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This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: GOODELL, THOMAS DWIGHT TITLE: THE GREEK IN ENGLISH; FIRST LESSONS IN ... PLACE: NEW YORK DA TE : 1889 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT Master Negative # BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record 887.82 G611 Goodell, Thomas Dwight, 1854- 1920. The GIrook in English; first lessons in Greek, with si)e- eial reference to tlie etymology of English Avords of Greek origin, by Thomas Dwight Goodell ... 2d ed., rev. and enl. New York, H. Holt and compan}^, 1889. vii p., 1 1.. 138 p. i;*-"'. Another copy in Plimpton Library* ^^188.^3 Restrictions on Use: 1. Greek language- -Composition and exercises. 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' W GREEK IN ENGLISH FIRST LESSONS IN GREEK With Special Reference to the Etymology of English Words of Greek Origin BY THOMAS DWIGHT GOODELL ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN VALE COLLEGE SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1889 / \ PREFACE. Copyright, 1886, 1889, BY HENRY HOLT & CO. Typography by J. S. Cushinq & Co., Boston. ? '■o /* CD a. The issue of a second edition of this book calls for very little modification of what was said in the preface to the first. The object of it, as then stated, is to enable pupils to gain some real and living knowledge of that part of English w^hich came from Greek, without at the same time compelling them to waste time and brain-tissue in "mental discipline" of doubtful value. Let it be said at once, however, that the writer has no faith in royal roads to learning ; does not pro- fess to have compounded an educational nostrum which will, in a few weeks' time, electrify a boy or girl into the mastery of a difficult tongue ; and does believe heartily in giving an important place in our educational system, for some genera- tions yet, to the patient and thorough study of the Greek language and literature. This book is not intended to lessen the number of those who shall enter upon such a course of study, indeed it is hoped that it may increase that number. Yet it is not a sufficient introduction to the reading of a classic author, and hence is not a rival of the various excel- lent First Lessons in use. It merely attempts to teach that minimum which even those who wish to banish the study of Greek from our schools would admit can least easily be spared ; and it is written in the belief that that portion is absolutely essential to a ready command of a full English vocabulary. • The Greek element in the English employed in any con- versation or writing on a high intellectual plane, is not only large, but includes many of the key-words to the thought. He to whom those key-words are alive with meaning enjoys 142503 IV P BE FACE. a great advantage. Many a man who thinks he has retained nothing whatever from his dreary conning of Greek gram- mar, and of half-understood Greek authors, except a lively sense of the exact meaning of such words as cosmopolitan^ agnostic, synthetic, anarchy, Russophobe, nevertheless regards the firm grasp which he has on this portion of our speech as worth all it cost. But after all, how great the cost of this one acquisition has been ! Surely this one result of the study of Greek can be attained in a fair degree without devoting to it years of time. Yet mere dictionaries or etymological handbooks alone can- not give what is wanted. It is not enough to read or be told, even repeatedly, that synthetic is derived from such and such Greek words, and therefore has such and such a meaning. o The words in their Greek form, and with some fragment of their Greek associations, must become somewhat familiar before one can be sensible of that grasp of their English derivatives w^hich will enable one to use those derivatives fearlessly and correctly. In putting these ideas into practice, the following con- siderations have been regarded : The Latin element in English is of course vastly greater than the Greek, so that no one ought to take up the study of the latter until a good beginning has been made in the former. Accordingly a year's study of Latin is taken for granted. Pupils are supposed to have a notion of what a highly inflected language is, and to know the simplest prin- ciples of Latin syntax. The material has been grouped about a grammatical out- line, because, in the writer's judgment, based upon several years' experience in teaching beginners in Latin and Greek, such an outline is essential to the object in view. Thorough memorizing of a few inflections will save time and labor in the end, by enabling the pupil from the outset to make a certain limited use of the language on rational principles. PBEFACK In no other way can the requisite familiarity with the Greek words be gained as easily. Besides, while the book is intended primarily for those who, without it, would never study Greek at all, those have also been kept in mind who will afterwards continue the study. Accordingly, also, the quantity of doubtful vowels is marked ; the written accent is expected to be learned from the beginning, although all matter concerning it is put in smaller type ; the dual number, though scarcely used in the exercises, is included in para- digms. Yet with the possible exception of the dual number, the learning of which is but a trifle, no feature whatever has been introduced which could involve labor outside of the main purpose, as set forth above. Thus the subject of con- traction has been avoided, because it would have involved difficulties in the paradigms. In other respects, also, strict Atticism has been disregarded, because it would have ob- scured the relation of English derivatives to Greek originals. The non-Attic look thus given to some of the paradigms and exercises can do no harm to any one. In a few instances an uncommon or poetical construction has been employed, instead of one which, from the Greek point of view, would be preferable, merely because the former, from likeness to the English idiom, is easier, and can be used without explana- tion. '^ In selecting the vocabulary, no attempt has been made at an unattainable completeness. From the large number of Greek words that appear in English — far larger than one would suspect who has not given special attention to the matter — those have been rejected which seemed likely to be of least use for the purposes here indicated. Probably no two persons would entirely agree in making out such a list. But, with the exception of a very few words necessary to give a little more freedom in forming exercises, nothing has been admitted which does not appear in English. Some English derivatives included will be found beyond the comprehension VI phefach. of young pupils. Nevertheless, if the Greek primitives are fixed in mind, some inkling of the meaning of these hard words will enter also. It will delight the child to discover that a long word, which looked so difficult, really has some- thing about it that he can grasp; and when he gets old enough to comprehend the idea which the hard word stands for, a simple reminder that hypothesis, for instance, means underputting — supposition, will make that word at once a part of his intellectual property. The dividing line between purely technical terms and those which have passed into literature is often difficult to determine. A few of the former class can do no great harm. And those who take up the study of any branch of science, after a faithful use of this book, will find themselves already in possession of a large fraction of the Greek words which are found in scientific nomenclature. In preparing the second edition every line has been care- fully scrutinized, and few pages have escaped change. Some derivatives and many explanations of derivatives have been added, and one Greek word got rid of that is not used in English. The exercises have been slightly enlarged, and it is hoped otherwise improved. For the roughness still remaining in them the peculiar restrictions of the vocabulary must serve as an excuse. It seems clearly my duty to repeat the statement of the preface to the first edition, that the idea of this book and its general plan were first suggested by Mr. Henry Holt. Despite his disclaimer (printed without my knowledge in a note to the first edition, and suppressed at my urgent request in this one), it remains true, that if the little volume accomplishes anything, to him primarily the credit will be due ; although the writer is alone responsible for the working out of the plan in detail, a proceSvH which naturally involved ooDsider- iibl« modification and development of the original germ. PREFACE. vu Material has been taken freely from the Hadley-Allen Greek Grammar, and from various dictionaries and other works which it is hardly necessary to mention by name. Cordial thanks are due to Professor B. Perrin for valuable assistance, and also to Mr. Henry Holt, Professor T. D. Seymour, and Professor B. G. Wilder for helpful criticism and suggestions. Tale College, October, 1889. ■e: CONTENTS. Introduction. Why every one should know something of Greek • • I. Writing, Pronunciation, Transliteration . II. The Article . . • • III. Nouns : First or A-Declension . . . • IV. aVerbs: Present Indicative and Infinitive Active V. A-Declension : Second Class of Feminines VI. A-Declension : Masculines . . . VII. ODeclension : Masculines and Feminines VIII. ODeclension; Neuters IX. Additional A- and 0-Stems .... X. Adjectives of the Vowel Declension . . XI. O-Verbs: Present Indicative and Infinitive Middle and Passive XII. Consonant Declension ; Stems in -k- and -y- . XIII. Consonant Declension : Stems in -r-, -8-, -O- XIV. Consonant Declension : Stems in -v and -p- . XV. Consonant Declension: Neuter Stems in -ar- and -ta-. IIoXvs ...••• XVI. Consonant Declension : Stems in -i- and -cv-. AvvafULL ,..••• XVII. Ml- Verbs : Tt^/xt and AiSo)^ . XVIII. Mt-Verbs : "larrjfxi and Kepawvfu . XIX. The Verb ^rj^; the Adjective Has English-Greek Vocabulary . Greek-English Vocabulary Index of English Derivatives PAGE 1 7 14 16 22 26 29 38 39 43 48 56 63 68 74 79 86 93 100 106 113 119 127 \ \i • ( I » < 1 THE GREEK IN ENGLISR INTRODUCTION. WHY EVERY ONE SHOULD KNOW SOMETHING OF GREEK. E v^ERY person who begins this book is supposed to have already studied Latin a little. Now before going very far in the study of Latin, every student must have begun to notice that a great many Latin words looked like English words. Not exactly like English words, perhaps ; and of course it was found that many more Latin words were quite unlike English, and were rather hard to remember because their forms were new and strange. And yet it was plain that rex^ reg-is^ was somewhat like reg-al ; and miles^ milit-is^ like milit-ary ; virgo^ virgin-is^ like virgin; animal like animal; Stella like con- stella-tion ; agricola like agricul-ture ; and a great many other resemblances of the same kind ap- peared as the study continued. In cases like these, too, the English words not only look and sound like the Latin words, but there is plainly some connection in meaning also. For instance, v^ THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. I*' I \l t ' agrSfcnltilr^ is the work of agricolae^ farmers; a constellation is made up of a number of stellae, stai^si; templum means temple; virtuous means having virtus^ virtue ; " my paternal house " means the house of my father^ pater : and so on. Of course such a great number of resemblances in both form and meaning of words could not possi- bly be accidental. There must be some reasonable explanation ; and the most natural one is that one language inherited or borrowed words from the other. As Latin is some centuries older than English, plainly English must be the borrower in this case. And now, on tracing back the history of our tongue a few centuries, we see beyond question that our explanation is the true one : that there was a time when the people who spoke English — and espe- cially those who wrote English — felt a need of more words, and that they took the words they wanted, in great part, directly from Latin. One might ask. Why did these people go to the Latin rather than to any other language to borrow words ? Or, indeed, why did they not make their new words out of the stock which English already had, by putting together the old words in new com- binations? For that was the way in which the Germans, for instance, and the Greeks, and the Romans to some extent, made the new words which they wanted. To answer such questions fully would take too much time, and might not be easy; but a part of the reasons can be quickly given. INTRODUCTION. 8 f I England had been conquered by the Normans, who spoke a form of French. Although the con- querors could not compel the mass of the people to learn French, yet they were strong enough in numbers and influence to bring into English a great many French words. The English lan- guage, then, at the time we speak of, had become mixed, as the people had ; and the new part of the language, like the new part of the people, was French. Now French is mainly derived from Latin — is a sort of corrupted or changed form of Latin ; and everybody was used to that kind of Latin words in every-day speech. This circum- stance would of itself naturally open the door a little way for other Latin words. Then again the old Latin was at that time a sort of common tongue for all educated people. Everybody who studied at all studied Latin ; everybody who could read at all read Latin ; books were generally written in Latin all over Europe as well as in England. As Latin, then, was so gen- erally understood, a speaker or writer, if he wanted a new or more dignified word, might very natu- rally help himself to a Latin one. This went on until our language, especially the part of it used in serious and thoughtful speech and writing, is quite largely borrowed from the language of the Romans ; and besides, the custom of thus borrow- ing and forming new words has become firmly fixed, and the process is still going on. And this is one great reason why the study of Latin in .ij i Ml ir^iiiwaw— I 4 THK anKKK ly BNOLISIL school is so neoossar)\ No one can know English well without knowing something about Latin. Every one who begins the study of this book can already partly see, from his or her own experience, the truth of thi^i statement* And with Gi*eek the case is pretty much the same. Some Greek words luwe come into Engliiih through Latin. For the Romans learned much of their civilizration from the Greeks. The very alphabet was taught them by the Greeks, whose hterature the Romans translated and imitated; and along with every art or science partly or wholly learned from Greece — such as painting, sculpture, geometry, medicine, architecture — there came into the language a larger or smaller numlxir of Greek words connected with that branch of knowledge. These words, then, were a part of the Latin language, and were taken thence into English as readily as other Latin words. Besides this, for several hundred years now Greek and Latin have been studied together a great deal. This was natural, because the civili- zation which our ancestors learned from the Ro- mans was so largely, as was just said, Greek in its origin. People saw tliat it was worth while to go back to the source, and become acquainted at first hand with the works of that remarkable })eople with y tioim tbg fnfptm U ttc u t ikm wwad tqgM* Bneiw iftcr tt« tiilMi #f ImMrwiac ObMli 1 1 'i I r lyTuoDVimoN, 6 ural to take a step farther and borrow from the Greek directly. This step was made all the easier because new compounds and derivatives were not freely made in Latin, but in Greek they were made with the greatest freedom. Thus it came alK)ut that if Latin could not give just the word desired, nor Greek either, two Greek words would be put together into a new word that no Greek ever heard of. Many of our scientific terms, like therm&meter and Ulephone^ are of this last sort In all these ways, then, Greek words have come over into English ; and however much we might wish to get them outv, we cannot do it. In fact new ones are all the while being brought in, and our need for new words will probably continue for a long time to be 8upi)lied largely from Greek. The only thing for us to do is to learn these words as soon as we can, if we wish to undowtand what thinking people are tiUking about'. With some of them we make a partial acquaintance pretty early. ArUhTMlicj yeography^ poetry^ mwnc, telephone^ typey diahrrnm — these all came from Greek ; and all readt^rs of this page have some idea of what these words mean. But one has a better idea of tlieir meaning if he knows also what the Greek words mean. Besides, it is very interesting to follow words back to their origin — to know, for instancct just what \a the original meaning of hdio- ^pf^ ^^t^ft^^ (7Mfyr, tr§pif^ iryff^i. uwl # V^ otf aikms ntooiM. €rm tlm^ cot wmy kM^ aJriA^ m ^Buegassss ^i^ -^ \\ 6 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. And then, as one comes to read more, and tries to find out what wise people are thinking, and all sorts of people are talking about, scores of less familiar words taken from Greek present them- selves — some among them not very short — which one must understand clearly in order to know at all what the writer's thought is. Thus it becomes necessary to learn something of Greek, if we wish to know our own language. In order to think the thoughts which are expressed by these words of Greek origin, and in order to tell others our thoughts, we must learn enough of Greek to become familiar with those words. And all of us whose mother-tongue is English ought not only to be proud of our language and its splendid literature : we ought also to desire, and do our best to gain, the power of using our mother- tongue correctly and easily. This book is intended to help toward that end. A ) i 1] ALPHABET. I. WRITING, PRONUNCIATION, TRANSLITERA- TION.i ATiPHABET. 1. Greek is four letters : written with the following twenty- Form. Name. Sound. A a B • fi /3r]Ta alpha beta a in father h r 7 A S rydfifia SeXra gamma delta gin go d E € z r € ylrJXov epsilon zeta e in met dz or z H 17 e d^ OfjTa eta theta e in prey th in thin I t i&ra iota % in machine K K A X Kourrira Xdfi^Sa kappa lambda k I M fi flV mu m 1 Sufficient explanation — and that often means a great deal of explanation — should always be given in class before the pupils are required to learn a lesson. The alphabet must of course be memorized at the beginning. For the rest of this chapter it will be enough to read it over in class with explanatory comments (a process which may require two or three recitation hours), and then go on to Chapter II. Abun- dant opportunity for practice in writing, pronunciation, and transliteration will be furnished by the declensions and exercises. 8 THE GBEEK IN JSNGLlSIt. [2- 6] PRON UNCIA TION. 9 Form. Name. Soand. N V vv nu n a . 1 f* xi X fil/cpov omicron in obey u TT in pi P p p po) rho r X O- 9 aiyfia sigma 8 in see T T rav tau t T V V 'y^TKov upsilon { French u \ German il a> * t phi ph X X chi German ch ^ t ^jri psi pa o to & fjL€ya omega in no a. At the end of a word 9 is written ; elsewhere, cr. 2. In ancient times only the capitals were used ; but as writers tried to make the letters in the easiest way, they gradually changed the capitals to the smaller forms, and now both are used. It was said in the Introduction that the Romans learned the alphabet (a\(f>a firjra^ or A B C) from the Greeks. This occurred at a time when some of the capitals had slightly different forms from those here given; and our alphabet was borrowed from the Latin, with some changes. Hence many of our letters are like the Greek, but not all. a. By marking in the list and writing out a few times those Greek letters which are unlike the English equivalents, the pupil can memorize them without much difficulty. Copy- ing out the Greek names of the letters in Greek characters will also be useful. Observe that the Greek name of each ^ letter begins with the sound of that letter. Observe also the force of our word delta from the shape of the capital letter, and how it happens that the phrase '* alpha and omega" means the beginning and the end, and that iota means a very small quantity. (Jot is a corrupted form of iota.) 3. Every letter (except c subscript ; see 5, 5) is sounded : there are no silent letters. 4. Of the vowels, e and are always short in quantity — that is, were pronounced by the Greeks in less time than the long vowels ; 17 and co are always long — that is, had more time given them in pronunciation. The others, a, t, u, are some- times long and sometimes short. In this book the long a, Z, V will be printed with a straight mark over the letter ; short a, f, v will be left unmarked. 5. The diphthongs QSt-^doyyoL double sounds; see 96, 1) are €C, 01, aV, €V, ov, ac, a. VI. a. Originally the sounds oithe diphthongs were made by simply pronouncing the separate vowels closely together, in one syllable. But some of the diphthongs are not usually sounded so now. We may pronounce at like i in jine^ av like ow in now^ €c like ei in rein^^ ev like>w in feud^ ' 01 like oi in oi7, ov like ou in you, VL like we. a, ?7, (p are pronounced like a, 77, w, as if t were not there. 1 Many, however, pronounce ct like ei in height. 10 THE GTtEEK IN ENGLISH. [6- 9] BBEA THINGS. — SYLLABLES. --ACCENT. 11 / !• I i b. This silent ^ written below the other letter, is called c subscript (Latin sub-seriptus^ tvritten below}. When the first vowel of a diphthong containing c subscript is written as a capital, t is written on the line : fllAHI = '[IcSr} = oJS^. 6. The consonants are pronounced like the corre- sponding English consonants, with two or three exceptions, as follows : a. Gamma (7) before k, 7, ;)^, or f is sounded like n in anger, ink, and is represented by n in English words from the Greek : ajKvpa (Latin an- cora), anchor. When sounded in this way, 7 is called 7 nasal (Latin nasus, nose}, because all the breath used in making the sound comes out through the nose. For the same reason fi and v are called nasals. b. Chi (;^) is now pronounced like German ch, and English has no corresponding sound. It is between the sound of k and that of h. One should begin by pronouncing it as A, and gradually learn ' to roughen the sound sufficiently. c. Zeta (^) is pronounced like dz. BREATHINGS. 7. With every initial vowel is written one or the other of two marks called breathings. The rough breathing (') is pronounced like our h ; the smooth breathing (') is not pronounced at all, but merely shows that the vowel to which it belongs has no h sound before it. These breathings are written over a small vowel, but at the left of a i' A J capital: wpa (Latin hora} season, '^Ofirjpo^; Homer. Initial p also has the rough breathing : prjrcop (^rhetor} a public speaker. Double p is sometimes written pp, and is represented by rrh in English : Kardppov^; catarrh. a. A diphthong takes the breathing over the second vowel: avro^^ self. But c subscript does not take the breathing: '^AcBrj^; Hades, wS^ song. SYLLABLES. 8. Every vowel or diphthong, with or without one or more consonants, makes a separate syllable : v-yl-et-a health. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima ; the next to the last, the penult ; the syllable before the penult, the antepenult. ACCENT. 9. The accented syllable in Greek is always marked, and for this purpose three signs, called accents, are used. These are : the acute accent, ' Trora/xo?, the circumflex accent, '^ toJ worafiS, the grave accent, ^ tov Trora/Aov. These different accents mark differences in the ancient Greek pronunciation, but all are now commonly pronounced alike. a. These accents are written over the vowel of the accented syllable ; they are written over the second vowel of a diph- thong, unless the second vowel is t subscript. If the vowel has a breathing also, the acute and the grave are placed at the right of the breathing ; the circumflex is placed above the breathing : o fUKpov, 01, w. If the accented vowel is a cap- ital, the accent, as well as the breathing, stands just before it : "O/xrjpo^. 12 THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH. [10— 10. a. The acute accent can stand only on one of the last tliree syllables ; the circumflex can stand only on one of the last two syllables, and only on a long vowel or diphthong. Note. — When a vowel has the circumflex accent, there- fore, it must be long, and the mark of length will be omitted in this book. h. If the ultima has a long vowel or diphthong, the acute cannot stand on the antepenult nor the circumflex on the penult. 11. The general rules of accent, accordingly, are : (1) A word with short vowel in the ultima, if accented a. on the antepenult, has the acute: 8iWa. h. on a short vowel in the penult, has the acute : Imro^;. c. on a long vowel or diphthong in the penult, has the cir- cumflex: y\(ovrj, u)vri%. 12. Final -at and -ot, although long, have the effect of short vowels on the accent of the penult and antepenult : yAwcro-at, avOpisyiroi, 13. An acute on the ultima changes to the grave when fol- lowed by another word in connected discourse : r-qv, but r^v (Spdv. This is almost the only use of the grave accent. TRAKSLITERATION. 14. Transferring words from a foreign alphabet into our own — respelling them in our own letters — is called transliterating them (Latin trans, across, and I iter a, letter^. The natural way of doing this would seem to be simple. And for the most part the transliteration of Greek words into 141 TRANSLITEBA TION. 13 English is in fact simple ; but a few points need especial notice. In the Introduction it was said that some Greek words have come into English through Latin, hav- ing been first borrowed by the Latins. Nearly all these words had been Latinized, that is, sufficiently changed in form to seem at home among other Latin words, before they were Anglicized or taken into English. Thus a fashion was set, as we might say, to be observed by any later comers from Greek into English. Again, not only were Greek and Latin studied together, but for a long time Greek was studied only through Latin. The Greek gram- mars were written in Latin, and in Greek vocabu- laries and dictionaries the definitions were given in Latin. Thus the fashion of treating borrowed Greek words as the Romans did — that is, of Latin- izing them — was firmly established. At present this custom is not so closely followed with new words ; but generally, in tracing out connections between Greek and English, we are obliged to notice what changes are due to this Latinizing process. All these changes will be fully illus- trated, later, in connection with the derivatives in which they are found ; but for convenience the following are summed up here : a. Zeta (f), though pronounced dz, is repre- sented by z. b. Kappa (/c) is usually represented by c, which in Latin had the sound of our k, although in later borrowings the more natural k is often used. 14 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [16- c. Upsilon (y), if not part of a diphthong, is represented by y. When the Romans did most of their borrowing, v had a sound between that of i in machine and u in rule (nearly the sound of French u or German «), and that sound had no represen- tative in the Latin alphabet. Therefore the Latins transferred the Greek letter itself, and T is the origin of our letter Y. Of course the sound of our 1/ IS very different ; and after spelling the word in the Latin way, we pronounce it in the English way. d. Chi (x) is represented by eh, which, however, we generally pronounce in English like k. e. The diphthong ai is represented by ae, which in Latin had nearly the same sound with at,. f. The diphthong et, usually becomes i, sometimes e ; for in the Roman period the pronunciation of « changed from that of Latin e to that of Latin i. g. The diphthong oi becomes oe, which in Latin had nearly the same sound as oi. To represent better our own pronunciation, this oe is often changed to e. h. The diphthong ov becomes u in words that have come through Latin, and ou in words taken from Greek directlv. i. Iota subscript is omitted in transliteration. h. It was mentioned above (7) that ^ becomes rh^ and pp becomes rrh. II. The Article. 15. In Greek, as in Latin, nouns, pronouns, ad- jectives, and verbs are inflected; that is, their 18] THE ARTICLE. 15 forms are varied according to their relations to other words- in the sentence. For example, leav- ing other parts of speech till later, nouns or sub- stantives are declined to denote case and number; and adjectives, including the article 6, ^, to the, are declined to denote gender also. 16. Greek has a. Three genders: masculi7ie, feminine, and neuter. b. Three numbers : the singular for one object, the plural for more than one, the dual for two. c. Five cases: the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative. 17. The definite article o, 77, to the is declined in three genders and numbers, and in all the cases but the vocative. As the article may be used with any noun, it will be best to take this up before the nouns. It is declined as follows : 18. Sing. Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Dual N. A. G. D. Plu. Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. M. f TOV Tft) « TOV TCO Tolv t 01 tS}v Tol^ TOVa-) r] (6ed-^ r] (^K€(f)a\d'^ season sight head Sing. Nom. ^ &pd Bed K€a\i] Gen. Trj<; &pd<; 6ed^ K€(f>a\fj<; Dat. rfj &pa did Ke(f)aXy Acc. Tr)v &pd-v Oed'V Ke(f>a\i)'V Voc. 0) &pd ded K€(f>a\7] Dual N. A.V. Tft) cjpd Bed Ke(f>(iKa G. D. Tolv &paLV Oeaiv Ke(f>a\alv Plu. Nom. al aypat Beat, /c€(f>a\aL Gen. T&v (hpcov Oecov K€(f>a\S)v Dat. Ta?9 &paL^ Oeac^i /c€(f>a\ai(; Acc. Ta9 &pd^ Oid^ Ke(f>a\d<: Voc. & aypat 6 eat K€(f>a\al a. For the accent of rrjv, tw, ras, see 13. For co iv} prep. w. dat. only, T] Oedy -a? 7] /€€(f>a\7], -^9 iraXtv, adv., irepi, prep. w. gen., riy pron., 77 (ubr]y 'Tj^ r) a>pd, -a9 earthy land (ge-ography). I write (geo-graph-y). in. I have. youth (Hebe, goddess of youth). sights shoiv (thea-tre). head (cephal-ic). again^ back (palin-ode). about^ concerning. what ? song^ ode. season^ appointed time (hour). 30. Exercises. I. Translate into English. 1. Trjf; oJ8^9.^ 2. iv rrj yj}. 3. Tafc9 Pordvai^ TTj^ 7/)9. 4. Tr]v ^ordvrjv e^co. 6. /cecpaXrjv €)(^co. 6. TL^ ypd(f)co ;^ 7. rl ypdcfyco irepl rS)v ^oravcop ; 8. irepl rr](; yrjf; jpdcfxo (ge-o-graph-y). 9. irepl rSyv aypcjv ypd(f)co (hor-o-graph-y). 10. iv rfj rj^y rfj^; II. Translate into Greek. 1. In the prime of youth. 2. I write songs in the season of youth. 3. I write about the season of the herbs. 4. I write the song again (palin-ode). 5. What have I in my (Greek idiom in the} head 1 Proclitic : see 19. 2 Unless other directions af€^ven, the cases may be trans- lated as in Latin. 3 Ti never changes its acute accent to the grave. * The mark of interrogation in Greek is like our semicolon. 18 THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH. [24— alike in the dual and plural. In the singular all feminines originally had -a in the nominative, and were declined like copd. But in many words this -a has been shortened in the nominative^ accusa- tive^ and vocative^ singular. Hence there are two classes of feminines. In this section we take up only the 24. First Class of Feminines. — These have a long vowel, a or 97, in the last syllable throughout the singular. a. Long d is retained after e, t, ot p; otherwise it is changed to rj throughout the singular. Accent of Nouns. 25. The accent of a noun remains, in all the forms, on the same syllable as in the nominative singular, or as near that syllable as the general rules of accent (10, 11, 12) allow. 26. An accented ultima in general takes the acute ; but 27. In the genitive and dative of all numbers a long ultima, if accented, takes the circumflex. 28. Further, in the a-declension only, the genitive plural always has the circumflex on the last syllable. a. This is because the stem-vowel -d and the ending -(ov were contracted to one syllable, so that -amv became -civ. 7] aKfJLT], -rj<; 7] fiordvTjy -779 29. Vocabulary.^ summit^ prime (acme). grass ^ herb (botan-y). 1 It will assist in learning the vocabularies to read over carefully, in connection with each one, the corresponding section of Notes on Derivatives, at the end of each chapter; those notes, however, should not be required to be learned until after the preceding Exercises have been translated. 30] NOUNS: FIRST OB A-DECLENSION. 19 ypd(f>(o iv,^ prep. w. dat. only, rj Oedy -a? T] K€(f)aXr]y -^9 TToXiv, adv., TrepLy prep. w. gen., t/, pron., T) ajdr]y -779 ^ copd, -a9 earthy land (ge-ography). I write (geo-graph-y). in. I have. youth (Hebe, goddess of youth). sights shoiv (thea-tre). head (cephal-ic). again^ back (palin-ode). about., concerning. what ? song^ ode. season^ appointed time (hour). 30. Exercises. I. Translate into English. 1. Tr)9 ft>8>)9.^ 2. ev rfi yy. 3. rat^; fiordvacfi T^9 7^)9. 4. rrjv fiordvrjp e^co. 5. K€(f>a\rjv €)(^co. 6. TL^ ypd(f>co ;^ 7. rl ypd(f)co irepl rcov ^oravcop ; 8. ire pi Tr]<; 7^9 ypd(j)co (ge-0-graph-y). 9. Trepl tmv (hpayv ypd(j)co (hor-0-graph-y). 10. eV rrj tj/Stj rrjf; yfj^. II. Translate into Greek. 1. In the prime of youth. 2. I write songs in the season of youth. 3. I write about the season of the herbs. 4. I write the song again (palin-ode). 6. What have I in my (Greek idiom in the^ head 1 Proclitic : see 19. 2 Unless other directions al'IPglVen, the cases may be trans- lated as in Latin. 3 Tl never changes its acute accent to the grave. * The mark of interrogation in Greek is like our semicolon. 20 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [31- (en-cephal-on) ? 6. I write an ode about the show. 31. Notes on Derivatives?- 1. Hints have been given as to a few English derivatives from words in the above vocabulary. For instance, acme comes to us with only the change of a: to c (see 14, 6), and its meaning is about the same as that of arcfirj. 2. Botan-ist and botan-ic remind one at once of botan-y, and usually we need not stop to mention more than one member of a family in which the family resemblance is so plain. We shall see later that the endings -ic and -ist are themselves of Greek origin, -ic making adjectives and -ist making nouns 1 The entire class should have ready access to at least one unabridged English dictionary, as the Imperial, Webster's or Worcester's. Before leaving a chapter all English deriva- tives—the words partly or wholly in fuU-face type — should be looked up, and the connection between their present mean- ings and the Greek originals clearly understood. In many cases this connection is explained in this book ; but often it is only hinted at and left to be brought out in class. This course has been followed because a little independent work on the part of the scholar, constantly directed and aided by suggpstions and questions from the teacher, is the best possible method of arousing interest and fixing indelibly in the pupil's mind just those facts which it is the object of this book to teach. To repeat, then, constant use of the dictionary, with constant help and questioning on the part of the teacher, must on no account be neglected. With some classes it may be thought best to omit, until review, a few derivatives whose connection with their primi- tives is not easily made clear. 31] NOUNS: FIBST OR A-DECLENSION. 21 that denote persons (see 78, 11, and 86, 11). We shall also find that often, as in botan-y, the final vowel of a Greek stem is dropped off, for ease of pronunciation, in derivatives or compounds. 3. Ge-, meaning earth or land^ appears in several words, such as ge-o-logy (see 50, II., 6), ge-o-metry (see 57, 4), apo-gee (see 57, 1). The -o- in ge-o- graphy, geology, holography, seems to have no busi- ness there ; yet we shall find that the same sylla- ble has been put between the two parts of a large number of compounds, in which it has no more meaning than a hyphen. (See 51, 1.) 4. Graph-ite is a substance used in pencils for writing, the syllable -ite being our remnant of xin ending which denotes merely a vague connection. (Compare dynam-ite, 94.) Graph-ic, in some of its uses, goes back to another meaning of ypdcpco, namely, draw or paint. We shall meet the syl- lable -graph- frequently. For -gram, see 91, 4. 5. En-cephal-on, a more learned and scientific name for hrain^ shows the change of k to ^, and shows also the form eephal- which Ke^aXrj takes in several scientific words, such as cephal-ie, pertain- ing to the head^ a-cephal-ous (see 60, 3, 5), headless^ eephal-algia (see 110, 2), headache. 6. TiaXcv appears in palin-drome (see 51, 3), palin- genesis (see 96, 3), and palim-psest. In paUm-psest (jraXifM-ylrrjcrTov^ the m takes the place of n for ease of pronunciation before a jt?-sound ; the second part is from a verb, yjrdcoy meaning to rub. Parch- ment was costly, and hence was often used a second 22 THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH. [32— time, the old writing being rubbed off again ; but this process still left faint traces of the older writ- ing, and some very valuable ancient books have been recovered from palimpsests. 7. Several rather common words contain tpSi] as one element; such are mel-ody (see 100, 8), par-ody (see 46, 5), pros-ody, and rhaps-ody ; and also, with a change which obscures the form of wS/;, trag-edy (rparyaySid, Latin tragoedia), and com-edy (fccofjLwBid, Latin eomoedia'). The significance of the first part of rhaps-ody, trag-edy, and com-edy is uncertain. 8. From &pd was taken the Latin hora; and from hora, through a French form, is derived the English hour. Then directly from Greek we have (with the inserted hyphen-like -o-) hor-o-loge (see 51, 5, a), hor-o-scope (see 74, 9), hor-o-meter (see 57, 4). IV. O-Vekbs: Present Indicative and Infinitive Active. 32. Present Indicative Active. Sing. 1 rypd(f)CO 2 ypd(f>€t^ 3 ypd(f>€t Dual 2 rypdcfyerov 3 ypdcfyerov Plu. 1 ypd(f)o/jL€V 2 ypd(f>€T€ 3 ypd(f>ovac I write you write he (she, it) writes you (two) write they (two) write we write you write they write Present Infinitive Active. ypd(j>eLv to write 35] Cl'VEtins. 23 33. Most Greek verbs are conjugated in the present tense like ypd(f>co, and are called, from the ending of the first form, w-verbs. Besides the singular and plural they have a second and third person dual, but no first person dual. a. The accent of the verb, with but few exceptions, stands as far from the end of the word as possible ; that is, on t\iQ penult, if the ultima has a long vowel or diphthong, otherwise on the antepenult , if there is an antepenult. 34. aKOvo} €v, adv., Tj laropid, -a? fxavOdvco (root fiaO) ov, ovK, ov^t^ adv., ^ (T^oXrj, -t}? ar^oXd^Q) (fr. a-^oXrj) T^Xe, adv., (f)COV€(0 (fr. (f)C0V7]) Vocabulary. hear (acou-stie). well (eu-phony). history, story. learn (math-ematics). machine (mechanic). not. (1) leisure, (2) school. have leisure. at a distance, far (tele-phone). sound, voice (tele-phone). sound (phon-ograph). hand (chir-ography). 35. Exercises. I. Translate into English. \. Hrj firj^avTJ^ rrjXe rrjv (f>covr)p (tele-phone) 1 Proclitic (see 19). The form ov is used before a consonant, ovK before a smooth breathing, ovx before a rough breathing. ^ Translate, By means of etc. The dative is used in Greek, like the Latin ablative, to denote means or cause. 24 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH, [36— aKovofiev. 2. rj fivX^^^ ''"^^^ ^(ovu^ ypd(f>€L (phono- graph). 3. iv rfi (Txo'^fl V X^'^P JP^^^^ (chir-0- graphy) iiavOdvei. 4. ov axo^d^et^ iv rf} axo^fj ; 6. 7) mStj €v ^(oveeL (eu-phony). 6. ov crxo^d^ofMev oLKoveiv TTjv laropidv. 7. tL fiavOdvere irepl tt)? 7^9 ; 8. al what ovK €v (j>cov60vaL, II. Translate into Greek. 1. The machine writes at-a-distance (tele-graph). 2. They have-leisure in youth. 3. What are you writing? 4. What do you hear? 5. They are writing the history (Mstori-o-graph-er) of the ma- chines. 6. They have herbs. 7. We are writing the sounds (phon-o-gr aphy ) . 8. We hear songs in the season of the herbs. 9. Are you learning the song again ? 36. Notes on Derivatives. 1. Acoustic, pertaining to hearing^ is a clipped form of dKovcTLKo^, an adjective with an ending which we shall meet frequently. The addition of an -8 gives the noun acoustics, the science of sounds^ as heard, 2. The adverb ev appears in the form eu-, with the force of well, easy, good, in a considerable number of words besides eu-phony. (See 51, 5, a ; 60, 1.) 3. Story is merely a corrupted form of history, but has come to have a slightly different meaning. We speak of such forms as corrupted (literally spoiled^, because at first the change was simply a 36] Cl'VEBBS. 25 mistake, or blunder, due to carelessness or igno- rance; but after a while the new form became common, accepted by every one, and general good usage makes a word entirely respectable and cor- rect. These slight changes of form, followed often by a variation of meaning, are no small part of the growth and development of a language, and the process is all the time going on. 4. Mrjxavi] also is represented by two different forms. First it became in Latin machina ; this became machine in French, from which the word was taken into English. Then more directly from Greek we have mechan-ic (^fjbrjxavtfco^}, mechan-ism, with various derivatives and compounds. 6. A special meaning of cxo^rj was leisure de- voted to study; this gave the Latin schola, from which we get schol-ar (Latin scholdris^ and the corrupted form school. Scholastic Qaxo^aa-riKo^}, is from axo^d^co. Again, from axo^^v is derived (with a changed but clearly related meaning) axoXi^ov an explanation, comment, scholium. Scholium has the Latinized ending, -urn for -ov. Finally, from (Txo^^ov is derived scholiast (axo>^caaTi}si), a commentator, especially one of those otherwise unknown commentators whose explanations are found on the margins of old Greek and Latin manuscripts. 6. Phonetics (from (^covrf) is the science of spoken sounds, or the sounds of the human voice, and is thus to be distinguished from acoustics (see 36, 1). Phonetic ((jxovrjrtKo^;), is the corresponding adjective. 26 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [37— 41] A-DECLENSION : SECOND CLASS. 27 V. A-Declenston : Second Class of Feminines. 37. Sing. Nom. V Gen. T% Dat. Ace. TTJV Voc. 0) DualN.A.V . Tft) G.D. Tolv Plu. Nom. at Gen. TMV Dat. Tal<^ Ace. ra^ Voc. (O 7] (a-aLpd-^ rj ball Cipaipa (T(f>aipd(; a(f>aipd a^alpa-v (Tcpacpa (r(f)aipd a(f>aipaLV ac^alpai a(paLpS)V a(f>aipat^ (Tc^alpd^ (T^alpat QyXcocrcrd'^ y (hiaiTd-^ tongue yX(baaa yXcoaarj^; ryXcocrar} yXcjaaa-v yXcoaaa yXcoaad yXcoaauLV yXcoaaac yXcoacrcbv yXoiaaai^ yXcocradf; yXcoaaat mode of life Blacra hlaira-v hlaiTa BtaLTd StaLTatv hiairai StaCTMV BtaLTd^ Blacrat 38. The Second Class of Feminines of the a- declension shorten long d of the stem to short a in the nominative^ accusative^ and vocative singular only. In all other respects these nouns are like those of the First Class (see 22, 23, 24, a, 25-28). a. In all the nouns of this class the accent is recessive, that is, stands as far from the end as the general rules of accent allow. 39. Vocabulary. rj y^ (oaaa {^ / .-^^^ tongue^ (2) language (glossa-ry). yXcorrajy -7^9 ) 77 Siacra, -779 mode of life (diet). ^ fjLovaa, -rji; Muse. y fiovai/cT], -rj^ mtisic. TTOteO) rj acfyatpa^ -a9 rj vyleia, -a9 97 '^ifiatpa, -tt9 make (poet). ball^ sphere. healthy good health (Hygeia). she-goat (chimaera). 40. Exercises. I. Translate into English. 1. ^^'x^ovat aLpav. 2. y 'x^ifiaipa rrjv /jLOvaLfcrjv vLKoveu 3. al fiovaau fjLovaLKrjv iroLeovai. 4. ri e(7TL(y)^ (is^ T) Biacra rrj^ 'X^Lfxaipd^ ; 6. y yfj iart a(f>alpa. 6. al /JLovaaL ov fiavdapovat Ta9 t?79 Xi'f^aipd^; 0)809, ovSe (nor^ al x^f^^^P^^ '^^^ '^^^ fiovacjv ft}8a9. T. vyteiav e^op^ev ev rj^rj. II. Translate into Greek. 1. The she-goat by her (Greek idiom hy the; compare 35, I., 1) mode-of-life has good-health. 2. We are learning about the mode-of-life of the muses. 3. We hear the language of the muse. 4. They are writing music. 5. The language sounds well. 6. He is making a ball. 7. Do you hear the music of the spheres ? 41, Notes on Derivatives. 1. rXwrra appears, in the sense of language^ in poly-glot (poly- means many ; see 91, 12). In later Greek yXwaaa came to mean an obsolete or foreign 1 After iart and also after any word ending in -at, v is often added, whether the next word begins with a vowel or with a consonant. This is called v movable. 28 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [41- word^ requiring explanation, and then an explana- tion given for sucli a word. In this sense we have the form gloss, and the derivative glossary. The name yXcorrL^^ from yXcorra^ was given (probably from the resemblance in shape) to the mouthpiece of a musical instrument like our clarinet; and Greek physicians applied the same term to the narrow upper end of the windpipe or larynx (see 76) ; the latter is the meaning of glottis. 2. The muses were goddesses of literature and the arts, and everything over which they presided was included under fiovai/c?]. Later, /jlovo-lk/j was restricted to the art of music, as we understand that term. 3. Hemi-sphere has for its first part rjfii-, a Greek prefix meaning half, related to the Latin prefix semi', and never used as a separate word. Hemi- forms part of many English scientific terms. In sphere and its derivatives, ae, the Latin equivalent of at, has been replaced with e. The change was made because the letter e represents more simply the sound which was given to ae in the English pronunciation of Latin. So in diet from Slatra, and in chimera. 4. 'Ty leia was personified as a goddess of health, Hygeia, the English word representing the later shortened Greek form. From the same word we have hygiene and hygienic. 5. The chimaera was a fabulous fire-spouting monster, with a goafs body, a lion's head, and a serpent's tail. Hence the word is often used for 43] A'DECLENSION : MASCULINES. 29 any imaginary object of fear. It is usually spelled chimera, e taking the place of ae, as in sphere and diet. The adjective chimerical often does not imply fear, but only that the thing is fanciful and improbable or impossible. VI. A-Declension : Masculines. 42. 6 (^Kpl ,Td'^ 6 < (^^oped-^ 6 (TToXtra-^ judge north-wind citizen Sing. Nom. icpLTrj-^ ^oped'^ 7ro7dTr]-<; Gen. TOV KpiTOV fiopeov ttoXltov Dat. Tft) KpLTfl ^oped TToXfry Ace. TOV KpLTrj'V ^oped-v ttoXlttj-v Voc. KpLTa fioped TToXtTa DualN.A.V. TO) KpLTa • iroXtTd G.D. Tolv KpcTalv TToXtTaiV Plu. Nom. oi KpLTai iroXlTaL Gen. TOJV KpLTMV iroXiTcov Dat. T0Z9 KptTalalpav. 2. irapa rrj wSf) ypd(f>o/jL€v (para-graph) /jLovaifcrjV. 3. 6 BeaTroTT]^; ov a'XpXdi^ei ^dWeiv rrjv acfyalpav. 4. Tr)v yrfV acfyalpa irapa^dXkofiev. 6. S) Beairoray ov/c d/€ov€t<; rrjv rov Kptrov (f>(ovr]V ; 6. ol TroXlrat ovK aKovovai rrjv Trapa^oXrjV, 7. rco Kpira ypd(f)€Tov irepl Ti}9 T(bv ttoXItmv virep^oXrjc;. 8. ri virep rov ^opedv (hyper-borean) eari (is^ Latin est^ ; 1 Aeo-TTOTrjf; draws the accent back in the vocative singular : SecrTroTa. 46] A-DECLENSION : MASCULINES. 31 II. Translate into Greek. 1. The citizens are throwing ball again. 2. The master compares the head of the poet to a ball. 3. Have we a master ? 4. Citizens, you hear the voice of the judges. 5. We do not judge the citizens. 6. They throw the ball beyond the master. 7. We are comparing the judges. 8. Citizen, you are learning the language of the poets. 46. Notes on Derivatives. 1. From the root of Kp\vco and Kpirrj^ is derived the adjective KpiriKo^ capable of judging^ which gives us critic, critical, criticise, criticism ; also Kpi- TrjpLov criterion, and Kpiat^; judgment^ trials which gives us crisis. 2. From iroXtTq^ we have not only politics, po- litical, politic ; but also (through iroXireid^ -a? ad- ministration^ form of government) polity, policy, and the still farther shortened police. 3. The derivatives of fidWco show the original form of the root with one X, and often with a changed to o, as in irapa^oXrj and virep^oXrj. In parable the (?, even, has been dropped, but the adjective parabolical is nearer to the Greek form. Another compound of ^dXXco is Sia-^dXXco slander^ in which the force of tlie separate parts is not very clear. From Bca-fiaXXo) come hia^oXrj slander and Bcd^oXo^ slanderer. This latter was used especially as a title of Satan, and has been corrupted into devil; but, as with parabolical, the 32 THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH. [46— adjective diabolical was taken more directly from the Greek form. 4. Poet, poetry, and poesy come to us through the Latin forms poet a and poesis^ which have lost the L of the original Greek form. In Greek itself, however, irotew and its derivatives were often written and pronounced Troeo), etc., without i. 5. In a par-ody (TraptpSid^ from irapd and cJS/; ; see 29 and 31, 7) the words of some writing are altered just enough to give them a laughable turn, while they still remind one of the original. Thus in reading the parody one seems to hear the origi- nal, usually a poem, sounding beside it. Para- graph was used at first to denote a mark or note written beside the page, in the margin. Now it denotes especially the sign % used to denote a break in the composition, and the beginning of a new line farther than usual from the margin ; and, finally, the word stands for a section or division thus begun. Para- is an element in many scien- tific words. 6. The preposition virep has the meaning beyond in a few English derivatives; thus hyper-borean, literally bei/ond the north-wind, and so in the ex- treme north. Secondly, in a number of derivatives the element hyper- denotes an extreme degree, or too much, of something, as in hyper-critical. (Com- pare with this the related Latin word super-, as in super-natural, super-sensitive.) 1 i ■ 49J 47. O- DECLENSION: MASCULINES. VII. 0-DECLENsio:^r: Masculines Peminines. o (avOpayiro-) 6 (fjLvOo-) 33 AKD man Sing. Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Voc. DuaiN.A.V. G.D. Plu. N.V Gen. Dat. Ace. avOpcoiTO-^ avOpGOTTOV avdpcoTTfp av6pco7ro-v avOpcoire dv0pco7r(o avOpcoTTOCV avOpcoiroL avOpcoTTcop avdpCOTTOi^ dp0p(O7rov<; tale fJLvdo-^ fivOov flV0O-V fivOe fjLvdco fJLvdoC fivdcov /jLv6oc(; fJLvdoV^ r] (JiZo-) road ooov 00(0 oSO'V oSi oSco OOOLV oSoi oocov 00049 oSoU9 48. All stems of the second declension end in o. Masculines and feminines ^ are declined alike. a. The rules for the accent cf nouns, given in 25-27, apply to all declensions. o avOpcoTTO^, -ov 6 ^io^y -ov ^Lyv(li}aK(o dva-yLr^V(li}(TK(0 O SpOfJLQf;, 'OV 49. Vocabulary. man (anthropo-logy). life (bio-graphy). perceive, learn to hnoiv (Gno-stic) read (originally know again^ re-cognize^, a running, ra(?/(palin-drome). ^ ^]^^, number of feminine -o- stems is not large, and only one, oZ6^^ is used in this book. 34 Kai THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH, [50— O KOCfJLO^;, -ov fcoajjbeco Xeyeo o X6yo<;^ -ov (fr, Xeyco^ 6 /JLV0o^, -ov rj 0009, 'OV opdoD (f)LXo^f -ov 6 '^povo^;^ -ov and, S(l) order, (2) ornament^ (3) the universe^ world (cosmos). adorn (cosmetic). speak, tell. (1) word, (2) talk, discourse, (3) account, description (an- thropo-logy). tale, legend, myth. 7*oad, way (odo-meter ; see meter, 54). see (cosm-orama). friend (phil-anthropy). time (chrono-logy). soul (Psyche). 50. Exercises. I. Translate into English. 1. Ol TTOtTjral wSa? iroieovaL. 2. rov fiiop rov KpLTov ypd(f>oiJL€V (bio-giaphy ) . 3. (f>L\o<; ypd(f)ev Tcov ^covS)v Xoyov (phon-0-logy) /cal rcov fivOcov Xoyov (mytho-logy). 4. ^1X09 avOpcoircov (phil-anthrop-ist) icTTopLdv ypd(f)€t. 5. rj yXcocraa rov Kpirov €v Xeyet. 6. dvayiyvaDCTKOfiev rrj^ '\Jrv'^i]<; Xoyov (psych-0-logy) . 7. o 7roXirr]<; ov yiyvcoafceL rov 'x^povov, 8. opdere Tov Spo/jLov iv rfi 6So5 ; 9. tou9 fMv6ov<^ roov irocrjrayv dvayLyvdxT/cere iv rfj a^oXfj. 10. e^et 6 KocrfMo^ (3d meaning) yjrv^'^v ;^ 11. €v Xeyet irepl rov (say his^ (fylXov. 1 Certain ancient thinkers believed that it has. 61] O -DECLENSION : MASCULINES. 35 II. Translate into Greek. 1. A citizen of the world (cosmo-polite) is read- ing an account of the times (chrono-logy). 2. The poets speak and we hear. 3. They are reading the tale of the chimera. 4. We hear the words of friends. 5. They read an account of life (bio- logy) ^^^ ^^ account of the earth (ge-o-logy ; see 31, 3). 6. The poet is making an ode about the soul, 7. The poets adorn the legends and write poems (iroirnjuara^. 8. The life adorns the man. 9. Do you see a man beside the road? 10. He is speaking about the race of a man and a she-goat. 51. Notes on Derivatives. 1. In bio-graphy, bio-logy, cosmo-polite, and chrono- logy, it is plain that the letter 0- at the end of the first part of the compound belongs to the stem of that part, — yS^o-, Koafio-, 'xpovo-. The n\imber of compounds in which the first member was an o- stem was very large, so large that the 0- came to be carelesslj'- regarded as a mere device for con- necting the two parts of any compound. Hence the '0- was often inserted in other cases, where it is only a sort of spoken hyphen, connecting the two members, although the first member may have ended originally in a- or a consonant. (See 31, 3.) 2. The root of yiyvcoo-fcco is yvo- or yvco-, related to our word know, in which the k was formerly pronounced. From this root was formed yvGxrrcKo^^ 36 THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH. [51- "knowing,^^ whence our word Gnostic. An ancient religious sect were called Gnostics, because they claimed to be particularly " knowing " on certain subjects. (For agnostic see 60, 3, 6.) Gnome is also a derivative of jcyvcoa/cco ; certain imaginary beings were so called because they were supposed to know where mineral treasures were hidden in the earth. 3. Ap6/iio<; appears in palin-drome (see 31, 6), and dromedary,. which comes to us through a late Latin form dromedarius^ -edarius being a combina- tion of derivative endings. 4. K6af^o<; appears in English in two meanings, which at first sight seem not very closely con- nected. First, from the meaning ornament^ we get, through Koafjieco and fcoa/jLTjTLKOf;^ the word cos- metic. Secondly, the visible universe was called K6afio<;^ as being an orderly^ well-arranged system ; and in this sense we have cosmos, from which cos- mic and cosmical naturally follow. In cosmo-polite, cosmopolitan the first part, instead of including the entire universe, is restricted to the various coun- tries of the earth. So in cosm-orama, of which the second part is from opdco. 5. a. The syllable -log-, representing \0709 in the sense of discourse^ account^ description^ appears in many names of sciences, like those in the Exer- cises. In fact this element, preceded by an -0-, is so familiar that there has even been formed from it the separate word ology, used most often in the plural as a rather humorous name for the sciences. 51] O-BECLENSION : MASCULINES. 37 Eu-logy (see 36, 2) is good talk^ a speaking welly about one ; that is, praise. Eu-loginm is a longer form of the same word ; eu-logize is the correspond- ing verb. A pro-logue Qrrpo before^ Latin pro^ is something spoken before^ as an introduction to a poem or play. (Compare epilogue, 68, 6.) A hor- o-loge (c5/?a, see 31, 8) is an instrument which tells the time. Further, X0709 signifies that power of the mind which is exhibited in speech, namely, reason. From \0709 in this sense we have logic (XoyLKi]^y the science of reasoning. b. The preposition am, up or along^ has taken on a variety of meanings, the connection of which is not so plain as might be wished. Like Latin re- (seen in re-pel^ re-novate^ re-new^ it signifies back and again. Thus from ava-ypd(f)0) tvrite back or again^ we have ana-gram, a word or phrase formed by re-writing in a different order, or transposing^ the letters of another word or phrase. So ana- chron-ism is a transposition or confusion of the time Qxpovosi) of events. In ava-yiyoovaKa) the preposi- tion has the force of again^ and likewise in ana- baptist, one who holds that those baptized in infancy should be re-baptized when older (^fiaTrrl^a) bap- tize). Then in two or three phrases dvd was used in the sense of according to ; one of these was dva \6yovy in which \0709 also has a highly specialized sense, that of reckoni7ig or ratio. From this phrase was formed the adjective dvakoyo^ analogous, ap- plied to things which are to each other according to a certain ratio^ or which are alike in their rela- 38 TBE GBEEK IN ENGLISH. [51- tions or circumstances. The neuter form dvdXoyov gives us analogon or analog-ue, an analogous word or thing ; analogy (^dvakoyio) is the relation between analogous things. The prefix ana- is found in many scientific terms, and should not be confused with negative an-, for which see 60, 3, b. c. The preposition /caTa down is also much used in composition with meaning more or less changed. Thus KaTd'\oyo<; a telling down, as it were, that is list, cata-logue; cata-comb Qkvijl^t], -779, somethinff Jiollow), underground passages where the dead were deposited. 6. PMI0-, phil-, and -phile are the representatives of ^/Xo9, as in phil-anthropy, love of mankind, phil- harmonic (dpfMovui harmony), philter ((f)L\Tpov love- charm, or means of producing love), philo-Turkish, Turco-phile, Slavo-phile, phil-heUenic f EXXt;!/ a G-reek), and others. Philo-logy is etymologically fondness for words or for language; hence the study of words or of language, or in a larger sense, the study of literature and all that is expressed in language. 7. Xpovo^ gives us chronic, applied to diseases that have lasted a long time, and chronicle, a narra- tive of events in the order of time. 8. Psychic (y^rifx^LKo^) is our adjective from '^vxrj' Psych-o-logy is the science which treats of the nature and powers of the soul. 54] 0-DECLENSlON : NlSUTEBS. 89 VIII. O-Declknsion: Neuters. 52. TO Cfl€TpO-) TO (jTKrjTTTpO') \ measure Staff Sing. Nom. \ TO fJL€TpO'V O-KrjTTTpO-V Gen. TOV fieTpov CKriTTTpOV Dat. TCO fJL6Tp(p (TKriTrTpcp Ace. TO fl€TpO-V aKrJTTTpo-v Voc. (0 fJL€TpO'V (TKTJTTTpO'V Dual N. A. V. TO) fl€Tp(0 (TfCT^TTTpeO G.D. Tolv fieTpOLV aKrjlTTpOLV Plu. Nom. Td fi€Tpa afcrJTTTpa Gen. tS>v fl6Tp(0]J afCTJTTTpCOV Dat. TOl^ flCTpOL^ (TKrjTrTpOL^ Ace. Ta fl€Tpa (TKrjTTTpa Voc. & fJL6Tpa (TKriTTTpa 53. Neuters of this declension differs from mas- culines only in the nominative, accusative, and voca- tive, singular and plural. In the singular these cases take the case-ending -v : in the plural they change the stem-vowel -o to -a. (Compare Latin metrum, metrd.) 54. Vocabulary. dirdy prep. w. gen. only, from, away from (apo-logy). TO SivSpov, -ov tree (rhodo-dendron). Bed, prep. w. gen., through (dia-meter). €A:,€^,^prep.w.gen.only, out of, from (Latin ex). 1 ProcUtic (see 19) ; c/c is used before a consonant, c^ before a vowel. 40 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [66— TO epyov, 'ov O ^\^09, 'OV TO Oedrpov, -ov TO Oepfiov, 'OV TO fiiTpov, -ov TO opyavov, -ov (related to epyov) irepiy prep, w. gen., TO pOOOVy 'OV TO a-KrJTTTpov, -ou TpfrTTCt) 6 TpOTTO^, -Oir(£r. Tpi'TTdd), work (en-erg-y) he (she^ it) is. they are. sun (helio-trope). theatre {place of seeing^ Oea), heat (thenn-al). measure (meter, metr-ic). instrument (organ). ahimt^ eoneeming. around (peri-meter), ro9e (rhodoKlcndrou). 9taffy sceptre. turn. a turn (trope). 55. The verb-forms l(m atu! rii\oc cial Troi'qTaL 10. ov Ti}\e utto TOV de/iTpov hivtpov IhtL !!• oi i\o(. Kwrfi4ova't poSoi^ Ti)V TOV VOnjTOV iC€(f>a\t)V. 12. Ti' TToUet TO 0€pja6v ; XL Translate into Greek* 1. You do not perceive the measure of the timo (chrono-meter). 2. We see roses in the theatres. 8. The iiKin makes a road around the earth (peri- gee). 4. The earth in far from the suii (aph- elion ^). 5. In work (energy), not in talk, is the way of the soul's health. 6. [There] is a tree beside tlie road. 7. On the tree is a rose. 8. The sun makes the ro^e. 9. I see the hclio-tropc (to i)\iO'Tp6iriov) and the roses. 10. What is the measure of the staff? 11. Tlic sun adorns tlie earth with roses. 12. llie heat of the sun turns baek tlic citizen from the road. 1 Sach n phrase standing between the article and its noun modifies the nonn. « Before the ron^h brratliini; iiiri may lose ltd final vowel, and then takes the form d<^*. 42 TUB GEEEK IN ENGLISH. 57. JSfotes on Derivatives. [67- 1. Apology (jiirO'Xo^ia, from airo and \6yo^^ is literally a talking off^ with which are connected apologize and apologetic. Apo-logue, though of the same derivation exactly, has a curiously different meaning. Usage often proves stronger than ety- mology in fixing the significance of words. Apo- gee has 7^ for its second part. 2. Di-orama is from Si-opdco (from Slu and opdco) to see through. (Compare cosmoraina, 51, 4, and panorama, 110, 11.) 3. Exodus (e^^-oSo?) is from ef and 0S09, with Latinized ending -us. Meth-od (^iieO-oho^^ also con- tains a fragment of 0S09 ; the first part is the prep- osition [jberd^ which with the accusative means after. As airo before the rough breathing becomes a(f>\ so fierd becomes iJbe6\ Method, then, is primarily a way after^ or a going after., something ; hence an inquiry^ then the systematic way of making an in- quiry or investigation. 4. The name George is our corruption of Feci/o- 7^09, which goes back finally to an older form of 7^ and the root of epyov^ and so means earth-worker^ tiller of the soil. In forming the compound, a pe- culiar change of vowels has taken place. A similar change has taken place in geo-metry Qyewfierpia)^ land-measuring ; for the Greek science of geometry was used originally for measuring land. For hor- o-meter (also containing fxerpov) compare 31, 8. 5. From '^\^09 come various scientific terms. 58] ADDITIONAL A- AND O- STEMS. 43 such as heliacal, connected with the sun^ and helio- meter, originally an instrument for measuring the diameter of the sun. 6. Along with the theatre must be placed amphi- theatre. The preposition a/i^^' around, about, is related to Latin amho, both. In composition it often means (1) on both sides, (2) double. The latter is the force of amphi- in amphi-theatre, and also in amphi-bious (yS/09), having a double life, that is, in the water and in air. 7. The tropic is the apparent turning-plsLce of the sun. Trophy is a corrupted form of rpoiraLov, related to rpoTro^. At the place where the enemy turned in flight during a battle, the Greeks piled up, or fastened on a tree, part of the armor taken from the enemy. This remained as a memorial of victory. (For variation of e of rpeTrco to of rpo- 7ro9 compare fidXXco, 46, 3.) f V IX. Additional A- and O-Stems. 58. Vocabulary. 6 a77e\o9, -ov messenger (angel). dyyiXkco report, an7iou7ice. 6 aS€X(f>6<;, 'OV brother (Adelphi). d aiiXo^y -ov pipe (hydr-aul-ic). eVt, prep. w. ace, to (after verbs of motion), d ^€09, -oO^ a god, Grod (theo-logj^). horse (hippo-drome). O LTTTTO^, 'OV 1 The vocative singular of O^o^; is Uke the nominative. Compare Latin deus, vocative deus. 44 THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH, [59— o KpvaraWo<;y -ov O /CVf€\o<^, -ov 7) flOp(f>7], -9} 9 TO fiovaelovy -ov fr. fiovaa) o TrapaSecao^i^ -ov o iroXefioSf -ov o 7roTaibLO<;, -ov areWco a7rO'(TTeW(o o airo-a-ToXo^;, -ov r] €7rL'aTo\7]y -{]<; T07ro<;, 'OV TO VOCOp 6 (f>6fio^, -OV ice (crystal). circle (cycle, cyclone). form (morph-ology). house of the muses ^ museum. park (paradise). war (polemics). river (hippo-potamus). send, send away, envoy,, ambassador (apostle). letter (epistle). art^ skill (techn-ology). place (topo-graphy). water (hydr-aulics). fear (hydro-phob-ia). 59. Exercises. I. Translate into English. 1. To vhcop pel (flows) Sc^ rod avXov (hydr-aulic, hydr-auHcs). 2. 6pdco rhv ririrov iv rcS ttotu^co (hippo-potamus). 3. ol dSeXcfyoi L\ot^ (PMl-adelpMa) dal. 4. /\o9 ririTcov (Phil-ip, ^t\L7riro^) irepl rcov Toirwv ypdcf>et (topo-graphy) rcbv^ iy r^ jrapaSeUco. 5. TTorafib^ ^€l iv kvkXco (en-cycl-ical) Tvepl to fiovaelov, 6. 6 ^opjd^ ^p,^ ^, Kp{,cTTa\\ov iv toI^ 1 The article is omitted with a predicate noun ; thus we can often distinguish the subject from the predicate noun when they stand side by side, as here. 2 The repetition of tcuv shows that eV roJ TrapaSe.W belongs to TCWrO)!/. >. r ^ to eo] ADDITIONAL A- AND 0-STEMS. 45 TTOTafioc^;. 7. dyyeXo^ opdei ttjv tov deov fiop(f>riv. 8. ol deol arCWova-i^v) dyyeXov^ iirl dv0pco7rov<;. 9. ol d8€\(f>ot (Adelphi) pLav6dvovcn(y) dvayiryvco- aKetv Ta<; iiridToXa^ tcov diroaToXcov. 10. ol diro^ aToXoc iircaToXrjv jpd(f)ovaL tS fcpiTjj. 11. 6 ^6^0^ TOV KpvdTaXXov TpeTrei fie (me) diro tov tottov, 12. ol Oeol exovcrc Trjv (fxovrjv fcal ttjp piop(f>rjv dvOpcoTTOOP (anthropo-morpMc). 18. ol diroaToXoc dyyeXXovac Tovf; tS)v dSeX(f>(OP X6yov(;, II. Translate into Greek. 1. The horses in the park are learning the art of war. 2. The messengers announce war. 3. He turns the horse in a circle around the park beyond the museum. 4. The water in the pipes is from the river. 5. The horses perceive the fear of the master. 6. We are reading, an account of the arts (techn-o-logy). 7. Fear in war does not adorn the citizens. 8. You do not see the forms of the gods. 9. Have you letters from the brothers of the am- bassador? 10. The arts adorn the life of men. 11. The letter reports the ambassador's words about war. 12. The heat of the sun sends-away ice from the rivers. 13. Do you see instruments of war in the museums? 14. The brothers per- ceive the skill of the citizens in war. 15. The am- bassador's friend is in the messenger's place. 60. Notes on Derivatives, 1. As was said before (36, 2), the adverb ev often has in composition the meaning good. From 46 THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH. [60- €v and dyye\o<; was formed the noun eu-ayyeXiov good tidings^ which is also the meaning of our Saxon word gospel. In Latin this became evan- gelium^ the sound of the combination of Greek letters eua- being best represented to the Roman ear by eva-^ pronounced in the Roman way. Evan- gelium gave us evangel, evangelical, evangelize, etc., pronounced in our English way, which causes the first syllable to sound very different from the Greek ev. 2. Philadelphia is usually translated Irotherly love ; the verb (fytXeo)^ from ^/Xo9, is the common word signifying to love. 3. a. Theology is the science which treats of the nature of God, and his relation to his works. The- ist and theism are formed from ^eo9, as deist and deism from Latin deus. b. A-theist has for its first element the syllable a- (which takes the form av- before a vowel), called alpha privative (Latin privo^ to take awaif). This syllable has the force of not which in- and un- have in such words as in-active and un-known ; in fact av- is the original form, related to our negative in- (from Latin) and un-^ and might more fitly be called negative av-. Accordingly a-theist means not- theist So from fMop(f>f] we have a-morphous, literally shape-less; from vBcop, an-hydrous av-vZpo^ water-less; and from gnostic (see 51, 2), a-gnostic. Care is sometimes necessary in order to distinguish this an- followed by -a- from the preposition ana- (see 51, 5, I). 60] ADDITIONAL A- AND O- STEMS. 47 c. Apo-theosis is formed directly from airo-Oeow deify^ which goes back to airo and 6e6^. Theo-dore (©€0-Sft)y909 gift of God} has for its second part Bcopov, -ov, gift. Poly-theism (see 91, 12) is a belief in many gods. 4. Hippo-drome, from rTTTro? and Bpofio^^ literally horse-race^ is mostly used of a place for a horse- race. 5. In bi-cycle, the syllable bi- is a Latin prefix meaning double. (For tricycle see 82, 8.) 6. Morpheus (from fjLop(f>r]} was the god of dreams (literally the shaper or fashioner} and hence the god of sleep. From Morpheus in this latter sense we have morphine. In meta-morphosis (from fiera- fiop(f>6(o trans-form} the preposition yttera, as is often the case, denotes a change. So also in met-em- psychosis (^fieT-efi-yjriJx^oco from fjuerd, ev, and ^jrv^rj), the doctrine that the soul, after the death of the body which it inhabits, is reborn into another. Anthropo-morph-ism (^avOpwiros:} is the representa- tion of God in the form or with the character of man. 7. Apo-stle is another instance of a word which has lost the o- of the Greek original, while its ad- jective apo-stolic has retained the vowel. (Com- pare parable and parabolic, devil and diabolic, 46, 3.) Epistle and epi-stol-ary are another similar pair. (With the variation of e to o in the derivatives of are Way compare the variation of a to o in the de- rivatives of ySaXXft), 46, 3. See also 57, 7.) 8. Tep^i/77 gives us technical, pertaining to an art 48 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [61- or trade; technique (through the French), the technical or material part of an art, as distinguished from the intellectual and imaginative part, as in music or painting ; techn-o-logy, a description of the arts; also poly-technic (see 91, 12). 9. '^TScop generally appears in English as hydr-. Examples are hydra (a portentous water-serpent on which grew two new heads for every one cut off), hydr-ant, hydr-o-meter (yLterpoz/), hydr-o-graphy, hydr- o-phobia (0o/3o9). X. Adjectives of the Vowel Declension. 61. These adjectives follow the second declen- sion in the masculine and neuter, and the first de- clension in the feminine. Thus the nominative singular ends in -09, -a (or -77), -ov (Latin -us^ -a, -urn). wise. Sing. N. o'0(f)6(; ao(f)T] O'0(f>6v G. ao(f)OV ao(l>r]^ aoov D. (Tocfxa ao(f)7J aocf)^ A. ao(\>6v ao(f)j]v ao(l>6v V. ao^€ (ro(f>7] o-Qcfyov Dual N. A. V. ao(f)co (ro(f>a aoco G.D. ao(j>ocv ao^alv ao(j>olv Plu. N. V. G'0(f>OL o'0(f>aL (ro(f)d G. 0'0(f>(OV aoS)v O-0(f)(0V D. (TO^ol^; ao(f>aL<; cro(f>oi<; A. G'0OV^ ao(f>a<; (Tocfxi G4] ADJECTIVES OF THE VOWEL DECLENSION. 49 other. Sing. N. eT€/309 irepd erepov G. €T€pOV €T€pa<; erepov D. €T€p(p erepa erepa) A. erepov erepav erepov V. erepe erepa erepov Dual N. A. V. iripco erepd erepco G.D. erepoLv erepaiv erepoiv Plu. N.V. erepoL erepai erepa G. erepayv erepcov erepcov D. erepoL^ erepai^ erepoL^ A. erepov^ erepa<^ erepa 62. The feminine singular always has a long vowel throughout ; long -a is retained after e, ^, or p; otherwise it is changed to -77, as in the first class of feminine nouns. (See 24, a.) a. In the nominative and genitive plural the feminine fol- lows the accent of the masculine. 63. Bule. As in Latin, the adjective must agree with its noun in gender^ number^ and case. 64. The relative pronoun^ 09, ^, o who^ is declined as follows. N. G. D. A. 09 ov ov Sing. V 779 r}V rf o ov ♦ (O t r/ OV &v Plu. r/ at (OV oh aU Of9 ^9 a (OV oU a Dual N. A. G.D. (O )lv 1f>*»W"0* 60 THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH. [65— 65. Bule. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, number, and person, but takes the case required by the construction of its own clause. 66. Vocabulary. dyaOo^, -7], '6v good (Agatha). avTi, prep. w. gen., instead of. star (astr-al). -self; myself himself, itself, etc. (auto-biography); pre- ceded by the article, same. book (Bible). think. 7) So|a, -779 (fr. So/ceft)), opinion (ortho-dox). eV/, prep. w. dat., upon (compare 58 eVt)- other (hetero-dox). bad (caco-phony). stone (litho-graph). alone, only, only one (mono- gram). deal out, distribute (Nemesis). 6 vofio^y^ 'ov (iT.v€fi(i)), law (metro-nome). i(l) straight, (2) upright, (3) right (as opposed to wrong^ (ortho-dox). TO darpov, -ov y t / ' 1 avTO^y -rj, '0 TO ^CK^iov, -ov SoKeo) eTe/309, -a, -ov KaKO^, 'rjy 'OV 6 XiOo^y 'OV /jl6vo<;, -t], 'OV V6/JLC0 * / 1 The neuter nominative and accusative singular of airros is avrd; otherwise the word is declined like o-o<^os, but has no vocative form. 2 No/xos means, flrst, what is dealt out to one, and so what is held in use and possession ; hence the meanings custom, usage, and finally law. For change of c to compare 60, 7. 67] ADJECTIVES OF THE VOWEL DECLENSION. 51 09, rjy ^ ircoXeco 6 ^L^io-irdiKrj^^y 'OV aocfyof;, -rjy -ov 7) o'0(f>id, -a9 who, that, ivhich. sell. book-seller, biblio-pole, wise (theo-soph). wisdom (Sophia). 67. Exercises. I. Translate into English. 1. 'O /cptT^9 7/oa<^€6 a^aOov fitfiXiov irepl tcov voficop. 2. 6 iroLvrv^ ^^^rcx; ypd^et (auto-graph) Tov (his) ^:ov (auto-bio-graphy). 3.^ oi iroXlTav o'i Tou^ vofiov^ avTol TToUovaLVy avTovofMoi (auto- nomous) €l(TL. 4. ov (TX0\d^0/JL€V iirl Xidcp TOP VOflOV rypd(\>eLV (Utho-graph). 5. 6 cnT6(TTo\o^ e^et eV^- aToXyv,^ dyytXk€L t7)v Bo^av tmv iroXlrSiv. 6. iv yp6v(o fiavedvovaiv djaOd ^t^Xia dvaytyvcoaKeiv iiVTl \aKCyv ^t^Xicop. 7. 6 Xl0o^ pr^ypDat {breaks} TOP fcpvaTuXXop eVl roJ TrorafMoi. 8. to^ t&p ao(f>&p^ So^a9 Trepl tcop aarpoyp fiapOdpofiep ck ^l^Xlwp.^ 9. opdeTe TOP eTepop aheX(f>op tov dyyeXov. 10. oi ao(l>ol fcal ai aoc^al to avTo (the same thing} Xeyovai (tauto-logy). 11. Ti BofC€€T€ avTol irepl Tov^cffXiov; 12. ©eo9 dyaOd pepLSt toI^ dyaOok fcal to2<; fca/col^-^ 13. oi opdol p^opoi €v dpaycypcoo-Kovat tov^ ip tt} '>irvxfl Popovs . 14. ovfc exop^ep tov^ avTOV^ p6p.ov^ ot)^ €T€pot exovac. II. Translate into Greek. 1. Not booksellers alone sell (mono-poly) books. 2. The wise and good m an's opinion is right 1 The adjective may be used alone as a noun, as in Latin. 62 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [68— (ortho-dox). 3. Bad citizens do not make wise laws. 4. I see a friend of wisdom (philo-soph-er) who has a bad horse to sell. 5. [They] are ^ bad citizens who make war in the land. 6. The sun distributes heat. 7. The bookseller's only brother is throwing stones. 8. The poets tell (Xeyovao') a legend about the two (Suo) ways of life. 9. We are ourselves reading a book about the laws of the stars (astronomy). 10. We perceive the wis- dom of God in the stars. 11. The citizens make laws, which they write on stone. 12. They are reading the books which they have. 13. The law alone is master of the upright citizen. 14. Others have the same law. 68. Notes on Derivatives. 1. As a preposition avri means instead of; but its original force was rather facing^ opposite to^ opposed to^ and this last is its common meaning in composition, both in Greek and in English. Thus an anti-periodic (Trepi-oSo?) medicine is one against a periodical disease (as quinine for fever and ague). The word avTL-(f>cova {^cov/]}, an adjective in the neuter plural, denoted a form of church music in which one choir or part of a choir responds to another. This became in late Latin antifona (retaining the Greek accent), which being taken into English became (through the forms antefne^ antSvne^ antSmne^ dntemn^ dntern) 1 An enclitic (55) should not begin a sentence. 68] ADJECTIVES OF THE VOWEL DECLENSION. 53 anthem, taking on a slightly extended meaning. Finally anti-phone was reintroduced in the original sense. The Anti-nomians (z/o/xo?) denied^ it was said, that they were bound by the moral law. Anti-nomy is an opposition or contradiction of laws. In fact anti- has been so fully naturalized that it is now used freely as a prefix, whether the rest of the word is Greek or not. 2. So far as derivation goes, we should expect astro-logy to have the meaning which is really given to astro-nomy (vofio^). But here, as often happens, use and association — one might say, the company which the word has kept — have given a certain twist to the original force of astro-logy, so that it is now the name for a false, astro-nomy for a true, science of the stars. Another form of ao-Tpov is aa-Ttjp; this gives us aster, and asterisk (do-reptcr/cosO is a diminutive of the same word. 3. a. A people that has the right of using or making its own laws is called anto-nomons, and anto-nomy is the right itself. Anto-maton and anto- matic also contain avro^. The second element is from a Greek root fia- to desire, or will; hence anto-maton is etymologically acting by one^s own will, and so self-acting. The word is especially used of machines. b. With the article before it avro^; signifies the same; to auro, often run together into ravro, signifies, therefore, the same thing. Hence ravro- Xoyid tanto-logy. 54 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [68— 4. A biblio-graphy is a description or list of the books on a particular subject. Other compounds of I3lI3\Iov are biblio-mania {fiavLa madness}, and biblio-phile (^1X09). 6. Hetero-dox is usually contrasted with ortho- dox. In para-dox the first element is Trapd; but the preposition here means, not beside, but against, contrary to. Ao^a also signifies the good opinion which others have of one, and so fame, glory. This is the force of dox- in dox-o-logy. 6. Epi-graphy is the branch of philology (see 51, 6) which deals with inscriptions cut on stone, of which there are thousands in Greek and Latin alone. Epi-gram (iTrt-ypafM/jLa} meant originally such an inscription; but as these were usually short and often in verse, the word came to be used for a short, pithy poem, or saying. The epi- glottis (see 41, 1) is just over the glottis. In all these epi- has the meaning given in the vocabu- lary (66); in ep-ode (cJS^y) and epi-logue (con- trasted with prologue; see 51, 6, a) it indicates something added on at the end. Further, rjfiepa is the Greek word for day ; before the rough breath- ing eiri loses the final vowel and becomes e<^'; thus is formed i(f>vfJi€pL<; diary or day-book, whence eph-emeris. 'E^/;/xepo9 eph-emeral is the adjective, signifying lasting for a day. 7. Ka/to9 appears in caco-pliony, the opposite of en-phony (see 35, I., 6) ; in caco-doxy, the opposite of orthodoxy (see 68, 5); and in caco-graphy, the opposite of ortho-graphy (see 68, 11). 68] AI)JECTIVi:S OF THE VOWEL DECLENSION. 55 8. LithoLogy is another of the ''ologies^^ — the science which treats of stones or rocks. 9. Moi/09 is represented by mono-, with the force of one, or single, in a great many English words. Common examples are mono-gram; mono-graph, a treatise on a single subject, usually of a limited nature ; mon-ody, a mournful poem (cJS?;) express- ing one person's grief; mono-theism (^€09), belief in one God ; mono-logue, a speech uttered by one person, contrasted with dialogue (see 105, 2), and not quite the same as soli-loquy (from Latin solus and loquor) ; mono-lith (\i0o<;}, a large column or statue of a single block of stone ; mono-mania (^fjLavid 68, 4) madness on one subject only ; mono- tone (0 t6vo<^ tone, from retVo) strain} ; mono-metallist (^t6 fieraWov originally a mine, then metal) one who holds that one metal only, gold, should be used as the standard of value, whereas a 6i-metallist (compare i/-cycle 60, 6) believes that both gold and silver should be used as a double standard ; mono- syllable (see 110, 8) ; mono-phthong, a single vowel sound (0 (f>d6yyo<; sound) contrasted with di-phthong (for di- see 96, 1). Monad is also from fiovo^;, a derivative of the same sort with decad (see B€fcd<;, 80). Further, from yLtoVo9 were derived fMovd^co to live alone and fiova^o^; single, solitary. The latter has been corrupted to monk; from fjLovd^co we have mon-astery (^pLopaarijpiov, -ou) and monastic (fiovaaTLKo^;}. The early monks lived alone, hence the name. Monachism has retained the -a;^- of fjLopa^6<;* 56 THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH. [69— 10. Metro-nome might be rendered law-giver of the measure (^/jLerpov and vofio^) ; it is the name of an instrument for keeping the time in music. From the same verb v^fxco are derived v6fio<; law (see 66 and foot-note to v6fic<;} and vofi6<; pasture (one meaning of vefX(o is graze or pasture^ ; vofid- 8e9 was a term applied to tribes who moved from pasture to pasture feeding their herds. Hence our word nomad. N€>so-69 (originally distribution') denoted indignation at undue or too great good fortune ; this indignation on the part of the gods was personified as a goddess, who repaired such inequality by humbling those who were too proud in prosperity, especially when such haughtiness led to impiety or crime ; hence our word nemesis, retribution, divine vengeance. 11. Ortho-graphy is right writing; ortho-epy is right pronunciation (to eiro<; a word). 12. A theo-sopMst a[v(o show will be used in the middle voice ; all other forms with these endings may be understood as passive, or else as deponent (see 71). 70. Pres. Ind. S. 1 (f)aivo-fJLai 2 (f>aiveL 3 (})aiv€'raL Middle. I show myself appear you show yourself he shoivs himself Du. 2 (paive-aOov you two shotv yourselves 3 (fyalve-adov they ttvo shotv themselves PI. 1 (fyatvo-fieda we show ourselves 2 (f)atve-(T0€ you show yourselves 3 (f)aLV0'PTaL they show themselves Pres. Inf. ^aive-aOaL to show one's self Passive. am shown are shown is shown are shown are shown are shown are shown are shown to be shown 71. Deponent verbs, as in Latin, are such as have the passive (middle) form, but are active ill meaning, as aKiirrofjiat view. The inflection is exactly like that of (f>aLvo/JLaL^ but the translation is of course active. 58 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [^2- 72. Vocabulary. lead. 6 ay(oy6(;y -ov (fr. dyoi), leader^ guide (dem-agogue). ayco the people^ the free citizens^ the commons (dem-agogue). true^ real^ genuine (etjrmo- logy). equal (iso-ttiermal). long., large (macron). small., little (micro-scope), house (oeco-nomy). inhabit, dwell in. 7rp€cr^vT€po<;y -a, -ov'^ older., elder (presbyter). examine^ view (skeptic). watcher., ZooA:o^^^ (micro-scope). o Sr]fjLO<;^ -ov €TVfjLO(;, -?;, -ov Lao<;^ -77, -op^ fiufcpcf;, -a, -ov fMKpG<^, -a, -ov 6 oIko<;, -ov ol/ceco (TfceTTTOfiat, dep., o (T/coTTo^, -ov (fr. afC€7rT0/jLat) o e7r/-<7/co7ro9, -ov o'0(f>L^ofjLat (fr. ao(f>6s!^, dep., uTTo, prep. w. dat., (f>aLV(o ^aivo/jiat overseer^ guardian(e]fi&co'p-3l). be clever^ or wise (sophist). under. show (dia-phan-ous). show one's self appear (phenomenon) . 73. Exercises. I. Translate into English. 1. 'O Tov StjfjLov dy(oyo<; (dem-agogue) ov opdofiev 1 Followed by the dative. 2 The ending -repos, -a, -ov is equivalent to the English -er, denoting the comparative degree. 1Z] Cl- VERBS: MIDDLE AND PASSIVE. 59 ovK dyaOo^ ttoXitt;? iari. 2. ol iroXlrai dyovrai iirl irdke/jLov. 3. /jLlKpo<; \i6o<; fidWerai eVl fiaKpov (to a long distance^. 4. 97 yrj virep tov jSopedv (see 46, 6) ovk oifcieraL. 5. Oeo? ecmv eirlaKoiro^ tov paKpov Kctrpov (macro-cosm)^ Ka\ tov p^lfcpov Koapov (micro-cosm). 6. oi iiriaKOTroL cr/ceTTToirrat, Ta9 oBov^. 7. irpea^vTepo^ dSe\(f)o<; aivovaL roS hrjp(p TTjv TOV KpiTOv eirKTToXrjV. 10. 77 0LK€0p.€Vrf (inhabited^ yrj p,a/cpd icTt. 11. tl virb tm XlOcp icTTL ; 12. TO Oeppov tmv daTpcov ovk Xcrov €(ttI to) OeppM (iso-thermal) tov rfxlov. 13. Trpea^vTepov aoeXcpov €^o), 09 ayauov toitov e'x^et €V tq) ueaTpcp. 14. €)(eL hrjp.0^ 6p0ov^ dycoyov<; ; 16. taot elcrlv ol dvdpcoTTOt ; II. Translate into Greek. 1. The star itself is not small. 2. To learn-to- know the true opinions of the people is the work of a wise man. 3. The seasons are equal. 4. The skill of the overseer himself is not equal to the skill of the little bookseller. 5. He is examining the little stones which are in the road. 6. True overseers show themselves wise.^ 7. There is water under the house. 8. The laws of the people are (being) written in books. 9. I am writing a 1 In contrast with the mind of man, the micro-cosm or little world, the larger universe was called macro-cosm. 2 A predicate adjective belonging to the subject must agree with it in gender, number, and case. 60 THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH. [74— long letter. 10. An upright leader of the people speaks true words. 11. In the long time of ice we do not see roses. 12. They examine the little circles which you are making on the ice. 13. The leader of the people is-clever, but (aXXa) does not show himself wise. 74. Notes on DerivatAves. 1. An epi-demic disease is one prevailing among the people (eVt rco SrjfjLfp^. Demotic, belonging to the people^ is often contrasted with hieratic (see 96, 6). 2. To erv/jLOP was the Greek term for the literal sense of a word ; hence we have etymon, the primi- tive from which a word is derived, and etymo-logy. 3. P\om tcro9 XP^^^^ equal time we have iso- chronous, lasting an equal time; from laoy Oep^iov equal heat^ iso-therm, an iso-thermal line, or line passing through places of which the average tem- perature is equal; and from 'laov jxerpov equal meas- ure, iso-metric. Iso-sceles has for its second element TO a/ceXof;, -€09 a leg. 4. The mark of length over a vowel is a macron. The macro-meter measures objects a long way off. Macro- occurs in other scientific terms, like macro- cephalous (^K€(f)a\ri^ . 5. Mlfcp6<; is seen in micro-scope (crAroTro?), micro- meter, micro-cephalous, micro-nesia (7 j/?}o"09 an island^. 6. Eco-nomy (formerly spelled oeconomy ; see 14, g^ is from olfco-pofiLa, which goes back to oIko<; and v6/jLo<;y although the changes of meaning seem 74] n-VEBBS: MIDDLE AND PASSIVE. 61 strange at first sight, olfco^ is not only house, but also the estate or farm which belonged to the house ; and one meaning of i/e/xw, the primitive of v6fio<; (see 66 and note 2), is to manage. An olfco-v6fio<; was a manager of a house or an estate ; hence oUo- vo/Jild came to signify, not only management, but also good management, of property. This, then, is the proper meaning of economy. 7. In oUeop^evr], the present passive (middle) participle of oUea), the vowels eo were contracted to ov\ V oUovfjLevv. with yfj understood, was a term for the entire inhabited world. Accordingly an oecumenical council is one assembled from all lands. 8. Priest is corrupted from presbyter. (An in- termediate form is prester.) 9. Skeptic or sceptic (aKeiTTLKos:^, from aKeirTOfiai, meant originally one who is inclined to examine into statements, not accepting them without such examination. The root also takes the form aKoir- in (TKoiro^y which means not only watcher, but also the thing watched, namely, the mark aimed at. Hence the original meaning of scope is aim, or pur- pose. From this are derived the other uses of the word. Among compounds of aKoir6<^ in the sense of watcher, along with micro-scope (see 74, 5) we have tele-scope (r^Xe) and hor-o-scope, a view or de- scription of the position of the planets at the hour (i&pa; see 31, 8) of one's birth; for astrologers held that one's whole life could be foretold from such a horoscope. The syllable is even put with 62 TUB GREEK IN ENGLISH. [74— some words not from Greek, as in spectro-^GO^Q, from Latin spectrum. 'ETTL-o-fcoiro^ gave the Latin epheopus and our epi-scopal, epi-scopacy ; bishop is a corrupted form of €7rL'(r/co7ro<; (in old English bis- cop^ bisceop^, 10. From (TO(f)L^ofjLat is derived ao(f>io-ry(; sophist. The sophists were teachers of eloquence, philoso- phy, and politics; and as many of them were skilled in a wordy and showy, but false, mode of argument, the entire class got a bad name. Hence the implication of dishonesty, or of an endeavor to deceive, in our words sophistry, sophism, sophistical. To sophisticate is primarily to give one the quali- ties of a sophist ; from this follow sophisticated and nnsophisticated. 11. The root of (f)aLV(o is (f>av-, or (f>a-. Phase C(f>d(Tc<;^^ phantasm ((fyavraa/xa), phantasy or fantasy ((f>avTao-la), fantastic (originally phantastic), phan- tom, epiphany (eTn-^dveLo) — all these have mean- ings closely connected with that of appearance. Fancy is a shortened form of fantasy. Em-phasis (^€fi(f>a(Tt^, iv and (f)aLV(o')^ starting from nearly the same sense of an appearing, took on the meanings declaration, significance, and finally special signifi- cance or force in an expression. Emphatic is the adjective. Diaphanous (Sta-cfyavt]^) signifies letting things shotv through. Finally, (f>aiv6fjL€vo<;, -tj, -op appearing is the present middle participle, declined like aya06<;. The neuter (j>a'v6fi€vov phaenomenon, or phenomenon, signifies, therefore, that which ap- pears. , 1 ) 75J CONSONANT DECLENSION. 63 XII. Consonant Declension: Stems in -k- AND -7-. 75. To the Third or Consonant Declension be- long nouns whose stems end in (1) a consonant or (2) in l or v. Masculines and feminines are declined alike. Tj (^/cXlfiaK-^ ladder K\lfia^ KKifiaK'0i5c709, -ou 76. Vocabulary, perceive (aesth-etic). number, count (arithmetic). naked^ bare, exercise. gymnasium Qplace for exercise^. ladder (climax). throaty larynx. imitator (mime). imitate, shall see (syn-op-sis). first (proto-type). flesh (sarc-ophagus). firm^ solid (stereo-type). with (syn-opsis). strike. i type (originally, what is caused \ by a blow^. S(l) answer^ (2) play a part on the stage, actor (hypo-crite, hypo-crisy). to eat (sarco-phag-us). gold (chrys-alis). 77. JExercises, I. Translate into English. 1. 'Ez; T(p yvyivaaltd oylreaOe /jLaKpa<; /cXf/Juafca^, ^ Future of opaw, but from a different root, ott-, and the future suffix -ao- or -ae- ; inflected like the present middle (passive), oil/ofxat, oif/cL, oxperaiy etc. I 2. dv0p(O7rot elaiv ot fiavddvovcrc rrjv adpKa dv~ 0pco7rcov (f)ay€cv (anthropo-phagous, anthropo-phagi). o. DC XlOoc vtto Tft) OLKW aT€peoi elai. 4. ovk ai- auaveaOe rrjv arepeav adpfca rcov dvdpcoTroov ot ev T069 yvfivaaioif; yv/jLvd^ovrat ; 5. rcS opydvrp top Tov vTTOfcpLTov Xdpvyya aKeirreraL (laryng-o-scope). 6. (TKoiTO^ aladdverat to irpcoTov daTpov. 7. dya- 6ov<; VTTOKptTas; ev tQ> OeaTpa) oy^rofieOa^ oc tou9 tov 8j]fjL0v dycoyov^ ev ^IfMeovTai. 8. 6 ^pvab^ ovk dya- 6o(; eaTL (f)ay€lv. 9. ov/c oyjret Ta daTpa avv rcS 7J\i(p. 10. TviTTetv eTepov^ kukov eaTi. 11. dpiO- flO^ TCOV TTOXCTCOV taO^ eaTL TO) dpiOpbtp tS)V d(TTpO)V. 12. oi eirtaKOTroL dpiBfieovai tov ev Trj oSco Stj/jlov. 13. oy^ojjLeOa tov fUKpov oIkov ov 6 viTOKpLTr)^ olfceec ; 14. oLfceei ev to) TrpdnTco oIkm virep tov Tpoirov Tri<^ ooov. II. Translate into Greek. 1. With the actor is an elder brother. 2. The ladder strikes the bookseller on the head. 3. They will see a man who writes letters with (dat. of means) types (t3rpo-graphy). ^ 4. Wise actors show art. 5. The throats of the horses are long. 6. The overseers will see the solid types (stereo-type). 7. We perceive solid gold in the stone. 8. We see men who do not have flesh to eat. 9. Actors exercise their tongues (in Greek the tongues^ and throats. 10. To exercise the muscles (plural of o-dp^^ well is the way of health. 11. We shall see the messenger on a bare horse. 12. With the messengers are guides. 13. The first actor is a good imitator of others' voices. 14. To count the c 66 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [78— little stones in the river requires (in Greek is of^ a long time. 78. Notes on Derivatives. 1. From av- privative (see 60, 3, 5) and the root of aiaOdvofiac we have an-aesthetic, making in-sen- sible^ and an-aesthesia, the condition of insensibility produced by an anaesthetic. The word aesthetic (al- (t07jtlk6^)^ which originally meant merely capable of perceiving^ has been narrowed down to the meaning capable of perceiving beauty^ or pertaining to beauty; hence aesthetics, the science of beauty or taste. 2. The connection between the meanings of yv/jLvc<; and yv/juvd^co is due to the fact that the Greek boys and men trained, in the gymnastic schools, quite naked. Of course gjrninic, gfjminast, gymnastic are all from the same primitive. 3. K\lfiaKTr]p is the round of a ladder; hence climateric, one of the successive stages of develop- ment, and hence a critical time of life. 4. Mimic and mimetic (^fjLl/jLrjrtKo^;}^ as well as mime, are from fUfio<;y^ filijueofiai. Panto-mime has for its first element ira^ (see 110, 11). 5. The root of oyjrofjiac is ott-, which appears in optic, optics. Aut-opsy (^avro^;^ is self-seeing^ seeing for 07ie^s self. 6. The sarc-o-phagus was so named because it was originally made of a kind of limestone which quickly consumed the flesh of a corpse ; then the name was given to any stone coffin. From adp^ was also derived the verb aapKu^co to tear the flesh, as dogs do. From this we have sarcasm (a-apKaajjLo^;'). «p 78] CONSONANT DECLENSION. 67 7. The stereo-type plate is a solid piece of metal, as distinguished from the separate types. The stere-opticon (o-re/jeo?, ott-) throws on the screen an image which appears solid ; the stereo-scope, by the arrangement of its lenses, causes the picture to look like a solid object. 8. Sui/ in English derivatives takes the forms sjm-, sym-, syl-, or sy-, according to the nature of the following letter, and has the general meaning of together. Thus, we have S3m-opsis (ott-), a col- lective view (adjective syn-optic) ; syn-od (0S09) a meeting ; syn-agogue (avv-aycoy)] ; dyco), place of religious assembly among the Jews ; syn-chronous, agreeing in time (%/)oi/o9) ; syn-chronism ; sym-metry, cori^espondenee in measure (^iierpov) ; symphony (^^(ovrj)^ a form of orchestral music; syl-logism (X0709 in the sense of reason; see 51, 5, a, end), a form of reasoning. Systole (^av-aroXr] ; avv and aT€W(o) is a sending together, that is, contraction. It is contrasted with dia-stole (^Sta-o-roXij}, in which Sid has the force of apart, Latin dis-; thus dia-stole is the relaxation of the muscles of the heart, which alternates with the sy-stole. The same force of Sid is seen in dia-critical, distinguishing (see 46, 1), and dia-gnosis (^ytypcoo-fcco'), the determination of a disease by noting its distinguishing marks. 9. The various significations of type can all be traced back to that of something produced by a blow. For instance, the image or other device on a coin was made by a blow upon the die under which the disk of metal had been placed. Thus tutto? and I 68 THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH. [79— type get the meaning of stamp^ image^ and next that of character or kind. Among compounds and derivatives are typical, proto-type QirpcoTo^)^ phono- type (a printed character representing a sounds (fxovrj^^ auto-type (avro^^^ helio-type (fjXLos:^^ the two latter being arbitrarily used to denote varieties of permanent photographs. 10. From xp^^^(; we obtain chrysalis (from its color), chryso-lite (X/^o?), chrys-anthemum {avOefiov^ -ov flower ; compare avOo^^ 98), chrys-elephantine (^iX€(f>dpTtvo<; from 6Xe<^a99 -avro^; elephant, and then ivory). In some of the finest Greek statues the flesh parts were of ivory and the rest of gold ; this kind of work is called chrys-elephantine. 11. We have already had occasion to notice many words from Greek which end in -ic, repre- senting the Greek adjective ending -lko^ ; as, in this section, aesthetic, optic, typic, etc. This sylla- ble -ic is so common and familiar that it is added to many words not derived from Greek. XIIL Consonant Declension: Stems in -T-, -S-, -0'. 79. TO (^(f)COT-) 6 (ttoS-) 0, ^ (jopvW-) light foot bird Sing. N. <^W9 TTOU? opvls G. (})(OT-G<; 7roS-09 opvlO'O^ D. (0^ TToS-a opvlv y. ^W9 TTOU^ opvJs i 80] CONSONAJffT DECLENSION. 69 Dual N.A.V. c!)T'6 iro^e 6pvl6'€ G.D. (fxOT'OLV iroh-olv OpVtO'OLV Plu. N.V. (f)a)T-a 7r6B-€<; opvld'€<: G. (j)COT'(OV TToB-cov 6pvtd-(ov D. (JXOCTL irocrl opvlaL A. <^S)T-a TToS-a^ 6pvld'a<; a. As in the o-declension, the accusative and vocative of neuters in the consonant declension are like the nominative. Before -9 or -o-^, the stem- consonant T, S, or 6 is dropped. The nominative 7rou9 is irregular. The ending of the accusative singular of masculines and feminines is -a; but opvh usually has opvlv. 6. For the accent of monosyUabic stems see 75, h. But the genitive dual and plural of <^cus do not follow this rule. apxfo ap^aLO^;^ -a, -ov 80. Vocabulary. (he firsts hence) (1) hegin^ (2) rule. (1) beginning^ (2) government. ancient (archaeo-logy). corner^ angle (deca-gon). SeW (indeclinable) ten (deca-gon). f) Se/cw, 'dho<^ company of ten^ decad (decade). eirrd (indecl.) seven (hept-archy). eySSo/>to9, -^, 'Ov seventh. 7) ey88o/ia9, -dho^ week., seven days (hebdomadal), efo), adv. w. gen., outside (exo-tic). eo-ft), adv. w. gen., inside^ within (eso-teric). oKir^oLy -aif -a in plural, few (olig-archy), o, 7] opvl^y '9o<^ bird (ornith-ology). i 70 THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH. [81- 82] CONSONANT DECLENSION. 71 ! 6, rj irai^j iraiho^^ child. irathevco educate (treat as a child^. 5. r ..{child-leader, teacher, paed-afifo&nie S09 o 7ra^( O 7rOU9, TTO (ot6<; i (or ped-agogue). /i9(?^ (anti-podes). iCAr^g (tri-cycle). 5^ar, carri/ (Latin fero). light (photo -graph). 81. Exercises. I. Translate into English. 1. ''Ottov (where^ oXcyoc dvOpcoiroc dp^ovo-c tov SjjfJkov,'^ evravOd (there^ earLv oXtyap'x^La (oligarchy). 2. heKa 6pvl6ev opiAOcov.^ 4. ao(f>ol iraih- aycoyol tov<; iralSaf; TratSevovac. 5. €a(o tov yv/Jr vacriov elal Tp€c^ Se/caSe9 dvOpcoircop. 6. c'^ofiev iv Tip oXK(d eTTTCL ^c/3XLa TCOV dp'X^aicOV TTOtrjT&V. 7. TO (0<; TOV rfKiov TtjXe (paiveTac. 8. iv ttj dp^^ Trj- TTCOV fcal TCOV do-Tpcov. 10. 77 yrj (f>€p€L SevSpa koI TO BevBpov (^epeu poha. 11. oific dpxaioLf; ^c^Xloi<; fiovoL^ TratBevS/jieOa. 12. 77 KXifia^ Befca 7ro8a9^ '1 Vocative Trat. In accent Trats is like <^cos (see 79, and b), 2 Verbs of beginning and ruling, like apx^j govern the geni- tive instead of the accusative. 3 Verbs of hearing and perceiving, like d/cova> and alo-Oavofjuai, take the genitive more commonly than the accusative. * Ace. of extent, as in Latin. fxaKpa iaTt. 13. TpeU 6/3So/iaSe9 elal fiaKpo^ ;)^poi/o9 T069 iratai. 14. 6 iracSaycoyo^ e^et fUKpov ^u^Xiov TrepX tS)V dp^aiwv vTroKpcTcov,, o dvaytyvcoaKOvacv oXiyoL. II. Translate into Greek. 1. The stone has ten corners (deca-gon). 2. The government of the few is bad. 3. With the first bird we see seven other birds. 4. The seventh bird, the [one] on the ladder, is an overseer, who is educating the first bird. 6. [He] who begins war is not wise. 6. The sun shows its light to the earth. 7. The feet of the children are in the river. 8. What is the opinion of the ancients about the government of the few? 9. The actors are leading horses which carry solid gold. 10. In a few weeks we shall see messengers who bear letters. 11. Within the house are three men who rule the people. 12. In the seventh house beyond the corner of the park dwells a man who reads few books. 13. An elder brother bears the child through the river. 82. Notes on Derivatives. 1. a. Both meanings of dpx^ (which are evi- dently nearly related) are well represented in English. Thus, archaeo-logy (dpxcuos:^ is an account of ancient things ; archaic (apxalfco^;^ -rj^ 01/) and archaism also refer to ancient things^ but with a slightly different shade of meaning; arche-tjrpe (apXi'Tviro^;') was originally that which is first struck off or first moulded as a model or example. 72 THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH. [82— h. Again, an-archy (avap'x^Ldi av 'privative^ see 60, 3, i) is no-rule ; mon-archy (^yiovap^ia) is the rule of one ; hept-archy, the rule of seven ; dec-archy, the rule of ten. A patri-arch is a clan-ruler (^ irarpia clan^ from irarijp^ Latin pater, father^ ; archives (^rb dpxelov, government house), the place where government records are kept, or the records themselves. Finally, the prefix arch- or archi- in arch-angel, arch-bishop, archi-episcopal, archi-tect (o T6KTC0V builder}, etc., is also from dpxco, and has come to be used in the sense of chief or leader, with many words not from Greek, such as arch- duke, s.Tch-thief, etc. When used with words not from Greek, or with words, like bishop, so thor- oughly Anglicized that the Greek origin is ob- scured, the ch of arch- is pronounced as in child; in words directly from Greek ch is pronounced like k. 2. TcDVid appears in goni-o-meter (^/xirpov), and gives the syllable -gon, angle, in dia-gon-al (Scd), poly-gon (see 91, 12), tri-gon-o-metry (to rpi-yoypop tri-angle — the first syllable being the stem of rpeh — and fxerpov), hex-a-gon Qe^-d-ycovov ; e^ six, with an -a- which seems to have been inserted from analogy). 3. Ae/ca appears in deca-logne, and in many names of metric weights and measures, such as deca-gram (see 91, 4), deca-meter. 4. From the stem of i^Sofid^ we have hebdom- adal, a clumsy word for weekly. 5. An exotic plant is one from outside (e^rw), 8d] CONSONANT DECLENSION. 73 foreign. Esoteric {eo-ay) doctrines are, so to speak, the " inside,^^ or secret, doctrines, contrasted with the exoteric, or outside, public, doctrines, which may be imparted to everybody. 6. UaU takes the forms -paed- and -ped-; the latter syllable must not be confounded with ped in derivatives of Latin pes, pedis, foot. A ped-o- baptist is one who believes in child-baptism (ySaTr- Ttfft) baptize). Ortho-ped-y is child straightening (^6p06<;), curing children's deformities. From iraiheid education QjraLhevoi) we obtain en-cyclo- paedia and cyclo-paedia (eV and kvkXo^). 7. The nominative ttou? appears in poly-pus, many-footed (see 91, 12), which is also shortened to poly-p. The stem-form -pod- is seen in chir-o- pod-ist Qx^Lp), a healer of hands and feet, and tri- pod (rpeh), and in numerous scientific words like cephal-o-pod (^fC€(f>aXrj). Finally, anti-pode has been formed as the singular of anti-pod-es (^dprl), and thus has final e. 8. Tpei^ is also seen in tri-logy, a series of three connected plays, and in tri-cycle (/^i;/cXo9). 9. Peri-phery (Trept and epco) is the exact equivalent, etymologically, of circum-ference, from Latin circum and fero ; but the latter is used only of circles and spheres, while the former is used of other figures. The root of ^e/oa> takes also the form ^op-. A meta-phor (^/jL€Ta-(f>opa) is, in a cer- tain sense, a trans-fer (Latin trans and fero) of meaning; as when a soldier is called a lion to denote that he is brave, the word lion contains a meta-phor. 74 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [83— 10. Phos-phorus (<^a)9-<^opo9) signifies light-bearer. The stem (fxor- is found in phot-o-graph Q^pd^ay means to draw or paint as well as to write ; com- pare graphic, 31, 4), phot-o-sphere {(Talpa^ the burning gas which envelopes the sun ; phot-o- meter, an instrument for measuring the quantity of light; phot-o-Iitho-graph (XWo^;), a print from a stone on which the picture has been printed by photography. XIV. 83. Sing. N. G. D. A. V. Consonant Declension: Stems in -l^ and 'P', 6 (Sa^/xoz^-) 77 (jeIkov-^ \ \ divinity Baificov Bacfioif'0<; halfiov't haifiov-a haljjiov Dual N. A . V. haifjLov-e G. D. ZaLjJLOV-OLV Plu. N.V. G. D. A. haifjuov-e^ Satfiov-cov SaLfioac BaLfJLOP-a<; image €L/Ca)V elKov-os: EiKOV-l elfcop-a elfccov euKov-e €Lf€OV-OLV €LfCO !/-€<; €L/COV-COV elfcocrc CLKOV-a^i 6 Cpv'^op') orator prjTcop pr)TOp'0<; . prjTOp-i prjTop-a pfjTOp prjrop-e prjTop'Oiv pr)Top'€f; prfTop-cov prjTop'at priTop-af; a. Stems in -ih and -p- omit the nominative end- ing -9, and lengthen a preceding e.or o to 77 or o). Observe that the long vowel is retained in the vocative singular if accented, otherwise not. In the dative plural v before -at is dropped. 84] CONSONANT DECLENSION. 75 o aycov, aycovo^^ dyayvi^ofiac, dep., avT-aycom^o/jLat (avri and a7.), dep., o avT'aycoPLaT7](;, -ov J / o a7]p, aepof^ o a6Xo(;, 'ov TO a6\oVy "Ov o dO\r)T7]<;y 'ov o Sat/JLcop, 'Opo<^ r] elKcoVy -ovo^i €pr)fjLo<;, -77, 'OP o /capcop, '6po<; fcXdco rj pav^ O PaVTT}^, 'OV TO TTVp pi]T(Op, -OpO^ X^^pa-craa) 6 %a/?a/cT?7/), -Vpo^: 84. Vocahilary. contest (agony). struggle, engage in a contest (agonize). struggle against (ant-agonize). ant-agonist, air. athletic game, prize. athlete. divinity, spirit (demon). image, statue (icon-oclasm). solitary, lonely (erem-ite). measuring-rod, rule (canon). break (icono-clasm). ship (nausea). sailor (nant-ical). fire (pjT-otechnics). orator (rhetor). pointed stake, scratch. mark {engraved or stamped on something. Character) . 85. Exercises. I. Translate into English. 1. 'H y\o,cT(Ta Tov pr^Topo^ dpx€t Tov Srjfiov. I From iyco : (i) a gathering, (2) a gathering for athletic contests, (3) contest. 76 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [86— 2. oXiryoL ddXrjral aOXa (fyepovatv ix rcov aycovcov. 8. iv Toh aySxTLV djayvL^ovrac ol aOXTjral yvfivot.^ 4. 7ra?9 TTOLeet irvp iv ycovla rov ol/cov. 5. x^P^^- (T€L^ TTiv elKova Tov tS)v vavrSyv Oeov, koI KXdei rov Tov opvlOo^ TToSa. 6. oy /caKO<; iraU eart ; 7. 97 vav<; TOV xp^fov rcov ddXrjrcov (fyepei. 8. opvlv oyireade iv rS dipt. 9. dyaObv Saifxova exei w? (a^) iiridKOirov. 10. o tov viroKptTov dvTaycovKTTrj^; fcXdec Ta9 dpxacd^ eUova^ (icon-0-clast) tcov Oecov. 11.^ opday KpcTTjv opOoVy 09 oXiyov^ (f>LXov<; exec fcal (f)aLV€Tat eprjfMo^;. 12. iTridKOTro^ fiUKpov fcavova ep€i Koi opdeL Tov^ fJilKpov<; iralSa^; ot iirl tS fcpv- aToXXo) elaL 13. ol iralSe^ TVTTTOvat tov dOXrjTJjv. II. Translate into Greek. 1. The child bears [away] the first prize. 2. Through the air are borne the voices of birds. 3. In the air are good spirits who are guardians of men. 4. Small marks appear on the gold. 5. The statues in the park appear lonely. . 6. The athlete has a measuring-rod seven feet 2 long. 7. The orator is an antagonist of a sailor in the first contest of the season. 8. The measuring-rod makes a long mark on the head of the ancient mariner. 9. Little children break the ice with stones. 10. The fire is seen afar. 11. We are reading the tale of the ancient mariner. 12. A wise orator by a few words leads the people. 13. Shall we see a contest of athletes under the 1 This was the Greek custom. 2 Accusative of extent. 86] CONSONANT DECLENSION. 77 tree ? 14. The fear of God is the beginning of wisdom. 86. JVotes on Derivatives. 1. Agony (dycovLd, another form for dycov) is prop- erly struggle, then the pain of struggle in a contest, but has come to include any severe pain or anguish. From dycovL^ofiat is formed dycovcaTT]^ contestant; this with 7rpa>To<; gives prot-agonist, first contestant, used especially of the leading actor in a Greek play. 2. Aer-o-naut is an air-sailor; aer-o-lite, a stone which falls from the air. As aer was taken from Greek into Latin, some of our derivatives have Latin endings or are compounded with Latin words. Such are aer-/aZ, aer-a^^, aer-//brm. Air has been further changed by coming through French. 3. Daemon, or demon, now denotes bad spirits only, quite differently from Greek usage ; and daimon is sometimes used in the more general sense of SacfMcov. This sense is retained in dai- monic, and sometimes, though not usually, in dae- monic; demoniac and demon-ology are connected rather with demon. 4. Icon-o-clasm is the act of an icon-o-clast ; icon- o-graphy is the description of images, statues, or pictures. 5. Eremite (iprjfitTr)^, from eprj/io^) is less com- mon than hermit, the corrupted form of the same word. 78 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [86— 6. The various meanings of canon are all more or less closely connected with the figurative sense of rule. For example, it denotes a rule of the church; the list of sacred books accepted by the church as belonging to the Bible ; the authoritative list of saints, as in the Roman Catholic church. Hence we have canonical and canonize. 7. Naur/Xo?, which is merely another form of vavTr}(;^ is Latinized into nautilus, a little shell-fish that sails over the water in its shell. The con- nection between vav^; and nausea is plain to any one who has been sea-sick. 8. On a pjrre (from TrOp) the dead were burned, among the Greeks and Romans. Pjrr-o-technics is the art (re^^i^Ty) of making fire-works. The em-pjrr- ean (from efi'irvpo^; in fire or on fire^ iv and irvp) is the highest heaven^ which the ancients imagined to be pure fire. 9. Ehetoric is primarily ^ pr^TopiKr] Texvv ^^^ ^^^ of an orator ; but the term is now used to denote the art of composition^ while oratory has more ref- erence to the art of speaking in public. 10. The primary force of character is still seen in its sense of a distinctive mark^ as a letter, figure, or sign. Then the word came to signify the sum of those invisible marks of one's nature, the qualities of soul which make up what is called character. Hence characterize {x^pa/crr^pi^o)) and characteristic. 11. In this and former chapters we have met several Greek verbs derived from nouns and end- 87] CONSONANT DECLENSION. 79 ing in -i^co or -L^ofiac. This ending -/fo) Q-i^ofiai) was used very freely in Greek to change nouns into verbs ; and so many Greek verbs have been taken into English with the termination -ize (or -ise) that this ending itself has been pretty fully naturalized, and is added to many nouns and adjectives which have themselves nothing to do with Greek. Also, from the same class of verbs were formed nouns in Ho-fio^; and -cari]^^ which have given us the endings -ism and -ist. XV. Consonant Declension: Neuter Stems IN -ar- AND -ea)<; exop^ev etc rSyv darpcov. 15. & Trat, aladd- V6l TO KpdTO^ TCOV iTvevpLaTcov ; II. Translate into Greek. 1. In many contests the best men bear [away] the prizes. 2. The athlete's family has many marks of beauty. 3. The sailor's horses are from a beautiful race. 4. The child has a good name and a figure which is like the statues of the gods. 5. You are painting (ypd(f>co) the letters with beautiful colors. 6. Men do not rule the winds. 7. The ship is borne by the strength of the winds. 1 As a verb of ruling Kparim takes the genitive (see 81, L, 1). 2 "O/xoios takes the dative, like Icroq (see 72 and note i). 3 Predicate genitive, used as in Latin. 91] CONSONANT DECLENSION. 83 8. The orators are exercising their lungs ; they are reading together a song about marriage. 9. The marriage takes-place before the season of roses. 10. We have like feelings (homoeo-pathy) with other men. 11. In the books of ancient orators are not a few falsehoods. 12. In the best schools children are educated together. 13. The soli- tary athlete shows much strength, but not much beauty. 91. Notes on Derivatives. 1. Allo-pathy (aXXo^ Tra^o?), the use of such medicines as will produce effects different from those produced by the disease, is contrasted, as a mode of treating disease, with homeo-pathy (see 14, 5^). 2. From ydpo<; we obtain mono-gamy (/^cro?), poly-gamy (ttoXu;), and 6i-gamy; the last is another instance of the combination of a Latin with a Greek element. (Compare bi-cjcle, 60, 5.) 3. Hetero-geneous Qirepo-yevf]^; erepo^ and 761/09) means of differeiit kinds, and is contrasted with homo-geneous (opuo-^evri^ ; for opLo- see 91, 8) of the same kind, or all of one kind. Eu-gene (^ebyevrj^;, from ev and 761/09) and its feminine Eu-genia, or Eu-genie (the French form), signify well-born, or of good race. The root of yiyvop^ai takes the form 70J/- (see 87, h, second sentence) in theo-gony (^eo- yovid, ^609), hirtJi of the gods, or genealogy of the gods ; also in cosmo-gony, hirth of the universe. 4. The syllable -gram, from ypdp^p^a, has been already given, in some words, as from ypd^co (epi- 84 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [91- 91] CONSONANT DECLENSION. 85 gram, 68, 6; mono-gram, 68, 9; deca-gram, 82, 3). Further, pro-gram (tt/oo) is literally a before-writing; grammar was first applied to tvritten language ; the adjective grammatical shows the r of the stem. 5. We have seen that in many compounds the vowel -0- is inserted to connect the two parts, sometimes taking the place of a different vowel at the end of the first stem. (Compare 51, 1.) In spher-oid (from cr^aipa), aster-old (from aarrip, do-rpov), delt-oid (from SeXra), anthrop-oid (in which, if it stood by itself, one might say that the o be- longed to the stem of dvOpcoTro^), this o has been contracted with id, the remnant of eI8o9, into the syllable -oid. Then, as this ending occurred so frequently (especially in technical or scientific words), the syllable -oid has come to be regarded as a simple suffix, meaning like, which may be added to words from Latin as well as to words from Greek. Thus ov-oid (Latin ovum, egg), albu- mm-oid, etc. The syllable -ide, frequent in chem- ical terms, is also from elSo?. 6. Instead of /cakc^ or AraXXo?, the related form fcaWc- was used in composition. This gives calli- in caUi-graphy, calli-sthenics (cr^eVo?, -eo9, strength, nearly equivalent to Kpdro^). 7. From fcpdro^, Kpareco, we have the forms -crat-ic and -cracy in aristo-crat, aristo-cracy ; demo- crat, demo-cracy ; auto-crat (^avro^} ; theo-cracy QOeo^;) ; pluto-crat, pluto-cracy (ttXoOto?, -ov icealtK). These words have made the meaning of the part from KpdTo<; so familiar, that -crat and .-cracy are added to a few words not from Greek. Thus lureaU'Ci^iy bureau-CTSLCj ; and mob-o-crsLCj is some- times heard instead of the more regular ochlo-cracy (o;j^Xo9, -ov mob). 8. The adverb ofiov is a genitive form of the ad- jective 6yLto9, -?7, -01/ same, which early passed out of common use. But a number of compounds of ofco9 remained in common use, and we have in English homo-geneous (^ofio-yeprj^; ; see 91, 3) ; hom- onym, hom-onymous (^ovv/jlo), of the same name, that is, pronounced alike. 9. Besides hom-onym, ovvfia gives us an-onjrmous (^dv- privative ; see 60, 3, 5) ; syn-onjrm (avv), a word of like meaning with another (to be distin- guished from hom-onym) ; pseud-onym (-^€1)809) ; also ep-onymous (iiri), giving a name to, and ep- onym, a na7ne of a person given to a people or place. A patr-onymic is a name derived from that of a father (jrarrip, irarp-o^ father, Latin pater) or other ancestor. Met-onymy (^yierd indicating change ; see 60, 6) is a rhetorical figure consisting in a certain kind of change of name. 10. From Trddo^ are derived pathetic (^TraOrjnKo^), a-pathetic and a-pathy (alpha privative; see 60, 3, 6), anti-pathy (dvri), sjrm-pathy (avv), hydr-o-pathy (the treatment of disease by water, vZcop), and path-o- logy, the theory or doctrine of disease, 11. The T of TTvevfjbar- appears in pneumatic. 12. The representative of ttoXv^ in English is poly- with the force of the plural, many, which has already been mentioned with a number of com- 86 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [92— 94] CONSONANT DECLENSION. 87 pounds. (See 41, 1; 60, 3, c?; 60, 8; 82, 2; 82, 7.) ^ 13. Upo appears in pro-gnosis Qytypcoa-Kco^^ /wc?^- ment beforehand^ especially as to the probable course and result of a disease, whence pro-gnostic and pro-gnosticate. 14. From '^pcofia we have mono-chrome (/xoz/09), poly-chrome, chrom-o-litho-graph (see 67, I., 4), and the abbreviated chromo. Chromatic, pertaining to colors, retains the stem. It is most often used of a musical scale of which the intervals are all half- tones, the intermediate tones having, been at one time commonly written in colors. XVI. Consonant Declension: Stems in -c- AND -eu-. Avvafiac. 92. rj (ttoX^-) (^^aatXev-^ city king Sing. N. 7roXc-<; ^aaiXeiHi G. 7ro\e-ft)9 fiao-tXi'COf; D. TToXec /SaatXet A. iroKi'V fiaacXi'd V. ttoXl ^aatXev DualN.A.V. TToXe-e fiaaiXe-e G.D. iroXe-OLV fiaaiXe-OLV Plu. N. 7ro\e-€9 fiaacX€'€<: G. iroXe-cov fiao-cXe-cov D. TToXe-at ^aavXev-cn A. ^ TToXeis ; fiaa-iXi'd^ a. Stems in -i- take -a>9, instead of -09, in the genitive singular, and take -v in the accusative singular. The vowel c appears only in the nomi- native, accusative, and vocative singular; else- where € (in the accusative plural e^ has taken its place. b. The genitive singular and plural of stems in -t- still keep the accent on the antepenult, c. Stems in -ev- lose v before a vowel in the end- ing ; they take -w? in the genitive singular, -a in the accusative singular, and -d<; in the accusative plural. 93. The verb Bvvafiat can^ am ahle^ is a deponent, and, like Latin possum^ takes the infinitive in dependence upon it. It is conjugated as follows : Sing. 1 2 3 Dual 2 8 Plu. 1 2 8 hvva-fiau Swa-crac Svpa-rac hvva-aOov hvva-aOov hvvd-fieda hvva-aOe ^vva-prac 94. Vocabulary. TO aKpov, 'ov top^ upper part (acro-stic). 77 cLKpo-iroXi^iy -60)9 citadel^ acro-polis. 6 ^aacXev^, -eQ) St9, adv., Svva/jLac rj hvvaiiL^, -eft)9 o Svvda'T7]<;, 'ov iepo<;y -a, -ov 6 iepev^y -ico^ rj \v9 ava-Xvco 7) avd-XvcTL^y -66i)9 TO fJLtcrO^, -609 ve/cpo^, -a, -6v j/eo9, -a, 'OV T) TTOXc^y -66)9 (TTL^O^y -OV rdaaeo V(Ti^, -60)9 TO (f>VT6vy 'OV carve (hiero-glyph-ic). twice^ related to hvo two. can^ am able. force^ power (dynamite). ruler ^ djmast (dynasty). sacred (hiero-glyphic). priest (hier-archy). loose^ undo^ let loose. a loosing^ setting free. unloose^ take apart ^ ana-lyze. an undoing^ taking apart^ ana-lysis. hatred (mis-anthrope). dead (necro-polis). new^ young (neo-phyte). city (necro-polis). line (as of writing). arrange (tactics). arrangement (syn-tax). make grow. ( (originally growth^ then) ( nature (physical). plant (neo-phyte). 95. Exercises. I. Translate into English. 1. Ofc iepee^ iv rrj dfcpoTrdXec y\v(f)ovcrc ypd/x/xara eiri \i6oL<;. 2. ev rol^ dp'^^alot^ ^l^XIol^ dvayiyvd}- (TKOfiev irepi Tri<^ rov Koo-fiov yeveaeco^; (cosmo-gony). 3. 01 ovvdarac iroWrjv Bvvaficv eyovat fcal fcpareov- 65] CONSONANT DECLENSION. 89 ac TToWcov dvdpcoTTCov. 4. BU dvayLyvj!)v€i Tk (f>vTd. 8. TO fjLcao^ dv6pd}nro)v (mis-ajithropy) KUfCoP 7rd6o<; eVrt. 9. ol 6eol Xvova-t Ta irpevp^aTa^ Kal rf vav^ Kal Ta vea (f)VTa KXdoPTau 10. al Peat BvPaP^ Tat dvaXv€LV to (J^vtov^ to ovvfia ov SvvaPTat Xdyetv. 11. Zvvaaai ttjv tcjv daTpcov (f)vatv XiyeiP ; 12. oi iepee^ olKeovatv ev ttj d/cpOTroXety dXXa ov iroXv Kpar T09 €Xov(TL. 13. TToXXol GTix^i ypd(f>ovTat itepl Tr)<; (TO(}>w TOV veov hwdcTov. 14. 97 7rat9 fiavOdvei a)Bf)v BeKa (ttl^ov^ fiaKpav, II. Translate into Greek. 1. The sacred writings are carved on stones. 2. The priests rule (hier-archy) the city, and ar- range the sacred [things]. 3. The birth of a young king is reported in the sacred city. 4. The overseer takes-apart and examines the new ma- chine. 5. The force of the wind breaks many trees. 6. The rulers come-to-know the hatred of the citizens. 7. The priests announce the loosing of the sacred birds. 8. Sailors cannot rule the winds. 9. Man is by nature a little world (micro- cosm). 10. The plant lives in the air and has a long name. 11. Many races of men arrange their houses in cities, and have kings and priests who make laws. 12. In the sacred books are many tales about the birth of the gods. 13. The wise 90 THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH. [96— man writes a letter to the ruler about the nature of the laws. 14. The top of the tree is dead. 96. Notes on Derivatives. 1. An acro-stic {aKpov and ari'^p^;^ -ov verse or line) is a series of lines of which the first or last letters, or both, form a word or words. A di-stich ,(S4- representing St9 or Suo) is a couplet, or two lines making complete sense. This prefix di-, meaning double, or two, appears in a number of derivatives, as di-graph, two letters standing for one sound (ph, for example) ; di-morphic or di-morphous, appearing under two forms; di-phthong (see 68, 9) ; di-lemma (see 110, 8) ; di-(s)syUable (see 110, 8). This prefix must not be confused with the di- from Latin, meaning apart, as in di-gress. 2. Basil, as a proper name and as the name of a plant, is from ^aaiXev^. BasiUsk, a kind of serpent, is from ^aatXiaKo^ little king, the diminutive of fiaoriXev^, so called because something on its head slightly resembles a crown. (Compare asterisk, 68, 2.) A basilica (/Sao-LXiKT]) was originally the building in which a judicial officer at Athens, called ^a(TL\ev<;, held court. This style of building, imitated and somewhat changed at Rome, became the prototype of the early Christian churches, and churches of this form are still called basilicas. 3. Genetic is the adjective corresponding to gen- esis. Palin-genesis (iraXtv and r^eveac^ ; see 31, 6) is againrlirth, re-generation. d6] CONSONANT DECLENSION. 91 4. The tri-glyph (rpeU and yXvcfxo) is a kind of architectural ornament. 5. Djrnamic (hvvafUKo^) is the adjective from SvpufiL^. Dynamo is a common contraction for dynamo-electric (jfKeKTpov amber, in which electricity was first observed) machine, so called because in it electricity is generated by force from a steam- engine. 6. Hieratic (^lepdriKo^) is the adjective from i€p€v<;. Hiero-gljrphics were the sacred writing, or picture-characters, which were used by the Egyp- tian priests, and which have come down to us carved on stone. A hiero-phant ((paLPco) is one who shows {make plain, interprets} the sacred things. Hier-onymus (ovvfjia) means having a sacred name ; Jerome is a corruption of the same. 7. Para-lysis (jTrapd-XvaL^) is a loosing aside, or disabling, the name of a disease which disables the nerves. Paralytic (irapaXyrLKo^) is the corre- sponding adjective, as analytic is the adjective cor- responding to ana-lysis. Palsy is a corruption of paralysis, intermediate forms being parlesy, palesy. 8. A necro-logy is an account of the dead. 9. N eo-logy or neo-logism (i/eo?) is the use of new words. A neo-phyte is one newly planted (yeo- (f>vrov) ; that is, a new convert, or a new member of a religious society. Also from z/eo? we obtain the prefix neo- meaning new, used with a considerable number of words, as neo-platonism (TlXdr cop Plato). 10. Miso-gamist is from /iZo-o? and ydfjLOf;; miso- gjmist from /aao-o? and yvvrj, yvvacfc-o^; woman. 92 THE GBJEEK IN ENGLISH. [96- 97] Mt-VEUBS: Tidrjfit AND AiScofic. 93 11. IloXt^ has been put at the end of several modern names of cities, such as Indiana-]fo]is, Anna- polls, in imitation of ancient Nea-polis (literally new town), and others. In Constantino-pie (Kayvaravrl' vov'7roXL<; Constantine' s town) and in some others, the last element has been shortened. A Greek metr-o-polis was the mother city (^fJLTjrrjp mother, Latin mater) which sent out colonies, and to which these colonies looked back as to a common centre. The adjective is metro-politan (iroXtrTjs). 12. Tactics and tactic {rafcriKo^ from rdcraco) have reference to the arrangement of military or naval forces. Syntax Qavv and rd^t^;) is the arrang- ing together of words in sentences ; syn-tactic is the adjective. 13. From (fyvai^ are derived a number of words w^hich show quite a variety of meaning. Thus physi-cal signifies pertaining to nature ; physi-o-logy is the science of nature, but in use the word is re- stricted to one phase of the nature of the human body ; physi-o-gnomy (jycyvcoafcco) is the art of dis- cerning the nature of a person from his face, and then the word comes to mean the face itself. Again, physics is the science of nature, having about the force which we should expect physiology to have from its etymology. Physic has received the special meaning of the art of healing diseases (whence physician) ; then the word was employed in the sense of medicine, and finally for that par- ticular kind of medicine with which, in old times, people were most familiar. In meta-physics fierd signifies after (a common use of fierd with the accusative), since meta-physics was considered as coming after physics in the order of studies. It includes the study of the phenomena of mind, psy- chology (see 51, 8). 14. An epi-phyte (eV/, ^vtSv) is a plant growing on another, without receiving from it any nourish- ment. XVII. M^-Verbs: TcdTjfic and AcBcofiu 97. A few verbs, some of them common ones, are conjugated in a slightly different manner from the verbs thus far given (with the exception of SvvafiaL). This form of conjugation is called the fit'iorm, from the last syllable of the present in- dicative active first singular. TlOtj/jli put and 8l- BcofjLL give are examples. Active. Sing. 1 TL'drj'/JLL 3 TL'6r)'at Dual 2 3 \ Plu, 1 2 3 TL'Oe-TOV TL'Oe-TOV TL'0€'/JL€V TL'Oe-aaL Inf. TL 'Bk' vai Passive (^Middle). Tt'de-fiat TL-de-aai ri-de-raL Tt'Oe'crOov ri-Oe-aOov Ti'di-fieOa Tt'Oe-vraL 1 d4 THE GREJEK IN ENGLtSM. [M- Sing. 1 2 3 Active. Bl-BcO'/JLt Bl'BcO'S Bi'Sco-at Passive (Middle), Bi-Bo-fxat Bi-Bo-aai Bi-Bo-rai Dual 2 3 Bl'So'TOV Bi-Bo-Tov Bi-Bo-aOov Bi'Bo-aOov Plu. 1 2 3 SL'Bo-fJL€V Bl-B0'T€ Bt-Bo-dat Bi'Bo-fieOa Bi-Bo-ade Bi'Bo'VTat Inf. Bi-Bo'vai Bi-Bo-aOat a. The root of TtOrjfjLu is ^e-, that of BiBcofxc is So-; the syllables re- in TL-drj-fjiL and Bt- in Bt-Bco-fjic^ called the reduplication^ do not appear in derivatives. (Compare yi-yvco-a/cco.^ The root-syllables &€- and Bo- are lengthened to 07)- and Bco- in the singular active. 98. Vocabulary. TO dvdo<;, -€09 TO Bepjjba, 'T0<; BlBco/jll Bpdco TO Bpdfia, 'T0<; TO rjOo'^y '€0<; /€€V6^, -?7, -01/ TO Kepa^y K€pdTO<; 6 fldvTL^i -eft)9 TO fJLeXo^, '60^ flower (anther). shirty hide (derm). give (dose). c?o, accomplish. (1) deed^ (2) drama. character (eth-ics). empty (ceno-taph). horn (rhino-ceros). soothsay er., prophet (necro-mancy). song^ strain of music (mel-ody). memory (mnem-onic). 99] Ml'VEBBS: TlOrjfjLL AND AlBcofjic. 95 t (2 »- ' 1 ?) pt9> pcvc^ ^ 6 TCL^O^, -OV TL07}fJLL rj OecTL^y -eco^ o-vv-tlOtj/jlc rj avv-Oeac^y -ect)9 nose (rhin-o-ceros). grave^ tomb (ceno-taph). put^ place. position^ putting (thesis). put together. a putting together^ composition (syn-thesis). TO <\>dpiiaK0Vy 'OV drug (pharmacy). 99. Exercises. I. Translate into English. 1. To depfiov Tov rjXiov (f)V€i tol dvOea. 2. iirl Tw Td(p (epi-taph) tov fiavTeco^ yXvipofiev tcl ypdfi- jiaTa TOV ovvjJiaTO^. 3. 97 fUfcpa iral^ Tacraei avuea iirl T<^ Kev(p Td(f)(p (ceno-taph). 4. 6 fiaatkev^ Bv- vaTai BpdeLV iroWd ical dyaOd BpafiaTU. 5. eVl Tft) dfcpo) T^9 plvo^ K€pa^ (rhin-o-iceros) eVr/. 6. \rf\ (bvac^ BlBcoaLv dvOpoDTroi^ iroWd (f)ap/JiaKay a o 0-0^09 (f>ap/jLaK€v<; (pharmacist, druggist) avvTL07ja-L. 7. T069 €pyoL(; Kal Bpafjuaac tov iracBo^i jcyvcoo-KOfjuev TO ^^09. 8. 77 avv0€(ri<; ov^ o/JLOid ia-Ti ttj dvaXvcrei. 9. 6 vavT7]<^ TL07)aLP vBoyp ev roi K€V(p BepfiaTi %^/^at- pa9. 10. ol vTroKpLTal (fyaLVOVTac ex^LV ev ttj fiV)]/jL7) TToWd fieXea. 11. ol lepee^ TiOedat %puo"oi/ viro XL0(p ev ycovia tov olkov, 12. dya0d fiova Xeyo/xev irepl T(ov veKpwv. 13. avvrWepLev poBa fcal aXXa dv0ea. 14. ft) fiaacXev, ov Bvvaaac ^iov toU veKpoh BtBovai. c* 1 Accusative piva 96 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. II. Translate into Greek. [100— 1. The soothsayer sells drugs [which are] like dead flowers. 2. The sun gives to the skin of the sailor's nose the color of a rose. 3. A good character is shown by good deeds. 4. The best actors have a good memory. 5. The king who makes (riOrj^ii) the laws of the people cannot make QiroLeo)) the songs. 6. Nature gives horns to the she-goat and a thick (iraxy) hide (pachy- derm) to the hippopotamus. 7. The first flowers of the season are put upon the graves of the dead. 8. Can you tell the position of the cities which are sending their citizens to w^ar ? 9. The peda- gogue is writing a book about the composition of words. 10. The priest is examining the origin of the sacred songs. 11. Young orators are able to put together many words which have little force. 12. The gods appear to the soothsayer alone. 13. A beautiful deed is like a light which can be seen afar. 100. Notes on Derivatives. 1. Anth-o-logy is properly a collection of flowers ; for the primary meaning of Xeyw, from which the last part is derived, is gather. (^Ek'\€ktck6<; eclectic, from i^ and Xeyco, shows the same force of the verb.) But anth-ology is generally used in a figurative sense, to denote a collection of choice passages from authors, especially from poets. Heli- anthus (77X^09) is the scientific name for sun-flower. 100] Mt-VERBS: TidrjfjLC AND AiScofjic. 9T 2. Epi-dermis (tV/ and Sep/ia), the scientific word for the outer skin, has come into common use. Hypo-dermis, the under skin (utto), is mostly confined to scientific writing and speech, although the adjective hypo-derinic has become common from the practice of giving certain remedies by injec- tion under the skin. The element hjrpo- is used in many scientific terms in the opposite sense to that of hjrper- (see 46, 6, and note that the related Latin prefix sub- is in like manner contrasted with super-). The adjective pachy-dermatous (ttuxv thick) preserves the -ar- of Sepfiar-. Taxi-dermy is the art of preparing skins so as to preserve their natural appearance. 3. Dose is our remnant of Secrecy -ew? a giving, from SiSco/jLi. Anti-dote {avri-Sorop) is a medicine given against — that is, to counteract some effect. An-ec-dote is from uv-iK-SoTov. The plural dv-CK- Sara (literally things not given out or published) was the name 'given by Procopius [a Byzantine writer of the sixth century A.D.] to the unpub- lished memoirs of the emperor Justinian, which consisted chiefly of tales of the private life of the court; whence the application of the name to short stories or particulars.^ 4. A drastic (^paariKo^; from Spdco) remedy is an active, vigorous one. The r of the stem Spdfiar- appears in dramatic, dramatist, and in dramat-urgy (^SpfTfiarovpytd for Sprlpar-c-epyid, the second part being from epyov) drama-making, or the art of writing and representing plays. 98 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [100— 5. An earlier meaning of 97^09 is custom^ habit; hence, that body of habits and usages which make up character or morals. (In the same way Latin mos^ moris^ custom., has given us moral.} From 77^09 in the latter sense we have ethic, ethical, per- taining to morals, and ethics, the science of morals. 6. Besides rhin-o-ceros (plv-o-Kepoy^; nose-horn) fC€pco<; gives us also mono-ceros (fiovo-Kepco^) unicorn (Latin unus, one, and cornu, horn). 1. From fjLdvTc<; we have the adjective mantle (fiavrtKo^), and also the element -mancy (/jLavreta), divination, in cMr-o-mancy, divination by examin- ing the hand (x^ip)-, necro-mancy, divination by consulting the dead (yeKpo^), pyr-o -mancy, by in- terpreting the appearance of a fire (jrvp), and biblio-mancy, by selecting hap-hazard a passage of the Bible (^i/SXlov). The corresponding adjec- tives are necro-mantic, etc. 8. MeXo? (which refers to the music, while m8/] refers more to the words of a song) appears in melody (see 31, 7) and in mel-o-drama, song-play, or play interspersed with music. 9. From fjivtjfir) is derive.d the adjective fivrjfKop mindful, which gives our word mnemonic, pertain- ing to memory, and mnemonics, a system of artificial aids to memory. A-mnesty (^a-fjuvrjareid, alpha priva- tive ; see 60, 3, b) is a legal lack of memory, that is, a general pardon for past offences in time of war. 10. a. The root Be- is the central element of a number of important derivatives. Thesis has the 100] Mc-VEBBS: TiOrjfjbc AND AiSco/MC. 99 ;>pd^co -rjpo^ mix, mixing-howl (crater). even^ level (an-omalous). digest (dys-pep-sia). form^ mould (plas-tic). cut (tome). make known^ tell (phrase). 104. Exercises. I. Translate into English. 1. 'O plvoK€p(o<; (see 100, 6) Bvvarac aipiecv rh dWa ^dpfjLaKa. 4. eVt ry ofiaXy yfj icrrafiev otfcov^. 6. o iral^ KepdvvvaL yrjv Kal vScop fcal irKdaa-eL KaXas eiKova^ tS>v ^wcov. 6. 6 filKp6<; TecopyLo^; (see 57, 4) T€fMV€L TO BivSpov^ oXXd (but^ OV Bvvarai yjrevBo^ \ij6LV, 7. Bvvaaai (})pd^€tv rd ovv/nara tS>v dvdecov a dva\vei<; ; 8. dvOpcoiroL ev ireirrovaL (en-peptic) Tr)v adpKa ^(^cov /cat (fyvrd, 9. o /cpvaTaWo^ iv to3 lBi(d irapaBeL(T(p rov y8ao"fc\eft)9 6fJLa\6<; eari. 10. oi 6eo\ Bvvavrac TrXdaaeiv iroWd yevea l^axov. 11. ol diroo'ToXoi BiaXeyovrai avv rol^ iroXiTaL<; irepX rov iroXe/jLOV. 12. alpeo/MeOa dyadov riOo^ dvrl rrj^ ^aai- Xico^ Bwdfieco^. 13. rl Kepdvvvrai iv rcS fcpdrfjpi ; 14. ol 6eoX BcBodac iroXXd Tot9 iratal tS>v dv- 0p(O7r(ov. 106] ML-VEllBS:''lo'Tr)p.t AND KepdwOfic. 103 II. Translate into Greek. 1. The solitary dynast converses with the priest, and makes-known his private feelings (idio-pathic). 2. The young [man] cannot mould an image of a hippopotamus. 3. The poets make-known the character and deeds of the ancients. 4. They mix drugs in a little mixing-bowl. 5. The animal is able to eat and digest many kinds of plants. 6. They are setting up a new machine, which cuts grass. 7. It is best to choose the level road. 8. In time we learn to choose the good instead of the bad. 9. The sailor's brother seizes and throws the measuring-rod. 10. The leaders of the people wish to divide the city. 11. To converse with others is not given to many animals. 12. A level road leads to the river. 13. He chooses the best place in the theatre, from which he can see the drama well. 105. Notes on Derivatives. 1. Di-eresis or di-aeresis (BL-aipeai^;, -e©?), liter- ally a taking apart^ shows the active signification of alpeco. From alpeco in its middle sense we have heresy (^atpeai^, -ew?), a choosing^ and heretic. Tlie term heretic was originally given to people who did not accept the doctrines of the church, but chose their own beliefs; and heresy was a belief thus chosen. 2. From Bca-Xeyofiat (Bid and Xeyco, in which the force of Bid is not clear) we obtain dia-lect (17 Bid- 104 THl: GRJE^K IN ENGLISH. [105- X6/CT09, -ov conversation^ way of talking')^ and dia- logue (Sm-Xo709). Dia-lectics was first used of a conversational form of argument and investigation. 3. A zo5-phyte (fo3oi/, c^vrov^ is an animal-plant ; that is, an animal very much like a plant. An epi- zootic disease is one which prevails among animals (eirl TOL<; ^(ool^^ as an epi-demic (see 74, 1) among human beings. The zodiac (fcoSia/to?, an adjective formed from ^mBiov, the diminutive of fcGoi/), that imaginary belt of the sky through which the sun seems to move, contains the twelve constellations, which are fancied to resemble various animals. 4. Idiom {ISicofia, -ro^;') denotes, first one's own peculiar use of language ; then a mode of expres- sion which is peculiar to a particular language. Idiomatic retains -ar- of the stem. Idiot (lhL(i>Tr]<;, -ov) was formerly used in the Greek sense of a private person^ as distinguished from one in public station. Then it came to mean a common^ unedu- cated^ or simple person, and finally one who has not the ordinary degree of intelligence. 5. From the root of larrj/jLc we have static (^ara- TLKo^^ and statics. A compound of statics is hydr-o- statics (yhcop)^ the science which has to do with the laws of pressure and equilibrium of water and sim- ilar liquids. An apo-state (aTro-o-rarTy?) is one who stands offfrom^ or deserts^ his former faith or party. Apo-stasy (^aTro-araaL^i) is the act of so deserting. Ec-stasy (eK-araa-Ls:^^ a standing out^ is an extreme state of emotion, in which, as we say, one is " be- side himself " ; ec-static is the adjective. Sy-stem I 105] ML-VEItB8:''\aTr]tii AND KepdvviJfiL. 105 (a-varr^fiay -T09, from avv and larrj/jbi^ denotes the standing together of things, in an orderly manner; systematic is the adjective, and systematize the verb. (Many English words containing the root sta are from Latin.) 6. The Greek Kparrjp was a large bowl in which the wine was mixed with water before being drunk ; the crater of a volcano is so named from its resem- blance in shape. From Ihio^y avv^ and tcpacn<; mix- ture was formed Ihio-crvy'Kpdaid idio-syn-crasy, one's own peculiar mixture of qualities; idio-crasy is rarely used in the same sense. 7. From ofjLaXo^ and dv- privative (see 60, 3, J), we have an-omalons (^dv-cofjLa\o<; with an irregular lengthening of to w), irregular^ and ano-maly (aV'toixaXia)^ irregularity, 8. Eu-peptic and eu-pepsia are contrasted with dys-peptic, (hvcr- and TreTrrco^ digesting ill^ and dys- pepsia, bad digestion. 9. From TrXdaaco we obtain plaster (e/£-7rXapd^(o. Compounds are phrase-o-logy, para-phrase (irapa)^ and peri-phrasis (irepi)^ with the adjective peri-phrastic. (Compare circum-locution from Latin circum and loquor.) XIX. The Verb ^rffjui; the Adjective ITa?. 106. The conjugation of cfyrjfjLL say^ affirm^ is nearly like that of tarrffit in the present active ; but the present indicative of (f>r)fii is enclitic (see 55), ex- cept in the second person singular, (^779 ; hence it follows the rules in 55, a and 5, in regard to ac- cent, and should not be placed at the beginning of a sentence. Sing, Dual. Plu, 1 cl>7J-flL (})a-fi€V 2 v^ ^a-Tov a'Te « ^a-Tov Inf. ^orvau (j>do'l 107. The adjective ira<; all (sometimes, in the singular, every) is of the third declension in the 108] THE VEEB (fyrjfii ; THE ABJECTIVE ira^. 107 masculine and neuter, and of the first declension in the feminine. It has some irregularities of ac- cent, and is therefore given in full. Sing. N. 7ra9 iraaa Trap G. iravro^ TTOO-Tj^ iraPTO^ D. iravri iraarj iraprC A. iravra iracrav Trap V. Trap iraaa • Trap Dual N.A.V. irdvre iraaa irdpre G.D. irdvTOLV iraaatv irdpTOLP Plu. N.V. 7rdvT€<; iraaaL irdpra G. irdvTCdv TraaSiV TrdpTcop D. iraaL iraaai^ iracTL A. irdvra^; iraaas irdpra 108. r] dyopa, -a? TO dXyo<;, -eo? TO ^dpo^y -609 hihdaicoi) BoK€t (3rd sing, of TO Boyfia, -T09 fcaco (root /cav-) KaVCTTLKO^, '7], -OP /CpVTTTCO Xa/jL/3dp(o (root \ayS-) fiapffdpco (root /naO-) Vocabulary. assembly (phantasm-agor-ia). pain (neur-alg-ia). weight (baro-meter). teach (didac-tic). it seems^ seems true. opinion (what seems true : dogma). burn. / burning^ caustic. conceal (crjrpt). take (syl-lab-le). learn (philo-math). 108 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH, [109— TO fidOrjfxa, -T09 flVOD TO /JLvaT/jpiov, -ov IxvaTLKO^, -rj, 'OV o\o<;, -77, 'OV 7rd^, Trdcra, irdv 7) irelpay -a? 7r€LpdT7](;, -ov TTpaaaco TO irpdyfiay 'To<; lesson (mathematics). shut the eyes. secret doctrine^ mystery. secret^ mystic. whole (holo-caust). all^ every (pan-orama). attempt^ trial (em-pir-ic). pirate. accomplish (prac-tical). deed^ affair (pragmat-ic). split (schism). say^ affirm (eu-phe-mism). 109. Exercises. I. Translate into English. 1. T/ ^7)9 TO Tov ^(pov ^dpo<; elvau ^ (to he^ ; 2. iv Trj dyopa tcov ttoXItcov ol prjTOpe^; p.av6dvovcn Xeyeiv tc5 h/jfiw. 3. hvvaTai 6 TrpeafivTepo^; ScSd- (TKeLv irdvTa Ta fivaTrjpLa tcov Oewv ; 4. T049 ev Tfi a)^o\f} fjLaOrjiJLaaL ifKao-aovTai ol iralhe^. 5. rj pLvarTLKY] (TO(f>id TCOV dp')(aicov ovK €TC (longer^ Kpv- iTTeTat. 6. ol TToXiTai (ppd^ovcrc Ta SoypuaTa t^9 dyopd<;. 7. r/ irelpa BcBdo-Kec tl SvvdpieOa irpaaaeiv. 8. ol TretpdTal dirO'TepLVovcn (Jltto- = off^ tcl^ Ket^a- Xa9 irdvTcov tcov ^tpcov a XapL^dvovai. 9. ov 8v- vaaOe a^i^eLV to SevSpov. 10. irdvTe^ ol iralhe<; pLavOdvovai to oXov fidOrj/jLa. 11. to KavcrTiKov 0€pjJLpv TOV r/Xlov BiB(0(7Lv oXyea. 12. prJTCop (fyrjal 1 The verb rjfiL, like verbs of saying in Latin, takes the in- finitive, with or without a subject-accusative, as its object. 110] THE VEItn f^rjp.l; THE ADJECTIVE 7ra9. 109 TOV hrjpLOV elvac ao(f>ov Kal dyaOov. 13. TretpaovTat Koeuv Ta BevSpa. 14. ^Xt09 fcdec to Bepp^a tov veov dOXijTov. 15. Ta pbvaTrjpLa, a ol nrpea^vTepoL fcpv- iTTeLV ireipdovTati irdvTa (ppd^ovTac. II. Translate into Greek. 1. They conceal the nature of the drugs which they give. 2. The fire splits all the stones and burns all the plants. 3. The whole affair is secret. 4. Pain teaches many lessons. 6. Can you tell in the assembly of the people the secret-doctrines which the priests teach? 6. The pirate takes all the gold in the city. 7. Caustic words give pain. 8. The king conceals the attempt of the sooth- sayers. 9. The air in the lungs has not much weight. 10. We learn from ancient books the opinions of the ancients about nature. 11. The wise affirm that the good citizen rules (inf.) his own feelings, and gives much to others. 12. It is best to learn, not many [things], but much about a few things. 13. What are you trying to accom- plish? 14. The image which the citizens are trying to set up is a work of much skill. 110. Notes on Derivatives. 1. Phantasm-agoria ((f>dvTaapia^ 74, 11, and dyopa) denotes an assemblage of phantasms or iinages. In pan-egyric we have a derivative of a dialectic form of dyopa. A irav-riyvpL^ was an assemblage of all the people^ as at the great Olympic games ; and a 110 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [110— 7raiM]yvpcfco<; X0709 was an oration delivered at such an assembly. As such orations were often in praise of some city or person, the term came to mean a eulogy. 2. From d\yo<; is derived the last part of cephal- algia (see 31, 5) and neur-algia (^rb vevpov nerve). 3. In bary-tone the y stands for v of ^apv<^ heavy ^ which is plainly related to /3apo9. The word is also spelled baritone. (For tone see mono-tone, 68, 9.) The baro-meter is an instrument for measuring the weight of the atmosphere. 4. Didactic (StSa/cr^/co?, from StSacr/to), the root of which is BtSafc-y means instructive. 6. Aoj/jLa sometimes has the same meaning as Bo^a; but the English dogma has taken on the sense of an accepted opinion^ or one which is put forth as unquestionably true. Hence dogmatic and dogmatize. 6. The verb fcaco has lost the v which is shown by other forms to belong to the root. Cautery (^KavrrjpLov a branding-iron) is the act of burning or searing in surgery. Cauterize is the verb. 7. Apo-crypha (aTro-z^ptx^a, from aTro-Kpiirrco) signifies properly hidden away ; then by a curious transfer the word was applied to those books of the Bible which were not recognized as inspired. 8. Syl-lable is from avX-Xa^rj {trvv and \a/A- ^ai/ft)), what is tahen together^ that is, pronounced with one impulse of the voice. In di-(8)8yllable (for di- see 96, 1) the extra s was originally due to a blunder, like many other peculiarities of our llOJ THE VERB (f>Vfii ; THE ADJECTIVE 7ra9. Ill spelling. Tri-syllable has for its first element the stem of T/oeZ?. . Syl-labus, of the same etymology with syl-lable, denotes an abstract or compendium. In epi-lepsy (literally, an attack^ seizure)^ the root Xaff' appears in the slightly different form \777r-. The root is still farther changed in di-lemma (S/- \7jfjLfia). This word was originally the technical name of a peculiar form of argument, but now is often used for a difficult situation^ in which any course of action which may be chosen seems likely to lead to further difficulty. The force of the word may be roughly given as double-catch; for di- see 96, 1. 9. In mathematics the meaning of ixaOrifiaTa has been restricted to a particular branch of learning. A philo-math (c^tXo?) is one who i^fond of learning. 10. Holo-caust (0X09 and Kavaro^ from koco) is used of sacrifices which were wholly burned. The phrase Kaff oXov (for /cara oXov) is used in an adverbial sense, wholly ; from this was formed the adjective KuOoXcfco^ miiversal^ general ; hence our word catholic. 11. Ha? appears in English in the forms pant- and pan-. Thus, pant-o-mime (see 78, 4), pant-o- phagous (^(f)ay€Lv)y equivalent to omni-vorous^ from Latin. Pandemonium (halficov) is the place of all demons ; pan-theon {irav-Q^lov^ deosi), a temple of all gods; pan-theism, the doctrine that the universe^ taken as a whole^ is God ; pan-orama (opdcci)^ a com- plete view; pan-acea (jrav-aKeia^ from aKeofxaL to cure)^ a cure-all; pan-oply (irav-oirXicii from oirXov 112 THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. [110. ■4 armor), complete armor. From frequent use in these and similar words, the syllable pan- has come to be used freely with a like meaning in forming new compounds, often when the second part is not Greek, as in pan-evangeUcal, T?2in-Slavism. Dia- pason is an abbreviation of 8c^ Trdacop xopScop (^ XopSrj the string of a lyre, whence our chord) ; it means, therefore, the octave, or the entire scale. 12. An em-piric is one whose knowledge or skill is gained only in trial or experiment (eV ireipa), and is not founded on scientific principles. *A pirate makes hostile attempts or attacks on others ; piracy is shortened from ireLpareia. 13. From irpcKraw we have practical {irpaKriK^^), practice, and praxis {irpa^t^^ a technical term having one of the meanings of practice ; pragmatic shows the stem of Trpayfia. 14. A schism {crxicrfia, ^To^, from axil^co) is a " split,'' or division, in a party or organization ; hence schismatic. 15. From €v-(f>r}fMo^ wellspeahing Qev and (prjfii) we have eu-phemism, eu-phemistic. A irpo-cf>^Trj^ IS one who speaks for ?inot\iQv (irpS, like Latin j^ro, often having the meaning for} ; pro-phet, one who speaks for, or in place of God; that is, one who is inspired by God and declares his will. Hence pro-phetic, pro-phecy, and pro-phesy. Hetero-phemy (€T€po^) is a euphemistic word, of recent forma- tion, ioT false-speaking. GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. A. 'A-yaOo's, -t{, -ov good, 66. d^YcXXo) announce, report, 68. ttYYcXos, -ov, d messenger, 68. oyopd, -ds, TJ assembly, 108. ayta lead, 72. d7&>7ds, -ov, d leader, guide, 72. a')fwv, d^wvos, o contest, 84. dY(>)v££o|iiai struggle, engage in a contest, 84. d8€\(|>ds, -ov, d brother, 58. difp, a^pos, d air 84. a6XT)TT{$, -ov, d athlete, 84. dOXov, -ov, TO prize, 84. dOXos, -ov, d athletic game, 84. aipc'o) seize, grasp, 103. alpc'cfjiai choose, 103. aUr6dvo|jiai perceive, 76. oKjiT], -Tis, tj summit, prime, 29. dKovcD hear, 34. oKpov, -ov, TO top, upper part, 94. oKpoiroXis, -ca>s, tj acropolis, 94. 0X705, -€os, TO pain, 108. dWd. but. dXXos, -TJ, -o other, 89. dva'yi'yvwo-Kci) read, 49. di^dXvo-is, -c count, 76. dpiOfidsy -ov, d number, 76. dpio-Tos> -ij, -ov best, 89. opxatos, -d, -ov ancient, 80. W* "H earth, land, 29. ^Cyvojiku become, be born, (of events) take place, 89. YiYvcMTKO) perceive, learn to know, 49. 7\v<|>(a carve, 94. 7Xcixro*a or •yXwTTa, -tjs, t] tongue, language, 39. ^poiJif&a, -Tos, TO writing, let- ter (of the alphabet) , 89. 7pai^a> write, 29. Tv^jLvaSco exercise, 76. ^l&vouTiov, -OV, TO gymna- siuin, 76. ■yvjivo's, -r , -dv naked, bare, 76. -ycovCd, -OS, ij corner, angle, 80. A. AaC|M>v, -ovoS) spirit, 84. d divinity, ScVa ten, 80. ScKas, -a8os, rj company of ten, decad, 80. Sc'vSpov, -ov, TO tree, 64. Sc'pfia, -TOS, TO skin, hide, 98. Sco-irdnjs, -ov, d master, 44. Srjfios, -ov, d people, 72. 8ia, prep. w. gen., through, 54. 8iaip€(i> divide, 103. SCatTa, -TJS, TJ mode of life, 39. SioXc'^ojiai converse, 103. Si8ao-Kci) teach, 108. SCSoifjii give, 98. 8Cs twice, 94. Sd^jio, -TOS, TO opinion, 108. 8dga, -TJS, TJ opinion, 66. 8pc4i.a, -TOS, TO (1) deed, (2) drama, 98. 8pcwa> do, accomplish, 98. 8pdp.os, -ov, d race, running, 49. Svvajiai can, am able, 94. Svvaj&is, -€«s, TJ force, power, 94. 8vvda*TTjs, -ov, d ruler, dynast, 94. E. 'Ep8o)jias, -cC8os, tj week, 80. €p8o|jios, -TJ, -ov seventh, 80. cISos, -€os, TO shape, figure, 89. cIkwv, -dvos, TJ image, statue, 84. cUrC(v) (they) are, 54. cK or c{, prep. w. gen., out of, from, 64, 1.V If cv, prep. w. dat., in, 29. ifyi outside, 80. ^«(,prep. w. dat, upon, 66; w. ace, to, 58. ^wCo-Koiros, -ov, o overseer, guardian, 72. cirwTToXTi, -TJS, Ti letter, epis- tle, 58. c'TTrd seven, 80. cp-yov, -ov, TO work, 54. cprjjjios, -TJ, -ov solitary, lonely, 84. 60-rC(v) (^^» ®^^-) » ^^' ^^• ^(r« inside, within, 80. cTcpos, -d, -ov other, 66. ITtviios, -tj, -ov true, real, gen- uine, 72. cv well, 34. ^X» l^ave, 29. Z. Zi^v, -ov, Td animal, 103. •^Ptj, -tjs, tj youth, 29. ijOos, -cos, TO character, 98. TjXios, -ov, d sun, 54. 0. 0ca, -OS, TJ sight, show, 29. Ofc'dTpov, -ov, TO theatre, 64. ecds, -ov, d a god, God, 58. e€pjidv, -ov, TO heat, 54. 0€Vis, -€ws, TJ position, put- ting, 98. I. "ISios, -d, -ov one's own, pri- vate, 103. Upcvs, -cws, d priest, 94. Upds, -a, -dv sacred, 94. tinros, -ov, d horse, 58. to-os, -tj, -ov equal, 72. lo^fii set up, cause to stand, 103. lo-TopCd, -OS, TJ history, story, 34. K. KaC and, 49. KaKo's, -TJ, -dv bad, 66. KoXXos, -cos, Td beauty, 89. KoXds, -Tj', -dv beautiful, 89. Kttvwv, -dvos, d measuring-rod, rule, 84. KavoTiKos, -TJ, -dv burning, caustic, 108. KoU> burn, 108. Kcvds, -Tj', -dv empty, 98. Kfpdvvv^i mix, 103. Kc'pas, Kc'pdTOS, TO horn, 98. kc+oXtj', -Vjs, ti head, 29. kXom break, 84. icXt|ia|, -Kos, TJ ladder, 76. Koo-|i€'a> adorn, 49. Koo-iws, -ov, d (1) order, (2) ornament, (3) the universe, world, 49. KpaT^ci) rule, 89. KpdTTjp, -Tjpos, d mixing-bowl, 103. KpaTos, -cos, TO strength, 89. Kptvw judge, 44. Kpi.TTjs» -ov, d judge, 44. 110 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULABY. kpiima conceal, 108. Kpvo'TctXXds, -ov, d ice, 58. kvkXoS) -ov, d circle, 58. A. Aa)&Pava> take, 108. Xapxryg, -70s, d throat, larynx, 76. X€Ys* d soothsayer, prophet, 98. fiAos, -60$, TO song, strain of music, 98. {nc'Tpov, -OV, TO measure, 54. |iT)XavTJ, -Tis, t5 machine, 34. pLiKpds, -a, -o'v small, 72. (jLific'ofiai imitate, 76. |jii|jios, -ov, d imitator, 76. |iuros, -cos, TO hatred, 94. livtiVt), -Tjs, TJ memory, 98. f&dvos, -t], -ov alone, only, only one, 66. ^P<{>t{, -tJs, ij form, 58. p,ovo-a, -T)s, TJ muse, 39. I&ovo-ctov, -ov, TO house of the muses, museum, 58. (iOvo-iKT], -t]s, ij music, 39. (iivOos, -ov, d tale, legend, 49. livo-TTJpiov, -ov, TO secret doc- trine, mystery, 108. jjivo-TiKos, -rf, -dv secret, mys- tic, 108. N. . Navs, TJ ship, 84. vavTTjs, -ov, d sailor, 84. ^ vcKpds, -d, -dv dead, 94. vc'iift) deal out, distribute, 66. vc'os, -d, -ov new, young, 94. vdfxos, -ov, d law, 66. O. *0, 1], Td the. Often trans- lated by his, her, its, or their, 18. d8ds, -ov, T] road, way, 49. oIkc'o) to inhabit, dwell in, 72. oIkoS) -ov, d house, 72. dXCyoi, -ai, -a few, 80. dXos, -TJ, -ov whole, 108. dfJiaXds, -T], -dv even, level, 103. ofioios, -d, -ov like, 89. d|iov together 89. dw|Aa, -Tos, TO name, 89. dpcui) see, 49. dpyavov, -ov, Td instrument, 54. dp0ds, -T], -dv (1) straight, (2) upright, (3) right, 66. dpvis, -60s, d, tJ bird, 80. GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 117 OS, rf, d who, that, which 64. ov, ovK, ovx not, 34. d^ofjiai future of dpouo, 76. n. nddos, -€os, Td feeling, pas- sion, 89. iraiSa-ywYo's, -ov, d child-leader, teacher, pedagogue, 80. iraiSevw educate, 80. irais, iroiSds, d, t] child, 80. irdXt,v again, 29. irapa, prep. w. dat., at the side of, beside, 44. irapaPciXXw compare, 44. irapaPoXri, -ris, ti comparison, illustration, parable, 44. irapd8€uros, -ov, d park, 58. irds, ircura, irdv all, every, 108. ircipa, -as, r\ attempt, trial, 108. ircipao)iai try, 108. ircipdTTJs, -ov, d pirate, 108. ircTTTw digest, 103. ircpC, prep. w. gen., about, con- cerning; w. ace, around, 29 and 54. irXouro-o) form, mould, 103. irvcvjjia, -TOS, rd wind, breath, 89. irvcv|Ui>v, -ovos, d lung, 89. iroictt make, 39. iroiTinJs, -ov, d poet, 44. iro'Xc|vos, -ov, d war, 58. iro'Xis, -€«s, TJ city, 94. iroXtTqs, -ov, d citizen, 44. ^oXvs, ttoXXtJ, iroXv much, (plural) many, 89. iroTafids, -ov, d river, 58. irovs, iro8ds, d foot, 80. irpa^fjia, -tos, Td deed, affair 108. irpcboro-o) accomplish, 108. irpco-pvTcpos, -d, -ov older, elder, 72. irpd, prep. w. gen., before, 89. irpcdTos, -11, -ov first, 76. irvp, irvpds, to fire, 84. ircoXcca sell, 66. Tt(t«p, -opos, d orator, 84. pts, pivds, t5 nose, 98. pdSov, -ov, TO rose, 54. 2. 2ap|, -Ko's, 1] flesh, 76. o-Kcirrofiai view, examine, 72. o-KTJTTTpov, -ov, Td Staff, sccptrc, 54. o-Koirds, -ov, d watcher, look- out, 72. o'oCd, -OS, 11 wisdom, 66. o-o4>Ctop.ai, am clever, or wise, 72. o-o<|>ds, -TJ, -dv wise, 66. oTc'XXft) send, 58. o^cpcds, -d, -dv firm, solid, 76. (ttCxos, -ov, d line (as of writ- ing), 94. o-vv, prep. w. dat., with, 76. o^v6co-is, -c«s, TJ a putting to- gether, composition, 98. aipa, -ds, TJ ball, sphere, 39. 118 GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. o-xCl«, split, 108. (rxoXG%a>, have leisure, 34. arrange, 94. toL4k>s, -ov, o grave, tomb, 98. Te|j.v(D cut, 103. T€xvii, "US, 11 art, skill, 58. TTJXc at a distance, afar, 34. t( what? 29. tC9ti|ii put, place, 98. Toiros, -ov, d place, 58. Tp€ir(i> turn 54. TpoTTOSj -ov, d turn, 54. Tp€is three, 80. Tviros, -ov, d type, 76. TviTTft) strike, 76. Y. •Y^Ccitt, -ds, 11 health, 39. vSidp, TO water, 58. virc'p, prep. w. ace, beyond, 44. wcpPoXXtt outdo, excel, 44. wcpPoXti, -tjs, 11 excess, ex- travagance, hyperbole, 44. ^ird, prep. w. dat., under, 72. ^iroKptvo|iai (1) answer, (2) play a part on the stage, 76. viroKpiTTJs, -ov, d actor, 76. ^a-yciv, inf., to eat, 76. ^aivbi show, 72. <|>aCvo)iai appear, 72. <|>dp|jiaKov, -ov, TO drug, 98. <|>€'p<0 bear, carry, 80. (|>T)|j.C say, affirm, 108. C\o8, -ov, d friend, 49. c|>dpos, "OV, d fear, 58. ^pa.l(a make known, tell, 103. +VO-IS, -c(DS, 11 nature, 94. <|)VTdv, -ov, TO plant, 94. <|>va) make grow, 94. <|>«VT], -tJs, 11 sound, voice, 34. 4><3s, <|>«Tds> to' light, 80. X. XapaKTTJp, -Tjpos, d mark, 84. Xapcuro-ca scratch, 84. XcCp, ij hand, 34. xCjAaipa, -ds, i] she-goat, 39. Xpdvos, -ov, d time, 49. XpCo-ds, -ov, d gold 76. Xp«tfca, -Tos, TO color, 89. ^. ^€v8os, -€os, TO falsehood, 89. +vxTi, -lis, 11 soul, 49. a. •fliSri, -ijs song, ode, 29. (Spd, -ds, 11 season, time, 29. ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. A. -, Svvafjxii, Able, am - , ,,.,^ About TTCpi w. gen. Accomplish Spaa). Account Xdyos, -ov, o. Acropolis aKpoTToXi^, -ca>9, tJ. Actor vTroKpLTrj<:y -ov, o. Adorn Koafxeo). Afar T^Ac. Affair Trpay/io, -To^f to. Affirm fjyrj/u. Again ttoXiv. Air aiyp, a€po^, o. All 7ra9, iracra, irav. Alone /Ltdvo?, -^, -ov* Ambassador aTrdoroAos, -ov, 6. Analysis dvaA-vat?, -ecu?, fj. Analyze avaXvm, Ancient dpx^tos, -a, -ov. And Kai, Angle ycond, -ds, rf. Animal ^aLpa, -ds, ^. Bare yv/xi/ds, -ly, -6v. Bear ip(i)> Beautiful /coAos, -17, -dv. Beauty koAAos, -cos, to. Become yiyvo/xat. Before Trpd w. gen . Begin apxos, -ov, 6. Bum Kao). Burning KavariKOs, -17, -ov. But dAAa. C. Can 8wa/xai. Carry ipw. Carve yAvc^co. Caustic KavaTLKo^, -rj^ -ov. Character ^^05, -cos, to. Child Trats, TratSds, 6 or ^. Choose aipeo/JuiL. Circle kvkXos, -ov, 6. Citadel a/cpo7roAts, -co)?, ij. Citizen TroXtrr/s, -ov, o. City TToXis, -c(os, rj' Color ^oijjua., -TO^, TO. Compare Trapa^aXXo). Comparison Trapa/SoXyy -rjq, c ^* . . Composition a-vvOeasy -ceo?, 17. Conceal Kpwro). Concerning Trcpt w. gen. Contest dyciv, dywvos, o. Converse StoAcyo/Aat. Corner ytovtct, -ds, 17. Count dpt^/x€dpfJLaKov, -ov, to. Dwell in oticco). Dynast Svvdo-Tiys, -ov, o. E. Earth y^, y^s, 17. Eat, to , inf., . Elder wpea/SvTepos, -d, -ov. Empty K€vos, -17, -ov. Envoy aTroo'ToXos, -ov, o. Epistle CTrto'ToXiy, -^9, ^. Equal tao^, -77, -ov. Even op^ds, -ry, -dv. Examine aKewropxiu Excel vireplSdXXo). Excess vTTCpjSoXiy, -^s, 17. Exercise yvfxvd^o). Extravagance xmep/SoXy, -rjs, c F. Falsehood i/^cv8os, -cos, to. Family ycvca, -ds, ^. Far TiJXc. Fear ff)6po/, -ov. Give SiSwfu. God 6cds, -ov, 6. Gold ^vaos, -ov, 6. Good dya^ds, -17, -dv. Good health vytcta, -ds, 17. Government apx^^j -^St 17. Grasp aipco). Grass jSoTavrj, -rys, ^. Grave Td<;(>os, -ov, 6. Grow, make , <^va). Guardian, CTrorKOTros, -ov, Guide dya>yds, -ov, 6. Gymnasium yv/xvdo'tov, TO. H. Hand x^^P? ^' Hatred fxiaos, to. c O. -OV, Have €xc«>» Have leisure orxoXd^co. Head K€pd^o). L. Ladder KXt/^a^, -kos, '^. Land yrj, 7^9, ij. Language yXClxTcra, -779, ^. Large fjuaKpos, -a, -ov. Law vofiosy -ovy 6. Lead ayco. Leader dywyos, -ov, o. Learn fjuavOdvo), Learn to know ytyvcoo-KO). Legend pJvOos, -ov, 6. Leisure 0^0X1], -^s, 17 ; to have leisure o^oAa^o). Lesson fiaOrjfJui, -ros, to. Letter (of the alphabet) ypapr pXL, -T09, TO. Letter (epistle) linaToXri, -^s, c Level o^uoAds) -17, -dv. Life pCo^, -ov, o. Life, mode of , SouTa, Light <^o>S} ffxi/ro^j to. Like ofioioSi -a, -ov. Line (ttlxo^^ -ov, 6. Little fUKposy -a, -ov. Live olK€(i). Lonely l/ory/xos, -1;, -ov. Long jMiKpos, -a, -dv. Loose Avo). Loosing Aixrt?, -ca>9, '^. Lung TTVCV/XCJV, -ovos, 6. M. Machine ixyi^avri, -^s, ly. Make Troiio). Make grow pd^(i). Man avOpoyjTO^y -ov, 6. Many TroAAoti TroAAat, TroAAa. Mariner vavTr]s, 17. New v€os, -d, -ov. North-wind ^opids, -ov, o. Nose pt5, plvd?, 17. Not ov, ovK, ov;(. Number dptd/xds, -ov, 6. O. Ode wSt;, -^9, 17. Older 7rpco-/3vTcpo9, -d, -ov. On CTTc w. dat. Only, only one, fiovo^, -rj, -ov. Opinion Sd^a, -779, ^5 ^^ 8dy/uta, -T09, TO. Orator prjTwp^ -opos, o. Origin y€vcyd9, -ov, 6. People Srjfwsy -ov, 6. Perceive alaOdvopjca or yt- yvcjCKO). Pipe avAd9, -ov, o. Pirate 7rctpdT779, -ov, o. Place (noun) Td7ro9, -ov, o. Place, take , ytyvo/uuit. Place (verb) TiOrjfu. Plant <^vTdv, -ov, Td. Poet 7roi77T779, -ov, o. Position ^€0-19, -CC09, 17. Power 8wa/U9, -ca)9, ^. Priest lepev9) -€(09, 6. Prime oJCfJirj, -779, ^. Private 18109, -d, -ov. Prize a^Aov, -ov, Td. Prophet /xdvTLs, -CC09, 6. Put TiOrjfU. Put together (TvvTcOrjfJu. Putting together o-iV^co'i9, -€0)9, 77. R. Race, kind, yevo9j -C09, Td. Race, running, Spofxo^, -ov, 6. Read dvaytyv. Real €Tv/xos, -rj, -ov. Report dyycAAo). Right dpdd9, -77, -dv. River TroTa/w, -ov, o. Road 68d9, -ov, 1^. Rose poSov, -ov, to. Rule (noun) Kavcov, -dvo9, 6. Rule (verb) dpx^ or KpaTim. Ruler 8vvdo-T779, -ov, 6. Running hp6pxy%y -ov, 6. S. Sacred i€pd9, -a, -dv. Sailor vavT779, -ov, o. Same o avTd9, ^ avT77, to aiTd. Sceptre aKYJirrpov, -ov, to. School axoA77, -^9, 17, Scratch )(apd(ra'o). Season wpd, -d9, v- Secret paxttlkos, -^, -dv. Secret doctrine pvfn-qpi^ov, -ov, Td. V s. 124 ENCfLlSB-CfimEK VOCABULABT, ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY. 125 See opao) | future oil/ofjun. Seize aipco). Sell TTwAeo). Send o-r cAAo) ; send away airo- Set up LO-TrjfiL. Seven CTrra. Seventh cySSo/xos, -77, -ov. Shape c?8os, -C05, to. She-goat ;(t/xaipa, -d?, 17. Ship vavs, '^. Show (noun) ^cd, -d^, ^. Show (verb) "V^j V' ;Sound (noun) i^wi/t;, -^s, 17. Sound (verb) tfxavin). Speak Xiyo). Sphere (Taipa, -ds, ^. Spirit Saiptjjv, 'Ovos, 6. Split a^it^ia. Staff (TK^TTTpOV, -ov, TO. Star ao'Tpov, -ov, to. Statue elKiiv, -ovos, 17. Stone At9os, -ov, 6. Story IdTopLd, -ds, ^. Straight opOos, -rj, -ov. Strength Kparos, '€os, to. Strike tvttto). Struggle aytovL^opai^ Summit ok/x?;, -rjs, ^* Sun ^Atos, -ov, 6. T. Take Xap^^dvo). Take apart dvaXifo}. Take place ycyvopxu. Taking apart dvaXvats, -ca>s, c V' Tale pAj6oyos, -ov, 6. Tell pd^(i} or Acyco. Ten ScKa. The o, ^, TO. Theatre OidTpov, -ov, to. Their, translated by the arti- cle 6, 17, TO. Three Tpeis. Throat Xdpvy^, -yyos, o. Through Sid w. gen. Throw ySoAAo). Time xp^^^^s, -ov, 6; season (jjpd, -ds, 17. To, with verbs of motion, im w. ace. Together o/xov. Tomb Tdos, -ov, o. Tongue yAwo-ca -77s, if. Top OLKpOV, -ov, TO. Tree ScvSpov, -ov, to. True €Tvp.os, -rj, -ov. Try Treipdopxii. Turn (verb) TpcVoj. Turn (noun) TpoTros, -ov, 6. Type TVTTOs, -ov, 6. U. Under vtto w. dat. Undo Avo). Unloose dvaXvio. Upon €7rt' w. dat. Upright op^os, ->7, -ov. V. View (TKilTTOpXlU Voice (i)vrj, -^s, 17. W. War TToAc/xos, -ov, 6. Water v8o)p, to. Way 080s, -ov, 17. Week e)88o/Jias, -Sos, 17. Weight pdpos, -cos, to. Well cS. What Tt. Whole 0A0S7 -77, -ov. Wind TTvcv/xo, -tos, to. Wisdom (TOffiid, -ds, ^. Wise a'o6s, -rj, -ov. With o-vv w. dat. Within €o-a>. Word Aoyos, -ov, o. Work Ipyov, -ov, to. World Koa-pjos, -ov, 6. Write ypdcjxD. Writing ypdp^pa^ -tos, to, Y. Young v€os, -d, -ov. Youth rj^rj, -rjs, •7. I X INDKX OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. A-, an- (privalitt) 60, S, b. Acephalous 81, B. Acme 29; 81, 1. Acoustic 84; 86, 1. Acoustics 86, 1 ; 86, 6. Acropolis M. AcTOXtic M ; 96» 1. Adelplii M ; 56, 1, 9. Aerate 66, 2. Aerial 86. 2. Aerifonn 86, 2. Aerolite 66, 2. Aeronaut 86. 2. A«thetlc76, 1; 76, 11. Aesthetics 76, 1. Agatha 66. AgnoBtic 60, 3. b. Agonize 64. Agony 84 ; 66, 1. Air 64 i 68, 2. Albuminoid 91, 5. Allopathy 69; 91, 1. Alpha and Omega 6, a. Alphabet 1L Amnci^ty 100, 9. Amorphou-H 60, 8, b. Arophibious 87, 6. Amphitheatre 67, 6. AnabaptlHt 51, 5, b. Anachix>ni>;m 51, 5, b. AnaeAtbesia 78, 1. Anaesthetic 76, 1. Anagram 51, 5, b. Analogon 51, 5, b. AnalogouB 51, 5, b. Analogue 51, 5, b. Analogy 51, 5, bw Analysis 94 ; 96, 7 ; 100, 10, a. Analytic 96, 7. Analyze 94. Anarchy 62, 1, b- Anathema 100, IQ, c. Anathematize 100, 10, c. Anatomy 106, 10. Anchor 6, a. Anecdote 100, 3. Angel 56. Anhydrous 60, 8, b- Annapolia 96, 11. Anomalouxi 103 ; 105, 7. Anomaly lOft, 7. Anonymous 91, 9, Antagonist 64. Antagonize 64. Anthem 66, 1. Anther 96. •' 128 INDEX OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. Anthology 100, 1. Anthropoid 91, 5. Anthropology 49. Anthropomorphic 59, I, 12. Anthropomorphism 60, 6. Anthropophagi 77, I, 2. Anthropophagous 77, I, 2. Anti- 68, 1. Antidote 100, 3. Antinomian 68, 1. Antinomy 68, 1. Antipathy 91, 10. Antiperiodic 68, 1. Antiphone 68, 1. Antipode 82, 7. Antipodes 80; 82, 7. Antislavery 68, 1. Antithesis 100, 10, a. Antithetic 100, 10, a. Apathetic 91, 10. Apathy 91, 10. Aphelion 56, II, 4. Apocrypha 110, 7. Apogee 31, 3; 57, 1. Apologetic 67, 1. Apologize 57, 1. Apologue 57, 1. Apology 54; 57, 1. Apostasy 105, 5. Apostate 105, 5. Apostle 58 ; 60, 7. Apostolic 60, 7. Apothecary 100, 10, b. Apotheosis 60, 3, c. Arch- 82, 1, b. Archaeology 80 ; 82, 1, a. Archaic 82, 1, a. Archaism 82, 1, a. Archangel 82, 1, b. Archbishop 82, 1, b ; 74, 9. Archduke 82, 1, b. Archetype 82, 1, a. Archi- 82, 1, b. Archiepiscopal 82, 1, b ; 74, 9. Architect 82, 1, b. Archives 82, 1, b. Archthief 82, 1, b. Aristocracy 90, I, 1 ; 91, 7. Aristocrat 89; 90, I, 1; 91, 7. Arithmetic 76. Aster 68, 2. Asterisk 68, 2. Asteroid 91, 5. Astral 66. Astrology 68, 2. Astronomy 67, II, 9 ; 68, 2. Atheist 60, 3, b. Athlete 84. Atom 105, 10. Autobiography 66 ; 67, I, 2. Autocrat 91, 7. Autograph 67, I, 2. Automatic 68, 3, a. Automaton 68, 3, a. Autonomous 67, 1, 3 ; 68, 3, a. Autonomy 68, 3, a. Autopsy 78, 5i Autotype 78, 9. Baptize 51, 5, b. Baritone 110, 3. Barometer 108. INDEX OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 129 Barytone 110, 3. Basil 96, 2. Basilica 96, 2. Basilisk 96, 2. Bible 66. Bibliography 68, 4. Bibliomancy 100, 7. Bibliomania 68, 4. Bibliophile 68, 4. Bibliopole 66. Bibliotheke 100, 10, b. Bicycle 60, 5. Bigamy 91, 2. Bimetallist 68, 9. Biography 49; 50, I, 2; 51, 1. Biology 50, II, 5; 51, 1. Bishop 74, 9. Boreas 44. Botanic 31, 2. Botanist 31, 2. Botany 29; 31, 2. Bureaucracy 91 , 7. Bureaucrat 91, 7. Cacodoxy 68, 7. Cacography 68, 7. Cacophony 66 ; 68, 7. Calligraphy 91 , 6. Callisthenics 91, 6. Canon 84 ; 86, 6. Canonical 86, 6. Canonize 86, 6. Catacomb 51, 6, c. Catalogue 51, 5, c. Catarrh 7. Catholic 110, 10. Caustic 108. Cauterize 110, 6. Cautery 110, 6. Cenotaph 98 ; 99, I, 3. Cephalalgia 31, 5; 110, 2. Cephalic 29 ; 31, 5. Cephalopod 82, 7. Character 84 ; 86, 10. Characteristic 86, 10. Characterize 86, 10. Chimaera, or Chimera 39 ; 41, 6. Chimerical 41, 5. Chirography 34; 35, I, 3. Chiromancy 100, 7. Chiropodist 82, 7. Chord 110, 11. Chromatic 91, 14. Chrome 89. Chromo 91, 14. Chromolithograph 91, 14. Chronic 51, 7. Chronicle 51, 7. Chronology 49 ; 50, II, 1 ; 51, 1. Chronometer 56, II, 1. Chrysalis 76; 78, 10. Chrysanthemum 78, 10. Chryselephantine 78, 10. Chrysolite 78, 10. Climacteric 78, 3. Climax 76. Comedy 31, 7. Constantinople 96, 11. Cosmetic 49 ; 51, 4. Cosmic 51, 4. Cosmical 51, 4* '% 130 INDEX OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. Cosmogony 91, 3; 95, 1, 2. Cosmopolitan 51, 4. Cosmopolite 50, II, 1; 51, 1; 51,4. Cosmorama 49 ; 51, 4. Cosmos 49; 51, 4. -cracy 91, 7. -crat 91, 7. Crater 103; 105,6. Crisis 46, 1. Criterion 46, 1. Critic 44; 46, 1. Critical 46, 1. Criticism 46, 1. Criticise 46, 1. Crypt 108. Crystal 58. Cycle 58. Cyclone 58. Cyclopaedia 82, 6. Daemon 86, 3. Daemonic 86, 3. Daimon 86, 3. Daimonic 86, 3. Decad 68, 9 ; 80. Decade 80. Decagon 80; 81, II, 1. Decagram 82, 3; 91, 4. Decalogue 82, 3. Decameter 82, 3. Decarchy 82, 1, b. Delta 2, a. Deltoid 91, 6. Demagogue 72; 73, I, 1. Democracy 90, 1, 2 ; 91, 7. Democrat 91, 7. Demon 84 ; 86, 3. Demonic 86, 3. Demonology 86, 3. Demotic 74, 1. Derm 98. Despot 44. Devil 46, 3 ; 60, 7. Di- 96, 1. Dia- 78, 8. Diabolical 46, 3 ; 60, 7. Diacritical 78, 8. Diaeresis 105, 1. Diagnosis 78, 8. Diagonal 82, 2. Dialect 103; 105,2. Dialectics 105, 2. Dialogue 105, 2. Diameter 54; 56,1,3. Diapason 110, 11. Diaphanous 72; 74, 11. Diastole 78, 8. Didactic 108 ; 110, 4. Dieresis 103 ; 105, 1. Diet 39; 41,3; 41,5. Digraph 96, 1. Dilemma 110, 8. Dimorphic, -ous 96, 1. Diorama 57, 2. Diphthong 5; 68,9; 96, 1. Dissyllable 110, 8. Distich 96, 1. Dogma 108 ; 110, 5. Dogmatic 110, 5. Dogmatize 110, 5. Dose 98 ; 100, 3. INDEX OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 131 Doxology 68, 5. Drama 98. Dramatic 100, 4. Dramatist 100, 4. Dramaturgy 100, 4. Drastic 100, 4. Dromedary 51, 3. Dynamic 96, 6. Dynamite 94. Dynamo 96, 5. Dyhamo-electric 96, 6. Dynast 94. Dynasty 94. Dyspepsia 103 ; 105, 8. Dyspeptic 105, 8. Eclectic 100, 1. Economy 74, 6. Ecstasy 105, 5. Ecstatic 105, 5. Electricity 96, 6. Elephant 78, 10. Emphasis 74, 11. Emphatic 74, 11. Empiric 108 ; 110, 12. Empyrean 86, 8. Encephalon 30, II, 5 ; 31, 5. Encyclical 59, I, 5. Encyclopaedia 82, 6. Energy 54 ; 56, II, 6. Entomology 105, 10. Eph- 68, 6. Ephemeral 68, 6. Ephemeris 68, 6. Epi- 68, 6. Epidemic 74, 1 ; 105, 3. Epidermis 100, 2. Epiglottis 68, 6. Epigram 68, 6; 91, 4. Epigraphy 68, 6. Epilepsy 110, 8. Epilogue 68, 6. Epiphany 74, 11. Epiphyte 96, 14. Episcopacy, 74, 9. Episcopal 72; 74, 9. Epistle 58 ; 60, 7. Epistolary 60, 7. Epitaph 99, I, 2. Epithet 100, 10, a. Epitome 105, 10. Epizootic 105, 3. Epode 68, 6. Eponym, 91, 9. Eponymous 91, 9. Eremite 84; 86, 5. Esoteric 80 ; 82, 5. Ethic 100, 6. Ethical 100, 6. Ethics 98 ; 100, 5. Etymology 72 ; 74, 2. Etymon 74, 2. Eugene 91, 3. Eugenia 91, 3. Eugenie 91, 3. Eulogium 51, 6, a. Eulogize 51, 5, a. Eulogy 51, 5, a. Eupepsia 106, 8. Eupeptic 104, I, 8; 106,8. Euphemism 108 ; 110, 15. Euphemistic 110, 15. 132 INDEX OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE S. Euphony 34 ; 35, I, 5 ; 36, 2 ; 68, 7. Evangel 60, 1. Evangelical 60, 1. Evangelize 60, 1. Exodus 57, 3. Exoteric 82, 5. Exotic 80; 82, 5. Fancy 74, 11. Fantastic 74, 11. Fantasy 74, 11. Genealogy 89. Genesis 94 ; 96, 3. Genetic 96, 3. Geography 29 ; 30,1,8; 31,3. Geology 31, 3; 50, 11,5. Geometry 31, 3; 57, 4. George 57, 4. Gloss 41, 1. Glossary 39 ; 41, 1. Glottis 41, 1. Gnome 51, 2. Gnostic 49; 51, 2; 60, 3, b. Goniometer 82, 2. Grammar 91, 4. Grammatical 91, 4. Graphic 31, 4; 82, 10. Graphite 31, 4. Gymnasium 76. Gymnast 78, 2. Gymnastic 78, 2. Gymnic 78, 2. Hades 7, a. Harmony 61, 7. Hebdomadal 80 ; 82, 4. Hebe 29. Heliacal 57, 5. Helianthus 100, 1. Heliometer 57, 5. Heliotrope 54; 56, II, 9. Heliotype 78, 9. Hemi- 41, 3. Hemisphere 41, 3. Heptarchy 80; 82, 1, b. Heresy 105, 1. Heretic 103; 105, 1. Hermit 86, 6. Heterodox 66 ; 68, 5. Heterogeneous 91, 3. Heterophemy 110, 15. Hexagon 82, 2. Hierarchy 94; 95, II, 1. Hieratic 74, 1 ; 96, 6. Hieroglyphic 94. Hieroglyphics 96, 6. Hieronymus 96, 6. Hierophant 96, 6. Hippodrome 58 ; 60, 4. Hippopotamus 58 ; 59, I, 2. Historiographer 35, II, 5. History 34 ; 36, 3. Holocaust 108 ; 110, 10. - Homer 7. Homoeopathy 89; 90, II, 10; 91, 1. Homogeneous 91, 3; 91, 8. Homonym 91, 8; 91, 9. Homonymous 91, 8. Horography 30, 1, 9; 31, 3. INDEX OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 133 Horologe 31, 8; 51, 5, a. Horometer 31, 8 ; 57, 4. Horoscope 31, 8 ; 74, 9. Hour 29 ; 31, 8. Hydra 60, 9. Hydrant 60, 9. Hydraulic 58 ; 59, 1, 1. Hydraulics 58; 59, I, 1. Hydrography 60, 9. Hydrometer 60, 9. Hydropathy 91 , 10. Hydrophobia 58 ; 60,9. Hydrostatics 105, 5. Hygeia39; 41, 4. Hygiene 41, 4. Hygienic 41, 4. Hyper- 46, 6. Hyperbole 45. Hyperborean 45, I, 8 ; 46, 6. Hypercritical 44 ; 46, 6. Hypo- 100, 2. Hypocrisy 76. Hypocrite 76. Hypodermis 100, 2. Hypodermic 100, 2. Hypothecate 100, 10, b. Hypothesis 100, 10, a. -ic 78, 11. Iconoclasm 84 ; 86, 4. Iconoclast 85, I, 10; 86, 4. Iconography 86, 4. -ide 91, 5. Idiocrasy 105, 5. Idiom 103 ; 105, 4. Idiomatic 106, 4. Idiopathic 104, II, 1. Idiosyncrasy 105, 6. Idiot 105, 4. Indianapolis 96, 11. Iota 2, a. -ise 86, 11. -ism 86, 11. Isochronous 74, 3. Isometric 74, 3. Isosceles 74, 3. Isothermal 72 ; 73, 1, 12 ; 74, 3. -ist 78, 11 ; 86, 11. -ite 31, 4. -ize 86, 11. Jerome 96, 6. Jot 2, a. Kaleidoscopic 89 ; 90, 1, 10. Laryngoscope 77, 1, 6. Larynx 76. Lithograph 66; 67, 1, 4. Lithology 68, 8. Logic 61, 5, a. Machine 34 ; 36, 4. Macrocephalous 74, 4. Macrocosm 73, 1, 5. Macrometer 74, 4. Macron 72 ; 74, 4. Macroscopic 74, 4. Mantic 100, 7. Mathematics 108 ; 110, 9, Mechanic 34; 36, 4. Mechanism 36, 4. 134 INDEX OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. Melodrama 100, 8. Melody 98, 100, 8 ; 31, 7. Metal 68, 9. Metamorphosis 60, 6. Metaphor 82, 9. Metaphysics 96, 13. Metempsychosis 60, 6. Meter 54. Method 57, 3. Metonymy 91, 9. Metric 54. Metronome 66; 68, 10. Metropolis 96, 11. Metropolitan 96, 11. Microcephalous 74, 5. Microcosm 73, 1, 5 ; 95, II, 9. Micrometer 74, 5. Micronesia 74, 5. Microscope 72; 74, 5; 74, 9. Mime 76; 78,4. Mimetic 78, 4. Mimic 78, 4. Misanthrope 94. Misanthropy 95, I, 8. Misogamist 96, 10. Misogynist 96, 10. Mnemonic 98 ; 100, 9. Mnemonics 100, 9. Mobocracy 91, 7. Monachism 68, 9. Monad 68, 9. Monarch 81, I, 9. Monarchy 82, 1, b. Monastery 68, 9. Monastic 68, 9. Monk 68, 9, Monoceros 100, 6. Monochrome 91, 14. Monody 68, 9. Monogamy 91, 2. Monogram 66; 68, 9; 91, 4. Monograph 68, 9. Monolith 68, 9. Monologue 68, 9. Monomania 68, 9. Monometallist 68, 9. Monophthong 68, 9. Monopoly 67, II, 1. Monosyllable 68, 9. Monotheism 68, 9. Monotone 68, 9. Morpheus 60, 6. Morphine 60, 6. Morphology 58. Muse 39; 41, 2. Museum 58. Music 39; 41, 2. Mystery 108. Mystic 108. Myth 49. Mythology 50, I, 3. Naples 95, I, 5. Nausea 84; 86, 7. Nautical 84. Nautilus 86, 7. Neapolis95, I, 5; 96, 11. Necrology 96, 8. Necromancy 98 ; 100, 7. Necromantic 100, 7. Necropolis 94; 95, I, 6. Nemesis 66 ; 68, 10. INDEX OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 135 Neo- 96, 9. Neologism 96, 9. Neology 96, 9. Neophyte 94 ; 96, 9. Neoplatonism 96, 9. Neuralgia 108 ; 110, 2. Nomad 68, 10. Ochlocracy 91, 7. Ode 29. Odometer 49. Oeconomy 72; 74, 6. Oecumenical 74, 7. -old 91, 5. Oligarchy 80; 81, I, 1. Ology 51, 5, a. Omega 2, a. Optic 78, 5; 78, 11. Optics 78, 5. Organ 54. Ornithology 80. Orthodox 66 ; 67, II, 2 ; 68, 5. Orthodoxy 68, 7. Orthoepy 68, 11. Orthography 68, 11. Orthopedy 82, 6. Ovoid 91, 5. Pachyderm 99, II, 6. Pachydermatous 100, 2. Paedagogue 80. Palimpsest 31, 6. Palindrome 31, 6; 49; 61, 3. Palingenesis 31, 6; 96, 3. Palinode 29 ; 30, II, 4. Palsy 96, 7. Pan- 110, 11. Panacea 110, 11. Pandemonium 110, 11. Panegyric 110, 11. Pane van gelical 110, 11. Panoply 110, 11. Panorama 57, 2 ; 108; 110,11. Pan-Slavism 110, 11. Pantheism 110, 11. Pantheon 110, 11. Pantomime 78, 4 ; 110, 11. Pantophagous 110, 11. Para- 46, 5. Parable 44 ; 46, 3 ; 60, 7. Parabolical 46, 3 ; 60, 7. Paradise 58. Paradox 68, 5. Paragraph 44 ; 45, 1, 2 ; 46, 5. Paralysis 96, 7. Paralytic 96, 7. Paraphrase 105, 11. Parenthesis 100, 10, a. Parenthetic 100, 10, a. Parody 31, 7; 46, 5. Pathetic 91, 10. Pathology 91, 10. Pathos 89. Patriarch 82, 1, b. Patronymic 91, 9. Pedagogue 80. Pedobaptist 82, 6. Perigee 56, II, 3. Perihelion 56, I, 3. Perimeter 54. Period 56, I, 3. Periphery 82, 9. 136 INDEX OF ENGLISH DEBIVATlVES. Periphrasis 105, 11. Periphrastic 105, 11. Phaenomenon 74, 11. Phantasm 74, 11. Phantasmagoria 108; 110, 1. Phantastic 74, 11. Phantasy 74, 11. Phantom 74, 11. Pharmacist 99, I, 6. Pharmacopoeia 100, 11. Pharmacy 98. Phase 74, 11. PheQomenon 72; 74, 11. Phil-, philo-, -phile 51, 6. Philadelphia 59, I, 3; 60, 2. Philanthropist 50, I, 4. Philanthropy 49 ; 51,6. Philharmonic 61, 6. Philhellenic 51, 6. Philip 59, I, 4. Philology 51, 6. Philomath 108 ; 110, 9. Philosopher 67, II, 4. Philo-TurMsh 51, 6. Philter 51, 6. Phonetic 36, 6. Phonetics 36, 6. Phonograph 34; 35, I, 2. Phonography 35, II, 7. Phonology 50, I, 3. Phonotype 78, 9. Phosphorus 82, 10. Photograph 80; 82, 10. Photolithograph 82, 10. Photometer 82, 10. Photosphere 82, 10. Phrase 103; 105, 11. Phraseology 105, 11. Physic 96, 13. Physical 94 ; 96, 13. Physician 96, 13. Physics 96, 13. Physiognomy 96, 13. Physiology 96, 13. Piracy 110, 12. Pirate 108 ; 110, 12. Plaster 105, 9. Plastic 105, 9. Plutocracy 91, 7. Plutocrat 91, 7. Pneumatic 91, 11. Pneumonia 89. Poem 50, II, 7. Poesy 46, 4. Poet 39; 44; 46, 4. Poetry 46, 4. Polemic-s 58. Police 46, 2. Policy 46, 2. Politic 46, 2. Political 46, 2. Politics 44 ; 46, 2. Polity 46, 2. Poly- 91, 12. Polychrome 90, I, 11 ; 91, 14. Polygamy 89 ; 91, 2. Polyglot 41, 1. Polygon 82, 2. Polyp 82, 7. Polypus 82, 7. Polytechnic 60, 8. Polytheism 60, 3, c. INDEX OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 137 Practical 108 ; 110, 13. Practice 110, 13. Pragmatic 108 ; 110, 13. Praxis 110, 13. Presbyter 72 ; 74, 8. Prester 74, 8. Priest 74, 8. Prognosis 91, 13. Prognostic 91, 13. Prognosticate 91, 13. Program 89; 91,4. Prologue 51, 5, a; 68, 6. Prophecy 110, 15. Prophesy 110, 16. Prophet 110, 15. Prophetic 110, 15. Prosody 31, 7. Protagonist 86, 1. Prototype 76; 78, 9. Pseudonym 89; 91, 9. Psyche 49. Psychic 51, 8. Psychology 50, I, 6; 51, 8; 96, 13. Pyre 86, 8. Pyromancy 100, 7. Pyrotechnics 84 ; 86, 8. Rehypothecate 100, 10, b. Rhapsody 31, 7. Rhetor 84. Rhetoric 86, 9. Rhinoceros 98 ; 99, 1, 5 ; 100, 6. Rhododendron 54; 56, 1, 1. Sarcasm 78, 6. Sarcophagus 76; 78, 6. Sceptic 74, 9. Sceptre 54. Schism 108 ; 110, 14. Schismatic 110, 14. Scholar 36, 6. Scholastic 36, 5. Scholiast 36, 5. Scholium 36, 5. School 34 ; 36, 5. Scope 74, 9. Skeptic 72 ; 74, 9. Slavophile 51, 6. Sophia 66. Sophism 74, 10. Sophist 72 ; 74, 10. Sophistical 74, 10. Sophisticate 74, 10. Sophisticated 74, 10. Sophistry 74, 10. Spectroscope 74, 9. Sphere 39; 41, 3. Spheroid 91, 5. Static 103 ; 105, 5. Statics 105, 5. Stereopticon 78, 7. Stereoscope 78, 7. Stereotype 76 ; 77, II, 6 ; 78, 7. Story 34; 36, 3. Syllable 108 ; 110, 8. Syllabus 110, 8. Syllogism 78, 8. Symmetry 78, 8. Sympathy 91, 10. Symphony 78, 8. Synagogue 78, 8. 138 INDEX OF ENGLISH LEIUVAT1VE8. Synchronism 78, 8. Synchronous 78, 8. Synod 78, 8. Synonym 89; 91, 9. . Synopsis 76 ; 78, 8. Synoptic 78, 8. Syntactic 96, 12. Syntax 94 ; 96, 12. Synthesis 98 ; 100, 10, a. System 105, 5. Systematic 105, 5. Sjstematj:^* 105, 5. Systole 78, 8. Tactic 96, 12. TactiCHM; 96, 12. Tautolojo' 67, I, 10; 68» 3, b. Taxidcrmj 100, 2. Technical 60, 8. Technique 60, 8. Technology 53 ; 59, II, 6 ; 60. 8. Telegram 99. Telegraph 85, II, 1. Ttelgraphy 58 ; 59, I, 4, Tn^gedy 31, 7. Tricycle 80 ; 82, 8. Trl^'lyph 96. 4. Trigonometry 82, 2. Trlloio' 82, 8. TrijHxl 82. 7. Trisyllable 110, 8. Trope 54. Trophy 57, 7. Tropic 57, 7. Turcophlle 51, 6. TyiK-76; 78.9. Typical 78, 9. T>TH)graphy 77. 11,8. Un8ophLsUcated 74, 10. Zodiac 106, 3. Z' 103. Zodphyt4! 105, 3. Zootomy 105, 10. GREEK AND LATIN. THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. First Lessons in Greek, with special reference to the etymology of English words of Greek origin. By T. D. Goodell, Ph.D. i6mo. This book attempts to teach that limited portion of Greek which col- lege men remember after they have forgotten vastly more. That is the portion which even those who wish to banish the study of Greek from our schools would admit can least easily be spared, and that portion is essential to a ready command of the English tongue. The first idea of the book arose from hearing a woman of unusual in- telligence and considerable reading, talking about altruists, when she meant agnostics. Similar confusions — confusing, ultimately, to the speaker, and constantly to the listener — are of not infrequent occurrence in conversation on topics interesting only to the ' ' educated. " Moreover, much as the Greek element of English appears in conversation, it ap- pears much more in literature, and carries many of the key-words to the thought. He to whom these key-words are not alive with meaning is at great disadvantage. Many a man who thinks he has retained nothing whatever from his Greek, except a lively sense of the exact meaning of such words as metaphysics^ agnostic^ synthetic^ anarchy^ Russophobe^ nevertheless regards that sense as an intellectual acquisition worth all it cost. But after all, how great the cost of this one acquisition has been ! Surely this one result of the study of Greek can be reached without de- voting to it years of time. And yet mere dictionaries or etymological handbooks alone cannot g^ve what is wanted. It is not enough to read or be told, even repeatedly, that synthetic is derived from such and such Greek words, and therefore has such and such a meaning. The words in their Greek fornt^ and with some fragment of their Greek associations^ must become somewhat familiar before one can be sensible of that grasp of their English derivatives which will enable one to use those derivatives correctly and fearlessly. The Greek vocabulary surviving in English can be so presented in a sort of Greek primer, with its relations to English so pointed out, that even young pupils will find the study far from dull ; and thus, of just that part of Greek which they will always use in reading current litera- ture, they will be apt to remember more than the much-abused ** average college graduate." This book tries to accomplish these results without waste of time and brain-tissue in * ' mental discipline" of doubtful value. But the writer has no faith in royal roads to learning, does not profess to have compounded an educational nostrum which will, in a few weeks' time, electrify a boy or girl into the mastery of a difficult tongue, and does believe heartily in giving an important place in our educational system, for some genera- tions yet, to the patient and thorough study of the Greek language and literature. This book is not intended to lessen the number of those who shall enter upon such a course of study, but it is hoped that it may increase that number. Yet it is not a sufficient introduction to the reading of a classic author, and hence is not a rival of the various ex- cellent " First Lessons" in use. In putting these ideas into practice the material has been grouped about a grammatical outline, because the thorough memorizing of a few inflections will save time and labor in the end, by enabling the pupil from the outset to make a certain limited use of the language on rational principles. In no other way can the re- quisite familiarity with the Greek words be as easily gained. Besides, GREEK AJSTD LA TIN. while the book is intended primarily for those who without it would never study Greek at all, those have also been kept in mind who will afterwards continue the study. Yet with the possible exception of the dual number, the memorizing of which is but a trifle, no feature what- ever has been introduced which could involve labor outside of the main purp>ose, as set forth above. AN INTRODUCTION TO ATTIC GREEK. By Jabez Brooks, Professor in the University of Minnesota. i2mo. Presents essentials in such manner that the learner may enter without needless detention upon an intelligent and successful reading of Attic Greek. The fundamental idea — that nine years' experience in applying has shown to be practicable — is to begin the study of Greek with a con- nected text, and to so work this text over as to derive from it all the grammar involved, and then to attach to the framework thus formed whatever further grammatical apparatus is necessary. In this way the learner's activities are incited to discover for himself the laws of con- struction, and the author studied is made to appear as their true source. The first chapter of the Anabasis has been found to contain a stock of words sufficiently varied to illustrate all the essential forms of the accidence, and is according:ly taken as a basis for work. Conversation and dictation exercises, appealing to the learner's powers of imitation, form an integral part of the plan, and, it has been found, give him a natural and unconscious grip of the language exceeding that obtained by any other exercise. GREEK LITERATURE. By Thomas Sargent Perry. {In preparation^ A compendious philosophical account of the growth of Greek litera- ture and of its relations to the physical surroundings and political and social history of the people. In this setting appear the outlines of the great masterpieces, with English translations of their more interesting or representative passages. The comparative method is followed, the English reader's familiarity with his own literature being made to help along his acquaintance with Greek authors. It is believed that the college-bred man who got from his study of these classics in the origi- nal but faint and distorted views of their beauties will here find assist- ance in extending and organizing his knowledge ; and also that the man who knows little or no Greek may by this book put himself in closer contact with the spirit of Greek literature than most students of the language have attained. PREPARATORY LATIN AND GREEK TEXTS. Re- quired for Admission to American Colleges. i6mo. pp. 767. Latin and Greek parts can also be had separately. The Latin part contains five books of Caesar, seven of Cicero's Ora- tions, 177 pages of selections from Ovid's Metamorphoses, and six books of the ^Eneid and the Bucolics. The Greek part contains three books of the Anabasis and the same number of the Iliad. GREEK AND LATIN. THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. First Lessons in Greek, with special reference to the etymology of English words of Greek origin. By T. D. Goodell, Ph.D. i6mo. This book attempts to teach that limited portion of Greek which col- lege men remember after they have forgotten vastly more. That is the portion which even those who wish to banish the study of Greek from our schools would admit can least easily be spared, and that portion is essential to a ready command of the English tongue. The first idea of the book arose from hearing a woman of unusual in- telligence and considerable reading, talking about altruists, when she meant agnostics. Similar confusions — confusing, ultimately, to the speaker, and constantly to the listener — are of not infrequent occurrence in conversation on topics interesting only to the ' ' educated. " Moreover, much as the Greek element of English appears in conversation, it ap- pears much more in literature, and carries many of the key-words to the thought. He to whom these key-words are not alive with meaning is at great disadvantage. Many a man who thinks he has retained nothing whatever from his Greek, except a lively sense of the exact meaning of such words as metaphysics^ agnostic^ synthetic^ anarchy^ Russophobe^ nevertheless regards that sense as an intellectual acquisition worth all it cost. But after all, how great the cost of this one acquisition has been ! Surely this one result of the study of Greek can be reached without de- voting to it years of time. And yet mere dictionaries or etymological handbooks alone cannot give what is wanted. It is not enough to read or be told, even repeatedly, that synthetic is derived from such and such Greek words, and therefore has such and such a meaning. The words in their Greek form^ and with some fragment of their Greek associations, must become somewhat familiar before one can be sensible of that grasp of their English derivatives which will enable one to use those derivatives correctly and fearlessly. The Greek vocabulary surviving in English can be so presented in a sort of Greek primer, with its relations to English so pointed out, that even young pupils will find the study far from dull ; and thus, of just that part of Greek which they will always use in reading current litera- ture, they will be apt to remember more than the much-abused ** average college graduate." This book tries to accomplish these results without waste of time and brain-tissue in * ' mental discipline" of doubtful value. But the writer has no faith in royal roads to learning, does not profess to have compounded an educational nostrum which will, in a few weeks' time, electrify a boy or girl into the mastery of a difficult tongue, and does believe heartily in giving an important place in our educational system, for some genera- tions yet, to the patient and thorough study of the Greek language and literature. This book is not intended to lessen the number of those who shall enter upon such a course of study, but it is hoped that it may increase that number. Yet it is not a sufficient introduction to the reading of a classic author, and hence is not a rival of the various ex- cellent " First Lessons " in use. In putting these ideas into practice the material has been grouped about a grammatical outline, because the thorough memorizing of a few inflections will save time and labor in the end, by enabling the pupil from the outset to make a certain limited use of the language on rational principles. In no other way can the re- quisite familiarity with the Greek words be as easily gained. Besides, GREEK AND LA TIN. while the book is intended primarily for those who without it would never study Greek at all, those have also been kept in mind who will afterwards continue the study. Yet with the possible exception of the dual number, the memorizing of which is but a trifle, no feature what- ever has been introduced which could involve labor outside of the main purpose, as set forth above. AN INTRODUCTION TO ATTIC GREEK. By Jabez Brooks, Professor in the University of Minnesota. i2mo. Presents essentials in such manner that the learner may enter without needless detention upon an intelligent and successful reading of Attic Greek. The fundamental idea — that nine years* experience in applying has shown to be practicable — is to begin the study of Greek with a con- nected text, and to so work this text over as to derive from it all the grammar involved, and then to attach to the framework thus formed whatever further grammatical apparatus is necessary. In this way the learner's activities are incited to discover for himself the laws of con- struction, and the author studied is made to appear as their true source. The first chapter of the Anabasis has been found to contain a stock of words sufficiently varied to illustrate all the essential forms of the accidence, and is accordingly taken as a basis for work. Conversation and dictation exercises, appealing to the leamer*s powers of imitation, form an integral part of the plan, and, it has been found, give him a natural and unconscious grip of the language exceeding that obtained by any other exercise. GREEK LITERATURE. By Thomas Sargent Perry. (/« prep a ra tion .) A compendious philosophical account of the growth of Greek litera- ture and of its relations to the physical surroundings and political and social history of the people. In this setting appear the outlines of the great masterpieces, with English translations of their more interesting or representative passages. The comparative method is followed, the English reader's familiarity with his own literature being made to help along his acquaintance with Greek authors. It is believed that the college-bred man who got from his study of these classics in the origi- nal but faint and distorted views of their beauties will here find assist- ance in extending and organizing his knowledge ; and also that the man who knows little or no Greek may by this book put himself in closer contact with the spirit of Greek literature than most students of the language have attained. PREPARATORY LATIN AND GREEK TEXTS. Re quired for Admission to American Colleges. i6mo. pp. 767. Latin and Greek parts can also be had separately. The Latin part contains five books of Caesar, seven of Cicero's Ora- tions, 177 pages of selections from Ovid's Metamorphoses, and six books of the ^feneid and the Bucolics. The Greek part contains three books of the Anabasis and the same number of the Iliad. GREEK AND LATIN. SCRIVENER'S (F. H. A.) GREEK TESTAMENT.— (if KAINH AIA&HKK) Novum Testamentum. Textiis Stephanie! a.d. 1550, cum Variis Lectionibus Editionum Bezae, Elzeviri, Lachmanni, Tischendorfii, Tregellesii, Westcott-Hortii, Versionis Anglicanae emendatorum, Cu- rante, F. H. A. Scrivener, A.M., D.C.L., LL.D. Accedunt Parallela S. Scripturae Loca. i6mo. 598 pp. Cloth. The text is that of the Authorized Version (Stephens, 1550), with the various readings approved by Westcott and Hort, and those finally adopted by the Revisers. Dr. Scrivener has added the Eurelian Canons and Capitula, and references specially bearing on usage of words. The passages in which variations occur are printed in black type so that the eye can readily distinguish them. SUETONIUS'S LIVES OF THE C>ESARS.— Gai Sve- TONi Tranqvilli De Vita Caesarvm. Libri Dvo. Edited, with an Introduction and Commentary, by Harry Thurston Peck, Ph.D., Professor of the Latin Language and Literature in Columbia College. i2mo, pp. xxxv, 215. It is difficult to ascertain the reason why the Lives of Suetonius have been suffered to remain so long unedited by English-speaking scholars. No work of equal size that has come down to us from classical antiquity possesses a more real interest or a more enduring value. In the his- torical significance of the period that it covers, in the light it throws upon so many points of Roman custom, and in the impartiality, thoroughness, and conscientious accuracy of its author, it has always been regarded as a most important source of information concerning the men and measures of the Early Empire. It is also a rich mine of personal anecdote, giving innumerable glimpses of many famous Ro- mans, divested of the stage properties with which we almost always find them in the pages of the professional historians. It is, then, with the hope of gaining for the Roman Plutarch a wider circle of appreciative readers that the present volume is given to the public. The first two books of the Lives have been selected because they have to do with that period of transition which, with its tremendous moral, social, and political revolution, forms perhaps the most remark- able era of Roman history ; and also because their subject is the per- sonality of the two great Caesars who laid the foundation of an empire whose influence is still moulding the development of modem Europe, as its grandeur is still potent in the realm of imagination. The text of the present edition is based upon the text of C. L. Roth (Leipzig, 1886). Some variations from his readings have been noted and defended in the Commentary. To obviate any reasonable ob- jections to Suetonius's plainness of speech, a few sentences have been relegated to the notes, but without any alteration in the original num- bering of the sections. These textual omissions have been made with a sparing hand ; for experience has only served to strengfthen the con- viction of the editor, that the application to a classic author of any ex- tended system of expurgation is at once a moral blunder and a literary crime. HENRY HOLT & CO., Publishers. N. Y. >x , Q (. ii'^ QcGU ]^±^ m Inch^h. S^ (0 K UJ > ^^^ If 773 Sj Ol CO in CO CsJ I ,t ■f f W%^ ^-^^ C ill !