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Author: 
 
 U.S. Bureau of Labor 
 
 Title: 
 
 Summary of the wages 
 and hours of labor from 
 
 Place: 
 
 Washington, D.C. 
 
 Date: 
 
 1912 
 
MASTER NEGATIVE # 
 
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 ORiGINAL MATERIAL AS FILMED - EXISTING BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD 
 
 Business 
 D2S2 
 
 Un396 
 
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 U. S, Bureau of labor. 
 
 Summary of the wages and hours of labor 
 from the Report on conditions of employ- 
 ment in the iron and steel industry in the 
 United States, Washington, 1912. 
 
 57 p. tables. (cU. S.3 62d Cong., 2d 
 sess. Senate. Doc. no. 301) 
 
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 62d Congress ) 
 2d Session / 
 
 SENATE 
 
 Document 
 No. 301 
 
 Aj^^siTi/rm SiHtkdi mt Lfbi 
 
 SUMMARY OF THE WAGES AND 
 HOUR^ OF LABOR 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 REPORT ON CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT 
 IN THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 
 
 IN THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 Prepared under the direction of 
 CHAS. P. NEILL 
 
 Commissionet of Labor 
 
 Presented by MR. BORAH 
 February 8, 1912.— Ordered to be printed 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 1912 
 
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 62d CongrEvSS 1 
 2^ Session / 
 
 SENATE 
 
 Document 
 No. 301 
 
 SUMMARY OF THE WAGES AND 
 HOURS OF LABOR 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 REPORT ON CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT 
 IN THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 
 
 IN THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 Prepared under the direction of 
 CHAS. p. NEILL 
 
 Commituoner of Labor 
 
 Presented by MR. BORAH 
 FEBRLAr.i' S, 1912. — Orde-ed tc be printed 
 
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 1912 
 
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 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 Introduction 5-5 
 
 General summary 8-11 
 
 Summary of earnings and hours and days of work in blast furnaces, steel 
 
 works, and rolling mills, by departments and districts 12-57 
 
 Extent of the investigation 12-18 
 
 Earnings, by departments 18-28 
 
 Earnings, by departments and districts 28-33 
 
 Earnings of common laborers 33-36 
 
 Hours of labor, by departments 36-46 
 
 Hours of labor, by departments and districts 46-53 
 
 Days worked per week, by departments. 53-57 
 
 8 
 
 "P^'*rt. 
 
.'^■j^ 
 
 ..A 
 
 
 v^ 
 
 
 SUMMAEY OF WAGES AST) HOUES OF LABOR. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 This report shows earnings and hours of labor of employees in 
 practically all of the iron and steel plants in the United States. The 
 report is the result of an investigation directed by a Senate resolu- 
 tion, under the provisions of which the Department of Commerce and 
 Labor, through the Bureau of Labor, was directed to make an in- 
 vestigation of the conditions of employment, including especially 
 wages paid and hours and days worked in the iron and steel industry 
 of the United States. 
 
 The data presented cover the conditions existing in the month of 
 May, 1910, immediately after the last general increase in wages. 
 Since that time there have been no general changes in wages, and 
 very few minor readjustments, so that the data as to earnings given 
 here represent almost exactly the conditions existing at the present 
 time (July, 1911).^ As regards 7-day work in the industry, con- 
 ditions have been somewhat altered by the fact that a number of 
 plants in various parts of the country have, during the last few 
 months, in response to the movement inaugurated by the American 
 Iron and Steel Institute since the beginning of the present investi- 
 gation, put into effect various plans by which the employees are 
 relieved from the requirement of working 7 days per week. The 
 extent to which such plans have been introduced and the measure 
 of rehef afforded by their operation are discussed at length in Volume 
 III of this report. 
 
 The term "iron and steel industry'' for the purposes of this in- 
 vestigation was taken in the sense in which the term is generally 
 used, to include the blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills 
 (puddling mills and tube mills being embraced under this head), to- 
 gether with such repair, yard-transportation, power, and other auxil- 
 iary departments as are included within the plant. The investigation 
 did not attempt to cover the mines and coke ovens, or the fabricating 
 and assembhng departments, even where these departments were 
 operated directly in connection with the steel works. Although no 
 specific attempt was made to include foundries or forges, except as 
 they were auxiliary departments of steel works, data as to wages and 
 hours of labor for a majority of the steel foundries of the United 
 
 1 This statement was still true In December, 1911, when this volume went to press. 
 

 ^^^. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 '■i 
 
 IV 1 
 
 6 
 
 LABOB CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 States were secured and are presented in a separate chapter of this 
 volume. 
 
 As it was practically impossible for the agents of the Bureau of 
 Labor to visit every plant in the United States and personally to 
 copy the desired data from the pay rolls, blank forms were prepared 
 by the Bureau calling for certain specific data concerning the number 
 of employees, rates of wages, hours of labor, and days worked, in detail, 
 together with a specific statement of the number of hours worked 
 and amount of wages earned during the last pay-roll period in May, 
 1910, by the workmen in all the various occupations. These forms, 
 together with detailed instructions, were sent to every company en- 
 gaged in the manufacture of iron and steel in the United States. 
 With but few exceptions the manufacturers complied with the re- 
 quest, and themselves copied from their pay rolls and compiled the 
 detailed information called for on the printed forms, and transmitted 
 them to the Bureau. 
 
 During the preparation of the report the Bureau was in corre- 
 spondence with the ofiicials of the various companies, and the agents 
 of the Bureau also visited the different plants whenever necessary to 
 bring about a clear understanding of the precise character of the in- 
 formation desired, as well as to secure the correction of such errors as 
 were found in the data submitted by the plants. 
 
 For the purpose of a proper presentation and interpretation of the 
 information thus obtained, the agents of the Bureau visited a large 
 number of representative plants in each of the principal centers of in- 
 dustry and made a careful study of the various processes and occupa- 
 tions in each of the several departments. The information thus 
 obtained has been presented in the detailed descriptions of occupa- 
 tions which accompany the statistical matter relating to each of 
 the departments of the industry. 
 
 By this method reports were secured from practically all of the 
 plants in the United States coming within the scope of the investiga- 
 tion and covering approximately 90 per cent of the total number of 
 employees in the industry. A few plants were not in operation at 
 the time of the investigation, and were therefore unable to furnish 
 the desired information. In a number of cases it was found impos- 
 sible to utilize the information forwarded by certain plants or for 
 particular departments of such plants. Tliis arose chiefly from the 
 following causes: (1) In a number of the smaller plants no adequate 
 record of the wages paid, or, more particularly, of the hours worked 
 during the period called for could be furnished; (2) in a number of 
 departments some plants had the greater part of the work done by 
 contract, paying a contractor who employed his own men, and who 
 as a rule could not or would not furnish records of amounts paid or 
 the hours worked by his employees. This latter condition affected 
 
 v' 
 
 ssrenasaib-*^ .».,";=«?«' 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 7 
 
 particularly the reports for puddling mills, crucible furnaces, and 
 small rolling mills. All reports which for these or other causes could 
 not be corrected were rigidly excluded from the tabulation. A few 
 reports were also excluded because they were forwarded too late to 
 be included in the tabulation, although otherwise the information 
 was in good condition. These, however, were in all cases unimpor- 
 tant plants whose inclusion or exclusion would have a negligible 
 effect upon the figures of this report. The plants of the Bethlehem 
 Steel Co. are not included in this investigation, having been the 
 subject of a special investigation and report immediately before the 
 beginning of this investigation.* Sheet mills for the manufacture of 
 sheet steel and tin and teme plate are not covered in the present 
 volume, owing to the fact that these establishments were the subject 
 of a special investigation along somewhat different lines, the results 
 of which will form a part of Volume III of this report. 
 
 As a result of the exclusion of imperfect reports for the reasons 
 above given, the data presented in the present volume qover approxi- 
 mately 82 per cent of the employees in the branches of the industry 
 investigated. In this volume complete data as to wages and hours 
 of labor are presented for 199,689 employees, of whom 172,706 were 
 employed in the blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills, and 
 26,983 in the steel foundries. In all, 416 separate and distinct plants 
 in 29 States are included, of which 338 were blast furnaces, steel works, 
 and rolling mills, and 78 were steel foundries alone. 
 
 In the present volume are presented the statistics of earnings and 
 hours and days of work for the separate departments and industrial 
 districts in summary form, together with such discussion and de- 
 scriptive matter as are necessary to make the data clear and intelligible 
 to those who are not acquainted with the technical processes and the 
 general labor conditions of the industry. In Volume II are presented 
 in detail the earnings and hours and days of work in the various occu- 
 pations in each of the establishments covered by the investigation. 
 
 In addition to the information furnished from the pay rolls of the 
 establishments, a thorough study was also made in detail of the 
 conditions of employment in the iron and steel industry generaUy by 
 personal inspection of the plants themselves, and through personal 
 interviews with the employees and officials of the different estabhsh- 
 ments. A special study was also made of the statistics of accidents 
 in the industry, of the conditions under wl^ich accidents occur in the 
 various plants, of the methods used to prevent accidents, and of the 
 provisions made for the care of employees injured by accidents. The 
 
 » Report on- Strike at Bethlehem Steel Works, South Bethlehem, Pa., 61st Cong., 2d sess., S. Doc. 
 No. 521. The wages given in the Bethlehem report were for January, 1910, and are not fWrly comparable 
 with those given in the present volume for other steel plants. A general increase in wages took place in 
 the iron and steel industry In April and May, 1910, and the figures in this report are based upon the wages 
 paid after the Increase, while the figures in the Bethlehem report represent a date before the increase. 
 
 "».^> 
 
mmm 
 
 RNKKI^W 
 
 8 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 9 
 
 §: 
 
 results of these studies of conditions of employment and of acci- 
 dents and accident prevention will form the subjects of later volumes 
 of this report. 
 
 GENERAL SUMMARY. 
 
 The fact that stands out most strikingly in any study of the labor 
 conditions in the iron and steel industry in the United States is the 
 unusually long schedule of working hours to which the larger num- 
 ber of the employees in this industry are subject. 
 
 During May, 1910, the period covered by this investigation, 
 60,000, or 29 per cent, of the 173,000 employees of blast furnaces 
 and steel works and rolUng mills covered by this report customarily 
 worked 7 days per week, and 20 per cent of them worked 84 hours 
 or more per week, which, in effect, means a 12-hour working day 
 every day in the week, including Sunday. The evil of 7-day work 
 was particularly accentuated by the fact developed in the investi- 
 gation, that the 7-day working week was not confined to the blast- 
 furnace department where there is a metallurgical necessity for con- 
 tinuous operation, and in which department 88 per cent of the 
 employees worked 7 days a week; but it was also found that, to a 
 considerable extent, in other departments where no such metallurgical 
 necessity can be claimed, productive work was carried on on Sun- 
 day just as on other days of the week. For example, in some estab- 
 lishments the Bessemer converters, the open-hearth furnaces, and 
 blooming, rail, and structural mills were found operating 7 days a 
 week for commercial reasons only. 
 
 The hardship of a 12-hour day and a 7-day week is still further 
 increased by the fact that every week or two weeks, as the case 
 may be, when the employees on the day shift are transferred to 
 the night shift, and vice versa, employees remain on duty without 
 relief either 18 or 24 consecutive hours, according to the practice 
 adopted for the change of shift. The most common plan to effect 
 this change of shift is to work one shift of employees on the day of 
 change tlirough the entire 24 hours, the succeeding shift working the 
 regular 12 hours when it comes on duty. In some instances the 
 change is effected by having one shift remain on duty 18 hours and 
 the succeeding shift work 18 hours. During the time that one shift 
 is on duty, of course, the employees on the other shift have the same 
 number of hours of relief from duty. 
 
 That much of the Sunday labor which has been prevalent in the steel 
 industry is no more necessary than in other industries is shown conclu- 
 sively by the fact that at the time of the investigation made in 1910 
 by this Bureau into the conditions of labor in the Bethlehem Steel 
 Works, the president of the Steel Corporation directed the rigid enforce- 
 ment of a resolution adopted three years previous, cutting out a large 
 
 fr 
 
 part of Sunday work except in the blast-furnace department. Even 
 in the blast-furnace department, where there is a metallurgical neces- 
 sity for continuous operation day and night throughout 7 days of 
 the week, there is practically nothing except the desire to economize 
 in the expense of production that has prevented the introduction of 
 a system that would give each employee 1 day of rest out of the 7. 
 
 Since the beginning of the present investigation, however, this 
 matter of abolishing 7-day work for the individual employees in 
 the blast furnaces, as well as in other departments of the industry, 
 has received the attention of the American Iron and Steel Institute, 
 and through a committee of that organization a plan has been pro- 
 posed which gives each employee one day of rest each week. A 
 number of the plants throughout the country have, at the instance 
 of the Institute, adopted this plan or some modification of it, and 
 have successfully operated it for several months. A thorough dis- 
 cussion of these plans and of their value in solving the problem to 
 which they are applied will be found in the volume dealing with the 
 general conditions of labor in the industry. 
 
 During the investigation those in charge of the plants have in their 
 discussions with representatives of the Bureau frequently emphasized 
 the fact that the men working these very long hours are not kept busy 
 all the time. To a considerable extent this is perfectly true; but the 
 employees in question are on duty and subject to orders during the en- 
 tire period, and they are not, except in rare instances, allowed to leave 
 the plant. It should not be overlooked that it is not simply the char- 
 acter or the continuity of the work, but the fact that in the case of 
 the 12-hour-a-day man one-half of each 24 hours — more than three- 
 fourths of his waking hours — is spent on duty in the miUs, which is of 
 significance to the worker and his family. Nothing has been done by 
 the manufacturers nor have any proposals been made to lessen the 
 proportion of men working 72 hours or more per week. It was found 
 in this investigation that nearly 43 per cent of the 173,000 employees 
 in the iron and steel industry were working at least 72 hours per 
 week, or 12 hours per day for 6 days a week. This proportion re- 
 mains unchanged, being unaffected by the plan to give the men who 
 were working 84 hours per week one day of rest in seven. 
 
 An added significance attaches to the 'conditions of labor here 
 described as characteristic of the iron and steel industry when we 
 consider that the general tendency in other industries for years past 
 has been toward a shorter working-day. Years ago the 10-hour day 
 became almost a standard; since that time further reductions have 
 brought the working-day to 9, and in many cases, to 8 hours, and this 
 reduction has been accompanied by a part holiday on Saturday. K 
 is, therefore, in striking contrast to this general tendency in other 
 
r 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IKON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 industries to find in a great basic industry, such as that part of the 
 iron and steel industry covered in this report, that approximately only 
 14 per cent of the 173,000 employees work less than 60 houra per 
 week and almost 43 per cent work 72 hours or over per week. 
 
 Another striking characteristic of the labor conditions in the iron 
 and steel industry is the large proportion of unskilled workmen in 
 the labor force. These unskilled workmen are very largely recruited 
 from the ranks of recent immigrants For the industry as a whole, 
 not far from one-half of the 91,463 employees in the productive iron 
 and steel occupations included within this investigation were of the 
 class of unskilled workmen. In the blast-furnace department, the 
 largest single department in the industry, more than two-thirds of 
 the 24,722 employees in productive occupations were unskilled 
 laborers, a large proportion of whom do not yet speak or under- 
 stand English; and even in the South the number of immigrants 
 employed in the industry is rapidly increasing. 
 
 Taking the employees in all occupations in the industry, nearly 60 
 per cent are foreign-born, and nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born 
 are of the Slavic races. Large as is the proportion that unskilled 
 labor forms of the total labor force in the iron and steel industry, steel 
 experts have noted the fact that the tendency of recent years has been 
 steadily toward the reduction of the number of higliiy skilled men 
 employed and the establishment of the general wage on the basis of 
 common or unsldlled labor. Nor is this tendency likely to diminish, 
 since each year sees a wider use of mechanical appliances which 
 unskilled labor can easily be trained to handle. 
 
 Of the total of 172,706 employees, 13,868, or 8.03 per cent, earned 
 less than 14 cents per hour,* 20,527, or 11.89 per cent, earned 14 and 
 under 16 cents, and 51,417, or 29.77 per cent, earned 16 and under 18 
 cents. Thus 85,812, or 49.69 per cent of all the employees, received 
 less than 18 cents per hour. Those earning 18 and under 25 cents 
 per hour numbered 46,132, or 26.71 per cent, while 40,762, or 23.61 
 per -.ent, earned 25 cents and over. A few very highly skilled 
 employees received $1.25 per hour; and those receiving 50 cents and 
 over per hour numbered 4,403, or 2.55 per cent of all employees. 
 
 In general it may be said that earnings of less than 18 cents per 
 hour represent unskilled labor. The group earning 18 and under 25 
 cents per Iiour represents semiskilled workmen, while those earning 
 25 cents and over per hour are skilled employees. The most common 
 rate per hour for unskilled labor in the New England district was 15 
 cents; in the Eastern district, 13 and 14 cents; in the Pittsburgh dis- 
 trict, 16 and 17 cents; in the Great Lakes and Middle West district, 
 
 » Throughout this report the earnings given represent the actual amount earned by the employee less the 
 amount paid helpers and other employees for their assistance, where work Is done on a contract basis 
 No account is taken of deductions for hospital or medical fees and simUar deductions for which the employee' 
 receives some return. 
 
 - I 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOUBS OF I/ABOR. 
 
 11 
 
 15, 16, and 17 cents; and in the Southern district, 10, 12 J, 13, and 
 13 J cents.* 
 
 A brief summary of the conditions as regards earnings, hours, and 
 days worked per week in the industry is given in the table which fol- 
 lows. It is given here as preliminary to a more detailed examination 
 of the results of the investigation, department by department. 
 
 SUMMARY OF EARNINGS AND HOURS OF LABOR, BY BRANCHES OF THE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Branches of industry. 
 
 Num- 
 ber 
 of 
 
 plants. 
 
 Blastfurnaces 156 31,854 
 
 Num- 
 ber 
 of 
 em- 
 ploy- 
 
 Steel works and rolling mills: 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills and crucible fur- 
 naces 
 
 Rolling mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, steel works and rolling mills . 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force 
 
 Grand total 
 
 24 5,618 
 
 80 14,618 
 
 58 7,489 
 
 212 43,631 
 
 12 4,252 
 
 212 75,608 
 
 168 65,744 
 
 «338 172,706 
 
 Earnings per hour., Hours per week. 
 
 Per cent of employ- 
 ees earning— 
 
 Per cent of employ- 
 ees customarily 
 working— 
 
 Un- 
 der 
 
 16 
 
 Un- 
 der 
 18 
 
 cents. ; cents. 
 
 31.70 65.96 
 
 25 i 
 cents! 
 
 and I 
 over. 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 72 
 
 60 
 
 hours 
 
 hours 
 
 hoars 
 
 and 
 
 and 
 
 and 
 
 over. 
 
 over. 
 
 under. 
 
 Per 
 cent 
 of em- 
 ployees 
 cus- 
 tom- 
 arily 
 work- 
 ing? 
 days 
 per 
 week. 
 
 7.70 |»62.79 »68.55 110.71 
 
 187.88 
 
 13.88 47.03 126.36 
 20.04 148.80 i23.75 
 
 17.53 
 15.88 
 
 8.77 
 
 27.89 51.46 
 40.25 132.45 
 47.81 11.71 
 
 .18.08 : 65.61 17.84 
 
 23.65 76.29 8.07 
 
 .65 3. 85 72. 47 
 
 28.28 240.68 31.23 
 
 1.55 3.71 65.85 
 
 16.30 141.61 [31.03 
 
 18.45 51.22 i22.64 
 
 210.85 243.69 231.79 
 
 11.70 28.94 55.56 
 
 :l= 
 
 19.92 49.69 123.60 
 
 <20.59 <42.58 i<37.02 
 
 24.07 
 30.20 
 
 1.42 
 
 210.00- 
 
 1.93 
 
 213.65 
 
 19.34 
 
 429.28 
 
 1 Not including 31 employees who worked 2 days only, and 2 employees who worked 3 days only. 
 
 « Not including 2 employees who worked 1 day only. 
 
 » Actual number of plants. The total number of plants can not be obtained by simple addition of the 
 number of plants having the specified departments, as many plants have two or more departments. For 
 example, many plants with l)last furnaces have also steel works and rolling mills. See ta]>le p. 12. 
 
 * Not including 2 employees who worked 1 day only, 31 employees who worked 2 days only, and 2 
 employees who worked 3 days only. 
 
 The facts presented in the above table are of such simple character 
 that no explanation is necessary. It is sufficient merely to point out 
 the wide differences which exist between the various dej)artments. 
 The blast furnaces show the lowest general level of earnings, 65.96 
 per cent of all the employees in that branch of the industry earning 
 less than 18 cents per hour, 31.7 per cent earning less than 16 cents 
 per hour, and only 7.7 per cent, or 1 man in 13, earning as much as 
 25 cents per hour. More than four times as many emplo^'ees earned 
 less than 16 cents per hour as earned 25 cents or more per hour. 
 The highest general level of earnings shown are for the puddling 
 mills and crucible furnaces, where 51.46 per cent of the employees 
 earn 25 cents and over per hour and 27.89 per cent earn under 18 cents 
 per hour. Even greater differences exist between the different 
 branches of the industry as regards w^orking time. The blast fur- 
 naces and open-hearth furnaces show the longest schedule of working 
 hours, and the tube mills, puddling mills, and crucible furnaces 
 decidedly the shortest. 
 
 1 For explanation of these districts as used In this report, see p. 13. 
 
 

 
 -■* 
 
 «^ 
 
 \ 
 
 S-: 
 
 i* 
 
 12 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 SUMMARY OF EARNINGS AND HOURS AND DAYS OF 
 WORK IN BLAST FURNACES, STEEL WORKS, AND ROLL- 
 ING MILLS, BY DEPARTMENTS AND DISTRICTS. 
 
 EXTENT OF THE INVESTIGATION. 
 
 The data presented in the following section are for blast furnaces, 
 steel works, and rolling mills, together with their auxiliary depart- 
 ments. The data for steel foundries, which fall outside the scope 
 of the investigation as originally planned, are not included here, but 
 are presented in a separate chapter of this volume. 
 
 The report for blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling miUs covers 
 338 plants located in 25 States and the District of Columbia. The 
 distribution of the plants by States is shown in the following table, as 
 well as the general character of the plants themselves: 
 
 NUMBER OF BLAST FURNACES, STEEL WORKS, AND ROLLING MILLS FOR WHICH 
 
 DATA ARE REPORTED, BY STATES. 
 
 
 Number of plants 
 
 having specified depart- 
 ments. 
 
 
 States. 
 
 Blast 
 fur- 
 naces 
 alone. 
 
 T51a">t fur- 
 naces 
 with steel 
 
 works 
 and roll- 
 ing mills. 
 
 1 
 
 Steel 
 
 works 
 
 and 
 
 rolling 
 
 mills. 
 
 Pud- 
 
 ! dling 
 
 mills 
 
 and 
 
 rolling 
 
 mills. 
 
 Rolling 
 mills 
 alone. 
 
 Total 
 
 1 
 
 Maine 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i* 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 
 2 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 xTn™^ v«-u /New England district 
 
 3 
 13 
 
 4 
 >21 
 422 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 14 
 19 
 
 i* 
 
 12 
 
 xsew X orK ^Q^gat Lakes and Middle West district. . 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 ■ New Jersey 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 «20 
 
 1 
 
 •26 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 i>«„.,„,,i. .-^ /Eastern district 
 
 2 
 »11 
 
 73 
 
 Pennsylvama {pittsburgh district . 
 
 78 
 
 Delaware 
 
 1 
 
 Maryland 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 District of Columbia 
 
 
 i* 
 
 
 1 
 
 Virginia 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 [ 7 
 
 -iv<»f v.-«»j«,-r. (Wheeling district 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ........ 
 
 3 
 
 West Virgmia {southern district 
 
 
 1 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 «3 
 10 
 2 
 10 
 9 
 6 
 9 
 
 
 2 
 
 }■ 
 
 6 
 
 "Tennessee 
 
 
 11 
 
 Georgia 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Alabama •. 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 6 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 [Youngstown district 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 Ohio -cLakeand interior counties 
 
 22 
 
 tSouthern district 
 
 9 
 
 Indiana 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 A 
 
 »2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 8 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 Illinois 
 
 3 
 7 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 Michigan 
 
 8 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Mirmesota 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 Missouri 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Colorado 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Oregon 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 i' 
 
 1 
 
 ■California 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Total 
 
 « 126 
 
 *33 
 
 • 55 
 
 •48 
 
 1 
 
 76 
 
 338 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 1 Including 1 plant which was combined with another plant of the same company in the wage reports. 
 
 * Including 1 plant which includes a puddling mill as well as the departments specified and 1 plant which 
 was combined with another plant of the same company in the wage reports. 
 
 » Including 4 plants which were combined with otner plants of the same company in the wage reports and 
 1 plant in which the puddling department was canceled because of imperfect data. 
 
 * Including 1 plant which includes a puddling mill as well as the departments specified. 
 
 6 Including I plant in which the puddling department was canceled because of imperfect data. 
 
 * See notes to details. 
 
 SUMMABY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 13 
 
 The plants represented in this table include every important plant 
 in the United States/ and in every State and district cover practically 
 all the plants which were in operation in May, 1910. The complete 
 character of the information is seen when it is understood that the 
 159 blast furnace plants for which data are reported contained 285 of 
 the 289 stacks reported by the Iron Age as in blast in May, 1910. 
 Every standard Bessemer plant in operation in May is covered in this 
 report, there being one plant which operated its Bessemer department 
 for only a short time during 1910, for which no data are reported. 
 Similarly 80 of the 83 open-hearth furnace plants in steel works are 
 reported upon, and more than three-fourths of the puddling and rolling 
 mills, although data are not available from which the exact proportions 
 can be determined. 
 
 It wiU be noted in the above table that the distribution of the plants 
 of different types in the different States is far from uniform. The 
 large plants having blast furnaces, steel works, and rolhng mills oper- 
 ated as one unit are chiefly located in the Pittsburgh district of 
 Pennsylvania and the Youngstown district of Ohio. The puddling 
 mills are to a large extent located in the eastern district of Pennsyl- 
 vania, while the plants of the Southern States are nearly all blast 
 furnaces not connected with steel works or rolling mills. 
 
 This difference in the character of the plants located in the different 
 parts of the country is so marked that a division of the country into a 
 small number of districts of significance in the industry is easily made. 
 For the purpose of this report the iron and steel plants were 
 grouped into six districts. The ^'New England" district includes 
 the New England States and the eastern and central parts of New 
 York State; the " Eastern '* district includes New Jersey, eastern 
 and central Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland; the '^ Pitts- 
 burgh" district includes the western part of Pennsylvama and the 
 northern part of West Virginia, as well as the eastern part of Ohio; 
 the "Great Lakes and Middle West" district includes the Buffalo 
 plants and the North Central States (with the exception of the 
 southern and eastern section of Ohio), together with the scattered 
 plants lying as far west as Colorado; the "Southern" district 
 includes the southern section of Ohio and all of the Southern States 
 except Maryland; the "Pacific Coast" district includes the few 
 States along the coast. 
 
 The table following, which shows the character of the plants in the 
 different districts, shows more clearly the nature of the geographical 
 distribution of the industry. 
 
 1 Bxoept the Bethlehem Steel Works, which was the sabjeet of a report just prior to this investigation . 
 
"V • I 
 
 I - 
 
 
 u 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN lEON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 NUMBER OF BLAST FURNACES, STEEL WORKS, AND ROLLING 
 
 DATA ARE REPORTED, BY DISTRICTS. 
 
 MILLS FOR WHICH 
 
 Districts. 
 
 BIl«t 
 
 nioa 
 only. 
 
 Blast 
 fur- 
 naces 
 with 
 stesl 
 works 
 and 
 rolling 
 mills. 
 
 Steel 
 
 works 
 
 and 
 
 rolling 
 
 mills. 
 
 Pud- 
 dling 
 mills 
 with 
 rolling 
 mills. 
 
 Roll- 
 
 I^US 
 
 only. 
 
 Total. 
 
 New Eneland 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 31 
 24 
 41 
 
 2' 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 28 
 8 
 5 
 2 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 Eastern 
 
 8# 
 
 Pittsbureh 
 
 105 
 
 Great Lakes and Middle West 
 
 7» 
 
 Southern 
 
 51 
 
 Pacific Coast 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 126 
 
 33 
 
 56 
 
 48 
 
 76 
 
 1338 
 
 
 , 
 
 1 Actual number of plants. The total number of plants can not be found by simple addition of the 
 number of plants having the specified departments, as many plants have two or more departments. 
 
 The blast-furnace plants, it will be noted, are very evenly distrib- 
 uted in the four principal districts. The importance of the Southern 
 district as a producer of pig iron is apparently exaggerated by the 
 above showing. As a matter of fact, while it has 44 plants with 
 blast furnaces, in comparison with the 48 of the Pittsburgh district, 
 the plants of the Pittsburgh district have twice the number of stacks 
 and produce neariy three times as much pig iron as the plants in the 
 Southern district. The separate rolling mills also, it will be noted, 
 are fairly evenly distributed in the different districts. 
 
 The relative importance of the different districts is more clearly 
 shown in the following table: 
 
 NUMBER OF PLANTS REPORTED AND NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES 
 IN PRODUCTIVE AND IN GENERAL OCCUPATIONS FOR WHOM DATA ARE RE- 
 PORTED, BY DISTRICTS. 
 
 Districts. 
 
 New England 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 Great Lakes and Middle West. 
 
 Southern 
 
 Pacific Coast 
 
 Total. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 plants. 
 
 20 
 89 
 105 
 70 
 51 
 3 
 
 338 
 
 Number of employees 
 in- 
 
 Per cent of em- 
 ployees in each 
 district in- 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 em- 
 
 Produc- 
 
 Gen- 
 
 All oc- 
 
 Produc- 
 
 Gen- 
 
 ployees 
 meach 
 
 tive 00- 
 
 eral oc- 
 
 cupa- 
 
 tive oo- 
 
 eral oc- 
 
 dis- 
 
 cupft- 
 
 cupa- 
 
 tions. 
 
 cupa- 
 
 cupa- 
 
 trict. 
 
 tlODfl. 
 
 tiODS. 
 
 
 tions. 
 
 tiODS. 
 
 
 2,506 
 
 1,587 
 
 4,093 
 
 01. 2 
 
 38.8 
 
 2.4 
 
 17,885 
 
 10,256 
 
 28,091 
 
 63.5 
 
 36.5 
 
 16. S 
 
 42,326 
 
 40,050 
 
 82,376 
 
 51.4 
 
 48.6 
 
 47.7 
 
 21,887 
 
 24,052 
 
 46,049 
 
 47.8 
 
 52.2 
 
 26.7 
 
 6,586 
 
 5,198 
 
 11,784 
 
 55.9 
 
 44.1 
 
 6.8 
 
 213 
 
 100 
 
 313 
 
 68.1 \ 
 
 3L9 
 
 .2 
 
 91,461 
 
 81,248 
 
 172,706 
 
 53.0 
 
 47.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 From the above table it will be seen that while the Pittsburgh dis- 
 trict has less than one-third of all the plants reported it embraces 
 approximately 48 per cent of all the employees in the industry. 
 Similarly, the plants of the Great Lakes and Middle West district, 
 while 19 fewer in number than those of the Eastern district, because 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 15 
 
 of the larger size of the plants, have more than 50 per cent more 
 employees. While the Pacific Coast district is insignificant as regards 
 number of employees, the wages in that district are so far different 
 from those in the remainder of the country that it was necessary to 
 present the facts separately. 
 
 In the presentation of the facts as regards wages and hours of labor 
 in the industry, the primary classification of the employees is that 
 shown in the table. This division of the employees between those 
 directly connected with the production of iron and steel and those 
 whose work is of a general character connected with the production 
 of power, transportation, and in general with the maintenance of the 
 plant is fundamental to a proper understanding of the labor situation 
 in the industry. The working conditions of the two groups are 
 widely different as regards physical surroundings, general nature of 
 the work, and hours of labor. Furthermore, the employees in the 
 general occupations are largely machinists or in the skilled and semi- 
 skilled mechanical trades, and the iron and steel industrv is in direct 
 competition with many other industries in employing them. In the 
 productive occupations the work of all the skilled and semiskilled 
 employees is speciaHzed to a considerable degree, so that they are to 
 a large extent dependent upon the iron and steel industry for 
 employment. 
 
 It will be noted that for the industry as a whole these two groups 
 of employees are of very nearly the same size, the productive occupa- 
 tion group embracing 53 per cent of all emploj^ees, and the general 
 occupation group embracing 47 per cent. The very large pro- 
 portion of the total labor force w^hich these employees who are not 
 directly connected with production form is one of the most striking 
 characteristics of the iron and steel industry. It will be noted that 
 there is a considerable divergence between the districts in the proportion 
 of employees in the general occupation group. This arises from the 
 fact that tliis group is largest in the very large modern establishments, 
 where the functions are highly speciaHzed and where mechanical 
 methods of production require a large force for power production, 
 repairs, and yard transportation. For this reason the Pittsburgh and 
 the Great Lakes and Middle West districts, where most of the large, 
 highly developed plants are located, have the largest proportion 
 of employees in the general occupations, and leaving out of con- 
 sideration the Pacific Coast district, the Eastern district, where 
 puddling mills and small rolling mills are numerous, has the smallest 
 percentage in this group. The tendency of the industry is alto 
 gether in the direction of increasing the proportion of employees 
 in the general occupation group through the extension of mechanical 
 naethods of production and through increased specialization of occupa- 
 tions. This is exemplified in the fact that in one of the most modern 
 
 1 
 
 "/"'•; V-^^fl3^^^!ff^ 
 
 «»^M*r^.»*R"'^ ffm^ 
 
16 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL. INDUSTRY. 
 
 * 1 
 
 plants in the country'the employees in the general occupation group 
 form more than 60 per cent of the entire labor force. In this con- 
 nection it should be noted that all the common laborers specifically 
 charged to a department in the reports of each company have been 
 classified with the productive occupation group for that department. 
 The distribution of the employees by departments as well as the 
 relative proportions of employees in the productive and in the gen- 
 eral occupation groups in each department are shown in the table 
 which follows: 
 
 NUMBER OF PLANTS REPORTED AND NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN 
 PRODUCTIVE AND IN GENERAL OCCUPATIONS FOR WHOM DATA ARE REPORTED, 
 BY DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 plants. 
 
 Number of employees in- 
 
 Per cent of em- 
 ployees in each 
 department in— 
 
 Per 
 cent of 
 
 em- 
 ploy- 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Produc- 
 tive oo- 
 cupa- 
 tions. 
 
 General 
 
 oc-cupa- 
 
 tions. 
 
 All occu- 
 pations. 
 
 Pro- 
 ductive 
 occupa- 
 tions. 
 
 Gen- 
 eral oo- 
 cupa- 
 tions. 
 
 eesm 
 each 
 de- 
 part- 
 ment. 
 
 Producing departments: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 1.56 
 24 
 80 
 47 
 11 
 51 
 34 
 10 
 
 16 
 27 
 116 
 19 
 11 
 12 
 
 24,722 
 4,927 
 
 12,421 
 6,447 
 633 
 4,485 
 5.193 
 3,584 
 
 3,160 
 2,869 
 16,148 
 1,915 
 864 
 4,095 
 
 6,632 
 691 
 
 2,197 
 
 314 
 
 95 
 
 1,269 
 748 
 942 
 
 332 
 
 403 
 
 1,178 
 
 641 
 
 31,354 
 5,618 
 
 14,618 
 6,7ei 
 728 
 5,754 
 5,941 
 4,526 
 
 3,492 
 3,272 
 17,326 
 2,456 
 864 
 4,252 
 
 78.8 
 87.7 
 85.0 
 95.4 
 87.0 
 77.9 
 87.4 
 79.2 
 
 90.5 
 87.7 
 93.2 
 78.0 
 100.0 
 96.3 
 
 2L2 
 12.3 
 15.0 
 4.6 
 13.0 
 22.1 
 12.6 
 20.8 
 
 9.5 
 12.3 
 
 6.8 
 22.0 
 
 '"3*7" 
 
 18.2 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 3.3 
 
 Onen-hearth furnaces 
 
 8.5 
 
 Puddline mills 
 
 3.9 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 .4 
 
 Bloomini' mills 
 
 3.3 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 3.4 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 2.6 
 
 Structural, light rail,and other shape 
 mills 
 
 2.0 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 L9 
 10.0 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 L4 
 
 Misopllanpoiis rod mills 
 
 .5 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 157 
 
 2.5 
 
 Total, producing departmenta . . . 
 
 
 91,463 
 
 15,499 
 
 106,962 
 
 85.5 
 
 14.5 
 
 6L9 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force: 
 
 St^am {"as nnfi Wfttpr 
 
 
 
 
 6,037 
 22,855 
 3,221 
 22,588 
 3,864 
 4.618 
 2,561 
 
 6,037 
 22,855 
 3,221 
 22,588 
 3,864 
 4,618 
 2,561 
 
 
 100.0 
 100.0 
 100.0 
 100.0 
 100.0 
 100.0 
 100.0 
 
 3.6 
 
 Yftrfl anri trftfisnortfttion . .............. 
 
 
 13.2 
 
 Wlpptrip nnvvpr and renairs ........ 
 
 
 LO 
 
 ShoDS •••• •••••••• 
 
 
 13.1 
 
 Mf^onaiiical ren^rs i 
 
 
 2.2 
 
 Rhinnine^ . . .-.- -- 
 
 
 2.7 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 Total, power, mechanicfil, and 
 yard force 
 
 
 
 65,744 
 
 65,744 
 
 
 100.0 
 
 38.1 
 
 Grand total 
 
 
 91,463 
 
 81,243 
 
 172,706 
 
 53.0 
 
 47.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 A truer understanding of the relative importance of the different 
 departments of the industry in furnishing opportunities for employ- 
 ment would be given if it were possible to apportion the work done 
 by the power, mechanical, and yard force properly among the differ- 
 ent departments. This is impossible in a wage presentation because 
 the employees included under the head of power, mechanical, and yard 
 force do not work for specific departments, but work as they are 
 needed for each in turn and can therefore be charged only against the 
 plant as a whole. Some comment, however, will greatly aid in secur- 
 ing a correct understanding of the significance of this table. In the 
 first place, the blast furnaces are in large part operated as separate 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 17 
 
 Jw 
 
 Av 
 
 ^^mrnm- 
 
 l»ir^.^T<t flP!*SWf- 
 
 productive and administrative units, and the employees engaged in 
 power generation and mechanical work for them are all included under 
 the head of general occupations, except in the large plants having 
 blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills operated as a single unit, 
 in which case a part of the work of the power, mechanical, and yard 
 force would be done for the blast furnaces. An apportionment of 
 this work, however, would not greatly increase the relative impor- 
 tance of the blast furnaces as employers of labor. The same state- 
 ment applies with even greater exactness to the puddling mills and 
 crucible furnaces, though both these groups are affected by the fact 
 that a larger proportion of defective wage reports were excluded for 
 them than for any other departments. For the tube mills, on the 
 other hand, which as a rule form a part of large and highly organized 
 plants, the greater part of the repair force, etc., are included in the 
 power, mechanical, and yard force. Taking these facts into consider- 
 ation it will be seen that while the blast-furnace department is 
 decidedly the largest single producing department, it is but slightly 
 larger than the yard and transportation or the shop department, the 
 latter it must be remembered, including only the repair shops and not 
 those manufacturing for the trade, while the entire power, mechanical, 
 and yard force has more than twice as many employees as the blast 
 furnaces. 
 
 The general situation, however, as regards relative number of 
 employees in the different lines of work will be more easily grasped 
 from the following table, in which the facts are more simply presented 
 under a smaller number of groups : 
 
 NUMBER OF PLANTS REPORTED AND NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES 
 IN PRODUCTIVE AND IN GENERAL OCCUPATIONS FOR WHOM DATA ARE RE- 
 PORTED, BY BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY. 
 
 
 Number 
 of plants. 
 
 Number of employees 
 m— 
 
 Per cent of em- 
 ployees in each 
 department in- 
 
 Per 
 
 cent 
 
 of em- 
 
 Branches of industry. 
 
 Pro- 
 ductive 
 occu- 
 pations. 
 
 Gen- 
 eral oc- 
 cupa- 
 tions. 
 
 All oc- 
 cupa- 
 tions. 
 
 Pro- 
 ductive 
 occu- 
 pations. 
 
 Gen- 
 eral 00- 
 cupa- 
 tions. 
 
 ployees 
 meach 
 depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 156 
 
 24,722 
 
 6,632 
 
 31,354 
 
 78.8 
 
 21.2 
 
 18.2 
 
 
 
 Steel works and rolling mills: 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 24 
 
 80 
 
 58 
 
 212 
 
 12 
 
 4,927 
 12,421 
 
 7,080 
 38,218 
 
 4,095 
 
 691 
 2.197 
 
 409 
 5,413 
 
 157 
 
 
 
 5,618 
 14,618 
 
 7,489 
 43, 631 
 
 4,252 
 
 87.7 
 85.0 
 94.5 
 87.6 
 96.3 
 
 12.3 
 15.0 
 
 5.5 
 12.4 
 
 3.7 
 
 3.3 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 8.5 
 
 Puddling mills and crucible ftunaces. . . 
 Rolling mills 
 
 4.3 
 25.3 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 
 Total, steel works and rolling mills. . . 
 
 212 
 
 66,741 
 
 8,867 
 
 75,608 
 
 88.3 
 
 n.7 
 
 43.8 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force 
 
 168 
 
 
 65,744 
 
 65,744 
 
 
 100.0 
 
 38.1 
 
 
 
 GpiTld fltAl - - . . . 
 
 1338 
 
 91,463 
 
 81.243 
 
 172, 706 5.^- 
 
 47.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 I Actual number of plants. The total number of plants can not be obtained by simple addition of the 
 number of piants havmg the specified departments, as many plants have two or more departments. For 
 example, many plants with blast furnaces have also steel works and roUiag mills. See table, p. 12. 
 
 1516P— S. Doc. 301, 62-2- 
 
 :sm^ 
 
 '«prw>'.n'«pr..,T «»-«r-' 
 
Pvv. ■,* 
 
 W-, 
 
 ik. "' 
 
 <« 
 
 18 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IKON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 Some comment is necessary in order to bring out the significance 
 of the facts shown in this table. There are three primary divisions 
 of the iron and steel industry; first, the production of pig iron in the 
 blast furnaces, second, the refining and conversion of the greater part 
 of this pig iron into steel or puddled iron in the Bessemer converters, 
 open-hearth, or crucible furnaces, or puddling mills, and finally the 
 mechanical working and shaping of this material in the rollin<' and 
 tube mills. "^ 
 
 It will be seen from the above table that the production of pig iron 
 affords employment to 31,354, or 18.2 per cent, of the 172,706 
 employees m the industry, and that of this number only 78 8 per cent 
 were directly engaged in production. For the production of steel 
 and puddled iron, 27,725 employees, or 16.1 per cent of the total num- 
 ber were required, of whom approximately 90 per cent were directly 
 engaged m production. Of these, 14,618 were employed in the open- 
 hearth furnaces, which during recent years has become the most 
 important steel-making process. In the rolling mills and tube mills 
 together were 47,883 employees, or 27.8 per cent of the total number 
 of whom approximately 90 per cent were directly engaged in pro- 
 duction. The largest single group, however, including 65,744 
 employees, or 38.1 per cent, were only very indirectly concerned with 
 production, their work being altogether devoted to repairs, power 
 generation, and the disposition of the products. 
 
 EARNINGS, BY DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 More than one-half, or 56.48 per cent, of the 172,706 employees 
 included m this report earned 16 and under 25 cents per hour; almost 
 one-fifth, 19.92 per cent, earned less than 16 cents per hour; ahnost 
 exactly one-half, 49.69 per cent, earned less than 18 cents per hour- 
 three-fourths, 76.40 per cent, earned less than 25 cents per hour; 
 97.45 per cent earned less than 50 cents per hour; and 2.55 per cent 
 earned 50 cents and over per hour. 
 
 The summary which follows shows by means of cumulative per- 
 centages the classified earnings for each of the principal branches of 
 the industry: 
 
 •» ■ • 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 19 
 
 PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES EARNING LESS THAN SPECIFIED AMOUNT PER HOUR. 
 
 BY BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY. 
 
 Branches of industry. 
 
 Normal 
 number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 Per cent of employees earning 
 per hoar- 
 
 Blast furnaces 31, 354 
 
 Steel works and roUinp mills: ' 
 
 Bessemer converters 5^ 618 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces !!!!!!; I4! 618 
 
 Puddling mills and crucible furnaces i 7,489 
 
 Rolling mills , 43. 631 
 
 Tube mills 4, 2.'j2 
 
 Total, steel works and rolling mills 75. 008 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force 65, 744 
 
 Grand total 172, 706^ 
 
 Under i Under 
 
 14 
 cents. 
 
 16.29 
 
 1.21 
 9.37 
 5.35 
 5.74 
 3.01 
 
 18 
 cents. 
 
 Under Under 
 
 25 FO 
 
 cents. , cents. 
 
 65.96 I 92.30 
 
 99.94 
 
 I 
 
 47.03 
 48.80 
 27.89 
 40.25 
 47.81 
 
 73.64 
 76.25 
 48.54 
 07.55 
 88.29 
 
 5.91 41.61 I 68.97 
 
 95.64 
 98.54 
 94.26 
 93.03 
 97.77 
 
 94.68 
 
 6.52 I 51.22 I 77.36 
 
 99.46 
 
 8.03 I 49.69 76.40 
 
 97.45 
 
 Comparing first the two primary divisions of the industry, the blast 
 furnaces and the steel works and rolling mills, wide differences are 
 seen to exist in the general level and range of earnings. This differ- 
 ence is marked in every group shown above, but particularly in the 
 highest and lowest. Nearly three times as large a proportion of the 
 employees in blast furnaces were reported as earning under 14 cents 
 per hour as in the steel works and rolling mills, the percentages being 
 16.29 and 5.91, respectively. In the blast furnaces only 0.06 per 
 cent of all the employees earned as much as 50 cents per hour, while 
 in the steel works and rolling mills 5.32 per cent were earning 50 cents 
 and over per hour. Of the subdivisions of the steel works and 
 rolling mills, the puddling mills and crucible furnaces show the high- 
 est general level of earnings, although the rolling mills have the largest 
 proportion earning 50 cents and over per hour. The tube mills show 
 the lowest general level of earnings of any of the subdivisions, the 
 mnge being unusually narrow, although in the open-hearth furnaces 
 there is a very large proportion of employees, for the most part 
 boys, earning less than 14 cents per hour. 
 
 A more exact understanding of the range and distribution of earn- 
 ings will be obtained from the following table, which shows in detail 
 for all of the departments of the industry the number and per cent of 
 employees earning each classified amount per hour. It will be noted 
 that in this table the various types of rolling mills are shown sepa- 
 rately, and that the power, mechanical, and yard force is subdivided 
 into its constituent departments. The first section of the table 
 shows numbers and the second section percentages. It will be noted 
 that the average net earnings per hour were not computed except for 
 the employees in productive occupations, on account of the great 
 amount of work and time involved. 
 
 u'jiii^- 
 
 m^::^-^:- 
 
 X V. 
 
20 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IBON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 AVERAGE EARNINGS PER HOUR AND NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES 
 
 Mar- 
 ginal 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 plants. 
 
 Employees in productive occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces !!!!!!! 
 
 Blooming mills .'......'.'.'... 
 
 Plate mills ." ' 
 
 Standard rail mills \\"".[" 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mYlis.*."! 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, productive occupations. 
 
 Employees in general occupations; 
 Blast furnaces . 
 
 Bessemer converters .......'. 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces '. 
 
 Puddling mills ......'..'. 
 
 Crucible furnaces ..'..'.. 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other "shape "ml*lis\ 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Barmdls 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills. 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 156 
 24 
 80 
 47 
 11 
 51 
 34 
 10 
 16 
 27 
 116 
 19 
 11 
 12 
 
 Normal 
 
 number 
 
 of 
 
 employees. ! 
 
 24,722 
 4,927 
 
 12,421 
 6,447 
 633 
 4,485 
 5,193 
 3,584 
 3,160 
 2,869 
 
 16,148 
 
 1,915 
 
 864 
 
 4,095 
 
 91,463 
 
 153 
 24 
 67 
 34 
 11 
 48 
 31 
 10 
 13 
 23 
 76 
 19 
 
 Total, general occupations. 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force: 
 
 Steam, gas, and water 
 
 Yard and transportation 
 
 Electric power and repairs 
 
 Shops...... 
 
 Mechanical repairs 
 
 Shipping ,'"'_■' 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 11 
 
 6,632 
 691 
 
 2,197 
 
 314 
 
 95 
 
 1,269 
 748 
 942 
 332 
 403 
 
 1,178 
 541 
 
 167 
 
 Total, power, mechanical, and yard force. 
 Grand total 
 
 15,499 
 
 6,037 
 22,855 
 3,221 
 22.588 
 3,864 
 4,618 
 2,561 
 
 65,744 
 172,706 
 
 Average 
 
 earnings 
 
 per 
 
 hour. 
 
 0.172 
 .232 
 .219 
 .274 
 .265 
 .255 
 .255 
 .228 
 .216 
 .237 
 .271 
 .302 
 .269 
 .205 
 
 .223 
 
 SUMMABY OF WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR. 
 
 21 
 
 EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED AMOUNT PER HOUR, BY DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 
 
 Number of employees earning each classified amount per hour. 
 
 
 Under 
 
 12 
 cents. 
 
 12 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 14 
 cents. 
 
 14 
 1 and 
 under 
 
 16 
 cents. 
 
 16 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 18 
 cents. 
 
 18 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 20 
 cents. 
 
 20 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 25 
 cents. 
 
 25 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 30 
 cents. 
 
 30 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 40 
 cents. 
 
 40 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 50 
 cents. 
 
 60 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 60 
 cents 
 
 60 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 70 
 cents. 
 
 1 
 
 i 70 
 i cents 
 1 and 
 over. 
 
 " Mar- 
 ginal 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 1,378 
 
 23 
 
 431 
 
 51 
 
 22 
 
 104 
 
 156 
 
 56 
 
 .58 
 
 20 
 
 490 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 49 
 
 3,032 
 
 31 
 
 867 
 
 269 
 
 23 
 
 164 
 
 257 
 
 186 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 629 
 
 60 
 
 3 
 
 74 
 
 4,192 
 
 656 
 
 1,218 
 
 812 
 
 50 
 
 344 
 
 530 
 
 514 
 
 501 
 
 158 
 
 1,581 
 
 87 
 
 80 
 
 243 
 
 9,273 
 
 1,635 
 
 3,681 
 
 564 
 
 128 
 
 1,217 
 
 938 
 
 962 
 
 1,018 
 
 1,050 
 
 2,931 
 
 490 
 
 227 
 
 1,648 
 
 3,231 
 482 
 985 
 290 
 45 
 361 
 486 
 281 
 416 
 311 
 
 1,612 
 
 205 
 
 76 
 
 738 
 
 2,540 
 699 
 
 2,196 
 946 
 123 
 574 
 897 
 696 
 392 
 519 
 
 2,847 
 233 
 143 
 867 
 
 722 
 433 
 
 1,164 
 899 
 56 
 429 
 645 
 257 
 329 
 253 
 
 1,613 
 
 172 
 
 96 
 
 163 
 
 326 
 
 461 
 
 1,142 
 
 1,960 
 
 105 
 
 644 
 
 641 
 
 238 
 
 285 
 
 223 
 
 1,904 
 
 177 
 
 113 
 
 169 
 
 26 
 262 
 529 
 267 
 
 44 
 303 
 278 
 189 
 
 63 
 
 137 
 
 1,104 
 
 137 
 
 45 
 
 59 
 
 2 
 
 110 
 
 94 
 
 317 
 
 18 
 
 204 
 
 164 
 
 96 
 
 37 
 
 97 
 
 607 
 
 153 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 68 
 
 38 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 84 
 
 95 
 
 87 
 
 18 
 
 31 
 
 311 
 
 109 
 
 16 
 
 57 
 
 67 
 76 
 62 
 13 
 57 
 
 116 
 24 
 21 
 41 
 
 519 
 
 78 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 2,845 
 
 5,655 
 
 10,966 
 
 25,762 
 
 9,519 
 
 13,671 
 
 7,220 
 
 8,388 
 
 3,443 
 
 1,962 
 
 941 
 
 1,091 
 
 
 245 
 3 
 
 39 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 2 
 4 
 8 
 6 
 44 
 18 
 
 452 
 11 
 32 
 23 
 1 
 45 
 12 
 43 
 
 4' 
 
 26 
 28 
 
 640 
 56 
 
 342 
 50 
 
 ""m 
 
 120 
 
 106 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 168 
 
 79 
 
 1,470 
 227 
 523 
 65 
 19 
 440 
 266 
 296 
 190 
 120 
 343 
 156 
 
 1,170 
 130 
 323 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 240 
 
 70 
 130 
 
 27 
 114 
 150 
 119 
 
 1,316 
 
 184 
 
 509 
 
 76 
 
 34 
 
 241 
 
 141 
 
 240 
 
 49 
 
 89 
 
 196 
 
 57 
 
 756 
 68 
 
 276 
 36 
 22 
 94 
 91 
 
 108 
 34 
 37 
 93 
 46 
 
 636 
 11 
 
 122 
 26 
 8 
 68 
 55 
 15 
 7 
 18 
 
 135 
 26 
 
 30 
 1 
 
 25 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 
 16 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 i" 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 
 10 
 4 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 5 
 2 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 39 
 
 77 
 
 '7 14' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 399 
 
 680 
 
 1,718 
 
 4,116 
 
 2,544 
 
 3,209 
 
 1,666 1,039 
 
 76 
 
 34 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 
 12 
 
 186 
 55 
 
 426 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 85 
 
 120 
 
 2,330 
 
 36 
 
 661 
 
 27 
 
 196 
 
 139 
 
 572 
 
 4,096 
 
 91 
 
 1,412 
 
 470 
 
 685 
 
 517 
 
 2,388 
 11,968 
 
 288 
 3,471 
 
 423 
 2.043 
 
 958 
 
 1,313 
 1,184 
 318 
 2,510 
 662 
 864 
 456 
 
 1,236 
 1,715 
 1,033 
 3,746 
 1,288 
 610 
 265 
 
 337 
 960 
 986 
 4,061 
 664 
 168 
 106 
 
 53 
 399 
 412 
 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 i" 
 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 
 5,109 \ 886 
 
 289 9 
 
 41 2 
 
 30 7 
 
 228 
 23 . 
 1 . 
 
 71 
 
 17 
 1 
 
 32 
 .33 
 34 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 790 
 
 3,499 
 
 7,843 
 
 21,539 
 
 7,296 
 
 9,893 
 
 7,280 
 
 6,333 ! 914 
 
 252 
 
 86 
 
 19 
 
 
 4,034 
 
 9,834 
 
 20,527 
 
 61,417 
 
 19,359 
 
 26,773 
 
 16,166 
 
 16,760 1 4,433 
 
 2,248 1,041 1,114 
 
 
22 LABOB CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 AVERAGE EARNINGS PER HOUR AND NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES 
 
 Mar. 
 glnal 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 ft 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 plants. 
 
 Employees in productive occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters. 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills , 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 Bloominp mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett ro<l mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Normal 
 
 number 
 
 of 
 
 employees. 
 
 Total, productive occupatioas. 
 
 Employees in general occupations: 
 Blast furnaces , 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 OF>en-hearth furnaces , 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills '. 
 
 Structural, light rail and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube m ills 
 
 156 
 24 
 80 
 47 
 11 
 61 
 34 
 10 
 16 
 27 
 
 115 
 19 
 11 
 12 
 
 153 
 24 
 67 
 34 
 11 
 48 
 31 
 10 
 13 
 23 
 70 
 19 
 
 Total, general occupations. 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force: 
 
 Steam, gas, and water 
 
 Yard and transportation 
 
 Electric power and repairs 
 
 Shops 
 
 Mecnanical repairs 
 
 Shipping 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Total, power, mechanical, and yard force. 
 Grand total 
 
 11 
 
 24,722 
 4,927 
 
 12,421 
 6,447 
 633 
 4,485 
 5, 193 
 3,584 
 3,160 
 2,869 
 
 16, 148 
 
 1,915 
 
 864 
 
 4,095 
 
 91,463 
 
 6,632 
 691 
 
 2,197 
 
 314 
 
 95 
 
 1,269 
 748 
 942 
 332 
 4a3 
 
 1,178 
 541 
 
 157 
 
 15,499 
 
 6,037 
 22.855 
 3,221 
 22,588 
 3,864 
 4,618 
 2,661 
 
 65.744 
 
 172,706 
 
 Average 
 
 earnings 
 
 per 
 
 hour. 
 
 0.172 
 .2.32 
 .219 
 .274 
 .2(i5 
 .255 
 .255 
 .228 
 .216 
 .2.37 
 .271 
 .302 
 .269 
 .205 
 
 ,223 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 23 
 
 EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED AMOUNT PER HOUR, BY DEPARTMENTS-Concluded. 
 
 Per cent of employees earning each classified amount per hour. 
 
 
 Under 
 
 12 
 cents. 
 
 and 
 under 
 
 14 
 cents. 
 
 14 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 16 
 cents. 
 
 16 
 
 and 
 
 tinder 
 
 18 
 cents. 
 
 18 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 20 
 cents. 
 
 20 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 25 
 oenffl. 
 
 25 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 30 
 cents. 
 
 30 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 40 
 cents. 
 
 40 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 50 
 cents. 
 
 50 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 60 
 cents. 
 
 60 
 and 
 ; under 
 ! 70 
 1 cents. 
 
 1 
 
 i 70 
 ' cents 
 1 and 
 over. 
 
 ' Mar. 
 ginal 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 5.57 
 
 .47 
 
 3.47 
 
 .79 
 
 3.48 
 
 2.32 
 
 3.00 
 
 L56 
 
 1.84 
 
 .70 
 
 3.03 
 
 .26 
 
 .23 
 
 1.20 
 
 12.26 
 
 .63 
 
 6.98 
 
 4.17 
 
 3.03 
 
 3.66 
 
 4.95 
 
 5.19 
 
 .70 
 
 1.01 
 
 3.90 
 
 3.60 
 
 .35 
 
 .81 
 
 16.96 
 
 13.31 
 
 9.81 
 
 12.60 
 
 7.90 
 
 7.67 
 
 10.21 
 
 14.34 
 
 15.85 
 
 5.51 
 
 9.79 
 
 4.54 
 
 a26 
 
 5.93 
 
 37.51 
 33.18 
 29.64 
 8.75 
 20.22 
 27.13 
 18.06 
 26.84 
 32.22 
 36.60 
 18.15 
 25.59 
 26.27 
 40.24 
 
 13.07 
 9.78 
 7.93 
 4.50 
 7.11 
 8.05 
 9.36 
 7.84 
 
 13.16 
 
 10.84 
 9.98 
 
 10.70 
 8.80 
 
 18.02 
 
 10.27 
 14.19 
 17.68 
 14.67 
 19.43 
 12.80 
 17.27 
 19.39 
 12.41 
 18.09 
 17.63 
 12.17 
 16.55 
 21.17 
 
 2.92 
 8.79 
 9.37 
 
 13.94 
 8.69 
 9.57 
 
 12.42 
 7.17 
 
 10.41 
 8.82 
 9.99 
 8.98 
 
 11.11 
 3.74 
 
 1.32 
 
 9.36 
 
 9.19 
 
 30.40 
 
 16.59 
 
 14.36 
 
 12.34 
 
 6.64 
 
 9.02 
 
 7.77 
 
 11.79 
 
 9.24 
 
 13.08 
 
 4.13 
 
 0.11 
 5.32 
 4.26 
 4.14 
 6.95 
 6.76 
 5.35 
 5.27 
 1.99 
 4.78 
 6.84 
 7.15 
 5.21 
 1.44 
 
 0.01 
 2.23 
 
 .76 
 4.92 
 2.84 
 4.55 
 2.97 
 2.65 
 1.17 
 3.38 
 3.76 
 7.99 
 4.28 
 
 .90 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i.38 
 
 .31 
 
 .31 
 
 1.11 
 
 1.87 
 
 1.83 
 
 2.43 
 
 .57 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.93 
 
 5.69 
 
 1.85 
 
 1.39 
 
 i.36 
 
 1 .61 
 
 .81 
 
 2.05 
 
 1.27 
 
 2.23 
 
 .67 
 
 .66 
 
 .43 
 
 3.21 
 
 4.07 
 
 3.01 
 
 .02 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 3.11 
 
 6.18 
 
 11.99 
 
 28.17 
 
 10.41 
 
 14.95 
 
 7.89 
 
 9.17 
 
 3.76 
 
 2.15 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.19 
 
 
 3.69 
 
 .43 
 
 1.78 
 
 3.50 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.26 
 
 .27 
 
 .42 
 
 2.41 
 
 1.49 
 
 3.74 
 
 3.33 
 
 6.82 
 1.59 
 1.46 
 7.32 
 1.05 
 3.55 
 1.60 
 4.56 
 
 "'"."99* 
 2.21 
 5.18 
 
 9.65 
 
 8.10 
 
 15.57 
 
 15.92 
 
 "'9.*69' 
 16.04 
 11.25 
 5.12 
 3.72 
 14.26 
 14.60 
 
 22.17 
 32.85 
 23.81 
 20.70 
 20.00 
 34.67 
 34.22 
 31.32 
 57.23 
 29.78 
 29.12 
 28.84 
 
 17.64 
 18.81 
 14.70 
 
 7.01 
 10.53 
 18.91 
 
 9.36 
 13.80 
 
 8.13 
 28.29 
 12.73 
 22.00 
 
 19.84 
 26.63 
 23.17 
 24.20 
 35.79 
 18.99 
 18.85 
 25.48 
 14.76 
 22.08 
 16.64 
 10.54 
 
 1L38 
 
 9.84 
 
 12.56 
 
 11.46 
 
 23.16 
 
 7.41 
 
 12.17 
 
 11.46 
 
 10.24 
 
 9.18 
 
 7.89 
 
 8.32 
 
 8.08 
 1.59 
 5.55 
 7.96 
 8.42 
 5.36 
 7.35 
 1.59 
 2.11 
 4.47 
 11.46 
 4.62 
 
 .45 
 
 .14 
 
 1.14 
 
 .96 
 
 .23 
 
 .05 
 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 .18. 
 
 .09 
 .64 
 
 ""'.32' 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 
 .16 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 .is 
 
 .11 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 .85 
 .74 
 
 .59 
 1.11 
 
 .42 
 .37 
 
 .08 
 .37 
 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 
 i.27 
 
 1.91 
 
 1.27 
 
 7.64 
 
 24.84 
 
 49.04 
 
 4.46 
 
 8.92 
 
 .64 
 
 
 
 
 2.67 
 
 4.39 
 
 11.08 
 
 26.56 
 
 16.41 
 
 20.70 
 
 10.75 
 
 6.70 
 
 .49 
 
 .22 
 
 .09 
 
 .03 
 
 
 .20 
 
 .81 
 
 1.71 
 
 1.89 
 
 .21 
 
 .39 
 
 3.32 
 
 1.99 
 10.19 
 1.12 
 2.88 
 .70 
 4.24 
 5.43 
 
 9.47 
 17.92 
 2.83 
 6.25 
 12.16 
 14.83 
 20.19 
 
 39.66 
 52.36 
 8.94 
 15.37 
 10.95 
 44.24 
 37.41 
 
 2L75 
 5.18 
 9.87 
 11.11 
 17.13 
 18.49 
 17.77 
 
 20.47 
 7.50 
 32.07 
 16.58 
 33.33 
 13.21 
 10.35 
 
 5.58 
 
 4.20 
 
 30.58 
 
 17.98 
 
 17.18 
 
 3.64 
 
 4.10 
 
 .88 
 
 1.75 
 
 12.79 
 
 22.62 
 
 7.48 
 
 .89 
 
 1.17 
 
 .05 
 .02 
 .09 
 3.92 
 .23 
 .04 
 .27 
 
 
 .05 
 .05 
 
 "(>)■* 
 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 
 1.01 
 .60 
 .02 
 
 .31 
 
 .08 
 .03 
 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 1.20 
 
 6.32 
 
 11.93 . 
 
 32.76 
 
 11.10 
 
 16.05 
 
 11.07 
 
 9.63 
 
 1.39 
 
 .38 
 
 .13 
 
 .03 
 
 
 2.34 
 
 5.69 
 
 11.89 
 
 29.77 
 
 11.21 
 
 15.50 
 
 9.36 
 
 9.13 
 
 2.57 
 
 1.30 
 
 .60 
 
 .65 
 
 
 ■ ■'- *:c 
 
 » Less than one.hiindredth ol 1 per cent. 
 
r — irirTTT' ■■ 
 
 W-: 
 
 24 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 In productive occupations some employees in every department 
 were earning less than 12 cents per hour. The proportion earning less 
 than 12 cents was 5.57 per cent in the blast furnace department, 3.48 
 per cent in the crucible furnaces, 3.47 per cent in the open-hearth 
 furnaces, 3.03 per cent in the bar mills, and 3 per cent in the plate 
 mills. Of the total for productive occupations 3.11 per cent earned 
 less than 12 cents per hour. These employees were in large part boys, 
 but in the Southern district particularly a large number of adult 
 males were receiving less than 12 cents per hour. 
 
 In every department with the exception of the blast furnace depart- 
 ment a few employees in productive occupations earned 70 cents and 
 over per hour. The proportion earning 70 cents and over was 4.07 
 per cent in the rod mills, 3.21 percent in the bar mills, and 1.19 per 
 cent for the total of all departments. 
 
 Considering the total number of employees included in this report, 
 57 per cent more employees earned less than 14 cents per hour than 
 earned 40 cents and over; less than 14 cents per hour was earned by 
 8.03 per cent of all employees and 40 cents and over per hour was 
 earned by 5.12 per cent of all employees. 
 
 It will be noted that in the general occupations and in the power, 
 mechanical, and yard force the general level of earnings is lower and 
 the range smaller than in the productive occupations. The shops, 
 however, show both a high level of earnings and a very wide range 
 with a large number in the groups earning 30 cents and over per 
 hour. 
 
 In order to present the general situation as regards hourly earnings 
 in the simplest form, the following tables have been prepared, the 
 first of which needs no comment, save to point out the very low level 
 of earnings in the blast furnaces as compared with the steel works 
 and rolling mills. 
 
 The second of these tables merely separates the employees into 
 three groups according to earnings. The group earning under 18 
 cents per hour represents almost altogether unskilled labor; the 
 group earning 18 and under 25 cents per hour represents the semi- 
 skilled employees, and the group earning 25 cents and over per hour 
 represents skilled employees. 
 
 • % 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 25 
 
 PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED AMOUNT PER HOUR, BY 
 
 BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY. 
 
 Branches of industry. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 plants. 
 
 Nonna' 
 number 
 of em- 
 ployees 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Steel works and rolling 
 mills: 
 Bessemer convert- 
 ers 
 
 Open-hearth fur- 
 naces 
 
 Puddling mills and 
 crucible furnaces. 
 
 Rolling mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, steel works 
 and rolling 
 
 mills 
 
 Power, mechanical, and 
 yard force 
 
 Grand total. 
 
 156 
 
 24 
 
 80 
 
 58 
 
 212 
 
 12 
 
 1212 
 168 
 
 1338 
 
 Per cent of employees earning each classified amount per hour. 
 
 Un- 
 der 
 12 
 ots. 
 
 31,354' 5.18 
 5,618 .46 
 
 I 
 
 14,618: 3.22 
 
 7,489 1.13 
 
 43,631 2.27 
 
 4,252 1.20 
 
 75,608 2.14 
 65.744' 1.20 
 
 172,706 2.34 
 
 12 
 and 
 un- 
 der 
 
 14 
 ots. 
 
 11.11 
 
 .76 
 
 6.16 
 
 4.22 
 3.48 
 1.81 
 
 3.77 
 6.32 
 
 5.69 
 
 14 
 and 
 un- 
 der 
 
 10 
 cts. 
 
 15.41 
 
 12.67 
 10.67 
 12.18 
 
 16 
 and 
 
 un- 
 der 
 
 18 
 cts. 
 
 34.26 
 
 33.14 
 28.76 
 10.36 
 
 10.14|24.37 
 5.76139.04 
 
 10.39 25.31 
 11. 93132. 76 
 
 11.89 29.77 
 
 18 
 and 
 un- 
 der 
 
 20 
 cts. 
 
 14.04 
 
 10.89 
 
 8.95 
 
 4.90 
 10.54 
 18.27 
 
 10.13 
 11.10 
 
 11.21 
 
 20 
 and 
 un- 
 der 
 
 25 
 cts. 
 
 12.30 
 
 15.72 
 
 18.50 
 
 15.74 
 16.76 
 22.20 
 
 17.23 
 15.05 
 
 15.50 
 
 25 
 and 
 na- 
 der 
 
 30 
 cts. cts. 
 
 4.71 
 
 8.92 
 
 9.86 
 
 13.51 
 9.86 
 3.76 
 
 9.80 
 11.07 
 
 9.36 
 
 30 
 and 
 un- 
 der 
 
 40 
 
 2.75 
 
 8.40 
 
 8.65 
 
 28.01 
 
 10.42 
 
 4.30 
 
 40 
 and 
 
 un- un 
 
 50 
 and 
 
 der 
 
 50 
 
 cts. 
 
 0.18 
 
 4.68 
 
 3.79 
 
 4.19 
 5.21 
 1.41 
 
 11.33 
 9.63 
 
 9.18 
 
 4.58 
 1.39 
 
 2.57 
 
 der 
 
 60 
 cts. 
 
 60 
 and 
 un- 
 der 
 70 
 cts. 
 
 70 
 
 cts. 
 
 and 
 
 over. 
 
 0.06 0.01 
 
 1.96 
 
 .67 
 
 4.47 
 3.21 
 
 .87 
 
 2.62 
 
 .38 
 
 1.21 
 
 .27 
 
 .39 
 1.74 
 1.34 
 
 1.26 
 .13 
 
 1.30 .60 
 
 1.19 
 
 .62 
 
 .88 
 
 2.03 
 
 .02 
 
 1.45 
 .03 
 
 .65 
 
 1 Actual number of plants. The total number of plants can not be obtained by simple addition of the 
 number of plants havmg the specified departments, as many plants have two or more departments. 
 
 NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHOSE EARNINGS FALL WITHIN CERTAIN 
 
 SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS, BY DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 Departments 
 
 Employees In productive 
 tions: 
 Blast furnaces 
 Bessemer converters 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 Puddling mills 
 Crucible furnaces 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 Structural, light rail, 
 
 shape mills 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 TubemUls.. 
 
 Total, productive occupations 
 
 Employees in general occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other 
 
 shape mills 
 
 Miscellaneous mechajilceil mills. . . 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, general occupations 
 
 
 •v 
 
 

 26 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL. INDUSTRY. 
 
 NUMBER AND PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHOSE EARNINGS FALL WITHIN CERTAIN 
 SPECIFIED WAGE GROUPS, BY DEPARTMENTS— Concluded. 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Power, raechaulcal, and yard force: 
 
 Steam, gas, and water 
 
 Yard and transportation 
 
 Electric power and repairs 
 
 Shops 
 
 Mechanical repairs 
 
 Shipping 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Total, power, mechanical, and 
 yard force 
 
 Grand total 
 
 Normal 
 num- 
 ber of 
 em- 
 ployees. 
 
 6,037 
 22,855 
 3,221 
 22,588 
 3,864 
 4,618 
 2,561 
 
 66,744 
 
 172,706 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 earn- 
 ings per 
 houi:. 
 
 Number of employees 
 earning per hour— 
 
 Per cent of employees 
 earning per hour — 
 
 Under 
 
 18 
 cents. 
 
 3,092 
 18,580 
 
 470 
 5,960 
 
 928 
 2,942 
 1,609 
 
 33,671 
 
 85,812 
 
 18 and 
 under 
 
 25 
 cents. 
 
 2,549 
 2,899 
 1,351 
 6,256 
 1,960 
 1,464 
 720 
 
 25 
 
 cents 
 
 and 
 
 over. 
 
 Under 
 
 18 
 cents. 
 
 396 
 
 1,376 
 
 1,400 
 
 10.372 
 
 986 
 
 212 
 
 142 
 
 61.22 
 81.30 
 14.59 
 26.39 
 24.02 
 63.71 
 66.34 
 
 18 and 
 under 
 
 25 
 cents. 
 
 17,189 14,884 61.22 
 
 46,132 I 40,762 49.69 
 
 42.22 
 12.68 
 41.94 
 27.70 
 50.47 
 31.70 
 28.11 
 
 26.15 
 
 26.71 
 
 26 
 
 cents 
 and 
 over. 
 
 6.56 
 
 6.02 
 
 43.46 
 
 45.92 
 
 26.62 
 
 4.59 
 
 5.54 
 
 22.64 
 
 23.60 
 
 Almost exactly one-half, 49.69 per cent, of the 172,706 employees 
 earned loss than 18 cents per hour and were practically all unskilled 
 laborers; 26.71 per cent of all employees earned 18 and under 25 
 cents per hour and were largely semiskilled employees; and 23.60 per 
 cent earned 25 cents and over per hour and were skilled employees. 
 
 In the productive occupations of the blast furnace department 
 72.30 per cent of all employees earned less than 18 cents per hour 
 and were practically all unskilled laborers; 23.34 per cent earned 18 
 and under 25 cents per hour and were largely semiskilled employees; 
 and only 4.36 per cent earned 25 cents and over per hour and were 
 skilled employees. 
 
 The lowest per cent of employees in productive occupations earn- 
 ing less than 18 cents per hour and the highest per cent earning 25 
 cents and over per hour were in the puddling mills; less than 18 
 cents was earned by 26.31 per cent, and 25 cents and over by 54.52 
 per cent of the employees in that department. 
 
 In the electric power and repairs and the shops departments the 
 percentage of skilled employees earning 25 cents and over per hour 
 was unusually large, but in the other departments of the power, 
 mechanical, and yard force, except mechanical repairs, the proportion 
 of skilled workmen was extremely small and that of unskilled work- 
 men very large. 
 
 The summary which follows shows in cumulative form the per cent 
 of employees earning less than each specified amount per hour. 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 27 
 
 PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES WHOSE EARNINGS PER HOUR FALL BELOW CERTAIN 
 
 SPECIFIED AMOUNTS, BY DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 
 Normal 
 num- 
 ber of 
 em- 
 ploy- 
 ees. 
 
 Aver- 
 age 
 
 earn- 
 ings 
 per 
 
 hour. 
 
 Per cent of employees earning per hour— 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Un- 
 derl4 
 cents. 
 
 Un- 
 der 16 
 cents. 
 
 Un- 
 der 18 
 cents. 
 
 Un- 
 der 20 
 cents. 
 
 Un- 
 der 25 
 cents. 
 
 Un- 
 der 30 
 cents. 
 
 Un- 
 der 40 
 cents. 
 
 Un- 
 der 50 
 cents. 
 
 Employees in productive oc- 
 cupations: 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 24,722 
 4,927 
 
 12,421 
 6,447 
 633 
 4,485 
 5,193 
 .3,584 
 
 3,160 
 
 2,869 
 
 16,148 
 
 1,915 
 
 864 
 
 4,095 
 
 $0,172 
 .232 
 .219 
 .274 
 .265 
 .255 
 .255 
 .228 
 
 .216 
 
 .237 
 .271 
 .302 
 .269 
 .205 
 
 17.83 
 1.10 
 
 10.45 
 4.96 
 7.11 
 6.98 
 7.95 
 6.75 
 
 2.54 
 
 L71 
 6.93 
 3.86 
 .68 
 3.01 
 
 34.79 
 14.41 
 20.26 
 17.56 
 16.01 
 13.65 
 18.16 
 21.09 
 
 18.39 
 
 7.^ 
 16.70 
 8.40 
 9.84 
 8.94 
 
 72.30 
 47.59 
 49.90 
 26.31 
 35.23 
 40.78 
 36.22 
 47.93 
 
 60.61 
 
 43.82 
 34.85 
 33.99 
 36.11 
 49.18 
 
 85.37 
 67.37 
 67.83 
 30.81 
 42.34 
 48.83 
 46.58 
 55.77 
 
 63.77 
 
 54.66 
 44.86 
 44.69 
 44.91 
 67.20 
 
 95.64 
 71.56 
 75.51 
 45.48 
 
 98.56 
 80.35 
 84.88 
 59.42 
 
 99.88 
 89.71 
 94.07 
 89.82 
 87.06 
 85.56 
 87.61 
 88.97 
 
 95.61 
 
 89.34 
 84.26 
 75.08 
 85.66 
 96.24 
 
 99.99 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddllnir mills 
 
 95.03 
 98.33 
 93.96 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 61. 77 70. 46 
 61. 63 71. 20 
 62. 85 75. 27 
 
 94.00 
 
 Bloomine mills 
 
 92.32 
 
 Plate mi Is 
 
 92.96 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and 
 
 other shape mills 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical 
 
 mills 
 
 75.16 
 
 76.18 
 
 72.75 
 62.49 
 56.86 
 61.46 
 88.37 
 
 82.33 
 
 86.59 
 
 81.57 
 72.48 
 65.84 
 72.57 
 92.11 
 
 94.24 
 97.60 
 94.12 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 91.10 
 
 Oarrett rod mills 
 
 82.23 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills . . 
 Tube mills 
 
 90.86 
 97.68 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Total, productive occu- 
 pations 
 
 91,463 
 
 .223 
 
 9.29 
 
 21.28 
 
 49.46 
 
 59. 86 74. 81 
 
 82.70 91.87 
 
 96.63 
 
 
 
 Employees in general occupa- 
 tions: 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 6,632 
 691 
 
 2,197 
 
 314 
 
 95 
 
 1,269 
 748 
 942 
 
 332 
 
 403 
 
 1,178 
 
 541 
 
 
 
 ....... 
 
 10.51 
 2.03 
 3.23 
 
 10.83 
 2.11 
 4.81 
 1.87 
 4.99 
 
 2.41, 
 
 2.48 
 6.94 
 8.50 
 
 20.16 
 10.13 
 18.80 
 26.75 
 2.11 
 14.50 
 17.91 
 16.24 
 
 7.53 
 
 6.20 
 20.20 
 23.11 
 
 42.33 
 42.98 
 42.60 
 47.45 
 22.11 
 
 69.97 79.81 
 
 91.19 
 98.26 
 93.04 
 90.13 
 91.58 
 94.48 
 92.61 
 98.30 
 
 97.89 
 
 95.53 
 86.59 
 92.79 
 
 99.28 
 99.86 
 98.69 
 98.09 
 100.00 
 99.84 
 99.87 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 98.05 
 97.41 
 
 99.73 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 61.79 
 67.31 
 54.46 
 32.63 
 
 88.42 
 80.47 
 78.66 
 68.42 
 87.08 
 80.36 
 86.84 
 
 87.65 
 
 86.35 
 78.69 
 84.47 
 
 100.00 
 99.73 
 99.04 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 100.00 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 49.17 1 68.09 
 
 100.00 
 
 Plate mi Is 
 
 62.14 
 47.56 
 
 64.76 
 
 35.98 
 49.32 
 51.94 
 
 61.50 
 61.36 
 
 72.89 
 
 64.27 
 62.05 
 73.94 
 
 99.87 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and 
 
 other shape mills 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical 
 
 mills 
 
 99.89 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 98.90 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 98.15 
 
 Misopllanpoiis rod mills 
 
 1 
 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 157 
 
 
 3.18 
 
 4.46 
 
 12.10 
 
 36.94 
 
 85.99 
 
 90.45 
 
 99.36 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 
 Total, general occupa- 
 tions 
 
 15,499 
 
 
 6.96 
 
 18.05 
 
 44.60 
 
 61.02 
 
 81.72 
 
 92.47 
 
 99.17 
 
 99.66 
 
 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard 
 force: 
 Steam, gas, and water . . . 
 Yard and transportation. . 
 H)lectric power and repairs 
 Shops 
 
 6,037 
 22,855 
 3,221 
 22,588 
 3,864 
 4,618 
 2,561 
 
 
 2.19 
 1 11.01 
 
 1 2.83 
 ! 4.77 
 
 ! .91 
 i 4.63 
 1 8.75 
 
 1 
 
 11.66 
 28.93 
 5.65 
 11.02 
 13.07 
 19.47 
 28.93 
 
 51.22 
 81.30 
 14.59 
 26.39 
 24.02 
 63.71 
 66.34 
 
 72.97 
 86.48 
 24.46 
 37.50 
 41.15 
 82.20 
 84.11 
 
 93.44 
 93.98 
 56.54 
 54.08 
 74.48 
 95.41 
 94.46 
 
 99.02 
 98.18 
 87.12 
 72.06 
 91.67 
 99.05 
 98.56 
 
 99.90 
 99.93 
 99.91 
 94.68 
 99.15 
 99.94 
 99.73 
 
 99.95 
 
 99.94 
 
 100.00 
 
 98.60 
 
 Mecnanical repairs 
 
 ShiDDing 
 
 99.38 
 99.98 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 
 
 Total, power, mechani- 
 cal, and yard force. . . 
 
 65,744 
 
 
 6.62 
 
 18.45 
 
 51.22 
 
 62.31 
 
 77.36 
 
 88.43 98.07 
 
 99.46 
 
 Grand total 
 
 172,706 
 
 
 8.03 
 
 19.92 
 
 49.69 
 
 60.90 
 
 76.40 
 
 85.76 94.88 
 
 97.45 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Nearly one-twelfth of all employees earned less than 14 cents per 
 hour, and almost one-fifth, 19.92 per cent, of all employees earned 
 less than 16 cents per hour. In 10 of the 14 departments at least 
 one-eighth of all employees in productive occupations earned less 
 than 16 cents per hour; in 3 of the 14 departments at least one- 
 fifth of all employees earned less than 16 cents per hour, and in 1 
 department more than one-third of all employees earned less than 16 
 
 i 
 
 
 ^^^^ .,>\IV «S^*" 
 
28 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 cents per hour. In the general occupations the most noticeable 
 feature is the very small percentage in all the departments earning 
 40 cents and over per hour. 
 
 EARNINGS, BY DEPARTMENTS AND DISTRICTS. 
 
 In the sections of this report in which the data are discussed by 
 departments, earnings in the several districts are compared. Earn- 
 mgs for tlie whole iron and steel industry can not be summarized 
 by districts with fairness for the reason that in certain departments 
 a much larger proportion of unskiUed labor is employed than in 
 others, and the earnings for the department are therefore less; and 
 the proportion of departments employing large numbers of unskilled 
 men, and therefore normally having low earnings, varies materially 
 m the several districts. Thus a comparison of earnings in the 
 industry as a whole in the Pittsburgh district with earnings in the 
 Southern district would be decidedly unfair for the reason that in 
 the Southern district the great bulk of the plants reported are blast 
 furnaces, and by far the greater part of the labor is therefore un- 
 skilled, while in the Pittsburgh district every department of the 
 iron and steel industry is represented; and in other departments a 
 much smaller proportion of the employees are unskilled than is the 
 case in blast furnaces. Within a department a comparison of the 
 earnings in the various districts is upon a fair basis. In these 
 tables the total for all districts includes aU plants, but data as to 
 earnings for a department are not shown for any district from which 
 only one plant reported in the department in question. Data for 
 the Pacific Coast district are entirely omitted for the reason that only 
 a very few plants are located in that district. It sliould be borne in 
 mind, however, that all plants in all districts are included in the 
 column ''Total, all districts.'' 
 
 AVERAGE EARNINGS PER HOUR OF EMPLOYEES IN PRODUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS 
 
 IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY DISTRICTS. 
 
 Departments. 
 
 New 
 land. 
 
 East- 
 em. 
 
 Pitts- 
 burgh. 
 
 Great 
 
 Lakes 
 
 and 
 
 Middle 
 
 West. 
 
 South- 
 ern. 
 
 Total, 
 all dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 $0,172 
 
 10.153 
 
 10.186 
 .241 
 .230 
 .291 
 .248 
 .276 
 .266 
 .228 
 .232 
 .239 
 .278 
 .324 
 .269 
 .204 
 
 $0,183 
 .226 
 .220 
 .322 
 
 $0,138 
 
 """.'196* 
 .262 
 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 $0,172 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 .221 
 .219 
 .267 
 .222 
 
 .191 
 .264 
 .267 
 .230 
 .244 
 .205 
 .216 
 
 .232 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 .219 
 
 Crucible furnaces ..'.....'. 
 
 .274 
 .265 
 
 Platemils 
 
 .235 
 .243 
 .235 
 .192 
 .235 
 .280 
 .300 
 .267 
 
 .211 
 ■.*2i4* 
 
 .256 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 
 .255 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills' 
 
 
 .228 
 .216 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills.. 
 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 .252 
 
 .247 
 .287 
 
 .237 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 .271 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 .263 
 
 .302 
 
 Tubemills 
 
 .269 
 .205 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;«KSI»*^lg:»P 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 2» 
 
 In practically every department the average earnings by districts 
 varied materially. 
 
 In blast furnaces the district with the lowest average was the 
 Southern with 13.8 cents and the second lowest the Eastern with 
 15.3 cents. The New England district was next in order with 17.2 
 cents, and the Great Lakes and Middle West district and the Pitts- 
 burgh district were on practically the same level, the average being 
 18.3 and 18.6 cents, respectively. 
 
 In the open-hearth department the average ranged from 19.1 
 cents in the Eastern district to 23 cents in the Pittsburgh district. 
 
 In puddling mills the greatest variations are shown; the lowest aver- 
 age, 21.9 cents, is for the New England district, and the highest aver- 
 age, 32.2 cents, is for the Great Lakes and Middle West district, the 
 average earnings in the latter district being about 47 per cent higher 
 than in the former district. 
 
 It is possible to compare earnings in all five of the districts in 
 each of five departments — blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, and 
 puddling, blooming, and bar mills. 
 
 The Southern district shows lower average earnings than any of 
 the other four districts in blast furnaces, blooming mills, and bar 
 mills; lower than any other except the Eastern in open hearth; and 
 lower than any other except the New England in puddling. 
 
 The Pittsburgh district shows higher average earnings than any of 
 the other four districts in blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, and 
 blooming mills and higher than any other except the Great Lakes 
 and Middle West district in puddling and bar mills. 
 
 It is possible to compare earnings in the Eastern, the Pittsburgh, 
 and the Great Lakes and Middle West districts in nine departments. 
 In seven of those nine departments the earnings in the Eastern 
 district were lower than in either of the other two districts, and in 
 the other two departinents the earnings in the Eastern district were 
 lower than in the Pittsburgh district. In three of the nine depart- 
 ments the earnings in the Great Lakes and Middle West district 
 were higher than in either the Eastern or the Pittsburgh district. 
 In six of the nine departments the earnings in the Pittsburgh district 
 were higher than in either the Eastern district or the Great Lakes 
 and Middle West district. 
 
 It is possible to compare earnings in the Pittsburgh district and 
 in the Great Lakes and Middle West district in 12 of the 14 depart- 
 ments. In 9 of those departments the earnings were lower in the 
 Great Lakes and Middle West district than in the Pittsburgh district. 
 
 The summary wMch follows shows by districts the per cent of 
 employees in each department earning less than 18 cents per hour. 
 Data for a department are not shown for any district from which 
 only one plant reported, and data for the Pacific Coast district are 
 
30 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 entirely omitted owing to the small number of plants in that section 
 of the country. All plants and all districts, however, are included 
 in the column ^* Total, all districts." 
 
 PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH DEPARTMENT EARNING LESS THAN 18 CENTS 
 
 PER HOUR, BY DISTRICTS. 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Employees in productive occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddlinp mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 Bloominc mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills ; 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, productive occupations. 
 
 Employees in general occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, general occupations. 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force: 
 
 Steam, gas, and water 
 
 Yard and transportation 
 
 Electric power and repairs 
 
 Shops 
 
 Mechanical repairs 
 
 Shipping; 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Total, power, mechanical, and yard force. 
 Grand total 
 
 New 
 Eng- 
 land. 
 
 East- 
 ern. 
 
 73.78 
 
 45.10 
 58.78 
 33.33 
 22.58 
 
 46.32 
 '37*25' 
 
 48.20 
 
 55.93 
 
 28.21 
 47.50 
 36.00 
 38.46 
 
 47.06 
 
 42.54 
 
 25.16 
 73.28 
 
 20.87 
 11.63 
 73.77 
 46.15 
 
 90.95 
 
 67.98 
 27. 59 
 21.03 
 45.23 
 37.41 
 53.39 
 50.94 
 
 40.82 
 26.40 
 
 81 .'42' 
 
 54.31 
 
 Pitts- 
 burgh. 
 
 61.40 
 
 42.59 
 
 44.46 
 
 15.68 
 
 49.08 
 
 34.11 
 
 33.82 
 
 48.18. 
 
 42.09 
 
 44.26 
 
 31.00 
 
 32.20 
 
 34.98 
 
 49.83 
 
 Great 
 
 I^akes 
 
 and 
 
 Middle 
 
 West. 
 
 South- 
 em. 
 
 63.80 I 90.66 
 
 51.97 41.32 
 
 52.39 I 58.82 
 
 14.05 i 40.54 
 
 Total, 
 all dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 49.85 
 38.46 
 45.63 
 63.63 
 43.37 
 32.98 
 35.85 
 37.37 
 
 i 54.81 
 
 62.31 
 
 "26.* 66* 
 
 ,1. 
 
 43.16 
 
 65.04 
 71.79 
 59.77 
 62. 51 
 6.25 
 72.30 
 75.78 
 56.29 
 51.35 
 33.33 
 47.74 
 62.86 
 
 27.79 
 39.66 
 27.88 
 32.39 
 25. 81 
 33.77 
 34.01 
 34.04 
 44.74 
 36.00 
 62.89 
 41.73 
 
 49.67 78.38 
 
 50.00 10.07 
 
 31.29 
 35.71 
 37.76 
 54.17 
 28.57 
 48.13 
 43.21 
 40.34 
 73.97 
 35.23 
 31.75 
 48.92 
 
 70.48 
 69.70 
 61.29 
 
 65.18 
 
 "83. ei 
 i66.'66" 
 
 79.71 
 76.47 
 
 61. 57 32. 62 38. 15 70. 77 
 
 62.00 
 81.32 
 35.44 
 37.40 
 22.54 
 82.48 
 92.00 
 
 47.93 
 81.29 
 12. 16 
 25.50 
 28.36 
 61. 57 
 50.30 
 
 67.40 
 79.60 
 12.83 
 23.63 
 12.31 
 58.43 
 73.38 
 
 70.83 
 93.37 
 10.66 
 29. 5o 
 27.80 
 86.89 
 97.06 
 
 41. 85 59. 54 50. 65 
 
 47.71 63.26 
 
 45.79 1 56.43 1 45.68! 47.48 72.88 
 
 72.30 
 47.50 
 49.89 
 26.31 
 35.23 
 40.78 
 36.22 
 47.94 
 50.60 
 43.81 
 34.87 
 33.99 
 36.11 
 49.18 
 
 49.45 
 
 42.33 
 42.98 
 42.60 
 47.45 
 22.11 
 49.17 
 52.14 
 47.56 
 64.76 
 35.98 
 49.32 
 51.94 
 
 12.10 
 
 44.60 
 
 51.22 
 81.30 
 14.50 
 26.39 
 24.02 
 63.71 
 (i6.34 
 
 51.22 
 
 49.69 
 
 Comparing first the employees in the productive occupations, in 
 several of the departments the districts vary materially in the 
 proportion of employees earning less than 18 cents per hour, while 
 within a few of the departments there is an unusual agreement. 
 
 The puddling department shows the greatest variation. In that 
 department less than 18 cents per hour was earned by 58.78 per cent 
 of the employees in productive occupations in the New England 
 district, 40.54 per cent in the Southern district, 27.59 per cent in 
 the Eastern district, 15.68 per cent in the Pittsburgh district, and 
 14.95 per cent in the Great Lakes and Middle West district. 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 31 
 
 The plate mills show but slight variations by districts. In that 
 department less than 18 cents per hour was earned by 38.46 per cent 
 of the employees in productive occupations in the Great Lakes and 
 Middle West district, 37.41 per cent in the Eastern district, and 33.82 
 per cent in the Pittsburgh district. 
 
 In the five departments in which earnings may be compared in all 
 five of the districts, the Southern district shows a larger per cent of 
 employees earning less than 18 cents per hour than any of the other 
 four districts in open-hearth furnaces, blooming mills, and bar mills; 
 larger than any other except the Eastern in blast furnaces; and larger 
 than any other except New England in puddling mills. 
 
 The Pittsburgh district shows a smaller per cent of employees 
 earning less than 18 cents per hour than any of the other four districts 
 in blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, and bar mills; smaller than 
 any other except the Great Lakes and Middle West district in pud- 
 dling mills; and smaller than any other except the New England in 
 blooming mills. 
 
 Earnings may be compared in the Pittsburgh district with earnings 
 in the Great Lakes and Mddle West district in 12 departments. In 
 9 of these 12 departments the per cent of employees earning less than 
 18 cents per hour was greater in the Great Lakes and ^liddle West 
 district than in the Pittsburgh district. 
 
 Comparing now the departments of the power, mechanical, and 
 yard force in the different districts, it is seen that in general the vari- 
 ations between the different districts are much less than in the pro- 
 ducing departments. This is particularly true in the yard and trans- 
 portation, electric power and repairs, and shops departments, where 
 there is a remarkably close correspondence of the different districts. 
 The closer correspondence of the Southern district with the other 
 districts in these departments is largely explained by the fact that 
 except for unskilled laborers, the only class of workmen largely earn- 
 ing under 18 cents per hour are the handy men and low-grade mechan- 
 ics. For this class of labor, for whom there is a large demand in other 
 industries, the plants in the Southern district pay very nearly as. 
 much as in the other districts and decidedly more than in the Eastern 
 district. The same condition as regards the more highly skilled 
 mechanics earning 25 cents and over per hour is shown in the table 
 which follows. 
 
 The summary which follows shows by districts the per cent of 
 employees in each department earning 25 cents and over per hour. 
 Data for a department are not shown for any district from which 
 only one plant reported, and data for the Pacific Coast district are 
 entirely omitted owing to the small number of plants in that section 
 of the country. All plants and all districts, however, are included 
 in the column ''Total, all districts." 
 
w 
 
 32 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL. INDUSTRY. 
 
 PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH DEPARTMENT EARNING 25 CENTS AND OVER 
 
 PER HOUR, BY DISTRICTS. 
 
 DeiMitments. 
 
 Employees in productive occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills ^ 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 Bloomiaa: mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, productive occupations 
 
 Employees in general occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills , 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 New 
 
 Ene- 
 land. 
 
 East- 
 ern. 
 
 6.42 
 
 23.53 
 39.08 
 39.01 
 30.11 
 
 35.07 
 '38,'56 
 
 31.88 
 
 10.17 
 
 Total, general occupations. 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force: 
 
 Steam, gas, and water 
 
 Yard and transportation 
 
 Electric power and repairs 
 
 Shops 
 
 Mechanical repairs 
 
 Shipping 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Total, power, mechanical, and yard force 
 Grand total 
 
 25.64 
 
 30.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 3.85 
 
 38.24 
 100.00 
 
 1.70 
 
 17.28 
 47.24 
 41.54 
 32.57 
 33.48 
 21.90 
 19.50 
 
 33.59 
 44.40 
 
 9.51 
 
 24.52 
 
 9.17 
 
 23.88 
 
 10.06 
 4.74 
 58.97 
 52.18 
 30.23 
 13.11 
 7.69 
 
 11.99 
 17.32 
 31.25 
 
 4.69 
 10.03 
 
 3.97 
 13.51 
 50.00 
 23.87 
 11.43 
 
 Pitts- 
 burgh. 
 
 5.50 
 
 36.32 
 28.04 
 70.19 
 34.60 
 47.01 
 40.79 
 32.26 
 32.48 
 28.36 
 38.38 
 42.72 
 34.65 
 11.35 
 
 28.48 
 
 Great 
 Lakes 
 and 
 Middle 
 West. 
 
 6.12 
 19.57 
 24.44 
 60.56 
 
 26.94 
 32.37 
 24.81 
 11.72 
 25.25 
 40.46 
 43.04 
 40.21 
 
 25.05 
 
 30.00 
 
 11.69 
 
 6.99 
 
 3.42 
 
 34.83 
 
 40.28 
 
 37.31 
 
 27.22 
 
 29.86 
 
 88 
 18 
 
 20.20 
 
 22.07 
 
 23.98 
 11.49 
 28.32 
 30.99 
 32.26 
 15.45 
 28.62 
 35.46 
 15.79 
 8.80 
 6.84 
 16.55 
 
 13.67 
 
 21.55 
 
 5.94 
 
 7.16 
 
 40.83 
 
 45.44 
 
 24.54 
 
 3.97 
 
 5.85 
 
 South- 
 ern. 
 
 1.66 
 20.46 
 21.64 
 58.11 
 
 Total, 
 aU dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 30.96 
 
 22.10 
 
 65.00 
 
 9.58 
 
 4.35 
 28.44 
 24.50 
 54.52 
 38.23 
 38.37 
 37.15 
 24.83 
 23.83 
 27.26 
 37.52 
 43.13 
 38.54 
 11.62 
 
 25.20 
 
 25.16 
 13.03 
 19.03 
 8.33 
 71.43 
 14.37 
 20.37 
 11.17 
 10.96 
 15.53 
 33.53 
 13.67 
 
 20.12 
 
 21.19 
 
 24.96 
 
 6.69 
 
 6.19 
 
 48.95 
 
 48.09 
 
 21.34 
 
 6.93 
 
 7.62 
 
 13.62 
 
 13.64 
 12.37 
 
 15.18 
 ■7.' 38' 
 
 11.59 
 17.65 
 
 13.25 
 
 16.67 
 .49 
 48.36 
 46. 13 
 30.49 
 1.64 
 
 20.19 
 11.58 
 19.63 
 21.34 
 31.58 
 12.92 
 19.66 
 13.16 
 12.35 
 13.65 
 21.31 
 15.53 
 
 14.01 
 
 18.28 
 
 26.24 
 
 24.90 
 
 20.48 
 
 6.56 
 
 6.02 
 
 43.46 
 
 45.92 
 
 25.52 
 
 4.59 
 
 5.54 
 
 22.64 
 
 13.26 23.60 
 
 Comparing first the employees in productive occupations in some 
 departments marked variations and in others unusual agreements are 
 shown in the proportion of employees earning 25 cents and over per 
 hour. 
 
 The blast-furnace department shows considerable variation, but the 
 greatest proportion of employees in productive occupations in that 
 department earning 25 cents and over in any district is only 6.42 per 
 cent. Twenty-five cents and over per hour was earned by only 1.66 
 per cent of the employees in the Southern district, 1.70 per cent in 
 the Eastern district, 5.50 per cent in the Pittsburgh district, 6.12 
 per cent in the Great Lakes and Middle West district, and 6.42 per 
 cent in the New England district. 
 
 The Garrett rod mills show but slight variations by districts. 
 Twenty-five cents and over per hour was earned by 44.40 per cent of 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 33 
 
 the employees in productive occupations in the Eastern district, 43.04 
 per cent in the Great Lakes and Middle West district, and 42.72 per 
 cent in the Pittsburgh district. 
 
 Earnings may be compared in all ^ve of the districts in five depart- 
 ments. The districts showing the smallest per cent earning 25 cents 
 and over per hour were the Southern in blast furnaces and in bar mills; 
 the New England, in puddling mills; the Eastern, in open-hearth fur- 
 naces; and the Great Lakes and Middle West in blooming mills. The 
 Pittsburgh district shows a larger per cent than any other district 
 earning 25 cents and over per hour in open-liearth furnaces, puddling 
 mills, and blooming mills. 
 
 In 8 of the 12 departments in which it is possible to compare the 
 Pittsburgh district and the Great Lakes and Middle West district the 
 per cent earning 25 cents and over per hour was smaller in the Great 
 Lakes and IMiddle West district than in the Pittsburgh district. 
 
 The point developed in the discus.sion of the preceding table that 
 the wages of workmen in mechanical trades are much more nearly 
 standardized in the different districts than of the employees in the 
 productive occupations, who are dependent almost entirely on the 
 iron and steel industry for employment, is borne out strikingly in 
 the above table. Taking the three departments in which such work- 
 men are chiefly employed, the electric power and repairs, the shops, 
 and the mechanical repairs departments, the close agreement of the 
 different districts in the proportion earning 25 cents and over per 
 hour is remarkable. 
 
 EARNINGS OF COMMON LABORERS. 
 
 The most satisfactory comparison between the different districts, 
 however, can be made by considering the earnings of the common, 
 unskilled laborers, who, as a rule, have no regular specified duties, 
 but who are shifted from job to job as the occasion ma}^ require. 
 For this class the department in which the laborers may be employed 
 has no significance inasmuch as they perform about the same kind 
 of work in all the departments and, furthermore, are frequently 
 shifted from one department to another. This class is of the greatest 
 importance in the industry, not only because of the very large pro- 
 portion employed, but even more because their wage forms the base 
 rate of the entire industry, above which the wages of the other 
 employees are graded. 
 
 In the following table are shown the earnings of the laborers in pro- 
 ductive departments in each of the districts. It should be noted that 
 the number shown in the table which follows does not include by any 
 means all the unskilled workmen in the industry, but only those who 
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34 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL. INDUSTRY. 
 
 are known in the industry as ^'common laborers." In addition to 
 these there is an equally large number of workmen, such for example 
 as the stockers in the various departments, who are also unskilled 
 but who have a specified and regular set of duties and who are con- 
 sequently given a specified occupation designation. 
 
 PER CENT OF COMMON LABORERS IN PRODUCING DEPARTMENTS EARNING EACH 
 
 CLASSIFIED AMOUNT PER HOUR, BY DISTRICTS. 
 
 Per cent of laborers earning each classified amount per hour. 
 
 Districts. 
 
 Now England , 
 
 Bastem , 
 
 Pittsburgh 8;598 
 
 Great Lakes and Middle 
 
 Under 
 
 10 
 cents. 
 
 10 and 
 under 
 
 12 
 cents. 
 
 0.40 
 
 2.22 
 .19 
 
 West 
 
 Soutiiem 
 
 Pacific Coast. 
 
 TottU. 
 
 5,401 
 
 1,387 
 
 20 
 
 .163 
 .125 
 .222 
 
 3.89 , 28.41 
 
 12 and 
 under 
 
 14 
 cents. 
 
 7.05 
 
 41.99 
 
 4.66 
 
 .09 
 5L98 
 
 10,620 I .158 ; .36 i 2.51 13.93 
 
 14 and 
 under 
 
 16 
 cents. 
 
 16 and 
 under 
 
 18 
 cents. 
 
 62.39 30.13 
 52.48 2.35 
 10.29 83.66 
 
 27.22 
 16.07 
 
 71.01 
 .65 
 
 24.58 
 
 57.42 
 
 18 and 
 under 
 
 20 
 cents. 
 
 0.43 
 
 1.20 
 L61 
 
 .98 
 
 20 and 
 under 
 
 25 
 cents. 
 
 0.56 
 .07 
 
 100.00 
 
 .23 
 
 In the above table the wide variation between the common-labor 
 rates for the different districts is strikingly shown. The Pittsburgh 
 district, for example, shows average earnings per hour 4 cents higher 
 than the rate in the Southern district and 2.5 cents higher than the 
 rate in the Eastern district, and the same proportions hold in regard 
 to the predominant rates in these districts. The Pittsburgh and 
 Great Lakes and Middle West; districts were very nearly together, the 
 difference arising chiefly from the larger proportion in the Great 
 Lakes and Middle West district earning less than 16 cents per hour. 
 The Southern district was far below any of the others, with the New 
 England and Eastern districts lying between it and the remaining 
 districts. 
 
 In the Southern district all but two-thirds of 1 per cent earned less 
 than 16 cents per hour. In the Eastern district all but 2.91 per cent 
 and in the New England district all but 30.56 per cent earned less 
 than 16 cents, while in the Great Lakes and Middle West district 
 only 27.31 per cent, and in the Pittsburgh district only 15.14 per cent 
 earned less than 16 cents per hour. 
 
 Furthermore, in the Southern district 84.28 per cent earned less 
 than 14 cents, which was practically double the proportion earning 
 under 14 cents in the Eastern district and more than ten times greater 
 than the proportion earning less than 14 cents in any of the other 
 districts. Almost one-third of all the laborers in the Southern dis- 
 trict earned less than 12 cents per hour, which is many times greater 
 than the proportion in any other district. 
 
 •WHM^fi 
 
 SUMMAIIY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 35 
 
 In the table which follows are shown the earnings of the laborers 
 in all departments in each of the districts. In this table the average 
 earnings per hour are not shown on account of the large amount of 
 work involved in this calculation. 
 
 PER CENT OF COMMON LABORERS IN ALL DEPARTMENTS EARNING EACH CLAS- 
 SIFIED AMOUNT PER HOUR. BY DISTRICTS. 
 
 Districts. 
 
 New England 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Pittsburgli 
 
 Great Lakes and Middle 
 
 West 
 
 Southern 
 
 Pacific Coast 
 
 Total 
 
 Number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 809 
 
 5,620 
 
 18,924 
 
 11,067 
 
 2,980 
 
 68 
 
 39,468 
 
 Per cent of laborers earning each classified amount per hour. 
 
 Un- 
 der 10 
 cents. 
 
 0.28 
 
 1.81 
 
 10 ' 12 14 ! 16 
 
 and I and i and ; and 
 
 under under under i under 
 
 12 
 cents. 
 
 14 ; 16 
 cents, cents. 
 
 2.15 
 .16 
 
 4.08 
 
 39.36 
 
 8.33 
 
 .01 I .20 
 14.93 i 49.16 
 
 18 
 cents. 
 
 58.71 34.98 
 
 53.72 3.77 
 14.35 74.87 
 
 21.53 
 
 76.46 
 
 30.91 j 3.15 
 
 ,18 
 
 1.51 13.45 24.n 
 
 58.83 
 
 18 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 20 
 cents. 
 
 2.22 
 
 .28 
 
 1.18 
 
 1.53 
 .03 
 
 20 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 25 
 cents. 
 
 0.43 
 1.05 
 
 .27 
 
 86.' 76 
 
 LOS 
 
 .79 
 
 25 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 30 
 cents. 
 
 0.05 
 
 13.24 
 
 .05 
 
 30 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 40 
 cents. 
 
 0.01 
 
 0) 
 
 1 Less than one-hundredth of 1 per cent. 
 
 Less than 2 per cent of all the common laborers in the industry 
 received less than 12 cents, and less than 2 per cent received 18 
 cents and over per hour. Of all the laborers, 96.39 per cent earned 
 12 and under 18 cents per hour. Of all the laborers, five-sixths, 
 or 82.94 per cent, earned 14 and under 18 cents per hour. In the 
 New England and Eastern districts the largest single groups earned 
 14 and under 16 cents per hour; in the Pittsburgh and the Great 
 Lakes and Middle West districts the largest groups, including approxi- 
 mately three-fourths of all the laborers, earned 16 and under 18 
 cents per hour, and in the Southern district the largest group earned 
 12 and under 14 cents per hour, although there was also a very large 
 group earning 14 and under 16 cents per hour. All of the laborers 
 in the Pacific Coast district earned 20 cents and over per hour. With 
 regard to the laborers reported as earning more than 20 cents per 
 hour in the other districts, it may be said that in each case they were 
 working unusually short hours at very heavy work, and that their 
 daily earnings on account of the short hours were very little above 
 the daily earnings of employees w^orking longer hours at a lower 
 hourly rate of wages. The laborers reported as earning less than 12 
 cents per hour in every district except the Southern were, for the most 
 part, below the average of efficiency either because of youth and 
 inexperience or because of old age and physical disability. 
 
 Everywhere except in the South practically all included within 
 this class of unskilled workmen are recent immigrants, the greater 
 number of whom do not speak or understand EngHsh. Even in the 
 
36 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STP:EL INDUSTRY. 
 
 South there is a rapidly increasing number of immigrants in the indus- 
 try. Of the employees in all occupations nearly 60 per cent are 
 foreign born and nearly two-thirds of the foreign born are of the 
 Slavic races. 
 
 Great as is the proportion of unskilled labor in the iron and steel 
 industry, steel experts have noted the fact that the tendency of recent 
 years has been constantly toward the reduction of the number of 
 highly skilled men employed and the establishment of the general 
 wage on the basis of common, unskilled labor.^ Each year sees a 
 larger use of mechanical appliances which unskilled labor is usually 
 competent to control. * 
 
 HOURS OF LABOR, BY DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 Approximately two-fifths, 42.58 per cent, of the 172,671 employees 
 for whom working time was reported worked 72 hours and over per 
 week, which is, in effect, at least 12 hours per day, and approximately 
 one-fifth, 20. 59 per cent, worked 84 hours and over per week, which is, 
 in effect, 12 hours per day for every day of the week. Only 37.02 
 per cent of all employees had a week as short as 60 hours, although 
 in most industries 60 hours has come to be regarded as the maximum 
 working week. 
 
 The summary which follows shows by means of cumulative per- 
 centages the classified customary hours per week for each of the 
 departments. The average hours per week were calculated for the 
 employees in productive occupations only, on account of the large 
 amount of work involved. 
 
 1 Compare the statement made by lifr. J. Stephen Jeans, secretary of the British Iron Trade Association, 
 after a very thorough study in 1902 of American steel plants: " The tendency in the American steel industry 
 is to reduce by every possible means the number of highly skilled men employed and more and more to 
 establish the general wage on the basis of common unskilled labor. This is not a new thing, but it becomes 
 every year more accentuated as a result of the use of automatic appliances which unskilled labor is usually 
 competent to control." (American Industrial Conditions and Competition. Edited by J. Stephen Jeans^ 
 p. 317.) 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 37 
 
 PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES CUSTOMARILY WORKING EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF 
 
 HOURS PER WEEK. BY DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Employees in productive occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, productive occupations. 
 
 Employees in general occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters • 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces • 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, general occupations. 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force: 
 
 Steam, gas. and water 
 
 Yard and transportation 
 
 Electric i>ower and repairs 
 
 Shop 
 
 Mecnanical repairs 
 
 Shipping 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Total, power, mechanical, and yard force. 
 Grand total 
 
 Normal 
 number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 1 24,689 
 
 4,927 
 12,421 
 6,447 
 633 
 4,485 
 5,193 
 3,584 
 3,160 
 2,869 
 
 2 16,146 
 
 1,915 
 
 864 
 
 4,095 
 
 Average 
 custom- 
 ary hours 
 per week 
 
 Per cent of employees whose 
 customary working time 
 per week was — 
 
 78.9 
 69.5 
 74.5 
 55.2 
 64.3 
 69.6 
 66.0 
 72.5 
 70.0 
 70.2 
 61.1 
 66.1 
 65.8 
 62.0 
 
 92.13 
 80.68 
 92.38 
 23.03 
 65.40 
 81.58 
 78.30 
 
 72 hours 
 and over. 
 
 72.76 
 62.90 
 75.48 
 1.09 
 21.17 
 68.31 
 30.93 
 
 84 hours 
 and over. 
 
 67.11 
 
 17.15 
 
 20.67 
 
 .06 
 
 .95 
 
 11.55 
 4.37 
 
 » 91,428 
 
 6,632 
 691 
 
 2,197 
 
 314 
 
 95 
 
 1,269 
 748 
 942 
 332 
 403 
 
 1,178 
 641 
 
 157 
 
 15,499 
 
 69.8 
 
 89.76 
 
 76.95 
 
 17.41 
 
 78.58 
 
 66.36 
 
 15.57 
 
 91.60 
 
 57.62 
 
 7.18 
 
 45.59 
 
 14.94 
 
 1.08 
 
 83.34 
 
 35.20 
 
 3.50 
 
 83.33 
 
 18.29 
 
 1.62 
 
 33.16 
 
 2.12 
 
 .39 
 
 73.48 
 
 49.38 
 
 24.41 
 
 78.71 
 92.76 
 89.39 
 34.39 
 57.89 
 92.36 
 83.69 
 94.80 
 71.69 
 87.10 
 49.83 
 74.86 
 
 52.86 
 84.95 
 80.88 
 14.97 
 38.95 
 80.54 
 60.03 
 85.24 
 67.17 
 72.46 
 25.72 
 43.25 
 
 46.70 
 24.75 
 40.51 
 
 4.46 
 26.32 
 38.46 
 20.19 
 29.19 
 30.42 
 28.29 
 
 8.23 
 13.12 
 
 59.87 
 
 45.22 
 
 31.85 
 
 79.71 
 
 60.33 
 
 35.77 
 
 6,037 
 22,855 
 3,221 
 22,588 
 3,864 
 4,618 
 2,561 
 
 91.29 
 43.45 
 50.61 
 22.71 
 54.04 
 57.49 
 88.75 
 
 79.39 
 27.66 
 32.44 
 9.29 
 27.33 
 38.41 
 75.71 
 
 52.34 
 8.78 
 
 18.19 
 1.58 
 
 11.23 
 .54 
 
 43.81 
 
 65,744 
 
 44.44 
 
 28.94 
 
 11.70 
 
 » 172,671 
 
 62.98 
 
 42.58 
 
 20.59 
 
 I Not including 33 employees who worked irregular hours. 
 » Not including 2 employees who worked irregular hours. 
 3 Not including 35 employees who worked irregular hours. 
 
 For the employees in productive occupations the customary hours 
 per week were longest in the blast-furnace department and shortest 
 in the puddling-mill department. In the blast furnaces the average 
 customary working time per week for the 24,689 employees was 78.9 
 hours; 67.11 per cent of the total number of employees customarily 
 worked at least 84 hours per week, which is, in effect, 12 hours per 
 day for 7 days per week; and more than nine-tenths, 92.13 per cent, 
 customarily worked more than 60 hours per week. It is worthy of 
 note, however, that in the open-hearth and the standard rail depart- 
 ments a larger proportion of employees than even in the blast fur- 
 naces were working 72 liours and over per week. 
 
38 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL. INDUSTRY. 
 
 In the puddling mills, with the shortest hours per week of any 
 department, the average customary working time per week for the 
 6,447 employees was 55.2 hours; approximately one-fourth, 23.03 
 per cent, of the total number of employees customarily worked more 
 than 60 hours per week. In the bar mills, in which there were 16,146 
 employees, the average customary working time per week was 61.1 
 hours; 45.59 per cent worked over 60 hours and 14.94 per cent worked 
 72 hours and over. The hours in this department are much shorter 
 than in any of the other rolling mills. Both the puddling mills and 
 the bar mills are and for many years have been to a large extent 
 organized; the tube mills, on the other hand, which show almost 
 equally short hours, have never been organized. 
 
 In each of 7 of the 14 departments more than one-half of the em- 
 ployees customarily worked 72 hours and over per week. Eighty- 
 four hours and over per week was the customary working time for 
 67.11 per cent of the employees in the blast furnaces and for from 
 20.67 per cent to 11.55 per cent of all employees in each of five 
 other departments. 
 
 In the general occupations the large proportions shoA\Ti as working 
 84 hours and over in most of the departments are firemen, and gas- 
 producer men, and in large part machinists and other repair men 
 who make repairs while the mills are shut down. It may be noted 
 that in the puddling mills and bar mills, for which the shortest hours 
 in the productive occupations were reported, there are also very 
 small pro])ortions in the general occupations working the longer 
 hours. This is due in part to the fact that these departments 
 ordinarily have no gas producers attached, but much more to the 
 fact that these departments are ordinarily not operated on Saturday 
 night, so that the repair men can get their work done without work- 
 ing on Sunday. 
 
 In the power, mechanical, and yard force, the departments fall 
 into three groups as regards working time. First, the steam, gas, 
 and water and the miscellaneous departments showing the longest 
 hours. The reason for the long hours in the first of these two is 
 obvious, as it includes the firemen and others, one shift of whom 
 must be on duty continuously. In the miscellaneous department 
 are included the watchmen, which sufficiently explains the long 
 hours in that depailment. The second group contains the two 
 repair departments, many of the employees in which must work 
 when the rest of the mill is shut down. It also contains the 3^ard and 
 transportation and shipping departments, which are chiefly con- 
 cerned with handling the materials and products for the producing 
 departments, and whose hours are therefore very largely dependent 
 on the way in which the producing departments are operated. Thle 
 hours for this group as a whole are much shorter than for the first 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 39 
 
 group. The third group contains only the shops which are operated 
 practically independently of the producing (lc})artments, and in 
 which the hours are shorter than anywhere else in the industry. It 
 is worthy of note, however, that in the shops, where practically any 
 schedule of hours can be put into effect, more than one-fifth, 22.71 
 per cent, of all the employees work over 60 hours. In most com- 
 mercial machine shops, 60 hours is regarded as the maximum week, 
 and the union scale for machinists provides for a working week of 
 less than 55 hours in the majority of cities in the United States. 
 In all but 3 of 28 cities for which data are available the working 
 hours of union machinists were 55 hours or less. 
 
 The tables which follow show in detail for each of the departments 
 the number and per cent of employees customarily working each 
 classified number of hours per week. The first section of the table 
 shows numbers and the second section percentages. 
 
 4 
 
 t'j 
 
 3 
 
40 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 AVERAGE CUSTOMARY WORKING UOURS PER WEEK AND NUMBER AND PER CENT 
 
 PER WEEK, BY 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 41 
 
 OF EMPLOYEES CUSTOMARILY WORKING EACH CLASSIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS 
 DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 Mar- 
 ginal 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 If) 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 % 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 
 SB 
 SO 
 U 
 12 
 » 
 M 
 3S 
 
 DeparUiionts. 
 
 Number of 
 plants. 
 
 Employees in productive occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces , 
 
 Puddling mills , 
 
 Crucible furnaces , 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total productive occupations. 
 
 Employees in general occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills ] . 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total general occupations. 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force: 
 
 Steam, gas, and water 
 
 Yard and transportation 
 
 Electric power and repairs 
 
 Shops 
 
 Mecnanical repairs 
 
 Shipping 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Total power, mechanical, and yard force. 
 Grand total 
 
 Normal 
 number of 
 employees. 
 
 156 
 24 
 80 
 47 
 11 
 51 
 34 
 10 
 16 
 27 
 115 
 19 
 11 
 12 
 
 153 
 24 
 67 
 34 
 11 
 48 
 31 
 10 
 13 
 23 
 76 
 IB 
 
 124,680 
 4,927 
 12,421 
 6,447 
 fi33 
 4,485 
 5,193 
 
 3,160 
 2,869 
 s 16,146 
 1,915 
 864 
 4,095 
 
 Average 
 customary 
 
 working 
 
 hours per 
 
 week. 
 
 •91,428 
 
 11 
 
 6,632 
 691 
 
 2,197 
 
 314 
 
 95 
 
 1,260 
 748 
 942 
 332 
 403 
 
 1,178 
 541 
 
 157 
 
 15,499 
 
 6,037 
 22,855 
 3,221 
 22,588 
 3,864 
 4,618 
 2,561 
 
 65,744 
 » 172.671 
 
 
 78.9 
 60.5 
 74.5 
 55.2 
 04.3 
 69.6 
 66.0 
 72.5 
 70.0 
 70.2 
 61.1 
 (36.1 
 65.8 
 62.0 
 
 69.8 
 
 1 5®! including 31 employees who worked 2 days only and 2 employees who worked 3 days only. 
 « Not including 2 employees who worked 1 day only. ' ^ 
 
 * » 
 
 Number of employees whose customary working hours per week were— 
 
 48 and 
 under. 
 
 10 
 
 611 
 
 14 
 
 1,143 
 
 474 
 424 
 182 
 100 
 
 105 
 
 1,737 
 
 117 
 
 Over 48 
 
 and under 
 
 56. 
 
 4,917 
 
 22 
 3 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 52 
 
 3 
 
 138 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 219 
 
 6,173 
 
 29 
 
 149 
 
 51 
 
 2,868 
 
 94 
 
 7 
 
 196 
 
 56 and 
 under 60. 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 2,26(> 
 
 101 
 
 2 
 
 5.773 
 
 28 
 
 5 
 40 
 22 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 209 
 98 
 
 136 
 
 108 
 23 
 66 
 
 113 
 15 
 
 248 
 
 3 
 
 2,286 
 
 78 
 
 54 
 
 245 
 
 60. 
 
 3,682 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 134 
 
 20 
 
 279 
 
 21 
 723 
 
 39 
 
 1,256 
 
 102 
 
 146 
 
 33 
 
 2,320 
 
 8,372 
 
 111 
 21 
 96 
 6 
 3 
 16 
 27 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 196 
 
 16 
 
 1,694 
 
 94 
 
 745 
 
 843 
 
 102 
 
 279 
 
 394 
 
 170 
 
 321 
 
 131 
 
 2,496 
 
 23 
 
 88 
 
 2,492 
 
 9,872 
 
 14 
 
 527 
 
 57 
 
 2,763 
 
 245 
 
 2,989 
 
 339 
 
 613 
 
 83 
 
 7,089 
 
 11,298 
 
 1,251 
 
 26 
 
 130 
 
 153 
 
 15 
 
 60 
 
 91 
 
 49 
 
 68 
 
 49 
 
 261 
 
 100 
 
 Over 60 
 
 and under 
 
 72. 
 
 4,784 
 876 
 
 2,100 
 
 1,415 
 280 
 595 
 
 2,460 
 459 
 386 
 975 
 
 4,948 
 922 
 562 
 
 1,271 
 
 72. 
 
 22,033 
 
 49 
 
 2,302 
 
 445 
 
 9,386 
 1,304 
 13,076 
 1,33? 
 1,204 
 152 
 
 26,899 
 
 39,073 
 
 1,714 
 
 54 
 
 187 
 
 61 
 
 18 
 
 150 
 
 177 
 
 90 
 
 15 
 
 59 
 
 284 
 
 171 
 
 308 
 
 1,828 
 
 3,241 
 
 58 
 
 113 
 2,262 
 1,281 
 2,122 
 1,543 
 1,252 
 2,105 
 
 599 
 
 137 
 53 
 
 16,902 
 
 23 
 
 3,003 
 
 718 
 3,610 
 
 585 
 3,030 
 1,032 
 
 881 
 
 334 
 
 10,190 
 
 137 
 333 
 433 
 19 
 3 
 437 
 228 
 512 
 119 
 102 
 162 
 153 
 
 13 
 
 Over 72 
 and un- 
 der 84. 
 
 1,086 
 
 426 
 
 3,567 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 284 
 
 98 
 
 12 
 
 62 
 
 195 
 
 141 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 5,927 
 
 272 
 83 
 
 454 
 14 
 9 
 97 
 70 
 16 
 3 
 76 
 44 
 10 
 
 84. 
 
 16,545 
 
 790 
 
 2.540 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 505 
 
 226 
 
 624 
 
 492 
 
 206 
 
 151 
 
 67 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 Over 84. 
 
 22,174 
 
 2,651 
 
 925 
 3,436 
 
 276 
 1,004 
 
 295 
 1,462 
 
 596 
 
 7,994 
 
 35,226 
 
 27,547 
 
 8 
 
 1,156 
 
 708 
 878 
 183 
 737 
 327 
 287 
 221 
 
 3,341 
 
 10,424 
 
 3,082 
 
 169 
 
 884 
 
 14 
 
 25 
 
 485 
 
 151 
 
 276 
 
 101 
 
 111 
 
 94 
 
 71 
 
 50 
 
 5,512 
 
 3,145 
 
 1,973 
 
 554 
 
 243 
 
 414 
 
 25 
 
 1,082 
 
 7,436 
 
 35,122 
 
 24 
 55 
 27 
 
 V 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 10 
 
 Mar- 
 ginal 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 148 
 
 15 
 2 
 6 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 32 
 
 15 
 34 
 32 
 115 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 256 
 
 436 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 
 » Not including 2 employees who worked 1 day only; 31 employees who worked 2 days only, and 2 
 employees who worked 3 days only. j j> 
 
 r74 
 
 r4 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
42 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 AVERAGE CUSTOMARY WORKING HOURS PER WEEK AND NUMBER AND PER CENT 
 
 PER WEEK, BY 
 
 Mar- 
 ginal 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 •22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 28 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Employees in productive occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 PlaU> mills , . • ■ 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 « Jarrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Totiil, productive occupations. 
 
 Average 
 
 xT..^u.., ^r Normal customary 
 Xnt« number of , working 
 piauis. employees, i hours per 
 
 week. 
 
 156 
 24 
 80 
 47 
 11 
 51 
 34 
 10 
 16 
 27 
 
 U5 
 19 
 11 
 12 
 
 Employees in general occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Oi)en-hearth furnaces 
 
 I'uddling mills 
 
 Crucible fumaws 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, general occupations. 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force: 
 
 Steam, gas, and water 
 
 Yard and transportation 
 
 Electric power and repairs 
 
 Shops 
 
 Mechanical repairs 
 
 Shipping 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Total, power, mechanical, and yard force. 
 Graoid total 
 
 124,689 
 
 4,027 
 
 12,421 
 
 6,447 
 
 633 
 
 4,485 
 
 5,193 
 
 3,584 
 
 3,160 
 
 2,869 
 
 > 16,146 
 
 1,915 
 
 864 
 
 4,095 
 
 3 91,428 
 
 163 
 24 
 67 
 84 
 11 
 48 
 31 
 10 
 13 
 23 
 76 
 19 
 
 6,632 
 691 
 
 2,197 
 
 314 
 
 95 
 
 1,269 
 748 
 942 
 332 
 
 78.9 
 69.5 
 74.6 
 55.2 
 64.3 
 69.6 
 66.0 
 72.5 
 70.0 
 70.2 
 61.1 
 06.1 
 65.8 
 62.0 
 
 69.8 
 
 1,178 
 541 
 
 11 ' 
 
 167 
 
 15,499 
 
 6,037 
 22,855 
 3,221 
 22,588 
 3,864 
 4,618 
 2,561 
 
 65,744 
 
 » 172,671 
 
 > Not ineludipg 31 employees who worked 2 days only and 2 employees who worked 3 days oi^ly. 
 2 Not including 2 employees who worked i day only. 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 43 
 
 OP EMPLOYEES CUSTOMARILY WORKING EACH CLASSIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS 
 DEPARTMENTS-Concluded. 
 
 Per cent of employees whose customary working hours per week were— 
 
 Ploy^ whf^j^kedTda^ronT?° ""^'^^ ' ^*^ '''''^' ^' ""^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^'^ ^ ^^^^ "^^ ^^ ^ ^^' 
 
44 LABOK CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 In every department the customary working time for some em- 
 ployees was 84 hours and over per week, and in 11 of the 14 depart- 
 ments the customary working time for at least a few employees was 
 48 hours and under per week. There were 4 departments in which 
 more than 10 per cent of the employees customarily worked 48 hours 
 or less per week. The employees working these shorter hours are 
 almost all in the more skilled occupations and in positions requiring 
 great physical strain or exposure to great heat. 
 
 As regards the particular group of hours in productive occupations 
 at which the largest proportion of employees in each of the depart- 
 ments were reported as customarUy working, blast furnaces alone show 
 the predominating group as customarily working 84 hours. In the 
 Bessemer converters, in common with the blooming, standard rail, 
 structural, and miscellaneous mechanical mills, the largest proportion 
 of employees were reported as working 72 hours per week. In the cruci- 
 ble furnace department and in the plate, bar, Garrett rod, and miscel- 
 laneous rod mills the customary working time of the predominant 
 group was over 60 and under 72 hours per week, although in the bar 
 mills very large groups were reported as working each classified num- 
 ber of hours under 72 hours per week. In the open-hearth department 
 groups of almost equal size were reported as working 72, over 72 
 and under 84, and 84 hours per week, respectively. In the pud- 
 dling mills the predominant group worked over 48 and under 56 
 hours per week, and in the tube mills 60 hours per week. 
 
 In the general occupations, it may be briefly noted that the 
 largest single group in practically aU of the departments custom- 
 arily work either 84 or 72 hours per week. In 6 departments the 
 largest group works 84 hours; in 4 departments the largest group 
 works 72 hours. In the power, mechanical, and yard force the 
 largest single group in each of 4 departments works 60 hours, in 
 each of 2 departments, 84 hours, and in 1 department 72 hours. 
 In the two largest departments of this force, the yard and shops, 
 the group working 60 hours per week is much larger than any other! 
 In order to bring out more clearly the general situation as regards 
 customary working time in the industry, the following table, drawn 
 up in much simpler form than the preceding, has been prepared. 
 In this table the productive and general occupations have been com- 
 bined for each of the departments. 
 
 :.. -'^'•ti?-**^'^ 
 
 «»i.*i»^"-->»-tf,jIpj!'. 
 
 SUMMAKY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 45 
 
 PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES CUSTOMARILY WORKING EACH CLASSIFIED NUMBER 
 OF HOURS PER WEEK, B^ BRANCH OF INDUSTRY. 
 
 Branches of industry 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 plants. 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Steel works and rolling 
 mills: 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces. . , 
 Puddling mills and cru- 
 cible furnaces 
 
 Rolling mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total steel works and 
 
 rolling mills , 
 
 Power, mechanical and 
 yard force 
 
 156 
 
 24 
 80 
 
 58 
 212 
 
 12 
 
 212 
 
 168 
 
 Grand total. 
 
 338 
 
 Per cent of employees whose customary working hours 
 per week were — 
 
 Normal 
 number 
 of em- 
 ployees. 
 
 48 
 ' and 
 I un- 
 I der. 
 
 131.321 I 0.10 
 
 .•>,618 ilO.93 
 14,618 .11 
 
 7,489 15.30 
 « 43, 629 
 4.252 
 
 i 75, 606 
 (>5, 744 
 
 7.20 
 
 6.51 
 .33 
 
 3 172.671 3.00 
 
 Over 
 
 48 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 56. 
 
 56 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 60. 
 
 0.18 
 
 2.(>5 
 .38 
 
 40.38 
 6.34 
 
 7.93 
 3.53 
 
 4.85 
 
 1.02 
 
 2.12 
 1.59 
 
 1.87 
 7.19 
 6.09 
 
 5.14 
 
 10. 78 
 
 60. 
 
 9.40 
 
 2.14 
 5.99 
 
 14.86 
 10.50 
 59.76 
 
 Over 
 
 60 
 
 and 
 
 under 
 
 72. 
 
 6.54 
 
 12.21 
 40.91 
 
 22.63 
 
 20.75 
 
 16.55 
 15.65 
 
 23.09 
 28.08 
 30.43 
 
 24.52 
 15.50 
 
 20.40 
 
 72. 
 
 Over; 
 
 72 I 
 
 and , 84. 
 underj 
 
 84. I 
 
 I Over 
 ; 84. 
 
 1.42 4.34 62.60 | 
 
 38.47 I 9.0<i 17.07 
 25.13 27.51 123.42 
 
 2.58 
 
 29.83 
 
 1.55 
 
 25.27 
 12.16 
 
 15.95 
 
 .61 .65 
 
 2.57 8.18 
 
 .61 I 1.32 
 
 7.57 10.66 
 5.08 'll.31 
 
 6.04 20.34 
 
 0.12 
 
 l.Ol 
 .23 
 
 .0» 
 .24 
 
 .19 
 .39 
 
 i Not including 31 employees who worked 2 days only and 2 emplovees who worked 3 days only. 
 « Not mcludmg 2 employees who worked Iday onlv. ' * 
 
 « Not including 2 employees who worked I day only,31 emplovees who worked 2 days only, and 2 em- 
 ployees who worked 3 days only. * . j » 
 
 The facts presented in this table are of such simple character that 
 extended comment is unnecessary, except to point out the wide dif- 
 ferences which exist between the customary working houi*s in the 
 principal branches of the industry. Between the blast furnaces and 
 the steel works and rolling mills there is a considerable difference, 
 which would be much larger were it not for the long hours worked 
 by a large number of employees in the open-hearth department. 
 This difference, due in large measure to the fact that at the time 
 of this investigation the larger number of blast-furnace employees 
 in every plant in the United States were working seven days per 
 week, has been greatly decreased by introducing into a number of 
 plants a plan by which each employee in the department is allowed 
 one day off each week. There is an almost equally great difference 
 between the customary working hours of the predominating propor- 
 tion of employees in the steel works and rolling mills and the power, 
 mechanical, and yard force. This difference, it may be remarked, 
 has not been changed. 
 
 The table which follows brings into comparison for each depart- 
 ment the per cent of employees customarily working less than 60 
 hours per week and the per cent customarily working 72 hours 
 and over per week. The proportions shown here it may be noted 
 have not been altered in any way by the orders recently put into 
 effect m a number of plants to eliminate 7-day work, as none of the 
 plans proposed reduces the working week to less than 72 hours. 
 
46 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IKON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES CUSTOMARILY WORKING LESS THAN 60 HOURS PER 
 !!f ^;?/^^ ^E« ^E^'T CUSTOMARILY WORKING 72 HOURS AND OVER, B^ DEPaI^- 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Per cent of employees 
 whose customary- 
 working time per 
 week was — 
 
 Employees in productive occupations: 
 Blast furnaces. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills .......'.'.'.'.'.'. 
 
 Crucible furnaces .'*.'!*.*.* 
 
 Blooming mills .'..'. 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, Ught rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechaiiical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills ." 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Less than 
 60 hours. 
 
 1.01 
 17.41 
 
 1.61 
 63.90 
 18.48 
 12.20 
 14.11 
 
 5.50 
 11.26 
 
 3.83 
 38.95 
 15.45 
 
 6.48 
 
 5.98 
 
 72 hours 
 and over. 
 
 Total productive occupations j^ ^g 
 
 Employees in general occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 F'uddliug mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces ' 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills .'.'.".' 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape "miils ' 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills. 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills ..............'* 
 
 Miscellaneous rod roUls 
 
 Tube mills ' * 
 
 2.43 
 3.47 
 4.69 
 16.88 
 26.32 
 2.92 
 4.14 
 
 72.76 
 
 62.90 
 75.48 
 
 LOS 
 21.17 
 68.31 
 30.93 
 76.96 
 66.36 
 57.62 
 14.94 
 35.20 
 18.29 
 
 2.12 
 
 Total, general occupations. 
 
 Power, mechanical, and vard force: 
 
 Steam, gas, and water 
 
 Yard and transportation 
 
 Electric power and repairs , 
 
 Shops. 
 
 7.83 
 
 .74 
 
 28.01 
 
 6.65 
 
 8.92 
 
 Mechanical repairs . 
 
 Shipping 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Total, power, mechanical, and yard force 
 Grand total 
 
 5.44 
 
 1.34 
 15.48 
 
 8.91 
 19.40 
 11.49 
 16.44 
 
 5.31 
 
 49.38 
 
 52.86 
 84.95 
 80.88 
 14.97 
 38.95 
 80.54 
 60.03 
 85.24 
 67.17 
 72.46 
 25.72 
 43.25 
 
 45.22 
 
 14.64 
 
 60.33 
 
 79.39 
 27.66 
 32.44 
 9.29 
 27.33 
 38.41 
 75.71 
 
 28.94 
 
 14.39 
 
 42.58 
 
 HOURS OF LABOR, BY DEPARTMENTS AND DISTRICTS. 
 
 A summary of hours customarily worked per week by districts for 
 the whole industry is misleading, for the reason that the hours 
 worked in certain departments are much longer than in others and 
 further, that the different departments are not distributed in the same 
 proportion through the several districts. 
 
 A few tables are here presented summarizing customary working 
 hours per week by departments and districts. In these tables the 
 total for all districts includes all plants, but data as to customary 
 working hours for a department are not shown for any district from 
 which only one plant is reported. Data for the Pacific Coast district 
 
 ■'.<nF%r.t~ ■*!«-»• ..'»■«<■ .jjwpmwr " 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 47 
 
 are entirely omitted for the reason that only a few plants are 
 located in that district. In using these tables the reader should 
 bear in mind that all plants from all districts are included in the 
 column ''Total, all districts." 
 
 AVERAGE CUSTOMARY WORKING HOURS PER WEEK OF EMPLOYEES IN PRO- 
 DUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS IN EACH DEPARTMENT, BY DISTRICTS. 
 
 (The averages here shown are not the hours the plants were in operation, but are the average hours worked 
 by all employees within each department, including those who worked a small number of hours and 
 those who worked a large number of hours per week.] 
 
 Departments. 
 
 New 
 Eng- 
 land. 
 
 East- 
 em. 
 
 78.4 
 
 Pitts- 
 burgh. 
 
 Great 
 
 Lakes 
 
 and 
 
 Middle 
 
 West. 
 
 79.4 
 73.5 
 75.2 
 53.1 
 
 South- 
 ern. 
 
 Total, 
 aU dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 1 
 
 Blast fumft^.s t 
 
 76.9 
 
 78.7 
 68.2 
 75.3 
 54.7 
 65.3 
 68.0 
 67.3 
 72.1 
 70.6 
 69.9 
 62.2 
 67.2 
 65.7 
 62.3 
 
 79.4 
 66.2 
 76.6 
 47.9 
 
 78.9 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 69.5 
 
 Ooen-hearth furnaces 
 
 64.5 
 62.1 
 64.4 
 63.1 
 
 72.4 
 54 9 
 63.3 
 69.6 
 61.5 
 67.3 
 62.4 
 
 74 5 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 55.2 
 
 CJnicible furnaces 
 
 643 
 
 Blooming mills .^ 
 
 72.1 
 71.7 
 74.8 
 73.1 
 70.8 
 61.3 
 66.1 
 65.6 
 
 7a 8 
 
 ........ 
 
 57.3 
 
 69.6 
 
 Plate 'hiills 
 
 66.0 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 
 72.5 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills 
 
 
 70.0 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 
 70.2 
 
 Bar mills j. 
 
 Oarrett rod mills 
 
 58.8 
 
 59.6 
 60.3 
 
 "61.' 7' 
 
 6L1 
 66.1 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 66.2 
 
 65.8 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 62.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In some of the departments there are practically no variations in 
 the average customary working hours per week for districts, while in 
 other departments the variations are marked. 
 
 In blast furnaces the average customary working hours per week 
 were 79.4 in the Great Lakes and Middle West district and in the 
 Southern district, 78.7 in the Pittsburgh district, 78.4 in the Eastern 
 district, and 76.9 in the New England district. In the crucible 
 department and in the bar mills, where the work is not necessarily 
 continuous for 7 days per week, there are also but slight variations 
 in district averages. 
 
 In the puddling department marked variations in district averages 
 occur. The average customary working hours per week were 62.1 in 
 the New England district, 54.9 in the Eastern district, 54.7 in the 
 Pittsburgh district, 53.1 in the Great Lakes and Middle West district, 
 and 47.9 in the Southern district. 
 
 Customary hours worked per week may be compared in five 
 departments for the five districts shown. The average hours per week 
 were higher in the Southern district than in the other four districts 
 in open-hearth and blooming mills, higher in the Southern and Great 
 Lakes and Middle West districts than in any of the other three dis- 
 tricts in blast furnaces, higher in the New England district than in 
 any other district in puddhng mills, and higher in the Pittsburgh 
 district than in any other district in bar mills. In the 12 depart- 
 
 
 w 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 t 
 
 9 
 
mm 
 
 48 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 ments where the average hours in the Pittsburgh district and in 
 the Great Lakes and Middle West district can be compared, the aver- 
 age hours were longer in seven departments in the Great I^akes and 
 Middle West district than in the Pittsburgh district. 
 
 The next summary shows for each district the per cent of employees 
 in each department customarily working 72 hours and over per week. 
 Data for a department are not shown for any district from which 
 only one plant reported, and data for the Pacific Coast district are 
 entirely omitted owing to the small number of plants in that section 
 of the country. All plants and all districts, however, are included 
 in the column "Total, all districts." 
 
 PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH DEPARTMENT CUSTOMARILY WORKING 72 
 
 HOURS AND OVER PER WEEK, BY DISTRICTS. 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Employees in productive occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 ( )pen-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 BlooraiuK mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 structural, liiiht rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 IJar mills 
 
 Oarrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, productive occupations. 
 
 Employees in general occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 lilooming mills 
 
 mate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Clarrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 New 
 Kng- 
 lanu. 
 
 50.15 
 
 East- 
 em. 
 
 4.90 
 
 .33 
 
 10.04 
 
 1.20 
 "5.'88 
 
 9.70 
 
 57.63 
 
 Total, general occupations. 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force: 
 
 Steam, gas, ana water 
 
 Yard and transjwrtation 
 
 Electric power and repairs 
 
 Shops 
 
 Mechanical repairs 
 
 Shipping 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Total, p«wer, mechanical, and yard force 
 Orand total 
 
 51.28 
 
 8.00 
 65.38 
 
 33.33 
 2.94 
 
 50.00 
 
 29.10 
 
 36.48 
 2.80 
 
 10.26 
 1.90 
 2.33 
 
 80.77 
 
 8.11 
 
 10.46 
 
 71.64 
 
 52.46 
 .78 
 
 45.02 
 5.76 
 
 44.06 
 4.19 
 
 10.33 
 1.20 
 
 31.01 
 
 52.29 
 23.08 
 68.97 
 18.99 
 59.38 
 57.28 
 40.48 
 43.05 
 8.11 
 
 13.87 
 2.86 
 
 60.00 
 
 46.77 
 
 Pitts- 
 burgh. 
 
 72.93 
 00.84 
 81.96 
 
 1.88 
 43.18 
 65.51 
 34.80 
 87.16 
 79.26 
 .56.39 
 18.75 
 39. 61 
 32.07 
 
 2.34 
 
 49.95 
 
 56.47 
 95.40 
 86.28 
 12.68 
 38.71 
 77.23 
 71.72 
 94.3.3 
 90.79 
 78.40 
 32.11 
 7.91 
 
 Great 
 
 Lakes 
 
 and 
 
 Middle 
 
 West. 
 
 74.32 
 
 90.11 
 
 85.19 
 
 1.50 
 
 86.07 
 81.73 
 82.95 
 77.56 
 04.18 
 16.57 
 37.35 
 12.88 
 
 64.04 
 
 45.32 
 
 63.51 
 
 57.28 
 11.44 
 18.02 
 
 2.51 
 16.58 
 
 8.65 
 84.94 
 
 16. 13 
 
 28.73 
 
 83.87 
 34.00 
 44.38 
 14.34 
 33.83 
 43.78 
 83.66 
 
 36.46 
 
 45.07 
 
 54.95 
 87.82 
 85.55 
 10. 67 
 57.14 
 94.59 
 73.46 
 92.23 
 68.95 
 71.21 
 39.76 
 53.96 
 
 South- 
 ern. 
 
 72.22 
 27.80 
 94.12 
 
 71.97 
 
 63.24 
 
 42.47 
 56.06 
 89.25 
 
 68.54 
 
 80.53 
 29.77 
 22.09 
 4.64 
 20.75 
 36.26 
 63.14 
 
 24.62 
 
 48.60 
 
 72.32 
 
 96.72 
 
 100.00 
 
 2.90 
 
 84.71 
 
 Total, 
 all dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 72.76 
 02.90 
 75.48 
 
 1.01 
 21.1? 
 08.39 
 :J0.93 
 76.95 
 06.36 
 .57.62 
 14.94 
 35. 20 
 18.29 
 
 2.12 
 
 49.38 
 
 52.86 
 84.95 
 80.88 
 14.97 
 38.95 
 80.54 
 60.03 
 85.24 
 07.17 
 72.46 
 25.72 
 43.25 
 
 53.76 
 
 79. 17 
 
 7.61 
 
 11.48 
 
 11.43 
 
 7.17 
 
 42.65 
 
 11.65 
 
 47.04 
 
 45.22 
 
 60.33 
 
 79.39 
 27.66 
 32.44 
 9.29 
 27.33 
 38. 41 
 75.71 
 
 28.94 
 
 42.58 
 
 • 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES A^'D HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 49 
 
 ^ In every department the districts vary materiall}^ in the propor- 
 tion of employees in productive occupations customarily working 72 
 hours and over per week. 
 
 In the blast furnaces 72 hours and over per week was the custom- 
 ary working time for approximately three-fourths of all employees in 
 all districts except in the NeW England, and in that district the 
 proportion was nearly three-fifths. 
 
 In the Bessemer converting department marked variations occur. 
 The customary working time per week was 72 hours and over for 
 90.11 per cent of the employees in the Great Lakes and Middle West 
 district, 60.84 per cent in the Pittsburgh district, and only 27.80 
 per cent in the Southern district. 
 
 In the blooming mills the customary working time per week was 
 72 hours and over for 86.07 per cent of the employees in the Great 
 Lakes and Middle West district, 71.97 per cent in the Southern 
 district, 65.51 per cent in the Pittsburgh district, 45.02 per cent in 
 the Eastern district, and for none of the employees in the New Eng- 
 land district. 
 
 As appears from the preceding table, comparisons for four districts 
 can be made in five departments. The Pittsburgh district shows a 
 larger per cent customarily working 72 hours and over per week than 
 does any other district in puddling and in bar mills, the Great l^akes 
 and Middle West district in blast furnaces and in blooming mills, and 
 the Southern district in open-hearth furnaces. The New England 
 district shows a smaller per cent customarily working 72 hours and 
 over than does any other district in four of the five departments. 
 
 A comparison olF the Pittsburgh district and the Great Lakes and 
 Middle West district can be made in 12 departments. In 6 of those 
 12 departments the Great Lakes and Middle West district shows a 
 larger per cent of employees customarily working 72 hours and over 
 per week than does the Pittsburgh district. 
 
 As regards the power, mechanical, and yard force the principal 
 facts to be noted are the wide variations that exist between the differ- 
 ent districts, where uniformity might be expected; and second, the 
 fact that in every department except the miscellaneous the Pitts- 
 burgh district shows a larger proportion of employees working 72 
 hours and over. 
 
 The next summary shows for each district the per cent of employees 
 in each department customarilv working 60 hours and less per week. 
 Data for a department are not shown for any district from which 
 only one plant reported, and data for the Pacific Coast district are 
 entirely omitted owing to the small number of plants in that section 
 of the country. All plants and all districts, however, are included 
 in the column ^^ Total, all districts.'' 
 
 15161°— S. Doc. 301, 62-2 4 
 
 •i^'-!r- 'f^ 
 
50 LABOK CONDITIONS IN IBON AND STKEL INDUSTKY. ^ 
 
 „,. r.^ v«PIOVFF<i IN EACH DEPARTMENT CUSTOMAKILY WORKINQ 60 
 PER CENT OF »^M^J;°^f;^J,\^^s ^ER WEEK. BY DISTRICTS. 
 
 Departments 
 
 Employees in productive occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills 1 ^Q. 72 
 
 Crucible furnaces | ^iq 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 ISS.?tuM^uVand;o-.hershai;.miiU 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills. 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills . - . . - ■ . - 
 Miscellaneous rod mUls. 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, productive occupations 
 
 Employees in general occupations: | ^^ 
 
 Blast furnaces i 
 
 Bessemer converters ' 'ii'l 
 
 Open-hearth rurnivces gj 
 
 Puddling mills j 40 
 
 rrucit)le furnaces. 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills - ■ - • ■ • • • ■ •■■,;,• 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical nulls ^2 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills. . . - 
 
 Miscellaneoxis rod mills 
 
 Tube mills . 
 
 Total, general occupations 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force: 
 
 Steam, gas, and water 
 
 Yard and transportation 
 
 Kiectric power and repairs. . 
 
 Shops 
 
 Mechanical repairs 
 
 Shipping 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 ^T^^^^epartment the districts show .narked variations in the 
 proportion of e.nployees in productive occupations customarily work- 
 
 in tr fiO hours jiiicl less per week. 
 
 "in the pen-hearth'^department the customary working time per 
 Jok was 60 hours and less for 3.25 per cent o the oniployces in the 
 PUtsbui-h district, 5.46 per cent in the Southern .hstrict, 9.43 per 
 cent in the Great Lakes Ld Middle West district, 12.76 per cent in 
 hf Eastern district, and 46.57 per cent in the New f-^^^^^J^ 
 Comparisons for the five districts can be made - /';• 'IfP ^^^'''^'J^^; 
 The Pittsbur-h district sliows a smaller per cent tlian any othe 
 
 ri!; cusiarily working 60 hou. and less '" "P- 7;;^'; -.^„ 
 bar mills, the Southern district a smaller per cent than any other in 
 
 t 
 
 • ■ • 
 
 *■• 
 
 I 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOFRS OF LABOR. 
 
 51 
 
 blast furnaces and blooming mills, and the New England district a 
 smaller per cent than any other district in puddling mills. The New 
 England district shows a larger per cent than any other district 
 customarily working 60 hours and less in open-hearth, blooming, 
 and bar mills. 
 
 A comparison of the Pittsburgh district and the Great Lakes and 
 Middle West district can be made in 12 of the producing departments. 
 In 7 of those 12 departments the Pittsburgh district had a smaller 
 per cent of employees customarily working 60 hours and less per 
 week than did the Great Lakes and Middle West district. 
 
 In order to show clearly the conditions existing in May, 1910, as 
 regards the per cent of employees in each district and department 
 who were working at least 84 hours per week, which is the equivalent 
 of 12 hours per day 7 days per week, the following table has been 
 prepared. Data for a department are not shown for any district 
 from which only one plant reported and data for the Pacific Coast 
 district are entirely omitted, owing to the small number of plants in 
 that section of the country. All plants and all districts, however, 
 are included in the column ''Total, all districts.'^ 
 
 i -rj 
 
 
52 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL. INDUSTRY. 
 
 PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH DEPARTMENT CUSTOMARILY WORKING 84 
 
 HOURS AND OVER PER WEEK BY DISTRICTS. 
 
 Dei)artments. 
 
 New 
 Ena- 
 land. 
 
 East- Pitts- 
 ern. burgh. 
 
 Employees in productive occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 57. 93 
 
 Bessemer converters -• 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces j • w* 
 
 Puddling mills | 
 
 Crucible furnaces ! 1""7.ir 
 
 Blooming mills i 4. io 
 
 Plate mills , j • ^b 
 
 Standard rail mills i-"' 
 
 (V4.53 
 
 11.75 
 
 20.66 
 
 .06 
 
 64.54 
 15.34 
 14.99 
 
 Great | j 
 
 Lakes q^,,th. Total, 
 
 and ^?Si i^'*l'«- 
 Middle ^^ tricts. 
 
 West. 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills 
 
 Miscellaneous meclianical mills , 
 
 Bar mills I 
 
 Garrett rod mills ^"yka 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 1 4. 68 
 
 Tut)e mills i 
 
 63 
 
 .58 
 
 Total, productive occupations i 7.94 
 
 19.12 
 
 1.48 
 7.34 
 6.76 
 16.90 
 10.64 
 4.41 
 1.37 
 1.48 
 
 ,35 
 
 19.81 
 
 Employees in general occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 55.93 
 
 12.82 
 
 8.00 
 15.38 
 
 2.94 
 
 45.06 
 23.08 
 48.28 
 
 3.91 
 31.25 
 45.54 
 12.46 
 20.53 
 
 8.11 
 
 Total, general occupations. 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force: 
 
 Steam, gas, and water 
 
 Yard and transportation 
 
 Electric power and repairs 
 
 Shops 
 
 Mechanical repairs 
 
 Shipping 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 17.16 
 
 Total, power, mechanical, and yard force. 
 Grand total 
 
 13.21 
 .43 
 
 5.13 
 .57 
 
 2.33 
 
 80.77 
 
 5.16 
 
 32.69 
 
 34.03 
 2.02 
 6.61 
 1.09 
 9.07 
 
 47.35 
 28.45 
 16.50 
 
 4.23 
 35.48 
 31.94 
 26.26 
 53. 19 
 
 2.63 
 32.00 
 10.26 
 
 71.21 
 
 25.73 
 
 31.03 
 
 .37 
 
 7.69 
 
 20.70 
 
 3.21 
 
 27.05 
 
 31.46 
 
 11.58 
 
 1.11 
 
 4.29 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.01 
 
 70.07 
 "3.59 
 
 21.76 
 
 23.81 
 
 67.11 
 
 17.15 
 
 20.67 
 
 .06 
 
 .96 
 
 11.55 
 
 4.37 
 
 17.41 
 
 15.57 
 
 7.18 
 
 LOS 
 
 3.50 
 
 1.62 
 
 .39 
 
 32. 24 49. 27 
 
 24.41 
 
 49.62 
 25.63 
 5.3.83 
 16.67 
 28.67 
 40.30 
 22.84 
 32.01 
 43.84 
 28.03 
 11.28 
 7.91 
 
 41.13 
 
 3.03 
 
 60.75 
 
 43.75 
 
 35.97 
 
 33.60 
 
 3.79 
 
 7.21 
 
 23.76 
 
 5.60 
 
 52.20 
 11.19 
 22.86 
 1.94 
 14.12 
 .17 
 60.79 
 
 14.02 
 
 39.60 
 
 2.90 
 57.65 
 
 38.39 
 
 62.07 
 8.37 1 
 
 16.32 1 
 1.54 i 
 6.80 
 4.39 I 
 
 30.03 
 
 72.92 
 
 6.56 
 
 8.20 
 
 .17 
 
 3.14 
 
 42.' 65 
 
 46.70 
 24.75 
 40.51 
 
 4.46 
 26.32 
 38.46 
 20.19 
 29.19 
 30.42 
 28.29 
 
 8.23 
 13.12 
 
 31.85 
 
 35.77 
 
 52.34 
 8.78 
 
 18.19 
 1.58 
 
 11.23 
 .54 
 
 43.81 
 
 1U.99 1 18.20 
 
 11.22 
 
 6.69 
 
 24.59 
 
 35.42 
 
 11.70 
 
 20.50 
 
 The point of chief importance to be noted in connection wnth this 
 table is the fact that in each department the districts vary materially 
 in the percentage of employees customarily working 84 hours and 
 over per week. In other words, very great differences as regards the 
 amount of 7-day work done existed in different plants. In one very 
 large plant, for example, practically all the employees connected with 
 the blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, Bessemer converters, and 
 blooming mills, together with a very large number in the other rolling 
 mills were working 7 days per week, 12 hours per day. Owing to the 
 great economies secured when each department takes its material 
 immediately from the next preceding process, so that there is the 
 least possible loss of heat, it is almost inevitable that if either the 
 Bessemer or the open-hearth department is operated 7 days a week 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 SUMMARY OF V/AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 53 
 
 the blooming mill at least will also be operated. This creates a 
 condition which it is extremely diflicult to correct, owing to the very 
 large number of men whom it is necessary to change suddenly from 
 one schedule of working hours to another. Of comparative condi- 
 tions as to working hours in the different districts shown in this and 
 the preceding tables, it may be said, in general, that conditions pre- 
 vailing in the different plants in each district are by no means uni- 
 form, and that this is a matter of the attitude of particular com- 
 panies and officials rather than of the geographical locality. For 
 example, while in several departments the Great Lakes and ^liddle 
 West district had the largest proportion of employees working 84 
 hours and over, this was by no means true of all of the estabHshments 
 in that district, some of which had unusually good conditions in this 
 respect. 
 
 DAYS WORKED PER WEEK, BY DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 The customary working days or turns ^ were 7 per week for 29.28 
 per cent of the 172,671 employees for whom this item was reported. 
 The customary working days or turns were 6 per week for 52.73 per 
 cent of the total; 6 and 7 days or turns alternately for 3.70 per cent 
 of the total; 5 and 6 days or turns alternately for 12.67 per cent of 
 the total; and 5 days or turns for 1.62 per cent of the total. 
 
 The table which follows shows for each department the number 
 and per cent of employees customarily working each specified number 
 of days or turns per week. 
 
 1 In occupations requiring continuous work day and night the period that each employee or group of 
 employees works is known as a " turn," and the general force with which he happens to work is known 
 as the day or night " shift." As the entire 24 hours must be covered by the men on the different shifts, 
 the " turn " must average either 12 or 8 hours. In the case of 12-hour men the time is frequently divided 
 so that the day turn is of 10 or 11 hours and the night turn of 14 or 13 hours respectively. It should be 
 noted that the proportion working 7 days per week has been somewhat altered since the data here pre- 
 sented were collected, as has been described above. 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 :H?K^Vr= V *skm. 
 
64 
 
 Kv- 
 
 num- 
 ber. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 aft 
 
 31 
 32 
 
 as 
 
 34 
 35 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. 
 NUMBER AND PER CENT OP EMPLOYEES CUSTOMARILY WORKING EACH 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Employees iB productive occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces , 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces , 
 
 Puddling mills , 
 
 Crucible furnaces , 
 
 Blooming mills , 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Structural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Tiarrett rod mills , 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, productive occupations. 
 
 Employees in general occupations: 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 Bessen\er converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills 
 
 Crucible furnaces 
 
 Blooming mills 
 
 Plate mills 
 
 Standard rail mills 
 
 Stmctural, light rail, and other shape mills. 
 
 Miscellaneous mechanical mills , 
 
 Bar mills 
 
 Garrett rod mills , 
 
 Miscellaneous rod mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, general occupations. 
 
 Power, mechanical, and yard force: 
 
 Steam, gas, and water 
 
 Yard and traasportation 
 
 Electric power and repairs 
 
 Shot 
 
 NiiTnher of I Nofmal 
 
 plants. employees. 
 
 3PS 
 
 cm 
 
 Meonanical repairs. 
 
 Shipping 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Total, power, mechanical, and yard force. 
 Grand total 
 
 156 
 24 
 80 
 47 
 11 
 51 
 34 
 10 
 16 
 27 
 
 115 
 19 
 11 
 12 
 
 1 24, 689 
 
 4,927 
 
 12,421 
 
 6,447 
 
 633 
 
 4,486 
 
 5,193 
 
 3,584 
 
 3,160 
 
 2,860 
 
 « 16, 146 
 
 1,916 
 
 864 
 
 4,095 
 
 8 91,428 
 
 16a 
 
 24 
 67 
 34 
 11 
 48 
 31 
 10 
 13 
 23 
 76 
 19 
 
 6,632 
 691 
 
 2,19t 
 
 314 
 
 96 
 
 1,269 
 748 
 942 
 332 
 403 
 
 1,178 
 541 
 
 11 
 
 157 
 
 15,499 
 
 6,037 
 22,865 
 3,221 
 22,588 
 ;?.864 
 4,618 
 2,661 
 
 66,744 
 
 8 172.671 
 
 1 Not including 31 employees who worked 2 days and 2 employees who worked 3 days only. 
 
 2 Including 78 employees who worked 5, G, and 7 days in rotation. 
 
 3 Including 20 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 days. 
 
 * Including 6 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 days. 
 
 * Including 4 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 days. 
 •Not including 2 employees who worked 1 day only. 
 
 "> Including 12 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 days. 
 
 * Not including 2 employees who worked 1 day only and 31 employees who worked 2 days only and 2 
 employees who worked 3 days only. 
 
 » * 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS OR TURNS PER WEEK, BY DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 55 
 
 ^ » 
 
 ( 
 
 •% 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 Number of employees whose customary 
 time per week wa&— 
 
 working 
 
 Per cent of employees whose customary work- 
 ing time p^r week was — 
 
 Mar- 
 
 5 days. 
 
 5 and 6 
 days 
 alter- 
 nately. 
 
 6 days. 
 
 6 and 7 
 days 
 alt^- 
 
 nately. 
 
 7 days. 
 
 5 days. 
 
 6 and 6 
 days 
 alter- 
 nately. 
 
 6 days. 
 
 6 and 7 
 days 
 alter- 
 nately. 
 
 7 days. 
 
 ginal 
 
 num- 
 
 ber. 
 
 16 
 
 
 2,136 
 »3,238 
 36,485 
 
 1,526 
 423 
 
 3,262 
 
 4 3,648 
 2,552 
 
 5 1,966 
 1,990 
 
 7 8,535 
 
 791 
 
 295 
 
 1,361 
 
 7 
 
 138 
 
 3,092 
 
 8 
 
 22,531 
 
 1,156 
 
 3,396 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 642 
 
 265 
 
 638 
 
 499 
 
 310 
 
 367 
 
 68 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 0.06 
 
 
 8.65 
 
 8 65.72 
 
 3 44.16 
 
 23.67 
 
 66.82 
 
 72.73 
 
 <70.25 
 
 7L21 
 
 5 62.22 
 
 69.36 
 
 7 52.86 
 
 41.31 
 
 34.14 
 
 33.24 
 
 0.03 
 
 2.80 
 
 24.89 
 
 .12 
 
 9L26 
 
 23.44 
 
 27.33 
 
 .11 
 
 3.32 
 
 14.31 
 
 4.91 
 
 17.80 
 
 15.79 
 
 10.81 
 
 2.27 
 
 3.55 
 
 1.74 
 
 .73 
 
 1 
 
 396 
 426 
 
 4,591 
 188 
 244 
 
 1,186 
 390 
 632 
 483 
 
 6,180 
 967 
 522 
 
 2,691 
 
 8.04 
 3.43 
 71.21 
 29.70 
 5.44 
 22.84 
 10.88 
 20.00 
 16.84 
 38.28 
 50.50 
 60.42 
 65.71 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 315 
 
 1 
 
 120 
 
 IS 
 
 .19 
 4.89 
 
 .16 
 2.68 
 
 .25 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 ""' 2i7 
 91 
 4 
 60 
 80 
 40 
 
 4.84 
 
 '■.11 
 
 1.90 
 
 2.79 
 
 .25 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 1,024 
 
 89 
 
 32 
 
 9 
 
 .09 
 
 .21 
 
 6.34 
 
 4.65 
 
 3.70 
 
 .22 
 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 .10 
 
 14 
 
 1,650 
 
 18,896 
 
 •37,208 
 
 3,741 
 
 29,933 
 
 1.80 
 
 20.67 
 
 »40.70 
 
 4.09 
 
 32.74 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 1,554 
 438 
 721 
 190 
 44 
 554 
 
 10 456 
 561 
 137 
 170 
 
 "790 
 258 
 
 74 
 
 26 
 
 402 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 66 
 60 
 16 
 
 2 
 18 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 4,994 
 
 197 
 
 1,030 
 
 39 
 
 3» 
 
 596 
 
 163 
 
 297 
 
 102 
 
 174 
 
 162 
 
 76 
 
 .15 
 
 
 23.43 
 63.39 
 32.82 
 60.51 
 46.32 
 43.66 
 
 10 60. 96 
 69.55 
 4L27 
 42.18 
 
 "67.06 
 47.69 
 
 1.12 
 3.76 
 18.30 
 3.50 
 8.42 
 5.20 
 9.22 
 1.59 
 .60 
 4.47 
 1.87 
 1.11 
 
 75.30 
 28.51 
 46.43 
 12.42 
 41.05 
 46.97 
 21.79 
 3L53 
 30.72 
 43.18 
 13.75 
 13.86 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 51 
 
 68 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 57 
 
 69 
 
 91 
 
 41 
 
 151 
 
 188 
 
 4.34 
 
 2.32 
 
 21.66 
 
 3.16 
 
 L97 
 
 7.62 
 
 7.32 
 
 27.41 
 
 10.17 
 
 12.82 
 
 34.75 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 .14 
 1.91 
 1.05 
 2.21 
 
 .40 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 53 
 
 14 
 
 4.50 
 2.59 
 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 
 
 44 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 52 
 
 
 28.03 
 
 35.03 
 
 3.82 
 
 33.12 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 818 
 
 7 5,928 
 
 726 
 
 7,910 
 
 .76 
 
 5.28 
 
 7 38.25 
 
 4.68 
 
 5L04 
 
 
 52 
 310 
 
 13 
 469 
 
 17 
 
 158 
 
 9 
 
 241 
 908 
 
 52 
 250 
 
 31 
 434 
 250 
 
 10 1, 676 
 
 n 17, 100 
 
 2,108 
 
 19,625 
 
 "2,686 
 
 3,739 
 
 977 
 
 . 527 
 786 
 115 
 253 
 216 
 12 
 16 
 
 3,541 
 
 3.751 
 983 
 
 1,991 
 914 
 276 
 
 l,30fr 
 
 .86 
 1.36 
 
 .40 
 2.08 
 
 .44 
 3.42 
 
 .35 
 
 3.99 
 3.97 
 1.61 
 1.11 
 .80 
 9.40 
 9.76 
 
 10 27.76 
 
 12 74.82 
 65.45 
 86.88 
 
 13 69.51 
 80.97 
 38.15 
 
 8.73 
 3.44 
 3.57 
 1.12 
 5.59 
 .26 
 .62 
 
 58.65 
 16.41 
 28.97 
 
 8.81 
 23.65 
 
 5.95 
 51.11 
 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 
 1,028 
 
 2,166 
 
 1*47,911 
 
 1.925 
 
 12,714 
 
 1.56 
 
 3.29 "72.88 
 
 2.93 
 
 19.34 
 
 
 2,796 
 
 21,880 
 
 1*91,047 
 
 6,391 
 
 50,557 
 
 L62 
 
 12.67 1 15 52.73 
 
 3.70 
 
 29.28 
 
 
 • Including 42 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 days and 78 employees who worked 5, 6, and 7 
 days in rotation. 
 
 10 Including 7 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 days. 
 
 11 Including 5 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 days. 
 1* Including 24 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 days. 
 13 Including 9 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 days. 
 i« Including 40 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 days. 
 
 15 Including 94 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 days and 78 employees who worked 5, 6, and 
 7 days in rotation. 
 
 I r 
 
56 
 
 LABOR CONDITIONS IN IRON AND STEEL. INDUSTRY. 
 
 In spite of the fact stated on page 9 that the percentage of 
 employees working 7 days per week has been somewhat altered 
 since the date of these reports, it is of the greatest importance that 
 the conditions existing in the industry at the beginning of the present 
 investigation should be clearly understood. 
 
 The blast-furnace department is the only one of the 14 depart- 
 ments where there is any metallurgical necessity for continuous opera- 
 tion day and night throughout 7 days per week. In industries other 
 than iron and steel, where continuous operation is necessary, such 
 for instance as street railway and newspaper publishing, it is the 
 custom to carry a sufficient number of employees to enable each 
 employee to rest one day in seven. Throughout the iron and steel 
 industry prior to the present investigation and at the date of the 
 present inquiries (May, 1910) the employees were expected to work 
 seven days whenever the department in which they were working was 
 running seven days and the occupation in which they were engaged 
 required continuous work. 
 
 The above table shows that in the blast-furnace department, where 
 the operation is continuous, 91.26 per cent of the employees in pro- 
 ductive occupations customarily worked seven days or turns per 
 week. The table also shows that in every single department the cus- 
 tomary working time of some employees was seven days per week. 
 
 In practically every department it is necessary for a few men to be 
 on duty at all hours day and night during the week, but the propor- 
 tion of the total number of employees required for this seven-day 
 duty is very small, and in not more than 3 or 4 of the departments 
 does the proportion required approach the number who were custom- 
 arily working seven days per week. The large proportion of the 
 Bessemer converters, open-hearth furnaces, and rolling mills working 
 seven days or turns was due to the fact that these departments were 
 in continuous operation in some plants, although no real necessity for 
 this condition existed, only a desire to increase the output of the 
 plant. It is worthy of note that of the 80 open-hearth plants re- 
 ported upon here, 21, or over one-fourth, were operated on Sunday 
 during some part of the year. 
 
 Next to the blast-furnace department the open-hearth had the 
 largest proportion of employees customarily working seven days or 
 turns per week, the per cent being 27.33, and the Bessemer converting 
 was third in order with 23.44 per cent. 
 
 In order to present the general situation in the simplest form the 
 table following has been prepared, showing the proportion of em- 
 ployees in each of the principal branches or divisions of the industry 
 who worked each specified number of days or turns per week. 
 
 « 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 SUMMARY OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. 
 
 57 
 
 PER CENT OF EMPLOYEES CUSTOMARILY WORKING EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF 
 
 DAYS PER WEEK, BY BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY. 
 
 Branch of industry. 
 
 Blast furnaces 
 
 steel works and rolling mills: 
 
 Bessemer converters 
 
 Open-hearth furnaces 
 
 Puddling mills and crucible furnaces. 
 
 Rolling mills 
 
 Tube mills 
 
 Total, steel works and rolling mills. 
 
 Power, mechanical and yard force 
 
 Grand total 
 
 Normal 
 num- 
 ber of 
 plants. 
 
 156 
 
 24 
 80 
 58 
 212 
 12 
 
 212 
 
 168 
 
 338 
 
 Number 
 oJ em- 
 ployees. 
 
 131.321 
 
 5,618 
 
 14,618 
 
 7,489 
 
 M3,»j29 
 
 4.252 
 
 < 75.606 
 
 65,744 
 
 8 172,671 
 
 Per cent of employees whose customary 
 working time per week was — 
 
 5 days. 
 
 0.08 
 
 .18 
 4.31 
 3.17 
 
 .21 
 
 2.31 
 
 L56 
 
 1.62 
 
 5 and 6 
 days 
 alter- 
 nately. 
 
 7.58 
 
 3.26 
 
 64.76 
 
 25.73 
 
 ()4.32 
 
 26.07 
 
 3.29 
 
 12.67 
 
 6 days. 
 
 11.78 
 
 2 65.43 
 8 42. 45 
 
 29.15 
 5 59.51 
 
 33.30 
 
 6 52.17 
 
 7 72. 88 
 
 » 52. 73 
 
 6 and 7 
 
 days 
 alter- 
 nately. 
 
 0.26 
 
 2.92 
 23.90 
 
 .36 
 1.58 
 
 .24 
 
 5.80 
 
 7 days. 
 
 87.88 
 
 24.07 
 30.20 
 
 1.42 
 10.00 
 
 L93 
 
 13.66 
 
 2.93 
 
 19.34 
 
 3.70 
 
 29.28 
 
 I Not including 31 employees who worked 2 days, and 2 employees who worked 3 days only. 
 ' Including 78 employees who worked 5, 6, and 7 days in rotation. 
 
 • Including 20 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 days. 
 
 • Not including 2 employees who worked 1 day only. 
 
 » Including 34 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 daj^s. 
 
 • Including 54 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 days, and 78 employees who worked 5, 6, and 
 7 days in rotation. 
 
 ^ Including 40 employees who worked alter-lately 5 and 7 days. 
 
 • Not including 2 employees who worked 1 day only, 31 employees who worked 2 days only, and 2 em- 
 ployees who worked 3 days only. 
 
 'Including 94 employees who worked alternately 5 and 7 days, and 78 employees who worked 5,6, and 
 7 days in rotation. 
 
 O 
 
GAYLAMOUNT 
 
 PAMPHLET BINDER 
 
 
 
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 9yr«cus«, N. Y. 
 SlockUn, Caltf. 
 
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 'Ul^z 
 
 Un396 
 
 U.S. Congress. Senate. 
 Summary of the '.7a^*es and Hours 
 of Labor 
 
 f^SH 6 
 
 NOV 2 1^9^' 
 
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END OF 
 TITLE