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 iric, William Hamilton 
 
 Demosthenio style in the private orations. 
 Thesis ... by William Hamilton Kirk ... Balti- 
 more, Friedenwald, 1896. 
 
 43 p. 24 cm. 
 
 Thesis (Ph.^. ), Johns Hopkins, -1895. 
 
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 '"*■*: : 
 
 DEMOSTHENIC STYLE 
 
 IN THE 
 
 
 PRIVATE ORATIONS 
 
 THESIS 
 
 ' RESKNTED TO THE HOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES 
 
 OF THK JOHNS HOPKIN> UNIVERSITY FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE ( .• DOCTOR O' P"'T0S0PHY 
 
 BV 
 
 WILLIAM HAMILrON KIRK 
 
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 BALTlMORi:, i8gj. 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 
 THE FRIEDENWALD COMPANY 
 
 1895 
 
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 • • • 
 
 • • • 
 
 • • • 
 
 « 
 • • • ' 
 
 • • • • " 
 
 • • • 
 
 • •••,•• •, 
 
 •••••• • • 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 •. • • • 
 
 • ' • • • 
 
 • •• • 
 
 «•• •• • •• •• 
 
 DEMOSTHENIC STYLE 
 
 IN THE 
 
 XXX ttj 
 
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 tit tit (fLciit^t 
 
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 G I V EN BY 
 
 Johns Hopi^irt5 Uyw 
 
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 14. 
 
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 I- 
 
 PRIVATE ORATIONS 
 
 ^2 I I I ^ "^ I S 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE B(»Aich OF UNi\EK-rr>' -Ti;DiK- 
 
 OF THE JOHNS HOFk!N> : 'N ' 'Z !■ K- T'' V v->\-: VHE 
 
 DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF 1 lilLui^ul ilY 
 
 BY 
 
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 lAM ii.\MfLli,)X KIRK 
 
 BALTIMORE, iSgj. 
 
 ]; A I, T I M ^ . R E 
 THK 1- Klh DKNWAl.I* !:-MPANY 
 
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 CONTENTS. 
 
 I. — Establishment of Tests. 
 
 1. Denunciation ', 8-9 
 
 2. Repetition 9-1 1 
 
 3. Asyndeton 11-12 
 
 4. Irony 12-14 
 
 5. Apostrophe 14-15 
 
 6. Interrogation 15-18 
 
 7. Rhetorical Answer 18-19 
 
 8. Deictic Expressions . < 19-21 
 
 9. Transitions 21-22 
 
 10. Prooemia 22-25 
 
 -Comparison with Lysias and Isaeus. 
 
 1. Denunciation 26 
 
 2. Deictic Expressions 26 
 
 3. Apostrophe 27 
 
 4. Interrogation ; Rhetorical Answer 27-28 
 
 5. Irony 28-30 
 
 6. Repetition 30-32 
 
 7. Asyndeton; Prooemium 32-34 
 
 II.- 
 
 III.- 
 
 • Examination of Suspected speeches. 
 I. Oration 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 40 
 
 46 
 56 
 
 35-36 
 36-38 
 38-39 
 39-41 
 41-42 
 
 42-41 
 
 
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 • o • • 
 
 DEMOSTHENIC STYLE IX FHE PR V ATE 
 
 URA i iuI\:D. 
 
 I.— Establishment of T' =ts. 
 
 Of the sixty speeches which have been h umu n cU \i - m u rn 
 times under the name of Demosthenes, f it \nv ^ i i> ^^o up 
 pleadings before a court; and of these aga ii tut :v-nine i.27-50, 
 52-56) are more nearly defined as ^oyot idiwrixot- ,\ urn: wi di 
 has no exact equivalent 111 English, and wh :< h, i\(.ii n Giet k^ s 
 not absolute in its definition, since Ui. =^i -?"' '^'^ '^'^^. '^<? 
 rpiTjpap/.) in all manuscripts, and m s( mi 1 -1 57 y ^"pu^ Lufioo- 
 Xtdrjv, xard Seoxpivov^ xard Neatpaq), ; ; ' a 11 lii 
 Ber. Ill 49-50).' This uncertainty is i lit -t 
 Blass, in whose index these four orations ai < 
 heading Privatreden. :i}\hough in ii.^ m .ak 
 440, 476) he emph /ts the fact that th 
 Stxavixu). drjfxofftot. Or. 57 he qualifies (H 
 
 'Bui 
 
 A ff 
 
 A'\ (, d IHUit'T 1 11' 
 
 . ^ 1 '1. 
 
 !.lI;U. -^■ 
 
 .Usui' 
 
 t 1 s 
 ) J 1 
 
 r 
 
 n :i 
 
 acter, though not by strict construction j ivate s| tt 
 
 I i f 
 
 _ 1 
 
 :(i 1 
 
 
 seems half inclined to yield a like place toOi 
 
 the latter was delivered bef< ic iht; Athenirii, ScLai' , c^nd its 
 is the claim 10 a public dist'nrtic 1. : tl.e iormer is a<;(^i^ 
 anordiiiar;.- court, and, although c^ni.tH ;«(i \\,:h .i ]-u\>r.L mi 
 deals with matters of an e^:- iu:..r\ ; .1 :\ ..u- naiui t , 1 n;^^ 
 fore fbuww^d Blass in including it ai . nu 'he tdiwnxoi, ul !e 
 leav'ncc 51 in the class lu which it formal v I t -->. 
 
 ine question how many of these speeches n ^ ^ ^^ 
 Demosthenean has been variouslv an=^wt k ci aim tiia 
 morereasonablenes ^v Blass win : .cki: toiirteenonciu 
 than by the more (> iructive among i;a m i 
 speech against ::3Lca,.anu:-, Ur. : =^- n.;-^ ;.t::t.i: 
 block and Arnold Schafer's oujcctiuiib lu 
 him to the beauties of its style ; but Plns^: lia 
 
 ; 1 '- a. ; ? ■ : f tt 
 
 i lit 
 
 r k. t 
 
 ;UfC 
 
 
 > Cited by the pages of the first ediuou. 
 
t • 
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 « • •( t ' • 
 
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 'reason for the advocacy of ApoUodorus by Demosthenes, and 
 stylistically the speech refuses to be excluded. Schafer's argu- 
 ments acrainbt ihe ^genuineness of the third speech against Aphobus, 
 O- 2.. ii ive been sufficiently, though not exhaustively, refuted 
 by ill- a- n"^ view, which was also that of Westerniann, that 
 this sp ' n > t: : : -ery of a late rhetorician, is wholly uuv i \>\e. 
 as well for ti^ ts for any other of the private orations. Il.c 
 mos* I: ir ;ri ; 1 liic common to all, to the obviously spurious no 
 less Hi. ill to the admittedly genuine, is their character of reality. 
 ^^' 'i ^'^th cases, and enter into details, such as no forger 
 
 would iir.e been at the pains to handle or invent; the poorest 
 among them is instinct with that breath of life which literature 
 diaw:> onlv from contact with fact ; and the purity of their Attic 
 diilrrt o- -^ fmal assurance that those which are not by Demos- 
 i: :u- liimseif must be attributed to contemporaries of his and to 
 the t ' • p riod of Attic oratory. 
 
 For distinguishing the genuine from the spurious, or for assign- 
 ing ceiiaiii ot the laUci to a possible common author, vocabulary 
 is an aid to be used with much caution. Two influences conspired 
 to keep the language of these brief compositions as nearly as 
 might be on a level with the ordinary phraseology of educated 
 Athenians: first, their intensely practical spirit and purpose; and 
 secondly, the fact that at Athens a suitor usually pleaded his own 
 case, and often did so in a speech prepared for his inexperience 
 by some trained and practised orator. Dionysius of Halicar- 
 nassus dwells on the art with which Lysias assumed the layman ; 
 the stronger genius of Demosthenes showed an even more 
 wonderful pliancy in this respect ; and if inferior speech-writers' 
 were incapable of achieving a like delicate perfection, they were 
 certainly guided by the same general conception of fitness. 
 Individuality of expression must have been further obscured by a 
 rhetoric which prescribed stock arguments and reflections and 
 allowed set formulas of introduction or conclusion; and when we 
 remember how little remains out of an immense mass of oratory 
 
 * It is to be regretted that in English the word logographer should be 
 employed, after Thuc. i, 21, to denote writers of history. The Greek 
 ?Myoypd(f>og usually signifies one who wrote speeches for others to deliver ; 
 and we need both logograph and logography to express a practice which is 
 never to be left out of sight in considering the forensic oratory of the 
 Athenians, and which had much to do with its unrivalled excellence. 
 
 i. 
 
 subjected to this rhetoric, we may hesitate to find evidence for 
 individual authorship in the coincidence of phrases often essen- 
 tially commonplace. In his attempt to sh v that iic iiiaii wi- 
 the author of the speeches against M . aiiatu:^ !{ ieri:us and 
 Olympiodorus, as well ns of" those m 
 
 iJt'lUi 
 
 <M 
 
 ;\l)(;nr)(10rUS 
 
 (excepting the first ai^aaiM S''aMunii> , !);a^:^ lias nut niily laid 
 undue stress (III 496, 500-1 ^n >arh c. ^aicickaices, but ha> s.iiiu:- 
 times neglected to ob:~ri v.- -ha! .-Apir^.ions which lu- u-ckcms 
 distinctive aic lu lc iuund ni conK> '-..tc-ni:^ h: nth-r aiithursiiip. 
 T' IS the predicative use of i^ d\^dyxrj<; an \)^ i>araliele(i Ir in 
 Isaeus, 2. 22 and 3.65; for thr rombinaiuai .,.1 ..ju: or .:;'-<- 
 • with rraraxr^^fjia compare I. n .i:b ,v "■ 4^ -' ^he same author 
 
 and Dem^ 29. 15; n^ ^ ' --7 --^^ b^- -^ ''''^ *''^^- "^^^^^'^^^ 
 
 in the sense in which bM^^ quotes :i lur ao. 17 and 4-. 4, nr, li he 
 
 >oini 
 
 !o Kp. 
 
 if! 
 
 -^ 1 
 
 iSt' 
 
 M 1 
 
 .!i,t|)? '. 
 
 \\ t 
 
 insists on an impersonal n uici, \vc 
 
 where, however, the consuucdon is wM] 
 
 dative. That eVr: di: fipaxuq 6 l^yoq is a 
 
 from the variations found in 3. Jd ~i 77 ' 
 
 18. 196 and Lys. 24. 10, 00 -nnXhq o Uyuc, sc. iffri) 
 
 that the critic attaches impuiiai.cc Ij luj uaita ana! 
 
 this trivial sentence is cast. The essential bturt 11 
 
 introductory sentences in 43. 31 r 7 
 
 54. 6 lies in the greater neatne.^^ 
 
 Demosthenean formulas; but all an 
 
 and it cannot surprise us that at a 1< v 
 
 be less variety of execution. D.sunct j 
 
 decrease in artistic power and refinement 
 
 authorship for which Blass argues '- r: 
 properly be maintained on the ground 01 
 
 or literary imperfecUons which may bel 
 inferior writers as to one alone. Even in lar-ci 
 parison the importance of vocabuhu v as an nui 
 chiefly in the tone and spirit which words convey 
 difference between prose and poetry w n d be in 
 mechanical one, which, with the Greeks, it never w .-. 
 
 This protest against an occasional over-int n u i ui n 
 portant phenomena does not affect the sciibc ui um ^ it 
 I, in common with all students of De— thmrs f^-l ly 
 work of Blass. The German critic ha- u-\i.urs- tm d^ 
 path and taken a broader sweep ; that it is still possibl 
 
 ant:vr. not the 
 i rn » u ; a ] ^ j a a i 11 
 ; 1:001 parr also 
 It can hardh' be 
 ^ )rni Ml winch 
 in.-t\\a-en the 
 
 , . j. •, , *. '-< . ,^ ■-< • 
 
 npactness n] the 
 tile same inraJeh 
 
 I there she and 
 
 ni.' 
 
 > i 1: :-t \^ U: lade wntd a 
 
 unl r\nn; n tin; (a:)nHnuH 
 
 nn i >ro d;d>i t.' , it lauuiot 
 
 {f-vf .' \ I K-(i f'vnrc-siuns 
 
 • ;i I' '. ^ Ol ''a )]1'\ - 
 
 X •■I '-■y]i' has 
 
 oint/ru' ;> (* . t ne 
 
 tha- nnini a 
 
 1)1] 
 
 1 1 
 
 n 
 
 ; 111 
 
 r a a t 
 
 u ! 
 
 i: to i^iean 
 
w 
 
 
 . i t ; ' ) I ■ > 
 
 an 
 
 1 <. I .■- 
 
 tilt 
 
 8 
 
 he has reaped, I hope to show in the following pages, 
 
 h .;- ; e note of certain traits of Demosthenic style 
 
 : ^ Lirteen private speeches accepted as genuine, 
 
 1 tile iter a glance at Lysias and Isaeus, proceed to 
 
 • iivin ih point of view thn? gained, some of the doubtful 
 
 An : I shall begin by calling attention to a class of 
 
 ; : i: •] intimate relation with the tone of theorator, 
 
 r nssion of which may fairly be said to have an 
 
 \v i 
 
 tl i I » b ^ i i 
 
 lI J li V* (J. I i i i i' I I <_ C 
 
 ;t. 
 
 Till, 
 
 \\ 
 
 ■ 1- 
 
 w 
 
 i >' 
 
 Denuyiciaiion, 
 
 X niav be term! the vocabulary of denunciation, 
 - u li, expressive of the adversary's baseness or 
 
 ^-'4'^' • '• • ^^i - iie the adjectives avaidr^q (36. 33, 37. 3. 27, 
 
 54 3S), h^aiaxuvToq (27. 18, 29. 53, 55. 28), ra>^>T,p6q (45. 80, 54. 24, 
 5S. 3o\ ^«^^'^ (30. 4, 45- 4). «^^^"? (29. 27, 30. 4, 36. 55, 45. 80), 
 
 u 
 
 >i> ';',-- 
 
 , : '^ 
 
 50), luapoc; (36. 58, 37. 48), i3de/Mp6^ (54. 22), a'^fftoq 
 (2< 16), dxa^^apznq (37. 48), <T;^£r/i«<r (29. 19, 30. 46) ; the adverbs 
 
 dvaidwc, (27. 16. 24. 62), aifrypd>^ (27. 57. 62, 29. 49), di^ixioc; (57. 5), 
 
 7TXso>£XTixw^ 1.5;. i the substantives dvaideta (27. 22. 24. 31. 34, 
 2Q I, 31. 6, 36. 61, 37. 45, 45. 44. 71. 73, 54. 37, 55. 8, 57. 64), 
 
 a.a:axo.7ia (27. 38. 64, 38. 5), ro^^r^fna (27. 26, 36. 56, 45. 2, 54. 37), 
 aitrxpoxipdeia (27. 38. 46. 29. 4, 45. 2), -w.oupyia (29. 51, 30. 24), 
 liiapia (29. 4), xaxoupyia (45. 39). To these may be added the 
 verbs <xv^r^;^{^vr£?v (29. 57, 45. 44) and r.aM^pyCv^ (29. 5). I omit 
 as ''>fipis and daikyzLa^ which are specifically applicable 
 : violence, and cite only those passages in which the 
 1 1) tt appears as a clear and frank expression of the 
 V- : ( iitiments concerning his adversary. 
 
 : II of this list reveals two facts worthy of note: the 
 ^ r. 39 (the first against Boeotus) and 41 (r/^c Ir.uuoiav') 
 t:nm it; the second, that the proportion of denuncia- 
 ssions is larger in the speeches delivered by Demos- 
 M If than in those composed at a later period for clients. 
 r atoiLs -7-31, contain thirty-one such words against 
 I :tv III lu be found in seven other speeches; and fifteen occur 
 in Ui , 27 ^xard 'A(p6,3ou a'), ten in Or. 29, while Or. 45, longer than 
 ^--''■' ' these and extraordinarily bitter in tone, has not more 
 man ven. it would seem that in his youth Demosthenes gave 
 i r r rein to the passion which seeks issue in vigorous and down- 
 
 A 
 
 are 
 
 tor 
 
 tilt 
 
 f-'X 
 
 III' 
 
 f 
 
 right abuse, while later he learned to clothe the same sentimein i 
 a more refined and subtle expression. The triumph (>' ta s it nj e 
 
 '. 'eoti- 
 
 \\ 
 
 :U' 
 
 re, waliiiiil 
 
 Ti'^OTZoua (:■! lilt- :x|)(a-a;h ; 
 n !.iw. wa-lu s t( ^ aroiist' 
 
 a cuiir-aU' 
 '1 scrapu 
 
 alt: 
 
 ,ria iriiinij 
 
 A', 
 
 1 ; . t 
 
 ' :- . \\ 
 
 lA' 
 
 aiie abr 
 
 ment is seen in the first "r«"ech aca* 
 the employment of any i; aah w : :, 
 scorn and rebuke. The cause lies in 
 M naia uhosecase has no supp 
 in the jiidL;e5 a ^eiise of what ib Liai a 
 he poses throughout a^ a nersi 11 
 displays an ostentatious considta ta. 
 of a brother wiaHi he despises ai 
 u;a satisfying his legal claims. Kra i ha 
 A- Or. 41, we liia) trace ihcie the iijlinen 
 A respectable citizen of mature years 1 a- 
 with Spudias, the husband of h"- w'^es sister; hi 
 as a tigious individual (§2 T.ok/.dxtq — eu^KT/ii^oc. t:24 ' 
 Tar), and h a -^ not hesitate to speak his in lai .h < iit 
 pursued hy li a, ^;;J9-30 ^^d rahra x. r. f.); but a> ua Tr- 
 quarrel between them, and obviously no deb, re 1 r^ 
 envenom this and destroy all harmony hi tlie f^mi 1\ 
 able man refrains, in rather a dignified way, irom using la i.-hi 
 unpleasant epithets. 
 
 Repetition. 
 
 Rhetorical figures belong to the common st 
 some of them at least possess, or are capablt 
 
 > aiu: ie«..-aae^ 
 hhe adnattia- 
 a \k -w i)ia-;~aiit(, t.i 
 bciiae s.haia/iil. 
 |)ri spertv 
 a r i ; > S ' a H 1 a . s 
 
 liu- C(air>e 
 i"^ ia.> t.'' hri* 
 
 aa^ I^art !^> 
 a?" r<,'Si/eot- 
 
 of oral. I) ; \i\ 
 receivine. siutli 
 
 * By this term I wish to denote the expression \\\ the a? rer's stvlt .* 
 the speaker's personality; it applies only to those speeches wtiLis \\eiL 
 written for others to deliver, and has nothing to do with characterizations 
 of a third person {j(^apaKTripLa^6q). Thus in the speech tui Fhormio (36) the 
 Tjdonoua lies only in the complete self-suppression of the advocate ; in 
 such speeches as those against Pantaenetus and Conon the mental lir.ca 
 ments of the speaker are in a measure revealed to us. Of course, this 
 reflection of character in style is an artistic, not an absolutely truthful, one. 
 For this somewhat arbitrary use of an elusive and ill-defired wor'^ I find 
 support in Nicolaus Sophistes, Progymn. in Spengel KheL ill 469; 
 ij-doTToda koTi ^oyog dp/i6^uv Tolg vnoKeifiivoig^ Tjdoq rj nddoq tficpalvuv rj koX ovvafi- 
 (pdrepa • dpfid^uv fiev roig vnoKEifiEvoi^, kneid^ del aroxdCEC^ai Koi tov Myovroq Koi 
 irpo^ bv Tiiyet • ^i^of rff Kat Trd^og fj Koi avvafKpdrepov, eneidrj f) nphq rd aa^dXov Tiq 
 aTto^XiTZEL fj irpb^ to ek TTEptaTdaECjg yLvdfiEvov. The idea here conveyed is not 
 always easy to distinguish from that implied in tie term to Trpinov ; but 
 the definition is more consistent and satisfactory tnan thos- which con- 
 found r]-&onoua on the one hand with TrpoouTronoua, on the otner wit)) the 
 purely moral ^vJof. 
 
lO 
 
 distinctive tone and character as to cast light on the mental quali- 
 ties of the writer who uses them. Among the figures of speech 
 (ay^r^iiara Xi^awq) employed by Demosthenes, Blass notices repeti- 
 tion in its various forms. Of these, epanadiplosis^ is not very 
 common in the private speeches ; I have observed only seven 
 examples : oux eort rahr' oux effzt^ 27. 57, 29. 49 ; /^or^STJffar' ouv ijfi'iv 
 ^or)f^rj(TaTS, 28. 20 ; '>t> tid JC <>o-^, 29. 59; Touro dij tout\ 41. 22; 
 dXX' ooy ourom 1\ oux wxvrjtTz, 45, 56 ; Tzo'^r^po^ U) a. 'J. 7:()>7)pd^ ubro^ 
 45. 80. An tpiiuia is much more frequent, either in asyndeton — 
 which is decidedly the strongest form— or with connectives, 
 usually /!£> — Si. Of the asyndetic arrangement we find examples, 
 with iteration of one word, in 36. 38 (oV hei/iaro^ o<t' eiffe-rpd^aro, 
 oV cr'Ar/(r£), ib. 53 (the negative particle five times repeated), 37. 
 36. 37, o^ ->. o4- 28; of two words 27. 38 (raDr' 00 iieydXri xai 
 ■Kzptipa^^ij^ dvattryuvrta ; raur^ ouy UTzep^oXrj Setvi'^c; aiff^poxepdetaq ;), 30. 
 30, 3". ! ! Examples with Aiev — Si are more in number: 27. 30 
 (xczrry/jt'x/v fjLi> — xexTT^iiivuv di), 28. 1 8, 37. 44, 38. 1 6 (where the shift 
 of tense shows that the speaker might have said rore fikv — vov di^ 
 and that rori is used for the sake of the emphasis which lies in 
 repetition), 39. 34. 41 ?2, 45. 21. 42, 55. 20. 35 ; and with change 
 of inflection in 36. 23 y^^f'e^rjfii'^ou /li'y — yeye^rjtxivrjq di) and 45. 86 (a 
 double instance : douXoi fih txs'tuot, dooXo(; d\ti}Tvq tjv^ dtffr.orat S^u/ie'tq, 
 dsffTTOTTji; o'tjv iyw). Formally, of course, anaphora may be said to 
 occur with the repetition of any word, however unimportant or 
 inevitable; but the repetitive effect, which comes sharply and 
 vigorously in the reiteration of the monosyllabic demonstrative, 
 29. 45 (compare also rj' <5e, 39. 15), is hardly to be felt with less 
 
 ' In the terminology I have here followed Blass, III 144-7 \ c£. also Reh- 
 dantz, A'eun Philtpp. Red. hid. pp. 5-6, 12, 22, Ernesti, Ltx. Techn. Khet. 
 Thus(iT)ai'aJi;rAwCT<c is the — asyndetic — repetition of a word within the same 
 clause, or (Dem. 28. 20) of a word which itself constitutes a clause; in 
 (c7r)am^opd two or more clauses begin, in avriarpoc^r} end, with the same word 
 or words ; ovanTioKri is the combination of these two figures, or, in substance, 
 the repetition of a clause of several words. In KVKAoq the second clause 
 ends with the initial word of the first, in ai>aaTpo<pTf it begins with the last 
 word of the preceding clause. The various relations might be symbolized 
 as follows : 
 
 epanad. 
 
 a a 
 
 anaph. 
 
 a—, a— 
 
 antistr. 
 
 — b, — b 
 
 (tv/zttA. 
 
 a — b, a — b 
 
 KVK. 
 
 a—, —a 
 
 anastr. 
 
 b, b 
 
 II 
 
 it i .1 1 
 
 accumulation, such as we see in 29. 7 or 41. 11. Anapho;^ with 
 three words connected by ij appears in 31. 13 (^rtdx; i<TTt dixauv^ — 
 ^ ::. L ^.) ; ^nd the same passage shows a somewhat irrc^iiar 
 form with change of inflection (idv iikv dydor^xovra fiuw/ tS^^c opooq, 
 oySorjx^tvra jxvdq &}vat rijv izpolxa)^ as well as tWO clear-C it ? xai; : ]( S 
 of anastrophe (^av de nXetovix; ttAcIov, ^dv 8^ kkaTzovoq e/arrov), tO 
 which figure there is a;, aiyproach in 31. ^5 ul dixaiwc — d'.Y.aio)':'), 
 
 and 30. 24 (wq dizXiu nveq — dr/a><j ot>5' av jicxpirA. liKit s n 
 imperfect xuxXoq in 57. 54 (^^yov — ^^«v), ant'^tr; ; in ii .15. ;8 
 {^imrpoTzeuffat fikv xaxd diai^rjXTjV — vod^ iizirpor.cui'hi^at xara oiayH^xr^v)^ 
 ib. 82 (£1 /i7)d£vd(; rwv aXXwv eXarrov, ifiou y^ eXaTTov^, aiul ii 45 
 fine examples noted by Blass, 111 147, of (TufiTzXoxTj ; a ih 
 perfect, occurs in 29. 14 (w^ r.ep\ /liv nviOi^ (Ta<p7jq ij Sana 
 d\ii) TLviov no (Ta(prj<;^. in 37. 3 {dtxajy — dtxrjv') thrre is 
 application of the principle of repetition. 
 
 This figure, which convex - ui ( ttect of i :s>!ei 
 energy, is suffic:- ;::!}■ \w;; • rpu -t n^ o :ji th^- pr:\. 
 Demosthenes to be citea ab ciiai a i ! >• iinji'i^h 
 on the whole, sparing. It appea-^ \ tii na -t tiai 
 greatest mass in Or. 45, but ^ reiativeiy it -- 
 speeches written forclien^ :; n in tlii tw it 
 himself, and is very w^ ak a. two of -a.- ara -i ora'a.a-, :s.) ai d 54 
 (xard K6./w>oq)^ and in one ot t u longest, S7 ('^poq Eb^ouXidriv). In 
 these, however, we find, Wiiii uiiitr maiKb ui the oreat oraioi :3 
 hand, numerous examples of a still more import at - ra ariral 
 figure, which has also a syntactical value, asv ieton. 
 
 Asyndeto7t. 
 
 This is employed by Demostheaa- wan iaj 1 la 
 It is least effective when merely explanatory, as m -7 
 payttq r.hriq ^v) ; and the weakest use of this explua 
 
 hicai 
 
 ;" ■ \\a) 
 
 \. a SS 
 -^.p\ 
 
 aji }se 
 
 \- and 
 
 ;. f;Cla S ol 
 
 a < > i a ; > , 
 \' .int! al 
 
 'aer 
 
 , (" 1 
 
 \- 
 
 ! ;a- 
 
 \ ■-- a uaa 
 
 , u iii>iL,ZO- 
 
 nde- 
 
 ! Ih 
 
 ton is found in the resumption (fa sja * h 
 of documents or testimony. To tlit i xjat r~- . 
 struction lend- ^ita* force; compare, l* i ad 
 - 1 3^> 36. 50, 37. 40, 45. 80 (two fine exan p 
 55. 25. 31, 57. 60. There is scorn 'n -n. 14 a 
 12, 36. 52, 39. 34. 36, 57. 61 ; pathob a a ; 
 of the asyndeton to express haste and a < 
 introduction of testimony ; the command t 
 prefaced by zat', uvv^ (tu di, but often DemosiiiLiitas 
 Xa^i, or Xiye. 
 
 'at aai; 
 
 .; >. ,- . 
 
 a f 
 
 laaaaii 
 ;> i t "'Vi - 
 
 Uia 
 
 .laa 
 
 V 11 Ii J \' 
 
 J 
 
12 
 
 This figure acquires greater weight when it is made cumulative 
 by the asyndetic sequence of several clauses or words. It may 
 then convey an effect of rapidity and may be strengthened by 
 ii: i{)hora; cf ;; 36 (^av '''^<p7j t^C, o^'-' otzX' i-Kicpiprj^ av iTZixararifi\^rj)^ 
 39- 33 37 - ^"^ especially the very elaborate example in 28. 20, 
 which, in lii- words h^zsidoj dvn^oXw^ shows a heightening of the 
 force by an accumulation of words cognate in meaning, a figure 
 which is also described as a form of epanadiplosis (Blass, III 
 147); cf. 36. 52 (tXauvsi^ diUixetq (Tuxoipavr^lq)^ ib. 47, 39. ;i In 
 ," : t vividness is thus given to the action of a third person. 
 
 iaiticipial clauses are also found in asyndetic sequence; cf. 27.48 
 (rijv dta^^riXTjv 7J<pa>tx6ra, rd w^dpaTtoSa Tzenpaxdra^ raXX* outcd rcdvra dioj- 
 xTjxora), whrre this construction, occurring at the end of a long 
 polysyndeton, gives a strong effect of increasing warmth and 
 vehemence, which is heightened by the hammering beat of the 
 homioteleuton. In 29. 55-7 there is a succession of nine participial 
 clauses without connectives ; shorter complexes of like character 
 ip'u-^ir in 4T. 16 and 57. 56. In 41. 14 two participles are com- 
 bined \ 3 ,!i idjective, in 54. 27 with a substantival expression 
 of time ; in 54. 30 a relative clause stands between two substan- 
 tives, and in 45. 36 the two participles have substantival force. 
 Often the whole series consists of substantives, to the utterance 
 of which this figure may lend an air of haste, as in 30. 17, 39. 9, 
 or of serious emphasis and stress, as in 57. 24. 55, while emphasis 
 is colored with indignation in 36. 53 and 45. 39. 
 
 Among figures of thought ((T'^rjfxara diw^oiac;') three stand out 
 
 prominently in the style of Demosthenes : irony, apostrophe, and 
 
 interrogation. 
 
 Iro7iy. 
 
 The quality of his irony is vivid and cutting; cf. 28. 6, 31. 12 
 (j^b Tzpozepov Y^ 71 Tzapd ffoi^ vuv el dXrji^r^ Xi-jr£i<;\ 36. 44 ('Te ydp av 
 TtpoTtpo'^ ypTjffrov irzoirj^e'^ £r ^v in* ixeivip^ ; see also 30. 20, 36. 54, 
 37- 38, where in the sarcastic emphasis given to the opponent's 
 name there is a concentration of the irony which suffuses the 
 whole context of these passages. This suffusion with ironical 
 coloring is very noticeable in Or. 39 ; it appears also in Or. 37 
 and in long episodes of Or. 36. 43-7 and 49-54. Especially to 
 be remarked is the accumulation of sneering phrases in 36. 52, 
 37.36. ^ netimes again the utterance is very brief, as in the 
 scornful axx 00 drjTzou w -,, 41. i6, and the sharp side-cut in 38. 20 
 
 13 
 
 The temper which reveals itself in ironical ui 
 also in other ways in Demosthenes ; as in th 
 
 lie > corn I 
 
 (^{ 
 
 { i> 
 
 X Me 
 
 LihlitSh 
 
 of 36. 44 (:rdv uv dyvorjffeiac,)^ ;;. 31 'xairoL riq dv aoi bpay 'i ^ 3(.i/- 
 pLtav), 45. 66 {dlV ir^ T<f xepoaiveiv r.dv dv ouroq TtocTJffete'/) , nud .n 
 the paradoxical turn of 29. 13 (fro<pifTrrj(; xai awobp* kxw. r/ -.xar' 
 dpoerv rpoffTzoiou/ievoq : repeated ai a -i.ghuy ditieient luini, 
 30. 36), and of 45. 19 (ooroi dk ipwpaf^tUv), 
 
 The same sense of -uiu'i-3>ritv. tlie s^ne air of t.,wer;n- abiwe 
 ih- aJ; ^'1 -ary, is man:h-tt/3 -n th*- » fluiKes whu.ii Dcniohthent's 
 sometimes administers. ('"ii:!^:M, tin^ maw cn 2^ 
 
 ,'// / 
 
 ..nyyr 
 
 J ■". 
 
 Iieydk-^ X, T. i.), ai.d of 3:. -J i^i?:' ^x£fvo;<r tx/aer' dv . :c i-ocslre 
 dixaiioc;); compare Or. -^(^ passim, an 1 <-^pr idUy the m iii^h d 
 
 irony and rebuke -!' 'he !>n^^n"'' i t-iennii^i: nlV w -^^^ ^-^'-'j-- 
 Ihnwri, 34; finally much ol tlu- 1 )..->;( .iicae.' arra-nnient ni Orr. 36 
 and 45. A similar feel ae liiaa- - >;)i>-saai :a lilting the yc^uih oi 
 the spe.^iv J in 54. -3. ^4. 4^. .^iw. .u :i.t nana: iiuii}- ol 55. i -^ 
 (ot> ydp ixnteJv ^e dyJTZou x. r. A,). 
 
 It is to be remarked that in i )rn,o-iha.aa'S aia-tiopiie ;-• niun 
 
 \" \\ 
 
 inan\' el tne pa^^a^t^ 
 
 i'uaa waas! 
 
 nnpO! ta!;l 
 
 tinged more or le^^ a^ 
 
 cited above a- apostrophic ii am , 
 
 to recall, this (Tyrj/m of ; a rhetoricians a 11 tnah a . r, a na i tal 
 habit, and, like all inmiic lcilueiica_^. ^^^^..'/.d 3a^ anaa- u* eraeia^ 
 whenever occasion permitted, while t la laa it :i:ii- t rah wee 
 by nature it would be less aieunabie ihaii \ih- ni^a^' laarjutnua^i 
 among tin a;.aires of thought. Aaa ;,:^. i 'ana -^' ataa- waaacn 
 'where he could, ^a.f ne-^ p3t\- !>> tana (iun.:i\ ta ni^ laaAn ^-o, 
 where he ua:3 obliged to hold it in cla 
 see it revealed by brief flashes, ]itt]i in i 
 This is what happens in Ur. 57. tint i j 
 most satisfactory guarantees lor the autla i 
 A. Schafer's doubts concerning it ari^' n 
 boldness with which Euxitheus, a n an ' 
 fronts his powerful enemy, Luuundeb i n: 
 themselves on their Tzappr^tTia, and -t was es-eat 
 
 , w a nau \a.a t-xpt ct la 
 aLi n ■ni; nt-^- • ■'. :i'i aai ti: e. 
 '■laa :- t ■ i na,.* < a'a 
 
 ; * V , ^' • a ', t 
 
 r 
 
 .1 tne 
 a ai h. 
 .a lia.' neeana]; anci 
 a, : a a' pissUa an cea]- 
 aa Atheiaai:< laaeeci 
 
 n, a a i. ^ < inv • : ^ 
 1 a- 
 
 ninja-te- 
 
 k' r r-ai.aad eaiM)M' the aia-irac'er 
 U'va.); (3ai' n- h(- .:- !)(-(! ant; da-win 
 
 ness of his deh a nan the si 
 and motives of his accusers, 
 right in a- n a -. la i:. which 
 
 as in stating the p.uui:. ul h::5 uwr. en. .a laAnp : nai tha eonseaai^- 
 ness of his weakness in the face f uas -• in; ' ("^ rivr<-, ; , a-r,- 
 
 aa i\ «.: n > ! nen' n i^-iaa^e 
 
 Tec, §13, cf. §10 and §16), aaa 
 
 uie 
 
 rnn.mae!- ce unr tnne. 
 
H 
 
 inspire a nervous anxiety, which is easily felt in the lengthy and 
 generalizing prooemium, in the eager pathos of the conclusion, in 
 the appealing humility of §36 (/irjda/xwq w a. S. x. r, i.) and §45 
 (xac yap el ra7:eivdv x. r. yi.), in the resigned tone of §33 (^dXXd yap 
 X. r. X.) and of §66 mt'L This nervousness tempers the boldness 
 and causes a certain indirectness of speech in attack; cf. §7 (tk; 
 — xaraffrafTtatTf^st^), and the vague form given to the accusation of 
 svcnphnncy in §§32, 34, 49. It is true that the first of these slurs 
 :^ • 1 A : by a more direct denunciation (^ttcj — dLafidiXef:^ ; but 
 tit v: c K r at once checks himself and falls back on insinuation 
 (a yap u/ieU Iffze x. r. X.). The same fear of venturing too far 
 appears in the fieeting shade of irony conveyed by the repetition 
 of the proper name, §15-16; and the more vigorous sneer in §5 
 (xa\ fid?dov 7j 7:pof77;x£>) is yet very brief. A comparison of this 
 -p t'ch with the first against Stephanus or with the defense of 
 i ii )rmio shows the full extent of the reserve which has, however, 
 not prevented the orator from bringing out clearly much that is 
 damaging to the accuser. It is the ironic tendency controlled by 
 m admirable art which produces this subtle blending of frank 
 vigor with tremulous slyness ; and here, as elsewhere, we feel the 
 y^^oTzotia which, with Demosthenes, consists not in descending to 
 his client's level, but in raising the latter to his own height ; he 
 dignifies the lowly Euxitheus, as he lends grace to the rusticity ol 
 the opponent of Callicles and loftiness to the rage of ApoUodorus.* 
 Apostrophe and interrogation are figures at any orator's com- 
 mand; and while their absence from a speech has a certain signifi- 
 cance, the effect of their presence depends on the tone imparted 
 to them by their position and by the feeling which they convey. 
 
 Apostrophe, 
 
 [:: the use of apostrophe — a term meant here to include only 
 the act of turning from the judges to address the adversary — 
 the fourteen speeches exhibit great variety. There is no example 
 of this figure in Orr. 27 and 30; onlv one, and that very brief 
 in T); ^, a; 'e it abounds in Orr. 36, 37, 39 and 45, and is 
 not infrequent in the remaining speeches. Sometimes it occu- 
 pies passages of considerable length, as in 28. 7-10, 36. 43-54, 
 
 * Other examples of irony or superiority of tone in 27. 22, 28.7, 29. 14, 
 31. 10. \2fin., 36. 21. 34, 37. 34. 54, 39. 13, 38. 16. 26, 41. 20. 24, 45. 26. 30. 50, 
 54.41/f//. 
 
 15 
 
 ['■ Dt- 
 
 ^US- 
 
 X\ 
 
 45. 78-80; sometimes is confined to a brief phrase or two, as in 
 31. 12, 41. 26, 45. 84, 57. 31. The apostrophe is essentially pas- 
 sionate in tone, and is therefore in general not used by P n )S- 
 thenes as a mere vehicle of argument; the ex t 
 ceptible of explanation on artistic grounds. So m 
 and brief passages (36. 10. 19. 22, 39. 24 41. 2^ tli 
 gives a sharper point to the argument, an ^ tn t ; \. ii h u pt n • n 
 the very brevity ; the incontrovertible sta^ * : t - i sa a ('tn iia r 
 flung at the adversary.' In 39. 28 we have a pas i^ vi: h 1 ;i\ 
 he explained by the influence of the dramatization in ri — ovojia', 
 having fallen thus into direct address, the niti : 1 1 luc- .1 lu 
 the end of the short argument. Or. 31 ^u\ki hccuijd asrninst 
 Onetor), a very short and very passionate speech, r' * - n 
 mingled apostrophe and interrogation; it woulf' -m as if the 
 reduction of these emotional figures to an argumentative and 
 expostulatory tone were the only way in which the orator. v% ih 
 little space at his command, could pass from the vciicriKiii nerce- 
 ness of eTTtfra to deivorarov and the sharp questions fbllrwinp it 
 into the quieter and more dignified manner better suited lor ih- 
 delivery of the final words. In Or. 55 (r^po^ KaXXtxXia) also the 
 apostrophe, in §5-7 and §29, is infused with expostulatioi ; mat 
 is a part of the iji^oizoita of the speech, and conti.butc^ tu the 
 impression of youthful candor and honest simplicity which the 
 speaker makes upon us. But a dominance of the argumentative 
 quality is, on the whole, unusual with Demosthenes; more char- 
 acteristic are the sudden and brief turns on the adversary of 
 which, among the speeches exhibiting this figure, Or. 28 alone 
 furnishes no example." 
 
 Interrogation. 
 
 The question also must be considered v. 1 rt U rence t tl e 
 varying degrees offeree involved in it; its pr.in ir\ » ii ^ 1 ty e 
 is to express the irruption of feeling, and in judging p rt cular 
 
 > There is a very beautiful instance of this in 36. 2 ~; tlie argument is 
 first hurled at ApoUodorus in the form of a challenge {ik noiuv — e/dyxaveg ;)t 
 and is afterwards repeated in a form which, though still aggre^-\c. is 
 brought nearer to the argumentative tone by the use of iht- third person 
 and by the preceding conditional clause. 
 
 •Other examples of apostrophe occur in 29. 36-7. 41. 42, 31. 6-S 4, 
 
 36. 20. 30-32. 39, 37. 26. 29. 30-31. 36. 49-50- 54- 55- 57. 38- 16. 18. 23. 2 J ::, 
 39. 8. 9. 10. 21. 24. 26. 28. 30-32. 33-36, 41. 16. 17. 18, 45. 38. 69-70. 81. 82. 84, 
 54-40. 57 31.32- 
 
uiiiitting .- 
 
 questions, 1 ni d * 
 
 i[)i>t^ai ; 3) a- riion 
 Oi these ^j^k:-:-. i ■ 
 
 16 
 
 Style we have to ask what is the range of the feeling so expressed. 
 For this purpose some sort of classification seems necessary, not 
 like that quoted from Tiberius by Rehdantz, Index, s. v, Frage, 
 which looks onlv at the speaker's object in employing the form of 
 interrogation 1 iii one which shall regard the content of each ques- 
 tion i; 1' ;:om its rhetorical form. Arranging on this principle 
 till t : : . : ^ ; la es in the genuine private m ches and 
 
 enomena as the imperative and dubitative 
 in each instance one or the other of the fol- 
 niarkedly predominates : i) argument; 2) 
 4) challenge ; 5) suggestion, 
 the first, which is unemotional, is hardest 
 to discover in 1 ) nosthenes ; most of the examples which one 
 attempts to get for it melt away and dissolve themselves into 
 iv^rr- on, appeal, or challenge. That is to say, even when the 
 questic: > : itended as an argument, the liveliness of tone which 
 accon;) J s it causes it to be felt as something more emphatic. 
 Compare, 1 >\ v er, the close of Or. 31, already cited for the apos- 
 Uupac , the explanation given for the argumentative use of that 
 figure irnl r> also to the interrogation which is combined with it ; 
 compare also 3O. 11 {xairo'. ei rjv iSia rtT d<fop/irj muzwi Tzpdq tj 
 TparzO^rj, ri drj rzor* av eUero ruuro fidXXov rj xsi'^Tjv ;). It is indeed in 
 hypothetical sentences having a question as one of their members 
 th.i Demosthenes approaches nearest to the tone of simple 
 argument ; but if we contrast the passage just quoted with 29. 20 
 
 (xaizot £1 yWjV douAo^ — ri [lai^iuv iiiaprupriffz^^y alk^ oux i^ofio(Ta<; dTZTjXXdyjj 
 T»u TT/jct^/zttTo^ ;), we see how the hypothetical form modifies the 
 vehemence of the interrogative expression, which, with the omis- 
 sion of av, springs back to its natural attitude of aggressive force. 
 Appeal, whether pathetic or indignant, is very common ; under 
 this head may be included especially sentences beginning with 
 elra or apa, if. 28. 1 8 (a/>* 00 fieydXa — /5/arro/xaj ;) ; 36.56, 45. 70 
 (£T»^* 8v opdr' — ou Ttfiioprjffeff^'^e;), 54. 20 ; also those in which a 
 erh of thinking, or a corresponding expression, makes an appeal 
 to the ; i lion of the judges, as in 30. 20 {xairoi rtp rowV v[iwv 
 TZKTTov ;), 57. 26 (ohraL t:t dv x. r. X.) ; and finally the simple 
 exclamation seen in 30. 36 {roozuo yhoiz' dv nq (TxerXiU)Z£po<: 
 d^i^pwTTo': 0, J \ 28 {zi <>i» — do^et]). 
 
 The asseii c question comprises notably the numerous sen- 
 tences which begin with rtSc or ttcDt ou. Thus, in 29. 55, the 
 
 ) 
 
 17 
 
 demand, ttw^ dv duvatzo ztr: (rafifrzepov i^eXiy^ai, is onlv a rhetorical 
 
 mode of saying oux dv duvatzo t£c <Ta<p, i^.: and in : i s the exi les- 
 
 sion, TTcoT ou <pav£pdv ozi — ^tjzolxtiv^ differ':- ^n^v rhnn •■■'iranv' iri>m 
 the dijXov fisv roivuv — ozt — zoXiidjffi 7:pazT£t> :ii tin sinic i <ar.icra|)li. 
 
 },i! r 
 
 il!-l,C 
 
 
 belongfs ai>'> nt m.inx' = -i' iht^ 
 
 . i f ^ • 
 
 a/ 00/ Ui' 
 
 Compare also, in 38. .n; ni 
 
 pXv oux "{(TO,. The same v a 
 
 tions introduced by an ina;rogati\e piuiiuiin ; ci. 36. 
 
 oliiai T^c ffj^'Z dTtXrjffzia^ — zt^ u/ dhvaiz'' k(pixi(Tho.LZZLoud£Lq 
 
 i<pixi<7f^ai)^ 41. 7 {zi dv k'zL ix£iXov x. z. A.), i".. 41 (-'- -'/o ouzu)-: 
 
 d<ppwv X. r. X,). 
 
 The tone of the ch a'icn-e i^ etai\ felt; thr speaker -((nis to 
 demand an answer to his quciUiju and at the -^diriL time to be cuii- 
 fident that no answer is possible; cf 2e^ 41 ("^^^^ '(^>'-' (/'eudofiap- 
 
 zupiwv i7C£(Txrj^>uj] d£'i^ov. dXX' oux dv £^01'; d£i^at^ : 37. 2'> ^-^^ ynn^ £? 
 xazi(rzr^fT£v Eu£pyo':^ kyd) <r' ddixu) ;), wliere the \-;v;(i and ijnei apos- 
 trophic interrogation turn;- d;c .tr^n-nt-m .ntf a detniiice : 41, 22 
 {zi drj ttot' — auzcbvy)^ ^;, ^5 (eir' iyib ^ivo^'. t^od fiezoixtov xazay^et'Z :), 
 The distinction between these four classes is a >in a ctivt iiie. 
 dependent on the re adrr'« (rrVr-^ • the fifth r h s 1 1 
 
 
 P^ 
 
 . n t- 
 ail 
 
 an 
 
 I ( ■• 
 
 character, which rendr in t nnnd 
 
 apart from the others. W 
 
 value; it is a bit of current coin. 
 
 question e^'r 7r/>o<T«/>;'v, to arouse attention; i 
 
 accepted if we permit ourselves to under*;' 
 
 does Rehdantz — who object- in t ' rx n- 
 
 hearer is the object of every rhetorical 1 
 
 referring to the content of the question h > 
 
 what the speaker is about to say and ixi n tixeo tner aiteiit on 
 
 upon it ; cf. 27. 38 {^uv dk zi nocoufftv ;) ; 41. 5 {zivo'^ ouv eFvsx* — 
 
 £}-::ov ;) ; 37. 26 (ttoit ouv — ypdi^at ;) ; 57. T ' " — EuiSouXidr) ;). 
 
 The suggestive question imparts liveime>s t nanative; the 
 
 nn' 
 
 a ni:.ii 
 
 ■ . t hiTi (r 
 
 Un ' 
 
 ^ '-•. I : ^A r- '.. -A i iy^ 1 1 i C 
 ■ * ■ T ' r M "^ ^ t - J \ ' t '\f^ 
 
 . ^ . i i i i -, i * 1 i V t.y V^ 
 
 ! t ' -ii! ■ ■■ ai s'a die 
 r.: jtaan-d)nL ;iS 
 t- Uj Uit' ujnees 
 
 , N t 
 
 .\ .. 1 
 
 challenge is bold and emphatic, 
 genuine private orations; I have noted: 
 in eight speeches (27. 38, 29. 8. 11. 10 
 29. 36. 37- 50. 38. 25, 39. 13. 29. 35. 37, 4: : 
 17. 61. 68), of the second in nine (2" 7 2 4 
 20. 31. 54, 37. 26. 28. 54. 67, 38. in 6, 39. i 
 22,45.38.84). The absence of enia ; m 
 would therefore not seem to be in itself t 1 
 ness ; but it may add greater weight to ( nn r 
 
 fnnd 
 
 a^: 
 
 tise 
 
 , 1 
 
 Uie tir>l i>n.v 
 
 
 i t i-]\^- 
 
 (.l:cai .ui 
 
i8 
 
 19 
 
 ness or lack of spirit, defects by no means Demosthenean. It is 
 to be observed also that eleven out of the fourteen speeches 
 exhibit one or the other of these two kinds of question, and that 
 Or. 54. which shows only the suggestion in indirect form (§13), 
 and Ur. jS^ which contains neither kind, have in common a certain 
 modesty of tone mingled with pathetic warmth, to which the 
 k ness of the challenge and the rather dramatic pose of the 
 suggestion are essentially foreign. 
 
 Rhetorical Answer, 
 
 The rhetorical question may be answered rhetorically ; and 
 
 this answer may be put either as an expression of opinion or as an 
 
 assertion of fact. So we find in 31. 5 lixoi [xkv ydp oodkv av doxel ] 
 
 in 31. II =r^ f^^^ "^^^^ o}fiat, which latter phrase reappears under 
 
 varying forms in ten other passages : 31. 13, 37. 37, 38. 12, 39. 24, 
 
 45. 13, 54. 20. 22. 43, 55. 13, 57- 35-' Corresponding affirmative 
 
 tx: essions are ^y^o injiat, 29. 34; v"7'<^-'' r'«^ ^^'?. 30- 3° J h^f "*' 
 
 <pairiv, 45. 65. Or a verb of knowing may be used with a negative; 
 
 compare oox inda in 27. 48 and 29. 24, and the similar use of £/w 
 
 in 27. 63 and 29. 57. As a more emphatic form of reply we have 
 
 obx k'(TTt raura, 27. 57, 29. 49, 57. 53 ; oox i/zt raur' dkr^H^ta-^, 30. 34 ; 
 
 and the various combinations ol nhdi with other words in 27. 59, 
 
 36. 19. 25, 39. 40, 45- 12, 55. 13, 57- 55- So too obx hztrzi drjrzoo^'^ev, 
 
 ;j r aui the ti: !nativer:avt»;'£, 39. 14. In 37. 56. 60 and 38. 22 
 
 wi_ nn i what corresponds to these replies in form, but scarcely in 
 
 force, an appeal expressed by fir^da/iw^. 
 
 The effect of these phrases is to impress the speaker's opinion 
 or conviction upon the mind of the hearer. The same purpose is 
 served by similar curt utterances following on a supposition, as in 
 31. _2 ^oux effTt raura), 39. 20 (obx iywy rjyobfiat), 45. 45 (ob drj-roo), 
 Oftener this form of contradiction is introduced by aXXd ; cf. 29. 39 
 (a/A' obx^ rotobrov iffzv^), ib. 4 1 (aAx' obx TJdtxrjfievo^ coxixpa^^relq'), 
 
 1 21. 5 kfjuH fiev yap ov6h> av SoKel tovtov fxel^^ov evpe-^f/vni^ and 54- 22 iyu ^lev 
 yap ov6' anodavdvr'' olfiai, show in the use of the causative particle a slight 
 divergence from the usual asyndetic form of the rhetorical answer ; and 
 there is a more substantial difference in the fact that the words e'vpEdfjvaL and 
 dTFoi^av^vr' introduce a conception not found in the preceding sentence. In 
 the first case this is unimportant, as the verb conveys really the same idea 
 as that expressed by fieiL,ov dv ri yivotro ; but the amplification in drroti^avdvr* 
 ought perhaps to prevent us from regarding this passage as purely rhetor- 
 ical. 
 
 ( 
 
 36. ii,37-37»4i- 26,54.41,57.25.49.51. So in 29.59 and 41.20 
 we have emphatic parentheses after a negaUve assertion ; in 36. 54 
 the sentence, obx r^Sixou^ dXX^ olfiat (Tuxo<pavT£l^ vDv, follows on a 
 question, less as an answer than as a refutation of the implied 
 hypothesis. 
 
 As lucid argument and firm construction are among the recog- 
 nized excellences of Demosthenes, it will be s r* h while to inquire 
 into the mechanical means by which he acli.cvcb liiis clearness 
 
 and solidity. 
 
 Deictic Expressions, 
 
 Two particles seem of especial importance as constructive 
 elements : rotVov, and "wv in the combination ixk^ obv. Both are 
 employed to mark the introduction of an important statement, a 
 new incident, or a fresh link in the chain of reasoning ; they serve 
 in a formal way to call attention to what is about to be said Tie 
 attention of the hearers is also engaged and fixed upon a desired 
 point by a free use in emphatic positions of the tieiit -n 1 i^ 
 ouTo^, roiobxozy roffouru^, ixeivo^ ; and a more open dcina 1 :s made 
 upon them by the employment of verbs and ver: ..: phrnscF. 
 Thus we find, pointing forward, the futures det=oj, dtda^w^ etoedin, 
 y.wffeffiie; the imperatives (rxoTs'ire, (Txii^'atr^'^e, dxabcrare ; \]]c phrases 
 del, or i^iknov k(Tri, u/id^ fxai%v^, or dxobffat] pointing back w.; id, :he 
 perfects dxrjxi'mre^ iiejiaHrjxare^ tiefiafnbpTjzai. There are also the 
 expressions ^/^kov ian, <pa>£p6v iart^ ^adiov itJTi /xa»^£Tv ; the introduc- 
 tion of testimony is often prefaced by wc, or or^, dkr^^ kiyw ; and 
 in the same connection a summary of facts i * -' given. The 
 variety .: i^uch phrases is scarcely indicated by liiose quoted; and 
 the effect of variety is increased by the habit of employing several 
 together; thus ?v' eidrje is often followed by w<; dlrfii^ Xiyw^ the 
 latter often by a summary of facts. Cf. 38. 9, where we have ore 
 fxev ob> , . , . Ixavw^ rravrar rjouixat iitixay^xhai^ oTt d* offrspo^ .... 
 robro ^obXofiai drt^at, with a recital of facts that have bet n t i :e 
 to be stated. A similar arrangement is found in 54. i^, id 
 while not all combinations are equally full, the accumulation of 
 several deictic words or phrases is always a notable feature. 
 
 It is as important to note the limitation of such expressioi 
 their use; both are well illustrated in Or j: About six ^ 
 of that speech, sections 1-59, are taken 1 v lii lia. m ■< it 
 the case; and here we find iiev om nine times, roc'vt^v twei ly : 
 some two dozen emphatic demonstratives and as manv ip.oii 
 
 IS 
 :S 
 
 Mf 
 
 . t:S 
 
20 
 
 t[if."\' 
 
 SI)t-CuIl, 
 
 All 
 
 -. •■ n r >'• 
 
 verbs. So far the movement of the speech is deliberate and 
 ree^il'^r • in snitp of the outburst in §47-8 we feel that the orator has 
 h :il^r ■ V : !ii! i and is bent only on reasoning and convincing. 
 
 A liif jkl: Ki : < ■ ^'^o lie reminds the judges in ^fX plirns*^ of 
 
 lie 1! (i {rotTaurt]": rohuv ouffia': . , . otnrjv . . , rjxouaare)^ 
 :t u, I- : an tA\ a^^ Mich restraints on \\\^ flood 
 _ - . li • e close in a ia[ d torrent of crowding 
 sentences, which breat.ic mingled denunciation and ■ aty. 
 n til's passage, -vp find none of the deictic uuciances 
 i Hjve, \ omes plain where their province lies; tl.< y 
 10 demoi :; ; n nd are expelled by the intrusion of 
 ii found ": I .nsionate passage, the) ::.:rudiately give 
 I : t iui.,:^c, ail attempt at restraint ; compare, in 36. 48. 
 t VI it 11! h^ck imposed on the current of denunciation by 
 ih; kiu-tM ;?.;:;; ^ aXkd fiijv ort^ Tjyovixai rohov^ toutw./ tolvuv. 
 
 Ahiiu ^ 1 r t t !> uticles t ' deictic phrases do not belong to 
 e n >n u .1 ai ii . their frequency seems hardly to stand in 
 inverse ratiu lu liic predominance of the latter. A rough calcu- 
 lation n.s to the proportion of such expressions in each speech 
 yields the following result: 
 
 
 
 No. of pages 
 
 No. of deictic 
 
 
 Or. 
 
 (Tcubner). 
 
 expressions. 
 
 proportion 
 
 38 
 
 8 
 
 33 
 
 4-125 
 
 36 
 
 i7i 
 
 63 
 
 3.6 
 
 27 
 
 20 
 
 68 
 
 34 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 3.25 
 
 30 
 
 loj 
 
 33 
 
 3-14 
 
 29 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 2.9 
 
 37 
 
 17 
 
 46 
 
 2.7 
 
 57 
 
 2oi 
 
 53 
 
 2.59 
 
 45 
 
 25 
 
 62 
 
 2.48 
 
 41 
 
 Si 
 
 21 
 
 2.47 
 
 39 
 
 iii 
 
 26 
 
 2.26 
 
 55 
 
 9i 
 
 X9 
 
 2 
 
 54 
 
 14 
 
 27 
 
 1.9 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 1.7 
 
 vould seem to indicate a relation between these phrases 
 ai.u me predominance or subordination of the legal element in a 
 speech ; for we find at the head of the list Or. 38 (tt/ooc Nauffifxa-j^ov 
 xai 3£wo7t£i»^>), which deals chiefly with a point of law, Or. 36 (uTzkp 
 
 21 
 
 )i't'i 
 
 es 
 
 0upfjLtu)>o^), delivered by an advocate, and the lawyer-lik 
 
 of Demosthenes himself ; near the foot the two i ,- n-. 4 
 
 55, especially marked by Wflzz/^/^ and simplitiv <i in. 01 r 
 
 'A n":^h turns on no point of law, ani; ^ *::-..- ..u ■ --^- :iH".tker d wiihii 
 
 announces himself as a quiet citizen, rn 1 -u iiu t 
 
 as for Or. .|o, lar more of its considerable li. iii:ih 
 
 > s ( ' i: ' 
 
 ..(.. 
 
 IS 
 
 ;c (1 
 
 iiii 
 
 vilification than to argument, uuc indet 
 by the author, 28 (xard 'A<f6,3ou ,3'), sfand- la-i 
 is interesting to observe the difference m twt < 
 being epilogues and boll 'u: -: wan:!, .lui 
 begins with an argument; but the fom i p 
 and appeal, the latter continues w i r n 
 the adversary's pleas. That is to say ih-: 
 moved by passion, would not argue 
 formulas which made for lucidity, while iii liir 
 already familiar to the hearers he . ' mdoned li 
 impeded flow of rapid utterance; on ur i liu 
 influence of rjf^or.otia and the sensitiveness 
 degree to which this born reasone r subci 1 
 emphatic and pointed demonstration when 1 
 sonages as Ariston (in the speech u: t ; - ( 
 unnamed adversaries of Spue .. ...A Callicles. 
 
 Transitions. 
 
 -prtrC 
 
 »,j i 1 111 
 
 \v- 1 a 
 
 : ii! i 
 
 ■()! 
 
 V 
 
 \i 
 
 1 f 
 
 il -i 
 
 \Vf 
 
 ni 
 
 • \v 
 
 : i it 
 
 '('(■ 
 
 >:v. 
 
 il'V 
 
 of 
 
 ■:vA 
 
 ! 
 
 U i" 
 
 /uon), or 
 
 ' ( s 
 
 ill' 
 
 .1.1 
 
 Hi (..'1 
 
 the rarfful 
 
 . .-ij' ai:( r of 
 
 This love of clearness is especially ob-rr\ 
 deliberateness with which the orator passes in 
 the main divisions of a speech. 1 ;a transition n • 1 ' ' * -1 ^• 
 narrative was hardly neglected even by inferior u riters, si 11 m^ 
 prooemium itself had a certain fixity of form,' but that fron 1 r - 
 tive to argument, or any shift of topic, is, wiui Dtrinobihcntib, hauiiii- 
 ally marked and emphasized. Compare 2". " where the nn^snce 
 from the statement of the case to that concerning the am ih- t 
 the property is elaborately defined : y.a\ to fikv x£(fdXaiov . . . tout' jyv 
 . . . TO 8k TzXy^tq . . . on tout' rjv x. r. /. Cor: ire also the intiu- 
 duction of the argument in 29. 10, 45. 7, o7- ^7 > "^^^ closing of the 
 narrative in 30.9, 36. 18, 37. 17; the elaborate transition ?ron) 
 narrative to critici n : the adversary's de^n^e in 54 13 S : ii 
 passages, which r land out like seams in the oratorical web, u 1 nc • 
 
 » Though, as will be seen later, the difference in tone at this point some- 
 times serves to distinguish the greater from the lesser artist. 
 
22 
 
 linking and defining its different sections, are too obvious to call 
 for much comment ; some curious exceptions in Or. 38 deserve 
 more notice. The formal prooemium of that speech seems to end 
 with the words iSorji^trat fun ra Sixata, found also in other prooemia 
 (27. 3, 45. 2, 54, 2), but there followed by some deictic phrase intro- 
 ductory of the narrative. Here, on the contrary, there follows, as 
 if in [ ii nthesis, a sentence, explanatory of the words /xry 7r/)o<njzov- 
 roc iyxXijiiazoZy which would naturally be placed within the pro- 
 oemium, as would also the next sentence, ri^v [ih oJv . . . etffetr^e. 
 Til, It they are really beyond its limits, or, if we like, that it has no 
 definite limit, appears from the immediate introduction of the 
 testimony on which the opening argument is to be based, and 
 which takes the place of a d'.rjr^frt^; after having thus stated his 
 ra-p vicariously, the speaker proceeds to that discussion of the 
 demurrer, which is the real body and substance of the speech, and 
 this he prefaces by a series of deictic phrases which, in their 
 nearness to the incomplete prooemium, seem to stand for its 
 formal conclusion, hi i.u i the prooemium is constructed with 
 exceeding looseness, and the <hrjyrjfTiq is, so to speak, telescoped into 
 it. Looking further at the singularly abrupt introduction of new 
 arguments in §23 (^oox ifiifri^uxrwj x, t. ^.), and at the " purple patch" 
 in §21 J-. vvhich overweights the short speech and is less fitly 
 placed than as epilogue to Or. 37 (r/^or Uavrahemv)^ we may con- 
 jecture that, in handling this slight case, Demosthenes saved time 
 and trouble by declining the labor of careful construction. The 
 imperfections furnish, however, no good reason for doubting the 
 genuineness of the oration, which not only has many D inos- 
 thenic features, but is, even in its scamped state, notably lucid and 
 effective, and 1.^ not to be called inartistic, but rather the unfinished 
 P^nHuct of a manifest artist. 
 
 Prooemia. 
 
 hu a careless dealing with the prooemium is the more notice- 
 able, because some of the speeches show in precisely this pa: ,1 
 remarkable stibtlefv and delicacy of finish. In the earliest orations, 
 indeed, the 11 i ction has only the excellence of a severe correct- 
 ness ; that of (i: :; ;s a simple capiatio benevoleniiae, that of Or. 
 30 a conflatio invidiae, while these elements are mingled in ^ " 
 29; in the Luo latter a :=LtLement of the points at issue is added 
 (29. 5, 30. 4 -^ Rut in turning to the prooemium of 36 uu find 
 
 ' I'hi 
 
 » >(■ 
 
 hr 
 
 i'.K' 
 
 ) \\ 
 
 • inr 
 
 i - 
 
 Lit 
 
 
 on, 
 the 
 
 t 
 
 t\' whi'/h the 
 
 ..id:! \' < >i the 
 
 : : riL; .iiKiO' >; u- 
 
 >v\ and iaucia- 
 
 and \\\v rn):il 
 
 ;( »rnia! t ran- 
 
 A = .! ; i!\- HiKirpnrss and 
 
 jcCLli ill the iiit^IlLiOn 
 
 . K • \ ( 
 
 23 
 
 ourselves in contact with a much finer and more original piece of 
 
 workmanship. This compact little masterpiece fulfills indeed all 
 
 conventional purposes by exciting good-will for one part^ 
 
 dice against the other, and defining the poii i 
 
 there is no conventionality in the exquisiia ^\ 
 
 and the effect produced may be compared t^ 
 
 overture, which does not merely prefar 
 
 but indicates its tone and character. 
 
 opening words foreshadows the fine ini;u i 
 
 advocate maintains throughout; the w an 
 
 sentence o^ra yap (7uxo(pa'^TeT, with its aiiUbn 
 
 thon, breathes the spirit of all that ardent 
 
 tion to which so much of the speech is 
 
 sentence, i^ «/>;f'7? — dxoofravreq^ while constitu: r; 
 
 sition to the narrative, sums up with 
 
 emphatic brevity the whole purpose oi ihc b\ 
 
 of the two main topics — the point of law (w? oux eKraywyiiioz ij dixyf) 
 
 and the rascality of Apollodorus(TryV rouzou (Tuxo<pa>Tiav). A iidnor 
 
 delicacy of more mechanical sort, but imprniaa f 
 
 comparison, lies in the fact that i; ss is laid . n da 
 
 demurrer (rijv fikv ouw — zy/?:'a), while the 8'i'ouiil> - ;i .\ 
 
 are only incidentally touched upon, bu hi i )r. 
 
 makes only an allusion to the a(p£(7L<; xai ar.akXayr^ h 
 
 the character of his defense, which will rest • n lia 
 
 {jDoSh rjdixrjxa TOUT ov') ?ind on the illegd :\ < ! da a 
 
 voixov X. T. k.), and then foreshadows its -pa i v a 
 
 cutting denunciation of the audarity ot i'lniatia' 
 
 ^7re7ro>»^£j x. r, I. ; obdh ij8ix7jri£/<>i .... (^uxn^av'. 
 
 reroA/jtijz£>). This introduction wldle sta-nped w 
 
 character of suggestiveness dat beloni;- i that 
 
 inferior to it in comprehensiveness and ar .tra a- 
 
 the other hand, is the very brief and rlc^s 
 
 of Or. 45.' The suit, brought ao^ain^t M' 
 
 meant as an attack on Phormio, and i a 
 
 double nature: xaTail'eudojiapTUprj^'^e.iq — ia a 
 
 W' a,a; 
 
 \\ t 
 
 ■■ a 1 r ' Si i-> ?-> C) 1 
 
 adiaat < >! 'he 
 
 aai :i :-. aast'd 
 
 ■ tiu- >ia'akar 
 
 wn amaaaaa'a:' 
 taan {r:apd tov 
 xai'C/ruU:^ and 
 
 S (2 ~l /J.£V GOV 
 
 ~ ". /a5v . , . . 
 i . I » a. . > (, 1 1 J i ?,, 
 
 a li). \> inucli 
 a.:maaiida, an 
 
 ; p'-'i *. Kailaini 
 
 ' • r p ^ ■ r a i r \a is 
 
 \> Peti =Kap :ts 
 ank It worth 
 
 ' I do not wish to seem unduly to depreciate the admirable .k aen ium 
 of Or. 37, which, in its loftiness of tone and lajtae-s of outline, weil 
 balances the magnificent epilogue of the same 1 a a 'a k- Pie pecu 
 
 liar preluding quality and the brilliant condensation to u . \ ita-ac :o 
 call attention. 
 
24 
 
 vvbile to say by whom, but hurries on to the real author of the 
 laise testimony — xai Tta^^wv o-ku ^fopfiiwvo'z o^piffztxfk xat deivd; and 
 it ':ie end he repeats this double charge in chiastic form (rij'v t* 
 ixeivou r.ovTjpiav . . . xai rourow: or^ rd (/'eudr^ /lefiapropTJxafft) ; while 
 Let AC comes a touch of Apollodorean plaintiveness (//^^a yap nn^ 
 rjzox/j^o(ri,' X. r. f., cf. §§57, 85), and then a summary of the three 
 mn'n oo'i^t- -n the denunciation of Stephanus — that he has per- 
 jur 1 h ; elt, and that for money, and stands self-convicted ; this 
 I) 1: Aii: lie most vigorous bare curtness in swift participial con- 
 str ivi .11 aiKi clinched with an asyndetic phrase which is rendered 
 i ubly emphatic by its unusual position in the very beginning of 
 tin -;/-!: \ similar initial sharpness of suggestion appears in 
 :;n ti: u : i ot Or. 54, 6/5/>£<r»^£t'^ ; for the plaintiff, who brings a 
 ii 1 .4' I y of atxta, regards Conon as guilty of f>/^/'£<?, and this 
 C' i: ' ption he enforces upon the judges from the start, and Justi- 
 ne.^ lj\ the words immediately following, xa\ Ttaiiwv . . . -nepiipen^eay^ai 
 fiz wh'ch are significant in their simplicity ; they tell nothing of the 
 111 timer of the tT nse, which is here immaterial, but reveal in full 
 its conse<, : : ces to serve as pendant and righteous apology to the 
 lit I ii e v^'tt' av i^a'^dz(to xpivaq znorov. Here the note is struck 
 .v: li - lu dominate the whole; so, too, in 55. i, where the plain- 
 t ' r n ction, oox tj'^ . , . ruyzv^^ harmonizes with the naive and 
 itory tone of the speech, and at the same time givts with 
 4 novelty of form the common disclaimer of litigicjusne.ss. 
 A a brief recital of facts to support the accusation con- 
 \\ urds TTo'^r^pou xai xXeovixroo ; and the transition to the 
 ;s made by an appeal which reflects the diffident modesty 
 k r in the words o'j;^ — ££-£?>, and his strong sense of 
 ^ ; ; al, and therefore more emphatic, <fauepw^ auxoKfav- 
 
 c X : 
 
 . i . n t ' u 
 
 mjur> 
 Toufiai, 
 
 
 h-hewn prooemium of 38, the only point to be espe- 
 cially nuicd \^, mat here, as in 36 and 37, the argument on the 
 -apaypaif-q is n nt anticipated. That of 41 has a touch of sug- 
 ;^:e-':M- (|iKd tv :: the opening v !s (^ddektfd^ h^opev w a. d. yova't- 
 
 \\ establish a reason for the reserve that char- 
 
 rvt r s language, while the quiet simplicity of the 
 
 agrees with the unemphatic tone of the short 
 
 e rnnrliid-iiir words of the prologue ((V"'? «. *r. ^.) 
 
 - n ■ ^:u • (§307?«.) are alike singularly untinged 
 
 habitual in such ap^ - . In the prooemium of 
 
 xac X, r. i.). 
 acterizes tii 
 
 whole Da-- 
 
 V«,' 
 
 25 
 
 39 a narrative is smoothly interwoven with the deprecatio i7ividiae 
 which constitutes its essential purport (cf. §1 no/h'tta (pOMizpay- 
 pLoffu'^r^ ; ^6y ot)y ooTw (Txatoq') ; this exceptional a: sii^;;: nt niuli 
 logical and artistically effective, inasmin h a- it t \a n> i anatt a , 
 while yielding excellent gr!:nl f : tiiC assti a 
 is not actuated by a spirit of mere perversit 
 subject of the argumentation, that is, do not an -• 1:0 : 
 dtrjyr^(Tt^ in the strict sense of that term. The cii r acte^ 
 
 ' i i a ; . 1 ^ ; a ', ■ i a a , i a, a . 
 
 ^ ^ i\i > a; •! a a"! a • ht 
 
 ! a. I 
 
 • a, 
 
 whole is slightly foreshadowed in the absence of canaia ;: < 
 methods by which the adoption was la a kt t at n t;a -ti-a 
 laid on the speaker's fulfilment of all i^a^al clamis (§6 to rptrov 
 veipaffi^ai pipoq)^ and in the cumulative a^ a:tu a a :; {zl<7r^yay\ 
 i::zoi7J(TaTo . . . iyypd(ptC)^ a figure especially freq-s it a t:a:> -i <m ch 
 and here affording a brief hint of the rapidity an; w. la t; \\h ah 
 are to prevail throughout. Finally, the unusnah. i. a.: 1 i ( lai am 
 of 57 is the speech in miniature, a pathetic and anxioar 11 {< al 
 with flashes of vehemence cautiously restrained: at c t>a iv of 
 the whole in manner, not in matter, since here the ai ih h is bast d 
 on general considerations proper to ihc par \ tnblic sphere of 
 the case. 
 
 II. — Comparison v^^ith Lysias and Isai is. 
 
 It need hardly be said that none of the figures ar ah: ; s wh h 
 have been reviewed is, any more taa, the jirooemiiaa t-th ti]c 
 exclusive property of Demosthenes; it is oia\ t:a aannar of 
 handling the common material that reveals t a i a - a a 1 1 1 a- 
 ment and artistic power. A brief comp r « a u ah ua a at:?^ t 
 his two chief predecessors in forensic oratoia 1 a, ha- iid l-<a i;-, 
 may enable us more clearly to define his indi iduahtv nd naat- 
 easily to discover or deny its presence in comp^ - ta a- i : dc nbtiul 
 authorship. In studvino- L)-D..i^ I ': txa- %at .aa .a" i.a.n-!(a,a atiiai 
 
 u.'aa 
 
 \- ^ 
 
 V ' I,, i . '.. i . ^. fc , V.' , i -. , », \J ; , 
 
 not only the orations iia ;k' H as spui 
 but also Orr. 8, 11, 33, and 34. The iir t .luc liaid i tla -t aia^ 
 epideictic; the second is, as Scheiba ? a a- n pit' lae i 10; 
 the last is a mere fragment. This is wm iidtad * i >a\i]ui 
 
 speeches included in luy iiuu) , ^an thtp .it ]-:i^i hcl.aip to ma 
 judicial sphere, while the speech on ia c aisLtina n a- fh a hic latix t. 
 The C"'^:p td-^.'^ u^'di Lysias is in :iia.- CA:^i^ a^>s c^xaat tbaii tliat 
 with Isaeus, as onl\ t aw of the lorn a 
 23, 32) belong to the class of idnonxoi. 
 
 xtant >paeciia; 
 
26 
 
 Denujiciation. 
 
 The denunciatory epithets employed not infrequently by Isaeus 
 have much the same range and tone as the Demosthenean : (i\iai- 
 
 cyo^^ro:;, -ia, -eiv, I. 8. 26. 47, 3. 35. 40. 72, 6. 54, 8. 13. 40, II. 14 ; 
 d^^atdrj:;, -cfct, I. 2. 7, ,2. 28, 3. 18. 67, 4. I9, 6. I3. 43. 46, 7. 21. 23, 
 II. 6; Tzoyrjfw:;, -ia 3. 39. 40, 5. 13. 35, 6. 55, II. 20 ; aiaxp^txipdeta 
 1.8; fitapia 5. 11; dliixia 5. 31 ; r.Xeove^ia 8. 2, 1 1. 36 ; dvonux; 4. 19 ; 
 cyi'l'uz IT. 6 ; under the same head may be brought (fLXoypriiiare'tv 
 10. i/. Words of this class are wanting in Or. 12, a fragment 
 devoid 01 aii rhetorical coloring, and in Or. 9, ui-re their 
 absence might be attributed to rj^or.oiia^ if the sympathetic plas- 
 ticity which this word imphes could be otherwise discovered in 
 the somewhat uniform and rigid style of Isaeus. He may in this 
 case hiv e cxercio< d i reserve imposed by the position or character 
 of his client, but the latt- '^ i - sonality is not otherwise felt, and 
 the absence of 'tiiperation lails therefore to have, as ' I^emos- 
 thenes, .* i: ; tylistic effect.' The sphere of the Lysianic 
 speeciic- -cms in general to render a detailed comparison on 
 this point superfluous; in those which enter into consideration we 
 find yjixia §10. 28, dvai(jyu'^zia §32. 20, rzovrjpta ib. §23. In Or. 3, 
 A ■ ': Dionysius compares with the speech against Conon (Dem. 
 54), 7:o\>ripia occurs twice, §9. 44, in neither case with strong 
 emphasis ; Tzauoupyuq ib. 44 is quite indirect. 
 
 Deictic Expressions. 
 
 Of deictic words and 1 : ises,which are frequent in both orators, 
 little need be said ; their proportion seems to be highest in 
 Demu-Uic..!.-, uvuiL in Isaeus, and to vary most in the different 
 speeches of Lysias. The ratio of roho-j to ^tev o5y is much higher 
 in Demosthenes than in his two predecessors, the figures being : 
 
 
 Lys. 
 
 Isae. 
 
 Dcm. 
 
 rot'vyv 
 
 121 =.6 
 
 77 —..66 
 
 i8o = .83 
 
 juev um 
 
 80 =.4 
 
 40 = .34 
 
 36 — .17 
 
 'The remarks of lAoy, Plaidoyers </'/j/if VIII, do not tell against this 
 view. It is true that Isaeus does not '• make little fishes talk like whales "; 
 but the subtle reflection of another's character in his own style, the high 
 dramatic perfection of ij-donoda achieved by Demosthenes and by Lysias, 
 were beyond his reach. 
 
 27 
 
 Apostrophe. 
 
 rr.n: 
 
 nr * iu 
 
 Lysias uses apostrophe in a few orations \\ : 
 10. 8-10. 12-14. 16. 17. 18, 13. 48. 58-9. 61 ;> 7 }x\ - K. 19 
 also 26. I, where the mutilation of the 1 < ii k. \t- tit piecst 
 
 force of the apostrophe u: nan li is to i t oiMixti; liai 11 
 the first examples cited from 10, the apostroplit wi) a t xu n^ a' y 
 argumentative, becomes ironical throiiil tli a 1 that ua aiiu^ 
 ment turns on a hypothetical instance oi ua awaKi t w tli \\ 1 a n 
 the adversary is slyly taunted throughout, in 7 2 22 tia f!-iirt 
 is argumentative and expostulatory, as n I >t a . ^^. ad w ili He 
 same justification. Thai Lysias should h a r n ( d -c raia v a 
 form of speech, the capabilities of wh'' h ;a - wa una i>i<H)n 
 
 may doubtless be exn'a'nad inlar.j nar- ntai^ ma (xr nIn^Ianl as 
 attending each partunaa oration; but n aa-t dsi he iaiia n 
 mind that the apostrophe is essentially and pre aaiiK luh ai:^ie- 
 sive, while persuasiveness is tin' d^aiaaini pa ^ ;t\ ai die pisaa-na 
 eloquence of Lysias. Isaeus einplu\b iii s ti^uc r v n ! a o: 
 his twelve speeches. T^r long aposrrophic en ann. ana n n ^,4; 7 
 recalls some passages in Dem. 36 and is nt - . rt -in a } a ^^ 
 satisfactory because carried to the end 01 tie >n' da i-tt.Ki n 
 being relieved by a final address to the jnn-e- la hap iiiel 
 turn in 6. 54 is quite DeniUiihenic : and the exi -na n n u nn da 
 witness (who is an uncle of the speaker) in 9. 2^ xhi is ui 
 effective use of the apostrophe of a kdu' not to be p. 1 a ac in 
 Demosthenes or Lysias. The remammg pass.pr:. ; 4>-U 
 45-6. 48-9, 6. 25-6) show a decided weakness of treatnaent p^ > 
 trophe and interrogation combined are nna!- w J n \ n a a)^!h* n* > 
 rarely permits either to become, th( \ eii.wic ui .np na i n 1 h> 
 is comprehensible enough in n nriier who've strei pd; a^ n aran- 
 mentation, and who evidently possessed nnl a a a a,- ^^ ,5^; 
 mand of tropes than a natural • r atistic leaning n uaici tropical 
 expression; but it helps to mark the fai v i ^d * rt n 
 which this trained advocate stood ase apn : una \\.v ni tr\ 
 craftsman who preceded, or with the creat statesman u:; neda wed. 
 
 him. 
 
 Intfrrp (ration. 
 
 Interrogation occurs in ivn»^t of the h\- an c oration- nc n n 5, 
 17, 23, 28) and abounds in the Isaean ; hut n u\ a : \a .:er !oi n;^, 
 the challenge and the suggestion, are inn< pn nt \^nh itii wrncr-, 
 Lysias has two examples of each in u\ ;h > cia- la inddupe 
 
28 
 
 in 4. 5. 19, the suggestion in 13. 20. 64. These turns of speech 
 have an abrupt resilient quality that does not perfectly accord 
 with the continuous, easy flow of his style ; and we may account 
 in 1'k" manner for the fact that the rhetorical answer, which he 
 empioys rather more frequently, exhibits only in two instances 
 til > \ ■ letic form preferred by Demosthenes; so 13. 74, 31. 28; 
 u III yap 3. 36, 4. ; 19, 26. 7; with aUd 4. 5, 19. 38-9. The 
 t iliure of Isaeus to employ the challenge (found only in 5. 43) 
 1:1 i\ lie ascribed to the unimaginative and essentially ar^umenta- 
 t:\t: : rurt u^' his oratory, which does not easily rise to dramatic 
 t ii' > t !> more surprising to find the suggestive question only 
 in fori! .! t , hes (5. 13, 6. 36. 63, 8. 9, 11. 11. 32. 34). No doubt, 
 liiL \ci} \ u.jiijss of this figure prevented him from using it 
 ni )re hvishly ; his close, coherent style holds, but does not arrest, 
 the attention. Of the rhetorical answer, on the other hand, 
 which is simply a form of emphasis, Isaeus furnishes not a few 
 t X inples, usually in asyndeton (i. 29, 2. 22. 39, 3. 25. 34. 37. 39. 
 4. 4^. ^i. 66, 7. 32. 8. II. 28, 9. 31, 10. 17, II. 12. 19. 26); it is 
 c i! HIS to observe how many of these occur in Or. 3 and with 
 wiiat Mmilarity of phrasing ; thus §25. 39. 49 >a£ fid Jia, ei ^v 
 dATjt'^s^ TO Tzpdyfia ; §48 ^ij Jt" ei y/v akr^Hr^ ; §34, r.oku ye fidXiffz* av, ei 
 
 Irony. 
 
 Irony is not a habit with Isaeus; the sharp utterances in 5. 40 
 (ttjv obffiav^ i<p' r vuv i-iri kaiirpoq^ dkko7p{a>) and II. 4 (iTTstdrj deivdq 
 el diafSdkkztv xai rou^ vofiouq dtuffrpiipet'^) are isolated instances of a 
 ti.iAy vigorous use of this figure. A few fainter touches occur in 
 
 2. 21 (too <pd<Txo>To^ £U (ppovelv)^ 3. 29 ((^oxBl av u/i'tv x. r. t.), ib. 70 
 i^uj ya^^i) ; in 5. I 'h' repetition of the proper name conveys not 
 sarca-ii: ' -* : ; i I vsias, with his lively, flexible intel- 
 
 i \ ti 4er command of ironical expression ; but the Lysi- 
 \ - ntMiRras constant as the Demosthenic, nor has it 
 r- 1 A ('i<^h<^. Uiic .speech indeed (10, xard SeojiurjtTrou d) 
 
 vci: a 11 -^ I irnnc^hntit in this spirit; the defendant had 
 I I -ed of cowardice in battle, and around this charge 
 ik : I i^- V ; er insinuation ; especially neat are the 
 
 t si 'isfxekirrjxa^ — kiyeiv ; k^y^pxet — rijv dcrizida)^ §22 {auTo(; 
 Sh rrcuffaq tyjv dffntda), §23 {dkV oTi aTzo^e^krjxux; rd onka). The 
 \v litis cpaukov yap — r^youjiT}'/ in §2 have an ingenious doubleness 
 
 anic i: 
 
 f 4 1 1 I : 
 
 th 
 
 I i-i 
 
 29 
 
 of meaning ; they may signify either the contemptible nature of 
 such an imputation or the slight value to be set on sucli <: i it as 
 
 that of the father of Theomnestus, and liie atn i misi 1- i rcii^lu 
 
 out by the praise of 1I1*' -o-ak'-i'^ <'\vn li'Aivr m 4; <■ -<-' -'/'.ob 
 
 d^ioo). At Other iiusnie-nis tiit • iiara(:tt r ailiibuitru to Tiieunv 
 
 n-'-n:^ >iirs the aa- use!' inio frank ;nii4:naia»n .^4-14, 2S-Q) ; 
 
 just ao Liir l"Il- •_>! barcaSUC r:'>i':o>U/^ :il UI (ohro^ ^£ fioi /;,./;: 
 
 X. T. £.). and in the explanation ^i 'lit: a/i^ai !)h^a^t-oaa4\■ ^\(\ ly, 
 T*^, \Mr'''^ a:ni taiat ^n :ij(i,4naii! -\]]n-vA)r'iy in ?;2o 'o:'>/^y:': — 
 drjkcu(T£t di) .^\:i\ ::; -■;' iv auzu<; d^:ajfTeL£)^) ; hui llitt genera] iin- 
 4:''--.-n is on-- ■- a-aaa iia->:ha,-\-' ai-nC:-s, and we !t^f:a ih.it the 
 t; a:i> under which riif-na:iic-tii> max- liaM; winc^ed nnis! ii<ive 
 piovoked laughter Ir.a:; liie nuii;*/-. TIk: [mimu^^x in J:26 "//-•.- 
 (favra xaxux; ret Tzpnar^xu-^ra) \> X'jrv iiCat in il:-^ t)revit\' and >hsAvs a 
 ch ira,.-tt r'-tic li^h*ae-.s <>i n.aicii : r!. 7, 24 i-'^ /'/^ — /-/o-- /./-,. ., 
 12, 27 {00 yap — ikdfi^avo'/) , 42. 22 (ypd/i/iara — a- //a /-(hi. In 
 12. 7 (dTzoxTtvvuvat — iTzoionvTiA) tiia e< a;, laata ai k)\ aieas. m 12. 86 
 (ijSoukofjLrjv — dTTo^Aova?^ the la aiti a>l. v a,ad> an aa ana iia\'or ; a) 30. 
 17 the brief apnstrr4hia .la 
 sar a tic color a ^ a, 
 
 r.t])ai 
 
 tiiia: to tnc laaaca an 
 
 V a I 
 
 aMr^^a" anc 
 
 1, i a '. / 1 V 
 
 t)i a^aius 
 
 are the brief sneers a 24. 3 (re zobrou dwiaiu)^ il). 21 \rwv oaviux; 
 
 TouTw (faukw>\ ib. 27 (rtZiv dfioiiov auTw) aiui ihe san irins ui 14 44 
 (?v' etdr^re x. r. f.), 30. 7 (tuutujv — kotdopoufTiv'), i nt! e .^ .1 cina> Ur^ 
 obscurity in 12 63 (xatToc <T<p6dp* av x. r. i,) : and th;^, hke llie 
 
 extreme brevity of the ijnp]''aidon ila 4 ^wheia- tlie one wa.rrl 
 fitrnixoiq invoK'-- : ae idea of tln^ ^a:eztais <ind ?he \via)n4S iiom- 10 
 them by ia.ia :!aaaa>/. ia akai ta> .u; aliusive tenotaiey wiiadi 
 appear-, apaii li uin ir<an}4 ni a.aae L)-bian>c pas^a^es. as 9, 5 
 (^kiyovrei; — hdr)iioir[)^ 10. 24 (rt'c av oux ikerj^ete J'nun/rtou): anid S(t thie 
 indirectness of t6. 19 (jtokku} — eipyaaixivoC) is [» te ( onirasied \\ aili 
 
 of Dem. ;~ 
 
 aore fiaakiv 
 
 t.a a 
 
 the distiivta' 
 mad ■. a > 4 \'% ' 
 doubt, h,\ - a 
 inclination lo rely t a i a 
 fart tlvU lie train'^d h a^aei; 
 small circle o! tOaar^a - sa' 
 aoout him, wiiile the in a a 
 suggests the large I aaa ra a 
 
 2 a:' 
 
 ^vnere tnc -ijeaKers are 
 
 as 
 
 ,sr ota';M)iau uiaauvantaees. ^.no 
 
 .. ., .a,, 
 
 i a ' '•• i i 
 
 and'.a"ai. .il ai : hill this very 
 
 '\n\\ .af 111^ haaraa's reca'is the 
 
 nut tur Uie puldic, Jait lar a 
 
 c \ 
 
 \\ I a, : i a 
 
 a- F;al.>:■^ /'/iiu^driis sncnvs aatiieiaa.l 
 clearra;ss ni Js.ttaia and Denna^thenas 
 
 Ua. 1 .aasa:aae('t liii: aiw c.a air: ->. it 
 
 is in part th.:3 divergence m liieu' eaii}' suiiuundai4^ that exijiaaiS 
 for us the difference between the irony of ].\>a5a aiai ilait ul 
 
30 
 
 tio;.. 1, 
 here Mi 
 into CO; 
 
 i 1 ; -- :>'. >\\ 
 u-:t;i w]] 
 
 Demosthenes ; the former was accustomed to amuse and delight 
 applauding friends by easy insinuating dexterities of speech ; for 
 the latter, reared in an atmosphere of combat, the most finished 
 incrnncp was never without a certain grim earnestness of inten- 
 !irse, charactr must also be t >k n into account, and 
 lement of vVr>r(>£ca, as exhibited i; < ii orator, comes 
 : Kven when he wrote for others to speak, the 
 
 : ' Umiosthenes u^^ necessarily ironical, lofty, incisive; 
 : : ; n ture absorbed and transmuted the personality 
 ii : iiad to become identified. Lysias exhibits greater 
 d V ! - ties ot tone a ' i* • :ie; like irony, other qualities, found 
 in one < r a on, are absent from another, and sometimes his com- 
 ro- t !. H rise above mediocrity by talent only, not by force of 
 ciiaracici , the plasticity of his nature expressed itself in his cling- 
 :- . <n'le, that rarest of styles, which, like an elastic and trans- 
 p.irei:: aiV; reveals indifferently the native features, or the 
 grimaces, ol all who borrow it, from the pensioner to the patriot. 
 
 Repetition. 
 
 In dealing with repetition in Isaeus and Lysias it is necessary 
 to distinguish the rhetorical figure from a mere reiteration without 
 rhetorical effect. This last is, as Blass observes (II 502), a 
 tendt:. \ wth the former orator; cf. 6. 50, where the words tl(i\ 
 yvrjfftot are twice repeated with a certain awkwardness of distinct- 
 ness. In Lysias this apparently artless reiteration appears a part 
 of that studied simplicity on which Dionysius remarks (de Lys. 8) ; 
 so in I. :- (rravra 1100 — tiro^jV/c). In a Comparison intended to 
 show the artistic use of , figure in the three orators it seems 
 reasonable to set aside not only such cases, but also those in which 
 a word used in anaphora is inevitable and therefore unemphatic, as 
 is the c - \"'h ' Vra, Dem. 36. 38, and av, Dem. 37. 36. 37, and to 
 confine ourselves to the most regular or most emphatic forms. Of 
 ti Lysias has four: anaphora with ,uev — 5^ (7. 41, 10. 27, 12. 19. 
 
 _ ; ;; 8. 94, 13. i. 44, 16. 8, 18. 3, I9. Q. 62, 21. 25, 23. Il), 
 
 asyndetic anaphora (3. 46, 14. 6), epanadiplosis (13. 93,31. 22), 
 xuxhtq (4, 16). Isaeus exhibits a greater variety; anaphora with 
 fih — di (5. 9. 20, 6. 4 ; 1 1. 9. 10). asyndetic anaphora (8. 14, 11. 6. 
 35), epanadiplosis (11. 35 bis), (tu/ittAoxij (5. 25, 6. 53), x(>x/o^ (5. 46), 
 anastrophe (8. 17). The number of occurrences and proportion 
 per Feubner page for the three orators are : 
 
 \ "^ 
 
 anaphora with /xiv — di 
 
 asyndetic anaphora: 
 
 epanadiplosis: 
 
 ffOfinXuxTJ : 
 
 xbxXo^ : 
 
 anastrophe : 
 
 antistrophe: 
 
 31 
 
 Lys. 
 16 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 Isae. 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 Dem. 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 1 z= . I 1 4 
 
 lOI 
 
 n' -h" Lysianic instances four nni:^ h,^ :ni;i; \i^ flu- flr^t <:'as>, 
 the weakest and least rla ;■ a a/al > a ..:i ; and :t i^ la a:ceaha; tiaa ai 
 his two cases of epanadiplosis lia,- laaaial >\^,^^>\\v>< *a iha iiiiine 
 is softened bv lac .v.a;^ ...icrval at wh:^ a die wnru ;- icpeaitai — 
 an effect found also in §13 01 ihe -V'-ivh aijaia-t i dnoia w lac h 
 appro. i. di. s nearer to tiu- l.\-<ianic >ia:r uaa; .ia\- utder lUaia=>- 
 thenic oration except d^a .i-aia.ra Callicles. And a ntanc-thciK > 
 uses stron-<" :>■a•l:>.a^ taaa d^ c- I.v-m^ ha «anp".^\-s U\*:>e 
 sLioiig forms u.ui niuic \^aia_i) aiiu loicc ilaai a<;r- 1-ataia. n.^ 
 autiTzkox-q \s more ma^s've; his asyndetic aaapasaai ib caiaa (aaa- 
 bined with interrogaiion ; and his haaiia:? ^ s* a uaiu s auaatd 
 dv .X -aarmth of feelini^ which lerd- -laaUT wraidit ti^ it;|)ea:ta a. 
 This is noticeably the case in a^ a • uiuaa xvw t nu ni ](>> - 
 marks the rise of passi' a .aai isfolh>wrtJ a\' a wa.nckaau, ^ara^ u* 
 short asyndetic clauses, ivvo ui w aich, ao^.r;-' OErrrn-t and /^r^'Ow 
 
 Mt aa.;< aaaa die 
 
 I f * ' ^. I ' t 
 
 It a van i:it 
 
 r 
 
 i i~. T-\ 1 
 
 onananiDif i> 
 
 t a ' i o '' ' ;- i' \ ' 
 
 y>< '^^ :,: o ! a i '-^ r c 
 
 ar 
 
 , 4. . t i '■ ' i 
 
 aiai 
 
 . r.„ t 
 
 dvTt^oku)^ re' 
 
 habitual ca;*- a d: aldah 1 n ; 
 
 alike the naive iteaa a 
 
 throws into relief the distinc 
 
 they acquire artistic finish and bi^niiu n a t!< m da a -< n a^. no 
 
 !•-- ?han from their form. I^ '■^ diffindi to atudaa'- m dy-a.> anv 
 
 1 . a of artistic pa-ver; and .ni aA.aaph/ . a a:^\a-a,!taa: aaai|dKa\i n*)t 
 
 cited above (32. 16) shoua^ ia a» 
 
 the expression of feeling. Ida 1 
 
 integral part of the oration ni \ 
 
 rather professes to be quoted ' 
 
 grieved and angrv vv<ar 
 
 count it as an exaaaa) a i 
 
 orator could do, and, by its posna in what 
 
 from doing. The high fervor and a.ia .1 ,. ^ 
 
 a H 
 
 \ aaa- lor 
 
 xalajaaail ataittaaa.; > la'a an 
 ■11 a aaaiii- ■ a a- <nn ^led. -a' 
 \ 1 la.' axcaa- i a* It lanar- ol a 
 . : </.,i-' ai I h.i\'a n^a ahosan tr^ 
 
 t a )a 
 
 « , = 1 1 
 
 ahawv^ \\ hell th 
 
 aiiu.ad.- ratr;ant-d 
 .alch wa.A., d I.d, 11 ca- - 
 
32 
 
 thenes brought upon the tribune Lysias found inappropriate, save 
 when excused by the device of dramatization. 
 
 Asyndeton. 
 
 To discuss at length the employment of asyndeton in the three 
 orators u Kiid je too large a task for the limits of this paper; a 
 K V j^^civations will serve to indicate the development, extensive 
 
 this construction received at the hands of 
 
 ;ntf^n-;\'- 
 
 \\ 
 
 u;,-4 
 
 h 
 
 ^ C 1 1 1 i » ■> t ! ; ' • : 
 
 
 a >!t,' id\- :; 
 
 1 C ' ( ' ■ i ^' * 
 
 
 C3 
 
 I, v.. -r^r 
 
 — •■-, ~ r 
 
 ))rtional number of occurrences we find 
 : ough Isaeus i*. Demosthenes, 
 
 . « ^5 . I i 
 
 n: 
 1 
 
 1 J 
 
 . ! '■ I 
 
 r ub. p. Isae. 142 z:z i.o Dem. 302=: 1 : 
 
 igular progression appears in the introduction 
 
 testimony u-- re asyndeton in the summons to 
 
 ess gives a; lect of sharpness and eagerness. 
 
 I such command lie instances of asyndeton, 
 
 : i:.< ~L i_' the whole, are: 
 
 ^K.Jl 
 
 Lys. 65: 4izr o6 Isae. 83 : iozz:.i2 Dem. 129: 31 = .24 
 
 1 1 uie use of the weightiest form of asyndeton, the cumulative, 
 I >e n osthenes exhibits a much greater advance on his prede- 
 cessors : 
 
 Lys. 4 =:. 02 per Teub. p. Isae. 12 = .08 Dem. 43 = .2 
 
 De: I '- 1 • -, employs asyndeton freely in emotional passages. 
 Especially cliaracteristic are the foiLw.ng abrupt utterances: 
 «^r<^> /'£ 28. 6, oux eta /ii(Tf%uv 28. 7'; uu Ttporepoy 31. 12; 6pa<; 
 Tov A, 36. 50; w j^iXziffr' ib. 52; oux rjdixoo ib. 54; Sp^'^wq / uj 11, 
 ;~ 6; It.' ixghoiq 38. 27; <nda xdycu 3g. 12; Tobaat jxiv and oude\q 
 d-ekav^^et ib. 34 ; 7:o>rjpd<; w. a. 'A. 45. 80. Somewhat similar are, in 
 Isaeus, the brusque ipwrrj^io tre 11. 5, oux a^:ov ib. 47 ; but in gen- 
 eral this orator uses asyndeton chiefly for the sake of emphasis. 
 Characteristically Lysianic is its use in transitions or in a simple 
 continuation of the narrative or argument; so iaiwr.wv iyw i. 14; 
 
 wtiokoyet zauza TZotsTv ib. 22; eyio/ uv avc«Tov 4. 17 ; :ToUd<; av 7. 14 
 
 (where it is unnecessary to assume a lacuna, as is done by Scheibe 
 
 ^The introductory clause preceding distinguishes this passage from the 
 similar one in 38. 23, which seemed to suggest that that oration had not 
 been carefully worked out. An asyndetic transition from one topic to 
 another is not characteristic of the finished work of Demosthenes. 
 
 . • 33 
 
 and by some other critics); w //£v rpur.u) 9. 13; oux lyw 18. 24: 
 Tzpoffi'ji^oui^i rov votjv 30. 23; ratXu uv elr) 32. II. Such instances are 
 rare in Demosthenes: ouzoq eXa^e 41. 3; k'-^tvo.ixdffzoxy 54. 3; -6XX^ 
 dv eiTtelv ib. 44 (at the beginning of a brief epilogue; of. I ^ ?. :^t. 
 34); -zokXd douXtxd 57. 45; and so Isaeus 10 22 -ovzo p-ev o]d' ozt. 
 
 The tendency of Demosthenes to tii 
 tion with warmth of tone is iai : i •iid. 
 
 ).r-\- a: 
 
 IliU- 
 
 
 -fa I :vt .V 
 
 1 „\'>: 
 
 rare use of it in the quiet beginn 112 ^^f - i; urata t 
 is introduced by an asyndetic s nit laa 1 
 12.4, 17.2, 32.4), in Demostlua- *w 
 secondary narrative it occurs twice in I ^ 
 
 in Demosthenes (38. 12. -7. ; I- - is 1 
 live 6. 19, where tw?^ a^yndeiic ^< i^'t r ' s 
 10. 4 the 0Lrjrf(T'.q IS mtroduced ^x-:h yap^ . 
 
 .i: (''. 
 
 'i I 'i ' 
 
 t, i! M- ♦ 
 
 lie? 
 
 [•->■ 4, 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 m a 
 
 r, z^ . 
 
 t \sa(:e 
 
 ^-\] 
 
 t a ( • 1 1 
 
 fi J i a: 
 
 Dt 
 
 J - . ! ( 
 
 w 
 
 If , 
 
 e 
 
 v5) 
 
 \\ 11! 
 
 at: 
 
 \\' 
 
 2^11 is m c\ 
 II a aommt 
 
 A. 
 
 Dem. 28. 
 
 detic continuation, vuzoq k'Xafie ; this '- t 
 Noteworthy is tht labile asya : a a a; 
 introduction with yap: contrasi i 2 ; 5^ 
 «uv is placed between aa :\\ abyi.aeia. 
 
 A not uncommon ube la tn's rnrstii 
 duced by a demonstrath^ \2 < ii 
 
 explanation or res aapaDi of what has just prececu^ 
 refer here to the occurrv ac e of such ca^; - >at( a acu aniaair- ( r a >a 
 mony, which is in general c la u: lac \\c an^t !<aair of asynLa a 11, 
 though n^ possible vigor ui mass mav ae >ati 
 11-13. \\ ere these clauses break the i' a\ ni 
 have usually, in Demosthenes, 1 a trmth ol toiu \\ 1 a 2> .--b'-'iivn 
 to be felt in the other orators. Cf. 
 
 L>;=. I. 2. 17, 3. 13, 4. II. 16, 9. ;, i^,. .(>. 31.60.71.79. 81, 23. 9, 
 26. 20, 32. 21 ; with warmth 10. 28, 12. 20. 84, 13. 47. 
 
 Isae. I. 10, 2. 20. 21, 3. 67, 5. 10, 7. 9. 16. 28. 45 to, 8. 24, II. 3. 
 42. 43; with warmth 2. 23.37, 3. 23 dis, 5. 11, 7. 21. 23. 
 
 Dem. 27.9, 29. 10, 30. 6. 14, 37. 36, 55. 25 ; with warmth 27. 25. 
 31, 30. 8. 24 dis. 38, 37. 41, 45. 2, 57. 65. 
 
 > Isae. 6. 19 and 7. 5 are not to be regarded as instances of cumulative 
 asyndeton; this term is meant to include only those cases in which ae 
 asyndetic clauses are intimately connected, embodying essentially one idea 
 and conveying an impression of rapidity. So in Dem. 28. 20 wv i avt n a 
 one instance, but four, of cumulative asyndeton : cuoaz' eAer/aare, iKETevo) 
 dvTi^o?.(j, Trpbc—vfilv, ovTug—pe. The pauM-^ after ijASTjoav, 7re<pEvyafiev, vfilv 
 are strongly felt; they represent the catch in the breath, the breaking of 
 the voice between these rapid utterances of passion. 
 
34 ' . 
 
 The number of instances in each class is therefore : 
 
 Lys. 15 : 4, Isae. 14 : 7, Dem. 6 : 9. 
 
 It appears then that this kind of asyndeton is used more fre- 
 quently by the two earlier orators than by Demosthenes, and that 
 the latter oftener infuses into it a tone of strong feeling. 
 
 Of the prooemium in Lysias and Isaeus there is nothing to be 
 said, save that neither orator anywhere exhibits that intense cul- 
 tivation and exquisite finish of this part of the speech which were 
 found in some orations of Demosthenes. 
 
 III. — Examination of Suspected Speeches. 
 
 The fact that this paper originated in a study* of Or. 34 led 
 naturally to an examination of the other speeches dealing with 
 questions of marine insurance; to these I have added Orr. 40 and 
 46 on account of their close connection with 39 and 45, respect- 
 ively. 
 
 Or. 32. — Schafer finds the speech against Zenothemis Demos- 
 thenic neither in composition nor in tone ; Blass rejects it only 
 for faults in method and argument. One of these lies in the fact 
 that the demurrer is argued out in the prooemium ; what has been 
 said above concerning Orr. 36 and 37 shows that this anticipation . 
 is not Demosthenean. As the prooemium is faulty in substance, 
 so in form it displays no delicacy of finish ; and the concluding 
 words have a tone not to be paralleled from Demosthenes. The 
 speaker, after making the customary appeal for a fair hearing, 
 says : axoixr^fff^e yap (h^^pior.no roX/iav xai 7:o>r^p{aw ou rijv ru^uuffav^ 
 av-Ksp iyct) ra r.zr.paytiiv anroj Tzpd^ orid<; 7:o?jAxt^ etTter^ Sw^r^'f^a). 
 olfiai di. The power of demonstration is always put by Demos- 
 thenes as a thing to be attempted {-zetpdnoiiai dtddaxeiv 27. 3, 30. 5, 
 etTze'iv rr. 31. 3, 36. 3. 45. 2, r. osl^ai 57. i) and he expresses confi- 
 dence only in the convincing force of facts (29. i ix dk toutwv 
 ol/iai — cuy^wfTTou E(T£(jHat ; ib. 5 twrwq iieydlotq — iXiy^(n(; — w<t»*/' — 
 erVctri^tt: ; so 30. 5 ; 36. 3 cc auzcuu rwv TTSTTpayfiiviuv etffetn^e ; SO 55. 3; 
 54.2 (Tuyy^cu/iTjv i^er eo «](5' on — irreiddv — dxouffrjre^] nowhere does 
 he permit himself, or his client, such a touch of brusque arrogance 
 as that which here ofiends good taste and strikes an inartistic note. 
 
 There is a fair proportion of deictic expressions (2. 6); the effec- 
 tive employment of the apostrophe in §28-30 recalls Dem. 37. 57 ; 
 
 * Published in the Johns Hopkins University Circular, No. 109, Feb. 1S94. 
 
 35 
 
 the denunciatory words Tro^rjpia (§2. 3) and dvatSeta (§9) are used 
 with directness. Among other forms of interrogation the sugges- 
 tion occurs once (§10), the challenge once (§27); but the rhetorical 
 answer, in the vigorous form which sways opinion, is not found. 
 The total absence of repetition seems significant; still more so the 
 frequency of asyndeton in toneless passages. In §28. indeed, this 
 figure is employed with force ; but there are nine examples (§1. 10 
 e(Tz. ipy. II bis. 14. 17 tc avz. 18 bis. 26) of those asyndetic contin- 
 uations which are altogether infrequent with Demosthenes. In §4 
 and §31 the clause in asyndeton stands in appositional relation to 
 the preceding, as in Dem. 29.3; but the short asyndetic sent^ ', es 
 which break the direct quotations in §15 are as unlike Demos- 
 thenes as is that manner of narration (cf Hug, cited by !• . IH 
 438). This lavish use of the unemphatic asyndeton suggest:^ a 
 study of Lysias and an exaggeration of one of the devices by 
 which he achieved simplicity and avoided the appearance of 
 rhetorical artifice; and the faint touches of irony in §12 and §27 
 might be copied from Lys. 32. 22. Neither in those two passages 
 nor in §24 (roh ffoifoo) do we find anything resembling the ironic 
 power of Demosthenes ; and this fact, the weakness of the pro- 
 oemium, the lack of repetition, and the dominant quality of the 
 asyndeton seem to tell with conclusive weight against the genu- 
 ineness of the speech, although at some points its style approaches 
 the Demosthenic type. 
 
 Or. 33.— The well-knit and lucid speech against Apaturius is 
 held together by an abundance of deictic words and phrases 
 (3. i), but exhibits otherwise none of the features which serve to 
 mark the power and art of Demosthenes. There is a good deal 
 of interrogation, but it is all assertive or argumentative; the sug- 
 gestion is wanting, and the challenging tone is only slightly felt 
 in §23 and §25 ; there is no rhetorical answer. The denunciatory 
 phrase dq ruhro d^atdsiac; directed at the adversary in §22, at his 
 confederate in §19, lacks sharp utterance, as, indeed, the qualities 
 of sharpness and strenuousness are generally wanting in this pleas- 
 antly smooth and persuasive composition. The single instance 
 of repetition lies in the sortof antistrophe at the close— a position 
 which this figure nowhere has in any Demosthenean oration. Of 
 irony in the Demosthenic sense there is none, and only an isolated 
 touch of energetic reprobation in §37 (rd pa(Tzu> x.r.i.). A- i- i- n 
 occurs only in a few passages, chiefly with weak tone : aiici ic^^i - 
 
36 
 
 mony (§9. 16), in indistinct apposition (§32-3), in a question (§37), 
 at the beginning of the short epilogue (§38). It is worth while to 
 compare Or. 55, which contains only seven examples of asyndeton 
 (§13 bis. 15. 24 bis. 25. 31), by far the smallest number to be found 
 in any of the fourteen speeches, but these almost wholly in warm 
 or emphatic passages. These particulars only confirm the obser- 
 \\i ;. of Blass (III 515), that we miss here the life and power of 
 Demosthenes ; and in the prooemium we may note, not only the 
 colorless and impersonal character on which Blass remarks, but 
 also the strong contrast with the genuine prooemia ; their tone is 
 always intensely personal, save in Or. 57, where the generaliza- 
 tions are justified by the general movement of which Euxitheus 
 finds himself unwillingly a part. Of the delicate workmanship, 
 the fine threads ot suggestion linking this part to the whole, such 
 as are seen in the maturer speeches of Demosthenes, there is here 
 no trace. As to the manner of introducing the demurrer in the 
 prooemium and having the law at once read, this is at any rate 
 more smoothly managed than the similar arrangement in Or. 38. 
 But that speech, with all its imperfection, has the high artistic 
 qualities of vividness and passion ; this, which in its uniform, tame 
 correctness, has all the necessary and none of the superfluous 
 virtues, is stamped with a spiritual tisrpiorrjq possible to the art of 
 Lysias, but not to the fiery temperament of Demosthenes. 
 
 Or. 34. — The speech against the merchant Phormio, condemned 
 in brief terms alike by Schafer and Blass as not of Demosthenic 
 type, exhibits only characteristics confirmatory of their judgment. 
 The prooemium is lacking as well in finish and suggestiveness as 
 in the clearness and point that appear even in the lengthiest and 
 least forcible of the genuine prooemia, that of Or. 29; the grounds 
 for the demurrer are urged in §4, essential portions of the narra- 
 tive are briefly recited in §2 and §5, and as a result of this antici- 
 pation the point at issue is loosely and difi^usely stated (§5). A 
 corresponding looseness in the construction of the whole is marked 
 by the very small number of deictic expressions. The particles 
 Toi>uv and m^v oov are indeed used with sufficient frequency, the 
 former eight, the latter seven times ; of monitory verbs or demon- 
 stratives there are only some ten, and these are nowhere used 
 with the accumulation characteristic of Demosthenes. The pro- 
 portion, then, is about 1.7, equal to that of the passionate deuter- 
 qIootv icrninst Aphobus which stands lowest in this respect among 
 
 \ 
 
 f 
 
 37 
 
 the genuine speeches. But Or. 34 is not at all passionate ; the 
 tone is argumentative throughout, and for argument I i n i n * -, 
 as we have seen, employs these turns of pb a t \ hh .u-c oiu n 
 in mass. In consequence of this wraknc 
 which are very slightly marked, in §2j r 
 ouv; in the former pa^~ *. :^ the writer ;i 
 demarcation from 1 n'l! w ' a.nnMit 
 almost an absolute sev ci aii^t ui i i « ; • 11 
 occur; the suggestive question an i tlie ii . 
 
 \l V 
 
 ,l]\> 
 
 i! n s 
 
 \' hy oTjf ]]] ^su'- \ V fj-s:'^ 
 
 'ft, (i> Wf l\ no ^rn^•^'e 
 
 111 ire l.iiUT therr ;s 
 
 Rt.iK't ;: ,: ;n ii(>es not 
 
 H nijc iii'c ahko al ^Miit. 
 
 ' ne \\ t'.iR 
 
 anpoaj > ^40 
 
 - \i]v A]\ivi\\]t u\ aiui uiihoiH torce 
 \n.;n nc ELxoTw^ (§5i)> i-n'-'winy n(;;t 
 
 as is the rhetorical ansun 
 
 firjSa/xujq o) a. <5.). ,\ o nl ! 1 
 
 (§2. 4. 16. 17. 50) ; even tn 
 
 on a statement of fart hu: - i; aw a-sunM'ta)n 
 
 effect which it has in I >op.i. 30. 37, 30 :5. a: ^7 
 
 this Demosthenes (57. 33) u^f^- n re i i a 
 
 tion is made by Lysias (conin-! 1 \- 
 
 There is no irony, or at lea-- ;aa' in-a. ,1 ri * d i)x H.a^h ni >35 l^ 
 
 very faint and reside- ;.ttia. i n tin' ;a.nt!<.^tn<i tart- than :n the 
 
 colorless eapras^ion ; a Luiiipaiiiiuii x^'ili l.v^- 12. ^-^f') showh hnw a 
 
 \'( 
 
 t T t 
 
 u u 
 
 V: 1 nkc rase to 
 r !-an;f (i:st;nc- 
 I ■'"'" . .' f "' , 26. 1 " ' . 
 
 pointed n''.n!a"<- r,f plirn^e ^^erves t. 
 
 ! ;nn ^iUl inn iron\- 0} con- 
 
 n no 
 
 niiusnnn>s «>t uttniance. 
 
 The 
 
 4r^k;nu ciS llie case otiered 
 
 w 
 
 will 
 
 lorn; pa^^;tO'5;s, 
 
 trast, which is a r - 
 
 absence of this figun 
 
 much opportunity for its n-r inl as aposti()|)h( 
 
 Demosthenes is often ironiral is iitw ^n 1 i >\ nd 
 
 §26-8 and §30-3. It is t-- la-obser\a(i ihat fiu- nniin ari^nnKnts 
 are brought f\)rAa!d d; tia-( i.;t--a-(-. ni the Ur^^i a- whadi apo<^ 
 trophe is douha fi nn-a:.d,'.a? wd: a:tM la -fanca^- I Jenaistht.nns 
 is not accustomed to bur(d n ■■-r.v.-r <•' iht-f i:\ad\-rinnrnswithany 
 weight of argument, and tins \,ir^v enipa vna/nt oi hrai] ni Rndi a 
 use shows misapplication of rhetorical pas v n. I ia : ra ! ndhesb 
 to the judges in §32 and §33 mic^ht r nnn n ^^ .1 Dam 36. 
 51 and 45. 80. 82; but there the f)t un - in n » r a^ t wean 
 s.vrnt away in the torrent of apostrophic denunciation, i 
 
 ' (■' c 
 
 real audience, turns to it, and s^ 
 of passion to return a^ain to his a 
 
 is produced, because tae i inn n 
 adversa;v ^ nly fell the more 
 
 turns ot 1 >na-- la' -a -. ^n. ii ;i- u 
 
 impelling inflnc 1 
 
 ( t' 
 
 U ' 1 • . ' t ■' 
 
 <n no SU' ii ai"! istac a 
 
 „nnnn w 
 
 tne 
 
 n. 
 
 to, t n*' 
 
 i a a a a >' 
 
 Ida 
 
 w.d : ll!o slicnn, sharp 
 see ni i<\ 20. are n<n !r(>nn but 
 ;~£!v«r7}c. wlncd) these ddierent 
 
 na n; oducta is iiei-iit^. and by llie manner m which denun- 
 
38 
 
 ciatory words are employed. Here a certain indirectness is 
 apparent. Thus xaxonffyr^jm (§29) stands in an appeal (and con- 
 trast the reinforcement of xay.oupfia with 't/^'j in 45. 39) ; adixr^jia 
 (§7) is introduced without emphasis, as may be seen by compar- 
 ison w til the vigorous use oi a(^ixoq in the Demosthenean passages 
 cited auuve ; r:(»r^p6:; (§2o) is, so to speak, quoted as a finding of the 
 court, and a'^ai(T'/o>ro)q (§19) has only a general application. On 
 the other hand, as the final word before the formal epilogue we 
 find ^'^r^piiov^ a harsh epithet not used by Demosthenes, at least in 
 aiiy private oration; this, coming in at the last like a forcible- 
 feeble splutter of wrath, is roughly destructive of the dignity which 
 should belong to this part of the speech and which is always to be 
 felt in the close of a Demosthenic oration. 
 
 Or. 35. — The speech against Lacritus contains most of the 
 features which I have taken as tests of Demosthenic composition, 
 and some of these do not altogether lack Demosthenic tone. 
 Thus, in interrogation we meet with one example of the sugges- 
 tion (§22), two of the challenge (§45. 49) ; the short apostrophic 
 turns in §45. 46. 47. 49 have much the air of those noticed in the 
 genuine orations. Asyndeton is freely employed, sometimes with 
 force, though the cumulative form, found in all of the fourteen 
 speeches excepting 31, is missing. Of repetition we have epana- 
 diplosis in §16 {obroffi — ovto^'), where the punctuation of Bekker 
 is, I think, to be preferred to that of Dindorf and Blass ; there is 
 no pause, but a quick recovery of the dropped thread of speech. 
 in §54 (-">? ofjx ddixzinHz — tzcu^ oux ddtxs'i) a curious anacoluthic 
 anaphora is to be noticed, which finds parallels in Isae. 2. 42-3 
 
 ((5c«vov To Tzpdyiia — rcib^ oux d> d. r, r.), ib. 43 (raDr' i(TT\ rd Troiouvra — 
 r. L rd Xu7zoT)>ra), 9* 1 5 (j^ '^^'"^ "^ u/iaj\> ^avetJ] rctrrov — ra)^ rooro:/ 
 TTKTTo'^), and in Lys. 12. 36 (ofu i>uv ^e^vov — oux apa xp^)j but not in 
 Demosthenes, to whom anacoluthon seems to have been in general 
 repugnant. The style of Isaeus is also recalled by the inartistic 
 repetition o( yiypci-rrai zdbra (§19. 22. 25),''i'V)jvaC^ 7:api)(itv wdr.atpa 
 (§37. 39), dei^^q ehai (§41). The proportion of deictic expressions 
 (2.08 per page) is lower than in Or. 39, which does not deal with 
 legal points, and which moreover, in the passionate suppositions 
 that take the place of argument, supplies in some degree the want 
 of ordinary transitional formulas by such interjectional substitutes 
 as ehv (§13. 18. 30), xakd):; (§15). Further the particles rohov and 
 /lev o5v appear rarely, the second three times (§3. 21. 55), the first, 
 
 A> 
 
 >,. 
 
 h r-.v 
 
 ] i i>- 
 
 u 
 
 '■lit are mere 
 
 IDr i'VAl, .:Ild 
 « 'I 
 
 u ■■ f ■* 1 
 
 i:e 
 
 l./L'U ii<J :~- 
 
 ^ \ 
 
 39 
 
 which is by far the favorite with Demosthenes, only oncf 
 
 rhetorical answer occurs (§26), not h( u -r in tlie 'mm j 
 
 thenic form of curt affirmation or denial, but over! 
 
 denunciation. This overloading is obsf jx.e'i ui 1 l !;( it n a 
 
 tone which Blass calls wiizelnd, bni wiiich b( e !r;> lu iiic latiiti lu 
 
 denote unbridled indignation; the openir- u( ids (oo^ev zarvov 
 
 X. r. f.) have no coloring of ridicule or bi;irr m 
 
 vehement abuse, and this recurs again and again 
 
 is especially marked in the irony, which is not i i-it n-, iiia: iliat ut 
 
 Demosthenes, but heavy and rough; cf, ^16 (<iiya -naynci), 40. 
 
 41. 43 (fT<Kpa>TaT<»\ 49 (/z«i/f>v dixaiov'). The vocaiai" ir\ I nn* < i\e 
 
 is, as Blass remarks, lavish and coarse; liiere «:t .1- i tin iiti i~ 
 
 ances of this sort as in the earliest of the -( im ? u 
 
 and the abusive etfect is heightened by a n r t r 
 
 epithet with another which passes beyond the 1 
 
 thenic force into sheer violence. Compare, in ad<i t i t ilu 
 
 instances cited by Blass, §12 (Ttovrjporaroi xat aSixwraroLj^ 32 {^/jO^aU' 
 ptav xat (J>Budo?j)y{a'/^, 39 (xaxoopyot aoififfra: xat 7:ov7]po\ avi^pioTZoi^, 
 The failure in good taste and artistic reserve is i: :u 'v 1 rought 
 out by a comparison of this speech with 37 or 45. ili', * pi> iient 
 of Pantaenetus is also hotly indignant at liie inipuiUiutj 01 his 
 adversary ; as for Apollodorus, his anger inflamed by personal 
 hatred as well as by pecuniary losses, repels us by its implacable 
 bitterness; but in each case the expression which i) mo liunes 
 lends to indignation gives it power and weight, anct ti 
 of a fine and keen irony with an assumption ui .u:t 
 the character of his client and humbles the ndversar> 
 oemium and epilogue too have the usual dignity ol 
 speech rising gradually into a storm of passion which at the close 
 subsides into appeal. In Or. 35 there is neither superiority of 
 attitude nor refinement of tone, and the virulence of the pruue- 
 mium is reflected in the epilogue ; compare the turgid phrases in 
 §55 (^"^aC^fi' — ffo<pt!^oufftv^ 7:o>7jpcu'^ — 7:a^>oupyou(Tt^ with the si ; i^ 
 rouzou^ TTf^ ayav xoXaxeia^ i7:t(T^rj(TeTe, 45. 88, and with the nobly 
 expressed plea for the maintenance of justice in 37. 60. 
 
 Or. 40. — The second speech against Boeotus cai n ■ ; . itriy 
 be compared with the first; the latter, turnine <n) i ion: 
 ment, owes partly to this fact its surpassing li\ t ; !<-- iki 
 changefulness; the former, dealing with a 11 ite : ' : 
 would naturally be more quiet and sober in coloring ai 
 
 ■ . e I : ( 
 
 
 u; ib 
 
 h 
 
 < Ji 
 
 ' t - >~ < 
 
 li vi 
 
 .t.'iiC. 
 
• 40 
 
 Considering, indeed, the relations of the parties to the suit, we 
 mi^ht look for some such mixture of strong feeling with close 
 ar! 1 ent as is exhibited in ^36 and 45; but the two brothers 
 h,,i rn ip:^ hardly been intimate enough to feel that cordial 
 harr! uhich d t nc^uishes the quarrel between Phormio and 
 Apoiioii rii Ihe speech displays, in fact, nehher strength of 
 I >t^s 1 nor marked force of reasoning ; its lax structure is reflected 
 i!i lie comparative weakness of deictic expressions, the propor- 
 tion of which (2.28) is about the same as in Or. 39. The lack of 
 the apostrophe it has in common with Orr. 27 and 30; but how 
 far it is from possessing the compact energy of these speeches 
 appears by the almost complete absence of asyndeton, of which 
 only tw I iceble examples occur (§21. 47). The want of that 
 dramatic I - hich this figure often gives is further emphasized 
 
 oy in a. L UKii uc liiid neither the challenge, the suggestion, nor 
 the r- nrnl nn-wer; in short, none of those abrupt and telling 
 checks to the t \ of speech by which Demosthenes at once fixes 
 an i ; p ises the attention. The rhetorical value of asyndeton 
 co-r; 1 iiiidly be better illustrated thali from this drowsy stream of 
 c I- iiu polysyndeton; the reluctance to pause, which the per- 
 -onnectives indicate, gives the impression that the orator 
 i n : ^ ;;ceping the interest of his audience, and thus dulls 
 ■ >t i fatigues the mind of the reader. This anxiety 
 nn N oression in the words did to 6X(yov thai 110 1 to odwp 
 :\ A p average length of the Demosthenean private 
 i<^ ti in n iiid a half pages— or, if we omit the twodeuter- 
 : ' 1 half; this one, with its sixteen and a half, 
 seems quite long enough for an effective development of the case ; 
 compare, n ne end of Orr. 36 and 38, the proud iHpa to vdiop. 
 It is true that Or. 41 ends with the words r^oOc oUyov u3wp a>ay- 
 xaCo,a£voc ^^r-^'' ; but it is really very short (8^ pp.), and that final 
 phrase at the close of a successfully completed demonstration is 
 merely a dignified note of complaint, while this, occurring in the 
 in ; : I tin speech, produces an inartistic jar by revealing the 
 a^a^L> n I a e>i i tin maker's mind. I cannot therefore agree 
 with tht renuiiK of Bla^^ JII 454): " Ueberhaupt ist der Aus- 
 drnck . . . rednerUrb knlftig"; it has persuasiveness to a degree, 
 f, n no fit Th t: the writer was a student of Dph nsthenes is 
 -,a^^ . i n V li borrowings firom the first speech against 
 
 i; also by the openin^ ords of the prooemium, which 
 
 .-,? 
 
 n 
 
 
 h 
 
 snnc^' 
 
 
 '< 
 
 41 
 
 recall those of Or. 55, but lack their neatness and charm ; here 
 the general reflection is laid down in the usual serious way, there 
 the apa turns it into a discovery made by the speaker, and so 
 gives us at once the vision of his wide-eyed innocence. 1 in 
 touches of insinuation in §8 (iTr/ryfrt'aCev x. r. f .), 23 Qn—xofu<Tdfie>o>), 
 and the air of moral superiority in §12 (t^w d'—i-eiff^^^aozw)^ 
 48-9 (^xdyu) fikv — dya^mxrev^) are sufficiently in the tone of the preced- 
 ing speech to show that this writer wished to prebcive lu .M n- 
 titheus the attitude in which Demosthenes had placed h'm : ni 
 he lacked the ironic power by which the latter made this reserve 
 appear the restraint imposed by a sense of right and decorum on 
 a proud and energetic temperament. There is a slight touch of 
 irony in §28 (wfTTzep xXrjZT^pe^) and an easy sneer in §32 (viy jr x. 
 T. ^.) ; but these do not smack strongly ol 1 it nn^tlienes. Denun- 
 ciation is direct enough in §20.34. 43- 5- dn njli the v* a- n ;n\ 
 is not altogether Demosthenean : we have xaxovpyoq, xaxuupywv 
 
 {xaxnupyi^ffat Dem. 45. 30), roV./aa, zoAnr^poc^ iTrt/SooXo^ ; the nominal 
 
 form in these last gives an aggressive force hardly to be felt in 
 the common use of the corresponding verbs. Repetition is fcii ni 
 in two examples of anaphora (§42. 59) and one of the rare epana- 
 diplosis (§53) ; but this last is an isolated instance of nnusually 
 vigorous expression, and the representation of this one figure does 
 not make up for the absences and weaknesses which nave been 
 noted. 
 
 Or. 46. — The second speech against Stephanus must be set 
 against the other deuterologies, 28 and 31 ; if it were by P nios- 
 thenes, we should expect to find it holding the same relation to 
 Or. 45 that these do to their respective Aoyoi. Now Or. 27 is, as 
 has been said above, mainly concerned with exposition and argu- 
 ment, as is also Or. 30, one of the quietest in tone among the 
 fourteen ; and it is noteworthy that these two alone contain no 
 example of apostrophe, which means that they are directed to the 
 court, not at the adversary. But the very purpose of the second 
 appearance is aggressive ; in coming forward to refute his oppo- 
 nent the speaker enters inevitably upon attack : and the tone of the 
 Demosthenean deuterologies is in accordance wnn ihib nc cess'tv 
 
 a>"^/ 
 
 of the situation. Apostrophe, irony, energetic 
 
 the prevailing tone is exclamatory, eager, indignant ; the 
 
 ments are brief and pointed, clinched by passional 
 
 On the other hand the two speeches against Stephanus ^nuw ai 
 
 n^on aDi 
 
 , .t: 
 
 :n-!.p,l- 
 ance. 
 
 i,)". I' 
 
42 
 
 43 
 
 entirely different relation to each other. The first is rich in all the 
 figures and devices which can enliven argument and convey feel- 
 ing, while the second is merely an array of arguments ; and this 
 inversion shows a weakness alike in logic and in art wholly incom- 
 patible with any theory of Demosthenean authorship for 46. The 
 other tests point to the same conclusion. The challenging ques- 
 tion, indeed, and the apostrophe are found in combination (§25. 
 28), and there is an effective bit of irony (§19). But the sugges- 
 tion and the rhetorical answer are wanting, as are too all forms of 
 repetition ; the vituperative word -avovpyoq is frank enough, but 
 out of place at the very beginning; and the extremely infrequent 
 use of asyndeton (§5. 14. 20) tells heavily against the speech. The 
 proportion of deictic expressions (4. 8) is much higher than in 
 any genuine oration ; which seems at least to show that the wnier 
 recognized their value, perhaps too that he exaggerated their use 
 beyond need. 
 
 Or. 56. — A. Schafer has shown that the speech agaiqst Dionys- 
 odorus must have been delivered after the death of Demosthenes. 
 It perhaps comes nearer to the Demosthenic type than any of the 
 orations hitherto examined, containing as it does nearly all of the 
 characteristic features on which I have laid stress. Denunciation 
 is very slight, being in fact confined to the one word di^aifr^u^roq 
 (§41); but this is uttered with much sharpness of emphasis. Ana- 
 phora occurs once (§10), epanadiplosis once (§38). Interrogation 
 is abundant, with three instar.ces of the suggestion (§2. 27. 38) and 
 three of the challenge (§39 dzs, 40) ; and there is an example of 
 the rhetorical answer, §28. Asyndeton is quite frequent, and 
 apostrophe is freely and effectively used ; compare the rapid turn- 
 ing from the adversary to the judge and again to the adversary in 
 §25, the argument rising into emphatic assertion, §26-8, and into 
 denunciation, §40-2, the tone of challenge imparted to the argu- 
 ment in §32 and §39, and the vigorous insistence of §38. There 
 are. however, other phenomena which, if the genuineness of the 
 speech had to be decided on stylistic grounds, would tend to cast 
 doubt upon it. The proportion of deictic expressions (2.0) is no 
 higher than in Or. 55, and the preponderance of fjth oov over 
 roj'^ov (6 : 2) is not Demosthenic. The lengthy prooemium con- 
 tains much general reflection in §1-2 and a long anticipation of the 
 narrative in §3-4 ; in this, as in the whole speech, we miss the 
 compact structure and pointed conciseness of the genuine orations. 
 
 
 
 Despite the employment of vivid figures, there is rarely ; rv \ ivid 
 sharpness and curtness ; the livelier forms of question lur (lulled 
 by length of phrase ; and the asyndeton 11 .45, which micrht fairly 
 be called cumulative, lacks, by reason of the same lenuUi ? s all 
 the rapidity and weight that should belong to this figure. On uie 
 whole, asyndeton is employed (§7. 21. 22. 23. 27. 36. 37. 40. 46) 
 rather for deliberate emphasis than in any warm or quick tone, 
 though there is force in the rhetorical answer and in y'izdaaai^z^ 
 
 §40. Irony is found in §40 (a> ^ikriffre) and §41 {i>orwq d^dpeloq), in 
 
 the latter case passing immediately into denunciation ; but these 
 are slight instances, and the scornful familiarity of the vocative 
 has less propriety here than in 36. 52, where it is justified by the 
 intimacy of the two enemies and by the tone of lofty rebuke which 
 pervades that passage. In short, the excellences of Or. 56 are not 
 superlative ; the writer is master of his art so far as it was to be 
 learned, while lacking the power and subtletyof expression which 
 only high artistic endowment could give. 
 
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