was yet indecision, the conviction of his sincere and ardent zeal would often produce a conquest of the will, if not a full assent of the judgement. "These vigorous powers of the mind, and sterling \irtues of the heart, were by him sacredly devoted to one grand absorbing object. The Church of the Living God, exhibiting ' Evangelical Truth united WITH Apostolical Order.' To this he was devoted, body, soul, and mind ; for this he would have sacrificed e\'erv earthly object, and to promote its interests he would willingly ha%e resigned his life. In this \ie\v of his character, his death was appointed bv a wise Pro\ idence, with a coincidence of circumstances at once striking and affecting. [ clxvi ] JOHN HENRY HOBART He died upon the field, carrying foruard the banners of sahation, and in the hearing of the triumph of the Redeemer's cause. Upon the field he died — and with the whole armour buckled on — the breast-plate of righteousness, the helmet of sahation, the shield of faith, the sword of the Spirit. Yes! Warrior and Champion of the Redeemer's cause, thou hast fought a good fight, thou hast kept the faith ; thy soul departed on the field of thy Gospel triumph ; thy hon- oured body now reposes beneath the altar of thy God ; henceforth there is a crown of glory laid up for thee, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, shall gi\ e thee at that day. We will revere thy memory — we will emulate thy virtues — we will pay thee the homage of grief un- feigned: and those frailties which are ine\ itably combined with human nature — oh! we have forgotten thine — the constellation of thy virtues and thy excellencies have quenched their dull light — thou shinest before us a rich treasure, and thy earthen vessel is to us only the mor- tality \\ith \vhich thou ^^•ast invested : thy spirit has gone to God who ga^'e it ; and Avashed in the blood of the atonement, and sanctified by the Spirit of grace, we think of thee non* as in the blessed company of those who stand before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands, and singing salvation to our God that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb, for ever and ever."* The Rev. Dr. William Edward Wyatt, rector of St. Paul's Church, Baltimore, one of the Bishop's theological class, paid a loving tribute in a sermon from the text : ' ' His heart trembled for the ark of God. " I Samuel iv. 13. "He believed the Church, the Ark of God, to be endangered in its puritv and influence by two opposite descriptions of error ; and against those he directed the force of his vigorous and enthusiastic mind. First, he entertained the deepest apprehension of the effects upon the general influence of Christianity, of the somewhat popular system inculcating 'partial redemption.' In his controversial A\rit- ings no topic aroused him to as great a degree of pathos and en- * Schroeder's Memtiriul, p. 82. [ clxvii ] JOHN HENRY HOB.\RT ergy as the promise of iiiii\ersal pardon to the penitent, through a Saviour's blood. No speculative error called forth a language of as stern reprobation as that which portrays the Almighty Father doom- ing the helpless creatures of his hand to an inevitable perdition. The opposition which his 'Companion to the Altar,' and some other of his earliest productions, recei\ed from eminent Calvinistic divines, unavoidably drew from him an exhibition of the tendency of their system ; and he appeared aluays to feel that he was defending the vital interests of Christianity, in showing its hostility to tenets which are revolting to the honest and amiable convictions of the heart. How just does it appear to attribute the melancholy predominance of Sociniansm in the New-England states to the re-action \\ hich the austere principles of the Puritans had produced? What can more surely subserve the cause of infidelity, than those views of the Gos- pel which, though sometimes regarded as peculiar indications of vital piety, exhibit as gloomy, and vengeful, and despotic, the Being whom the Scriptures denominate ' Love ' ? "Not less anxious was Bishop Hobart to exhibit Christianity as a system awakening the strongest affections of our nature. From the unimpassioned faith of the moralist, from the heartless speculations of the philosophizing believer, from the barren routine of Pharisai- cal ceremonies and exercises, both his principles and feelings caused him to revolt. And while, with a trembling solicitude, he guarded the Gospel from the reproach of fanaticism on the one hand, he was not less zealous to cherish a spirit of impassioned devotion on the other. How obviouslv were the duties of his ministry sustained by the deep impulses of feeling, as well as by the obligations of his office ! How incontestably were the truths which he proclaimed the consolations of his heart, as well as the convictions of his under- standing! Himself the man of science, the companion of the most distinguished professional men in the wide district o^er which he presided, he carried to the altar, in their presence, the homage of the most grateful and reverential worship. It was his practical 'con- [[ clxviii ^ JOHN HENRY HOBART fession before men,' that that deserves not the name of Christian- ity, — can never prove a 'justifying faith,' which, content with the speculations of the closet, refuses its lowliest adorations before the cross of the Redeemer. "There \\as vet, however, another characteristic feature in the ministry of the deceased Prelate, which illustrates the justice of the application of the words of the text. He entertained the highest rev- erence for the authority of the institutor in the outward ordinances of the Gospel; and 'he trembled for the ark of God,' when he beheld the supine indifference, or the infidel boldness, \\ith which the lib- eralism of the present day A\"ould set aside as trivial, what God has vouchsafed to consecrate and defend. I ha\e remarked, that there was about him at all times, and it will be seen accompanying him with an affecting lustre in his latest dying hour, a warmth of spirit utterly incompatible with \\hat we denominate Formality. But yet there was never one who maintained a more consistent, manly, decided defence of the forms of religion, and of all the outward in- stitutions bv ^^■hich its graces are administered. The indispensable character of the apostolic priesthood ; the necessity of an unbroken succession ; the efficacy of sacraments ; the incomparable excellence of the liturgy of the Church ; the danger and criminality of a temporiz- ing policy in these things; the sacred obligation of vows of conform- ity and obedience taken at the ordination of the priesthood : these -w ere points \\hich he hesitated not to recommend with all the force of his mind, and to insist upon with all the authority of his office. And he alleged that the Church of our fathers has more to fear from indiffer- ence among ourselves to these considerations, and from a desire to pro- pitiate popular favour by withholding them, than from the open hos- tility of contending sects. Out of opposite views on these subjects, the maintenance of which belongs emphatically to the Church that he so ablv served, ha\e grown all the evils of disunion, all the distrust that others have been led to entertain of the spirituality and efficacy of our doctrines, and all the retarded progress in numbers and influence [ clxix ] JOHN HENRY HOBART which must attend 'a house divided against itself.' That the Epis- copal Church is an ecclesiastical bod\- holding distinctive principles; that the maintenance of these is compatible with the exercise of the kindest charities towards others entertaining different views ; that an attempt to obliterate these distinctive features, or to amalgamate, by a forced external association of sects, where there are known to be oppo- site tastes, principles, and habits, can only end in \vider alienation and personal hostility ; and that each denomination of believers, honestly pursuing its own sacred objects in its own quiet and unobtrusive way, is most likely to promote inward piety and a general dissemina- tion of the Gospel : these are principles, the adoption of which, in his sober, practical wisdom and long experience, he believed essential to the prosperity of the Church. And ' he trembled for the ark of God ' when he discovered the influence of a foreign spirit, or the love of change; respect for the caprices of public opinion, or the frivolity of those who, caring not for the principles of the Gospel, seek only the gratification of their taste in offices of worship, insinuating themselves into the bosom of the Church. Such are those characteristic principles in the ministry of this eminent Father of the Church. ' ' Of the fascination of his ordinary deportment in society, of the kind- ness and cordiality of his uniform manner, of his frank and manly avowal of his sentiments, none could fail to be conscious, upon the slightest acquaintance with him. But the power and tenderness of his social affections could not be as generally known. Incapable of cher- ishing unamiable feelings towards his most inveterate assailants, he gave to the friends of his bosom an enthusiastic regard. While to the ffock of Christ he was a Chief Shepherd, in \ igilance, tenderness, and efficiency, to the pastors of it he united the kindness of a brother M'ith paternal solicitude and care; 'holding up the weak, healing the sick, binding up the broken, bringing again the outcasts, seeking the lost.' Hearing that one of his clergy, a man of plain understanding but C clxx ] JOHN HENRY HOBART genuine worth, in a country parish, was esteemed dangerously ill, he immediately procured a conveyance to him, administered with his own hands the last offices of religion, and lea\ ing the chamber of the dying priest, the Bishop burst into a flood of tears, and was unable for some time to control his emotion. Meeting a young man who, o\\ ing to the Bishop his earliest religious impressions, had gone on success- fully in theological studies until he obtained admission to the ministry, and observing him for the first time arrayed in the dress of the sacred order, he cast his arms about him rejoicing, and embraced him \\ ith the most affectionate sensibility. In domestic life he was simple, cheer- ful, unaffected ; claiming no peculiar privileges, mindful of the grati- fication of all. But, thus unostentatious in his natural temperament, singularly rapid in his conceptions of a subject, and always conscious of a pressure of important duty, his usual deportment was marked rather with force than dignity — with a sense of the accountability, than of the stateliness of his office. In his public ministrations, how- ever, especially those ^\•hich belonged to the Episcopal chair, gra\ity chastened his fervour, and a spirit of devotion hallowed the impressive- ness of his eloquence. His mind knew no repose. Being upon some occasion interrupted, during a few days in his active duties, by in- disposition, it was afterwards ascertained by a friend, that, notwith- standing the languor and suifering of the period, he had explored on his bed se\eral volumes of considerable bulk. And when engaged in visitations of his diocese, the extent of country over which he tra\ elled, the labour which he sustained in more than daily preachings, the various parochial concerns which he would direct and arrange for his clergy, and his untiring cheerfulness and vivacity in all, have been the subjects of universal astonishment." * From distant South Carolina came the voice of sorrow mingling with that of the Bishop's own flock. The Rev. Dr. Christopher Edwards Gadsden, rector of St. Philip's Church, Charleston, after- Avard Bishop of the diocese, preached a discriminating sermon from * Schroeder's Memorial, p. 208. [_ clxxi ~] JOHN HENRY HOBART the text: "Know ye not that there is a prince and a great man fallen this day in Israel?" II Samuel iii. 38. In the course of it he says : "If his mind was not as exact in all its conclusions as that of some others, we should remember, that while they were meditating, the occasion for using the decision was perhaps gone by. Nice discrimi- nation is a high gift, and incomparably valuable on some occasions ; but there are other occasions, in which a capacity for prompt decision, in the main correct, is still more useful. Happy the Church which can number among its governors, men as were Peter, and John, and Paul, of different mental qualifications, all applicable to the various occasions which may be expected to call for their use ! Quickness of per- ception, fertility of invention, dexterity in improving an opportunitv, and energy of action, were prominent characteristics of his mind. To an executive officer no qualities can be more important. It was there- fore remarked, that, however successful his efforts in the pulpit, and in controversial and other writings, his talents eminently fitted him for government. A knowledge of human nature, acquired more from intercourse with men than from books, contributed not a little to his success in this department. "His knowledge was not a great library, for which a man might have occasion only once or twice in the course of a long life, fitted less for use than to create admiration, perhaps en\y, of its possessor, and too often encumbering him, and crushing his natural energies ; but it was knowledge calculated to develope his own resources, and strictly prac- tical — just such as was needful and useful, and ornamental to one who was a preacher to mixed audiences, and a Bishop of a Church as yet in an infantile state, with its institutions not mcU settled. Systematic theology. Church polity, and pulpit eloquence, were the subjects to which his studies had chiefly been directed, and ^ith which he Mas thoroughly acquainted. Of his skill in imparting know- [^ clxxii ~\ JOHN HENRY HOBART ledge, the best evidence is the adoption, to so great an extent, and more particularly in his own large diocese, of his views on points of tlieology respecting which Christians have been so much divided. The fruits of his genius and studies (may I not sav the first fruits, for he came into the ministry at an early age?) he brought as an ofta'ing to the Lord, and laid them at the foot of the cross. It \\ as obviously his chief desire and pursuit to do good to the house of God, and in the offices thereof. The prosperity of the Church, the ability of its ministers, the enlargement of its borders, the orthodoxy of its members generally — these were the articles of intelligence most wel- come to his heart, which could most brightly light up his counte- nance. For Christ and the Church, was the motto of his life. His conversation, vmless indeed it was led by others — and it was not often that it was led — was seldom on any subject unconnected with religion. It was impossible to be with him and not perceive, or to live near him and not know, that he had a single eye to the advance- ment of the sacred cause, and that he was absorbed, in a degree which was seldom equalled, by this great subject. In Europe, whither he went for the recovery of his health, his mind seemed scarcely to turn aside to the new scenes around him. Antiquities, and the curiosities of nature and art, had but a passing glance. He was em- ployed in cultivating the acquaintance of learned and pious divines, investigating the state of the Church, and gathering up information which would subserve his clerical usefulness on his return ; and the sermon with which he greeted his flock, was a valuable vindication (the result of his own comparison of the opposite systems of the United States and Great Britain) of religious liberty, and replete with wholesome advice to his Christian brethren in both hemispheres. "Merit, like water, it has been well observed, will find its own level. The extraordinary merit of the deceased at an early age re- moved him from a village to the largest congregation in the city of [^ clxxiii 3 JOHN HENRY HOBART New -York ; and on the first xacancy after he had reached the ca- nonical age, w hen he was only thirty-six years old, he was placed at the head of the largest of our dioceses — which contains nearly one-fourth of the \\ hole number of our clergy. In ecclesiastical pre- cedence founded on the date of consecration, he stood next to our senior Bishop. To him wsls chiefly committed the care of the most important institution, our General Theological Seminary ; for he \vas not only a Professor in it, but, as the Bishop in whose diocese it is located, practically its Go^•ernor. "These elevated stations gave full scope to his abilities, and claimed services which called for much self-denial, patience, and exertion. Few men could have fulfilled his many, diversified, arduous duties so well, for few have the requisite physical and mental qualifications. The Divine Author of his endowments, who by his providence brought him into the sphere in which he moved, by his grace fanned his zeal, and crowned it with success. At his accession to the Episcopate, the diocese numbered forty-five, and at his death one hundred and twenty- eight clergymen; thus increasing in nineteen years nearly threefold. Every year new churches were springing up in that fertile west, where, on a tour of Episcopal duty, he met the disease which termi- nated in his death. Rapid as was the growth of the Church, it was still greatly retarded by the want of ministers. How pathetically, in his annual addresses, does he lament the scarcity of labourers in a field already white for the har^•est ! How earnestly does he appeal to piet}' to supply the men for the service of the altar, and to charity to furnish the means for their education ! How judicious the plans of his devising, for calling forth the resources of each congregation in aid of theological education ; and how unremitted his endeavours to prevent the sending our ministers to foreign lands, while the demand for their services at home was so pressing ! This was his objection to foreign missions. No man desired more ardently the conversion of the heathen, or more fully recognized the obligation of imparting to them the knowledge and the ordinances of the Gospel. But does this 1^ clxxiv 2 JOHN HENRY HOBART obligation rest upon every man, and at all times? He thought it was not our duty, at this time. Remembering that he was set to banish and drive away from the Church all erroneous and strange doctrine contrary to God's \vord, and both privately and openly to call upon others to do the same, he took a part in every religious controversy of the day that might affect his particular charge. Valuable are his published sentiments on Episcopac}^ on Bible Societies, on Theolo- gical Education, on the Union of Church and State, on Revivals, and other topics, which have divided Christians both in and out of our Church; and they who are not convinced by his arguments, cannot deny him the merit of having ably, and at much expense of time, and effort, and health, vindicated those views which he believed to be founded in reason and the word of God. But it was not that he had a taste for controversy. His earlier productions, and the greater portion of them, are practical. Besides two volumes of sermons, the Church is indebted to him for several devotional and didactic trea- tises, (catechisms, instructions to candidates for confirmation, and the like,) and for republications of scarce and valuable books — in partic- ular, for that large work, Mant and D'Oyly's commentarv on the Bible, with the addition of many notes, selected and arranged by him- self. Commentaries, contradicting, or at least keeping out of view, the principles of our Church, were getting more and more into the libraries of our people; the call, therefore, for some such work as that of Mant and D'Oyly was imperious ; and he who, above all the mem- bers of the Church, had the least command of his own time, who was already under a load of duties which few could have sustained, responded to it promptly. His zeal and industry in this instance have benefited the members of our Church generall}^ ; indeed, while his own diocese had his chief exertions, he was never unmindful of his rela- tion to all the churches. His correspondence, in particular, afforded full evidence that he was a constant and anxious observer of the occurrences in other dioceses, and indeed throughout Christendom. "In the retrospect of his labours as an Author, a Pastor, a Diocesan, [^ clxxv ^ JOHN HENRY HOBART a Professor in the Seminar)-, and a member of the House of Bishops, ^\•e trace the result of the divine blessing on his determination ' to give himself wholly to the work whereunto it had pleased God to call him — to applv himself, as much as lay in him, wholly to this one thing, and to draw all his cares and studies that way.' This highly gifted, excellent, and, under the divine blessing, successful Minister had scarcely passed the meridian of life. In his part of the country, fifty- five is not an advanced age; and such was the natural strength of his constitution, and so few the marks of time upon it, that the hope of his being long spared to society and the Church was not unreason- able. But man's time is in the hands of God. When the harvest is come, when the proper day arrives — well known by him, though not by man ; for he seeth not, as God seeth, the recesses of the heart, and the whole scope of consequences — in his good time, God put in the sickle. The will of the Lord be done." * Bishop White, who had known Hobart from his boyhood, wrote on the receipt of the news of his death: "During my long life. Sir, I have not known any work of death, exterior to the circle of my own family, so afflictive to me as the present. I have known, and have had occasion to remark, the character of my now deceased friend, from his very early boyhood ; and I can truly say, that I ha\e ne^•er known any man on whose integrity and conscientiousness of conduct I have had more full reliance than on his. In contemplating what must be the brevity of my stay in this vallej^ of tears, it has been a gratification to me to expect that I should leave behind me a brother, whose past zeal and labours were a pledge that he \\ould not cease to be efficient in extending our Church and in the preservation of her integrit}'. But a higher disposal has forbidden the accomplishment of my wishes ; much, as I verily believe, to his gain, although greatly to our loss, and to that of the Church." f Dr. Schroeder thus describes Bishop Hobart's personal appearance: * Schroeder's Memorial, pp. 224-226, 228-231. fDix's History of Trinity Paris/i, vol. iv, p. 103. [[ clxxvi ^ JOHN HENRY HOBART "The characteristics of Bishop Hobart's person were expressive. He was all life and energv. Although short in stature, he was muscular and well proportioned. By his acti\ity, for \\hich he was distinguished from his boyhood, he gave a due development to every muscle of his frame. He was formed for action ; and in all his movements he was prompt. From this trait his whole deportment took its character. He had a rapid step, an animated gesture, and a fleet glance. When excited to express disapprobation or rebuke, his sudden turns and hurried utterance were starding. But on the other hand, alive to e\ery social courtesy, his cheerful air could in an eminent degree conciliate. In private, he had nothing of that stateliness which fancy is so apt to throw around the apostolic dignity. His quick and abrupt movements were incompatible \\ ith graceful ease; and his frequent verbal iterations and rapidity of speech, differed widely from that measured articulation, which is in general associated with the man- ner of the Right Reverend Father in God. It was in the sanctuary that he exhibited his best aspect. There his gait was grave, his mien was dignified, and his enunciation was deliberate, deep-toned, and impressive. "The features of his countenance were strongly marked. When the muscles were relaxed, his expression was very like that given in the print with which this volume is accompanied. But in his animated conversation, in his intensity of thought, and in his glow of feeling, there was a life and soul which art, in its perfection, cannot commu- nicate to dots and lines. " As a restless exuberance of animal spirits was one of his distinctive personal traits, so he exhibited, in thought, a corresponding exuber- ance. He Mas a stranger to that mental sluggishness, in which some doze away their being. In all the operation of his mind there was de- spatch. And his thoughts were tmment^y practical ; comprehensive, to discover at a glance the whole dimensions of a subject, sagacious to discern, quick to decide, bold to resolve, determined to undertake, and persevering to accomplish. His memory was faithful in an eminent de- [^ clxxvii '] JOHN HENRY HOBART gree. His imagination, lively as it was, yielded to the full sway of his controlling judgement. All his intellectual faculties ^\•e^e consecrated to his great theme ; and he thus afforded an illustration of what the English moralist has defined the ' true genius, ' — a ' mind of large gen- eral powers, accidentally determined to some particular direction.' " * The Rev. Dr. Matthews, chancellor of the University of New York, says in a letter to the Rev. Dr. Sprague, Mritten in 1852 : "I always found him a true-hearted and generous friend ; and it gives me plea- sure, even at this late day, to pay a tribute of affectionate respect to his character. "Bishop Hobart had one characteristic that may be said to ha\e pervaded the whole man — physical, intellectual, and moral — I mean great quickness and energy ; and it was this, more than anything else, that made him what he was. "He was of not quite the ordinary height, with rather a broad face, a clear, piercing eye, and a highly intellectual expression. Though there was nothing in his countenance that betokened an unamiable spirit, I never thought that his face indicated anything like the amount of benevolence which he possessed. His eye, his countenance, his whole frame seemed never at rest. His manners were dignified and courtl}', though without any great artificial polish. He walked \\ ith so much rapidity that you might have supposed he was walking for a wager. And the movements of his mind and his tongue were as rapid as those of his limbs. He talked on every subject with great earnestness, and sometimes made mistakes in his statements ; but it never seemed to cost him the least effort to correct them ^\■hen they were made known to him. Though he talked a great deal in every company into which he was thrown, yet I believe nobody ever felt that he w^as assuming, or manifested any disposition to monopolize the conversation. He had great general intelligence, and was instruc- tive as well as agreeable in his social intercourse. "Bishop Hobart, as you would infer from what I have said of his * Schroedcr's Memorial, p. civ. [^ clxxviii J JOHN HENRY HOBART great natural quickness, would sometimes say and do things, under sudden impulses, that he would have occasion to regret ; but his large heart always came up at once to the reparation of any injury, how- ever small, which he thought he had inflicted. He w as full of w arm and kindly sympathy, and would fly to the relief of a human being in distress as soon as any other man. "As a preacher, he was rapid, business-like, earnest in his manner, rather than elegant or graceful. His voice, though not very strong, was clear, and his tones natural and varied. He made you feel that he heart- ily believed all that he said, and meant that you should believe it too. His sermons were generally clear, and methodical, and full of well- digested, well-matured thought. He had a great admiration for the works of Baxter ; and my impression is that his theological \iews did not diifer materially from his. He read the Church Service with too much rapidity, and the Burial Service particularly I have heard him repeat in a way that considerably diminished its solemnity and impressiveness." Writing twenty-seven years after his death, the Hon. John A. King, a son of Rufus King, and sometime governor of New York, says of the Bishop: "I had never much knowledge of Dr. Hobart until about the time that he was elected to the Episcopate ; but from that period till the close of his life, though he Avas considerably my sen- ior, my relations with him were more than friendly — they were in- timate ; and I had the opportunity of seeing him under circumstances that were fitted to display his varied and striking characteristics. My own intimacy Avith him was chiefly through the intimacy that existed between himself and my father, who was at once one of his warmest friends and greatest admirers. My father was early one of the Wardens of Trinity Church, of which he was Rector, and he retained the place for some time after his removal to Jamaica. He w as associated with him also in the Board of Trustees of Columbia College ; often sat with him in Convention ; and, if I mistake not, v\as a member of the Convention by which he was chosen Bishop. Q clxxix ^ JOHN HENRY HOBART In all matters ecclesiastical, he had an almost implicit reliance on his judgement; and I do not remember that he ever differed with him in anything of importance. Under these circumstances, you Mill readily understand that the Bishop was on terms of the most unre- strained intercourse with our family, so that I could not possibly have enjoyed a better opportunity than I did for forming a correct idea of his character. ' ' One of the first things that would strike you in respect to Bishop Hobart was his perfect naturalness — he spoke and acted out of the abundance of his heart — though he said and did things with won- derful effect, yet he never said or did anythingyo/- effect, in the com- mon acceptation of that phrase. The moment you began to con\ erse with him, vou felt that Avhatever else you might have to encounter, it would not be an artful or studied reserve, or anything that a\ as inconsistent with the most perfect simplicity. You could not feel that you were in contact with one who \\as lying in wait to entrap you, or watching for something that he might turn to your disadvantage. The very manner of the man, — his countenance, his intonations, forbade the least suspicion of his integrity. Possibly he might say things to which you could not give your assent ; but he would con- vince you that he believed them with all his heart. Possibly he might speak -with more confidence and boldness than you would like ; but you could not fail to like the perfect sincerity and thoroughness of conviction which led to it. Possibly you might regret some of his scathing animadversions upon men or things, that happened to be offensive to him ; but there would be that even in his severity that would make you feel that it was the severity of a noble and generous mind. "I have not known a man who seemed to me to have a stronger sense of right, combined with greater firmness of purpose, than Bishop Hobart. He came rapidh^ to his conclusions, and then acted upon them with a determination and energy that often seemed he- roic. But if he had acted wrong, his mind was open as day to con- \_ clxxx J JOHN HENRY HOBART A'iction, and it cost him not the least effort to retrace his steps, or, if need be, to repair the unintentional injury. I recollect an instance where an indi\ idual to whom he had been most strongl\- attached, and whom he had every personal motive to endeavour to sustain, had been guilty of a grossly dishonourable and even immoral act ; and in his usual decisive manner, he wrote to my father, — 'We must not attempt to apologize for him — he must be given up.' Then I have known other instances in which he has become convinced that he had, perhaps through misapprehension, or inadvertence, or undue excite- ment, unnecessarily wounded the feelings of an individual, ^\hen his great and generous heart has eagerly embraced the very first oppor- tunity to make the most ample explanation, or if need be, concession, that could possibly be asked of him. "I think I may say with great confidence that Bishop Hobart's whole character bore the stamp of greatness. His mind was at once quick in its movements, and powerful in its grasp. He took an intense view of every subject to \\hich his thoughts were directed, and he had the po\\er of presenting it with equal intensity to other minds. His faculties were highly cultivated, and his large stores of know ledge were fully at his command. You could not place him in any circum- stances, but that he \vould display a master mind. What he was as the Rector of a Church, or the Bishop of a Diocese, or, I had almost said, in a casual meeting that you might have with him in the street, would satisfy you that if Providence had placed him at the head of an army, or even the head of a nation, he had qualities which would not have dishonoured the position. I well remember to have heard my father speak of him as possessing powers of debate which were almost unrivalled. In the discharge of his official duties, he was just what you would expect from the qualities which I have attributed to him. He was one of the High Churchmen of his day, and admitted no com- promise in regard to the opinions he held as an Episcopalian ; but he was still in the most agreeable relations with many clergymen of other communions. As a preacher, he was natural, earnest, bold, eflfective, Q clxxxi 2 JOHN HENRY HOBART and you seemed not only to feel the glow, but see the flash, of the in- ward fire. His appearance in the pulpit was dignified and command- ing. His sermons were written with conciseness and point, as mcU as great vigour, and were designed to find their way to the life rather through the understanding than the passions. As the Head of the Diocese, you could hardly fix a limit to his influence — there were those indeed who dissented from his views and policy on some points, but it was not at the option of anybody Avhether or not to respect him ; and with the great mass of the Clergy it is not too much to say that his will was law. He thought, felt, spoke, acted, in this as in every other relation, as one having authority. ' ' One of my last interviews with this venerable man was in the year 1825, when he came to see my father in London, where also I was myself living as Secretary of Legation. He was then on his way home, after a brief tour on the Continent. I remember he seemed not a litde annoyed by the canonical obstacle which then existed to his being in- vited to preach in Great Britain. 'Is n't it extraordinary, Mr. King,' said he to mj- father, ' that I can preach in the city of Rome, and yet not be allowed to preach in London?' The obstacle, however, was subsequently removed by an Act of Parliament, and my impression is that the Bishop so far took advantage of its removal as to preach afterwards in Canada. Such a prohibition Mas the very thing to come in conflict with his high and honourable notions, and especially M'ith his patriotic regard to the land of his nativity. "It is not much more than an outline of Bishop Hobart that I have given you, but I think I have said enough to show you that I have been writing alx)ut an extraordinary man."* The poet Bishop of \\estern New York, Dr. Arthur Cleveland Coxe, who, as a child, knew Bishop Hobart, speaks thus of him more than fifty years after his death: "Bishop Hobart died in the Autumn of 1830. The last time I ever saw him was in Easter Week of that year. It was the custom, in his time, for all the Sunday Schools to assem- * Sprague's Annals, vol. v, p. 4.51. [^ clxxxii J JOHN HENRY HOB.\RT ble, once a year, for a Service and a Sermon to the children. This was originally designed for 'Innocents' Day,' as a fitting celebration of that festival; but the bad weather generally prevalent at that season, to say nothing of the too prevalent consequences among children of Christmas enjoyments of another sort during the holidays, created a change to the glad season of the Resurrection. I remember well the appearance of the Bishop, as he presided for the last time at that fes- tival of the children, in St. John's Chapel, New York. Many of the city Clergy were with him, and I recollect that the preacher began with an expression of self-distrust, as a proper preacher for children. A young Seminary student, who stood by me, said something to an- other, which caught my ear. It is true, I fear, that 'to preach so as to interest children, is a gift very few can lay claim to.' The Student, I think, was in after-life the Rev. Dr. Van Ingen, of my o\\ n diocese. ' ' I can see him now — the Bishop, I mean — as he knelt at the altar, offering concluding prayers, and gave us his blessing. Little did I then suppose I should never hear that voice again. I never had seen any other bishop, and though I knew many others by their engraved portraits, which adorned the window of Stanford & Sword's Church Book Warehouse, nobody looked just like a bishop to my eyes, save only that energetic prelate, with his quick, earnest utterance and his commanding appearance in the pulpit. I say 'in the pulpit,' particu- larly, for he was litde of stature, like Zacchaeus, and did not look so grand when he stood in the chancel. Yet, nobody but a mere boy would probably have thought of this. There was somewhat about his bearing, and almost military look of command, that made all men feel his apostolic dignity, his conscious call to preside among men, as an ambassador for Christ. "'He died like an apostle.' We must recollect that, after Bishop Seabury, no man did so much to settle the American Church on sure foundations of ' Evangelical Truth and Apostolic order,' as this truly [^ clxxxiii J JOHN HENRY HOBART great man. For two years or more he was Seabury's successor in Connecticut as 'Provisional Bishop,' and Connecticut should not for- get it."* Bishop Coxe thus closes the sketch which he contributed to the " Centennial History of the Diocese of New" York: " " The life of Bishop Hobart remains to be written ; for the innumerable books and pam- phlets that came forth on his decease were, necessarily, imperfect and suited only to express the emotions of the moment. These were, indeed, unexampled, and such as carried away all gainsaying, before the fact, so universally felt, that ' a great man and a prince had fallen in Israel.' It ought to be noted that his death illustrated the master-prin- ciples of his life in a striking manner, not only by the holy and beauti- ful submission with which he yielded his life, in the midst of his w ork and afar from his beloved home, but, also, by several minor matters not unworthy of mention. His intense love of nature, and his ability to commune with God through its instrumentalit}-, were strikingly instanced when he begged to be turned so that he might look at the setting sun, in all its splendors, as it sank upon his eyesight for the last time. So, when he stopped the officiating priest as he was about to receive the Holy Viaticum and insisted upon certain Liturgical pro- prieties, not for ceremonial effect, but for practical benefit, in his Con- fession of Sin, there was a memorable disclosure of the whole spirit with which he clung to the Liturg_v, as the very breath of his inward life. It is further a most memorable fact, that he died a martyr to his convictions as to the best way of promoting the movement for temper- ance then stirring the whole country. He had opposed, for obvious reasons, the excesses of that movement, and was unwilling to sub- ject himself, as a Christian, to moral pledges which he regarded as superfluous in the light of the Baptismal \ ows. But, for himself, he had resolved to practise entire abstinence upon his official visitations, if not at other times, lest 'the ministry should be blamed,' and as * RccolU-iTion of Bis hop Hobart, by the Rt. Rev. Arthur Cleveland Coxe, D.D., No. 6, in the Soldier and Servant Series of the Junior Auxiliary Publishing Company. Hartford : 1895. j^ clxxxiv J JOHN HENRY HOBART an example and a \\arning to his clergy. The lime-stone water of the Western region of the diocese, ho\\"ever, had brought a painfuJ attack which rapidly became a \irulent dysentery. At Rochester, he was warned to mingle a little brandy with the water used at table, but he refused. 'Bishop,' said his host, 'you are already a sick man, and if you persist, you will die before you reach your home.' ' Then I will die,'' ans^vered Hobart, with a smile, but very seriously : 'I know what duty requires of me, in these times of public excitement, and in yiew of the stand I haye taken.' He would not inflict upon the Church the reproach of a dram-drinking bishop, and so he died in harness, witness to the master-principle of his life. "If I haye too much extended this narradye it will be pardoned, I trust, by all who reflect that the Church has but one Bishop Hobart ; and that noteworthy as have been the services of many others of her illustrious sons, it \\'as his mission, once and for all, to uplift the American Church from the low estate into which it had fallen and from the dependent and humiliating position that had dwarfed it in colonial days. So far as our dear Church is the American Church pre-eminently, and for the fact that it was so early brought into con- tact and influence with the thought and the organizations of American Christianity, our lasting gratitude is due to the third Bishop of New York."* ' Here may be inserted the tribute paid to the Bishop's wife by Dr. Berrian : ' ' Her character, disposition, and habits were all fully formed and established when her acquaintance commenced with Mr. Hobart, and the}- were, such as to furnish a sure presage of the comfort and happiness which he actually enjoyed with her, as long as his useful life was spared. After their marriage in 1800, they were settled for a short time at Hempstead, in ^hich humble situation, from her lo^e of the country, she would doubtless ha\e been content to remain for the rest of her days. But \\hen, in the course of God's providence, their residence was changed from a peaceful village to a bustling city, * Wilson's Centennial History of the Diocese of New York, p. i68. Q clxxxv J JOHN HENRY HOBART she cheerfully accommodated herself to the duties and relations of another sphere, and was equally successful in ^\inning the regards of all who knew her. "It was only a few years after, when the writer of this notice be- came acquainted with her. In the gentleness of her manners, the sweetness of her disposition, the placid benignity of her countenance, the simplicity of her character, and her unostentatious piety, she seemed to him one of the loveliest among women; and now, after a close intimacy of more than forty years, he has found no reason to change his opinion, but rather to regard her M'ith increasing respect and love. Though fond of quiet and retirement, the circumstances into which she was thrown after Mr. Hobart's removal to the city, and more especially after his elevation to the Episcopate, but seldom permitted her to enjoy it. In the earlier part of her husband's ministry in New York, he exercised a plain but most abundant hospitality ; and when he became Bishop, this hospitality was exercised with greater ele- gance, and almost without limit. It was deemed essential to his sta- tion, his influence, and the many ci\'ilities which he received from others. The extent of it could not have been borne, even with his ample income, but for the prudence, the super\'ision, and manage- ment of his admirable companion. And still, though it was to her in a great measure a perfect sacrifice of her personal comfort, it was nevertheless performed with cheerfulness, unrufiled by complaint. "In all the situations, indeed, in which she has been placed, there has been a most remarkable illustration of Christian temper and Christian principles. The simple thought in her mind seems to have been, under every changing circumstance — what is my duty? — and then to discharge it. She adorned the prosperity with which God had uninterruptedly blessed her, for a season but seldom known in the constant mutation of human things, and she adorned adver- sity still more signally by the meekness, the patience, and submis- sion which she has shown under some of the severest bereavements Q clxxxvi J JOHN HENRY HOBx\RT and trials with which, in this vale of misery and tears, we can be afflicted. "In the various relations of life, she has fulfilled her obligations with as much scrupulousness and fidelity as is at all consistent with the imperfection of our nature." * Four-score years have passed since John Henry Hobart ended his earthly labours, but the Church in America is still reaping the bene- fits of his arduous fight on behalf of "Evangelical Truth and Apos- tolic Order." As a conclusion to this historical sketch of the man \\ ho saw, who dared, and who achieved, this appreciation, contributed to Dix's ' ' His- tory of Trinity Parish," may be given: "When Hobart ascended to the Episcopate the idea current as to the duties of that Office was that it had to be filled with dignity : apart from that qualification little else was demanded. Hobart infused into the ministrations of the Episcopate a zeal, and ardour, and an enthu- siasm which had been absolutely alien to it for centuries. ' ' This enthusiasm was pardy due to his restless and nervous temper- ament, a temperament which was peculiarly American. High-strung, quick in all his actions, repose was unknown to him. He never could have filled any situation with 'ease and dignity.' But beyond all this natural temperament there was with him a new conception of the Office of the Episcopate. He held loftv ideas as to the value and worth of the Episcopate. He magnified his Office. He believed the Episcopate to be an absolute necessity. He believed as few men before him did in the reality of that Office, he firmly believed in the words of his Prayer Book which told him that he stood in the ' place of the Apostles ' Avhen ministering to Christian congregations. He antedated by several years the teachings and the thought in the Anglican Church which has come to be known under the name of ' Tractarianism ' or the Oxford Move- ment, or the Catholic Revi\'al. His activity in printing tracts and pam- phlets, his strong belief in the true Catholicity of the American Church, * Departed Friends, p. 97. [ clxxxvii J JOHN HENRY HOBART his untiring zeal to have those principles taught by his clergy, and his own constant advocacy of them, entitle him to the title of being the ' First Tractarian ' as well as the remodeller of the Anglican Episco- pate. His influence on the Canadian Bishops with whom he was more in sympathv than with those in America has still to be told. "The Church of England does not yet recognize to the full the great benefits she o\\ es to the Canadian Bishops of the early part of the nineteenth century, and she is equally far from understanding the debt she is under to John Henry Hobart. "In the American Church his influence was, almost from the \evy earliest days of his Episcopate, rapidly felt. He had official oversight not only of New York State, which was his own diocese, but he had at various times the oversight of Connecticut, New Jersey and the Western Reserve in Ohio. Men from the East, the South and the West applied to Bishop Hobart for help and guidance in Church mat- ters ; parishes even in the South asked him to recommend them suit- able persons as Rectors. "He was looked up to as a leader by men of diverse opinions; he was appealed to as if he had been the MetropoUtan of the American Church. His energies were untiring. With him it was not the scab- bard wearing out the sword, but the sword wearing out the frail scabbard. "From the outset of his life he was a frail, nervous being, and the frailties which we are forced to recognize in his character, his quick- ness of speech, his hasty actions, his irritability at all opposition, his outbursts of quick temper, all these faults and frailties were we are inclined to believe the result of his physical condition. A dyspeptic man is rarely evenly balanced. "Frail as his body was, the mind was ever clear and the ardent spirituality of the soul triumphed o^•er all. "It is a common tradition in the Diocese of New York that all pro- gress in Church matters dates from the Hobart epoch. "While such a statement is not strictly accurate, because even in [^ clxxxviii ^ JOHN HENRY HOBART Trinity Parish Hobart w ould ha\ e been able to accomplish but little had not broad and stable foundations been laid by wise and good men, as the course of this History has abundantly shewn, yet the statement is sufficiently true to merit consideration. "When Hobart assumed the Rectorship of the Premier Parish in New York, he found that the finances of the Corporation had been uisely and conservatively administered through most trying times, while what may be called the spiritualities had been but little at- tended to. "As a necessary consequence of the darkened days of Bishop Pro- voost's concluding years, and the health of Bishop Hobart' s immedi- ate predecessor, the latter years in the history of the Parish and Diocese had been rather barren of good works. Institutions had indeed been created before Hobart's day, but when he became Rector he found them languishing for lack of leadership. To him, therefore, the merit belongs of having infused new life into them and made them valuable auxiliaries to the work of the Church in the city and State. "When we re-read the list of Societies which sent their tributes of respect and condolences on the death of Bishop Hobart, we feel that the Church was in a very different position in this country after Bishop Hobart's Episcopate than she was at its commencement. The Society for the Promotion of Religion and Learning did not owe its origin to Bishop Hobart, but he made it effective. "The New York Bible and Prayer Book Societ}- seems to have been an outgrowth of meetings of young men for religious instruction in Trinity Parish and other city churches. They realized the good which might be done by an organized society for distributing the Bible and the Book of Common Prayer. In 'The Churchman's Magazine' for March and April, 1809, is found the Constitution, to which is pre- fixed an address upon the utilitj- of such a Society, in which the argu- ments and phrases are not only those used by Bishop Hobart in ser- mons, charges, and addresses, but the style throughout is eminently Q clxxxix J JOHN HENRY HOBART characteristic of the Bishop. As this Society was, so a note prefixed to the Constitution and Address says, to be general and its object to diffuse its benefits throughout the Country, there was subsequently founded under the direct auspices of the Bishop himself an Auxiliary Nev\^ York City Bible and Prajer Book Society, \\hich was to be more local in its work. "The school known originallj' as the 'Charity School,' founded in 1709, by the S. P. G. and Trinity Church, had maintained an hon- ourable and useful existence for nearly a century, when new life was infused into it largely by Dr. Hobart and some of the younger clerg)- and laity by its incorporation in 1806 under the name of the New York Protestant Episcopal Public School. It is now know n as Trinity School, the name given to it in 1845.* "The New York Protestant Episcopal Tract Society was founded as an ofi'shoot of the Bible and Prayer Book Society in 1810. Its early publications were largely from the pen of Dr. Hobart, Dr. Howe, Dr. Beasley and other of the intellectual clergy of the day. This So- ciet}' is still in nominal existence. "The Sunday School Society was founded in Dr. Hobart's Epis- copate, in 1817, and continued in active existence for about thirty years. "The Protestant Episcopal Press, established in 1829, was the re- sult of the Bishop's influence. It had a career of great usefulness for nearly fifteen years. Not only in the formation of Societies which did good work for the Church at large was Bishop Hobart active, but he founded Church papers. It must be remembered that Hobart did not look upon the terri- torial limits of Trinity Parish as bounding the sphere of his activities ; it may be truly said that New York State was his Parish. "This is true because in his anxietj- for the spread of Evangelical Truth and Apostolic Order he did not confine his work in his Dio- cese to what may be called simple Episcopal Acts, such as Confir- *The Editor has since ascertained that the date should be 1838 instead of 184.5. C cxc ^ JOHN HENRY HOBART mation and the settling of clergy in parishes, but he made specific inquiries as to the actual needs of the parish, just as if he were the Rector, and the clergy his Vicars. " 'The Churchman's Magazine' was published from 1804 to 1808 in Connecticut under the direction of the Convocation of the Clergy of the Diocese. After the year 1805 Dr. Hobart and other New York clergymen and laymen became financially interested in the venture. Dr. Hobart also contributed to its columns. In 1808 the magazine was removed to New York and Dr. Hobart became its editor. It was con- tinued until the year 1812. A new series commenced in 1813 under the editorship of the Rev. John C. Rudd, then of Elizabeth Town, New Jersey, but still under the supervision of Bishop Hobart. This series continued until 1816. "Bishop Brownell, at the request of the Convention of the Diocese of Connecticut, commenced a new series in 1821 and continued it for two years. The Convocation of the Clergy of Connecticut, at a meet- ing in Cheshire on November 24, 1824, considered several plans for its revival. Finally a resolution was adopted that it was expedient to revive ' The Churchman's Magazine, ' and the Rev. Dr. Tillotson Bron- son, of the Episcopal Academy, was elected editor. It was continued till the close of the year 1826, when it ceased to exist. It is a storehouse of information for the period covered by its existence, its literary merit was always high and its Churchmanship sound and proclaimed with no uncertain voice. "The ' Christian Journal' was established in 1817, by Bishop Ho- bart himself, as a diocesan paper under his own editorial management assisted by the Rev. Benjamin T. Onderdonk. " It had many interesting articles on Church Doctrine and Practice, besides giving diocesan and general Church news. In its columns are found records of Church events which cannot be found elsewhere so far as the period covered by the years 1817-1831 is concerned. Its last number was for December 1830. In a valedictory the publishers say that the paper is discontinued for lack of financial support. The self- C cxci J JOHN HENRY HOBART e\ident reason is that its founder and sustainer had passed away a few months before, and the untiring and fertile brain that had controlled its fortunes for fifteen years was at last 'at rest.' "The ' Churchman's Almanac ' we have already noticed. Founded by Dr. Schroeder, it was an outcome of that literary zeal which Dr. Ho- bart so impressed on his friends and fellow-labourers. It is undoubtedly the oldest Church almanac of the Anglican Communion, and it has gone on flourishing and increasing in bulk and usefulness, being now in its se\enty-sixth year. ' ' The ' Pocket Almanac ' was founded by Bishop Hobart ; it ^^•as published continuously from the year 1816 to 1860. ' ' In addition to these publications the Bishop edited a considerable number of \\orks. '"The Companion for the Altar' appeared in 1804, being taken largely from English sources ; it is still in use by old-fashioned Church people and is to be found on some publishers' shelves. The portion containing the Service of the Holy Communion, with devotions at the time of reception, was published separately, under the title of 'The Altar.' "In 1805 the Bishop published 'The Companion to the Book of Common Prayer,' annexed to an edition of the Prayer Book. This is the first American attempt to comment on and explain the Prayer Book. It is based upon the works of Dean Comber, Bishop Cosin, Dr. Wheatley and other English divines. "In 1806 he edited a 'Collection of Essays on the Subject of Epis- copacy ' which had originally appeared in the Albany ' Centinel ' and other newspapers, and had been written by himself. Dr. Beasley, and Dr. Howe. "He edited Nelson's 'Companion to the Festivals and Fasts of the Church,' adapting it to the American Church. This publication after- wards appeared under his o\^■n name, and passed through many editions. "'The Clergyman's Companion' was taken from D'Aubeny's C cxcii J JOHN HENRY HOBART 'Guide to the Church,' the writings of Jones of Nayland, Bishop Burnett's 'Pastoral Care' and other standard works on the Pastoral Office. In addition it included in large type the ' Ser\ices to be Used by the Clergy in their Private Ministrations.' It remained in con- stant use until about 1850, when the 'Clergyman's Fade Meaitn'' appeared. " ' The New York Catechism ' was compiled from a Catechism of a Scottish Bishop which was first reprinted in this country by Bishop Seabury. Bishop Hobart found copies in circulation in Connecticut. He adapted it for use in his Diocese without any indication of the original source. "He published in 1814 ' The Christian Manual of Faith and Devo- tion.' This was a compilation mainly from Bishop Hick's 'Office,' Dr. Spinckes' 'Churchman's Companion for the Closet,' and other devotional writers of the Church of England. With some alterations and additions, it remained a standard until quite recently. " In 1816 the Bishop published ' The Candidate for Confirmation In- structed.' This tract passed through several editions. "From 1817 to 1823 Bishop Hobart published the American edi- tion of D'Oyley and Mant's Family Bible. This work was the most extensive and critical one which had yet appeared in England. To the English edition the Bishop supplied many notes taken from stand- ard English and American di%'ines. These notes added greatly to the usefulness of the book for family worship or for private reading. ' ' It will thus be seen how true the claim is that Bishop Hobart was the first 'Tractarian.' Amidst such manifold duties as Rector of a great city parish and as having the spiritual oversight of more than a third of that part of the United States that was then settled, the won- der is that Dr. Hobart was able to find time for such a quantity of lit- erary w^ork. Besides all this Church propaganda, the Bishop edited Chandler ' s ' Life of Dr . Samuel Johnson , ' the first President of King' s College, New York, and entered, with vigour, into several controver- sies, notably the one with Dr. Mason which resulted in his 'Apology C cxciii ;] JOHN HENRY HOBART for Apostolic Order' in 1807. He published sermons, charges, ad- dresses. It may with truth be said that his pen was never idle. "A remarkable feature that the correspondence which we have published in part abundantly proves is that Dr. Hobart retained his friends to the last. No matter what he said on the spur of the moment which their better judgement might disapprove of, no mat- ter whether he answered their letters or not, no matter whether he scolded them or not, his correspondents all remained staunchly loyal to him. "It may be said in disparagement of Bishop Hobart that he was a party man, that he was a pronounced High Churchman and that he did not favour Low Churchmen ; all of which is true, but it must ahvays be remembered that e\ cry man who feels strongly must be a party man. It is only the man who has no convictions, that is in- different to the welfare and progress of the organization that he be- longs to, that can be truly said to be a no-party man. Bishop Hobart was not a man of that mould. He thought deeply and strongly, he had firmly rooted convictions. He believed with all his heart and soul that the welfare of the Church in America was bound up in those doctrines which he advocated. "His position has been justified, since there are few thoughtful clergy or laity who do not, to-day, hold as axioms the principles Dr. Hobart inculcated. "The wonder is not that Dr. Hobart died so young, but that he lived so long. He literally wore himself out in the cause of Christ and His Church. "If he was strict and hard on some of his clergy it was because, hard working himself, he could find no excuse for laziness, and clear-headed as he was, he had no patience with men who had a nebulous belief. "Bold to a fault, at any rate, friend and foe knew where to find Dr. Hobart. What he meant he said. For courage, there is no ex- ample equal to his in the American Episcopate, when he refused to 13 cxciv 3 JOHN HENRY HOBART accept the usual platitudes of esteem offered to him in his Diocesan Convention on his return from England. He was perfectly right in his indignant scorn. 'Men,' he cried out, 'know what I stand for and what I fight for, and if those principles are not worth recogni- tion and I am not to be recognized as their champion, let me at any rate be spared the indignity of colourless resolutions.' "That one act is typical of Hobart's whole attitude to the public. "If the Bishop was not a wise administrator of funds, it must be said in his defence that in his zeal to spread his Master's kingdom he never stopped to reckon the cost. If there was money in the trea- sury of the Corporation, why could it not be spent? If the Corporation had credit, why could not money be borrowed? He saw present needs and did not pause to consider that the Trinity endowments were a trust for future generations. "Ardent, eager, impetuous, zealous, he could brook no difficulties which hindered or delayed the gathering in of his countrymen into the fold of that Church which he firmly believed had the Apostolic Ministry, the Catholic Faith and the Evangelical Mission. "The opening years of the Nineteenth Century were times of tran- sition. The old order was giving place to the new. Looking back, we perceive how sharp the line of demarcation is between the two orders of things. All modern thought dates back to those fruitful years covered by the Rectorship of Dr. Hobart. Well, indeed, was it for the Church in the Parish and in this broad Country of ours, and well also for that Country, that the Supreme Arbiter of events had placed in the position of leadership so fearless and so true a man as John Henry Hobart. ' ' * From nearly every parish in the diocese came resolutions and no- tices, as well as from societies and other Christian bodies, and obitu- aries were found in nearly every paper in the land. The clergy of Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South Carolina sent trib- utes to his memory. The sermons and other notices, which are said * Dix's History of Trinity Paris A, vol. iv, p. 113. [ cxcv "2 JOHN HENRY HOBART to be only a very small part of those received, filled the pages of "The Christian Journal" for three months. A monument to the Bishop's memory was erected in 1832, in the rear of the chancel of Trinity Church. It was the work of Ball Hughes, a young sculptor, whose statue of Hamilton, a remarkable \\ork, which stood in the rotunda of the Merchants' Exchange, was burned in the fire of 1835. It bears this inscription: BENEATH THIS CHANCEL REST THE MORTAL REMAINS OF JOHN HENRY HOBART, RECTOR OF TRINITY CHimCH, IN THIS CITY, BISHOP OF THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN THIS STATE OF NEW-YORK : BORN IN PHILADELPHIA, SEPTEMBER XIV. MDCCLXXV, DIED, DURING A VISITATION TO THE WESTERN PARTS OF HIS DIOCESE, IN AUBURN, SEPTEMBER : XII, MDCCCXXX. THE VESTRY, IN BEHALF OF THE ASSOCIATED CONGREGATIONS OF TRINFTY CHURCH, HAVE CAUSED THIS MONUMENT TO BE ERECTED IN MEMORY OF THE PUBLIC SERVICES, PRIVATE VIRTUES, AND CHRISTIAN GRACES OF THEIR BELOVED AND LAMENTED PASTOR ; IN TESTIMONY OF THEIR RESPECT FOR THE WISDOM, ENERGY, AND PIETY OF THEIR REVERED DIOCESAN ; IN HONOUR OF THE FAITHFUL AND VALIANT "SOLDIER OF CHRIST," WHO, ON ALL OCCASIONS, STOOD FORTH, THE ABLE AND INTREPID CHAMPION OF THE CHURCH OF GOD. It has been greatly admired, but also sharply criticised. A contempo- rary critic asserts that the whole design was taken "from the monu- ment erected to Mrs. Howard in the Church at Corby, England, some forty years ago," which was the work of Joseph NoUekens, a popular English sculptor, who was born August 11, 1737. He then inveighs against the weakness of the design, and the lifelessness in the face of the dying prelate " pointing to the cross of Jesus as thedoor of Hope." £_ cxcvi J JOHN HENRY HOB.\RT "All is dumb, motionless, and Aoid of sentiment." He severely cen- sures the sculptor for allowing the monument to be made of several pieces, which was the method of Mr. Nollekens, for "Cunningham, his historian, says : ' There is sufficient proof that Nollekens frequently made up his monuments from many small pieces, and that he prac- tised this art Avith much success in England.' He adds these very appropriate remarks upon the subject : 'When time or accident shall have separated monuments from the walls to which they are attached, what will become of those which, instead of being carved from a single block, and thus forming a lasting and intelligible work, are composed of twenty or thirty bits! They will look like what they were before about as much as the stones and rubbish which formed a palace resemble the original building.' But to continue our remarks upon the group, the perversion of good taste and of a due regard to the subject, which is displayed in the disposition of the Bishop's right hand, by being placed with the back of it Iving upon the Sacred Page, is too palpable to be passed over unnoticed. The hand thus sit- uated betokens heedlessness, if not impiety ; it detracts much from the solemnity of the scene, and is not in keeping with a spirit and mind that revered the Written La\\' of God, a soul that 'loved the gates of Zion.' The Grecians admitted nothing into their composi- tions that was not in strict unison with the subject, and purely chaste, and what a noble and divine example they have left us in the dying Laocoon and Gladiator, where nothing is permitted to disturb the solemnity and composure of mental triumph. "We come now to speak more particularly of the female figure that represents Religion. But, then, if this figure is meant to personify Religion, where, we ask, are her attributes? Without these appro- priate symbols, there is no inde.x to personification. To the figure before us not an emblem is given by which to designate her office ; a Nymph, a Ceres, or a nurse, might also point to the cross as well as she. Moreover, the cross, when standing separate and detached, is in itself a distinct representation of the Christian religion. So here then [[ cxcvii 2 JOHN HENRY HOBART we have one representative pointing to another. Religion pointing to Religion ! Such is the absurdity of this composition ; nor is the design less at fault. The attitude of the figure is very awkward and ungrace- ful; it is neither firm, decided, nor dignified; and, what is contrary to all classic example, she is from the knees dou nward completely hid- den by the figure of the Prelate. The feet, at least, in a group of this kind should have been shown. We look in vain in this figure for that sweet development of the female form, and those pure and well-de- fined outlines, which distinguish and characterize the beautiful sculp- tures of the ancients. "A presuming eulogist, speaking of the work, says that ' the female is strictly Grecian.' We doubt that the writer ever saw a Grecian fig- ure. But w hether or not, the expression evinced his want of taste, for there is not a trace of Grecian beauty nor of antique grace to be found upon this figure. Below her waist all is so lean and undefined as scarcely to indicate the human form ; and from the waist upwards we have the other extreme. The breasts are too large and loose, from which circumstance and the clumsy throwing of the drapery about them, as it is over her whole figure, she resembles more the busy house- w ife than the chaste and dignified representation of a celestial being. The features of the face are coarse and hard, and the eyes are too large for a countenance that should beam forth in mild and holy love, and with the innocent and heavenly charms of Religion. "In the disposition of the drapery, also, we discover no evidence of a fine taste, or of a cultivated mind in the leading principles of the art. The folds are sluggish and heavy, and the garment is wrapped about the figure and tucked up with as little regard to strict propriety, or to style and beauty, as though it were a modern landlady habited for a jaunt in a post-coach. In truth the whole group is stamped w ith the insignia of old English sculpture. The female figure especially may be considered as a specimen handed down from the thirteenth century, called in Italy il tempo barocco, the fantastic age. "We cannot think the revival and introduction into this country of [^ cxcviii J JOHN HENRY HOBART a stvle of sculpture so unchaste and corrupt will be likely to increase the fame of Mr. Hughes, or impart honour to his profession." * This monument was taken down ^hen the present Trinity Church was built, and placed in the north vestry-room. The remains of the great Bishop were left undisturbed, and lie under the chancel of the present church. In reference to a portrait of Bishop Hobart, Bishop Coxe says: "When Bishop Hobart was consecrated, in 1811, he was only 35 years old, and a mere youth in appearance. Hair-powder was then in vogue, and I remember some one who used it in the thirties. As Bishop Provoost ah\ays wore a wig, like those of the English Bishops (only recently disused), and as Bishop Moore was a venerable man, \\ith long white locks, a youthful Bishop Mas something very distasteful to the old people of that Diocese, especially in Trinity parish, New York, of which he was minister. In deference to them he therefore slighdy sprinkled his locks ; but w hen he became grey-headed enough to do so, without notable change of appearance, he discontinued a \ery useless and annoying fashion of the day. His portrait had been painted, however, with the youthful features and a prematurely grey head." f Mrs. Hobart survived her husband nearly seventeen years, and died on Easter-day, April 4, 1847. Her funeral was held at Trinity Church on Wednesday, April 7, at five o'clock. Although no record of this burial is found in the registers of Trinity Parish, it has always been understood in the family that she was buried in the vault with her husband under the chancel of that church. It will be remembered that the Bishop's grandson, William Hobart Hare, was the first missionary Bishop for the Indians under the title of Bishop of Niobrara. In later years the style of his see was changed to South Dakota. As an appendix to this sketch, some notes concerning the family and descendants of the Bishop are given. * See quotation in Dix's History of Trinity Parish, vol. iv, p. +85. f Dix's History of Trinity Parish, vol. iv, p. 109. {_ cxcix ^ BISHOP HOBART AND HIS DESCENDANTS JOHN HENRY, a son of Captain Enoch and Hannah (Pratt) Ho- bart,born at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Septeniijer 14, 1775, and Mary Goodin, a daughter of the Rev. Dr. Thomas Bradbury and Elizabeth (Emott) Chandler, born at Elizabeth Town, New Jersey, 1774. They were mamed at Elizabeth Town, May 6, 1800. Bishop Hobart died at Auburn, New York, Sunday, September 12, 1830. Mrs. Hobart died in New York, Easter, April 4, 1847. They had seven children : Children Born Baptized Died I. Jane Chandler Mar. 8,1801 May 29,1801 Oct. 7,1832 Unmairied. Born Baptized Died II. Rebecca Smith Feb. 6,1803 Mar. 16,1803 Aug.3,1863 married the Rev . Levi Silliman I\es, afterward Bishop of North Carolina. Child John Henry Hobart died young. Born Baptized Died III. William Henry May31,1804 June29, 1804 Jan. 27, 1857 Unmarried. Born Baptized Died IV. Dayton Nov. 6, 1806 Nov. 21. 1806 Oct. 20, 1870 Unmarried. C cc ] HIS DESCENDANTS Born Baptised Died Eliz.ibethCather- Jan.26,1810 Feb. 14, 1810 May 26, 1883 iNE, married the Rev. George Emlen Hare, Sept. 4, 1808 Feb. 15, 1892 June 22, 1830. Had ten children. Children John Henry Hobart married Marianna Clark, Ocl. i6, 1867. Children William Hobart Clark married Helen Teynar, Dec. 6, Bom Aug. 20, 1831 Sept. 4, 1870 Died Feb. I, 1907 oa. 7, 1888 Children Hobart Emlen Helen Frances George Emlen died young. Emlen Charles Willing married Mary Singer Widdifield, May 12, 1857. Children Ida Hobart George Emlen Charles Willing married Catharine Elizabeth Love. Children Christine Charles W. Eugene Elizabeth LiLIBEL Howard C cci ] Mar. 10, 1894 Jan. 10, 1900 June I, 1873 Aug. 31,1835 June 26, 1835 Apr. 15, 1859 Sept. 18, i860 April 16, 1862 Sept. 2, 1873 Jan. 17, 1905 May 17, 1889 Aug. 14, 1885 JOHN HENRY HOBART Born Died Christine Singer Dec. 5, 1865 married June i, 1887, Newberry Allen Stockton. Children Mary Hare Sept. 3, 1888 married Nathan Hollings- head Taylor, Nov. 1907. N. Allen Dec. 31, 1890 Christine Hare June 3, 1897 Ann Emlen Feb. 28, 1833 married Spencer Miller, Nov. 22, 1853. Mar. 6, 1879 Children Samuel Millington married Elizabeth Rebecca Bid- die, Dec. 9, 1877. Feb. 22, 1891 Children Charlotte Barclay Sept. 3, 1878 Apr. 15, 1890 Marion Spencer Sept. 12, 1880 Feb. 28, 1881 John Biddle Feb. 10, 1882 Apr. 3, 1882 Virginia Breckenbridge July 5, 1883 Elihu Spencer 3D July 21, 1884 Samuel Millington married again. No children. Elizabeth Hobart Feb. 7, 1857 ^^c. 11, 1903 Emlen Hare Mar. 30, 1859 Elihu Spencer 2d July 29, i860 Charles Willing Hare 1863 1863 Sarah Sergeant 1873 Hobart June 12, 1864 Julv 11, 1898 Edward Alden Nov. 15, 1866 July 31, 1893 Dickinson Sergeant Oct. 7, 1868 Ann Emlen Dec. 30, 1870 Dayton Hobart July 30, 1872 Joseph Selden Mar. 23, 1874 George Emlen Dec. 7, 1836 Aug. 1,1848 C ccii ] HIS DESCENDANTS Born Died William HoBART May 17, 1838 Oft. 23, 1909 married Mary Amory Howe. Child HoBART Amory Sept. 20, 1862 married Rebecca Clifford Pem- berton, 1884. Child Mary Amory Aug. 30, 1885 married Ensign Arthur Byron Cook, U.S.N., Apr. 28, 1908. Chandler Feb. 4, 1840 Jan. 19, 1893 married Charlotte Elizabeth Greene, Nov. 25, 1869. Children Charlotte Wentworth Feb. 18, 1872 Wentworth Greene Jan. 4, 1875 married Ellen Culberson Ives, June 4, 1905. Chandler Jan. 3, 1879 Feb. 4,1901 James Montgomery Jan. 20, 1842 married Mary Emlen Meredith, June 6, 1867. Children Marion Scott July 15, 1868 Mar. 31, 1892 married F. Kingsbury Curtis Montgomery Feb. 5, 1870 married Constance Parsons, Mar. 1 1, 1908. Meredith July 20, 1871 William Hobart, Jr. Feb. 21, 1873 Dennie M. OSt. II, 1874 Elizabeth Emlen Mar. 30, 1876 married George Barclay Rives. July 24, 1900 Gouverneur Morris Mar. 10, 1878 1883 Mary Meredith Aug. 2, 1880 MoRiN Scott Apr. 10, 1882 Mary Hobart Dec. 3, 1844 C cciii ] JOHN HENRY HOBART Born g. Robert Emott July 19, 1847 married, April 14, i872,Jeannie P. Williams.ShediedOctober23,i873. Married, May 2, 1878, Hcloise Vic- toirine Guillou. Apr. 10, 1854 Children Rene Guillou May 22, 1879 Emlen Spencer Nov. 26, 1882 Alfred Guillou Dec. 8, 1884 Elizabeth Catharine Hobart Dec. 30, 1886 Phyllis Guillou Aug. 28, 1891 10. Elizabeth Catharine Oct. 10, 1849 Born Baptized Died VI. Mart GooDiN Oct. 5, 1813 Nov. 1,1813 Mar. 10, 1879 Chandler, married Samuel Verplanck, June 25, 1850. Ao children. Born Baptized Died VII. John Henry Oct. 1,1817 Nov. 5, 1817 Aug. 31, 1889 married Elizabeth Riggs, in 1844. Children Born Died Mary Collins May 12, 1845 1889 John Henry 1890 Note. Some of the names and dates differ in the genealogical tables consulted. Where the authorities conflict, the Editor has selected what seemed to him the most probable data. [ cciv ] BIBLIOGR.\PHY This List contains all the known publications of Bishop Hobart. Of some he was editor or compiler, of others the author. The Companion for the Akar, 12mo, 1804. The Companion for the Festivals and Fasts, 12mo, 1805. The Companion to the Book of Common Prayer, 12mo, 1805. The Clergyman's Companion, 1806. A Collection of Essays on the subject of Episcopacy, 8vo, 1806. Apology for Apostolic Order and its Advocates, in a series of Letters to the Rev. John M. Mason, D.D., 8vo, 1807. The Excellence of the Church : A Sermon preached at the Consecra- tion of Trinity Church, Newark, New Jersey, 1810. A Statement addressed to the Episcopalians in the State of New York, relative to some recent events in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the said State, 1812. The Origin, the General Character, and the Present Situation of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America : A Sermon preached in St. James' Church, in the city of Philadel- phia, on occasion of the Opening of the General Convention of the said Church, and of the Consecration of the Rt. Rev. Bishop Moore, of Virginia, 1814. The Christian's Manual of Faith and Devotion, 1814. The Security of a Nation : A Sermon preached in Trinity Church, New York, on the day appointed by the President of the United States, and the Governor of the State of New York, as a day of Thanksgiving to Almighty God for the various Public Mercies of his Providence, and especially for the Restoration of the Blessings of Peace, 1815. A Pastoral Letter to the Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in C ccv ] / JOHN HENRY HOBART the State of New York, on the subject of the Bible and Common Prayer Book Society, 1815. A Reply to an Answer to Bishop Hobart's Pastoral Letter on the sub- ject of Bible and Common Prayer Book Societies, in a Letter ad- dressed to the Author of the Answer, 1815. A Charge to the Clergy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of Ne\\- York delivered at the Convention of the Churches in said State in Trinity Church in the city of New York, 1815. Observations on a late pamphlet containing Strictures of Bishop Ho- bart's Pastoral Letter on the subject of the Bible and Common Prayer Book Societies, 1815. The Moral Efficacy and the Positive Benefits of the Ordinances of the Gospel: A Sermon preached at the Consecration of Trinity Church in the city of New Haven, 1816. An Address delivered before the Auxiliary New York Bible and Common Prayer Book Society, in Trinity Church, New York, 1816. The Candidate for Confirmation Instructed, 1816. A Funeral Address delivered at the Interment of the Rt. Rev. Ben- jamin Moore, D.D., in Trinity Church. To which is added an Appendix on the Place of Departed Spirits, and the Descent of Christ into Hell, 1816. An Address to Episcopalians on the subject of the American Bible Society, 1816. An Address delivered before the New York Protestant Episcopal Mis- sionary Society of Young Men and others, in Trinity Church, New York, 1817. The Beneficial Effects of Sunday Schools considered in an Address delivered at the Anniversary Meeting of the Sunday Schools in union with the New York Protestant Episcopal Sunday School Society, 1817. C ccvi J BIBLIOGR.\PHY The Corruptions of the Church of Rome contrasted with certain Pro- testant errors, in a Charge delivered to the Clergy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of New York, at the Opening of the Convention of said Church in Trinity Church, New York, 1817, and subsequently to the Clergy of said Church in the State of Con- necticut, at Bridgeport, 1818. The Churchman : The Principles of the Churchman stated and ex- plained, in distinction from the Corruptions of the Church of Rome, and from the Errors of certain Protestant Sects ; in a Third Charge, delivered first to the Clergy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of Connecticut, at the Opening of the Convention of said Church in New Haven, in Jime, 1818; and subsequently to the Clergy of the same Church in the State of New York, in Albany, 1819. A Pastoral Letter relative to Measures for the Theological Education of Candidates for Orders, addressed to the Clergy and Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of New York, 1820. An Address delivered to the Annual Convention of the Protestant Epis- copal Church in the State of New York, held in Trinity Church, New York, 1821. An Address delivered to the Annual Con\-ention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of New York, held in St. Paul's Church in the city of Troy, 1822. An Introductory Address, on occasion of the Opening of the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, 1822. Mant and D'Oyly's Bible, with notes, 1823. An Address to the Convention of the Diocese of New York, 1823. A Note from Corrector to William Jay, 1823. A Reply to a Letter addressed to the Rt. Rev. Bishop Hobart by William Jay: In a Letter to that gentleman, by Corrector, 1823. Q ccvii ^ JOHN HENRY HOBART A Reply to a Letter to the Rt. Re\-. Bishop Hobart, occasioned by the Strictures on Bible Societies, contained in his late Address to the Convention of New York, by a Churchman of the Diocese of New York: In a Letter to that gendeman, by Corrector, 1823. Sermons on the Principal Events and Truths of Redemption. Two vols. 8vo, 1824. Christian Sympathy : A Sermon preached to the Congregation of Eng- lish Protestants, in the city of Rome, Italy, on Easter Sunday, on occasion of a Collection for the benefit of the \"audois or Waldenses in Piedmont, 1825. The United States of America compared with some European coun- tries, particularly England : In a Discourse delivered in Trinity Church, and in St. Paul's and St. John's Chapels, in the city of New York, 1825. The High Churchman vindicated : A Fourth Charge to the Clergy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of New-York, 1826. An Address delivered before the Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of New York, in Trinity Church, New York, 1827. The Christian Bishop approving himself unto God in reference to the present state of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America: A Sermon preached in Christ Church, Phila- delphia, at the Consecration of the Rt. Rev. H. U. Onderdonk, as Assistant Bishop in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of Pennsylvania, 1827. The Man of God: A Sermon preached in St. Thomas' Church, New York, at the Institution of the Rev. George Upfold, M.D., into the Rectorship of the said Church, 1828. An Address to the Students of the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, delivered in the Chapel of the Seminary, 1828. [^ ccviii 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY A Pastoral Letter addressed to the Clergy and Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of New York on the subject of an Association styled The Protestant Episcopal Clerical Association in the City of New York, 1829. A Vindication of the Pastoral Letter of the Rt. Rev. Bishop Hobart from the Animadversions contained in the Prefatory Remarks annexed to the Constitution of the Protestant Episcopal Clerical Association of the City of New York, 1829. The Duty of the Clergy with respect to inculcating the Doctrine of the Trinitv, set forth in a Fifth Charge at the Opening of the Con- vention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of New York. Delivered in Trinity Church, Neu" York, 1829. The Reciprocal Duties of Ministers and People : A Sermon preached in St. Luke's Church, Rochester, at the Institution of the Rev. H. J. Whitehouse into the Rectorship of said Church, 1830. j4J}er the Bishops s death was published : The Posthumous Works of the late Right Reverend John Henry Hobart, D.D., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of New York, with a Memoir of his Life, by the Rev. Wil- liam Berrian, D.D., Rector of Trinity Church, New York, in three volumes. Volume i. New York, published by Swords, Stanford and Co., 1833. [Volume i. Memoir, pp. 423. Volume ii, Thirty Sermons, pp. viii, 521. Volume iii, Forty Sermons, pp. viii, 502. Volumes ii and iii issued in 1832.] In vohimes iii and iv of the ' ' History of the Parish of Trinity Church, ' ' by Dr. Dix, will be found many letters from and to Bishop Hobart never before published. C ccix ] CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX TO LETTERS 1757-1797 Note. ,4 brief biographical sketch precedes the first letter of each corre- spondent^ which is distinguished by an asterisk in the folloxving list. Un- less the contrary is stated, all letters are addressed to John Henry Hobart. DATE LETTER PAGE i757> y^^-iS * Samuel Auchmuty to John Winthrop 5 1792 John Henry Hobart to his Mother 1 1 1792, December 3 *John Johnson Sayrs 20 1793, v/;.r/7 23 * Joseph McKnitt Alexander 23 i793> 7"^' 29 *John Conrad Otto 28 1793, September 3 * Robert Smith 35 1793, September II Robert Smith 36 1793, O£ioher 19 * Abraham Skinner, Jr. 46 1794,7"/;' 22 * James Robertson 52 1794, August 13 James Robertson S8 1794, August 14 Abraham Skinner, Jr. 66 1794, August 27 James Robertson 70 1794, September 15 Abraham Skinner, Jr. 80 1794, September 17 James Robertson 85 1794, September 18 James Robertson 87 I 794, November 6 * Joseph Warren Scott 92 1794, November 8 Joseph Warren Scott 98 1794, November 15 Joseph Warren Scott 100 1794, November 17 Joseph Warren Scott 102 1794, November 27 Joseph Warren Scott 106 1794, December 4 Joseph Warren Scott 108 1795, y//>r// 28 Joseph Warren Scott 109 1795, y^'iv 16 James Robertson III 1795, August 5 James Robertson 1x8 1795, August 14 John Johnson Sayrs 122 1795, August 24 James Robertson 123 CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX DATE LETTER PAGE 1795, September 6 * Abraham Skinner, Sr. 127 1795, September 16 Joseph Warren Scott 130 1795, September James Robertson 132 1795, Oiiober 14 Abraham Skinner, Sr. 133 1795, OSlober 19 James Robertson 1 35 1795, OSiober 23 James Robertson 138 1795, OSiober 25 John Conrad Otto 139 1795, November 7 John Johnson Sayrs 143 1795, November Joseph Warren Scott 146 1795, December I James Robertson 148 1796, January 17 John Conrad Otto 150 1796, January 21 James Robertson 153 1796, January 31 * David English 163 1796, February 16 James Robertson 171 1796, March 17 John Johnson Sayrs 172 1796, April 7 James Robertson 177 1796, May 8 John Conrad Otto 194 1796, yl/(7y II * Walter Stewart 197 i']()6. May II David English 199 1796, May 16 * Walter Minto to William Stewart 205 1796, May 20 * Joseph Reed 206 1 796, June 4 Walter Stewart 208 1796, June 6 James Robertson 210 1796, June 12 John Conrad Otto 214 1796, June 16 * William Stewart 217 1796, June 24 James Robertson 219 1796, July 25 James Robertson 220 1796, August 23 David English 222 1796, August 30 *John Neilson Abeel 232 1796, OHober 15 * Benjamin Rush 235 1796, December 19 James Robertson 236 1J()(), December 2'^ * Henry Axtell, Jr. 237 \_ ccxii J CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX DATE LETTER PAGE 1797, "January 2 * Hannah Hobart 242 1797, January 23 Hannah Hobart 245 1797, February 9 Hannah Hobart 248 i-jc)"]^ Februarv 15 James Robertson 251 1797, February 20 Hannah Hobart 257 1797, February 24 Hannah Hobart 259 lyq-j, March 11 Hannah Hobart 260 !•]<)•], Alarch 16 James Robertson 263 1797, March 22 James Robertson 269 1797, y/^nV I Hannah Hobart 271 1797, y^r// 7 James Robertson 273 1797, Jpril 14 Hannah Hobart 274 il^)"]. May 16 Hannah Hobart 275 1797, May 21 Hannah Hobart 276 1797, May 29 Hannah Hobart 278 '797i 1""^ 23 Hannah Hobart 279 1797, y«^ 13 Hannah Hobart 281 1797, y«/y 20 *Jared Ingersoll 284 1797, August 10 Hannah Hobart 286 1797, August 20 Hannah Hobart 287 i']<)1-, August 24 James Robertson 290 1J()7, August 29 James Robertson 293 1797, September 2 Hannah Hobart 297 1797, September 2 James Robertson 299 1797, September 3 John Henry Hobart to his Sister Rebecca 300 1797, September 22 Hannah Hobart 303 1797, September 23 Henry Axtell, Jr. 305 1797, September 27 Jared Ingersoll 308 1797, OSiober 6 * Henry Gahn to Mary Goodin Chandler 309 1797, November 10 Hannah Hobart 314 i~C)']^ November 17 Hannah Hobart 316 1797, November 24 Hannah Hobart 318 \^ ccxiii J CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX DATE LETTER PAGE 1797, November 26 Robert Smith 322 1797, November 30 Hannah Hobart 326 1797, December 15 David English 327 1797, December 16 David English 332 1797, December 17 Hannah Hobart 342 \^ ccxiv '] THE CORRESPONDENCE OF JOHN HENRY HOBART 1757-1797 THE CORRESPONDENCE OF JOHN HENRY HOBART SAMUEL AUCHMUTY SAMUEL, a son of Judge Robert Auchmuty of Boston, was born in that city in 1721. He received his preparation for college at the Boston Latin School and entered Har\ard College, from which he was graduated in 1742. He studied theology and went to England in 1746 for ordination. He was made deacon and ordained priest by the Bishop of London in 1747, and received from the Venerable Society the appointment of catechist in the citv of New York, in succession to the Rev. Richard Charlton, who had become rector of St. Andrew's Church, Staten Island. His duty was not only to gather the children of the city, particularly the negroes, tnice every week for religious instruction, as well as Sundays, but to assist the rector of Trinity Church. He was formally appointed bv the vestry and entered upon his duties in March, 1748. Upon the opening of St. George's Chapel, in 1753, he officiated regularly at a Fridav lecture, "for the instruction of both whites and blacks," which was well attended. In 1764, upon the death of Dr. Barclay, he became rector of the parish. He was a careful administrator, an excellent pastor, and a clear and attractive preacher. His sermon at the opening of St. Paul's Chapel on October 30, 1766, was printed and is an excellent specimen of the solid and sound theology of the Caroline divines. When the Revolu- tion approached, Dr. Auchmuty announced himself a firm adherent to the British cause. During the occupancy of New York Cit}- in the summer of 1776 by the American troops, Dr. Auchmutv, whose health was greatly impaired, was with his familv in New Brunswick, Ne^^" Jersey. He returned in the fall to find the city partly destroyed by fire, the parish church, the rectory, his books, and ^"aluables burned. Ashe had been refused permission to pass the American lines that he might see the extent of the disaster and arrange his affairs, he determined to make his escape by night, leaving his familj- be- hind him. The cold and exposure of this journey weakened his con- c 3 : HOBART CORRESPONDENCE stitution. He had the happiness of having his family again with him in a temporary rectory later in the season, as the British had gained possession of New York. His last sermon was preached at St. Paul's Chapel on February 23, 1777. He died of congestion of the lungs, the result of a se\ere cold, March 4, 1777. Of his character, his friend and successor, the Re\'. Dr. Inglis, afterward Bishop of Nova Scotia, says: "By the death of our wor- thy and excellent Rector, the public has lost an useful member, you a faithful pastor, and I a sincere friend. My intimac}- and connection with him for nearly twelve years enabled me to know him well ; and I can truly say I scarcel)' ever knew a man, possessed of a more hu- mane, compassionate or benevolent heart. Often have I seen him melt into tears at the sight of distress in others ; and the distressed never sought his aid in vain. Liberal and generous in his disposition, he seemed happy when alleviating affliction, or when employed in some office of bene\olence or friendship. "For nearly thirty years you ha\e enjoyed his ministry ; indeed e\er since the day he entered that sacred office till the day ofhisdeath; and the respect showed to him, and the distinction conferred on him, as well as the flourishing state of these congregations, aaIicu our present troubles broke out, are incontestable proofs of the fidelity and assiduity with which he discharged the duties of his station. Numbers who, I trust, are now in glory, and many of 30U who are still li\ing, \vill, I hope, be seals of his ministry, his croMn of rejoicing in the day of the Lord Jesus. ' ' Firmly and conscientiously attached to the discipline and doctrines of the Church of England, he\\as indefatigable in promoting her interests. "Christianity never appears more amiable and ^\'inning than ■v\hen accompanied by that easy tempered cheerfulness, which rectitude and benevolence of heart naturally inspire. In this he greatly excelled. Such a temper and disposition endeared him to his intimate acquaint- ances, and enabled him to shine in the tender collections of social life. He Avas indeed a sincere warm friend, a most affectionate husband and father. . . . On his death bed, he behaved with all the fortitude, patience, and resignation of a Christian ; such as the certain hope of immortal life, and true faith in the Redeemer naturally inspire. His understanding was clear, and his senses perfect to the last; and he joined fervently in prayer not many minutes before he expired ; he died without a struggle or a groan." \^Sprague\sA7i>uils, vol. v, p. 128.] c 4 n SAMUEL AUCHMUTY [ Samuel Auchmuty to John Winthrop ] New York July i8th 1757. Sir, I Acknowledge the receipt of your last of the 9^^ Inst; Containing a Coppy of what you wrote, to me, last Spring; which first Letter came to hand two months ago, and was in ten Days after answered by me; inclosing at the same time one from the Gov" of our College to you. The Letter was sent to my Brother, to be forwarded immediately to you, by what Accident it has failed I can'ot think, as my Brother informs me, that he delivered it to your Brother. It's mis- carriage has been a great Disappointinent to the Gov'^'* of the College. For fear it should yet be mislaid, I now inclose you A true Coppy of those Gentlemens Letter to you, w** is as follows ; Sir, The Rev'' Mr. Auchmuty delivered us your most obliging favor of the 19'*^ of April, which we communicated to the Gov'* of the College at their Anniversary Meeting, who, upon considering the same, came to the following Unanimous Resolution, viz. "That Mr Treadwell be desired to come to " New York as soon as he conveniently can, & if it should " happen that he should not like the Terms they offer him, " that they will defray the expence of his Journey, and also " make him a reasonable Allowance for loss of time." The reason of this Resolution is to save time, and also to give Mr. Treadwell an Opportunity of informing himself on the Spot, of the expence of living etc — We must give you the fur- ther trouble of acquainting Mr Treadwell with this Resolu- tion, and that we make no doubt but we shall be able to settle all things to his Satisfa6lion. We are also dire6led to make C 5 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE the most respe6lful Compliments of the GoV^' to you, & to assure you of their most grateful Acceptance of your good Services in this Affair, and of the kind and generous assur- ances you are pleased to give them of your readiness to serve the Interest of Learning in our College — We are with much Esteem , Sir Your obliged & obedient, Hble Servts. New York June 1757 Henry Barclay etc. The pticular Day in June is Omitted in the Coppy. I am very sorry that the Original has miscarried as Mr. Treadwell is much wanted, & impatiently expe6led. I doubt not, but upon the receipt of this you will hasten him here as soon as possible. I can assure you, we will endeavor to make his Situation Agreeable. Upon the Striftest inquiry, I can'ot find that we had in this City, or the Neighbouring Towns, the least Shock of the Earth- quake you mention. The Day with us, was Cloudy & Sultry. A little Sprinkling of Rain fell several times in the Day. Little or no Wind what little there was was S&S W I hope you will excuse the haste this Letter is wrote in, having many to write by this Conveyance; & believe me to be Sir Y^ Much Oblig'd & Most Obt Hble Sert Samuel Auchmuty. P.S. A speedy Answer to this will be very Acceptable. Mr. John Winthrop Reed. 2 Aug. 1757. SAMUEL AUCHMUTY ANNOTATIONS Henry Barclay. Henry, a son of the Rev. Thomas and Anna Dorothea (Drauj^er) Barclay, was born in Albany, New York, in 1712. He was educated by his father, an excellent scholar, and in the school of Mr. John Beasley. He was graduated from Yale College in 1734. He then spent three j-ears among the Mohawks, as catechist, and gained great in- fluence over them. In 1737 the Rev. John Milne, of St. Peter's, Al- bany, removed to Monmouth County, New Jersey, and Mr. Barclay proceeded to England with ^■ery high letters of recommendation to re- ceive holy orders. He returned in the spring of 1738 and began a min- istry in Albany and among the Mohawk Indians which left a perma- nent impression. The horror of border warfare in 1744 disorganized the Indian work, but he continued to officiate in Albany, although the city was in fear and tumult, until in 1746 he was called to succeed the Rev. Dr. William V^esey as rector of Trinity Church, New York Citv. In this, the most important parish in the colonies, he showed the sterling qualities he possessed. He was one of the promoters of the plan of a college in New York City, and influential in the board of governors. Under him the progress of the Church and of education was \er3' great. He ended his useful and laborious life on August 20, 1764, at the age of fifty-two. The Rev. Dr. Inglis says: "As in his arduous mission at Albany and among the Mohawk Indians, he had distinguished himself by his zeal and indefatigable labours, so, when chosen Rector of Trinity Church, the same assiduous attention to the duties of his office, the ardour in promoting religion as formerly, marked every step of his conduct. His character was truly respectable, his disposition most amiable and engaging. Meek, affable, sweet tempered and devout, his life was exemplary, whilst he cherished the warmest spirit of benevo- lence and charity. During his incumbency the congregation greatly increased." [^Sprague^ s Annals., vol. v., p. 93.] King's College. As early as 1703, a college in the city of New York was projected, and a portion of the King's Farm was to be appropriated for its en- dowment. The plan was revived in the middle of the century. A body I 7 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE of trustees was appointed by the Colonial Assembly and a lottery au- thorized. On July 4, 1753, an appropriation of fi\e hundred pounds a year from the excise fees for seven years A\as made. The charter \\ as granted in October, 1754. The Re\'. Dr. Samuel Johnson, of Strat- ford, Connecticut, was the first president. He commenced his duties on July 1, 1754, in the vestrj'-room in the Charity School-house on Rector Street, which occupied a part of the site of the Empire Building. Robert Auchmuty. Dr. Auchmuty's brother was Judge Robert Auchmuty. He was born in Boston, where his father had been judge of admiralt}- from 1703 to 1747. He studied law with his father, and after his admission to the bar became a leading counsellor in Boston. He was learned, ju- dicious, and thoroughly ^'ersed in every part of the science of law. In 1767 he succeeded Judge Russell as judge of admiralt}-. In 1770 he was one of the counsel for the soldiers concerned in the Boston Mas- sacre. He was also one of the commissioners with Governor Wanton of Rhode Island, Chief Justice Horsmanden of New York, Chief Justice Oliver of Massachusetts, and Chief Justice Smyth of New Jersey, to inquire into the destruction of the Gaspee in 1772. With many other officials and sympathizers with the Crown, he A\ent to England early in the Re^'olution. He died at Marylebone, London, in 1788. John JVinthrop. John, a lineal descendant of John Winthrop, the first governor of Massachusetts Bay, was born in Boston on December 19, 1714. He was graduated from Harvard College in 1732. He was made HoUis professor of mathematics and natural philosoph}- in Harvard in 1738. His knowledge of science, and particularly of astronomy, was then unequalled in America. In Europe he Mas recognized as an authority upon certain branches of mathematics and astronomy. While he pre- dicted the return of Halle^'s Comet in 1759, and was met with scepti- cism, his prophecy \a as fulfilled. An Essay upon Comets deli\ered by him at Cambridge in 1759 Mas regarded as remarkable and its posi- tions accepted by astronomers everywhere. In 1761, with a chosen party, he observed the transit of Venus at St. John's, Newfound- land. His experiences as well as careful observations were published. So great was his reputation as a scholar and philosopher that when, C 8 ] SAMUEL AUCHMUTY in 1751, Benjamin Franklin and his friends were founding the College of Philadelphia, Dr. Winthrop was strongly urged to accept the presi- dency. But he positively refused, preferring to remain in his chosen position. During the Revolution he was an ardent patriot, and con- tinued his duties at Cambridge until his death, May 3, 1779. Daniel Treadwell. Daniel Treadwell was graduated from Harvard College in 1754. He was elected professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in King's College in 1757. He was a good scholar and teacher, and was well liked by the students. He died of smallpox in 1760. Earthquake of July, 1757. The Rev. Dr. Samuel Williams, who was " Hollis Professor of Math- ematics and Philosophy in the University at Cambridge," contrib- uted to the first volume of the "Memoirs of the American Academy of Science : To the end of the year mdcclxxxiii," an interesting paper entitled ' ' Observations and Conjectures upon the Earthquakes of New England." The only known account of the earthquake mentioned by Professor Winthrop is found in this passage :" In 1757 there was another earth- quake, which though small, was generallj' felt. I cannot find any printed account of this shock, and, therefore, can only mention some general observations which others made of it. It came on July 8th, N. S., at about two hours twenty minutes p.m. I was then in an open field, surrounded with pretty high hills, from South-West to North- East, in company with another person. The first thing we perceived was a small noise like that of rising wind, which seemed to be at a great distance, but swiftly advancing. It was half a minute before there was anv shock. This, I inferred, not barely from any conjec- ture I Mas then able to make, which in a state of surprise must be greatly uncertain, but from this circumstance. After hearing the noise, we had enquired of each other what it could be, and as there was no shock concluded that it was not an earthquake when immediately the shock came on. The conversation I well remember; and am certain it must have taken up half a minute if not more. The shock itself was not of verv great force ; but seemed as though some small body was rolling along under the earth, which gently raised up that part of the C 9 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE surface and then let it as gently subside. The course of the earthquake appeared to me to be from the Southwest to the Northeast. The noise and shake seemed very plainly to come on and go off in that direction. I might however be deceived by the reflection of the sound from the adjacent hills or from some other cause; for almost every one judged very differently of its course, that it was from Northwest to South- east. This was the judgment of several men ^vho were at work to- gether, in a large open field, where there was nothing to reflect the sound or mislead the judgment. It is not impossible that both might have been right in their opinions and that upon the whole I am apt to think was the case : that although its general course was from North- west to Southeast, yet, in particular places, it left its general course, and run out to any point of the compass, as the subterranean veins or channels, might lead it. From the effects of other earthquakes, particularly that of turning and twisting chimnies, &c. it seems as though this had been the case with most of the large earthquakes we have had." [Memoirs, pp. 277, 278.] L lo -2 HOBART TO HIS MOTHER [ John Henry Hobart to his Mother ] AC COR DING to my promise I attempt writing to my X\. Dear Mama, knowing that it will give her pleasure to hear from me. I got to town safe on friday at about four clock to my great joy, as the cold was very intense. Enoch & Sister Sally were very much surprised to see me, as they did not expe6l me till Sunday. Sister Becky was out to Mrs Archers & did not return till Saturday evening. Enoch has sub- scribed to Mr Claypooles papers, but as it will not be pub- lished these two or three weeks, I thought I might as well continue to take Dunlaps with M' Arm at or D^ Lusby till Claypooles is published. If my Dear Mama recolle6ls, I bought some time ago Ele- gant Extra61:s in Prose; I have, since I came to town, taken Elegant Extracts in Ferse out of the Library, I find that it abounds with so many peices proper for speaking, that I can- not but avoid asking my dear Mama's permission to buy it. 1 cannot get it out of the Library again w"^ is so much sought after, that if I had not gone to the Library on the first day of its opening, I should not have got it. Even if I could it would be necessary for me to take it to School, where it would per- haps meet with abuse: and as the Extrafts which I now have are not so valuable without the other, I hope you will consent to my buying it. Sister Becky can give testimony to its merit. I hope that as holiday time in the country is now over, & M""' Gurreis house cleared your situation is more agreeable. I shall not tell you what a sweet boy Natty is grown, but leave you to judge yourself. I hope that Sister Polly is as well as usual, & that my dear Mama may enjoy her health is the wish of her affe6lionate J. H. Hobart C 11 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Please to tell Lucy that I delivered the money & letter accord- ing to direc^tion. You will also please to take care of the News papers & return them direfted as before to the care of Potts & Hobart No superscription. ANNOTATIONS Date of Hobart' s Letter to his Mother. The "Elegant Extracts" mentioned in the letter were published in England in 1790, and bought by the Library Company of Philadel- phia in 1792. This enables us to fix the date of this letter from John Henry Hobart to his mother, as being probably in 1792. This is the first letter from him to be found in the archives. Robert Enoch Hobart. Robert Enoch, a son of Captain Enoch and Hannah (Pratt) Hobart, was born in Philadelphia on April 25, 1768. He was carefully edu- cated, studied law, and after practising for a time, abandoned that profession for business. On Januarj' 14, 1791, he was married to Sarah May, a daughter of Samuel and Joanna (Holland) Potts, at Pottsgrove. He then entered into a partnership with one of his brothers-in-law, and carried on busi- ness in Philadelphia under the firm name of Potts &. Hobart at the famil}' home. No. 79 Walnut Street. It was soon after that, that he removed to Pottsgro\e to take charge of the extensive iron works which had been established by John and Samuel Potts. They were known as the Glasgow Forge and the Warwick Furnace. A por- tion of the tract which was then mined for copper and iron was also underlaid with anthracite coal. But although both Colonel Thomas Potts and his brother Samuel founded a company after they had dis- covered the coal, in about 1783, no use could be made of their knowl- edge until nearly forty j-ears after, as no one in Philadelphia Avould buy the ' ' rocks and stones ' ' from the Schuylkill valley. Mr. Hobart' s efforts to make the iron works successful are detailed in this correspondence. Returning to Philadelphia, he engaged in various business enter- prises, and then resumed the practice of law. Mrs. Thomas Potts James says in the Potts Memorial : " He built, C 12 J HOB.\RT TO HIS MOTHER about the beginning of this century, the picturesque house still stand- ing at the northwest corner of 9th and Spruce Sts., Phil., which was then thought quite out of town, and the streets and sidewalks in the neighborhood were unpaved. One of his daughters told me that when she first began to attend school a few squares distant, the colored man- servant was in the habit of carrying her in his arms, that she might not muddy her shoes. This family were earnest members of Christ Ch., Phil., \\here several of them were buried. "Mr. Hobart, towards the latter part of his life, removed to Potts- toMn, and finished the house on the hill commenced by his brother-in- law, David Potts. In 1825 he became one of the Incorporators and the senior warden of Christ Ch. in that borough. The first building stood at the corner of Hanover St. and the railroad, and was erected on the foundation walls of the old brew-house \\ hich is mentioned in the will of John Potts, 1767. This Church was afterward rebuilt on High St., and was taken down in 1872, and a new and churchly edifice erected on the same site, in which is a large memorial window of fine work- manship, to the memory of Robert E. Hobart. He was a member of the Legislature, and, while serving in that capacity, d. at Harrisburg, March 17, 1826. His wife had died a few months previous, Jan. 2, 1826, and both are buried in the family graveyard." \_Page 260.] Sarah Hobart. The Sister Sally referred to by Mr. Hobart was Sarah, the wife of Robert Enoch Hobart. Rebecca Hobart [Mrs. Nathaniel Potts and Mrs. Robert Smith). Rebecca, a daughter of Captain Enoch and Hannah (Pratt) Hobart, was born in Philadelphia in 1760. She was well educated, and even as a young girl sho\\ed great literary ability. She was a favourite in society, and early attracted attention by her graceful and dignified manners, livelv wit, and brilliant conversation. When only seventeen she became engaged to Major William Scull, of the staff of General Sir William Howe, then the British commandant in Philadelphia. To her great grief, he was drowned in the Schuylkill in 1777. Five years later she was married to Mr. Nathaniel Potts, a son of Samuel and Joanna (Holland) Potts, of Pottsgrove. He was a young man of exceptional ability, and had served \vith great gallantry in the Revolu- c IS : HOBART CORItESPONDENCE tion as captain under his uncle, Colonel Thomas Potts. After the war he resumed his study of law with Mr. William Leuis, and com- menced to practise in Philadelphia with every prospect of great suc- cess. In the spring of 1784 he removed to Pottsgrove with the in- tention of making it his home. A most virulent and violent attack of fever caused his death on April 26, 1784, in the twenty-fifth vear of his age. A daughter, Emily, died in infancy. A posthumous son, Nathaniel, was born to him on November 30, 1784, who died in 1788 at the age of four years. Mrs. Potts wrote for their tombstones, in the Pottsgrove cemetery, these verses : In hallowed rest till time itself shall close, A Son's a Husband's dear remains repose. Cold now the heart in which the spreading flame Of love and virtue purifed each aim ; And flown the heavenly spark whose plastic ray Bade genius, sense, and taste their powers display. Fareivell then best beloved, till heaven's decree Unites in Death this unchanged soul to thee; Till when while love thro' life thy worth shall tell I bid thee thus. Oh best beloved farewell. Dear Babe, how perfect for thy blest remove: Thy heart was goodness and thy soul was love. The melting tenderness that filled thy breast. The warmth of filial love so deep impressed. The searching thought and more than infant sense. Graced the fair dawn of future excellence. fVith thee soft comfort came to soothe each moan. With thee each hope of future peace is flown. Till happy souls reanimate their clay And meet with rapture in Eternal day. On July 6, 1791, Mrs. Potts married Major Robert Smith of Phila- delphia. The Rev. Professor McVickar says: "In her second mar- riage, with Mr. Smith, worldly prosperity opened upon her; but it seems only to have widened and deepened the stream of Christian feel- ing. Many benevolent labours are recorded of her ; among others, the origin of the Philadelphia Society, for the relief of destitute widows. C 14 ] HOBART TO HIS MOTHER Her mind, though calm and practical, \\as not destitute, we may con- clude, of enthusiasm, since her poetic effusions were widely circulated, and highly praised in the literary circles in which she moved : while the eulogium passed upon her after death by Dr. Benjamin Rush, that she had 'a mind elevated at once by nature, education and reli- gion,' will be sufficient warrant that she must have been a woman far above the ordinary mark of female talent and attainment." \^McFick- ar' s Early Years, pp. 150, 151.] It was in the home of this sister, thirteen years older than himself, that Mr. Hobart lived while he was in the counting-house of his bro- ther-in-law. Her affection, common sense, and ability to enter into the wishes and plans of her brother are apparent in his letters to her, and in the few written by Mrs. Smith which have been preserved. Mrs. Smith was the mother of a large family, and in every way adorned the station in which she lived. She died on July 7, 1802. Dr. Rush wrote in a Philadelphia paper this obituary notice : " Died, universally and justly lamented, on Wednesday morning, near Frank- ford, in the fortv-second year of her age, Mrs. Rebecca Smith, wife of Robert Smith, merchant, of this city. A mind elevated by nature, education, and religion rendered this excellent woman an object of uncommon respect and esteem to all who knew her. She li\ed to a numerous family as if she owed no obligations to society, and she lived to society as if she had no family. Such was the private and modest use she made of the talents and virtues with which Heaven had endowed her, that their benevolent application was seldom known, except by accident, to her most intimate friends. "During the tedious and distressing illness there was no departure, impatience or complaint, from the natural propriety and dignity of her character. "With every comfort and tie to life that could make it desirable, she met the approach of death with composure, and resigned her breath with a full reliance upon the merits of her Redeemer for her future happiness." Mrs. Archer. Mrs. Archer was the wife of James B. Archer, a merchant, promi- nent in civil as well as social life. He was also a commissioner on bankruptcy. C 15 -] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE David C. Claypoole. David C. Claypoole was born in 1757. He belonged to a well-known Philadelphia family, which traced its descent from General Clavpoole, an officer under 01i\er Cromwell, who married the Protector's daugh- ter. He learned the printer's trade and became very expert, and about 1 790 commenced the publication of the ' ' General Advertiser, ' ' which on November 8, 1794, became the "Aurora." Mr. Claypoole was a man of integrity, true patriotism, great urbanity of manners, and large generosity, and he was uni\ersally beloved and respected. He died in 1849, in his ninety-third year. John Dun lap. John Dunlap was born in Strabane, Ireland, in 1747. He arrived in America \vhen a young boy, and was brought up by his uncle, Wil- liam Dunlap, a printer in Philadelphia. He went into business for himself in 1765. In 1771 he founded the "Pennsylvania Packet," which after 1783 was published daily. He was official printer to Con- gress, and printed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. He served as an officer in the first troop of Philadelphia cavalrv, which formed a body-guard to Washington at the battles of Trenton and Princeton. In 1780 he gave £4000 to supply the army with pro\ i- sions. On January 1, 1796, he formed a partnership with David C. Claypoole under the name of Dunlap and Company. They issued the "American Daily Advertiser" until 1800, when it became "Poul- son's American Daily Advertiser." In 1839 it was merged into the "North American." Mr. Dunlap died in Philadelphia on November 27, 1812. Thomas A. Arniatt. Mr. Thomas Armatt was a merchant living and doing business at No. 105 North Second Street, Philadelphia. Josiah Lushy. Dr. Josiah Lusby was a phj-sician who had his office and house at No. 53 North Second Street, Philadelphia. Elegant ExtraSls. The compiler of "Elegant Extracts" was the Rev. Dr. Vicesimus [ 16 ^ HOBART TO HIS MOTHER Knox. He Mas born at Newington Green, Middlesex County, Eng- land, in 1752. He studied at St. John's College, Oxford, and was graduated from the university Mith honour. He recei\ed holy orders, and was presented to the united rectories of Run\\ell, Ramsden Crays, and Essex. He afterward held the chaplaincy of Shipbourne, Kent. He succeeded his father as master of Tunbridge School in 1779, and was in charge, with a high reputation for teaching and govern- ing the boys under his care, until 1812, when he gave up active work. He lived in London until his death, which took place on a visit to Tunbridge, in 1821. All his books have received high praise. His chief ones are : Essays, Moral and Literary 1777 Liberal Education 1780 Elegant Extracts in Prose 1783 Winter Evening 1788 Elegant Extracts in Verse 1790 Family Lectures 1791 Degant Epistles 1792 Sermons 1792 Personal Nobility 1793 Christian Philosophy 1795 Nature and Efficiency of the Lord's Supper 1799 An American edition in six volumes of the "Extracts" and "Epis- tles" was edited by the poet James G. Percival, Boston. A collected edition of his works, in eight volumes, appeared in 1824. The copy of "Elegant Extracts" which young Hobart most prob- ably used is still in the Philadelphia Library. Mrs. Gurreis. Notwithstanding a diligent search in the records and newspapers of Philadelphia and Frankford of the time, no trace has been found of any person bearing this name or one similar to it. The nearest approach to it is that of "Guiry." Several persons of that name are found in the Philadelphia Directory from 1785 to 1800, and in the records of Christ Church in 1755 there is recorded the marriage of Matthew Guiry to Alida Scheppen. The name Gurreis is not found on any deed recorded in Philadelphia County from 1695 to 1853. C 17 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Nathaniel Potts Hobart. Nathaniel Potts, tlie eldest son of Robert Enoch and Sarah May (Potts) Hobart, Mas born in Philadelphia on October 3, 1790. He was carefully brought up, and after his preliminary education studied law, in whicli he acquired distinction. He Mas appointed attorney- general of the State of Pennsylvania by Governor Hitner. \\nien the coal lands in the family possession became valuable, he purchased the rights of the other heirs of Mr. Samuel Potts. It is understood that he received for the claim more than one hundred thousand dollars from those operating the mines. From them, coal valued at many millions of dollars has been taken. Mr. Hobart made his home at Pottsgrove, where he died on July 3, 1860. He married Joanna Holland, a daughter of John and Elizabeth (Ramsay) Potts, at Alexandria, Virginia, on April 18, 1813. They had a numerous family. Mrs. Hobart died in January, 1867. Mary Hobart. " Sister Polly" was Hobart's youngest sister, Mary. She appears to have been subject to frequent attacks of illness, possibly mental as well as physical. Lucy. Lucy was evidently a trusted servant of Mrs. Hobart. C IB : JOHN JOHNSON SAYRS JOHN Johnson Sayrs was born in 1774. He was apparently a na- tive of Newark. He graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1792. Where he studied theology is not apparent. Mr. Sayrs was admitted as a candidate for holy orders in the Diocese of New Jersey, on June 5, 1794. He was recommended for ordination by the stand- ing committee of that diocese on October 25, 1795, at the same time with Menzies Rayner. In its report to the Convention of 1796, the committee says: "And that they respectively were ordained deacons by the Right Reverend Bishop Provoost of the State of New York . ' ' \Joiinial, 1796,^. 143.] Bishop Burgess, in his List, gives the date of Mr. Urquhart's ordination to the diaconate as October 18. He was recommended by the committee on June 4. But the Bishop put Mr. Rayner as the first of those ordained in 1795, but without date. Mr. Sa}TS is said to have become minister of Trinity Church, Fishkill, on January 5, 1795, succeeding the Rev. George H. Spieren. He held in connection with it, from 1796, the rectorship of Christ Church, Poughkeepsie. Dr. Ethan Allen, in his "Maryland Clergy," says he was ordained in 1792 by Bishop White. Bishop Burgess, in his List, puts his ordination M'ithout date by Bishop Claggett in 1801. Mr. Sayrs was succeeded in his cure, \\ hich included both Pough- keepsie and Fishkill, in October, 1799, by the Rev. Philander Chase, afterward Bishop of Illinois. In 1800 Mr. Sayrs became the rector of Durham Parish, Charles County, Maryland. In connection with it he had a flourishing school. When St. John's Parish, Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, was organized, he became its rector in 1804. He seems to have been admirably adapted for the position, and very highly esteemed. In 1806 he was chaplain of the United States Senate. He died in 1809, in his thirty-sixth 3-ear. A tablet to his memory was erected in the church \v ith the following inscrip- tion by the Hon. Francis Scott Key, the author of ' ' The Star Spangled Banner : ' ' JOH. J. SAYRS Hic : ECCL : RECTOR PRIMUS HIC qUA CHRISTI SERVUS c 19 : HOBART CORRESPONDENCE FIDELITER MINISTRAVIT SEP. JAC. OB : 6 JAN : A : D : mdcccix AET. XXXV HERE ONCE STOOD FORTH A MAN WHO FROM THE WORLD THOUGH BRIGHT ITS ASPECT TO HIS YOUTHFUL EVE TURNED WITH AFFECTION ARDENT TO HIS GOD. AND LIVD & DIED AN HUMBLE MINISTER OF HIS BENIGNANT PURPOSES TO MAN. HERE LIES HE NOW — YET GRIEVE NOT THOU FOR HIM, READER HE TRUSTED IN THAT LOVE WHEREIN NONE HAVE EVER VAINLY TRUSTED. RATHER LET HIS MASTER SPEAK TO THEE, AND SHOULDST THOU FEEL THE RISING OF A NEW AND SOLEMN THOUGHT WAKED BY THIS SACRED PLACE & SAD MEMORIAL O LISTEN TO ITS I.MPULSE ! — T IS DIVINE AND IT SHALL GUIDE THEE TO A LIFE OF JOY A DEATH OF HOPE & ENDLESS BLISS HEREAFTER. [ From John Johnson Sayrs ] * New-Ark, December 3d 1792 Dear Sir, WASTING time in enjoying the Sweets of this Little village, & finding nothing for an evenings amusement, I thought it could not be better employed than in writing a few lines to one whom I may I hope venture to call a friend. I thought that when I left Princeton, I should be far more happy than when confined there, but I am much deceived; I am now unsettled, undetermined what Study to undertake, & doubtful whether I shall come to princeton this Winter, as I expe6led to do Your friend Jacob Burnet applies himself to Study I think as close as when he was at princeton. George is going to Study Law, when I do not know, & I doubt whether he does himself. Pardon this intrusion. I Shall be happy in * Wherever only the name of the writer of a letter is given, it is to be understood in every case that the letter is addressed to John Henry Hobart. L 20 : JOHN JOHNSON SAYRS hearing from you when you find it convenient to write, as I doubt not but your Letters will be both instru6live and enter- taining. These from your sincere friend. John J. Sayrs. N.B. My respe6ls to all friends. Superscription: Mr. John H. Hobart, Student, Princeton ANNOTATIONS Spelling of Sayrs. Mr. Sayrs's name is spelled indifl'erentlj', Sayr, Sayrs, Sayres, and Sayers. He himself, as many others at that period, did not write his name uniformly. Jacob Burnet. Jacob Burnet, a son of William Burnet, surgeon-general in the Revo- lution, and the great-grandson of Bishop Gilbert Burnet of Sarum, was born in Newark, New Jersey, on February 22, 1770. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1791. He studied law, and in 1796 removed to Ohio, and settled at Cincinnati. He at once took a leading part in the affairs of the new state, and was from 1799 to 1803 a member of the territorial legislature. From 1821 to 1828 he was a judge of the Ohio Supreme Court. From 1828 to 1831 he was United States Senator. In all the affairs of the state he was active and influential. He was one of the founders of the Lancastrian School and also of Cincinnati College, of which he ser\ed for some time as presi- dent. He reorganized the Ohio Medical College, and was for many years president of the board of trustees. He ^vas a man of great charm of manner, able, upright, and honoured in the city where he lived for more than fifty years. He had an excellent literary style, and through the Marquis de Lafayette was made a member of the French Acad- emy, an honour then bestowed upon few Americans. His notes on "The Early Setdement of the Northwestern Territory," published in 1847, are a standard authority. He died at Cincinnati on May 10, 1853, in the eighty-fourth year of his age. C 21 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE George JVhitejield Burnet. George Whitefield, a son of Dr. William Burnet, was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1792. He studied law, and in Septem- ber, 1796, was admitted an attorney of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. He practised with success in Newark for some time. He then joined his brother Jacob in Ohio, and died at Cincinnati in 1800. JOSEPH McKNITT ALEXANDER JOSEPH McKnitt, a son of John McKnitt Alexander, noted for his connection with the Mecklenburg Declaration of Indepen- dence, was born in North Carolina. He was graduated from the Col- lege of New Jersey in 1792. Returning to his native state, he studied medicine, and gained by his practice both reputation and wealth. Practical judgement and sound common sense \\ere his prevailing characteristics. He died in 1841. [ From Joseph McKnitt Alexander ] Mount prospeft. Dear Friend: OPPORTUNITIES at this distance are generally few especially in the winter. When I left you I promised myself much happiness in knowing the different imployments of my fellow students, in frequently hearing from that place which was once so agreeable to me, but the anticipation of this source of happiness has been all & perhaps the greatest I ever shall receive, immaginary happiness is generally drawn in so high a grade that the enjoyment rarely fills it. In general, dis- appointment in pursuit, not as full an enjoyment as expe6led, & the uncertainty of this pleasure being permanent imbitters the whole series of human a6lions, but I am not yet a preacher. I am informed that your once worthy room-mate has gone to wing the boundiless ages of eternity. Stoped in the career of his litterary acquisitions he has gone to learn the unknown, & taste the pleasure of another world, little did I expe6l that would have been the last autumn he vv^as ever to enjoy — •^ "what ever is is right." Dav' M'^Kee had this winter some alarming symptoms of a consumption — spat blood two week & frequently discharged large quantities — pain in his breast : 23 D HOBART CORRESPONDENCE & he was much alarmed, — has now perfectly recovered. Tho is yet so lean that you would odds by all the trigers & flints in the French army & by all the rabits in Carolina that he was in love. I have spent this winter principly in reading, tho' not any particular branch. Cha** Harris is now entered on the study of physic, tho privately he continues to teach in Virginia, how long his stay there may be I do not know. I have heard from Chest- nut & Taylor both well, the latter studies law in Charleston. In this remote corner we read with pleasure the success of / the French, but would often prescribe laws to regulate their ' proceedings, there now depends the greatest cause that ever was decided by the fate of war — all european crowns must fall at the shrine of liberty or France again be subjeil: to the pleasure of a despot. To view the contest how can we hope for l^torn'] France has hitherto been checked by the [^toni'] England & now much weakened Qtorw^ point of numbers has to cope with all Europe. Who can tell the ways of providence — this may be the means of hastily establishing that liberty in all the world which first dawned in America, may we live to see this event produced. I hope you will not give opportunity to the ... to govern you — if ever they become able you may expert a most severe scourging then you wish for. To you however there is no danger whilst the present Seniors remain, I long to hear from you, & particularly our society. A letter on this subjec^l or any other would afford great pleasure to your ever loving brother- friend & Humble serv^. J'" M. Alexander April 23" 1793 Jn° H. Hobart Remember me to all my worthy friends. As Dav' is study- JOSEPH McKNITT ALEXANDER ing law I will send a habeas corpus for Terhune provided he does not write & I know M'^Kee will endeavor to indi6l hun. Superscription : Mr. John H. Hobart, Student, Princeton, N Jersey by M' Cruiser ANNOTATIONS Death of a Room-mate. In the fall of 1910, through the kindness of Professor Charles Greene Rockwood of Princeton University, a search was made among the archives of the University for material concerning the student and tutorial life of John Henry Hobart, but without discovering any facts not alreadv known. Mr. Harry demons, the learned and capable Reference Librarian, made a further search in Februarj-, 1911, with the hope of finding the name of the room-mate of Mr. Hobart who had died suddenly. In a letter of February 15, 1911, he says : "My search then and further search to-day have failed to reveal any col- lege records showing the assignment of rooms from 1790 to 1800. Our earliest copy of the annual catalogue is for the year 1805. The earlier triennial catalogues do not indicate place of residence in college, nor do the minutes of the Faculty and of the Trustees. The fire which ruined the interior of Nassau Hall in 1802 destroyed other records which might possibly have given this particular information." David McKee. David McKee probably did not graduate. Charles Wilson Harris. Charles Wilson Harris was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1792. He became a trustee and professor of mathematics in the Uni- versity of North Carolina. James Chestnut. James Chestnut was a native of South CaroHna, and a member of the class of 1792, College of New Jersey. He became a planter in his native state, and died in 1866. c 25 : HOBAl^T CORRESPONDENCE Bennet Taylor. Bennet Taylor was a native of Virginia. Between him and Mr. Ho- bart was a strife for the first place in the class. Mr. Hobart was a member of the famous Whig Society, and Mr. Taylor of the equally well known Clio Society. Between them there was an intense rivalry. It is said that their scholarship was so nearly equal that tlie faculty could not decide betw een them. Dr. McVickar thus tells the storj- : "The Senatus Academicits wtve understood to be equally divided — one-half voting for Hobart, the other for Taylor. At the head of the first stood his friend the vice-president, whose opinion carried great weight ; the other was led by the senior professor, Dr. Minto, an old gentleman, who added to a very sound judgement, great zeal, and long experience. Neither party being willing to give way, and no means as it would seem being provided for the decision of such a case, they resorted, it is said, to the summary but very unclassical proced- ure of the tossing up of a coin. As it rose in the air. Dr. Smith, as if to secure the omen, cried out, 'Heads for Hobart,' and heads it was." [Early Years, p. 35.] No public commencement, however, was held at Princeton in 17^3, for late in the summer an epidemic of yello\v fe\er broke outTn Phila- delphia. It was the first time this terrific scourge had visited the coun- try. So terrified were the people in every town that often they aban- doned their houses and sought safety in remote places. The college was closed and the class graduated m ithout any ceremony. The term "commencement" was then appropriate, for the successive classes were graduated at the beginning of the fall term. John Terhune. John Terhune was a son of Stephen and Tesie (Bergen) Terhune. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1793. His father was a house and sign painter of much taste, and it is said that he even ventured into higher walks of art. His shop Mas on Liberty Street, New York City, and his business was both profitable and extensive. When the Revolution began and the British occupied the city, he went to New Jersey and purchased a tract of land at Polifly (no\\' Co- rona), and became a farmer. His son John seems ultimately to have settled at Saddle River, Bergen Count}-, New Jersey, as farmer ; he C 26] JOSEPH McKNITT ALEXANDER married Elizabeth, a daughter of Henry Terhune of Paramus, New Jersey, and had a family of nine children. Mr. Cndser. Mr. Cruiser was a native of Mapleton. He was a member of the Presbyterian Church in Princeton. Mapleton. The country between Penn's Neck and Kingston, on the east side of the Millstone River, is known as Mapleton, in the township of South Brunswick, in Middlesex County. It was early setded, and being only three or four miles from Princeton, the inhabitants in former genera- tions were brought into close neighbourhood relations with the latter in matters religious as well as political. C 27 : JOHN CONRAD OTTO JOHN Conrad, a son of Dr. Bordo Otto, a distinguished phy- sician and surgeon in the Revolution, was born in New Jersey in 1775. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey in the class of 1792. He pursued the medical course in the School of Medicine of the University of Pennsjlvania, graduating in 1796. He very soon became noted for his skill, and was for nearly fifty years a promi- nent physician of Philadelphia. He was interested in scientific studies, and was an active member of the American Philosophical Society, of which he became a fellow. He was for some years vice-president of the College for Physicians. He died in Philadelphia, June 30, 1814. His son, William Tod Otto, born in 1816, became a distinguished jurist. His volumes of reports of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1866-82, are standard. [ From John Conrad Otto ] Philadelphia June 29th 1793. My Dear Hobart, I Received a letter a few days ago from Andrew Hunter, in which he requests the loan of my conic seftions. You will please to let him have them upon these conditions, that you are not using them, that he will return them to you when- ever you want the book and that he will give them to you to transmit them to me in the fall, for he is so negligent that he will forget them. I, while I think on it, will now make out a list of honors which will be imperfeft as alterations in schol- arship and condu6l may have happened since I saw you last fall. Hobart, L. S. Taylor, E. S. Gibson, M. O. Himt, Skinner, O. Intermediates Wallace, Terhune, and some others whose names I do not recollect. Although you may think the honors are of small importance, yet it is impossible to divest yourself of human nature so much, L 28 ] JOHN CONRAD OTTO as not to be somewhat anxious to see the list. Far be it from me to suppose that your desires are so sanguine or as great as the majority of the students suppose. No! your knowlege / of their inefficiency in future life and a proper sense of your own merit will free you from much solicitude; but still as they are the honors of the day, the rewards of merit rising to eminence, your bosom will be somewhat agitated. Again you and my fellow Whigs, a name ever dear to my bosom, are to celebrate the day on which our country was freed from eman- cipation. That ardor for juvenile fame congenial to our little republick and the augustnest of the occasion will cause your every exertion. As the day you celebrate is fresh in our mem- ory, and of the valor of our heroes in defence of liberty, has just been displayed, you will catch their enthusiasm and make your every a6lion speak. And your audience, whose memories have served to treasure up the transa6lions of their lives, will burn with rapture on hearing our various fortunes in the field and our final emancipation. It is a subje6l of all others, the most capable of exciting their attention and rousing their feel- ings, for it is a recital of what some of them have suflPered and atchieved. I should be ignorant of human nature not to suppose you will all exert yourselves to the utmost ; but the occasion will add a new stimulus to your endeavours and their atten- tion. Although absent from you, I have a bosom that glories in your success and sympathizes with your superiority over your rivals. I received a letter from Sandy not long since, in which he mentions that he still remains in health studying law. I myself still continue plodding at my studies your friends in the city are well. Peter has taken a notion in his head, he says, of seeing his friends in Jersey, and among the rest will visit those of Princeton. We frequently are with each other and re-enjoy our former scenes of happiness, he is good company c 29 :\ HOBART CORRESPONDENCE and his presence serves to brighten my recolleftion of what is past. You will, Please to present my best respe6ls to my dear Jack Wallace, to Brown, Hunter and to all my friends if you can discern them. If you can send a letter by Peter to this place I can forward it Write as an opportunity will very shortly present of sending one immediately to Winchester. I am your sincere friend John C. Otto. Mr. Henry Hobart. Superscription: Mr. John Henry Hobart, Princeton Mr. Early's Politeness ANNOTATIONS Andrew Hunter. Mr. Hunter must have left college before graduation, as his name does not appear in the Hsts of alumni of the College of New Jersey. The letters after the name Hobart, L.S., indicate the highest hon- our, the Latin Salutatory. The letters E.S., after the name Tajlor, indicate the second honour, the English Salutatory. Bennet Taylor. For notice see page 26. John Gibson. John Gibson was graduated in 1793. He was noted for his classical learning. He became a well-known merchant in Philadelphia. He died in 1824. The letters M.O. signify Mathematical Oration. Hunt, may be either Nathaniel Hunt. Nathaniel Hunt was a native of New Jersey in 1793. He became a farmer, culti^•ating successfull}' his farm two miles from Princeton. He died in 1805. C 30 J JOHN CONRAD OTTO Or, Robert Hunt. Robert, a son of Abraham Hunt, a merchant of Trenton, was grad- uated from the College of Ne^\' Jersey in 1793. He studied law, and was admitted attorney of the Supreme Court of New Jersey in 1799. He commenced his professional life in his native town. He died in October, 1802. Abraham Skhiner. For notice see page 46. The letter V. after the name Skinner signifies Valedictory. Joshua Maddox Wallace. Joshua Maddox, a son of Joshua Maddox Wallace, was born at Philadelphia on September 4, 1776. During the British occupation Mr. Wallace took his family to his country seat, Ellerslie, on the Raritan River, in Somerset County, New Jersey. After being taught at home by his father, he was, with his younger brother, John Brad- ford, put under the care of the Rev. William Frazer, minister of St. Thomas' Church, Amwell. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1793. He entered the counting-house of Mr. Wil- liam Cramond, a merchant of high standing, where he learned thor- oughly the method of business then in vogue. He travelled abroad for a year. On his return he studied law, but principally led the life of a country gentleman. He was a consistent Churchman, and liberal in his gifts for the Church and philanthropic purposes. He died at his country seat near Philadelphia on January 7, 1821. John Terhune. For notice see page 26. George Bibb. The nickname " Sandy " might well apply to a classmate from Ken- tucky. It may possibly indicate George Bibb, a native of Virginia. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1792. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in Kentucky. He became justice of the court of appeals of that state, afterward its chief justice. He was elected chancellor and served a full term. He also sat in the State Sen- ate. He was United States Senator from Kentucky from 181 1 to 1814, C 31 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE and from 1829 to 1835. In 1814, on the succession of Mr. Tvler to the presidency after the death of President Harrison, Mr. Biblj became Secretary of the Treasury. Upon his retirement he settled in \Vash- ington as a lawyer. He died in Washington on April 4, 1859. His personal appearance was striking ; he carried himself erect, and walked with a firm step when more than eighty years old. He always wore a broad-brimmed hat, small-clothes, black silk stockings, and silver shoe-buckles. Of his fondness for fishing the story is told : ' ' One warm afternoon the officer in command at the Washington Arsenal observed Mr. Bibb sitting on a broken-down wharf hour after hour intendy watching his float. At last he strolled down from the quarters to inquire, 'What luck?' 'None,' replied Mr. Bibb. 'I thought I had some bites two or three hours ago, but there is not a fish here- abouts, now, apparently.' 'What is jour bait?' asked the officer. 'A plump young frog, hooked through the fleshy part of his leg.' Scarcely had he finished this reply, when the questioner, overcome with laughter, pointed to a log which was pardy out of water, and there the fisherman saw his bait ; the frog, having got tired of swim- ming about, had jumped upon the log and was calmly enjoying the sun." {^Princeton College, p. 258.] Whig Society, Princeton. The Whig Societyof the College of New Jersey was founded in 1769 by undergraduates, in the midst of the excitement preceding the Amer- ican Revolution. It has always maintained among its members a high standard of literary and oratorical ability. Among the members at this time in addition to John Henry Hobart, who was a very enthusiastic Whig, were James A. Bayard, Robert G. Harper, Robert Finley, Smith Thompson, Mahlon Dickinson, Jacob Burnet, Frederick Beas- ley, Richard Rush, and John Forsyth. Each became distinguished in after life. Peter Early. "Peter" is Peter Early. He was a son of Joel Early, and was born in Madison County, Virginia, on June 20, 1773. In 1795 he removed with his parents to Greene County, Georgia. He had studied law, and soon had a large practice. He was representative in Congress from 1801 to 1807. He was judge of the Superior Court of Georgia, on I 32 ;] JOHN CONR.\D OTTO the Ocmulgee Circuit, from 1807 to 1813. In that jear he was elected governor of the State. He was upright, impartial, and sincere. His veto of the "Alleviation bill," passed on December 6, 1813, by the legislature, on the ground that it impaired the obligation of contracts and destroyed the "pride of honesty," and in his opinion was un- constitutional, made him unpopular. At the close of his term, in 1815, he retired to pri\ate life, but subsequently served in the State Senate. He died near Greensborough on August 15, 1817. Thomas Brown. Thomas Brown was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1795. John Conrad Otto's Classmates. Other classmates of Dr. Otto who studied law, and not previously mentioned, were, Eximund Jennings Lee of Alexandria, Virginia; George ^Vashington Morton of New York City; William Ross of Orange County, New York ; Jacob S. Thompson of Sussex County, New Jersey. C 33 ] ROBERT SMITH ROBERT, a son of William and Elizabeth (Corin) Smith, was born in New York City on November 20, 1752. He was of Scotch descent. He entered the Revolutionary Army, and served with very distinguished bravery, attaining the rank of major. He was wounded at White Plains, and was conspicuous for gallantry at Monmouth. Soon after the close of the war he removed to Philadelphia and en- gaged in business as a dry-goods merchant. He was distinguished for his upright business integrity, public spirit, and Christian character. He filled many offices in the gift of the city, and was a director in manv companies and institutions, notablv the United States Bank from the time of its incorporation b}- Congress in 1 79 1 , for forty-eight years. He was a consistent member of the Second Presbyterian Church, and served as ruling elder for nearly fifty years. He was a member and officer of the St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia. He died in April, 1838, in his eighty-seventh year, leaving an hon- oured name and an unblemished reputation. These notices are found in the " United States Gazette" for Tuesday morning, April 17, 1838, and Wednesday morning, April 18, 1838: "On Sunday evening, the 15"" inst., in the 86''' year of his age, Robert Smith, long a respectable merchant of the City. His friends are requested without further invi- tation, to attend his funeral from his late residence. No. 9 Washington Square, on Wednesday afternoon next, the IS'*' inst. at 4 o'clock." Death of Mr. Robert Smith. We cannot permit the death of an aged and esteemed fellow citizen, Robert Smith, who died on Sunday night last, to pass without a tribute of respect to his memorv. In his youth, compelled by patriotic ardour he engaged in military life, and served with gallantry during the Revolutionary War. He afterward embarked actively in commercial pursuits, and became one of the most enter- prising and benevolent merchants of this city. His generosity was never withheld from misfortune, and he was an efficient and liberal member and director of numerous religious and charitable societies. The kindness of his heart and the amenity of his manners made him many and warm friends. It is believed he had no enemy — he cer- tainly felt hostile towards none. Universal benevolences was a feature in his character that stood forth in strong relief. n 34] ROBERT SMITH "The hazards of commercial life expose all who venture on even well planned speculations to vicissitude. He did not escape misfortune — his fair fame was questioned by none ; and he bore adversity with a dignity and resignation that exhibited his character in a new and attractive light. Among the last acts in which he participated was the discharge of the duties that devolved upon him, as one of the trustees named by M'. Girard in his will to ^vind up the business of his bank. An unostentatious but sincere and fervid piety, shed a light over his declining years, and he reached a ripe old age, retaining his cheer- fulness and his mental faculties unimpaired to the end. "He has descended to the grave honored and lamented." [ From Robert Smith ] Philad'! September 3"! 1793 — D^ John YOUR mamma received your Letter of the 28'.'' ult?, and approves of your jaunt to New York, as the fever still continues in the City, tho' it is somewhat abated, she en- closes a note of 20 Dollars, & Inclosed I send you a Letter of Introdu6lion to Mr. Robertson who no doubt will give you an invitation to stay at his house while you remain in the City. Your Brother Robert was here on Saturday last & left all our friends well at Pottsgrove, the Accn'.' of the fever was so much exagerated that they supposed we were in very great danger in the City, & he came on on purpose to take them all there, your mama & sister Polly are with us at Frank- fort where we all enjoy a good state of health, & they seem perfedtly satisfied. I am D^ John Yours Sincerely Robert Smith No superscription. HOBART CORRESPONDENCE ANNOTATION Robert Enoch Hobart. "Robert" is Robert Enoch, the elder brother of John Henry. For notice see page 12. [ From Robert Smith ] Philad^. 1 1'? September 1793 — Dear John I WROTE yoti a few lines on Wednesday last, the day you must have left Princeton & I enclosed a Letter of Introdu6lion to Mr. Robertson & a 20 Dollar Bank note, as it could not have come to hand, I have wrote to Dr. Smith to forward it to you to the care of Mr. Robertson who lives in Smith Street near the post office, I also wrote him a Letter by yesterdays post to the same purpose. Inclosed in one from your Sister which I hope you will find at the Post office, your Mama & Sister are yet with us at Frankfort where they enjoy a good State of health, the Fever still rages in town & spreads I suppose your Sister informed you that your Mamas Peggy Died on Friday last. Dr. Hutchinson is dead Mr Thos Willing, Mr Hamilton (S of the T) are 111 — I suppose up- wards of 100 have Died in the course of this 3 or 4 days past our City is allmost Deserted & Business suspended, please to give my best respects to Mr Skinners Father ( who I suppose is a Mr AbT Skinner of New York. I am Yours &c. Robert Smith P. S. If you should meet with Mrs Rhea in New York in- form her that Mrs Bartows family and all her Friends here are well, you will find her & Ebenezer at Mr James R. Smiths in Green Street near the Fly Market. No superscription. T qR "1 ROBERT SiMITH ANNOTATIONS James Robertsofi. For notice see page 51. Samuel Stanhope Smith. Dr. Samuel Stanhope Smith is noticed on page 105. The New Tork Post Office. The New York Post Office was then in a brick three-story house on the corner of Garden (now Exchange Place) Street. It occupied a single room, forty feet long, on the ground floor. From there it was removed to the basement of the new Merchants' Exchange on Wall Street, in 1827. In 1844 it was again removed to the Middle Dutch Church on Nassau Street, where it remained until the present Post Office Building was completed and occupied in 1875. Smith Street. Smith Street is now William Street. It was named for Jan Smeed, a glass-maker, who was the first resident. It was known as " Smee," " Smeedes," or " Smit Straat." Its present name of William Street, i which was given to it in 1795, was in honour of William Beekman,/ through whose farm in Montgomery Ward was laid out Chapel Lane, afterward Beekman Street, leading to St. George's Chapel, built in) 1746. The American ancestor of the family was William Beekman of Overyssel in Holland, who came to New Amsterdam with Peter Stuy- vesant in 1657. Peggy ' ' was evidendy a servant of Mrs. Hobart, probably a coloured w oman, as it \\"as the custom then in Philadelphia to employ coloured persons for household servants. James Hutchinson. James, a son of Randal Hutchinson, was born at Wakefield township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, on January 29, 1752. He was put under the tuition of a famous teacher, Mr. Paul Preston, continued his studies in \^irginia, and was graduated from the College of Phila- C 37 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE delphia with high honours. He commenced his medical studies under Dr. Evans, in the Medical School of Philadelphia. In 1774 he was given a gold medal by the professors as a testimonial of his great abil- ity. He proceeded to London in 1774, and studied with Dr. Fothergill, one of the best physicians in England. In 1777 he came home by way of France, and brought with him important despatches for the gov- ernment from Dr. Franklin. When the vessel, in which he was, neared the American coast, it was chased by a British cruiser. Dr. Hutchin- son, regarding the safety of his despatches as more important than any risk he could run, trusted himself to an open boat and reached the shore safely, although under fire of the enemy. The vessel was captured soon after by the British, and he lost a valuable medical library gathered in France and England besides all his instruments and clothes. As a bearer of despatches, his fellow-members of the Society of Friends were inclined to read him out of meeting. A letter from Dr. Fother- gill, approving the action of his young pupil, allayed their apprehen- sion and no adverse action was taken. His brave deed, however, lost him the favour of his uncle, Mr. Israel Pemberton, who was a wealthy and influendal Quaker merchant, to whom he owed largely his edu- cation. Dr. Hutchinson served as surgeon in the American army, and was made surgeon-general of Pennsylvania. He performed his various duties with great care, and had a high record for his many successful operations, and his treatment of the soldiers. Upon the evacuation of Philadelphia by the British he was made a member of the Committee of Safety. In the act establishing in 1779 the University of Pennsyl- vania, he was named as one of the trustees. He was made professor of chemistry and physician to the hospital, and became a member of the Philosophical Society. His noble character and winning manners gave him distinction. He was the friend of everyone, and all respected and admired him. When the yellow fever broke out in the summer of 1793, Dr. Hutch- inson was among the first to give freely his time and skill to the suf- ferers, working for their benefit night and day. His strength failed, he himself was stricken, and he died on September 5, 1793, in the forty -second year of his age. n 38 J ROBERT SMITH Thomas JVilling. Thomas Willing was born at Philadelphia on December 19, 1731. He was educated at Bath, England, and studied law in the Middle Temple, London. Returning home, he practised law, and built up the strong mercantile firm of Willing &. Morris by his integrity, shrewd- ness, and keen sense of business opportunity. He held many important offices, from that of secretary to the Congress of the colonies at Albany, New York, in 1754, to that of mayor of the city of Philadelphia. For some years he was a judge of the Supreme Court. It is for his service to the Continental Army that he will always be gratefully remembered. With his partner, Robert Morris, he furnished the funds for provi- sions and supplies. His common sense counterbalanced the ardour of Mr. Morris. To each praise should be given for the manner in which they met great needs at a critical time. Mr. Willing died on January 19, 1821, in his ninetieth year. The Hon. Horace Binney says of him : "The character of Mr. Will- ing was in many respects not unlike that of Washington, and in the discretion of his conduct, the fidelity of his professions, and his great influence both public and private, which belonged to him, the destined leader (Washington) was certain to find the elements of an affinity by which they would be united in the closest manner." James Hamilton. James, a son of Andrew Hamilton, a well-known colonial lawyer, was born at the ancestral mansion, Clarke's Hall, in Chestnut Street, near Third Street, Philadelphia. He was well educated, and became protho- notary of the Province of Pennsylvania. In 1747 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of the province. With the natural dignity he pos- sessed and the perfect integrity and \\'isdom that distinguished him, he was very popular. In 1754 he resigned, to the great regret of every- one. In 1759, while in England, he was prevailed upon again to take the office, which in 1763 he resigned to John Penn. He returned to his place at the Council Board until the Revolution. Having large wealth, he gave liberally to the College of Philadelphia and aided every project for the benefit of the province. Although a sympathizer with England, and loyal to the Penn family and the Crown, so great was the respect paid to him that he was entirely unmolested during the seven years of conflict. He died at an advanced age. [ 39 J HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Abraham Skinner, Sr. For notice of Abraham Skinner, Sr., see page 127. Mary Rhea. Mrs. Mary Rhea had a shop at No. 30 North Second Street, Phila- delphia. Her son Ebenezer was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1791. Thomas Bartow. Thomas Bartow, a descendant of the Rev. John Bartow of West- chester, only child of Thomas Bartow of Perth Amboy, was born in that town in 1736. He settled in Philadelphia, and was married on June 30, 1768, to Sarah Benezet, the daughter of Daniel Benezet, "a most exemplary woman of the Moravian Church." Four sons and six daughters were born to them. The daughters were remarkable for their beauty, and were great favourites in society. Mr. Bartow was a leading member of the Moravian Church, on its standing committee, and served as secretary and general accountant. He is called "a very respectable merchant." He died on January 26, 1793. ^J]i^ Fly Market. The Fly Market is thus described by a recent writer, Mr. Rufus Rockwell Wilson: "Continuing our walk through Pearl street we come to Maiden Lane, threading the valley where the Dutch maid- ens washed their linen, and to the site of the famous Fly Market, so called because the burghers of the olden time pronounced their V's like F's, and said Fly for V'ly when they meant \"alley. The Fly Market was set afoot in 1706 for the purpose of securing regular supplies and for fixing charges for meat and fish, and it remained for upward of a century one of the most frequented spots on Man- hattan Island. The butchers of the Fly Market were sturdy fellows from the first, and a chapter could be written on their part in the history of the city. Such a chapter would have much to say of John Pessenger, an invincible patriot, who during the Revolution rendered substantial service by supplying meat to Washington's army, and in whose arms the gallant Leitch breathed out his life after the batde of Harlem Heights. Washington, who knew true worth wherever he came upon it, held Pessenger in high regard, and when as President C 40 ^ ROBERT SMITH he took up his residence in New York, he sought out his old friend at the Fly Market and gave him his trade. Henry Astor, elder bro- ther of John Jacob, was a Fly Market butcher, and there laid the foundation of a comfortable fortune. Grant Thorburn, New York's pioneer florist, also started business in this market." [AVw Y~ork: Old and Nexv, p. 40.] The Tellow Fever. This graphic account of the pestilence is skilfully put together from many sources : "But the men who gave so freely of their money and their goods little thought that, in four weeks' time, their own city would present a scene of desolation and of misery more appalling than any on which the sufferers at Cape Franpois had looked. Already there Mere among them the germs of that terrible disease which has repeat- edly, within the memory of this generation, laid waste the cities of the southern States. Long afterward, when the danger had passed away, it was the custom to declare that the yellow fever had come in with the refugees from St. Domingo. But nothing could rid the people of the belief that it came from a heap of putrid coffee and some piles of stinking hides that had long cumbered one of the wharves near Mulberry street. However this may be, it is certain that the malady first broke out at Kensington, and spread thence through the whole city with a rapidity that defied the medical skill of the day. Nor is it strange that it did, for the treatment to which the best doctors sub- jected their patients was such as a quack would now blush to practice on his dtipe. The moment a sick man detected the symptoms of the disorder, a quick pulse, a hot skin, a rough tongue, an inflamed eye, a dull pain in the head and loins, he would send in haste for the nearest physician. The moment the doctor came he would begin to let blood, and the sufferer might count himself happy if, when the sun went down, he had not bled five times. Indeed, one case is recorded of a man from whom seventy-two ounces of blood were taken in as many hours. " Toward the close of the fourth day, if the bleeding, the starving, and the purging had not killed the patient, he would begin to show symptoms more alarming still. The whites of his eyes would turn yel- low. His nose would run blood. His stomach would throw off" a black vomit. His body would put on a yellowish-purple color, and about the eighth day he would die. During the first week in August as many [41 J HOBART CORRESPONDENCE as nine died of the fever each day. For the second the daily death rate was seven. Yet it awakened Httle comment, for the summer had everywhere been sickly, and almost as many died in the same space of time in the neighboring villages of the bloody flux. But, when the third week came, there was scarce a family in the city that did not know of some one lying sick of the fever. The streets were black with funerals. The bells tolled incessantly. On the morning of the twenty- second of August the Mayor, in great alarm, ordered the foot- ways and carriage-ways to be cleaned. It w as full time. Along the best thor- oughfares the mud and filth were deep, and, when the weather was wet, were cast in clods upon the foot-ways by every passing horse- man and by every lumbering dray. On the vacant lots and bits of common, nay, under the \ery windows of some of the most frequented inns, the carcasses of horses and hogs lay rotting in the summer sun. "While the Mayor was caring for the streets, the College of Phy- sicians was doing what it could to check the malady and calm the fears of the people. Thousands of them, throwing a few clothes into their portmanteaus and turning the keys in their doors, had fled to distant towns and villages. Those who stayed were now bidden to keep out of the sun, to be sober, not to get tired, to put a mark upon infected houses, to bury the dead quietly, and, above all, to stop the endless ringing of bells. The doctors had, they said, little faith in bonfires as purifiers of the air, and much in the burning of gunpowder. No sooner was this advice read in the newspapers than the people made haste to take it. The fires, \\hich till then had been kept burning on the corner of every street and on the hearths of eAery house, were put out. The bells ceased ringing. Hearses \\ere no longer seen, and the dead, letdown at midnight from the casements of their houses, were quietly carried to their graves in carriages, on shafts, or in wheeled chairs. Everyone who could buy or borrow a gun loaded and fired it from morn till night. But the rattle of musketry produced the same start- ling eflfects on the sick as the bell-ringing had done, and the doctors or- dered it stopped. Then the people began to burn nitre instead. Indeed no remedy \\hich an old wife could suggest, or an apothecary's assist- ant concoct, but had its trial. One daj^ tobacco was thought a good preventive, and the dealers in snuflT found it impossible to satisfy the demand. On another garlic Avas recommended, and in a few hours, every particle in the city Mas bought up. Some chewed it. Some put C 42 ] ROBERT SMITH it in their shoes. Some went about with huge bunches protruding from the pockets of their coats. Some tried mud-baths. Then it was dis- covered that camphor was a disinfectant, and in a litde while every- body had a great bag of it strung round his neck. But no medicine was so much a favorite as the vinegar of the four thieves. "It is said that ^hile the plague raged at Marseilles four young men compounded a mixture which, sprinkled on their clothes, made them impervious to the disease ; that they went about among the sick and, while nursing, plundered them of both goods and money; that one of the robbers was afterward taken, confessed, and, as the price of liberty, disclosed the secret of the wonderful compound. From that day it Avas known as ' Vinaigre des quatre voleurs.' "When the fever broke out at Philadelphia the story was brought to mind, the recipe hunted up, and each druggist in the city began! to make thieves' vinegar and to assure the public that the real medi-/ cine could be had nowhere but in his shop. If the purchaser of vine-r gar Mere a ner\ous man and tormented with hourly fear of being stricken with the fever, the spectacle he presented as he sallied forth to buy was most pitiable. As he shut his house-door he w- as careful to have a piece of tarred rope in either hand, a sponge wet with cam- phor at his nose, and in his pocket a handkerchief well soaked with the last preventive of which he had heard. As he hastened along the street he shunned the foot-walk, kept in the middle of the horse-way, fled down the nearest alley at the sight of a carriage, and thought noth- ing of going six blocks to avoid passing a house whence a dead body had been taken the week before. If he were so unhappj' as to meet a friend on the way, neither shook hands, but, exchanging a few words at a distance, each sought, bowing and scraping, to get to the wind- ward of the other as he passed. When at last the shop was reached, nothing could induce him to enter while another stood at the coun- ter, or was seen approaching on the street. No one being in sight, he would rush in, throw down his money, wait not for change, seize the package and, with the cold perspiration starting from every pore, hurry home. There he would sprinkle the floor and his garments with the vinegar, and restrict himself to a prescribed diet. His daily food was made up chiefly of water-gruel or oat-meal tea, clear whey, bar- ley A\ater, balm-tea, or a vile decoction that passed under the name of apple-tea. If his head pained him, or his tongue felt rough, he in- C 43 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE stantly washed out his mouth with w arm water mingled w ith honey and vinegar, or with a preparation of dried figs and barley-water. " Such luxuries and preventives, however, were far beyond the reach of laborers and mechanics. Deprived of their scanty wages by the stop- page of every kind of business, they fell a prey to that peculiar des- peration which poverty and terror can alone produce. Without nurses, without money, without medicine, thev sought to forget their ills in riotous living, and were swept away bv hundreds. Often as many as five dead bodies laid festering in a single house, which no one could be induced to drag to the nearest ditch and bury. Shut out from the almshouse, the sick were hurried to the circus, where the public had been amused with feats of horsemanship and the jests of the clown. The people rose, denounced the conduct of the doctors, and made threats of burning the place unless the infected men were taken away. In this strait ten citizens ^•olunteered as nurses ; the Bank of North America advanced fifteen hundred dollars, and the Guardians of the Poor began to seek for a building fit to be made a pest-house. None could be found so well suited as the house of a Mr. William Ham- ilton at Bush Hill. Unhappilv, Mr. Hamilton was not in town. His whereabouts could not be learned, and, as his tenant firmly refused to quit the out-buildings, the Guardians seized upon the drawing- rooms and bedrooms of the house itself. The Governor and the Mayor approved their action, and a letter, addressed to William Hamilton, setting forth what they had done, was published in the newspapers early in September. "Thereupon Stephen Girard, whose name has come down to our time associated with many noble charities, offered to take upon him- self the duty of superintending the hospital at Bush Hill. He was assisted by Peter Helm. But the only nurses that could be had were prostitutes fresh from the tippling-houses and back alleys of the city, and they soon turned the house into a brothel. Lewd Avomen rioted on the dainties sent to the sick. The patients died by scores. Their medi- cine was barely administered, their food was scanty and ill-prepared, their persons were never washed, their filth was suffered to stand for days in the very rooms where they lay. Such was the popular horror of this place that, rather than go to it, the aiflicted hid the first symp- toms of their malady as long as they could, and, when unable longer to do so, locked themselves in their rooms, or rushed out of the city C 44 ] ROBERT SMITH and perished under haystacks or in ditches. Nor did those who quit- ted the city in perfect heahh fare much better. For, once out, it was almost impossible to go on. At every seaport along the whole coast a quarantine was laid on packets and sloops from Philadelphia. Some towns forbade the stages to pass through them. The inhabitants of one burned a wagon, loaded with furniture, on the highway. Those of another fired on a stage-coach. Others put up rude huts on the out- skirts, M'here each stranger was carefully examined before he was suffered to go on. At every ferry stood an armed guard to keep back suspected persons. If a hungry fugitive begged for food at a farm- er's door, he was given a crust on the end of a pitchfork and bidden to hurry away. Postmasters would handle no letters till they had been seized with tongs and steeped in vinegar. Innkeepers would admit no traveller till he had shown beyond a doubt that he did not come from the infected city. But the saddest of all sights were the little children that, hungry, orphaned, and homeless, wandered through the streets. No one would feed them. None would go near them. One, half dead from starvation, was found in a deserted blacksmith-shop. Then the authorities, moved to pity, rented a house, and thirteen were soon being cared for. Still the number went on growing, and the Loga- nian Library was procured for a temporary shelter. There sixty were placed. Forty were given to wet nurses. In all, one hundred and ninety orphaned children were fed and clothed." {^McMaster' s History^ vol. a, p. 125.] James R. Smith. Mr. Smith was the senior member of the firm of Smith &: Wyckoff. His residence is given as No. 211 Pearl Street, New York. C 45 ] ABRAHAM SKINNER, JR. ABRAHAM, a son of Mr. Abraham Skinner, a lawyer in New XjL York City, with a summer home at Jamaica, Long Island, was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1793. Not only was he a classmate, but the most intimate friend of Mr. Hobart. Dr. Ber- rian, in his ' ' Memoir, ' ' page 17, says : ' ' Mr. Skinner was an amiable youth, of great mildness of character, sweetness of disposition, and purity of manners, and in eyery way worthy of the affection -vx hich was cherished for him. It seems to have been returned with a corre- sponding ardour, and to have suffered no interruption during the short period in which it was allowed to be indulged ; for he was cut off' in the flower of his days, and in the opening prospect of wealth, repu- tation, and happiness." He died of yellow fever on September 6, 1795. A touching letter from his father to Mr. Hobart, written the same day, is printed by Dr. McVickar in his "Early Years of Bishop Hobart," on page 57. Both Dr. Berrian and Dr. McVickar mention " above sixty letters " of Mr. Hobart to his friend to which they had access. Extracts from six of them are given by Dr. McVickar on page 50 of the "Early Years," and a few short excerpts by Dr. Berrian on page 17 of the "Memoir." [From Abraham Skix.ver, Jr.] Jamaica, Oft'. 19''' '793 My Dear Friend — I Received your letter by D''. Minto, as well as two others by the Mail. They all are witnesses of your AfFe6lion for me, which instead of diminishing increases daily. If it were possible for language to paint my love for my Dear Hobart, you would in this letter see the image of my heart. Since I left you, I have had very little rest on your account, but the arrival of your Letter from Frankfort gave me a little comfort. My Dear Hobart, I cannot tell you how much Sat- C 46 J ABRAHAM SKINNER, JR. isfaftion I experienced, when I heard of the welfare of your Dear Relations. The distress of the City of Phil'', is by all ac- count beyond description, and the very idea of your Mama's situation gave me unhappiness. I am glad to hear that you are going to ride about the Country a little and amuse yourself. It only gives me unhappiness that I am not with you; but still My Dear Hobart I am upheld by the hope of living with you. This is a comforting thought, and when effe6led will be a happy change for me. You mentioned in your letter a desire of my secrecy of what you had written about this affair. I have nothing to say in this matter, but that every exertion on my part shall be made to bring our plan into effe6l. Your Dear Sister's tender & Affe6lionate heart, I well know, is at any time willing to serve you. And altho' Mr. Smith is rather of a reserved disposition, yet as he is a good & worthy man, when he knows his brother's situation he will certainly en- deavor to make him happy. Oh my Dear Hobart, let us use our utmost endeavours to bring us together. I wrote you a Letter, dire6led to Phil^. sometime ago, but until the arrival of your's, I scarcely knew where to dire6l. I saw an account published in the paper of letters at the Post Office in New York. Among other's I saw your name. I intend therefore to go to New York in a short time & take it out for you & send it with a letter of mine. I date this Letter at Ja- maica, but am writing it at West Chester where I lately came to see my Uncle Graham who has been a long time very ill and is at length gone to the other world. He died a quarter of an hour before my arrival at the house ; and of consequence I am at present in a scene of confussion & trouble. My thoughts, as usual, run upon you, who are as dear to me as any Rela- tion I have in the world. I thought as I should not have an opportunity of writing in a few days to you I would not miss C 47 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE the present little time I have. z\s to the circumstance you men- tion, it is true I borrowed Ten Doll", of M'. Agnew {^torn oiif], and carried Money to pay him & other small Debts I had con- tracted, I confessed my Dear Hobart, it was wrong in me not to inform you of it and must plead your forgiveness. I show'd the Letter I receiv'd from you by Dow, to Anna. She wishes much to see you as well as all the family My little Negro Jack, often speaks of your absence with regret. I shall dire6l this as you told me to, but am afraid you will not receive it soon. My Sister's love to you, my Dear Hobart. Mama and Papa give their love to you, and I am sure would be willing to put into execution our plan. Accept this my Dear Hobart as a testimony of my regard & believe My friend I shall be your's till Death A. Skinner Jr Supeniriftion: M". John Henry Hobart To be left at M". Robert Smith's, N°. 58 South Front Street, Philadelphia. ANNOTATIONS Walter Minto. For notice see page 205. Jonathan Graham. Jonathan Graham Mas graduated from Columbia College in 1770. He lived the pleasant life of a country gentleman upon his ancestral estate at Jefford's Neck, overlooking the Long Island Sound near Morrisania. He was a descendant of James Graham of Scotland, who, coming to New York in 1678, became a merchant. He was an extensive purchaser or grantee of crown land in Ulster County, New York, Staten Island, and New Jersey. In 1680 he was appointed alderman of New York Cit_y, and in 1683 was made recorder. In 1685 he was appointed attorney-general of the province, and a mem- ber of the Council in 1687. He was a member of the Assemblv and C 48 ] ABRAHAM SKINNER, JR. a speaker of that house from 1691 to 1694, and 1695 to 1698. He was a bitter opponent of Captain Leisler and largel}- concerned in his apprehension and execution. He built upon his estate a handsome mansion. A graphic account is given of its destruction: "The vie\\ in front of the house embraces Riker's Island, the Two Brothers, (called in the Dutch 'Gesellen,') the entrance of the Gate, and the distant shores of New York city, &.C. In the Graham mansion, which formerly stood on the site of Mr. Leggett's farm house. Major Bearmore, a British officer, was surprised by Colonel Armand of the French cavalry. ' November 7th, 1779, (says General Heath,) at night. Colonel Armand proceeded with his corps from near Tarrytown to the vicinity of Morrisania, to the house of Alderman Leggett, where he surprised and took Major Bearmore and fi\ e other prisoners. The secrecy, precaution, gallantry and discipline exhibited by the colonel and his corps on this occasion did them much honor. In the capture of Major Bearmore, the inhab- itants of the adjacent country were relieved from the frequent excur- sions of a troublesome officer.' The destruction of the old house took place under the following circumstances: Col. Fowler, of the British army, who had dispossessed the Graham family, and made it his o\\ n quarters, invited all the officers and gentry in the neighborhood to dine with him, preparatory to his change of quarters. The company were assembled, and all seemed gay and happy. The more youthful of both sexes were wandering about the lawn, enjoying the beauty of the prospect, when a ser\ant, (one of Mr. Graham's slaves,) announced the important fact, ' Dinner is on the table.' All turned their faces to the banqueting room, but before any one entered the door, there was a cry of fire heard. Col. Fowler seemed to think the dinner was more important than the building; he ordered e\erything removed from the table, the gendemen assisting, and in a few minutes the table and contents were removed to the shade of a large willow, where all seated themselves, and appeared to enjoy the meal and the burning. The house was utterly consumed, with the contents, before the com- pany separated. No effort was made to save an article not required for the better enjoyment of their meal. The same evening Col. Fow- ler conducted a marauding party into the vicinity of Eastchester, where he was attacked and fell mortally wounded. Being brought back to the house of Cornelius Van Ranc, overseer of Mr. Graham's [ 49 3 HOBART CORRESPONDENCE farm, he expired that night." [Boltou''sHi.st()rifofJFestchester, vol. ii, p. 449.] Mr. Graham died on January 21, 1800, leaving his large property to his five children. Daniel Agnew. See sketch preceding letter of February 23, 1798, in \^olume II. Dow Ditmars. "Dow" must be Dow Ditmars, a member of the class of 1793. He studied medicine, and settled at Hell Gate, now Astoria, New York Citv. Union Hall Academy, Jamaica, has for nearly one hun- dred and thirty years been the trainer of men who in after life have taken distinguished and useful places in the Church and in the state. Among its principals ha\e been Dr. Lewis E. A. Eigenbrodt, an early educator of advanced educational views, father of the late Pro- fessor Eigenbrodt of the General Theological Seminary, and Henry Onderdonk, Jr., the best authority upon Long Island local history. Gloriana Skinner. In the records of St. George's Church, Hempstead, Long Island, is found this entry : " 1774 Aug 7''' Baptized at Hempstead, L.I. Glori- ana Cornell daughter of Abraham & Catherine Skinner of New York by the Rev. Leonard Cutting Rector of St. Georges." This is the sister referred to by the name of Anna. In the records of Trinity Parish, New York City, is this entry in the book of Marriages : "1796. Sep- tember 26. Alexander Hussock and Gloriana Skinner bv the Rev. Abraham Beach, D.D." L 50 ] JAMES ROBERTSON JAMES, a son of John and Margaret Robertson, was born near Falkirk, Scotland, on January 28, 1772. He was educated in the parish school of his native town, and displayed a fondness for books and literature. The narrow means of his parents prevented them from sending their son to college. When only eighteen, he sailed for New York, where his uncle Alexander was established in a prosperous business. He remained with him until 1793, when he was invited by Mr. Robert Smith to accept a clerkship in his store, in Philadelphia. In this position he sho^\■ed great ability. He appears to have managed the financial affairs of the concern to a great extent. His love of learning had not deserted him, and he used every possible method to extend his kno\\ledge of men and books. When onl}- t\\ enty-one, he purchased from his scanty funds a share in the Library Companyiof Philadelphia. Soon after, he became a member of the Fine Arts Society. His letters show that he was a close observer of current events, could comment on them with shrewdness and ability, that he kept himself thoroughly in- formed on the topics of the day, and knew the best books of the period. Early in his business career, by close economj- he accumulated enough money to make mercantile ventures for himself in ships trad- ing to the West Indies and other places. There are still pending at this writing, before the commission for the payment of the French spolia- tion claims for damages done to American vessels and goods by French privateers and cruisers in the closing jears of the eighteenth centurj^, several claims for losses incurred by Mr. Robertson. After serving as clerk for some years, he became a partner of Mr. Smith. The firm lost heavily b)' the Embargo, and the War of 1812. In 1827 his recognized knowledge of finance brought him the offer of the position of cashier of the United States Branch Bank at Rich- mond, Virginia, which he accepted. Here he was highly honoured, and was considered an authority upon the intricate problems of bank- ing. Resigning about 1835, he became president of the Bank of Rich- mond. He returned to Philadelphia before 1840 and lived in dignified ease and retirement. He \vas one of the financial experts chosen to wind up the affairs of the United States Bank of Philadelphia. On June 12, 1800, Mr. Robertson was happily married at Frank- ford, by the Rev. John Henry Hobart, to Hannah Webster Ruff, a C 51 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE daughter of the Rev. Daniel and Deborah (Pratt) Ruff of Abingdon, Maryland, and a niece of Mrs. Hannah Hobart. Mrs. Hannah Rob- ertson died on November 15, 1807. Their children were : Margaretta, born March 14, 1801 ; died May 22, 1872. Rebecca Smith, born December 29, 1802; died March 19, 1861. Helen, born March 14, 1805; died October 1, 1881. Mary, born October, 1807; died December 14, 1807. After some years Mr. Robertson married Mary Clarkson of Eng- land, a ward of Judge Edwards of Frankford. Mrs. Mary Robert- son died on January 10, 1852, in her seventj'-sixth year. Their children were : Fraxcis, born 1813; died September 10, 1816. Elizabeth, born 1814; died May 31, 1860. Mary Daniels, born ; died, 1870. John, born, 1824; died, 1830. Mr. Robertson died at his home in Spruce Street, East of Sixteenth Street, Philadelphia, on January 28, 1854, being exactly eighty-two years old. He was buried in Christ Churchyard, Philadelphia, in a plot adjoining that of Captain Enoch Hobart. In the same plot are the graves of his wife Helen, their infant daughter Mary, his second wife Mar}', and their children Francis and Elizabeth. Mr. Robertson's only living descendant is Miss Helen Robertson Croes. She is also a granddaughter of the Rt. Rev. Dr. Croes, the first Bishop of New Jersey. She has manv family treasures, including the Robertson family Bible and a sampler worked by Rebecca Claypoole in 1718. [ From James Robertson ] Philadelphia July 2 2'', 1794. Dear John, I Received your letter by last Saturdays post, with the cop- ies of two Diplomas which you desire me to get written for you. As you doubtless wisli to have them well executed, I think M". James Smith the fittest person I could employ to n 52 ] JAMES ROBERTSON write them. I had not an opportunity of seeing him untill yes- terday, as he had gone into the country before I received your letter. He engages to do them well and within the time you mention. Upon enquiring after the parchment to write them on, I find there are two kinds used: common parcliment and vellum. M^ Smith informs me that the greatest proportion of the Diplomas he has written has been on the latter, but as it is nearly double the price of the former on account of its superior quality, I did not wish to purchase either of them untill I heard from you, which of them you would prefer. The vellum is about two dollars a sheet; the parchment is only about i doll'. I will thank you to inform me by the return of the post which of them you would wish your Diplomas written on. I can pro- cure either of them immediately after I hear from you, and they can be finished by the beginning of the week. I shall take particular care that they are put up in such a manner as to reach you safe. I expe6led when you left this place that you would stay at Princeton untill the fall. It would give me great pleasure if you were nearer to the city, where I would have an oppor- tunity of seeing you once in a short time: but when I recol- le6l how agreeably you must be situated in such a delightfull place as Princeton where everything is so favourable for your studies, and where you enjoy the company of your old ac- quaintance; it cannot be expe6led you would leave it, particu- larly at this season of the year: and I suppose it will be with relu6lance you will do it, when it becomes necessary. I am still in hopes of being able to visit N. York in the course of this summer. Altho' you know that our business is such that I can- not be certain of it. If I can possibly get away, I expe6l it will be about the latter end of the ensuing week, or the beginning of the succeeding one; when I will be very happy to see you, c 53 : HOBART CORRESPONDENCE and if I can, to spend a day or two at Princeton. I will let your Mama know in time to send anything to you by me before I go; and if I Cannot meet with a safe conveyance before that time to send the Diplomas, I will take them with me. The weather has been uncommonly warm here for the last few days past. It relaxes a person so much that they feel no disposition to do the most triffling business, even to write a letter; but it is fortunate that there is not much business doing at this season of the year. There are no news here at present. Part of \^torn'2 which M'. Smith ordered for the fall are arrived; but he does not intend to open them untill the season is farther advanced. It is highly probable that the greater part of the goods ordered from G. B. for the fall will be sent out. It appears by all the accounts from that quarter, the G. B. will make compensa- tion for the American vessels unlawfully captured in the W.I. At leas^this is the opinion of the B. Merchants, and what they have intimated in their late letters. It is however but con- je6lure, as the intentions of the Ministry are kept a profound secret. I am in hopes that M^ Jay will meet with a favour- able reception, as the late successes of the French will induce ^ the British Ministry to listen with more attention to claims of ; the Americans, than they would have done if their affair had ^ been in a more prosperous situation. I have written a much longer letter than I expefted, and as it is what I am not much accustomed to do, I hope you will overlook any of its faults. I need not say how much pleasure it will give me to hear from you at any time you have leisure. I am yours very sincerely, James Robertson. Suffncription: M". John H. Hobart, Princeton. [ 54 H JAMES ROBERTSON ANNOTATIONS James B. Smith. James B. Smith was a sciivener, with a house and an office on Vine Street, Philadelphia. John Jay. John, a son of Peter and Mary (Van Cordandt) Jay, was born in New York Citv on December 12, 1745. His ancestors had held high posi- tions in the province since Pierre Jay, a Huguenot gentleman, had been forced to leave France in 1685 after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. His preliminary studies were pursued at the school of Pierre Stoupe, rector of New Rochelle. He proceeded to King's College (now Columbia University), from which he \vas graduated with honours in 1764. He studied law in the office of Benjamin Kissam, one of the leading members of the New York bar. He was admitted to the bar in 1768, and immediately had an excellent practice. In 1774 he was married to Sarah Van Brugh, a daughter of the Hon. William Livingston, afterward governor of New Jersev. Mr. Jay took a leading part in all the measures for an adjustment of the grievances of the colonies that preceded the Revolution. In 1774 he was a member of the committee of fifty-one in New York to corre- spond with the other colonies. In the first Continental Congress, as a member of the committee of three, he prepared, in September, 1774, the ' 'Address to the People of Great Britain. ' ' It was said by Jefferson that it was "a production certainly of the finest pen in America." In the second Congress, in May, 1775, he drew up the "Address to the People of Canada and Ireland." He was a member of the secret com- mittee appointed on November 29, 1775, "to correspond with friends in Great Britain, Ireland, and other parts of the World." As a member of the New York Convention in 1776, it was on his motion that it unanimously approved, on July 9, of the Declaration of Independence. The Convention was migratory, as the British troops advanced from place to place, meeting in New York City in May, at White Plains in July, later in the month at Harlem, and at Fishkill, Kingston, and Poughkeepsie. Mr. Jay was a constant attendant, shaping largely its work, particularly as chairman of a committee of thirteen to prepare a plan of go\ernment. Its report was recei\ed and C 55 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE adopted after discussion, on April 20, 1777. Under this plan Mr. Jay became chief justice, and Robert R. Li\ingston, chancellor. Mr. Jay w as made president of the Continental Congress on December 10, 1778. On September 28, 1779, he was elected as minister plenipo- tentiary to Spain. As that country had not recognized the new nation, he found himself without any official standing. While waiting for introductions he received despatches sending him to Paris as one of the commissioners to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Britain, the other members being Dr. Franklin, John Adams, and Henry Lau- rens. Owing to the conflicting interests of France and England, the instructions from Congress ' 'to undertake nothing without the concur- rence of our generous ally, France," and the reluctance of England to treat with the United States, her commissioners, and her authori- ties, calling them "colonies," there were very important and delicate questions to be settled before an agreement could be reached. It w as finally brought about by Mr. Jay's tact, diplomacy, and clear presen- tation of his case. On his return in July, 1784, Mr. Jay was made secretary of foreign affairs under the Congress. He retained that position until the ratifi- cation of the Constitution and the inauguration of the new govern- ment in April, 1789. The President offered him the choice of any position in his gift. His choice was that of chief justice. In 1792 he was a candidate for go\ernor of New York when George Clinton ^\ as elected. His mission to England in 1794 is treated on page 65. He was elected as governor of New York in 1794, resigned his seat on the bench, and served until 1800, when he refused a renomination. He declined also the chief justiceship of the Supreme Court. He retired from public life, spending his days at his country seat at Bedford, Westchester County, New York, interesting himself largely in phi- lanthropical and religious matters. In her "History of New York," first published in 1877, Mrs. Lamb gives this description of Bedford House. Its present owner is Colo- nel William Jay, senior warden of Trinity Church, New York City. "'Bedford House,' the home of Chief Justice Jay for twenty-eight years after he retired from public life, was in process of erection at the time he was called into the diplomatic field, together with nu- merous other improvements upon his Bedford estate. A large landed : 56 ] JAMES ROBERTSON property had descended to him through his mother, Mary Van Cort- landt, located in the Bedford region some forty-five miles north of New York City, and about midway between the Hudson River and Long Island Sound, where they are thirty-one miles apart. The mansion was placed upon an eminence overlooking the whole beautiful rolling region between the two great bodies of water — a landscape varied with sunny slopes, circles of hills, charming valleys, and bits of river peeping through rich foliage. It was not finished and occupied until half a dozen years later. But in 1801 wings were added, one of which, conspicuous through its garment of clambering vines, contained the library; thencefor\\ ard to the end of his life the chief justice enjoyed his family, his books, and his friends in this delightful retreat, where notable Europeans sought him as a species of homage to public virtue. It was then a two days' journey from the metropolis, and a mail coach was not seen oftener than once a week. "The mansion is now the summer residence of the grandson of the chief justice, Hon. John Jay, late United States Minister to Austria. It has undergone comparatively few alterations. Although railways have cut their way through the country on either hand, it is still four miles from a car-^vhistle. The estate at the present time comprises at least seven hundred acres. The dwelling is a half-mile from the main road, from Avhich it is reached by a private avenue, winding among forest trees up a gentle elevation, and which finally cuts a circle in a wide velvet lawn, and terminates under the shadow of four superb lindens in front of the edifice. "Upon a picturesque wooded height in the rear is a pretty school or summer-house of stone, ^hich the chief justice built for the use and amusement of his children. His library, twenty-five feet square, with windows on three sides, remains to the present time as originally fash- ioned. One division contains the favourite tomes first placed upon its shelves, weighty folios of Grotius, PufFendorf, Vattel, and other mas- ters of the science of international law, standard theological and mis- cellaneous works, and the classic authors of antiquity. The table used by the chief justice, and four quaint high-backed chairs which graced Federal Hall in Wall Street while New York was the capital of the nation, lend a peculiar charm to the apartment. "As a Churchman, he was prominent, being a warden of Trinity Church in 1785, and from 1788 to 1791." [Fol. ii, p. 399.] C 57 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Mr. Jay was a promoter of the efforts made in 1815 for a General Bible Society, and on the organization of the American Bible Society he became its first president. He died at Bedford, New York, on May 17, 1829. Capture of American Vessels. See note on Jay Treaty, page 61. [ From James Robertsox ] New York August 13, 1794. Dear John, I WAS as much disappointed as you could be, at not seeing you when I came thro' Princeton. I was told by one of the students that you had gone to New Brunswick, and flattered myself that I would see you there, but our stay was so short, that I had not time to enquire, whether you had been there or not. I would have written to you before this time, if I had not expe6led to return to Philad. yesterday : but I have now concluded to stay untill friday. I wish you could make it con- venient to be at the stage-office, when the stage goes thro' as they only stop to water the horses, and I would not have time either to go to the CoUedge, or to call at your lodgings. I expe6l to go in the Stage which leaves this place on friday afternoon. M"". J. Smith disappointed me very much in not having your Diplomas ready when I came away. I had waited upon him every other day, and urged him to have them ready; which he promised; but seemed to forget them with the same facity with which they were made. He complained of the warmth of the weather, as preventing him from doing it. I waited three our four days longer than I first intended, as he assured me I 58 ] JAMES ROBERTSON they would be ready by last monday week : but insted of be- ing done they were little more than begun to. I was therefore obliged to come away without them, as there was little doing in the Store at that time; which I did not know how long might be the case. He however assured me when I came away, that they would be ready by the end of the week; and that M''. Smith of Wilmington, ( a brother of the ProfFessor's ) was to go to Princeton the beginning of the week, & would deliver them to you ; so that I expe6l you have received them by this time. I suppose of have heard by this time that M^ Higginson, and Ebenezer Rhea, are both dead of the yellow fever. M'. H. in the Island of Dominico, and the latter, on his passage home. M"^*. Higginson at Reedy Island on thursday evening last and was detained there with the vessel to perform quar- entine. Poor M"^'. Rhea was here upon a visit, and in uncom- mon good spirits, which made her feel the shock more severe. She has, like us all, her failings, but I sincerely feel for her in her present situation. She has been flattering herself that Eben": would in a short time get into pra6lice, and would en- able her to get over her embarrassments. But her hopes from that quarter are at an end. It is a striking instance of the in- stability of human affairs; and how short sighted we are, and how little we can depend upon futurity. You must excuse the haste with which I have written, as it is only a few minutes since I concluded to write this day, and the hour for closing the mail is near expired. There was a vessel arrived here yesterday from London, but bro'. no accounts later than the 7th of June. M'. Jay had arrived after a passage of 24 days, and was said to be favour- ably rec''. by the Ministry which I suppose are only words of course. He confirms the accounts we have had of the defeat c 59 n HOBART CORRESPONDENCE of the French fleet: but not a word of the fleet which sailed from the Cheaspeck. I am yours affectionately James Robertson. Superscription : M". John H. Hobart, Princeton. ANNOTATIONS Stages betzveen Nezv Tork and Philadelphia. In the " Manual of Philadelphia," issued bv James Hardie in 1793, containing a directory and much information about the federal and state government, as w ell as the city, there is this paragraph : ' ' There are at present four stages which ply bet\veen this city and New York, two of which set off at three o'clock in the morning, and arrive at New York that evening; the one from James Thompson's at the Indian Queen, 15 So. Fourth Street, the other from the City Tavern, 81 So. Second Street. A Stage sets oif from the George Tavern, corner of Second Street and Market Street precisel}' at half past eight o'clock in the morning, and on Saturday, at 6 o'clock, and arrives at New York the succeeding day at 1 o'clock. The mail stage sets off at 1 o'clock P.M., from Mr. Anderson's at the Sign of the Sorrel Horse, 39 No. Second Street, carries only four passengers, and arrives in New York twenty-one hours after its departure. The fare for each passenger in these stages is four dollars, and four pence per mile for way passengers." Nassau Hotel, Princeton. The Nassau Hotel at Princeton was the usual place for the stage to stop. It was built by Judge Thomas Leonard in 1757 of Holland brick, and considered the finest house in the village. After the death of the judge, it was sold by the high sherifito Richard Stockton about 1769. It then became the College Inn and displayed the college sign, and Avas kept by Christopher Beekman, until after the Revolution. He was succeeded by John GW'ord, " an intelligent, respectable citizen," and a member of the Presbvterian Church. In 1812 he sold the hotel to Mr. John Johns, a most notable landlord, of whom many good stories are c «o : JAMES ROBERTSON extant. It was afterward sold to a company consisting of James S. Green, John J. Van Dike, \\'illiam Gulick, and others. It was still kept as a hotel thirty years ago, A\hen Atwood and Company ^\■ere in charge. It is now known as the Nassau Inn. Samuel Stanhope Smith. The professor is Dr. Samuel Stanhope Smith. For notice see page 105 . Ehe/iezer Smith. The brother of the professor was Ebenezer, a son of the Rev. Dr. Robert and Elizabeth (Blair) Smith, who was born at Pequea, Lan- caster County, Pennsyhania. His father \\as pastor of the Presby- terian Church, and principal of an academy of high grade. Like his brother, the Rev. Dr. Samuel Stanhope Smith of Princeton, he was well trained by his father. He studied medicine and settled in Wil- mington, Delaware. He was a man universally liked for his gentle kindness, and was a physician of very great skill. His home, in which he brought up a large family, was on Broad Street. Nathaniel Higgi7ison. Nathaniel Higginson was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1787. Ebenezer Rhea. Ebenezer, a son of John and IVIary Rhea, \\as born at Philadel- phia on November 15, 1773. He was baptized in the Second Presby- terian Church bv the Rev. Dr. James Sproatt. His father is recorded in the Parish Register of that church as "deceased." Ebenezer was graduated from the College of Ne^\- Jersey in 1 79 1 . He was a brother- in-la\\' of Robert Smith. The Jay Treaty. When it became knoA\n in the United States that war had been pro- claimed between England and France, Washington left Mount Ver- non, where he had been resting, and returned to the seat of govern- ment at Philadelphia. He summoned the Cabinet, and asked them sixteen questions concerning the position of the United States. After receiving answers from its members, and by its advice, he issued on c 61 : HOBART CORRESPONDENCE April 22, 1793, a proclamation of strict neutrality, calling on all good citizens to give no aid or comfort to either of the belligerents, and warned them that for every act done within the jurisdiction of the United States they would be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Before the proclamation had reached Charleston, the enthusiasm for France and the Republic as representing true liberty in t}Tannical Europe, the hated home of kings and aristocrats, had found expression in an extravagant w elcome to M. Genet, the newlv appointed Minister from the Republic of France to the United States, \\ ho had just arri^■ed at that port. He took advantage of this to secure arms and ammuni- tion, to point out to safe friends of France the great profits in priva- teering and the necessity of striking another blow at England, whose commercial supremacy dictated terms to American merchants. As he approached Philadelphia the joy displayed bv members of the Democratic societies was more tumultuous. Great and glorious, to him, was the manner in which he was ushered into the capital city by a great throng of people, who met him at Gray's Ferry and escorted him in triumph to the city. Deceived by such welcome, although many who took part were more fond of France than their political opponents in the Federal party, he openly gave out commissions to merchants to fit out privateers, had French vessels bring their prizes into American ports to be condemned by the French consul, and bought arms and ammunition as well as other stores contraband of war. Many American merchants, allured by the profits as well as by regard for the French Republic, engaged in the hazardous trade with the French West India Islands. When complaint was made by the British Minister to the United States government, many of the people demanded that the neutrality proclamation be withdrawn. The government acted promptlj' and vig- orously, but the insolences of M. Genet, and his arrogant manner to the President and all who opposed his plans, grew more unbearable. He was enraged when payment of the debt due to France demanded by him was refused, not only because the treasury was empty, but because it would be a violation of the treaty stipulations with England. Reprisal soon came, for English vessels seized many of the vessels sent to the West Indies and impressed the seamen as having lost their American citizenship. At length a request for the recall of the French Minister was sent to the Directory. [ 62 ] JAMES ROBERTSON Even those who at first hailed M. Genet as a most firm friend of true liberty and the United States were alienated by his course. Instead of treating American vessels as those of a friendly nation, French men- of-war captured them, confiscated their cargoes, and confined the crew, treating them as prisoners. The English depredations were in- deed great, but those of France almost equalled them. The eyes of the people were opened, and the French w ere no longer attractive. The tri- colour and libertv cap disappeared, and the most anxious efforts were made to devise a means for defending American ships and sailors. England was the only nation whose passes for vessels to ply the Med- iterranean were respected by the Algerine pirates, who levied tribute on the ships of all nations. To add to the grimness of the situation, it was rumoured that the Algerine xebecs were to cross the ocean, with the sanction of England, and even enter the harbours of the United States to prev upon our commerce. Measures for coast defence were demanded and forts constructed , often by volunteer bands of men of various trades and societies, in the spring and summer of 1794. The fort on Governor's Island was thus built. It is told that : "From April until late in June, might have been seen, toiling without hire, men of every rank in life. The Democratic Society went down on the twenty-fifth of April. The Tammany Society on the Friday following. The tallow-chandlers set out from the Exchange, the patriotic grocers from the Old Coffee-House. The coopers met at Whitehall dock. The patriodc Republican bakers gathered at the foot of the flagstaff', long known by the nickname of 'The Church.' The students of Colum- bia College marched from the college to the Battery and took boats for the Island. The patriotic sawyers then followed hard upon each other." [McMaster' s History, vol. n, p. 172.] An appropriation for ten frigates was made by Congress, but with the restriction that if peace were made with the Dey of Algiers, the work should cease. In the meantime the distress in every port was great, and affected all classes who depended upon commerce for their living. Congress took up the serious situation in January, 1794, when James Madison, on the third day of that month, offered a series of resolutions proposing to impose a tonnage duty on all ships of the nations which had no commercial treaty with the United States, to reduce rates for those who had, and to levy special duties on certain classes of goods from nations not in treaty relations with this nation. C 63 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Should the cavil be raised as to the ships not built here but owned in the United States, then the same restrictions should be laid on the vessels of such nations. If, in any nation, articles made or grow n in the United States were excluded because carried in vessels of foreign build, the same exclusion should be made in this country. Wherever unlawful regulations had been made and American citi- zens had suffered loss, greater duties should be laid on the ships, products, and manufactures of that nation. The debate was long, and marked, it is said, by "intense aversion toward France" on the one side, and on the other by a bitter hatred of England. In the course of the debate it was argued that by any restriction we v\ould lose more than England, "whose riches are great, whose sources of internal revenues are never dry, and whose people are used to bear heavy taxes." On the other hand, it was contended that the question should be treated as a political one. The best time to humble England was when she was engaged in war. A non-importation agreement had repealed the Stamp Act. We had manv grievances against that na- tion who still held the western ports which by the treaty of peace were to have been surrendered. She allowed the Indians to harass our western settlers, and set upon us the Algerine pirates. Is it a time tamely to submit? We should remember the old adage, no friend- ship in trade. The West Indies are entirely dependent upon us. Our lumber and other products in exchange for theirs are needed there. The governor of Jamaica is now telling of their distress. The present is the opportunity for the United States to regulate its trade \\ith enlightened self-interest. After a month of debate, and the consideration of other matters of public welfare, the first of the Madison resolutions, laying a tonnage tax, was passed by a majority of five on February 3, 1794. The others never came to a vote. The committee of the whole still discussed the questions presented. When the ravages by European nations on the commerce of the United States had been discussed by the Cabinet, and correct state- ments of the number of vessels taken, and cargoes sold, presented by that council of advice to the President, it was determined that an em- bargo for sixty days should be laid upon all foreign vessels. The pro- clamation of the President was issued in April, 1 794, and the embargo C 64 ] JAMES ROBERTSON ended on May 25. In Congress the measures were thought insuffi- cient. It \\as proposed that eighty thousand militia should be required from the several states and all British debts be sequestered. They were to be collected from the debtors and deposited in the United States Treasury, imtil England indemnified the losses of merchants and others. Resolutions for a permanent embargo w ere advocated and passed in the House. This warlike attitude so thoroughly alarmed W^ashington, who earnestly wished for peace, that he determined to send a special envoy to England to obtain the best possible commer- cial treat}-. His choice was that brilliant statesman and financier, his dear friend, Alexander Hamilton. When he informed Edmund Ran- dolph, the attorney-general, of his intention, he protested, and the President received so many letters with bitter and virulent denun- ciations of Hamilton, that he abandoned his design. He then selected the chief justice, the Hon. John Jay. The nomination was confirmed by the Senate on April 19, 1794. Judge Jay sailed from New York on the ship Ohio on May 12, and arrived at Falmouth, England, on June 8. ^ Defeat of a French Fleet. This was the victorv gained by Admiral Earl Howe, commander of the Channel fleet, off Ushant, an island off the west coast of France in the Department of Finisterre. The battle took place on June 1, 1794, when twenty-five British vessels engaged twenty-six French vessels within a short time. The British had captured seven and dismasted ten vessels. One of the French fleet, Le Vengeur, almost immediately sunk with half her crew. The day is still known in English naval annals as "the glorious first of June." The Chesapeake Fleet. While both English and French vessels, in defiance of the neutrality proclamation, entered the bays and harbours of the United States, there is no specific mention in any history of that period of any group of vessels known as the "Chesapeake Fleet," although ships w ere in Chesapeake Bay. I 65 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [From Abraham Skinner, Jr. ] Jamaica, August 14'^. 1794.. My dearest John YOUR'S of the 9^1 Ins"^^ I received Yesterday, I find it replete with that AfFeftion which has already aftbrded me the greatest part of the happiness I have enjoyed since we saw each other. I find the sentiments purely from your heart, and the language is really the language of Love, Con- sider then what pleasure I derive from reading your Letters. Dear John it is of the noblest kind, and consists of more reality than the pleasure derived from any other source. Continue then my Love, to promote my happiness by writing to me, and let us revive with ardor a languishing correspondence. Last winter I find by looking over my letters, that I recieved 4 or 5 sometimes in as many weeks but of late I get not more than one or two in a month from my dearest Hobart. Such languor in writing. Dear John calls loudly for our at- tention and I intend to write very often to you after we get in New York. I believe that I have written, if not more at least as seldom as my Hobart. By this I have been deprived of the pleasure that I always experience when writing to a friend, and of the superior satisfadlion that the idea of giving pleasure by writing to you, is sure to afford. But, Dear John, this neces- sity has too often produced. And I ardently wish to always have it in my power to withdraw from others and converse with my friend. May I never be deprived of this enjoyment, and may I always contribute a good deal to your happiness. To do it, shall I aim, and if I should be so fortunate as to be in my way successfuU I should be very happy myself. As to Cox, I was very sensible that your discernment, would prevent deception, and I will only observe that he is a trifling C 66^1 ABRAHAM SKINNER, JR. man; The Letter you mention to have sent by him I have never reciev'd; but have heard that he is in New York and has made some engagements there to build a Ship and repair another. He is unfortunate in point of Sense, and the weak- ness of his Judgment will soon set him afloat helpless upon the world. Your situation, Dear John, at Princeton must recall to mind many very many happy scenes; and I should delight to see you at that place. Surrounded by acquaintances with whom We both have spent many happy hours in the Society and other places must give a pleasure unfelt by others destitute of a real friend. But above all, Dear John you have the greatest possi- ble opportunity of cultivating religious impressions, by bemg with many who encourage and not with any who lead you from your own inclination. You have now the opportunity, and pray. Dear John, if possible improve it. As to my own heart it is hard indeed, but not impenetrable by the power of religious impression. I wish to obtain an Interest in Christ and I see my own inability to do it. I could wish for a companion whose mind inclined to Religion and with whom I might cultivate these impressions. But alas! in being deprived of my Hobart, I not only loose a friend, but one of the most powerful human means of my Salvation. I see the necessity of becoming not only virtuous but a possessor of true faith. This shall I aim to obtain and by the grace of God thro his Son Do I hope to be successful. That this may be the case shall be my earnest prayer. My Papa has sold his place and got one in New York, where we shall move the ensuing week. I am well aware that living in the City will not be of that real advantage to me, that I should here derive. I know the temptations to vice and thro' the help of God do I hope not only to avoid them but incline C 67 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE to the Contrary. Above all other wordly affairs I shall be the most careful in forming Connections. The unhappy etfe6ts of being careless in this respe6l, You know Dear John, I have already experienced. And learnt a Lesson by Experience Su- perior to all precepts. Joshua Wallace spent [Joni our\ with me this week; we talked much of the affair \JtQrn out'] and I regretted much the absence of my real friend. We went to Rockaway and had some pleasure but I should have been much happier had you, my Dear John, been with us. I find dayly proof that it is impos- sible to be contented or happy without a friend, to whom you can disclose the Secrets of your heart; with whom you can divide your enjoyments, in fine who will alleviate your Sor- rows and increase your Joys. Those who have not friends know not their value and are more capable of relishing other pleasures, but when once one has experienced the pleasures of real love, he cannot relish those that are less gratifying. For this reason I was not so pleased at Rock^. for every inter- val for reflexion gave pain, as to the absence of my friend & its efFefts. Dow is an Assistant Tutor (if it may so be called) in our Academy =^40 pf year, I saw yesterday Terhune's Brother who tells me that Terhune confines himself continually at home. I am very anxious to see my Dear Hobart and should be happy indeed if he could come here. I am with Affe6lion Your friend A Skinner Superscription : M". John Henry Hobart, Princeton C 68 : ABRAHAM SKINNER, JR. ANNOTATIONS Cox. Mr. Cox \\'as probably a fellow-student who left before graduation. Joshua Maddox Wallace. For notice see page 31. Doti' Ditmars. For notice see page 50. John Terhune. For notice see page 26. John Terhune's Brother. Terhune's brother is either Benjamin Terhune of Bergen Point, Ber- gen County, New Jersey, afterward of New York City, or Stephen Terhune of Hackensack, New Jersey, or Jacob Terhune of Polifly, New Jersey. : 69] HOBART* CORRESPONDENCE [ From James Robertson ] Philadelphia August 27'!' 1794. Dear John, I HAVE delayed writing to you in hopes that M"^^ Smith would have had your Diplomas finished by this time. But I am sorry to inform you that he has just called upon me, and tells me they are not done; and that he has got his hand very much hurt, which will prevent him from writing any for a week or two. For my part am really sorry that I recom- mended a person who has so little regard for his promises; and also lest you should be finally disappointed. The accident he has met with is no excuse for his former neglect. He ex- cuses himself by saying that he was unwell the most of the time I was in New York; and that since he got better, he has been much engaged in the Store. The truth is, he is so fond of company, and what he calls a mug of beer, that he would at any time sacrifice to it, the most urgent business. Since I came home, I have generally called upon him every other day, but had to put up with some excuse or other. If you could get them written at Princeton, it would perhaps be better, than to depend upon him any longer. I could at any time for- ward the parchment for writing them on. However, if you could wait untill about the middle of next month, I suppose he would have them ready by that time; as he assures me in the most positive manner, that the first thing he does after he is able to write, will be to finish them ; having part of them written : and he can do them better than any person you could employ. I am not acquainted with any person in the city who writes them, or I would not have been put off by M!^ S. so long. There are some of the scriveners who can do them ; and perhaps accurately; but none can write a good hand. I will C 70 J JAMES ROBERTSON thank you to inform me as soon as you can, wliether you can wait for M'. S. finishing them, if you cannot, his having begun them will make no difference, as it will be his own fault if he suffer any inconvenience by it. I would make him be at the expense of tlie parchment. There are no late news here at present. I suppose you have heard, the report we have had, which was brought by a late vessel from Hamburg, that the French were in possession of Ostend and Brussels about the 7 July : and that they were preparing to attack Antwerp, where the British had their head quarters, and all their treasures. It is also reported that Gen! Clayerfiet was mortally wounded. The publick attention has been very much engaged for some time past, by the porceed- ing,of some of the inhabitants of the Western counties of this x State. The commissioners who were sent to treat with them, have had an interview with some of their leaders: but without any success, hideed if we may judge by the chara6ler of some / of the chief men among them, their is little probability of' their listening to any reasonable terms; after having gone so far. While the repeal of the excise law is made the pretence of their unwarrantable proceedings, it is the opinion of many sensible men here, that it is only used as a cover to their real designs against the present government; or what is as likely, it is the avowed obje6l of some of the leaders to throw of their conne6lions with the U. S. & to form all the country west of the Allegany mountains into an independent government. But whatever is their object there is no probability of their suc- ceeding. The Exe6l!: of the U. S. & Penn. are determined to a6l with decision, and if matters are not settled by negotiation, they will bring the rioters to a sense of the impropriety of their proceedings, by the Sword. This however, is an event, that L 71 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE must be deprecated by every friend to the peace and order of the United States. I hope you will write to me soon. I am my dear John, Yours affe(5lionately, James Robertson. Superscription: M^JoHN H. HoBART, Princeton. annotations James B. Smith. For notice see page 55. Genera/ Clairfait. N. Count de Clairfait, a Walloon by birth, was trained in the best military schools, and became proficient in every branch of his profes- sion. He won rapid promotion in the Austrian armv, and performed excellent service against the Turks. He was one of those selected b_v the Emperor to lead the portion of the army furnished b}' Austria, which he did with much brilliance and success. In all the rapid movements in the Netherlands he showed a thorough mastery of his troops, and led them either to \ictory or safety w ithout allowing panic to seize them. He was especially distinguished for his conduct at the taking of Longroy and Stanay. His defeat at Jemappes was due to the irre- sistible impetuosity and superior numbers of the French. At Alten- heim, Quervrain, Hansen, and Farmen he showed great bravery, and skilfully opposed Marshal Pichegru. At Nerw ind he won a decisive victory. In 1795 he defeated the French near Mayence and took many prisoners. In that year he was recalled to \ ienna, where the Em- peror received him w ith every mark of honour and consideration, and made him a councillor of war. He died in 1798. Cofiditioji of Affairs in Europe in the Summer of 1 794- The condition of European affairs after the celebrated conference at Pillnitz in August, 1791, between the Emperor Leopold of Austria and King Frederick William of Prussia, was critical in the extreme. The ambitions of Catherine of Russia, the unjust partition of Poland, : 72 ] JAMES ROBERTSON the perilous condition of the small kingdom of Holland, and the effects of the Revolution in France, with the desire of manv in that country for the acquisition of new territory, had brought about a situation in which war seemed inevitable. The rule of the General Assembly, under the nominal kingship of Louis the Sixteenth, as a constitutional monarch, fostered the war spirit. Those who were constitutional Roy- alists made effective use of the vague assurances of the two monarchs for peace, and their general invitation to the European powers to join in restoring a sound go\ ernment to France. War, they thought, \vould give back to the French king the power of which he had been de- prived. On the other side, the Girondists, sturdy advocates of a repub- lic, perceived the opportunity which a war would offer for the over- throw of the monarchy. Thus there was union between the two parties, and a formal demand w as made to the Emperor Leopold for the dispersion of the army which had been gathered on the Rhine by the emigrant French princes. Although it was granted, war was declared by France in April, 1792. Leopold had died early in that year, and was succeeded by his son, Joseph n. An army of eighty thousand men under the Duke of Bruns- wick was collected, and advanced to the Meuse in August. It was composed of Austrians and Prussians, for the two monarchs had combined together for a defensive alliance. As the army advanced, the French troops were seized with panic and fled before it. The effect at Paris was the arousing of the slumbering passions of the mob, which resulted in the attack upon the Tuileries on August 10, 1792, and the imprisonment of King Louis in the Temple. The early defeat of France awakened its martial spirit, and care was taken to send into the field the best men under the most competent generals. In September General Dumouriez checked the Prussian ad- vance toward Paris, and won at Jemappes, on November 6, 1792, a well-contested batde, which put all Belgium in the pow er of France. It was after the disturbances of September, 1 792, that the war spirit in England could not be checked, although Pitt, as Prime Minis- ter, was calmly and wholly in favour of the neutrality which he had promised both to the allies and to France. In November he still urged Holland to maintain her neutral attitude. But an attack upon the Dutch bv the French left him no choice, for these hereditary allies could not be left helpless. His offers to aid Austria in obtaining Bavaria, I 73 2 HOBART CORRESPONDENCE and to the French government to preserve peace if it would not inter- fere with neighbouring states, were of no avail, and in February, 1 793, France declared \\ ar against England. An army of ten thousand men under the Duke of York was sent to the seat of war, which was prin- cipally in Belgium and Flanders. It is said by John Richard Green that it was the greed of the two German powers that lost the day for the allies. Austria and Prussia wished to share in the annexation of Russia, so as to maintain the balance of power in Europe. A new division of Poland coald not have been made had the French monarchy been restored. Thus, while there was a show of activity, there was no real wish to defeat the republican army and make the way clear for a march to Paris. The English troops were left almost helpless in a strange land, surrounded by the flower of the French army. In June, 1794, a series of defeats was suffered by the allies under General Clairfait. That well-known officer came to the rescue of Ypres, then besieged by the French under General Moreau, and attacked them. The battle raged for four days, and finally, on June 17, the defeated army retreated towards Ghent, and Ypres capitulated on June 17. On June 26 Charleroi surrendered to an army of two hundred thou- sand under the Duke of Luxembourg. Ostend ^^■as evacuated by Colonel Vyse and the British garrison on July 1, under the protec- tion of reinforcements led by the Earl of Moira. After the defeat by Marshal Jean Baptiste Jourdan, at Fleurus, June 26, 1794, of the allied forces commanded by the Prince of Coburg, there was a re- assembling at Halle, a march toward Mons, which was evacuated on July 3, and a series of bloody engagements between entrenchments in the forest of Soignies, which lay between the French and Brussels. Finally, the prince retreated through to Brussels, whose inhabitants were ordered to remain in their houses, with closed shutters, until the troops had passed through. On July 9 that city was evacuated. On July 15, General Clairfait was defeated, with a loss of six thou- sand men, at Lou vain. Namur was evacuated by General Beaulieu on July 17. The victorious French army moved towards Antwerp, which surrendered on July 23. The discouraged and depleted army of the allied nations withdrew entirely from the Netherlands, which became French territorv. C 74 ] JAMES ROBERTSON The Whiskey Rebellion. During the sessions of Congress in the spring of 1794, taxes wert imposed upon coal, salt, sugar, coffee, cheese, snuff, 'spirits, boots, and shoes. They were to be in force for three years. While in New Eng- land and New York these taxes were paid with remonstrance, that on spirits excited the most protest from the time of the first revenue bill in 1792. In western Pennsylvania, in the absence of currency and the scarcity of hard money, whiskey was issued as a circulat- ing medium. A gallon of good r3"e whiskey was worth a shilling, and accepted in payment at that rate in Pittsburgh and through- out Fayette, Washington, Alleghany, and Westmoreland counties. To pay upon it a tax of seven cents a gallon was disastrous to the pioneers living in western Pennsvlvania. To evade the payment, ill- treat revenue collectors, to compel those who had paid, not only to advertise the fact in the "Pittsburgh Gazette," but to submit to destruction of their barns, houses, or grist-mills, was common. To enter a still upon the re\enue collector's records was the harbinger for a visit from a masked mob, who brought destruction upon the distillers. To these maskers the name "Tom the Tinker" was ap- plied. This was the name assumed by John Holcroft, a leader among the opposers of the tax. It soon became familiar to every person in the western counties, and was dreaded and feared Avhen signed to placards on trees and in public places, or hand-bills scattered through- out a town or district. While a modification of the law compelling all those accused to ap- pear before the district federal court in Philadelphia, three hundred and fifty miles awav, and allowing answers to be made in state courts was under discussion in Congress, processes for seventy-five distil- leries were issued on May 31, 1794, although dated May 13. It was not until July, however, that the marshal went west to serve them. Sixtv-nine had been safely served in the counties of Fayette, Bedford, Alleghany, Washington, and Westmoreland. As he approached the house of Mr. Muller, fourteen miles from Pittsburgh on the road to Washington, he found him in a harvest- field with his men, reaping. Mr. Muller accepted the writ without any comment, and the marshal was about to leave when an alarm was given. The men threw down their scythes. Some followed him, [ 75 1 HOBART CORRESPONDENCE and some went to the house of the inspector of the militia brigade, where the Mingo Creek regiment was gathering in response to the call of Congress for eighty thousand militia, shouting, "The federal sheriff is taking men away to Philadelj^hia ;" several joined them. As thc}^ proceeded to the house of the revenue inspector, Mr. Ne\ille, the force increased, and thirty-seven excited and whiskey-filled men drew up before it with John Holcroft at their head. Mr. Neville asked what thev wanted. The}- gave him an evasive reply and he fired tipon them. The men returned it, and a band of negroes which had been posted in a house nearby shot at them. The mob then scattered, leaving six men wounded and one dead on the field. The news of the affray was widely spread, and towards the close of the day five hundred men, angrv and drunken, assembled at Couche's Fort, some miles from Mr. Neville's house. They were addressed by the Rev. Mr. Clark, who knew them well, and implored them not to commit violence, but to be orderl}-, and return to their homes. His words fell upon idle ears. With a Revolutionary veteran as leader, they went to the inspector's house, to find there a major and eleven soldiers from Fort Pitt. One of the men approached the house with a flag of truce and demanded the papers of the inspector. He was answered that he was gone. He then asked that six men be allowed to search for papers, but was refused. With a ^\"arning for all women to leave the house, fire was opened by the rioters. There was a shout from the house, and the commander of the mob, stepping from behind a tree, told his men to cease firing. Almost immediately he fell upon his face, dead. He was carried away by some of the men, and others stormed the btiildings and set fire to the barn. The fire spread till the house and out-buildings were also burned. The troops, almost suffocated by the smoke, surrendered. Before then the marshal had been taken, and the prisoners were so carelessly guarded that they all escaped. With an agreement to meet at Mingo Creek on July 23, the rioters dispersed. On that day a large number of farmers and distillers met in the meeting-house. They discussed the question of approving the riot. Without any decision, although in favour of resistance to federal authority, it was agreed to hold a meeting of delegates from western Pennsylvania at Parkinson's Ferry on August 14. David Bradford, the leader of the meeting at Bradford Creek, dis- contented, a true demagogue, robbed the United States mail to secure C 76 ] JAMES ROBERTSON incriminating letters, and called out the militia of the four counties to engage in "an expedition in which you will have an opportunity of displaying your military talents and of rendering service to your coun- try." The place appointed for the men to meet was Braddock's Field. While the militia were gathering, Pittsburgh, called by the rioters Sodom, was warned that it would be destroyed unless four men obnoxious to them ^\'ere ordered from the to\\n. The people Avere so thoroughly terrified that they complied with the demand. It was an army of o\er six thousand men that marched through Pittsburgh and crossed the Monongahela. The "Whiskey Boys," as they were called, set at defiance the au- thority of the state and nation, and drove the government officials beyond the mountains. Even the Democratic societies, the representa- ti\es of extreme license, while they regarded the law as oppressive and hostile to liberty, and " a nursery of vice and sycophancy," con- demned the conduct of the insurgents. With great and admirable sa- gacity Washington, securing froma judge of the federal court a formal notification that in Alleghany and Washington counties laws of the United States had been defied, issued a proclamation commanding the discontented to cease their resistance, and ordered out twelve thousand nine hundred and fifty militia, to be ready to march on September 1. The course of Governor Mifflin was vacillating and timid. When urged to call out the state troops and command them himself, he hes- itated. He thought it might make matters worse. To send a sharp let- ter seemed to him all that should be done. After the President's proc- lamation the governor acted. He summoned the legislature, announced that he would obey the requisition for troops, and named the chief jus- tice and General William Irvine as commissioners to treat with the Whiskey Boys. Three more were added by Washington, and soon afterward they went to Pittsburgh. In the meantime, the convention of delegates met at Parkinson's Ferry on August 14. More than two hundred were present from Vir- ginia, the portion of Bedford County west of the Alleghanies, and every township in Westmoreland, Alleghany, and Fayette counties. As no building was large enough, they met under the shelter of a wooded hill. Around them were farmers and distillers, anxious to know what their decision would be. All were armed and watchful. Upon a tall libertv pole was a standard, with the legend, "Liberty C 77 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE and no excise." The meeting was opened by speeches that were in- flammatorv, and by the passage of resolutions strongly opposing any tax upon spirits, especially whiskey. In the discussion of one of three resolutions, Albert Gallatin, then a young man, spoke forcibly and calmly for la\y and order. As the discussion was in progress, it was announced that the commissioners were in Pittsburgh. A committee of three from each county was chosen to meet them. A further commit- tee of sixty was then appointed with power to call a new meeting. The commissioners met the committee in Pittsburgh, and discussed calmly the situation. The demands made by the goyernment were reasonable, and finally the committee assented to them. Their course was the signal for a new outburst of wrath, and they were seyerely censured. Tom the Tinker, in the "Pittsburgh Gazette," said that they had been bribed. "They had sold the liberty of their country for federal gold." While the ^yestern counties were still in frenzied agitation, the troops for the expedition against the insurgents were being enlisted and drafted. In many places the Whiskey Boys had their emissaries, who by exaggeration and malicious stories hindered the work of the enrolling officers. It was a brilliant scene when the troops began their march toward the Monongahela. The President himself accompanied them a part of the way. Goyernor Lee was at the head of the Vir- ginia contingent, Goyernor Mifflin of the Pennsyhania men, and Goy- ernor Howell commanded the Jersey Blues. The little army marched slowly through a yery picturesque countrj'. The commissioners found that the assent of the committee had not bound their constituents, as the denunciation of them showed. The committee of sixty met on August 28, at the Red Stone Old Fort. Dayid Bradford was still desirous of resisting all authority. It was a yery delicate matter to obtain an expression of opinion con- cerning the act of the committee of twehe by any ordinary method of voting. Finally, Albert Gallatin, still counselling submission to law, wrote upon slips of paper the \\ords ' ' Yea ' ' and ' ' Nay . ' ' Each of the fifty-seyen committee-men present was to drop into a box w'hicheyer word he chose and destroy the other. When the yotes were counted there were thirty-four yeas and twenty-three nays. After appointing a ne\^ committee of conference, the meeting adjourned. It was re- ported to the commissioners that large sections of the western coun- C 78 J JAMES ROBERTSON ties were on the point of open outbreak. A vote upon the question of obeying the law and not harassing the revenue collectors or other officials showed that no excise officer could enter W^estmoreland County in safety. From W^ashington and Fayette counties no report which expressed the intention of the people could be obtained. From Alleghany there was no report at all. The commission had failed in its purpose, and in much discouragement returned to Philadelphia. Wiser counsels prevailed among the people, however, and gradually negotiations allayed the excitement. At the Parkinson's Ferry meeting in October an attempt was made at conciliation. David Redick and Nathan Findlc}-, a strong anti-Federalist, were chosen to make repre- sentations to Washington and the leaders of the army. They met him at Carlisle, but the assurances they gave were thought insuffi- cient to ensure order and obedience to law, and the troops marched forward. They sought more explicit instructions from the committee at Pittsburgh. x\nother convention was held at Parkinson's Ferry. Stronger and fuller resolutions desiring the termination of resistance were passed, with which the envoys went back to the army. As the troops were then very near Parkinson's Ferry, thev proceeded, and when, on November 8, they reached that hamlet, found the in- surrection was quelled. Suspected men were seized and examined. For some, the evidence was insufficient; others were held for trial. The two afterwards found guilty of treason were pardoned by the President. This ended an outbreak which might have seriously in- volved the whole nation. The supremacy of the law was maintained, ) the national government sustained, and each state showed that, as / a constituent part of the nation, it would comply with the national demands. C 79 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From Abraham Skinner, Jr. ] New York, Sept', i;"". 1794 My Dear John A FTER a considerable intermission I have once more ex- X\. perienced the pleasure of reading a Letter from my friend. I had reason to expe6l a line from him at an earlier period, but what I have just read is sufficient to induce a pardon on my part. Dear John it is not difficult for me to for- give, particularly upon urgent occasions. You were prevented from writing before by one of the best engagements. I am happy to find that you are writing Speeches for some of your little friends. It must be improving to yourself, and doubtless gratifying to them. You mention that they have not yet stood the Tryal of D'. Smith's Criticism, but I rather think they will stand the attack however powerful it may be. Your ob- servations with regard to good writing are very true and are\ worthy of being put in practise. I am well assured that to \ write well, a man ought to store his mind plentifully with \ general knowledge. This knowledge should also be methodi- \ cally arrang'd and properly applied; lest fancy, at any time, 1 should overpower his judgement & his Sense and render a / man ridiculous. The Sciences have a delight in each other's / Company and when they all center in the same person, they mutually assist each other. But this is rarely the case, altho' it proves the necessity of attempting to obtain as much gen- eral knowledge as possible. I have written very little since I left College and have reason to regret it much. I wrote some last winter, but have paid little attention to it this Summer, I intend however in future to make it my particular Study; for I conceive the attaiment of good writing to be one of the most valuable of human advances. C 80 J ABRAHAM SKINNER, JR. You mention, my Hobart that you are engaged in writing the Studies of the J^ and Sen^ Classes. Your time will not be lost or misapplied, for they are in my opinion most valuable Collections. I have lamented much that I ever parted with one of mine, (altho the most of them were very incorre6l & old). I wish I had as good Opportunities of Copying them as your- self. I should be willing to sacrifice many of my Study hours and all my time for pleasure to write them. I have now in faft much, indeed more writing than I could wish being the only Clerk in the OflHce. You ask Dear John, if I read on any other Subje6t than Law. Since I have been in Town, I have turned my attention to it alone & intend to continue to do it for some time, for the fol- lowing reasons. First, I find that a foundation in this Study ought particularly to be laid early as the pra6lical Observa- tions that may be made in our business are of no service & cannot be properly understood, without a knowledge of the principles & nature of Law. gndiy J f^j-j(j jj- necessary to understand a little (at least) of the praftise to do my Papa's business, in his absence. grdiy yj^g sooner I obtain this knowledge, of the more ad- vantage will it be. For all that I shall afterwards read will be better understood, by a digestion of these principles & experi- ence in their pra6lise. And for more extensive reading in Law I can take time. These are my reasons for attending at this time but little to other Studies. I have resolv'd upon this since I came to New York, for before I read no law for a long time & in fa6l read nothing to much advantage, my mind was disturbed with too many pursuits. But I wish to [^toni oiiQ habits of intense Study & see the advantage of \^toni ouQ I have few acquaintances & as few amusements for the latter consists chiefly in meet- c 81 : HOBART CORRESPONDENCE ing the family at night after spending the day at the Office. D^ Priestley I understand intends to deliver Leftures upon Experimental Philos' . here this winter. A Subscription is open & I believe I shall attend. I saw Terhune here the other day, he is remains, at home disengaged. Taylor said he intended to commence the Study of the Law in the fall & I believe is going to the Eastward only for pleasure, his obje6l may be different. His brother was with him. I suppose he is ambitious for the honors of the World, but I was glad to see him at Jam^. He thought it most probable, he should not be at Commencement. N. York is noisy, but I begin to be habituated to it & I have a tolerable good Opportunity for Study. The Yellow fever I believe has carried off a few, but the Physicians disown it, altho' some imagine many to be down. It is an alarms. Circumstance & shows us the necessity of being at all times ready to meet that Judge before whom sinners tremble. I was shocked at the death of Capt. Litle and cannot but observe with emotion the situation of mankind. To die, to a sinner is death indeed, but to a good man a happy hour. To lanch at once into Eternity unprepared is to me a thought of the deepest concern. Our infancy is not spent here & to persist in sin & look forward to everlasts. torment is then a most alarms. Subjeft. The instances of Wickedness in this City are astonishing, but God is merciful to suffer the per- pertrators to live. Remember the great obje6t of our Exist- ence. Remember me to Forsyth. I can write no more you see. A. S. Superscription : M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton. C 82 ] ABRAHAM SKINNER, JR. ANNOTATIONS Joseph Priestley. Joseph Priestley was the son of a cloth-draper, and born at Fieldhead, near Leeds, March 13, 1733. The state of his health did not allow him to go regularly to school, and he entered upon business. But when his health w as restored he took a course at Daventry Academy. It was while here that he felt himself doubting the strict Calvinistic opinions in which he had been trained, and even the doctrine of Christianity as set forth in the creeds and theological treatises. In 1755 he became minister of a dissenting congregation at Need- ham Market in Suffolk. It was while here that he avowed his theo- logical position in his book, ' ' The Scripture Doctrine of Remission, ' ' in w hich he rejected the Catholic doctrine that the death of the Blessed Lord is a propitiation for the sins of the whole world. He allowed the Bible to be a divine revelation, but rejected the divinity of Our Lord Jesus Christ, and the doctrines of the Trinity and the Atonement. In 1758 he went to Nantwich. In 1761 he was made teacher of lan- guages and belles-lettres in an academy at Warrington. Visiting Lon- don, he became acquainted with Franklin, and took an intelligent interest in his experiments, which he popularized in a "History and Present State of Electricity." He now ga\e himself largely to scientific studies, with such success as to be made in 1766 a fellow of the Royal Society and a doctor of laws by the University of Edinburgh. In 1767 he removed to Mill Hill, near Leeds, and took charge of a dis- senting Chapel. It is said that a large breuery near his home gave him a great desire for chemical research. His examination of the theories concerning gaseous substances led to his discovery of Oxygen, which revolutionized chemical theories. He made an exhausti\e investiga- tion of nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, sulphurous acid, carbolic oxide, hydrochloric acid, and ammonia gases, \^'ith important results. During the period of his activity as a chemist he attended to his min- isterial work, intermitting it for a short time in 1774, when he accom- panied Lord Shelburne on a Continental tour. His further declaration of his religious views and convictions, in 1786, by a "History of Early Opinions concerning Jesus Christ," brought him again into contro- versy with Dr. Horsley and other members of the Church of England. He drew upon himself popular disapproval when he openly favoured C 83 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE in a published pamphlet, in answer to Edmund Burke's "Reflections on the French Revolution," that upheaval of the ancient order in France. At one time a mob broke into his house, destroying his most valu- able books, manuscripts, and scientific apparatus. Resigning his min- isteral charge in 1794, he sailed for the United States, arriving in New York in June. He was received with much cordiality. He spent the remainder of his life very quietly, settling in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, where he died on February 6, 1804, in the seventy-first year of his age. He is universally allowed to have been a man of spotless personal character, equable temper, and absolutely eager in searching out and attaining, both in religion and science, what he held to be ultimate truth. John Little. Captain John Little was a large owner of property on the main street, Princeton. He seems to have been an estimable man, and prominent in the affairs of the town and the Church. Upon the incorporation of the Presbyterian Church as an institu- tion separate from the college in 1786, he was made a trustee, and served until his death on September 6, 1794. John Terhune. For notice see page 26. Bennet Taylor. For notice see page 26. c 84 : JAMES ROBERTSON [ From James Robertson ] Philadelphia, Sept'. 1 7'*'. 1 794. Dear John, WHEN I wrote to you last I had not a doubt but that your Diplomas would be ready by the time I then mentioned. As soon as M'. Smith's hand was so well that he could write, I urg'd him all that was in my power to finish them without delay which he assured me he would do; but, as he had left the gentlemen with whom he lived in the city, he went to his family in the country about ten days ago, and I have not heard from since. I would have answered your letter of the 9 inst. sooner, had I not been in expe6lation daily of either receiving the Diplomas or hearing from him. I in- tended for some days past to have taken a ride to his house, but was disappointed in getting a horse ; and after this it will not be in my power to leave the store. This being the case I am at a loss to say whither you can depend upon M^ S. fin- ishing them or not: It is possible they may be done by this time ; but from his having disappointed me so often already, it is equally possible they are not. I suppose you must have them the beginning of next week ; and as there is little time to spare, I think it would not be advisable to wait any longer for M^ S. if you can get them written at Princeton. Should you conclude to get them done there, I will thank you to inform me by the return of the post, and I will endeavour to inform M^S. of it. I shall wait untill I hear from you as he may perhaps send them in the course of a day or two. 1 beg that you will not think that I consider anything I have done for you as trouble- some: but I feel concern 'd least you should be put to any in- convenience in getting the Diplomas written, by my delay- ing so long in writing to you. C 85 ] i HOBART CORRESPONDENCE / The Commissioners who were sent to the back parts of this /State to treat with the insurgents having return'd without accomplishing the object for which they were sent; recourse Vjs to be had to force. It is the only expedient which is left to the government to enforce the execution of the Laws. Every friend to the peace & happiness of the United States, must la- ment that it is become necessary for one part of the citizens to take arms against another. But it must be better to do tliis than to permit a small part of the community to oppose the laws of the Union under the pretence of their being greivances, and which the other parts of the community, who must be equally afFe6ted by them, submit to. -The criminality of their condu6l is so apparent that there is but one opinion on the subje6l in every part of the U. S. if we except a few individuals in different parts who would be gratified at the destru6tion of the gov'. Within these few days past the militia have turned chearfully. Most of the uniform companies are going volun- teers; and the three troops of horse. This being the day ap- pointed for their meeting the Gov^ at the place where has pitched his tent, they have just set out for the purpose. It is supposed they will march to Carlisle in the course of a day or two. I suppose you have heard that M^ Smith is going. There was a new company of Infantry formed on monday last, in which a great number of young quakers have engaged to go. They are mostly genteel people who are in it. Their number is between 60 & 70; and their cloathing &c. have been prepared with so much expedition that they will be ready to march tomorrow. I hope you will excuse the many blunders I have made, as I have had very little time. The arrangements which it was necessary to make in M'. Smith's business before his going away has kept me much engaged these few days past, and [ 86 J JAMES ROBERTSON particularly this morning. I shall expeft to hear from you by the next post after you receive this ; and am very aflfeftionately, Dear John, Yours, James Robertson Superscription : M". John H. Hobart, Princeton. [ From James Robertson ] Philadelphia September i8"^. 1794. Dear John, I WROTE to you two days ago, and expefted an answer by this days mail; but I suppose that you have either not received my letter in time, or been otherways engaged. I have not heard from James Smith since I wrote, and have concluded that it would not be advisable to depend any longer upon him for writing your Diplomas. If you have not engaged any per- son to write them at Princeton, and could wait untill the middle of next week I could get them written here by a person who writes a tolerable good hand, and altho' he has not, I beleive written any Diplomas, yet he has been accustomed to write Deeds and other writings of that nature ; some of which I have seen; and they are very well done. If this will suit you, it will be necessary for you to send me copies of the Diplomas, as it is very uncertain, when I could get the others from Mr. Smith. Since writing the above I have received your letter of yes- terday. It is an hour latter than the usual time of the arriving of the mail, which made me conclude that you had not writ- ten. I observe by it that you could wait till some future time for your Diplomas. But if what I mentioned on the other side would suit you it would give me pleasure to do it; for I am : 87 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE certain that it is on my account that you have not had them long ago; as I ought to have employed some other person when I found that Mr. Smith once disappointed me. He writes so much better than any person I am acquainted with, made me anxious he should write them and I placed more depend- ance upon his promises than they were deserving of. The three troops of horse from this city, have this day march'd for the westward; and the infantry are to follow sthem to morrow. The readiness with which the militia from other states, and the great number of volunteers from Penn^; have turned out, will be attended with good effe6ts. It will show the deluded people of the western counties that the general opinion of the people is decidedly against their proceedings. The most of them are grosly ignorant, and easily imposed on by design- ing men who make use of them to accomplish their criminal designs ag* the peace of the United States. It is the general opinion here, that their leaders, have been artfuU enough to keep them unacquainted with the force that is to be employed against them. They have been led to beleive that the militia had refused to turn out ; and that if through the exertions of the Executive, they should turn out, instead of supporting the government, they would join them ( the insurgents ) and turn their arms against it. They will however soon be convinced of their mistake; and it is to be wished they may discover it in time to prevent the effusion of blood. I suppose you have seen by the Newspapers that the Demo- cratic Society have condecended for once to approve of the condu6t of the President. It must no doubt have gratified him very much to have his condu6l approved by such a respe61:- able body ; equally distinguished for their wisdom and their love of order. Citizen Israel at his own table a few days ago, : 88 J JAMES ROBERTSON very humanely wished, that every person who went back to oppose his western brethern, might have their heads cut off. For this he would have been confined, had not some of his friends become his bail. M''.' Smith desired me to urge you to come here, as soon as you possibly can. Your company would help to keep up her spirits in Mr. S. absences. I need not asure you, that no one wishes more for your company, my dear John, than yours affeaiy James Robertson. Superscription : Mr. John H. Hobart, Princeton. ANNOTATIONS The Whiskey Rebellion. For notice see page 75. Israel Israel. Citizen Israel was an inn-keeper, and had a livery stable at No. 89 Chester Street, Philadelphia. He was a prominent member of the Democratic Society. : 89 ] JOSEPH WARREN SCOTT JOSEIPH Warren, a son of Dr. Moses and Anna (Johnson) Scott, was born at New Brunswick, New Jerse_v, in 1778. He was gradu- ated from the College of New Jersey in 1795. He pursued a course in medicine with his father, but decided not to practise. He then studied theology, attaining great proficiency in Hebrew and Greek as well as in systematic divinity, but never proceeded to ordination. Finally he became a student with General Freylinghuysen, an eminent lawyer. He was admitted as an attorney in 1801, as a counsellor in 1804, and as a serjeant-at-law and master in chancery in 1816. His practice \vas extensive, and he was an effective pleader. His contemporaries regarded him as one of the best equipped lawyers in the state. Many of his pleas are still referred to as combining sound law, impassioned rhetoric, and real eloquence. He retired from the greater part of his practice in 1841. His last appearance in court was in his eightieth year, when he spoke for several hours with his old-time force, vigour, and humour. For some years he was a member of the New Jersey militia, serving as lieutenant and captain. In 1818 he was made deputy adjutant-general of the State of New Jersey with the rank of lieuten- ant-colonel, and in 1829 became colonel of the Independent Battalion, Middlesex Brigade. While a Jeffersonian Democrat, he never sought or accepted politi- cal office. In 1824 he was presidential elector of the State of New Jersey, casting his vote for General Andrew Jackson. In 1825 he was admitted to the New Jersey Society of the Cincinnati in succession to his father. In 1838 he was assistant treasurer-general, and in the same year made treasurer-general, serving until 1871. In 1840 he became vice-president, and in 1844 president, serving until his death in 1871. Colonel Scott was a consistent member of the Presbyterian Church, giving largely to the parish in New Brunswick. He was made and ordained elder in 1822. His ancestral home at New Brunswick was a colonial house, where he dispensed an elegant hospitality. He died on April 27, 1871, in the ninety-third year of his age. In the address at his funeral the Rev. H. D. L. Jewett, the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, New Brunswick, said: "He was an accomplished scholar, well versed in the Latin classics, and accus- C 90 ] JOSEPH WARREN SCOTT tomed to correspond w ith liis friends in the Latin language, even to the last year of his life. A\'ith the Westminster Catechism in Latin as well as in English he was familiar ; to him it seemed the work of logical and master minds, the ablest uninspired work ever written. His Latin Bible was always by his side, his daily companion. He loved it; in my pastoral visits with him it was almost always in his hand, and ready for reading or reference. "He was a fine belles-lettres scholar, and had the pen of a ready writer. He was well versed in English literature, and familiar with the old poets. "We stand to-day by the side of one who looked upon and was familiar with the forms of generals, statesmen, and theologians, men whose names are sacred to America and the world. We stand bv the coffin of one who served in the War of 1812 ; of one who stood by the bedside of the dying Hamilton (that brilliant intellectual star in the galaxy of patriots); of one who heard, amongst divine men great in the history of the American Church, Witherspoon, Samuel Stanhope Smith, John M. Mason, Livingston, and Bishop Hobart. Not a few of the great men in Church and State were his warm personal friends. So attached to him was John M. Mason, that 'prince of preach- ers,' that, when shattered in health, and broken in intellect, he wan- dered away from home, Mason came in search of him to this city, and found him at the residence of Colonel Scott." [^Elmer's Reminiscences, p. 4:11.'] The Hon. Hamilton Fish, president-general of the Society of the Cincinnati, said of him: "Genial and bright in intellect, fourscore and ten years had not, when I last met him, quenched the ardour of his warm and impulsive nature ; and I shall ever remember Colonel Joseph Warren Scott as one of the most attractive talkers and agree- able companions whom it has been my fortune to meet." Colonel Scott published, in 1842, "A Letter to Judge Nevins, Mr. Lupp, and Mr. Wood of New Brunswick, on the Constitutional Organization of the Legislative Council of New Jersey, October, 1841." L 91 2 HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From Joseph Warren Scott J Princeton November 6"'' 1794 My Dear Friend I Arrived here last evening from Brunswic and found Forsyth's patience, in waiting forme, almost exhausted; but when hearing the reasons of my delay he was perfectly satisfied. This day we took possession, by leave of Mr. Fin- ley of the room in which Holloway W. Hunt formerly lived. The room to be sure is not a very warm one for the winter, but the idea of your coming to live with us makes me much more contented & satisfied than I would be in the best room in college without you. We have both, I trust, set down with a full determination to apply diligently to our studies, and by our condu6l to make ourselves worthy the esteem of the Faculty & more particu- larly of your's, Worthy Friend. The friendly and salutary ad- vice, you have, and I doubt not will, give me, I pray Heaven, may not be thrown away, but rather that I employ it to the good of myself & friends^Thanks be that God, who knows our hearts & sees all our deeds; that I have been so happy in gaining for myself so good, so amiable & so generous Friend, to keep my erring feet in proper paths to lay a firm and lasting foundation for my temporal and eternal happiness.^ You have always shewn a partiality for me, and I know not why; even this: your paying a regard to me while I was an entire stranger among the students and your very often re- peated a6ls of friendship towards me; these independent of your real merit of which then I had but a slight knowledge even these could not fail to enkindle in me the liveliest sparks of true & genuine esteem : But why should I tell you that I feel an atachment for vou beyond what I can express.^ I 92 ] JOSEPH WARREN SCOTT Sure I have told that I esteem you my best, my worthiest friend ! I shall expedl your Dear Friend in a fortnight or three weeks at farthest, the sooner you come, the sooner will you give satisfadlion and pleasure to Forsyth & myself. I hoped when I arrived from Philadelphia here to have been happy in acquainting you of your Mother's good health & your friends, but when I came you had gone to Philadelphia. Praying that you may, as no doubt you will, receive the reward of your excelling merit in this world; & after this transitory existence is no more, that you may be received into the Paradise above, to inherit that Crown of glory pre- pared for all who believe before the foundation of the world I subscribe myself Your sincere & affectionate Friend Joseph Warren Scott N B. Forsyth last night received your letter, but entreaties on my part could prevail with him to read it to me. Superscription : Mr. John Henry Hobart, 79 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. ANNOTATIONS Robert Marshall Forsyth. Robert M., a son of Major Forsyth, marshal of Georgia, was gradu- ated from the College of New Jersey in 1796. He was then made a tutor in connection with Mr. Hobart. The friendship between these young men had been very close since the fall of 1794. In a letter to his friend, Mr. Skinner, on August 25, 1794, Mr. Hobart says : " I wish you were here, particularly to know a sweet boy, for whom I indeed feel a great deal of affection. His name is Forsyth. His father was marshal for Georgia and was shot dead while in the execution of his office, by one Beverly Allen. . . . C 93 J HOBART CORRESPONDENCE "He is about fourteen. Poor fellow! His sensibilit\- is ver\- great." [Dr. McF/cA-or's Early Years, p. 60.] Returning to his home at Savannah, Georgia, in 1797, he commenced the study of law in the office of Mr. John G. Noel. He died on July 26, 1797, in the eighteenth year of his age. An obituary from the pen of his sorrowing friend appeared in the "New York Minerva," and is given by Dr. McVickar on page 74 of the "Early Years." Died, — On the 26th July, at Savannah, in the 18th year of his age, Mr. Robert M. Forsyth, eldest son of the late Major Forsyth, marshal of the State of Georgia. In this amiable young man were centered, in an eminent degree, those talents and virtues that excite respect and affection. A genius aspiring, correct, and capacious, was united w ith a heart, feeling, affectionate, and benevolent. Deprived, when only fourteen, by a particular act of Providence, of a beloved father, he rose to the tr3'ing duties of his situation, and his most ardent wish was to pour consolation into the bosom of a \\idowed parent, and to watch with paternal solicitude over a young and only brother. Under the influence of these motives, he left home soon after the decease of his father, and commenced his studies at the college at Princeton. Here his youthful mind, opening with delight to instruction, comprehended even the highest and most abstruse prin- ciples of science with unusual ease and accuracy. His talent for an eloquence that at once roused and melted the heart, was displayed on many public exhibitions at the college ; but the most lively tribute was paid to its excellence bv the tears and sympathy of a numerous audience, on his pronouncing the valedictory oration at the last Com- mencement. Noble and generous in his sentiments, ardent and faithful in his at- tachments, manly and graceful in his deportment, with a coimtenance that, speaking the energies of his soul, beamed \\ith intelligence and feeling, he was admired and beloved by all who knew him. His soul was exalted by the exercises and hopes of religion. He embraced the glorious truths of the Gospel with a lively and rational faith, and made them his trust and his jov. Thus, in the prospect of discharging the duties of life with zeal and C 94 ^ JOSEPH WARREN SCOTT credit, and becoming an ornament to society, he Mas torn by an un- timely death from the bosom of friendship. That Being who placed him in this state of trial, has in infinite wisdom closed his short pil- grimage and received him to a rest eternal in the heavens. J.H.H. Several of Mr. Forsyth's letters and some particulars concerning his death will be found in Dr. McVickar's "Early Years." {^See pp. 61-74.] Among these letters the following two are here given as showing Hobart's deep affection for his friend : Princeton, August i8th, 1797. My dear Sister has no doubt seen from the paper, that her brother is called to another trial. He has again lost the object of a sincere and'^ ardent affection. It seems as if I love with tenderness only to be made/ miserable by the loss of those I love. But my idols are taken from me. I am taught that this is not my home — that here are not my joys.j O, if you knew what tenderness and fidelity I have loved and been! loved, however enthusiastic my language might be, 3'ou would judgoi it to be sincere. I have received from those here, who knew my affec- tion for Forsvth, every attention and kindness. If it should please Pro\idence to give me resignation to his will, and to save me from depression of spirits, I feel inclined with greater zeal than ever to per- form the duties of life, and while I am mindful of the uncertainty of its rational pleasures, to receive and enjoy them w ith humble thank- fulness. Happy indeed should I be, under every loss however severe, that I have still affectionate relations to whom I owe so much. Your afflicted brother, J. H. HoBART. A sympathetic response was received from his sister : Frankford Hill August 2znd 1797 You judge well, my dear brother, in assuring yourself of the entire sympathy of my heart in j'our present afflictive trial. I am sensible that the participation of grief, though soothing to the soul, avails little to lighten the weight of the blow. I need not present to you those motives of consolation which your own well-grounded piety will suggest, nor HOBART CORRESPONDENCE will it lessen the pangs of a heart like yours, to point out the grief which the unhappy mother of your deceased friend must experience ; the first, when the burst of sorrow has subsided, w ill bring the con- solation it never fails to impart, and the other consideration will be, a spring of exertion to your own soul, to enable you to offer a supjiort and comfort to hers. And I would entreat you, for the sake of your own dear parent, and those friends w ho tenderly love you, not to yield to that depression of spirits of which your speak ; exert everv faculty of your soul against that cruel langour into w hich it will sink you — that death of usefulness and active virtue. Alas: even in its happiest state, how many trials does this probationary being present to us, which nothing but an early acquired fortitude, the result of a rational and well grounded hope of a better life, can enable us to support. Let this, my dear brother, while it teaches you resignation, temper the fervour and ardency of those affections which, however amiable in themselves, will embitter too much your passing days, unless calmed by the full, persuasion that they extend beyond the grave. They were given us by the eternal Author of our being, as sources of enjoyment and not misery, while we look for their full fruition only in a more exalted state of existance. Ever your sympathising sister. Mr. Hobart received from the mother of his friend two letters full of affectionate thanks. The name of Forsyth is best known in the annals of the country, owing to the fame which his younger brother John acquired. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1799. He became a law- yer, and was successively Attorney-General of the United States, Rep- resentative in Congress, and United States Senator. He was made Minister to Spain, and negotiated the treaty for the cession of Florida to the United States. Upon his return in 1823, he was again in Con- gress, both as Representative and Senator. He served from 1827 to 1829 as governor of the State, and was United States Senator from 1829 to 1834, when he accepted the position of Secretarj- of State in the Cabinet of General Jackson, and was continued b\- President Van Buren to the close of his administration. He died in Washington on October 21, 1841. C 96 D JOSEPH WARREN SCOTT Robert Fin ley. Robert Finle}' was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1 787. He served as tutor in that college from 1793 to 1795. He accepted the pastorate of a church at Basking Ridge, New Jersey, and became widely known as a scholar and preacher. In 1816 he was elected to the presidency of the University of Georgia, at Athens. It had been chartered by the state in 1784, but had not gone into active opera- tion until 1801 ; it was then known as Franklin College. Much w as expected from his incumbency in strengthening and extending the institution, but he died suddenly in 1817. Dr. Finley was a trustee of the College of New Jersey from 1807 to 1817. He, with Ezra B. Caldwell of Washington, was the founder of the American Colonization Society, whose object was to plant col- onies on the west coast of Africa, the inhabitants of which should be the negroes from the United States, particularly the slaves in the Southern States. It was organized in Washington on December 21, 1816. Men prominent in ecclesiastical, political, and social life be- came members, and it exercised a very large influence until the Civil War. It was universally hailed as the only sensible solution of the sla\erv question. Among the early members were Bishop Meade of Virginia, Judge Bushrod Washington, the Hon. Henry Clay, the Hon. Daniel Webster, the Hon. John Randolph, and the Hon. Fran- cis Scott Kev. The society is still in existence, and does a restricted but useful work. HoUoway Whitefield Hunt. Holloway Whitefield Hunt was graduated from the College of Ne\v Jersey in 1794. He was licensed by the Presbytery of New Brunswick in 1792. On June 17, 1795, he was ordained and setded over the churches of Newton and Harwinton, New Jersey. In 1804 he took charge of the united churches of Kingwood, Bethlehem, and Alexandria, Hunter- don County, New Jersey. He died in Hunterdon County, New Jer- sey, in 1858. C 97 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From Joseph Warren Scott ] Nassau Hall, Princeton. November 8th 94 My Dear Hobart LAST evening Forsyth received a letter from you and I was ^ m Lich surprised to hear that you knew not of my arri- val in this place or had not received my letter. I expe61ed last night by all means to have received a line from you, and you well know that it would have given me very great pleasure. I have just written to Terhune acquainting him that you & Jacob Burnet are coming to spend the winter at Princeton. We shall also be happy at seeing you so, meeting your old friends. My Good friend how shall I tell you that the black cloud of enmity is again gathering; fain would I wish them dispelled, fain would I wish that they who are again our slan- deering enemies would recieve some friendly, some generous sentions. But My Dear Friend I fear they are not capable of tender feelings. Malicious envy punisheth herself says Solo- mon. They are not satisfied in slandeing and back-biting us, they talk of each other in terms very disrespe61:ful, and they mortify themselves by not having a subje6l on which tiiey can with justice vent their rage. They have now a new subjeft on which they may display towards each other their slandeing talents, our taking this room, what will be the next I know not ; I only know that I shall be extremely care — in what I say or do for the future; this method appears to be the best to me, to be reserved in my a6lions, and previously to consider whether what I am going to do can possibly be offensive. Forsyth & I live very agreably now when you come we shall be happy, to both of us you are a safe resort when ad- vice is required: to both of us you have yourself willing to assist us whenever is in your power. c 98 : JOSEPH WARREN SCOTT My Dear Friend your presence I very much wish for here; Mr. Caldwell has returned and expresses a great wish to see you, he by this send his respedls to you Come Dear Friend, your friends are almost impatiently expecting you. Write to me if you do not come quickly. Adieu My Dear Friend Joseph Warren Scott I should be ashamed to let such a letter be seen there I request you only to read it. Superscription : M" John H. Hobart, No. 79 Walnut Street, Philadelphia ANNOTATIONS Robert Marshall Forsyth. For notice see page 93. Joseph Caldivell. Joseph Cald^\•ell was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1791, with the highest honours. He served as tutor from 1795 to 1796. He became professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the University of North Carolina, Battle Hill, in 1797. He was chosen president in 1804. He died on January 27, 1835. Judge Batde, in his history of the University of North Carolina, page 411, says : "His death brought grief to the officers and alumni of the University, and to the friends of education and enlightened progress throughout the land. He had stood by the cradle of the University, had worked for it through its infancy to the strong manhood ; had been the most potent factor in placing it on the highest table-land of the Southern insdtutions. He had lived to see its pupils in all positions of usefulness and honor throughout our Southland, and he had their pro- found admiration. He had won the position of educational headship in our State. He was the recognized authority on matters connected with mathematical and astronomical questions. "Dr. Caldwell was a man brave and strong, of tireless energy, a i99:\ HOBART CORRESPONDENCE scholar vet a man of action, stern in discipline yet of kindlv heart, a true Christian, firm in his Presbyterian convictions, but never intoler- ant towards others, a preacher fervent and forcible, a teacher patient and inspiring." [ From Joseph Warren Scott ] Nassau Hall, Princeton November 15 th 94 My Dear Friend YOURS of the 10th Inst. I received on ttiesday, and re- ceived more satisfaction than I can express to you, in the perusal of it. Forsyth also received one last evening, and read to me a clause from it, which he said was addressed to both of us. Though this intimate correspondence affords a great deal of pleasure, yet your immediate presence would give me more than I can possibly expeft from an epistolary cor- respondence. Your advice, my Dear Friend, I assure you is always acceptable, because I know it is always good; yet I cannot divine why you are so urgent with us about keeping the door shut, while on other things you are almost silent. I am apprehensive you think we have a great many intruders, and in this I wish to undecieve you, (because I know that everything which is proper and which we do right gives you pleasure) At first the students came in great nuinbers, but our refusing admittance to so many daily, occasioned a com- plaint against us, but we persisted in what you had taught us, and what we thought of ourselves, was right; and by so doing freed ourselves from a great many visitors that we did not want. The conduft that (I mentioned in my last) I meant to pursue, towards the college in general and to my fellow- whigs in particular ( provided it met with your approbation ) I mean still pursue, untill I hear otherwise from you. [ 100 ] JOSEPH WARREN SCOTT The return of Mr. Smith I wait with impatience; I hope it will not be more than three or four days, and that you will be here in a week at farthest. It is hardly fair to tell tales; but to day a circumstance took place which I am sure will make you smile; a composition was read by Mr. Parrot defining the exa6l difference between instinft and reason, a subjeft to which he of all others I should suppose, is least competent, after reading the introduction to it, he said it was too long and he would not read it. I must also complain a little on Robert about copying of old minutes; he has not written a word untill this afternoon, but for the future I hope he will do better, you must not lash him too severely, I believe I am almost as much in fault as he is, for not telling him more frequently. My fingers are so cold that I can hardly write any more I remain and wish ever to remain your sincere and affe6tionate Friend Joseph Warren Scott N B. I shall expe6l a letter very shortly, and a long one too. Superscription : Mr. John Henry Hobart, No. 79 Walnut Street, Philadelphia ANNOTATIONS Joseph Parrot. Joseph Parrot, a member of the class of 1795, College of New Jersey. Robert Smith. The allusion is to Robert Smith, the brother-in-law of Mr. Hobart. He was then in western Pennsylvania with the First City Troop of Philadelphia, in which he was an officer. This was part of the force sent to quell the Whiskey Insurrection. His absence made it neces- sary for Mr. Hobart to remain in Philadelphia. [McFicAw's Early Years, p. 94.] I 101 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From Joseph Warren Scott ] Nassau Hall Princeton November 17 My Dear Friend WHAT melancholy tidings does this bear? It is the death of our Good & worthy president. On Saturday evening in his chair, this good old met, the common enemy of man, with joy and cheerfulness. And why should he not? It would would set a final period to trouble and suffering, and land him in that haven of eternal peace, which is the reward of his labors, and his fidelity to his Master's trust. Full of days and full of honors, this venerable sage left us to deplore his loss as a father and prote6lor, but he has also left us an example, truly worthy to be imitated. To morrow his body is to be committed to the silent grave. Doctor Smith I believe is to pronounce his funeral sermon, no doubt it will be a moving and a feeling discourse My Dear Friend, I must really ask you why you negle6l to write to me ; you know nothing gives me more pleasure ; when I cannot see you, and why then voluntarily rob me of so much happiness. This is but a short letter, but it is almost prayer time and therefore I have not time to continue it I remain My Dear Hobart your Friend, & to continue so Joseph Warren Scott. Superscription : M" John H. Hobart, No. 79 Walnut Street, Philadelphia Single Endorsement : M'? Joseph W. Scott, Princeton, Nov' 17'.'' 1794 C 102 J JOSEPH ^^^\RREN SCOTT ANNOTATIONS John Wither spoo7i. John, a son of the Rev. James and Elizabeth (Welsh) Witherspoon, was born in Yester Parish, Scotland, on February 5, 1722. Upon his mother's side, he was linealh' descended from John Knox, the re- former. He was prepared for college, and studied at the University of Edinburgh when its faculty Avas composed of men of great learning and brilliance ; among them were Dr. Hugh Blair, Dr. John Erskine, Dr. John Henry, Professor Alexander Carlyle, and Dr. William Rob- ertson. He early displayed a great aptitude for a practical knowledge of theology, and commenced to Avrite upon the points then in contro- versy among the Scottish divines. In 1744 he was ordained for the parish of Beith, where he remained thirteen years. With all his learn- ing he was a true minister to the poor, needy, and sick. His parish- ioners found in him a wise counsellor and a sympathizing friend. By his contributions to the theological literature of the day, and especially against the party known as "the moderates," he added to his repu- tation. In 1757 he became minister of the important town of Paisley. His ability ^yas recognized in 1764 by the University of Aberdeen, \vhich conferred on him the degree of Doctor in Divinity. Upon the death of Dr. Samuel Finley, the fourth president of the College of New Jersey, in 1766, Dr. Witherspoon was elected to the vacancy. The urgency of his friends and parishioners induced him to decline, but when in 1768 the invitation was renewed, he felt com- pelled to accept it and leave his native land. He came to America at a time of excitement in both Church and State. The effects of the great awakening under the preaching of Whitefield and the teaching of Wesley had its effect even upon the conservative Presbyterians. The colonies ^vere beginning to discover, under the irritation of the stamp tax and its repeal, the onerous exactions of the British Ministry and to consider the principles of true British liberty. A lover of ecclesiasti- cal freedom, a follower of logical conclusions from incontestable pre- mises. Dr. Witherspoon favoured the cause of America. New Jersey was thoroughly in earnest in her opposition, and William Livingston, the opponent of the establishment of King's College and of an Ameri- can Episcopate, afterward governor of New Jersey from 1 776 to 1 790, was an intimate friend and associate in the steps leading to complete HOBART CORRESPONDENCE independence of England. By his pen, by his eloquent addresses, and by his persuasive influence Dr. Witherspoon was a powerful aid in the cause of liberty. With all his attention to the stirring events of the day, he was yet the keen and careful overseer of the education of those ^vho flocked to Nassau Hall from all parts of the colonies. He found time for active political work, and in 1776 was elected a member of the New Jersey Congress, and bv that body appointed, in June, 1776, with Richard Stockton, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, and Abraham Clark, dele- gates to the Continental Congress which met in Philadelphia. These delegates were instructed to act in regard to the independence of the colonies, "as their judgements should dictate." The story of the ' ' Declaration of Independence ' ' from the resolution of Richard Henry Lee on June 7, 1776, the appointment of a representative committee on June 1 1 to consider the preparation of a draft of a Declaration , its consideration by the Congress on July 1 and follo\\ing days, and its formal adoption on July 4, need not be repeated here. Upon that great document, now carefully guarded in a special safe in the State Department, may be seen the firm signature of President Wither- spoon. He continued to sit in Congress during the greater portion of the Revolution, resigning in 1782. While he was absent, Professor Samuel Stanhope Smith ably supplied his place. In 1790 the burden of years came upon the venerable scholar, and he commenced to grow blind. The warm esteem of his colleagues, the attentions of his many friends and admirers, cheered his declining days, and he had the satisfaction of seeing Nassau Hall constantly gaining in numbers and reputation. Its faculty and its students were an enthusiastic and pro- gressive body. He died on November 15, 1794. He was sincerely mourned as a scholar, patriot, and Christian teacher by all who knew his worth and excellence. Dr. Witherspoon's chief works are: Ecclesiastical Characteristics, 1753 Essay on Justification, 1756 Inquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Stage, 1757 Essay on Regeneration, 1764 Essay on Independent Subjects, three volumes, 1764 A complete edition of his ' ' Works ' ' was published in Philadelphia in [ 104 ] JOSEPH WARREN SCOTT 1803. Another edition in nine volumes was published in Edinburgh in 1815. Samuel Stanhope Smith. Dr. Samuel Stanhope Smith became president of the College of New Jersey on the death of Dr. John Witherspoon in November, 1794. He was the son of the Rev. Robert and Elizabeth (Blair) Smith, and was born at Pequa, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, on March 16, 1750. His father taught a Latin academy, at which he was prepared for college. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1764, and assisted his father in the conduct of the academy. In 1770 he was made tutor in the classics and belles-lettres at his Alma Mater. In 1773, after completing his course in theology and being licensed to preach, he went on a missionary tour in western Virginia. With the desire to retain Mr. Smith in that region, a college was founded in Prince Edward County, under the name of Hampden Sidney Col- lege, in 1776. Mr. Smith became its first president and the pastor of the Church which he had gathered in the college settlement. In 1779 he returned to Princeton as professor of moral philosophy. During the absence of Dr. Witherspoon and Professor Houston at the sessions of Congress of the United States he was acting presi- dent. In 1783 he organized a theological class, out of which grew the Princeton Theological Seminary. His great ability, wide know- ledge, especially the discoveries that were being made in what were then called the natural sciences, made him a man of wide reputation, and one of the most progressive college officers of the period. As a preacher and theologian, he was justly considered the peer of any in the country. In 1786 he was entrusted with the formation of a plan of government for the Presbyterian Church. After his elevation to the presidency of the college, in 1795, he introduced the study of chem- istry, and commenced the formation of a cabinet of natural history. To the successive classes he was helpful and paternal. With Mr. Hobart he formed a close intimacy. He resigned his presidency in 1812. He died on August 21, 1819, in the seventieth year of his age. c 105 : HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [From Joseph Warren Scott] Nassau Hall Princeton Nov 27 th 94 My Dear Friend IN what manner to apologize for my great negle6l in writ- ing to one, who has ever shown towards me a respedl far beyond what I deserve, and to whom I have every reason to believe my letters are always acceptable I know not; espe- cialy as I consi — you as one for whom I ought, and I hope I do feel a tie stronger than that alone which worth can inspire; but when I plainly see that a friendship for me, is united with a degree of merit and real worth, that would do honor to a more experienced man; I feel proud of such a friend, and at the same time am conscious that it is, and no doubt will be an honor to me in whatever situation I am placed by Provi- dence. I have been expedling you daily and therefore delayed my writing till the present time: indeed I suppose that if I were not to write that would be no hindrance to you, for you may well know, that even if I do not write to you frequently (as I confess I have negle6led to do) my thoughts are often times employed with you, often do I anticipate the time when I shall see you again, and know that you vdll live with me; my great satisfaction that feel arising from this source, I cannot describe to you ; leave it to me only to conceive. For- syth just now received a letter from you, I read in his counte- nance marks of pleasure, which could not fail of producing the same sensations in me though arising from a differ- ent cause. I received a letter from Terhune a few days ago; he is now at Gravesend reading geography and history; he did intend spending the winter at P^ but the result of his consideration on the subjedl was that he would alternately stay at New- York and Long-Island. He expe6ls that you C 106 2 JOSEPH WARREN SCOTT will write him immediately, dire6ling your letters to Graves- end. I must study at my lesson, for that I cannot put ofF therefore I bid you good night after subscribing myself your Sincere Friend Joseph Warren Scott P 8 I am in so much of a hurry that you must pardon all errors. I was just in Mr Caldwell's room, and told him that I was going to write to you, he requested me to present you his re- spe6ls with the following message viz. If you are coming, be expeditious, or otherwise we will not have a sufficient barrier against infidelity, which is spreading its dominion far and wide: This stroke I apprehend is meant for me, he knows that I have been reading Hume, and is frequently giveing me sharp strokes about my belief. I have said that reading the above- named (I thought) rendered any person less bigotted; Cald- well from this supposes that I believe all that said by Hume. Mr Finley is often questioning me about your coming when it will be, he seems impatiently expecting it. I am your afFeftionate Friend Warren. Superscription: M". John Henry Hobart, No. 79 Walnut Street, Philadelphia ANNOTATION Fashmiable Infidelity. The infidelity so fashionable at this time, with other importations from \ France and Italy, appears to have made much less impression upon the students and professors at Princeton than elsewhere. The read- ing of the essavs of the famous Scotch philosopher, David Hume (born at Edinburgh in 1711 ; died, 1776), was considered essential to the education of a gendeman in certain parts of the countrv. The accu- c 107 : HOB.VRT CORRESPONDENCE sation against Thomas Jefferson and other Virginia statesmen that they were atheists m as based largely upon their avowed admiration of Hume and others who had abandoned the Christian religion. It was also said that the first Bishop of Virginia, Dr. James Madison, was much influenced by Hume and his followers. [ From Joseph AVarren Scoit ] Nassau Hall Princeton Dec 4''' My Dear Friend I JUST now received your inexplicable letter of the 3*^ mst by Dickson; and was much surprized to read a clause in it, which respdls your writing to me; "Hitherto my letters " have been so long, I am afraid you were tired reading them. "A word to the wise is sufficient. Good bye. j. h. h. and again "Since you have so much pleasure from my letters "to Forsyth, it will be unnecessary to write to you." What means all this.^ If you could ever doubt of the truth of my pro- fessions to you I would not wonder at it. However all your letter I can understand better than that which relates to in- fidelity. I mentioned the conversation between Caldwell and myself. I thought I might mention it to you in trust the lec- tures that I received from Caldwell on account of my read- ing Hunie: and the reason why I continued reading because I thought it made me more candid in judgement. When you come, I shall have a better opportunity of shew- ing that I am in no way related to infidelity, only that I am not bigotted. That part of your letter which relates to my studies I shall en- deavour to profitfrom in future ; although to keep my thoughts at home would be disagreeable to my feelings. Playing shinney will be dispensed with on my part with the C 108 ] JOSEPH W.\RREN SCOTT greatest pleasure to take in its place avery agreable substitute. I am your Sincere Friend Joseph Warren Scott "A word to the wise is sufficient." This part of your letter I cannot pass over without asking why you wish to ridicule me in my own eyes. The mail is closed or nearly time to. Superscription: M». John H. Hobart, No 79 Walnut Street, Philadelphia Endorsement : M*. Jos: Warren Scott. December 4*. 1794 ANNOTATION John M. Dickso7i. John M. Dickson was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1794. [ From Joseph Warren Scott ] New Brunswic April 28 My Dear Friend YOURS of the 25th just came to hand, by what means it has been delayed I know not but so it is. I am much surprised to hear that you have heard nothing from Forsyth since he left you ; he passed through this place, the day after he left you, on his way to N. York, he then said that he would write to you the next day he proposed returning about this time but I am apprehensive the charms of the city will not permit him to depart so soon, especially as he experts that you will go to Philadelphia so soon. To your enquiries respe6ling my reading in the vacation if I answer not so much as you would have expefted you can C 109 '} HOBART CORRESPONDENCE yourself find out a good excuse for me I have read more at the request of my sisters than for any thing else they have been reading Coxes Switzerland and insisted that I should read it for them instead of Goquet, but on the next library day I shall take out Goquet. Next week I shall visit N. York in company with Mama & one of my sisters I shall certainly visit Skinner. I am in a hurry the mail is just closed Adieu your Friend sincerely Jos War Scott No superscription. Endorsement in Bishop Hobarfs handwriting: April zS"". 1795. ANNOTATION William Coxe. William Coxe was born in London in 1747. He studied at Cambridge University, and in 1768 became a fellow of King's College. He was an historical student, and spent some years on the Continent gather- ing material for several of his books. Upon his return to England he was made rector of Bemerton, which it will be remembered ^\'as the parish of holy George Herbert. In 1808 he was appointed Archdeacon of Wilts. For seven years before his death he was totally blind. He died at Bemerton in 1828. He wrote many books, which were widely read. Among the more important are: Sketch of the National, Civil and Political State of Switzerland, 1779 Travels in Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, 1784 Travels in Switzerland, 1789 Histories of the House of Austria and of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon Private Correspondence of Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury, 1821 Memoirs of Marlborough, Walpole, and Henry Pelham Literary Life and Select Works of Bishop Stillingfleet C 110 J JAMES ROBERTSON [ From James Robertson ] Philadelphia July i6, 1795. Dear John, I Received your letter of the 7'^. inst. with a copy of your Diploma which you desire me to get written for you. I have given it to M^ Lewis who I think will do it better than any person I know of in the city. I should have written to you sooner, but at the time I received your letter I expected Rob^ would have gone to New York in a day or two after ; and when his going was put off, I expected by this time your Diploma would be finished when I could also send it by him. M'. Lewis writes in one of the public offices, and this month being the be- ginning of a quarter when they have more business than com- mon in the public offices he has not had much time to spare. Besides, the weather has been so very warm, that he could not write so well as he seems desirous the Diploma should be done. I have however no but but that it will be done by the end of the week ; and as opportunities between this City and New York are frequent, you may expe6l it very soon: proba- bly in the course of next week. You need make no apology for anythingyou want done which I can do for you in this city : as I shall be so far from consider- ing it troublesome, that I shall take a pleasure in doing it. There is very little business doing now as is usual at this season of the year. — M^ Mitchell left us about a month ago, which has thrown some additional business on my hands. I shall however, have leisure to write to you occasionally, and I expe6l you will do the same: as I shall always receive as much pleasure from hearing from you, as you can do from my letters, even altho' I have the advantage of you in point of information, of both foreign and domestic affairs. [ 111 ] HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE I hope you have not forgotten that before you left the city you mentioned that you expefted to visit Philad^ in the course of the Summer, and that nothing has occured to prevent you. I would be much pleased with it; as I flatter myself I would have more of your company than I could have at the time you usually come here, as at that time, we are generally in the midst of business. The conditional ratification of the Treaty between this coun- try and Great Britain, excited, as was expedled, the fury of the Democrats to the highest pitch; and by their clamour, and misrepresentations of it, a great number of well disposed citizens were so far imposed upon as to join in the outcry against it. For two or three days you could hear nothing but the most violent declaiming, how prejudicial it would be to the United States ; accompanied with shameful abuse of the Senate and M'. Jay. And after all, the fennent was raised by men who from their situation could not possibly be afFedled by the treaty whether it be favourable or unfavourable to the U. S. and besides they are men who do not understand it; and of course are unable to form a right judgement of it. It is not an easy matter to examine it properly so as fully to understand it; and to know the precise relation which existed between the country on every article; which, however, is necessary to be done before any impartial man could give his opinion either on the one side or the other. But the real cause of the noise raised by the Democrats was distin6l from the merits or demerits of the Treaty: one of the parties is Great Britain, and they knew how easy it would be by mis- representing a few of the articles of the treaty, to inlist the passions of the people on their side and by that means throw some odium on the officers of Government. There can be now doubt of this, when we refle6l who the men are, and JAMES ROBERTSON what is their situation in life. It is remarkable, that altho' several attempts were made in different places to procure a petition to the President and Senate against the Treaty, that the only place where they succeeded was in New Jersey, which of all the States in the Union can have the least interest in it. It has always been my opinion from the first time I saw it, that, if G. B. should accede to the condition on which the Senate have recommended to the President to ratify it, it would on the whole be advantageous to the United States; and I am pursuaded that as soon as the ferment is over (and it subsides faster than the most sanguine friends of the treaty could have expe6led ) the people will view the Treaty in a dif- ferent light; and that all who are well disposed, will come to the very rational conclusion that it is as favourable as could be obtained. It would be easy to shew that not one of the ob- jedlions which have been made to it are solid; and that they will only apply to theerronious constru61:ions which the writers and their friends have put upon the different articles. M^ Jay had not the fixing of the terms of the Treaty; and altho' he is certainly a man of great talents, he had men equal to him to negotiate with. Whatever some people would have us believe of the integrity of the British Ministry, they are doubtless men of great abilities and experience, perhaps superiour to any in the world; and from such as them, it could not be expedled that any favours would be granted to the United States with- out something which they considered as equivilent granted to them in return. I suppose you have heard in what manner the treaty was made public. Such condu6l does not do much credit to those who were concerned in it; and it will throw some light upon M^ Mason's charadler when we hear of his sending the Treaty to a printer for publication in violation of a positive HOBART CORRESPONDENCE resolution of the Senate passed a few days before it broke up. The report you heard of a few worthless fellows burning M^ Jay's Effegy here on the 4 July, altho not without founda- tion, was very little noticed; as there were so few concerned in it, and was conduced so quietly. It was at Kensington be- tween eleven and twelve o'clock at night. Ab'. 6 or 7 of the lighthorsemen heard of it, and very imprudently went to dis- perse them; as it was very improper for them to go without any authority, in their military capacity, when the rabble, however deserving of punishment, had behaved so quietly, as not to authorize any interference of that kind. Had a sufficient number of them gone as individuals, or any other persons and given the fellows a good horsewhipping, I should have been glad, as such attempts have a tendency to lessen the regard which people ought to have for their pub- lic officers so long as they are officers and condu6l themselves with propriety. I have written so much that I am fearfull you will not have patience to finish this letter; but I must trust to your indul- gence. The subscription for Gary's edition of Guthrie's Geography was closed three or four weeks ago, and the price advanced to 16 doll''^ Please to remember me to M'. Forsyth, and be- lieve me to be, my dear John, Yours affefty James Robertson. Superscription: M". John H. Hobart, Princeton. ANNOTATIONS John Lewis. John Lewis was a scrivener. He lived at No. 121 North Fifth Street, Philadelphia. C 114 J JAMES ROBERTSON Edward Mitchell. Mr. Mitchell was afterward clerk to William Cobbett. See note before his letter of May 14, 1798. Ratification of Treaty with Great Britain. The work of Judge Jay in England had been one of peculiar delicacy and difficulty. Few, even among the more liberal, had any cordial re- gard for the United States. The losses of the Revolutionary contest Mere still felt. It was only by firmness, gentle persistency, and pro- found diplomacy that he could secure terms which would be accepted at all in this country. The negotiations were long, the questions discussed intricate. Fi- nally, the British negotiators and Judge Jay came to an agreement, and on November 19, 1794, the treaty was signed. It was sent in duplicate on two different vessels. The ships made very slow passages, and it was not until after Congress had adjourned that a copy reached Philadelphia, and was, on March 7, 1795, placed by Mr. Randolph, Secretary of State, in the hands of the President. The Senate was at once summoned to meet in special session, and on June 8 twenty-four members were in their places and the treaty was submitted. Action was taken in secret and no copy of the treaty made public. This aroused the ire of the Republicans, who abused Judge Jay as an aristocrat who had sold himself for British gold. When it was learned that he had kissed the queen's hand, a writer in "The Oracle " said : "He kissed the queen's hand, and with that kiss betrayed away the rights of man and the liberty of America." On July 4 the effigy of Mr. Jay was burned in Philadelphia. It was placed erect on the platform of a pillory. An iron rod was put into the right hand ; a copy of Swift's speech on British depredation, in the left, with these mottoes on the cover: "AVwzo repente turpissimus,'''' and " A^o« deficit alter.'''' By a hempen cord was suspended from the neck John Adams' "Defence of the Constitution," with this line from Ovid : '''' Scriberejussit aunan.'''' After seven hours it was taken down, guillotined, the clothes set on fire, and the body, which was filled with gunpowder, blown to fragments. When the articles of the treaty and provisional ratification by the Senate, on June 24, by a strict party vote, were made known in an underhand manner, the howl of rage was increased, and in everv part HOBART CORRESPONDENCE of the country were public meetings, burnings of the treaty, abuse of all Federalists, and even slurs upon the fair fame of Washington. The hesitation of the President in affixing his signature and the earnest remonstrances of jVIr. Randolph against signing without modification, did not allay the excitement. The substance of the treaty was published in "The Aurora" on June 29, from the notes of one who had seen the treaty and had written down what he could remember, and then sent it to the editor, Benjamin Franklin Bache. Stevens Thomson Mason, a Senator from Virginia, read the summary, and then sent a copy of the treatv in full with a note as to the actual terms of the document. Mr. Bache put the note and the treaty in pamphlet form on July 1, and it was soon in the hands of the people from Maine to Georgia. "The chief features of the treaty may be briefly summed up : Pay for the negroes carried oflby Carleton was not provided for ; the right of search was not renounced; the claim of Americans to a fair share of the British West Indian trade was not allowed ; no American trader could enter a port of Bermuda, or St. Kitts, or St. Eustatia, or of an island of the Caribbean sea, subject to the British crown, on a ship of more than seventy tons. He could not go to any of the harbors, nor sail up any of the rivers, nor trade at any of the ports of Canada, or Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick, or of the territory o^vned by the company of Hudson's Bay; yet British ships were free to come into any haven of the United States and sail up any river to the highest entry port. One board of commissioners was to determine the eastern boundary-line of Maine ; another was to determine the amount of British debts. These damages the United States was to pay. A third was to estimate the losses inflicted on American merchants by the illegal capture of their ships by English privateers and men-of-war. These damages England was to pay. On the first of June, 1796, the frontier posts on Lake Champlain, at Oswegatchie and Oswego, Niagara, Detroit, and Michilimackinac, were all to be surrendered. Murderers and forgers were mutually to be given up, the rights of privateers were prescribed, a list of contraband foods was given, and the treatment of armed ships clearly laid down. It was provided that debts should not be sequestered ; that the merchants of the one na- tion should be suffered to hold lands and houses in the domain of the other ; and that the first ten articles of the treaty should last for- ever. The remaining eighteen, the twelfth alone excepted, were to be C 116 ] JAMES ROBERTSON in force for twelve years. The t\\-elfth A\as to expire in two years from the day on which the war with France should end. It related to the West Indian trade." [McMasfer's Bisto/y, vol. ii, pp. 245, 246.] Stevens Thomson Mason. Stevens Thomson Mason was born in Chapawansick, Virginia, in 1760. His father \\as Judge Thomson Mason of the old Virginia family. He was educated at William and Mary College ; he was a volunteer aide to General Washington, and was ultimately made brig- adier-general of the Virginia Militia. He served in the Virginia House of Burgesses and as a delegate to the State Constitutional Conven- tion. Upon the resignation of James Monroe to accept the mission to France, Mr. Mason w as chosen in May, 1794, to fill the vacancy from Virginia in the United States Senate. In 1797 he was elected for the full term, which expired March 4, 1803. He died at Phila- delphia on May 10, 1803. Matthew Carey. Matthe\\' Carey was born in Ireland in 1760. At the age of twenty- four he emigrated to Philadelphia, and opened a bookstore. His cour- tesy, knowledge of books, and sound literary taste at once gained for him a large patronage. He soon commenced publishing books of value, largely reprints. He encouraged American talent, however, and aided many authors to gain a hearing by his extensive connection both in the United States and Europe. Many original productions of Ameri- can authors were published in his monthly magazine, ' ' The American Museum," one of the earliest magazines in the country. Another of his enterprises was an edition of the Holy Bible. His business increased rapidly, and was soon the largest in the country. In 1835 he retired from active life. His son, Henry Clarke Carey, then became the head of the firm, which was then Carey, Lea & Blanchard. Mr. Matthew Carey died in 1839, in the seventy-ninth year of his age. Mr. Carey occasionally advertised Guthrie's Geography in the news- papers of Philadelphia. His announcement in Dunlap's "American Daily Advertiser " reads : ' ' This day is published by Matthew Carey, No. 118 Market Street, the Fourteenth Number of Guthrie's Geo- graphy, improved. Embellished with a large sheet map of Germany and S^vitzerland. This valuable work will contain, exclusive of the HOBART CORRESPONDENCE maps in the London Edition of 1 792, Maps of Ne\\' Hampshire, Mas- sachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, A^ermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, and the seat of the present War. The subscription for the work will be continued open at the present rate of Twelve Dollars till the First Day of November next; after which it will be raised to Fourteen Dollars." William Guthrie. William Guthrie was born at Brechan, Forfarshire, Scotland, in 1708. He was graduated from King's College, Aberdeen. When a young man he \\ ent to London. Here he became a writer of political pamphlets, historical studies, and other Morks for ^hich there was a demand. His life was laborious and industrious. In 1770 he pub- lished "A Historical and Geographical Grammar," which was long considered the standard work on geography. The twenty-fourth edi- tion was published in 1827. His "History of England," in three vol- umes, published from 1744 to 1750, was very popular. He died in March, 1770. Henry Clarke Carey. His son, Henry Clarke, was distinguished as one of the earliest writ- ers upon political economy, and was soon recognized as an authority on the subject. He retired from business entirely and gave all his time to presenting in every possible wa}-, in pamphlet, magazine, lectures, and debates, the theories of government, finance, and political science, that he thought correct. He died on October 13, 1879. [ From James Robertson ] PhUadelphia August 5"'. 1795. Dear John, YOUR Diploma is at last finished after so many delays; and I think it is very well done. I have sent it, and a small btmdle from your mama, by my Brother, who I know JAMES ROBERTSON will take care to deliver them to you. He expedled to return to New York sooner, but had to go to Baltimore before he could finish the business he came upon. There has a great deal of rain fallen within these eight days. The creeks in the neighbourhood of the City have been higher than they ever were, within the recolle6lion of the oldest in- habitants. Most of the bridges and the mill-dams which were on them, were carried away; which will be a heavy loss to many individuals, as well as to the public. M'. & M'^ Smith returned from the Sea-Shore last friday evening, which was sooner than they expe61:ed when they left this. It however turns out to be very fortunate: for had they not left the Sea-Shore at the time they did, they would have had to stay during the wet weather, which would have been very unpleasant. I have read with much pleasure your letter by M^ Smith. The late town meetings in New York and this city relative to the treaty seemed only a revival of the clamour which was raised against it on its first publication. The successful pro- ceedings of a certain party in Boston, on the same business, made a like step here, advisable. However, all these meetings as you observe, be their decisions what they may, can have no efFe6l on the opinion of sensible and candid men. And I believe that the treaty is generally approved of by people of that description thro' every part of the Union. Some of its friends have come forward in the New York papers in its vin- dication, and I think they place it in such a light that altho' their arguments may not convince the opponents of the treaty, they will go near to silence them , so far as to prevent their attempting to reason against it. The Democrats have in gen- eral a shorter, and easier way of opposing any public measure, than reasoning. HOBART CORRESPONDENCE It was matter of surprise to members here that Do6l. Shippen made his appearance as chairman at the late town meeting. Popularity must have been his only motive. The respe6lable part of the Committee which was appointed were not at the meeting, and it was probably done without their knowledge. I intended to have written to you more fully, but I have been a good deal engaged, and my Brother is waiting. I am D'. John Your Atfe6l>. James Robertson. Superscription : M". John H. Hobart, Princeton. By R. Robertson. ANNOTATIONS William Shippen. William, son of Dr. William and Susannah (Harrison) Shippen, was born December 21, 1736, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He ^\as graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1754. He studied medi- cine under his father, who was a well-known and successful physi- cian, from 1754 to 1758. He then went to England and continued his studies in London under Dr. John and Dr. William Hunter, and Dr. MacKenzie, and then proceeded to the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated with the degree of doctor of medicine in 1761. He returned in 1762 to Philadelphia, where he lectured on anatomy to twehe students, and soon had in addition an extensive practice as a physician. He was one of the organizers of the Medical School of the College of Philadelphia, in which he was professor of anatomy and surgery from 1765 to 1780. On July 15, 1776, he became head surgeon to the flying camp of the Revolutionary Army. On April 11, 1777, he was elected by Congress, director-general of the militarj' hospitals. He resigned, on January 9, 1781, after having been accused, tried, and acquitted of dishonesty by a court-martial. In 1778 he succeeded his father as physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital and served for one vear. He [ 120 ] JAMES ROBERTSON resumed that duty in 1791, and continued in charge until 1802. From 1780 to 1790 he w as professor of anatomy, surgery, and midwifery, in the Medical Department of the University- of Pennsylvania. From 1791 to 1806 he confined himself to anatomy. He was a member, curator, and secretary of the American Philosophical Society, a trus- tee of the College of New Jersey, and an honourary member of the Massachusetts Medical Society. He died at Germantown, Pennsyl- vania, on July 11, 1808. Robert Robertson. Robert, a son of John and Margaret Robertson, was born near Fal- kirk, Scodand, February 16, 1774. He came to New York when a boy and was taken into the family of his uncle, Alexander Robertson, a successful merchant and a brother-in-law of Robert Smith. After- wards he was a clerk for Mr. Smith in Philadelphia and became a prosperous merchant. [ 121 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From John Johnson Savrs ] New-Ark August 14'^' 1795 Dear Sir, I HAVE been debating with myself whether I should make an apology for not writing to you before & upon mature consideration I thought it was unnecessary & perhaps would be deemed trifling. I shall therefore only intreat you not to impute my negle6l to want of friendship, but put the most favorable constru6lion on it you can. I was much pleased when I was informed that you had begun the study of Divinity; not only because it is held in contempt by the generality of young men; but because I was convinced that your engaging manners would also promote the interest of religion, which I believe has suffered more from the moroseness & gloomi- ness of some of its professors than any other cause, or per- haps every other combined. As you are fixed at Princeton not among churcliinen I shall be glad if you will inform me what your sentiments are respe6ling Presbyterian Ordination, Gov- ernment & the Validity of their ordinances. By this I can de- termine if you are sound, as I hold myself quite orthodox. In return I will send you mine. I shall therefore leave all till I hear from you, & then you may expe6l a few pages if you comply with my request. I remain yours affedtionately John J. Sayrs N.B. The first letter in a "j correspondence must always > be short. j Superscription : M" John Hobart, Student of Divinity, Prince-Ton. JAMES ROBERTSON [ From James Robertson ] Philadelphia August 24, 179;. Dear John, A LTHO' I expert to have the pleasure soon of seeing ,Z~\. you here, I have thought it best to inform you that I have paid M'. Heberton 51/. in order that, if you think proper you may settle it with your friend before you leave Princeton. I have not heard with certainty whether your Brother has suffered by the late rains; but I am inclined to think he has not as M'. Smith has had two letters from him lately, in neither of which does he say anything about the rains, which I think he would have done, had he been a sufferer by them. There are no news here worth communicating. M'. RandolphT has resigned the office of Secretary of State ; and many reasons are assigned for it, the greater part of which, I dare say, never occured to himself. I believe him to be a man whose intentions are good ; but as his abilities are not of the first rate, his re- signation is the less to be regretted. I have understood that he is very deficient in firmness, a necessary qualification for a public officer, and it is not improbable that the clamour which was raised against the treaty had too much influence upon him . It is said that M^ Rutledge who, opposed the Treaty with so much violence at the meeting in Charlestown, has changed his opinion since his appointment to be Chief Justice ; and that at the meeting of the judges, which the President called the day before he signed the treaty, M'. R. did not only not oppose the signing of it; but joined in opinion with the other judges, C 123 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE that the President ought to sign it. This is a striking instance of the influence of good company. I am, my dear John, AfFedlionately yours, James Robertson Superscription: M". John H. Hobart, Princeton. ANNOTATIONS George Heherton. George Heberton was a merchant living at No. 15 South Second Street, Philadelphia. Edmund Randolph. Edmund, a son of John Randolph, was born in Williamsburg, Vir- ginia, on August 10, 1753. He was graduated from the College of William and Mary, and then studied law with his father, who was the King's attorney. His father fled to England in 1775, but he re- mained in Virginia. Washington took him into his own family, and made him an aide-de-camp on August 15, 1775. The sudden death of his Uncle Peyton compelled his return home, and he became a member of the committee of 1776, which passed the bill of rights and a constitution for Virginia. Under the new con- stitution he was elected mayor of Williamsburg, and served as attor- ney-general of the state. He was delegate to the Continental Congress from 1779 to 1782, and served on the committee of foreign affairs. He was a commissioner from Virginia to the Annapolis Convention, and in that body urged the calling by Congress of a Constitutional Convention. From 1786 to 1788 he was governor of Virginia. In 1787 he was a leader in the Virginia delegation to the Constitutional Convention, as that body \vas first called, which drew up the pres- ent Consdtution of the United States. Certain popular features of that instrument as drafted he vigorously opposed, particularly, a single executive — preferring a commission — the vice-presidency, the equality of state representation in the Senate ; but having made his protest in the convention, he advocated at the Virginia Convention the C 124 ] JAMES ROBERTSON adoption of the Constitution by that state. In 1788 he resigned as gov- ernor to become a member of the Assembly, that he might take part in codifying the laws ; much of the work a\ as done by him. The code was published in 1794. He was made Attorney -General in the Cabi- net of President Washington on September 27, 1789. On June 2, 1794, he succeeded Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State. When Mr. Jay's treaty was imder consideration by the Cabinet after its rati- fication by the Senate, Mr. Randolph opposed vehemently the sign- ing of it by the President unless the clause allowing right of search of neutral ships was revoked. His arguments were strong, and the President promised to withhold his signature. In the meantime, an intercepted despatch of the French Minister, M. Fauchet, had been sent to Mr. Hammond, the British Minis- ter. In it the Secretary of State was spoken of in slighting terms. It was declared that he was purchasable. The Minister at once brought the despatch to Washington, who, without consultation with the sec- retary, signed the treaty. He then sent for Mr. Randolph. It is said that this is one of the few occasions when Washington showed anger, although outwardly calm. Without attempting any defence, or ex- plaining the hostility of M. Fauchet to himself, Mr. Randolph at once resigned. He then A\ent to Newport, where the recalled Minister was waiting for a vessel to France, and obtained from him a full withdrawal of the charge. He occupied his time in writing his "Vindication," ■which \\as published in December, 1795. It is gratifying to know that in 1888, nearly a century later, a despatch written by Fauchet was found in Paris, which completely vindicated the integrity of Mr. Ran- dolph, and disproved the charge of engaging in intrigues. He returned to Richmond and resumed his law practice. He was counsel for Aaron Burr when on trial for conspiracy and treason, in 1807. A claim by the government for forty-nine thousand dollars ($49,000) of sums placed in his hands to defray the expenses of foreign intercourse, after repeated trials and arbitrations, was sustained, and he was compelled to sell his land and negroes. He died in Clark County, Virginia, on September 13, 1813. Joh7i Rut/edge. John, a son of Dr. John Rutledge, was born at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1739. He studied law at the Inner Temple, London. He C 125 ] HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE returned to his native city in 1761, where he practised extensively. In 1764 he was attornej'-general of the province. He was a member of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777, and again from 1782 to 1783. He was a member of the Pro\incial Assembly of South Caro- lina. He was chairman of the committee that framed the Constitution of 1776. On March 21, 1776, he was elected president of the Pro- vincial Government and commander-in-chief of the militia. His mili- tary foresight was shown in his plans for the fortification of Charles- ton and holding the post on Sullivan Island against the rumoured in- vasion of Sir Henrv Clinton and Commodore Parker. In March, 1778, disapproving changes made in the state consti- tution, he resigned. By a unanimous vote of the legislature, he was elected governor in 1779, and served until 1782. He was in command of the militia which opposed General Augustine Prevost in May, 1779. When Sir Henry Clinton took Charleston on May 12, 1779, he went to North Carolina, but used every eflbrt to relieve the city, and aided General Gates and General Greene in reorganizing the army. On May 21, 1784, he was elected state chancellor, and sat in the Constitutional Convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. He was a delegate from South Carolina to the convention which in 1789 elected a president and vice-president, receiving six electoral votes. On September 20, 1789, he was appointed an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He resigned in 1791 and became chief justice of South Carolina. In 1795 he was appointed chief justice of the United States. He presided at the August session of the court, but the Senate, when his name was presented on De- cember 15, 1795, did not confirm him. In the same month his mind began to fail. He died at Charleston, on July 23, 1800. C 126 ] ABR.\HAM SKINNER, SR. ABR,\R.\M Skixxer was a lawyer of high reputation in the citv Sm, of Xew York, in the closing years of the eighteenth and the first quarter of the nineteenth centuries. His home was in Jamaica until 1794, when he removed to New York. He was a \estr\Tnan of Grace Church, Jamaica, and a liberal subscriber to the support of the parish and on special occasions, as extant subscription lists show. He died in New York Citv in 1826. [ From Abr.a.ham Skixxer, Sr. ] My Dear Hob art, HOW shall I begin this sad Epistle, I must, I must begin it, and be thou prepared to read — My darling Bov, my Virtuous i\bram is now no more. The Church Yard con- tains his Body, and his pious Soul took its flight with this mornmg's dawn to Regions of happiness and Peace. Y'es, my friend, his Race tho' short is run, and he is gone I hope to meet his merciful God. O! sad lesson, bitter cup, how shall I swallow it — I will — I will bow submissive to him who cannot err, who gave to me, and who has taken from me, blessed be his holy Name. Teach me, O gracious God, to bear my affliction, support and strengthen me, and make me sensible of my dependence on thee. But amidst this direful Confussion and distress what a Con- solation, that he had his reason ahnost to the last, and even in his lucid intervals, very shortly before his dissolution his expressions and Ejaculations exhibited strong proofs of his Resignation to the Will of heaven and a firm reliance on his God thro' the merits of a blessed Redeemer. Let these things C 127 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE my friend Comfort you and learn by his fate to be always ready, we know not the hour. Be up and doing. Your Letter of the first of Septemb': he received on his death bed it was read by him to his Mother, but the hivitation came too late. You have our blessings for the Benevolence it con- tains, and tho my Child is dead, I know his Memory will Survive. I know he had a place in Your heart, and I know that it will not be efi^aced, adieu Hobart, farewell my friend — Remember my Abram — Says Y^ affli6led but real friend Ab':' Skinner not the younger, but who was once his father. New York, 6^]" Sept. 1795 Sunday morning 9 o'clock A.M. On opening his Desk this morning. The first thing that pre- sented itself to me was this enclosed Scrap. I am induced to think it was a part of a Letter intended for you. Keep the Essay — tis his last. If ever you come this way. Come to me and let me embrace my dear Childs friend. He was taken ill on Tuesday night the first day of Sept^ and died on Sunday morns at 4 o'Clock, the &^ Sept. Write me Hobart, It will Console me, it will give his Mother some ease. Pardon me for not sending you the Essay above Alluded to, his Mother Cannot spare it yet. I will however preserve it for you. Superscription: M'! John Henry Hobart, at Princeton. C 128 ] ABR.\HAM SKINNER, SR. Endorsement in Bishop Hobart^s handwriting: Abraham Skinner Esq: New York, Sepr 6"^ 1795. Containing information of the death o{his so?i,tny dearestjriend, who was first united to me in the bonds of a close friendship in the summer of 1793, at Princeton College. I did not receive this letter at Frankford till the 14''^ Sept' the day I entered on my ig'*^ year, melancholy birthday. But I had previously ( 10''' inst. ) seen acco' of the distressing event in a newspaper. I write down these circumstances from a wish to preserve on a tablet more durable than memory everything relating to this melancholy event. L 129 3 HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From Joseph Warren Scott ] Philadelphia Sep'. 1 6'*' -9 5 My Friend YOU will no doubt be surprised to find that I am here without calling on you at Princeton and perhaps will be still more so when I tell this is the second time I have been in Philadelphia since I left you. The business of my Uncle with whom I came was such that we were obliged to come a road higher up in the country than the common one & could not come to Princeton. Before I left Brunswic I sent my oration to Do(5li Smith which, I will thank you, to get of him & sent to Brunswic directing it to My Sister Hannah Remember me to Forsyth Pendleton & McMullan I am still your sincere Friend Joseph Warren Scott Supencription: Mr John Henry Hobart, Princeton Single ANNOTATIONS Hannah Scott. The reference is to Hannah, the eldest daughter of Dr. Moses and Anna (Johnson) Scott. She was born at New Brunswick, New Jersey, about 1778. She never married. Her father was a physician of high distinction in the state, with a large practice. During the Revolution he served as surgeon-general of the New Jersey forces, and director- general of military hospitals. In 1777 he was made by Congress senior physician and surgeon of the hospitals and assistant director- general. He resumed his practice after the war, and died at New Brunswick in 1821, in his eighty-third year. C 130 J JOSEPH ^\\\RREN SCOTT Robert Marshal/ Forsyth. For notice see page 93. Philip Clayt07i Pendleto7i. Philip Clayton Pendleton was graduated from the College of New Jer- sey in the class of 1796. He studied law, attained eminence, and be- came United States District Judge for the District of West Virginia. He died in 1863. French F. MacMullen. French F. MacMullen was graduated from the College of New Jer- sey in the class of 1796. He studied law, and practised at Dover, in his native state of Delaw are. c 131 : HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE [ From James Robertson ] D^ John, THE board of Health at a meeting last evening gave permission to the proprietors of the different stages to send them to N. Y. &c with passengers. As I knew you were very desirous to go to Princeton, I went early this morning to engage a seat for you ; but it was so late before it was known what the board of Health had done, that none of the Stages were in readiness. I understand the Commencement is to mor- row, and you are doubtless desirous to be at Princeton at that time; I think it would be advisable for you to go in the Stage which leaves this city at i o'clock this evening. You would reach Princeton by breakfast time. The road is now very good, and as it would be moonlight, there can be no danger; and you can take as many cloaths with you as will keep you perfe6lly comfortable. However should you prefer going in the morn- ings Stage you can inform me by Robert. I shall engage a seat for you in any of them which you desire ; and if you want anything done in the city, I shall chearfuUy attend to it. I shall expe6t to hear from you soon after you get to Prince- ton; and as often while you are there, as your convenience will admit of. Perhaps it would be best for me to pay for your seat when I engage it, as it would probably prevent a disappointment. I am, D'. John, Yours, Tuesday morning. James Robertson. Superscription: M". John H. Hobart. Endorsement : M". [ames Robertson, Sept'. 1795. I 132 "] ABRAHAM SKINNER, SR. [ From Abraham Skinner, Sr. ] HOW much am I obliged by your aft'e6lionate and very pathetic Letter. It speaks the effusions of a benevolent Heart, and Convinces me of your friendly and afteftionate par- ticipation in our real distress ; since the receipt of your Letter which is the only one I have rec'*. since the death of my dear Boy, we have abandoned our distressed Dwelling & fled to this place where we have found an Asylum from the dread- ful Contagion but not from the Wretchedness Occasioned by our sad Misfortune, No Hobart, no time, no Change, can eradi- cate the remembrance of the sad Catastrophe. Yet why do I reason thus, why Do I complain Twas the Will of Heaven, 'twas right. It was the fiat of the Just Ruler of the Universe and to his Will If I do not Chearfully Submit, I coolly and Calmly resign, and with unfeigned thanks, Cry Lord, thy Will be done. He was not mine, he was too good for such a World and lived as he died, prepared for Death, and fitted for a glori- ous immortality. I am as well Satisfied of this, as I wish to be, for but a few Minutes before his Exit ( sensible Calm & Serene, ) he gave me proofs of his Willingness to depart, and his last Accents breathed a Submission to the Will of heaven. It seems but as of Yesterday that he departed, indeed I can hardly yet believe it true that my Darling Boy is no more; Methinks I now see him in the bloom of Youth, Afie6lionate, Dutiful, Striving to please. Conversing with his beloved Parents Striv- ing to please them, soothing their Cares, advising his Sister & his Brothers, benevolent to the Domestics, and possessing his Wonted Philanthropy, Oh! tis not so, 'twas once, twill never be so again. The Confines of a Sick Room, and the pifture of him in his last Moments, is now impossible for me to draw, let me therefore postpone it till our first Interview in NYork, C 133 J HOBART CORRESPONDENCE I will then tell you more tlian I can now W" rite, I will Stray with you to his Grave and whilst we Drop the parental the friendly Tear over his Tomb, I will my friend say what I wish, — May Heaven Bless you in Your pursuits, in this Life and May God Almighty of his infinite Mercy & goodness receive you hereafter, with the JoyfuU Sound of " Well done thou " good & faithful Servant enter thou into the Joys of thy Lord. Adieu, I can write no more Ab'^ Skinner October '*'14— 1795 Superscription: M? John Henry Hobart, at Princetovvn C 134 H JAMES ROBERTSON [ From James Robertson ] Philadelphia Oftober 19. 1795. My dear John, I HAVE been so much engaged in the store for these two weeks past that I really have not been able to spare as much time as to write to you. The most of the vessels from Europe with the fall goods have arrived about the same time, which has kept me more constantly employed than is usual, even at this season of the year. After being busy in the store all day, and so many things to engage one's attention, I have always felt very little disposed, even when I had a little time to spare in the evening, to employ it in writing letters. This however, is the first evening I have been disengaged since the goods arrived. M'. S. & Robert and myself have gener-l ally been in the store generally untill the middle of the night j Fortunately this is not always the case, or the dry goods busi- ness, tho' profitable, would be a very unpleasant one. I expeft in the course of three or four weeks, the hurry of the busi- ness will be over when I shall have more leisure, & shall employ part of it in writing to you. I had not heard before I received your letter, of the change that has taken place in your prospers at Princeton. The situ- ation you expefted is in some respefts desirable, and would no doubt have been attended with some advantages. But I think you did perfe6lly right not to interfere with the former Tutor, when you found him inclined to continue in the office. It is some satisfa6f ion however, that by remaining in a private capacity, you will be free from that anxiety of mind you would have felt had you been in the office, and avoid many morti- fications to which you would have been exposed. I was much pleased to hear that during the vacation you C 135 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE were not in the least lonesome. I imagine it is the best time for study to those who have a strong inclination for it; for altho' when there is much company about the College it may be more agreeable, yet one is oftener interrupted, and find it more difficult to fix his attention on any pursuit. I hear from New York frequently — my Brother, and all M"^ Robertsons family have remained in the city, and have enjoyed a good state of health. The disorder has not spread tiirough the city so much nor has it been so dangerous, as has been gen- erally believed. The greatest number of deaths have always been confined to those who lived in small houses in confined parts of the city, & who did not pay that attention to clean- liness, either in their food or houses, which ought to be done everywhere, and especially in large cities. The disorder has been for some days much the same, and I expe6l the present cool weather will soon put an entire stop to it. The Drft you sent on ]n)l Ross for ?400 was due this day; but will not be paid untill thursday ; as every Drft of that na- ture, the acceptor of it has, what is called three days of grace. I shall if possible send the amo'. by thursdays post; but should I not receive the money in time for that day, you may rely on it, on the following. The bearer of this take a small bundle from your Mama — I shall expe6l to hear from you often, & remain My dear John, Yours aftedl'y James Robertson. Superscription : M". John H. Hobart, Princeton. Favoured by "1 M! Gaston, j annotations Former Tutor. The tutors in the College of New Jersey in 1795 were Robert Finlev C 136 j JAMES ROBERTSON and David English. The allusion is to Robert Finley, who during that year was succeeded b_v Joseph Caldwell. John Ross. The reference is probably to John, a son of Thomas and Jane (Chap- man) Ross. He was born at Solebury, Bucks Countv, Pennsylvania, on February 24, 1770. He studied law with his cousin, Thomas Ross of Westchester, and in 1792 was admitted to the bar. He served in the state legislature in 1800. He \\"as a member of the United States Congress from 1809 to 1811, and again from 1815 to 1818. In 1818 he became president-judge of the Seventh Judicial District. In 1831 he was made a supreme court judge. In 1795 he married Mary Jen- kins, who, in 1777, had presented the first American flag to Wash- ington. Mr. Ross died at Easton, Pennsylvania, on Januarv 31, 1834. There was also a John Ross, a merchant, in business at No. 22 Pine Street, Philadelphia. William Gaston. William, a son of Dr. Alexander and Margaret (Sharpe) Gaston, was born at Newbern, North Carolina, on September 19, 1778. His fa- ther, a native of Ireland and of Huguenot descent, was a graduate in medicine of the University of Edinburgh, and became a surgeon in the British navy. In 1775 he resigned and emigrated to North Caro- lina. He uas shot in a most dastardly manner by a band of Tories who visited Newbern in 1781 . Mrs. Gaston was shielding her husband from their attack by standing in front of him, and aiming high over her head, the}' shot and killed him. Their son was brought up and edticated by the mother until 1791, when he was sent to the college at Georgetown, District of Columbia. Ill health caused him to return home after eighteen months. After a course at Newbern Academy, he entered the junior class of the Col- lege of New Jersey, and was graduated with honours in 1796. After a course in law he was admitted to the bar in 1798. He was admitted to the state senate in 1800. He then served in the House of Com- mons, and became in 1808 Speaker of the House. He was from 1802 to 1844 a trustee of the University of North Carolina, and from 1817 a member of the American Philosophical Society. In 1809 he was a Federalist presidential elector. From 1813 to 1817 he was a repre- C 137 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE sentative in tlie United States Congress. From 1818 to 1833 he was frequently a state senator and representative. He was elected in 1833 justice of the supreme court of the State of North Carolina. In 1835 he was a member of the state Constitutional Con\ention. So wide- spread was his fame as a jurist that he received from the College of New Jersey, Har\ard College, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of the City of New York, the degree of doctor of laws. He declined an election as United States Senator, and remained a supreme court justice until his death at Raleigh, North Carolina, on January 23, 1844. [ From James Robertson ] Philad. Oftober 23. 1795. My dear John, I Enclose to you four hundred Dollars, being the amount of theDrft you sent me on John Ross. The notes are agreeable to the mem. you sent except three of 1 20. in place of 2 of ^30. It will not, I suppose, make any difference to you. The Bank U. S. do not at present issue any notes of ^30, having lately de- tedled some counterfeits of thatsum. As they are well executed, it will be prudent, should you receive any, to be on your guard. I continue to be much engaged in the store; and as you have a little knowledge of the bustle which is usual at this season, I know that you will excuse the shortness of this letter. I am with much affe6lion Yours James Robertson. 2 Notes 1 100 — $200 2 50 — 100 3 — " 20 — 60 4 — " 10 — 40 ■ $400 Superscription : M". John H. Hobart, Princeton. JOHN CONRAD OTTO [ From John Conrad Otto ] Philadelphia Oftober 25th 1795 My dear Hobart I Received yours of the 16''' Inst, and find in it that frank- ness so congenial to friendship. From our intimacy and the very nature of a correspondence, it is presumable that the greatest freedom of exchange of sentiments will prevail. Formality has nothing to do with a glow of the heart, there is no connexion between them. Impressed always with this idea, my letters will at least, have the merit of containing the effusions of the moment. My correspondence has always been in this situation ; and whenever it should become necessary to put myself under restraint in writing, at that moment I cease to write. My attachments formed during my collegiate studies, will certainly remain through life. A similarity of minds, man- ners, pursuits &c so interwove my affe6tions with others as to render them fixed. Yes! you may rest assured that there shall be the greatest freedom in intercourse, and that my fondness for you still and ever will remain. It is true, there is but little variety in the scenes of a college life, but a partiality for that mode of life and a fondness for Whig-hall will make a relation of the least change highly interesting and agree- able. A lapse of three years has had no influence in abating the warmth of my feelings for a place from which I have received so much pleasure, and I will add improvement. Retrospe6l affords too many agreeable and vivid scenes to render me in- different. Besides Princeton is the residence of my brothers and of some of my most valued friends. Association is con- stantly placing me there, and making one of an happy circle in conversation, or a zealous member of Whig-hall. I refledl with pleasure upon what is past; but it is repressed by the C 139 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE recolle61:ion that such scenes will never be renewed. Alas ! We shall never again assemble in happy converse in our room. White, Harris, McRee, the Burnetts, Chetwood, Maxwell &c. Was there ever a more pleasing society? I am sure college never knew so large an one so much attached to each other. At least during my residence there nothing of the like kind existed. There was truly a generous emulation in our class, entirely devoid of those little mean jealousies and bickerings that charadlerized some others. The distance of some of our friends should prompt the others to increase the ties of affec- tion for each other. There is an heart-felt satisfaftion and confidence attending the exchange of sentiments with my old college friends that I cannot experience towards others. In a place like this, the metropolis of the United States, a per- son might reasonably expe6l a sufficiency of matter highly interesting, to be able at any time to fill up a letter. There is to those who are engaged in the great world of business and politics; but these things seldom reach me who gently glides down a medical stream. When a great political event happens, that involves the happiness of Europe or my own country, it is impossible not to know it and feel. As a good republican and citizen of the world I become interested. If a relation of such events will give you worldly sensations in your recluse situ- ation, you shall occasionally have them. Your mind must be interested for the temporal welfare of mankind, and to know their state is the first step to afford rational aid. I ought to be a politician to verify the adage upon our profession, but I make no pretentions to the charafter. Nor do I trouble myself any further with politics than having a share in conversation when they happen to be the subjed: of it. In general I am cool and perhaps rather indifferent considering I am at that age in which the "passions \^torn'] perpetual storm," but there are times I 140 2 JOHN CONR.\D OTTO and occasions upon which it is impossible to be silent or cool, if we have but common feelings, but particularly if we have the feelings of rational and free men. Yes I consider there are times in which silence and inadlion shew want of patriotism. You will please to get White' diploma signed, sealed &c and by transmitting to me the charge, I will reimburse you. My compliments to my friends, particularly to Jacob Burnet. I have had a bilious fever almost ever since I left you. Yours sincerely John. C. Otto — M" John H. Hob art — Superscription : M"* John H Hobart, Princeton M' Guion's^ • . Politeness J ANNOTATIONS Alexander White. Alexander White was a member of the class of 1 792, College of New Jersey. Among the college papers and essays preser\ed in his Corre- spondence is the Latin Sakitatorv Oration delivered by Alexander White, at the Commencement at Nassau Hall, 1792. Harris. The Harris referred to may be either Thomas R. Harris. Thomas R. Harris was a member of the class of 1788, College of Ne\\" Jersey. He studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Or Israel Harris. Israel, a son of Dr. Harris of Pittsgrove, Salem County, New Jer- sey, was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1790. He studied law and practised in Somerset County, NeA\' Jersey. He died young. [ 141 J HOBART CORRESPONDENCE McRee. " McRee' ' cannot be identified. He probably took only a partial course. It is unlikely that he could be James McRee of the class of 1775, who entered the ministry, spent his life principally in North Carolina, and died March 28, 1840. Jacob Burnet. For notice see page 21. George JVhiteJield Burtiet. For notice see page 22. William Chetwood. William Chetwood, of the class of 1792, was a member of a distin- guished family of Elizabeth town, New Jersey, closely connected with the Daytons and Chandlers. He \\as a jurist by profession and a repre- sentative in Congress. He died on December 18, 1857. George Clifford Maxwell. George C. Maxwell was graduated in 1792. He studied law, and was admitted attorney at the May term in 1797, and was reporter of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, from 1811 to 1813. He died at Flemington, New Jersey. White's Diploma. This refers to Alexander White, who is noticed on page 141. Isaac Lee Giiion. Isaac Lee Guion ^vas graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1796. C 142 ] JOHN JOHNSON SAYRS [ From John Johnson Sayrs J New-Ark November 7'!; 1795. Sir, AS a Good opportunity offers I could not without being JTjL Guilty of Great negleft omit writing a few lines in answer to your long & friendly letter. To apologize for my past negle6l & present brevity I conceive needless. I have passed my examination before the Standing Committee & ob- tained a testimonial. In conversation you frequently testified your disapprobation of the method of preaching made use of by our Clergy & you have again mentioned it in your letter. I disapprove also of too much of it, but I think that when Sin- ners are awakened from a view of their ingratitude & the mercy & long suffering of God, their repentance is more Gen- uine than that which arises merely from a contemplation of his Justice & power & a fear of future misery. Indeed the Last cannot be termed Genuine. The Service that is the efl^e6l of a slavish fear cannot be called reasonable. Repentance does not solely consist in Sorrow for Sin, nor Confession of it; But it imports a change of Manners, with a firm pursuasion that our sincere endeavours in future will be kindly received, & our former Sins pardoned. The man who forsakes Sin, not because it is offensive to this Creator, & detestable in itself, but because it will eventually lead him to misery, cannot be said to have that Godly sorrow, which worketh repentance unto Salvation. The sorrow of Judas was of this kind. He found that matters had grown so desperate that there was no probable appearance of Christs' escaping the malice of the Jews ; perhaps also he recolledled the predictions of the Lord, concerning the man who should betray him. These & probably other reflexions working together with that Confusion which Fear & Guilt C 143 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE usually create, composed what is termed his repentance. It resulted from a principle of self-preservation, without sense of the Villainy of the A61:. These are the reasons why I dislike that enthusiastic manner of preacher altogether used by that illiterate se6l called Methodists. Mankind in General will not be driven; but are more fond of pursuasion, & you can easily Judge whether the attribute of Justice or mercy in the Deity is most agreeable to us. Both are necessary & Love & fear ought to be Joined together. Fear says M"". Walker is necessary to keep God in the eye; it is the office of Love to enthrone him in the heart. Fear avoids what may offend; love yields a prompt & liberal service. Fear regards God as a witness & a Judge love cleaves to him as a father. Fear makes us watchful & Circum- spe6l,love renders us a<5live and resolute. Lovekeeps fear from being servile and Distrustful ; & fear keeps Love from being forward & secure. Whether Do you suppose the Do6lrine of Predestination, or universal salvation has been most hurtful. The one has a tendency to drive men to despair, & to raise in their minds frightful ideas concerning the Almighty ; the others to lull them into security & by making them rely too much upon his Goodness, to negledl to perfeft holiness in his fear. If a person beleives either & in consequence of that belief leads a Vicious Life; it is evident that he is not influenced by Love but fear. If he beleives the former dodlrine he thinks that the Decree is fixed, & he cannot reverse it; & that he shall be either happy or miserable as it is determined by that. But if it is the Latter, they think that the punishment will be pro- portioned to the Crime & that it will not be eternal & they will rather suffer it than be deprived of their pleasures here. I be- leive that the punishment will be proportioned to the Crime; but that it will be eternal also. The infinite majesty of an offended God adds I think an infinite evil to sin, & therefore C 144 D JOHN JOHNSON SAYRS exposes the sinner to infinite punishment, but as the limited nature of the creature can only bear a finite Degree of misery, the Duration must be infinite, & the Creature he ever paying a Debt which he will never Discharge. I could say much more but am afraid that your Patience is already exhausted. I shall conclude by requesting you to write soon & not to be as dila- tory as I have been. Compliments to M^ Forsyth & all other acquaintances. Your sincere friend John J. Sayrs No superscription. Endorsement in Hobari's hand: John J. Sayrs, 1795. ANNOTATION John Walker. John Walker, a native of Devonshire, graduated from Exeter College, Oxford, in 1699. He became rector of St. Mary the More, Exeter. He died about 1730. His most famous work is an account of the suf- ferings of the clergy who were sequestered in the Grand Rebellion. It was called forth by Calamy's abridgement of the Life of Mr. Bax- ter, in which is the "particular account of the Clergy ejected by the Act of Uniformity." Neal wrote his "History of the Puritans" in answer to it. Dr. Calamy also published a Reply. [ 145 3 HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From Joseph Warren Scott ] New-Brunswic Sunday morning Dear Friend MR. William Phillips the bearer informing me that he intended to go to college this fall for the sophomore class & at the same time requesting some kind of an introduc- tion to some of the most respe6lable in college, I thought no one so proper as yourself to write to on such an occasion. You will find him a person of considerable infonnation, but rather diffident of himself; he is of an amiable disposition but I fear, unless he has a friendly monitor & is introduced into good company, that he may be drawn away by the force of bad example. If you will find him a room mate, I mean a good one, you will do a good office to one who is much indebted to you & is your sincere friend J Warren Scott N B. Shew this letter to Forsyth, tell him that I very often think of him, of the happy hours we have spent together & in vain wish them to return. I am here surrounded by a great deal of company but hardly feel a disposition to go into any except it be when some friend comes here. I shall once more lay claim to your correspondence though I see you have entirely forgotten me, but Hobart whatever has been my condu6l, whatever my appearance, be assured, I never have suffered a diminution of that affe6lion which you know I once cherished for you. Tell Forsyth to write me. Adieu J. W. Scott Superscription: M^ John Henry Hobart, At the College, Princeton JOSEPH WARREN SCOTT Mr Phillips If M"^ Hobart be not at P. M' Rob. M. Forsyth is requested to take this & open it. j. w. s. Endorsement: M? Jos^ W. Scott, Bnmswic, Nov'. 1795. ANNOTATION William Phillips. Mr. Phillips evidenth' did not carry out his intention, or pursued only a partial course. His name is not among the alumni of the College of New Jersey. I 147 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From James Robertson ] Philad. Deem. 1st. 1795 Dear John I MUST once more beg that you will excuse me for the shortness of this letter after my long silence. I did not receive your letter of the 21 Ult° untill yesterday enclosing 1 100 N'f and as I am desirous you should have the small Notes for it as soon as possible, I shall send them by this days mail, which will close very soon. Your kind enquiry after my situation as it is anotlier instance among many of your friendship for me, gives me sincere plea- sure; and I regret that I did not inform you sooner, what I am persuaded will be pleasing to you, that I am to continue in M' Smith's family. M^ S. mentioned that the only objec- tion to my staying was the washing of my cloths etc. by giv- ing so much more labour to the servants; and that as I could get that done out of the house, it was perfe6lly agreeable that 1 should stay. This I chearfully agreed to. There is not so much business doing now, as for these two months past, altho', I shall never be without some employ- ment, yet as I shall not always be engaged in the evening, I shall write occassionally to you, and must conclude at present by assuring you that I expe6l to have the pleasure of doing it very soon again. I am, D: John Affe6ly Yours James Robertson. 2 Notes |20 — $40 6 do. — 10. — 60 $100 [ 148 : JAMES ROBERTSON M' Randolph's vindication is not yet published; when it is, I shall send it to you. Superscription : M? John H. Hobart, Princeton. ANNOTATION Randolph's Findication. For note on Edmund Randolph and his "Vindication," seepage 124. C 149 D HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From John Conrad Otto ] Philadelphia Jany 17th 1796 My dear Hobart, SINCE you were here there has not been one new occur- rence in my life of any importance. As my sphere of a6lion is very limited, each day is a pidlure of the next. Politics have so little relation with my present pursuits that I almost entirely negle6l them, except in that degree, in which my being a citi- zen of the world would induce me to pay some regard to its present and future state. But the papers are so barren of for- eign intelligence, that however strong my disposition should be to give you information, it would be impossible for me to comply. Some person, I think it is the spe6lator, mentions that no news is the best of news ; for what is generally denomi- nated so is nothing but a series of calamities and evidences of human depravity. An account of universal peace in Europe would be new and grateful, and should it take place you shall be informed of it as soon as possible. The general condu6t of mankind almost induces the idea that war is the natural state of man. It was not so in the beginning, for all was peace and harmony; and I still hope to see the time when the disposi- tions of mankind will be as strong for peace as they at present are for war. Well-regulated republics are said to be favour- able to the cultivation of peace, and should this assertion be true, it requires no other evidence to me of the superiority of this species of government; for I consider war as one of the greatest of human evils. The true religion is certainly more conducive to the present happiness and harmony of society than any other. And D' Rush, in speaking of the influence of different kinds of government upon the health and longevity of people, gives the preference to ours. Its genius puts in ac- C 150 ] JOHN CONR.\D OTTO tion all the noble faculties of the mind, and tends to that equal- ity of fortune that prevents disease. The delicacy of feelings, that attends merit, is not injured and the body thrown into dis- ease mydisappointment; nor it thatgreat dissipations produced that is so distruftive to health. Addison discovered among the plates at a feast, indigestion. Apoplexy, dropsy &c, and our profession judges of the propriety and intrinsic merit of thing merely by its influence upon health, and you I suppose upon morals. There is a greater connexion between these than is generally imagined; and although our criteria are apparently different they are ultimately the same. You see that I must and will introduce egotism in my letters — for my part I know not how to fill one up without it. Tell our political brother George Burnett that an answer has been written to Ml^ Ran- dolph's pamphlet under the signature of Peter Porcupine. I have not read it. My dear Hobart I wish to trouble you fur- ther with regard to my brother Dan. It appears that he has an aversion to study Greek. I have written to him often upon the subjeft and gave him my reasons for his continuing it — please to enforce them by some of yours. He is constantly raising new obje6lions that take time to obviate, during which he is in a state of suspence and indolence. My compliments to my friends. Your sincere friend John C. Otto Mr John H. Hobart Superscription : Mr John H. Hobart, Princeton. Mr Neilson's"! Politeness f C 151 : HOBART CORRESPONDENCE ANNOTATIONS Benjamin Rush. For sketch of Dr. Benjamin Rush see page 234. Joseph Addison . Joseph Addison was born May 1, 1672. The first part of his career was devoted to politics, in which he played an important part, but his fame will always rest on the excellence of his literary work. His papers in ' ' The Spectator ' ' are models of English prose. He died June 17, 1719. George JVhitefield Burnet. For notice see page 22. Peter Porcupine (William Cobbett). For sketch see page 157. Daniel Otto. Daniel, the brother of John Conrad Otto, is not among the list of the alumni of Princeton, and, therefore, did not graduate. John Neilson. John Neilson, a native of New Brunswick, New Jersey, was gradu- ated from the College of New Jersey in 1793. He studied medicine, and removed to the city of New York, where he was for more than fifty years a physician of the highest reputation. He died in 1857. C 152 ] JAMES ROBERTSON [ From James Robertson ] Philadelphia Jan)' 21. 1796. Dear John, IT seems but a very short time since I left you at Prince- ton, tiio' if we calculate it is really not so. When a person is engaged in his customary employment, time passes away unnoticed; and with little remembrance of what has been done. This has been the case with myself. It was my intention to have written to you as soon as I returned, and send you the pamphlets you desired. But one delay always makes way for another. A disposition to procrastinate seems common to our nature, and I must acknowledge I have my share of it. Some occupations however, I think, have a greater tendency to en- courage it than others, and none more so than ours, except in the usual routine of the business. There are so many things to engage a person's attention even when he is not a6lively employed, that matters of a secondary concern are too much overlooked. The writing to you, my dear John, will not from inclination, be so with me. In my present situation, my prospers of worldly prosperity, under the smiles of providence, are flattering; but were I to consult my inclinations only, I would chearfuUy relinquish my prospers to pass a few years with you at Princeton. Such a way of life would be more congenial to my disposition, than the bustle, anxiety, and cares, which are unavoidable in our business. I am, however sensible that I ought not to indulge such thoughts; for, situated as I am they cannot be realized. It is too natural for us to be dissatisfied with our present condi- tion, without considering that every situation or calling in this world has its troubles and anxieties either real or imaginary : and it becomes us, to acquiesce in that situation which we have C 153 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE chosen for ourselves, or concurring circumstances have placed us in. I have understood that you have at last accepted the office which had frequently before been offered to you. It will I doubt not, be attended with some trouble and anxiety; but I expe6l they will be overbalanced by the advantages which you will derive from it. Any expe6lation you might have had, of ac- cepting the offer of D^ White, is I suppose entirely given up; and I have no doubt but what you have done wdll be more advantageous for you. I shall send this letter by the post to infomi you that I sent a small bundle for you, by a M^ Currie, who was to set off from the hidian Queen this morning. I desired him to leave it at the tavern. It contains two pamphlets you wanted; and another of P. Porcupines, written with the same ingenuity and humour as his former publications. He puts a constru6lion on M'. R. pamphlet which it will bear, and which it will be diffi- cult to answer. I have also sent you a treatise on Eloquence written by the Abbe Maury. It is a subjedt with which I am not much acquainted, and of course can give no opinion of the book from my own judgement. I was induced to send it to you from the high opinion I have of its author, who was acknowledged to be the most elequent man in France. While the French National Convention condu6led themselves with moderation, his influence there was great, — and when mat- ters were coming to crisis, he was considered as the chief support of the Party who favoured a limited Monarchy. To great talents he added an unblemished charafter which few of the higher orders of the French Clergy at that time sustained. There are no news here at present. Congress have as yet engaged of no matters of much importance. I shall expe61 to C 154 ] JAMES ROBERTSON hear from you soon; and am with much affeftion, my dear John, Yours, James Robertson Superscription: M". John H. Hobart, Princeton. ANNOTATIONS Office accepted by Mr. Hobart. The allusion is to the appointment of Mr. Hobart as a tutor in the College of New Jersey in the place of David English, who had ac- cepted the charge of the seminary at Basking Ridge, New Jerse}\ Bishop White's Offer. Bishop White's offer is not anywhere stated explicitlv. It is under- stood to have been his suggestion that Mr. Hobart study divinity with him, and then be made an assistant in the united parishes of Christ and St. Peter's Churches. Bishop White. William, a son of Colonel Thomas and Esther (Hewlings) White, was born in Philadelphia on March 26, 1748. He was educated in the Pre- parator}- School of the College of Philadelphia from his seventh year, under Ebenezer Kinnersley, a teacher of most remarkable excellence. Mr. Kinnersley's researches in electricity were invaluable, and led to Franklin's experiments, which, it is said, were suggested by him. The lad entered the grammar school under Paul Jackson at the age of ten, and was graduated from the college in 1765, in his eighteenth year. As he determined to studv for the holy ministry, he \\ent to England in 1770, visiting among his father's relatives, but having lodgings of his own in London. He made several excursions in various parts of England, and spent some time in Cambridge and Oxford. He was made deacon by the Bishop of Norwich, Dr. Philip Young, acting for the Bishop of London, on December 23, 1770, in the Chapel Royal, St. James Palace, Westminster. He was ordained priest in the Chapel of Fulham Palace on April 25, 1772, by the Bishop of London, the Rt. Rev. Dr. Terrick. C ^55 H HOBART CORRESPONDENCE He sailed for home in June, and with the Rev. Thomas Coombe became an assistant minister of the united churches of Christ and St. Peter's, Philadelphia, then under the rectorship of the Rev. Dr. Pe- ters. He was a firm upholder of the rights of the colonies, and on the Sunday immediately preceding the Declaration of Independence, he ceased to prav for the King and Royal Family. In September, 1777, he went with his family to the home of his brother-in-law, Aquila Hall, Harford County, Maryland, where he remained until he was elected chaplain of Congress, which, on the threatened occupation of Philadelphia by the British, had temporarily adjourned to meet again in Yorktown. Mr. White accepted the duty thus laid on him, and continued to serve alternately with the other chaplain, the Rev. Dr. Duffield of the Presbyterian Church, until the evacuation of Philadelphia in June, 1778. He served as chaplain by successive elections until the removal of the seat of government to Washington in 1801. Upon April 15, 1779, he was elected rector of the united parishes, and continued in that office during the remainder of his life. The measures taken under his guidance for the organization of the Church in Pennsylvania and throughout the middle and southern states, from the issue of his famous pamphlet on "The Case of the Episcopal Church Considered," in 1782, to the final consummation in the election and consecration of Dr. Provoost and himself in Lam- beth Palace Chapel on February 4, 1787, need, in this brief sketch, only be alluded to. He was a careful, patient, politic, and wise leader. To him and to Dr. Smith, the provost, is largely due the perma- nent union of the Church in 1789. His conduct of the diocese, his association in the larger affairs of the whole Church, is beyond all praise. The mild dignity and gentle- ness of this patriarch of the American Church can never be forgotten. He died in Philadelphia on July 17, 1836, in the eighty-ninth year of his age, and was buried in the churchyard of Christ Church. On December 23, 1870, in the presence of several of his descendants, his body was removed and was buried beneath the chancel of Christ Church. "A Mr. Currie." His identity cannot be positively ascertained. There were then living C ^56 J JAMES ROBERTSON in Philadelphia: Dr. William Currie, who was a well-known physi- cian, living at No. 39 Pine Street; Thomas Currie, who was a sea captain. His home was at No. 1 North Front Street ; Ai-chibald Currv, who was an inn-keeper on Vine Street, between Eighth and Ninth Streets ; and Samuel Curry, a shoemaker, living in W'agoner's Alley. The hidimi Queen. The Indian Queen was one of the ancient taverns of Philadelphia. It stood on South Fourth Street, above Chestnut, and had for its sign, in the days when signs were universal, the figure of an Indian woman of great dignity. It was at this time kept by a Mr. Francis. Manv" people of distinction in the city, and from all parts of the country, were its patrons. For some years Thomas Jefferson had a room in the south end of the building. It has been said that here that states- man wrote the draft of the Declaration of Independence ; but the careful annalist of Philadelphia, John F. Watson, having made an investigation, finds that Mr. Jefferson was then living in a new house belonging to the Hiltzheimer family, in Market Street. William Cobbett. William Cobbett, grandson of a farm labourer, and son of a small farmer, was born nearFarnham, Surrey, England, on March 9, 1766. As a boy he worked upon his father's farm, and at sixteen offered to enlist as a sailor in the navy at Portsmouth. In May, 1783, when seventeen, and on his way to Guilford Fair, he met the London coach, and suddenly resolved to go to that city. It is said that he arrived at Ludgate Hill with half a crown in his pocket. The kind- ness of an old gentleman whom he met in the coach, who took him to his own house and found employment for the young man as copy- ing clerk in an attorney's office, was never forgotten by Mr. Cobbett. The work was very distasteful, and early in 1784 he went to Chat- ham, with the design of enlisting in the marines, but through a mistake joined a regiment of the line. While in garrison at Chatham, he read the books of a circulat- ing library, and committed to memory Lowth's English Grammar. A\'hen the regiment, in the following year, was ordered to St. John, New Brunswick, his good conduct, correct method of speech, and attention to duty earned for him a oromotion to the office of corporal. HOBART CORRESPONDENCE While in New Brunswick he studied rhetoric, geometry, logic, and the theory of fortification. In 1791 he returned to England with the regiment, and received an honourable discharge, expressed in highly laudatory terms. About this time he married the daughter of a sergeant-major, who was in every way fitted to be his wife. In February, 1792, he went to France, and remained for six months, when he sailed for Philadelphia. Here he at once became a satirical pamphleteer, attacking Dr. Priestley, Thomas Paine, and the extreme sympathizers with France, the Democratic societies, under the name of Peter Porcupine. His style was brilliant, satirical, caustic. His paper, known as "Peter Porcupine's Gazette," at once attracted notice, and had a large circulation. He paid special attention to subjects of con- troversy. He delighted in arousing the ire of the Democrats and dis- playing his loyalty to his native land. His paper did efficient service for the Federalists, but he felt himself as free to criticise them as their opponents. He eked out his living by teaching English to the French refugees. Among his pupils at one time was Prince Talleyrand. For a gross attack upon Dr. Benjamin Rush, he was sued for libel. Finally he excited so much animosity that he returned to England in 1802. He was warmly welcomed by the Tories. He established himself in London, and issued "Peter Porcupine's Gazette" with the same characteristics as it had in America. Within a short time the name was changed to "The Weekly Political Register." In 1806 he origi- nated that standard record, "Debates in Parliament." His "Regis- ter," at first a Tory paper, in 1804 led an opposition to the go\ern- ment, and finally became the most radical paper in England. In 1817 he was induced by money troubles to return to America. He bought a farm near New York, which he cultivated profitably, for he was a real lover of nature and an excellent farmer. In 1819, when he returned to England, he emphasized his opinions by a curious act, the removal to England of the body of Thomas Paine, author of ' ' The Age of Reason," and "Common Sense." The incident is well told by that delightful writer on persons and places in old New York, an emi- nent physician, Dr. John W. Francis: "A singular coincidence led me to pay a visit to Cobbett, at his country seat, within a couple of miles of the city, on the island, on the very day that he had exhumed the bones of Paine, and shipped them for England. I will here repeat [ 158 ] JAMES ROBERTSON the words I used on a late occasion, and which Cobbett ga\ e utter- ance to at the friendly interview our party had with him. ' I have just performed a duty, gentlemen, which has been too long delayed : you have neglected too long the remains of Thomas Paine. I have done myself the honor to disinter his bones. I have removed them from New Rochelle. I have dug them up ; they are nou' on their way to England. When I myself return, I shall cause them to speak the common sense of the great man ; I shall gather together the people of Liverpool and Manchester in one assembly with those of London, and those bones will effect the reformation of England in Church and State.' " He continued to work, write, and propound his ideas upon his- tory, morals, and politics, both in volumes, and in the columns of his paper. In 1831 he was returned to Parliament for Oldham. This was the first Parliament under the Reform Bill. His career there was uneventful, except for his bitter attack upon Sir Robert Peel. He died at Normanby Farm, near Guilford, on June 18, 1835. Opinions as to him differ widely. All agree that he was a man who had the courage of his convictions, that he sincerely held at various times views which conflicted with those afterward maintained. That he was coarse and virulent seems to be acknowledged. That his books, which extended to more than fifty volumes, written in strong and for- cible English, had a great influence tipon his own generation must be admitted. Among them are: Porcupine's Works, in twelve volumes, 1801 English Grammar, 1818 History of the Reformation, 1824-1827 Woodlands, 1825 Advice to Young Men, 1830 Rural Rides Abbe Maury. Jean Siflfrein Maury was born at Valreas in the Department of Vau- cluse, France, on June 26, 1746. He was liberally educated. He com- pleted his course at Avignon and then went to Paris. He entered the priesthood, and soon gained the attention of the capital by his brilliance and eloquence. His eulogies upon the Dauphin, Charles V of France, St. Vincent de Paul, St. Louis, and other national heroes were rewarded by his appointment as Abbe of Frisade. In 1786 he C 159 ^ HOBART CORRESPONDENCE was made prior of Lihonen Santerre. He was sent by the neighbour- ing clergy as their representative to the States-General in 1789. Here he found his true place, for he was bold, vehement, and resourceful. He was a debater of great skill and logical power. His presence was imposing, his voice full, deep, and flexible. He was, with the possible exception of Mirabeau, the greatest orator in that assemblage of not- ables. He withdrew from public life at the dissolution of the Constitu- ent Assembly and thus gained the fa\our of the Pope. For his devotion to Louis XVI the Pope summoned him to Rome. He was consecrated as Archbishop of Nicaea in partibiis, and in 1794 he was made a cardinal. He was given a valuable living, and was sent as the Pope's nuncio to attend the coronation of the Emperor Francis II. In 1804 he returned to France and gave his allegiance to Napoleon Bonaparte, who appointed him grand almoner to his brother Jerome. In 1810 the Emperor appointed him Archbishop of Paris. This lost him the favour of the Pope. Upon the return of the Bourbons he fell into disgrace and was deprived of his honours. He died on May 11, 1817. He was a polished and able writer. His "Essai sur I'Eloquence de la Chaire," published in 1810 in two volumes, is considered one of the best books in the language. An edition of his " CEuvres Choisis " was published in five volumes in 1827. C 160 J DAVID ENGLISH DAVID, a son of Jonathan and Martha Elizabeth (Laird) Eng- lish was born at English To^\n, New Jersey, on April 23, 1769. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey with high honours. For tAvo years he took charge of an academy at Basking Ridge, New Jersey, which had been established by his friend the Rev. Robert Finley. In 1791 he went south and secured a position as tutor in the family of Mr. Taney, a wealth}- planter in Calvert Count}-, Mary- land. One of his pupils was Roger Brooke Taney, afterA\ ard chief justice of the United States. The chief justice remembered him with respect and admiration. Mr. English was tutor at Princeton from 1794 to 1796. He was capable, affable, and made firm friendships with many of the students. In 1796 he went to Georgetown, District of Columbia, which he made his home. Soon after his arrival, he commenced the publica- tion, in company with his friend Mr. Green, of a weekly newspaper, which he styled ' ' The Sentinel of Liberty. ' ' It had a prosperous career for several years. After engaging in mercantile pursuits, he m as made in 1811 cashier of the Union Bank, and continued in that position until its liquidation in 1840. Mr. English retained through his life his love of literature and the classics. He was a firm and consistent mem- ber and a ruling elder of the Presbyterian Church, now known as the Bridge Street Church. Mr. English married, on October 14, 1796, Lydia, a daughter of Nathaniel and Isabella (Anderson) Scudder. Her father was colonel of the First New Jersey Regiment in the Revolutionary War. No children were born to them. Mrs. English died March 26, 1800. He married for his second wife, April 7, 1801, Sarah Threlkeld, a daughter of the Rev. Joseph Threlkeld. Their children were: Lydia, born March 15, 1802; died unmarried. Jane Threlkeld, born October 3, 1803 ; died unmarried. Thomas B., born March 3, 1805 ; died June 25, 1812. Charles Greene, born October 10, 1806 ; married Martha Southall ; died February 12, 1872. John, born May 30, 1808 ; died October 31, 1809. Elizabeth A. Beall, born July 31, 1810; married Richard Hen- derson. C 161 n HOBART CORRESPONDENCE The third \\ife of David English was Lydia Ridgely (Perry), the widow of John Henderson, whom he married November 9, 1819. Their children were : Cornelia Washixgto.v, born October 26, 1820 ; died September 12, 1821. Robert Magruder, born September 27, 1824; died June 8, 1862, unmarried. Robert Magruder English, who was born in Georgetown, afterwards removed with his parents to Jefferson County, West Virginia. He was lieutenant of Company G, 2d Virginia Infantry, of the Stonewall Bri- gade ; he was badly woimded at the battle of Manassas, and killed at the battle of Port Republic. David English died on March 30, 1856, in the eighty-seventh year of his age. Chief Justice Taney says of him, after mentioning the tutor who pre- ceded him : " At the end of that time a new one Mas engaged, David English, Mho afterwards edited a paper in GeorgetOMn, and Mas for many years employed as an officer in one of the banks of that place. He Mas, I believe, a native of Ncm' Jersey, and had graduated at Princeton, and Mas in every respect a fortunate selection, for he M-as undoubtedly an accomplished scholar, and seemed to take great plea- sure in teaching us. At the end of the year he advised mj- father to send me at once to College, and encouraged him to do so by the very favourable accounts he gave of my progress. His advice Mas folloMed, and I Ment to Dickinson College, Carlisle, Mhen I Mas little more than fifteen years old. "I recall M'ith pleasure noM" the unMearied attention and kindness of my old preceptor Mhen I Mas under his care. He died a fcM years ago at an advanced age, and it is pleasant to remember the interest he took in my fortunes as long as he lived. He was residing in George- toMn, retired from business. When I Mas appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court I had not seen him for a great many years, but as soon as I Ment to Washington to take my seat on the bench, he came to see me, and M^e met one another full of old recollections and mutual kindness. "And da\- after day have I seen him take his seat on a bench outside of the bar in front of the court, M-ithout any business to bring him C 162 ] DAMD ENGLISH there or any interest in the case under argument, but solely, as it seemed to me, for the pleasure of seeing his old pupil presiding in that Court. I was sensibly touched by these tokens of enduring in- terest in my fortunes, and never failed to go up to him and converse with him for a few moments, whenever I saw him in Court, unless the engagements of the Court made it impracticable." {^Memoir of Roger B. Taney, by Samuel Tyler, p. 38.] Mr. English's third wife survived him. She died near Charles Town, West Virginia, November 8, 1859, in her seventy-seventh year. Lydia Scudder English, a daughter by his second wife, founded the Georgeto\\ n Female Academy. It was the largest school in the South, and pupils came from every part of the country. Upon her monument in Oak Hill Cemetery is this inscription : LVDIA SCUDDER ENGLISH BORN MARCH 15, 1 802. DIED FEBRUARY Z4, 1 866. SHE FOUNDED AND SUSTAINED A SEMINARY OF LEARNING FOR YOUNG LADIES, WHICH GAVE HER A NATIONAL REPUTATION. LEARNING, ENERGY, ZEAL, AND FIDELITY MARKED HER ACTIONS. HER MEMORY IS CHERISHED ALIKE BY RELA- TIVES AND FRIENDS. HER WELL SPENT CHRISTIAN LIFE IS HER MEMORIAL. THE CHARACTER OF THOSE SHE TRAINED IN VIRTUE AND KNOWLEDGE HER EULOGY. [ From David Knglish ] Baltimore Janv. 31. 1796 D^ Sir. I HAVE found it imprafticable to prepare on my journey the communications I had intended previous to my setting out. After the intimate & friendly terms on which we have so long had intercourse I feel a degree of anxiety that nothing on my part should ever prevent its continuing on the same footing thro' future life. I was detained after leaving you 5 or 6 days on my way to Phir. the principal reason of this delay was the badness of the roads. I called on M"'' Hobart a few minutes which I men- tioned in a letter to M"^ Caldwell. It was two Oclock on Sunday C 163 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE before I reached the city so that I attended only D' Green's afternoon sermon which indeed was a very masterly perform- ance. On Monday I attended in Congress Hall & in the Senate Chamber but there was no interesting business before either of them. Tuesday I entered the Stage for Wilmington & the travelling was so bad that we only got there about 6 Oclock in the evening the next day I came on by N. Castle to Chris- tiana where a cousin of mine resides, not being able to get a passage in the Baltimore Stage on Thursday morning, I went to an Ele6lion at N Castle to choose a State Senator one from that county being declared ineligible, the people considered it as an unnecessary & expensive affair & that there was an intention to put in a man in favour of the court party as they term it & therefore they turned out pretty strong ( 500 ) & re ele6led M"^ J James by a majority of 100 votes. Kinsey Johns an Attorney was the other candidate. I procured a horse at Christiana & left it on Friday after breakfast expefting to reach this last evening but I was prevented crossing the Sus- quehanna the first evening by the ice which had colle6ted on the shore there were three other persons in the same situation with myself. One a M"^ Denison late a merchant in Savanna or Augusta & who has lately purchased the farm which the Rev''. M"^ Ireland owned, he appears to have accumulated a very con- siderable fortune, he ownes several farms in the neighbour- hood of Phila. & one in Monmouth county, he was one of the original purchasers of the Georgia land but being displeased with proceedings relating to it he sold out for 14,000 Dol without having paid forward any money, he says he would have cleared 100,000 had he not sold out till this time. The Mail arrived at the ferry soon after Sunrise but we did not get over before noon. I stopped at Abingdon & took a view of the ruins of the College the walls are so much injured that C 164 J DAVID ENGLISH they will not be worth repairing, some part even of the out- side wall has fallen down. They seem very confident at that place that it was intentionally set on fire. I lodged 13 miles from this town & took breakfast before I ventured to ride it was so excessivily cold. The roads were extremely rough & I did not get here much before 1 2 Oclock. I went to hear D"^ Allison preach his discourse was very short & I then went to hear M"^ Bend & was there before his ser- mon commenced it was from " But here have [^torn oiiQ abid- ing city but we seek for one [^torn out']." It was a very ex- cellent piece of composition but it seemed to me that it was not entirely new yet I cannot be certain. I thou't he might have mended the manner of delivering it, he was not deficient in gesture, but the tone of voice was far from natural. Some gentlemen who are talking in the room where I write have just reminded me of an incident which was spoken of while I was in Phi^. D' Redman who Mas one of the judges of the Court for that distrift was detefted in the a61: of taking from a merchants drawer a bundle of Bank notes & the per- son after recovering the money kicked him out of the Shop. This is a very disagreeable occurrence to the connexions & he is removed from office & it has been said his wife has parted from him in consequence of this afi^air. Present my respefts to M' Caldwell D"^ Maclane M' Burnet &c if you write on thursday direft to S' Leonard Creek Cal- vert County & let me know how you like the new situation. I propose to leave this tomorrow morning. With esteem & regard I am your friend D English Superscription: M" John H Hobart, Princeton m HOBART CORRESPONDENCE ANNOTATIONS Ashbel Green. Ashbel, son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Pierson) Green, was born in Hanover, New Jersey, on July 6, 1762. He studied with his father. When sixteen he entered the New Jersey Militia, and served until 1782. He entered the College of New Jersey, and was graduated with high honours as valedictorian in 1783. The Continental Congress was then sitting at Princeton. It attended the Commencement in a body, accompanied by General Washington. A direct allusion to the general in the course of his address made such an impression that Mr. Green was invited to dine with the Congress and the commander-in-chief. He \vas appointed tutor in the college, and in 1785 was the professor of mathematics and natural philosophy. In 1787 he \\"as called as associate pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia. Upon the death of the senior pastor, Dr. Sproat, he was made pastor. In 1812, on the resignation of Dr. Samuel Stan- hope Smith, he became president of the College of New Jersey. He organized the Theological Seminary in connection with the college, and was the president of the board of trustees. In 1822 he resigned, removed to Philadelphia, where he founded the "Christian Advo- cate," and remained as editor of it for many years. He was univer- sally esteemed, and held important offices in the Presbyterian General Assembly, being frequendy the moderator. He died at Philadelphia on May 19, 1848, in the eighty-sixth year of his age. J. James. Among the Welsh settlers, in 1703, of Pencarder Hundred, in the lower counties of Pennsylvania, now Delaware, was James James. His grant from William Penn was of land near Iron Hill. In 1723 a por- tion fell to his son Samuel, who established iron works. From him probably descended John James, who was a member of the House of Representatives of Delaware in 1782, 1784, 1788, 1790, and 1794. He sat in the Constitutional Convention of Delaware in December, 1787. In 1796 he was chosen as a state senator. Kinsey Johns. Kinsey, a son of Kinsey and Susannah (Gallaway) Johns, was born C 166 ] DAVID ENGLISH at West River, Maryland, on June 14, 1759. He served in the Revo- lution as a minute-man. He studied law under Judge Samuel Chase of Annapolis, Maryland, and the Hon. George Reade of New Castle, Delaware. He was admitted to the bar and practised for tw elve years in New Castle. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of Delaware in 1792. He was appointed by Governor Clayton, in 1793, to fill the unexpired term in the United States Senate of the Hon. George Reade, who became chief justice of Delaware in September, 1793. He was not allowed to take his seat owing to a legal techni- cality. He succeeded Chief Justice Reade in 1798, and served until 1828. From 1828 to 1832 he was chancellor of the state. He died at New Castle, Delaware, on December 21, 1848. He married Nancy, a daughter of Governor Nicholas Van Dyke. Their son, John, entered the College of New Jersey, Princeton, and graduated in 1815. He served various parishes in Maryland, from his ordination, May 6, 1819, notably Christ Church, and the Church of the Messiah, Baltimore. He was consecrated as Assistant Bishop of Virginia on October 13, 1842. He succeeded Bishop Meade on March 14, 1862, as Bishop of the diocese, and died in Fairfax County on April 5, 1876, in the eightieth year of his age. Mr. Detiison. Although Mr. Denison was evidently a man of influence in his day, he appears to have left no memorial of his residence in Maryland. After a careful search, Robert F. Hayes, Jr., the learned librarian of the Maryland Historical Society, says: "In regard to a Mr. Deni- son who settled near Upper Marlborough, I have carefully exam- ined Prince George's County Rent Roll, and I find no such name appears." John Ireland of Maryland. The Rev. John Ireland was born and ordained in England. From 1787 to 1798 he was rector of St. George's Parish, Harford County, Maryland. He was also principal of an academy. From 1798 to 1802 he was associate rector of St. Paul's Church, Baltimore. He returned to England in 1802. He is not to be confused with another John Ireland, who was ordained by Bishop Provoost in 1792, became rector of St. Ann's Church, c 167 : HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Brooklyn, New York, and was subsequently deposed; a notice of whom will be found preceding his letter of September 23, 1802, in Volume II. College at Abingdon. Cokesbury College was an early Methodist foundation. It was named for Dr. Coke, who was a man of great learning. It opened under happy auspices, but was soon burned down. Francis Allison. The Rev. Francis Allison, D.D., was a leader among the Presbyterians, and was for some years provost of the University of Pennsylvania. Joseph Grove John Bend. A sketch of him uill be found preceding his letter of December 26, 1804. John Redman. John Redman was at one time president of the Societ}' of Physicians. His home was at No. 42 North Second Street, near Arch, and ne.xt door to the Baptist meeting-house, of which Dr. Ustick \\as pastor. He died in 1808. The best notice of a man of great originality and resource is found in Watson's "Annals of Philadelphia," vol. ii, p. 382: "The doctor had retired from practice altogether, and was known to tlie public eve as an antiquated looking old gentleman, usually habited in a broad- skirted dark coat, with long pocket flaps, buttoned across his under dress ; wearing in strict conformity with the cut of the coat, a pair of Baron Steuben's military shaped boots, coming alx)ve the knees, for riding ; his hat flapped before, and cocked up smartly behind, covering a full-bottomed powdered wig — in the front of which might be seen an eagle-pointed nose, separating a pair of piercing black eves — his lips exhibiting (but only now and then) a quick motion, as though at the moment he was endeavouring to extract the essence of a small quid. As thus described, in habit and in person, he was to be seen almost dailv, in fair weather, mounted on a short, fat, black, switch- tailed horse, and riding for his amusement and exercise, in a brisk racking canter, about the streets and suburbs of the citv. I 168 ] DAVID ENGLISH "He was so well known, that in his rambles about the to\\n, on foot, he would step in, without ceremony, at the first public office which presented itself to his view, and upon his seeing any vacant desk or writing table, set himself down, with a pleasant nod to some one present, and begin writing his letter or memorandum. One day, u hile thus occupied in his writing, he was suddenlv addressed by a very forward presuming person, \\ho wanted of him some medical advice gratis. Finding himself thus interrupted, he lifted the corner of his wig, as usual, and desired the person to repeat his question, which he did, loudly, as follows : — ' Doctor ! what would you advise, as the best thing, for a pain in the breast? ' The wig having dropped to its proper place, the doctor, after a seemingly profound study for a moment on the subject, replied, ' Oh ! ay — I will tell you, mv good friend — the very best thing I could advise you to do for a pain in the breast is to — consult your physician ! '" Joseph Cdldzvell. For notice see page 99. John Maclean. John, a son of Dr. John and Agnes (Lang) Maclean, was born at Glasgow, Scotland, on March 1, 1771. Left an orphan, he became the ward of George Mackintosh. At the age of thirteen he entered Glasgow University. He added to the course in arts a special course in chemistry, and also attended, in 1786-87, the lectures of Dr. Alex- ander Stevenson, upon anatomy, midwifery, and botany. In 1787 he was in Edinburgh to attend the lectures of Dr. Black on chemis- trv. He then went to London and Paris to pursue the best possible instruction in medicine. He was graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1791 with the degree of doctor of medicine. He prac- tised with success in his native city until 1795. In April of that year he emigrated to the United States. By the advice of Dr. Rush he set- tled in Princeton and became a partner of Dr. Ebenezer Stockton. He was invited to lecture at the college, and took as his subject the chemical theorv of Lavoisier. The lecture was so well received that he was made professor of chemistry and natural philosophy in 1795. In 1797 he was made professor of mathematics and natural philoso- phy. In 1804 the title was changed to natural philosophy and chem- C 169 ;] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE istry. In 1812 he resigned and was made professor of natural philo- sophy and chemistry at the College of William and Mary, Williams- burg, Virginia. After a year, his health did not allow him to continue in active work. He retired to his home at Princeton, where he died on February 17, 1814. He was a clear and able lecturer, and devoted much time to the practical side of chemistry and its application to man- ufacturing and agriculture. The College of New Jersey has the honour of having established the first chair of Chemistry in the United States. Dr. Maclean published "Lectures on Combustion," in 1797; in con- troversy with Dr. Joseph Priestley, in the New York "Medical De- pository," papers on the "Phlogistic Theory of Combustion." Dr. Maclean married, in 1798, Phoebe, daughter of Absalom and Mary (Taylor) Bainbridge, of Middletown, New Jersey. Their son, the Rev. Dr. John Maclean, became a mathematician and chemist. He was the tenth president and the historian of the College of New Jersey. He died at Princeton, New Jersey, on August 10, 1886, in the eighty-seventh year of his age. Elieze?- Burnett. Eliezer Burnett was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1799. He was licensed by the Presbytery of New York in 1804. On November 20, 1805, he was installed as pastor at Newburgh, New- York. He died at New Brunswick, New Jersey, on November 22, 1806. L 170 J JAMES ROBERTSON [ From James Robertson ] New York Tuesday Morng. Feb. 1 6th Dear John, WHEN I last saw you I expe6led on my return to Philad. to have had the pleasure of spending a day with you at Princeton. It will now be out of my power as Mary goes with me to Philad. I shall go in the Dilligence which leaves this to morrow at 8 o'clock and I believe stops at the College Inn. As it is uncertain how long the stage may stop at Prince- ton I would be glad you could make it convenient to call at the Tavern when the stage arrives; as I should not wish to go tiirough P. without seeing you, and I might not have time to call at the College. I have got the book you desired me to purchase for you. I am Affe6lly Yours. J. Robertson. Superscription : Mr. John H. Hobart, Princeton. Endorsement: M". James Robertson, New York. Feb. l6''^. 96. C 171 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From John Johnsox Savrs ] Poughkeepsie March 17th 1796 Dear friend — I WAS going to make an apology for not writing before but siijiposed to you it would be useless. I think you need not have waited for me to write first. No abstruse point occurs to me at present or perhaps I might trouble you as well as myself with it. I am quite barren, having had to write so many sermons. I wish you would send me a few of yours. It would afford me great satisfadlion to see them, as well as enable me to be lazy a little. I wish you to write soon & to start a subje6l of correspondence. I have nothing new to communi- cate. I suppose you have heard before this that Bishop Sea- bury is dead. He was a man indefatigable in the duties of his office & exhibited in his deporti'nent the spirit & power of Christianity. I think him a loss to the Church; for he was not for halving matters & yielding to every new demagogue; but was a vigorous asserter of her rights & privileges. Politics now seems to be the general topic of conversation in every circle, polite or impolite, male or female. On this subject I do not know your opinion. I get the news almost every few da3's from a New York paper published by Webster & Co the only one worth reading or that deserves to be credited. I be- leive our present government a good one & w ell administered, & I wish we had a botany bay to transport every upstart who either through ignorance or misanthropy condemns it. I shall say no more at present but conclude with requesting you again to write soon. your sincere friend, John J. Sayrs. Superscription: Mr. John H. Hobart, Student of Divinity, Princeton. C 172 ;] JOHN JOHNSON SAYRS ANNOTATIONS Samuel Seabury. The first Bishop of Connecticut died suddenly at his home, the rec- tory of St. James' Church, New London, — for he was rector of the parish as well as Bishop, — on February 25, 1796, in the sixty-seventh year of his age and the twelfth of his episcopate. Samuel, the second son of Samuel and Abigail (Mumford) Seabury, was born in North Groton (now Ledyard) on November 30, 1729. His father, then a licentiate among the Congregationalists, was offici- ating in the meeting-house of the Second Ecclesiastical Societv of the town of Groton, situated in its northern part. Soon after he conformed to the Church of England, and "went home" to receive holy orders. He became the first incumbent of St. James' Church, New London, in 1731. By his father, and in the superior schools in that important seaport town, the young boy was trained for college. He was graduated from Yale College, New Haven, with honours, in 1748. His father \\-as at that time rector of St. George's Church, Hempstead, Long Island. There \\as need of more clerical service in various parts of the island, but the clergy were few and the stipend from the people small and uncertain. It Mas under these circumstances that the venerable Propa- gation Society in England, which provided in part the salaries of many of the clergy, allowed candidates for the ministry to act as catechists, reading the services, instructing the children, \isiting the sick and afflicted, under the direction of some priest. For this they were allowed an annual salary of from ten to fifteen pounds. It was such a position that Mr. Seabury held at Huntington, Long Island, for some years before he went to Scodand to study medicine and pursue a final course in divinity. For nearly two years he attended medical lectures in the University of Edinburgh. While \\aiting to reach the canonical age of twenty-four for his ordination, he studied divinity in England. At length, on St. Thomas' Day, December 21, 1753, he Mas made deacon in the Chapel of Fulham Palace, London, by the Bishop of Lincoln, Dr. John Thomas, and on the fourth Sunday in Advent, De- cember 23 , 1 753 , in the same chapel , Mas ordained priest by the Bishop of Carlisle, Dr. Richard Osbaldiston. Both bishops acted by commis- sion from the Bishop of London, Dr. Sherlock, then aged and infirm. C 173 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Upon his return to America, early in 1754, he became minister of Christ Church, now Grace Church, Jamaica, Long Island. The nine years in which he ministered were those of growth and strength. Debating for some months where to remove, as his family was in- creasing, he finally went, in 1766, to Westchester as rector of St. Peter's Church, with the charge of St. Paul's Church, East Chester. Reopened a scliool, which was largely attended. The disturbances in Church and State at this time found him ready to wage a valiant war- fare upon those who would curtail the liberties of the Church of Eng- land by refusing to her children in the colonies the blessing and pri\i- lege of an episcopate. The same spirit of fairness led him to oppose the attempts to sever the ties that bound the Americans to the British Empire. He was vigorous both in upholding the pleaders for an Amer- ican Episcopate, and in sustaining the united Empire. As secretary of the voluntary convention of the clergy of New York and New Jersey, he issued many important documents and received much abuse. His political pamphlets are keen and clear, notably the famous "Letters of a W. Farmer." For his activity he was marked by the Sons of Liberty for persecution and annoyance. He was several times obliged to flee and hide himself. After haxing been carried to New Haven without any proper warrant, he was treated with much indignity. He found on his release that the patriots would not allow the services to proceed without interruption, and in 1776 he closed the churches at Westchester and East Chester, and with his family found refuge in New York, then in possession of the British. His skill as a ph^'sician gave him a partial support. The loyal clergymen in New York officiated in turn in the City Hall, for the hundreds of refugees who could not be accommodated in Trinity Church, or the chapels of St. George and St. Paul. Dr. Seabury took his turn with the other loyalist clergy, and also oflSciated for the members of Colonel Eklmund Fanning's Royal American Regi- ment, of which he was chaplain. The approach of peace and the meeting of the clergy of Connecticut at Woodbury on the Feast of the Annunciation, March 25, 1783, changed the whole course of his life. Called to serve his native colon}', now a state, as Bishop, he did not falter, but went to England to obtain the boon for the New World of "a free, valid and purely Ecclesiastical Episcopacy." The manner in which he hazarded reputation and fortune in the quest is C 174 J JOHN JOHNSON SAYRS a stor)- both thrilling and uplifting. The polite evasions and subter- fuges of the English bishops and authorities show how the exigencies of politics w ere made superior to the good estate of the Church of Christ. Finally, in obedience to instructions from the clergy of Con- necticut, he sought and found in Scotland bishops who, although proscribed by law, were willing to act as true apostles. In Bishop Skin- ner's Chapel in Long Acre, Aberdeen, in the North of Scotland, upon Sunday, November 14, 1784, Samuel Seabury was made a Bishop in the Church of God by the Primus, the Bishop of Aberdeen, Dr. Robert Kilgour, the Bishop of Morav and Ross, Dr. Arthur Petrie, and the coadjutor of Aberdeen, Dr. John Skinner. With this consecration there came a brighter day for the Church in America. In his administration of the diocese. Bishop Seabury dis- played the same sound judgement, the same careful attention to every soul, as in his priestlj- work. He spared no labour, he assumed no haughty aloofness, but was the chief shepherd of the flock of Christ in Connecticut. In his attitude to those who doubted the validitv of his consecration he was patient, calm, and he soon convinced the greater part of them that the Catholic remainder of the Church in Scotland had fully preserved the Apostolic Succession, and had, as an independent branch of Christ's Church, the right to consecrate a Bishop for the United States of America. In the effort to unite the Church in New England \\ ith the Church in the other parts of the United States, the Bishop and clergy of Con- necticut, \\hile firm for the true Catholic heritage of the Church, which seemed imperilled bv some acts of the General Convention from 1784 to 1789, were ready to yield every point not essential. To the wisdom of Bishop White, the integrity of Bishop Seabury, and the diplomacy of Dr. William Smith, we owe the happy union made in October, 1789. In the adaptation of the Prayer Book to the conditions of the Church in America, it is because of the correct litur- gical knowledge of Bishop Seabury that many proposed changes of phraseology and rubric Mere not made ; but principally are we in- debted to him for the restoration of the Oblation and the Invocation in the Service for the Holy Communion. To detail his work and influence in the formative period of our ex- istence as a national Church is beyond the scope of this sketch. The words of his great successor in the Diocese of Connecticut, John C 175 J HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Williams, may fitly close this outline of a full and noble life. They are taken from page 100 of the sermon entitled "The Wise Ruler," and preached in Christ Church, Hartford, June 9, 1885: The power and \ alue of an Episcopate like his cannot be measured by immediate results — though such results were not lacking — u hich are visible along its progress and at its close. Not only was it not his peacefully to build on undisturbed foundations ; it was not even his to lay in peace original foundations. His was the harder, more hope- less task, to re-lay foundations w hich had been torn up and scattered, and then begin to build upon them. And under what discouragement was the task to be undertaken and prosecuted : w ith diminished and diminishing numbers of fellow-workers : with narrow resources and restricted means ; amid manifold and unexpected difficulties ; amid jealousies that not infrequently deepened into scornful enmity ! How often must he have cried from the depths of his heart : ' Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who is offended, and I burn not?' "Only a brave and genuine man, a man of prayer and faith and love, could have borne up under such wearying burdens. But he was all that, and even more than that. "And therefore to us who look back upon our history as a diocese from the close of one century, to those who shall look back upon it from the close of another, na}-, in all time, its central figure must be that massive one with which the limner's skill has made us all famil- iar, as it stands, facing wind and storm, supported by the Word of God, which in its turn rests on the everlasting rock ; the figure of him by whom the God of our fathers said to our 'Jerusalem, Thou shalt be built ; and to the temple. Thy foundation shall be laid. ' (Isaiah xliv. 28.)" Paper published by Webster & Co. The paper alluded to is "The Minerva," for notice of which see page 295. C 176 •] JAMES ROBERTSON [ From James Robertson ] Philadelphia April 7th 1796 My dear John IT was with much pleasure I received your letter yester- day after so long a silence. I have been expe61:ing this plea- sure for some time and I need not tell you how much it would have gratified me ; but I have felt confident that it was to your engagements only that I owed my disappointment. It was to be expefted that your present station would require much of your attention and it is proper that it should ; but when with your own studies, the whole of your time is engrossed it cannot be very agreeable, and to be obliged in some degree to negle6l your friends cannot be the least unpleasent circum- stance with which it is attended. I sincerely wish that some alteration may take place, not only because I may expe6l to be favoured oftener with your letters, but because I think it would be more for your happiness. I have often intended to write to you since I last saw you, and I know you will beleive me when I say that it was not your silence which prevented me. After a person has been engaged in the store through the day, a little relaxation in the evening is not only agreeble but necessary. It is true that one evening occassionally might be devoted to our correspondents: but when we are for any length of time accustomed to spend the days or evenings in an uniform way, it is always with re- luftance that we deviate from it. I am so sensible of this that I shall not repeat any of my former promises of being a more regular correspondent than I have been ; but at the same time I must observe that it is my intention to be so; as it is pleas- ing to myself, and gives me the greater expe6lation of more punctuality on your part. C 177 ] HOBAR T CORRESPONDENCE Several of the Spring vessels have arrived & brought us some Goods ; but they are so early that business is very dull ; and none of the shopkeepers have come from the country. These vessels have had very short passages, and brought intelli- gence to a very late date. There is nothing however of much importance. The debates in Congress have lately been very interesting. While the eloquence and abilities as you observe which have been displayed on this occasion will reflect immortal honour on the minority; the late decission is little to the credit of that body. There has not been a subject before Congress since the establishment of the present Gov' about which a difference of opinion could exist, in which the one side had so decidedly the advantage of the other. But with men who were much under the influence of party spirit who were determined at all events to sacrifice everything to such unworthy motives as the favour of the populace and their private interest; and who had made up their minds to resist conviction, it would have been vain to expe6l that reasoning however irresistable would have any effe6l upon them. No doubt, a number of the majority gave their vote from a mistaken judgement; but it is no breach of charity to say that a Baldwin & a Maddison have not that ap- pology. The condu6l of the President on this as on all former occassions must meet the approbation of every good man and must show clearly that nothing but the di6lates of his con- science will influence his condu6l. His message was yesterday taken into consideration, and the business begun by a lengthy speech from Mr. Maddison, the substance of which was that the reasons the P. assigned for refusing the papers were not suffi- cient nor his construction of the Constitution just. — He how- ever admitted that the P. had a right to refuse the papers — It is the wish of that party now, and I suppose they will sue- I 17H ] JAMES ROBERTSON ceed to have their opinions relative to making treaties inserted in the journal of the House; which is stated in a resolution now on the table, and is in substance the same with one laid on the table a few days ago by Mr. Kitchell which I suppose you have seen. The legislature of this state adjourned on tuesday last. — When I begin to write to you I feel much in the same way as if I were in your company, and have many things to say which the want of room and a fear of exhausting your patience induces me to omit. I am Affe6tly Yours J. Robertson The notes enclosed are 2 of I20 — 4 of $10 & 4 of $5 — Remember me to Mr. Forsyth & Mr. Burnet — Mr? S. is now quite well & also the family Superscription : Mr. John H. Hobart, Princeton. I had begun the enclosed letter on very thin paper before it occurred to me what was to be enclosed in it. I have there- fore put a cover over it, as the additional postage is no obje6l compared with the additional security. I also do it, as I had not room in the letter, to enquire if we may expe6l to have the pleasure soon of seeing you in Philad.^ Yours Superscription: ]■ RoBERTSON. Mr. John H. Hobart, Princeton. ANNOTATIONS Debates m Cotigress, 1795 and 1796. The course of events and the debates in Congress can be learned from this summary in McMaster's "History," vol. ii, p. 259, and follow- ing pages : C 179 ] HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE "The House met on the morning of the seventh of December, 1795, and proceeded to choose Jonathan Dayton Speaker, and John Beck- ley Clerk. On the eighth the President came dow n to the House, took the chair, and opened the session m ith his speech. The task \\ as far from pleasant. The House was no longer Federal, and before him sat men who, having foully slandered him for five long months, were now bent on insulting him, crossing him, nay, if they could, presenting the cup of humiliation filled to the brim. Almost as the door closed be- hind him, their w ork began. The established usage was for the House, having heard the address, to frame an answer, and, M'ith the Speaker in the lead, march in procession and deliver it to the President him- self. The ceremony m as an idle one. Yet no man of feeling would have denied that the representatives ought not to take the initiative in put- ting it down. As long as Washington performed his part, common decency required that the representatives should perform theirs. But complaint w as now made that draw ing up the reply produced irrita- tion and long debates. Some of the most bitter things said during the whole session were uttered in these wrangles. Let a committee go to the President and assure him of the attention of the House to the matters he had commended. The proposition, in short, was made the subject of a motion, a di\ision taken, and eighteen members were seen to rise in the affirmative. "This ended the matter, and the Clerk in time read an answer pre- pared in the usual way. The member from Virginia, who wished there should be no address, now found fault with the language of the pro- posed address. Something was put in about the probably unequalled spectacle of national happiness w hich the country presented, and about the undiminished confidence of the people in the great man at their head. The words 'probably unequalled' were ordered to be erased by a vote of forty-three to thirtv-nine. Whether the confidence of the people had or had not diminished provoked so impleasant a debate that the whole address was recommitted. \\'^hen it was again reported, the word 'confidence' did not anywhere appear. "The twenty-second of February, 1796, afforded a new opportunity to affront him. The House w as then asked to adjourn for half an hour. The members, as the mover thought, should have a few minutes given them to congratulate the President on the happv return of his natal day. The practice was an old one. Never since \Vashington had been [ i8o ] JAMES ROBERTSON President had it been omitted. Now, however, it \\as dropped. The duty of the representative was to attend to legislative business, not to pay foolish compliments. The subterfuge, the Federalists declared, was a most miserable one. When the Speaker had a headache and sent word he was indisposed, did the House choose another and go on with the business before if? No ! it adjourned, and condnued to adjourn day after day till the Speaker was well again. Yet thirty minutes was too precious to be wasted in a respectful compliment to the best man, perhaps, then living in the world. The prospect of a war had been much dwelt on by the wTiters and pamphlet-makers of both parties. If, said the Federalists, the money is not voted, there will be war with England. If, said the Republicans, the money is voted, there will surely be war with France. And do the people know what such a war means? Have thev stopped to count the cost? War at any time is a dreadful thing. But war at this time, and with Great Britain, is something awful to think of. Those who believe one citizen to be equal to five subjects deny this. Thev point with honest pride to the late war with England. They draw compari- sons between the thirteen poor and feeble colonies of 1775 and the fif- teen rich and populous states of 1796, and then ask, ' Shall five mil- lions of Americans give up the independence three millions won? ' Do not these fierce w arriors know that if they rush into a war they may be forced to give independence up and again become subjects of the EngHsh crown? Why will they not see that a contest with England now would bear small resemblance to that glorious struggle which placed it in our power to make the treaty they so heartily despise? Twenty-one years ago England was divided and America united ; now England is united and America torn by faction and by party hate. Then Americans were English subjects. Then every wrong of which America complained found friends in the Cabinet, in the Parliament, in the great body of the English people. Do they now? Could Frank- lin come forth from his grave, would he again be heard at the bar of the House of Lords ? Could Chatham once more take his seat among the peers, would he utter one word in defence of the United States? Should the King again send troops to our shores, would they again desert him and take up arms in behalf of the States ? The cause in C 181 ] HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE A\ hich these men spoke and fought was the cause, not of Americans, but of Britons. Can the present dispute be so regarded ? No ! The mo- ment the treaty is rejected every English subject will, to a man, step forward ready to sacrifice life and fortune in defence of the CroA\ n. Thousands of troops will come over the border from Canada. A score of ships \\ ill ravage our coast. In one a\ eek they a\ ill do more damage to the United States than the United States could do to England in ten years. Is it in our power to ravage the British Isles? Can we take Jamaica? Can we capture the Bermudas? Can we reduce Canada to a subject province? The Jacobins, the Democrats, say we can. They talk of an army of four hundred thousand men eager to go over the St. Lawrence at once. No doubt tw ice that number would gather for a field-day ; would march and wheel and fire, and go through every exercise of Steuben's manual from Poise firelock ! to Shoulder firelock ! But would they do so two days running? Would they do so when the play became work ? when the muster-field was exchanged for a bat- tlefield? when the training-dav became a campaign? Did the Gov- ernment find it an easy matter to gather fifteen thousand men to put down the insurrection in the West? This, to be sure, A\as caused by the excise, and the excise was impopular. Is a second \\ ar with Eng- land more popular? Are the men whose houses were burned about their ears ; who were pillaged, plundered, robbed of their goods ; whose hearths were made desolate by the loss of sons, and whose garrets are yet full of bundles of continental notes, are these men anxious for war ? Suppose that hatred of England, that love of France, that patriotism, that a score of motives, will send one hundred thousand men into the ranks, they must be clothed and armed and fed. This will cost money. Fifty thousand men, and ten armed ships and ten galleys, all ready for war, W' ill cost our country twenty millions of dollars a year. Will any sober man pretend we can bear such a burden? There is not specie enough in the fifteen States to support the war one month. If we resort to domestic loans, who will lend a sixpence? Shall we try foreign loans? Shall we go to Holland? Shall we go to France, the land of assignats, of requisitions, of the maximum of forced loans ? Here again a fruit- ful source of help in the late war will be wanting to us in a new one. "The action of the House began with a motion by Mr. Livingston C 182 J JAMES ROBERTSON on the second of March. The late British treaty, he observed, must give rise to grave constitutional questions, to decide which every scrap of information attainable would be required. He would therefore lay upon the table a resolution calling on the President for the instructions given to Mr. Jay, for the correspondence of that Minister, for all the documents, in short, relative to the treaty. When the motion came up for discussion, he added a few words excepting such papers as any existing negotiation might render improper to be disclosed. "W^hy, he was asked, is this demand for papers made? A hint is dropped that the question of constitutionality is to be discussed. If this be so, then the motive is a bad one. The constitutionality of the treaty can be settled in one way, and in one way only. Take the in- strument in one hand and the Constitution in the other, and compare them. Is the purpose impeachment"? Who, then, is to be impeached ; the negotiator or the President ? The object of this call, was the reply, is information. What use can be made of this information remains to be seen. To say that an impeachment is advisable is now impos- sible. But when the papers come the step may be necessary. The chief reason, however, is a firm conviction that the House of Repre- sentatives has the right, a vested right, to give or withhold their sanction to a treaty. "Every Federalist in the House denied this. Our power, said they, does not go so far. The treaty is negotiated ; the Senate has approved ; the President has ratified ; the ratifications have been exchanged, and a solemn proclamation issued enjoining all men holding office, civil or military, under the United States, to observe and enforce the same. If this be the proclamation of George Washington, the man, then is it worthy of scorn. If this be the proclamation of a despot, taking upon himself the right to dictate to men without their consent, then is it worthy of laughter. If it be the proclamation of a President of the United States, assuming powers not delegated, then have we serious cause for alarm and dread. But it is none of these. It is the voice of the people sounding through their chosen President, and is, in that sense, as heavy as thunder, as majestic as heaven, and todisobej- it, treason of the worst kind. Who gainsays that the Constitution is the expression of the will of the great body of the so\ereign people? Let us take it, then, as our guide, and see by what authority this treaty has been made. In the second section it declares the executive au- C 183 J HOBART CORRESPONDENCE thority shall be vested in a President ; that before assuming this au- thority he shall take an oath to use it well ; that he shall have power, by and ^\■ith the ad\'ice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, and that all treaties, \\hen made, shall be the supreme law of the land. Can language be plainer? Is it not clear that the will of the sovereign people fully authorizes the President and Senate to make treaties? and that, if they have kept within the bounds prescribed by the Constitution, the instrument now in question is the supreme law of the land? The work of Mr. Ja_v is before us. Compare it with the Constitution. See if an article, a sentence, a word, nay, a S3'llable, is unconstitutional. This we may do of right; but the papers will not aid us in the least. They can be of no use till we attempt to decide whether it was expedient to make a treaty or not, whether it is good or bad, until, in fact, we act the part of judge. Now, have we right to do this? We are told we have. Whence comes it? From the Con- stitution? No! not one phrase of it intimates such an idea. From the fact that we are representatives of the people? No! we are represen- tatives for particular, not general purposes, have our powers limited and our bounds prescribed. From popular opposition, under the pre- text that clamor, begun indiscontent, fostered in passion, and strength- ened by the intrigues of interested and ambitious men, is the will of the sovereign people? How are the numbers of the malcontents to be found? From inflammatory publications in the newspapers, teeming with invective, and bearing every mark of the heat of passion? Will the petitions on the table help us any ? They do not represent the one thousandth part of the nation. " \\ hatever these petitions represent, \^"as the reply, they call for the action of the House. The House cannot act w ithout light, and light cannot be had without the papers. The question is not a con- stitutional one. No claim is made to the secrets of the Executive. A simple request is preferred. If the President diinks fit to refuse, he will do so. Then it \\ ill be proper to decide as to getting the infor- mation Millv-nill)'. But that is not the question at present. To make the call still less distasteful Madison now offered a further amend- ment, which the next daj- was lost. "The House then went into a Committee of the Whole on the State of the Union, the mace was taken down, Mr. Muhlenberg placed in the chair, and the debate went on. JAMES ROBERTSON "The Federalists took the ground that the treaty-making power is by the Constitution lodged in the President and Senate, that a treaty, when made, is the supreme law of the land, and that the House of Representatives is morally bound to pass, without debate, any law necessary to put it into effect. This, they held, is apparent from the construction placed on the Constitution by the State Conventions that adopted it, by the practice of the Government ever since, and by the popular interpretation at the present time. "The Republicans disclaimed any right of the House to a share in making treaties ; but firmly maintained a right to discuss the merits of a treaty when made. In the first place, they argued, treaty-making is a legislative act, and no legislative act is valid if the House does not take part. In the second place, money cannot be drawn from the Treasury except to meet an appropriation made by Congress, and to pledge such an appropriation the President and Senate have no power. In the third place, the powers enumerated in the eighth article of the first section of the Constitution belong to Congress, and not to the treaty-forming power, and among these are the regulation of com- merce and the expenditure of money. In the fourth place, the terms 'treaty' and 'supreme' have been shamefully misused. Much stress has been laid on the words ' supreme law of the land.' But no heed is given to what goes before or follows after. Construe the Bible so, and we shall all become atheists. In the good book are the words, ' There is no God.' But when we turn to it, to find out what so shocking an expression means, we read that ' The fool hath said in his heart. There is no God. ' In the Constitution are the words ' supreme law of the land. ' But when we refer to the article where they occur, we read: 'This Constitution, the laws of the United States made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, shall be the supreme law of the land. ' Notice the gradation. First the Constitudon, then the laws, and then the treaties made under the laws. Not one, but all of them are supreme. How absurd, then, to insist that the third in order can be above the second ! Yet gentlemen say treaties repeal laws clash- ing with their provisions. If this be so, if treaties can repeal laws, then laws can repeal the Constitution ; for the second (laws) are to the first (Consdtudon) what the third (treaties) are to the second (laws). Had the clause ended with the words ' shall be the supreme law of the land, ' there might have been some plea for these peculiar doctrines. But this C 185 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE is not the case. The article goes on, 'And the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laA\s of any State to the contrary not\\ ithstanding.' This boasted supremacy of treaties, then, is over the constitution and laws of the States; not over the Constitution of the United States ; not over the powers of this House. "Just as idle is the belief that, if the House refuses to make the ap- propriation necessary to carry it into effect, the treaty will be null, the honor of the country tarnished, and that no nation under the sun will ever again make a treaty with a people so unstable. How comes it, then, that some of us are so eager to have any dealings with England? The House of Commons possess this dangerous power. Read the King's speech to Parliament, in which he informs them of the treaty, promises to submit it when ratified, that the}' may judge of the pro- priety of carrying it into effect. What ! judge of the propriety of mak- ing laws to carry it out when ratified ! Shall the House of Commons ha\e this power and the House of Representatives not? "The two cases, was the reply, are not alike. England has no written Constitution. We have. The English Constitution is made up of laws and usages. When you prove that Englishmen have a usage of the kind mentioned, that of judging treaties, you have then proved that such is their Constitution. Now, if our Constitution expressed in terms what theirs expresses in usage, no man amongst us would contend for one moment that the House has not the right to question the merits of a treaty. But to construe a written Constitution by citing the prac- tices of a people to whom such an instrument is unknown, is, to say the least, misleading. If we can inquire into the merits of the treaty before providing money to put it into effisct, we can do so every time we are called on to pass an appropriation bill, because what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. On this principle, then, it w ill be proper, when a salary is to be voted to the President, to stop and ask, Is he meritorious? is he the man for the place? does he deserve his pay? Or, again, suppose the salary of a Judge is to be provided for. Are we to go into a long examination as to whether the President and Senate have appointed a fit or an unfit man? So far as the House is concerned, anj' President constitutionally elected, any Judge con- stitutionally appointed, is the most proper person. Not till they have done something so shameful that public good requires impeachment C l«6 ] JAMES ROBERTSON can their good or ill qualities be discussed. So with the treaty. We are not asked, Is it a good one? is it a bad one? could a better have been made? But is it a less evil to abandon our national faith, or to execute the document as it stands? Should a man attempt my life, said one speaker, I have a right to kill him for my onn preservation. With his moral qualities, with his friendliness or hostilitv toward me, I have nothing to do; but simply whether self-preservation re- quires his death. If not, then to kill him is murder, though he be the worst man on earth. If the treaty is so bad as to threaten our national existence, then kill it at once. This is rightful, nay dutiful. But will the papers, the letters, the instructions, help us to find that out? In- deed, no; that can appear only on the face of the parchment itself. "The argument, said Gallatin, seems to be this : The treaty is either constitutional or unconstitutional. If the former, then the House has no agency in the business but to assist Jn putting it into operation. If the latter, the fact must be settled from the face of the instrument, and no papers are needed. What do gentlemen mean by a consti- tutional treaty? Admit their reasoning to be sound, and to make an unconstitutional one is impossible. To construe fairly, not one, but all parts of the Constitution must be considered, else absurdities will surely arise. One section declares a treaty to be the supreme law of the land ; yet it is to be made by the President and Senate. Here, then, is an apparent contradiction, for elsewhere it is provided that the legislative power shall be vested in three branches. Treaty-making cannot be termed an executive act, because it is making a supreme law, and law-framing is a legislative act. How, then, can it be con- fined to the President and Senate? National compacts, it is insisted, are the supreme law; so are the Constitution and the laws. Which, then, shall have preference? Shall a treaty repeal a law? or a law a treaty? A law cannot, because a treaty is made with another party, a foreign nation, that has no share in our law-making. Nor can a treaty framed by the President and Senate repeal a law, because the House of Representatives must aid in enacting the law, and all sound government requires the same power to repeal as to enact. Hence it follows that laws and treaties are not of the same nature. If a treaty be a law, and the power of making it resides in the President and Senate unlimitedly ; in other words, if, in the exercise of this right, the President and Senate are to be checked and restrained by no other C 187 J HOBART CORRESPONDENCE branch of Government, the two have but to substitute a foreign na- tion for the House of Representatives, and legislate as they please; regulate commerce, borrow money, nay, even spend it. For, they might say, the Constitution forbids money to be drawn from the Treasury save in consequence of appropriations made by law ; treaties are law ; appropriations made by treaty are, therefore, valid. "Madison took the same view. He would not admit the word ' treaty ' had the limitless meaning claimed for it. The term a\ as tech- nical, and the meaning to be sought in its use. In an absolute mon- archy all power centred on the monarch, and the treaty power had no bounds. In a limited government it certainly had. The expression 'supreme,' again, meant supremacy over State constitutions and laws, but not over the United States Constitution and laws. There were, to his mind, five constructions of the Constitution on this sub- ject. Treatv power and congressional power might be considered as separate and distinct, and never touching each other. Thev might be regarded as concurrent, and acting together on the same objects, like the right of Congress and the States to tax the same articles. Each might be supreme over the other, according as it a\ as the last exer- cised. The treaty power might be view ed as both unlimited in scope and supreme in authority. Or it might be co-operative w ith the con- gressional power on subjects submitted by the Constitution to Con- gress for legislative action. The fourth covered the ground held by the Federalists. The fifth that taken by himself. ' ' The debate had now rambled on for three days, and the House had quite lost sight of the original question. 'Shall a call be made for the papers? ' had become ' Has the House a share in the treaty-mak- ing power which the President and the Senate enjoy?' When each party had grown weary of wrangling over the construction placed on the Constitution bv the other, they began to examine what had been said on the matter elsewhere. Long extracts were read from the ' Fed- eralist,' from the 'Federal Farmer,' and from the journals of the debates in State Conventions that adopted the Constitution, ^^^hy, it was asked, if treaties are not the law of the land, has the House or- dered the Clerk to place them in the code of laws of the United States ? The President has proclaimed the treaty to be law. If it is not law, why is he not impeached? Why has not the House called for papers regarding the Indian treaties? If the House may break a treaty, why C 188 2 JAMES ROBERTSON did the people, during the summer and autumn just passed, send scores of petitions to the President begging him not to sign? The debates in the Virginia Convention were read, and heard bv the Fed- eralists with keen delight, for Madison had been in the Convention, and had, again and again, there declared treaties to be the supreme law of the land. "But he would make no such admission in the House. He laid it down as unquestionable that if the treaty-pow er could, by itself, per- form any one act for which the authority of Congress is required by the Constitution, it could perform every act for which the assent of that part of the Government is necessary. Congress had pow er to regulate trade, to declare war, to raise armies, to lay taxes, to borrow and spend money. All these powers are on precisely the same foot- ing in the Constitution. This treaty regulates trade. If, therefore, the President and Senate, to the exclusion of the House, could regulate trade, they could, to the exclusion of the House, declare \\ar, raise armies to carry on the ^\•a^, and collect money to support the armies. For, by a treaty of alliance with a nation at war, they might make the United States a party to the war, stipulate subsidies, or furnish troops to be sent to Europe, Asia, or the wilds of Africa. There was an express provision, it was true, that no appropriation for the main- tenance of an army should be made for more than two years. This was a great security against a standing army. But if, as contended, the House of Representatives cannot deliberate on appropriations pledged by the President and Senate, and cannot refuse them, what hindered a standing armv being kept up by provisions in a treaty? The Con- stitution was one of checks and limitations, and to claim that under such a government, the treaty-making power was omnipotent, was utterly inadmissible. "This, said a Federalist, might be true if treaty-making was a legislative act. But it is not. The law of nations is one thing, and municipal law is another thing. Treaties ha\ e to do with the former. Legislatures deal with the latter. Compacts, avowed or understood ; customs which rest on the general consent of nations, implied from long usage ; treaties which are open declarations of the consent of nations ; these make up the law of nadons, and, whenever they apply, treaties are supreme. A treaty is not a law, but a compact. Treaties stipu- late; a law commands. A treaty may agree that such a duty shall be HOBART CORRESPONDENCE laid, or such a crime punished, but it cannot lay the duty, nor inflict the punishment. It cannot, therefore, act as a law, nor produce the eflfect of legislation. It is a compact, nothing but a compact, and in the domain of compacts is supreme. The Legislature cannot make a compact, neither can a treaty pass a law. By the Constitution the President and the Senate may make a compact, and the House can- not interfere. Nor, when the House undertakes to execute it, can the President and Senate interfere. Pow er to stipulate does not at all imply power to execute. The two are as distinct as signing a bond and pay- ing it. A man may give a power of attorney to an agent to sign a con- tract in his name. But can the agent seize and take awav the prop- erty of the man if the contract is not fulfilled? Whence, then, these alarms about the encroachments of the treatv-making power "? Whence these outcries about the overthrow of the authority of the House ? Whence these phantoms conjured up to frighten us out of our reason and our common sense? This power is lodged, and very properly lodged, with the Senate, to the exclusion of the House. Treaty-mak- ing is an act of sovereignty, the Senate is the onlv branch of Congress in which State sovereignty is represented ; to it, then, belongs this power. While the House holds the purse-strings, while no treaty can produce its effects without a law, and w hile no law can pass unless the representatives concur, the Senate cannot abuse it, and the liber- ties of the people are safe. "Two weeks slipped by, and the debate was still going on. Not till the twenty-fourth of March did the Committee divide on Livings- ton's resolution. Sixty-one were for it, and thirty-eight against. When the yeas and nays were called in the House, one member, who voted No in committee, changed and answered Yes. Livingston and Gallatin were then sent to carry the resolution to the President. They reported his words to be, 'he would take the resolution into consideration.' "Washington took a week to consider, and, ^\h[\e he deliberated on the best form of answer to make, the people grew impatient to know what he would do. As the representative of all the People of the United States, he would, the Federalists declared, unquestionably make such answer as became him. They then went on to illustrate the position of the House by an allusion to Shakespeare : ' I can call spirits from the vasty deep,' said Glendower. 'And so can I,' said Hotspur, ' but will they come? ' The House, in the plenitude of num- C 190 ] JAMES ROBERTSON bers, might think itself all-powerful. But the people were too well in- formed to belie\e everything called for would come. There were seven stubborn facts for the Democrats to consider. The papers asked for had already been laid before the Senate as the Constitution required. They were upon the file of the Senate. This file was alwavs acces- sible. Every member of the House knew them to be in the very build- ing where he sat. During the debate a member stated that he had seen them. The more important had already been printed in Ran- dolph's 'Vindication.' It had, moreover, in such cases always been the custom of the House to ask the papers of the Senate. When these facts were considered, what should be said of men who spent eight- een days inventing a plausible excuse to demand what they could with the utmost ease obtain in as many hours? "The answer of the President to the committee, said the Republi- cans, is an exact translation of that which the King of France used to make to such petitions of his subjects as he could not, in his wisdom, grant. ''Le mi s^avisera,'' was the answer of Louis. 'I will consider,' was the answer of Washington. One thing was yet to be determined, and that was, whether the two replies had the same import. It soon appeared that they had. On the thirtieth of March the President made an explicit refusal. Thereupon the House, in a passion, passed two resolutions. One disclaimed the wish to have ' any agency in mak- ing treaties.' The other maintained that, when a call A\as made on the President for information, the representatives were not bound to state for what purpose it was wanted." Abraham Baldwin. Abraham Baldwin Avas born in Guilford, Connecticut, on No\ember 6, 1754. He graduated from Yale College, New Haven, in 1772. He was tutor in this college from 1775 to 1779. From 1777 to 1783 he was a chaplain in the Continental Army. At the solicitation of General Greene he removed to Georgia in 1784. He sat in the state legislature, and introduced the law providing for the establishment of the Univer- sity of Georgia and its endowment with forty thousand acres of land. He was a member of the Continental Congress from 1785 to 1788; a member of the United States Constitutional Convention in 1787; and appointed on the committee to draft the Constitution of the United States. The original draft was found among his papers after his death. C 191 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE He was a member of Congress from 1789 to 1799, and a member of the United States Senate from 1799 to 1807. He was the president of the Uni\ersity of Georgia for several 3ears. He died at Washington, District of Cokmibia, on March 4, 1807. Upon his tombstone is in- scribed : ' ' His devotion to his Country his greatest fame ; her Consti- tution his greatest work." James Madison. James, the son of James and Eleanor Rose (Conway) Madison, was born at Port Conway, King George County, Virginia, on March 16, 1751. He was educated at Donald Robertson's School, near Mont- pelier, and was prepared for college by the Rev. Thomas Martin, min- ister of the parish. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey with honour in 1771. He took, under President Witherspoon, a post- graduate course in Hebrew. As his health, which had been injured by his close confinement to study, would allow, he acted as tutor in his father's family for two years from 1772. He also studied history, constitutional law, and theology. In 1774 Mr. Madison was a member of the Committee of Safety for Orange County. In May, 1776, he was a delegate to the State Convention at Williamsburg. He was a member of the committee on drafting a Constitution. He was the author of the clause in that instru- ment declaring freedom in religion. He sat in the first state legisla- ture, but not in the second, "as he would not solicit votes or furnish refreshments to voters." He was elected a member of the state council by the legislature. In 1780 he was a member of the Continental Con- gress, in which he at once became a leader. Important legislation was due to him. From 1784 to 1786 he was a member of the Virginia legislature, and aided in the revision of the statutes and in the with- drawal of the state support to "the Church of England, as estab- lished by law." In September, 1786, he was a member of the Annapolis Conven- tion which called the National Convention at Philadelphia in 1787. In the Continental Congress the qualities of Mr. Madison were fully shown, and as a member of the committee on drafting a Constitution, he advocated the "Virginia Plan," and consequently many of its pro- visions were incorporated in the Federal Constitution. As a speaker and writer at that time, Mr. Madison attained his highest fame. "The JAMES ROBERTSON Federalist," which he wrote in connection with Hamilton and Jay, is both a literary and political masterpiece. Mr. Madison served in Congress from 1789 to 1797. In 1794 he de- clined the appointments of Minister to France and Secretary of State. His leadership of the Republican party made him, in 1796, the choice of many as a candidate for the presidency, but he urged the selec- tion of Thomas Jefferson. In 1801 he was made Secretary of State by President Jefferson. He served for eight years in very exciting times. He was able to retain his composure under trying circumstances and averted many threatened dangers. In 1809 he was chosen President. The war with England, which had been imminent, was declared on June 18, 1812. In New England it was extremely unpopular. The President and his advisers were subjected to very coarse abuse. At the close of his second term, on March 4, 1817, he returned to his home at Montpelier. Here he lived in philosophic content. He became rector and visitor of the Univer- sity of Virginia, and visitor of the College of William and Mary. He died on June 28, 1836, in the eighty-sixth year of his age. Aaron Kitchell. Aaron Kitchell was born in Hanover, New Jersey, on July 10, 1774. His education was received in the common schools. He learned the trade of blacksmith and worked at it. He threw in his lot with the Revo- lution. He sat in the United States Congress from 1791 to 1797, and from 1 799 to 1801 . In 1805 hewas elected a Senator from New Jersey, and served until 1809. He was a strong anti-Federalist. He served as member of the New Jersey legislature for some years. He was a presi- dential elector on the Monroe-Tompkins ticket in 1817. He died at Hanover, New Jersey, on June 25, 1820. C -^95 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From John Coxrad Otto ] ' Philadelphia May 8th 1796 My dear Hobart, MY brother Daniel will continue his studies at Princeton. He will arrive early to secure his room, and make every requisite preparation for his summer studies. He, like all boys, has made declarations of his intentions to study dili- gently ; but as his former habits have been so contrary, I shall be satisfied with a gradual change. I sincerely thank you, for the attention you have bestowed upon him, and wish that you would continue it. A61 according to the dictates of your own understanding. As indolence is the parent of vice, I would be pleased that you would have an eye to his being employed constantly and his avoiding bad company. Jacob has promised me that he will be particularly careful relative to his condu6l in these particulars. Although his advice to Dan will not be sufficient, yet his situation gives him an opportunity of observ- ing whatever is censurable, and transmitting it to those whom he will attend. Boys, like him, must be governed by fear as well as by a sense of honor and redlitude. His reason is not the only thing we are to address. It is better to prevent than to punish after a crime is committed. My brother's declara- tions are fair, but I wish to remove everything that could lead to error. Perhaps this is the best period in his life for fixing good habits; whatever they may be, they will be considerably permanent. I wish to take advantage of his present disposi- tions, and turn them, if possible, to his future advantage. Stri6l- ness and severity may be carried to excess, but, I rather think, it seldom is at Princeton. You are upon the ground, and know whatever is most proper, and I have every disposition to sup- pose you will pursue it. I am sorry to give you so much trouble C 194 2 JOHN CONRAD OTTO about my brother, but his being under my particular care, and having nobody else to dire6l him, I feel a more lively solici- tude about his welfare than you can imagine. Should you think it necessary, at any time, for me to write to Dr. Smith con- cerning him, inform me. Be not too indulgent. The decision concerning appropriations for the british treaty will please you Princeton politicians, for I hear you have sent a petition to congress to appropriate. Your sincere friend A^ TT TT John. C. Otto Mr. Hexrv Hobart. Superscription: Mr. John H. Hobart, Princeton — ■ ANNOTATIONS Daniel Otto. No information regarding Daniel Otto, the brother of John Conrad Otto and Jacob Schweighauser Otto, is a\ ailable.That he did not take his degree at Princeton is certain, since his name does not appear among the list of graduates. Jacob Schweighauser Otto. Jacob Schweighauser Otto, son of Dr. Bodo and Catherine (Schweig- hauser) Otto, was born January' 17, 1778. He graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1797. He married Phoebe, daughter of James and Hannah Whitehead, at Philadelphia, December 19, 1811. Hebe- came a merchant in Philadelphia. The subsequent life of Mr. Otto was passed in western Ne\v York. In 1821 he succeeded Joseph Ellicott, who had been justlv styled "the Patroon and Founder of settlements on the Holland Purchase," as resident agent of the Holland Company, whose tract of land embraced a large part of \\estern Ne\\' York . O. Turner, in his "Pioneer History of the Holland Purchase," page 441, says of Mr. Otto: "The period of his agency was from 1821 to his death, in 1826. C 195 J HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE Although possessed of many amiable qualities, his previous pursuits and business experience were not well adapted to fit him for the new and peculiar duties of the place he was called to fill ; though the period of his incumbency was one of active and extensive sales, and his efforts were not wanting to perpetuate the liberal policy that had so generally characterized the ownership and agencies of the Pur- chase. The measures adopted during his agency were such as tended to promote the interests and prosperity of the Holland Purchase. "At the great canal celebration, in Lockport, on the 26th of Octo- ber, 1825, he was one of the delegation from the county of Genesee. From some exposure upon that occasion, he contracted a cold, which terminated in his death May 2d, 1826. "It was during Mr. Otto's administration, that the plan of receiving cattle and grain from the settlers, that had previously been enter- tained, was effectually commenced. Depots were designated in dif- ferent parts of the Purchase, for the delivery of wheat ; where the settler could carrv it, and have its value endorsed upon his contract. Agents were appointed to receive cattle. They advertised yearly, the times and places, when and where the cattle would be recei\ ed, fixed upon their price, and endorsed it upon contracts. It was one among the measures of relief, and its operation was highly beneficial. The agencies were, however, expensive to the company, and allow ing the market price for the grain and cattle, they were largely the losers by the operations." According to information furnished by his grandson, Jacob Schweig- hauser Otto, who graduated from Princeton in 1895 and is now a physician in Buff'alo, New York, the date of his grandfather's death was in 1827, and not in 1826 as stated by Turner. His remains were interred in the cemetery at Batavia. Upon a marble table covering his grave there is, in part, the following inscription : "A man of honorable principles, intelligent mind, accomplished manners and benevolent heart. In his death, a wife lost an affectionate husband and his children a fond parent, the cause of Religion a lib- eral ad\ocate, the poor a faithful friend and Society an enlightened and useful member." : 196 2 WALTER STEWART WALTER Stewart was born about 1756. At the beginning of the Revolution he organized a company for the Third Pennsyl- vania Battalion. He was commissioned captain on January 6, 1776, and made aide-de-camp to General Gates, May 26, 1776. On June 17, 1777, he was commissioned colonel of a Pennsylvania state regiment. He was with it at the battles of Brandy wine and Germantown. On November 12, 1777, his regiment was made the Thirteenth Pennsyl- vania in the Continental Army. On January 17, 1781, it was incor- porated with the Second Pennsylvania under Colonel Stewart's com- mand. He served with distinction throughout the war, retiring Janu- ary 1, 1783, with the rank of brigadier-general. He was afterward a merchant in Philadelphia and major-general ot the state militia. He is said to have been the handsomest man in the American army. He died at Philadelphia, June 14, 1796. His full-length portrait is on the left of the American line of officers in Colonel Trumbull's picture of the "Surrender of Cornwallis." General Stewart married Deborah, a daughter of Blair McClenachan, a wealthy merchant and political leader. She was one of the famous beauties of Philadelphia, and her portrait was painted bj- Peale. She was a particular friend of Mrs. \\'ashington. General Stewart lived in a spacious mansion on High Street, adjoining the home of Washington during his presidency. [ From Walter Stewart ] Philadelphia, May llth 1796 Sir YOUR favi; of the 7''' Inst. I received on my return to Town, and thank you for the Trouble you took in giving the Information it contained. On refle6lion, 't is my anxious vdsh that William should avail Himself of the kind offer made by Mr Little John of taking Him into his room, as that Gentleman and his Companion are universally well spoken of, for their amiable and studious c 197 ;] HOBART CORRESPONDENXE dispositions; but this matter I shall leave entirely under your dire6lion, well satisfied you will advise Him for the best. Enclos'd you will find two Bank Notes Amount S70, out of which I Pray you to pay the necessary Advances, and should any part remain, you will be pleased to hold it for Williams use, paying him half a Dollar P week for his Small Expenses, & paying for any little things which may be necessary for his Convenience & Comfort. As it is my most Sanguine Wish that He sliould prove a good Scholar, I must again Entreat you would take Him for this Session under your private Tuition, the Compensation I shall leave wholly to yourself, & pay with pleasure whenever you are pleased to make me acquainted with the Amount. His disposition I know you will find good, & being Early habituated to Study, it will soon become a pleasure to Him. I Pray you to charge me for the rules I received. Postage &ca And am Sir With Much respe6l Y' obed ser^t Walter Stewart Superscription: Mr John H. Hobart, Princetown College ANNOTATIONS JVilliam Stezvart. For notice see page 217. Joseph Blount Littlejohn. Joseph Blount Littlejohn graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1796. He was a native of North Carolina, and in 1799 was a mem- ber of the legislature from Chowan County. The University of North Carolina conferred on him, in 1799, the honorary degree of master of arts. He was a trustee of the universitv from 1812 to 1817. c 198 : DAVID ENGLISH [ Froji Dav^id English ] Mav 1 1. PS. I find the [^^toni'] by Gen'. Lee is true it has at least been repeated to me sundry times. The Commissioners have procured the money for the use of the city from Gilmore ( I think ) a Mer- chant in Baltimore & agent for a Dutch company, 5 1/2 per Cent interest I understand. It is thou't improvements will go on with new vigour. I send you two papers containing each a piece about cur- ing pains etc by metallic touch. Perkins has been here & when about to depart communicated the secret to two Doctors. The poetry about a sale &c is founded in fa6t the piazza at Semmes' Tavern fell during a sale. T--V--S is Travers an audlioneer. If you see M' Green give the papers to him. You will have commenced your course in College before this reaches you give my respects to Mr Caldwell D"^ M Lane M"^ Agnew your room mates. I wish a detail of every interesting occurence & almost every thing concerning your affairs will continue for a long time to interest me With esteem & regard I am your sincere friend M-'HoBAi.T D English Superscription : Geo. Town May 1 1 Mr John H Hobart, Princeton, N Jersey Endorsement : May loth 1796. ANNOTATIONS This appears to be the end of a letter, the former part of which is missing. L 199 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Henry Lee. The ancestor of the Lee family in Virginia was Richard Lee, who came from Shropshire, England, before 1649. It has had many mem- bers who have been distinguished as statesmen, diplomatists, and sol- diers. Among them during that Revolutionary period were Richard Henrj' Lee and Francis Lightfoot Lee, signers of the Declaration of Independence ; William Lee and Arthur Lee, \\ ho conducted impor- tant negotiations with foreign powers both at that time and in the early days of the Republic. Henry Lee was born at the ancestral home, Stratford House, in Westmoreland County, on January 29, 1756. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1773. In 1776 he was made a captain in Colonel Bland's Virginia Volunteers. He joined the Continental Army in September, 1777. He attracted the favourable notice of Gen- eral Washington, w as promoted to be major, and was gi\en command of a corps of cavalry. For his capture on August 19, 1779, of Paulus Hook (now New Jersey), \\'hich was strong!'- entrenched and garri- soned, the thanks of Congress were given to him on September 22, 1779, and a gold medal was ordered to be struck and presented to him. On November 6, 1780, he was given by Congress the commission of a lieutenant-colonel and assigned to the southern army under com- mand of General Nathanael Greene. In all the batdes and skirmishes of the campaigns of that army he united daring bravery with intelli- gent military skill. His conduct at Guilford Court House, Hobkirk Hill, Eutaw Springs, and in the capture of Forts Granby, Watson, and Galpin, merited and received high praise. He was familiarly known as " Lighthorse Harry" and "Legion Harry." After serving throughout the war, he became in 1786 a member of Congress. In 1791 he \\as elected governor of Virginia, in succession to Beverly Randolph. In 1794 he was commander of the troops which put an end to the "Whiskey Insurrection " in Pennsylvania. In 1799 he again sat in Congress, and was chosen to deliver a eulogy upon Washington. He is the author of "P'uneral Oration upon President Washington" (1799), deliv- ered before both Houses of Congress, in which occur the words, ' ' The man, first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his fellow- citizens;" and of "War in the Southern United States" (2 vols. 1812). He never fully recovered from wounds received in quelling C 200 ] DAVID ENGLISH a riot in Baltimore in 1814. With the hope that his heahh might be restored, he made a voyage and spent some time in the West In- dies. Upon his return, while on a visit to Mrs. Shaw, a daughter of General Greene, at her house on Cumberland Island, near St. Mary's, Georgia, he died, on March 25, 1818, in the sixty-third year of his age. His son Robert Edward was born in 1807, graduated from West Point in 1829, and was distinguished as an officer in the United States Armv, especially in the Mexican War. He became the great comman- der of the Army of Virginia in the Civil W^ar, and died as President of Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Mrginia, on October 12, 1870. Robert Gilmore. In the office of the United States engineer in charge of the early rec- ords of the citv of Washington, there is a copy of a letter written on February 6, 1797, by the Federal commissioners to Robert Gil- more of Baltimore, containing information desired by him. Mention is made of maps enclosed. Mr. Gilmore acted as the agent of the well- known bankers, the Messrs. Willink of Amsterdam, Holland. Laying out the City of Washington. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress then sitting in the city of New York, after much discussion and conciliation of opposing in- terests, passed a bill locating the "Federal City" near Georgetown, at the falls of the Potomac River, on a tract ten miles square on both sides of the river, \\hich had been ceded by the States of Maryland and Virginia. Commissioners were appointed for laying out the city and erecting public buildings after a plan of Major I'Enfant, a well- known French engineer. The corner-stone of the Capitol was laid by the President, General George Washington, on September 18, 1792. It is to those commissioners that Mr. English refers. Elisha Perkins. Elisha, a son of Dr. Joseph Perkins, was born in Norwich, Con- necticut, on January 16, 1741. He was educated by his father, and settled in Plainfield, Connecticut, as a physician, where he had an excellent practice. It was in 1795 that he introduced his metallic trac- II 201 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE tors, M'liich ^\■ere two instruments said to be of peculiar metallic con- struction, one resembling brass and the other steel ; they w ere three inches long and pointed at the ends. The points of the instruments were applied to the part affected, and then drawn over it for twentv minutes in a downward direction. They were to be used chiefly for local inflammation, pain in the face and head, rheumatism, and simi- lar diseases. He had a \ery large sale for them, and received \\arm endorsement from the facultj^ of three medical colleges as well as the approval of many physicians in private practice. The medical faculty of the Royal Frederick Hospital in Copenhagen exj)erimented with the tractors and approved the new method, which many called Perkinsian ; a book was issued by them on the subject. A Perkinsian institution under distinguished patronage was established in London for the benefit of the poor by a son of Dr. Perkins. About five thousand persons were said to have been cured. He also invented an antiseptic medicine, which he used with great success in the yellow fever in Philadelphia, and also in the epidemic in New York in 1799. Dr. Per- kins went to that city and worked with great zeal among the sick, using his new remedy. After four weeks he was taken ill of the fever, and died on September 6, 1799. His theory and tractors were then submitted to closer scrutiny by English physicians and their eflicacy doubted. His remedy and tractors remained in use until about 1808. It was demonstrated that the tractors were made of ordinary brass and steel without any peculiar combinations of metals. Semmes Tavern. This was one of the earliest inns in Georgetown, and \Aas the scene of many public meetings. It was kept by Joseph M. Semmes. Among the records of meetings held bj- the members of St. John's Church, Georgetown, is that of one held on January28, 1803, "for the purpose of adopting regulations for building a Protestant Episcopal Church." In the fall of 1804, Mr. Semmes leased the "Little Hotel" on lot No. 5, square 224, fronting on the north side of F Street and Sev- enth, but east of Fifteenth Street, in Washington. It had been erected in 1795 by James Hoban, the architect of the President's house, and Pierce Purcell. No copy of the paper containing an account of the incident men- tioned in his letter by Mr. English can be found in the Library of C 200 -] DAVID ENGLISH Congress, the New York Historical Society, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, or other libraries where search has been made. John Travels. John Travers ^\as a member of a Virginian family. He kept the first hotel within the limits of the city of Washington of M'hich there is any record. In the "Georgetown Weekly Ledger" of August 24, 1793, he announced that he had opened a tavern on the Eastern Branch. A recent writer, W. B. Bryan of Washington, a zealous student of local history, says: "There is some significance in the locadon of what \\"as undoubtedly the first ta\ern in the Neu' City, as it may be fairly concluded that much of the activity centered about that section : as the population of the city about four years later was estimated to be about 2000, it is evident that at that time there were comparatively few people li\ ing in the stretch of four miles between the Eastern Branch and Georgetown." Richard M. Green. Mr. Green \\ as Richard M. Green, who was graduated from the Col- lege of New Jersey in 1794. He was a brother of Charles D. Green, who graduated in 1787, and became a farmer after graduation, dying in 1853, before November 12; on which date the "Presbyterian" published notice of his decease. He married Mary Henderson, daugh- ter of Thomas Henderson of Freehold, New Jersey. She died at Law- renceville. New Jersey, January 13, 1849, aged sixty-nine. Joseph Caldwell. For notice see page 99. Johi Maclean. The Dr. McLane referred to is John Maclean, for notice of whom see page 169. In these letters his name is generally spelled "McLane." James Agneu\ James, a son of Daniel Agnew, was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1795 with honours. He studied medicine in Phila- delphia under Dr. Maclean, father of President Maclean of the col- lege. He also attended the lectures in the Philadelphia Medical School, [ 203 ^ HOBART CORRESPONDENCE from which he Mas graduated with the degree of doctor of medicine in 1800, but remained to perfect himself in hospital practice. He com- menced his life as a physician in Trenton, New Jersey. Here he mar- ried Sarah B., daughter of Mayor Richard Ho\\ell, afterward goy- ernor of New Jersey. In 1810 he went to Mississippi, where he found an excellent field for his profession. Returning in 1813 for his fam- ily, he settled in Pittsburgh, as his wife could not endure the perils of flatboat trayel down the Ohio and Mississippi. He built up a yery large practice, and \yas known far and wide as a physician of ac- curate knowledge and considerate attention to his patients. He died in 1840. A son, the Hon. Daniel Agnew, became chief justice of Penn- sylvania. I 204 ] WALTER MINTO WALTER MiNTO ^\as a native of Scotland and a graduate of the University of Edinburgh. He turned his attention to scien- tific studies and made several mathematical and astronomical discover- ies of great value. Upon the resignation of Ashbel Green as professor of mathematical and natural philosophy, and Gilbert T. Snowden, tutor in the College of New Jersey, on April 18, 1787, two tutors were appointed in their places. At the meeting of the board in connection with the Commencement on September 26, 1787, Dr. Minto was ap- pointed to the vacant professorship. He was a verv real addition to the faculty ; he had an aptitude for teaching and gaining the approba- tion of the students. He died in 1796. LS.1 R' [ \Valter Minto to ^^^ILLIAM Stewart ] ECEIVED i6'h May 1796 of Mr. W"^. Stewart of the Freshman class Twenty three dollars 331^ cents in full for Entrance tuition and room-rent &c the present session. dolls. cents. W. Minto treasurer of college. ANNOTATION IVilliam Stewart. For notice see page 217. C 205 ] JOSEPH REED JOSEPH, a son of General Josepli Reed, president of Pennsylva- nia University, was born in Philadelphia on July H, 1772. After graduating from the College of New Jersey in 1792, he studied law and was admitted to the bar, and gained an extensive practice by his skill and precision. For many years he was recorder of the city of Philadelphia. He died on March 4, 1846. His edidon of the Laws of Pennsylvania was published in fi\e volumes, from 1822 to 1824. [ Fro.m Joseph Reed ] Sir I FEEL very much obliged to you for your letter of yester- day — Some days ago I received a letter from my brother Dennis expressing a Wish to leave College I immediately answered his letter, and informed him that such a meastire would never meet with my approbation, since which I have not heard from him. I flatter myself that he is now convinced of his error and restimed his studies — I am induced to suppose your letter was written before he received mine. I will thank you to inform me whether he has yet joined his Class — You and Do6lor Minto will be pleased to accept my thanks for your attention. I am Sir Your Hum'' St: Jos: Reed Phil May 20 1796. Mr. John H. Hob art Superscription : M" John H Hobart, Princeton : 206 : JOSEPH REED ANNOTATION Dennis de Berdt Reed. Dennis de Berdt Reed A\as graduated from the College of NeM' Jersey in 1797. He was made master of arts in 1800; he died in 1805. C 207 -] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From Walter Stewart ] Philadelphia June 4th I 796 Dear Sir YOUR two Letters of 1 2th & 31st May I had the Pleasure to receive. The kind attention which you have been pleas 'd to pay to my Son since his Entrance at Princeton, can never be forgotten by his Mother or myself, and the Judicious choice you made in fixing Him in the Room with Mr Littlejohn has given us the sincerest Satisfa6lion. Your last Letter however appears to convey some Slight Idea as if He was rather Volatile, & I fear not so Studious as you could Wish, I thank you sincerely for this hint, & shall by Every means in my power Impress on Him the Necessity of Study, & the Care of his Condu6l in Every respe6l. At the Same time I must Entreat you would candidly Inform me If you find He is forming Connexions in College which may lead Him into those Errors We have all to Dread, as I am confident by my Cautioning Him against them that He will Attend to my Advice, & Shun such Company as you might think would prove Injurious. Amongst such a Number of young Lads there will always be found some who not only take a pleasure in Idleness them- selves, but have strong propensitys to lead others in the Same Path; should William Unfortunately form such attachments. His future Prospers may be Entirely destroyed by them, & they cannot be too strongly Guarded Against by his Parents. On you therefore my Good Sir I shall depend for the Neces- sary Information, & rest assured your Name shall Never be Call'd in Question. I hope to see you by the middle or latter End of next week, C 208 ^ WALTER STEWART in the mean time I Inclose you Ten Dollars which I request your keeping for the weekly allowance of my Son reimburse- ment of your Advances & for any little thing He may stand in need of. I am Dr Sir With much respe6l Yr obed Servant Walter Stewart Superscription: M? John H. Hobart, at the College of Princetovvn C 209 n HOBART CORIUiSPONDENCE [ Froji James Robertson ] Philad^ June 6, 1796. Dear John, IT has been with much pleasure I have seen your friend Mr. Forsyth here; but I regret that my engagements in store have left me so little time to enjoy his agreeable com- pany. The same circumstance have prevented mefrom writing to you ere this, and as Mr. F. goes this morning I have only time at present to mention that I have sent by him the books you wrote to me for. Mr. Ames's Speech has been printed in Fenno's paper which I suppose you have seen, but as it is well worth preserving, and can be done with more convenience in a pamphlet, I have sent it. The Speech may not appear to such advantage in print as it did when delivered, but will still bear a comparison with any speech, I have ever seen pub- lished in America. I have also sent you a letter written lately by the celebrated Mr. Burke. I need say little about it as it will explain itself. I shall only observe that perhaps you are not enough of an aristicrate to acquiece in all his opinions; yet I think, you are sufficiently so, to perceive and admire the beauties, with which this letter abounds — Mr. Brissot said, in a publication some time before his death that the embellishment of language was the aristocracy of literature, and that it was unbecoming a Re- publican to employ it. Should you even agree with this opinion of which however, I much doubt it will not lessen your plea- sure on the perusal of this letter, above mentioned. Mr. F. is just going ofF& I have not time to add more than that I am affe6ly Yours J. Robertson. Superscription: Mr. John H. Hobart [ 210 ] L\MES ROBERTSON ANNOTATIONS Fisher Ames. Fisher, son of Nathaniel and Mary (Fisher) Ames, was born at Ded- ham, Massachusetts, on April 9, 1758. He was carefully taught, al- though his mother was left a widow \\hen he \\as six years old, and was in very straitened circumstances. He was graduated from Har- vard College in 1774. After several years spent in teaching school, he studied law in the office of the eminent counsellor, William Tudor of Boston. He \\as admitted to the bar in 1781, and opened a law office in Dedham. He was a delegate to the Massachusetts Convention of 1781, called to consider the evils of the depreciated paper currency and seek a remedy. A speech made by him showed such grasp of the financial situation, and gave such convincing arguments against adopting the measures proposed which \\ould have been disastrous, that the leaders of the Federalist party sought him out, commended him, and when they knew that the brilliant articles under the names of "Lucius Junius Brutus" and "Camillus," which had recently ap- peared in the Boston papers, were from his pen, they gave him their confidence and firm support. In 1788 he was a member of the Gen- eral Court of Massachusetts, and also of the Convention to ratify the Constitution. He was elected representative to the first Congress of the United States for the Boston district, over Samuel Adams, ' ' the most popular man in New England." He was reelected for eight years. During the debate upon the appropriation for the Jay Treatv he acted a very important part. The Republicans who opposed it had, as they thought, a clear majority of six. Mr. Ames was ill at his lodgings. When time came for the vote, so fully was he convinced that the validity of the Constitution and the welfare of the Republic were involved, that he was driven to the House to make his protest. In the face of the great opposition, he arose, weak and trembling as he was, and delivered a speech which by its pathos, force, and elo- quence, held the whole House in breathless admiration. Its effect was such that an adjournment \vas taken, lest the majority should be made a minority. At the close of his fourth term in Congress, he was compelled to retire permanently on account of his health. He still retained his interest in public affairs, and wrote many brilliant essays and papers upon them. He devoted himself to his farm and C 211 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE the raising of fine fruit. He died at Dedham, Massachusetts, on July 4, 1808. Edmund Burke. Edmund Burke, who was torn in 1728 and died in 1797, was a man not only of great political power, but also a writer whose \\orks are both philosophical and practical. His opposition to the French Re\o- lution was shown not only by his speeches in Parliament, but also by several pamphlets. His first and most elaborate arraignment of the Jacobins is in "Reflections on the Revolution in France, in a letter to a French gentleman," which appeared in 1790. It went into many edidons in England, and was translated into French and German. The first American edition was published under the title, "A Letter from Edmund Burke, with a preface by Peter Porcupine," Philadel- phia, 1796. Jean Pierre Brissot. Jean Pierre Brissot was born at Chartres, France, in 1754. He was educated for the law, and on concluding his course entered the ofiice of a procurator. The profession was displeasing to him, and he soon abandoned it to devote himself to literature. He was well read in his- tory and philosophy. His earliest Mork, which appeared in 1780, made his reputation and gained for him the approval of the most com- petent critics. It was entided "Theorie des Lois Criminelles." From this time he was regarded as an authority upon the subject. As the supposed writer of a pamphlet against the Queen, Marie Antoinette, he was confined in the Bastille ; after four months he was released through the efforts of the Duke of Orleans. As a lover of liberty he was soon again in danger, and went to Eng- land. He visited the United States, where he remained for some time. He was representative of a societj' for the betterment of the negroes called "Societe des Amis des Noirs." Upon his return in 1789 he was elected to the National Assembly by the city of Paris. There he was a leader, and influenced all the earlier phases of the Revolu- tion. He also added to his influence by a paper called " Le Patriote Francais." Brissot became the leader of the partv known as the Girondists, which was named from the Province of Gironde, from which most of I 212 ] JAMES ROBERTSON its members came. It was also known as Brissotins, from its head. He was a firm Republican, and his powerful influence was for the destruc- tion of the French monarchy, and the prevention of war with Aus- tria and England, as well as for the spread of Republican principles throughout Europe. His moderation and opposition to the drastic measures of the Montague or the Jacobins caused him to be accused of favouring royalty, although he voted for the death of the king. Under its accusations, he and his party were deprived of power. With twent\- other Girondists, Brissot was executed by guillotine, October 31, 1793. C 213 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From John Conrad Otto ] Philadelphia June 1 2''' 1 796 My dear Hobart, FROM my brothers long and constant desire to quit the study of the languages, and a view, I hope, to his interest, I have at length determined to alter his mode of education. It was my earnest wish to make him a scholar, and I persisted in it as long as there was a conceivable hope of eventually ob- taining my purpose. His youth was such that it would have been criminal to have permitted him to regulate his conduft and ed- ucation; but there is a turn of mind and disposition that must always be accommodated. Every person is not formed for dis- tin6lion in the literary world, and I have long considered it as an impropriety in some parents to attempt to change radically the current of a child's disposition. The plan of nature is com- prehensive, and she has fitted her children to a6l in different spheres — she has given them different talents & aptitudes to shine in their respedlive places. And when it can once be deter- mined from the evolution of the mind, what station they are designed to fill, their future education should always be accom- modated to it. To oppose the original dispositions of a child is to cut him off from preferment — particular callings are of no great importance. Pope says " a6l well your part, there all the honor hes." My brother appears to be formed for a6live life — from his early youth he has been distinguished among his play- fellows by it. My views are therefore to educate him in that manner that will be most conducive to develope his talents and give an opportunity for preferment. As the situations in life are different, so should the train of studies be. At present he has an inclination for the sea, but I wish his pursuits to be more general, his application should be diredled to something more C 214 n JOHN CONRAD OTTO extensive, so that if he should have an aversion to this, it will still be in his power to apply himself to something else. Al- though an attention should be bestowed upon the particular pursuit he has in view, still there should be a plan of informa- tion that should be general. My desires are that Dan shall re- main at Princeton — that he shall be under the subordination of the college rules, if this is not contrary to your regulations — that he shall live with his brother — that he pay stri6l attention to the duties of the society, provided his condu6l will permit him to retain a seat. I wish him to avoid bad and of course idle company. As to his studies, I wish that you would superintend them. I have written to Jacob upon the subje6l. Dan must learn to write — the english grammar — Geography and figures. I should be highly gratified if you could undertake the care, pro- vided it did not interfere with your avocations — these studies he can recite in the order — as often, and in such quantities as you think proper. My brother at Princeton will compensate you for your trouble. Afterwards he must learn some branches of the mathematics — I intend that he shall continue at some seminary until he becomes master of these subje6ls. I hope that this revolution in his studies will occasion a correspondent one in his application, he has no longer any cause to complain — it is impossible to describe my solicitude for his welfare. I have written to Jacob & Daniel particularly, you will please ac- quaint the faculty of my detennination. I have received a let- ter from White. He is well & very much engaged in business. He expedls to be married soon. Adieu Your's sincerely John C. Otto. M" John H. Hob art — Supericription : M" John H. Hobart, Princeton — C 215 ] HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE ANNOTATIONS Quotation from Pope. This quotation is from the Fourth Epistle of Pope's " Essay on Man." The context is : '■'■Honour and shame from no condition rise; Jet well your part, there all the honour lies. Fortune in ?nen has some small diff'rence made. One flaunts in rags, one flutters in brocade; The cobbler apron d, and the parson gown d. The friar hooded, and the monarch crowned. '■What differ more {you cry) than crown and cowl!' I'll tell you, friend: a wise man and a fool. You'll find, if once the monarch acts the monk. Or, cobbler-like, the parson will be drunk, Worth makes the man, and want of it the fellow; The rest is all but leather or prunella." Jacob Schweighaiiser Otto. For notice see page 195. Alexander JVhite. For notice see page 141. c 216 : WILLIAM STEWART WILLL\M, a son of General Walter and Deborah (McClena- chan) Stewart, was entered at the College of New Jersey and placed under the care of Mr. Hobart. The death of his father made it necessar}- for him to remain at home to settle the estate and enter upon a business career. In 1802 he became a member of the Penn- sylvania Society of the Cincinnad. He died previous to 1815, when his son Walter was enrolled in the society. [ From Williajm Stewart ] Philadelphia June l6''', 1796 Dear Sir I Arrived here at 12 OClock on Tuesday evening, when I had the misfortune to find my father was no more, he died about one OClock. His disordre is not know'n though it is supposed to have been a billious fever. He was taken ill on Tuesday week & had got a great deal better & had come down stairs on Sunday, he was not taken so ill till about 24 hours before he died he was quite composed, & sensible till his last. I have lost the best of fathers & a sincere friend he is universally lamented both as a publick & private character, he was buried yesterday at 4 OClock, with the honors of war, his corps was attended by the Cincinnati & militia officers. My mother has been very very unwell since it happened but is at present. It is impossible for me to determine when I shall return to Princeton. I am much Obliged to you for the many kindnesses I have reeled from you & shall be very gratefull for them. I will be obliged to you to mention this to Dr. & Mrs Smith you will please to give my love to Mr. Littlejohn, tell him I II 217 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE shall write to him very soon. You will also remember me to Mr. Clark, beleive me Sir I am with the truest love & respe6l Your ever affeftionate Pupil Wm, Stewart Superscription : Mr. John Hobart, Princeton College, New Jersey. ANNOTATION James IF. Clarke. James W. Clarke, a native of Bertie County, North Carolina, was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1797. He was a mem- ber of the House of Commons of North Carolina from 1802 to 1803, and in 1811 from Edgecombe County. He was a member of the North Carolina Senate from 1812 to 1814. From 1815 to 1817 he was a member of the United States House of Representatives. In 1828 he was made chief clerk of the Navy Department at Washington. He retired after a short term of service. He died in 1843. [ 218 ] JAMES ROBERTSON [ From James Robertson ] Philad. June 24, 1796. Dear John, I HAVE sent by the gentleman who will deliver you this letter Mr. Forsyth's watch which he left here to be re- paired. It has been ready several days but the present is the first opportunity that has offered. The charge for repairing it is ^3.62 which seems high. I have however paid it as we can- not judge of the work and from the chara61:er of the watch- maker, I believe he would not charge more, than he was entitled to. I have always had too much occasion in my letters to you to make apologies either for writing so seldom; or for the haste in which my letters were written. This is as necessary at pre- sent, as at any former time; but I shall decline it, as you know before-hand what it would be; and besides as I expe61: soon to have the pleasure of seeing you in Philad. I dare say I shall be able to set all matters right. I have been more engaged in the store this last spring than usual. The most of the business, however, is now nearly over; and by the begining of next month there will be very little to do; at which time I promise myself much pleasure in your company. Remember me to Mr. Forsyth. I am very affe6lionately Yours James Robertson. Superscription : Mr. John H. Hobart or, in his absence to be left with M". Robert M. Forsyth. Princeton. Favoured by Mr. TenBrook with a Watch. C 219 J HOBART CORRESPONDENCE ANNOTATION Abraham Ten brook The Mr. TenBrook alluded to is no doubt Abraham Tenbrook, who was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1784 and died in 1841. [ From James Robertson ] PhiladO July 25, 1796. Dear John I Received your two letters of the 13 & 22d inst. The for- mer enclosing Mr. Nourse's note for $66^ Dollars which is just paid. The latter enclosed a Drft on Ross & Simson for one hundred & fifty Dollars at 10 days, which however they have promised to pay this day. As the mail will be closed in a few minutes and as your friend wanted the money, I now enclose it, as I entertain no doubt but the Drft will be paid. This circumsstance must be my excuse for the shortness of this letter. I hope soon to make amends, as well as for my former deficiencies. Mr. & Mrs Smith returned on friday last in good health from the sea-shore. Your Mama has written to you by this mail. I am my dear John, Yours James Robertson. As I could not send exa6lly the amount of Mr. Nourse's note, I have sent $65. the difference I can settle with you when I see you. 6 Notes — 20 ea. ^120 9 " — 10— 90 1 " — 5 — 5 ?215 — C 220 ] JAMES ROBERTSON I shall be glad to hear that receive it. I am in haste. Superscription : Mr John H. Hobart, Princeton ANNOTATIONS Joseph Noiirse. Joseph Nourse was born in London, England, on July 16, 1754. He came to Virginia with his parents in 1769. In March, 1776, he entered the army as secretary to General Charles Lee, \\ ho was organizing the Mrginia cavalry. He served as assistant adjutant-general's clerk and paymaster of the Board of War from 1777 to 1781, and was regis- trar of the United States Treasury from 1781 to 1829. He Mas care- ful, honest, scrupulous, exact, and had the respect and esteem of all who knew him. He died at his home near \^^ashington, now a part of the site of the cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, Mount St. Alban, on September 1, 1841, in his eighty-eighth year. Ross & Simso?i. Charles Ross and John Simson were in partnership as merchants, under this title, at No. 115 South Front Street, Philadelphia. [ 221 :i HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From David English ] Upper Marlboro Aug". 23. 1796 Dear Sir I LEFT Geo Town yesterday with an intention of visiting Bishop Claggett before my return but I am informed he passed thro here a day or two ago on his way to Baltimore, so that I shall return with some degree of disappointment as I expe6led to have found there several of the fairest part of creation viz. The reli6l of Parson Chew & his sister besides the Bishop's accomplished daughters. I called this morning at M'' Digge's but M"^ Lamercy was not up it being very early, I shall see him on my return. I had the honor of a transient sight of the greatest man on earth when he passed thro Geo. Town on his way to the seat of government. The buildings in the city of Washington I had an opportunity of seeing as I came thro it yesterday The Presidents house has progressed very little lately tho there are a few hands at work at it. The Capitol has risen considerably within a few weeks & has a very handsome appearance, the exterior wall is above the windows of the first Story. Several houses in the neighbourhood of the Presidents & so on to the capitol have been carried up from former foundations. South of the Capitol & near the Eastern branch Morris & Nicholson's block of houses (consisting of 30 perhaps it is a considerable number but I am not posi- tive of the number) have risen rapidly. Upon the whole there is less by far in the building line than some other season's. M' M'^Cormick has removed to the city & is associated with M^ Ralph. M"^ Davis who teaches the Academy here is study- ing under the Bishop he was educated at Carlisle & is to remove to the Cool Spring Seminary shortly as an assistant to M' Hatch Dent, the good parson I have mentioned to you, C 222 '] DAVID ENGLISH & who went to N Carolina but being tired of the place has returned. I made an excurtion to Bath a few weeks ago a particular description of which I expe6l M"" Caldwell gave you & how happy I was in finding good patriots in Washington county, they are also good patriots in this place & if the President declines, will choose as an Ele6tor of President & V. P. a man in favour of Jefferson in preference to the late Gov'. Lee. In- form me of the detennination of the honors at an early date & give me all the information you can, the post has come & I must conclude with presenting my respefts to M' Caldwell D' M'^L, D^ Minto & family, & M"^ Forsyth D English Superscription : M* John H. Hobart, Princeton, N Jersey ANNOTATIONS Thomas Claggett. Thomas John, the son of the Rev. Samuel Claggett, was born in Prince George's County, Maryland, on October 2, 1743. He grad- uated from the College of New Jersey in 1764, and studied theology under the direction of his uncle, the Rev. Dr. John Eversfield. He sailed for England in 1767, and was made deacon by the Bishop of Lon- don (Dr. Richard Terrick) on September 2, 1767, and was ordained priest on October 11, 1767, by the same prelate. On his return he became curate of St. Anne's, Annapolis, and in 1768 incumbent of All Saints', Calvert Count}'. In 1776 he ceased to officiate, as he would not recite the praj-ers for the King and the Royal Family, and retired to his paternal estate in Prince George's County. In 1779 he commenced to officiate in St. Paul's, Prince George's County. In 1 78 1 he was rec- tor of Queen Caroline, Anne Arundel County, and the following year rector of St. Paul's, Prince George's County. In 1786 of St. James's, Anne Arundel, and again of St. Paul's, Prince George's County. On May 31, 1792, he was elected Bishop of Maryland, and consecrated C 223 '} HOBART CORRESPONDENCE in Trinity Church, New York City, on September 17, 1792, bv the Bishop of New York, Dr. Provoost, assisted by the Bishops of Con- necticut, Dr. Seabury, Pennsylvania, Dr. White, and Virginia, Dr. Madison. In this consecration, the first in the American Church, were united forever the English and Scottish lines of Episcopal suc- cession. After an episcopate of acti\ity and dignity, ha\ing the aid of a sufiragan for two years from 1814 to 1816, he rested from his labours on August 2, 1816, at his home near Upper Marlboro, in the seventy-third year of his age, the forty-ninth of his ministry, and the twenty-fourth of the episcopate. During the first session of the Senate in the city of Washington in 1800, Bishop Claggett was its chaplain. On All Saints' Day, 1898, with an appropriate service conducted by the Bishop of Washington, Dr. Satterlee, the remains of Bishop Claggett and his wife were deposited in a vault in St. Alban's Church, Mount St. Alban, Washington. They had been removed from their original resting-place in the churchyard of Crome, Maryland, with the consent of the Bishop's descendants. It is the intention to provide for them a suitable shrine in the cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, now building on Mount St. Alban. Parson Chezv. Thomas John, a son of Colonel Samuel Lloyd and Priscilla (Clag- gett) Chew, was born in 1769 at the family home in Upper Bennett, Calvert County, Maryland. The family had long been known and honoured in Virginia and Marjdand, from the day in 1622 when John Chew of Chewstown, Somersetshire, England, arrived in the Sea Flower and settled at James City, Virginia. Removing to Maryland in 1642, he became the ancestor of a distinguished line of jurists, soldiers, and statesmen. Colonel Chew was a man held in very high esteem. He was a staunch patriot and served in the Revolutionary Army. He was a member of the Federation of the Freemen of Maryland, and colonel of the state militia. His sons were well educated by pri\ate tutors, and at good schools. Mr. Chew pursued his studies for the ministry under his uncle, the Rev. Thomas John Claggett, the future Bishop. He was made deacon by the Rt. Rev. Dr. White, Bishop of Pennsylvania, on September 19, 1790. He took charge of All Saints' Parish, Calvert County, where he remained for two years. In 1792 he accepted the rectorship of St. C 224 ] DAVID ENGLISH James's Parish, Anne Arundel County. He died in 1793 at the age of twenty-four years. He married Margaret Crabb Johnes. She was the eldest daughter of Colonel Thomas and Sarah (Hollyday) Johnes, a large land-owner. The site of the White House at Washington was a part of his pro- perty. Mr. Chew left no children. Mrs. Chew, in 1799, married Colonel W^ashington Bower, a wealthy merchant of Georgetown, District of Columbia. He died in 1825. His widow died on July 22, 1840. The allusion is evidently to a sister of Mrs. Chew, as Colonel Chew had no daughters. Bishop Claggett's Daughters. Bishop Claggett had three daughters : Mary Anne, born September 8, 1776, who married John Evers- field, and died on August 28, 1810. She is buried in the old Clag- gett plot, near Crome, in Prince George's County. Priscilla EIlizabeth, who married John H. Chew. She died in 1843, leaving seven children. Descendants of some of them are now living. Elizabeth Laura, born March 3, 1787; married Josias Young of Prince George's County. She died in November, 1864, and is buried in the old Claggett plot. Mrs. Digges. The name of Digges is one of the most ancient and honourable in Prince George's County, Maryland ; the manor house stood upon a bluff overlooking the Patuxent. It is also found in other parts of the state. "Mrs. Digges" may possibly be "Catherine Digges, relict of George Digges of Warburton, and daughter of Robert and Anna Brent, born in Stafford County, Virginia. Died at Washington City, District of Columbia . ' ' She is buried near the Roman Catholic Church at Rock Creek, in the vicinity of Washington, known as the ' ' Nancy Carroll Chapel," which was built by Anne, sister of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. i 225 "2 HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Mr. Lamer cy. This gentleman seems merely to have been a sojourner, as his name does not appear on any records or documents preserved in Maryland. The President in August, 1796. At this time George Washington was President. His second term ended March 4, 1797, when he retired to Mount Vernon. Robert Morris and John Nicholson. Robert Morris, "the financier of the Revolution," as he has been fitly styled, invested largely in lands in the federal city. His latest bi- ographer says : ' ' The original holders of the land deeded it to trus- tees, who were to lay out the streets and squares and lay ofl' what was wanted for the use of the government. Another part was also assigned to the government, which part was to be sold in order to pay the original proprietors for what land had been assigned to the United States, and to provide for the improvements. Not many lots were sold until 1793, when Robert Morris and James Greenleaf bought six thousand lots at eighty dollars each, for which they were to pay in seven annual installments, without interest, commencing May 1, 1794. They agreed to build annually twenty brick houses, two stories high, and covering twelve hundred square feet each. In 1794 John Nicholson took a share in the contract." Andrezv Thomas McCormick. Andrew Thomas McCormick was born in Ireland and brought up as a Presbyterian. He conformed to the Church, and was made deacon by theRt. Rev. Dr.Claggett, Bishop of Maryland, on June 15, 1794. When he was ordained priest is not on record. He became assistant in Queen Anne Parish, Prince George's County, Maryland. In 1796 he took charge of a school in the new city of Washington. It was evidentlj' of a higher grade than any in the vicinity. The Re^'. George Ralph, his predecessor in the school, had resigned to take charge of the newly organized parish of Washington, known as Christ Church. He had been elected at the first meeting of the vestry, on May 25, 1795. Mr. McCormick published in two successi\e issues of " The \^'^ash- ington Gazette," in January, 1797, this advertisement: c 226 :] DAVID ENGLISH Washington School Re\'. /\ndrew T. McCormick, successor to the Rev. George Ralph, respectfully acquaints the public, that he is now prepared for the re- ception of Day Scholars & also of a feu- Boarders. The English, Latin & Greek Languages, w ith Geography, Writing &. Arithmetic are in- cluded in his present plan of Education — Particular attention will be paid to English Grammar &. the pronunciation of this language, agree- able to the best & most approved standards ; parts of literature, tho \er\ necessary yet too much neglected, in some of our best seminaries. Terms may be known by application to Mr. McCormick, President's Square, near the little Hotel. Dec. 9, 1796. In 1798 Mr. McCormick became assistant in the parish. On May 4, 1806, he was elected rector. He resigned in 1823. He appears to have been an excellent schoolmaster and an acceptable pastor. He was chaplain to the United States Senate at three different times. He died in 1840, being seventy years old. George Ralph. George Ralph came from England to Baltimore, Maryland, where he opened a school in 1790. He was made deacon by the Rt. Rev. Dr. White, Bishop of Pennsylvania, on October 16, 1791. He officiated frequently in Baltimore until 1793, when he became rector of North Sassafras, Cecil County, and South Sassafras, Kent Coimty, and had a large school. In 1795 he became rector of W^ashington Parish, in the District of Columbia, where he opened a school. In 1797 he removed to Queen Anne Parish, Prince George's County, and here also he kept a school of high grade. In 1800 he was principal of Charlotte Hall and rector of Trinity, Charles County, and in 1801 of All Faith's, St. Mary's County. In 1809 he opened an academy in Baltimore County, and in 1810 became rector of Trinity Church, Baltimore. In 1812 he resigned his parish and devoted all his time to his school. A recent writer says of him : "In an unmarked grave at 'Pomona,' once the home of Robert Riddell, lies the body of the Rev. George Ralph, a native of England. He started as a teacher in Baltimore, in 1790, was ordained by Bishop White, of Pennsylvania, in 1791, and C 227 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE held the position as rector of several country churches, with \\hich the duties of school teacher were in most cases attached. He was for sev- eral years principal of Charlotte Hall school, in St. Mary's county, entering upon his duties there in 1801. A quaint building, still stand- ing on the ground and called the 'White House,' was built by him. This is his only monument. He w as of Irish descent, and had the proverbial eloquence of his race. He married Miss De Butts, niece of Dr. Butts, of Mt. Welby, Prince George's county, and left t\\ o children, a son and a daughter. He died in May, 1813. "Upon his death the youngsters of the neighborhood thought that some rites of their own were necessary in order to exorcise so indom- itable a spirit. Therefore, A\ith much labor they deposited a huge stone over his gra\e to keep him from rising again. Another story is told of him, in reference to an altercation he had \\ ith Mr. Key, while he \\ as principal of the Charlotte Hall school. The latter exclaimed in his wrath, 'Were it not for your cloth I should fight you,' whereupon the reverend gentleman took off his coat and threw it on the ground saying, 'Lie there divinity while I chastise rascality.'" {^Historic Graves of Maryland^ p. 125.] Henry Lyon Davis. Henry Lyon Davis was a native of Charles County, Maryland. Hewas made deacon March 12, 1797, by Bishop Claggett. He became princi- pal of Charlotte Hall School and rector of All Faith's Parish, St. Mary's County ; in 1801 rector of King and Queen Parish, in the same county ; and in 1802 rector of Charles, Charles County. In 1804 he removed to Cecil County and became rector of North Sassafras. In 1816 he accepted the rectorship of St. Anne's, Annapolis, and was succes- sively, in addition to his parochial duties, vice-principal and princi- pal of St. John's College. For twenty years he was a member of the standing committee, eight years secretary of the Convention, Conven- tion preacher, and twice a deputy to the General Convention. He served as editor of "The Christian Messenger." In 1826 he removed to Delaware, where he died in 1836. Hatch Dent. Hatch Dent was born in Trinity Parish, Charles County, Maryland. He served as an officer in the Revolution. He was made deacon by C 228 ] DAVID ENGLISH the Bishop of Connecticut, Dr. Samuel Seabury, in Trinity Church, New Haven, Connecticut, on Sunday, October 16, 1785, and ordained priest by the same prelate on Tuesday, St. Luke's Day, October 18, 1785. He Ijecame rector of Trinity Parish in his native county ; for one year, 1797-98, William and Mary Parish in the same countA' was under his care. His private school greu into the well-kno\vn Charlotte Hall School, of which he was the first principal. He died in 1800. He was for several years a member of the standing committee of the diocese. Charlotte Hall. Charlotte Hall, in St. Marv's Countv, Maryland, was famed for heal- ing springs even in colonial days. Here were built, at the public ex- pense, homes for such poor impotent persons as should repair "to the Fountain of Healing Waters called the Cool Springs." It Avas at this place that the Rev. Hatch Dent, with others, founded, in 1796, the school known as Charlotte Hall School, but also called Cooling Springs Seminary. Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson was born at Shad well, Albemarle County, Vir- ginia, on April 13, 1743. He was graduated from William and Mary College, Virginia, in 1762. In 1767 he was admitted to the bar and attained success. In 1769 he became a member of the House of Bur- gesses. In 1774 he w-as chosen a delegate to a convention to consider the affairs of the colony. Unable to attend, he sent a paper, which, published vmder the title, "A Summarv View of the Rights of Brit- ish North America," had a wide circulation and great influence. The governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, threatened him with prosecu- tion for high treason. In 1775 he was elected a member of the Con- tinental Congress, and took a high rank in that body as a man of great legal knowledge and practical political sagacity. He was again elected to the third Congress in 1776, and was a member of the committee of five to prepare the draft of a Declaration of Independence. His colleagues were : Benjamin Frankhn, John Ad- ams, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. He was made chair- man and requested to prepare the document for submission to the committee. With very slight changes his draft was adopted, reported C 229 H HOBART CORRESPONDENCE to Congress on June 28, the resolution for Independence was passed on July 2, and the formal Declaration was adopted on July 4. Resigning his seat, he declined the appointment to be a member of a commission to France with Benjamin Franklin and Silas Dean. He was active in the convention which formed a state constitution, much of the work upon it being from his pen. In 1779 he succeeded Pat- rick Henry as governor of Virginia, and remained in office for two years. In 1783 he was elected to Congress, then sitting at Annapo- lis, Maryland. Upon his motion the decimal system of coinage was adopted. In 1784 he went to Europe as plenipotentiary with Frank- lin and John Adams to negotiate treaties of commerce \\ ith foreign nations. In 1785 Mr. Jefferson succeeded Franklin as Minister to France. He had a difficult role, but maintained his impartiality as ambassador \\ith much tact during the early months of the Revo- lution. In 1790 he returned to the United States to become Secretary of State in Washington's Cabinet, to which he had been appointed the previous year. In 1794 he withdrew to his estate at Monticello and interested himself in scientific farming and study. At the election held in November, 1796, the Federalists nominated the Hon. John Adams, then Vice-President, and the Republicans the Hon. Thomas Jefferson, who had been Secretary of State in Wash- ington's Cabinet. The contest was close and bitter. Mr. Adams was elected and Mr. Jefferson became Vice-President, according to the custom then in vogue, that the person receiving the next highest num- ber of votes to the successful candidate should be the Vice-President. In 1801, after the failure of an election by the people, the Federalist candidates being President Adams and the Hon. Charles C. Pinckney, he was elected by Congress as President Avith the Hon. Aaron Burr as Vice-President. His administration was brilliant. Louisiana Mas purchased from France ; Ohio was admitted as a state ; the war with Tripoli was prosecuted with glory to the navy of the Republic. ELlected for a second term in 1804, he continued in the same course as pre- viously, and by his evident partiality for France strained relations with England, which had been overbearing and arrogant, until the embargo brought the country to the verge of war. The trial of Aaron Burr for treason in 1807 and the prohibition of the slave trade are among the events which had far-reaching effects. At the close of his second term on March 4, 1809, he retired from public life, and spent C 230 2 DAVID ENGLISH the remainder of his days at Monticello, where he improved his farms, wrote and studied, devised the educational system of Virginia, founded at Charlottesburg the Universitv of Virginia, and kept open house with that courtesy and hospitahtv for which Virginia was noted. He died on July 4, 1826, in the eighty-fourth year of his age, a few hours before the death of his predecessor in the presidency, John Adams. Henry Lee. For notice see page 200. L 231 J JOHN NEILSON ABEEL JOHN Neilson Abeel was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1787. He was tutor from 1791 to 1793. He studied law under Judge Patterson of New Jersey, but finally determined to study the- ology under the Rev. Dr. John W. Livingston of New York. He was licensed to preach in April, 1793, and went to the Second Presby- terian Church of Philadelphia as a colleague of the Rev. Dr. Green. In 1795 Mr. Abeel became the colleague of Dr. Li\ingston in the Collegiate Dutch Reformed Church in Garden Street in the city of New York. Under his care his charge prospered greatly. He was sometimes called "the beloved disciple, John." He had a mind clear and discerning, a voice sweet, melodious, penetrating, and a manner that was frank and winning. As a pastor he looked most assiduously after his flock. Dr. Abeel died on January 20, 1812. [ From John Neilson Abeel ] New York 30th Aug — 96 — Dear Sir I AM sorry that it is not fully in my power to comply with your request — When I received your letter I thought that I should be able to find among my papers the oration you mention but whilst I was searching for it recolle6led that I had given it to John Wallis of the last Senior Class in whose possession it now remains. If you can find out where he is and procure it you may make what use of it you please. The plan of that oration is good and I believe new I wish I could say as much for the execution. You may however by some cor- re6lions and additions make something out of it that will suit Mr Forsyth's purpose. There are if I am not mistateing some incidents in that young gentleman's life which if delicately touched in his valedi61:ory would render it highly interesting. C 232 ] JOHN NEILSON ABEEL You know better than I, what they are and will judge with what propriety they may bear to be noticed. I shall be glad to hear from you from time to time. Your Friend Jno, N. Abeel Mr. Jno. H. Hobart Superscription : Mr John Hobart, Princeton. ANNOTATION John Bradford Wallace. John Wallis ' ' is John Bradford Wallace, and a member of the dis- tinguished Burlington family. He was a brother of Joshua Maddox Wallace. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1794. As a student, his reputation for lessons well prepared and conduct that was manly long survived. President Smith used to say : " It is indeed a pleasure to hear Mr. Wallace's recitations." Mr. Wallace studied law, and in 1797 was admitted to the Pennsyl- vania bar. Here, in competition with many men of brilliant intellect, he won a very high place. In 1822 he removed to Meadville, Penn- sylvania. While there he was elected a member of the Pennsylvania legislature. He served for three years. In 1825 he removed to Philadel- phia, where he remained, with a very large practice, until his death, January 7, 1837. He was a staunch Churchman, useful and active in the affairs of the parish and the diocese, and the Church at large. Of his religious life it is said : ' ' His piety was bright and remarkably practical ; a fervid and delightful sentiment, it inspired in his own heart both love and confidence." C 233 H BENJAMIN RUSH BENJAMIN Rush was born in Philadelphia on December 24, 1745. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1760. His medical studies \\ere commenced in Philadelphia and com- pleted under the most skilful physicians and by the inspection of the laest hospitals in Edinburgh, London, and Paris. In 1769 he became professor of chemistry in the Philadelphia Medical College. From the very beginning of his career he was noted for his care and skill as a physician and secured a large practice. He was a firm defender of the rights of the American colonies, and was elected to the Continental Congress, \vhere he advocated inde- pendence, and signed the Declaration of Independence in July, 1776. In April, 1777, he was appointed surgeon-general, and in July, phy- sician-general of the Continental Army. He resigned a few months later, as he could not stop the frauds upon soldiers in the hospital stores. He was the chief promoter of the Philadelphia dispensary, the first in the country, and was one of the founders of the College of Physi- cians. A strong upholder of universal education, he was acti\e in the establishment of public schools. He was a member of the Pennsylvania Convention for ratifying the Federal Constitution, and also of that which formed the state constitution. In 1791 he became professor of the theory and practice of medicine, and in 1797 of the practice of physic, in the University of Pennsylvania. During the epidemic of yellow fever in the city in 1793, his sympathy, devotion, and suc- cess in its treatment greatly endeared him to the people of the city. In 1799 he was made treasurer of the United States Mint at Phila- delphia. By his personality as well as his attainments he secured a high place as a ph3-sician and citizen. His medical works long were standard, and brought to him honours from several of the European monarchs. Among them were: Medical Inquiries and Observations, five volumes, 1789-1793 ; Essays, 1798 ; Diseases of the Mind, 1821. He died on April 19, 1813, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. C 234 ] BENJAMIN RUSH [ From Bexjamix Rush ] My Dear Friend, I WILL be at home this evening at 9 o'Clock, and to-mor- row morning at 8, at either of which times it will be agree- able to receive a visit from you, and to administer advice & comfort for your body and mind. From your sincere & sympathizing friend Benj" Rush Oftob' 15, 96 2 O'clock. No superscription. Endorsed in Hobart's writing : Note from D" Benj. Rush, Philad^ Oft: is:"-. 1796. C 235 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From James Robertson ] New York Decern. 19, 1796. I DARE say, my dear John, you have been very much surprised at my long silence; and I expe6l you will be equally so, to hear that I have passed thro' Princeton with- out seeing you. My journey to this city was very unexpected and my stay here very short. I shall return by the Mail stage which will pass thro' Princeton after night so that I shall not be able to see you, and I could not think of passing without letting you know. I left all your friends in Philad^ well on Friday last; but none of them had time to write. Your Brother Robert was in town at that time. I am in haste, and have only time to say, that you may rely on hearing from me very soon after my return to Philad^. Affe6\'y Yours James Robertson. Superscription: Mr. John H. Hobart, Princeton. C 236 ] HENRY AXTELL, JR. HENRY ^•\xTELL, the son of Henry Axtell, a farmer and Revolu- tionary officer, was born at Mendham, New Jersey, in 1796. He taught school some years at Morristown and Mendham. In 1804 he went to Geneva, New York, and opened a school w hich became quite famous and prosperous. On November 1, 1810, he was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Gene\a. In 1812 he was installed as assistant to the Rev. Jedidiah Chapman of Geneva, and became his successor in the pastorate. He was a conscientious, faithful preacher, often very powerful both in argument and appeal. He died at Geneva on February 11, 1849. [ From Henry Axtell, Jr. ] Mendham Dec'. 28* 1796. Dear Sir, YOU may recolle6l that during my stay at M"". Vandike's, I had the pleasure of reading Newton's letters to his wife. I was so much pleased with the book that I resolved to purchase it, if possible, for some of my friends to read. I have accordingly sent to N. York for it two or three times, but believe it is not for sale in that city. I have observed & even experienced so much of your kindness as induces me to be- lieve you would be willing to assist me in procuring it. Per- haps you know who has it for sale — if so, please to purchase it & whatever it costs I will pay you, besides compensating you for your trouble. You, doubtless, have frequent oppor- tunities of sending to Philadelphia — I have none; but I can send to Princeton once in a while — I would therefore thank you to get two of the books from Phil^. ( if they cannot be found nearer) & I will send for them to Princeton by the first chance. I have also sent to New York for "Shuckford's conne(5lion C 237 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE of Sacred & profane history" but I cannot find it. If it would not be too mucli trouble, I would thank you to inform me whether you think it is for sale in this country. Or, if you know where it is to be sold, perhaps you would be willing to get that also, with Newton, & send it to me by a safe conveyance from Princeton. I have no other excuse for tak- ing this freedom with you but that I can contrive no other way to procure these books, & I know the kindness of your disposition too well to doubt your willingness to oblige me. You have perhaps heard of my conclusion to stay in Mend- ham; — my reason for which was that I did not receive the promised information from Maryland till more than a month after the time appointed, & I had some reason therefore to suppose that Capt. Chesley had procured another tutor for his family. The people in Mendham were very urgent & I at length engaged to stay here one year. Possibly it may be for my temporal as well as eternal welfare. Religion begins to revive in this & the neighboring congregations. The counte- nances of people look serious & contemplative. The young people in particular seem to be uncommonly concerned for their future existence. About a week ago seven persons ( most of them young) were propounded in our meeting-house, as candidates for admission into the Church. With regard to my- self, I can only tell you that I feel myself to be an unbeliever, I have many doubts respe6ting the fallen state of man, the necessity of an attonement, & the reality & sufficiency of the one supposed to be made. In short, I seem at times to doubt the truth of the scriptures in general. If you will condescend. Sir, to favour me with some hints upon the subje6l, accom- panied with your advice, I should be much obliged to you. Please to inform M"^ Thompson that his father has been lately troubled with the rheumatism — the rest of the family are well. C 238 ] HENRY AXTELL, JR. His father says he need not be uneasy about money ; for he will send him some by the first safe conveyance. Please to give my respe6ls to M"" Thompson, to M' Forsyth, & when you have a chance to our good friends at Mapleton. I am, Sir with much respe61 &c Henry Axtell Jun"^. Superscription: M". John H. Hobart, Tutor in New-Jersey College, Princeton. ANNOTATIONS John J. Van Dike. John J. Van Dike w as a native of Princeton, and a member of the company that owned the Nassau Hotel at that time. John Newton. John Newton, the son of a captain of a trading vessel, was born in London on July 24, 1725. With very little opportunity for acquiring knowledge, he commenced, at the age of eleven, to accompany his father on his voyages, which he continued for six years. He was then entered into the British navy, and made a midshipman, but for an attempt to escape, was degraded and treated v\ ith cruelty. He was allowed to exchange into an African trader, joined a slaver, and in three years was mate of such a vessel. In 1750 he was married, and made several voyages as master of a slaver. His story of his ' ' conver- sion " has been often told and is verj' graphic. In 1755 he became tide surveyor at Liverpool. His new convictions of Christian truth led him to seek holy orders from the Archbishop of York in 1758, but his request was denied. In 1764 he was offered the curacy of Olney, and in that year was made deacon and ordained priest. Mr. Newton had adopted extreme Calvinistic views and\\as one of the early Evangelical clergymen . Between him and the poet Cowper there gre\v up a very touching intimacy. One result A\as the volume known as "Olney Hymns" (1779), of which Mr. Cowper wrote sixty-one and Mr. Newton two hundred and eightv-six. Among his best-known hymns are "How sweet the Name of Jesus sounds," "Approach, my Soul, [ 239 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE the Mercy Seat," "One there is above all others," and"Quiet, Lord, my froward heart." As an author, he published "Omicron " (1762), " Cardiphonia " (1781), and "Authentic Narrative of some Inter- esting and Remarkable Particulars in his own Life." This book is written in the form of letters, and is probably that referred to. Mr. Newton departed this life in 1807. Samuel Shuckford. Samuel Shuckford was successively rector of Shelton, Norfolk, Eng- land, and of All Hallows, London. He was honoured by KingGeorgell, who made him one of his chaplains. His best-known work \\as pub- lished in four volumes in 1727 under the title : " Shuckford's Sacred and Profane History of the World Connected, from the Creation of the World to the Dissolution of the Assyrian Empire at the death of Sardanapalus, and to the Declension of the Kingdom of Judah and Israel under the reigns of Ahaz and Pekah, with the treatise on the Creation and Fall of Man." It is one of the standard publications of the University Press, Oxford. An edition was published in 1848. It was intended to be a continuation of Dean Prideaux's famous book, "The Connection of the History of the Old and New Testament, 1715 to 1717." The twenty-seventh edition appeared in 1876. Stephen Thompson. Stephen Thompson was graduated from the College of Ne\\' Jersey in 1797. He studied for the ministry, was ordained, and was installed as pastor of the church at Connecticut Farms, New Jersey, on June 15, 1802. In 1834 he removed to Indiana, where he died on May 31, 1856. The Chesleys. The home of the Chesleys is Chesley Hill, overlooking the Patuxent River, in St. Mary's County, Maryland. It is on the east side of the road leading from Charlotte Hall to the "Plains." The members of the familv have always occupied prominent positions, and have been judges, counsellors, legislators, and soldiers. Robert, a grandson of the Hon. John Chesley of Chesley Hill, was a captain during the Revolution, and served as major or colonel in the War of 1812. He was known by his friends as "Handsome Bob." [ 240 ^ HANNAH (PRATT) HOBART BY the death of her husband, on October 27, 1776, Mrs. Hobart ^vas left with five young children, one onh' a year old, to bring up, educate, and properly place in the world. Captain Hobart, who had been a successful trader to the West Indies, had retired some years before his death A\ith what is styled ' ' a \ery moderate compe- tency." His widow lived in the stirring times of the Revolution, when all mercantile enterprise was necessarily interrupted. That she suc- ceeded in properly training all her children in both secular and reli- gious knowledge, and that for her youngest son, by personal self- denial and Aery careful management, she provided the best education that could then be obtained, shows that she had not only sound com- mon sense and great energy, but that deep and true aifection \vhich is willing to endure all things for those beloved. At the time this series of letters commences, her eldest son Robert had taken charge of iron works belonging to the family, at Potts- grove, or Pottstown, in Montgomery County, thirty-seven miles north- west of Philadelphia. It is now a thriving town of more than fifteen thousand population, several iron furnaces, foundries, rolling-mills, machine shops, and sawmills. A few letters from John Henrv Hobart to his mother and sister at this period will be found in Dr. McVickar's "Early Years." [^Pages 111, 148-150.] Letters from and to his mother of an earlier date will also be found in "Early Years." [Pages 24-32, 77-86.] Mrs. Hobart died in May, 1804, and w'as buried in Christ Chtirch- yard, Philadelphia, May 29. The " Mr. Robertson " who is frequently mentioned was an intimate friend of Mr. Hobart, then in the office of Mr. Smith, afterwards president of the Richmond Bank, Richmond, Virginia. C 241 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From Hannah Hobart ] Monday z"", Janf 1797. I Received my dear John's two letters with one enclosed to Do6l^ White which I sent to him, from the reasons you assign I think you were right in declineing the proposed settle- ment at Lancaster, particularly as the salary was so far below what you ought expe(5l, but feel sorry you concluded, that when you were better prepared to take charge of a congre- gation you shoud not consider it as an obje6tron that the salary is small or even inadequate to the purposes of a maintainance. I fear my dear John in that case however well prepared you might be to enter on the duties of your profession, you woud soon find that without a comfortable support you coud not long persevere in them with that freedom from care which woud be necessary to keep your mind unembarrassed, for beleive me my dear John however lightly you may now think of the value of money ( having never yet had much reason to know the want of it) a little experience woud soon convince you that it woud require much more than you have now an idea of to support you with any degree of comfort or with that decency of appearance which woud be proper for you to keep up in the world. I fear my dear John you calculate too much on your own little patrimony to make up deficiences, it is well you have it, and I hope and desire that you will never reduce the principal, if you cannot increase it, but you must be already convinced that you have hitherto required considerably more than the interest of it to support you in your present situa- tion and in some other circumstances the call woud be much greater, but be that as it may I cannot help thinking that when- ever you take the charge of a congregation, a decent main- C 242 ] HANNAH HOBART tainance shoud be the least you ought to expedl exclusive of any other dependance. Your brother was here at the time Ja'' Robertson went to New York. I mentioned to him D"" White's proposal and that you had it in contemplation, he was in town but a day or two. I had a few lines from him yesterday in which he enquires whether you are going or not. I think he woud be pleased to hear from you, they are well but his situation far from agree- able, all my resources from that quarter are shut up, when it will be otherwise I cant at present see. In your letter to me which coverd your first to Do6l' White you mentioned that you expe6led some arrangements woud in the spring take place in the College which woud render your situation there neither so advantageous or agreeable as at the time of your writing. I wish to know what your expec- tations are or whether any better prospe6ls now, or what plan you have in view, you will let me know as soon as you can as I am anxious about you. I was indeed much disappointed that you coud not come at Christmas, but perhaps it was best that you did not as the weather was so cold you woud have had disagreeable travel- ling, your brother in returning from Dale the thursday night before christmas had the fingers of his left hand so frozen that he was confined at home for several days, but they are getting better. It gives me great pleasure to hear you are well and happy, that this and every succeeding year of my dear John's life, may be blessed with an increase of spiritual as well as temporal happiness, is the sincere prayer of your ever Affe6\ionate H HoBART I forgot to tell jyoM your Sister and family are well, tell Forsyth L 243 2 HOBART CORRESPONDENCE he has my good wishes Do let me know if you received the bundle containing the drawers, under jacket &c and how they suit. Superscription : M". John Henry Hobart, Princeton ANNOTATION The Proposed Settlement at Lancaster. Mr. Hobart's reply to this letter is given in Berrian's "Memoir," page 55 : " My dear mother does not seem properly to understand \\hat I wrote to Dr. White. I have no intention of remaining with any con- gregation that will not afford me a decent maintenance : I only meant that I would not insist on this afji/vf, as a condition, before they knew mv abilities or character, or whether I would please them. I considered also, that most of the Episcopal congregations are in such a deranged situation as to need the sedulous exertions of a settled minister to put them in a way of affording a maintenance. I would always wish my income from a congregation to rest on the opinion they had of my intentions and exertions. Thus explained, I think 3'ou can have no objection to my sentiments." Bishop White's offer is thus recorded by Dr. Berrian, with Mr. Hobart's declination, in Berrian's " Memoir," page 54: "It appears that Bishop \\niite was anxious to ha\ e him enter, as soon as prac- ticable, into the sacred office, and to settle at Lancaster, in Pennsyl- vania, in the spring of 1797. The proposition, however, which at first was readil}' accepted, was afterwards declined, on the ground of his imperfect preparation for the ministry, and of some unexpected disadvantages which would necessarily retard his impro\'ement in the situation itself. The reasons for this change of his views are given in the following letter to Bishop White: Princeton, Dec. 24th, 1 796. Dear Sir, Mv willingness to take charge of the congregation at Lancaster arose from the opinion that it was an eligible situation, where a clergyman might be useful, and \\hich, on that account, duty called on me in [ 244- ] HANNAH HOBART some degree to accept. My plan, however, had been to remain much longer a candidate for orders, and to pursue both general and par- ticular studies to a greater extent. I did not know, till I recei\ed your letter, that the congregation could not support a minister \\ ithout his having recourse to instruction. As the situation does not appear so eligible as I expected, it has become a question with me, whether I ought to sacrifice my present inclination for stud}', and my desire to be more fully prepared before I come forward. These are favourite objects w ith me, for I consider that the duties of a professional life, and the cares of the world, will not allow me as favourable an oppor- tunity for improvement as I no\v enjoj' : I am therefore disposed to decline coming forward in the spring. My choice of the ministry has arisen, not only from a fondness for a studious and literary life, but, I trust, also from a sincere regard to the sacred objects which that profession contemplates ; when I have, therefore, farther indulged my inclination for study, and am, as I conceive, more fully prepared, I shall not consider it as an objection to any congregation that the salar\- is small, or even inadequate of itself to the purposes of a maintenance. With sincere respect and regard, I am, dear Sir, Yours affectionately, John Henry Hob art." [ From Hannah Hob art ] Jany 23"! 1797 monday I HAVE been a good deal engaged for some time pastor I shoud have written to my dear John before now. I sincerely regret the cause of the necessity which has made it proper for Forsyth to leave princeton, for his own sake, as he has lost advantages which he might have profited by, and for yours as you are thereby deprived of the society of a friend whose amiable disposition justly endeard him to you, and to C 245 D HOBART CORRESPONDENCE part with whom, must I am sure have been a severe trial to you. I feel much for you my dear John, tho I trust a concious- ness that it is best it shoud be so, with a proper sence of the duty of resignation will reconcile you to it. I shoud have been gratified to have seen him before he went home, tho perhaps if I had, my regret woud not have been lessend, when you write to him tell him I shall always esteem him as the de- servedly beloved friend of my deservedly beloved Son ; that he shares my best wishes, and that I shall always be happy in hearing of his welfare, who succeeds hjm as tutor .^ I hope it does not fall upon you, as I fear it woud be too heavy a task for you in addition to what you had before, and I woud wish you not to undertake so much as to injure your health and spirits which I beleive you have sometimes done. I know my dear John you always have friends wherever you are, and doubt not you have many at princeton, but possibly not many who may have such a place in your affections as the one who is now absent. I woud like however to know who is next in succession to him, and hope whoever he is, he may prove worthy. I woud tho hint to my dear John, that it may not per- haps always be prudent to admit any to such an unreserved confidence as was Forsyth, particularly with respeil; to your brother's affairs, about which I have sometimes written freely to you at least I know it woud hurt him much if he shoud know it, but tho he shoud not, yet it might possibly be a disadvan- tage to him, but I know I need not urge the subjeft any further. I heard from your brother a few days ago they are well, but his situation far from agreeable. Mr Smith and your Sister and family were well Saturday I have not heard since. I mentioned to your Sister B, that I had heard from you, that you were well but that Forsyth was gone home, his mother wanting him. You will be pleased to find the North America insurance C 24fi J HANNAH HOBART company have made rather a larger dividend than ever be- fore, two dollars on every share, which is to my part four hun- dred dollars, a fortunate circumstance for me, as I have been obliged to borrow money to keep house with, which with sev- eral accounts 1 have to pay amonts to near half the dividend, the other half I must manage as frugally as I can, as I shall have very little besides to depend on till the next dividend in July. I mention these circumstances because I expedl you woud wish to know things as they are. My dear John's explanation of that part of your letter to D^ White which I had observed upon in my letter to you, is quite satisfaftory. I had understood it as it appeard, I suppose he has not written to you since as he had not sent any letter here. I hear his youngest son died yesterday. M'K White too is in bad health. Your Sister P. is as usual. I have been much favord this win- ter not having yet been troubled with the Rheumatism tho we have had some extreeme cold weather, but I have scarce been out of the house except sometimes to M^ Smiths. I shall be glad you will write as soon as you can and inform me how you are circumstanced in every respe6l that you know is interesting to me, in the hope that you are well and happy. I am as ever my dear John's Affedlionate H HOBART Superscription : M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton ANNOTATIONS Insurance Company of North America. The Insurance Company of North America was established in 1792, and incorporated b}' the legislature of Pennsylvania in 1794. Its capital stock was six hundred thousand dollars, divided into sixty thousand C 247 H HOBART CORRESPONDENCE shares of ten dollars each. It was prosperous from the time it began business. In 1796 John M. Nesbit was president and Ebenezer Hazard, secretary. The directors were : Joseph Ball, John Craig, John Leaney, Walter Stewart, Samuel Blodgett, Magnus Miller, John \'aughan, Charles Pettit, John Ross, Robert Ralston, Francis West, Standish Forde, Peter Blight, Thomas M. Moore, Robert Smith, John Fr\-, Jr., William McMurtrie, Philip Nicklin, Samuel Broek, William Samson, Samuel Sterrit, William Cameron, Henry Ball, and Samuel Emery. William White, Jr. Bishop White's youngest son was William \Miite, born in 1784; died on January 22, 1797, in his thirteenth year. [ From Hannah Hobart ] Thursday g"' Feb? 1797 I SENT five papers to the post office on friday last, four on monday, and six on Wednesday, before I received my dear John's last letter. I have another packet six ready which I shall send tomorrow, these will bring them some days into this month, and on monday I will send all I can get, and then you will have the debates up to the present time, after monday I will send them daily if I can get them, but M"" Smith some- times has not done with them the first day, and I think it woud not do to take them till he has done with them. I have long wish'd to have it in my power to give my dear John a watch and hoped I shoud be able to do it when you next came home. I thought you coud then please yourself in the choice of one. I was at Price's this morning to make some enquiry, he says those of Leslies new constru6lion are not fit for common use, but only for Nautical purposes, he has French : 248 ] HANNAH HOBART watches Gold from 60 to 80 doll* and English from 80 to 200 and upwards, the french are single cased the English double, they are much higher priced than I had any idea thev \voud be, but I know it is necessary for you to have a watch and you must have one if it is possible, but I fear I shall not be able to spare the money for that and other purposes too. After paying what I had borrow'd and owed on other accounts, I have but about 320 dolh. left from both insurance companies. I must lay in my wood in the spring or it will be a burden on my mind all the summer, it cost me last spring between 70 and 80 doll* and I think it likely it will be more this spring, deduct 80 doll* for that from the 320 leaves 240 dolh which I think will not be more than sufficient for the purposes of housekeeping ( and it is my only dependance ) till next July, so that if I get vou a watch as I shoud be glad to do, I fear I shall be obliged to borrow which woud be far from agree- able to me, for I am quite tired of borrowing, besides my dear John I think you \\*ill certainly want some cloaths in the spring, and if you do not receive your Salary till may, wont you want money to get them, and for some other necessary purposes too? I am afraid our stock will fall far short of our necessities, indeed on considering our precarious income, it seems to me most prudent to lay out no money but just for absolute neces- sities. Our commerce suffers much from the french at this time, so that many of the private underwriters wont do any business and it is expected if it continues the insurance com- panies will also stop, if this shoud be the case you and I will be badly off. Upon the whole dont you think my dear John, if you woud wish to have a watch now, it woud be most ad- viseable to get a lower priced one which may answer for the present, and when times are more encourgeing we can get a gold one.'' let me know as soon as you can if you woud wish c 249 n HOBART CORRESPONDENCE me to get one now and what sort of one, or whether you think it best to defer it till you come home. I have been interrupted and fear I shall be too late for the Mail, have only time to tell you we are all well as usual. I am as ever my dear John's Affe6lionate H HOBART friday morng. I forgot to tell you there are two summer waistcoats here. I will have them ready. Superscription : M" John Henrv Hobart, Princeton. ANNOTATIONS Isaac Price. Isaac Price was a watchmaker, with a shop at No. 79 High Street, Philadelphia. Leslie and Price. Leslie and Price were watch and clockmakers, with a shop at No. 187 High Street, Philadelphia. L 250 ^ JAMES ROBERTSON [ From James Robertson ] Philadelphia February 15 1797. My Dear John, WHEN I refle6l how long it is since you left this city, I exceedingly regret that we have not yet commenced our correspondence in a way congenial with our feelings; and the more so, as I must acknowledge that I have been chiefly to blame. It is however a satisfaction to me, and I trust it is mutual, that our friendship rests upon a more solid foot- ing than the regularity of our correspondence. The harmony and afFe6lion which have always subsisted between us, since our first acquaintance and the many agreeable hours we have spent in each others company, I shall always remember with pleasure. I often think of you with affe(5tion ; and I entertain the pleasing hope that at a future day, our situation may be such as to afford us frequent opportunities of renewing our former enjoyment. Tho' I readily own that I am to blame for not writing to you before, yet I think I am not altogether with- out some excuse. I have really had very little time to spare thro' the winter. I have kept the books, which with the other necessary business about the store, leaves me very little time to myself. As I cannot expe6l more leisure than I have had, I shall not make any promises that may not be fulfilled; but I trust I shall be believed when I say, that my silence will not be owing to forgetfullness. I believe your engagements at College, must leave you very little time unemployed; yet I shall expe6l to hear occasionally from you. I was surprized to hear that our friend Forsyth has left you soon. I expe6led he would at least have remained untill the Spring; but, I have no doubt it was necessary and proper for him to go home. To be seperated from those for whom we C 251 J HOBART CORRESPONDENCE have any affe6lion is always painfull ; but it affords some com- fort, when we are convinced, that their future happiness and welfare require it, and when we are assured of a continuance of their friendship. The Drft Mr F. sent me for $200 is paid, and I now enclose the amount in United States Notes. I for- got to mention to you or him, that one of the Setts of the His- tory of Jacobinism which I sent last winter was for him, he subscribed for it when he was here last fall. Perhaps you may have an opportunity of sending it to him , if not you can return it to me; and I suppose I can get it exchanged for some other Book. I expected you would be pleased with the History of Jacobin- ism. It is in my opinion one of the best publications I have seen on the French Revolution. The Author appears to be a man of talents, and I have understood, he had the very best oppor- tunity of obtaining information of the views, and condu6t of the principal leaders. Tho the relation of the principal events are nearly the same as in other accounts, which have been pubhshed; yet he traces the causes of those events, to a dif- ferent source, than that we have been accustomed to suppose. I think he shows clearly that the ambitious views of some of the leaders, and enthusiasm of others of good intentions, more than any ill designs of the King or his ministry, were the principal causes of the succeeding troubles. This, am persuaded will be the light in which it will appear to posterity. The condu61: of the French in the West Indies in captur- ing American Vessels, is a distressing circumstance as the pro- perty they have taken is immense, and from the chara6lers and condu6l of the principal Agents there is not the smallest prospe61: of obtaining compensation. The condemnations are so summary: and from their refusal to give the owners any papers, relative to their proceedings, it would be impossible C 252 ] JAMES ROBERTSON to substantiate a single claim, altho' tlie French Government were both able and disposed to make restitution. Mr. Pickering's letter has given very general satisfa6lion among all the friends of Government; and I hope it will open the eyes of some who have been hitherto, rather unfriendly to it. It will I am persuaded be usefull in this country, as some- thing of the kind was much wanted. I trust too, that it will have the desired effe6l in France; for, altho, I do not trust much to the friendship, or good will, which the French have for this country, yet I expe6l that a regard to their own inter- est, will point out the propriety, of their acquiescing in Mr. P. explanation of the motives, and condu6l of this Government. With respe6l to the news in town, I am sorry to say there are none of an agreeable nature. Numerous Bankruptcies have taken place thro' the winter; and some of them attended with circumstances of such a fraudulent nature, as to be disgrace to the city. Some great names have set the example of dis- regarding their credit, which has had a pernicious influence on every class of citizens. I have not room to say more than that I am, my dear John very affeftionately Yours James Robertson. I shall expe6l to hear sometimes from you; and altho' I am sensible how dificient I have been myself, I expe6l you will overlook it. I have subscribed for you to Adams's Defence. Superscription : M" John H Hobart, Princeton. ANNOTATIONS History of Jacobinism. Augustine de Barruel was born at Villeneuve de Berg, France, in HOBART CORRESPONDENCE 1741. He studied for the priesthood, and became a member of the Society of Jesus. After the expulsion of the order from France in 1764, he lived in Bohemia, Moravia, and \'ienna. Returning to France in 1774, he became the almoner of the Princesse de Conti. He occupied himself largely in literary work, and with Freron issued "L'Annee Litteraire." In 1788 he published " Les Helviennes, ou Lettres pro- vinciales philosophiques," in five volumes. It was a bitter attack upon the prevalent philosophy and political ideas. He spent some years in England after the Reign of Terror, where he prejxired his " Memoires sur le Jacobinisme," which were first published in 1797. It is char- acterized as full of mistakes as to the position of those whose svstem of politics it comments on with much satire and sharp invective. In its English form, it bears the title, " Memoirs illustrating the History of Jacobinism." This edition was published in 1798 in four volumes. A second edition in French was published in 1813. M. Barruel declared his allegiance to the First Consul, and was rew arded w ith a canonry in the Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris. He died in 1820. Capture of American Vessels by the French. The growing oppression of American citizens, and the seizure of American vessels and merchandise by France, upon the high seas or in ports in the West Indies, led to strong representations by the United States government. To the remonstrance of M. Adet, the French Minister, Mr. Pickering made public on January 16, 1797, his letter to Mr. Pinckney, then minister plenipotentiary to France. It may be thus abstracted : "The French Minister had complained of the abandonment of the principle that free ships make free goods ; of the violation of the French treaties even in the letter ; of the treat}- with England ; and of the in- gratitude of the United States. Each complaint was considered in turn. Even on that of ingratitude he dwelt at length. He reminded the Minister of the conduct of France in the Revolutionary War. How- she cared nothing for the good of the United States ; how she formed the alliance in hope of breaking down the pow er of England on the sea ; how, when independence was secured, she strove to delay its ac- knowledgment ; how, even to the very last moment, she sought to deprive the States of some of its happiest results : a just extent of terri- tor)-, the right to use the Mississippi, and to take fish upon the Grand C 254 J JAMES ROBERTSON Banks. And had America, he asked, given no succor to France? Of the fifty-tliree millions of livres loaned by France, how much remained unpaid"? Every livre of it had been discharged in 1795. Yet the last instalment was not stricdy payable till 1802. Was this ingratitude? The administration, it was true, hesitated to receive M. Genet. But had France done nothing of the kind? Was she prompt in acknow- ledging the independence of America? No. She delayed for one year and a half; nor would she then have done so had not a whole Brit- ish army laid down its arms. " {^McMaster'' s Histonj^ vol. ii^ p. 313.] This letter led to a long and bitter controversy between the sym- pathizers with France and the supporters of the government. Many editorials and letters appeared in the papers, and several pamphlets were published on the subject. Timothy Pickering. Timothy, a son of Timothy and Mary (Wingate) Pickering, was bom at Salem, Massachusetts, on July 17, 1745. He was graduated from Harvard College in 1763. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1768. He was registrar of deeds for Essex County. He served as lieutenant of militia from 1766 to 1775, and as colonel in 1775 and 1776. In December, 1775, he was made judge of the mari- time court. He was elected as representative in the great and general court of Massachusetts in 1776. He joined the Continental Arniy with a regiment of seven hundred men, was promoted to be adjutant-gen- eral in June, 1777, was made a member of the board of war on Novem- ber 7, 1777, and became quartermaster-general of the army on Au- gust 5, 1780. Upon the abolition of the quartermaster's department in July, 1785, he became a commission merchant in Philadelphia. In 1787 he removed to Wyoming Valley, Pennsj'lvania. His opposition to the claimants on behalf of Connecticut of that sec- tion of country led to his rough treatment, an attack upon his house, and his retirement to Philadelphia. He was a member of the Consti- tutional Convention of Pennsylvania in 1789, as also of that which ratified the United States Constitution. In 1791 he was made Post- master-General of the United States. On January 2, 1795, he suc- ceeded General Henry Knox as Secretary of War. During his admin- istration the Military Academy at West Point was founded, and three frigates, the Consdtution, the Constellation, and United States, were C 255 J HOBART CORRESPONDENCE built. Upon the resignation of Edmund Randolph, on August 19, 1795, Colonel Pickering became Secretary of State. Intrigue among the Federalists led to his dismissal by the President, John Adams, on May 6, 1800. He built for himself a log cabin in Susquehanna County, Pennsyl- vania, and there engaged in farming. Friends and admirers in Boston subscribed twenty-five thousand dollars to relieve him of debt and induce him to return to his native state. He made his home at Dan- vers, and in 1802 was made chief justice of the court of common pleas of Massachusetts. He was appointed to fill the unexpired term of Dwight Foster in the United States Senate in 1803, and was elected in 1805 for the full term of six years. He opposed the Louisiana Pur- chase and the Embargo Act, which made him unpopular. Removing to Wenham, he was elected to Congress, and served from 1813 to 1817. In 1817 he was appointed a member of the executive council of Massachusetts. He was interested in agriculture, and from 1818 was president of the Essex Agricultural Society. His long public ser- vice, his evident patriotism, and his ability gave him a high place among the men who founded the United States. His correspondence and other papers which are of great value are in the possession of the Massachusetts Historical Society. They have been carefully calen- dared. He died at Salem on January 29, 1829. He married Rebecca White of Bristol, England, on April 8, 1776. She died at Salem on August 14, 1828. Adams's Defence. While John Adams was Minister to England (from 1785 to 1788), he prepared and published in London his most elaborate and philo- sophical work, in three volumes, entitled " Defence of the Constitu- tion and Government of the United States," London, 1787. The new edition here mentioned was the first published in America. C 256 ] HANNAH HOBART [ From Hannah Hobart ] Monday 20''' Feby 1797 I HAVE received my dear John's letter of the 14''' by the mail and also of the 1.5''' by M"^ Salles, and will send the things you mention by him when he returns. You may recolle6l my dear John, when you last left me you had 62 dollars out of the 80, and that just before Christinas I sent you five dollars which made 67, so that there was 13 left. to which I shall add 27 to make 40 dollars as you desire, and will enclose it in this, it is exceedingly painful to me to limit you in this manner when it woud be a gratification to me to supply you with everything you coud wish for, particularly the watch which I have so long promised you. I am very much mortified that circumstances oblige me at present to defer that, but I hope it will not be long before I shall have it in my power. I look forward with pleasure to the time when I may expedl to see you at home, and tho I shoud be made happy by having my dear children always with me if it appeard best for them that it shoud be so; yet when it does not, I can freely give up my own gratification for their advantage, or rather I am happiest in proportion as they are so. I fear you are not quite well, or it woud not be necessary for you to use the bark, perhaps your diet disagrees with you or you study too much ; or do not take exercise enough, I wish you woud attend to your health for without that there is no enjoyment in anything. M"^ Smith and your Sister and the children are all well, but your Sister has been so much engaged with M"'*^ (John ) Potts from Virginia who has been there these several weeks that I seldom see her, as I have no inclination to see company. c 257 :] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Your brother was in town two or three weeks ago, he left all well at home, but I have not heard from there since he returned, he desired to be remembered to you, which I for- got when I wrote to you. Your Sister P. is much as usual. I continue well myself, and am happy in my dear Jolin's Affec- tionate remembrance. May every good be your portion prays your Affe6lionate H. Hobart Superscription : M" John Henrv Hobart, Princeton ANNOTATIONS Mr. Salles. Mr. Salles seems to have been the messenger or driver of one of the stages between New York and Philadelphia. Mrs. {John) Potts from Virginia. John, son of Samuel and Joanna (Holland) Potts, was born at Coven- try, Pennsylvania, on October 20, 1760. He studied law and com- menced to practise in Philadelphia. In 1785, at the solicitation of Gen- eral Washington, he went to Alexandria, Virginia, to become secretary of the Potomac Company, of which the general was president. The company had been formed to make the Potomac navigable by locks and dams, and suitable for large vessels. It was also the intention to connect it with the Ohio River, separated from its headwaters by a road of only forty miles. A conference was held at Annapolis on De- cember 22, 1784, between representatives of the states of Maryland and Virginia. Washington, with Lafayette, attended. They were re- ceived with distinguished honour. The Potomac Company w as then chartered and Washington made president. Each state was to take fifty shares of the stock. Mr. Potts was an efficient man for the work he undertook. It was soon found that the plan was impracticable, and ultimately the company was merged in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company. After the failure of the project, Mr. Potts entered into business at Alexandria. He died suddenly while on a visit to his mother at Pottstown on October 17, 1809. C 258 ] HANNAH HOBART Mr. Potts married at Alexandria, Eliza, the fourth daughter of Pat- rick and Elizabeth (Poythress) Ramsay. Her father Mas a son of Andrew Ramsay, provost of Glasgow, Scotland. He returned to Scot- land during the Revolution, -where he soon after died. The family remained in England for the education of the children, returning in 1792. Upon her mother's side she was descended from the Indian princess Pocahontas. Mr. John Potts was a brother of Mrs. Robert Smith's first husband. Captain Nathaniel Potts. [ From Han.vah Hobart ] Friday 24''' Feb'; 1797 I EXPECT my dear John you will receive this by M' Salles, also a bundle containing your two waistcoats, four ounces of bark, Doft"" Magaw's Sermon, Ainsworths Didtionary, and a book which Ja": Robertson procured for you, also Wednes- days and Thursdays papers. I wrote to you on monday by the mail and inclosed forty dollars, when you next write you will inform me if you have received them as well as what I now send. I have not time for more now than to mention that we continue well as when I wrote last. I am as ever my dear John's Affect. H HoBART Superscription: M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton M' Salles ANNOTATIONS Samuel Magaw. Samuel Magaw was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1757 in the first class that completed the course. He went to Eng- land for ordination. Upon his return he became missionarv at Dover and Dutch Creek, Delaware. He was asked in 1779 to accept the [ 259 ] HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE rectorship of St. Paul's, Philadelphia, but declined at that time. In 1781, however, he removed to Philadelphia, to the great satisfaction of the congregation. He was a kind, genial man, a good preacher, and had great executive ability. Under him St. Paul's prospered. In 1786 the Rev. Joseph Pilmore became his assistant. From 1782 to 1791 he was vice-provost of the University of Pennsylvania. In connection with the Rev. Dr. Abercrombie he organized the Philadelphia Acad- emv in 1800. He was a good teacher and an excellent scholar. In the measure for the organization of the Church Dr. Maga\\- took an influential part, acting often as the secretary of the meetings held. He w as the trusted friend and companion of Bishop White. He died at Philadelphia on December 1, 1812. Dr. Magaw published several sermons. Among others, that at the opening of the African Church of St. Thomas in 1794, which is the one sent to Mr. Hobart, and that on the death of Mrs. White in 1797. Robert Ainszvorth. Robert Ainsworth was born at Woodvale, near Manchester, Eng- land, in 1660. He was educated at Bolton, and taught school in that town until 1698, w hen he w ent to London. He still pursued the call- ing of schoolmaster. In 1714 he commenced his dictionar)" of Latin- English and English-Latin, which was published in 1736. It was long a standard, but has been superseded by dictionaries written with fuller knowledge and on a more philosophical plan. He died in London on April 4, 1743. [ From Hannah Hobart ] Saturday ll'* March 1797 I DID not receive my dear John's letter of Wednesday the 22^^ Feby. till the monday after, just at the instant that M"^ Salles calld for the packet which had been ready from fri- day, consequently I coud not make the change in it which you mentioned. I enquired afterwards of Ja* Robertson if he knew of any person going by whom I might send the other books, C 260 J HANNAH HOBART he told me he woud look out for an opportunity as he had some books which he wanted to send to you, and ofterd to procure those which I mentioned I had to get, and send them altogether, I sent Newtons letters to him, and he has infonned me that he had got Smith's observations, but that he despared of getting Shuckfords connection &c it being an old book was not in any of the shops that he coud find. I have not seen him these several days so do not know whether he has been successful in the further enquires he intended to make, or whether he has sent them or not. 1 write now in a hurry, but must take time to inform my dear John, that M' Ruff has a letter from Abingdon acquaint- ing him of the Death of your Aunt Wetherall on the 5^^ of this month after twelve days illness, occasioned by a cold, which terminated in a fever in a degree putrid, twenty months since there was six brothers and Sisters of us, now there is but three left, when the younger are called, the older may surely expe6t it, may each be prepared when the summons comes. Your Sister B. and family are well and so was your brother and his when I last heard from them, about a week ago. Your Sister P. and myself are now as well as usual. I wish much to hear from my dear John and I am with my best wishes and the tenderest Affeaion Y- H HoBART Superscription : M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton ANNOTATIONS Sfnith's Observations. Several works entitled "Observations" were published between 1733 C 261 -] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE and 1797 bv authors of the name of Smith. One was on the use of Cheltenham waters, another on vegetables, a third on the philoso- phy of physic, a fourth on debtors and prisons. The only work of this tide which Mr. Hobart would be likely to require is, "Obser\ations upon the Prophecies of Daniel," by Benjamin Smith, who was the half-brother of Sir Isaac Newton. It is a quarto, published in 1733. It is proi^able, however, that Mrs. Hobart did not gi\e the correct title, and that the book her son asked for was "Smith's \'iew of the Ameri- can Constitution," as will be seen by reference to Mr. Robertson's letter of March 16, 1797, where the books desired by Mr. Hobart are again enumerated. See page 265. Daniel Ruff. Daniel Ruff" and Company had a shoe warehouse at No. 49 North Second Street, Philadelphia. Aunt Wetherall. Rebecca, daughter of Henrj' and Rebecca (Claypoole) Pratt, was born in Philadelphia on August 27, 1736. She married Mr. Wetherall of Abingdon, Harford County, Maryland. He is said to have been a saddler. Mrs. Wetherall died at Abingdon on March 5, 1797. She left no children. Brothers and Sisters of Hannah Hobart. The children of Henry and Rebecca (Claypoole) Pratt, who were married in Christ Church, Philadelphia, on May 1, 1729, were: Hannah, born April 3, 1732; died May, 1804. Matthew, born September 23, 1734; died January, 1805. Rebecca, born August 27, 1736; died March 5, 1797. Joseph, born March 11, 1739; died 1795. Deborah, born October 22, 1741 ; died young. Charles, born November 14, 1743; died 1758. Thomas, born January 29, 1745; died 1800. Deborah, born April 7, 1746; died 1795. C 262 ] JAMES ROBERTSON [ From James Robertson ] Philadelphia March 1 6. 1797. Dear Sir, SINCE I wrote to you I have received two letters from you, the last by the post yesterday. I am sorry you have not received any of Porcupine's late papers, as the disappoint- ment is partly owing to me. After I had subscribed for the papers, I happened to mention it to your Mama, when she expressed a desire to see it. As it is published in the afternoon, I knew she would have time to look over it, and that you would receive it as soon, as if it had been sent to you in the first instance. Accordingly I gave directions that it should be left with her. On the same day however, Mr Cobbett received a letter from you requesting it might be sent to Princeton. He was of course at a loss where to send it, and being much engaged he negledled to make any enquiry, expe6ting more particular directions from one of us. As soon as I received your letter I called upon him, and got the papers up to this time, they shall be sent by this days mail, and I have no doubt you will receive them regularly in future. I suppose you will think it singular when I tell you I have not subscribed for this paper. But we take too many papers in the store already, and we could not well withdraw the subscrip- tion from any of them. Besides, I was apprehensive it would be too much of a party-paper to contain much useful information ; and that the Editor would be as much disposed to abuse his antagonists as to set them right. His writings I beleive have done much good in this country as they have done more to bring the Democratic & other societies of the same stamp into contempt, than all that has been done by the friends of Good Government. The establishment of such a paper too, is HOBART CORRESPONDENCE unfortunately in some degree necessary, to countera6l the ill effedts of the pernicious publications which are spread daily thro' every city in America. But I am fearful this paper will run into the other extreme. Not that it can go too far in sup- port of order and of our excellent constitution ; but, that it will be more calculated to please a party, and gratify the inclination and spread the opinions and prejudices of the publisher than to answer the purposes for which a paper was wanted. It will tend to keep alive that bitterness and party- spirit which unhappily exists in this country, and which it ought to be the endeavour of every friend to this country to allay. This paper however has met with unexampled encouragement, as it has already more subscribers tiian many papers that have been established for years. Many who dislike both the pub- lisher and his opinions, are as fond of seeing it as those who favour him. I dare say you will be upon the whole occasion- ally entertained by it; and altho I have spoken not very favour- ably of it; yet it is not upon such as you, that I fear any ill effe6ls. Business continues very dull: — indeed, I may say it is at a stand. There have been so many failures lately and attended with circumstances of such fraudulent nature, that the confidence which has hitherto subsisted among people here, and without which no business can be done with satisfac- tion, is very much lessened. The losses too, by captures in the W. I. are immense, and will ruin numbers who were formerly in flourishing circumstances. We are much in such a situ- ation as you will recolle6l we were in the Spring of 1 794, when even the most moderate and best informed men were at a loss what to do. I am very far from tiiinking the captures by the British at that time can admit of any justification; but I think every unprejudiced person will allow, that the present captures by the French in defiance of the laws of Nations, of C 264 ] JAMES ROBERTSON a solemn treaty and repeated proffessions of friendship: and added to innumerable indignities which this country has suf- fered from them, is more than any independent nation ever suffered before. I am in hopes, however, that something will be done to accommodate matters without having recourse to the most dreadful alternative — war — which seems to be the opin- ion at present of many moderate men. There are no late news from Europe. The accounts we have had relative to M"" Pinck- ney are so uncertain that no opinion can be formed of the issue of his mission. I think it is probable that he will not be re- ceived at present; and I believe it is certain that Lord Malms- bury has left Paris. I should have written to you before, but have been waiting for an opport'y to sent some books to you. viz. Adams Defence, Smith's view of the Am. Constitutes and Newton's letters, from your Mama. Shuckford's connec- tion of sacred and prophane history is not to be had in this city. I write to you so seldom that I have many things to tell you, and before I have half done my paper is exhausted. I shall write to you again when I send the above books which shall be by the first opport^. I am affedlionately yours James Robertson. Superscription : M" John H. Hobart, Princeton. annotations William Cobbett. For notice see page 157. Charles Coteszvorth Pi?ickfiey. Charles Cotesworth, a son of the Hon. Charles and Elliza (Lucas) Pinckney, was born atCharleston, South Carolina, February 25, 1746. When very young he was sent to England to be educated, and in [ ^65 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE 1753 he became a pupil at Westminster School. In due course he went to Oxford, and was a student at Christ Church College. He studied Law at the Middle Temple, London, and took a course at the Royal Military Academy at Caen, France. In 1769 he returned to South Carolina, and became attorney-gen- eral of the state. He was chosen as a delegate to the First Pro\ incial Congress in 1775. In the same year he was made captain of infantry in the South Carolina line of the Continental Army ; in December, 1775, he was promoted to be major, and showed much gallantry at the defence of Fort Sullivan, in Charleston harbour, on June 28, 1776. He was advanced to be colonel on September 16, 1776, and soon after General Washington appointed him as his aide-de-camp. He displayed bravery at the battles of Brandy wine, Germantown, and in the expedition to Florida in 1778. In January, 1779, he was a member of the South Carolina Senate. He took an active part in the defence of Charleston, \\as second in command of the column in the attack upon Savannah, and commanded Fort Moultrie when Charles- ton was attacked bv the British in April, 1780. Upon the surrender of the city in May, 1780, he was taken prisoner, and was kept in close confinement for two years. After his exchange in 1782, he re- joined the army, and in 1783 was commissioned as brigadier-gen- eral. At the close of the war he resumed his law practice in Charleston. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and of that called in South Carolina in 1790 to ratify the Constitution of the United States. General Pinckney stood high in favour with Wash- ington, who offered him successively the Secretaryship of State and the Secretaryship of War, both of which he declined. The unsatis- factory relations of the United States ^ith France follo\\ing the procla- mation of the Republic made the President and his advisers determine in 1796 that a change of Ministers to that country Mas necessary. James Monroe was an ardent Republican, and had great sympathy and admiration for the republicans of France. The Directory was then in the height of its power, and wished to treat the United States as a dependency and not as a sovereign state. Mr. Monroe accepted the personal regard and flattery which he received from the astute politicians then in control, and \\as indifferent to the real designs masked by their protestations of affectionate friendship. C 266 J JAMES ROBERTSON He alloued the remonstrances sent by the Secretary of State, of the seizure of American vessels and goods, to be pigeoned-holed by the French officials, and made no efibrt to obtain redress. In the summer of 1796 General Pinckney was appointed Minister to France. He sailed in September, 1796. Professor McMaster says, in the second volume of his "History," page 319 : "Accompanied by Monroe, he presented the letters of credence on the afternoon of December ninth. Delacroix received the two with great stiffness, took the letters, said he would submit them to the Direc- tory, and asked for the baptismal names and ages of the new Minis- ter and his secretary, that cards of hospitality might be made out. No more was heard of the matter till the morning of the eleventh, when a note from Delacroix was brought to Monroe. The Directory, he was informed, would receive no Minister from the United States till the grie\ances complained of had been righted in full. Monroe sent the note to Pinckney, and Pinckney replied. Delacroix was reminded that Pinckney, not Monroe, was now Minister near the Republic, and he was asked if, as no cards had been received, it was the wish of the Directory that the American Minister should quit the soil of France. Rutledge bore the note, was admitted, and told that the Ex- ecutive Directory knew of no Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States since Citizen Monroe had presented his letter of recall. Two days later the Chief Secretary of Foreign Affairs came to explain. Citizen Delacroix could hold no direct communication with Citizen Pinckney. That would be construed into an official recognition. As for the rest. Citizen Pinckney was undoubtedly aware of the law of France as it affected strangers on her soil. The law alluded to forbade any for- eigner to stay more than thirty days in France unless he got a card of hospitality or leave so to do. Pinckney replied that he knew of this decree, and asked if he should leave the Republic or stay at Paris till he heard from home. The Chief Secretary' did not know. He would report what had been asked him and return. It was e\ ening when he came again, and said that the Directory meant the territory of the Republic, not Paris alone, and that if Citizen Pinckney wished for cards he should address the Directory through the Minister of Police- General. This he refused with spirit to do, told the Secretary that he was not a stranger, that Delacroix knew very well in what capacity he came, stayed on, and, the day after the news of Napoleon's Italian :'267 ] HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE victories arri^"ed, recei\ed directions in writing to leave France. He thereupon crossed the border and took up his abode at Amsterdam." This insolent menace and breach of the comity of nations had the effect of arousing and exasperating nearly every American. When, a few months later, the special envoys to France were announced. Gen- eral Pinckney's name stood first. In the course of the negotiations with the French Foreign Office in 1797, the general uttered his famous dictum: "Millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute." Upon his return to the United States, General Pinckney was com- missioned a major-general. In 1800 he \\as the Federalist candidate for Vice-President. In 1804 and 1808 he was the candidate for Presi- dent on the Federalist ticket. His activity as a man of affairs and his interest in religious and social work was a marked feature of his later years. He was the president of the board of trustees of the College of South Carolina, president of the Charleston Bible Society, and the third president-general of the Society of the Cincinnati. He died at Charleston on August 16, 1825. See also note on the United States Commission at Paris, page 324. Sm/th on the American Constitution. The author is William Lough ton Smith, a native of South Carolina. He was a member of Congress in 1789. He was appointed in 1797 Minister to Portugal, and in 1800 Minister to Spain. He died in 1812. One title is "Comparative View of the Constitution of the United States." It was published at Philadelphia in 1796, in a quarto vol- ume. A second edition was published in Washington by E. S. Davis in 1832. Other works by Mr. Smith are : Speeches in the House of Representatives, London, 1794 Address to his Constituents, 1794 Oration, July 4, 1796 Neutral Trade, a pamphlet in opposition to Thomas Jefferson I 268 J JAMES ROBERTSON [ From James Robertson ] Philad. March 2z. 1797. Dear John, I HAVE just met with a gentleman who will take charge of the Books, I mentioned to you in my last. He goes in the mail-stage and I have desired him to leave them at the Tavern where the stage stops, where you will please to call for them. I believe I mentioned to you that Shuckford's con- ne6lion of sacred & prophane history is not to be had in this city. If it is of much importance for you to have it, and if you think it is probable it is to be had in New York, I can desire my Brother to look after it. Your Mama has left with me a fifty Dollar Alexandria note. It is impossible to get it exchanged here; and I am sorry to add that I cannot at present with convenience send you the amount of it, or I would chearfully do it. Perhaps, I may be able to do it in the course of this week. I hope you now receive Porcupine's paper regularly. Tho' I do not subscribe for it, I see it occasionally, and I am pleased to see that upon the whole, it is condu6led with more mod- eration than I expected. The long interval of news from Europe still keeps the public mind in suspense with respect to the reception of Mr Pinck- ney. The intelligence we have hitherto had, relative to his re- je6lion tho' apparently coming from different quarters seems too uncertain to be relied on so that no opinion can yet be formed how the business will terminate. The French vessels in the W. I. still continue their depredations on American ves- sels and such is their avidity for plunder, that it is not now of any consequence, whether the American vessels are bound C 269 -] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE for British or French Ports. In either case, they are instantly condemned, vessel and cargo. I have not time to add more, as I have had but a very short notice of this opportunity. Affectionately I am, my dear John Yours James Robertson. Supers(ription : Mr John H Hobart, Princeton. ANNOTATION Charles Cotesworth Piyickney. For notice see page 265. C 270 ] HANNAH HOBART [From Hannah Hobart] Saturday morne l" April 97 I HAD intended several days past to write to my dear John tho' I had not any thing very material to communicate but some necessary engagements have prevented. I write now principally to infonn you that Ja* Robertson has not yet had it in his power to do any thing with the Note you enclosed in your last letter to me, but he experts to send it to Alexandria next monday to be changed. I fear much that Ja* is in bad health tho the Do6i' says he wants nothing but air and exer- cise, your brother who was in town last week has invited him to come up to Potts Grove in hopes the jaunt will be of ser- vice to him and I am sure I hope it will, he talks of going next week, I suppose he will not stay long as they expeft the spring vessels in soon, your brother in giving this invitation has regarded J. R's benefit and his own satisfa6lion more than his own convenience, as I know in the present state of his finances it cannot be convenient to add to his family, but this is a consideration that must give way to humanity. M' Smith and your Sister are well, the children have the whooping cough, the little one very bad, Anna is very poorly tho better than she has been, your Sister sends her love. I have heard from your brother since he went home, they are all well, your brother said he hadexpefted to hear from you long since, there seems a necessity for him to get into some other way to provide for his family, but under present circumstances he cant fix on any thing that appears eligible, poor J P. he is quite broke up, his unfortunate circumstances adds to your brothers embarrassments, but I hope he will in time get over them. Have you heard from Forsyth .'' I should be glad to know of his welfare. C 271 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE I am pleasing myself with the expedlatioii of soon seeing my dear John, the fervent wishes for my happiness expressed in your letters are a proof of your affedlion, may they be answerd, that my dear John may enjoy every possible hap- piness here as well as hereafter, is the sincere prayer of his Affeaionate ^ j^^^^^^^^ I wish you my dear John to recolle6l when you come home to bring all your shirts with you that I may see what is to be repaird and what it will be necessary to provide for next winter as well as for the present. I hope you receive your papers regularly. Superscription : M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton ANNOTATION Joseph Potts. "J. P." is Joseph, a son of Samuel and Joanna (Potts) Potts, who was born atPottsgrove on June 2, 1766. Before he was twenty-one years old he entered into business with his brother Thomas in Philadelphia. After a few years, which eventually were not prosperous, he returned to his native town. He then bought and carried on the Glasgow forge, two miles from Pottstown. He was married on February 9, 1792, to Sarah, daughter of David and Mary (Aris) Potts. She died in Febru- ary, 1851. Mr. Potts died on September 24, 1824, at Pottstown. The following obituary notice appeared in a Philadelphia paper : "Died, on the morning of the 27th ultimo, at Pottstown, Mont- gomery Co., Pa., in the fifty-ninth year of his age, Mr. Joseph Potts, one of the most respectable inhabitants of that borough. ' ' The deceased was deservedly esteemed for soundness of judgment, correctness, and integrity in all his transactions. To a numerous fam- ily, over whose welfare he watched with unceasing solicitude, he was gready endeared. Their consolation under their bereavement must be sought in Him who gave and who has taken away their greatest earthly blessing." I 272 ] JAMES ROBERTSON [ From James Robertson ] Philadelphia April 7. 1797. Dear John, YOU will receive enclosed fifty Dollars for the Alexan- driaNote which your Mama left with me. I am extremely sorry it has not been in my power to send you this money sooner, but I could not get the note changed here, and had to send it to Alexandria. I could not with convenience send it myself, or I would have done it chearfully. From the apparent difficulty of doing this little business for you, I beg it may not deter you from applying to me again on a similar or on any other occasion. All the business you may have to do in this city, that I can do for you, will be so far from being troublesome to me, that I shall consider it as a mark of your confidence in the friendship I have for you; and be- sides, I shall always take a pleasure in doing it. I am not much given to making professions: but when I do make any to you, I trust they are received as having been made with perfe6l sinceity. You will excuse the shortness of this letter, as the hour for closing the mail is nearly arrived and I am desirous of send- ing the money as soon as possible. I am affedlionately Yours James Robertson. Superscription : M" John H. Hobart, Princeton. C 273 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From Hannah Hobart ] Friday 14'^ April I 797 I HAVE been much disappointed in not hearing from my dear John in such a length of time, your last letter was dated the 20''' last month. I dont doubt but your time has been necessarily engaged, but still I coud not help wishing a line from you if it was only to let me know you were not sick, indeed I had flatterd myself that I might have seen you by this time but hope it will not now be many days before I shall, I have thought perhaps you may haveoccasion for somemoney before you will receive your salary if you have, let me know and I will try to send you some. James Robertson has not yet been to Potts Grove. I have not been out these ten days owing to a Rhuematic complaint in one of my ancles, so that I have not seen him, but your Sister told me the day before yester- day that she thought he was better, and that he was then gone to Wilmington on business. I beleive he is expe61:ed to return to day. M' Smith and your Sister are well, the children are better. I had a letter from your brother a few days ago, he mentions J' Robertson's not having yet come up there, and says perhaps he may come up with you when you come from princeton, they were all well except that the young Robert was inoculated and expe6led every day to sicken for the small pox. In the hope I might receive a letter from you first, I have deferrd writing till it is late. I have now only time to tell you that I anxiously expe6l to hear from you at least, and to see you as soon as possible, and am with the tenderest affe6lion and best wishes, as ever my dear John H Hobart C ^74 ] HANNAH HOBART I had forgot to propose your letting me know when I shoud stop sending the papers. Superscription : M". John Henry Hobart, Princeton ANNOTATION Robert Efioch Hobart, Jr. Robert Enoch, a son of Robert Enoch and Sarah May (Potts) Hobart, was born at Pottsgrove on June 2, 1796. He was married to Henri- etta, daughter of General William Rudolph Smith, and granddaugh- ter of Provost William Smith. He died at Pottstown, Pennsylvania, on May 20, 1869. [ From Hannah Hobart ] Tuesday morning 16''' May 97 IReceivd my dear John's letter yesterday morning and wishd to have comply 'd with your requisition immediately but had it not in my power untill I applied to M'. Smith. I did not get it till the afternoon and now inclose five doll' as I paid Ursula that day you left me, I was almost in your sit- uation when I got your letter, and consequently was obliged to get some for myself as well as what I send you. I have made so many drafts that I felt relu6lance to apply again, and have now taken so sparingly that it will require frugality to make it hold out. Your Sister coud not go to PG and dont go to Frankford till the beginning of June. I have not heard from your brother since you went, only a note by Ursula, it is near time of close- ing the Mail, my dear John's Affe6lionately H Hobart Superscription : M^JoHN Henry Hobart, Princeton C 275 ] HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE ANNOTATION Ursula. Ursula was evidently a family servant. [ From Hannah Hobart ] Sunday 21" May 97 M^ Hughes calld on me with your letter, I had left my spe6lacles up stairs so that I coud not read it diredlly and he appeard in a hurry and was gone before I coud get them, but fortunately I had askd him to take a glass of wine, and he did, which was all the attention I coud pay him. I shall send by him two sticks of sealing wax, 1/2 pint spirits of wine, and four camels hair brushes, as I did not know for what you woud use the brushes I coud not tell what size woud suit best, if they are not such as you want let me know and I will send others when I can, black sealing wax is scarce, none at Poyntalls or Young's &c I had not a Vial large enough for spirits of wine and got one at the apothecarys,they made the unreasonable charge of ii"^ for the Vial alone. I hope it will go safe. I am very sorry you did not send the di6lionary, it was such a good opportunity, your brother woud be glad to have it. I have heard from P G. and am assured the note will be taken up when due, and the 1 50 from J P. returned in four weeks the other 150 is expe6led or rather hoped for at the same time. I wish it was not necessary to exaft it, because I know there are other demands and I am afraid urgent, it is expefted the Furnace will be in blast in a week. Your broth- er's Umberella was caught in the Shad net, they were all well last Wednesday. M' Smith still mentions his intentions of purchaseing in the C 276 ] HANNAH HOBART N A insurance company but it is not done yet, I beleive they have risen which is rather an unlucky circumstance for pur- chasers, they have one of the clergy from the back settle- ments at M"^ Smith's, the family are well, but having goods come in they are busy. The weather has been so cool as to make it more agreeable to be at home than it woud have been at Frankford, it is now growing warmer, but I am in hopes it will not be too warm till we can go, which I suppose we shall about the beginning of next month. You mention my dear John, your intention of sending ten dol- lars. I shoud think it unnecessary were it not that it may pre- vent my being obliged to make another draft on my banker, which I do not feel willing to do, so that if you can spare it perhaps it may be as well, but if not quite convenient dont do it, the time of our going out of town being so much pro- tra6led makes a material difference with regard to some cir- cumstances. I seem very well at present, your Sister P. quite as well as usual, it gives me much satisfa6lion to hear that you are so well and particularly that the complaint in your lip has dis- appeard, as well as that it does not at present appear neces- sary for you to use the bark. That your health may be con- tinued, and that you may enjoy every other blessing needful to your happiness is the prayer of my dear John's AfFe6lionate H. HoBART Superscription : M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton M' Hugh's C 277 2 HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE ANNOTATIONS in I Ham Poyntell. \\'illiam Povntell was a manufacturer of wall-papers and stationery, at No. 21 South Second Street, Philadelphia. William Toung. William Young was a printer, bookseller, and stationer, at No. 52 South Second Street, Philadelphia. Thomas Edgar Hughes. Thomas Edgar Hughes was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1797. He was made master of arts in 1800. He died in 1838. [ From Hannah Hobart ] Monday zg* May 97 THE inclosure in my dear John's last letter was accept- able particularly as you asure me it is not inconvenient to yourself to send it, and as it will prevent so early an appli- cation as I shoud otherwise have been obliged to make. I have made so many drafts lately that it is quite a releif to me to have it in my power to stop a little, but I cannot help having some apprehensions that you may be straitend before you will receive your next supply. I hope you will be able to avoid being in debt, as that is a situation which I woud wish you to be particularly guarded against. At present it appears very unfortunate (indeed it has all along ) that M"' S. woud not be persuaded to layout that money in the insurance company of N. A. when shares might have been got at 20 or 25 p."^ advance and now they are from 35 to 40, the last time I talked with him about it he said he intended to buy, they were then at 30, 1 wishd hiin to have got them C 278 ] HANNAH HOB.\RT but I have not heard whether he has or not, I suppose if he had I shoud have heard, I think it will not do to buy now. The dictionary was at M"^ Smiths and I did not know it till after I had written to you. I wait now for an opportunity to send it to your brother. Your Sister had a letter from him a few days ago, they were well. I expe6l we shall go to Frankford on Friday, your Sister goes on Thursday. I am very glad my dear John to hear you are well and in a good disposition for study and hope you will find advantage in it. The weather is delightfully pleasant now. I am as ever my dear John's Affedlionate H HOBART I forgot to ask you if there woud not be enough of the silk to make you two waistcoats h h h Superscription : M". John Henry Hobart, Princeton [ From Hannah Hobart ] Frankford 23"' June 1797 WE have been here three weeks and I have the pleasure to inform you my dear John that I find this delight- ful place, more agreeable if possible than ever, we are all well, your Sister P. included, as to her health, and she is otherways at least as well as ever she is. H. Ruff"is with us, and I am pleased to see so much harmony between Betsey and her, your Sister takes a great deal of pains with them, she makes them improve themselves in their writ- C 279 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE ing and by reading to her every day, and is teaching them geography. I think it will be a great advantage to them. M' Ruff has taken a house in Arch Street near to his store which I am very glad of. I expe6l Ja^ Robertson is gone to Baltimore this morning on business and I hope the journey will be benificial to his health which seems to require exercise and change of air. M'^* Miller has been to Potts Grove last week and tells me your brother and family were well. I have not heard from your brother since before I left town. I fear matters are not to his mind or he woud have written. I am quite in the dark respe6ling all affairs there, having heard nothing but what I mentioned above, except that I have heard from Ja\ Robertson that the Note of J Ps is taken up. Your Sister dont mention your brother, and I dont feel free to say any thing to M'^ Smith as matters stand at present, stock has risen so that shares in the insurance company have not been got. Your letter gave me much satisfa6lion particularly from the assurances of your health which I hope you still enjoy. Your Sister sends love. I am with my best wishes, my dear John's Affe6lionate H HoBART We hear that many in Philad* have Bilious Fevers I hope it will not prove the Yellow fever. Supericriptio7i : M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton ANNOTATIONS Ha?inah Webster Ruff- Hannah was the daughter of the Rev. Daniel Ruff, and married James Robertson. For the children of the marriage see page 52. [ 280 ] HANNAH HOBART Mrs. John Miller. The Mrs. John Miller alluded to was probably the wife of John Miller, a merchant, with a store at No. 8 Chestnut Street, and a resi- dence at No. 18 Pine Street, Philadelphia. [ From Hannah Hobart ] Frankford 13"' July 97 FROM my dear John's letter of monday last I have the very great satisfa6lion of learning that you are favord with the enjoyment of your health, which I hope will be con- tinued to you without interruption, we also have been much favord since we have been here. I have heard from your brother several times since I wrote to you, he tells me he has been expedling for several weeks past to be prepared to come down to settle some business which was to have been settled before now, but as it depended on others and they have been disappointed, he also has been disappointed, so that it remains as it was, whenever he has written they were all well, he remembers you in his letter. I expe6led him down on Saturday, but suppose it will again be deferrd for a little while as your Sister went up there yester- day morning. M'^ Stocker was going, and your Sister thought it a good opportunity and went with her, they intend to return on tuesday or Wednesday next. Ja^ Robertson returnd from maryland last Sunday when he was going, he told me he woud dire6l Cobbett to send the papers on to you, as he did not know who to depend on to do it while he was gone, why Cobbett has not sent them I cant tell, as I did not expeft to see Ja R. till Sunday, I wrote a note to him yesterday and requested him to settle with Cobbett, which I suppose he will do. C 281 ] HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE The money which I deposited with M'^ S. to purchase stock in the insurance company remains still in his hands except the drafts which I have from time to time made from it, as I was entirely without money when I rec'd your letter. I have applied to him, and will attend to your request as soon as I get it. You will see by the papers what dividend the insurance com- pany have made, just half as much as they did last time, the company on the day they declared the dividend, receivd an account of the French having taken an east indiaman by which they will lose fifty thousand dollars, this is not deduced from the present dividend but will be taken from the next, so that my prospe6ls are not very flattering to look forward, and at present as I have not added to my stock I shall receive but just half as much as I received on the last dividend. If it had been convenient for you to come to see us about the 4*'' ins'. I certainly shoud have been very glad to have seen you, but am very sensible it was not, must therefore patiently wait till you have more leisure. My dear John may be assured that in the mean time and always he has the best wishes of his Affe6lionate H HOBART Superscription: M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton ANNOTATION Mary Katherine Stacker. Mary Katherine, a daughter of Thomas and Martha (Potts) Rutter, was born at Popodickon, Pennsylvania, on May 23, 1762. She was married in 1782 to John Clement Stocker. Mr. Stocker was a mer- chant of high standing, an alderman of the citv, a director in the Pennsylvania Bank, and of the Pennsj^lvania Insurance Company. He was also a vestryman of the united churches of Christ and St. c 282 : HANNAH HOBART Peter, as well as St. James's Church. He died on October 12, 1813, in the fifty-third year of his age. Mrs. Stocker died suddenly of apoplexy on November 30, 1813. An obituary notice reads : "Of Mrs. Stocker it may be truly said, that her unselfish and exalted purity, her amiable and afi'ectionate disposition, her kind and courteous deportment, rendered her ines- timably valuable to her relatives and friends, and endeared her to all who had the privilege of her acquaintance. Such was the blameless tenor of her life, and such her habitual meditation on the inevitable approach of death, that his coming to terminate her state of proba- tion, though executed without warning, did not find her unprepared ; for her spiritual lamp was always burning with a bright and steady flame." [Potts Memoria/, p. 263.] Robert Smith. Mr. S. was, of course, Robert Smith, Mrs. Hobart's son-in-law, who managed her financial affairs, as has already been noted. c 283 :\ JARED INGERSOLL JARED, son of Jared and Hannah (Whitney) Ingersoll, was born in Connecticut on October 24, 1749. He was graduated from Yale College in 1766. He went to England and studied law at the Middle Temple, and took a course in literature imder excellent mas- ters. After his marriage to Miss Elizabeth Pettit he seems to have settled in England and practised law. After the breaking out of the Revolution he declared himself a patriot and with his family went to France, where he was intimate with Dr. Franklin and Hon. Ralph Izard, then in Paris. He returned to America about 1778 and practised law in Philadelphia. In 1780 he was a member of the Continental Congress. He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 which devised the present Con- stitution of the United States. He held the offices of city solicitor of Philadelphia, attorney-general of Pennsylvania, and United States district judge. He declined a United States Circuit chief justiceship in 1801. He was the Federalist candidate for Vice-President in 1812, when De Witt Clinton was nominated for President, and received 86 votes. His opponent, Elbridge Gerry, received 131. In 1821 the College of New Jersey gave him the degree of doctor of laws. He died in Philadelphia on October 31, 1822. [ From Jared Ingersoll ] Philadelphia July 20'*' 1797. Sir I AM informed by my Son Charles that he has the advan- tage of being under your care as Tutor at the College of Princeton. As I know he is young, and as I fear wanting in steadiness and attention, I request the favor of you to let me know in what manner he conducts himself in general, and particularly at the quarterly examination this day. I take the liberty to give you this trouble as probably my C 284 ] JARED INGERSOLL observations to him may aid you in corre6ling and removing some of his faults and defe6^s. I do not wish that he should be indulged in contra6ling habits, of remissness and carelessness, but on the contrary, he knows that I insist that what he undertakes he shall do as well as he can, and as he has entered the Sophomore Class I expert that he will exert himself to gain your approbation, and that of his other Preceptors. I am Sir respedlfully Your obed hum. servt Jared Ingersoll Mr. Hobart Superscription: M". John Hobart, Princeton, New Jersey ANNOTATION Charles Jared Ingersoll. See sketch before his letter of July 16, 1803, in Volume II. C 285 J HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From Hannah Hobart ] Frankford lo'.'' Aug'' 97 MY dear John will be pleasd to learn we are all well here. Your Brother accompanied your Sister from Potts Grove; and after he returned home again he wrote to me and informed me they were all well since then I have not heard from them. I am sorry I can't give any very flattering accounts respect- ing circumstances which I know you are anxious to be in- fonned of, there is not at present any prospe6t of their being any better soon, and I wish there was any good foundation for a hope that they will not be worse. I however still strive to encourage that hope as much as I can. I have not yet made any addition to my insurance stock, I wishd to have done it long since; and urged it immediately after the last dividend, but shares were not to be got then at the price I thought it woud be prudent to give, but as I see no prospeft of their falling but rather of their rise, I have again renewd my request to M'' Smith to endeavor to get them at their present price, which is 40 p.'^ advance, but I much fear it will not be done before they rise still higher. I have given Ja'' Robertson the money he paid to Cobbett which was four dollars, he thought it best to pay the half year. We have very fine weather at present, but this place is so much more agreeable than town, that I feel happy to be here let the weather be as it may, my dear John's company woud certainly not abate my happiness, but that I know I must not at present desire. Your Sister and M' Smith do not intend to go to the sea shore this summer, tho if they did it woud be too much out of their way to go to princeton, they send their love. HANNAH HOBART I am very glad to find that you have good health and spirits, that you may be favord with their continuance, is the sincere wish of my dear John's Affedlionate H HoBART Superscription: M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton [ From Hannah Hobart ] Frankford 20"'' Aug*' 97 SINCE the shock I receivd on hearing of the death of your greatly and deservedly beloved friend I have felt more for you my dear John than I can find words to express, you are calld indeed to another trial, severe I know it must be but yet I trust a merciful providence will pour into your bosom consolation from himself, and enable you with fortitude and resignation to bear and submit to his dispensations. I am conscious I can urge nothing on this subject of which my dear John is not sensible, can therefore only hope you will be as- sisted in your endeavors at an acquiescence to the will of the Almighty. Poor M'^ Forsyth! her affliction must be great in- deed, to lose a beloved Son so suddenly ! and such a Son ! must have been a shock almost too great for maternal tenderness to sustain. The brother too! how I feel for him, but my dear John will I hope by example as well as precept encourage him to bear his loss as he ought to do. It is some releif to me find that you have friends with you who by their kind atten- tions and sympathy contribute all in their power to lighten your distress, let not their efforts my dear John be in vain. I expe6l your Sister will write to you. You will see from the papers the state of the disorder in the city, people are much alarmed particularly about Penn and Pine streets, many of C 287 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE them have left their homes and the city, the Stockers, both families are gone to Potts Grove M'^ and M"^"^ Miller and family have gone to theTennants here at Frankford,but M' Smith and M' Miller go to town every day, they think there is no danger at present any where but where it first broke out. I have not heard from your brother since I wrote you last. Your Sister P. and myself are as well as usual. I shall impatiently wait the time when I may embrace my dearest John, and you may be assured you always have the best wishes of your tenderly afteftionate Parent H HoBART I wishd to have written to you sooner but have been entirely engaged with your Sister P. M"^* Adams was calld to town yesterday was a week to her Son who was ill there of a fever of which he died the next day after she went, he was ill but four or five days, it has been thought best she shoud not re- turn here immediately, but as she and the family where her son died continue well we think she may return now, and I expe6l her this evening. Superscription: M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton. ANNOTATIONS Robert Marshall Forsyth. For notice see page 93. Disorder hi Philadelphia. The allusion is to an outbreak of yellow fever. The Stockers. The persons referred to are the families of Anthony and Margaret C 288 ] HANNAH HOBART Stocker, the father and mother of John Clement Stocker, and the family of John Clement Stocker. John Tenant. Mr. John Tenant was the president of the French Benevolent Society. As his name is not found in the Philadelphia Directory or Gazetteer of the period, his permanent home must have been at Frankford, not then within the city limits. Mr. and Mrs. John Miller. For notice see page 281. Mrs. Adams. There were living at this time in Philadelphia : Margaret Adams, who was a shopkeeper on South Front Street, between Nos. 357 and 369. Mary Adams, widow, mIio is called a "washer," living on South Fourth Street, between Plumb and Shippen Streets. Ann Adams, widow, whose home was on Fifth Street, bet\veen Lombardy and South. Mrs. Adams, to whom Mrs. Hobart refers, was evidently the nurse or attendant of her daughter Polly. [ 289 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From James Robertson ] Philadelphia August 24. 1797. My Dear John, I HAVE always been so negligent a correspondent to you that I suppose you will be as much surprized at receiving a letter from me as at my long silence. While I freely own that I have no good apology to make for my silence, I can assure you that I never think of it without regret ; and that it has not been occasioned by indifference, or a want of regard for you. The many testimonies of your afl'e(5lion which I have experienced, and the happiness I have always felt in your company, has made too deep an impression on my heart to be effaced; and altho' a mutual exchange of sentiments during a seperation is agreeable, and a very natural consequence of mutual friendship, yet I sensibly feel it is not necessary to its continuance. At the same time that I trust entirely to your goodness to excuse my negle6l, I cannot omit adding by way of palliation, that I never was fond of writing letters, and that for these nine months past I have been far from enjoying a very good state of health. Though I have never been so unwell as to be confined, or unable to attend in the store, yet my indisposition has been generally accompanied with such a depression of spirits, that no possible effort could remove, and rendered any kind of exertion, out of the common course of business rather irksome. And writing letters, where the necessity was not great, was what I feel very little inclination to do. I may add, too, that day after day, during the summer I had resolved to write to you, and that I had frequently begun letters, which some interruption at the time prevented me from finishing, and then they were negledted. [ 290 D JAMES ROBERTSON I felt much benefit from my journey to Maryland, and have been much better since. I most sincerely sympathize with you in the loss you have sustained in the death of your much valued friend Mr For- syth. It must be a severe trial to you. The loss to his Mother will be irreparable. She appeared to be passionately attached to him, and he was doubtless looked up to as the hopes of the family. I am sensible that the indulgence of greif on your part is unavoidable nay I cannot blame it; yet I trust the refle61:ion, that it is an a6l of that Being, who knows best what is good for us, will moderate that sorrow for your loss, which it is natural to feel, but which when indulged to excess, would be hurtful to yourself, and distressing to your friends, to some of them particularly, whose happiness seems to be centered in your own. I received, some time ago the Drft on W"" Knox & Co. for $100. It was accepted, and I have no doubt it will be punc- tually paid on the 1 Sept' when I shall immediately send the money. I shall attend to purchasing the stockings for you, and have no doubt I shall be able to send them in the course of a few days. With respe6l to Horsley's Tra6ls I intended them for yourself; they are entirely at your disposal. If it is agree- able to yourself to let your friend have them, it is perfe6tly so to me; and if you chusel can at any time send for another copy of them for you. I should have been much gratified to have seen you at Frank- ford or Philad. this summer, but I take it for granted it has not been convenient for you. I flatter myself however, with that pleasure after the commencement. There has been a considerable alarm among the citizens for a week or two past about the fever. It does not appear to be getting any better, nor does it spread much from the place C 291 n HOBART CORRESPONDENCE where it first broke out. The alarm is much greater than the danger, and the reports circulating thro' the country are not to be relied on. I do not feel in the least uneasy for myself as it is very healthy in our neighbourhood; and as there is no necessity, I shall avoid any intercourse with the Sick. I have not room to add more. I shall write to you again very soon. I hope that my long negle6l will not deprive ine of the pleasure of hearing occasionally from you. I am, my dear John Affe6lionately yours, James Robertson. Mr Smith's family are all well at Frankford, Mr S himself has been troubled with a sore throat a few days past, but has come to the city this forenoon, much better. Superscription : M" John H Hobart, Princeton. ANNOTATIONS William K)wx & Co. William Knox and Company were dry-goods merchants, with a store at No. 66 South First Street. Mr. Knox lived at No. 31 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. Samuel Horsley. Samuel Horsley was the son of a clergyman, and was born in London in 1733. He went to Westminster School, from which he proceeded to Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He was graduated from the University with honour. In 1759 he became rector of NeM'ington in Surrey, in suc- cession to his father. He studied the scientific literature of the day, and was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1767. In 1774 he published a learned treatise, called "Remarks on the Observations made in the Late Voyage toward the North Pole, for determining the Acceleration of the Pendulum." In 1776 he issued proposals for a complete edition of the works C 292 '} JAMES ROBERTSON of Sir Isaac Newton, which finallj' appeared in 1785. In 1781 he was made archdeacon of St. Albans. It was in a charge to the clergy of his archdeaconry, on May 22, 1783, that he first combatted the position taken by Dr. Priestley in his famous book, "History of the Corruptions of Christianity." Other pamphlets and papers were is- sued by him during the controvers)-, in which he showed marked power, and grasp of the subjects discussed, and a learning that was both accurate and deep. Occasionally he allowed himself to descend to bitterness and intolerance. His seventeen "Letters," however, is a controversial treatise that deserves the encomium it received. In 1788 he was made Bishop of St. David's; in 1793 he was translated to Rochester, and in 1802 to the see of St. Asaph. He died at Brighton on October 4, 1806. Bishop Horsley wrote much and usually well. His sermons were long popular, and his practical tracts were of great benefit. It is to a collection of these tracts that reference is made in Mr. Robertson's letter. [ From James Robertson ] Philadelphia August 29. 1797. My dear John, I SENT to yoti on Saturday last 4 pair blk silk stockings, and desired the Gent" who took charge of them to leave them with the keeper of the tavern where the stage stoped. If you have not yet got them you can call there for them. They are some we had in the store of good quality, at 24 / a pair. I have no doubt they will suit you. I was highly gratified tho' on a melancholy occasion, with the tribute you paid to the memory of your late worthy friend. It would I am persuaded afford the same kind of gratifica- tion, perhaps some consolation, to his relatives and friends; which I believe will include all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance. As I thought it probable he had some friends in New York C 293 2 HOBART CORRESPONDENCE I desired my Brother to have the Sketch of his chara6ler pub- lished in one of the papers there; but it had been done in "The Minerva," I suppose at your desire. I sent you two of Fenno's papers last week, being all he had left of that date. I am really at a loss what to say about the fever. It appears to spread very little, and there are not more deaths, than are usual at this season of the year. I am persuaded that were it not for the name of Yellow fever, and the dreadful visitation of 1793, all the sickness and deaths in the city this season would not occasion in the most timid minds, the smallest appre- hensions of danger. The only thing deserving of notice is, and it is a little serious, a malignant fever does exist, and being confined to a small space, the number of deaths are more readily known, and observed, and occasion more uneasiness than if the same number died in different parts of the city. But still the disorder is by no means so virulent, as in 1793, and, when those who are seized with it have proper attention paid to them, a recovery is almost certain. I can repeat with confidence, what has often been said, that the city generally was never so healthy at this season as it is at present and particularly in our neighbourhood, I cannot think there is any more danger, than there is twenty miles from the city. Yet, notwithstanding, this favourable account and I verily be- lieve it to be true, it is astonishing, and distressing to observe the panic which has seized the citizens. They are flying from every quarter, as if it were from the raging of the plague. No part of the city, not the most open and airy is free from the general alarm. And all kind of business is at a stand. Tho' personal danger is out of the question, it is impossible to remain in the city, without being greatly distressed at the misery, which has already, and will be occasioned by these [ 294 ] JAMES ROBERTSON groundless fears. Many poor families have been obliged to dispose of part of their small stock of furniture to raise a little money to enable them to remove from the city. And as many of them depended on their daily labour for their daily subsist- ance their being thrown out of employment, will occasion the greatest distress. I cannot therefore help thinking that those who have been most a6live in sounding the alarm, are greatly to blame. You may expeft to hear from me on friday next, and believe me to be my dear John Affedl'y Yours J. Robertson. Superscription : M" John H. Hobart, Princeton. ANNOTATION The Minerva. The first daily paper in the city of New York made its appearance on December 9, 1793. It was called "The Minerva." It was founded by Noah Webster of Connecticut, who at a later date gained inter- national fame as the author of the Spelling-Book and the Ameri- can Dictionary, which has established American usage for nearly one hundred years. As an editor, Noah Webster was careful, satirical, astute, able. In his announcement he said that his paper was to be "the friend of government, of freedom, of virtue, and every species of improvement." A weekly edition for country' circulation was called "The Herald." It was published by George Bunce and Company until May, 1796, then by Hopkins, Webster, and Company. In 1799 Mr. Webster withdrew from the firm, and the paper was published by his nephe\\", Ebenezer Belden. In 1803 Mr. Belden sold it to Zachariah Lewis. The name had then been changed to "The Commercial Advertiser" for the daily, and "The New York Spectator" for the weekly issue. In 1820 Colonel William L. Stone became the editor. Under him it was brilliant and powerful. Established as a staunch Federalist organ, C 295 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE it became under Colonel Stone a firm adherent of the Clintonian fac- tion of the party, as the followers of De Witt Clinton were called, and at a later day a supporter of John Quincy Adams against Andrew- Jackson. It was an esj)ecially strong mediator between the Anti- Masonic and Masonic supporters in the years when Freemasonry was a polidcal issue. Subsequently it became a povverfvd Whig paper. Upon the death of Colonel Stone in 1845, his interest was transferred to John B. Hall. In 1856 it became a Republican paper upon the formation of that party. On January 1, 1863, it was assigned to William Henry Hurlbert, a very able editor. Passing into the possession of the famous editor and politician, Thurlow Weed, it had for a new editor Hugh Hast- ings of x\lbany. After the death of Mr. Hastings in 1883, it was pur- chased by Parke Godwin, a former editor of the "Evening Post." In 1892 it passed into the hands of its present owners, who, on Feb- ruarv 1, 1904, reduced its price from two cents to one cent a copy, and changed its cumbersome and misleading name to "The Globe." [ 296 :\ HANNAH HOBART [ From Hannah Hobart ] Frankford 2'' Sept^ '797 A Variety of circumstances however trifling in them- selves, sometimes operate on my mind so as to make me feel an indisposition and almost an incapacity for writ- ing, even to my dear John, it has lately been too much the case, but I must try to overcome it as I wish not any longer to defer an answer to your affe6lionate and interest- ing letter. The tender sympathy and affe6lionate attentions you receive from your amiable companion merits my warmest acknow- ledgements, and the kind invitation he has given you evidence the sincerity of his professions. I join my dear John in the opinion that a change of scene is necessary for you, and that exercise and a relaxation from your studies and present en- gagements will be beneficial to your health and spirits. I can- not then withold my assent to your accepting M'' Mercer's invitation tho I shall thereby be deprived of a happiness I have long been anticipating, that of having you with me during the vacation, in this however I cheerfully acquiesce, for if my dear John is not well and happy I cannot be so. I am pleasd that you have determined to decline going by water if the fever shoud continue, in that case we shall expeft you here as soon as you can after the vacation commences, if the city shoud be entirely free from the fever as well as every other place in the rout from princeton to Fredericks- burg, and you conclude to go, I suppose you will go in the stage, and then you will certainly stop here, in the mean time I wish you my dear John to inform me if there is any thing you will want that I can get ready before you go, if there is I 297 u HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE let me know as soon as you can and how much money you will want and I will provide it. I had a few lines from your brother since I wrote to you last, just informing me they were well. Your Sister B has been a little indisposed for a few days, but is now well she sends her love. M"" Smith and the children are also well. Your Sister P. and myself as usual. I am encouraged my dear John to hope your endeavors for a cheerful resignation to the will of providence will be suc- cesful, may all his dispensations be blest to you and may you soon be favord with perfe6l health and a return of your naturally good spirits, sincerely prays Your ever affeftionate Parent H HOBART let me know if I shall send the money to you. Superscription : M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton C 298 J JAMES ROBERTSON [ From James Robertson ] Philad^ Sept' 2. I 797. Dear John, YOU will receive enclosed Eighty eight Dollars which, after dedu(ii:ing the price of the Silk Stockings, as nearly as I could make the change, is the amount of the draft you lately sent me. The fever does not appear to get worse, nor, is it yet entirely subsided. The weather for these two days past has been very unfavourable; but as there are so few people remaining in the neighbourhood where it prevails, and from the exertions of the Committee of health, it is not probable it will spread to any alarming degree. There is no case of the fever near us, nor indeed in any of the principal streets of the city. As I am alone in the store, and having several things to attend to this forenoon, you will I trust excuse the shortness of this letter. I am, my dear John Aft'e6lly Yours, James Robertson Superscription : M" John H. Hobart, Princeton. C 299 ] REBECCA SMITH THE sister to whom Hobart addressed the following letter was Rebecca, who was born in 1760. She married twice, first in 1782, Nathaniel Potts, who died April 26, 1784; and secondly, Jiily 6, 1791, Major Robert Smith. For fuller notice see page 13. See also note on her death which comes after the letter from Charles Fenton Mercer, of October 14, 1802, in Volume II. [ John Hexry Hobart to his Sister Rebecca ] Princeton, September 3"'. 1 797. HOir shall I thank my dear Sister for that affectionate sym- pathy & consolation which have contributed to restore peace to my tnind. True indeed the participation of grief will not remove the heavy load — but the feeling heart that has itself been wounded by affliSlion can speak zvith a tenderness that assuages the poignancy of sorroiv, & is able to offer those bright hopes that were its ozvn comfort & support — Ah my Sister miserable indeed are those zvhom Heaven has gf ted with sensibility if death is to tear from them forever the obje&s of their ardent & virtuous affection. If sensibility be not a crime, if indeed it be not our free choice, why should it be made our misery — and oh ! what misery can be greater than that which accompanies the thought that we have parted forever from those whom we loved as our own souls. If this destiny aivaits congenial spirits zvhose hopes & ejijoyments here have been boutid together by mutual affe^llon, enviable must appear to them the lot of the savage, enviable even that of the brutes zvho live zcith- oul feeling and without hope. No, God zvho is love, eternal love, has not meant thus to sport zvith his creatures. He has given us virtuous feelings to be i?idulged & he seperates the obje£ls of our L 300 ] HOBART TO HIS SISTER affe£iio7iJrom us only that being less bound to this world we may love it less, & aspire constantly after another zvhere zee look for the full & perfett fruition of every virtuous sentiment & feeling — Oh! hozv precious in this light is the hope of immortality ; to the wounded spirit, what a balm does it apply. The resurre^ion of these frail & corruptible bodies to purity & glory becomes a truth consoling & valuable indeed zvhen zve consider that in this perfect state zee shall be united to those we have loved in an in- dissoluble bond. Well, might the Apostle in offering it to our faith say — "Comfort one another zvith these words." Founded on this basis my soul is at peace — it seems to defy the tempests of life — Calm in the assurance that God is love, that he regards his creatures zvith infinite kindness, & is desirous to conduct them by chastisement as zve II as mercy to his gracious favour, & to an eternal rest in heaven, the gloomy prospedl of life brighte?is for me into joy, "Ssf even the dark valley of the shadozv of death is enlivened by hope. It has not been indeed zvithout many doubts and much an.xiety that my mitid has become settled in this state. I have been fear- ful that particular attachments, strong as mine have been, were inconsistent zvith a sincere love to God & therefore improper. At the same time I felt they zvere deeply seated in my breast & that my happiness zvas connected zvith their indulgence. But this apprehension arose from an erroneous viezv of the perfe^ions of God. Infinite in love & goodness — he has made us to be happy & whatever contributes really to our happiness must be pleasing to him. The virtue, tenderness & goodness which excite sincere friendship & affeSlion is his image in the soul, & in this sense to love the creature is to love the adorable creator. It is only a false love for the zvorld, its honors & pleasures, it is only such attachment as corrupts instead of cherishing virtuous feeling, that his holy eye condemns. And zvhen virtuous affedtionfixes too I 301 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE fondly on its object, when it becomes so immoderate in its exer- cise as to destroy our peace, or so rational & pure in its enjoy- ments as to make this life a place of reward instead of pro- bation, & induce us to say with the disciples "it is good for us to be here," then a gracious parent pities the zveakness of his children, & by his merciful corredlion & trial he leads them back to duty, & reminds them that they are to live by faith; — faith in his goodness & zcisdom — faith in his power &' truth — who has promised a blessed & eternal inheritance beyond the grave. Yes I feel that such vieivs exalt & purify the soul & fix it more firmly in the divine faith & love. They bind it to God thus infinite in goodness — they endear to it the gracious redeemer, who by his suffering & death has purchased for it eternal life, & has opened the prospe6l of that full perfe6lion of being & enjoyment, which alone sheds consolations on this vale of tears & misery. Ahl if I could always have these bright views, how could I enjoy the world & yet live above it, zvith zvhat resignation & cheerfulness would I pass thro' my pilgrimage be it long or short. J. H. HoBART. Copy. To M''^ R Smith on the occasion of the death of R. M. Forsyth, Princeton, Sept. 3"' 1797. ANNOTATION Robert Marshall Forsyth. For notice see page 93 . C 302 ] HANNAH HOBART [ From Hannah Hobart ] Frankford 22I Sept"^ '797 I AM happy my dear John in finding you are well. I ex- pe6led you were necessarily engaged or shoud have been uneasy at not hearing from you. I have enquired and find the Lancaster Stage starts from Dunwoody's Tavern on mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at four O'clock in the morning. As Dunwoody's tavern is at the upper end of Market Street near eighth street, M"^ Smith and M' Robertson think there woud be no danger of the fever there, and that a conveyance may be had from Frankford to the stage house, or to the middle ferry ( which they cross ) or perhaps further up the road if more agreeable. They appre- hend the only danger of the fever woud be if there shoud hap- pen to be any person in the stage who might be infe6led. This is a risk possible in any of the stages, tho we will hope it does not often occur. It is unnecessary to say how happy we shall all be to see my dear John; but am requested to mention that M"^ Mercer's company will add to our pleasure. Your brother came from Potts Grove this day two weeks and returned the next sunday, he left his family well except his little Robert who was a little indisposed, we have not heard from him since. We are all as well as usual here. M"^ Robertson goes to town and returns evry day, and M"^ Smith almost as often. Your Sister joins in much love to you with my dear John's ever Affe6lionate H Hobart [ 303 u HOBART CORRESPONDENCE You do not say how much money, I enclose twenty dollars, if not sufficient let me know and I will send more immediately. I have written in haste Superscription : M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton ANNOTATION Dunwoody's Tavern. This inn was a popular place of resort, and man}- public meetings were held there. Its location on Market Street, above Eighth, in Philadel- phia, was verj^ central. During the stirring times of the spring of 1798, when the Pennsylvania Senate had adopted on March 20 a resolu- tion declaring "that the representatives of Pennsylvania bear their public testimony against war in any shape or with any nation unless the territories of the United States shall be invaded, but more especially against a people with whom our hearts and hands have been lately united in friendship," a notable gathering was held there. It was upon the evening of April 12 that the residents of the city, South- wark, and Northern Liberties, assembled to consider the political situ- ation. Colonel Gurney was called to the chair, and Samuel W. Fisher was chosen as secretar}-. The questions at issue were full}- discussed. At the close of the meeting a resolution was adopted which asserted that all had been done which could be done to restore harmony be- tween the United States and France. Joseph Thomas, Andrew Bay- ard, Samuel Wheeler, Joshua Humphreys, Henry Pratt, Levi Hol- lingsworth, and Joseph North were appointed a committee to prepare an address to the President and pledge to him the hearty support of the merchants and citizens generally. For the resolutions of the inhabitants of Southwark and Northern Liberties, passed at this tavern, see note after the letter of James Robertson of May 14, 1798, in Volume II. [ 304 ] HENRY AXTELL, JR. [ From Henrv Axtell, Jr. ] Mendham Sept. 23II 1797 Dear Sir, I CAN assure you I received yours by M"^ Thompson with no common satisfa6lion. I am much obliged to you for your wishes for my health & welfare, & for your congratulation on my marriage & settlement in life. Your sentiments on earthly enjoyments I highly esteem, & hope I may profit by them. Disappointments I am sensible are necessary to keep us in mind of our eternal concerns, & I have reason to believe my greatest share of them is yet to come. I have, however, not been entirely free from them , nor, ( as I hope ) have they been entirely lost upon me — though it is more than probable I have not made a proper improvementof them. I havesome reason to believe you condemn me for entering so suddenly into the mar- riage state — & I suppose it will be difficult to convince a phi- losopher, & especially a college philosopher, that there can be any reason for justification. The business, however is done, & it is now too late for repentance on that score, even supposing I had sufficient ground for it, which, by the by, I must tell you is not the case. Suffice it to say I was advised to take that step by my most sincere friends, who perfedlly knew my circum- stances in life. I have made inquiry for Paley's view of the evidences of Christianity, but have not yet been able to find it. I intend to read it with care when I can get it, since it is recommended by one, whose judgement I highly esteem. I wrote to M"^ Thompson some time before he left college, to pay you for Newton's letters, promising to settle it with him on his return to Mendham. He however had not money to spare at that time. I now send by him i dollar, of which you C 305 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE will please to take yoiir P^v, or if the price be more than a dollar M"^ T. will pay you. I thank you for your kindness in sending it to me & am with high esteem yours &c H. AXTELL Superscription: M" John H. Hobart, New Jersey College M' Thompson. ANNOTATIONS Stephen Thompsoji. For notice see page 240. M^illiam Paley. William Paley was born at Peterborough, England, in 1743. His father \^'as then a minor canon of the cathedral, but soon after re- turned to his former parish, Giggleswick, in the West Riding of York- shire, as master of the grammar school. In 1759 the son was entered as a sizar at Christ's College, Cambridge. Two years of his course were spent in idleness, but were succeeded b}^ such severe study that he was graduated as a Senior Wrangler in 1763. For three j-ears he was an assistant master in the Greenwich Grammar School. In 1768 Mr. Paley became fellow and tutor of Christ's College. In 1776 he was presented to the rectory of Musgrove, Westmoreland, and the vicar- age of Dalston, Cumberland. These were exchanged in a short time for the rectorv of Applebv. In 1780 he was made a prebend of the Carlisle Cathedral. In 1782 he was made archdeacon, and in 1785 chancellor of the Diocese of Carlisle. It was in 1785 that his first nota- ble book was published, " Principles of Moral and Political Philoso- phy." In 1790 he issued "Horae Paulinae," still of real value. In 1794, "View of the Evidences of Christianity." This book aimed to meet the objections then urged against the faith. It is now entirel)- without value for its purpose, as the basis of non-Christian criticism and attack has entirely changed. Archdeacon Paley was hailed as a true and valiant champion of the faith. He Mas given a prebendal stall in St. Paul's Cathedral, Lon- C 306 ] HENRY AXTELL, JR. don, made sub-dean of Lincoln, and presented to the rectory of Wear- mouth, in the Diocese of Durham. In 1802 his "Natural Theology" brought him even a higher reputation than that he already enjojed. He died on May 25, 1805. [ 307 n HOB.AJIT CORRESPONDENCE [ From Jared Ingersoll ] Bristol Sept. zj'^ 1797. Sir MY Son Charles being one of the Class which I under- stand has been under your immediate Superintendency I am anxious to know whether he has profited by your good Instru6tions. I wish to know in which particular Study he has most need of application & assistance, that I may urge him to such pur- suits during a part of the approaching Vacation, as shall enable him to meet his Class upon equal terms the next Session. I am sensible that your time must be very much engrossed at present with the business of Commencement I do not there- fore desire that you should divert your attention from more important Objects to attend to this Request, but only ask a Line upon the subje6l, when convenient to you I am Sir Respeflfully your obed hum servt Jared Ingersoll M". HOBART. Superscription : M". HoBART, Princeton. : 308 ] HENRY GAHN HENRY Gahn, the name is also spelled Ghan, was a merchant in Gold Street, New York City, in the year 1796. Before 1800 he removed to No. 30 Broad Street. From 1804 he was consular agent for Sweden. Upon September 4, 1809, the two hundredth an- niversary of the discovery of the Hudson River was celebrated under the auspices of the New York Historical Society. In the presence of the governor, Daniel Tompkins, the mayor and corporation, and a distinguished company of guests, an historical oration was delivered by the Rev. Dr. Samuel Miller, then associate pastor of the United Presbyterian Church of New York, in the front court-room of the City Hall. Immediately after, the company went to the City Hotel on Broad- way, north of Trinity Church, where dinner was served. Among the invited guests were ex-Mayor Marinus Willet, Judge Nathaniel Pen- dleton, Theodorus Bailey, the postmaster, Colonel Peter Curtenius, Charles Baldwin, and Henry Gahn, the Swedish consul. The viands served were "a variety of shell and other fish with which our waters abound, wild pigeons and succotash (Indian-corn and beans), the favorite dish of the season, with the different meats introduced into this country by the European settlers." It was a banquet in keeping with the historical spirit of the occasion, all modern delicacies having been rigidly excluded. After the regular toasts had been drunk and responses made, several volunteer toasts were offered ; among them was this by Mr. Gahn : "The mouth of the Hudson. May it soon have a sharp set of teeth to show in its defence." [ Henry Gahn to Mary Goodin Chandler ] New York Oftober 6'.'' 1 797. THERE are but few Agreements in the world which need an apology for being fullfilled before the time ori- ginally fixed and appointed. The liberty I now usurp of writing you one day sooner, than the permission you were pleased to C 309 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE grant me in the beginning of the week litterally warrants me to do, may probably be looked upon as a breach of contract, especially as I am not certain whether it shall be in my power to transmit the expedled theatrical information before the mail closes. Yet I throw myself upon your mercy from which I hope to derive even that forgiveness which unfeeling justice might deny an humble petitioner! I am much concerned at the information just received in this city respe6ling your friend Miss Dayton. I mean the General's Miss Mary Dayton. It is confidently said and reported among all her acquaintances here that she met with some accident last Tuesday at an excursion into the country under the hard- studying friend Faesh's care, in consequence of which she re- turned home pensive, dull, and absent, that is to say in other words without life and spirits. I wonder what has happened to her.^ It is certainly a great change since last Sunday, and I feel the more interested in her Fate as she then expressed SO much sympathy for my own. As some deseases are extenu- ated by the compassion of our fellow-beings, and I apprehend her case is an instance of the kind, I most faithfully promise, in my turn to exert my utinost endeavors, and particularly my gift of talking, in order to render that compassion as uni- versal as possible. I have already raised a sigh for her situation in the sympathetic breasts of our Friends the Miss Murray's, and I mean to perform the same pious duty among all her Friends and Acquaintances here, nay, I will try to interest the whole town in her behalf. I am sorry to be at loss for immediate means of return- ing what I owe to the kindness of M"^' E. B. Dayton and, as she has already passed all accidents, I am not a little aprehensive but my gratitude may for a long time remain confined within my own breast, unless I be lucky enough to find an oppor- C 310 ] HENRY GAHN tunity of venting it, for the benefit of the youngest branch of the family. Yet, as that Branch has given me but Httle provo- cation, I will let it grow unmolested for the present . . . also, out of friendship for the Gardener ! ! ! I see I must close this letter without being able to tell you to a certainty, what Play is to be performed on Monday next, yet I really believe it more for my own interest not to anti- cipate this information by this mail, as my leaving it for a verbal communication to-morrow afternoon may contribute towards my arrival being anxiuusly looked out fore by the young Ladies of Elizabeth Town, and thus procure me not only a glorious reception, but also in some measure atone for what- ever some of them may construe into offensive impertinent language in this my humble letter. I beg leave to present my best respects to M'"'' and Mr. Dayton and all your numerous relations of that and other names; and shall ever consider it as a great honor to re- main with the highest esteem and consideration. Yours most obedient and humble servant New York. Henry Gahn. Superscription : Miss Chandler, Elizabeth Town. ANNOTATIONS General Elias Dayton. ' ' The General "was Elias Dayton , a son of Jonathan Dayton , of Eliza- beth Town, New Jersey, where he was born in July, 1737. He served from March, 1759, in the French and Indian War as lieutenant in the New Jersey Blues. He was with his regiment at Quebec under General Wolfe. In 1764 he was commander of the New Jersey con- tingent in the campaign against the Indians at Detroit, Michigan. C 311 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE He was made a member of the New Jersey Committee of Safety early in the Revolution. On January 23, 1776, he was commander of the Elizabeth Town men who destroyed the British transport Blue Moun- tain Valley, then lying ofi' Elizabeth Port. On February 9, 1776, he was made colonel of the Third Battalion of New Jersey troops, and took part in the defence of FortTiconderoga. Colonel Dayton efficiendy aided General Sullivan in his expedition into central New York against the Indians, in 1779, as one of the commanders of the New Jersey con- tingent. He was commander of the New Jersey brigade on July 20, 1780, and aided in suppressing the mutiny in the New Jersey line in 1781. He served with distinguished bravery throughout, particularly at Springfield, Germantown, and Brandywine. On three occasions horses were shot under him, while leading his troops at Springfield, Germantown, and Crosswicks. On January 8, 1783, he ^\as made a brigadier-general. After the war he served in the legislature of New Jersey. He was a member of the Continental Congress from New Jer- sej^ in 1787-88. At the first meeting of the New Jersey Society of the Cincinnati, he was made its president. From 1796 to 1805 he was mayor of the borough of Elizabeth Town. He was married to Eliza- beth Bayley. One daughter, Hannah, married General Matthew Og- den. His son, Elias Bayley, married Elizabeth Catherine Chandler. He died at his native place on October 22, 1807. Mary Dayton. "Miss Dayton" was Mary, General Dayton's other daughter. Mr. Faesh. There is no record available to show who this gentleman was. The Miss Murrays. The Miss Murrays were the daughters of John Murray, a well- known merchant of New York, and president of the Chamber of Commerce from 1788 to 1806. He was a trustee of the Presbyterian Church on Wall Street, and one of the incorporators of the Society for the Relief of Distressed Persons. Play performed October, 1 797. For many years the home of the drama in New York was the small C 312 ] HENRY GAHN wooden building in John Street, near Broadway, known as the John Street Theatre. Here William Hallam, Mrs. Hallam, and their com- pany, the best-known actors of the day, appeared in the plays of Shakespeare, Garrick, Coleman, Foote, Sheridan, O'Keefe, and other standard authors, as mcII as in many written specially for them. In August, 1797, the theatre was leased for a short season to the com- pany of Mr. Soler, of the City Theatre, Charleston, South Carolina. The cast included Mr. Barrett, Mr. Williamson, Mr. Hughes, Mr. Cronby, Mr. Downie, Mr. Jones, Mrs. Barrett, Mrs. Granpeur, Mrs. Jones, and Mrs. Hughes. The opening night was August 18, when ' ' The Wonder ' ' and ' ' The Spoiled Child ' ' were presented. During October "Jane Shore" was perfoiTned. This Mas apparendy contin- ued until the closing night, which was October 17, when a special bill was presented: "The Tragedy of Bunker Hill," song, Jacob Garkey Rambles, and the farce of "The Sultan." The President of the United States was present, and one-quarter of the receipts were for the yellow fever sufferers. At the same time a distinguished company of actors were playing at the building in Greenwich Street, near the Battery, known as Rickett's Circus. In it were Mr. Cooper, Mr. Moreton, Mr. Warrell, Mr. L'Estrange, Mr. Byrne, Mrs. Byrne, Mr. Harwood, and Mr. Warren. The plays presented were Otway's "Venice Preserved," "Dermot and Kathleen," and "Who's the Duke?" No specific dates are given for any play. Mr. and Mrs. Elias Dayton. The Mr. and Mrs. Dayton alluded to were General Elias Bayley Dayton and his wife, Elizabeth Catherine Chandler, whom he had married in 1786. Mary Goodin Chandler. "Miss Chandler " was Mary Goodin Chandler, the youngest daugh- ter of the Rev. Dr. Chandler, and afterward the wife of the Rev. John Henry Hobart. C 313 3 HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE [ From Hannah Hobart ] Nov: lo'.*' —97 Friday Philad^ I SENT to the Post office to enquire for letters my dearjohn, but there are none for you directed at Philad^. or at Prince- ton. I think it very probable they are delay 'd somewhere as yours to me were, if I receive any I shall certainly forward them immediately. I mentiond to your Sister your wish that M' Mercer when he comes might be ofTerd a bed, but she said it was impos- sible for her to do it, as almost every room in their house is crowded with goods, even the entry almost from the Front door to the stair case. James & Robert Robertson sleep to- gether in the room over the kitchen, and J Briggs in the same room, and heaps of blankets cover the rest of the space, she says she does not know where she shall find room for M' Smith when he will be oblig'd to leave her room, so that it is out of her power to accomodate him. As I cant bear the idea that there shoud not be any attention paid to him M' Mercer I have concluded to put your room in as decent order as I can, and give him an invitation myself at all risks, perhaps your Sister P. may not be more troublesome than common and we may make out tolerably well at least we will hope he will excuse what may not be so agreeable as might be wishd, if you shoud approve of my plan, you will let me know, and communicate any hint that you may think will tend to make things agree- able. If you do not approve of it you will also let me know. Just after you left me I receivd a letter from your Brother of mondays date, he had not then receivd yours, and was ac- counting for your long stay by supposeing you had met with disappointments and delays in the stages. They were all well C 314 '] HANNAH HOBART he supposes in about a week or ten days, it may not be im- proper to consult Col: Miles and then he thinks it is probable he may see me. I hope their consultation and conclusion upon it, may terminate to your brothers advantage. We are all as well as when you left us, and pleasd to hear you are safe and well. My dear John has the best wishes of his Afte6lionate I enclose the key ^- Hobart Superscription : M" John H Hobart, Princeton fav"*. M' Hazard ANNOTATIONS J. Briggs. J. Briggs was a clerk for Mr. Smith. Samuel Miles. Samuel Miles was born in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, on March 11, 1740. He enlisted in 1755 in Captain Isaac Wayne's com- pany, and was discharged in February, 1756. He reenlisted in Cap- tain Lloyd's company. He was made captain-lieutenant for the expe- dition under General John Forbes against Fort Duquesne in 1758. In 1760 he was commissioned captain and placed in command at Presque Isle on Lake Erie. He engaged in business as a wine merchant in Philadelphia in 1761. In 1772-73 he served as a member of the legis- lature, and in 1774 raised a militia regiment and became its colonel. He was a member of the Assembly in 1775-76, and a member of the enlisted council. He tendered a rifle regiment, which he had raised, to Congress, and fought with it at the batde of Long Island, where he was taken prisoner. While in prison he was appointed brigadier-general of the Pennsyl- vania state forces, but on his release in 1778 he could not obtain from the authorities his commission for that rank. He then retired from the army, serving as public auditor and deputy quartermaster-gen- C 315 ] HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE eral. From 1783 to 1787 he was judge of the high court of errors and appeals. He served on the common council of Philadelphia, and in 1790 was mayor of the city. He died at Chesterham, Pennsyhania, on December 29, 1805. Ebenezer Hazard. Ebenezer Hazard was the senior member of the firm of brokers, Haz- ard &: Addom, with an office at No. 173 High Street, Philadelphia. He lived at No. 189 North Second Street. He was afterwards Post- master-General of the United States, and secretary of the Insurance Company of North America. [ From Hannah Hobart ] Philad" Friday 17''' Nov. 97. I THANK you my dear John for the perusal of the letters contalnd in the packet you sent me, they have afforded me a most delightful feast, and I must ever regard those who have discernment to see, and goodness to appreciate the merits of one so dear to me, and who I hope will ever deserve and enjoy the esteem of all who know him, and whose appro- bation is worth having. Your amiable friend is not arrived yet I wish I may have it in my power to accommodate him agreeably when he does coine. I am glad you think of writing to Do6l^ White to inform him you will be willing to preach at those churches if it shoud be agreeable, but I hope my dear John you do not mean to offer your services gratis, as there is certainly some salary annex'd, and it coud not be expected that you shoud not re- ceive it for the time you woud Officiate, or that you shoud relinquish it in favor of D'. Smith while you take his place, be- sides, unless a way shoud be provided for you, your going back and forward only, (set aside any other consideration) HANNAH HOBART woud be attended with an expence that you cannot afford nor ought not to be at, but I do not mean that when you offer to officiate, you shoud then stipulate for a salary, but only that you do not intimate that you shoud not desire it, because I think you ought to have it, and I can't suppose any thing else woud be proposed. I enjoy much pleasure my dear John in the anticipation of the happiness I shall experience in having you with me again for a few months at least tho at the distance of almost a year, and shall be pleasd when it may be consistant with your happi- ness to gratify D^ Whites wishes which I beleive has always been meant for your good, indeed he has seemd from your childhood to interest himself for you with almost a fatherly attention when an opportunity has presented, and I shall al- ways feel gratitude to him for it. Your brother came to town, monday evening and returned home again on tuesday, he had been at Col: Miles's to con- sult him about Dale and respe6ling his affairs with J P., he is to consider about it and to come to some conclusion in a week or two. Your brother's family were all well, and he was much pleasd with the books. M' Smith and your Sister and the children are all well at present, but your Sister is so over charged with the cares of a large family that one can hardly get to speak to her about any thing, and indeed the weather has been so disagreeable these two days past that I have not been out. I shall send the handkerchiefs and almanack and news paper by the first opportunity I have, also some wristbands for your muslin shirts which may be wanted some time hence, there is one pair in the little bag in your trunk. When you write to D'' White I shoud like to see it if not improper. C 317 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Your Sister P. has not been quite so orderly as common for these few days past but I hope will soon be better. I am my dear John's Affectionate H HoBART Superscription : M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton ANNOTATIONS Samuel Miles. For notice see page 315. Dale Forge. Dale was Dale Forge, one of the iron furnaces belonging to the Potts family. In a paper upon "Early Furnaces and Forges of Berks County," Mr. Morton L. Montgomery gives this description of one of the iron furnaces in which Mr. Robert Hobart was interested : "The Dale Furnace was situated on the west branch of the Perkio- men Creek, two miles above the Mt. Pleasant Furnace. It was erected about 1791 by Thomas Potts, Joseph Potts, Jr., and John Smith, Iron Masters." In the year named they purchased from Leon ^^^alker a tract of 150 acres in Hereford Township (but since 1839 in Wash- ington), as a site for a new furnace and, doubtless, immediately pro- ceeded to erect one there. [ From Hannah Hobart ] Nov! 24'.^ — 97 Fridav I HAVE been particularly engaged these several days past or I shoud have sooner inform d my dear John that on Sunday last, your Sister B. introduced to our acquaintance a little stranger a fine boy, who with his Mama appear in a way to do well, and I dont imagine we shall any of us love him C 318 ] HANNAH HOBART the less for his being calld Henry Hobart, the rain has pre- vented me from going out for some days but I have heard from them every day. I have receivd my dear John's letter of the ig'.*" inst. with the 20 doll', note inclosed, and very much approve of your accepting that small conpensation for your services in that one instance, you certainly woud have been deficient in justice to yourself had you declined receiving it, which I am ready to think has too frequently been the case. I have applied to the workmen to do the necessary repairs to the house but they have not yet done any thing more than look at it, they must attend to it soon if I can make them. I am sensible my dear John of the dutiful and affedlionate attentions of each of my children, and wish to be thankful to the giver of all good for those as well as for the numberless other comforts which we all enjoy, I am however conscious that I am often disposed to desire additional favors to those already posses'd, tho not for myself. I shall inclose a mem.'''" of what I have advanced to you and shall be glad on your own account if you find you will have enough to supply your own necessities and to spare any towards a reimbursement without inconvenience to your- self I have bought a piece of fine calico of which I think to have a gown, by taking a piece containing three gowns I have got it at 4/9 a yard while the shop price is 6/6, your Sister Sally is to have a gown, if you wish to have any of it for the pur- pose you mentiond I will send it whenever you chuse, and you will let me know how much, 6 yards is a very full pattern for a gown made in the way I wear them, and seven yards for a fashionable dress, if you think you wont want it I can very readily part with it. I put up your hand''^^ ( and I think four pair of wristbands [ 319 ^ HOBART CORRESPONDENCE which may be wanted for your muslin shirts ) and two news papers and an ahnanack as you desired and sent them to Ja^ Robertson who undertook to send them to you, I have not yet heard whether he has or not. M"^ Mercer is not yet come, I shoud like to know whether he will or not. Since I last wrote to you I have heard that your brother and family are well. Your Sister P. and myself are as well as usual. My dear John's afTeftionate remembrance of me is exceed- ingly pleasing to me. May evry good be your portion is the fervent wish of Your ever Aff"e6lionate H HoBART When you went to princeton in May last you had at sundry times had in advance ninety dollars, which was ten dollars more than woud be due in September following, in the same month you sent me from princeton ten dollars, which set- tled the payment of eighty dollars due to you in September 1797 1797 Augst zS'.h Recciv'd from JHH — 10 dollars — 1797 July l3'.hsentto JHH — 10 dollars Nov. I9'.h Receiv'd from D<>. — 20 dollars — Aug?' lo'.h paid toCobbet — 4 Superscription : M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton Sept! 22d9entto JHH — 20 30th paid to JHH — 60 Nov — to D" — 30 ANNOTATION Henry Hobart Smith. Henry Hobart, the third son and fourth child of Robert and Rebecca [Hobart (Potts)] Smith, was born in Philadelphia on November 19, 1797, and baptized on January 17, 1798, in the Second Presbyterian Church, by the Rev. Dr. Ashbel Green. He was given a good busi- ness education, and became a note-broker, with an office on Third [ 320 ] HANNAH HOBART Street, Philadelphia. He retired from business in 1838, and in May of that year married Mrs. May I. Brown. He was attacked with a spasm of the heart in the street, in April, 1843, was taken to his home, and died on April 26, in the forty-sixth year of his age. His only sur\'i\ing nephew, William Alexander Smith, recalls him as a man of an amiable disposition and very gentle manners. C 321 2 HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From Robert Smith ] Mr. John H. Hob art ^^^'^' ^°''''^^'' '^- '797 Dear Sir YOUR esteemed favors of the ii'.*^ & 23^ Ins! I re- ceived, & observe what you say with respe6l to Johns studying with you in a private way out of the College, untill he has acquired that proficiency to enable him to enter the freshman class. I approve of the plan, & wish you to place him with the approbation of Dr Smith with Mrs Knox who I make no doubt from his good chara61:er will pay every ne- cessary attention to him, I will thank you to recommend him to her particular care, as for the additional expense it is a mat- ter of very little consequence, you will please agree with her not only to board, but to wash & mend his cloaths & pay her weekly or otherwise as may be most agreeable, I expeft he will want nothing new for some time as he is pretty well provided with every necessary, I would wish him not to want for any thing that may contribute to his comfort, but dont let him run in debt, dont let him be Idle, keep him if possible to his Studies he has triffled away too much precious time allready you know my intention is to educate for an a6live Marcantile Life, I would wish him to pursue the Study of the French Language if there is a good master at Princeton, pro- vided it will not interfer too much with his Study of the Latin, I shall commit him to your care in full confidence, that you will pay every necessary attention to him, treat him as a Brother, & on his part I hope he will not be ungrateful. I have the pleasure to infomi you that on Sunday last your Sister presented me with a Son they are both well indeed I may say she is rather better than she usually is on these C 322 ] ROBERT SMITH occasions, we purpose to honour him with your name, I hope he will grow up & be a comfort to us all. Congress have at last made a House. I take it for granted you have seen our worthy Presidents speech it is a Foedral one, our Commiss"^." are arrived at Paris, there is no acco'.' yet how they were received, I hope the French will be reason- able & not add to their Enemys, your mamma & our Children are well . rr n- ^ 1 am aiiectionately yours . . Robert Smith Superscription : M" John H. Hobart, at Princeton ANNOTATIONS John Rhea Clarendon Smith. John Rhea Clarendon, a son of Robert and Ann (Rhea) Smith, was born at the family home in Front Street, Philadelphia, on March 19, 1783, and was baptized in the Second Presbyterian Church by the Rev. Dr. James Sproat on May 4, 1783. After a course in good schools in his native city, he was sent to Princeton at the age of fourteen and placed under the care of Mr. Hobart. He was graduated from the Col- lege of New Jersey in 1801. He became a clerk in his father's count- ing-house, and was active in the business for some years. He mar- ried Maria Bell, of a well-known Philadelphia family. Being fond of military exercise, he joined a troop of horse in the state militia, and rose to be captain. He retired early in life from mercantile pursuits, spending his time in study and philanthropy. His death occurred in 1871. His only surviving near relative, William Alexander Smith, who in May, 1911, was in his ninety-first year, remembers him as a man of great gentleness and of very pleasant manners. Mrs. Knox. Mrs. Knox kept a boarding-house for the students. Those who ob- tained board there esteemed themselves very fortunate, for she was a kind and helpful friend to the young men. She lived in a pleasant part of the town, near the college. She kept the house until about 1825. C 323 ^ HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Henry Hobart Smith. The son w hose birth is announced was Henry Hobart Smith, for no- tice of whom see page 320. The United States Commission at Paris. The confirmation of the treaty with England, negotiated by John Jay in 1794, by the Senate on June 24, 1795, aroused very strong op- position from many quarters. Even the Federalists were much dis- pleased with some of the provisions, and only when the most objec- tionable article was stricken out could the necessary two-thirds \ote be secured. When the treaty \\as made fully public, the large bodvof Americans who were sympathizers with France felt that an insult had been offered to a nation friendly and necessary to the well-being of the United States. The French Minister kept the Directory informed of the progress of events as well as Prince Talleyrand, who w as then Minister of Foreign Affairs. He \\ ith others thought that the direct result of high-handed dealings by the French Republic ^\•ould result in an abrogation of the treaty. Their representati\ es at Philadelphia supported them, and thought that if the Republicans should be suc- cessful in the election of 1796, French supremacy could be main- tained. In pursuance of their policy, James Monroe, the Minister to France, was ignored and slighted. Our commerce suffered by an order to seize American ships like those of other neutral nations, and the efforts of Mr. Monroe to redress our wrongs were met Avith indiffer- ence and assertions that the English treaty had abrogated treaties made with France in 1778. Finally, so acute had gro\\n the situation that \\'ashington sent Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina as a special ambas- sador to France. He arrived in Paris in December, 1796. He was recei%ed most graciously by Mr. Monroe, who put him into com- munication with the French foreign office. Mr. Pinckney's creden- tials were taken, with the statement that they would be submitted to the Directory. After the w ithdrawal by the foreign office of all powers from the French Ministers to the United States, Mr. Monroe had become practically a pri\ate citizen. But it was through him that the reply was transmitted tliat France would not receive another American Minister undl her grievances were redressed. Mr. Pinckney was thus left without protection in a nation distincdy averse to the presence of ROBERT SMITH Americans at that time. A law passed in the frenzied dajs of the Re- public forbade foreigners to remain in the country without written per- mission. He applied for such a document, asking to remain until he could hear from his government. An ambiguous answer was returned. At length he ^\ as informed on February 3, 1797, after a preA'ious in- formal notice, that he A\as liable to arrest by his residence in the coun- try for two months without permission. He obtained his passports and tlien left. When, a short time after, Mr. Monroe departed for America, he was bidden farewell with most extravagant marks of enthusiasm, as if to show contempt for the Federalists, and particu- larly the special envoy. Mr. Pinckney's report of his failure aroused much indignation in every quarter. Extreme Federalists desired immediate war to be pro- claimed ; others wished for further negotiations. The Republicans were confident that the relations with France were the result of Federal mismanagement. Finally it was agreed that three envoys should be sent, with the hope that more respect would be shown to them. In May, 1797, Congress was called in extra session by the new Presi- dent, John Adams. After much debate, Mr. Pinckney, John Marshall of Virginia, and Mr. Dana of Massachusetts were chosen. Mr. Dana declining, Elbridge Gerry, an even more pronounced Republican, ^yas chosen. The envoys sailed early in the fall, and arrived in Paris in October, 1797. Talleyrand was indifferent to them, and was more desirous of standing well with the rising young General Bonaparte than of pleasing a nation for whom he had no regard, and which had not been to him, when he visited it, a bed of roses. There were many delays in regard to a formal reception by Talleyrand, who sent agents high in rank to sound the ambassadors as to their desires and to in- sinuate to them gently the necessity of placing a large sum of money in the hands of the Minister. Finally, the question was put plainly, when Mr. Pinckney said in his most dignified manner: "Millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute." At length only Mr. Gerry was received, and the other envoys were ignored. Their report, with the letters and conversations of those whom they called X-Y-Z, made every American furious, and immediate preparations for war were made. See also note on Mr. Pinckney, page 265. C 325 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From Hannah Hobart ] Nov'. 30'.'' — 97 Thursday evs I HAVE received my clear John's letter and the packet by M'' Agnew and am glad to hear by him that you are well, I have not time to write much now, nor nothing very material to communicate, but will take care to observe your request with regard to the letters &c. when I see M' Mercer. I will send the calico when I know of a safe opportunity. We are all as well as when I wrote you last, and I am as much as ever my dear John's Affectionate H HoBART I must take time to tell you I have this moment receivd a few lines from your brother, he says they are all well, and nothing new relating to business since he returned home, he experts to see me about the third week in next month. Poor M'^^ White is more unwell than when you were here, it is expe6led she will not live thro' the winter. ANNOTATIONS Mr. Agnew. Mr. Agnew is either James, who was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1795 ; or Martin, who was graduated from the same college in 1797 ; or William, also in the same class of 1797. Mrs. William White. Mrs. White was the wife of Bishop White. She died December 13, 1797. See page 344. [ 326 ] DAVID ENGLISH [ From David English ] George Town Dec', i 5 97 Dear Sir. YOU quite gave us the go fry, on your return from Virgi?. M"^ Green waited some days in expe6lation of your being fellow travellers. He has been sometime in N Jersey & has perhaps paid you in the same way as he does not men- tion in his letters any thing of you. I expe6l him daily. I wish to have a sketch of your visit in Virgi^ & the time & man- ner of your return. I am also anxious to hear something of the State of the College & how you like your Colleague. Col. Mer- cer mention that he saw you in Virg=* C^o/-«3 Friday night. Judge Paterson staid in Geo Town on his return home from Richmond. I gave him 50 Dollars for M"" Mattison being some money due him by a man in Maryland. I must beg the favour of you to call on M"" Mattison as soon as convenient after you get this for M'' Green writes to me that he has paid the money & had an order to receive it of me. I write to M"" Mattison to pay you the 50 Dol. which you will please to retain till I write to you, we may wish it paid in Phi*. M""' English is in pretty good health at present. Remember us to our friends at Mapletown when you see any of them. Have you heard any thing more about our friend Caldwell let me know. M"". Jefferson came in his carriage ( Sulkey ) as far as this & entered the stage here, he went in company with Judge Patterson & Bishop Coke ( Methodist) with them I passed an hour. The latter was going for N York to return in the Br. Packet to England, he is a Welchman, was taken by our good C 327 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE friends ( the Fr ) & stripped ( as usual ) put on board a N Eng- land vessel & landed at Norfolk. With regard & esteem I am your friend D English Remember me affedtionately to M"^ Agnew & M"^ Minto Superscription : M" John H. Hobart, Princeton ANNOTATIONS Richard M. Green. For notice see page 203. Edmund Elmendorf. Edmund Elmendorf, a graduate of the College of New Jersey of the class of 1794, was made tutor in 1797 in the place of Robert Mar- shall Forsyth, and is the colleague referred to by Mr. English. He was tutor there for several months in 1797-98. He studied law, and was admitted an attorney at the September term of 1799 of the su- preme court of New Jersey, and as a counsellor at the May term of 1800. Settling in New York City, he acquired a good practice and served as clerk in chancery for many years. Mr. Elmendorf died in New York City in 1856. Colonel Mercer. Colonel Mercer was the father of Charles Fenton Mercer, a particular friend of Mr. Hobart. William Paterson. William Paterson was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1763. He was a delegate from New Jersej- to the Continental Con- gress, a member of the New Jersey and United States Constitutional Conventions, United States Senator from Ne^^' Jersey, attornej-gen- C 328 ] DAVID ENGLISH eral and governor of New Jersey, and judge of the United States Supreme Court. He died in 1806. Aaron Mattison. Aaron Mattison was a native of Princeton, and active in civic affairs. His name stands first on the roll of members of the Princeton Fire Company organized on February 11, 1788, of which Captain Litde was director. It is said that "the best men formed the company and attended the meetings." Mrs. David English. David English married, for his first wife, Lydia Scudder, a daughter of Colonel Nathaniel Scudder of the First New Jersey Regiment in the Revolutionary War. Joseph Cdldzvell. For notice see page 99, Thomas Jefferson. For notice see page 229. Thomas Coke. Thomas Coke was bom at Brecon, South Wales, in 1747, was grad- uated from the University of Oxford in 1768, and received from it the degree of doctor of civil law in 1775. He served as curate in Somersetshire, and in 1776 came under the influence of John Wes- ley. Open-air services and cottage meetings held by him caused his dismissal b\- the rector of the parish. He then fully affiliated him- self with Mr. Wesley's connection and was assigned to the London circuit. In 1782 he was made the first president of the Irish Con- ference. On September 2, 1784, in the room of the Rev. John Wesley, at Bristol, England, he was solemnlv set apart by the laying on of hands by Mr. Wesley as "Superintendent " of the Methodists in the United States, and soon after sailed for America. He met the Rev. Francis Asbury at the General Conference of the American Methodists in Bal- timore. Dr. Coke, by the solemn imposition of his hands, acting under authority from Mr. Wesley, set Francis Asbury apart as joint C 329 H HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE superintendent with him of the Methodists in America. This was the first formal separation by the Methodists from the Chmx-h of Eng- huid, of which they had professed themselves still to be members. Dr. Coke was a man of extraordinary endurance, powerful in ^ oice and manner, a preacher of \'ery real force, and in every particular fitted for the work he had to do as a general missionary and superintendent. After nearly seven years of incessant labour in America and England, he sent to Bishop White of Pennsylvania a letter dated Richmond, April 24, 1791, in which he rehearsed his attachments to the Church of England, his ordination in it, his connection with Mr. Wesley, his commission as superintendent, and his efforts for a separation be- tween the Methodists and the Church. He dwelt upon the evils of such a course, and proposed that the matter of a union between the Meth- odists and the Churchmen in America should be the subject of a conference between the Bishop, Dr. Coke, and his friend the Rev. Dr. Magaw, rector of St. Paul's Church, Philadelphia. His plan was that the present Methodist "presbvters " should be ordained bv Bishops of the American Church. He discussed the difficulties in the wav and left details for the proposed interview. He apologized for a\ailing him- self of the offer of Dr. White and Dr. Magaw to preach in one of the churches under their care, without informing them of his status among the Methodists. In the interval between the receipt of the letter, Dr. White's reply, and Mr. Coke's visit to Philadelphia, the news of the death of the Rev. John Wesley reached America. This caused the doctor to hurry from Baltimore to Philadelphia to sail for England. Two interviews were held with Bishop White, one in the presence of Dr. Magaw, the other with the Bishop. \\^hile there was a seemingly frank discussion bv Dr. Coke of the possibility of reunion, and of the consecration of Mr. Asbury and himself as bishops, there was less desire for anvaction, as the vacancy in the headship of the Methodist societies made it pos- sible that Dr. Coke might be chosen to fill that position. Bishop White writes in his " Memoirs " with great caution, but leaves the impres- sion that the plan was intended to add to the glory and reputation of Dr. Coke and to counteract the very great inffuence of Dr. Asbury. On May 14, 1791, Dr. Coke wrote to Bishop Seaburv of Connecti- cut a letter similar to that to Bishop White, but with some significant changes. One of them is the proposal for the consecration of Dr. Asbury C 330 J DAVID ENGLISH and himself as bishops. The whole correspondence was to be kept entirely secret. Bishop Seabury appears to have made no replv. Dr. Coke went to England, failed to be made head of the "connection," and continued his missionary \\ork principally in India and the islands of the Indian Ocean, although still visiting the United States. The matter of a reunion was proposed to his brother Bishop bv Bishop Madison at the General Convention of 1792. A resolution on the sub- ject was sent to the House of Deputies by the House of Bishops, but did not meet approval. Dr. Coke ended his arduous life on May 3, 1814, as he was mak- ing a voyage to Cejlon. He was a great traveller, having crossed the Atlantic eighteen times, a most unusual record for those days. The incident referred to in the letter of Mr. English is thus stated in Stevenson's " Methodist Worthies," page 152 : "In August [l796] he sailed once more for x\merica and when there manifested a desire to settle in that country. In that purpose he was strongly opposed by the English Conference after his return, but his restless spirit started him again for America after the conference of 1797. The ship was seized by a French privateer and the Doctor lost his clothes, but was able to escape \\ ith his books and papers, the French captain finding a Methodist preacher, even a bishop, a very unsuitable prize." Daniel Ag?2ew. See sketch which precedes letter of April 23, 1798, in Volume II. Mrs. Walter Minto. Dr. Minto married Marv Skelton in Princeton. They lived in an old j-ellow house next to that of Professor Stephen Alexander. Mrs. Minto survived her husband twenty-eight years, and died in 1824. They left no children. For sketch of Dr. Minto see page 205. [ 331 :] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From David English ] George Town Dec'. i6 1797 Dear Sir. ON Friday evening M"^ Green returned & we were agree- ably entertained with the accounts he was able to give us of the State of affairs in N Jersey. I have also learnt that your stay was protra6led so long in Virginia that we were deprived of the pleasure of a visit from you. I wrote sometime last week desiring you to call on M"" Mat- tison to receive 50 Dollars from him & retain it for us. I now desire the favour of a remittance of it. If you can procure a single note of that amount I should prefer it but do not put yourself to any trouble to get it exchanged. You will confer an additional obligation by calling on M"" Stephen Morford & enquiring whether David Olden has ever paid him the balance on a Note I deposited in his hands. M'' Green staid in Phi^ but one day, he attended the de- bates but observed there appeared a great change in the Speakers since the winter before last, he knew very few of them. Dayton I suppose has taken his side this Session. D"^ Perkins was here on his way to the Southward & depos- ited with us some of his Traftors for sale. I think I mentioned to you that J. D. Westcott had commenced a daily paper in Alexandria in partnership with Thomas a Bookseller, it is likely to succeed pretty well. The only Son of the late Col. Loyd of the Eastern Shore was married not long since to a Miss Murray of Annapolis, he gave M"^ Higgenbothan 50 Guineas, it is said, for perform- ing the Marriage ceremony. Bishop Clagget has been with the Assembly to get some alterations respe6\ing the affairs of the Church. He wishes the I 332 ] DAVID ENGLISH Parson of each parish to be made the President of the Ves- try. At the last convention of the Episcopal clergy of Mary* they passed a resolve that each clergyman should remain in the Parish where he settles as long as he behaves well, they now change too frequently or have heretofore. It would be well for you to advise Everet to enter upon some employ without delay. It would be better to engage to teach even an English School than to remain at Princeton under the pretence of reading for improvement, tell him M"^ Moore has arrived here from London. With esteem & regard I am Your friend D English I understand M"" Finley is said to be about to take a partner but I can scarcely credit the report. I am sorry to hear M"^ Perine should be in such haste to get clear of the honor you bestowed upon him at Commencement i.e. of ceasing to be a Bachelor. Superscription : M^JoHN H. HoBART, Pruiceton ANNOTATIONS Hobart's Visit to Virginia. In the fall of 1797, Mr. Hobart visited his college friend, Charles Fenton Mercer, at his home in Virginia. His relative and biogra- pher. Dr. Berrian, says : "The kind and gratifying attentions which he received from the family of his friend, the frankness, warmth, and hospitality of the southern people in general, and the union of edu- cadon, refinement, and rank, with the simplicity of rural life, made so pleasing an impression on his mind, that the state of society seemed to him more like those visions of domestic bliss which the imagination sometimes forms than a reality which he himself should ever have witnessed and enjoyed. The recollection of it was constandy before [ 333 ] HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE him and he Avas daily and hourly confirmed in the plan which had occurred to him of settling in \'irginia. This scheme, however, was by no means agreeable to his friends at home." Three letters concerning this visit from Mr. Hobart are preserved. One to his mother, dated " Frederick sburgh, October 26;" two to Mr. Mercer, dated "Philadelphia, November 5, 1797," "Prince- ton, November 21st, 1797." Stephen Morford. Stephen Morford was of English descent. His father married in New Jersey, Susan, a daughter of Zebulon Barton. His home A\as at Cran- berry, New Jersey, until his marriage with Mary Hamilton of Phila- delphia. He then, with his brother Nathaniel, removed to Prince- ton, and lived on a farm. He served first as private in the Revolution, and was advanced to be captain. In 1797 he was appointed major of the First Battalion, Second Regiment. He li\ed in the house known as the old post office, corner of Nassau and Witherspoon Streets. For nearly thirty years he was postmaster of Princeton, and was succeeded in 1824 by his daughter, who was known as "Miss Fanny." He died on April 22, 1833, in the seyent3--seventh year of his age. One of his grandsons was William Henry Hurlbert, the brilliant journalist and editorial writer on the New York "World." Among the college receipts of Mr. Hobart there are receipts from Stephen Morford for papers and postage. David Olden. David Olden was an inhabitant of Princeton. He appears to have been a man of affairs. When the Assembly of the State of New Jersey met in Princeton in 1776, he was appointed doorkeeper. At the meet- ing held on July 27, 1785, Mr. Olden was a member of the com- mittee to present the "association," which had been adopted against trade and intercourse with the enemy, to the inhabitants for signature. He was an original member of the Princeton Fire Company. Elisha Perkins. For sketch see page 201. C 334 ] DAVID ENGLISH Westcott & Thomas. In the spring of 1797, John V. Thomas, who for some time had been a bookseller and stationer in Alexandria, commenced the publication of a daily paper named " The Alexandria Advertiser." In the cap- tion on the first page, in the centre, was a woodcut of the Goddess of Liberty, and above her the sub-title "Daily." Below was this motto: " It is not birth, magnificence, nor power, But virtue only makes the difierence 'twixt us." Each issue consisted of four pages, with four columns to each page. The subscription price was five dollars a year. At the bottom of the fourth page is this imprint : ' ' Printed daily by Thomas and \\ estcott, Royal Street, between the Post Office and Coflee House, Alexandria." The advertisement of Mr. Thomas as bookseller was on the first page. It was changed from time to time, and mentioned "books just imported;" he also sold music and music supplies. On December 20, 1797, there is this item: "Also D' Perkins Metalic Points with transfers." Neither the paper nor its publishers are mentioned in Isaiah Thomas's "Historv of Printing." In the "Washington Gazette," beginning with the issue ' ' from Saturday December 3 1 to Wednesday January 4, 1797," is this advertisement : "John V. Thomas Between Wise's and McKnight's Tavern Alexandria Has constantly for sale a well chosen collection of Books and an Assortment of the best London stationarv. Likewise Violins, Flutes, best Roman Violin Strings and Bridges and Guitar Strings. Bookbinding in all its branches. Mer- chants Account Books made to any patterns cheaper than they can be imported." The paper was continued with success for some years. The file in the Library of Congress, Washington, commences with volume i, No. 96, Monday, July 31, 1797. Jonathan Daytofi. Jonathan Dayton was graduated from the College of Nev>- Jersey in 1776. He was successively representative in the Congress of the United States, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and United States Senator from New Jersey. He was also a member of the Continental Convention in 1787. He died in 1824. C 335 J HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Edivard Lloyd. Colonel Edward Lloyd was a member of an old and distinguished Maryland family, w hich had long been settled in Talbot Countv. His estates were extensive and comprised more than twelve thousand acres. His son, known as the fifth Edw ard, was married to Miss Sally Scott, daughter of Dr. James and Sarah (Maynadier) Murray, on November 30, 1797. The fifth Edward studied law, became a mem- ber of the Maryland legislature in 1780, and held his seat until 1805. He served in Congress from December 1, 1806, to March 3, 1809. He was governor of Maryland from 1809 to 1811; state senator in 1811 ; presidential elector in 1813 ; United States Senator from 1819 to 1826, when he resigned. He was again state senator and president of the Maryland Senate from 1826 to 1831. He died at Annapolis, Maryland, on June 2, 1834. Ralph Higginhotham. Ralph Higginbotham was born in Ireland, where he was ordained in 1774. In 1784 he was made rector of St. Ann's Church, Annapolis, Maryland. He was also, previous to his election as rector, master of King William School, which was developed into St. John's College, of which he became vice-president. In 1806 he resigned his parish to devote his time to the college. He died in 1813. Bishop Claggett and the Maryland Assembly. The legislature of Maryland in 1779 passed a vestry act by which all the property and temporal concerns of the various parishes were vested in select %estries. There were some proxisions in this law which re- stricted the action of the Churchmen \\ho formed the first Conven- tion, and when the Church was fully organized under its Bishop, it was determined to apply for a modification of it. By the Convention of the diocese in 1797 a committee was appointed to present a rex ised act to the legislature and urge its passage. Bishop Claggett and some members attended at Annapolis for the purpose. The Rev. Dr. Hawks, in the second volume of his "Ecclesiastical Contributions," page 326, says: "The committee to whom had been entrusted the application to the legislature touching the new vestry act, had not been unmindful of C 336 3 DAVID ENGLISH their duty, but upon the assembling of the convention in May 1798, they were obliged to report that the assembly had postponed the con- sideration of the measure. But the members of the Church were un- willing to abandon the hope of ultimate success, and therefore by an unanimous vote of the convention, it was resolved to address a memo- rial to the legislature, that was to convene in the latter part of 1798. This measure was the more called for, because the members of the Church had entertained different opinions with respect to particular clauses in the bill that had been postponed, and thus the legislature was embarrassed, by finding that even if the bill passed, it would not satisfy all the Churchmen of Maryland. In this memorial, the conven- tion stated their case as follows : ' under their present vestry act, de- fective and imperfect as it must be acknowledged to be, they beheld with grief that Church which the Redeemer of the world had founded, and which the sufferings and virtues of many great and good men had cemented, crumbling to pieces. They had no power to build or repair churches, to purchase ground for church-yards, nor to acquire or dis- pose of property of any kind. And it must be obvious, that unless the civil authority dispensed some power of this kind, no society whatever can long exist, or can attain the object of their association. When they looked forward to the result of their present situation, the prospect was dark and comfortless. They saw few men of talents and learning, entering into the ministerial office; few parents, encourag- ing their children to qualify themselves for a profession, which, to many other difficulties, added the inconveniences of poverty. They beheld those desolating principles which, in other countries, have annihilated everything that can make life desirable, rapidly gaining ground, and in their train, fanaticism, equally destructive of genuine piety and morality. That they have often been relieved from some of their embarrass- ments by legislative assistance, they acknowledge with gratitude ; but it was both painful to them and expensive to the State, to be coming forward with applications at every session. Particularly cautious not to interfere with the rules or policy of other religious denominations, nor, indeed, wishing to secure to themselves any advantages which should not be extended to them, your memorialists saw, with pleasure, that the legislature of Maryland had granted acts of incorporation to others, as full and extensive, diflfering only in some things relating c 337 ;] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE to internal government, as the law, for which they petitioned. Nay, thev even flattered themselves that their plan was preferable, inas- much as it precluded the necessity of any future applications.' They particularlv desired that the ministers might be made members of their respective vestries; and on this head remarked, that it 'would be a provision extremely beneficial, especially to country parishes, and that it has been adopted by the Protestant Episcopal Church in every State, except that of Maryland.' With this memorial and petition, and the law, as framed by the convention. Bishop Claggett presented himself before the legislature, and was at length successful. The bill, with some slight alterations, was passed into a law, and the Church, as to temporals, now occupied more advantageous ground." Nicho/as C. Everett. Mr. Everett graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1794, was master of the Nassau Grammar School from 1798 to 1799, and took his degree of master of arts in 1798. He was a nephew of the wife of Walter Minto, professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the college at Princeton. He studied law and practised in the city of New York, and was at one time a justice of one of the city courts. Mr. Moore. A careful scrutiny has been made of the arrivals from Europe, as given in the New York, Philadelphia, Washington, and Alexandria papers of the period, without finding the name of this gentleman. Robert Fin ley. For notice see page 97. Matthew La Rue Perrine. Matthew La Rue Perrine was born May 4, 1777, in Freehold, New Jersey, and on June 29 of the same j-ear he was baptized in " Old Tennent Church " at Freehold by the Rev. William Tennent, Jr. He was of Huguenot descent, being the great-great-grandson of Daniel Perrin, "The Huguenot," who came to America in July, 1665, with Governor Philip Carteret, setding first on the Elizabethtowne Planta- tions, in NeM- Jersey, now the site of Elizabethport, and subsequently on Staten Island, in New York, at which place his children w ere born, C 338 : DAVID ENGLISH and from whence many of his descendants removed in later years back to Ne\v Jersey. It is an interesting historical fact that the first solemnization of marriage under dul_v organized goxernment in New Jersey \Aas in February, 1666, and that the parties thereto w ere this Daniel Perrin, " The Huguenot," and Marie Thorel, and the first marriage license issued by Go\'ernor Carteret was to this same Daniel Perrin, "The Huguenot," authorizing the foregoing ceremony. The original of this marriage license is still in existence in the State House at Trenton, New Jersey. Dr. Perrine was a son of Henr)- Perrine of Freehold, New Jersey. Henry Perrine died on July 6, 1816, at the then parsonage of the Spring Street Presbyterian Church, New York City. The home at Freehold was historical. It consisted of about one thou- sand acres of land, and lay just without the limits of the town. Within the bounds of this farm Mas a tract of land of one hundred acres, in which the main part of the battle of Monmouth, in the War of In- dependence, was fought, while in an orchard adjoining, twelve apple trees were cut down by cannon-shot. The homestead was close by this scene of battle, and it is said that seven cannon-shot passed through it during the battle. "While he was yet quite young," so Dr. Sprague, in the fourth volume of his "Annals," page 237, tells us, "he went to reside in the family of his uncle, the Rev. Dr. Ira Condict, at Newton, N. J. ; and while there, began his studies preparatory to entering College, and about the same time had his attention strongly and permanently di- rected to the subject of religion. When Dr. Condict removed to New Brunswick, young Perrine accompanied him; and, having completed his preparatory studies, he entered the College of New Jersey, one year in advance, in 1794, and graduated in 1797. He studied Theology under the direction of the Rev. John Woodhull, the minister of the congregation in which he ^vas born ; and \\as licensed to preach by the Presbytery of New Brunswick, on the 18th of September, 1799. "In May, 1800, he was appointed by the General Assembly a mis- sionary for four months, with instructions to commence his mission at Wilkesbarre on the Susquehanna River, and proceed up that river and the Tioga to Painted Post and Bath, and thence through the Genesee country and Military Tract to Fort Stanwix. He was ordained C 339 ] HOB.\RT CORRESPONDENCE as an Evangelist on the 24th of June, and immediately after entered upon his mission. "On the 28th of April, 1802, he \\ as dismissed from the Presbyter_y of New Brunswick ; on the 4th of May following, w as recei\ ed by the Presbytery of New York; and, on the 15th of June, was installed by that Presbytery as Pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Bottle Hill, N.J. In 1804, he performed a second missionary tour of three months, mostly in Western New York, under a commission from the General Assembly. "When the division of the Presbyterj' of New York took place in 1809, Mr. Perrine was thrown within the bounds of the Presbytery of Jersev. He remained at South Hanover till 1811, when he received a call from the Spring Street Church in New York. He was dismissed by the Presbytery of Jersey, on the 16th of October, 1811, and was received by the Presbytery of Ne\y York the next day, and on the 31st of the same month was installed Pastor of the Spring Street Church. Here he continued until the 26th of July, 1820, when, by his own request, his pastoral relation was dissolved. He received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Alleghany Col- lege, Meadville, in 1818. "On the 2d of Ma}-, 1821, he was elected to the Professorship of Ecclesiastical History and Church Polity, in the Theological Seminary at Auburn; and, on the 22d of the same month, was dismissed by the Presbytery of New York to the Presbytery of Cayuga, with a \'iew to his entering on the duties of his Professorship. For two j-ears he performed the duties of not only his own Professorship, but that of Theology also. He frequently preached in the chapel of the Seminary, and in the churches in the surrounding country, besides occasionally taking a short agency in collecting funds for the infant institution. He continued actively engaged in the discharge of his various duties till near the close of his life. His last illness \\as short, but was at- tended with much suffering. He Mas perfectly tranquil in the prospect of death, and felt that he knew in whom he had believed. He died February 11, 1836, in his fifty-ninth year. His Funeral Sermon was preached by his Colleague, the Rev. Dr. Richards. His death produced a great sensation not only in Auburn, but in the whole surrounding region, and especially among those who had enjoyed the benefit of his instruction. C 340 ] DAVID ENGLISH "Dr. Perrine published Letters concerning the Plan of Salvation addressed to the members of the Spring Street Presbyterian Church, New York, 1816; a Sermon before a Female Missionary Society in New York, 1817; and an Abstract of Biblical Geography, 1835. "Dr. Perrine was married, about the year 1800, to Anne, daugh- ter of John Thompson, then of New Brunswick, N. J. The\- had no children of their own, but adopted and educated several of their nephews and other relatives, some of whom have since become dis- tinguished in the walks of honourable usefulness. Mrs. Perrine died in Indiana about the year 1851." The Rev. Dr. A. L. Campbell, writing December 15, 1852, says of Dr. Perrine: "I first became acquainted with him in 1826, while he was Pro- fessor at Auburn, and from that time till his death, my intercourse with him was frequent and somewhat intimate. We were members of the same Presbytery, and I was accustomed also frequently to meet him at the examinations in the Seminary. His character was a transparent one, and there was little difficulty in forming a coirect estimate of it. "Dr. Perrine's personal appearance was altogether agreeable. In stature, I should think he did not vary much from five feet, nine inches ; his countenance was indicative of great mildness and benig- nity, mingled with thoughtfulness and intelligence." In the graveyard north of the village of Auburn a monument to Dr. Perrine was erected, with a Latin inscription, of which this is the translation : To the memory of Rev. Matthew La Rue Perrine, D.D., Profes- sor of Ecclesiastical History and Polity, for fifteen years, in the Theo- logical Seminary at Auburn. He was learned, amiable, and modest, and li\ed in sincere piety towards God and good-will to\vards all men created in the image of God. He was born May 5, 1777. In the near prospect of death he \vas tranquil and patient, illumined by hope in Christ alone, whom he jovfully confessed to be the true God and his most glorious Redeemer. Having prayed, he triumphed o\er death, blessed his friends, and ascended to glory, February 12, 1836. — Some of his bereaved friends have erected this monument to his memory. The reader will notice the difference of a day in the dates of the birth and death as given in other authorities. C 341 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE [ From Hannah Hobart ] Decern' 17'.'' — 97 Sunday I WAS much gratified my dear John on receiving the com- munications inclosed in yours of the lo'^^-inst. I showd them to your Sister, she approved of all except that she thought the time you had limited too short as she thought neither they or you, coud judge how you woud like. I receivd the letters on tuesday before noon, and seald and sent that for D06V. White as soon after as I coud get the wafer dry. M"^" White was very ill at that time, they were hourly expe6ling her dissolution, and the next day at noon she departed. It must be a heavy trial to one of such tender feelings as D06I' White I have under- stood he has been much fatigued with the close and particular attention he has paid to her during her illness, and it was said yesterday he was so ill as to keep his bed, whether it might have been so or not, I was releivd on seeing him follow with his Son Tho\ at her funeral in the afternoon, his daughters did not go I do not know whether or not the rules of propiety call on you for a particular adress of sympathy on the occasion, but I shoud suppose if you my dear John shoud feel a disposition to write, it woud evince your respeft, and be grateful to him to have a letter from you, his present situation must indisput- ably postpone all attention to your particular business for a time. M' Mercer is not yet come. I forgot to mention to you that your Sister intended to ask him to lodge there. I expeft she will now be able to do it without inconvenience as M"^ Lampley will soon leave her and that will make room, I forgot too to tell you M"^* Lampley desired me long since to give her respe6ls to you when I wrote. I was at your Sisters yesterday C 342 J HANNAH HOBART and learnt there that Betsey Smith is to go next friday to Lan- caster to spend some time with her aunt Barton and family. M' Robertson is to attend her in the stage and then he goes on to Winchester, but what his business is, or when he is to re- turn I did not learn, I had no opportunity of hearing him say any thing about it, but it is likely he might take letters if you wanted to send any. Your brother was here a day or two the latter end of last week, he went to consult Col. Miles again about taking part of Dale in consideration of what is depending between J P. and R E H., the Col. was to go to P G. last monday to make a conclusion whether he woud take it or not, I have not heard any thing about it since, but suppose if he does not take it, R E H will come under the penalty of those alluded to in J M'^Kean's advertisement and that will break him up intirely. I will send the things you mention by M' Mercer. I am sorry you are obliged again to have recourse to the bark, it is well however that will afford you a temporary releif, I shoud be glad it were more effeftual to a cure, the gloves too, I fear they will not be of use longer than you have them on your fingers, a little resolution if you coud acquire it, woud do more than all the gloves you can wear. M^ Smith and your Sister and the children are well. I have been quite as well so far this winter as I usually am, indeed rather more free from Rhuematic complaints, your Sister P. has been more disordered than common but is now better. We have had uncommonly severe weather for the season but a few days past more moderate, a continuance of it is very desireable. My dear John has the best wishes of his Affe6lionate H HoBART If my dear John you have not disposed of your striped Surtout [ 343 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE and do not intend to use it, I woud wish you to send it down if you have an opportunity. I hope you have not felt inconvenience from sending the note. I will inclose a niemorand'". of what the several articles cost, and you can add them to the other mem'^™ which I sent, and that will show what has been advancd without further recolle(^tion. I wish you to let me know when you next write if you have receivd the calico and how it is approved of. Monday morns. Susey has been to enquire how D"^ White and family are and brings word they are in health. Superscription : M" John Henry Hobart, Princeton ANNOTATIONS Death of Mrs. William White. On February 11, 1773, the Rev. William White was married to Mary Harrison. Her father had been captain of a merchant vessel, and a successful merchant in Philadelphia. He became alderman and mayor of the city. He was vestryman and warden of Christ Church. Eight children were born to them. In every respect their married life was a happy one. Mrs. White was agreeable and accomplished. She died on Wednesday, December 13, 1797, as stated by Mrs. Hobart. Thomas Henry White. Thomas Henry White was born on November 12, 1779. He was named for both his grandfathers. Colonel Thomas White of Mary- land and the Hon. Henry Harrison of Philadelphia. He passed a long life in the city of his birth, and died about 1860. Elizabeth and Mary White. These are the daughters of Bishop White mentioned in the letter of Mrs. Hobart. Eight children were born to William and Mary (Harri- C 344 ] HANNAH HOBART son) White. Five of them died young: Ann, Henry Harrison, Wil- liam, Henry Harrison, second, and an unnamed daughter. Three attained maturity, married, and have left descendants: Elizabeth, Mary, and Thomas Harrison. Elizabeth married General William MacPherson. She died in 1830, and left two children. Mary married Enos Bronson, of Connecticut, the editor of the "United States Gazette." She died in 1826, and left seven children. Thomas Harrison married Mary Rey, a daughter of General Rich- ard Heath of Baltimore. He died in October, 1859, having nearly reached the age of eighty years, and left five children. Sarah Lampley. Mrs. Sarah Lampley kept a boarding-house at No. 83 High Street, Philadelphia. Children of Robei't and Anna Smith. Robert Smith was married to Anna, daughter of John and Mary Rhea, in the Second Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, on March 29, 1781, by the Rev. Dr. James Sproat. Their children were: Elizabeth, born January 14, 1782; baptized March 31, 1782. In this correspondence she is commonly called Betsey. John Rhea (Clarendon), born March 19, 1783 ; baptized May 4, 1783; died in 1871. Mary Rhea, baptized May 22, 1785; buried March 16, 1786. Robert, born April 28, 1787; baptized June 10, 1787; buried July 14, 1787. Alexander Robertson, baptized September 28, 1788; buried May 25, 1789. Mrs. Anna Smith died in May, 1789, in her thirty-sixth year, and was buried in the graveyard of the Second Presbyterian Church on May 31, 1789. For sketch of Robert Smith see page 34. Mrs. William Barton. The "Aunt Barton" alluded to in the foregoing letter from Mrs. Hobart was the wife of Judge William Barton, the eldest son of the Rev. Thomas and Esther (Rittenhouse) Barton, who was born at Lan- caster, Pennsylvania. He went to England in 1 775 with letters from the C 345 ] HOBART CORRESPONDENCE Rev. Dr. Richard Peters and others. Here he completed his education. He returned to America in 1778 by way of Holland and the West Indies, and assisted, on his passage from the island, in the capture of a British privateer, which was brought to Baltimore, arriving at that port on January 8, 1779. He immediately took the oath of allegiance to the United States. His uncle, the famous astronomer, A\rote him, on January 24, a letter of congratulation on his safe arrival. He was admitted to the Lancaster bar and commenced a profitable practice. He was an officer in the Lancaster militia, and was firm and enthu- siastic in the cause of the United States. With his \oice and w ith his pen, he advocated the cause of freedom. Many of the addresses of the Republican party were drawn up by him. In 1789 he was appointed a judge of the western part of Pennsylvania, an office he filled with great acceptability. He was afterward president-judge of that district at the solicitation of the Lancaster bar. In 1800 he was prothonotary of Lan- caster County. He was a man of culti\ated taste, legal lore, and a writer of much force and polish. In 1809 he removed with his familv to Philadelphia, where he became secretary of the Philosophical Society. He married a daughter of John and Mary Rhea of Philadelphia. He wrote the life of David Rittenhouse, and a pamphlet on the freedom of navigation and maritime commerce. His son, John Rhea Barton, was one of the most distinguished sur- geons in Philadelphia. His methods of treating a compound fracture by a bran dressing and reducing a peculiar fracture of the radius are still known by his name. Dr. John Barton died on January 1, 1871. Joseph Potts. J. P. was Joseph Potts, for notice of whom see page 272. Robert Enoch Hobart. R. E. H. was Robert Enoch Hobart, for notice of whom see page 12. PottsgroTe. P. G. is an abbreviation for Pottsgrove, w hich was the home of the Potts family. It was situate in Montgomery County, about thirty miles from Philadelphia. Near it were the forges and furnaces oper- ated by various members of the family. For notice on Dale Forge see page 318. C 346 ] HANNAH HOBART McKean's Advei'tisement. This relates to the expiration of the time to perfect the title to ' ' waste lands" in the unsettled portion of Pennsylvania, by the payment of the sum remaining due before the time limit expired. Such advertise- ments \\ere common at that period. The same method is now in use bv the United States Land Office. The author of the advertisement was Thomas McKean, then chief justice of Pennsylvania and a man of great prominence. He was born in Londonderry, Pennsylvania, on March 19, 1734. His par- ents, William and Laetitia (Finney) McKean, came from the North of Ireland. Their son was educated under the supervision of the Rev. Thomas Allison, at New Castle, Delaw are. He studied law with his relative, the Hon. David Finney of New Castle, and was admitted to the bar in 1754. He served as deputy attorney-general of Sussex County from 1756 to 1758, and with Caesar Rodney, codified the law s of Delaware. He represented New Castle County in the Gen- eral Assembly of Pennsylvania from 1762 to 1769. He lived in Phila- delphia from 1763 to 1769, and was a member of the Stamp Act Congress which met in the city of New York in 1765, and a member of the committee which prepared a memorial to Parliament. In 1769 he was agent of the Pennsylvania legislature to make copies of all papers concerning land-titles in Delaware, found in the records of the Province of New York. In 1771 he was collector of customs for the port of New Castle. He was a delegate to the first Continental Con- gress, and served continuously until 1781. He signed the Declaration of Independence on August 1, 1776, as he was absent when it was passed, being at Perth Amboy, New Jersey, with the regiment of mi- litia of which he was colonel, in support of Washington, and remain- ing until "the flying Camp " was formed. From 1776 to 1798 he was chief justice of Pennsylvania. He drew up the Constitution of the State of Delaware, which was adopted on September 20, 1776. In that year he was elected President of the State of Delaware. He served in the Constitutional Convention of Pennsylvania in 1778. He was governor of Delaware from 1799 to 1808, when he retired from pub- lic life. He died at Philadelphia, June 24, 1817. Siisey. Susey was evidendy a servant of Mrs. Hobart. C 347 ] INDEXES ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO LETTERS 1757-1797 Note. A Imef biographical sketch precedes the first letter of each corre- spondent, which is distinguished by an asterisk in the following list. Un- less the contrary is stated, all letters are addressed to John Henry Hobart. LETTER DATE PAGE *AbeeI, John Neilson August 30, 1796 232 ♦Alexander, Joseph McKnitt 4.;-// 23, 1793 23 *Auchmuty, Samuel, to John Winthrop July 18, 1757 5 *Axtell, Henry, Jr. December 28, 1796 237 Axtell, Henrv, Jr. September 23, I 797 305 * English , David January 31, 1796 163 English, , David May 1 1, 1796 199 English, , David August 23, 1796 222 English. , David December 15, 1 797 327 English, , David December 16, I 797 332 * Gahn, Henry, to Mary Goodin Chandler Onober 6, 1797 309 * Hobart, Hannah January 2, 1797 242 Hobart, Hannah January 23, I 797 245 Hobart, Hannah February 9, i 797 248 Hobart, Hannah February 20, 1 797 257 Hobart, Hannah February 24, 1 797 259 Hobart, Hannah March II, 1797 260 Hobart, Hannah April I, 1797 271 Hobart, Hannah April 14, 1797 274 Hobart, Hannah May 16, 1797 275 Hobart, Hannah May 21, 1797 276 Hobart, Hannah May 29, 1797 278 Hobart, Hannah June 23, 1797 279 Hobart, Hannah July 13, 1797 281 Hobart, Hannah August 10, 1797 286 Hobart, Hannah August 20, 1797 287 C 351 '] INDEX ro LE'lTERS LETTER Hobart, Hannah Hobart, Hannah Hobart, Hannah Hobart, Hannah Hobart, Hannah Hobart, Hannah Hobart, Hannah Hobart to his Mother Hobart to his Sister Rebecca * Ingersoll, Jared Ingersoll, Jared * Minto, Walter, to William Stewart * Otto, John Conrad Otto, John Conrad Otto, John Conrad Otto, John Conrad Otto, John Conrad * Reed, Joseph * Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James DATE PAGE September 2, I 797 297 September 22, I 797 303 November 10, I 797 3'4 November 17, 1797 316 November 24, I 797 3«8 November 30, 1797 326 December 17, I 797 342 1792 1 1 September 3, i 797 300 July 20, 1797 28+ September 27, I 797 308 Alay 16, 1796 205 June 29, 1793 28 Oaober 25, 1795 139 January 1 7, i 796 150 May 8, I 796 194 June 12, 1796 214 May 20, 1796 206 July 22, 1794 52 August 13, 1794 58 Augmt 27, 1794 70 September 17, I 794 85 September 18, 1794 8- July 16, 1795 1 1 1 Auguit 5, 1795 118 August 24, 1795 123 September, 1 795 132 OSiober 19, I 795 135 OSiober 23, I 795 138 December I, 1795 148 January 21, 1 796 153 February 16, 1796 171 C 352 '] INDEX TO LETTERS LETTER Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James Robertson, James * Rush, Benjamin *Sayrs, John Johnson Sayrs, John Johnson Sayrs, John Johnson Sayrs, John Johnson * Scott, Joseph Warren Scott, Joseph Warren Scott, Joseph Warren Scott, Joseph Warren Scott, Joseph Warren Scott, Joseph Warren Scott, Joseph Warren Scott, Joseph Warren Scott, Joseph Warren * Skinner, Abraham, Jr. Skinner, Abraham, Jr. Skinner, Abraham, Jr. * Skinner, Abraham, Sr. Skinner, Abraham, Sr. * Smith, Robert DATE PAGE April 7, 1796 177 June 6, 1796 210 yune 24, 1796 219 July 25, I 796 220 December 19, 1796 236 February 15, 1797 251 March 16, 1797 263 March 22, 1797 269 4.n7 7, 1797 273 August 24, 1797 290 August 29, 1797 293 September 2, I 797 299 Oiiober 15, 1 796 235 December 3, I 792 20 August 14, 1795 122 November 7, 1795 143 March 17, 1796 172 November 6, 1794 92 November 8, 1 794 98 November 15, 1794 100 November 17, 1794 102 November 27, 1794 106 December 4, I 794 108 April 28, 1795 109 September 16, 1795 130 November, 1795 146 OSiober 19, I 793 46 August 14, 1794 66 September 15, I 794 80 September 6, 1795 127 OSiober 14, 1795 133 September 3, 1793 35 C 353 H INDEX TO LETTERS LETTER Smith, Robert Smith, Robert * Stewart, Walter Stewart, Walter * Stewart, William DATE PAGE September 1 1 , i ' ■93 36 November 26, i 797 322 May II, 1796 197 June 4, 1796 208 June 16, 1796 217 C 354 ] ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ANNOTATIONS SUBJECT PAGE Adams, Mrs. 289 Adams's Defence 256 Addison, Joseph 152 Agnew, Mr. 326 Agnew, Daniel, reference to 50,331 Agnew, James 203 Ainsworth, Robert 260 Allison, Francis 168 Ames, Fisher 21 1 Archer, Mrs. 15 Armatt, Thomas A. 16 Auchmuty, Robert 8 IJALDWIN, Abraham Barclay, Henry Barton, Mrs. William Bartow, Thomas Bend, Joseph Grove John, ref- erence to Bibb, George Briggs, J. Brissot, Pierre Jean Brothers and Sisters of Hannah Hobart Brown, Thomas Burke, Edmund Burnet, George Whitefield Reference to 142, Burnet, Jacob Reference to Burnett, Eliezer 191 7 345 40 168 31 315 212 262 33 152 142 170 Cjaldwell, Joseph 99 Reference to 169, 203, 329 C 35 SUBJECT Capture of American Vessels, reference to Capture of American Vessels by the French Carey, Clarke Henry Carey, Matthew Chandler, Mary Goodin Charlotte Hall Chesapeake Fleet, The Chesleys, The Chestnut, James Chetwood, William Chew, Parson Claggett, Bishop, and the Maryland Assembly Claggett's, Bishop, Daughters Claggett, Thomas Clairfait, General Clarke, W. James Claypoole, David C. Cobbett, William Reference to Coke, Thomas College at Abingdon Condition of Affairs in Europe in Summer of 1794 Cox Coxe, William Cruiser, Mr. Currie, A. Dale Forge Date of Hobart's Letter to his Mother 5 ] 58 254 118 "7 313 229 65 240 25 142 224 336 225 223 72 218 16 157 265 329 168 72 69 110 27 156 318 ANNOTATIONS SUBJECT Davis, Henry Lyon Dayton, Elias Dayton, Jonathan Dayton, Mary Davton, Mr. and Mrs. Elias Death of Room-mate Debates in Congress, 1795- 1796 Defeat of French Fleet Dennison, Mr. Dent, Hatch Dickson, John M. Digges, Mrs. Disorder in Philadelphia Ditmars, Dow Reference to Dunlap, John Dunwoody's Tavern JIarly, Peter Earthquake, July, 1757 Elegant ExtraiEts, by V. Knox Elmendorf, Edmund English, Mrs. Everett, Nicholas C. Faesh, Mr. Fashionable Infidelity Finley, Robert Reference to Fly Market, The Former Tutor Forsyth, Robert Marshall Reference to 99, 131, 2S Cjaston, William Gibson, John PAGE SUBJECT PAGE 228 Gilmore, Robert 201 3" Graham, Jonathan 48 335 Green, Ashbel 166 312 Green, Richard M. 203 313 Reference to 328 25 Guion, Isaac Lee 142 Gureis, Mrs. 17 179 Guthrie, William 118 65 167 iiAMiLTON, James 39 228 Harris, Charles Wilson 25 109 Harris, Israel 141 225 Harris, Thomas R. 141 288 Hazard, Ebenezer 316 50 Heberton, George 124 69 Higginbotham, Ralph 336 16 Higginson, Nathaniel 61 304 History of Jacobinism 253 Hobart, Mary 18 32 Hobart, Nathaniel Potts 18 9 Hobart, Rebecca 13 : 16 Hobart, Robert Enoch 12 328 Reference to 36. . 346 329 Hobart, Robert Enoch, Jr. 275 338 Hobart, Sarah •3 Hobart's Visit to Virginia 333 312 Horsley, Samuel 292 107 Hughes, Thomas Edgar 278 97 Hunt, Holloway Whitefield 97 338 Hunt, Nathaniel 30 40 Hunt, Robert 31 136 Hunter, Andrew 30 93 Hutchinson, James 37 '', 302 Indian Queen, The 157 137 Ingersoll, Charles Jared, refer- 30 ence to 285 C 356 ] ANNOTATIONS SUBJECT PAGE Insurance Company of North America 247 Ireland, John, of Maryland 167 Israel, Israel 89 James, J. 166 Jay, John 55 Jay Treaty, The 61 Jefferson, Thomas 229 Reference to 329 Johns, Kinsey 166 K-ing's College 7 Kitchell, Aaron 193 Knox, Mrs. 323 Knox, William, & Co. 292 Lamercy, Mr. 226 Lampley, Sarah 345 Laying out of the City of Washington 201 Lee, Henry 200 Reference to 231 Leslie and Price 250 Lewis, John 114 Little, John 84 Littlejohn, Joseph Blount 198 Lloyd, Edward 336 Lucv 18 Lusby, Josiah 16 Maclean, John 169 Reference to 203 MacMullen, French F. 131 Madison, James 192 Magaw, Samuel 259 SUBJECT PAGE Mapleton 27 Mason, Stevens Thomson 117 Mattison, Aaron 329 Maurv, Abbe 159 Maxwell, George Clifford 142 McCormick, Andrew Thomas 226 McKean's Advertisement 347 McKee, David 25 McRee 142 Mercer, Colonel 328 Miles, Samuel 315 Reference to 318 Miller, Mr. and Mrs. John, ref- erence to 289 Miller, Mrs. John 281 Minerva, The 295 Minto, Walter, reference to 48 Minto, Mrs. Walter 331 Mitchell, Edward 115 Moore, Mr. 338 Morford, Stephen 334 Morris, Robert 226 Murrays, The Miss 312 r^ASSAU Hotel, Princeton 60 Neilson, John 152 New York Post Office, The 37 Newton, John 239 Nicholson, John 226 Nourse, Joseph 221 Office accepted by Mr. Ho- bart 155 Olden, David 334 Otto, Daniel 152, 195 Otto, Jacob Schweighauser 195 Reference to 216 357 ~\ ANNOTATIONS SUBJECT I Otto, John Conrad, Class- mates of 33 Paley, William 306 Parrot, Joseph lOI Paterson, William 328 Peggy 37 Pendleton, Philip Clayton 1 131 Perkins, Elisha 201 Reference to 334 Perrine, Matthew La Rue 338 Phillips, William H7 Pickering, Timothy 255 Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth 265 Reference to 270 Play performed October, : '797 312 Pope, Quotation from 216 Porcupine, Peter, reference to 152 Potts, Mrs. John, from Vir- ginia 258 Potts, Joseph 272 Reference to 346 Pottsgrove 346 Poyntell, William 278 President in August, 1 796, The 226 Price, Isaac 250 Priestley, Joseph 83 Proposed Settlement at Lancas- ter, The 244 JxALPH, George 227 Randolph, Edmund 124 Randolph's Vindication 149 Ratification of Treaty with Great Britain "5 Redman, John 168 Reed, Dennis de Berdt 207 C 358 SUBJECT PAGE Rhea, Ebenezcr 61 Rhea, Marv 40 Robertson, James, reference to 37 Robertson, Robert 121 Ross, John 137 Ross & Simson 221 RufF, Daniel 262 Ruff, Hannah Webster 280 Rush, Benjamin, reference to 152 Rutledge, John 125 Salles, Mr. 258 Scott, Hannah 130 Seabury, Samuel 173 Semmes Tavern 202 Shippen, William 120 Shuckford, Samuel 240 Skinner, Abraham, Jr., refer- ence to 31 Skinner, Abraham, Sr., refer- ence to 40 Skinner, Gloriana 50 Smith, Ebenezcr 61 Smith, Henry Hobart 320 Reference to 324 Smith, James B. 55 Reference to 72 Smith, James R. 45 Smith, John Rhea Clarendon 323 Smith on American Constitu- tion 268 Smith, Robert loi Smith, Robert and Anna, Chil- dren of Smith, Samuel Stanhope Reference to Smith Street ] 345 105 37.61 37 ANNOTATIONS SUBJECT PAGE Smith's Observations 261 Spelling of Sayr 2 1 Stages between New York and Philadelphia 60 Stewart, William, reference to 198, 205 Stocker, Mary Katherine 282 Stockers, The 288 Susey 347 1 AYLOR, Bennet 26 Reference to 30,84 Tenant, John 289 Tenbrook, Abraham 220 Terhune, John 26 Reference to 31, 69, 84 Terhune, John, Brother of 69 Thompson, Stephen 240 Reference to 306 Travers, John 203 Treadwell, Daniel 9 United States Commission at Paris, The 324 Ursula 276 Van Dike, John J. 239 SUBJECT PAGE Walker, John 145 Wallace, John Bradford 233 Wallace, Joshua Maddox 31 Reference to 69 Webster & Co., Paper pub- lished bv i 76 Westcott & Thomas 335 Wetherall, Aunt 262 Whig Society, Princeton 32 Whiskey Rebellion, The 75 Reference to 89 White, Alexander 141 Reference to 142,216 White, Elizabeth and Mary 344 White, Offer from Bishop 155 White, Thomas Henry 344 White, William 155 White, William, Jr. 248 White, Mrs. William 326 Death of 344 White's Diploma 142 Willing, Thomas 39 Winthrop, John 8 Witherspoon, John 103 I ELLOw Fever, The 41 Young, William 278 C 359 H LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO This is not a list or bibliography of the works consulted in the prepara- tion of this volume; it is only a list of the books actually quoted. Alexander, Sajiuel Da vies Princeton College during the Eighteenth Century, by Samuel Davies Alexander, an Alumnus. New York: Anson D. F.Ran- dolph & Company, 770 Broadway, cor. 9th Street. .AxLEy, Ethax Clergy in Maryland of the Protestant Episcopal Church since the Independence of 1783, by Rev. Ethan Allen, D.D., of the Dio- cese of Maryland. Baltimore: James S. Waters, 1860. American Academy of .\rts and Sciences Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. To the End of the Year mdcclxxxiii. Boston: Printed by Adams and Nourse in Court-street, mdcclxxxv. Battle, Kemp P. History of the University of North Carolina from its beginning to the death of President Swain, 1789-1868, by Kemp P. Battle, Alumni Professor of Histor}- to the Present Time. Printed for the Author by Edwards &. Broughton Company, Raleigh, N. C. Berrian, William An Historical Sketch of Trinity Church, Ne\\-York, by the Rev. William Berrian, D.D., the Rector of the same. New York: Stan- ford and Swords, 139, Broadway. 1847. The Posthumous Works of the late Right Reverend John Henry Hobart, D.D., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of New-York. With a Memoir of his Life, by the Rev. Wil- liam Berrian, D.D. , Rector of Trinity Church, New-York. In three volumes. New -York : Published by Swords, Stanford, and Co. No. 152 Broadwa}'. 1833. Recollections of Departed Friends, by the Rev. \\'illiam Berrian, D.D. , Rector of Trinity Church, New-York. Second Edition. Ne^\■- York: Stanford and Swords, 137, Broadway. 1850. , : 361 : BOOKS REFERRED TO Bolton, Robert History of tlie Protestant Episcopal Church, in the County of \\^est- chester, from its Foundation, a.d. 1693, to a.d. 1853. Bv Robert Bolton, A.M., Author of the " History of Westchester County." A member of the Prot. Episcopal, Neu-York, and Georgia Histori- cal Societies. " The Society for Propagating the Gospel is the brightest light shining in the candlestick of the Reformation; it has done more., and is doing more, for the cause of Christ, than all Christendom united." — Hon. Rufus King. New-York: Stanford & Swords, Publishers. 1855. Burgess, George List of Persons admitted to the Order of Deacons in the Protestant Episcopal Church, in the United States of America, From a.d. 1785, to A.D. 1857, Both Inclusiye. Prepared by the late Right Rey. George Burgess, D.D., Bishop of Maine. IBoston : A. Wil- liams & Co. 1875. Chandler, Thomas Bradbury The Life of Samuel Johnson, D.D., the First President of King's College in New York, by Thomas Bradbury Chandler, D.D. New York: Printed by T. & J. Swords, No. 160 Pearl Street. 1805. Churchman's Monthly Magazine The Churchman's Monthly Magazine. Volumes i, iii, iy, yii, yiii. COXE, A. CLEyELAND Soldier and Seryant Series. Recollections of Bishop Hobart, by the Rt. Rey. A. Cleyeland Coxe, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Western New York. Hartford, Connecticut: Junior Auxiliary Publishing Company, 211 State St. Cross, Arthur Lyon The Anglican Episcopate and the American Colonies, by Arthur Lyon Cross, Ph.D., Instructor in History in the Uniyersity of Michigan, sometime Assistant in American History in Haryard University. New York : Longmans, Green, and Co. London and Bombay. 1902. Dalcho, Frederick An Historical Account of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in South- C 362 J BOOKS REFERRED TO Dalcho, Frederick (continued) Carolina, from the First Settlement of the Pro\'ince, to the War of the Re^•ollltion ; with Notices of the Present State of the Church in Each Parish : and Some Account of the Early Civil History of Carolina, never before published. To which are added ; The Laws Relating to Religious Worship ; the Journals and Rules of the Con- vention of South-Carolina ; the Constitution and Canons of the Pro- testant Episcopal Church, and the Course of Ecclesiastical Studies : with an Index, and List of Subscribers. By Frederick Dalcho, M.D., Assistant Minister of St. Michael's Church, Charleston. Charleston : Puljlished by E. Thayer, at his Theological Book- Store, Broad Street. Arch'd. E. Miller, Printer, 120, Broad-street. 1820. DeCosta, B. F. Memoirs of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America containing L A Narrative of the Organization and of the Early Measures of the Church. IL Additional Statements and Remarks. IIL An Appendix of Original Papers. By the Right Rev. William White, D.D. Edited with Notes and a Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Colonial Church by the Rev. B. F. DeCosta. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 713 Broadway. 1880. Dix, Morgan A History of the Parish of Trinity Church in the City of New York, compiled by order of the Corporation and Edited by Mor- gan Dix, S.T.D., D.C.L., Ninth Rector. Four volumes. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, The Knickerbocker Press. 1898- 1906. Elmer, Ebenezer Journal kept during an Expedition to Canada in 1776, by Eben- ezer Elmer, Lieutenant in the Third Regiment of New Jersey Troops in the Continental Service, commanded by Colonel Elias Dayton. Printed from the Original Manuscript presented to the Historical Society by Hon. L. Q. C. Elmer of Bridgeton. Published in volumes ii and iii of the Proceedings of the New Jersey His- torical Society, 1846-49. : 363 J BOOKS REFERRED TO Hardie, James The Philadelphia Directory and Register, by James Hardie, A.M. Philadelphia : Printed for the Author by T. Dobson, No. 41 South Second Street. 1793. (Price Five Eighths of a Dollar.) The Philadelphia Directory and Register : the Second Edition by James Hardie, A.M. Philadelphia: Printed for the Author by Jacob Johnson &. Co., No. 147 Market Street, mdccxciv. (Price 62^^ cents.) Hawks, Francis L. Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History of the United States of America. By Francis L. Hawks, Rector of St. Thomas's Church, New-York. Volume i, published in New York by Harper 8<: Brothers, No. 82 ClifF-Street. 1836. Volume ii, pulilished in New York by John S. Taylor, Theological and Sunday-School Bookseller, Brick Church Chapel. 1839. Hawks and Perry Documentary History of the Protestant Episcopal Churcli, in the United States of America, containing Numerous hitherto Unpub- lished Documents concerning the Church in Connecticut, Francis L. Hawks, D.D., LL.D., William Stevens Perry, A.M., Editors. New-York : James Pott, Publisher, No. 5 Cooper Union, Fourth Avenue. 1863. Hills, George Morgan History of the Church in Burlington, New Jersey, comprising the Facts and Incidents of nearly Two Hundred Years, from Origi- nal Contemporaneous Sources, by the Re\'. George Morgan Hills, D.D., Rector of St. Mary's Parish, and Dean of theCon\ocation of Burlington. Trenton, New Jersej- : William S. Sharp, Printer. 1876. James, Mrs. Thomas Potts Memorial of Thomas Potts, Junior, who setded in Pennsylvania; with an Historic-Genealogical Account of his Descendants to the Eighth Generation. By Mrs. Thomas Potts James, Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Cambridge: Privately Printed. 1874. C 364 ] BOOKS REFERRED TO Jarvis, Samuel Farmar Introduction to the History of the Church : Being a New Enquiry into the True Date and Birth and Death of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, and containing an original Harmony of the Four Gos- pels now First Arranged in the Order of Time, by the Rev. Sam- uel Farmar Jarvis, D.D., LL.D., Historiographer of the Church, Member of the American Philosophical Societ_y of Philadelphia, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences of Boston, the American Antiquarian Society of Worcester, Massachusetts, the Historical Societies of Ne\\- York and Connecticut, Corresponding Member of the National Institute at Washington. New York : Published by Harper 8c Brothers, No. 82 Cliff St. 1845. The Church of the Redeemed or the History of the Mediatorial Kingdom, containing the First Five Periods: From the Fall of Adam in Paradise to the Rejection of the Jews and the Calling of the Gentiles, bv the Rev. Samuel Farmar Jarvis, D.D., LL.D., Historiographer of the Church. Author of an Introduction to the History of the Church, a Harmony of the Four Gospels now First Arranged in the Order of Time, Two Discourses on Prophecy, with an appendix, etc. Edition recommended by the General Con- ventions of 1847 and 1850. Journals of the Gexeral Co.vvention 1820; 1823; 1835; 1838; 1841; 1847; 1853; 1859; 1868; 1871; 1874; 1877; 1880; 1883; 1886; 1889; 1892; 1895; 1898; 1901; 1904; 1907; 1910. Journals of New Jersey Journals of the Conventions of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the State of New Jersey, 1785-1816. Reprinted 1890. New York: John Polhemus, Printer and Mfg. Stationer, 102 Nassau Street. Knox, Vicesimus Elegant Extracts, or Useful and Entertaining Pieces of Poetry, se- lected for the Improvement of Youth in Speaking Reading, Think- ing, Composing ; and in the Conduct of Life ; being similar in design to Elegant Extracts in Prose. [ 365 2 BOOKS REFERRED TO Knox, Vicesimus (continued) " JVhile iome on earnest business bent Their murmuring Labours ph." Gray. London: Printed for Charles Dilly, Poultry. (1792.) Lamb and Harrison History of the City of New York: Its Origin, Rise, and Progress, by Mrs. Martha J. Lamb and Mrs. Burton Harrison. Illustrated. In three \ olumes. New York : The A. S. Barnes Company. Lincoln, Solomon An Address delivered before the Citizens of the Town of Hingham on the Twenty-eighth of September, 1835, being the Two Hun- dredth Anniversary of the Town, by Solomon Lincoln. Hingham : Jedidiah Farmer. 1835. Lowndes, ARXHtiR A Century of Achievement. The History of the New York Bible and Common Prayer Book Society for One Hundred Years. Bv Arthur Lowndes, D.D. Two volumes. Edwin S. Gorham : New York. The Church Eclectic: a Monthly Magazine, the Re\'. Arthur Lowndes, D.D., Editor. Volume xxxiii. October, 1903, to March, 1904. New York: Edwin S. Gorham, Publisher. McMaster, John Bach A History of the People of the United States, from the Revolu- tion to the Civil War, by John Bach McMaster. In five \olumes. New York : D. Appleton and Company, 1, 3, and 5 Bond Street. 1884-88. McVicKAR, John The Early Life and Professional Years of Bishop Hobart, bv John McVickar, D.D., Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophv and Political Economy in Columbia College, New-York, ^^^ith a Preface containing a History of the Church in America, by Wal- ter Farquhar Hook, D.D. , Vicar of Leeds, Prebendar_y of Lincoln, and Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. Oxford : D.A. Talbovs, and 113, Fleet Street, London, mdcccxxxviii. Perrv, William Stevens Historical Collections relating to the American Colonial Church, C 366 ] BOOKS REFERRED TO Perry, William Stevexs (coxtixued) edited by ^^'illiam Stevens Perry, D.D. Printed for the Subscrib- ers. MDCccLxx. (\dume i is on Mrginia; ii on Pennsylvania; iii on Massachusetts; i\- on Maryland; v on Delaware.) The History of the American Episcopal Church, 1587-1883, by William Stevens Perry, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Iowa. Volume i, The Planting and Grow th of the American Colonial Church, 1587- 1783. Volume ii. The Organization and Progress of the American Church, 1783-1883, projected by Clarence F. Jewett. Boston: James R. Osgood & Company, 1885, volume i, pp. xx, 665 ; vol- ume ii, pp. xiii, 696. wdccclxx-mdccclxxviii. Journals of the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in the United States, published by authority of General Convention, edited by William Stevens Perrv, D.D. \ olume iii. Historical Notes and Documents. Claremont, New Hampshire : The Claremont Manufacturing Company. 1874. Sub-title: "Historical Notes and Documents illustrating the Organization of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in the United States of America, by William Stevens PeiTy, D.D., Historiographer of the American Church. Claremont, New Hampshire : The Claremont Manufacturing Com- pany. 1874." Pratt, Matthew Recollections. Manuscript. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Protestant Episcopal Historical SociETi' Collections of The Protestant Episcopal Historical Society, for the Year 1851. Published by Order of The Executi^■e Committee of the Society. New York : Stanford &: Swords, Publishers. 1851. RiDGELv, Helen W^. Historic Graves of Maryland and the District of Columbia, \yith the Inscriptions appearing on the Tombstones in most of the Coun- ties of the State and in Washington and Georgetow n. Edited under the Auspices of the Maryland Society of the Colonial Dames of America, by Helen W. Ridgely, Author of "The Old Brick Churches of Maryland." New York: The Grafton Press, Pub- lishers. : 367 : BOOKS REFERRED TO SCHROEDER, J. F. Memorial of Bishop Hobart. A Collection of Sermons on the Death of the Right Reverend John Henry Hobart, D.D., Bishop of the Protestant EjMscopal Church in the State of New- York : with a Memoir of his Life and Writings. Pro Ecclesia Dei. New-York: Published by T. &. J. Swords, mdcccxxxi. Sprague, William B. Annals of the American Pulpit ; or Commemorative Notices of Dis- tinguished American Clergymen of Various Denominations, from the Early Settlement of the Country to the Close of the Year Eighteen Hundred and Fifty-Five, with Historical Introductions, bv Wil- liam B. Sprague, D.D. Nine volumes. New York: Robert Carter &: Brothers, 530 Broadway. 1859-61. Turner, O. Pioneer History of the Holland Purchase of Western New York : Embracing Some Account of the Ancient Remains ; a Brief His- tory of our Immediate Predecessors, the Confederated Iroquois, their System of Government, Wars, etc.; a Synopsis of Colonial History : Some Notices of the Border Wars of the Revolution : and a History of Pioneer Settlement under the Auspices of the Holland Company ; Including Reminiscences of the War of 1812 ; the Ori- gin, Progress and Completion of the Erie Canal, etc., etc., etc., by O. Turner. Buffalo : Published by Jewett, Thomas &. Co. : Geo. H. Derby &:Co. 1849. Tyler, Samuel Memoir of Roger Brooke Taney, LL.D., Chief Justice of the Su- preme Court of the United States, by Samuel Tyler, LL.D., of the Maryland Bar. ^ui nihil in vita nisi laudandum, aut fecit., aut dixit., aut sensit. Baltimore: Published by John Murphy & Co., 182 Baltimore Street. 1872. United States Gazette April 17, 1838, and April 18, 1838. Van Re.vsselaer, Sarah Ancestral Sketches and Records of Olden Times. "Tout Lasse, C 368 ■] BOOKS REFERRED TO Van Rensselaer, Sarah (continued) — Tout Passe! " Ancien Pro\erbe. For Private Circulation only. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Compan}-. 1882. Watson, John F. Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, in the olden time ; be- ing a collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Incidents of the Citv and its Inhabitants, and of the Earliest Settlements of the Inland Part of Pennsylvania ; intended to preserve the recollections of olden time, and to exhibit societ}' in its changes of manners and customs, and the city and countrj" in their local changes and improvements. By John F. Watson, Member of the Historical Societies of Penn- sylvania, New York, and Massachusetts. Enlarged, with many Revisions and Additions, by Willis P. Hazard. Profusely illus- trated. In three volumes. '■'•Oh! dear is a tale of the olden time!" Sequari vestigia rerum. " Where peep'd the hut, the palace toivers; JVhere skimrnd the bark, the war-ship louvers; "Joy gaily carols where was silence rude. And cultured thousands throng the solitude." Philadelphia; Edwin S. Stuart, 9 South Ninth Street. 1887. Whtitaker, Epher History of Southold : Its First Century, by the Rev. Epher Whitta- ker. Pastor of the First Church of Southold, Councillor of the Long Island Historical Society, etc. Southold : Printed for the Author in 1881. Williams, Samuel Memoirs of the American Academy : to the End of the Year MDCcLxxxiii. Volume i. Observations and Conjectures upon the Earthquakes of New England, by the Rev. Samuel Williams, D.D., Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Philosophy in the University of Cambridge. Wilson, Bird Memoir of the Life of the Right Reverend William White, D.D., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the State of Penn- BOOKS REFERRED TO Wilson, Bird (continued) sylvania, by Bird W'ilson, D.D., Professor of Systematick Di\ iii- ity in the General Theological Seminary. Philadelphia : James Kav, Jun. &. Brother, 122 Chestnut Street. Pittsburgh : C. H. Kay &. Co. 1839. ^^^ILSON, RuFus Rockwell New York: Old & New. Its Story, Streets, and Landmarks, by Rufus Rockwell Wilson, Author of "Washington: the Capital City," "Rambles in Colonial Byways," etc. With many Illus- trations from Prints and Photographs, and with Decorations by Edward Stratton Holloway. Two volumes. Philadelphia &. London : J. B. Lippincott Company. 1903. Wilson, James Grant The Centennial History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New York, 1785-1885, edited by James Grant Wilson. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1886. C 370 J INDEX Abeel, John Neilson, Letter from and sketch of, 232. Abingdon, Cokesbury College at, 168. Adams, Mrs., 289. Adams, John, Defence of the Con- stitution, etc., by, 256. Adams, William, Ixxvi, Ixxvii. Addison, Joseph, 152. Address, from Convention of Mary- land to Vestries, in 1794, xviii. to the Convention, by Bishop Mad- ison, xviii. by Hobart at the funeral of Bishop Moore, 1 8 1 6, cxxix, ccvi. before the Auxiliary New York Bible and Common Prayer Book Society, 1816, ccvi. to Episcopalians, 1816, cxxvii, ccvi. before the New York Protestant Episcopal Missionary Society of Young Men, 1 8 1 7, ccvi. from a Committee ordered by the Convention of Maryland of 1817, xviii. to the New York Convention, 1821, 1822, 1823, ccvii. Introdu£tory, on the opening of the General Theological Semi- nary, 1822, ccvii. before the New York Conven- tion, by Hobart, 1827, ccviii. to the Students of the Seminary, 1828, ccviii. before the Citizens of the Town of Hingham, 1835, c. Affairs in Europe, Condition of, in the Summer of I 794, 72. Agnew, Daniel, 50, 331. Agnew, James, 203, 326. Agnew, Martin, 326. Agnew, William, 326. Ainsworth, Robert, 260. Albany Centinel, cxcii. Alexander, John H., li. Alexander, Joseph McKnitt, Letter from and sketch of, 23. All Souls' College, Oxford, Ixvi. Allen, Ethan, Ixxv. Allison, David Prescott, Ixxxvi. Allison, Francis, 168. Altar, The, edited by Hobart, cxcii. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, Hi. American Antiquarian Society of Worcester, Massachusetts, lii. American Church History, by Joseph Hooper, Ixvi. American Colonial Church, Histori- cal Colleftions relating to, Ixv, Ixvi. American Episcopate, Efforts to ob- tain the, Ixvi. American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, lii. Ames, Fisher, 211. Andrews, Bishop, Litany by, cxlix. Andrews, John, civ. Anglican Episcopate and the Amer- ican Colonies, by Arthur Lyon Cross, Ixvi. Annotations, Alphabetical List of, 355- 371 ] INDEX Apology for Apostolic Order, cxciii, ccv. Apology for Primitive Order, clxi. Appendix to Journal, 1853, lii. Appendix to Journal, 1907, lii. Archer, Mrs., 15. Archives, Commission on, appointed 1892, Ixxviii. Report of, Ixxxiv. Members of, xcii. Armatt, Thomas A., 16. Ascension, Church of the: a mem- ber makes donation towards ex- penses of Dr. Hawks, xxxvii. Auchmuty, Robert, 8. Auchmuty, Samuel, Letter to John Winthrop from, 5. Sketch of, 3. Auer, Bishop, Ixxxix. Auxiliary New York Bible and Com- mon Prayer Book Society, cxxvii, cxc. Axtell, Henry, Jr., Sketch of, and letters from, 237, 305. Bailey, Albert H., Memorial of, Ixiii. Baker, Alfred Brittin, appointed member of Commission on Ar- chives, 1892, Ixxix, xcii. Baldwin, Abraham, igi. Baldwin, Henry P., Ixxiii. Banner of the Church, xxiii. Barclay, Henry, 7. Barker, William Morris, Sermon at Consecration of, Ixxxiii. Barton, Mrs. William, 345. Bartlett, William I., Ixx. Bartow, Thomas, 40. Baxter, Richard, clxxix. Baylies, Mrs. N. E., Ixxxix. Beach, Abraham, cxiv. Beardsley, Eben Edwards, Ixii. appointed member of Commis- sion on Church Archives, 1868, Ixiv, xci. Beasley, Frederic, cxc, cxcii. Bend, Joseph Grove John, 168. Beneficial Effects of Sunday Schools considered by Hobart, ccvi. Berrian, William, Memoirs of, cviii, ex, cxii, cxxiii, cxxix, cxxxi, cxxxvii, cxl, cxlii. Sermon by, on Hobart, clviii; on Mrs. Hobart, clxxxv. Bibb, George, 31. Bibliography of Hobart'sWorks,ccv. Biddle, Elizabeth Rebecca, ccii. Biddle, Sarah F., Ixi. Bissell, William Henry Augustus, Ixxx, Ixxxi. Blair's, Mr., mission to North Caro- lina, 1703, li. Bliss, George Yemens, appointed member of Commission on Ar- chives, 1907, Ixxxiii, xcii. Bloomfield, Charles James, Bishop of London, xxxi, xliii. Bodleian Library, Oxford, Ixxii. Bolton, Robert, Jr., li. Bolton, Robert, liii. Boucher, Jonathan, xiii. Boyd, George, xiv, xv. Boynton, Peter, ciii. Bradford, Samuel F., xiii. Bray, Manuscripts of Dr., xxxi. Breck, James Lloyd, Ixxvii. Brewster, Benjamin, Ixxxvi. C 372 J INDEX Briggs, J., 315. Brissot, Jean Pierre, 212. Bronson, Tillotson, cxci. Bronson, William White, Ixi. Brown, Thomas, 33. Brownell, Thomas Church, xvii, xlix, 1, cxci. Bullock, Joseph, ciii. Burgess, George, liii, liv, Ixii, Ixiii, Ixiv, Ixviii, Ixx, Ixxi. Burke, Edmund, 212. Burlington, New Jersey, History of the Church in, by George Morgan Hills, Ixxiv. [152. Burnet, George Whitefield, 22, 142, Burnet, Jacob, 21, 142. Burnett, Bishop, Pastoral Care by, cxciii. Burnett, Eliezer, 170. Byles, Mather, ci. i-^ALDWELL, Joseph, cxii, 99, 169, 203, 329. Candidate for Confirmation In- strudted, The, by Hobart, cxciii, ccvi. Canon on duties of Registrar, lii. Canons and Constitution of New Jersey, printed in 1 8 1 1 , obtained, xvii. Canons of the General Convention to 1804, and to 1808, obtained, Ixxxvi. Canterbury, Archbishop of, Fre- quent Correspondencewith,xx. Letter to Dr. Hawks from,xxxix. Letter from Dr. Hawks to, xl. Letter of Bishop White to, xxvii. Capture of American Vessels, 58. C 373 J Capture of American Vessels by the French, 254. Carey, Henry Clarke, 1 1 8. Carey, Matthew, 1 1 7. Catholic Revival, anticipated by Hobart, clxxxvii. Century of Achievement : The His- tory of the New York Bible and Common Prayer Book Society for One Hundred Years, by Arthur Lowndes, xliii. Centennial History of the Diocese of New York, by James Grant Wilson, clxxxiv. Chambers, Ephraim, Cyclopaedia by, xiii. Chandler, Elizabeth, cc. Chandler, Mary Goodin, cc, 313. Marriage of Hobart to, cxvii. Letter from Henry Gahn to, 309. Chandler, Thomas Bradbury, xii, cxvii, cc. Life of Dr. Samuel Johnson by, xii, cxciii. Charge of Bishop Brownell, 1821, xvii. Charge of the Bishop of New Jer- sey, 1 8 19, xviii. Charge to the Convention of 1815, ccvi. Charity School, the New York Pro- testant Episcopal Public School, cxxxiii. called Trinity School, cxc. Charleston Gospel Messenger, xxiii, xxxiii. Charlotte Hall, 229. Charlton, John, cxvii, cxviii. Chase, Carlton, xlix. INDEX Chase, Samuel, Ixviii. Chesapeake Fleet, The, 65. Cheslevs, The, 240. Chestnut, James, 25. Chetwood, William, 142. Chew, Parson, 224. Christian Bishop, The: A Sermon by Hobart, i827,ccviii. Christian Journal, The, xxiii, cxci. Christian Manual of Faith and De- votion, The, clxi, cxciii, ccv. Christian Sympathy, The : A Sermon, i825,ccviii. Christian Witness, The, xxxiii. Chronicle of the Church, xxxiii. Chronological Catalogue of Ordina- tions, Ixiv. Church Archives, Commission on, appointed, Ixiv. Report of, Ixvii. Special Report of, Ixxv. Members of, xci. Church Congress, Reports of, 1882, 1888, obtained, Ixxxvii. Church Ecleftic for April, 1903, Ixvi. Church Register, xxiii. Churchman, Letter from A, cxxvii. Churchman: Principles of the Churchman stated and explained by Hobart, 18 19, ccvii. Churchman, The, xxiii, xxxiii. Churchman's Almanac, cxcii. Churchman's Companion for the Closet, cxciii. Churchman's Magazine, xi,xii, xxiii, clxxxix, cxci. Churchman's Monthly Magazine, xi. Claggett, Bishop, cxxiii. Claggett, Bishop, Daughters of, 225. and the Maryland Assembly, 336. Claggett, Elizabeth Laura, 225. Claggett, Mary Anne, 225. Claggett, Priscilla Elizabeth, 225. Claggett, Thomas, 223. Clairfait, General, 72. Claremont, New Hampshire (Prayer Bookj, Ixxxix. Clark, Marianna, cci. Clarke, C. P., xlix. Clarke, James W., 218. Clarke, Samuel, Prayer Book by, xc. Claypoole, David C, 16. Clemson, John B., Ixiv. Clergyman's Companion, 1855, xc, clxi, cxcii, ccv. Clergyman's Vade Mecum^ cxciii. Cobbett, William, 157, 265. Cobbs, Nicholas H., Ixviii. Coit, Thomas Winthrop, 1, Ixv. appointed member of Commis- sion on Church Archives, 1868, Ixiv, xci. Coke, Thomas, Letter to Bishop White from, Iviii. Note on, 329. Coleman, Leighton, appointed mem- ber of Commission on Archives, 1892, Ixxxi, xcii. Colleftion of Essays on the Subje£t of Episcopacy, 1806, cxcii, ccv. Collections of the Protestant Epis- copal Society, i85i,lxvi. Collecftor and Conservator of Books, Manuscripts, etc., recommended to be appointed, xxi. College of New Jersey, cvii. College of William and Mary, cxxiii. C 374 J INDEX Columbia College, cxxxi. Comber, Dean, cxcii. Commentary on the Bible, clxi. Commission on Archives, Members of, May, 1 9 1 1 , V. Sub-Committee of, on publica- tion, V. Committee of General Convention, report on procuring documents, 1823, XV. recommend change of name to Registrar, 1847, "'v- on Hawks MSS. and volumes, report of, 1868, Iviii. report on receipt of Bishop White's Papers, 1868, Ixi. recommend a permanent Com- mission on Archives, i868,lxiv. Companion for the Altar, A, 1804, cxx, cxcii, ccv. Companion to the Book of Common Prayer, cxcii, ccv. Companion to the Festivals and Fasts, cxcii, ccv. Condition of Affairs in Europe in the Summer of 1794, 72. Confederate States, Journals of the General Council of, obtained, Ixxxvii. Connecticut, Charge of Bishop Brownell of, 1821, xvii. Constitution of, printed in 1821, obtained, xvii. Convocation of Clergy of, 1824, cxci. Diocese of, placed under charge of Hobart, cxxix, clxxxiv. Documentary History of, Ixxxvii. History of, xlviii. Connedlicut, Journals before 1802, and from 1804 to 1807 and 1822, not obtained, xviii. Journals for 1 802-1803 and 1808 to 1 82 1 obtained, xvii. Journals of 1 8 1 3- 1 8 1 6 obtained, Ixxxvii. Journal of 1829 obtained, Ixxxvi. Consecration of Bishops, Register of, ordered, xlv, Ixxiv. Conservator, Duties of, xxvi. Conservator, Report of, xxxiii. Constitution and Canons of Mary- land, printed in 1802, obtained, xviii. Constitution and Canons of New York, printed in 18 1 2, obtained, xvii. Constitution and Canons of Penn- sylvania, printed in 1822, ob- tained, xviii. Continental Union, Success in form- ing a, Iv. Cook, Arthur Byron, cciii. Cook, Mary Amory, cciii. Corruptions of the Church of Rome contrasted with certain Protestant Errors, i8i8,by Hobart, ccvii. Cosin, Bishop, cxcii. Cox, Mr., 69. Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, xlix, Ixii, clii, clxxxii, clxxxiv. Coxe, William, no. Croes, Helen Robertson, 52. Croes, John, cxxxvii. Cross, Arthur Lyon, Anglican Epis- copate and American Colonies, by, Ixvi. Cruiser, Mr., 27. C 375 ] INDEX Cuming, Francis H., cli. Currie, Mr., 156. Curtis, F. Kingsbury, cciii. Curtis, Marion, cciii. Custodian of the Book of Common Prayer, Report, 1910, Ixxxviii. Dalcho, Frederick, An Historical Account of the Protestant Epis- copal Church in South Carolina, by, xiii. Dale Forge, 318. Daniel, Evan, on the Prayer Book, Ixxxix. Date of Hobart's Letter to his Mother, 12. [cxcii. D'Aubeny's Guide to the Church, Dauphin, The, cxliii. Davis, Henry Lyon, 228. Dayton, Elias, 311. Dayton, Jonathan, 335. Dayton, Mary, 312. Dayton, Mr. and Mrs., 313. Deacons, List by Bishop Burgess, liii, Ixii, Ixiii, Ixx, Ixxi. Death of a Room-mate, 25. Debates in Congress, 1795, 1796, 179. De Costa, Benjamin, White's Me- moirs edited by, xiii. Defeat of a French Fleet, 65. Defence of the Association, A, cxliv. DeLancey Divinity School, Ixxxviii. DeLancey, William Heathcote, xlviii, xlix. Delaware Journals of 1 79 1 to 1 794, 1798 to 1800, 1810, 1818, and 1 82 1 obtained, xviii. Delaware Journals of 1795 to 1797, 1 80 1 to 1809, 181 1 to 1817, 1819, 1820, 1822, not obtained, xix. Dent, Hatch, 228. Departed Friends, by William Ber- rian, clxxxvii. Detroit, Hobart's visit to, cxliii. Devotion, Office of, for Sunday Schools, by Hobart and B. T. Onderdonk, 1846, xc. Devotional Services for Public Wor- ship, by Reuen Thomas, xc. Denison, Mr., 167. Dickson, John M., 109. Digges, Mrs., 225. Disorder in Philadelphia, 288. Ditmars, Dow, 50, 69. Dix, Morgan, Ixxix, Ixxxii. on the Prayer Book, Ixxxix. History of Trinity Church, New York, by, xliii, clxxvi, clxxxvii, cxcv, cxcix, ccix. Doane, George Washington, xxxi, xlv, xlix. Doane,WilIiamCroswel], appointed member of Commission on Ar- chives, 1892, Ixxix, xcii. Documentary History of the Pro- testant Episcopal Church, Iv. Documents, copied by Alexander Murray, xvi. Conservator of, appointed, xlvi. Expense of obtaining, xlvii. from England, xlvii. not obtained in 1821, xviii. of Benjamin Dorr, Ixviii. of Bishop Burgess, Ixviii. of early consecrations, xlvii. C 376 3 INDEX Documents, Original, published in Churchman's Monthly Maga- zine, xi. White's List of, xvi. Donation from Edmund Farwell Slafter of Historical Pamphlets, Ixxxiii. from gentleman in New York, xlvii. from gentleman of Church of the Ascension, xxxvii. from Trinity Church, New York, xxvii, xxxvi, xlvii. from William Lloyd Himes, of List of Ministers, Ixxxiii. Dorr, Benjamin, Documents of, Ixviii. D'Oyley and Mant's Family Bible, clxxiv, cxciii, ccvii. Dunlap, John, i6. Dunwoody's Tavern, 304. Duty of the Clergy with Respedt to the DoiStrine of the Trinity, by Hobart, 1829, ccix. tiARLY, Peter, 32. Earthquake of July, 1757, 9. Eastburn, Manton, xlix. Eastern Diocese, All Journals of, not obtained, xviii. Edson, Theodore, 1. Efforts to obtain the Episcopate be- fore the Revolution, Ixvi. Elegant Extrads, 1 6. Ellice, Sir Henry, xxx. Elliott, Stephen, liv. Ellis, Sir Henry, xxxv. Elmendorf, Edmund, 328. Emott, Elizabeth, cc. C 377 ] English, Charles Greene, 161. English, Cornelia Washington, 162. English, David, Sketch of, 161. Letters from, 163, 199,222,327, 332- English, Elizabeth A. Beall, 161. English, Jane Threlkeld, 161. English, John, 161. English, Jonathan, 161. English, Lydia, 161, 163. English, Lydia Ridgely (Perry), 162. English, Lydia Scudder, 161, 329. English, Martha, 161. English, Martha Elizabeth, 161. English, Robert Magruder, 162. English, Sarah Threlkeld, 161. English, Thomas B., 161. Episcopal Magazine, xxiii. Episcopal Recorder, xxiii, xxxiii. Episcopal Watchman, xxiii. Essex Street Chapel, London, Prayer Book of, Ixxxix. Everett, Nicholas C, 338. Excellenceof the Church, by Hobart, ccv. Faesh, Mr., 312. Fashionable Infidelity, 107. Festivals and Fasts,editedbv Hobart, clxi. Findley, Robert, 97, 338. Fish, Hamilton, appointed member of Commission on Church Ar- chives, 1868, Ixiv, xci. Fly Market, The, 40. Fogg, Daniel, Ixxxii. INDEX Former tutor, 136. Forsvth, Robert Marshall, 93, 99 131,288. Fowler, Andrew, Colledion of, Ixxxvii. Franklin, Benjamin, secretary of committee, 1, 38. Freeman, James Edward, Ixxxv. Funeral Address, on Bishop Ben- jamin Moore, by Hobart, ccvi. Gadsden, Christopher Edwards, clxxi. Gahn, Henry, Letter from and sketch of, 309. Gambler Observer, xxiii, xxxili. Gardiner, Asa Bird, appointed mem- ber of Commission on Archives 1892, Ixxix, xcii. Gardiner, Captain, cxxxiv. Gaston, William, 137. G'debo dialect of the Kru language, Prayer Book in, Ixxxix. General Convention, 1785, xvi. 181 1 (Special), cxxiii. 1814, cxxv. 1817, cxxix. 1820, XV, cxxix. 1 82 1 (Special), cxxx. 1826, cxl. 1829, cxl. 1835, XX. 1838, xxxii. 1841, xliv. 1844, xlv. 1847, ^Ivi. 1850,11. 1853, lii. 1859,1111. C 378 J i, Ivii. General Convention, il 1871, Ixvii. 1874, Ixxiii. 1877, Ixxiii. 1880, Ixxv. i883,lxxvi. 1886, Ixxvi. 1889, Ixxvli. 1892, Ixxviii. 1895, Ixxix. 1898, Ixxxi. 1901, Ixxxii. 1904, Ixxxiii. 1907, Ixxxiii. 1910, Ixxxiv. Canons of, to 1 804 and i 808, ob- tained, Ixxxvi. Committee for colleding the Journals of, xv. Journal of 1821 obtained, xvii. Journal of 1829 obtained, Ixxxvi. Journals for 181 7, 1820, not ob- tained, xviii. Journalsof the,from i 785 to 1814, obtained, xvii. 1817, xviii. 1820, xiv, xviii. 1821, xvii. 1823, xiv, xix. 1835, XXV, xxvi, xlviii. 1838, xliii. 1 84 1, xiv. 1847, ^^^'U xlix. 1853, 1859, 1868, lix, Ixi-lxvi. 1871, Ixvii, Ixx, Ixxiii. 1874, Ixxiii. INDEX General Convention, Journals of the, 1877, Ixxiv. 1880, ixxv. 1883, Ixxvi. 1886, Ixxvi. i88g, Ixxvii. 1892, Ixxviii, Ixxix. 1895, Ixxix. 1898, Ixxxi, Ixxxii. 1901, Ixxxii. 1904, Ixxxiii. 1907, Hi. 1910, Ixxxiv, Ixxxv, Ixxxviii, xci. CoUedtion of, xv-xix. Files of, ordered to be completed, Ivii. Reprint of, by Hawks and Perry, 1785 to 1853, ''^; 1785 'o 1808, liv. Sermons, All, before the, not ob- tained, xviii. Sermons before 1808,1811,1814, obtained, Ixxxvii. General Theological Seminary, The, proposed in 1814, cxxv. established in 18 1 7, opened in 1 8ig, proposed to be removed to New Haven, Connecticut, in 1820, cxxix. Library of, xxii, xxvi, xlv, xlviii. Trustees of the, to have tem- porary care of the Archives, xxvi. Geneva Branch School, "The Inte- rior School," cxxx. Georgia, All Journals of, not ob- tained, xix. Gibson, Frederick, appointed mem- c ber of Commission on Archives, 1892, Ixxix, xcii. Gibson, John, 30. Gilbert, Mahlon Norris, Sermon at the consecration of, ixxxiii. Gilmore, Robert, 201. Gloria Dei Church," Old Swedes'," Philadelphia, cii. Goodwin, D. L. B., Ixviii. Gordon, Mary, ciii. Gospel Advocate, xxiii. Gospel Messenger, xxxiii. Account of Bishop Hobart's death in, cxliv. Graham, Jonathan, 48. Graves, Anson R., Sermon at con- secration of, Ixxxiii. Green, Ashbel, 166. Green, Richard M., 203, 328. Green, William Mercer, lii, liv. Green Bay, Michigan, cxliii. Greene, Charlotte Elizabeth, cciii. Greer, David Hummel, appointed member of Commission on Ar- chives, 1 9 10, Ixxxiv, xcii. Griffin, Edmund D., clviii. Griswold, Alexander Viets, Conse- cration of, cxxiv. Guilloii, H^loise Vidtoirine, cciv. Guion, Isaac B., 142. Gurreis, Mrs., 17. Guthrie, William, 118. riAiGHT, Benjamin Isaac, elefted Registrar, but declines, lii. Hamilton, James, 39. Hare, Alfred Guillou, cciv. Hare, Ann Emlen, ccii. Hare, Catherine Elizabeth, cci. 379 D INDEX Hare, Chandler,* cciii. Hare, Chandler (born 1829), cciii. Hare, Charles W.,cci. Hare, Charles Willing (born 1835), cci. Hare, Charles Willing (born 1862), cci. Hare, Charlotte Elizabeth, cciii. Hare, Charlotte Wentworth, cciii. Hare, Christine, cci. Hare, Christine Singer, ccii. Hare, Constance, cciii. Hare, Dennie M., cciii. Hare, Elizabeth, cci. Hare, Elizabeth Catherine, cci. Hare, Elizabeth Catherine, cciv. Hare, Elizabeth Catherine Hobart, cciv. Hare, Elizabeth Emlen, cciii. Hare, Ellen Culberson, cciii. Hare, Emlen, cci. Hare, Emlen Spencer, cciv. Hare, Eugene, cci. Hare, George Emlen, cci. Hare, George Emlen (born 1808), cci. Hare, George Emlen (born 1836), ccii. Hare, George Emlen (born i860), cci. Hare, Gouverneur Morris, cciii. Hare, Helen, cci. Hare, Helen Francis, cci. Hare, H(51oise Viftoirine, cciv. Hare, Hobart Amory, cciii. Hare, Hobart Emlen, cci. Hare, Howard, cci. Hare, Ida Hobart, cci. Hare, James Montgomery, cciii. Hare, Jeanne P., cciv. Hare, John Henry Hobart, cci. Hare, Lilibel, cci. Hare, Marianna, cci. Hare, Marion Scott, cciii. Hare, Mary Amory, cciii. Hare, Mary Amory (born 1885), cciii. Hare, Mary Emlen, cciii. Hare, Mary Hobart, cciii. Hare, Mary Meredith, cciii. Hare, Mary Singer, cci. Hare, Meredith, cciii. Hare, Montgomery, cciii. Hare, Morin Scott, cciii. Hare, Phyllis Guillou, cciv. Hare, Rebecca Clifford, cciii. Hare, Rene GuilloA, cciv. Hare, Robert Emott, cciv. Hare, Wentworth Greene, cciii. Hare, William Hobart, cciii. Hare, William Hobart, Jr., cciii. Hare, William Hobart Clark, cci. Harison,W. H., xxxiv. Harris, Charles Wilson, 25. Harris, Thomas R. or Israel, 141. Hart, Samuel, appointed member of Commission on Archives, 1895, Ixxix, xcii. appointed Historiographer, 1898, Ixxxi. appointed Adling Registrar, 1901, Ixxxii. * In these and other genealogical tables, wherever the same name is given on the same page, it indicates that two different persons are meant. C 380 : INDEX Hart, Samuel, appointed on Sub- Committee for Publication of the Archives, 1910, v, Ixxxiii. Report from Commission on Ar- chives, 1910, Ixxxiv. appointed Registrar, 19 10, Ixxxiv. Report from, as Adting Registrar, 1910, Ixxxv. Report from, as Custodian of Book of Common Prayer, 1910, Ixxxviii. Harvvood, Edwin, Ixxix, Ixxxi. Hawks, Francis Lister, senttosearch Archives at Lambeth and Ful- ham, and report, 1835, xx, xxi. appointed Conservator, 1835, xxvi. Report to the General Conven- tion of 1835 from, XX. Report on his communication and Resolutions, 1835, xxv. sails for England, xxvii. Bearer of letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, 1836, xxvii. Letter from the Archbishop of Canterbury to, 1836, xxxix. Letter to the Archbishop of Can- terbury from, 1836, xl. Letter to the Bishop of London from, 1836, xli. Letter to the Secretary of the So- ciety for Propagating the Gos- pel in Foreign Parts, 1836, xlii. Report to the General Conven- tion of 1838 from, xxxii. Papers committed to the care of, by Convention of 1838, xliv. by Convention of 1847, "Iviii. Hawks, Francis Lister, appointed Historiographer, 1838, xliv. Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History of the United States, vol. i, 1836, xx; vol. ii, 1839, xliv. Report from, to the General Con- vention of 1847, "I^''- One of the founders of the Pro- testant Episcopal Historical So- ciety, 1850, 1. publishes Efforts to Obtain the Episcopate before the Revolu- tion, 1851, Ixvi. Member of Committee for reprint- ing Journals, liv. Death of, September 26, 1866, Iv. Testimony of House of Bishops on the Services of, lix. Return of White Papers com- mitted to, Ixii. Hayes, Charles Harris, Ixxxv. Hayes, Henry, appointed member of Commission on Archives, 1892, Ixxix, xcii. Hazard, Ebenezer, 316. Heathcote, Caleb, Iv. Heberton, George, 124. Hempstead, St. George's Church, cxv. Henderson, Elizabeth, 161. Henderson, Richard, 161. Henshaw, J. P. K., xlix. Hicks, Bishop, cxciii. Hicks, John A., 1. Higbee, Edward Y., member of Joint Committee, liv. Higginbotham, Ralph, 336. [ 381 J INDEX Higginson, Nathaniel, 6i. High Churchman Vindicated, The: A Charge by Hobart, I 826, ccviii. Hills, George Morgan, Historvof the Church in Burlington, New Jer- sey, by, Ixxiv. Himes, William Lloyd, List by, Ixxxiii. Hindley, Robert Clayton, Ixxxv. Hingham, Address before the Citi- zens of the Town of, 1835, c. Historical Account of the Protestant Episcopal Church in South Caro- lina, by Fredericlc Dalcho, xiii. Historical CoilecSions relating to the American Church, edited by Wil- liam Stevens Perry: vol. i, Vir- ginia, Ixv; vol. ii, Pennsylvania, Ixvi; vol. iv, Maryland, Ixxiv; vol. V, Delaware, Ixxiv. Historiographer, Francis Lister Hawks appointed, 1838, xliv. Samuel Hart appointed, 1898, Ixxxi. History of the Church in Burlington, New Jersev, by George Morgan Hills, Ixxiv. History of the Church in Westches- ter, from its Foundation, 1693 to 1853, ''y Robert Bolton, liii. History of Jacobinism, 253. History of Southold, by Epher Whit- taker, cii. Hobart, Dayton, cc. Hobart, Deborah (born I746),ciii. Hobart, Deborah (born 1763), ciii. Hobart, Deborah (born 1766), ciii. Hobart, Edmund, xcix. Hobart, Elizabeth, cciv. Hobart, Elizabeth Catherine, cci. Hobart, Enoch, xcix, cii, ciii, cc. Hobart, Frances, ciii. Hobart, Gershom, c. Hobart, Hannah, cii. Hobart, Hannah (mother of John Henry), xcix, cii, ciii, cc. Brothers and sisters of, 262. Sketch of, 241. Letters from, 242, 245, 248, 257, 259,260,271,274, 275, 276, 278, 279, 281, 286, 287, 297, 3031314,316,318,326, 342. Letter from John Henry Hobart Hobart, Isaac, ccii. Hobart, Jane Chandler, cc. Hobart, Jeremiah, c. Hobart, John, cii. Hobart, John Henry, born in Phil- adelphia, September 14, 1775, xcix, ciii. baptized, ciii. enters Leslie's School, civ. goes to Episcopal Academy, Phila- delphia, 1784, civ. founds Society for Advancement in Useful Literature, I785,cvi. confirmed, 1790, cvi. enters University of Pennsyl- vania, 1790, cvi. Letter to his Mother, 1792, 11. goes to College of New Jersey, 1793) cvii. enters counting-room of Robert Smith, cix. offered tutorship at Princeton, cix; and his reply, 1793, ex, 155- [ 382 :\ INDEX Hobart, John Henry, letter to Bishop White, 1796, 244. Letters to his Sister Rebecca, 1797, 95. 300. Visit to Virginia, 1797, 333. Letter from his Sister Rebecca, 95. made Deacon, 1798, cxiii. in charge of Trinity Church, Ox- ford, and All Saints', Perkio- men, 1798, cxiii. declines curacy at St. Paul's, Phila- delphia, 1798, cxiv. acceptscall to Christ Church, New Brunswick, 1799, cxiv. secretary to the House of Bishops, June II— 19, I 799, cxv. declines Hempstead, July, 1799, cxv. marries Mary Goodin Chandler, May 6, 1800, cxvii. accepts renewed call to Hemp- stead, June, 1800, cxvii. declines St. Mark's in the Bow- ery, 1800, cxvii. called as assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York, 1800, cxvii. accepts call, cxviii. Letter to Charles Fenton Mercer from, 1 80 1, cxix. ordained priest by Bishop Pro- voost, 1 80 1, cxx. organizes Society for Promoting Religion and Learning, 1802, cxx. re-publishes Stephen's Treatise on the Church, 1803, cxx. publishes Companion for the Altar, 1804, cxx. Hobart, John Henry, one of the founders of the New York Bible and Common Prayer Book Society, i8og, cxxiii. elected Assistant Bishop, 181 1, cxxiii. attacked by Cave Jones, cxxiii. consecrated Bishop, 1811, cxxiii. proposes establishment of gram- mar school, 1 8 14, cxxv. opposes establishment of General Theological Seminary in New York, 1 8 14, cxxv. Pastorals of 18 15, cxxvii. protests against formation of American Bible Society, 1816, cxxvii. Controversy with Jay, cxxvii. becomes Bishop of New York and reftor of Trinity Church, 1816, cxxix. urges formation of Protestant Epis- copal Education Society, cxxix. Address at the Funeral of Bishop Moore, cxxix. Pastoral Letter of 1820, cxxix. proposes Geneva Interior School, 1820, cxxix. Illness of, 1822, cxxxiii. visits Quebec, cxxxiv. sails for England, 1823, cxxxiv. visits Europe, cxxxiv. preaches at Rome, cxxxvi. returns to New York, Odtober 12, 1825, cxxxvii. Address to Diocesan Convention, 1825, cxxxvii. proposes Modifications in Prayer Book, 1826, cxl. C 383 ] INDEX Hobart, John Henry, visits Detroit, Michigan, 1826, cxliii. Last Confirmation by, September 9, 1826, cxlvi. Death of, September 12, 1830, cxliv. Funeral of, clii. Monument to, cxcvi. Descendants of, cc. Bibliography of his works, ccv. Testimony to, by John Churchill Rudd, cxliv. by B. T. Onderdonk, cliii. by William Berrian, clviii. by Jonathan Mayhew Wain- wright, clxiii. by William Edward Wyatt, clxvi. by Christopher Edwards Gads- den, clxxi. by William White, clxxvi. by J. F. Schroeder, clxxvi. by Dr. Matthews, clxxviii. by John A. King, clxxix. by Arthur Cleveland Coxe, clxxxii. by Arthur Lowndes, clxxxvii. Celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the consecra- tion of, xcvii. Papers of, xlvii, liii. Hobart, John Henry (son of the Bishop), a founder of Protestant Episcopal Historical Society, 1. eledled Registrar, liii. Marriage and children of, cciv. Hobart, John Henry (grandson of the Bishop), cciv. Hobart, Joshua, cci. C 384 ] Hobart, Margaret, c. Hobart, Mary, ciii. Hobart, Mary (born 1756), ciii. Hobart, Mary (born 1759), ciii, 18. Hobart, Mary Collins, cciv. Hobart, Mary Goodin, cc. Marriage to John Henry Hobart, cxvii. Hobart, Mary Goodin Chandler, cciv. Hobart, Mary Rainsford, c. Hobart, Nathaniel Potts, 18. Hobart, Nehemiah, c. Hobart, Peter, xcix, c, cii. Hobart, Rebecca (born 1757), ciii. Hobart, Rebecca (born 1760), ciii, 13- [95- Letters from and to John Henry, Hobart, Rebecca Smith, cc. Hobart, Robert, ciii. Hobart, Robert Enoch (born 1761), ciii. Hobart, Robert Enoch (born 1768), ciii, 12, 36, 346. Hobart, Robert Enoch, Jr., 275. Hobart, Sarah, 13. Hobart, William Henry, cxlvii, cc. Hollister, Algernon Sidney, cxlvi. Hooper, Joseph, Ixvi, xcvi. Hopkins, John Henry, Ixxxii. Home, Thomas Hartwell, xxxi. Horsley, Samuel, 292. House of Bishops, Pastoral Letters, 1808, 181 1, 1814, xvii. Special Session, 1866, 1868, Ivi. How, Thomas Yardley,cli,cxc,cxcii. Howe, Mark Antony De Wolfe, liv, Ixxiii. INDEX Howe, Mary Amorv, cciii. Howley, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, xliii. Letter to, from Bishop White, xxvii. Letter from, to Dr. Hawks, xxxix. Letter to, from Dr. Hawks, xl. Hughes, Ball, Monument by, to Ho- bart, cxcvi. Hughes, Thomas Edgar, 278. Hunt, HoUoway Whitefield, 97. Hunt, Nathaniel, 30. Hunt, Robert, 31. Hunter, Andrew, 30. Huntington, Samuel H., li. Hutchinson, James, 37. Hymns, Collection of, xc. Ide, Simeon, liv. Index, Alphabetical, to Letters, 1757-1797, 351- Index, Chronological, to Letters, 1757— 1797, ccxi. Indian Queen, The, 157. Ingersoll, Charles Jared, 285. Ingersoll, Jared, Sketch of, 284. Letters from, 284, 308. Insurance Company of North Amer- ica, 247. Introdudtion to the History of the Church, by Samuel Farmar Jarvis, Hi. Ireland, John, of Maryland, 167. Israel, Israel, 89. Israel, Prayers of, with an English Translation, A.M. 5609, obtained, Ixxxix. Italy, Places visited by Hobart in, cxxxiv. : 38 Ives, Ellen Culberson, cciii. Ives, John Henry Hobart, cc. Ives, Levi Silliman, cc. Ives, Rebecca Smith, cc. Jackson, A., 1. Jacobinism,_Histon' of, 253. James, J., 166. Jarvis, Abraham, joins in consecra- tion of Bishop Hobart, cxxiii, and Bishop Griswold, cxxiv. Death of, 1813, cxxix. Jarvis, Samuel Farmar, appointed Historiographer of the Church, xliv. Introdudtion to the History of the Church, by, lii. Death of, March 26, 1851, li. Papers of, liii. Jay, John, 55. Jay, Peter A., xxxiv. Jav, William, Controversy with Hobart, cxxvii. Jay Treaty, The, 61. Jefferson, Thomas, 229, 329. Jenkins, Leolin, Ixvi. Johns, John, Ixii. Johns, Kinsey, 166. Johnson, Mrs. S., xxxiv. Johnson, Samuel, Correspondence of, xi. Life of, by Chandler, xii, cxciii. Joint Committee on Documents, Report of, XV, xxv. [Ixxiii. on re-publication of Journals, Jones, Cave, opposes Hobart, cxxiii. Jones, of Navland, Writings of, cxciii. Jones, William Strother, Ixxxv. 5 ] INDEX Journals, Diocesan, List of,obtained, xvii, Ixxxvi. List of, not obtained, xviii. Journals of the General Council of Church in Confederate States, with a copy of the Canons and a Pastoral Letter, Ixxxvii. 1S.EITH, George, li, cxiii. Kemp, James, xviii. Kemper, Jackson, xiv, xv. Kerfoot, John Barrett, Ixxxi. King, John A., clxxix. King, Rufus, liii, clxxix. King's College, 7. Kip, William Ingraham, 1. Kitchell, Aaron, 193. Knight, Edward Jennings, Ixxxv. Knox, Mrs., 323. Knox, William & Co., 292. Knox, Vicesimus, Compiler of Ele- gant Extracts, 16. JLaird, Martha Elizabeth, 161. Lamercy, Mr., 226. Lamplev, Sarah, 345. Lancaster, Proposed settlement by Hobart at, 244. Lawrence, William, appointed mem- ber of Commission on Archives, 1910, Ixxxiv, xcii. Lee, Alfred, xlvi, Ixii. Lee, Henry, 200, 231. Lee, Henry Washington, Ixxiv. Leslie, Mr., Grammar School of, civ. Leslie and Price, 250. Letters for the consecration of Bish- ops, appropriation for printing, Ixxxviii. Lewis, John, 1 14. Librarian of the General Theologi- cal Seminary eledted Register, xlv. Lincoln, Solomon, testimony of, to Peter Hobart, c. Lindsey, Theophilus, Sermon and Works by, obtained, xc. List of Books referred to, 361. Little, John, 84. Littlejohn, Joseph Blount, 198. Liturgy for the New Church, Phila- delphia, 1876, xc. Lloyd, Edward, 336. London, Bishop of, xx, xxxv, xxxvi, Ixxxviii. Letter from Dr. Hawks to, xli. Listof Persons licensed toofficiate by, li. Love, Catharine Elizabeth, cci. Lowndes, Arthur, xliii, Ixxxiv. Lucy, 18. Lusby, Josiah, 16. Lyell, Thomas, clii. M.ACLEAN, John, cviii, 169, 203. MacMullen, French F., 131. Madison, James (Bishop), cxxiii. Madison, James, 192. Magaw, Samuel, cxiv, 259. Maine, All Journals of, not ob- tained, xviii. Man of God, The: A Sermon by Hobart, 1828, ccviii. Mant and D'Oyley's Commentary, clxxiv, ccvii. Mapleton, 27. Maryland, Address from the Con- vention of, to vestries, 1794, ob- tained, xviii. c 386 :i INDEX Maryland, Address of Bishop of, 1816, obtained, xviii. Constitution and canons of, printed in 1802, obtained, xviii. Journals of 1784, from 1788 to 1800, from 1802 to 1 804, from 1 806 to 1 8 1 9,of 1 8 2 1 ,obtained, xviii. Journals of, from 1785 to 1787, 1801,1 805, 1 820, not obtained, xix. Pastoral Letter from the two Bish- ops of, 1816, obtained, xviii. Address by Committee of Con- vention of 1 81 7, xviii. Mason, Stevens Thomson, cxxxii, cxciii, 117. Massachusetts, Constitution and Canons of, published in 181 7, obtained, xvii. All Journals but that of 1 790, not obtained, xviii. Journal of 1790, obtained, xvii. Diocese of. Convention of 1868, Ixxi. Matthews, Dr., clxxviii. Mattison, Aaron, 329. Maury, Abb(§, 159. Maxwell, George Clifford, 142. McCormick, Andrew Thomas, 226. McEuen, Thomas, xiv. Mcllvaine, Charles Pettit, xlv. McKean's Advertisement, 347. McKee, David, 25. McRee, 142. McVickar, John, cxxv. Early and Professional Years of Hobart, by,cv, cvi, cxx,cxxvii, cxxxiii. Mead, William Cooper, 1, lii. Meade, William, xxv. Memorial from the heirs of Bishop White to the House of Bishops, Ix. Mercer, Charles Fenton, xiii, cxix. Mercer, Colonel, 328. Meredith, Mary Emlen, cciii. Meredith, William, civ, cv. Metcalf, Theron, li. Miles, Samuel, 315, 318. [ccii. Miller, Ann Emlen (born 1833), Miller, Ann Emlen (born 1870), ccii. Miller, Charles Willing Hare, ccii. Miller, Charlotte Barclay, ccii. Miller, Dayton Hobart, ccii. Miller, Dickinson Sergeant, ccii. Miller, Edward Alden, ccii. Miller, Elihu Spencer, 2d, ccii. Miller, Elihu Spencer, 3d, ccii. Miller, Elizabeth Hobart, ccii. Miller, Elizabeth Rebecca, ccii. Miller, Emlen Hare, ccii. Miller, Hobart, ccii. Miller, John Biddle, ccii. Miller, Mrs. John, 281. Miller, Mr. and Mrs. John, 289. Miller, Joseph Selden, ccii. Miller, Marion Spencer, ccii. Miller, Samuel Millington, ccii. Miller, Sarah Sergeant, ccii. Miller, Spencer, ccii. Miller, Virginia Breckenbridge,ccii. Minerva, The, 295. Minto, Walter, cviii, 48. Sketch of, 205. Letter from, 205. [ 387 ] INDEX Minto, Walter, Mrs., 331. Missionary, The, xxxiii. Mitchell, Kdward, 115. Montgomery, Mary H., Ixi. Montgomery, Thomas H., Ixi. Moore, Mr., 338. Moore, Benjamin, cxix. Death of, cxxix. Moore, John, cxv. Moore, Richard Channing, cxv, clii. Moore, Thomas Lambert, cxv. Moral Efficacy and the Positive Bene- fits of the Ordinances of the Gos- pel, Sermon by Hobart, i8i6,ccvi. Morford, Stephen, 334. Morgan, J. Pierpont, appointed member of Commission on Ar- chives, 1895, Ixxix, xcii. appointed member of Sub-Com- mittee on Publication of Ar- chives, 1910, V, Ixxxiii. agrees to bear cost of publication of Archives, Ixxxiv. signs Report of Commission on Archives, 19 10, Ixxxiv. Donation from, of Perry Docu- ments, Ixxxii. of pamphlets, Ixxxvi. of set of Journals of New York to the year 1870, bound in seventeen volumes, Ixxxvii. ofsetof the Journals of Western New York to the year 1900, bound in twenty volumes, with a colleiSion of Journals of other Dioceses, chiefly those in the State of New York, of various dates, Ixxxvii. Morgan, J. Pierpont, Donation from, of twelve early General Conven- tion Journals, Ixxxvii. of five Journals of the General Council of the Church in the Confederate States, with a copv of the Canons and a Pastoral Letter, the Documentary His- tory of Conne£licut in sheets, and reports of the Church Congresses in 1882 and 1888, Ixxxvii. of American Praver Book in the G'debo dialefl of the Kru lan- guage, Ixxxix. of The American Prayer Book in French, printed in New York, i860, Ixxxix. of The Common Prayer Re- formed for the use of the Essex Street Chapel, London, 1839, Ixxxix. of an 8vo reprint of the Prayer Book of 1662 from the ori- ginal manuscript, and works by Evan Daniel and Dr. Morgan Dix on the Prayer Book, Ixxxix. Morris, Robert, 226. Morrison, Jeannette, Ixxxix. Morton, William Jackson, Ixxxvi. Murrays, The Miss, 312. Nashotah, Ixxvii. Nassau Hall, cvii. Nassau Hotel, Princeton, 60. Neilson, John, 152. Nelson's Companion to the Festivals and Fasts of the Church, cxcii. : 388 ] INDEX New Hampshire, All Journals of, not obtained, xviii. New Jersey, College of, cvii. New Jersey, Journals for Annual and Special Conventions of 1 799 not obtained, xviii. Journals from 1 785 to 1 798, 1 800 to 1822, and Address from President of the Convention of 1797 obtained, xvii. Canons, Constitution, etc., of, printed in 1 8 1 1 , obtained, xvii. Charge of the Bishop of, 18 19, obtained, xviii. Report of the State of the Church in, for 1 8 14, xvii. New Jersey, oversight of Diocese by Hobart, clxxxviii. New York Bible andCommon Prayer Book Society, founded in 1809, cxxiii, cxxvii, clxxxix. New York Catechism, The, cxciii. New York, Journals from 1792 to 1800, 1813, 1817, 1819, not obtained, xviii. from 1785 to 1 791, 180 1 to 181 2, 1814 to 1816, 1818, 1820 to 1822, and Constitution and Canons of 1 8 1 2, obtained, xvii. New York Post Office, 37. New York Protestant Episcopal Traft Society founded in 18 10, cxc. Newton, Edward A., 1. Newton, John, 239. Newton, John Brockenbrough, Ser- mon at consecration of, Ixxxiii. Nichols, A., 1. Nicholson, John, 226. Nollekens, Joseph, cxcvi. Norris, Henry H., xxviii, xxix, xxxiv, xliii. North Carolina, History of the Church in, xlviii. Note from Corrector to William Jay, 1823, by Hobart, ccvii. Nourse, Joseph, 221. Observations on a late Pamphlet, 1815, by Hobart, ccvi. Odenheimer, William Henry, liv, Ixiv, Ixvii, Ixix, Ixx, Ixxv. appointed member of Commission on Church Archives 1868, Ixiv, xci. Offer of William White to Hobart, 155- Office accepted by Hobart, 155. Office of Institution, 1808, Ixxxvii. Ogilby, John D., xlv. death of, li. Ohio, Journals of 1 8 19, 1820, ob- tained, xviii. 1818, 1821, 1822, not obtained, xix. Old Catholic Congress at Cologne, Ixxvii. Olden, David, 334. Onderdonk, Benjamin Tredwell, Ixxvii, xc, cliii, cxci. Onderdonk, Henry Ustick, xxv, Ixxxvi. Ordinations of Deacons, List of, Ixii, Ixxi. Origin, the General Character and the Present Situation of the Pro- testant Episcopal Church in the United States, 1814, The, ccv. [ 389 : INDEX Otey, James Harvey, xlv. Otto, Daniel, 152, 195. Otto, Jacob Schweighauser, 195, 216. Otto, John Conrad, Classmates of, 33- Sketch of, 28. Letters from, 28, 139, 150, 194, 214. Oxford Movement, The, clxxxvii. ±ACKARD,Thomas Jones, lxxxv,xc. Paley, William, 306. Parker, Samuel, Correspondence of, liv, Iv, Ixxx. Parrot, Joseph, loi. Parsons, Constance, cciii. Pastoral Letters from House of Bishops, 1808, 1811, 1814, obtained, xvii. 1808, 181 1, obtained, Ixxxvii. 181 7— 1820, not obtained, xviii. Pastoral Letters from Hobart, 181 5, cxxvii, ccv. 1820, ccvii. 1829, ccix. Paterson, A. B., 1. Paterson, William, 328. Peggy' 37- Pellar, Frances, ciii. Pellar, James, ciii. Pemberton, Rebecca Clifford, cciii. Pemberton, Sarah, ciii. Pendleton, Philip Clayton, 131. Pennsylvania, Constitution and Can- ons of, printed in 1822, ob- tained, xviii. Journalsof, i 785-1822, obtained, xviii. Pennsylvania, Journals of, 1814— 1817, obtained, Ixxxvii. Perkins, Charles Edwin, Ixxxvi. Perkins, Elisha, 201, 334. Perrine, Matthew La Rue, 338. Perry, William Stevens, Reprints of Journals by, xiv, liv, Iv, Ixxiii. Documents entrusted to, Ivi. Historical Colledions by, Ixv, Ixvi, Ixxii, Ixxiii, Ixxiv. appointed Historiographer, Ixiv. History of American Episcopal Church, by, Ixxxi. Deputy-Registrar of Convention, Ixvii. Report from, Ixviii. consecrated Bishop of Iowa, 1876, Ixxiv. appointed member of Commis- sion on Archives, 1892, Ixxix, xcii. Death of, 1898, Ixxx. Peters, Richard, ciii. Peters, Samuel, xlvii. Phillips, William, 147. Philomathean Societv, cvi. Pickering, Timothy, 255. Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 265, 270. Pius VII, cxxxv. Play performed Oflober, I 797, 3 1 2. Pocket Almanac, The, cxcii. Pompey, cxlvi. Pope, Alexander, Quotation from, 216. Porcupine, Peter (see also, William Cobbett), 152. Posthumous works of Hobart, ccix. Pott, James, Iv. C 390 J INDEX Potter, Alonzo, xlix. Potter, Henry Codman, appointed member of Commission on Ar- chives, 1892, Ixxix, xcii. Death of, Ixxxiv. Potter, Horatio, liv. Potts, Mrs. John, from Virginia, 25 8. Potts, Joseph, 272, 346. Potts, Rebecca, 13. Potts, Richard, xxv. Pottsgrove, 346. Poyntell, William, 278. Pratt, Charles, 262. Pratt, Deborah (born 1741), 262. Pratt, Deborah (born 1746), ciii, 262. Pratt, Deborah (born 1 763), ciii. Pratt, Deborah (born 1 766), ciii. Pratt, Hannah, xcix, cii, 262. Pratt, Henry, Captain, cii. Pratt, Henry (Pevvterer), cii. Pratt, Henry, cii, ciii, 262. Pratt, Joseph, 262. Pratt, Matthew, 262. Manuscript Recollections of, cii, ciii. Pratt, Rebecca, 262. Pratt, Rebecca Claypoole, 262. Pratt, Thomas, 262. Prayer Book, of the Church of Ire- land, xc. in French, printed i860, ob- tained, Ixxxix. in the G'debo dialeft of the Kru language, obtained, Ixxxix. Reformed, for use of Essex Street Chapel, London, 1839, ob- tained, Ixxxix. Prayer Book, Reprint of, 1662, ob- tained, Ixxxix. reformed by Samuel Clarke, xc. English, in the Irish language, xc. in French, 1846, xc. published by D. Appleton & Co., 1845, xc. published by Thomas Si Andrews, 1794, obtained, Ixxxix. Prayer Book, American, 522 editions of, in Custodian's collection, xc. Prayer Books reported as acquired, 19 10, Ixxxix. Pravers and Hymns for the Church and the Home, Universalist Pub- lishing House, Boston, 1871, xc. Preface, xcv. President in August, 1796, The, 226. Price, Isaac, 250. Priestley, Joseph, 83. Principles of the Churchman stated and explained, 1819, by Hobart, cc\ii. Proposed settlement of Hobart at Lancaster, The, 244. Protestant Episcopal Education So- ciety, 1820, cxxix. Protestant Episcopal Historical So- ciety, formation of, 1850, xlix. Collections for 1851, li. Protestant Episcopal Press, cxc. Protestant Episcopal Theological Society, cxxi. Protestant Episcopal Trait Society, founded 1 8 10, cxc. Protestant Episcopalian, The, xxiii. Provoost, Samuel, Documents relat- ing to consecration of, xi. C 391 ] INDEX Provoost, Samuel, Retirement of, cxviii. ordains Hobart priest, cxx. joins in consecration of John Henry Hobart and Alexander Viets Griswold, cxxiv. Psalms and Hymns, Seledlions of, 1850, xc. Psalms in Metre, Report cf Com- mittee, 1830, Ixxxvi. Psalms, Watts's, 1808, xc. Psalter, 1774, xc. QuiNTARD, Charles Todd, Ixvi. Rainsford, Mary, c. Ralph, George, 227. Randall, George Maxwell, Ixx. Randolph, Edmund, 124, 149. Ratification of treaty with Great Britain, 1 15. Rattoone, Elijah D., cxv. Ravenscroft, John Stark, xlvii, liii, Ivi, Iviii. Rayner, Joseph W., Iv. Reciprocal Duties of Ministers and People: A Sermon by Hobart, 1830, ccix. RecollecStions of Bishop Hobart, by Arthur Cleveland Coxe, clxxxiv. Redman, John, 168. Reed, Dennis de Berdt, 207. Reed, Dr., of Poughkeepsie, xxxiv. Reed, Elizabeth White, Ixi. Reed, Henry, 1. Reed, Joseph, Sketch of, 206. Letter from, 206. Rees, Abraham, Encyclopedia by, xiii. Reese, John Livingston, appointed Registrar, Ixxvii, Ixxviii. Death of, Ixxxii. Testimony to, by S. Hart, Ixxxii. Register of the House of Bishops, office of, created, 1841, xlv. Registrar, adopted instead of name Register, 1847, '^'v'- Reply to an Answer to Bishop Ho- bart's Pastoral Letter on the sub- ject of Bible and Common Prayer Book Societies, etc., 1815, ccvi. Reply to a letter to Bishop Hobart occasioned by the Strictures on Bible Societies, 1823, ccviii. Reply to a letter to Bishop Hobart, by William Jay, 1823, ccvii. Rhea, Ebenezer, 61. Rhea, Mary, 40. Rhode Island, All Journals of, not obtained, xviii. Riggs, Elizabeth, cciv. Rives, Elizabeth Emlen, cciii. Rives, George Barclay, cciii. Robertson, Elizabeth, 52. Robertson, Francis, 52. Robertson, Hannah Webster, 51. Death of, 52. Robertson, Helen, 52. Robertson, James, Reference to, cvii, 37. Sketch of, 51. Letters from, 52, 58, 70, 85, 87, III, 118, 123, 132, 13s, 138, 148, i535i7i> 177^210,219, 220, 236, 251, 263, 269, 273, 290, 293, 299. Robertson, John, 52. Robertson, J. J., 1. [ 392 ] INDEX Robertson, Margaretta, 52. Robertson, Mary, 52. Robertson, Mary Clarkson, 52. Robertson, Mary Daniels, 52. Robertson, Rebecca Smith, 52. Robertson, Robert, 121. Room-mate, Death of a, 25. Rose, Hugh James, xxx. Ross, John, 137. Ross & Simson, 221. [cxci. Rudd, John Churchill, xxxiii, cxliv, RufF, Daniel, ciii, 52, 262. RufF, Deborah, ciii, 52. Ruff, Hannah Webster, 51, 280. Ruggles, Samuel B., liv. Rush, Benjamin, 152. Sketch of, 234. Letter from, 235. Rutledge, John, 125. Rutledge, Mr., xx. Salles, Mr., 258. Sayrs, John Johnson, Sketch of, 19. Letter from, 20. Note on spelling of Sayrs, 21. Letters from, 122, 143, 172. Schroeder, John Frederick, cviii. Memoir of Hobart by, cix, cxiii, cxvi, cxvii, cxxxvii, cxxxviii, cli, clviii, clxiii, clxvii, clxxi, clxxvi, clxxviii. Scott, Hannah, 130. Scott, Joseph Warren, Sketch of, 90. Letters from, 92, 98, 100, 102, 106, 108, 109, 130, 146. Seabury, Samuel, Documents relat- ing to consecration of,xi,lxxxii. Note on, 173. Seabury Family, Sketch of, by Wil- liam Jones Seabury, Iv. Security of a Nation, The, by Ho- bart, ccv. Semmes Tavern, 202. Sermons on the Principal Events, etc., by Hobart, ccviii. Services to be used by the Clergy in their Private Ministrations, by Hobart, cxciii. Sheets, George, cxiii. Sheffey, Hugh W., Ixiv. Sherman, Henry B., 1. Sherred, Jacob, Legacy from, cxxx. Shippen, William, 120. Short Hills, New Jersey, Proposed Grammar School at, cxxv. Shuckford, Samuel, 240. Sitgreaves, Samuel, xiv. Skinner, Abraham, Jr., Reference to, cxii, 31. Sketch of, 46. Letters from, 46, 66, 80. Skinner, Abraham, Sr., Reference to, 40. Sketch of, 127. Letters from, 127, 133. Skinner, Gloriana, 50. Slafter, Edmund Farwell, Donation from, of Historical Pamphlets, Ixxxiii. Slaughter, Philip, 1. Smith, Alexander Robertson, 345. Smith, Anna, 345. Smith, Benjamin Bosworth, xlvi. Smith, Ebenezer, 61. Smith, Elizabeth, 345. Smith, Henry Hobart, 320. C 393 H INDEX Smith, James B., 55, 72. Smith, James Murdock, Ixxxvi. Smith, James R., 45. Smith, John Rhea Clarendon, 323, 345- Smith, Mary Rhea, 345. Smith, Rebecca, 13. Sketch of, 300. Letter from Hobart to, 300. Smith, Robert, cvii, cix. Sketch of, 34. Letters from, 35, 36, 322. Reference to, loi, 283. Children of, 345. Smith, Robert, Jr., 345. Smith, Mrs. Robert, 13. Smith, Samuel Stanhope, cvii, cviii, cix,cxi, cxii, cxiii, 37, 61, 105. Smith, William, first editor of The Churchman's Magazine, xi. Papers of, xlvii, liii. Smith on the American Constitution, Smith Street, 37. Smith's Observations, 261. Society for Advancement in Useful Literature, cvi. Society for Advancement of Chris- tianity in Pennsylvania, xv. Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts, xxii, li. Letter to the Secretary of, from Dr. Hawks, xlii. Society for Promoting Religion and Learning, organized 1802, cxx. Soldier and Servant Series, clxxxiv. South Carolina,History of the Church in, xlviii. [xviii. Journals of 1818-22, obtained, C 394 J South Carolina, Journals of 1825, 1827-1830, obtained, Ixxxvi. from commencement to 1817 not obtained, xix. MSS. of proposed constitution of, obtained, xviii. Southall, iMartha, 161. Southern Churchman, xxxiii. from its commencement, obtained, xxiii. [cii. Southold, Long Island, History of, Southwark, John Hobart settled in, cii. Spencer, Bird W., Ixxxvi. Spencer, J. A., Ixxxvi. Spinckes, Churchman's Companion for the Closet by, cxciii. Sprague, William, clxxviii. Annals of the American Episcopal Pulpit by, clxxxii. St. Mark's in the Bowery, Redor- ship of, declined by Hobart, cxvii. Stages between New York and Phila- delphia, 60. Standard Book of 1793 obtained, Ixxxix. Stanford and Sword's Church Book Warehouse, clxxxiii. Statement addressed to the Episco- palians in the State of New York, 1812, ccv. Stephen, Treatise on the Nature and Constitution of the Christian Church, by, cxx. Stevens, William Bacon, 1, Ivii, lix, Ix, Ixxx. appointed member of Commission on Church Archives, 1868, Ixiv, xci. INDEX Stewart, Duncan L., 1. Stewart, Walter, Sketch of, 197. Letters from, 197, 208. Stewart, William, Sketch of, 217. Letter from, 217. References to, 198, 205. Stocker, Mary Katherine, 282. Stockers, The, 288. Stockton, Christine Hare, ccii. Stockton, Christine Singer, ccii. Stockton, Marv Hare, ccii. Stockton, N. Allen, ccii. Stockton, Newberry Allen, ccii. Sturgess, William, cii. Sunday School Society, founded 1817, cxc. Susey, 347. Sutton, Archbishop, death of, xliii. 1 AFT, George, Ixviii. Tait, Bishop, xliii. Talbot, John, li, Ixxiv. TatJock, William, Ixxviii. Taylor, Bennet,cviii,cix, 26, 30,84. Taylor, Mary Hare, ccii. Taylor, Nathan Hollingshead, ccii. Tenant, John, 289. Tenbrook, Abraham, 220. Terhune, John, 26, 31, 69, 84. Brother of, 69. Tevnac or Tevnar, Helen, cci. Thomas, Reuen, xc. Thompson, Stephen, 240, 306. Tiffany, Charles Comfort, appointed member of Commission on Ar- chives, 1898, Ixxxi, xcii. Death of, Ixxxiii. Torshall, Mr., xxx. Transcripts, concerning the Church in Conne£licut, publication begun, 1862, Iv. Travers, John, 203. Treadwell, Daniel, 9. Trinity Church, New York, Dona- tions from, xxvii, xxxvii, xlvii. Celebration in, of one hundredth anniversary of consecration of Bishop Hobart, xcvii. Hobart called as assistant in, cxvii. Hobart consecrated in, as Third Bishop of New York, cxxiii. Hobart preaches in,on first Sunday after his return from Europe, cxxxvii. Funeral of Hobart in, cli. Monument to Hobart in, cxcvi. Trinity School, New York, cxc. Unitarian Church at Charleston, South Carolina, Services and Hymns for, 1867, xc. United States Commission at Paris, The, 324. United States of America compared with some European Countries, particularly England, by Hobart, 1825, ccviii. Updike, Wilkins, li. Ursula, 276. Van Dike, John J., 239. Van Ingen, Dr., clxxxiii. Van Pelt, Peter, 1. Varick Street, No. 50, reftory of Trinity Church, New York, cli. Vassal, Margaret, c. C 395 ] Vassal, William, c. Vermont, All Journals of, not ob- tained, xviii. [cciv. Verpianck, Mary Goodin Chandler, Verplanck, Samuel, cciv. Vindication of Pastoral Letter, 1829, by Hobart, ccix. Virginia, Address of Bishop Madison of, obtained, xviii. Journals of 1 785-87, 1789,1791, 1792,1794, 1813, 1814 (Spe- cial), 1816, 1818, 1819, ob- tained, xviii. Journals of 1788, 1790, 1793, 1 795-181 2, 1 8 i4(not Special), 1815,1817,1820, 1821,1822, not obtained, xix. Library of Commonwealth of, Ixxxviii. W ADDELL, Henry, cxv. Wainwright, Jonathan Mayhew, xlvii, lii. Sermon on Hobart, by, clxiii. Waldenses, The, cxxxvi. Walker, John, 145. Wallace, John Bradford, 233. Wallace, Joshua Maddox, 31, 69. Washington, Laying out of the City of, 201. Watkinson Library, Hartford, Con- ne