|ei i nJiJfT^ frO^nxrDfrirafru^rf^ I i i AT 1 2.50 IMI13THE LIBRARIES l> 25 " COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY Avery Library 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 tsi rjtJ fTHD Prli^ 1T^ Inli^ S' f rmirruLlfnHl 4» STRAUB BLOCKS A consideration of the architectural and structural availability of Straub Blocks tor the varied purposes of modern building; their nature, attributes and uses as illustrated by tests, testimony and performance, with working plans and instructions. Price $3.50 Published by the National Cinder Concrete Products Association Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Columbia University Libraries https://archive.org/details/straubcinderbuilOOnati Foreword r | ''HE architect, engineer or contractor, in applying specialized knowledge to specific problems, is often confronted by the necessity for immediate and accurate information regarding the new and less academically familiar forms of building material. Within the past ten years, the prominence given in the building field to Cinder Concrete Units manufactured under Straub Patents, and the new uses discovered almost daily for this material, have made necessary a re- arrangement and many additions to the facts regarding its nature, possibil- ities, and correct uses. Whatever specific operation may be in question, the general nature of Straub Cinder Concrete Block and File will be found to present identical advantages to the professional man engaged in the planning and specifying of material for new structures. However, the application of this material in varied forms of construction has brought to light so many particular functions, that this book has been arranged by classifications of industrial, commercial, institutional and residential units, with the hope of facilitating instant reference by con- venient form. 3 Table of Contents Page The Composition and Characteristics of Straub Blocks 7 Chapter I Residences 11 Chapter II Small Homes 33 Chapter III Bungalows 45 Chapter IV Garages 53 Chapter V Operations 63 Chapter VI Schools and Churches 77 Chapter VII Institutions 95 Chapter VIII Hotels, Theatres, Banks, Apartments and Clubs 103 Chapter IX Industrial Buildings 117 Chapter X Experiences 131 Chapter XI Stucco Finishes for Straub Block Houses 147 Chapter XII Fire Protection 151 Chapter XIII Official Tests 157 Chapter XIV Types and Sizes of Straub Cinder Building Blocks. . . . 173 Chapter XV Construction: Suggestions for Handling and Laying Straub Blocks. . 184 Specifications for Construction 189 Chapter XVI Working Plans 193 Chapter XVII The Plants Making Straub Blocks 205 5 The Composition and Characteristics of Straub Blocks CTRAUB Patented Cinder Concrete Building Blocks are a composition of cinders and cement, compressed and moulded into standard shapes, in standard sizes. 1'hese building units have nothing in common with hollow construc- tion tile or concrete blocks. The composition is patented (Francis J. Straub, U. S. Letters Patent No. 1,212,840) and in an opinion handed down by the United States Court of Appeals, declaring against an infringement, it is interesting to note the sentence ‘Alter consideration ol the proofs, we have reached the conclusion that Straub made a valuable contribution to the building art.’ I bis contribution includes those attributes ol lire salety, sound proofing, a low coefficient of heat or cold conductivity resulting in high insulating value, and the factors of strength that have made the product acceptable by building authorities throughout the United States. Products Foundation and Wall Bearing Blocks, Partition file, Brick, Rein- forced Lintels, Chimney Blocks and Floor Slab Blocks. Costs will vary according to local conditions, but normally the saving in finished wall construction can he figured from 25 to 40% compared to same wall dimensions in brick, and 5 to 15% compared with clay tile. Strength Blocks have an average crushing strength of 900 lb. per sq. in. gross area, which is equivalent to approximately 1300 lb. per sq. in., net area. The ratio of unit strength to wall strength of Straub blocks is from 57 to 76%, the highest of any known masonry. Tests Tests made by Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc., (see page 159 of report of tests on Straub Blocks), Bureau of Standards, U. S. Govern- ment, Columbia University, Yale University, Rutgers College. Johns Hopkins University, Lewis Institute, Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, E. L. Cornwell & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Detroit Test- ing Laboratory. Breakage Breakage is negligible and dumping from trucks is practiced by many plants. Fireproof No other masonry material possesses equal fire-resisting and fire- retardant properties. Sound 1 he same physical properties causing low rate of heat conductivity Proof in Straub blocks account for sound retarding quality. 7 Non- conductor of Heat and Cold Stucco No Through Mortar Joints No Furring Required Weight of Wall Weight Rapid Laying Nailing Cutting Corners Steel Sash Lintels Details, Catalogs and Data Straub Block walls do not “sweat”; are rotproof and vermin- proof; no mold forms, and decorations are never injured where plaster has been applied direct to exterior walls in the severest climate. Less fuel required to heat; cooler in summer. Ideal for icehouses, large refrigerators, refrigeration plants, heating ovens, dry kilns, etc. The rough texture affords a perfect key for plaster and stucco. The same coefficient of expansion in base and stucco explains why stucco does not crack and spall on Straub blocks. Ideal suction and mechanical bond. The through mortar joint, which is eliminated by the use of Straub Block, conducts moisture, heat and cold through the wall. The cinder block itself is a non-conductor, not depending on the dead air spaces as do other forms of hollow masonry. Having the lowest capillarity and conductivity of any masonry, furring and lathing are not required. Stucco and plaster are applied direct to the blocks; one-third less plaster required on account of omission of scratch coat and more uniform surface. A cubic foot of completed wall weighs less than any known masonry of equal strength. Forty per cent lighter than standard hollow cement blocks; 60% lighter than brick, and 5% to 10% lighter than hollow clay tile. Light weight, uniformity, convenient and small buttering surfaces compared to solid units, contribute to easy, rapid and economical wall erection. Buttering surfaces larger than clay tile, therefore, stronger and more substantial; less waste of mortar and time in laying. As good as wood for nailing; holding power is equal to yellow pine. Nails never rust. (See Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory report on page 167.) Wood grounds and furring can be thoroughly secured by nailing to the blocks. Pipe hangers and other supporting mem- bers can be readily secured to blocks by means of lag screws, expan- sion bolts, etc. Straub blocks can be cut to size, chased and channelled for pipe and conduits without fracture. Grooves are moulded into jamb blocks to admit steel window sash. Two lintels over an opening provide this advantage without cutting or channelling. Reinforced lintels of cinder concrete provide all the advantages of strength, lightness, nailabihty and damp-proofness. For standard sizes see page 181. Specials to order. Each plant is in position to submit details and give required informa- tion to architect or engineer. Address the nearest plant or New York offi ce. Hr HE following 120 pages of this book are devoted to the visualization, in some small degree, of what has actually been accomplished during the past ten years with Straub Cinder Blocks. It will be readily under- stood that only a small number out of tens ol thousands ol buildings erected with this material can be shown. By means of photographs and description, an attempt has been made to show the use of this product in every phase ol building activity. The photo- graphs illustrate the widely varying types of building in which the blocks have been used, while the descriptions under the photographs are of additional interest in that they reveal the national scope ol the Straub Cinder Block Industry. The pages toward the latter part of the volume are of particular interest to architects and engineers, in that they contain authoritative tests, designs and sizes of the block, illustrations of its proper use, working plans and blue- prints. l he section devoted to the experiences ol users is notable lor the inclu- sion of several interesting suggestions which describe or suggest new uses for the product, and also for the fact that it contains the opinions of several municipalities and nationally known authorities. 9 RESIDENCES 11 Straub Block Units for the Residence TN considering materials for house construction, the architect seeks con- stantly a more perfect adaptability, in order that the ultimate in a certain type ot beauty and utility may be achieved. In this chapter on residences, practically every architectural period is represented, because Straub Blocks have been used in a great many different ways tor a great many different purposes. The beauty of design and effect that may be created with Straub Units is primarily due to the practically infinite adaptability of the material. This allows the architect full scope for the realization ot his ideas and ideals. It is a beauty of accuracy, essentially classical in spirit. Despite the variety of the houses shown, in form and aspect, there is one quality they all possess in common. I he comfort enjoyed by their occupants is on an exceptionally high plane. No one cause alone contributes to this result. As comfort itself is multiple, so the reasons for its realization through a building material must be complex. However, some of the contributing factors are damp-proofing, sound- proofing, and non-conducting of heat and cold. Their keynote, in every case, is a perfected insulation. There is an enduring satisfaction, to those who plan and build, in creat- ing, from inanimate material, an environment that gives a sense of freedom, and contributes to the art of life. In our North American climate, changing from month to month, sometimes from day to day, there is real necessity tor residences that will retain an even temperature, free from outside climatic changes. In our complex and blatant civilization, the luxury of absolute privacy because of sound proof walls becomes eminently desirable. 13 Residence of Charles Boyer, Moorestown, N. J. All exterior and interior walls, including foundation, built of Straub Blocks Architect, Emile G. Perrot, Philadelphia Contractor, Wm. Congezer & Sons, Inc., Ifaddon Heights, N. J. Residence of Mr. M. T. Garvin. Lancaster. Pa. Walls of 12" Blocks Architect, M. R. Evans Contractor, Stumpf & Son 14 Residence of Mr. W. I). Bryant at Detroit, Mich. Showing Appearance of Straub Block House Unstuccoed Architects, Dise and Ditchy Builders, Bryant and Detwiler A Straub Block House, Unstuccoed ^HE residence shown above reveals the artistic effect it is possible to secure with Straub Blocks as facing, uncovered by Stucco or other material. 1 he careful arrangement of light and dark blocks gives the much desired appear- ance of a toned surface, and the evidence of good craftsmanship that such a wall discloses is a source of gratification to owners. To those who have regarded Straub Blocks as an unseen factor in construction, the possibilities of their use in the manner shown is full of interest. 15 Residence of Col. Thomas Shelton, Algonquin Park, Norfolk, Va. House built of 8" Cinder Block Walls. Design for House was suggested by visit to similar one in Yorkshire, England. Architect, Bernard B. Spigel Builders. Meridith and Tazewell Exhibition Home, Country Club District, Kansas City, Mo. J. C. Nichols Inv. Co., Designers, Builders and Owners 16 STRAUB Cinlcr ‘Building BLOC ICSx, Stone and Cinder Block Residence for Mr. George T. Bell, in Massachusetts Park, Washington, I). C. Architect, James B. Coopee Builders, Metropolitan Construction Co. The Period Idea Reproduced in Cinder Concrete Stuccoed \I 7'HETHER it be the proud simplicity of the Georgian, the Columned Colonial ’ ' or the Tudor with its half timber anti quaint charm, there is a well defined tradition that building materials must conform to in design. Straub Units do this. According to the effect desired, Straub Units, stuccoed or unstoccoed, follow perfectly the lines and reproduce the effects the architect desires. The superb residences erected with this material are evidences of this fact, each in the chosen period of architect and owner. This adaptability, inherent in a rare degree, is due largely to the fact that Straub Units are not dependent upon fixed dimensions, hut can he cut to size with- out waste. Beauty in tint, unlike beauty in line, is largely a question of personal prefer- ence, and, clad in the snowy white or the varied shadings and textures of stucco, or revealed as its own sturdy self, the Straub Unit Wall affords a wide scope for personal taste and for charming decorative effect. It other materials are desired to produce given effects, they may he used readily with Straub Units. 17 BLOCKS A U B (finder L DuiLdin.Q Residence at College Heights, Allentown, Pa. Built of Straub Blocks, Stuccoed Architect, Jacoby and Everett, Allentown, Pa. Builder, J. II. Cassone, Allentown, Pa. Residence of Charles M. Clarke, Sewickly, Pittsburgh, Pa. us Residence of Mr. Albert Wohlsen, Lancaster, Pa. Walls of 12" Blocks Architect, M. R. Evans Builder, Herman Wohlsen Builder, Wm. P. Bacher -S T KA U B Cinder ‘Buildincj BLOCLS Residence of Dr. Carl Vofthlin, Washington, D. C Architect. Kodier & Keindsir Contractor, Carl W. Markham Lancaster Gun Club, Lancaster, Pa. Built by James P. Brenneman 20 S T RA li B (finder ^Building BLOCKS The Model House of the Detroit News and the Original of 400 Replicas The house shown above was designed by a committee ot Detroit Architects appointed by the Michigan Chapter ot the American Institute ot Architects. It was erected under the auspices ot the Detroit News, as the central factor in their “Better Homes Campaign,” organized by Major Charles D. Kelley, ot the News’ homebuilding department. The successful bidder for the construction of the model house was required to erect at least twenty replicas tor private ownership, should that many he required, at the same price as the original. Instead of the twenty houses hoped tor, the model house inspired orders for nearly four hundred houses from the public. I he half timbering and interior trim are nailed directly to the Straub Block Walls, saving considerably in cost of construction. I he exterior walls, con- structed entirely ot Straub Blocks from foundation to roof, cost only 5 f ’ ( more than it built of frame. 1 h is house is now the residence of Bert Thomas, creator ot “Mr. Straphanger” and cartoonist of the Detroit News. 21 BLOCL Completed Residence of E. F. Williams District Sales Manager, Alpha Portland Cement Company, Easton, Pa. Residence of E. P. Williams, under construction See his testimonial letter, page 1.M ?2 Residence of Mr. Moore, Jr., West Collingswood, N. J. Architect and Builder, David E. Oakes Residence of Joseph I 51 . Breneman, Lancaster, Pa. 8" Back-up for stone facing, with Stucco on blocks from 2nd floor to roof Architect, C. Emlen Urban Contractor, Christian Lichty 23 STRAUB Cinder ‘BuiUinj BLOCHS Residence of Chas. Stroh, Harrisburg, Pa. Outside Walls of Straub Blocks, veneered with blue limestone of different thicknesses. Three thicknesses of blocks (6", 8", 12" being used to properly bond the block and stone and also to form straight walls inside. Plaster applied directly to the blocks. Architect, Clayton J. Lappley, Harrisburg, Pa. Contractor, W. S. Miller & Son, Harrisburg, Pa. Residence of Walter Bauers at Springfield, Ohio Exterior walls of Straub Blocks with chimneys of cinder brick 24 S T RAU B Cinder c liuiUin ,q_ B L O C K- S Country Club at Springfield, Ohio View of W. F. Schluderberg residence, Guilford, Baltimore, Md. (Constructed of Straub Cinder Building Blocks Architect, A. C. Leach General Contractor, A. Schratko 25 S T KA U B (finder buildin g B L Q C K.S Residence of Clyde Barrett, Rochester, N. Y. Walls of 8" Straub Block Architect, Leander McCord, Rochester, N. Y. Contractor, August Vondram, Webster, N. Y. Residence at Ventnor, Atlantic City, N. J. Built of Straub Blocks, Stuccoed 26 Residence of Eugene Van Voorhis, Rochester, N. Y. Walls of Straub Blocks, Stuccoed Architect, Leander McCord, Rochester, N. Y. Contractor, August Vondram, Webster, N. Y. Residence of II. R. Kahle, New Kensington, Pa. Stucco applied direct to exterior of Straub Block Walls Architect, Enos Cooke 27 S T HA U B (finder c j}uildin g B L Q C K-, S Night View of the Electric Home, Springfield, Ohio 28 6 T K A U B QWer VuiMuw BLOCKS La t robe Country Club Architects, Bartholomew & Smith, Pittsburgh, Pa. S T R_ A U B (finder ''Buildin g BLOCKS 30 (finder ''Bu.lLl o Residence of Mr. Grove Locher, Lancaster, Pa. 8" Straub Block Walls, Stuccoed Builder, A. C. Sheetz, E. Petersburg, Pa. Residence of Mr. Alfred Jones, Lancaster, Pa. Walls of 12' and 8" Straub Cinder Blocks Vrchitect, Henry Boettcher, Lancaster, Pa. Contractor, Herman Wohlsen Residence of Harry Dorwart, Lancaster, Pa. 8" Straub Block Walls, Stuccoed Architect, Jno. B. Hannon, Lancaster, Pa. Builder, Rudy Herr, Lancaster, Pa. 31 SMALL HOMES (Mf MH i '"f A4# Ji "Am / ■ & a ; A 33 Duil The Problem of the Small House, and an Answer TN the \rchitectural Renaissance through which America is passing, the small house has hitherto played a minor part. The problems to be met before this condition can be changed are difficult ones. ( )! these difficulties, probably the most unanswerable is the usual lack of sufficient capital to build well and permanently at the prevail- ing high cost of material and labor, and the modernized nomad spirit that makes the house a less permanent factor in the lives of its occupants than it has ever been in the history of our civilization. High costs, standardized houses, and the spirit of change all inter act. 1 he typical small house is comfortable, even equipped with luxuries. Generally it has no architecture and no meaning. Thousands of houses, with no differences in construction, equipment or furnishing, present thous- ands of families with no inducement to remain living in them. They can obtain practically the same house elsewhere, wherever convenience calls. In calling the attention of the Architect to a material that is flexible to every architectural requirement, inexpensive enough in itself to lower construction costs considerably, and possessing the almost revolutionary larger unit that shortens labor time and reduces labor cost to a fraction, there is the sincere belief that undesirable modern conditions in the con- struction of small homes will yield to the counteracting influence of the possibilities presented by Straub Blocks. A superior, permanently desirable, small house, conforming accurately to any architectural design, and built of Straub Blocks with the advice and assistance of an architect, for the special requirements of an owner, w ill cost no more than a stereotyped dwelling constructed of casual materials, put up merely to sell. '1 -A (t ) STRAUB Qincier 'Building BLOCKS Houses at Ventnor, Atlantic City, New Jersey, built of Straub Block! artistically combined with other materials Architect, S. G. Dobbins Brick Mason Contractors, Builders, Johnson & Johnson l nit Construction Company, Atlantic City, N. J • Residence of James T. Cassidy, Gloucester City, N. J. Contractor and Builder, P. A. Stewart, Gloucester City, N. J. 36 BLOCKS S T R, A U B (finder ''fluildin j Residence of Mr. Herbert N. Moffett, Merchantville, N. J. Designed and built according to Mr. Moffett’s plans, by W. (i. Cole, Architect Home on State Street, Lancaster, Pa. Walls of 8" Blocks Architect, Henry Y. Shaub Contractor, Walter Zook 37 S T RA U B Cinder building B L Q C K. S ^ 5 . Residence on VVrightsville Pike York, Pa. The Home of an Architect Residence of Paul A. Bartholomew, Greensburg, Pa Designed anti built hv Mr. Bartholomew Residence of T. I*. Jamison, Greensburft, Pa. Architect, John I). Bott Contractors, Greensbur£ Building Co. Residence erected by Edward Diebert, Haddon Heights, N. J. 39 S T KA U B Cinder ‘Building BLOC1CS Residence of Mr. George L. H. Dommcll, Lancaster, Pa. Stone Work Backed up With (>' Blocks Architect, Charles Johnson Contractor, George L II. Dommcll \ Residence of Mr. Henry V. Shauh. Lancaster, Pa. Foundation of 12 " Blocks, Stone Work hacked up with block Architect, Henry Y. Shauh Contractor, Walter Zook ■40 S T HA U 5 Cinder '■j)uildinq_B L O C KL S Residence and Garage of Mr. William Griffiths, Haddon Heights, N. J. Designed and Erected by Congezer & Son, Inc. Residence of E. S. Brinkley, Norfolk, Va. Constructed of 8" Straub Blocks Architect, Bernard B. Spigel Builder, C. Z. Nugent 41 S T KA U B Cinder ‘Building B L Q C ICS- Spanish Type Residence, Kansas City, Mo. Architect, Miss A. K. Evans Guilders, R. L. Falkenburg &. (io. Part of operation including 16 houses at Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. Owners, Smullen & Barry Builders, St. Martin’s Home Co., Pringle Borthwick 42 BLOCLS S T IA A U B (finder ''Building Residence of Mr. C. F. Humphreys, Lancaster, Pa. Wails of 8" Blocks • Contractor, Ivan Rohrer Residence at York, Pa., Constructed Entirely of Straub Blocks 43 BUNGALOWS Straub Block Units for Bungalows K bungalows scattered throughout the country attest the success with which Straub Block Units have been used in this type of structure. Indeed, it was the bungalow that was largely responsible for the appre- ciation of this material shared by hundreds of builders and house owners. It was, perhaps, natural enough that a material which ten years ago was new to America should have been used and tested upon smaller con- struction. In construction possibilities and in the protection afforded occupants, Straub Blocks are as ideally suited to this scale of building as they are to the larger houses referred to in Chapter 1 of this book. 47 S T IAA U B (finder L Buildin_ q B L O C LS' Residence of Dr. Laffoon, Kansas City, Missouri Architect, George W. Swehlc Resilience of Dr. L. W. Wright, Harrisburg, Pa. Foundations and all Outside Walls of Straub Blocks, Stuccoed. Inside Plaster Applied Direct to the Blocks Contractor, John P. Croli, Steelton, Pa. Architect, Mr. Frank Fahenstock 4 S Residence of E. B. Thomas, Warren, Ohio Residence of Oscar Funk, Lancaster, Pa. Architect, Frank Everts Contractor, A. M. Bowman 49 s BLOCKS /O’ buildin g Bungalow of Mr. Frank J. Hineline, Haddonfield, N. J. General Contractor, Frederick Lange, Audubon, N. J. Exterior Walls of Straub Blocks SO (finder BLOCLS Residence of M. S. Falck, Lancaster, Pa. Walls of (»" Blocks Veneered with Stone Con tractor, James Smith Gall Residence at Fairview, N. J. Builder, M. Petra 51 G A K A G E S }\J$b ^ \¥ < \P S - A >5la£^-— - =%'7— jia *« ^ '•<> ; 'f'£^ .,f i' 1 ? .-A. t /■« — v 53 The Garage as an Extension of the House W HEN the garage is built as a projection of the house, following the same general tendencies in type of architecture, and in complete accord with the larger unit, Straub Block construction adds an element ol certainty to the protection of both house and garage against hre. The highly combustible properties ot automobile fuel have rendered it a very dangerous proceeding to provide quarters for both the household and the automobile at such close proximity. The use of Straub Units eliminates this danger entirely, its fire-resistant nature making possible perfect safety, low insurance rates, and the architectural unity and personal convenience such construction affords. Commercial garages are utilizing Straub Block Units, and in many cases providing individual compartments for each car, built of 4" Straub Block Units. Fhe saving in cost of material and labor is as striking a fact in this relation as is the absolute protection such walls afford to the property of garage patrons. s B Cinder building BLOCKS f Studebaker Distributing Agency at Norfolk, Va. Walls and Interior Partitions of 8" Cinder Blocks Architect, Charles J. Cabrow Builder, E. E. Weddle & Co. Jordan Motor Company’s Sales and Service Station, Haddonfield, N. J. Plant designed by Thomas Stevens, Architect, Camden, N. J. General Contractor, James W. Draper Brick Mason Contractor, Edwin Blizzard 56 Gasoline Filling Station, Camden, N. J. Constructed of Straub Cinder Building Blocks Interior of Mechanical Building, Garage Section Armstrong Cork Co., Camden, N. J. 57 B (finder ''Buildin g B L O C K- S Lawrence Garage, Size, 60' x 227', Reading. Pa. Owner, Dr. Lawrence, Reading, Pa. Contractor, Harry Freyberger Photograph shows inside of Straub Block Walls Exterior view of Lawrence Garage, Reading, Pa., shown above 58 Garaife of L. II. Cooke, Sprinftfiehl . Ohio Garage at York, Pa. Dimensions, 50' x 90'. Constructed of Straub blocks at a low cost 59 S T RA U B Qindcr c j)uildLin g B L Q C LS Gasoline Filling Station at Erie, Pa. Constructed of 8" Straub Cinder Building Blocks Mayer’s Auto Station, Rochester, N. V. Planned and built by the owner of 8" Straub Blocks 60 Government Garage, Kansas City, Missouri Dimensions — 2 stories on rear end. Main floor, 2H2 ft. by 216 ft. Total floor space 65,000 sq. ft. Government Garage, Kansas City, Missouri Outside view. Interior of same building shown above 61 OPERATIONS Walls and the House W ALL strengthening and wall decoration began with the race. Wall- insulation is a comparatively new discovery. Straub Units, while introducing a new element into the philosophy of construction, take no emphasis from the two earlier qualities. On the contrary, the architect will find in Straub Block Units a material that, in average crushing strength, is 900 lbs. per square inch gross area (equivalent to approximately 1300 lbs. per inch net area). The ratio of unit strength to wall strength is the highest of any known masonry, ranging from 57% to 76%. As for decorative possibilities, the Straub Unit Wall offers a surface that will take nails direct. Molding and all wood trim may be nailed direct to the wall itself. The holding power of nails driven into the Straub Block Units increase’s with the duration of time the nail is imbedded. Thus a 20d Old Nail driven \ l 4" deep into a Straub Unit, and left there for five years, required a load ot 650 lbs. to draw, compared with a 300 lb. load immedi- ately alter nailing. Leaving aside for the moment the question of saving in strips and lath- ing, the Straub Unit Wall reveals new possibilities, through its freedom from super— imposed materials, tor artistic possibilities which have never before been afforded a medium of expression. A new possibility, too, is afforded in speed of construction. The Straub Block Unit is lighter and larger, thus making possible a quicker finish with less labor on construction. Economies that are impossible with other construction materials are the rule with Straub Block Units. The saving in labor, the saving in time, the elimination ot breakage loss, make it possible to cut on practically every item of construction cost. Yet these economies go hand in hand with value, and the finished operation is a source ot pride, as well as of profit, to the builder. BLOCLS Row of 14 houses for Merit Underwear Co., Shoemakersville, Pa. Builder, T. J. Coyle Row of 14 houses shown above, under construction, 36,000 Blocks used in all walls, including 8" foundation, for this operation 66 BLOCKS r i\ U B (finder du.il cLino Finished view of operation below 70,000 Blocks used in this operation Operation at Reading, Pa.— From foundation to roof, this operation is constructed of Straub Blocks. 4" Brick Veneering on front walls only. D. F. Haupt, Designer, Builder and owner 67 DU Ida -d_ B L O 16 Houses in Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. Built of Straub Cinder Building Blocks Owners, Smullen & Barry Operation at Reading, Pa. 1<>8 residences were erected during 1924 by Mr. Sherman, in which 320,000 Straub Blocks were used from foundations to roof Finished View of Operation Shown Above Straub Cinder Building Blocks used with stone facing on foundation walls Architect, H. G. Mohn Builder, .Samuel M. Sherman 69 Terrace of x Residences at Englewood, N. J. Walls of 8" Straub Blocks. Plastered and Stuccoed Direct — No Furring Architects. Hayes & Iloadley Builder, R. II. Mackenzie ! — - — J 1 V- i 1 1 * 3 . 1 A PHI 8 Family Apartments at Rochester, N. Y. Owner and Builder, Joseph Lockhart Constructed of Straub Blocks, Stuccoed 70 Terrace of Ten Houses at Edfte water, N. J. 10,000 Straub Blocks were used in this operation. All party walls from cellar to roof constructed of 8" blocks Owner, David Rubin Contractor, A. II. Lueders, Grantwood, N. J. Be£innin£ of larfte operation, dwelling houses at Camden, N. J. Owner and Builder, John Ma£innis, Camden, N. J. 71 HA U B (finder ‘Building B L O C K.8 Residence Operation in Springfield, Ohio Exterior Walls of Straub Blocks, Chimneys of Cinder Brick, Lintels of Cinder Concrete THE WIDENING SEASONS W HERE time is a factor, as it generally is with large operations, the ability to shorten by weeks the duration of building takes on an importance hard to exaggerate. Nor is this feature confined to cost alone. The possibilities of starting work late in the Autumn and finishing before the snow Hies give a greater liberty of action and actually increase the duration of the building season. This latter fact seems highly significant, since it limits more definitely the cur- tailment of seasonal building activity, and brings the periods of building activity closer together across a narrowed winter. Residence Operation of George L). Bacon, York, Pa. All Walls Constructed of Straub Cinder Building Blocks 72 Residence forming part of Indian Creek Development, Overbrook, Philadelphia W. W. Potter, Architect and Owner Residences on Dauphin Street, Lancaster, Pa. Walls of 8" Blocks Architect, Henry Y. Shaub Contractor, Wm. Bentz 73 Foundation for Hampton Heights Development Co. Builder, Samuel M. Sherman, Reading, Pa. This entire operation comprises 72 houses, all constructed of Straub Blocks Straub Block Foundation for the Residence of Mrs. M. Phillips, Englewood, N. J. Architect and Contractor, Charles H. Grasing, Englewood, N. J. Mason, Louis Argonica 74 Foundation for Residence of Mr. Alfred Jones, Lancaster, Pa. A Foundation that adds a New Floor npHE old word “cellar”, so nearly obsolete in America, soon bids fair to be not merely unspoken, but non-existent. Straub Block Units take what was once conceived as a damp, chilly and unliv- able place, used only for storing, and make it dry, comfortable and livable. Founda- tions of Straub Units add a new floor to the house. The architectural plan is changing already in conformity with this new possibil- ity. The room that had to be given up because of lack of space, the billiard room, or smoking room, or dream room of any sort that was forced out of the plan some \ ears ago, finds a place in the new cellar-less home today. Dry walls, dry floor, healthful atmosphere, all are made possible by the use of Straub B1 ock Units for foundation walls. Not only are these conditions made possible, but they are rendered permanent. Year after year a basement flanked with Straub Units remains suitable for habitation, a new floor in the bouse. 75 SCHOOLS tvCHURCHES it IM ': ni > 5 X , ju" A! rj£. ercj utt uuiiw'/g I *-«t ,\*Lt .pfl. pw pStji 1 I ( T^|i | ljj| i^ST3bb| I I [ifrffjJ psrlp VM l Pi ir, ! * Li'^ji (if,; ,w "' ■ 77 Physical Environment as a Vital Factor PHYSICAL environment is as vital a factor in the school as in the home. A A school that is not fireproof is a potential crime against the com- munity in which it is located. A school that is full of distractions and out- side noises is a serious drawback to the present knowledge and future oppor- tunity of its pupils. A school subject to sudden temperature changes is a menace to health. To the modern ideal of what a school should be, Straub Blocks have contributed the physical means of realization. This material is fireproof, sound proof, and heat or cold proof. The health, comfort and safety of students are insured by walls of Straub Block. A single building material, combining in itself all of these qualities, is invaluable for construction work of this nature. Yet Straub Blocks are low in first cost, and their use makes possible a saving in labor amounting to many thousands of dollars. Those who build churches, and those who pay for their building, desire to incorporate into the physical structure that permanence of character which symbolizes the eternal nature of their spiritual mission. Churches are built to endure. The planning, the building, and the materials used for churches must be worthy beyond question. In this type of construction, the sterling worth of Straub Blocks, no less than their almost infinite adaptability to varying building requirements, assures them a consideration based on proven endurance and permanent value. S T fC A U B (finder *2 uildin g BLOC K_ S Wm. Penn High School, Harrisburg, Pa. Inside load bearing walls constructed of Straub Blocks \rchitect, CL Howard Lloyd, Telegraph Building, Harrisburg, Pa. Contractor, W. S. Shoemaker & Son, Harrisburg, Pa. High School at Palmerton, Pa. Back-up and all Interior Walls of Straub Cinder Blocks Architect, Mr. William H. Lee, Philadelphia, Pa. SO tv First Church of Christ Scientist, Springfield, Ohio Architect, S. S. Be man, Chicago Superstructure cream face brick veneer, backed up with Straub Cinder Block. Interior plaster applied direct to face of Idock. This church enjoys the lowest lire insurance rate of any church in Springfield. School at North Arlington, N. J. Inside and outside walls of Straub Block, outside walls veneered Contractor, F. and C. Haerter Go., West New \orK, N. J. Architect, J. F. Osborne, North Arlington, N. .1 . 81 -s B Cinder ‘Build BLOCKS Public School, Rochelle Park, N. J. Architect, Ralph Evans llacker. Palisade, N. J. General Contractor, Faber Construction Co., Hackensack, N. J. Basement Walls of 12" Straub Block. Outer Walls of 8" Straub Block on Brick Veneer Grade School addition. Upper Ridgewood, N. J. 12,000 Straub Blocks used, all partitions and walls being of this material. It is interesting to note that the cubic contents of the addition, built of Straub Block, are four times that of the original clay tile building, yet the coal used during the first winter in which the addition was in use totaled only twice the amount of fuel required to heat the original building. 82 Interior view of First M. E. Church, Haddon Heights, N. J., in course of construction Architects, Simon & Simon, Philadelphia General Contractors, F. V. Warren & Co., Philadelphia Upper Ridgewood School, Ridgewood, N. J. View of Auditorium. The hearing walls illustrated, 12 inches in thickness, carry the proscenium arch and roof load. These walls, as well as all exterior and partition walls in the school building, are of Straub Cinder Blocks. 13,000 blocks used in operation. Architect, Chas Granville Jones Contractors, Federal Building Corporation 83 BLOCKS FC. A U B (finder ^Building J. Fithian Tatem School, Camden, N. J. « Collingswood Lutheran Church Park Avenue and Dill Street, Collingswood, N. J. Brick and Stone. Exterior backed up with 8" block, interior part of 8" block. Architect, George T. Baum, 1511 Arch St., Philadelphia General Contractor, E. J. Kreitzburg, 1333 Arch St., Philadelphia 84 Brooklawn School, Camden, N. J. Outside walls constructed of 1 2 " and 8" Straub Cinder Blocks, veneered with 4" of brick. All partition walls of S" Straub Cinder Block. Architect, A. .1. Voegtlin, Camden, N. J. Contractor, John L. Coneys, Philadelphia Interior of Rutherford, N. J., Congregational Church 85 BLOCK.5 S T HA U B Cinder ‘Building Duncannon School, Duncannon, Pa. Outside walls constructed of Straub Blocks veneered with 4 inches of clay brick. Inside load-bearing walls of Straub Block. Plaster applied direct. Architect, Lawrie & Green, Harrisburg, Pa. Contractor, H. W. Holtzman, Millersburg, Pa. Foundations for High School, Glen Ridge, N. J. 30,000 Straub Blocksfor interior walls and back-up. 8" Straub Block bearing walls were used throughout the interior Architect, Frank C. Goodwillie. New York City Contractor, Mark C. Fredennick 86 Centralized School Building, Neffsville, Pa. Walls constructed of 8" Cinder Blocks veneered with 4" of brick Architect, Henry Y. Schaub Christian Science Church, Lancaster, Pa. 87 S T KA U B (finder '"Buildin g BLOCL8 Mickle School, Camden, N. J. S' Straub Block have been used for back-up throughout, with 12" and 4" Straub Block and Cinder Brick for inside partitions. Architects, Edwards & Green, Camden, N. J. Westport Junior High School, Kansas City, Missouri 5 stories. Straub Block back-up ,NS Grade School Addition, Upper Ridgewood, N. J. Architect, ('.has. Granville Jones, New York City Contractors, Federal Construction Company. Newark, N. J. Catholic School in course of construction at Allentown, Pa. Strauh Blocks used for hack-up and partition walls Builders, VVm. H. Gangewere & Co. 89 BLOCK. Rutherford Congregational Church, Rutherford, N. J. Architect, Dudley S. Van Antwerp Contractor, Dan.sen Construction Company, Lodi, N. J. 12,000 Straub Blocks — 12", 8", and 4", used in operation Note details of Arches and Oriel Windows for adaptability of units. Concentrated loads on both Monolithic and Straub Block Piers. The Walls to be Stuccoed and Plastered direct without furring View' of the Mount Virgin Roman Catholic Church, in process of erection at Garfield, N. J. Exterior Walls varying from two feet to twelve inches of Straub Block, with four-inch brick veneer. Interior partitions throughout of Straub Block. Architect, John J. Baldino, Garfield, N. J. Mason Contractors, Pinto & Perraggnia 90 ] iuutitm* Another view of High School at Palmerton, Pa. Architect, Mr. William II. Lee, Philadelphia, Pa. 91 BLOCKS S T RA U B (finder '"Buildin g Christ Lutheran Church, Harrisburg, Pa. The outside walls of the church are constructed of Straub Blocks veneered with blue limestone of varying sizes. To properly bond the block and stone and to form straight walls inside and outside, 6" 8" and 12" blocks were used. The inside plaster was applied direct to the block. Architect, Ritcher & Eiler, Reading, Pa. Supervising Architect, W. W. YVitman, Harrisburg, Pa. Contractor, Charles W. Strayer, Harrisburg, Pa. 92 St. Peter's School, Steelton, Pa. Outside walls are of Straub Blocks veneered with four inches of clay brick. Straub Block used for inside load bearing walls. Inside plaster applied directly to blocks of outside walls. Architect, Johnson & Starr, Harrisburg, Pa. Contractor, John P. ( roll, Steelton, Pa 93 INSTITUTIONS i,."- 95 Straub Block Units for Institutions NOTWITHSTANDING that collective institutions have their special ^ ^ purposes and their particular needs, and with due consideration of the fact that a hospital is laid out upon a plan different from that used for a bungalow, the vital difference in the purpose of any institution, as con- trasted with any residence, is quantitative. 'The one is built for many, the other for few. The advantages of one are exclusive; of the other inclusive. A building construction that mini- mizes annoyance on a small scale for one, minimizes it on a large scale for the other, and a relatively large saving in construction with the bungalow becomes a tremendous saving with the hospital . Straub Block Units are equally appropriate for large and small build- ing operations, but in the large operation the saving in cost is of vital importance. The Taxpayers, the Private Donors and the Board of Directors UUH ETHER the contributing sources are many or few, the institution, * * whether it be school or hospital, club or hotel, or place of public gathering, must satisfy these imperative requirements; it must be perma- nent, it must possess dignity and it must be economical. The permanence and dignity are of equal importance to trustees and architects. An institution is a monument to the men who designed and founded it. The economy, also, is of importance to everyone, but is the architects’ direct responsibility, for many can pass upon a finished building but few are able to assign what its cost should be. Straub Block Units work with the architect and engineer in effecting big economies. The greater part, perhaps, is the utter elimination of un- necessary and avoidable expense. Eor Straub Block Units are low in material cost, first of all. They start with economy. Then the breakage loss is practically eliminated. On this point the Underwriters’ Laboratories Report comments: “In a half carload shipment of the blocks from Pennsylvania to a Chicago freight house and thence by truck to the Laboratories, the amount of damage to the block was negligible.” The labor cost, always an item of primary concern, is put upon a sound basis. Since an 8" x 8" x 16" block unit, weighing only 32 pounds, is equivalent in cubic volume to 12 common brick weighing 72 pounds, the light, well balanced Straub Units are erected more speedily, and the cutting of man hours is a matter for mathematical computation. 97 Addition to St. Joseph’s Hospital, Lancaster, Pa. Back-up and Inside Walls of Straub Blocks Interior view of addition to St. Joseph’s Hospital, Lancaster, Pa. Corridor bearing walls constructed of 12" Blocks and face brick work backed up with 8" Blocks 98 () (finder c Buildin g 122 Club House of the United States Aluminum Co. at New Kensington, Fa. r Office and Warehouse of the Loose-Wiles Biscuit Co., Rochester, N. \ . Foundation of 1 2 " — Walls of 8" Straub Blocks Contractor, Juppa-Battle Co., Inc., Rochester, N. Y. 123 BLOCKS RA U E> (finder ‘Building Plant of the United States Aluminum Company New Kensington Pennsylvania 124 o U B Cinder L l>u Plant of Armstrong Cork Co Linoleum Division, Lancaster, Pa. Interior of Power Plant Armstrong Cork Co., Camden, N. J. 125 m *?**ms9w r ■ ■■ \ % m m i i mwh. nc -g S__T R A U £> Cinder building B L Q CLS Manufacturing Building and Power Plant of the Armstrong dork Co., Camden, N. J. View of Power Plant of the Armstrong Cork Co., Camden N. J. 126 Offices of the Armstrong Cork Co. Linoleum Division, Lancaster, Pa. Interior of Manufacturing Building Armstrong Cork Co., Camden, N. J. T HA U B (finder ‘DuilcLing BLOCKS- Retaining Meat Mealing oven at the Braeburn Steel Company, Braeburn, Fa. The oven is built of 8 x 8 x 16 inch blocks and the gas flames play directly against the naked block Interior heat 450°F., exterior walls only warm to the hand, because of the insulating quality of the blocks Completed ice Mouse of the Consumer’s Ice Company, Lancaster, Pa. Built of steel frame and Straub Cinder Block 128 Remington and Vosbury Office Building, Camden, N. J. Architect, Lackey & Hettel Construction Engineer, Carl Zuch ' J^'HE quality of thought in the occupants of office buildings is clarified by healthful, even temperatures and the elimination of outside disturbances. Straub Blocks are insulated against heat, cold and sound. 129 Experiences 1 lie testimony of Municipalities, architects, engineers and individuals who have used or investigated Straub Cinder Building Blocks. The following names are represented in this chapter: CITY OK PITTSBURGH, Chief Engineer. CITY OF POTTSVILLE CITY OF PLAINFIELD CITY OF ELMIRA FOGEL CONSTRUCTION CO. HARRY R. MILLER, Builder VICTOR GONDOS, Engineer UNITED STATES ALUMINUM CO. COMMUNITY HOTEL CORPORATION CONSUMERS ICE AND COAL C'0. BRAEBURN STEEL COMPANY FIRST NATIONAL BANK, Springfield, Ohio ALPHA PORTLAND CEMENT CO. RUDOLPH P. MILLER Con. Engineer, Borough of Manhattan LACKEY & HETTEL, Architects. HAYES & HOADLEY, Architects. CARLTON STRONG, Architect. S. S BEMAN, Architect. W. K. SHILLING, Architect. LEWIS COLT ALBRO, Architect. GEBHART & SCHAEFER, Architects. HOWARD J. WIEGNER. EDWARDSVILLE BOROUGH, Town Council. PAUXTIS MOTOR SALES CO. TENAFLY LUMBER & SUPPLY CO. PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION Office of Chief of Fire Department ’ 033T3 , Crozler-Straub, Inc., 120 bat 42nd St., :>.v York City, Y. Gentlemen I attended the ’Ire te3t cade at Reading, Pa. July 12. I examined the building exterior and interior before and after the fire and found the same well constructed and able to stand a fair toot of a fire. After the fire hod burned an hour and five minutes, a r was ipplied to tho building and cooled off. Again examining the building I found the hollo.: tile could not be used • e ier block •ed and Ycure truly , :cf of Fire Cert. He had never seen blocks standing such an even test.” p u»' nFIELO lTf ° F O e P A ^^ N ° T ^M lr . A cry y, Bui >-0'NCs r H*U ijovoobor I ^ en0 s^««’- o2tat ° . _ «*» rtre ;_ ... *« " nocti” 1 -'' SeK sroB3«i=- st ' 5l i CollcS® • naJ0 fr.e tca tested- w y,rofi ssor even te; • , bioo« BtsE iU - l> r ,nulT® aent3 ' .• >“ — ' .... »• •” >"• T*e « 3t • p.033 & rea * " sq ‘ ^ * t ’«r wooK w usc ' 70. , . tv,- i 3 »» ’* J of Cr 02i er .yy^ : • • , . • •Aug. 10 . teat of n 1 2th Partition ir '° 0t l*UCtr]y« T ick an Q tnd fii?" »«u». x:: in . *aa d!v<,... - »loct ?! Partition 8t ructu»*« * rIc ^ and ">< 1*8*“$}!- « 2? ^Vlded i ntD , 4,wl «« i.T M * t ^ ' ur ® aid tSe f Ir . " a11 ro »Poo‘t3 Apparently fin^ r ° ta > 1922- -*Z£c$2l3f®g** g **~ oi rtc ?\«srjs Bano „»,** ^SSi— . tilac® 1 *s» « *° ,svs* •-' , ... n vtf«v.y- •••“ •*••'„ „./E5S»*r>s*” , „,. « • •«r> tovm oi a ttoT ** . oU ,ht «\ t n i mus t * have ©o , COV no IO „ '»« o-’ sot ?ss 3g^ss&» f^sisSsS 5 - "» rt& “ ,t.« « TB a0 tt 0 » ° J f verv ^ 6d 3t>o«oi 0 t ^ «r^ 3 on £nV - ^ t „ .**& I fully recommend the block for durability, safety and economy.” City of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania PUBLIC SAFETY July 16th, 1^24. ozier-Struub, Inc., Gentlemen: I atter.dod the firo test made at Heading, Pa., July 12th. The building was 12 x 20 x 11 feet high with a wood roof. The outer re constructed of cinder block, face brick and hollow clay tile. The front of the building, with openings for firing, was entirely of cinder blocks. There were three corapartn.onts. One of the partition walls was entirely of Straub blocks and on top of this •all was placed ten tons of pig iron. The other compartment wall was composed of cinder blocks, hollow clay tile and faco brick. There was no weight placed on top of this partition. All walls ivero eight inches in thickness. I oxamined the exterior and interior walls before the fire and found the workmanship to be good and the material ar- ranged in a runner indicating every intention that the test might bo fair to all materials used. After the fire had been quonchod at the end o' one hour and thirty minutes, I again examined the walls and found that 99 ’ of the clay tile ivero cracked and certainly looked as if they were not reusable. At least 50,v of the brick were destroyed for fur- ther use. The Straub blocks were practically uninjured, so far as re-use was concerned. This is not the first fire tost I have seen in which Straub Blocks were exposed to even greater heat and, there. ore, I was fully prepared to see these results. For more than four years I have been convinced that Straub blocks are paramount in fireproof qualities compared with any other known building material, but it waa not luitil after I was conv sd of their other structural qualities that their use waa permitted in the City of Pittsburgh, and this material ,. made in accordance with the Straub process, I fully rocomraend for durability, safety and econ- omical construction. Xour* very truly 133 “I am more convinced than ever that this construction is the most satisfactory and economical — " HOWARD J. WIEGNER MCHITICT Feb. 5, 1925. Mr. G. E. Math, Mgr. , Berks Building Block Co., Beading, Pa. Dear Sir: I have been specifying and using Straub patent cinder blocks for the past two years and find that they are certainly all right, and it is my intention to continue the use of them. Further than this I do not know what else to say, for the cinder block is everything that is claimed for it. •Vith kindest personal regards, I remain 134 Very truly yours “There is practically no breakage whatever in the Cinder Block.” Th© Camden Community Hotel Construction Community Hotel Corporation of Camden. N. J. OWNERS H. L. Stevens & Company ARCHITECTS New York N Y Concrete Specialties Company, Lit. Ephraim Avenue, Camden, New Jersey. Camden. N. J. February 19, 1925 Attention: Hr. 1. A, Goodwin Dear Sir: Regarding the use of cinder block in the new Walt './hitman Hotel at Camden, IT. J., we may say that all exterior walls in this building are backed up with this material. We have also used your cinder concrete built up lintels over window openings, and for a considerable area of the floors, have used the 8" x 12" x 8" block in lieu of hollow tile. During the construction of this eight story reinforced ooncrete building, we were held up on deliveries of 8" x 12" x 12" hollow tile for flooring, and to facilitate progress, we decided to use the Concrete Specialties Company’s 8" x 12" x 8" half- foundation blocks. We found the weight of these blocks practically the same as that of the tile. We also found that the blocks laid up on our forms to better advantage, and did not shift so readily from their original position, and that, being unbaked, they came on the Job more uniform in size and shape than the kiln-hake d tile. They laid in very quickly, and once placed, were not easily dis- lodged from their position. When these floors were stripped, the blocks showed a more even surface which will require less labor in plastering to produce a good job, and we believe the block to he a consider- able labor saver over the use of floor tile. Both as regards the labor saved in placing and the absolute lack of breakage, we have found this block to be very satisfactory for all uses. There is practically no breakage what- ever in the cinder block. Personally, I do not hesitate to recommend the use of this block for any of the above purposes. Hay I also congratulate your plant for exceptional service and deliveries. Very truly yours. O C K.S 136 A letter from the author of the New York Building Code. RUDOLPH P. MILLER M- AMSOC.C.E. CONSULTING ENGINEER NEW YORK TEL 8636 BRYANT S5 WEST 45 STREET January 22, 1925. Mr. Howard Brooke, 22 Engle Avenue, Englewood, IT. J. Dear Sir: Complying with, your request for an expression of my opinion on the performance of the Straub Cinder Concrete Blocks in the fire of December 15, 1924, at Tenafly, IT. J. , I can say that the block walls resisted the attack of fire in a highly commendable manner and undoubtedly prevented the spread of the fire into a conflagra- tion. Prom my examination of the premises on December 26, and con- versation with witnesses, I believe that the fire was of more than ordinary severity and that the walls of cinder concrete blocks were subjected to very high temperatures for a period of more than three hours while the fire burned at its height. The bearing walls and the veneer walls of cinder concrete blocks are apparently as structurally safe as prior to the fire. Slight calcination of the exposed surfaces of the blocks occurred where the fire was severest discoloring them to brownish tint, but such discoloration should not be seriously objectionable. Many blocks in the exposed walls were tested with blows from a hammer and they rang as clearly as new blocks when struck. It should not be necessary to replace any blocks either for safety or because of their appearance. The communication of fire from building to building was through unprotected wall openings and in no case through cinder block walls. The slight damage occuring in the one-story store building and the location of the damage in the apartment house are examples of this. It is undoubtedly true that the block veneering on the apartment house alone made it possible to save this building from destruction and afforded the necessary fire stop to prevent a conflagration. Ycurs very truly, a Ur. F. L. Schott, Kingston, Pa. Dear Sir:- Engine and Hose Co. 02==X] No. 1 aE=xi Kingston, I'a., - sepi e u Lsr i 5 _ia 0^192 Subject: Straub ember Block Fire: Pauxtle Garage. me fire abler oocurrul In this gsrafe .00 ncot lntenee.ae there .,re about 100 ears destroyed and each car had gae In the tank. After the fire I examined the building, »hich «ao lOO'xlOO'. one otory, built partly of ordinary concrete block and partly of Straub Cinder block. I found that the only .all. renaming Intact .ere those built of the cinder block and 1 noticed particularly that none of the Cinder block or sorter Joints bonding then .ere even fractured. One co-uaon concre blocks crumbled and very fee could be used again. The garage has since been rebuilt and your cinder block, .ere used; the former cinder block .all .hlcr .cnt through the fire needed no rebuilding and stands a credit to the merits of tr.e aa.erlal. The fireproof qualities of ctraub Cinder Block .ee certainly i lr. this fire and 1 have never seen lte equal. pro Very truly yours. “Every cinder block was used again in the con- struction of the new building.” ^arbamUr SoUm (fcounrU- 1. Schott, ,v.. ?-• Subje Ba-uktlb ;ari " ? i‘:ch. Straub c-.-a Dear Sir: - of tflC Straub . , rate bj . t v at the ■ J „ « -J3 opi * 11 - 011 “ Ejected - . --- ■? a \ucti9 ,v e - rere suu * terrible be" renarittble r sere a" • ^ . thls year the »-* oU you . - - - - . l 'f" t3 tte fl»“ s t0 mmimr MS 8 very^ t «*=, 1 ; ■ Sforli^^f St - - - - “**-£5 mV bit x - SwJS 8 * *° %£,*£ » H&fZSAv* •* ” vave . -ivnAor blocr^» thoy r 3tm ub uiclhlt;' Of t , at the ^blff- ’~ 1S * fire; test esses ery truly y our6 1 chief or « r y CSVIBI' FIFE ELF'-T "tsr sii ■' A.V|» | . f •* CjSQZf „ iS Fnc. Yor k, -oguet gg '•''"it,,; - ..a, • . ■ - ■ " '/ --V ■ ■- tB, , f •' ,0 ‘ f.l f°od r,.,.*"Ot a „ — aa m.. t . t^V^od o^'Mon gf^ b Plocna ."Xoia I*™ la iVl.WoeiVlaetSTI . , lar * «tai£» aa / t « co, rf , rour 3 J ” ? - t " , « . 138 “In my experience that I have never known is more desirable.” of a material nocr. o' 110 ' uou* * tl“ 6 t I ^ It 1B >ltti Ituch sat iBfactlor Church of c * ’ M »r Known of s*strr~»Si'. “rSr.n — 1 nn nvo f -' 1 1 ’ 3 Jetirl your bl -" 1 i s-n f * &£. to whenev or t» °‘" 10rtunl votv truly v°’- ir3 ' A. D. Alderson, . Loulsiana-Texas Concrete Products Co., Inc., 815 Malson Blanche Building, New Orleans, La. In reply to your inquiry for mv opinion af ter'oonaiderable'exparlenc^wtth^then^ ^that^I^ay® tb. hl^eU opinion of their many structural properties. Being the first American architect to ma na^experi-" SEiSiTii "h- uar?or r noSr r Eon”;ucUon! *” ' . le .„ t . h .nS:, s s::rt B . l r.; of the mechanical bond which it affords between joints. th It makes a very straight and true wall and off foundation for plastering unequaled by “^tv-four years, which I am familiar, and I have been practicing tnirty four y The block has splendid sound-proof qualities and, for .his reason is ve?y desirable for schools and other places where sound-proofing is valued. I know of no “aterials that w a pllsh like results in sound-proofing at the same coat. admits of the erection of trim with- e and hold nails very satisiactor- The Straub Block out grounds, since it will re ily, as may be discovered on trial. The material la fire-proof, makes god lWht bulldinrs has great structural strength, and is well Buuea fiJ Peering with brick-work. Other advantages will occur to per- sons making use of it. Very truly your iruiy yuui nru^ * I am sorry the block is not more widely distributed, ae am frequently force.l to use Inferior substitutes for It that cost /rreat deal more. 139 B L O BENJAMIN HOWELL ^ JOSEPH NORMAN H ARCHITECTS - a - "• J ‘ Dear Sir* » 5 “““ onprB 3— yi ° f ' "t'„ T e •.-**! f ‘.7e . Ute v * lio '&£?§£**** to^of- t V. BeKinning as * *^ en Ur. first tlocia. >* T _ ha ve - -- oc proc however, 77 using tne t said before, are t ruction. at every J 013, . ™-Jer conatr , ln h 0We jos »»» ob m * h L £“* tenners L Ur - ». n. m f£J J3 lncitiv 00d; *■ u sed f0 ci9 ln &. ?£«»«•* o» a Small ~ a r. ° n to th< o G verrr ... “ ro sing at SS* T#iV ' t „ SCE001 is ~ vie have two * Borough « these v ll o x 12 * IE "r^e'uTlng Clnder Ble^-^inE £ “yl plastered stUj nrs 4 “*«“®> - directly - «““ “ „ 0 2tor les, r l ir -f 0 ^te >e other Bcnool t Yje used 1- and second 8 heigh,. .^SSHS^-ti ■ -■ B e l 0 cfnderVoc r : lth V ^ 21oe “ he plastered a . , thrower Bloeis ^ ^ *asrt**s«SSSs. 5 S££ ■SKJKb*** *••“•* “'“ , . ....... n uch aore . .-ruction of a dare Cur _ . -^irur^s •- *— nt tain I?! 1 ?,”” This 13 a -a “°rfct“ C al 3 teel ire.se •'<> — assise* — ~~«W - s •a'si^f.? lSa ., ..... *• ~isi S « ...... " *•■• -“a. T your Bse 06S3 f8r . April 30th. 1924. Crozier-Straub, Inc., 120 .Vest 42nd Street. I.'e.v York City, manufactured ,'a recosriond the Straub cinder concrete blocks nder your patents for tho follov/ing reasons: They are fireproof; they are of uniform sizo, resulting in a straight wall; they are damp-proof, which eliminates furring and lathing for tho interior plaster and the are an exceptionally good base for stucco. The blocks being light are rapidly laid and re- quire only about cue-third the mortar for the equivalent wall area of brick. The first building in which wo used your blocks was the ISackay Terrace, Engle )d, V, JJ, e recently speci- : . . . ■ Inga . Conn, The block 3 will be shipped from one of your Hew Jersey plants, rte consider the additional freight and hauling charges fully justified by the quality of wall secured in using Straub blocks und the several economic features resulting there- from. Yours very trulyy cm/in l We consider the addi- tional freight charges fully justified by the quality of Straub Block.” 140 Inarch 26th, 1923, Tho Springfield Cinder Blook Company, 1076 Kenton Street, Springfield, Ohio, Oont lemon: - I want to give my unqualified approval of tho cinder block you are making, and which I first used In tho static and -crage of Mr. John I. Bushnell at Springfield, Ohio. The block baa so many good points that it la difficult to mention all of thorn, but for exterior work, which is to receive atucoo on the outside, and for interior partitions, because of its nail driving possibilities, I know of no block on the market which can equal it. The blocks are so perfectly made with their interlock- in', tongue and grove end Joints, that they must lay very quickly , and the lightness of the block is also an element of mtich importance, They are, of course, absolutely fireproof, and made under hydraulic pressure they are absolutely uniform in size and shape. Because of their lightness, toughness, and interlocking and fireproof qualities, combined with the rapidity with which they c-an bo laid, I believe you have a block which will prove an enormous success in the building material world. I shill be glad at any time to answer individually any inquiries from my brother architects in regard to your block. Faithfully yoars^/7 “The block has so many good points that it is difficult to mention all of them.*’ n BLOCKS A U B QincLer '‘Buildin g 142 (finder 1 Buildino BLOC- KL. S Consumers Ice and Coal Company PLUM AND LIBERTY ETBEETH LANCASTER, PA. ore to 'i’i lo Co,, Fob, . , 192 , L'-i least r, i • i . Ropl’.i ng to your inquiry of this dato concerning tho condition of tho walls of our now ico storago building con- structed of your blocks, we arc ploasod to say that tho walls , to our comploto sat lc fact ion, ilding as you know is 60* x 130' x 40' high. It i3 remarkable that thoro appoar3 in this wall only ono , crack sprung in tho outor part of tho wall near a stoel column through tho wall on tho inside. There is not a sign of it in tho fivo inch cork lining on the inside, ha3 boo on t o wall ab< >ut two mont hs. ... o : .o all crack. Warm in winter, cool in summer, and free from all moisture — Wo si. all be ploasod at any time to 3how our building e i torestod in yo :r block for construction work, Youre very truly, Co Burners' Ice A Coal t 143 s B = BLOCK. FOG EL CONSTRUCTION COMPANY GENERAL CONTR AtTTORS Dec.. 27th.. 4 KANSAS CITY. MO . 192 Crozier-Straub Inc., Hr. G. Edgar Allen, 120 Weet 42nd., St., New York Clt 7 . Dear Slr:- In keeping the coete in the use of cinder blocks on our different Jobs, we have found that we can save about 10 0 for plastering on cinder block over good hollow tile, .hero is alRo a saving of at least 50^ on labor In placing grounde on cinder block partitions over any other oartltlon material used. Comparing the coet of building a 12" cinder block S 1 L wlth brici: wal1 . wil1 8 »7 If common brick were bo. 00 per thousand delivered on the Job; we oould build the x cinder block as oheap as we could with the v 8.00 per thousand brick. An 8” cinder block wall would more than carry the load.” 144 Tlw Uiiitrb Stnti’r* Aluminum Oumpstiti) ~y///r S// // // /r////// /,, ■ . .. 1 ». c :m=uns Hoc t-idobriAor Dulldlne;. South Bind, Ind. ntlc ion: r let t, 15th, use of Cindor Block as furnishod by Mr. Straub. We have used tho 4" back up binder Block to a lar'o oxtont in buildiu - offico partitions, • ' Bloi ,;j o 1 mi plastering directly thereon. r c partitions liavo boon installed for about six (C) yours. A short tine ago it .'as necossaiy to cut through one of these partitions for a door and "? wore particularly impressed with tho liardne.j of those blocks. “They have a fire rating better than any other hollow building unit." bo also noticed that sorno of tho nails with which tho finish Liled t '■ lor ‘ lock. These nails after being with drawn >lut f. no e *foct of corrosion. Tho writer personally ha 3 built several houses and us od tho 0" Hollow Cinder Block for foundation. Tho type of houses built were of tho solid franc and brick veneer type of cons tr act ion. Those houses have been built from a period of five f 5) and Lx (6) and have not yet shown any weakness in foundation. Any farther do', liled information wo can furnish you, e i 1 i bo pleased to do so at your ro-iuest. 145 Stucco Finishes for Straub Block Houses JJFCAUSK ot the great variety ot finishes possible, the use of stucco over Straub Block Walls enables every architect to select a surfacing that will be in keeping with the desired style ol architecture and the taste of the owner. l he durability, permanent nature, and general adaptability of stucco makes it particularly suitable for houses of Straub Block con- struction. l he surface ol the Straub Blook affords a perfect bond for stucco finish and the combination ol these two materials makes possible a well nigh perfect wall, both structurally and artistically. Alfonso Iannelli, Professor ol Design at the Chicago Art Institute, who has made an extensive research into the subject of Stucco, says: “Good taste suggests the desirability ol making the exterior wall finish conform with the general style of the residence. Modern materials and modern implements make this possible. For, subjected to the talent of the architect, stucco becomes a sensative medium through which the texture-and-tone qualities ol each period can be expressed.” 147 FRENCH BRUSH COLONIAL A somewhat uneven surface reduced by hand rubbing. ENGLISH The irregularities are produced by side strokes of the trowel. A sanded surface finished with a wood or cork float. ITALIAN COTTAGE A springe finish developed on a soft plastic surface. 148 CALIFORNIA A rough cast finish reduced by rubbing with a carpet-covered fioat. .-j •c ITALIAN 3 * final coat is rough cast, then partially troweled smooth. ENGLISH COTTAGE The surface of the final coat is feathered with the back edge of the trowel. GOTHIC A Hoated finish rough-torn with the hack edge of the trowel. FRENCH TROWEL Broad sweeping strokes of the trowel result in this finish. MODERN AMERICAN The edge of the float or trowel is used to roughen a smooth finish Slightly. An irregular surface produced by feathering with a wood float. Used by courtesy of Portland Cement A. FIRE PROTECTION 151 A hollow 5'inch wall of Straub Cinder Concrete Blocks Saved Tenafly f\NE of the most remarkable incidents in the history of fire occurred in December, 1924, at the Tenafly, N. J. conflagration. The bleak early darkness of winter afternoon was incarnadined with lurid light, the intense cold transmuted into scorching heat, and the fire, goaded forward by a thirty-five mile gale, stretched flaming talons toward the town. Two buildings, the great old frame barn and warehouse of Taveniere & Johnson, and the office building that adjoined it, were blazing. Six blocks away embers were falling, carried by the western gale. Two blocks away a Church caught fire. Seven fire companies, responding to emergency calls, fought to localize the danger. But the warehouse and office building were doomed. Roofs across the street were catching flame. The heat was overwhelming. There was but one hope of staying a general conflagration. But a few feet away, the west wall of the Washing- ton Apartments, rose three stories in height and five inches in thickness — five inches of Hollow Straub Cinder Concrete Block between Tenafly and the fire! Great billows of flame swept the wall’s surface. So intense was the heat that the firemen experi- enced great difficulty in overcoming the blaze. Five hundred gallons of icy water a minute- roared against the wall, hurled from each fire hose. Icy-cold and red-hot — contraction and expansion in their most extreme form, throwing their united powers against a five inch wall, tied to its interior framework only by sheet metal clips, and from foundation up supporting its own weight. And for three and one-half hours the Straub Block walls of the Washington Apartments were subjected to this supreme test. The wall held. Straub Blocks saved Tenafly. And after such an ordeal as is seldom recorded, the wall stood straight as a plumb line, undeflected, uncracked, and without a sign of heat penetration. The New Jersey State Tenement House Com- mission, sealing the choice of owner and architect tor a 5" Hollow Straub Cinder Concrete Wall for fire protection, approved this material. The wisdom of this approval is now overwhelm- ingly manifested. The results of the fire at Tenafly are of such interest and importance to authorities on building construction and Insurance Under- writers that the site has been visited and the details inspected by numbers of experts, builders and 153 architects from various boroughs of the Metro- politan District of New York. Further, the wall of the Washington Apartments was not the only piece of masonry to testify to tremendous strength and endurance of Straub Blocks. The gutted office building, its interior destroyed by the fire that penetrated its wooden rear walls, also possessed side walls of 12" and 8" Straub Block, two of which were wings, unsupported at one end. Against the east wall of this office building, as against the west wall of the Washington Apartments, the fire strove for three and one-half hours, and both wing walls, unsupported, one of them pierced with five openings, stood staunch against the impact of many tons of water. Not a single unit was displaced in any of the Straub Block walls, and not a single crack or fracture- developed as the result of these extremes of tem- perature. More significant still, in the store next adjoining the office building the plaster, applied directly to the blocks and only twelve inches away from these extremes of heat and cold, shows no sign of the fury that raged on the other side of the wall. There are no signs of heat penetration on the other side of any of these Straub Block barriers. Charred sur- faces are confined to sash and door openings. An interesting fact that further illustrates the tenacity of the walls was revealed in the entire absence of fractures, even where girders and joists tore themselves loose from the walls. W here frame- work had been nailed directly to the blocks in the window openings, the wood has been torn or burned away, leaving the nails imbedded in the block. Building experts and Fire Chiefs present at the fire, and basing their judgment upon experience with other masonry materials, predicted at the height of the conflagration that the walls of the Washington Apartments could not be expected to withstand the intensity of the strain, and that this building would be destroyed, and with it the entire business district directly in the path of the flames. But every Straub Block in these walls is perfect , and fit for use a%ain. Struck with a hammer, every one rings true. Their duplicates are obtainable from the more than fifty plants manufacturing under Straub Patents, listed in this book. 154 Facts the Fire Exposed The results of this conflagration have proven beyond any doubt that Cinder Concrete Blocks manufactured under the Straub Process have the following points of superiority over any mason material commonly used for general building construction. 1. Extraordinary insulative value. 2. Stubborn resistance to flame under extreme temperature. 3. Absence ot fracture under extremes of tem- peratures. 4. A load bearing wall that will not bulge or deflect under temperature extremes, including those of freezing and thawing. 5. A tenacity in the mortar joints sufficient to prevent the dislodgment of units under heavy impact and extremes of temperature. 6. Resistance ol a bearing wall twenty feet high, twenty feet wide, pierced with live openings, to the lateral thrust of falling girders and the impact of fire streams, although unsupported on one end. 7. The only mason material in the fire that did not show fractures resulting from extremes of tem- perature. 8. Salvage value was 100%, therefore, the best mason material for any owner to use, irrespec- tive ot cost, and the least expensive from the point of view of the underwriters. The same qualities that made the unique record at the Tenafly Fire are built into every Straub Patented Building Block made under the Straub Patents and Process. 155 12 5 - KA U B (finder c Building BLOCKS INDICATED WOOD CONSTRUCTION- BVRNED PORTION D110WN HATCHED. . OAAD COACEXTE. WALL -CRACKZD . BRICK CHIMNEYO— CRACKED AND fAELXN . CLAY TILE COpJNq~AEL CRACKED . JOLID WALL.3 OT STRAUB CINDER, BLOCK*. OTANDINq INTACT- AO CRACKO OROpALLINQ. WOOD CONSTRUCTION WITH YENEER_OF.5'STBAU& CHIDES BLOCK* ~ ON FIRE AT WINDOWS ONLY • STRAUB CINDER BLOCK WALLS WITH BRICK VENEER. OTANDINq INTACT. INCS o O WASH1NQT0N STREET T 1 lie above diagram illustrates the position of the various buildings in the fire area, together with the position of the business section of Tenafly relative to this area. 1 he results of the Tenafly tire are of interest to everyone engaged in build- ing construction. Among the manv authorities who visited the fire were Mr. Rudolph P. Mill er, the author of New York’s Building Code, and Consulting Engineer of the Borough of Manhattan, and Mr. E. B. Hopwood, who adjusted the tire loss for the United States Insurance Company. Both of these specialists were so impressed by the resistance of the Straub Block Walls that they made inspections on several different occasions. 156 OFFICIAL TESTS 157 XU . MERRILL. President ROBINSON ) DANA PIERCE Vice Presidents A. R SMALL ) D B ANDERSON , Secretary L. B HEADEN . Treasurer CH 1C AGO. 207 E. OH IO ST . NEW YORK. 25 CITY HALL PLACE BOSTON. 87 MILK ST. PITTSBURGH, 324 FOURTH AVE. AGENCIES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES ANDCANADA INCORPORATED 1901 ESTABLISHED AND MAINTAINED BYTHE IMDiralBoari) d'Sire UnMmiitets FOR SERVICE- NOT PROFIT 207 EAST OHIO STREET. CHICAGO Retardant No. 1429 July 10, 1922 Report on HOLLOW CINDER CONCRETE BUILDING BLOCKS PLAN OF INVESTIGATION The object ot the investigation was primarily to ascertain the fire retardant properties of Straub Blocks as employed in the construction of walls. The tests which afforded information relating to fire resistance of the material were supplemented by other tests and examinations intended to show the composition of the material and to afford data for purposes of identification; the compressive strength of the blocks; the effects of saturation with water and subsequent freezing and thawing; the practic- ability of handling and shipping the blocks; the procedure to be followed in constructing a wall; the effect of the application of a hose stream to a speci- men wall that had been exposed to fire; and the effect ot a falling beam or column upon the same specimen wall. EXAMINATION AND TEST RECORD EXAMINATION OF MATERIALS Description of Samples. The sample employed in this examination comprised specimens of crushed cinders and a half-carload shipment of approxi- mately 700 blocks from the plant of the York- Patented Building Block Company. Method. The ground cinders were examined visually and the fineness of grinding was determined by means of sieves with graduated sizes of mesh. Chemical analyses were made to determine the total sulphur content and the amount of unburned coal and coke. The blocks were inspected to determine whether they had incurred damage in shipment from York, Pa., to Chicago and at Underwriters’ Laboratories after the blocks had been delivered by truck. The blocks were examined to afford information regarding their general appearance and texture, their weights and their dimensions. Results. The cinders, which were stated to he ordinary run-of-boiler product, resulting from the more or less complete burning of soft coal, were a mixture of material ot varying grades of fineness, ranging from dust that would pass a 100-mesh sieve to pieces that would just pass a J Tin. screen. Approximately 40 percent by weight passed a 20- mesh screen. I he presence of a considerable amount ot unburned carbon was apparent on visual examina- tion. Chemical analysis showed the presence of sulphur amounting to about 0.7 percent of the dry weight ot the cinders, and of coal and coke amount- ing to between IS and 19 percent. The 700 blocks examined in a Chicago freight house after shipment from York, Pa., were un- damaged, except as follows: — One block broken into two pieces, 10 blocks, each with one or more corners chipped. After delivery by truck at Under- writers’ Laboratories, 10 additional blocks were found to he damaged slightly at their corners. The blocks were of a dull, slate-gray color, and of the rough, pitted texture characteristic ot lean cinder concrete. The particles of cinder aggregate appeared to be completely covered by the cement. Rough handling of the dry blocks caused the separa- tion of small particles from the surfaces, but no ordinary rough usage caused breakage. Nails were driven into the blocks without diffi- culty. and without causing spalling, chipping or cracking. The average gross cross sectional area of the standard blocks was approximately 128 sq. in.; the net sectional area approximately 94 sq. in; the ratio of air space to gross area was about 27 percent. The corresponding values for the halt blocks were approximately 64 sq. in; 51 sq. in.; and 20 percent respectively. INSTALLATION TESTS Method. The tests comprised the erection ot two panels, each 10 ft. wide by 11 ft. high, in movable front walls of Underwriters’ Laboratories’ Furnace No. 2. The blocks were laid by the submittor, Mr. F. J. Straub, who is an experienced bricklayer. He was assisted by two helpers from the Laboratories’ plant force. Results. One panel was completed in 2 hr., 30 min., and the other in 2 hr., 33 min; this time not including that required for erecting scaffolding. All blocks were laid with cells vertical and with joints broken, only lull-sized and half-size blocks being used Blocks which did not fit snugly were trimmed with a small hatchet The mortar was made with one part of portland cement and three parts of lake sand, with about eight percent of slaked lime, all measurements being by volume. Enough water was employed to make a thin mortar. In laying the blocks no mortar was applied to the webs, and no special effort was made to apply mortar uniformly. Joints which were apparently not well formed were subsequently smoothed. No difficulty was ex- perienced in handling and setting the blocks, using the tools and the methods ordinarily employed by bricklayers. The appearance of the completed panels is illus- trated by Figs. 1, 2, and 3. FIRE ENDURANCE TEST Description of Sample. The test was made on one of the two panels described under the heading Installation Tests, the panel being 28 days old. The sample was 10 ft. 1 in. wide by 11 ft 3 in. high. No openings were apparent at the edges or else- where. and no cracks could be observed. The general appearance was that of a wall built without special attention to neat appearance of joints, hut probablv representing the average conditions in m- 159 o Fid. 1 Unexposetl face of wall before test stallations where speed in erection is desired. Method. I nderwriters’ Laboratories’ standard test equipment was used. The live thermocouples were installed on a horizontal plane 16 in. above the center of the panel, each tip being within a cell and capable of being moved so as to indicate the temperature at the center ot the cell or the temperature on the inner surface ot the exposed wall of a particular block. Three thermocouples were installed slightly below the horizontal center line with their tips embedded in the mortar joints, approximately \'A in. from the exposed lace ol the panel. The wall carrying the test panel was drawn into position as the front wall of the furnace and the fire started The exposed lace of the panel was sub- jected to standardized fire conditions in which the temperatures rise rapidly to 1500° F. during the first 30 min., to approximately 1700° in 1 hr., and continued to rise gradually until the end of the test. The test was continued 3 hr. 42 min. after which time the fire was extinguished and the test panel immediately drawn away from the furnace and allowed to cool. Throughout the test and after its conclusion observations were made regarding the character of the fire, the temperatures and deflections of the sample, and all developments having any relation to its flame retardance, its heat insulation and its stability. RESULTS Observations During Test. The distribution of the fire was rather irregular during the first hour, hut was uniform in the later portions of the test. The panel showed color unevenly in patches within 10 min., the patches increasing in size and brightness until at the end ot the test the exposed face was uniformly bright red. Betw-een 5 and 10 min. small glowing particles were thrown oft from the exposed face. No spalling and no eraking occurred during the test. On the unexposed lace, at 12 min. steam issued at the upper edge of the panel and at several vertical joints between blocks in the upper half of the panel. At 25 min. steam issued from joints in the lower hall. The issuance of steam continued for approxi- mately two hours. At 25 min. the upper half was slightly warm to the touch; at 35 min. the lower hall. At 2 hr., 15 min. incandescent material could be seen by looking into two vertical joints. After 3 hours a similar appearance was observed at four additional vertical joints. 1 lie panel bulged slightly and uniformly toward the fire, the maximum bulging on the vertical center line at the end of the test being A in. On the unexposed face, one thermometer indicate^ 300° F. at 2 hr. 5S min. The average reading ot five thermometers reached 300° F. at 3 hr. 15 min After the furnace fire was extinguished at 3 hr. 42 min. and the panel was w ithdraw n, the temperatures on the unexposed face continued to increase to a maximum of 500 F. in 4 hr. 20 min. Observations After Test. At the end of the test, and alter complete cooling, the pane! showed no cracking, spalling or other structural damage. After cooling, the exposed side w as of a brown color, with numerous black dots. Ihe appearance ot the panel alter the test is illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3. Fig. 2 F.xpose p+o 1 °o O m ido mm 7IvoT" a Nsrs in bottom oiooch B S-4-" \ Fiji. 10 Cross Seel ion of Test Floor No. II The clear span between supports was IS ft. The end supporting walls were 13 in. thick and the load- ing was placed out nearly to the backs ot the sup- porting walls. The load actually placed on the test Boor am- ounted to 19,950 lb. with the 8 men added at 160 lb. each, the total load would be 21,230 lb. Reduced to an equivalent uniform load based on the bending moments at the center, the loading would be, with- out including the men, 1,657 lb. per lin. ft. which would be 311 lb. per sq. ft. 1 be total load per lin. It., including the dead load was 370 lb. per sq. ft. producing a bending moment ot 57,100 lb. ft which is 360% of the computed working resisting moment, using n as 15 in the straight line formula and con- sidering the top steel in compression. The excellent bond between the cinder blocks and the concrete, evidently caused the blocks to furnish added strength to the concrete beams in resisting the bending. The maximum deflection under various degrees of loading was 0.856 in. A deflection of 1 in 360 oc- curred at an equivalant uniform loading of 1,045 lb. per lin. ft. or 196 lb. per sq. ft. which is 350% in excess of the computed allowable live load. After the live load had all been taken off, a permanent deflection of about 1/10 of an inch remained. TESTS OF FLOOR No. 1 Floor No. I shown in Figs. 5, 6 and 7 and in detail in Fig. 11 was of the T-beam style of construction with wood sleepers placed above the middle of each row of cinder block which would be used in con- struction to carry the floor. The same kind of cinder block were used as in test floor No. II, making the test floor 8 in. x 2 in. with a width of Tee of 1 3 ^4 in. and a thickness of 2 in. The material used for load- ing was, in general, the same as in test floor No. II. The deflections were measured in the same manner as for test floor No. II and two protection walls were placed under the slab as it was intended to break this floor. It was not possible to load this floor to destruction as the crane would not lift any higher than the top row of crates shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 11 Cross Section of Test Floor No. I The spans used were 15 ft. 8 in., being the dis" tance from center to center of end concrete pieces- The end supporting walls appeared to stay with the test floor during its deflection. The load that was actually placed on the test floor after making all proper deduction was 60,000 lb. I he uniform load per lin. fr. on this basis would be 3,830 ft. lb. or load per sq. ft. ol 719 lb. 1 bis is 495% ot the computed allowable live load. If the dead load bending moment be added to that of the actually loaded live load, the result would be a total ot 130,850 It. lb. or 354% ot the resisting moment computed on the basis ot 700 lb. persq. in. on the concrete. 1 he maximum fibre stress on the concrete would be approximately, 1,950 lb. per sq. in., computed according to parabolic variation. 1 he stress shown in the test cylinder made from the same material as this test floor was 2,530 lb. per sq. in. and the average ot the three was 1,829. This test floor was designed without any excess steel in the bottom. The fibre stress in this steel, as is usually computed, would run over 50,000 per sq. in. This seems to indicate a rather unusual assistance being given to the tension steel. The cracks which formed under the heavy loading were always at the joints between the cinder block, which tends to show that the cin- der block did assist at least between these joints. The total deflection tor this test floor was 0.900 in. It was impossible to finish loading the test floor on the date started on account of lack of time. The load which showed a deflection of 0.5 in. was allowed to stand for the entire week and the remainder of the loading was done one week later. The total deflection on Feb. 2 , the later date, was 0.628 in., showing a settlement of 0.218 in. due to flow in the concrete. When all of the live load was removed the beam came back Sg in. This made a permanent set of .275 in. with the flow. If the flow be deducted the comeback would be .147 or a little over *4 in. TEST FLOOR NO. III. Test floor No. Ill is shown in Figs. 8 and 9 and in detail in Fig. 12 . The depth ot the beam is 12 in., the width of each rectangular beam 5 in. and the clear span 20 ft., the width of each block being 16 in. The block contained some sand as is demanded at Detroit where the block were made. These block were brought in from the outside because 12 -in. cinder block were not available locally at the time. 6# J O V 0 J * % /ter . One X< .. ■art n the too f each. > Sy •1 ■/. n oV, , . -V . VV-' v y.p 1 £ % ^ r 0 • • OO ;§ -vv: ♦ • — r*f v TWo /"°Jbars in the bottom of each , 5C21 Fig. 12 Cross Section of Test Floor No. Ill There were also round continuous stirrups used with verticals spaced 6 /T in. from the end of the clear span, then 14 in., then 15 in. at each end and in all rectangular beams. The working span was taken as 20 ft. 8 in. The load that was actually placed on the test floor both dead and live load, was 3,276 lb. per lin. ft. causing a maximum fibre stress in the concrete of 2,245 lb. per sq. in., computed by the parabolic method of 2990 lb. per sq. in. computed by the straight line method. This is 427% of the allowable load at 600 lb. per sq. in. The test cylinder in this case gave a unit stress of only 1,282 lb. per sq. in. The total deflection for this test floor was 1.208 in. 165 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY Testing Laboratories New York City Report of Freezing and Thawing Tests Made Upon Cinder Concrete Tiles Submitted bv CINDER TILE COMPANY 120 West 42d Street New York City Report No. 1448 December 2, 1924. General. — The material submitted and tested as hereinafter described consists of: 1 — 8 x 8 x 16 Cinder Concrete Tile. 1 — 8 x 12 x 16 Cinder Concrete Tile. 1 — 8 x 8 x 16 Semi-solid Cinder Concrete Tile. These tiles were taken from a lot selected and marked by the Bureau ot Buildings, City of New York, represented by Mr. Heatley, Borough of Bronx. The remainder of this lot had previously been tested on September 23rd, 1924, in the presence of representatives ot the Bureau of Buildings, City of New York. All material mentioned was sub- mitted by the Cinder Tile Company, 120 West 42nd Street, New York City, represented by Mr. E. B. Corbet. Method of Test. I he three above mentioned specimens were dried to constant weight and im- mersed in water. Fours hours after which they were placed in a refrigerator maintained at a tem- perature ot 6° F. and allowed to remain for twenty- three hours. They were then removed and placed for one hour in water having a temperature of 150°F. At the end of this thawing period, the specimens were again placed in the refrigerator and frozen as above and again thawed, thus causing the tile to be alternately frozen and thawed once every twenty- four hours. The test consisted of twenty such alternate freezings and thawings. At the end of this freezing test the specimens were again dried to constant weight and the compressive strength determined. Results of Test. The tabulations shown below give the results of the freezing and thawing tests. Laboratory Test Nc Specification Compressive Strength After Freezing 28549 8 x 12 x 16 Length, in Width, in Height, in Area, sq. in Maximum Load, lb Ult. Strength lbs. sq. in. after freezing. Compressive Strength lbs. sq. in Per cent change in Str 16.00 12.10 8.05 193.5 294700 1529 1 152 1 32.6% gain 28551 x 8 x 16 15.90 8.05 8.50 128.00 143850 1123 91 5 f 22.7% gain 28794 8x8x16 Header back-up 15.75 8.00 8.00 126.0 120080 951 818 * 16.25 % gain fNOTE — These values obtained from Laboratory tests Nos. 27544, 27545, 27546, of September 23, 1924 - ♦NOTE — This value obtained from Laboratory tests Nos. 27517-19, 27538040, 27524-26, 27524-26 of September 23, 1924. Witnesses. I hese tests were witnessed by the following representatives: Mr. T. Heatley, Bureau of Buildings, Borough of Bronx, Mr. J. D. Marder, Bureau of Buildings, Borough of Manhattan, Mr. A. B. Comins, Bureau of Buildings, Borough of Richmond, Mr. J. Bracken, Bureau ot Buildings, Borough ot Brooklyn and \lr. E. B. Corbet, Cinder lile Company, Inc. Respectfully submitted, TESTING LABORATORIES, per (Signed) W. J. KREFELD, Engineer of Tests. PITTSBURGH TESTING LABORATORY Established 1881 Inspecting Engineers and Chemists Pittsburgh, Pa. Report of Test of Cinder Concrete Block for MR. F. J. STRAUB, NEW KENSINGTON, PA. On December 11th, 1923, Mr. F. J. Straub, in m\ r presence removed a cinder concrete building block from the outside foundation wall of the residence of Mr. Yoder, 215 Charles Avenue, New Kensington, Pa. This house had been built tor seven years. The block selected was an average block. It was taken from a point in the wall 3.5 feet below the surface of the ground. Although the earth in contact with the block was quite wet from recent rains, there was no indication of moisture on the inside face of the block. It might also be stated that there were no signs of moisture anywhere on the inside faces of the foundation walls. Tests of the block in the laboratory gave the fol- lowing results: Compression Tests Dimensions, Inches 15.69 x 4.0 x 8.0 Area, Sq. In 62.75 Crushing Load, Pounds 45280 Crushing Strength, lbs. per sq. in 721 NOTE — Block cut in half lengthwise for crushing test as back side of block was damaged in removing it from the wall. Chemical Analysis ’(See Footnote) The proportions of cement and cinders calculated from a chemical analysis of the specimen of block are as follows: Cement-1 part | By weight Cinders — 7 parts ) The proportion of cement by volume would be smaller than by weight and would not be richer than 1 part of cement to 9 parts of cinder. PITTSBURGH TESTING LABORATORY. F. H. Wood. Engineer of Tests. ’All licensees under Straub Patents are required to use a 1 to 6 mix, instead of the 1 to 9 mix mentioned above. The remarkable results instanced are ac- cordingly increased by a 50% stronger mix, resulting in blocks of greater density and moisture resistance 166 RUTGERS COLLEGE and the STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY New Brunswick, New Jersey Department of Civil Engineering November 9fh, 1923. Hudson Fireproof Block Co., Homestead, North Bergen, N. J. ( lentlemen : Herewith I take pleasure in presenting report ot results of crushing tests made on three (3) “Straub Cinder Concrete Block" submitted by your representative, Mr. \ incent Copcutt. It is understood that these tests were made for the infor- mation of the Building Department, Citv of Plain- held, N. J. Each specimen was of standard size, 8" x 16“ x 8“, but owing to the limited capacity of our testing machine (100,000 lbs.), it was necessary to cut the block and test each part separately. In considera- tion ot the method of testing in this case, an allow- ance ot five 15) per cent, has been added to the actual crushing load applied to each block. All ot the blocks tested were at least 28 days old. Gross area of block, 128 sq. ins., net area of block, 88 sq. ins. A ctual Allowed Strength Strength Crushing Crushing per sq. in. per sq. in load in load in gross area net area pounds pounds 1 10,080 1 15,580 903 1314 106,710 112,045 875 1273 140,690 147,725 1154 1679 Average 977 1422 \ erv truly yours, STUART A. STEPHENSON, Jr. Assoc. Professor ot Civil Engineering. In charge of Testing Laboratory. PHILADELPHIA & READING RAILWAY COMPANY Office, Assistant Train Master St. Clair, Pa., March 24, 1924 Pottsville Building Block Co., Pottsville, Pa. Gentlemen : This morning I witnessed a test of two “Straub” blocks that were brought from your plant at Mount Carbon. The test was made to satisfy myself and others ot the strength of the block. Fbe test was made on an eight inch hydraulic ram, the block resting firmly on an iron base per- fectly Hat and a steel plate laid perfectly flat on top ot the cinder block, the ram placed against the block and the hydraulic pressure started. 1 he one block crushed between eight and nine hundred pounds to the square inch. A second test was made with another block and this second block crushed at one thousand pounds to the square inch, or with twenty-five ton pressure. Upon examining the two blocks after the test, we concluded that the block that crushed at eight and nine hundred pounds pressure, was a trifle greener than the block used in the last test. 1 he test was made to satisfy ourselves as there are some contemplating building among the parties witnessing the test and all parties marveled at the strength of the blocks. Tt at any time you care to refer any person to me as being present at this test, I will be glad to give any information regarding it Mr. J. P. McCord, residing at Port Carbon, who is boilermaker tor the P & R. Rwy. Company, witnessed the test, in fact he had charge of the machine when making the test. There was no sharp practice, and was an honest-to-goodness test and it gives me great pleasure to inform you just what the result was. Yours truly, S. A. WRIGHT, Assistant d rain Master. TESTS MADE BY DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS RICHMOND, YA. A test was made on Straub Cinder Blocks by the Director of Public Works of Richmond, Ya., and the following is an extract from his annual report ending December 31st, 1923. “Outside walls and top were built of cinder block 12 inches thick, consisting of an 8 inch block with a core and a 4 inch solid block. These were alternated from inside to outside so as to form a perfect tie in and were also tied together with wall strips. The cinder block was not decided upon until after one of the blocks had been put in the furnace fire at a temperature of about 1250-1400 degrees Fahr., and allowed to remain 45 minutes. Then removed and dropped in a barrel of cold mixture of fish brine and water which showed little if any deterioration. After this a test was made by the chemist and the block showed a compressive strength of 700 pounds.” PITTSBURG TESTING LABORATORY Pittsburg, Pa. January 12, 1922 Laboratory No. 48544 Report of Test of Holding Strength of Wire Nails for F. J. Straub, New Kensington, Pa. In order to obtain the holding power of wire nails in cinder building blocks as compared with wood, samples were placed in a Universal testing machine and the loads required to draw the nails determined. Results of Test Size of Depth of Nail Load in Lbs. Nail Material Used in Material Required to Draw Nails 20 d 2x4 Yellow Pine IK 260 16 d 2x4 Yellow Pine IK 270 20 d Cinder Concrete Block IK 300 20 d Cinder Concrete Block IK 250 20 d Cinder Concrete Block IK 200 16 d Cinder Concrete Block IK 200 20 d Old Nail in Cinder Concrete Block 5 years IK 650 *This specimen was a nail which had been driven into a cinder block used in the walls of a bottling plant at New Kensington, Pa. When the building was partly destroyed by fire, this specimen was selected to determine the effects ot age on the holding power of the nail. The nail had not rusted in the concrete, although it had rusted where not embedded. PITTSBURG TESTING LABORATORY P. J. Freeman, Engineer of Tests 167 PIER TESTS Results of Tests M ade by COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TESTING LABORATORIES Tests of Straub cinder concrete block at Columbia University Testing Laboratories show ratios of .758, .700 and .547 between compressive strengths of individual units and of piers built of similar units. Tests were made for three licensed manufacturers of Straub block — Bergen Building Block Co., Ridgefield Park, N. J., Hudson Fireproof Block Co., Homestead, N. J., and Brooklyn Crozite Brick Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. The following is front the Columbia University report: The tests consisted of compression tests on Straub Cinder Concrete Block, and upon piers built with these block. The cinder concrete block and materials entering into the construction of tile- piers were furnished by the above manufacturers. Construction of Masonry Piers The masonry piers tested were constructed of Straub block by a mason furnished by the manu- facturers. Three piers of the following dimensions were constructed: Pier No. 1 — Composed of 8 x 8 x 16-in. two-cell block. Pier, 8.05 x 23.92 x 54.10-in. high. Pier consisted of six courses of 8 x 8 x 16-in. and 8 x 8 x 8-in. block with joints broken and one top course composed of a 4x8 x 16-in. and 4 x 8 x 8-in. solid cinder block. Pier No. 2 — Composed of 8 x 8 x 16-in. two-cell block. Pier, 8.15 x 23.90 x 53.8-in. high. Con- structed same as Pier No. 1. Pier No. 3 — Composed of 8 x 12 x 16-in. three-cell block. Pier, 12.40 x 24.0 x 54-in. high. Pier con- sisted of six courses of 8 x 12 x 16-in. and 8 x 12 x 8-in block, with joints broken and one top course composed of three 8 x 12 x 8-in. solid cinder concrete block. The block were laid up in a portland cement mortar, mixed in the proportions of one part cement and three parts sand, and stored indoors for a period of twenty days. All of the above piers were provided, both at top and bottom, with yi~\n. steel bearing plates, set in a mortar bed, so as to insure a uniform bearing on each end of the pier. Method of Test The masonry piers were placed in a 400,000-lb. Olsen testing machine provided with a spherical bearing plate and tested to failure in compression. Pier No. 1 was subjected to the compressive loads in increments of 5000 lbs. and the corresponding compressive strains measured. Piers No. 2 and No. 3 were loaded to failure without measurement of the compressive strains. Three 8 x 8 x 16-in. block and three 8 x 12 x 16-in. block, similar to those used in the construction of the piers were tested individually in the same testing machine to determine their ultimate compressive strength. The specimens were provided with plaster of paris bearing surfaces before test. The following table gives the results of compres- sion tests made upon the three masonry piers: Test No Specimen Height, ins . . . Width, ins Thickness, ins Gross area, ins . . . . Maximum load, lbs Ult. strength, lbs. per $q. in.. Weight. I bs.-oz 237*8 23749 23750 No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 54.10 53.8 54.0 23.92 23.90 24.0 8.05 8.15 12.40 192.6 194.8 297.6 135,600 126,500 214.00C 704 649 719 469-4 469-0 703-4 1 he following table gives the results of compres- sion tests on individual block, similar to those used in the construction of the piers: Test No 2375 23752 23753 23754 23755 23756 Specimen 8x12 x 16-in. Block 8x8xl6-in. Block Mark 1 2 3 4 5 6 Length, in 16.02 15.90 15.90 15.95 15.80 15.94 Width, in 12.40 12.40 12.25 7.98 8.02 8.02 Height, in . . 8.04 8.12 8.00 7.80 7.82 8.0U Gross Area, scj . m 198.6 197.2 194.8 127.3 126.7 127.8 Net Area, sq. in 135.1 133.7 131.3 86.7 86.1 87.2 Max. Load, lbs 240,620 262,770 2 72,900 1 13,250 11 3,430 126,680 Ultimate Strength, lbs. 1.210 1.330 1.405 890 895 992 Net 1.780 1.955 2,080 1.305 1.315 1.455 Weight, 1 bs.-oz . 59-0 59-12 61-8 38-0 38 10 39-8 Average Strength, based on gross area, lbs. per sq . in 1.315 927 The loads and corresponding compressive strains determined from test upon Pier No. 1 are as follows: 168 STRESS STRAIN DATA Pier No. I. Dimensions — 8.05 x 23.92 x 54.10 in. Gage length. 34. 85 in. Area, 192.6 sq. in. Applied Load 6 4. per sq.in. Strain, Inches per I nch Applied Load 1 bs. per sq .in. Strain, Inches per Inch 5 0 5 .0000402 52 .0000622 389 .000560 104 .000136 415 .000605 130 .0001 79 442 .000647 156 .000216 467 . 00069 1 5 . 0000060 193 .000742 IS4 .000255 519 .000788 20S . 000290 550 .000860 234 .000325 571 . 000886 260 .000359 597 . 000950 S .0000175 622 .001002 288 .000403 649 .001053 312 .000426 675 .001104 338 .000477 700 .001163 370 . 000537 704 Maximum Modulus of elasticity as determined from the above data is 698,000 lbs. per sq. in., based on the intensity of stress on the gross cross section. Based on a net section of 130 sq. in., the modulus of elas- ticity would be 1,035,000 lbs. per sq. in., approxi- mately. From the above tests, the ratio of the compres- sive strength of the masonry pier to that of the individual block based on gross cross sectional area is a stollows: Pier No. Compressive Strength of Pier Com pressi ve Strength of Block Ratio 1 704 927 . 758 2 649 927 . 700 3 719 1315 .547 Note — Piers 1 and 2, composed of 8 x 8 x 16 in. block. Pier 3 composed of 8 x 12 x 16 in. block. STRUCTURAL MATERIALS RESEARCH LABORATORY Lewis Institute, Chicago Tests of Cinder Concrete Block Sent by Straub Concrete Block Co., Purest Park, III. Request ol W. R. Harris, Concrete Products Asso- ciation, Chicago. Our Lot No. 6554 — 3 blocks Tests of 8 by 8 by 16-in. cinder concrete building block containing three vertical air spaces. The 3 block were (identified by our Lot No. 6554) first tested tor absorption; after the absorption test they were room-dried and tested for strength. Lot No. 6554 — Mix approximately 1-6, about 3 weeks old when received. Absorption Tests of the block were made in water at room temperature. They were dried to constant weight at a temperature of about 100° C,. and immersed in water for 24 hours. The gain in weight calculated as a percentage of the dry weight is the absorption. The block were allowed to room- dry for two days after the absorption test before breaking in compression. Compression tests of the block were made in a 200,000-lb. Olsen Universal Testing Machine. The block were tested as laid in the wall. The bearing surfaces were capped with a mixture of neat cement and gypsum to insure an even distribution of load. The load was applied through a spherical bearing block. Lot Date Dim. Block — In. Loaded Depth Gross Area Net Area No. of Surface sq. in. sq. in 6554 Test 2-9-23 8.0 by 15.8 7.7 126 77 Average March 21, 1923. Compressive Strength Dry Absorption 1 otal lb. per sq. in. Weight Percent Load Gross Net Lb. by Lb. Area Area Weight 123,850 980 1610 26.28 11.4 135,180 1070 1750 28.19 9.7 144,000 1140 1870 28.65 9.2 1060 1760 10. 1 Correct,— WALKER. Approved, D. H. ABRAMS. Professor in charge of Laboratory E. L. CON WELL & CO. Successor to HENRY S. SPACKMAN ENGINEERING CO. Established 1894 Engineers Chemists Inspectors 2024 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pa., July 6, 1925. Berks Building Block Co. Northmont, Reading, Pa. Gentlemen : The following is a report of our tests of heat conductivity of Straub Block recently submitted by you. Lab. No. 32810. 1 he values given below represent the gramcalories that will pass per second through 1 sq. centimeter of the substance. This is called the coefficient of thermal conductivity. Coefficient .0007 .0006 .0004 .0007 .0007 .0004 .0007 .0007 \v. .00061 For comparison, we give below the coefficient for several other materials: Terra Cotta .003 Silica Brick .002 Building Brick .003 Steel .140 Asbestos .0003 These tests show that Straub Block have a co- efficient of thermal conductivity approximating those of usual insulating materials. Respectfullv submitted, E. L. CONWELL & CO. Straub Block No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 169 TESTS BY E. L. CONWELL & CO. E. L. CONWELL & CO. Successor to Henry S. Spackman Engineering Co. Established 1894 ENGINEERS - CHEMISTS - INSPECTORS 2024 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pa. July 31. 1924. Berks Building Block Company, Reading, Pennsylvania. Gentlemen : The following is a report ot our observations at the fire and quenching test ot Straub cinder block of your manufacture held at vour plant Saturday, July 12 , 1924. Test Structure A special building for the test was constructed by experienced masons. It was approximately 20 ft. by 12 ft. and 10 ft. high and contained 637 cinder block, size 8 in. by 8 in. by 16 in., 804 face brick and 130 hollow clay tile laid up in lime mortar. One partition wall of Straub Block was loaded with 10 tons of pig iron. The interior was filled with oil soaked cordwood. The structure before test is shown in photograph No. 1. Fire Test. At 1.30 P. M. the fire was started and was fed at short intervals with oil soaked wood. A Fery pyrometer was used to determine the tem- peratures reached in the interior, while mercury thermometers were used to obtain temperatures at exterior points and within the cells of the block and tile. The temperatures reached within the structure were as follows: Interior Temperatures Time Temperature 1.45 710° F. 1.50 800° F. 1.55 1050° F. 2.00 1205° F. 2.05 1350° F. 2.10 1385° F. 2.15 1420° F. 2.20 1470° F. 2.25 1505° F. 2.30 1510° F. 2.35 1540° F. 2.40 1510° F. 2.45 1530° F. 2.50 1505° F. 2.55 1520° F. 3.00 1485° F. 3.05 1530° F. 3.10 1505° F. 3.15 1500° F. 1 he temperatures reached in the cells of the hol- low clay tile and cinder blocks were as follows: Cell Temperature ime Clay Tile Cinder Block 2.00. . . . . 140° F 115° F. 2.15 . . . 183° F .... 140° F. 2.30 . .260° F . . . . 160° F. 2.45 .413° F .... 260° F. 3.00 . . .681° F . . .384° F. 3.15 . . .704° F.. . . . . .397° F. Quenching Test. When the fire had continued \'/i hrs., and with an interior temperature of 1500° F. the fire was extinguished and the building com- pletely saturated with water by the Reading Fire Department. This constitutes an exceedingly severe test ot the materials, involving a sudden reducrion ot temperature from 1500° F. with severe resultant strains and stresses from quick contraction. Materials After Test. We subsequently ex- amined the building and also inspected each unit as rhe building was demolished. All of the walls were free from bulging or deflection and the Straub Block party wall loaded with 10 tons of iron was unaffected except on the surface. All of the ma- terials were discolored by smoke or water Our inspection of the various units removed dur- ing demolition is reported as follows: Of the 637 Straub Block, 2 were cracked; the remaining 635 were intact and uninjured beyond surface calcination to a maximum depth in a few cases of /j in. The clay tile were badly cracked and checked unfit for use. Of 91 face brick exposed in the north party wall 85 were cracked and unfit for use. Tests of Straub Block from Structure. As a direct determination of the effect of the fire and quenching upon the strength of Straub Block, 5 were taken from various places in the structure after the test and tested in comparison with 5 block of same age taken from stock piles. The results were as follows: 170 Compression Tests Specimen Block from h re Bloc k fr om stock pile No Crushing sti eng til gross area. lbs. per sq . in i 792 . 0 . . . 763.0 7 813 . 0 . . . 838 0 3 . . 774 . 0 . . . . 849 . 0 4. . . . 771 .0. ...793.0 5.... 800 . 0 . . . .761.0 -\v 790. 0 Av.. ...801.0 These results show that Straub B! ock after ex- posure to tire for lyi h r.< ; with a m; aximum tem- pe rat u re ( if 1540° F. f olio iwed by quick quenching by water suffered no appreciable loss of structural strength and that they still were capable of meeting the usual minimum crushing strength requirement of 750 lbs. per sq. in. Upon analysis an average sample of the block was found to contain : Parts by Volume Cement 1.00 Cinders 6.13 Summary. In length and intensity this test approximates the conditions of a destructive dwell- ing house fire and their condition at the end shows cinder block to be strongly tire resistant and to be capable of passing through the average fire unim- paired except for surface discoloration. Respectfully submitted, E. L. CONWELL & CO. Registered professional engineer. E. L. CONWELL & CO. Successor to HENRY S. SPACEMAN ENGINEERING CO. Established 1804 Engineers Chemists Inspectors 2024 Arch Street Philadelphia Berks Building Block Co., Crescent and Belmont Avenues, Northmont, Reading, Pa. Gentlemen : We report tests of specimens of Straub block and lintels recently submitted by you per your letter of April 3, 1925' Lab. No. .10120. Specimen Size No. 1 . . . 8x8x16 2 “ 3.. .... .. 4 5 “ 6 7 8 9 10 Speci men No. Size 11 16x12x8 750.0 12 “ 993.0 13 “ 870.0 14 “ 1040.0 15 “ 940.0 16 “ 751.0 17 “ 758.0 18 “ 770.0 19 “ 759.0 20 “ 1 100, 0 873.0 Strength in Compression, (lbs. per sq. in. Gross Area). 1470.0 940.0 945.0 990.0 763.0 1075.0 927.0 1222.0 1003.0 1550.0 Av. 10SS 0 Strength in Compression, (lbs. per sq. in. Gross Area). 1 he result of tests on the lintels shown below is the transverse or crossbreaking test, the result of w inch is always expressed as modulus of rupture. 1 he Moduli of rupture were calculated by the for- mula: R =3WI/2bd- R =3xLoad at Failure x distance in inches between centers divided by 2 x breadth x depth squared. file modulus of rupture is an approximate expres* sion of the apparent stress in the extreme fibre of a transverse test specimen under the load that pro- duces rupture. It is not the crushing strength. The stresses set up comprise tension and compression for the specimen is reacting as a beam with the upper part in compression and the lower in tension The inaccuracy of the test may be disregarded as trans- verse tests of all materials contain the same inaccu- racy and are therefore directly comparative. The results of transverse tests expressed as moduli of rupture are very nearly proportional to the actual stresses. Moduli of rupture of common structural materials are as follows: (lbs. per sq. in.) Stone 2000 Brick 800 Plain Stone Concrete (1-2-4) 500 Transverse Tests of Lintels Lintels tested on edge resting on rounded knife edges. Load applied by rounded knife edge on centre of span. In all cases, the span equals the even foot dimen- sion of the lintels tested. Specimen Size Modulus of Rupture. (lbs. per sq. in.) 21 3 ft. 8 in 1430.0 ?? “ 128*> 0 13 “ 1326 0 Av. 1347.0 24 .... 4 ft. 8 in 1129.0 13 “ 943 0 46 “ . 759 0 Av. 944.0 27 .... 5 ft. 8 in 783.0 1 8 “ 1128 0 29 “ 1214 0 Av. 1042.0 30 . . . . 6 ft. 8 m 1407.0 31 “ 1317 0 34 “ 1377 0 Av. 1367.0 33 7 ft. 8 in 1406.0 34 “ 1309 0 35 “ 1392 0 Av. 1369.0 These transverse tests v'ere performed as described above. The results are therefore directly compara- tive with the values of other materials given above. The Philadelphia Building Code requires new build- ing materials (the classification into which your lintels would belong) to show a modulus of rupture of not under 450 lbs. per sq. in. Yours very truly, E. L. CONWELL & CO. Av. E. L. CONWELL & CO. Successor to Henry S. Spackman Engineering Co. Established 1894 ENGINEERS CHEMISTS INSPECTORS 2024 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pa. January 19, 1925. Harrisburg Building Block Company, Cameron and Reily Streets, Harrisburg, Pa. Gentlemen : The following is a report of our observation of a comparative test between a brick wall and a Straub cinder block wall of' equal dimensions, conducted at Harrisburg Building Block Co., November 7, 1924. The brick wall was 6 ft. 9.5 in. in length by 8 in. in width and 32 in. high. The cinder concrete block wall was 6 ft. 8.5 in. in length by 8 in. in width and 32 in. high. These walls were erected by a practical brick- layer and were laid up in lime mortar. 1 hese walls were inspected by our representative in both vertical and horizontal positions before the test and found to be of good standard workmanship. These wall specimens were subjected to a trans- verse test as follows. The specimens were supported flatwise on 4 ft. centers and loaded at the center point with cinder block until failure took place. The brick wall specimen failed under a load of 379 lbs. The Straub block wall specimen tailed under a load of 1227 lbs. In the case of the brick wall specimen, there was extensive failure of the brick and mortar joints while a clean fracture occured in the Straub block wall specimen without accompanying failure of individual block. The attached photographs show the following: No. 1 shows the brick wall specimen ready for test. No. 2 shows the brick wall specimen after test. Nos. 3, 4 and 5 show the Straub block wall speci- mens sustaining loads of 379 lbs., 500 lbs., and Because the camera was adjusted to directly face the slab, only the first row of the block load is visible in the above illustrations. 1000 lbs. No. 6 shows comparative quantities of block re- quired to cause failure of the wall specimens as described above. Respectfully submitted, E. L. CONWELL & CO. Registered Professional Engineer. 172 TYPES t\_ S 1 Z E S ST RAUB Cinder Building BLOCK S 173 Two types of block that present identical advantages The two types ot block show n above illustrate two different designs of air spaces. Some licensees under Straub Patents manufacture both types, while some specialize in one type only. The air spaces, regardless of shape, represent 27 % to 33% of the gross cross sectional area, while the texture, load bearing capacity, outside dimensions, and all other characteristics are identical. 174 8" REGULAR WALL BLOCK Width 8 Inches Height 7?4 Length 15 G Weight 32 to 34 lbs. l 8 " FULL CORNER BLOCK Width 8 Inches Height 734 Length 15-G “ Weight 33 to 35 lbs. 8 ” Width Height Length Weight FULL JAMB BLOCK 8 Inches 36 to 38 lbs. 8" FULL GROOVED BLOCK Width 8 Inches Height 734 Length 15-G Weight 33 to 35 lbs. See note on pa£e 174 re£ardin£ shape of air spaces 175 8" FULL HEADER BLOCK 8" HALF, OR HALF CORNER BLOCK Width 8 Inches Width 8 Inches Height . . 73; Height ... 73 4 “ Length 153 4 Length 73; “ Weight 25 lbs. Weight 16 lbs. 8" HALF JAMB BLOCK 8" HALF GROOVED BLOCK Width. 8 Inches Width Height 73 4 “ Height Length 73 4 “ Length Weight 15 lbs. Weight 8 Inches 7K 73,; 16 lbs. See note on page 174 regarding shape of air spaces 176 12" REGULAR WALL BLOCK Width Height Length Weight 12 Inches 7 X “ 15K “ 52 to 56 lbs. 12" FULL CORNER BLOCK Width 12 Inches Height 7 -' 4 “ Length 15?4 Weight 53 to 57 lbs. 12" FULL GROOVED BLOCK Width 12 Inches Height 7 34 “ Length 15# Weight 53 to 57 lbs. 12" FULL CORNER BLOCK (Solid) Width . 12 Inches Height 7# Length . 15# “ Weight 68 to 72 lbs. See note on page 174 regarding shape of air spaces 177 T * 12 " HALF, OR HALF CORNER BLOCK Width 12 Inches Height 7K Length 7 A, Weight 30 lbs. 12'' HALF GROOVED BLOCK Width 12 Inches Height 7?< “ Length 7^4 Weight 30 lbs. 6" FULL CORNER BLOCK Width 6 Inches Height 7*4 “ Length 153 4 “ Weight 26 to 27 lbs. 6" REGULAR WALL BLOCK Width Height Length Weight 6 Inches 7K “ 1544 “ 25 to 26 lbs. 6" HALF, OR HALF CORNER BLOCK Width 6 Inches Height Length Weight 734 734 13 lbs. See note on page 174 regarding shape of air spaces 178 4" REGULAR WALL BLOCK (Solid) Width 4 Inches Height ly.\ Length 15 ^ Weight 24 lhs. 4" REGULAR WALL BLOCK (Hollow) Width 4 Inches Height 7 A, Length 153 4 “ Weight 15 lhs. 4" REGULAR WALL BLOCK (Hollow with Solid Top) Width 4 Inches Height 73 4 “ Length 15.\ t Weight 17 Lbs. 4" THREE-QUARTER BLOCK Width 4 Inches Height 73 4 “ Length 11)4 Weight 18 lbs. 4" HALE BLOCK Width 4 Inches Height 7' 4 Length 7^4 Weight 12 lbs. 179 See note on page 174 regarding shape of air spaces SINGLE CHIMNEY CAP Width I leight Length Weight 183 4 Inches 6 183 4 90 lhs. Width I leight Length Weight BRICK 33-4 Inches 2G “ 8 3 ‘<4 lbs. See note on page 174 regarding shape of air spaces ISO VA * 1 r Length Variable Weight See Tabulation below Length of Lintels Weight of 8" High Weight of 12" High 3'-8" 66 99 4 , -8" 84 126 5'-8" 102 153 6 '- 8 " 120 180 7 '- 8 " 138 207 8 '- 8 " 156 234 9 '- 8 " 174 261 For moduli of rupture of lintels see page 171 See note on pa£e 174 regarding shape of air spaces 181 CONSTRUCTION 183 In the above photograph, the mason is laying blocks in the party wall of a twin house. Note the use of one course of header brick between every two courses of 4" hollow back-ups on the outside wall which will be furred. The top course of the Cinder Block Foundation walls is shown at bottom of illustration. This photograph shows the proper method of spreading mortar on top of blocks, care should be exercised to prevent mortar joints running through from one face to the other, particularly outside walls. The mason should spread mortar over the course in one operation, instead of laying one block at a time. 184 Suggestions for handling and laying Straub Blocks This Photograph shows the use of the 8" Regular Wall Block and the 8" Header Block in backing up 4" of brick wall, making a 13" wall. Note that no through joints of mortar occur between the outside and inside faces of the block in the wall. Blocks should be set upon their ends on the scaffold within easy reach of the mason, so that the vertical side may be buttered without further handling, while the mason has his trowel in hand. Afterward, the mason can lay a number of blocks quickly without again taking up his trowel. The incorrect method of piling blocks Is Indicated at the far end of the platform. 185 Illustrating the use of metal wall ties in bonding the face brick to the 4" hollow back-up blocks This wall will nor be furred on the inside as no through joints exist. 1 tKS - i ms wall will not Illustrating the use of 4" and 8" blocks for backing up a stone facing. The 8" Cinder Block Wall in the foreground is to be pointed out, as indicated in the following photograph. The 8" Cinder Block Walls on the rear of the stone building is pointed out in a manner similar to the stone work. Note the intersection of the blocks with the stone work at the corner of the rear wall. The above illustration shows this type of construction before the finish pointing is done. 187 Specifications for Construction with Straub Cinder Building Units (1) GENERAL: I Ins Contractor shall furnish all labor and materials, transportation, tools anti equipment required to erect the Straub Cinder Building Units and such other allied work as indicated on the drawings, all in accordance with the best and latest practice and as hereinafter specified; only skilled mechanics accustomed to the laying up ot Straub Cinder Building Units shall he employed. (Where the walls are trimmed with brick, cut stone or architectural terra cotta, or where the walls are faced or veneered with brick or limestone, specify whether this contractor shall set same, furnished by other contractors, or include both the furnishing and setting). Contractor shall carefully examine the drawings and provide for the complete and proper construction of all work and shall furnish all steel rods, hand iron, anchors, bolts, etc., hereinafter specified to be furnished in connection with the work included under this heading. 1 his Contractor shall build in all miscellaneous ironwork furnished under other contracts and shall co-operate with and assist the carpenter or other contractors in any work which must be jointly executed. rh is Contractor shall also furnish the proper protection for his men and for those working under him, as required by the Local and State laws. ( 2 ) STRAUB CINDER BUILDING UNITS: All Straub Cinder Building Units shall be straight, uniform, and sound, and ot such character that they will pass and comply with the requirements of the local building code. Besides the regular blocks, use such special shapes and sizes as may be required to accom- plish the provisions of the drawings and the aims of the architect. (3) TESTS: Copy of test report certifying that the test requirements have been complied with, indorsed by a recognized testing laboratory, will be accepted by the architect as satis- factory evidence that the proposed make of Straub Cinder Building Units will fulfill the requirements specified, subject to inspection approval as hereafter specified. All tests shall be conducted so as to conform with the requirements of the local building code. 189 (4) INSPECTION: The requirements of inspection are that at least 85% of all material furnished in each carload or truck load shall be equal to the sample approved and shall comply with the specified crushing and absorption requirements, and the balance shall in the opinion of the architect, or his inspector, constitute only a fair and usual commercial variation from same, otherwise the entire shipment or sucb part of same as may be condemned by the inspector shall be culled and immediately removed from the site. (5) MORTAR: All mortar used for the setting of Straub Cinder Building Units shall be composed by volume of one part of Portland cement (approved brand ) to three parts of clean sharp sand thoroughly mixed to a smooth moderately stiff mortar, to which may be added hy- drated lime, not to exceed 10 per cent of the volume of cement. The lime and cement shall be thoroughly mixed before the addition of sand and water. The resulting mortar mixture shall be used within thirty minutes after the water is added and no retemper- mg shall be permitted. (6) LAYING: All hollow blocks shall be laid with the cells vertical in the wall and in such a manner that the main bearing webs come in proper relation for bearing with those of the block below. No vertical or horizontal joints shall be mortared through the walls but liberal air spaces shall be left in the center of the walls by buttering the two edges of each block on both horizontal and vertical joints. When 12" blocks are used place mortar over front, center and rear webs exercising care that the mortar does not carry through the wall. All walls shall be bonded by breaking vertical joints in every coarse at least three inches. In warm weather all blocks shall be thoroughly wetted before use. (7) FOUNDATION WALLS: Where indicated on drawings the foundation walls and piers shall be constructed of Straub Cinder Building Units o such size and shape as may be required and in conformity with the local building code. Special units shall be used for corners, offsets, and other breaks to maintain a good bond and to insure properly staggered joints throughout the length of the wall. (In low, damp ground, water bearing clay or where springs or excessive ground water occurs, the outside of foundation walls shall be plastered with a mortar composed of one part Portland cement to two parts of sand with a mixture of an approved damp- proofing composition and to be applied one-half to three-quarters of an inch in thick- ness. Also, where any quantity of ground water is present or known to occur, a dry drain should be laid around the foundation to carry the water away to a convenient point. Specified under this heading or under the plumbing and drainage work.) (8) EXTERIOR WALLS AND INTERIOR BEARING WALLS: All exterior walls above foundation and all interior bearing walls shall be constructed of the various thicknesses as indicated on drawings, forming all corners, returns and off- sets as shown, and using the required shapes and sizes to work to corners and openings and to maintain proper bond throughout the length of the wall. Use special jamb blocks for double-hung window frames. Use reinforced Straub Cinder Concrete Lintels over all door openings or use lintels of special design as indicated. Where arches occur in walls they shall be formed of two (or more) courses of cinder brick laid in rowlock fashion on suitable centers. (9) BEARING WALL DESIGN: The design and size of hollow Straub Cinder Building Units in bearing walls shall be such that the gross sectional area of the block is not stressed greater than one-tenth of the crushing strength of the particular units used, as ascertained by properly conducted test. The super-imposed loadings shall include the dead and live loads of floors and roof and the weight of wall construction, etc., and in no case shall the block be subjected to 190 tensile stress, unless suitable steel reinforcement is provided. Where heavy beams or girders are placed on hollow block walls, or where other concentrated loads occur, the holes shall be filled with concrete or the walls shall be capped with concrete or otherwise reinforced to properly distribute the load. The interior bearing walls shall be well bonded and tied into outside walls. Fire plates and chimneys shall he built as shown and shall be well bonded into the walls in which they occur. (10) PARTITION WALLS: All partition and division walls other than load bearing shall be constructed of light weight hollow Straub Cinder Building Units of the thickness indicated on the draw- ings. They must be built true to line and plumb and must be w ell tied into other walls and be wedged against floor above. All units to be laid up in cement mortar with bonding joints of at least three inches in every course. Reinforced lintels are to be used over all openings. (11) LINTELS: Straub Reinforced Cinder Concrete Lintels shall be built into the walls over the open- ings as indicated on the drawings and all lintels shall have a modulus of rupture of not less than 800 pounds per square inch. (12) PORCH COLUMNS AND PIERS: Porch columns and piers shall be erected with blocks of such sizes as to conform with the dimensions indicated on the drawings. Where heavy loads are to be carried on columns and piers they shall be built of solid Straub Units instead of hollow. (13) CHI M NEA : All chimneys and fire-places shall be constructed of Straub Cinder Building Units as shown on the drawings, faced with suitable fire brick where exposed to heat. Provide clay flue linings of the sizes indicated for all chimneys, wiping all joints carefully as the several sections are erected. (14) CHIMNEY CAP: Provide Straub Cinder Chimney Cap, pre-cast concrete, stone or brick as indicated on the drawings. (15) ROOF PLATES: Build in W"'anchor bolts as indicated on drawings, five feeton centers, for the fasten- ing of the wooden roof plates, the bolts to project four inches beyond the top of the wall permitting the fastening of the two inch wooden roof plate and the use of a washer and nut. These anchor holts are to he securely fastened by means of filling the hollow spaces of the blocks around the bolts with cement mortar or concrete. (16) CUTTING AND PATCHING: This contractor shall do all cutting and patching of his work, and that of other con- tractors, required for the proper installation of work by other trades, and any necessary cutting and repairing is to he reported to the architect for adjustment with the con- tractor for whom such work is done. This contractor shall leave all chases and openings required by other trades and build in all anchors, or other accessories furnished by others. All chases and openings that are built or cut into the walls shall, when ready tor plastering, be covered with No. gauge galvanized diamond mesh expanded metal lath or woven wire lath by (this) or (plastering) contractor. Lath to he securely fastened into place lapping the face of the block by at least 2 " on each side to prevent cracking of the plaster. Upon completion, do any patching required and remove all rubbish, equipment and surplus material. Contractors for plumbing, heating and electric work, and other trades will not be permitted to cut into the block walls without permission from the block masonry con- tractor and generallv any cutting and repairing shall be done by the block mason and the cost charged to the contractor requiring same. Contractors for other trades must therefore arrange the installation of their work so that openings and chases may be built in where required, or furnish to, and co-operate with, the mason contractor in setting the sockets, ferrules, pipings, conduits, outlet boxes and fastenings that must be built into the Hollow Block walls. Horizontal chases will not be permitted in block walls. 191 WORKING PLANS 193 Detail of Bond of 8" and 12" Walls with Pilaster Elevation or a~ cinder. Flock Wall with F Pilaster Elevation or pier. H*Hb fff'-i First course h - W': H U /5%. Second Course Second course Elevation or iz cinder Flock Wall with F Pilaster Third course First course > s i H K/ ,s * Elevation or Pier second Course 194 Detail of 8" Block Wall with Pilaster and Chimney ISOmiTZIC V/E w or & C/NDER 3 LOCK Wall w/tu pure ter /7/VD C///MNPY SECOND COUEOE 195 Derail of Pilaster Construction, also Chimney Blocks and Cap Elevation or //■ c/nder slock wall W/r// P/ /.aster ■Plan or C///MNEY Cs Second Co u roe Elevat/on or <3~- C/nder Slock WALL W/ru A' -P/LA 3 TER. 4-i — /S 4 -+-/ 196 Detail of 8" Joist Construction using Jamb Block Isometric View or special jams Slocks In delation To Wood Joist < 5 k lh* i'Hh First course -Plan Showing Joist in IE WALL ■ First course Plan showing joist in S' Wall second course second course 197 198 Detail of Double Hung Window Construction ■Plan Showing special jams Blocks •Section or Head Show/ no special lintel SECTION or JILL ELEVATION 199 200 201 Details of Method of Backing Face Brick with Straub Cinder Concrete Block 8 if 12 0 1 Standard Hollow Block 8 x 8 x 16 mmm Solid Block 4 x 8 x 16 12-Inch Wall 16-inch Wall Header Back-up Block (Fat. Applied for) Approved by the Bureau of Buildings of Greater New York 20 and 24-inch Walls Can be Built by Use of Additional Block 202 Ak/igoY_ fiztPgQQL. Floor. 5r3TEM T/ ON No. / 203 oot/oa/ Thru Floo& kJlab 204 Supporting Straub Blocks before Alac/ng Concrete THE PLANTS MALING S T RAU B (Binder ‘Building B L O CK S 205 LICENSED MANUFACTURERS OF Straub Cinder CINDER BLOCK CORP. OF DELAWARE 13th and Thatcher Streets Wilmington, Delaware WASHINGTON CONCRETE PROD. CORP. Woodward Building Washington, I). C. PINKHAM & KILBURN Palmetto, Florida ATLAS CINDER BLOCK CORPORATION 29th and Missouri Avenue East St. Louis, III. MOLINE CAST STONE CO. 48th Street and Fourth Avenue Moline, 111. ILLINOIS CINDER BLOCK CO. 1239 South Circle Avenue Forest Park, 111. StraL'B Cinder Block Co. of Indianapolis 385 Century Building Indianapolis, Indiana CINDER BLOCK CORPORATION Kate Avenue and Western Maryland R. R. Baltimore, Md. DETROIT CINDER BLOCK & TILE CO. 17201 Newbern Avenue Detroit, Michigan FLINT CINDER BLOCK & PRODUCTS CO. Genesee Bank Building Flint, Mich. CINDER BLOCK COMPANY 43rd and Mill Creek Parkway Kansas City, Mo. CINDER BLOCK COMPANY OF ST. LOUIS 9000 Olive Street Road Clayton, Mo. ST. JOSEPH CINDER BLOCK CO. St. Joseph, Mo. IDEAL CEMENT STONE CO. 31st and Spalding Streets Omaha, Nebraska Building Block BERGEN BUILDING BLOCK CO. 9 Paulison Avenue Ridgefield Park, New Jersey CONCRETE SPECIALTIES COMPANY Mt. Ephraim Ave., North of Grant Ave. Camden, New Jersey HUDSON FIREPROOF BLOCK CO. Homestead North Bergen, New Jersey CINDER BRICK & TILE CO. Van Keuren Avenue Jersey City, N. J. CONCRETE SPECIALTIES CO. Head of Beakes Avenue Trenton, New Jersey (P. O. Box 367) HUDSON FIREPROOF BLOCK CO. Westfield, N. J. ELMIRA BUILDING UNITS, INC. 1898 Grand Central Avenue Elmira, New' York ROCHESTER CINDER BLOCK CORP. Norman Street Rochester, N. Y. JAMESTOWN BLOCK & TILE CO. Jamestown, N. Y. P. O. Box 712 CINDER TILE COMPANY, INC. 250 Park Avenue New York City STRAUB BUILDING UNITS, INC. 2 Annette Street Binghampton, N. Y. PETER KLUG Youngstown, Ohio GARLAND BLOCK & SAND CO. Youngstown, Ohio SPRINGFIELD CINDER BLOCK CO. 1076 Kenton Street Springfield, Ohio 206 CINDER BUILDING BLOCK CO. Warren, Ohio YORK PATENTED BUILDING BLOCK CO. York, Pa. LANCASTER CONCRETE TILE CO. 22S North Water Street Lancaster, Pa. STRAUB BLOCK CO., OF PITTSBURGH 908 Park Building Pittsburgh, Pa. WETM ORE- HENDERSON LUMBER CO Warren, Pennsylvania HOLLYWOOD BUILDING BLOCK CO. North Plymouth Street Allentown, Pa. PHILA. PARTITION & BLDG. BLOCK CO. 28th and Ritner Streets Philadelphia, Pa. NEPENNA BUILDING MATERIALS CO. Kingstown, Pa. A. DEMBACHER & SONS Greenville, Pa. HARRISBURG BUILDING BLOCK CO. Cameron and Iteily Streets Harrisburg, Pa. ERIE PATENT BLOCK CO., INC. Erie, Pa. POTTSYILLE BUILDING BLOCK CO. South Centre Street and Schuylkill Haven Pike Pottsville, Pa. JUNIATA RECONSTRUCTED STONE CO. Juniata, Pa. BERKS BUILDING BLOCK CO. Northmont Reading, Pa. STRAUB BLOCK CO. Taylor and Mill Streets New Castle, Pa. HAN KINS-PAULSON CO. North Beeson Avenue Uniontown, Pa. DELVAN BLOCK COMPANY East Southern Avenue South Williamsport, Pa. BUILDING MATERIALS CO. Greenburg, Pa. APOLLO STEEL CO. Apollo, Pa. BEAVER BUILDING BLOCK CO. Monaca, Pa. MR. L. T. SMITH Mt. Pocono, Pa. JAMES L. SHREFFLER Lewistown, Pa. RICHMOND PATENT BLDG. BLOCK CORP P. O. Box 144, West End Station Richmond, Virginia NORFOLK BUILDING BLOCK CORP. Flanders Avenue and Cromwell Road Fairmount Park Norfolk, Va. FAIRMOUNT WALL PLASTER COMPANY Fairmount, West Virginia (Fourteen sub-licenses and distributors in West Virginia) HARTFORD CINDER BLOCK CO. Hartford, West Va. CINGRETE, INC. Clarksburg, West Virginia CONCRETE PRODUCTS CORPORATION 6022 Plankinton Building Milwaukee, Wis. Patents owned by CROZIER-STRAUB, INC. 120 West 42nd Street New York City 207 208 I mwm -w pil§§|i wwg wpg! 5553: %m ■W.* :»«58Ss3»i &gagsy» r&32fe