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AUTHOR: 
 
 HARRER, GUSTAVE A. 
 
 TITLE: 
 
 STUDIES IN THE HISTO 
 
 RY OF ROMAN... 
 
 PLACE: 
 
 PRINCETON 
 
 DA TE : 
 
 1915 
 
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 G84.8 
 11235 
 
 Harrer, Gustave Adolphus, 1886- 
 
 Studies in tlie history of the Eoman province of Syria 
 ...by Gustave Adolplius Ilarrer. Princeton, Princeton 
 university press; ^etc., etc.] 1915. 
 
 94 i>. 23'"\ 
 
 Thesis (rii. D.)— Princeton university, 1913. 
 
 1- £yria— Hist. 2. Rome— Provinces— Syria. 
 
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 Princeton Univ. Ubr. 
 
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STUDIES IN THE HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ROMAN PROVINCE 
 OF SYRIA 
 
 A DISSEFLTATION 
 
 presented to the 
 
 Faculty of Princeton University 
 
 IN Candidacy for the Degree 
 
 OF Doctor of Philosophy 
 
 by 
 
 GUSTAVE ADOLPHUS HARRER 
 
 PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 PRINCETON 
 
 LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD 
 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
 1915 
 
J¥^ 
 
 ?"«r 
 
 H ^ 
 
 
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 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 This book is due on the date indicated below, or at the 
 expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing, 
 as provided by the rules of the Library or by special ar- 
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 C2e(2S9)MtOO 
 
 
 
 
STUDIES IN THE HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ROMAN PROVINCE 
 OF SYRIA 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 I 
 
 presented to the 
 
 Faculty of Princeton University 
 
 IN Candidacy for the Degree 
 
 OF Doctor of Philosophy 
 
 BY 
 
 GUSTAVE ADOLPHUS HARRER 
 
 » « t 
 
 PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 PRINCETON 
 
 LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD 
 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
 1915 
 
I) 
 
 rO 
 
 * 
 
 Published October, 191 5 
 Accepted by the Department of Classics 
 
 June 1913 
 
 W 1.^. '6 b 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 The general topic of this thesis was suggested to me by 
 Professor David Magie, Jr., to whom I am further greatly 
 indebted for constant helpful advice and criticism throughout 
 the preparation of it. I wish to express my thanks to Pro- 
 fessor Duane Reed Stuart who has read the thesis in manu- 
 script, and has given me many valuable suggestions. To 
 Professor William K. Prentice I am also under obligations for 
 advice. I would like to acknowledge my gratitude to all my 
 instructors in Princeton during my graduate and undergraduate 
 years. 
 
 GusTAVE A. Harrer. 
 Princeton University 
 
 March 2y, 191 5 
 
 frf\^^>hi •"> 
 
 rRINCtTON 
 
 iUNIVtHMTY; 
 
 PRtSS, 
 
f 
 
 I 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 A. A. E. S. Ill = W. K. Prentice, Greek and Latin Inscriptions. Part 
 III of the Publications of an American Archaeological Expedition to 
 Syria in 1899-1900. N. Y., 1908. 
 
 A. E. = L'Annee epigraphique. 
 
 A. E. M. = Archaeologisch-epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Oester- 
 reich-Ungarn. 
 
 A. J. A. = American Journal of Archaeology. 
 
 A. J. Ph. = American Journal of Philology. 
 
 Abh. d. Akad. zu Berlin = Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie 
 
 der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 
 Abh. Sachs. Ges. d. Wiss. = Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Sach- 
 
 sischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Leipzig. 
 
 B. A. R. = Bolletino dell' Assoc. Archaeologica romana. 
 B. C. H. = Bulletin de Correspondence hellenique. 
 
 B. G. U. = Griechische Urkunden aus dem Koniglichen Museum zu 
 
 Berlin. 
 B. J. = Bonner Jahrbiicher. 
 
 B. M. C. = British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins. London 1873— 
 B. M. Gk. Pap. = Greek Papyri in the British Museum. Edited by 
 
 F. G. Kenyon. London. 
 B. S. N. A. = Bulletin de la Societe national des Antiquaires de 
 
 France. 
 Babelon, Rois := E. C. F. Babelon, Les Rois de Syrie, d'Armenie, et de 
 
 Commagene. Paris, 1890. 
 Brit. Sch. Ath. = British School at Athens. Annual. 
 Brunnow, Arabia = R. E. Brunnow und A. von Domaszewski, Die 
 
 Provincia Arabia. Strassburg 1904-1909. 
 Bull, dell Inst. = BuUetino dell* Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeo- 
 
 logica. 
 C. I. G. = Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. 
 C. I. L. = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. 
 Chapot, Front. Euphart. = Victor Chapot, La Frontiere de I'Euphrate 
 
 de Pompee a la conquete arabe. Paris, 1907. 
 Chapot, Prov. Asie = Victor Chapot, La Province romaine procon- 
 
 sulaire d'Asie. Paris, 1904. 
 Cohen =: H. Cohen, Medailles Imperiales. Paris, 1880-1890. 
 Dessau = H. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. Berlin, 1892—. 
 
ii 
 
 Dittenberger, Or. Gr. Inscr. = W. Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci In- 
 scriptiones Selectae. Leipzig, 1903-1905. 
 
 Domaszewski, G. R. K. =r A. von Domaszewski, Geschichte der Rom- 
 ischen Kaiser. Leipzig, 1909. 
 
 Domaszewski, Rangord. = A. von Domaszewski, Die Rangordnung des 
 Romischen Heeres. Bonner Jahrb. 117 (1908), p. i ff. 
 
 E. E. = Ephemeris Epigraphica. 
 
 Eckhel = J. Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum. Vindobona, 1792. 
 
 Fayum = Fayum Towns and their Papyri, ed. by B. P. Grenfell, A. S. 
 Hunt, and D. G. Hogarth. London, 1900. 
 
 Fleck, Jbb. = Neue Jahrbucher fiir Philosophic und Paedagogik. 
 
 Go. Nachr. = Nachrichten von der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der 
 Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. 
 
 Grenf. Gk. Pap. = B. P. Grenfell, Greek Papyri. Oxford, 1896; also, 
 B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt, Greek Papyri, Series IL Oxford, 1897. 
 
 Head, Hist. Num. z= B. V. Head, Historia Xumorum. Ed. 2. Oxford, 
 1911. 
 
 Hopkins, Alex. Sev. = R. V. N. Hopkins, The Life of Alexander 
 Severus. Cambridge, 1907. 
 
 Hunt. Coll. = Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection, 
 
 ed. by George Macdonald. Glasgow, i89<>— . 
 I. G. = Inscriptiones Graecae. 
 
 I. G. R. = Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas pertinentes, Paris, 
 1901 — . 
 
 J. H. S. = Journal of Hellenic Studies. 
 
 J. O. A. 1. = Jahreshefte des Oesterreichen Archaeologischen Insti- 
 tutes in Wien. 
 
 K. W. Z. G. K. =Korrespondenzblatt der Westdeutschen Zeitschrift fiir 
 Geschichte und Kunst. 
 
 Liebenam = W. Liebenam, Forschungen zur Verwaltungsgeschichte 
 des Romischen Kaiserreichs. I Band, Die Legaten in den Romischen 
 Provinzen von Augustus bis Diocletian. Leipzig, 1888. 
 
 Liebenam, Fasti = W. Liebenam, Fasti Consulares Imperii Roman!. 
 Bonn, 1909. 
 
 M. A. I. = Mitteilungen des Kaiserlichen Deutschen Archaeologischen 
 Instituts, Athenische Abteilung. 
 
 M. N. D. P. V. = Mitteilungen und Xachrichten des Deutschen Palaes- 
 tina-Vereins. 
 
 M. R. I. = Mitteilungen des Kaiserlichen Deutschen Archaeologischen 
 Instituts, Romische Abteilung. 
 
 D. Magie, De Vocabulis Sollemnibus = David Magie, De Romanorum 
 Juris publici sacrique Vocabulis sollemnibus in Graecum Sermonem 
 conversis. Teubner, 1905. 
 
 Marq. St. V. = J. Marquardt, Romische Staatsverwaltung. Ed. 2. 
 Leipzig, 1881-1885. 
 
 I 
 
 Mel. Fac. Or. = Melanges de la Faculte Orientale. Boyrouth. 
 Mitteis-Wilcken = L. Mitteis und U. Wilcken, Grundziige und Chres- 
 
 tomathie der Papyrus-Kunde. Leipzig, 1912. 
 Mommsen, R. G. = Th. Mommsen, Romische Geschichte. Vol. 5, Die 
 
 Provinzen. Ed. 2. Berlin, 1885. 
 Mommsen, St. R. = Th. Mommsen, Romisches Staatsrecht. Ed. 3. 
 
 Berlin, 1887. 
 Muller, F. H. G. = Karl u. Theodor Miiller, Fragmenta Historicorum 
 
 Graecorum. Vol. I, Paris, 1885. 
 N. C. = Numismatic Chronicle. 
 Notizie = Notizie degli Scavi. 
 Orelli = J. C. Orelli, Inscriptionum Latinarum Selectarum Amplissima 
 
 Collectio. Turici, 1828. 
 Ox. Pap. = The Oxyrynchus Papyri. Edited by B. P. Grenfell and 
 
 A. S. Hunt. London, 1898—. 
 P. A. E. S. = Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological 
 
 Expeditions to Syria in 1904- 1905 and 1909. Ley den, 1907—. 
 P.-W. = Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopadie. Stuttgart, 1894—. 
 Pal. Explor. Fund = Palestine Exploration Fund. 
 Philol. = Philologus. 
 
 Prosop. = Prosopographia Imperii Romani. Berlin, 1897 — . 
 R. B. = Revue Biblique Internationale. 
 R. E. A. = Revue des £tudes Anciennes. 
 R. G. K. = Romisch-germanisches Korrespondenzblatt. 
 R. N. = Revue Numismatique. 
 
 Rh. M. = Rheinisches Museum fiir Philologie. Neue Folge. 
 Schiller = H. Schiller, Geschichte der Romischen Kaiserzeit. Gotha, 
 
 1883. 
 Schiirer, G. J. V. = E. Schiirer, Geschichte des Judischen Volkes im 
 
 Zeitalter Jesu Christi. Ed. 3 and 4. Leipzig, 1902. 
 Sitz. Berl. Ak. = Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Preussischen 
 
 Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 
 Stech, Senatores Romani = Bruno Stech, Senatores Romani qui 
 
 fuerint inde a Vcspasiano usque ad Traiani exitum. Klio (1912), 
 
 Beiheft 10. 
 Stout, Govs, of Moesia = S. E. Stout, The Governors of Moesia. 
 
 Princeton, 191 1. 
 Wadd. = Le Bas-Waddington, Voyage archeologique en Grece et en 
 
 Asie Mineure, I-III. Paris, 1847-1877. 
 Wilcken, Gk. Ostr. = Ulrich Wilcken, Griechische Ostraka aus Aegyp- 
 
 ten und Nubien. Leipzig, 1899. 
 A. Wirth, Quaest. Sev. = A. Wirth, Quaestiones Severianae. Diss. 1888. 
 Z. D. P. V. = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palaestina-Vereins. 
 Z. N. = Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik. 
 
Dittenberger, Or. Gr. Inscr. = W. Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci In- 
 scriptiones Selectae. Leipzig, 1903-1905. 
 
 Domaszewski, G. R. K. = A. von Domaszewski, Geschichte der Rom- 
 ischen Kaiser. Leipzig, 1909. 
 
 Domaszewski, Rangord. = A. von Domaszewski, Die Rangordnung des 
 
 Romischen Heeres. Bonner Jahrb. 117 (1908), p. i ff. 
 E. E. =: Ephemeris Epigraphica. 
 Eckhel = J. Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum. Vindobona, 1792. 
 
 Fayum = Fayum Towns and their Papyri, ed. by B. P. Grenfell, A. S. 
 Hunt, and D. G. Hogarth. London, 1900. 
 
 Fleck, Jbb. = Neue Jahrbiicher fiir Philosophie und Paedagogik. 
 
 Go. Nachr. = Nachrichten von der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der 
 Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. 
 
 Grenf. Gk. Pap. = B. P. Grenfell, Greek Papyri. Oxford, 1896; also, 
 B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt, Greek Papyri, Series H. Oxford, 1897. 
 
 Head, Hist. Num. = B. V. Head, Historia Numorum. Ed. 2. Oxford, 
 1911. 
 
 Hopkins, Alex. Sev. = R. V. N. Hopkins, The Life of Alexander 
 Severus. Cambridge, 1907. 
 
 Hunt. Coll. = Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection, 
 ed. by George Macdonald. Glasgow, 1899 — . 
 
 L G. = Inscriptiones Graecae. 
 
 I. G. R. = Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas pertinentes, Paris, 
 1901— . 
 
 J. H. S. = Journal of Hellenic Studies. 
 
 J. O. A. L = Jahreshefte des Oesterreichen Archaeologischen Insti- 
 tutes in Wien. 
 
 K. W. Z. G. K. =Korrespondenzblatt der Westdeutschen Zeitschrift fur 
 Geschichte und Kunst. 
 
 Liebenam = W. Liebenam, Forschungen zur Verwaltungsgeschichte 
 des Romischen Kaiserreichs. I Band, Die Legaten in den Romischen 
 Provinzen von Augustus bis Diocletian. Leipzig, 1888. 
 
 Liebenam, Fasti = W. Liebenam, Fasti Consulares Imperii Roman!. 
 Bonn, 1909. 
 
 M. A. I. = Mitteilungen des Kaiserlichen Deutschen Archaeologischen 
 Instituts, Athenische Abteilung. 
 
 M. N. D. P. V. = Mitteilungen und Nachrichten des Deutschen Palaes- 
 tina-Vereins. 
 
 M. R. I. = Mitteilungen des Kaiserlichen Deutschen Archaeologischen 
 Instituts, Romische Abteilung. 
 
 D. Magie, De Vocabulis Sollemnibus = David Magie, De Romanorum 
 luris publici sacrique Vocabulis sollemnibus in Graecum Sermonem 
 conversis. Teubner, 1905. 
 
 Marq. St. V. = J. Marquardt, Romische Staatsverwaltung. Ed. 2. 
 Leipzig, 1881-1885. 
 
 Mel. Fac. Or. = Melanges de la Faculte Orientale. Boyrouth. 
 Mitteis-Wilcken = L. Mitteis und U. Wilcken, Grundziige und Chres- 
 
 tomathie der Papyrus-Kunde. Leipzig, 1912. 
 Mommsen, R. G. = Th. Mommsen, Romische Geschichte. Vol. 5, Die 
 
 Provinzen. Ed. 2. Berlin, 1885. 
 Mommsen, St. R. = Th. Mommsen, Romisches Staatsrecht. Ed. 3. 
 
 Berlin, 1887. 
 Miiller, F. H. G. = Karl u. Theodor Muller, Fragmenta Historicorum 
 
 Graecorum. Vol. I, Paris, 1885. 
 N. C. = Numismatic Chronicle. 
 Notizie = Notizie degli Scavi. 
 Orelli = J. C. Orelli, Inscriptionum Latinarum Selectarum Amplissima 
 
 Collectio. Turici, 1828. 
 Ox. Pap. = The Oxyrynchus Papyri. Edited by B. P. Grenfell and 
 
 A. S. Hunt. London, 1898—. 
 P. A. E. S. = Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological 
 
 Expeditions to Syria in 1904-1905 and 1909. Leyden, 1907—. 
 P.-W. = Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopadie. Stuttgart, 1894—. 
 Pal. Explor. Fund = Palestine Exploration Fund. 
 Philol. = Philologus. 
 
 Prosop. = Prosopographia Imperii Romani. Berlin, 1897 — . 
 R. B. = Revue Biblique Internationale. 
 R. E. A. = Revue des fitudes Anciennes. 
 R. G. K. = Romisch-germanisches Korrespondenzblatt. 
 R. N. := Revue Numismatique. 
 
 Rh. M. = Rheinisches Museum fiir Philologie. Neue Folge. 
 Schiller = H. Schiller, Geschichte der Romischen Kaiserzeit. Gotha, 
 
 1883. 
 Schiirer, G. J. V. = E. Schiirer, Geschichte des Jiidischen Volkes im 
 
 Zeitalter Jesu Christi. Ed. 3 and 4. Leipzig, 1902. 
 Sitz. Berl. Ak. = Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Preussischen 
 
 Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 
 Stech, Senatores Romani = Bruno Stech, Senatores Romani qui 
 
 fuerint inde a Vcspasiano usque ad Traiani exitum. Klio (1912), 
 
 Beiheft 10. 
 Stout, Govs, of Moesia = S. E. Stout, The Governors of Moesia. 
 
 Princeton, 191 1. 
 Wadd. = Le Bas-Waddington, Voyage archeologique en Grece et en 
 
 Asie Mineure, I-III. Paris, 1847-1877. 
 Wilcken, Gk. Ostr. = Ulrich Wilcken, Griechische Ostraka aus Aegyp- 
 
 ten und Nubien. Leipzig, 1899. 
 A. Wirth, Quaest. Sev. = A. Wirth, Quaestiones Severianae. Diss. 1888. 
 Z. D. P. V. = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palaestina-Vereins. 
 Z. N. = Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik. 
 
Zschr. Deutsch. Morg. Ges. = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenland. 
 Gesellschaft. 
 
 indicates the omission of part of an inscription. 
 
 ? placed before a name, indicates that it is doubtful whether the 
 person in question was governor or not. 
 
 ? placed after a name, indicates that the name is not certain. 
 
 ? used in connection with a date indicates that the time is uncertain. 
 
 [ ] inclosing a name, indicates that the person in question was not 
 governor in my opinion. 
 
 The dates given for the consulships of the various governors are taken 
 from Liebenam, Fasti. 
 
 8 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Governors of Syria (69-194 A.D.) 11 
 
 Governors of Syria Coele (194-ciRCA 300 A.D.) 43 
 
 Governors of Syria Phoenice (194-ciRCA 300 A.D.).. 53 
 
 Governors of Syria before 70 A.D. (notes) 63 
 
 Uncertain Governors of Uncertain times 65 
 
 Procurators of Syria, Syria Coele, and Syria 
 
 Phoenice 66 
 
 The Separation of Cilicia and Syria *J2 
 
 The Revolt of Pescennius Niger 78 
 
 The Division of Syria 87 
 
 Note on C. I. L. Ill, 6169 91 
 
 Index Nominum 92 
 
 Appendix 94 
 
I 
 
 ) ! 
 
 ■1 
 
 GOVERNORS OF SYRIA 
 
 Cn. Pompeius Collega^ 69-70 
 
 Jos. B. J. VII, 3, 4 (§58-59); fJLoXi^ 8* aiTC>v iSvvrjBrj r^i? 6p/xas 
 iino-xiLv Naios KoAA>;yas tls TrpccryScvT?;?, diiwv cVtTpci/^at Katcrapt 
 SiyXw^^mt -rrepl tCjv yeyovoTtov tov yap rfyt/jLovevovra t^s 2vptas KaiccV- 
 vtov UoLTOv r/Srj fikv Ovco-Trao-tavos c^aTreo-raXKCt, avve'/ffatvct 8c Trapclvat 
 
 This passage from Josephus shows that, in all probability, 
 Collega, who was no doubt legate of a legion,- had been put 
 in charge of Syria at the time of the departure of Mucianus 
 in the autumn of 69.^ The reference is to the autumn of 70,* 
 before the arrival of the new consular legate Paetus. 
 
 L. Caesennius Paetus 70-72 
 
 (i) Jos. B. J. VII, 3, 4 (§58-59). See under Pompeius 
 Collega. 
 
 (2) Mel. Fac. Or. II (1907), p. ^T^y — A. E. (1907), 193; 
 Imp[erator] Ca[e]s. Vespa[sia]nus Aug. Pont. [Max] T[r]. 
 P[ot]est. Ill P. [P.] Cos. nil [cur. L. C]aesennio [Paeto] 
 leg. Aug. pro[p]r. CCXXXIIII. (Near Beirut.) 
 
 (3) Jos. B.J. VII, 7, I (§219); ^877 8c €Tos TcVaproi/ Ovco-Trao-tavov 
 
 8i€7rovTos ri)v rjyifJiOvCav (§220) KatcrcVv/os IlatTO?, 6 t^s Svpt'as 
 
 -qycfxiov Torc KaOearrjKws . 
 
 Consul in 6i. 
 
 It is evident from the passage in Josephus (i) that Paetus 
 was appointed governor of Syria by Vespasian, but had not 
 yet arrived in the autumn of 70.^ The inscription (2) from 
 the mention of cos. IIII and trib. pot. Ill of Vespasian should 
 be dated between Jan. i, and July i, y2.^ The reference (3) 
 
 * Prosop. Ill, 65, 458. 
 
 ^ Similar cases of a legate of a legion acting as governor are found. 
 See under A. Larcius Priscus, p. 19: and C. Julius Severus, p. 26. 
 "Liebenam p. 258. P.-W. Ill, 1308. 
 
 * Jos. B. J. VII, 3, 3. Schiirer, G. J. V. I, p. 635. 
 ** See under Pompeius Collega, n. 3. 
 
 * Cf . Stech, Senatores Romani p. 5, 19. 
 
 II 
 
shows that Paetus was still governor in the fourth year of 
 Vespasian, July i, 72/73. During Paetus' term, Commagene 
 xxroc added to the province of Syria/ 
 
 was 
 
 Marius Celsus 73 
 
 B. C H. XXVI (1902), p. 206 = A. E. (1903), 256; [Imp. 
 Caejsar Vespasianus Aug. [Pont.] Max. Trib. Potest. III[I-] 
 [I]mp. X. [Cos. IJIII- [Cos.] Designat. V- [P. P. Titus] 
 Caesar Vespasianu[s I]mp. [I]II Trib. Potest. II- Co[s.] II 
 Design. Ill . [C]ensores Designati su[b] |||| Mario Celso leg. 
 Aug. pro pr. [p]e[r leg.]|||| et leg. ||||||||| opus cochli[dis 
 d]e communi [imp(ensa)] fecerunt. (Near Aini on the 
 Euphrates.) 
 
 The tr. pot. II of Titus dates the inscription July i, 72/73 
 surely, w^hile from the fact that Vespasian is cos. desig. V, 
 and both are censores desig., the time would be the spring 
 of /2„ perhaps March.^ Celsus no doubt succeeded Paetus, 
 either at the end of ^2, or the beginning of 73. Since he held 
 office for a term of two or three years at least, he probably 
 governed until Trajan took the province. Chapot, who edits 
 the inscription, thinks that he was the consul of 62,^ though 
 possibly of 69. 
 
 M. Ulpius Traianus 7^/77-79 
 
 (i) B. M. C. Galatia— (1899), p. 180, 239; Hunt. Coll. Ill 
 (1905), p. 160, 139; T. Caesari. Imp. Pont. | €irl Tpatavov *Av- 
 
 TLO)(i<i)V €T. EKP. 
 
 (2) Stech (Senatores Romani p. 7, 34) gives part of a new 
 inscription referred to by Dessau, Hermes XLV (1910), p. 9, 
 n. 2; Trajan was legatus "[Imp. Titi C]aesa[ns D]ivi Vespa- 
 s[ia]ni f. Vespa[siani Aug. pro pra]et. Syriae." 
 
 (3) Pliny, Paneg. 14, §1 ; Non incunabula haec tibi, Caesar, 
 
 ' Marq. St. V. I, p. 399- 
 
 •Mommsen, St. R. IP, p. 35^. H. C. Newton, Cornell Stud. XVI 
 (1901), p. 28ff. Acad. Inscr. et Belles-Lettres— Comptes Rendus (1912) 
 
 Aug. Sept. p. 397- 
 
 • Stech, Senatores Romani p. 5, 20, believes that he was the consul 
 of 62. It seems to me quite as probable that he was the consul of 69, 
 a man who had had some experience in the East as leg. leg. XV Apoll. 
 (Tacitus, A. XV, 25), and had been an active supporter of Otho in 
 69. (Prosop. II, 345, 223). 
 
 12 
 
 et rudimenta, cum puer admodum Parthica lauro gloriam patris 
 augeres - - - . 
 
 Consul suff. anno incert. 
 
 The date of the coins of Antioch (i), 125, according to the 
 Caesarian era, is autumn 76/77 ^^ A new inscription (2) 
 shows that Trajan continued as governor through the middle 
 of 79, after the death of Vespasian in June.^^ In the same 
 year he was assigned to the proconsulship of Asia.^^ It seems 
 quite likely, from the notice in Pliny (3), that the "triumphalia 
 ornamenta," referred to by Stech (2) as in the inscription, 
 have to do with the Syrian governorship. 
 
 L. Ceionius Commodus 79/^0 
 
 (i) B. M. C Galatia— (1899), p. 272, 31; Hunt. Coll. Ill 
 
 (1905), p. 214, 25; R. N. II (1898), 2, p. 618, 7266; CTTt 
 
 Ko/xdSov HOP I SeXevKCcov r^s tcpa? kol avTOvOfiov . 
 
 (2) A. J. Ph. VI (1885), p. 192; M. N. D. P. V. VII (1901), 
 p. 64, 29; I. G. R. Ill, 1356; E. Schwartz, Go. Nachr. (1906), 
 
 p. 363 ; [cJtous hap v[7r€]p T179 Toiv 2[c/?ao'Ta)v oruyrrjpia^^ ... | ... pai 
 
 dv[c](rT7;[cr]av 7rvX7;[v . . ck to)v tSjtcDV av[^€6^rjKav Ka [K]cto>v[t']ov 
 
 Ko/>i[dS]ov 7r/o£[o-/?. Acy.^^ 
 
 Consul in y8. 
 
 From the coin with the date 188, it has been calculated, 
 reckoning according to the Actian era, which began Sep. 2, 
 31 B.C.,^* that this Commodus should be dated 157/158 as 
 governor of Syria. The principal reason for choosing this era 
 seems to have been the fact that a C. Julius Commodus Orfi- 
 tianus is known in the middle of the second century, a legate 
 of Thrace and curator op. pub.^"' Dieudonne^^ has given 
 reasons, based on numismatic data, to show that the coin should 
 not be dated by the Actian era, but by the era of autonomy 
 of Seleucia. Kubitschek^^ also doubts the use of the Actian 
 era. It is especially noteworthy, that, aside from Commodus, 
 
 '' P.-W. I, 650. 
 
 " Liebenam, Fasti p. 105. 
 
 " I. G. R. IV, 845. 
 
 ^' The name is filled out by Schwartz. 
 
 O. Kaestner, De Aeris, p. 7, P- 22. Pick, Z. N. XIV (1887) p. 309ff. 
 
 J. Klein, Rh. M. XXXY (1880), p. 3i7ff. Liebenam p. 382. Briin- 
 now, Arabia III, p. 288, p. 300. Prosop. II, 187, 185. 
 ^•R. N. XIII (1909), p. i82ff. 
 '' P.-W. I, 649. 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 I 
 
no governor is mentioned on coins after Trajan in 76/77. 
 There is besides epigraphical evidence for excluding Commo- 
 dus from the date 157/158. C. I. L. Ill, D. CX gives Attidius 
 CorneHanus as governor of Syria. The inscription is dated in 
 the twentieth trib. pot. of Antoninus Pius (Dec. 10, 156/157), 
 and "a. d. IV (month lost) - - ONO CAELIOSE," evidently 
 denoting the cos. suffecti. The date may then fall within 156, 
 after Dec. 10, in that case either Dec. 10, or 29, or in 157, 
 probably after April since the consuls are suffecti. The latest 
 date possible in 157 is Dec. 2. Therefore the dating of Commo- 
 dus in 158 is impossible, since from 157 CorneHanus was gov- 
 ernor for several years. ^** It is barely possible of course that 
 the date of the coin could fall within the period Sep. 2, 157^'-* 
 to Dec. 2. Ritterling-'^ also rejects C. Julius Commodus as 
 governor of Syria in 157. The position of curator op. pub., 
 held by Commodus in 161, could not, he says, follow the gov- 
 ernorship of Syria at this time.-^ There is also an inscription 
 from Palestine," dated 161/169, which is assigned to this same 
 Julius Commodus as governor of that province. But it is 
 quite impossible that an official should go from a province of 
 higher order to one of a lower.-*^ The very reason then for 
 dating our Commodus in 157/158, namely his presumable iden- 
 tity with C. Julius Commodus, is seen to have no weight. 
 
 Dieudonne,-^ after giving up the Actian area, chose to date 
 the coin according to the era of autonomy very frequently 
 used at Seleucia. He noted that L. Ceionius Commodus was 
 consul in 'j'^, so that he might well have held the governorship 
 of Syria at this time. The date is 79/80.-' Although an ap- 
 pointment to Syria so soon after the consulship is not usual, 
 it is not unparalleled. The case of L. Vitellius is analogous.^* 
 
 ^'* See below, under the name, p. 30. 
 
 *' See above, and n. 14. 
 
 =»A. E. M. XX (1897), p. 28, note 68. 
 
 ^ R. no doubt means any consular province, 
 inscriptions given in P.-W. IV, 1789, and A. E 
 his view. There is one exception, C. I. L. XI, 3365. 
 
 ==»€. I. L. Ill, 6645. 
 
 " Domaszewski, Rangord., p. i8off. 
 
 ** Loc cit. 
 
 -'Dieudonne, putting the year of the era in 1 10/109 B.C., dates the 
 coin 78/79. The first year of the era however seems to be 109/108. 
 See Dittenberger, Or. Gr. Inscr. I, p. 4^. and Pick, Z. X. XIV, p. 310. 
 
 ^ Suet., Vitellius 2, §4- Schurer, G. J. V. I, p. 333- 
 
 14 
 
 The evidence of the 
 (1904), 183, supports 
 
 An inscription" of Gerasa (2), dated 75/76 A.D., and contain- 
 ing the name of a Ceionius Commodus legatus — of a legion, as 
 Schwartz thinks — may be referred with a fair degree of proba- 
 bility to this same man.-* 
 
 T. Atilius Rufus 
 
 After 80-84 
 
 (i) C. I. L. Ill, D. XI; (Copiae) quae sunt in Pannonia sub 
 
 T. Atilio Rufo Idibus lunis L. Lamia Plautio Aeliano, 
 
 C. Mario Marcello Octavio Publio Cluvio Rufo cos. 
 
 (2) Tacitus, Agr. 40; - - Syriam provinciam Agricolae des- 
 tinari, vacuam tum morte Atilii Rufi consularis et maioribus 
 reservatam. 
 
 Consul suff. anno incert. 
 
 The mihtary diploma (i) shows that Rufus was governor 
 in Pannonia June 13, 80, while the reference in Tacitus (2) 
 to his death while governor of Syria is assigned to the year 84. 
 
 29 
 
 M. Cornelius M. f. Gal. Nigrinus Curiatius Maternus 
 
 C. I. L. II, 6013; M. Cornelio M. f. G[al.] Nigrino Curiatio 
 Materno cos. leg. Aug. pro pr. provinc. Moes. provinc. Syriae. 
 
 No. 3783 is very similar. 
 
 Consul suff. anno incert. 
 
 If these inscriptions are strictly correct, Maternus as gov- 
 ernor of undivided Moesia must be dated before 90.^^ His 
 term in Syria would then probably fall between the terms of 
 Rufus and lavolenus Priscus. An earlier date, though possi- 
 ble, is not likely, for the Syrian list is almost complete to this 
 time. 
 
 C. Octavius Tidius Tossianus L. lavolenus Priscus 
 
 Autumn 90/98 
 (i) C. I. L. Ill, 9960; C. Octavio Tidio Tossiano L. laoleno 
 Pris*. > leg. leg. IV. Flav. leg. leg. III. Aug. iuridic. pro- 
 vinc. Brittanniae leg. consulari provinc. Germ. Superioris 
 
 ^^ Schwartz (2) dates it according to the Pompeian era, and refers it 
 to the Commodus consul in 78. 
 
 *"* Stech, Senatores Romani, p. 11, 70 — the book came to my hand 
 after this was written — notes most of the material which I have col- 
 lected here ; but comes to no conclusion. 
 
 *" Prosop. I, 175, 1084. P.-W. II, 2094. 
 
 * Stout, Govs, of Moesia p. 20. 
 
 15 
 
legato consular! provinc. Syriae proconsuli provinc. Africae 
 pontifici P. Mutilius P. f. Cla. Crispins T. P. I. Amico 
 Carissimo. 
 
 (2) C. I. L. XIII, 6821 = III, D. XXI ; (Copiae) quae sunt 
 in Germania Superiore sub L. lavoleno Prisco. (Oct. 26 90 
 A.D.) 
 
 (3) Pliny, Ep. VI, 15; Is cum recitaret, ita coepit 
 
 dicere, Trisce, iubes.' Ad hoc lavolenus Priscus (aderat 
 enim, ut Paulo amicissimus) 'ego vero non iubeo.' Cogita qui 
 risus hominum, qui ioci. Est omnino Priscus dubiae sanitatis, 
 interest tamen officiis, adhibetur consiliis atque etiam ius civile 
 publice respondet . 
 
 (4) Dig. XL, 2, 5; (Julianus) ego, qui meminissem 
 
 lavolenum praeceptorem meuni et in Africa et ii^ Syria servos 
 suos manumississe - - - . 
 
 Consul suff. ann. incert., between 83 and 90,^' dates of his 
 governorship of Numidia and Germania Sup., respectively; 
 possibly in 87 as Pallu de Lessert^- suggests, on the evidence of 
 a fragment of Acta Fr. Arv.'^^ which mentions a Priscus as 
 consul. 
 
 A comparison of the inscriptions (i) and (2) shows that 
 he must have been governor of Syria sometime after Oct. 26, 
 90. Now we have Quadratus as governor during the first 
 years of the second century, and, as his successor, Palma. So 
 in all probability Priscus would precede them. Furthermore 
 the proconsulship was usually held about ten years after the 
 consulship, in this period.^* De Lessert^^ then makes him pro- 
 consul of Africa by the year 97 or 98, preceding Marius Pris- 
 cus. It is possible also to argue from the passage in Pliny (3) 
 that lavolenus Priscus,^^ who was then in Rome in 106 or 107, 
 had become old and childish, and that his career of active 
 service must have preceded that date.^^ 
 
 " Liebenam, Fasti p. 75. 
 '' Pastes Prov. Afr. I, p. 167. 
 '^Henzen, Acta Fr. Arv. CXX. 
 '^Wadd. Ill, p. 659. 
 " Op. cit. p. 169. 
 ^ Op. cit. p. 167 and note 4. 
 
 "' Stech, Senalores Romani p. 30, 193, fails to mention the governor- 
 ship of Syria. 
 
 > ♦ 
 
 C. Antius Aulus lulius A. F. Voltinia Quadratus 
 
 98/102-103 or 104 
 
 (i ) Frankel, Inschr. von Perg. II, 436 ; Fatov *A[vTtov AvX]ov 
 
 *IovAio[v] AvXov i'Lov [KovaSpar^ov vnaTO^v] o'C7rTC/ut[oi;ipov/Lt inovXa)- 
 
 vovjjt. cf>paTpe[fJL dpovoAc/x] [7rp€a^€VTr]v kol avTL](7Tpd[TYj- 
 
 yov AvTOKpaTopo^ Ncpojva [Tpatxivov Kato-apo? Se^aaroi) TepfiaviKOv 
 
 (2) Frankel, Inschr. von Perg. II, 437 = !. G.R. IV, 374; 
 [A]vA.ov 'lovAtov [KovaSparov] viraTov, 7r/3[ccry8cv]T[^]v kol avriarpdnqyov 
 AvTOKpdTopo<; Ncpova Tpatavov Katcrapos 2c/8acrTo[v] FcppaviKoO AaKt- 
 
 Kov 2vpta[s] ^OLV€LKr)<s Kofj.p,ay^vr}<: . 
 
 (3) Dittenberger, Or. Graec. Inscr. II, 486 = Frankel II, 
 
 440 ; Faiov "AvTLOv AvA-Ov 'lovXtov AvXov VLov KoraSpaTOv, 8ts r'Trarov 
 
 TrptcrfitvT-qv kol dvTLCTT paT-qyov AvroKparopo^ Ncpora Kaiorapos 
 
 TptttavoO ^t^aarov TtpfxaviKov CTrapx^tas Svptas - - - . 
 
 (4) M. A. I. XXIX (1904), p. 175, No. 19 = A. E. (1904), 
 
 193; -q ^ovkrj KOL 6 SrjiJLO^ f-TLfx-qa-t Fatov "Avrtov AvXov lovXtov AvAov 
 
 VLOV OvoXtlvui KovaSparov viraTOv (3' irpiO-^evTrjv kol dvTLO-Tpdrrjyov 
 
 AvTOKpdropo^ Ncpova Tpauxvov KatVapos "^cfiaaTOv TepfxavLKOV C7rap;j(tas 
 2v[ptas . 
 
 Consul sufif. in 93. Consul ord. in 105. 
 
 The inscription in Frankel (i), which gives the first con- 
 sulship only, puts the governorship of Syria before 105. 
 Inscription (2), in the opinion of Frankel, was put up during 
 Quadratus' term in Syria. Since he is here legate of Trajan 
 "Germanicus Dacicus," he can hardly have left the province 
 before the beginning of 103.'^^ But now Dittenberger^^ states : 
 *'Sed cum legatio Syriaca item anno 103 non antiquior sit - -." 
 And so too V. Rohden^^ has "nicht vor 102." These inscrip- 
 tions with ''Germanicus Dacicus"*^ do show Quadratus as 
 governor at the end of 102, but do not confine the beginning 
 of his term to that date. It may have begun earlier, and in 
 fact we have two inscriptions which go to show that it did. 
 The one, published by Dittenberger himself (3), the other, 
 by Schroder (4), show Quadratus as governor under Trajan 
 "Germanicus" alone, without the "Dacicus." In view of this 
 
 ^Frankel, Inschr. von Perg. II, p. 299. Dittenberger (Or. Gr. Inscr. 
 II, p. 117, n. 10.) prints Lyciacae and Lycia for Syriacae and Syria. 
 ^ Op. cit. n. 3, p. 116. Cf. n. 10. 
 ^ P.-W. I, 2565. 
 *" With (2) cf. C. I. G. 3548. 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
/; 
 
 omission it is possible to infer that Quadratus became gov- 
 ernor as early as 98;^^ but surely before the fall of 102. The 
 earliest possible date for the end of the governorship has been 
 noted. It is quite reasonable to suppose, however, that Quad- 
 ratus remained till late in 104, when he must have left to 
 assume the consulship in 105. Early in that year we find 
 him in Rome.'*^ 
 
 A. Cornelius Palma 104- 106/ 108 
 
 (1) I. G. R. Ill, I291 ; VTTcp (T(DTr)pLa^ Koi vy€(t)a? AvTOKpaTOpos 
 Nepova Tpatavov KatVapo? Scy^acrrov TepixaviKov AaKiK[o]v, ayu)yo<: 
 vSarcDi/ ci(T<^€po/>tcv<o[v] cis Kai'[a]Ta [cJk npovouiq [K^opvrjXLOv Uakpa 
 
 7rpc[o-]/J. 2c)3. dvTLCTTp. (El-Afinch) cf. No. 1273. 
 
 (2) Dio Cassius LXVIII, 14, 5 ; Kara 8€ tov avTov TovTov xpovov 
 Kal IlaA/xas rij? Sv/otia? dp^wv rrjv ^ApafSiav rrjv Trpo? rrj Uirpa <x^*" 
 
 Consul ord. in 99. Consul ord. II in 109. 
 
 Palma was no doubt the successor of Quadratus. The titles 
 of Trajan in the inscriptions (i) indicate a date after 102. 
 As Dio (2) tells us, Palma brought Arabia Petraea under 
 Roman sway, in 105/106.** This date is borne out by the era 
 of the capital, Bostra, which began March 22, 106.*"^ How 
 long after this he was governor is uncertain, quite likely up 
 to the time of his second consulship.*® 
 
 [Atticus] 
 Eusebius*^ tells us that Symeon, bishop at Jerusalem, was 
 
 put to death crrl Tpatavov Kaicrapa? Kal vTrariKOv 'Attikov. The 
 
 natural inference is, of course, that Atticus was governor of 
 Judaea at this time. This is the opinion of Liebenam*** and 
 of Schurer.*** Klebs,*"'^ however, and Groag'^ followed by 
 
 43 
 
 Trajan took the title "Germanicus" in 97. See Liebenam, Fasti 
 
 p. 107. 
 " Henzen, Acta Fr. Arv. CXLV, Jan. 3, 105. 
 
 **P.-W. IV, 1418 no. 279. 
 *" Briinnow, Arabia, III, p. 303- 
 ** So Stech, Senatores Romani, p. 71, 881. 
 *'Hist. Eccl. Ill, 22,, 3 and 6. 
 *^ Die Leg. p. 242. 
 
 *" G. J. V. I, p. 645, 6. Schurer and Liebenam date him before Falco, 
 governor from 107. 
 "" Prosop. I, 353. 
 •^^P.-W. Ill, 2677. 
 
 18 
 
 \ '' 9 
 
 I) 
 
 \ 
 
 Brunnow,^^ assert that, as there was no consular governor of 
 Judaea at this time, Atticus must have been governor of 
 Syria. This I do not believe. 
 
 In the first place it was Symeon, bishop of Jerusalem, who 
 was put to death. It is difficult to see what a governor of 
 Syria would have to do with affairs at Jerusalem in the prov- 
 ince of Judaea, quite distinct from Syria. Then too the only 
 dates given for this event are 105 and 107.^^^ But we have 
 seen that Palma is pretty certainly established as governor of 
 Syria in this time. Briinnow, who thinks that Palma was 
 governor through 108, without any justification simply puts 
 Atticus after him, though not with certainty.^* Again con- 
 sular legates in Palestine during the period before the great 
 rebellion circa 133,^'' are not entirely unknown. Lusius 
 Quietus"^^ governor about 117, had been consul, and so per- 
 haps had Falco,'^^ governor before no. Furthermore Judaea, 
 after the rebellion was made a consular province.^^ Eusebius 
 might very easily have made a mistake and called a praetorian 
 governor, who came not so very long before the change, a 
 consular. And Eusebius, writing, as he did, after 325, when 
 the term "consular" had lost the restricted meaning which it 
 had in earlier days,^^ could have used the word loosely to 
 mean governor only. There seems then to be no compelling 
 reason for assigning Atticus to Syria. 
 
 A. Larcius A. f. Quirina Priscus 
 
 (i) A. E. (1908), 237; I. O. M. A. Larcius A. f. Quir. 
 Priscus, sevirum, decemvirum (sic) stilitib. iudicandis, quaes- 
 tor provinciae Asiae, legatus Augusti. leg. IIII Scythicae, pro 
 legato consulare provinc. Syriae, tribunus plebei, praetor, leg. 
 provinciae Hispaniae Baeticae, praefectus frumenti dandi, 
 legatus Angus, legionis II. Aug., legatus Aug. propr. exercitus 
 Af ricae ; V. S. L. 
 
 Cf. C. I. L. VIII, 17891. 
 
 "Arabia III, pp. 300 and 311. 
 '^ Schurer 1. c. and references. 
 "^ Arabia III, pp. 287, 300 and 311. 
 
 * Schurer op. cit. I, p. 647fF. 
 "* Op. cit. p. 647, 9. 
 
 " Op. cit. p. 645, 7- 
 
 * Domaszewski, Rangord, p. 179. 
 •^'P.-W. IV, ii39ff. 
 
 19 
 
 / 
 
-^ ' i 
 
 (2) C. 1. L. VIII, 22382; 
 
 Via . [ 
 
 Larcio • Prise [o 
 
 Legato • August • 
 
 Pro. Pr. 
 
 While legate of the Fourth Scythica, though not yet praetor, 
 Priscus was ''pro legato consulare provinc. Syriae" i.e. acting 
 governor of Syria, (i). Mommsen's view,*'^ that he belongs 
 to Hadrian's time, based on the expression "leg. Aug. pr. pr. 
 exercitus provinciae Afric," is shown not conclusive by Pallu 
 de Lessert,*^^ who proves that the governorship of Numidia 
 probably falls after 105, and before 172. Ritterling^- would 
 make Priscus legate of Syria at the time of the defeat of 
 Attidius Cornelianus in 162. But if an argument may be prop- 
 erly based on the evidence of the style and form of an 
 inscription, the broken milliarium of Priscus (2) should be 
 dated early in the second century.*^"^ In general, an exami- 
 nation of the milliaria of C. I. L. VIII shows that the inscrip- 
 tion of Priscus best agrees with those of Trajan's time or 
 earlier, while after Hadrian, the legate's name does not appear 
 in nearly so prominent a form.*'* Perhaps Priscus was acting 
 governor when Palma subdued Arabia.^"' 
 
 Unknown 108/115? 
 
 C. I. L. Ill, 14387 d. -]b. m[— ]r. prov[-] praet • i [— ] 
 leg. Ill G[all] propr. pr[— ] o. inter c[— ] Nerva Traiano 
 [ — ab e]od. Imp. Parth[ico bello-] donis militarib. do[nato — 
 Tr]aiani Aug. Germ. Da[cici prov — ] item leg. propr. eius 
 [provinciae] Syriae [posuit?] (Baalbek). 
 
 The inscription, in the ascending order, commemorates a man 
 
 *• E. E. V, 696. 
 
 "^ Pastes Prov. Afr. I, p. 458ff. 
 
 •'Rh. M. LIX (1904), p. i88ff. So too v. Premerstein in KHo XIII 
 (I9i3)» P- 79» n- I- He would identify Priscus with the governor men- 
 tioned in C. I. L. Ill, 6715; but he overlooks the fact that by a better 
 reading of the inscription in C. I. L. Ill, 14177, the governor is shown to 
 be Geminius Marcianus of Arabia. 
 
 ^ Pallu de Lessert shows him to be after 105. 
 
 •*C I. L. VIII, 22190, 10186, 22348. A. E. (1907), 19. VIII, 10048, 
 22173, 10296, 10230. A. E. (1904), 21. VIII, 22629, 10238. 
 
 ** Stech., Senatores Romani, p. 121, 1779, thinks him son of A. Larcius 
 Lepidus, and senator under Trajan. 
 
 JO 
 
 ,^ 
 
 i 
 
 concerned in the Parthian war, at the earhest in 114,^^ if the 
 restoration in the Corpus is correct, then legate apparently of 
 some unknown province, then legate of Syria under Trajan. 
 But there is hardly time for these offices after 114 and under 
 Trajan. Besides Hadrian was the Syrian governor in 117, and 
 quite likely earlier.^^ Trajan was "Optimus" in 114,^' and 
 though this title usually appears with his name, we do not find 
 it here. Of course the governorship must follow that of 
 Palma.«^ 
 
 Marinus 
 
 I. G. R. Ill, 1056, p. 397» 1- 14/15; —secundum [vectigal]ia 
 quae locavit antea Marinus praeses.'^ This is the translation 
 of the Palmyrene part of the inscription which alone has the 
 line on Marinus. In the original, the Greek word riycfiutvy 
 here rendered ''praeses," is simply transliterated. 
 
 This title, as the editors observe,^^ probably denotes a gov- 
 ernor or procurator. The word i^yc/^wv, however, seems never 
 to have been used as the title of an ordinary procurator. In 
 Josephus there are cases of its use for the procurator of Ju- 
 daea, who was however practically a governor, even command- 
 ing troops.'^^ In the third century it is found as part of the 
 title of a proc. vice praesidis.^^ 
 
 To denote a regular governor it is often used. In Egypt'* 
 it is used as the title of the praefectus. It is found in Gala- 
 tia,*^^ in Lycia and Pamphylia,'^ in Thrace.^^ As the title of 
 a consular governor we find it in connection with irpicrfievTrj':'^^ 
 
 and with avTLO-Tparrjyo^.'^^ 
 
 ••Schiller I, p. 556. 
 
 •^ See below under Hadrian, p. 22. 
 
 *Liebenam, Fasti p. 107. And see below under Hadrian p. 22. 
 
 ••See p. 18. 
 
 »*Cf. Zschr. Deutsch. Morg. Ges. XLII (1884), p. 3^7, iS; Sitz. Berl. 
 
 Ak. (1884), p. 430. 
 " I. G. R. HI, p. 402. 
 "D. Magie, De Vocabulis Sollemnibus, p. 107, ref. to Jos. Ant. XVHI, 
 
 25 and 55. 
 "C I. G. 2059; I. G. R. I, 10. 
 ^*I. G. R. I, 1057, 1098, 1154, 1175. 
 " I. G. R. HI, 154. 
 ^M. G. R. Ill, 342, 495. 668, 706. 
 " Liebenam p. 391^- 
 "I. G. R. Ill, 174. 
 "Wadd. 1842 a. 
 
 21 
 
^ i 
 
 In literature we find the term frequently used for governors 
 in general, from Josephus to Dio Cassius, who uses apx^iv most 
 frequently.®^ It seems reasonable then to conclude that Ma- 
 rinus was probably governor. It may be of significance also to 
 note that in this inscription, where some regulation has been 
 made, it was made in each case by an important person of 
 consular rank, as Germanicus and Corbulo. 
 
 Since the inscription is dated in 137, of course Marinus must 
 have been governor previously. We know a Marinus who held 
 high office early in the second century, L. lulius Marinus con- 
 sul in loi.®' Before that he had been trib. mil. in the fourth 
 Scythica in Syria, and governor of Lycia and Pamphylia.®^ 
 Perhaps he was this Syrian governor. We may also think of 
 his father, proconsul of Pontus and Bithynia,"'' and probably 
 legate in Moesia Inferior in 97.®* 
 
 P. Aelius P. f. Serg. Hadrianus 115-117 
 
 ( 1 ) Vita Hadriani 4, i ; usus Plotinae quoque f avore 
 
 (Hadrianus) cuius studio etiam legatus expeditionis Parthicae 
 tempore destinatus est. 
 
 (2) Dio Cassius LXIX, i, i ; *A8piavos 8c rrj t€ 2vpm cVt 
 
 TO) HapdLKtZ VoXifJLU) 7rpO(T€Td\6r]. 
 
 (3) Dio Cassius LXVIII, 33, I ; Tpatavos avro^ fX€V €s Tr]V 
 
 'IraXiav wpfir)(T€ ttXciv, IlovTrAtov 8c AiAtov *A8ptav6v cV ry 2v/ota Karl- 
 Atirc /LtcToi Tov arpaTOV. 
 
 (4) Die Cassius LXIX, 2, I ; ^v Sk, ore avriyoptvdr] avTOKpariop, 
 *A8ptav6s CV rrj ixrjrpoTroXcL Svptas *AvTioxcia, ^5 VPX^^- 
 
 (5) Vita Hadriani 4, 6; Quintum Iduum August, diem lega- 
 tus Syriae (Hadrianus) litteras adoptionis accepit. 
 
 Consul suff. in 108. 
 
 That Hadrian was governor of Syria in 117, when Trajan 
 left the East, is doubted by no one (3), (4),®' (5). Many 
 
 ^'Jos, B. J. I, 20, 4; VII, 7, i; Ant. XVI, 8, 6; XIX, 7. 2. Dio 
 Chrys., Or. 46, cap. 14; Or. 43, cap. 11. Plutarch, Galba 6; 20; 22. 
 Appian, B. C. V, 137; I44; Syr. 51. Lucian, De Morte Per. 14; Lucius 
 26. Aristides XLII, 533 (p. 789 Dindorf). 
 ^ Liebenam, Fasti p. 18. 
 C I. L. IX, 4965. A. E. (1899), 175. 
 €. I. L. IX, 4965. 
 
 "A. E. (1913), 179. 
 Cf. Zonaras XI, 22B, and 23. 
 
 22 
 
 83 
 83 
 
 8S 
 
 } 
 
 I 
 
 however think that only at that time was he appointed gover- 
 nor, while before that he was a legatus and comes of Trajan 
 in the war.*^*^ But Dio does not necessarily imply that Hadrian 
 was made governor so late. In fact a fair interpretation of 
 his words in (2) would seem to me to show that Hadrian 
 began to govern at the opening of the Parthian campaigns. 
 This is the view of Liebenam,®^ and v. Rohden'^ admits that it 
 is possible. The statement in the Vita (i) may mean that 
 Hadrian was appointed governor. The term ''legatus" is often 
 so used in these lives,'^ while ''comes" in late times is very 
 generally used to denote legates of the emperor when he took 
 the field. Trajan undoubtedly needed an able man whom he 
 could trust, to take charge of Syria, especially at Antioch, 
 his base^^ for the campaign of invasion. Hadrian was surely a 
 man for the place. His holding this office would well explain 
 the fact that he does not appear in the actual fighting, though 
 many other legates are named.^^ I am inclined then to date 
 the beginning of his term at the time of the beginning of the 
 
 war. 
 
 92 an«l 93 
 
 f^e 
 
 87 
 
 88 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 Schiller I, p. 603. G. W. Weber, Die Adopt. Kais. Hadr., p. 25. 
 Dierauer, in Biidinger Untersuch., p. I59- E. Groag, M. R. I. XIV 
 (1899), p. 276. 
 
 Die Leg. pp. 27S, and 379. 
 
 P.-W. I, 499. 
 
 Pesc. Niger 6; L. Verus 9; Alex. Sev. 52. 
 
 Schiller I, p. 556. 
 '' Op. cit. p. 557ff. 
 "^The old view was that the war began in 114 (Dierauer, in Biidinger 
 
 Untersuch., p. 160. Schiller I, p. 556). 
 
 ''•'Mommsen (R. G. V, 398 and note i) puts the beginning in 115. 
 He is followed by Dittenberger (Or. Gr. Inscr. II, p. 221, n. 17) and 
 
 Niese (R. G.' p. 206). 
 
 Boissevain (ed. of Dio Cassius, Vol. Ill, p. 209 and notes) thinks 
 Mommsen wrong— incorrectly, I believe— because Xiphilinus says that 
 Trajan was granted the title "Optimus" after the Armenian campaign; 
 a title granted by Sep. i, 114. But Xiphilinus is incorrect in connecting 
 the tide with the campaign, for it seems clear that Trajan was given 
 the tide by the end of 113 (C. I. L. Ill, 15021 = J. O. A. I. XI (1908) 
 Beiblatt p. 71, fig. 49). And in any case Trajan had the title before he 
 left Rome for the East. Coins in Cohen (II, p. 21, no. 40; cf. no. 307) 
 read; Imp. Traiano Optimo Aug. Ger. Dae. P. M. Tr. P./Augusti 
 Protectio, plainly referring to Trajan's departure. 
 
 23 
 
[Sex. Erucius Clarus] 
 
 Liebenam'^* inserts Clarus in his list as governor of Syria in 
 ii6, but without any reason except that he was a legate of 
 Trajan in the Parthian war. Worse still Liebenam contra- 
 dicts himself by making Hadrian's term,^' 114-117, cover this 
 same period. 
 
 L. Catilius Severus lulianus Claudius Reginus 117-119 
 
 (i) R. E. A. XV (1913), p. 270: 
 
 L. Cat[i]lio. C[n. f. Cla]u. Sev[e]ro I[u]lia[no] Claudio 
 
 Reg[i]no co[s II pr]o cos. provin[c.] Af[ri]cae r. 
 
 p . . et . . 1. [l]eg. Aug. [pro praet.] pro[v. Syriae. l]eg. 
 Aug. pr[o] pr. Arm[eniae m]aior[is e]t M[in]or[is] et 
 Ca[p]padoci[ae pjraef. aer[a]r. m[ilitar.] leg. leg. XX[II] 
 
 Primi[g. p. f. c]urato[ri le]g. pro pr. [p]rov[i]n- 
 
 c[iae] Asiae [VI vir. eq. R.] pr. u]rb. q]uaes[t. prov. As]iae 
 d. d. [p. p.]. , 
 
 (2) C. I. L. X, 8291; and R. E. A. XV (1913), p. 2J2\ 
 L.]Catilio. Cn. f. [Clau.] [ Sever] o luliano. C. R[egi]no, cos. 
 
 II., [prjocos. provinc. Afr[ic]ae, leg. Aug. pr. p[r. provi]n- 
 ciae Syriae, et provinciae Cappad[ociae] et Armeniae Maior. et 
 Minor., VII vir. epu[lon., do]nis militaribus donato a Divo 
 Tr[aiano] etc. 
 
 (3) Vita Hadriani 5, 10 ; Quibus (reliquiis Traiani) exceptis 
 et navi Romam dimissis ipse Antiochiam regressus praeposi- 
 toque Syriae Catilio Severo per Illyricum Romam venit. 
 
 (4) A. E. (1911), 95 = B. A. R. (1911), p. 137; 
 
 AT VIII K 
 
 L. Vips]tano Messalla 
 
 L. Cat]ilio. Severo 
 
 no. Cos. 
 
 The identification of L. Catilius Severus with C. Atilius 
 lulianus Rufinus has recently been pretty well established by 
 A. Merlin.^® The proof is based largely on the governorship 
 of Cappadocia and the Armenias, the similarity of names, and 
 the proconsulate of Africa. It is remarkable also that, of the 
 two consulships of Rufinus, neither has ever been satisfactorily 
 
 •* Die Leg. p. 380. 
 
 •^ Op. cit. pp. 379, and 278. 
 
 "•R. E. A. XV (1913), p. 268ff. 
 
 \ > 
 
 if 
 
 ) 
 
 placed,®^ while the two of Severus are now definitely known. 
 The second consulship of Catilius Severus, as has long been 
 known, was in the year 120.^^ A recently discovered inscrip- 
 tion (4) places him as consul suffectus to Pedo VergiHanus f^ 
 who perished in office during the earthquake at Antioch^^^ in 
 115. This inscription, which has been overlooked by Merlin, 
 also shows us that *Tulianus" was a part of the name of 
 Catilius Severus, and thus adds proof for the identification of 
 Rufinus and Severus. In the last line I would read, for 
 ". . . . no," "[Iulia]no."^^^ 
 
 Since Severus held the consulship in 115, his term as gov- 
 ernor of the Armenias and Cappadocia can not have begun in 
 114 as Merlin suggests. If he were the sole governor of the 
 short-lived province, as seems probable, his term would then 
 have begun late in 115,^^" or in 116, after his consulship. This 
 
 "^ C. I. L. X, 8291 identifies him with L. Cuspius 'Rufinus cos. of 142, 
 and suggests that he then held his second consulship. 
 
 ^* Liebenam, Fasti p. 20. 
 
 ** Op. cit. p. 19. 
 
 ^•^ Dio Cassius LXVIir, 25, i. 
 
 *'*^The fact that Liebenam has placed the governorship of Rufinus in 
 Cappadocia and the Armenias before that of M. Junius, governor of 
 Cappadocia, and has placed his term in Syria even before that of 
 Hadrian (he is followed in this by Briinnow, Arabia III p. 300 and 
 311), might seem to make the identification of Rufinus and Severus 
 impossible, since they are thus separated in time. But the evidence 
 at hand, even before the publication of Merlin's inscription, proves 
 Liebenam incorrect. M. Junius was legate of Cappadocia at the very 
 beginning of Trajan's eastern campaign (Dio Cassius LXVIII, 19). 
 Rufinus, preceding Junius, would then have held the governorship 
 of Cappadocia and the Armenias before the actual formation of the 
 provinces, which was accomplished probably in 115. (See below, and 
 note 103.) This is of course impossible. Then Liebenam, further, 
 while he recognizes that the Syrian governorship follows that of 
 Cappadocia and the Armenias (Pallu de Lessert, Pastes Prov. Afr. J, 
 183, puts that of Syria before, for some unknown reason), is able 
 to date the former before the governorship of Hadrian. But since, 
 as we have seen, the Cappadocian-Armenian governorship can not 
 have begun before 115, there can be little doubt that the Syrian gov- 
 ernorship must follow that of Hadrian and Catilius Severus his 
 successor. So, even on the basis of the old evidence alone, Severus and 
 Rufinus are brought into juxtaposition in their governorship of Syria, 
 and there is then no chronological barrier to their identification. 
 
 "'Fr. Cumont, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg.-Lettr. (1905), p. 208, made 
 Rufinus governor 115-117. 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
u 
 
 would accord very nicely with the idea of Mommsen^^^ that the 
 Armenian campaign did not begin before 115. From the evi- 
 dence of the Vita (3) we should naturally conclude that 
 Severus was withdrawn from Armenia, which Hadrian gave 
 up/*^-^ and was put over Syria in the fall of 117.^°^ This evi- 
 dence supported, as it is, by the inscriptions, leaves no room 
 for the doubt, expressed by Stech,^^® that Severus was ever 
 governor of Syria. Severus' term extended very likely 
 through part of 119,^*^^ when he must have left to take up the 
 consulship in 120. 
 
 C. Publicius Marcellus 
 
 Circa 132 
 
 C. I. G. 4034=1. G. R. Ill, 175 ; r. 1. ^tovrjpov - - - -qyefiova 
 Acyioivos T€.TdpTr)<; ^KvOiKrjs kol Stotxr^cravTa rot eV Svpta Trpay/xara, rjvLKa 
 T1ov/3\lklo<; MapKcAAos Sia ttjv KCLvrjCTLV t[^]v 'lovSaiKrjv fX€Ta/3€l3'qKiL 
 d7r[oJ 2v/ot'a?, avdiTrarov *A^atttS, Trpos ttc^vJtc pd/SBov; Trc/uc^^cVra eis 
 BilOvvuiv BiopOuiT-qv kol XoyicrTYjv vtto Oeov 'ASpLavov, etC. J cf. C. I. G. 
 
 4033 = Dittenberger., Or. Gr. Inscr. II, 543=1. G. R. Ill, 174. 
 
 Consul suff. in May, 120. 
 
 Marcellus was governor of Syria at the outbreak of the 
 rebellion of the Jews, which took place, at least to any serious 
 extent, in 132.^*^'^ As leader of the Syrian legions, he went into 
 Judaea to the assistance of the governor Rufus.^*'*' How long 
 he remained, we do not know, but quite likely until the end of 
 the rebellion. 
 
 C. lulius Severus"^ Circa 132 
 
 (See under Publicius Marcellus for inscriptions.) 
 Severus as legate of IV Scythica^^^ was substitute governor 
 during the absence of Marcellus. If Dio^'- is correct in assign- 
 
 ***^ See under Hadrian note 93. 
 
 ''" Schiller I, p. 606. 
 
 '•*W. Weber, Unters. z. Gesch. d. K. Hadr. p. 58. 
 
 ^"* Senatores Romani p. 43, 302. 
 
 *^^ Liebenam p. 3S0. 
 
 ^"'Schurer, G. J. V. I, p. 682. Schiilz, Leben des K. Hadrian p. 82 
 and note 235, thinks its actual beginning was in 130. 
 
 ^'* Schiirer of>. cit. p. 689. Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. IV, 6, i. 
 
 ^'^ On the name see Dittenberger, Or. Gr. Inscr. II, 543 and note i. 
 
 "Mt is noteworthy that the only other "pro legato consulari" of 
 whom we have any detailed information, Larcius Priscus, was also 
 legate of the IV Scythica. See Ritterling in Rh. M. LIX (1904) p. 
 i88ff. 
 
 ^'^LXIX, u, 4. 
 
 26 
 
 ing Severus' mission in Bithynia to about the end of the Jewish 
 war, he must have left Syria during that war, and perhaps 
 early, since he was appointed proconsul of Achaia between 
 his Syrian and Bithynian positions. Possibly in this fact there 
 might be a slight indication that Publicius Marcellus had re- 
 turned to Syria before the end of the war. 
 
 Sex. Minicius Faustinus CJ lulius C? f. Serg. Severus 
 
 135 or 136/138 
 
 C. I. L. Ill, 2830, and supp. 9891 ; [Se]x. M[i]nicio Faus- 
 
 tino [C. ?] I[uH]o [C. ? f]il. Serg. Severo [v. c] 
 
 praetor., leg. leg. XIIII. Gemin[ae, l]eg. pr. pr. Imp. Traiani 
 Hadria[n]i Aug. p[r]ovinciae Dacia[e], cos., leg. pr. p[r.] 
 provinciae Moesia[e] Inferioris, leg. pr. pr. provinciae Brit- 
 taniae, leg. pr. pr. [pr]ovinciae ludeae [le]g. pr. pr. [provi]n- 
 ciae Suriae, huic [senatus a]uctore [Imp.] Caes. [Tra]iano 
 Hadrian [o Au]g. ornamenta triu[mp]halia decrevit ob res in 
 [Iu]dea prospere ge[st]as. [d.] d. 
 
 Consul suff. in Oct. 127. 
 
 From the fact that the inscription was set up while Hadrian 
 was still alive it is evident that the governorship of Syria must 
 come before the middle of 138.^^^ From the form of the last 
 part, where the mention of the ''ornamenta" follows the legate- 
 ship of Syria, it is a fair conclusion that^ the term in Syria 
 came very soon after that in Judaea. The rebellion, which 
 Severus put down in Judaea, lasted well into 134, and perhaps 
 into 135."* So then Severus probably became governor of 
 Syria in 135 or 136, if we allow some little time after the end 
 of the rebellion for settling affairs in Judaea. 
 
 L. Burbuleius L. f. Quir. Optatus Ligarianus 
 
 Circa 145 
 
 C. I. L. X, 6006; L. Burbuleio L. f. Quir. Optato Ligariano, 
 COS., sodal. Aug., leg. Imperat. Antonini Aug. Pii pro pr. prov. 
 Syriae, in quo honor [e] decessit, leg. eiusdem et Divi Hadri- 
 ani pro pr. prov. Cappad., cur. oper. locor. q. publ., praef. aerar. 
 Saturn., pro cos. Sicil., logiste Syriae, legat. leg. XVI. Fl. 
 Firm. etc. 
 
 "^Liebenam, Fasti p. 107. 
 
 "* Schiirer, G. J. V. I, p. 695 ff. W. Weber, Unters. z. Gesch. d. K. 
 Hadr. p. 2/6. 
 
 27 
 
Consul stiff, anno incert. before 138. 
 
 He was governor of Cappadocia at the earliest in the last 
 part of 137, since Fl. Arrianus was still governor in that 
 year.^^" It seems reasonable to suppose that he went from 
 this position directly to that of legate of Syria. If there is 
 truth in the statement of the \'ita^^^ that the emperor kept 
 good governors in their positions ''septenis et novenis annis," 
 perhaps we should put the beginning of his Syrian term 
 circa 145. 
 
 Unknown Circa 135/150 
 
 Lucian, De Morte Peregr. cap. 14; irXr^v dXA' 6 Ilcptypivos 
 
 d<f>€LOrj VTTo Tov TOTt Ttj'i Svpttt? ap)(^ovTo<:, avSpo^ <f>L\o(To<f>La xaLpouTO<;, 
 05 (Tuvcls Trjv GLTTOVOLav avTov Koi OTL Sc'^atr' av dTroOavelv^ <Ls 66$av irrl 
 TOVTU) aTToAcTTOt, d(f>fJK€v avTov ovSc Trj<i KoAaaccDS i'Tro\al3u)V d^LOv. 
 
 This governor of Syria, whose name is not given, may per- 
 haps be dated very roughly. Peregrinus cremated himself at 
 the Olympian games in 165 or 167.^^^ It was eight or twelve 
 years before this that he criticised Herodes Atticus for supply- 
 ing water to Olympia,^^^ i.e. 159 (157) or 155 (153).^^^ Now 
 between this affair and his adventures in Syria, ^'-'^ surely ten 
 years must have elapsed. A "terminus ante quem" for the 
 governor then would be 150. But since this affair was among 
 his early adventures^-^ and he was an old man when he 
 died,^-*- the event might fall ten or fifteen years earlier. The 
 governor is probably to be dated between 135 and 150. 
 
 Sulpicius lulianus 149' 
 
 (i) B. C. H. XXVI (1902), p. 165 = A. E. (1903), 252; 
 Imp. T. Aelio [Ha]d[ri]ano Antonino Aug. Pio P. P. vexil. 
 
 "'I. G. R. Ill, III. Prosop. I, 243. 
 
 '^•Vita Ant. Pii 5. 
 
 "^ Lucian, De Morte Peregr. 36. Eusebius, ''Chron. aus dem Armen." 
 in "Gk. Schr. der erst. 3 Jahrh." p. 222. Xissen, Rh. M. XLIII (1888), 
 p. 254. 
 
 "' Lucian, op cit. 19 and 20. 
 
 *" Schulthess, Herodes Atticus pp. 18 and i). Frazer (Paus. vol. IV, 
 p. 74) puts the completion of the water works in 150 or 151. 
 
 '^Lucian, op. cit. T4-19. 
 
 '""Op. cit. 9-14- 
 
 '""Op. cit.S: 33 ■• 37. 
 
 28 
 
 leg. nil Scy[th. et leg.] XVI F. F., su[b] Sul[picio?J luliano 
 II III I {||. (Seleucia Pieria.) 
 
 (2) Wadd. 2306 = 1. G. R. Ill, 1274; --- [AvroK/jJaro/oo? 
 KatVapos [T. AlXlov AS/aiavJoi; 'AvTojvctVov Se[/?ao'TOV', tov rjfxujv 
 KJvpLOVj Kttt AvprjXiOv ^Ovrjpov KacVapo?, vjtov avTOV Kal Aot[7ra)v avTov 
 TCKVco^v /cat crvvTravTos [otKor Sc^acToO Kttt t^Js tcpwrary^s avyK\-q\^TOv 
 
 'Pu)fxr]<; KOL Trj<s rjy]€fJLOVLa<; 'Pa>p,at'(ov [ €7rtj 'ATrtKt'oL' 'lovAtavov 
 
 [ynaTiKOv - - 
 
 Both these inscriptions refer to governors of Syria, during 
 the reign of Antoninus Pius, who should, I have no doubt, be 
 identified. We have in (i), Sul[picio?] luliano; in (2) 
 
 1. 9, cTTt] AniKIOYIOYAIANOY. Surely the A in 
 
 this poorly preserved inscription should be read A, and the 
 line filled out, - - - - cVt 2oi;]A7rtKtov 'lovAtavov. If Waddington's 
 idea, that his inscriptions 2307 and 2306 belong together, is 
 correct, our governor is to be dated in 149. 
 
 ?M. Cassius Apollinaris? 
 
 Mel. Fac. Or. IV (1909), p. 543 = A. E. (1909), 115; 
 MK'ACAnOAYn = M. Ka(7((rtov) 'A7roA(X£tvaptor) v7r(aTcvovTo? Of 
 
 -aTLKOv). 
 
 This inscription, found in such a position that it could not 
 have been visible, in the opinion of the editors was cut by 
 soldiers engaged in construction work. They w'ould naturally 
 carve the name of their commander, the governor of Syria. 
 An Apollinaris was consul suffectus in 150;^^^ but it does not 
 seem at all probable that, as such, he would be mentioned in 
 an inscription of this character from Syria. It is, however, 
 possible that he is here referred to as governor of Syria. 
 
 D. Velius Fidus 
 
 C. I. L. Ill, 14387 e; 
 
 D. Velio Fido leg. Aug. pr (Baalbek). 
 
 It seems probable that Fidus is here mentioned as a governor 
 of Syria. It is reasonable, wnth the editor of the Corpus, to 
 identify him w'ith Velius Fidus, a pontifex in Rome in 155,^^* 
 for most of the inscriptions found with this one are of the first 
 and second centuries. 
 
 ^ Liebenam, Fasti p. 22. 
 ^'C. L L. VI, 2120. 
 
 29 
 

 [C. lulius Severus] 
 
 Severus was not a governor of Syria and Palestina, as 
 Liebenam^-^ would have it, but of Syria Palestina. 
 
 1 •_•»; 
 
 [C. lulius Commodus Orfitianus] 
 
 On this governor see above, p. 13, under L. Ceionius Com- 
 modus, year 79/80. 
 
 L. Attidius Cornelianus 156/ 157- 162 
 
 (i) C I. L. Ill, D. CX; [Imp. Cae]s., Divi Hadria[ni 
 f., Divi Traiani Parthici] n., Divi Nervae [pron., T. Aei]ius 
 Hadrianus An[toninus Aug. Pius] P. M., Tr. Pot. XX., Imp. 
 
 I [I, cos III, P. P.] (troops) sunt in Suria sub Attidio 
 
 Corneliano leg. a. d. IV no C. Aelio 
 
 Se [cos.]. 
 
 (2) C I. L. Ill, 6658; Imp. Caesari Divi Antonini fil., Divi 
 Hadriani nep., Divi Traiani Parth. pronep., Divi Nervae 
 abnep., L. Aurelio V'ero Au[g.l, Pontif. Max., Trib. Pt. I[I], 
 cos. II., P. P., coh. I. Fl. Cha[l.] eq. sag. sub Attidio Corne- 
 liano leg. Au[g.] pr. pr. per Aelium Herculanum prae[f.] 
 (Near Damascus). 
 
 (3) Vita Ant. Philos. 8, 6; Fuit eo tempore etiam Parthicum 
 bellum quod Vologessus, paratum sub Pio, Marci et Veri tem- 
 pore indixit, fugato Attidio Corneliano qui Syriam tunc 
 administrabat. 
 
 Consul anno incert. 150/157. 
 
 Cornelianus was governor of Arabia in 150.^-^ The mili- 
 tary diploma, dated in the twentieth tribunician power of 
 Antoninus Pius 156/157 (i), shows that he was governor of 
 Syria by Dec. 2, 157 at the latest. Even after his defeat by 
 the Parthians which was in 161,^-^ or perhaps early in 162,^-* 
 he was retained as governor,^"^*^ probably until the arrival of 
 
 '^Die Leg. p. 3^2, 40. 
 '^ Schiirer, G. J. V. I, p. 643, note i. 
 '" Briinnow, Arabia III, p. 2S7. 
 ^Schiller I, p. 639. 
 
 ^**C. H. Dodd, N. C. (iQn), P- 216. E. Ritterling, Rh. M. LIX 
 (1904), p. 190, n. 2. 
 
 ^** Ritterling (op. cit. p. 190) assumes that Cornelianus was at once 
 recalled, apparently for the purpose of inserting A. Larcius Priscus 
 as goyernor at this point. (On Priscus see above, p. 19.) 
 
 30 
 
 Verus in the East. This is shown by the inscription (2), 
 dated in 162, and set up in honor of Verus alone, a thing which 
 would hardly have been done unless word had already come 
 that Verus was personally to oppose the Parthians. This plan 
 was doubtless only made after the serious defeat of the Syrian 
 legions. ^^^ It may perhaps be that it is this Cornelianus who 
 was enrolled in a priestly college in 190 A.D., and who died 
 in 198/3- 
 
 M. Annius M. f. Libo Circa 162/163 
 
 Vita Veri 9, 2 ; Verum illud praecipuum quod cum Libonem 
 quendam patruelem suum Marcus legatum in Syriam misisset, 
 atque ille se insolentius quam verecundus senator efferet, 
 dicens ad fratrem suum se scripturum esse, si quid forte du- 
 bitaret, nee Verus praesens pati posset, subitoque morbo notis 
 prope veneni exsistentibus interisset, visum est nonnullis, non 
 tamen Marco, quod eius fraude putaretur occisus. 
 
 Libo was sent out probably as legate of Syria, and not to 
 serve as legate or comes of Verus, with whom he was appar- 
 ently not on good terms. This is the opinion of Liebenam,^^^ 
 while E. Ritterling' 3"* doubts if he was governor. Libo may 
 well have been the immediate successor of Cornelianus in 162 
 or early 163. 
 
 Cn. lulius Cn. fil. Verus 164/165 
 
 (i) C. I. L. Ill, 199; Imp. Caes. M. Aurel. Antoninus Aug, 
 Armeniacus, et Imp. Caes. L. Aurel. Verus Aug. Armeniacus, 
 viam fluminis vi abruptam, interciso monte, restituerunt per 
 lul. Verum leg. pr. pr. provinc. Syr. et amicum suum. Impen- 
 dis Abilenorum. 
 
 (2) C. I. L. Ill, 8714; Cn lulio. Cn. fil. Vero. cos. desig. II, 
 augur (C. I. L. Ill, 2^2,2) leg. A[ug.] pr. pr. provinc. Syriae, 
 leg. Aug. pr. pr. provinc. Brittaniae, leg. Aug. pr. pr. provin- 
 ciae German. Inferioris, praef. aerari Saturni, leg. leg. XXX 
 Ulpiae, praetor., tribu[no] plebis, etc. 
 
 Consul suff. circa 150/155. Consul suff. II, after 164. 
 That the two inscriptions (2) belonged together was first 
 
 ^'^ Stein, P.-W. HI, i84iff. 
 
 "' C. I. L. VI, 2004. Liebenam p. 383. 
 
 '"^ Die Leg. p. 383. 
 
 ^^K. W. Z. G. K. XXII (1903). 2i4ff. 
 
 31 
 
 I 
 
\ 4 
 
 seen by Ritterling;^^"' and at about the same time, by Haver- 
 field.'^^ The identitication has supplied a great deal of infor- 
 mation about Verus. From this and some other inscriptions of 
 Britain/"^" Ritterling calculated that \>rus was governor of 
 Germania Inferior circa 153-15/. and of Britain circa 157- 
 160.'"'^ According to the imperial titles^''*-' of our inscription 
 (i), Verus held the governorship of Syria between the end 
 of 163 and the summer of 165. If the title *'Armeniacus" of 
 Marcus Aurelius be rightfully assigned, the inscription is 
 most reasonably to be dated at the earliest in the middle 
 of 164.'^^ 
 
 Gaius lulius''' Avidius Cassius 165-175 
 
 (1) Wadd. 2525=1. G. R. Ill, III3 ; VTrcp awrry/aias kol vUr)<i 
 tC)V KVpLwv AvTOKpaTopwv M. AvprjXiov 'AvTOVCtVov Kul A. At prjXiov 
 Oirjpov 2c/3., ^aLvrjcTLOL d<^u'pa>crav cVt 'AoviSi'ov KaacTLOv -rrptafS. 2c^. 
 avT.y c^ecTTturos 'Eyvart'or ^oiaKOv CKarovrapxov Aey. y TaXXLKrj<:. 
 
 (Phaena). 
 
 (2) Wadd. 2112 = 1. G. R. Ill, I261 ; v-n-lp (Tu)Tr]pLa<: tov Kvpiov 
 AvTOKpaTopo% Kaiaapos M. Avpr]XLOv 'AvTwvetVor :itPacrTov kuI tov 
 (TvvTravTO^ olkov koI vclkt]^, ctov? IvBiKOiTovy cTTt 'Aoit8iOv Kaaaiov tov 
 XafXirpoTaTOv VTraTLKOv . (Nela). 
 
 '^^"'K. W. Z. G. K. XXII (1903), p. 2i4ff. 
 
 '"^Ftoc. Soc. Ant. Scot. XXXVIll (1904), P- 454ff. 
 
 ^"A. E. (1903), 3^; (1904), 229. 
 
 '^ Haver held (op cit.) gives a new inscription of the year 158, during 
 Verus' term in Britain. Very probably he is also commenorated in 
 C. I. L. VII, 967. 
 
 '"^Liebenam, Fasti p. 108. 
 
 i^op.W. Ill, 1840, 1846 and 2294. C. H. Dodd in X. C. (i9h)» 
 
 pp. 217, 223, and 235. • 
 
 ''' The name in the inscriptions and in literature appears simi^y as 
 "Avidius Cassius." Wilcken. Gk. Ostr. II, 939, gives the praenomen 
 "Gains.'' That this is correct is rendered probable by the fact that 
 Cassius' father's praenomen was also '*Gaius." (C. I. L. Ill, 6025; 
 Dio Cassius LXXI, 22; Prosop. I, 186, 1165.) A papyrus (5,) gives 
 the name "lulius" without "Gaius." It refers to Cassius as emperor, 
 during his revolt. If the name is correctly given, it may have been 
 part of his name originally, or perhaps it was added at the time of his 
 revolt. Cassius seems to have hoped for support on the ground that 
 he was more fitted than Marcus to rule during those warlike times 
 (Schiller I, p. 658), and what more natural than that he should have 
 assumed as his name that of the great Dictator? 
 
 32 
 
 r 
 
 Other inscriptions dating between (i) and (2) ; 1. G. R. Ill, 
 II 14; 1 179; 1270; 1226; 1261. A. A. E. S. Ill, no. 381; 
 P. A. E. S. Ill, A, 2, p. 91, no. 155. 
 
 (3) Dio Cassius LXXI, 2, 2 ; 6 ovv Aovklos iXOiov es 'Avridxciav 
 Kttt ttAcicttovs (TTpaTHJira% cruAAc^as, koI rov'i apL(TTOv<i twv lyyc/otdvwv 
 v(t>* cavrov c^tov, avro? /xcv cv rrj TrdXct €Kd6r]T0 StaraTToJv €Ka(TTa kol tol? 
 TOV TToXc/xov \op-qyLa<i dOpot^wv, K.acraLw 8c ra o-rpartvpAxra iTrirptxj/tv. 
 
 (4) P. A. E. S. Ill, A, 5, 666; F(ines) M(arci) Herp(i) : 
 iusso (A)vidi C(a)ssi co(n)s(ularis) per F(a)(v)onium 
 Priorem pr(a)efectuiTi. 
 
 (5) Bull. Inst. Egypt VIIJ(i896), p. 123; L a AvroK/oaro/aos 
 
 KatVapos \ovXlov AovlSlov Kao"tbv ttq^wv oySwrj. 
 
 Consul suft. in May 161/168 surely; probably 161/164.^"*- 
 
 The inscriptions record Avidius Cassius as governor of Syria 
 from early 169 (i), at the latest, to 171/172 (2). It seems 
 probable however that he w^as governor earlier, w^hile com- 
 mander in the Parthian war. 
 
 Now this Eastern war had tw^o quite distinct phases. In 
 163 Armenia was conquered under the leadership of Statins 
 Priscus, governor of Cappadocia.^*^ In 164 while Armenian 
 affairs were doubtless being organized, there w^as little fighting. 
 This was the bellum Armeniacum.^'*^ Then in 165 V^erus and 
 Marcus became Imp. Ill, and Verus took the title Parthicus 
 Maximus.^*'^ In this year falls the serious fighting w^ith the 
 Parthians. To this no doubt Dio Cassius refers (3), as 
 Dodd w^ell says.^^*^ Mommsen very reasonably makes Cassius 
 governor of Syria wdiile in command of the w^ar.^*^ It seems 
 very probable also that, since the first stage was under a gov- 
 ernor's direction, the second stage should be managed similarly. 
 In both cases then, the regular and natural commander of the 
 region would be chief commander in the war, under Verus. 
 
 Ritterling^**^ has attempted to show that Cassius was gov- 
 ernor of Arabia during the war. To this end he has assumed 
 that Cassius was consul only shortly before 166, although, as 
 
 '*'C. I. L. Ill, D. 47. Prosop. I, 186, 1 165. 
 '^'C. I. L. VI, 1523. 
 
 ^*" Schiller I, p. 640 and n. 3. P.-W. I, 2293/4. Dodd, N. C. (1911), 
 pp. 234 and 256. 
 
 '■*' Liebenam, Fasti p. 108. 
 '**N. C. (191 1 ), p. 254. 
 '*' R. G. V, 406. 
 ^**Rh. M. LIX (1904), p. 194. 
 
 33 
 
 
^.♦ 
 
 a matter of fact, he may as well have been consul in i6i. He 
 then proceeds to support his view by an appeal to a passage 
 in Lucian,^-*^ where Cassius is mentioned in connection with a 
 third legion, which Ritterling believes to be the Third Cyrenaica. 
 At the same time he has omitted to mention the passage in Dio 
 Cassius (3), which shows that Cassius was chief commander 
 in the war. It is absurd to think of Cassius, evidently the chief 
 general under Verus, as legate of Arabia in this period. More- 
 over if it be true, as has been suggested by Stout,'''^' that Cas- 
 sius was governor of Moesia Superior in the early sixties, he 
 can not have been governor of Arabia. 
 
 v. Premerstein,'-'^ in tracing the career of Cassius, following 
 Ritterling in part, has concluded likewise that Cassius, consul 
 only shortly before 166, can not have been governor of Syria 
 during the war. He believes that Cassius was at that time 
 leg. legionis, probably of the Third Gallica.^'- The \lta shows,'^^ 
 he thinks, that Cassius may well have been a dux exercitus 
 around 168 in Lower Pannonia ; but only at the end of 168 
 or at the beginning of 169 can he have reached the position of 
 governor of Syria. It seems to me that the statements of v. 
 Premerstein are based on scant evidence. He assumes, as does 
 Ritterling, that Cassius was consul only shortly before 166, 
 and fails to take into account the very important passage in 
 
 Dio Cassius (3). 
 
 Domaszewski,'''^ from the evidence of a newly discovered 
 inscription (4), supposes Cassius to have been governor of 
 Arabia, under Antoninus Pius. There is little basis for this 
 view. The provenience of the inscription is by no means surely 
 Arabian territory. It was found at il-Kefr,^'' some 18 km. to 
 the north of Bostra in territory forming the borderland be- 
 tween Arabia and Syria.''*' but territory which at the time 
 probably belonged to Syria, for an inscription of Martins 
 Verus, the successor of Cassius in the governorship of Syria, 
 
 "•Quomodo Historia— , 3f- 
 ^'^^Govs. of Moesia p. 2-. 
 "^Klio XIIT (1913), p. 78ff. 
 ^''^ Cf. note 149. 
 '''Cf. note 150. 
 ^=^R. G. K. (1909), p. 36. 
 *»P. A. E. S. Ill, A, 5, 666. 
 '"•Rriinnow, Arabia III, p. 266. 
 
 34 
 
 has been found there. ^^^ Moreover the title consularis, while 
 by exception it is applied to praetorian governors, properly be- 
 longs to the governor of a consular province. Then too it may 
 be here an evidence of the mains imperium of Cassius. ^^^ 
 It seems rather strange however that the mains imperium of 
 the Syrian governor should override the powers of the regular 
 Arabian governor in so simple a matter as the fixing of a 
 boundary stone, and I am inclined to think that it was placed 
 under the direction of Cassius governor of Syria. 
 
 That Cassius held a mains imperium over the *'Oriens," 
 during the time of his governorship in Syria, has long been 
 recognized. ^^^ At what time he received it, however, is not 
 known ; but surely at the earliest on the withdrawal of Verus 
 from the East in the middle of 166.^^^ The earliest date, at 
 which we can be reasonably sure that he held it, is 169. 
 This is shown by an inscription of that year found at Salkhad 
 in territory regularly assigned to Arabia. '^^ In Zonaras^^- and 
 in the epitome of Dio by Xiphilinus,^^^ the statement that 
 Cassius received mains imperium follow^s after the account 
 of the death of V^erus, which occurred very early in 169.^^* 
 Marcus then no longer had a Verus to send to the East in case 
 trouble again broke out. He felt, no doubt, that he must be 
 fully relieved of Eastern affairs in order to carry on properly 
 the war in the North. ^^^ It seems quite reasonable then to 
 infer that soon after the death of Verus, Cassius was put in 
 control in the East. We see him exercising this power in 
 putting down a rebellion in Egypt in 172.^*^^ 
 
 In 175 Cassius revolted. It is now possible, with the help of 
 the only dated document of his reign, to place his revolt a little 
 
 1S8 
 
 t59 
 
 '" See below p. 36 — and ( i ) . 
 
 See ref. under note 155 ; also Pt. 2, p. 92. 
 
 E. Xapp, De Rebus Imp. M. Aurel. Ant. p. 38ff. G. Wolffgramm, 
 Des Avid. Cassius Stellung im Orient, Philol. XLII (1884), P- i86ff. 
 
 ^""Mommsen, R. G. V, p. 407. P.-W. Ill, 1844. Dodd, X. C. (1911), 
 p. 259. 
 
 ^•^P. A. E. S. Ill, A, 2, p. 91, 155. x\s this is the only inscription of 
 Cassius found apparently in Arabia it may prove to be evidence not 
 of his mains imperium, but for the assigning of Salkhad to Syria. 
 ^*«XII, 2, D. 
 
 P>oissevain ed. of Dio, vol. Ill, p. 660 rrr Dio Cassius LXXI, 3, i. 
 Liebenam, Fasti p. 108. 
 Schiller I, p. 647. 
 ''"'P.-W. I, 2298. 
 
 35 
 
 163 
 
 1»4 
 
 1(H 
 
%♦ 
 
 If ! 
 
 ii 
 
 earlier than has formerly been done.^*^' The papyrus (5) is 
 dated May 3, 175 in the first year of Avidius Cassius, Now 
 Wilcken has shown/*'^ from dates of papyri and ostraka, that 
 the news of a change of emperors was often unknown for 
 months in the inland cities of Egypt. On that evidence it is 
 then safe to assume that Cassius had been recognized at Alex- 
 andria at least a month and a half earlier. '•'^ We may then date 
 the beginning of the revolt in Syria late in March or early in 
 April. According to Dio, the revolt of Cassius lasted three 
 months and six days.^^^ Hence it must have ended in all 
 probability early in July. That this conclusion is true is made 
 probable by the fact that we find Marcus Aurelius again rec- 
 ognized as emperor on a papyrus^ '^ from the Fayum, dated 
 Aug. 2Z, 175. 
 
 P. Martius Verus 
 
 175-178 
 
 (1) I. G. R. Ill, 1290; AvTOKpaTopaL KaL(T[apaL M. AvprjXQu} 
 AyT(i)V€LVO}L K[at A. AvprjXiio Ko/x/aoSo)] 2c)S. rot? Ki'/3to[ts inl Mapn'ov 
 Ovjrjpov irpta^. ^ejS. av\^TLcrTpaTyyov, e</)C(7TojTos] Xlcrovcrtov Ev8r//>tov. 
 
 .... (il-Kefr.) 
 
 (2) I. G. R. Ill, 1 195) TL'T€p (TuirrjpLa<i kol vi'kt;? t<Lv Kvptwv 
 AvTOKpaTopwv M. AvprjXLOv Avrmvtivov kol A, AvprjXiov [Ko/x/xdSovl 
 VLOV avTov 2c/3[a]crTa)v, iirl Mapriov Oi-qpov Trpc'cr^. 2c/?. avTLarp.y 
 c^ctrTWTos IIcTOVcrtov KvSrjfxov iKarovrap^ov Xcyt. ts' <I>A. ^ip. 
 
 (Schuhba). 
 
 Dio Cassius LXXI, 29, 2 ; Xeycrat 8c Koi oTi Oirjpo^ c? t^v 
 ^vpCav, rj^ KOL Trjv ap)(rjv cAaySc, 7rp07rc/i,<^^ct's, Kal tvpwv avTo. (ra ypap.- 
 fjLaTo) €v TOts aK€V€(n Tov Katrct'ov i^^avtcrcv, ciVtov ort pLoXicrTa /xcv 
 €K€LVio TOVT ccTTat K£)(apL<Tp.€vov, uv 8c Kttt \a\t7r7]vr) TLy dfxitvov yt carat 
 €va iavTov avrl iroWwv aTroAcV^at. 
 
 ^^ Schiller I, p. 657 ff., dates the end in the fall of 175. v. Arnim in 
 P.-W. I, 2300, dates the beginning at the end of April or the first part 
 of May. See Appendix, I, p. 94. 
 
 '•* Gk. Ostr. I, p. 8ooff. 
 
 ^"* There is an ostrakon from Thebes dated May 10, 175 under 
 Marcus Aurelius; but this does not at all prevent the assignment of the 
 revolt of Cassius to a date a month and a half earlier than his dated 
 papyrus. See above, and n. 168. 
 
 "'LXXI, 27. 
 
 ^^ B. G. U. I, 127, 1. 5. cf. no. 55, 1. 21. The evidence from Fayum 
 no. SZ2 is uncertain. See Appendix, II, p. 94. 
 
 36 
 
 Consul suff. in March, 166. Consul ord. II in 179. 
 
 Martius \'erus was no doubt the successor of Cassius in 
 Syria. The inscriptions (i), (2), to be sure, can hardly be 
 placed earlier than 177, since Commodus is already Augus- 
 tus ;^^- but the passage in Dio (3) seems to me to fix Verus 
 in 175. The finding and destroying of the letters of Cassius 
 would naturally take place soon after Cassius' revolt, and not 
 after the lapse of some years during which another governor 
 was in power/ '^ The view that Verus became governor in 175 
 is confirmed by a new inscription, dated in 175^'^ of his succes- 
 sor in Cappadocia, C. Arrius Antoninus. ^'^ Verus was very 
 probably retained in Syria through 178, for in 179 he was fur- 
 ther rewarded, for his loyalty to the emperor during the revolt 
 of Avidius Cassius, ^'^ by the consulship. 
 
 M. Pontius M. f. Pup. Laelianus Larcius Sabinus 
 
 178 — Circa 180 
 
 (i) C. I. L. VI, 1497; M. Pontio M. f. Pup. Laeliano 
 Larcio Sabino, cos., pontifici, sodali Antoniniano Veriano, 
 fetiali, leg. Aug. pr. pr. prov. Syriae, leg. Aug. pr. pr. prov. 
 Pannon. Super., leg. Aug. pr. pr. Pannon. Infer., comiti Divi 
 Veri Aug., donato donis militarib. bello Armeniaco et Parthico 
 ab Imp. Antonino Aug. et a Divo Vero Aug. etc. 
 
 (2) Fronto, ed. Naber p. 128, Lib. II, i ; — Milites Antiochiae 
 adsidue plaudere histrionibus consueti, saepius in nemore vi- 
 cinae ganeae quam sub signis habiti - - - adeo ut vir gravis 
 et veteris disciplinae Laelianus Pontius loricas partim eorum 
 digitis primoribus scinderet - - - 
 
 Consul ord. in 163. 
 
 Laelianus^'^ was governor of Syria under Marcus Aurelius, 
 
 "^ Liebenam, Fasti p. 108. 
 
 ^" In I. G. R. Ill, 1 195 and 1290, he is properly dated in 175. Liebe- 
 nam p. 386, is surely mistaken in suggesting that the term of Pontius 
 Laelianus comes between Cassius and Verus. Liebenam is followed 
 by Briinnow Arabia III, p. 300, who makes a further mistake (p. 266, 
 note) in stating that Martius Verus is only known from inscriptions. 
 
 "* A. E .(1910), 161. Marcus Aurelius is entitled Germanicus on this 
 stone ; but not yet Sarmaticus, a title received in the course of 175. 
 (Liebenam, Fasti p. 108.) 
 
 ^" On this man in general see Prosop. I, 139, 894. 
 
 ''' Dio Cassius LXXI, 23, 3f?. 
 
 Ritterling, A. E. M. XX (1897), p. 22 fT., tries to show that the 
 
 37 
 
 17T 
 
V ll 
 
 very probably after the death of \'erus as our inscription 
 shows^^^ (i). Probably at once, after holding the consulship, 
 he went to the East as comes of \^erus during the *'bellum 
 Armeniacum et Parthicum," 163-166/'^. It is to this period, no 
 doubt, that Fronto refers (2). Now an allowance of only one 
 year each for the Pannonian provinces,^ ^^ would place his 
 governorship of Syria not earlier than the middle of 168. 
 Since however this brings him within the term of Avidius 
 Cassius, it is necessary to put him^''' after Martins Verus, the 
 immediate successor of Cassius. I have no hesitation in dating 
 him as the successor of Verus, for he was surely governor 
 before the death of Marcus Aurelius/®- 
 
 P. Helvius Pertinax Circa 180-182 
 
 (i) Vita Pertinacis 2, 10; Cassiano moto conposito e Syria 
 ad Danuvii tutelam profectus est atque inde Moesiae utriusque, 
 mox Daciae regimen accepit. Bene gestis his provinciis Syriam 
 meruit. 
 
 (2) Op. cit. 3, I ; Integre se usque ad Syriae regimen Pertinax 
 tenuit, post excessum vero Marci pecuniae studuit. 
 
 Consul suff. probably in 175.^''^ 
 
 After the consulship he held the government of the two 
 Moesias,^^"* then of Dacia, and finally of Syria (i), before the 
 
 Laelianus of our inscription (i) is the governor of Pannonia Sup. in 
 148/149. He supports his claim by two incorrect assumptions; one, that 
 our inscription is not chronologically arranged ; the other, that the 
 governors of Syria from 168 to the end of Marcus Aurelius' rule are 
 all known, so that Laelianus must come before. Stout's view, Govs, of 
 Moesia p. 52, is preferable. 
 
 "'"Imp. Antoninus"; but "Divus Verus.'' 
 
 See p. 3S, under Avidius Cassius, also Schiller I, p. 64off. 
 Terms of governors under the Antonines were regularly long. 
 Attidius Cornelianus and Avidius Cassius in Syria, Martius Verus 
 in Cappadocia are good examples. (See also Vita Ant. Pii 5.) 
 
 ^" Liebenam (p. 386 and note), who incorrectly places this gov- 
 ernor between Avidius Cassius and Martius Verus (see under Verus 
 note 173) also suggests that he might have followed lulius Verus; but 
 this view is certainly incorrect if the explanation of the cursus in (i) 
 be at all correct. 
 
 ^*^ The fact that Laelianus is called sodalis Antoninianus et Verianus, 
 but not Marcianus, is also good evidence that he was back at Rome 
 before the death of Marcus. Cf. Marq. St. V. Ill, p. 472. 
 
 ^^'P.-W. V, 415. 
 
 Stout, Govs, of Moesia p. 31. Liebenam p. i02fT. 
 
 38 
 
 179 
 180 
 
 IM 
 
 death of Marcus Aurelius, if we may at all trust the evidence of 
 the \'ita (2). Prior to the time of Laelianus, who was back 
 in Rome before the death of Marcus,^^'' the governors are 
 known for a considerable number of years. Again beginning 
 with Dexter, there is probably an unbroken series. Between 
 Laelianus and Dexter's knowni date there must be some three or 
 four years. Here we should reasonably place Pertinax. He 
 began his term then, as successor of Laelianus, probably late in 
 179 or early in 180. It is not likely that there was another 
 governor between him and Dexter. We may then perhaps 
 trust the evidence of the Vita,^^'' which says that after his 
 return from Syria he was obliged to live away from Rome 
 for three years until the death of Perennis. This probably 
 occurred in 185.^^^ Pertinax may have governed therefore 
 into the year 182. It seems quite probable that an inscription 
 found at Hine in Syria refers to his governorship. ^^^ 
 
 C. Domitius Dexter Circa 182-183/184 
 
 Wadd. 2308 = 1. G. R. Ill, 1276; €TOv<: y] KVplov KatVapo? M. 
 [Ko/xo8or] 'AvrwviVoi;, ctti Ao/jllttlov A.€$Tpov viraTLKOv, rj TrdXi? tov<: 
 oLTTo tC)v TTTjyuiv dytoyov? "Appiov, Katvti^cjv, A^ctci^ojv, Opo"Ova>v, iiT(.(T- 
 K€uacrev koI Kareo-KCvaacv . ( Soada = Suweda). 
 
 Consul suit, anno incert. before 183/184. Consul ord. in 196. 
 
 It seems best, with Briannow,^"^^ to count the years of Com- 
 modus from the end of Nov. 176, when he was made co-regent 
 by his father, on the evidence of an inscription, ^^*^ dated in the 
 sixteenth year of Commodus, which plainly is counted from that 
 time. I do not, however, follow Briinnow^ in making the 
 years of Commodus, on these inscriptions,^^^ coincide with his 
 tribunician powers. Now his trib. pot. I came to an end 
 
 '^See p. 3S, n. 182. 
 ''•'Vita Pertinacis 3, 2-5. 
 
 187 
 18» 
 
 Prosop. Ill, 317, 146. 
 
 L G. R. Ill, 1096 (from Fossey, B. C. H. XXI (1S97), p. 61 ff.). 
 The editors of the I. G. R. have joined together inscriptions which were 
 not even found at the same place. Xo doubt they were misled by 
 the somewhat confusing arrangement in the B. C. H. pp. 61-63. This 
 governor Pertinax is then by no means to be dated in 282/283. 
 
 ''\\Ta.h\2i III, p. 320. 
 
 '""Wadd. 2413 f = P. A. E. S. Ill, A, 5, 652. The same practice 
 is seen in Wadd. 2455 dated in the eleventh year of Caracalla. 
 
 '"^For a list of inscriptions from this region, South Syria, see 
 Briinnow, Arabia III, p. 267. 
 
 39 
 
 A. 
 
I' i 
 
 
 
 Dec. lo, 176,^^- though it only began Nov. 2j ; but 1 think 
 it much more Hkely that his year i would be counted from the 
 end of Nov. 176 to the same date 177. or, better still, to the 
 beginning of the new year according to the calendar in use, 
 as was the case at Alexandria in Egypt. ^'^^^ The new year in 
 South Syria generally began, ^''* since it was according to the 
 calendar of Antioch, on October ist in all probability.^*^*^* The 
 eighth year of Commodus would then begin on October ist, 183 
 It seems very probable that Dexter^'*" was the immediate suc- 
 cessor of Pertinax. 
 
 lulius Saturninus Autumn 185/186 
 (i) Wadd. 2309 = 1. G. R. Ill, 1277 ; €tov<: l [tov rjfjiCjv'] Kvplov 
 
 AvTOKpdropos [ y^\ VTrarcvovTOS *IovAiov '^aropveivov, rj ttoAis to KTLafxa 
 
 (Tvv €pyaa-Tr}pLOL<; Kal Travrl Koorpno Ka[TccrK€mo'£v] . (Soada = 
 
 Suvveda). 
 
 (2) Wadd. 2524 = 1. G. R. Ill, III9 ; 'WAios ^arovpvlvo^ 4>ai- 
 
 vrjoTLOL^ firp-poK(ofXLa tov Tpdx<ovos xat/aciv - - (Phaena = il Mlsmiyeh). 
 (2) Brunnow, Arabia III, p. 203, 13; T. U€[T]pti>vLov r . . . . 
 
 SeKOVvSov Bpov8[ .... Acy.JS' ^kv6. irpLVKL-n-a [ i/yc/xonas] 'lorA. 
 
 ^aropvtLvov [irpecrfi. 2cy3.] dvTL(TTp. ^ti-qvol . (Kanawdt). Cf. 
 
 A. A. E. S. Ill, no. 405. 
 
 (4) Wadd. 2309a = C. I.G. 4618; "^ajrlojpve^vov {^arijKoC. 
 
 (Same place as (o). 
 
 Consul anno incert. 
 
 Waddington noted, in relation to the inscription (i), that 
 of the emperors of the second and third centuries, whose names 
 
 1»2 
 
 Liebenam, Fasti p. 109. C. I. L. Ill, D. ;6. C. I. L. Ill, 3202; 
 XIV, 3449. The same is shown with probability by C. 1. L. II, 1725b; 
 III, 14370'; IX, 5430. 
 
 **^ This same system for dating imperial years evidently held at 
 Caesarea in Cappadocia, where there is found a coin of the nineteenth 
 year of Septimius Severus (B. M. C. Galatia — (1899), P- 75, no. 232) 
 showing that his year i must have run from spring to autumn of 193. 
 Similarly for Galba, and Vespasian, see B. M. C. Phoenicia p. cxxxix; 
 and Pick, Z. X. XIV (1887), p. 339. 
 
 P.-W. I, 649. I. G. R. Ill, index pp. 664 and 665 for refs. 
 
 See Prentice in P. A. E. S. Ill, B, 5, p. i38ff. ; also Kubitschek, 
 P.-W. I, 633. In the late empire the year began on Sep. i. See Pren- 
 tice, 1. c. : also O. Kaestner, De Aeris p. 15. 
 
 ^■^'' Possibly there is a reference to his early career in A. E. (1911), 
 145. 
 
 The editors supply Severus Alexander. 
 
 40 
 
 19S 
 
 197 
 
 < 
 
 are erased on the monuments, only two, Commodus and Seve- 
 rus Alexander, had a tenth year. He chose the latter^'^^ for 
 this case. Brunnow however has proved^ ^'^ that Commodus 
 must be the emperor, for in (3) this governor is connected 
 with the Fourth Scythica legion, which was then in South 
 Syria, where it did not belong at all after the division of the 
 province by Septimius Severus. The Third Gallica alone be- 
 longed to the Southern part, Syria Phoenice.-*'*^ It may be 
 noted further that, though Syria Phoenice was a praetorian 
 province,-^^ in ( i ) Saturninus is termed vTrarcvovTo? .-**- a 
 term which properly belongs to the legate of a consular 
 province. 
 
 Dating this inscription on the same principles used for 
 Domitius Dexter, we find Saturninus governor in the year 
 beginning with autumn 185. 
 
 Asellius Aemilianus Circa 186/190 
 
 (1) Wadd. 2213 = 1. G. R. Ill, 1262; v-rrlp o-wTrjpta^ kol vclkyj^; 
 Kvpiov Ka[tcraJpo? Ko/xo8ov, €7rt 'AcrcXA.t'or Ai/xtXiav[_ov vjTrartKOV, €<f>e<T- 
 To) ro9 *AyLKLov Pijj/jLavov kKarovrdp^ov ? ctovs l ? 
 
 (2) Herodian III, 2, 3; dl fxkv yap (<^ao-tv) <j>6ovovvTa {AlfiL- 
 Atavov) TO) Ntypo) CTrt^ouAcOcrat, dyavaKTOvvra ort Srj Sta8o;(0$ avTOv 
 y€v6p.€vo<; T^9 €v 2vpi'a apxV^ i/xeXXtv tcrtcrdai KpuTTUiv. 
 
 (3) Z. N. XXIV (1904), p. 32 ; kvT. Kais. A. Avp. KoVoSos | ^yc. 
 Ao^cA. At/xtAiavov Ov\iria<i riavraAtas. 
 
 From a coin discovered in recent years (3) we learn that 
 Aemilianus was governor of Thrace 176/180.-*^^ Since Thrace 
 was a praetorian province,"^^ his consulship must be dated 
 between this period and that of his governorship of Syria. 
 
 Herodian (2) plainly states that Niger was the successor 
 of Aemilianus, therefore Saturninus is not to be placed be- 
 
 *** He is followed by the editors of I. G. R. Ill, 1277, and by Pren- 
 tice, A .A. E. S. Ill, no. 405. 
 Arabia III, p. 269. 
 Domaszewski, Rangord. p. 179. 
 
 See under Venidius Rufus p. 53, and The Division of Syria p. 87. 
 *** For other instances of the use of this term for a consular gov- 
 ernor see A. E. M. X (1886), p. 243, no. 11; op. cit. XVII (1894), 
 p. 181 ; I. G. R. I, 591. So too of viraTiKb^ (4) usually. See Briinnow, 
 Arabia III, p. 281. 
 
 **' H. Dressel, ed. of the coin, says that this period is certain from 
 the type of the head of Commodus. 
 *^ Liebenam p. 389. 
 
 41 
 
 aoo 
 201 
 
 V 
 
J^ 
 
 m 
 
 tween their terms of office, although Briinnow-"' has so placed 
 him. Unfortunately all that can be learned from (i) with 
 certainty is that Aemilianus was governor under Commodus. 
 Waddington reads at the end €tov<: t<^ or tp which I can not 
 explain.-"^*' 
 
 C. Pescennius Niger'-'"' Circa 190-193 
 
 (1) Dio Cassius LXXIV, 6, I ; ovro? 8c (Ntypo?) 'IraAo? fxiv 
 
 rjv, i$ LTTTrewVy ovre 8c cs to KptiTTOv ovTt c? to \<upov €7rL(Trj/JL0^ 8io 
 
 KOL rrj ^vpia vtto Ko/x/ao8ov TrpoaiTa^Orj. 
 
 (2) Vita Pesc. Nigri. i, 5; Ordines (Niger) diu duxit mul- 
 
 tisque ducatibus pervenit, ut exercitus Syriacos iussu Commodi 
 regeret, suffragio maxime athletae qui Commodum strangu- 
 lavit, ut omnia tunc fiebant. 
 
 (3) Herodian II, 2f 4 '■> V^ ^^ « Ntypo? twv ptv rrpo iroXXov lira 
 T€vaavTU)V, KaO ov Sc Kaipov to. irpoup'qpiva iv Vuipr) cVparTCTO, Srpt'a? 
 r)ytiTO 7rd(T7j<:. ttoXXtj 8c rjv Kal fieyLdTr) apxr} totc, tov tc ^olvikwv 
 tdvovi TravTos Kal rrji p^i^pi^ EiV(f>pdTOv yrj<: vtto rrj Ni'ypov ovtwv i^ovcna. 
 
 According to the Vita*^^ Niger was consul before Severus, 
 who, as is learned from Dio,-'^'-^ was consul during the domina- 
 tion of Cleander. Now Cleander seems to have been killed in 
 189,-^° so that Niger must have held the consulship by 188 at 
 the latest. But he was very probably consul some time before, 
 and this probability is confirmed by the passage from 
 Herodian (3).-^^ 
 
 The date of the beginning of Niger's governorship in Syria 
 is not known, but certainly he was in charge by the year 192, 
 for Dio and the Vita (2) both state that he was appointed by 
 Commodus.-^- Since he had affairs so well in hand that he 
 was able to conduct a great revolt early in 193, the beginning 
 of his term is probably to be set back as far as 190 or 191. 
 Niger was defeated and killed by Severus late in 193.-^^ 
 
 **" Arabia III, p. 300. 
 
 ^If it were possible to read i^ or te. the years 187/188 or 190/191 
 respectively would be indicated. 
 
 *'^ The "Iiistus" added after ''Xiger," during his revolt, on coins and 
 papyri is probably a title. Z. X. II (1875), p. 250, has it translated 
 Akaios . Cf. Eckhel III, 157. 
 
 ^n^ita Pesc. Xigri 4, 6. 
 
 =^LXXII, 12. 
 
 ''' Prosop. I, 4^0, 883. 
 
 ^^ Premerstein, Klio XIII (1913), p. 102, dates the consulship 180/183. 
 
 ^^ Commodus was killed Dec. 31, 192. See Liebenam, Fasti p. 108. 
 
 ^^■* See below under The Revolt of Pescennius Xiger, p. jSfi. 
 
 42 
 
 GOVERNORS OF SYRIA COELE 
 
 L. Alfenus Senecio 
 
 199 
 
 (i) C. I. L. Ill, 6709; Imp. Caes. L. Septimius Severus 
 Pius Pertinax Aug. Arabic. Adiab. Parthic. Princeps Felic, 
 Pontif. Max., Trib. Pot. XII, Imp. VHI, Cos. II, Procos., et 
 Imp. Caes. M. Aurel. Antoninus Aug., Augusti n. fil., Procos., 
 Imp. Ill, et P. Septimius [Ge]ta Caes., fil. et frater Augg. nn., 
 pontem Chabinae fluvi a solo restituerunt et transitum reddi- 
 derunt, sub Alfenum Senecionem leg. Augg. pr. pr., curante 
 Mario Perpetuo leg. Augg. leg. XVI F. F. (in ponte fluvii 
 Bolam-Su). Cf. no. 6710, found on same bridge, and very 
 similar to this inscription. 
 
 Consul suff. anno incert. before 199. 
 
 Satisfactory conclusions as to the date of these inscriptions 
 can not be gained by a mere juggling of the figures;^ but must 
 be based on the fact that Caracalla is mentioned as Augustus. 
 This shows that the date is 198 or later.-' Now Marius Per- 
 petuus, mentioned as legate of the Sixteenth Flavia, immediately 
 after this office held the governorship of Arabia,*^ probably in 
 the year 200."' The inscriptions of Senecio are then confined to 
 198, 199 or 200. The cos. II on them is therefore correct. 
 Stout's suggestion,^ that the tr. pot. XII is for tr. pot. VII, is 
 quite plausible, and would give definitely 199 as the date. Imp. 
 VHI seems quite beyond reasonable emendation ; but it may be 
 
 ^ So the editors have done, and Stout, Govs, of Moesia p. 37, n. 74b. 
 
 ^Liebenam, Fasti p. no. 
 
 ^ C. I. L. Ill, 1178 contains his cursus. 
 
 'The inscription (C. I. L. Ill, 14150 = Brunnovv, Arabia I, p. 21) of 
 Perpetuus, when governor of Arabia, gives Severus' tides as tr. pot. 
 VIII, Imp. XI, COS. III. To bring harmony among the figures, it 
 seems better to emend to cos II, rather than to tr. pot. X. If consul 
 III were correct we should expect cos. with Caracalla's name. Briin- 
 now's suggestion (Arabia III, p. 290) of tr. pot. Villi will not do, 
 since this gives the year 20T, while cos. Ill began in 202. 
 
 ^ See ref. in note i. 
 
 43 
 
k ♦ 
 
 worth while to note that this was the last imperatorship taken 
 by Severus before he left the East in 196 to oppose Albinus.^ 
 
 Senecio was of course legate of Syria Coele,' since the in- 
 scriptions are from the extreme North of Syria. It is quite 
 possible that he was the first legate, although we do not know 
 how long before or after 199 he governed. He is known as 
 governor of Britain- between 205 and 208.^ 
 
 [P. Cornelius Anullinus] 
 
 C. I. L. II, 5506 (a better reading of 2073) ; 
 
 P. Cornel. P. f. Gal. Anullino 
 
 [leg] Aug. pr. pr. prov 
 
 curat. 
 
 This inscription, of which only a part is here given, was 
 formerly read (no. 2073) " " ^^r1 ^^^^- P^- P^fo]^' 
 
 Sur[iae - - - - . 
 On the basis of this reading Liebenam^'^ of course included him 
 among the governors of Syria. Briinnow^^ followed him, 
 although the reading had been corrected in the meantime. 
 
 [L. Calpurnius] 
 
 The inscription^- which represents this man as governor of 
 Syria Coele, is in all probability forged in part, as the editors 
 note. From the place where the stone was found it is evi- 
 dent that, if governor at all, he must have been governor of 
 Syria Phoenice, for which there is no proof whatever. 
 
 ^ A Wirt, Quaest. Sev. p. 10. 
 
 ^ The division of Syria was in 194. See p. Sjff. 
 
 ' Domaszewski. Rangord., p. uSoff., shows that Britain was regularly 
 held by governors before Syria. (P. Helvius Pertinax is an exception. 
 See Prosop. I, 133, 49.) In the case of Senecio it is plain that after 
 the division of Syria, Britain ranks Syria Coele. So Germania Inf. 
 ranks Syria Phoenice (see under The Division of Syria, p. 90), while 
 it is still ranked by Syria Coele (C. T. L. VF, 1450). 
 
 • Liebenam p. 108. 
 
 ^•^Die Leg. p. 3^7- 
 
 "Arabia III, pp. 300 and 321. 
 
 "C. I. L. Ill, 128. 
 
 44 
 
 3 
 
 L. Marius L. f. Quir. Maximus Perpetuus Aurelianus 
 
 202/209 
 
 C. I. L. VI, 1450; L. Mario L. f. Quir. Maximo Perpetuo 
 Aureliano cos., sacerdoti fetiaH, leg. Augg. pr. pr. provinc. 
 Syriae Coelae, leg. Augg. pr. pr. provinc. Germaniae Inferioris 
 item provinc. Belgicae, duci exerciti Mysiaci aput Byzantium 
 
 et aput Lugdunum, leg. leg. I Italic, cur. viae Latinae 
 
 M. lulius Artemidorus leg. Ill Cyrenaicae. 
 
 Consul suff. anno incert. before circa 200. Consul II ord. 
 in 22^. 
 
 As the inscription shows, Marius Maximus fought at Byzan- 
 tium, and then at Lugdunum against Albinus early in 197.^^ 
 Since he cannot have been a provincial legate of Severus before 
 this year, and since Valerius Pudens^* preceded him as gov- 
 ernor of Germania Inferior, probably his term in Germany 
 began about 200, certainly not much before. After this office 
 Maximus held the governorship of Syria Coele, undoubtedly 
 after Alfenus Senecio. Probably his term did not begin before 
 circa 202, if we allow him only two or three years in Germany. 
 Since he w^as legate of the two Augusti only, he must be dated 
 before 209, when Geta also became Augustus. ^"^ Possibly the 
 dedication by an officer of the third Cyrenaica should be dated 
 during the term of Marius Perpetuus in Arabia, who may have 
 been the brother of Marius Maximus. 
 
 [Alfenus Avitianus] 
 
 This man, mentioned as governor in an inscription^^ from 
 Gerasa, was, as Briinnow^" has rightly shown, governor of 
 Arabia. 
 
 Fabius Agrippinus 217/218 
 
 DlO CaSSlUS LXXIX, 3? 4 5 fft>6vevcre fJL€v yap €v Trj 2v/Dta tov tc 
 NccTopa Acat ^d^LOv AypLTrnlvov tov dp)(OVTa avTrj^;, tC)v tc trrTrctov roiv 
 
 d/X<f>L TOV MaKptvov TOVS TrpUiTOVS. 
 
 ^'Schiller I, p. 7i6ff. 
 " Liebenam p. 200. 
 ^'^ Liebenam, Fasti p. 1 10. 
 'M. G. R. Ill, 1371. 
 
 "Arabia III, pp. 269 and 298, where Briinnow has apparently for- 
 gotten that Syria was divided before this time. 
 
 45 
 

 
 ir I 
 if 
 
 Consul suft. anno incert. 
 
 Agrippinus was governor, under Macrinus, of Syria Coele 
 evidently since we have a governor of Phoenice for this same 
 time/« I can see no occasion for Liebenam's note^^ which 
 represents him as governor of Syria Phoenice. 
 
 Q. Atrius Clonius Circa 222 
 
 (i) C. I. L. II, 4111 ; Q. Atrio Clonio leg. Aug. pr. pr. pro- 
 vinciarum Thraciae, Cappadociae, Syriae Maioris, Hispaniae 
 Citerioris, Claudius lustus 7 leg. VII Gem. P. F. Severianae 
 Alexandrianae praesidi abstinentissimo. (Tarraco, Spain.) 
 
 (2) I. G. R. I, 717 ; 'Aytt^rJ Tvxrj vTTcp vyctas koI veiKr)^ M. Avp. 
 'AvTiov€LVOv Kara kcWiv toC \a,x7r p6rarov vTrazLKOv K. 'Arpiov KAoWov 
 
 r€xvi;s, BvIp](tI€wv— . (Thrace) 
 
 (3) Dig. XXVI, 10, 7, 2;— ex epitula imperatoris nostri et 
 divi Severi ad Atrium Clonium. 
 
 Consul suff. anno incert. circa 212. 
 
 The form of the inscription ( i ) shows plainly that it was set 
 up during the governor's term in the province. The order of 
 the province held is then the ascending. The position of 
 Thrace, undoubtedly a praetorian province under Septimius 
 Severus and later,'-^'^ points to the same conclusion. Further- 
 more while (I) is plainly of the reign of Severus Alexander,"-^ 
 the inscription (2) of Clonius in Thrace, is evidently of the 
 reign of Caracalla, so that it is again clear that (i) is in the 
 ascending order. Domaszewski is therefore wrong m giving 
 the order of the provinces, Hispania Citerior, Syria Maior, 
 
 Cappadocia.'" 
 
 Now if the passage from the Digest (3) may be connected 
 with Clonius' cursus, we can date his Thracian governorship 
 with approximate accuracy. Inscription (2) is from the reign 
 of Caracalla ; (3) is of Severus and Caracalla. Hence we date 
 Clonius in Thrace at the end of Severus' reign, and the be- 
 
 i» 
 
 Dio Cassius LXXVIII, 35. i- 
 ^'Die Leg. p. 388, n. i. Briinnow. Arabia HI, p. 301, rightly con- 
 siders him governor of Syria Coele. 
 =^A. E. (1892), 9; (1900), 19; (1907), 45. 
 
 ^ Note the titles of the legion. , r- t t 
 
 ^Rangord. p. 181. The ref. (note 5) is incorrect, for surely L. i. U 
 
 II, 41 II was intended. 
 
 46 
 
 / 
 
 ginning of Caracalla's.^* Since he is called tVariKos (2), no 
 doubt he gained the consulship while in the province.-* Then 
 followed his Cappadocian and Syrian governorships. The 
 Syria Maior can, of course, only refer to Syria Coele. The 
 Spanish governorship fell in the time of Alexander Severus. 
 
 It seems best to put the term in Syria after that of Fabius 
 Agrippinus. It would not be likely that the three commands 
 of Thrace, Cappadocia, and Syria w^ould be crowded in be- 
 tween 212 and 217, with the Spanish coming after 222. I 
 would date his Syrian command roughly at about the begin- 
 ning of Severus Alexander's reign. 
 
 D. Simonius Proculus lulianus 239/252 
 
 C. I. L. \T, 1520; [D. SJimoni Proculi luliani c. [v 
 
 prov. Sy]riae Coeles, Daciarum III P[. . . . iurjidico per 
 Transpadum. Pr[ 
 
 Julianus was legate of Thrace under Maximinus f^ then, 
 under the same emperor, governor of Arabia-^ and consul 
 designate. He must have been consul therefore circa 2t,S. 
 We know that he was praefectus urbi ;-' but the date at which 
 he held this office is not at all certain. The only expression of 
 time in any sense ^'Nobilissimus Caesar"-^ can not help here, 
 for it is very general, as a glance at the list of emperors in the 
 index of C. I. L. Ill will show. It is clear however that it 
 was after 238, but before 254, for in this year begins the list 
 of praefecti,-^ and Julianus does not appear on it. In this 
 same period, and probably before the prefecture^'^ are to be 
 placed the Dacian''^ and Syrian governorships in order. The 
 
 *^ Kalopothakes, De Thracia p. 57, places him "sub Severo." 
 
 "See, for similar cases, Briinnow, Arabia III, p. 288. 
 
 ="1. G. R. I, 692. 
 
 ^Briinnow Arabia III, p. 292. Briinnow is certainly mistaken in 
 placing Simonius Julianus before Pomponius. The fact that Simonius 
 was legate in Thrace under Maximinus shows that his term in Arabia 
 under the same emperor must fall in the last half of Maximinus' reign. 
 
 " C. I. L. XV, 7528. Orelli 4347 = Borghesi IX, p. 370. 
 
 ^Orelli 4347. 
 
 ^ Mommsen ed. in Abh. Sachs. Ges. d. Wiss. I (1850), p. 627. 
 
 ""Cf. €h. Huelsen, M. R. I. xxi (1906), p. 88. The earlier rule, that 
 the prefecture of the city was held last, was however not strictly kept 
 in the later period. See Daremberg-Saglio s. v. praefectus urbi. 
 
 ''C. I. L. III. 1573. 
 
 47 
 
■I 
 
 Syrian governorship then can hardly have been held before 
 239, or after 252. 
 
 Virius Lupus Before 278 
 
 (i) C I. L. VI, 31775; [Viri]o Lupo c. m. v. [cos. ord.] 
 praef. iirbi. pontif. D. S., [iudici s]acrarum [co]gnition. [per 
 Aeg.] et per Ori[enJtem, praes. [Syriae] Coeles et Arabiae. 
 
 (2) Laterculus of 354 in Abh. Sachs. Ges. d. Wiss. (i) 
 1850, p. 627; (Cos.) Probo et Lupo {27^) X^irius Lupus 
 praefectus urbis ; (Cos.) Probo III et Paterno (279) Virius 
 Lupus praefectus urbis; (Cos.) Messala et Crato (280) Virius 
 Lupus praefectus urbis. 
 
 The identification of the Lupus, governor of Syria Coele 
 (i), with the consul of 27S who was also prefect of the city 
 278-280 (2), seems to me certain.'^- By comparing the career 
 of Helvius Dionysius,-'' governor of Syria Coele under Dio- 
 cletian, with that of Lupus, C. W. Keyes'^-^ concludes that 
 Lupus was governor before his consulship. This conclusion, 
 I believe, is correct ; but I do not think that it should be based 
 on the cursus of Dionysius.-^' If the inscription (i) is in 
 proper chronological order, that order is evidently the descend- 
 ing, for Arabia was always held before the consulship, and 
 before the governorship of Syria Coele. It would seem clear 
 then that Lupus was governor of Syria also before his con- 
 sulship. Furthermore a table of the governors of Arabia, 
 given by Keyes,^« shows that, with the possible exception of 
 Lupus, all the governors known from 262 to the time of Dio- 
 cletian were of equestrian rank. It seems very probable there- 
 fore that Lupus, who was of course of senatorial rank, was 
 governor of Arabia before 262. If this is so, it seems highly 
 improbable that Lupus held the governorship in Syria after 
 his consulship and prefecture of the city, i.e. after 280. Lupus 
 was then apparently a praetorian governor of Syria Coele. 
 He is the first and only governor whom we can, with a fair 
 degree of certainty, place in this class. The evidence to be 
 had does not show whether the change was permanent or not. 
 
 ^See C. W. Keyes, The Rise of the Equites, Princeton, 1915, P- 16. 
 
 «C. I. L. VI, 1673. See below, p. 51. 
 
 "^ Op. cit, p. 17. 
 
 ^' See, for discussion, p 51. 
 
 "• Op. cit. pp. 8-9. 
 
 48 
 
 Maximinus 
 
 275/276 
 
 A 
 
 ( l) ZonaraS XII, 28 ; Ma^L/Juvov 8e nva (Tvyyivrj lavTOV rjyefxova 
 Trj<; 2vpta5 Trpoi^upicaTO TctKiros* 6 hi. KaKcus rrj ap)(rj ^(pwfjitvoi avrjpiO-q 
 irapa (TTpaTLOJTOJv. 
 
 (2) ZosimUS I, 63, 2; MaitfJLLVw yeVct TrpocrrfKOVTi ttjv 2v/3tas °-PXV^ 
 TrapaScStoKCv. ovTO<; rot? cv rcAct Tpa)(yTaTa 7rpo(T(f>€p6fJi(.vo<: th <l)06vov 
 a/xa Kal (fyojSov KaricrT-qcrtv. 
 
 The references give Maximinus as governor of Syria under 
 Tacitus. ^^ Syria, of course, means Syria Coele. 
 
 38 
 
 PSaturninus 276/282 
 
 ( I ) ZosimUS I, 66, I ; ravra hiaTrpa^ajxivw tuJ Yipoftu) SaTou/ovivos 
 ycVct Mavpovcrto?, cTrtTT^Sctos wv cs rot /xaAtara tco /SaaLXel 8ta tovto T€ 
 Kal TTJV St'ptas a.px'']V Ittitit papip.ivo^^ r^s ^acnkiit)^ aTroo'Tas Tricrrcws ci? 
 fTravacTTacrctos tvvotav rjXOtv. 
 
 (2) Hieron. Chron., p. 184, ed. Schoene-Peterman = Sync. 
 
 723? 75 TtC ?' €T£t Tipo^OV SarOpVtVOS (TTpaTOTT€Sdp)(r)i T'^V Kaiv^v *AvTto- 
 ^ctav qp^aTO KTi^uVy os varcpov eTravaaras tyJ 'YiDfxatuyv OLp)(rj €(T<f>dyrj 
 cv 'ATTu/xcia VTTo Tcuv iSt'cuv. 
 
 (3) ^P ^^^- P- 1^5 (Hieronymus) ; Anno Abr. 2297; Probus, 
 anno 4; Saturninus magister exercitus novam civitatem An- 
 tiochiae orsus condere. Qui postea imperium molitus invadere 
 Apamiae occiditur. 
 
 It is stated by Aurelius Victor,^^ Eutropius,*^ and Orosius,*^ 
 that Saturninus revolted in the Orient, under Probus. Zona- 
 ras^^ simply cites him as a pretender in that reign. Zosimus 
 ( I ) however says that he held the government of Syria,*^ and 
 this statement is perhaps supported by the evidence of Syncel- 
 lus (2) and Hieronymus (3) that Saturninus tried to found 
 either a new city Antioch, or a new state at Antioch ; but was 
 killed at Apamea. Now according to the Vita Saturnini he 
 held the office of dux limitis Orientalis,^* under Aurelian, and 
 
 " Tacitus was emperor from the fall of 275 to the spring of 276. 
 See Liebenam, Fasti p. 116. 
 ■* See, for example, Zosimus I, 64, i and Zonoras XII, 29. 
 •* de Caes. 37, 3 ; Epit. 37, 2. 
 "IX, 17. 
 
 ^^Hist. VII, 24, 3. 
 *^XII, 29. 
 
 ■^ Jones, Hist, of Rom. Emp. p. 349. 
 ** See J. H. E. Crees, Reign of Probus p. 114 
 
 49 
 

 li' 
 
 !i! 
 
 was first proclaimed emperor at Alexandria. If it be true that 
 Saturninus had the right to visit Egypt in the discharge of his 
 duties, he must of course have held some sort of general 
 authority over the Orient, perhaps similar to that of Avidius 
 Cassius. Vopiscus however is the only writer who tells this 
 story, and his rhetorical account is suspicious."*"' 
 
 According to the arrangement of the material in ZosimuS; 
 Saturninus' revoh falls rather early in Probus' reign. So 
 Crees'^ prefers a date around 2jj. But Syncellus (2) gives 
 the sixth year of Probus, which will agree with the year of 
 Abraham 2297 ; but not with the fourth year of Probus, given 
 by Hieronymus (3). Syncellus' dating. 281/2 A.D., is ac- 
 cepted by Domaszewski.*' 
 
 Charisius May 10, 290 
 
 Codex Jtist. IX, 41, 9; Idem A A. (Diocletiantis et Maxi- 
 
 mianus) ad Charisium praesidem Syriae. D. VI. id. Mai. 
 
 Hemesa, ipsis IIII et III Ax\. conss. 
 
 Charisius was governor of Syria Coele under Diocletian. 
 We know nothing more about him. 
 
 Primosus 293 
 
 Codex Jtist. VII, 33, 6; Pars epistulae Diocletiani et Maxi- 
 miani AA. et CC. ad Primosum praesidem Syriae 
 
 accepta. 
 
 Primosus was governor of Syria Coele under Diocletian. 
 
 The date is not definitely fixed ; but the editors put it as 293, 
 since this passage occurs among a number of others of that 
 year. 
 
 Verinus 
 
 Sep. 22, 294 
 
 Codex Just. II, 12, 20; Idem AA. et CC. (Diocletianus et 
 
 Maximianus) ad Verinum praesidem Syriae. D. X k. 
 
 Oct. Demesso. CC. conss. 
 
 Verinus was evidently governor of Syria Coele under 
 
 Diocletian. 
 
 •^ Peter, Gesch, Litt. rom. Kzeit TI. p. 339, says that Vopiscus has 
 little historical value. Schiller I. p. 880. apparently accepts the story 
 of Vopiscus. 
 
 *^ Op. cit. p. 158. 
 
 *^G. R. K. 11, p. 318- 
 
 50 
 
 i 
 
 L. Aelius Helvius Dionysius*' 295 or 296 
 
 C. I. L. VI, 1673 y L. Aelio Helvio Dionysio c. v. iudici 
 sacrarum cognitionum totius Orien., praesidi Syriae Coele., 
 correctori utriusq(ue) Italiae, curatori Aq. et Miniciae, 
 
 curat operum publicoru[m], pontifici dei Sol. 
 
 collegium fabrorum tignuar. multis in se patro- 
 
 ciniis co. 
 
 The title c. v. in the inscription shows that Dionysius was a 
 governor of the senatorial order. He held the position of 
 curator operum publicorum after 286.*^ He was curator 
 Aq. et Miniciae very probably before 293.^^ Then, possibly in 
 the same period, he had the position of corrector utriusque 
 Italiae, from which he went to Syria Coele. 
 
 Now Dionysius was probably proconsul of Africa in 298,^^ 
 and an inscription'- of his term, shows that he held the posi- 
 tion for four years. His prefecture of the city falls exactly 
 in 301.'^ Hence it is plain, from Pallu de Lessert,''* that the 
 four years, in all probability, were 297-300 inclusive. Before 
 this he held the governorship of Syria. Since he served in at 
 least three positions after 286, it seems probable that he fol- 
 lows in Syria the governors given by the Codex. His term 
 should be dated then with probability in 295 or 296. 
 
 The consulship of Dionysius is not mentioned in the inscrip- 
 tion, and therefore it is natural to conclude that he had been 
 governor of Syria before he held the consulship, as in the 
 case of Virius Lupus. ^^. It is however to be noted that Diony- 
 sius, before his term in Syria, held the position of curator Aq. 
 et Miniciae, which was regularly held by consulars during the 
 
 49 
 
 For his cursus see P.-W. V, 914, no. 82; and Pallu de Lessert, 
 Pastes Prov. Afr. II, p. 8. 
 
 *'C. I. L. VI, 255 and 256. The date is sure from the fact that both 
 the emperors Diocletian and Maximian ap^pear in the inscriptions. 
 Cf. Liebenam, Fasti p. 118. 
 
 ^ C. I. L. VI, //S. The emperors' names head the inscription ; but no 
 Caesars appear. Cf. Liebenam, Fasti p. 118. 
 ■^^Jurisp. ante Just. p. 730 = Frag. Vat. 41. 
 "C. I. L VIII, 12459. 
 Laterculus of 254 in Abh. Sachs. Ges. d. Wiss. I (1850), p. 628. 
 Op. cit. His list shows other governors for 294-5, and with prob- 
 ability for 295-6. 
 '^ See p. 48. 
 
 51 
 
 63 
 
 5-t 
 
second and third centuries,^® and probably during the reign of 
 Diocletian. ^^ This evidence would make it seem probable that 
 Dionysius was a consular governor of Syria. It does not 
 seem possible to decide the question with certainty. 
 
 ^ See P.-W. IV, 1784. 
 " See C I. L. VI, 1418, and 313/8. 
 probably held after the consulship. 
 
 In these cases the office was very 
 
 GOVERNORS OF SYRIA PHOENICE 
 
 Q. Venidius Rufus 194-198 
 
 Mel. Fac. Or. IV (1910), p. 216 = A. E. (1910), 106; 
 [Imp.] Caesar L. Septimius Severus Pertinax Aug., Pontif. 
 Max., Trib. Pot., Imp. Ill, Cos. II, P. P., vias et milia(ria) [per 
 Q. Ve]nidium [R]u[fum l]eg. [A]ug. p[r.] p[r. (restituit?)]. 
 
 (Near Zahleh). 
 
 (2) C. I. L. Ill, 6725; Imp. Caes. L. Septimio Severo Pio 
 Pertinaci A[ug.] Arabico Adiabenico Parthico Maximo, P. M., 
 Trib. Pot. VI, Imp. XI, [c]os. II., P. P., Procos., et Imp. 
 Caes. M. Aurelio Antonino Aug., Trib. Pot., fil. eius. sub 
 Ven[i]dio Ru[f]o leg. Augg. pr. pr. XVIII E MAaE. (three 
 hours and one mile N. W. of Palmyra). Cf. 6723, very similar. 
 
 (3) C. I. L. Ill, 205; Imperatores Caesares, L. Septimius 
 Severus Pius Pertinax Aug. Arabicus Adeabenicus Parthicus 
 Maximus, Tribuniciae Potes. VI, Imp. XI, cos. II, Procos., 
 P. P., et M. Aurel. Antoninus Aug., filius eius, vias et miliaria 
 per Q. Venidium Rufum leg. Augg. pr. pr., praesidem provinc. 
 Syriae Phoenic. renovaverunt. II, B. (Near Sidon). 
 
 For other inscriptions very similar, see under this same 
 
 number. 
 
 Rufus was the first governor of Syria Phoenice and held 
 office from the year 194^ to about 198, (2) and (3). He was 
 not of the consular, but of praetorian rank.^ 
 
 -rjTuivos 208/209 
 
 I. G. R. Illy II49 *> ^«P o-wTryptas twv KvptW A. Scir. '2,€ovrjpov 
 Koi *AvT(i>vctvov K[al TcVa] Ctaiv avrov Kal 'Iov(Xwi9) Ao[^]v[t;9] 2c^., 
 hov<: 19', [€7rl....!]r;Ttavov' {jp^^fi] ^^PP- [av]T[t(rrp(aT^yov), 17 
 KUifiri av]€cr[rri](T€v Sta [Av]o-ov Aav (Harran). 
 
 'On the dating of (i) see under The Division of Syria, p. 87. 
 
 "" See The Division of Syria, p. 87. Rufus gives us another example 
 of a praetorian going from a province without a legion to one with a 
 legion—Cilicia to Syria Phoenice. (Cf. Domaszewski, Rangord, p. 174) 
 
 •The editors supply [ Avp]v[><]mvov ; but Wetzstein's copy in Abh. d. 
 
 53 
 
Harran, where this inscription of a governor was found, was 
 very probably within Syrian territory.'* The governor there- 
 fore must be of Syria Phoenice. It can not be assigned to 
 Marius Maximus,^ as the editors of I. G. R. propose to do, 
 since the provinces are not the same. Nor can it belong to 
 Alfenus Avitianus, as Briinnow^ suggests, for if he was gov- 
 ernor of one of the Syrias at all, he must be assigned to Syria 
 Coele. Naturally the inscription can only honor the governor 
 of the province to which the locality, in which it is found, 
 belongs. It is dated in the seventeenth year of Severus, i.e. 
 208/209 A.D., if we reckon Severus' first year from the spring 
 of 193 to the beginning of the year at Antioch in the autumn 
 of the same year.'' 
 
 D. Pius Cassius Dec. 10, 212/213 
 
 C. I. L. Ill, 202 and p. 973; [Imp. Ca]es[a]ri Divi [L. 
 Sep]t[im]i S[e]ve[r]i Pi[i] [Pert. Aug. A]rabici Adiabenici 
 Par[thici] Max. Brit. [Ma]x. [fil.], Divi Marci Antonini Pii 
 [Ge]rmanici Sar[niati]ci nepoti, Divi Antonini Pii pronep., 
 
 Divi Hadriani ab[n]epo[t.] M. [A]u[relio] Antonino 
 
 Pio Aug. Part[h Max., P]at[ri] Pat[r.], [Brit.] Max., 
 [P]on[tific.] Maximo, Trib. Pot. XVI, Cos. [II] II, P[r]ocos., 
 vias et miliari[aj per D. Pium Cassium leg. Aug. p[r.] p[r.] 
 praesidem provinciae Syriae Phoenices, colonia lulia Aug. 
 
 [f]el. Hel. [r]en[o]v[a]vit. 
 
 The reading trib. pot. XVI (of Caracalla) seems good, 
 hence this governor is dated in 213.® This is all we know of 
 him. 
 
 Marius Secundus 217/218 
 
 DlO Cassms LXXVIII, 35> ^ > Btrjytv 8c nya Kal MdpLO<% ^ckovv 
 Oos, KaiTTip /3ov\tvTrj<; t€ vtto tov MaKpLVOv yeyovm kol t^s ^OLVLK-q^ 
 TrpoaraTwv. 
 
 Akad. zu Berlin (1863), p. 296, no. 109, has plainly— 77^10 »'ou only. So 
 too Wadd. 2460. 
 
 * Briinnow, Arabia III, p. 269. Cf. under Pomponious Julianus, p. 56. 
 
 '■^ Governor of Syria Coele 202/209. See p. 45. 
 
 •Arabia III, p. 298, 5. 
 
 ^ Cf . under Domitius Dexter, p. 40. 
 
 ^Caracalla's first trib. pot. extended from fall of 198 to Dec. 9, 198. 
 Liebenam, Fasti p. no. 
 
 54 
 
 K 
 
 Secundus was governor of Phoenice under Macrinus, that is 
 in 217/218.^ 
 
 Verus 218-circa 219 
 
 Dio Cassius LXXIX, 7, I ; ....S 8c Ovrjpo^ cTriToX/unJcras Kal 
 avTos ttJ fjuovapyia cv to) TptVo) o-TparoTrcSo) t<J FaXXtKcJ, ov >;px*> '^^^ 
 FcXAios Mctft/ios - - - ihiKaimdrjCTav. 
 
 As commander of the Third Gallica Verus was the legate 
 of the province, according to the principle of government 
 stated by Domaszewski/^ that in a praetorian province the 
 legate of the legion was the governor.^' Verus governed early 
 in the reign of Elagabalus,^- in 219 probably, no doubt as the 
 successor of Marius Secundus. 
 
 ? Rutilius Pudens Crispinus Circa 230 
 
 I. G. R. Ill, 1033; 17 ^ovXr] KoX 6 85/aos 'lovXtov AvprjXLOV Z-qvofitov - 
 
 .' aTpaT-qyriaavTa cV cVtSiy/Aia Ocov 'AXcfavSpov, kol VTr-qperrjO-avTa Trapovaia 
 
 htrjvtKtt 'PovTiXAtov KpLCTTretvov tov rjyr)aafJL€vov kol rais iTnSrjfirjadaaL^ 
 
 ov-qiiWaTLoaiv crovs Sv(f>\ (Palmyra). 
 
 Crispinus was governor of Thrace in the last part of Elaga- 
 balus' reign, and early in the reign of Severus Alexander.'^ 
 Now according to the inscription he commanded troops at 
 Palmyra, probably during the Persian war, circa 231-233.'* 
 He surely would not be a subordinate of the Phoenician gov- 
 ernor, after being governor of Thrace. Hence he was either 
 extraordinary commander of troops during the war, or legate 
 of Syria Phoenice. The length of time between his term in 
 Thrace and his position in Syria would tend to show that he 
 was probably not governor, but commander in the war. A 
 rescript of Severus Alexander,^"^ dated August 229, and ad- 
 dressed Crispino, may perhaps refer to this man. 
 
 'Liebenam, Fasti p. in. 
 
 '" Rangord. p. 173. 
 
 "Good examples are given by C. I. L. Ill, 550 (of Hadrian), and 
 C. I. L. X, 6321, with Dessau 1036 (of Q. Pompeius Falco). 
 
 " See Boissevain ed. of Dio vol. Ill, p. 460. Prosop. Ill, 406, 292. 
 
 ^M. G. R. I, 669, 688, 772, 1472. In I. G. R. I, 718, lulia Bassiana 
 should no doubt be supplied and not Domna, as editors admit that 
 Domna's name does not fill the space. A. E. (1900), 20 = I. G. R. I, 
 719, must be dated in the reign of Elagabalus, as Dobrusky supplies 
 the name. There is not room enough for Severus Alexander's name. 
 
 " Schiller I, p. 78off. Hopkins, Alex. Sev. p. 234ff. 
 
 ^' Codex Just. V, 62, 10. Cf. Prosop. Ill, I47, 166. 
 
 55 
 
-» ' i 
 
 Pomponius lulianus 
 
 2l(y 
 
 Wadd. 2399=1. G. R. Ill, I213; iwlp aoiTr^pla^ KoX v€Urj<s Kal 
 
 alo)VLOv Sia/xovi^s [rSiv Kv/otwv] Ty/u-tuv [AvroKpardpcov Kat(ra/o<ov F. *IovA. 
 
 Ma^t/xeiVou Kttt r. 'lovA. Ma^t/xov tov^ vlov avTov 'Xt/S/S., cTrt UofjiirwvLov 
 
 lovXiavov rrpea/S. 2c^/8. dvTLcrTp. VTrarctas [Ma^t/xctVov] Kat *A<f>pL- 
 
 Kavov 
 
 .?16 
 
 (Kafr il-Leha) 
 
 This inscription was found at Kafr il-Leha near Der il- 
 Leben, a territory which can be claimed for either Arabia or 
 Syria Phoenice. A line drawn from Kanawat through Atil 
 and Kerak to Der'at will form the northernmost boundary of 
 territory that can with certainty be assigned to Arabia.^^ For 
 Syria Phoenice a southern boundary, beyond which is doubtful 
 territory, may reasonably be placed in a line drawn through il- 
 Hit and Lubben (Agraena), based on the use of imperial years 
 in dating.^*^ An inscription of the Third Gallica,^^ found at 
 Ezr'a (Zorava), is good evidence that the boundary lay as 
 far south as that place. 
 
 So then the inscription of Pomponius Julianus is located in 
 doubtful territory. Chronological considerations alone can 
 help us here. In the first place, it is dated by the consuls of 
 the year, though the method of dating inscriptions in Arabia 
 was by the era of Bostra.-^ Again, Pomponius is definitely dated 
 in the year 236. Now Simonius Julianus, who was governor of 
 Thrace under Maximinus, and then governor of Arabia also 
 under Maximinus, must have held the latter position hardly 
 earlier than the middle of that reign.-^ Hence he too is to be 
 
 " Consuls ord. in 236. 
 
 "See the evidence in Briinnow, Arabia III, p. 268, and especially 
 p. 269. He claims Philippopolis for Arabia on the evidence of Aure- 
 lius Victor, De Caesaribus c. 28. The region circa 175 belonged to 
 Syria (I. G. R. Ill, 1195). It may be that Philip, when he founded the 
 city some years later than the term of Julianus, changed the borders. 
 
 " Briinnow, I. c. 
 
 "Wadd. 2486 = I. G. R. Ill, 1157. The names of the sons of the 
 officer are barbarian; and the letter forms not early. The "III 
 Gallica" is not erased ; hence the inscription is probably of the period 
 after the restoration of the legion. (See Daremberg-Saglio s. v. Ill 
 Gallica.) 
 
 *' Briinnow, Arabia III, p. 267, and table. As a good example, 
 A. J. A. X (1906), p. 289. 
 
 ** Briinnow, Arabia III, p. 293, admits that it is strange that Arabia 
 should have had two governors in the short reign of Maximinus ; but 
 the fact is stranger than he states it, for he incorrectly thought that 
 
 56 
 
 \ 
 
 dated circa 236 or 237. It is hardly fair to assume that 
 Simonius is to be dated at the very end of Maximinus' reign. 
 That would make his term very short indeed. In the years 
 238"- and 239,^^ Domitius Valerianus is fixed as governor of 
 Arabia, to be sure under another emperor. 
 
 The two governors then, Pomponius and Simonius, are dated 
 very nearly at the same time. The probability therefore, it 
 seems to me is that Pomponius was governor not of Arabia, but 
 of the neighboring province, Syria Phoenice. This conclusion 
 of course forces us to place Kafr il-Leha in Syria Phoenice at 
 this time. If then Schuhba (later Philippopolis)-* is rightly 
 claimed for Arabia, the boundary line must have turned quite 
 sharply southwest from that neighborhood, and skirted the 
 Djebel-Hauran. 
 
 ? -Tos (or -705) ? 244/249 
 
 Wadd. 2076 = 1. G. R. Ill, 1200; ©c<f Maptcvw .... ro^i VTra- 
 
 [riKos] . ( Schuhba = Philippopolis). 
 
 The inscription as edited, seems to have been set up by a 
 governor. Unfortunately the letters after vTra are lost, so 
 that it is not certain that the word was wartKos; perhaps it 
 was *Y7ra[Ttov],-' a patronymic. Since it concerns Marinus, 
 father of the emperor Philip, it must have been set up between 
 244 and 249.^^ Now if this inscription refers to a governor," 
 it seems more likely that he was governor of Arabia, for Philip- 
 popolis was founded in Arabia, according to Aurelius Victor,^* 
 by Philip at the beginning of his reign. The popular cognomen 
 
 Simonius could be placed at the very beginning of the reign, in Arabia. 
 See under Simonius Julianus in Syria Coele, p. 47. That the gov- 
 ernorship of Arabia, with a legion, would follow that of Thrace, 
 without a legion, is sure. See Domaszewski, Rangord. p. 173. 
 
 ^ A. J. A. X (1906), p. 289ff. = A. E. (1907), 67; year 133. This in- 
 scription, from Irbid, also fixes the boundary of Arabia definitely fur- 
 ther west and north than Briinnow placed it. (Arabia III, p. 264^.) 
 
 ^ Briinnow, Arabia III, p. 293; year 134 
 
 ** See above n. 17. 
 
 ^ Cf . Wadd. 2018. 
 
 *• ProSOp. II, 199, 2/2. 
 
 *^The editors (I. G. R.) note, on the word virarLKds; "Legati Syriae 
 iam secundo saeculo consulares vocabantur." This note is meaningless, 
 for Syria had long been divided, and our inscription can only be of 
 the smaller part, Syria Phoenice, if it belongs to Syria at all. 
 
 ^ De Caesaribus c. 2S. See under Pomponius Julianus, n. 17. 
 
 57 
 
 # 
 
Arabs, given to Philip, showing apparently that he was a native 
 of Arabia, may tend to support the view that the city he 
 founded was in his home province. 
 
 ?L. lulius Aurel. Sulp. Uranius"'^ Antonius? 253/254 
 (i) B. M. C. Galatia- (1899), P- 240, 22; Avtok. K. SovXtt^ 
 
 AvTcDvtvo? 2€/3. j ArjiJ.ap\. c^ovcrtas. S. C. EMICA. 
 
 (2) Hunt. Coll. Ill (1905), p. 198, 18; Avtok. SovAtt. *Avto>- 
 vivos 2e[y8.j .... KoXiav. €$<f>. 
 
 It is possible that this pretender at Emesa (i), in Syria 
 Phoenice, 253/254 A.D. (2),^^ was governor of the province. 
 His revolt seems to have been purely local."^^ 
 
 ? Rufinus 253/257 ? 
 
 Anon, continuator Dionis in Miiller, F. H. G. IV, p. 195, 7 ; 
 
 OTL rov OSevaOov rov -rraXaiov Pov^ivo? Avaiptl a>s vcwTcpois €Tn\€LpovvTa 
 Trpdy/jLaaLv. KaTr)y6p€L 8c 6 vewrepoi 'OScVa^os Por<^tVov o)s (jtovfiaav- 
 
 Tos Tov TraTc'pa avrov, kol iiryvecrc tovs Aoyovs avTo£ (^Pov<f>L- 
 
 vov) 6 FaAAtT^vos. 
 
 Since Rufinus is here found exercising great authority, the 
 position which he probably held, is that of governor^'- of Syria 
 Phoenice, in which Palmyra was situated.''^ It is of course 
 possible that he was an extraordinary commander. The inci- 
 dent, as it is given, must be dated some time before early 258, 
 when Odaenathus, the son, was in power,*^* and after 253, the 
 beginning of Gallienus' reign. ^^ It is strange that we find Gal- 
 lienus concerned in this story, for Valerian held complete 
 control in the East until 260,^^ and so naturally the case would 
 have been brought before him. Perhaps, if the event took 
 place during the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus, the 
 name of the latter, who held the stage for eight years''^ after 
 Valerian's capture, was used by mistake. 
 
 ^ Prosop. II, 170, 125. 
 
 ^ On the era of Emesa, see Head, Hist. Num. p. 780. 
 
 31 
 
 B. M. C. Galatia — (1899), P- 231, would attribute one of his coins 
 to Antioch ; but on slight grounds. 
 " Wadd. 2600, and notes. 
 
 ^ See under The Division of Syria, p. 88, n. 14. 
 •^I. G. R. Ill, 1031. 
 *'' Liebenam, Fasti p. 115. 
 ^Schiller I, p. 8i2ff. Liebenam, Fasti p. 114. 
 ^^ Liebenam, op. cit, p. 115. 
 
 58 
 
 y 
 
 The matter would be clearer if we could connect father and 
 son of this story with the men known from inscriptions ; but 
 this is not easily done. Waddington identified the elder Odae- 
 nathus with an Odaenathus who died before 251, and con- 
 sidered the younger Odaenathus a brother of Haeranes men- 
 tioned in an inscription.^^ He thus does violence to the story 
 of Rufinus, dating it earlier. Mommsen^^ on the other hand 
 supposed Haeranes of the inscription to have been the father 
 of the great Odaenathus, and the grandson of the one who died 
 before 251. This leaves a very short interval for the grandson 
 to rise to great power by 258.^^ 
 
 ?Septimius Odaenathus April, 258 
 
 Wadd. 2602 = 1. G. R. Ill, 1031 ; 2€7r[Tt>tov 'OSatVa^ov] t6v 
 
 A.a/ut7r[poTaTOV v7raTtK]ov*\ avvTe[\€UL twv ^(pvcroxjoiov kol apylypOKOinDv 
 
 t]6v Sco-TTOTryv, T€L/xrjs xoipf-y^ [ct]ovs Oi<f>', /jirjveL EavSiKco*^. (Palmyra). 
 The title 6 Xa/xTrpdraTos waTtKos was sometimes used in Syria 
 to denote the governor.*^ It is then possible that this inscrip- 
 tion, found in Syria Phoenice, may refer to a governor of that 
 province, for the title is also used of governors of praetorian 
 provinces fairly frequently.** It is however to be noticed that 
 other great men of the same family of Palmyra were given the 
 honorary title Xa/xTrpdraTos o-wKXTyTtKos,^'* and it may be there- 
 fore that Odaenathus' title in this inscription is also an hon- 
 orary one of higher degree. Schiller*^ does not agree with 
 Waddington's*^ view that Odaenathus can have been governor ; 
 but since so little is known of his history at this time, at least 
 the possibility that he was governor should be admitted. 
 
 ^ Wadd. 2600. 
 ^ R. G. V, 427. 
 
 44) 
 
 I. G. R. Ill, 1031. 
 
 '' Supplied from the Palmyrene version, de Vogue, Inscr. Palmyr. 
 no. 23. 
 
 *^ April, 258 A.D. ; Seleucid era. 
 
 *M. G. R. Ill, 1179 and 1261. 
 
 *^A. E. (1902), 134, a governor of Thrace; A. J. A. X (1906), p. 
 291, a governor of Arabia in 238, with exactly this title. 
 
 **I. G. R. Ill, 1034 and 1035. 
 
 *«Vol. I, p. 825. 
 
 *'' No. 2602. 
 
Crispinus March, 292 
 
 Codex Just. I, 23, 3 ; Impp. Diocletianus et Maximianus AA. 
 
 Crispino praesidi provinciae Phoenice. D. prid k. April. 
 
 Hannibaliano et Asclepiodoto conss. (292). 
 
 References possibly to the same man as governor: Codex 
 VII, 35, 4 (Feb. 26, 292) ; IX, 2, 11 (April 6, 292) ; IX, 9, 25 
 (Aug. 28, 293). 
 
 Sossianus Hierocles 
 
 293/305 
 
 C. I. L. Ill, 6661; [Reparato]res orbis sui et Propagatores 
 generis humani DD. nn. Diocletianus ||||||||||| [Invicti]ssimi 
 Impp. et Constantius et Maximianus Nobb. Caess., castra feli- 
 citer condiderunt [curam age]nte Sossiano Hieroclete v. p., 
 praes. provinciae, D. N. M.[q.] eorum. (Palmyra). 
 
 Although, as far as our information goes, there were sena- 
 torial governors of Syria Coele in Diocletian's reign,*^ yet here 
 we find unmistakably an equestrian governor of Syria Phoe- 
 nice.*^ From the Augusti and Caesares named, the inscription 
 evidently dates between early 293 and 305.''' Eusebius"^^ speaks 
 of a " o-T/oaTOTTcSapx'?^ whom the Romans call dux," at Damas- 
 cus circa 311/313.^- It would appear that by that time there 
 was a dux Phoenices. That such an office existed from the 
 very beginning of Diocletian's arrangements is not however 
 thereby proved. Here, in the case of Hierocles, a governor is 
 recorded as building a camp, and no mention of a dux is made. 
 This may then be a slight indication that the governor had 
 command of troops in this period.^^ 
 
 Aelius Statutus 293/305 
 
 (I) M61. Fac. Or. (1908), p. 314; (first published in A. J. A, 
 
 XI (1907), p. 3l5ff.); ^LOK\r]T(.avb<: Kal Ma^i/itavo? 2c/3^., kol Ko)VO-- 
 
 *' See under L. Aelius Helvius Dionysius, p. 48. 
 
 *'The V. P. is decisive. C. I. L. Ill, p. 2463, index, suggests Hiero- 
 cles as governor of Arabia; but certainly Palmyra belonged to Syria 
 Phoenice. See The Division of Syria, p. 88, and under the next 
 governor, Aelius Statutus, p. 61. 
 
 ""Liebenam, Fasti pp. 118 and 119. 
 
 " Hist. Eccl. IX, 5, 2. 
 
 "Schiller U, p. I92ff. Liebenam, Fasti p. 119. 
 
 " So the governor of Arabia in this period also built fortifications. 
 See Briinnow, Arabia HI, p. 294. s. v. Aurelius Asclepiades, and p. 281. 
 
 60 
 
 TavTios Ktt Ma^i/xtavos KcWpc?, XlOov Sio/atfovra ay pov(^) cttoikiov 
 Xpr;(ri/xtavou (TT7]pLx$^ve cKcAcvcav f^povTihi 'EAt[ov] ^raTovrov to€ 
 Sia((7)r;/x(oTaTOv) . 
 
 (2) Mel. Fac. Or. (1908), p. 317; (lines 7-10 reedited by 
 Littmann in op. cit. (1910), p. 223); A[t]oKX77ruivos K[at M]a^t- 
 
 /xtavos [2c]i8/8. K[al . . . Ka)]v(rTavTtos koI [Ma^(ju]tavo9 
 
 KatVapcs, [At^o]v BtopL^iovra ay[pov]s [87;jU,]o[o-]t[or] Aa/oa>v [cJk 
 
 [tCjv T](a)/AtaKa)[v] 2r;o^cvas O'[jr)]pLx0rj[y']€ <^pov[Tt]St *EX(t)ov 
 
 [2r]aTo(v)TOv tov 8tacr7;[/>ioraTov]. 
 
 (3) Z. D. P. V. XXXVI, 4 (191 3), p. 249; (in part reedited 
 by Briinnow in op. cit. XXXVII, 2(1914), p. 151); AtoKXryTtavo? 
 
 KOL Mtt^t/xiavos ^€plS.f Ktovo-TctvTios Kal Ma^i/utavos KatVapcs <^/oov- 
 
 TiSt 'EXtov XrarovTOv (tov) Siaa-qpLoraTov T7y(£/xovos). 
 
 There are here three inscriptions of an Aelius Statutus 
 8 laGTjpoTao^, evidently an equestrian governor.^* One was 
 found three or four miles west of Banias, the ancient Caesarea- 
 Philippi or Paneas (i) ; another at Djermana (2), about two 
 miles southeast of Damascus; the third at il-Kunetra, roughly 
 twenty-five miles northeast of the Sea of Galilee. As Jala- 
 bert,'"' the editor of (i) and (2), says, the date^^ must fall 
 within the period 293-305. Whether Statutus followed or pre- 
 ceded Hierocles we do not know. 
 
 These inscriptions have, I think, some bearing on the ques- 
 tion of the province of Augusta Libanensis, formed under 
 Diocletian, according to the Laterculus Veronensis," and in 
 the early part of the period 293/305. The assumption that 
 such a province existed at all under Diocletian rests solely on 
 the evidence of this laterculus. There is absolutely no other 
 mention of it. Not even Eusebius, who lived in that part of the; 
 world, in Palestine, during the reigns of Diocletian and Con- 
 stantine, has a word to say concerning such a province. Damas- 
 cus, which would naturally fall within its boundaries, is called 
 
 *^ As Jalabert points out. 
 
 *•' Jalabert's study of the first two of these inscriptions has been ac- 
 cepted by J. Offord in Pal. Explor. Fund (1909), P- /^ff. 
 
 ** The names of the Emperors and Caesars show the date. See 
 Liebenam, Fasti pp. 118 and 119. 
 
 ""Pub. by Mommsen in K. Akad. Wiss. Berl. (1862), p. 489ff. See 
 also P.-W. V, 72/ f{., article by Kornemann ; and Brunnow, Arabia III, 
 pp. 253 and 271. 
 
 61 
 
by Eusebius,'^^ a city of Phoenice. Briinnow'^ himself admits 
 that this new province must have soon been reincorporated 
 with Phoenice, certainly at the latest under Constantine. 
 
 Now one of these inscriptions is found west of Paneas. This 
 place seems always to have been in the province of Syria Phoe- 
 nice. Such is the testimony of Eusebius,^*^ and of all the author- 
 ities,^' from Ptolemaeus, even before the division of Syria in 
 194, on through the middle of the sixth century. It is particu- 
 larly to be noted that, while Damascus falls within the limits of 
 the later province of Libanensis,^- formed in the last part of the 
 fourth century, Paneas still remained in Syria Phoenice. No 
 one has attempted to show that the early Augusta Libanensis 
 was equal in extent to the later Libanensis, which did not in- 
 clude Paneas.^^ There is every reason then to believe that 
 Paneas was always in the province of Phoenice. Now the 
 inscription (i) comes from that locality, a little west of 
 Paneas. The governor Statutus then was evidently governor 
 of Syria Phoenice. Furthermore, the location of the other in- 
 scriptions of this governor, (2) and (3), show that Damascus 
 and the territory around il-Kunetra, southeast of Paneas, also 
 belonged to Syria Phoenice. If then the shadowy Augusta 
 Libanensis ever had an existence, it can only have embraced 
 a very small strip from the extreme southeastern part of Phoe- 
 nice. In such a case it is difficuh to see why the province was 
 termed Libanensis. It must be admitted, of course, that we 
 have no complete evidence, covering the entire reign of Dio- 
 cletian. But the evidence at hand puts the burden of proof 
 for the existence of an Augusta Libanensis entirely upon those 
 who believe in it, and they have no proof whatever outside the 
 doubtful statement of the Laterculus. 
 
 ""Hist. Eccl. IX, 5, 2 (referring to the period 311/313. See notes 
 51 and 52) ; Onomasticon, p. 76, of vol. Ill in Gk. Chr. Schrifst. der 
 
 erst. 3 Jahrh, 
 «* Arabia III, p. 27?,. 
 "Hist. Eccl. VIII, 15, 17. 
 See the tables in Briinnow, Arabia III, p. 259ff. 
 
 Marq. St. V. I. p. 425- 
 
 Emesa, belonging to Phoenice from the time of its formation 
 (Herodian V, 3, 2), and still in that province in Eusebius' time (Hist. 
 Eccl. IX, 6, i), was placed in the later Libanensis (Marq. St. V. I. p. 
 425) though it is not much further from the sea coast than Paneas. 
 
 63 
 
 «1 
 
 63 
 
 •3 
 
 1< 
 
 GOVERNORS OF SYRIA 
 Before 70 a.d. (Notes) 
 
 Since the appearance of the third and fourth edition of 
 Schiirer G. J. V. (1902), not enough new material has come 
 to light to justify a complete, new study of the governors of 
 Syria before 70 A.D. A few additions to his list (vol. I, p. 
 302 ff.) may however be noted. 
 
 Domitius Calvinus 4^/47 B.C. 
 
 Schiirer^ thinks that Syria was left to itself for a time after 
 the battle of Pharsalus ; but it seems to me very likely that it 
 was among the provinces entrusted to Calvinus.^ 
 
 C. Fonteius Capito 37-35 B.C. 
 
 H. A. Griiber^ shows very reasonably that Capito was gov- 
 ernor of Syria when he issued the coins, under Antony, on 
 which he is styled pro. pr., and that this period was 37-35. The 
 lack of any numeral after the Imperatorship of Antony, he 
 explains, is not proof positive that the first Imperatorship alone 
 can be understood.* 
 
 Pacuvius'^ 22/31 
 
 During the time when Aelius Lamia was nominally governor 
 of Syria,^ a Pacuvius, whom we find mentioned as legate of 
 the Sixth Ferrata at the end of 19 A.D.^ very probably was 
 
 *G. J. V. I, p. 309. 
 
 ' Bellum Alex. 34, i and 3 ; z^, 2. 
 
 ' N. C. (1904), p. 195 nos. 17 and 18; p. 204. 
 
 * Miinzer, P.-W. VI, 2847, no. 20, on Capito, does not note this work 
 of Griiber at all. 
 
 ° Borghesi V, 92. Liebenam, p. 2)7^- 
 
 • Schiirer, G. J. V. I, p. 329. See Suet, Tib. 41 and 62) ; Jos., Ant. 
 XVIII, 6, 5. . 
 
 ^ Tacitus, A. II, 79. 
 
 (>3 
 
acting governor. Seneca^ mentions a "Pacuvius qui Suriam 
 usu suam fecit." His position was no doubt similar to that held 
 by Severus during the absence of the governor Publicius 
 Marcellus.® 
 
 Lucius Popillius Balbus 50 
 
 C. I. G. 4529 and 4697b = I. G. R. HI, 1209= 1540 = Milne, 
 
 Gk. Inscr. p. 14, 33030; rj povXrj Kal 6 S^fxo<; Aovklov UottlWlov 
 BaX/Sov, Trpca/StvTrjv TtjScptov KXavhlov KatVapos ^e^auTOv TtpfiaviKOv, 
 Tov Trdrpiova t^s ttoAcws. 
 
 This inscription is believed to have come originally from 
 Beirut. It is therefore most naturally to be considered as of a 
 governor of Syria. Balbus is, to be sure, simply called legatus ; 
 but the simple form is by no means unparalleled in the early 
 period. Claudius, in whose reign this inscription also falls, 
 is commemorated in an inscription^^ set up by Annius Afrinus, 
 governor of Galatia,^^ who calls himself "leg. eius." P. Sul- 
 picius Quirinus, circa 6 A.D., is called 'iegatus Caesaris 
 Syriae."^' Cn. Sentius Saturninus, circa 21 A.D. governor of 
 Syria, is termed *1eg. Caesaris Augusti."^^ Ummidius Quad- 
 ratus, governor of Syria between 50 and 60, in an inscription^^ 
 containing his cursus, is called "legatus - - Neronis Caesaris 
 Aug. in Syria." These inscriptions show that it is quite pos- 
 sible that Balbus was governor of Syria. 
 
 The inscription is not definitely dated, but is of the reign 
 of Claudius. Now Petronius was governor, when Claudius 
 became emperor, and was succeeded by Vibius Marsus.^'^ He 
 in turn was succeeded by Cassius Longinus.^*^ We last hear of 
 Longinus in 49.^' Then in 51 we first hear of Quadratus in 
 Syria,'" who continued on into the reign of Xero.^'* For the 
 
 »Ep. XII, 8. 
 
 •Governor of Syria circa 132; p. 26. 
 
 ^•C I. L. Ill, 6799. 
 
 " Prosop. I, 62, 470. 
 
 "C. I. L. Ill, 6687. 
 
 ^'€. I. L. Ill, 6703. 
 
 ^*C. I. L. X, 5182. 
 
 ^■^Jos., Ant. XIX, 6,4. 
 
 ^*Jos., Ant. XX, I, I. 
 
 "Tacitus, A. XII, 11 and 12. Schiirer, G. J. V. I, p. 334- 
 
 ^Tacitus, A. XII, 45- 
 
 '• Schiirer, G. J. V. I, p. 335- 
 
 64 
 
 V 
 
 year 50 then no governor is known, so in that year we may 
 place Balbus. The short duration of his term would account 
 for the failure of Josephus and Tacitus to mention him. 
 
 Ummidius Quadratus 
 
 Ummidius Quadratus is mentioned as governor of Syria, on 
 a new inscription dated in 56 A.D. A. E. (1907), 194. 
 
 UNCERTAIN GOVERNORS OF UNCERTAIN 
 
 TIME 
 
 Syria 
 
 I. G. R. Ill, 1000 (Samosata). Very fragmentary. 
 [I. G. R. Ill, 1211] (Gaza). Index (p. 618) lists this 
 inscription as referring to a governor of Syria, without reason. 
 C. I. L. Ill, 14387 ee and t. (Baalbek). 
 ¥1,3841. 
 IX, 3426. 
 XIII, 2662. 
 
 Syria Code 
 C.I. L. 111,6823 (Yalowadj). 
 XI, 599- 
 
 Syria Phoenice 
 
 C. I. L. Ill, 185 (Aradus). 
 
 Ill, 125 (Zorava). It is very doubtful if this Theo- 
 
 phanes was governor. 
 
 Syria 
 False Inscriptions 
 
 * M. Vettius M. f. Sabinianus v. c. C. I. L. VI,^ 2960. 
 Hopelessly false inscription. 
 
 * L. Minicius Fundanus. C. I. L. VI,^ 3205. 
 Consul suff. in 107. Proconsul of Asia in 124 or 125. 
 
 Hence he would be governor of Syria in the period 107/124, 
 if the inscription were good. Unfortunately it has small claim 
 
 to genuineness. 
 
 I 
 
 * Prosop. II, 377, 433- 
 
 65 
 
 -. 1 
 
^ 4 
 
 PROCURATORS OF SYRIA 
 
 Q. Octavius L. F. C. n. T. pron. Ser. Sagitta 
 
 I B.C./14 A.D. 
 
 (i) M. R. I. XXVII (1912), p. 304, 15; Q. Octavius 
 L. f. C. n. T. pron. Ser. Sagitta, II vir quinq. Ill, praef. 
 fab., prae. equi., trib. mil. a populo, procurat. Caesaris Au- 
 gusti in Vindalicis et Raetis et in Wille Poenina per annos 
 nil, et in Hispania provincia per annos X, et in Suria bien- 
 nium. (Castellvecchio Subequo.) 
 
 (2) C. I. L. IX, 331 1 ; Q. Octavio L. f. Sagittae, quinq. II, 
 pagus Boedinus. (Castelvecchio Subequo.) 
 
 (3) Notizie (1898), p. 75 ; Q. Octavius L. f. S[agitta, quinq. 
 II?] sacras basilica[s restituendas] et novas facien[das, item 
 forum?] reficiendum, via[mque ad templum] Romae et Au- 
 gusti Ca[esaris' curavit]. (Castelvecchio Subequo.) 
 
 Sagitta was evidently a procurator of Augustus, as the ex- 
 pression ''Caesar Augustus" (i) (3), shows. The inscription 
 (i) is in the ascending order. Now since Raetia and Nori- 
 cum came under Roman sway by 15 B.C.,- a simple calculation, 
 based on the number of years in that province and in Spain, 
 shows that he cannot have been procurator in Syria before 
 I B.C. Hence his term falls between i B.C. and 14 A.D., the 
 year of the death of Augustus.^ 
 
 It is quite possible that Octavius Sagitta, mentioned by 
 Tacitus,* was a descendant of this Sagitta. If so, the family 
 had been raised to the senatorial order. We find also men- 
 tion of a f reedman'^ of the family. 
 
 * The Notizie does not supply the name, but it seems pretty certain. 
 'Schiller and Voigt, Rom. Altertiimer (ed. 2) in Miiller. H. Buch 
 
 IV, 2, p. 183. 
 ' Liebenam, Fasti p. 103. 
 *A. XIII, 44; H. IV, 44. 
 »C I. L. IX, 3035. 
 
 (Note on Sagitta, governor in Raetia.) Sagitta is evidently an earlier 
 procurator-governor than any yet known for Raetia. The conclusion 
 of M. B. Peaks (Gen. Civ. and Mil. Adm. of Nor. and Raetia, p. 165), 
 
 66 
 
 \ 
 
 
 Statilius 18/19 
 
 I. G. R. Ill, 1056, IVa, 1. 42ff. (p. 398); - - Tep^mvLKOv KatVa- 
 /30S Slol Tijs 7r/)os 2raTctA.t[o»' CTriO-JroA^? 8tacra<^ i;(ravT05 . (p. 399) *> 
 
 - - quemadmodum etiam Germanictis Caesar in epistola, 
 scripta ad Statilium, explicuit. (Palmyra). 
 
 Statilius was probably a procurator^ of Syria under Ger- 
 manicus, hence in 18/19 A.D.^ 
 
 Barbarus 60/63 
 
 I. G. R. Ill, 1056, IVa, 1. 56ff. (p. 398); --u)? Kal KovpfiovXwv 
 6 KpaTLdTO^ i(Tr}p.nji)(raTO iv rrj irposi Hapfiapov kTnaroXrj. (p. 399) 5 
 
 — sicut sanxit egregius Corbulo in epistola quam scripsit ad 
 Barbarum. 
 
 Barbarus was probably procurator® of Syria during Cor- 
 bulo's term, 60-63 A.D.^ 
 
 ? C. Plinius Secundus Circa 70 
 
 I. G. R. Ill, IOI5 \ [*Apa8iW] 17 pov\[r] Kttt o 8i7/u.os ]tViov 
 
 '^tKOxv^hov €7ra/3];(OV CTTTCtprys [0]/3a[KU)v irpJoirT;?, iTrap\ov\€iXr]Si~\ 
 
 , (ov, avTtirLTpo^TToy Ti^c/aibjv lovXiov AA.[c]^[av8pov C7r]ap;j(0v [tJov *Iov- 
 Sat[Kov (TTpaTOv, CTTtrJ/aoTTOV 2vp[cas, iirap^oy iv AtyvTrrJo) Acytcuyos 
 £[1x00^7175 SevTc'pas]. 
 
 This inscription, if the opinion of Mommsen^^ is correct, 
 is of Pliny the Elder. Miinzer^^ has doubted this ; but Do- 
 maszewski^- accepts it, and shows that the career is quite 
 normal. The position in Judaea was no doubt held during 
 the rebellion, ^'^ so that his procuratorship would be dated 
 about 70, or soon after. 
 
 that Raetia was at first governed by a praef ectus (Hirschfeld, Ver- 
 waltungsbeamten, p. 39off.) seems therefore to be incorrect, for the 
 praef ectus cited by her (op. cit. p. 185) is evidently later than Sagitta. 
 
 * So thinks Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsbeamten p. 90, i. 
 
 ^ Prosop. II, 179. 
 
 ' Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsbeamten p. 90, i, also thinks so. 
 
 " Schurer, G. J. V. I, p. 335. 
 
 '"Hermes XIX (1884), p. 644. 
 
 "B. J. CIV (1899), p. 103. 
 
 "»Rangord. p. 152. Rh. M. LVIII (1903), p. 225, n. i. 
 
 " See the cursus of Ti. Julius Alexander, Prosop. II, 164, 92. 
 
 67 
 
 VI 
 
Aemilius luncus Circa loo 
 
 B. S. N. A. (1902), p. 341 = A. E. (1903), 116 = R. B. 
 (1905), p. 570; Aemilio [I]unco [p]roc. Aug. (Beirut). 
 
 Juncus was procurator of Syria at an unknown time. Per- 
 haps he was the father of AemiHus Juncus, consul in 127, as 
 the editors note. The fact that the latter was a citizen and 
 benefactor of Tripolis in Phoenice may increase the probability 
 of relationship.!* In that case Juncus would be procurator at 
 about the beginning of the second century. 
 
 Eudaemon? 1 17/138 
 
 (i) C. I. L. Ill, 431. (Cf. 71 16 and 13674); . . . Proc. 
 [Imp.] Caesaris Traiani Hadriani [pro]c. addioecesin Alex- 
 andr., [pjroc. bibHothecar. (iraec. et Latin., ab epistulis Graec, 
 proc. Lye. ||| Pamp. Galat. Paph. Pisid. Pont ||, proc. heredit., 
 et proc. pro[vin]ciae Asiae, proc. Syriae. Hermes Aug. lib. 
 adiut. eius. h. c. 
 
 (2) l.G.R. Ill, i077 = C. LL. Ill, 7116; [^ /3ov\^ Ka]! 6 
 
 ^^7/^09 LfxovLj tTTLTpoTTw [AvTOKpaTopo? K]atVa/309 Tpauivov' ASpui- 
 
 vov 2c^a<r]TOV cVt StotKT/o-cws ['AAc^ai/Spcia? eVjtrpoTru) f3L[/3]\Lo0r)Kw[v 
 p<i)fiaLKU)v TC /cat tXjXrjvtKwvy iwl iTriaToXwv IWtjvlkwv eTriT/ofoVcu 
 
 2v/Dtas] - - - . (Beirut). 
 
 The man commemorated by these inscriptions was procurator 
 of Syria in Hadrian's reign. From the remainder of the name 
 — i/xovi (2), HirschfekP' concluded, reasonably enough, that 
 he was the Eudaemon'*' who was high in Hadrian's favor for 
 a time.'^ 
 
 Cn. Marcius Rustius Rufinus 
 
 Under Commodus? 
 
 i) C. I. L. X, 1 127; Cn. Ma[rcio] Cn. f. Stel. Rust[io 
 Rufino] praef. class. pr[aet. Misen.], praef. class. Rav[enn., 
 proc] Aug. prov. Syria [e . . . trib.] coh. I praet., tri[b. coh. 
 XI ur]ban., trib. coh. \T [\"ig. 
 
 Ruiinus was praef. vigikmi 205-207.1^ Before that, but after 
 
 " I. G. IV/ 622. 
 
 " Friedlander, Sittengesch. I,*' p. 187. 
 
 ''Vita Hadriani 15, 3. 
 
 " For treatment of the cursns of these inscriptions see Domaszewski, 
 Rangord. p. 202ff. 
 
 " E. E. VII, 1204 and 1205. C. I. L. VI, 1056. 
 
 68 
 
 • 
 
 'F 
 
 198 he was praepositus annonae.^^ This office was apparently 
 an irregular one, for the regular title is praefectus annonae.^^ 
 To this may be due the fact that he is entitled praepositus 
 annonae Imp. L. Septimi Severi Pii Pertinac. et M. Aurelii 
 Antonini Augg. But it is equally possible that the emperors 
 are mentioned because this office was the first one held by 
 him under the new regime. If this is so, then the prefectures of 
 the fleets,-^ and the procuratorship of Syria (i), listed in 
 descending order, must of course be dated before the reign 
 of Severus. This would mean placing the procuratorship of 
 Syria, at least, in the reign of Commodus. It is however 
 possible that Rufinus was procurator of Syria Coele after the 
 division of Syria in 194.-- A glance at inscription (i) shows 
 that there is space after "Syria [e ..." which "Coeles" would 
 nicely fill. 
 
 Name unknown Probably second C. 
 
 C. I. L. Ill, 183; Fines positi inter Caesarenses ad Libanum 
 et Gigartenos, de vico Sidonior., iussu ||||||||{|| pro[c. Aug.] 
 per Dom[itum . (Museiliha). 
 
 The procurator's name has been erased. From the general 
 appearance of the inscription we may infer that he probably 
 belonged to the second century. 
 
 PROCURATORS FOR PARTICULAR 
 SERVICES IN SYRIA 
 
 M. Claudius Q. f. Quir Restitutus Second C. 
 
 C. I. L. VIII, 7039; - - proc.^ - - ad putandas rationes 
 Syriae civitatium.- 
 
 C. Valerius Quir. Fuscus Second C. 
 
 C. I. L. VI, 1633; - - proc.^ a[d] XX p[e]r Syriam - - . 
 
 *' C. I. L. IX, 1582. The omission of froc. Syriae is very curious. 
 
 ^ De Ruggiero I, p. 478. 
 
 '^C. I. L. IX, 1582; and (i). 
 
 ^See under The Division of Syria, p. S/ff. 
 
 ^ Liebenam, Die Procur. p. 97. 
 
 * Xote that Pactumeus Clemens circa 135 held a position very like 
 this, but as praetorian legate of Hadrian. C. I. L. VIII, 7059. 
 
 ^ Liebenam, Die Procur., pp. 6^ and 95. Domaszewski, Rangord. 
 p. 162. 
 
 69 
 
 i 
 
PROCURATORS OF SYRIA COELE 
 
 ? Zosimio 253/260 
 
 Vita Claudii 14, 2; Epistola Valeriani ad Zosimionem, pro- 
 curatorem Syriae. - - 
 
 It is not at all certain that there is any history^ in this sec- 
 tion of the Vita ; but we note Zosimio as a possibility. 
 
 Aelius lanuarius 
 
 Third C, second half. 
 
 C. I. L. II, 4135; Ael. lanuario proc. hereditat[ium], proc. 
 Chosdroe[nes, proc] Syriae Coeles, [proc] vect. Illyric[or 
 
 ] prov. Hispa[niae Cite]rioris Tarrac[on., prae]sidi 
 
 prov. Ting [it., praesi]di prov. Mau[ret. Caesariensis 
 
 It seems to be the general opinion that Januarius was of 
 the time of Diocletian,- but there are no real arguments to 
 establish this view or to make it probable. Too little is known 
 of Osrohene, to date the inscription as Liebenam"^ does. So far 
 as concerns the praesides of the African provinces, it is cer- 
 tain* that the simple title praeses is found as early as 22"] in 
 a cursus inscription ; and by 254 in a non-cursus inscription.^ 
 We may then place Januarius in the second half of the third 
 century.^ 
 
 PROCURATORS OF SYRIA PHOENICE 
 
 Septimius Vorodes Dec 262-Apr. 267 
 
 I. G. R. Ill, 1040 *, 2€7rTt[/xtov OvopwSrjv toJv KpancrTov €7rt'Tpo7r[ov 
 iScySacToC 8JovKr;va/oiov, 'lovAios Avp>;[Aios Nc^JaySaAos 2oa8ov rov 
 At[paj, <TTpaTr)y6<i rrjq Xa/xirpoTaTrjs KoAa>v<tas [t]ok iavTot <f>L\ov 
 
 tci/utJs evcKcv, ctovs ^o<I}\ ixrjv€L ATTcAAato). (Palmyra). 
 Cf. nos. 1041-1045 incl., of this same man. 
 Vorodes was a procurator ducenarius. It would seem that 
 
 ^ Peter, Gesch. Litt. rom. Kzeit II, pp. 339 and 340. 
 ' Pallu de Lessert, Pastes Prov. Afr. II, p. 353. 
 ' Die Procur. pp. 25 and 39. 
 
 * Pallu de Lessert op. cit. I, p. 507. 
 
 * Op. cit. I, p. 520. 
 
 * The name Aelius lanuarius is quite common ; but no other inscrip- 
 tion cah be assigned to this procurator. C. I. L. Ill, 1386; 3310; 3347; 
 12567; VIII, 20425 b; IX, 1410; X, 1742; E. E. VIII, 217; 325; A. E. 
 (1911), 181. 
 
 70 
 
 < 
 
 he was procurator of Syria Phoenice ; but a ''ducenarius"^ for 
 that province is not likely. Possibly this was given him as title 
 for a special position in Palmyrene affairs, by the Roman gov- 
 ernment.* The inscriptions give the dates Dec 262 to April 
 267. 
 
 Name Unknown Third C? 
 
 P. A. E. S. Ill, A, 655 = I. G. R. Ill, 1 129 ; cVir>o7rov 
 
 [tov 2]c/8(a(rTOi}), to KOtvo[v] dyvo)? C7rt[Ta]^avTa tci/ui7}[s] X^P^^- 
 
 (Aere). 
 
 A procurator of Syria, or more probably of Syria Phoenice, 
 since the building in which the inscription was found is dated 
 in 191, is here commemorated. Syria was divided in 194.^ 
 
 Name Unknown Third C? 
 
 P. A. E. S. Ill, A, 655^ V .... TO KOt[v(ov)] ALprj[cT(LiOv)'] 
 
 iTTLTpOTTOv t[oJv ^€^(aaTOv) T€ifj.ys X^pf-V' (Aere). 
 
 This inscription, found in the same place as the one pre- 
 ceding, probably also commemorates a procurator of Syria 
 Phoenice. 
 
 Antonius Theodorus Age of Diocletian 
 
 I. G. R. I, 121 I ; 'Avrwvtos (d€.6huipo<i 6 Sta(77;/x[oTaTO?] kq^oAikos 
 
 [t^S AlyVTTTOV KOl] ^0LVLK7J<i, TToXtTT/S €V TYj Pa(rL\[€VOV(Tr)] VuipLYl, XPoVo) 
 
 7ro\Xa> SiarpLxl/as kol to, €K€l $avfjui'r[a~\ ctSov /cat to. ivravda. 
 
 If the restoration of this inscription is correct, Theodorus 
 was a procurator of Syria Phoenice. It is referred, from the 
 term KaOoXiKo^ to Diocletian's time.*^ 
 
 * On these procurators see Hirschfeld, Verwaltnngsbeamten p. 435^- 
 and Domaszewski, Rangord. p. I49ff. 
 
 ' Sallet, Die Fiirsten von Palmyra, p. 11, to which Hirschfeld (op. cit. 
 p. 436) refers on Vorodes, I have not been able to consult. 
 
 'See The Division of Syria, p. S.-ff. 
 
 - Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsbeamten p. 36ff. Daremberg-Saglio IV, 814. 
 
 71 
 
 ( 
 
THE SEPARATION OF CILICIA 
 
 AND SYRIA 
 
 After Antiochus had been deposed, in ^2, by Paetus the 
 governor of Syria, his kingdom, Commagene, was added to 
 the province of Syria/ A large part of CiHcia, especially of 
 Cilicia Trachea, which had been under his sway, was now 
 of course taken away.- The problem is to find out what was 
 done with this land. Now the Eastern part, Cilicia Campestris 
 had for long been, and still was, at this time included in the 
 province of Syria.^ According to Suetonius, Vespasian 'Tra- 
 chiam* Ciliciam et Commagenem dicionis regiae usque ad id 
 tempus, in provinciarum formam redegit."^ The passage un- 
 fortunately leaves it doubtful whether new separate provinces 
 were formed or not. Marquardt, however, was inclined to 
 believe from this that Vespasian made Cilicia a separate prov- 
 ince.^ In his second edition^ on the evidence of an inscription 
 published by Henzen,^ he put the formation of the province 
 of Cilicia later, under Trajan or Hadrian.'* This inscription, 
 which gives the cursus of the athlete Flavins Artemidorus^^ 
 
 ' Marq., St. V. I, p. 399. 
 
 V6., note 8; also p. 384!?. 
 
 ' Marq., St. V. I, p. 387. Jos. (B. J. VII, 3, §238) shows pretty clearly, 
 from the fact that Paetus sent troops from Syria to Tarsus to arrest 
 Antiochus, that Eastern Cilicia belonged to Syria. De Ruggiero s. v. 
 Cilicia (p. 231) does not think the deduction necessary. 
 
 * Reading of M. Ihm's ed. of 1907. Cf. Marq., St. V. I, p. 313, n 8 
 Often read "Thracia." 
 
 'Vesp. 8, 4. 
 
 " St. V. r, p. 229ff. 
 
 ^ Op. cit. ed. 2, I, p. 387, n. 10. 
 
 •Bull, dell Inst. (1887), p. no = I. G. R. I, 445. The editors of 
 I. G. iR. remark on this inscription : "Xota trium provinciarum legatos, 
 Syriae, Ciliciae, Phoeniciae, in unum concilium eo tempore convenisse." 
 This note seems to me meaningless. Certainly there was no province 
 of Phoenicia at this time, or any legate of it. 
 
 •So too Kiepert, Atlas (1910) VIII, p. 2. 
 
 *" P.-W. VI, 2533, no. 46. 
 
 72 
 
 
 The assumption n,ade JtL ba iT'of 7'"''' '^ ''''"''^«'^- 
 Cilicia was still attached to SvriaTsd A n '"""P^'^"' ^^at 
 Ijy Fr. Cuniont » h. . ^'^^ ^^^ been refuted 
 
 games, in which he h;,d , "T °™' Lap.tohne victory, mentions 
 
 ologicll order Those at a" r'u "'*' ""'^ '"^^^'"^ '^^ '^hr- 
 years before ' To thU '^ ""'^ ''''" ^^''^ 'aken place 
 
 suchga„,esat Antioc ImrhtT ''1/™" Mommsen.'^'that 
 tinued after thTuZll^^ "" ?.'^ '"^^^-^ ^'"'^ been con- 
 
 .oes on to .it^^:^ ^ i^^o^ S^'^^^-a '-^' 
 scription.^'-^ In it we finrl . ^' r ,^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ new m- 
 
 calied -'leg. Aug! ToU Slic L" '"\S'" P^'T^^""^ 
 
 Cun,o„t dates the howling of II o^Tg^Sofof^rr- 
 before 96 certainly, and probably before 02 On t, S ' 
 he goes back, for the formation of th? I '^"^'"" 
 
 when Vespasian took the la^ from AnSuO: W'""^ 
 hng- evidently agrees with Cumont's view "^^ ^'""■ 
 
 Recently, however, Domaszewski- has asserted th.t ry ■ 
 renianied a oart of ^^rri, . . , asserted that Cihcia 
 
 ^e . ^otwKiyt, Ko/i^ayevT)'!, Tvpov '■ before rr,r ^ 
 
 Of course that bv that tim^ r;r; ' " °5, proves 
 
 Syria. Domaszewsk app ren^r'b T "°u '°"^^'" P^" '' 
 Marquardt. would put^leTeSon'rf ''' ''" "^" °^ 
 in the early part of TraanTrTn O '?°^"'"^' '^^"" 
 
 prised to find such a chan'e takin. n^ "f •"'" '^ ^"'- 
 when Trajan, after his la e return to Ro """^ ^'^ ^™^ 
 occupied with the conquest ofDacir Zl '^V"' ""'^'' 
 tation of the office held by Po emaeanus s ' " '''''''"'- 
 
 wrong. In the first place^the oSHflT 'C^: '^n^t 
 
 7. O. A. I. X (1907), p. 306. 
 
 „ ^angord. p. ,72, and note 13. 
 
 A. E. (1905) 122 Pf a • -1 
 
 Frankel, Inschr, von Perg 11 ' T, n ""'"'^1^°"' ^"^out T,(^„, ;„ 
 
 *• '- P- 30!. no. 4.37.Cf. above p. 17. 
 
 11 
 
 la 
 u 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 73 
 
^ u 
 
 title is by no means necessarily significant. Other cases are 
 found where a governor is certainly meant.^^ In the second 
 place the presence of the word ''provincia" with ''Cilicia'" is 
 quite decisive. Surely it must mean that the independent 
 province had been formed.^^ Fortunately we have here the 
 help of another inscription,^^ which seems to have been over- 
 looked. It was found at Seleucia, Cilicia, and refers to the 
 
 building of a bridge Sta A. 'OKraoviov Mc/xopo?, Trpiapivroi Kol dv 
 TLaTpaTtjyovj viraTOv aTroScScty/xcVov. The date is /^ Or 78 A.D. 
 
 This is the full title of a praetorian governor.*^ 
 
 On the evidence of this inscription and that of Polemaeanus 
 we are surely justified in concluding that, in yj or 78 A.D., 
 Cilicia existed as an independent province. -- 
 
 18 
 
 C. I. L. Ill, 6687; Quirinus, circa 6 A.D., is called "legatus Caesaris 
 Syriae." X, 5182; Quadratus, died in 60, "leg. Ti. Caesaris Aug. prov. 
 Lusit., leg. Divi Claudi in Illyrico. eiusdem et Xeronis Caesaris Aug. 
 in Syria." C. I. L. VIII, 6706; Q. Lollius Urbicus, "leg. Aug. provinc. 
 Germ. Inferioris" was, no doubt, governor under Hadrian. 
 
 '*A still different view, apparently a compromise between the views 
 of Marquardt and Domaszewski and that of Cumont, is given by 
 Sandys, Comp. to Latin Stud. (1910) p. 403; "Vespasian probably re- 
 constituted Cilicia as a separate province in A.D. 74, consisting of 
 C. Trachea. C. Campestris was added perhaps by Hadrian." That Ha- 
 drian added Campestris is a necessary inference from Dig. XXII, 5, 
 3, I, where the "provincia Cilicia" is ipentioncd ; with perhaps some 
 consideration of C. I. L. HI, 13625, which gives a governor of Cilicia 
 in 121. Evidently Sandys has missed the significance of the inscriptions 
 of Quadratus, to one of which Domaszewski called attention. More- 
 over, if the view that Trachea. was a separate province is held, the 
 inscription mentioned, found in Trachea west of the Lanus (Forbiger, 
 Geogr. II, p. 272) has no proof for the adding of Cilicia Campestris. 
 Then the Digest passage contains the selfsame term which is found in 
 the inscription of Polemaeanus, "provincia Cilicia." So then the main 
 proof, which Sandys apparently uses for the adding of Campestris, may 
 just as well apply to the time of the Flavians. 
 
 For the formation of the province Cilicia Trachea by Vespasian, 
 Sandys must have used the passage of Suetonius (note 4 and above) 
 which shows that Cilicia Trachea, if Trachea in the text is correct, was 
 put under provincial government. But Commagene, which was cer- 
 tainly not made an independent province, is mentioned in the same con- 
 nection, so that it is not possible to conclude that Trachea was then 
 formed as a province distinct from Campestris. 
 
 =^'1. G. R. Ill, 840. 
 
 ^ The Ijiraros d-jrodedeiyfi^voi shows this. Cilicia has always been re- 
 garded a praetorian province under the empire. This inscription shows 
 that it was so from the beginning. 
 
 ^ See above, and notes 11 and 12. 
 
 74 
 
 The territory which this province included, however, may 
 have been Cilicia Trachea alone. That is all that can be 
 inferred from the location of the inscription of Memor. Should 
 Campestris also be included in the new province? I think 
 it should. Now we have shown that the inscription of Arte- 
 midorus contains no satisfactory evidence that Cilicia, or any 
 part of it, remained under the jurisdiction of the governor of 
 Syria in the year 86 or later. With the exception of this 
 inscription there is no proof of any kind that Cilicia Campestris 
 remained a part of Syria. If we look at the evidence for its 
 incorporation with Trachea, it is clear that, as has been noted 
 above, no part of Cilicia belonged to Syria in the year 105.-^ 
 Sometime before this therefore, but after 72,-'' Campestris must 
 have been taken from Syria. 
 
 Now the new province was under a praetorian governor,^^ 
 but without a legion.^^ There was a number of such provinces 
 in the empire ; but I can find no praetorian province so small 
 in extent, with so few important cities, and so insignificant in 
 general, as the province of Cilicia would here have been if it 
 included only Cilicia Trachea. The province of Lycia and 
 Pamphylia, probably the nearest to it in point of size, was 
 considerably larger.-^ Even some of the provinces governed 
 by procurators, Thrace for example, would surely surpass it 
 in importance. It would not be unnatural therefore to expect 
 a procurator for such a province rather than a legate. If, on 
 the other hand, this province included also Campestris, a terri- 
 tory larger and more fertile than Trachea,^^ and having the 
 important city of Tarsus, it would not be at all surprising to 
 find it governed by a praetorian. 
 
 Again— an indication is afforded by the political-geographical 
 situation. When Vespasian had deprived Antiochus of his 
 kingdom, there were at least two large tracts of land to ar- 
 range under Roman rule, Commagene and Cilicia Trachea.-^ 
 To join both to the province of Syria would be to create a 
 province geographically unwieldy, and perhaps politically dan- 
 
 " See above, note 17. 
 
 ^ See above, p. 72. 
 
 ^'' See above, and note 21. 
 
 ^Domaszewski, Rangord. p. I73- 
 
 *' Kiepert, Atlas VIII (1910), p. i. 
 
 "* Forbiger, Geogr. II, p. 272flF. 
 
 * See p. 72. 
 
 75 
 
gerous. The natural thing to do was to join Commagene to 
 Syria, and this Vespasian did.'" Trachea, as we have seen, was 
 put under a praetorian governor.'^^ Is it not then most reason- 
 able to suppose that, in this readjustment, to balance the addi- 
 tion of Commagene to Syria, Cilicia Campestris was taken 
 from Syria and combined with Trachea, to which it was joined 
 by nature, and by man many years before it came under Roman 
 control? It is quite noticeable also that, with such an arrange- 
 ment Syria had about the same extent as before, but was much 
 more compact, and could doubtless be better managed. 
 
 A further significant fact seems to me to be the founding of a 
 new city Flaviopolis, by \'espasian, in Cilicia Campestris/"^- 
 This fact clearly indicates that changes and rearrangements 
 were being carried on in East Cilicia, as well as in Commagene 
 and Cilicia Trachea. And the time of the founding is espe- 
 cially noteworthy; it was in the year following the deposing 
 of Antiochus, i.e. in y^^-""^ Does it not look as if this were part 
 of a general readjustment of Cilician affairs? I think it 
 does. And, I believe. Head was right in his suggestion that the 
 era of Flaviopolis was also the era of the new province of 
 Cilicia."^ It has been shown that Campestris must have been 
 
 bee p. yz. 
 
 ^^ See above, note 21. 
 
 "Kiepert, Atlas VIII (1910), p. 19. 
 
 ^ See note 34. 
 
 '* Hist. Num., index p. 945, s. anno 73-74- The era is given variously as 
 of 7z or 74 A.D, Eckhel III, 56 gives the year 74; Head, op. cit., p. 720, 
 72> or 74 A.D.; Macdonald, Hunt. Coll. II (1901), p. s?^t,, 74 A.D. ; B. M.- 
 C. Lycaonia p. CVII, 74 A.D. Imhoof-Blumer, Kleinasiatische Miinzen 
 II, p. 445, has collected the evidence for fixing the era, and concludes 
 that it began in 73/74 or 74/75. He doubts the evidence of two coins 
 which, if accepted, would fix the beginning of the era in 73/74. A coin 
 of Antoninus Pius (Babelon, Invent. Wadd. in R. X. (i8'>8) II, p. 165, 
 no. 4286) is dated er. Sir — 89. Imhoof-Blumer considers it a mis- 
 reading for 67r. If correct it gives us, 'by the era 73/74, 161/162 A.D. 
 Antoninus died on March 7, i6r, so the coin would probably have been 
 struck some little time after his death. This is not at all impossible, 
 considering the distance from Rome to Flaviopolis. In Egypt many 
 papyri are found dated, months after an emperor's death, as in his 
 reign (Wilcken, Gk. Ostr. T, p. 8ooff). A coin of Elaga])alus (Mionnet, 
 Suppl. VII, p. 213, no. 244) dated 149, can only be satisfactorily placed 
 by the use of an era 73/74. 
 
 J. H. S. Suppl. II (1892), p. 28, no. 29: p. 2T, no. 27 — I. G. R. Ill, 
 817 and 818, contains two inscriptions dated by the era of the province. 
 
 76 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 included in Cilicia before 105.^^ What date is more suitable 
 for this than the time when alone we have evidence for changes 
 not only in Western but also in Eastern Cilicia? 
 
 All indications then go to show that the two halves of 
 Cilicia are not to be considered as distinct up to the reign of 
 Trajan, but as parts of one new province formed by \'es- 
 pasian in '/2>- 
 
 Unfortunately nothing in their content gives us a clue to their dates, so 
 that the era used can not be ascertained. 
 
 The year of the rearrangement in Cilicia is taken by Marquardt (St. 
 V. I, p. 3S4ff.) to be 74, based on Hieron. Chron., sixth year of Ves- 
 pasian. The statement there given is however only a general summary. 
 Commagene's incorporation with Syria is put under the same year, 
 though, as is certain, its provincial era began in 71/72 (Eckhel III, 
 253; B. M. C. Galatia — (1899), p. 117). There is in that statement there- 
 fore no objection to the placing of the rearrangement earlier, and with 
 the era of the province, in y^i- 
 
 *' See notes 17 and 24, and above. 
 
 77 
 
/:» 
 
 
 THE REVOLT OF PESCENNIUS 
 
 NIGER 
 
 It has been held by many scholars that the conflict between 
 Severus and Niger was carried on chiefly in 194 and only 
 ended towards the close of that year.^ G. Hassebrauk- ex- 
 pressed the view that the winning of Asia Minor from Niger 
 took place in 193, the final conflict in 194; but he gave no 
 proof. Wilcken's assertion'^ that the revolt was confined to 
 the year 193, I believe can be proved true ; but the evidence 
 was not given by him, and his view has not won acceptance. 
 There are however various bits of evidence which demand an 
 explanation of the conflict dififerent from the common one, and 
 which enable us to give a more clearly defined outline of 
 Niger's revolt. 
 
 A coin Gabala in Syria is extant, dated in the 240th year 
 of that city, and in the reign of Septimius Severus.* Since 
 its era is 47/46 B.C.,' it belongs to the year 193/194 A.D. 
 Now it is very likely that the year at Gabala ran from Oct. 
 I, as at Antioch.^ Hence Severus was ruler in Syria at the 
 latest, by the end of September 194. The evidence of this coin 
 is supported by coins of Asia Minor. In Galatia, before the 
 end of the provincial year 193/194 A.D., Severus was in 
 power.^ Coins of Caesarea in Cappadocia give Severus €t. /3.^ 
 
 ^De Ceuleneer, La Vie de Sept. Sev. (1880), p. 61 ff.; especially p. 
 78. Schiller I, p. 711. K. Fuchs, Gesch. Sept. Sev. (1884), p. 43ff. 
 A. Wirth, Quaest. Sever. (1888), pp. 9 and 24. H. S. Jones, Hist, of 
 Rom. Emp. (1908), p. 240. Dcmiaszewski, G. iR. K. (1909), II, p. 252. 
 Liebenam, Fasti (1909), p. no. R. Cagnat, Epigraphie Latine {1914), 
 p. 208. V. Chapot, Prov. Asie (1904), p. 67, dates it in 195. 
 
 'Kaiser Sept. Sev. (i890>, pp. 12 and 13. 
 
 ' Gk. Ostr. I, p. 803. 
 
 *Hunt. Coll. Ill (1905), p. 200, 6. 
 
 ''Eckhel III, 314. P.-W. I, 650. 
 
 ' See under Domitius Dexter, p. 40. B. M. C. Phoenicia p. cxxxix, 
 has Oct. (Xov.) I. 
 
 * B. M. C. Galatia— (1899), p. 25, nos. 9 and 14- 
 
 ' 0/>. cit. p. 73ff., nos. 219, 222, 235. 
 
 78 .. . 
 
 < 
 
 Since, in all probability, his first year there ran from spring 
 to autumn of 193, his second ran from autumn 193 to au- 
 tumn 194.® 
 
 There is also an inscription, a milliarium in Syria, of Veni- 
 dius Rufus, governor of the new province Syria Phoenice 
 formed under Septimius Severus, and in the year 194 in all 
 probability.^^ It w^ould be very strange to find a governor 
 already repairing roads in 194, if the revolt was not over till 
 near the end of the same year. 
 
 Again there is a governor of Arabia, P. Aelius Severianus 
 Maximus, who was in office during the trib. pot. II of Severus, 
 Dec. 193/194, and whose name appears on no less than eight 
 milestones. ^^ These call for a date fairly early in 194, at the 
 latest, for the end of Niger's revolt. 
 
 A papyrus^- is extant, dated Sep. 17, 194, which contains 
 mention of Septimius Severus as emperor with the title Ara- 
 bicus Adiabenicus. These are the titles which Severus took 
 during his campaigns in Mesopotamia, immediately after the 
 suppression of the revolt of Niger. They have formerly been 
 assigned to the year 195.^' That Severus received these titles 
 at least one month before the date of the papyrus would be a 
 conservative assumption.^* And moreover some little time 
 must have elapsed, after the end .of Niger's revolt, before 
 Severus could have assumed them. A period of three months 
 would be a very small allowance. These considerations alone 
 would fully justify us in placing the end of the revolt and the 
 general course of its events some six or seven months earlier 
 than they are usually dated. To a date as early as the middle 
 of May, 194, objections could hardly be raised. 
 
 But we know furthermore, from papyri, that before Feb. 
 21, 194,^'"' Egypt which at first supported Niger,^^ declared for 
 
 ' See note 6, and reference. 
 
 *** See under Venidius Rufus, p. 53, and The Division of Syria, p. 87. 
 
 " Briinnow, Arabia III, p. 290 for inscriptions. Also C. I. L. Ill, 
 T4169, 14172, 14174, 14176.* See below, note 61. 
 
 " B. G. U. I, 199, 1. 2off. It is dated in the third year of Severus, 
 month Qujd k. From the Fayum. 
 
 ^Liebenam, Fasti p. no. 
 
 '* See note 17. 
 
 ^'^ B. G. U. I, 2>^, col. 2, 1.12; Severus emperor, 
 
 "See below notes 51 and 53. The latest (Grenf. Gk. Pap. II, p. 95, 
 no. 60) is dated Dec. 5, 193. 
 
 79 
 
 V 
 
it 
 
 Severiis. Now Wilcken'" has shown conclusively that a change 
 of emperors was generally unknown for a month and more 
 in central and upper Egypt. It is reasonable then to suppose 
 that Severus was accepted in Egypt as emperor at least a 
 month before Feb. 21. But what good and suhicient rea- 
 son could there be for Egypt to wish to leave Niger, or even 
 dare to, when up to the end of 193, according to the usually 
 accepted view, his attempt had been very successful? He had 
 won over all Asia Minor and even held Byzantium.''^ Egypt's 
 acceptance of Severus is only to be understood by supposing 
 that Niger had been killed or at least badly defeated by that 
 time. 
 
 Now from another point of attack, namely a study of the 
 acclamations of Severus as imperator during 194 especially, 
 it is possible to date even more exactly the end of the revolt of 
 Niger. It is the generally accei)ted view that Severus received 
 his second, third, and fourth acclamations during 194.''-^ Cer- 
 tain it is that the fourth was the last which occurred in 194, 
 for not only is it found to some extent on documents of 195,-*^ 
 but there is also no trace at all of the fifth in 194. Liebenanr^ 
 would date the fourth as late as November, on the evidence 
 of one inscription-- which gives Severus "Imp. IIII, cos. II, 
 trib. pot. III." This inscription simply shows that Imp. IIII 
 continued in use after Dec. 10, 194. In the light of the evi- 
 dence from the inscriptions of Severianus Maximus governor 
 of Arabia under Severus trib. pot. II, and Imp. IIII,-"^ it con- 
 tains no proof that Imp. IIII was not assumed until late in 
 194. It is plain then that the view that Niger was finally de- 
 feated late in 194 has no basis in so far as it rests on the dating 
 of the fourth acclamation.-* 
 
 It has indeed been generally assumed that the final overthrow 
 of Niger must be connected with the fourth acclamation of 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 » 
 
 Gk. Ostr. I, p. Sooff. His proof is based on the dating of ostraka 
 and papyri. 
 " A. Wirth, op. cit. p. 9. 
 
 Liebenam, Fasti p. 109. A. Wirth, op. cit. p. 24. 
 
 E.g. C. I. L. VIJI, 10351; 10364. 
 " Fasti p. 109. 
 ""E. E. VII, p. 425, 5. 
 ^ See above, note 11. 
 
 "^ So Liebenam, Fasti p. 1 10, apparently dates it. A. Wirth, op. cit 
 p. 24. 
 
 80 
 
 i 
 
 k 
 
 Severus as imperator,-'' though there is no direct proof of this 
 at all, and in fact there is evidence to the contrary. We have 
 seen that Severus assumed the titles Arabicus Adiabenicus for 
 the campaign in Mesopotamia before Sep. 17, 194.-'^ The accep- 
 tance of such titles would naturallv be connected with victories 
 for which an acclamation would likewise be received. The 
 last in 194 with which they can be associated is the fourth. To 
 support this conclusion, which seems a necessary one, there is 
 some direct epigraphical evidence. The titles are found on 
 one inscription-" of the early part of 195, added after the line 
 'Tmp. IIII, Cos. II," and Eckhel-^ refers to another in Mura- 
 tori's collection. There is also a coin in Cohen,--' dated in 
 194 or 195, which reads, ''L. Sept. Sev. Pert. Aug. Imp. 
 Illl/Part. Arab. Part. Adiab. Cos. II P. P."^^ The milliarium 
 of Venidius Rufus, first governor of Syria Phoenice, dated in 
 194 affords evidence leading to the same conclusion. If the 
 *Tmp. IIP' of Severus, on the stone, be the correct reading, 
 as the editor believes, the inscription is in itself absolute proof 
 that Imp. IIII can not be connected with the final overthrow 
 of Niger.^^ 
 
 The titles Arabicus Adiabenicus which we have thus con- 
 nected with Severus Imp. IIII were conferred with this accla- 
 mation, and not with the previous one, the third. If they had 
 been given with Imp. Ill we should rightly expect to see 
 them at least on the military diploma^- of the city cohorts in 
 194, and on the inscription set up to Severus by the veterans of 
 the Second Traiana.^^ 
 
 We should then naturally turn to the third acclamation as 
 the one to be connected with the overthrow of Niger. That 
 this is the correct conclusion is plainly shown by Roman coins 
 on which Severus is called 'Tmp. III.''''"' Whereas on the coins 
 
 ^'' De Ceuleneer, op. cit. p. 78; and the references in note 24. 
 ^ See note 12. 
 " C. I. L. VI, 1026. 
 ^ VII, 172, ref. to Muratori p. 243, i. 
 ^IV, p. 41, no. 364. 
 
 *' A. Wirth, op. cit. p. 24, without proof rejects this coin, and the 
 inscription (note 27) as false. 
 ^^ See under The Division of Syria, p. 87, and Venidius Rufus, 
 
 p. 53 (i). 
 ^ Archaeographo Triestino (1908), p. 289 — A. E. (1908), 146. 
 ^C. I. L. Ill, 6580. 
 ^ Cohen IV, p. iff. 
 
 81 
 
 I 
 
f I 
 
 I i 
 
 with "Imp. I" and *'Imp. 11" there are found various expres- 
 sions of victory such as "Mart. Victo."^" and "lovi Vict.,"^'^ 
 with "Imp. Ill" we find for the first time a Peace type,"'' along 
 with other Victory types, plainly indicating that Severus had 
 overcome his rival. 
 
 Another bit of evidence for this view is the fact that Severus 
 permitted the regular discharge of veterans of the city cohorts 
 in 194,^® and more especially the veterans of the II Traiana 
 in Egypt,^^ while he was Imp. III. It seems quite improbable 
 that Severus would muster out troops in Egypt, or even in the 
 city, if he still had a serious revolt on his hands in the East.*^ 
 
 We connect then the final defeat of Niger with Severus' 
 third acclamation. The date of this acclamation has been 
 loosely assumed to fall in the middle of 194;*^ but it can now 
 be placed considerably earlier. A military diploma, already 
 referred to, contains mention of Severus as "Imp. Ill" on 
 January 31, 194.'*'- By this date Severus had overcome his 
 rival. This conclusion is not at all out of harmony with the 
 evidence which allowed us to place the end of the revolt at 
 about the middle of May. This date — before Jan. 31 — is 
 in fact better suited to that evidence. There is thus a more 
 reasonable length of time allowed between the defeat of Niger 
 
 "Cohen IV, p. 37, 322, with "Imp. I." 
 "•Cohen IV, p. 29, 247, with "Imp. II." 
 
 " There are two varieties. Cohen IV, p. 35, 308, "Mars Pacator" 
 with "Imp. Ill"; p. 40, 359, "Paci Augusti" with "Imp. III." 
 
 ** See reference in note 32. 
 
 " C. I. L. Ill, 6580; see note 42. 
 
 *" It is of interest to note in connection with the inscriptions of notes 
 38 and 39, that Liebenam (Fasti p. no), simply taking a note of 
 Mommsen (St. R. II,' p. 778, i) dates the first use of the title 
 proconsul by Severus, in 200. Its occurrence however in these in- 
 scriptions, with Imp. Ill and trib. pot. II, shows its use by January 
 31, 194 (note 42). Cf. also C. I. L. II, 693. 
 
 " Liebenam, Fasti p. 109. 
 
 "See notes 32 and 38. The inscription reads: "Imp. Caes. L. Sep- 
 timus Severus Pertinax Aug., P. P., Pontif. Max., Trib. Pot. II, Imp. 
 
 Ill, Cos. II, Procos. a. d. Kal. Febr. Imp. Caes. L. Septimio 
 
 Severo Pertinax II, D. Clodio Septimio Albino Caes. II, cos." An 
 early date for Imp. Ill is also made probable by C. I. L. Ill, 6580, 
 of the veterans of the Second Traiana. Soldiers were "missi" early in 
 January, and finally discharged March i, according to Mommsen, 
 C. I. L. Ill, p. 2029. Cf, Daremberg-Saglio III, 1058. 
 
 82 
 
 » ir 
 
 < » 
 
 and the assumption of the titles Arabicus Adiabenicus.'^^ The 
 fact also that Egypt had submitted to Severus** before Feb. 21, 
 194, is thus best explained — the revolt of Niger was quelled. 
 
 The fact that Severus was known as Imp. Ill by Jan. 31, 
 194 at Rome makes it practically necessary to set the date 
 of the final victory, for which the acclamation was given, in 
 193. This victory was won at Issus.*^ In the light of Fried- 
 lander's*^ instances of the length of time necessary for jour- 
 neys in the Roman Empire we are justified in assuming that, 
 at that time of the year, the news could not have reached 
 Rome in less than a month. So then the overthrow of Niger 
 is to be dated near the end of 193 rather than early in 194. 
 That the date must be late in 193 is shown by coins*' of the 
 second acclamation. They are all of the year 194.*^ This fact 
 clearly indicates that the victory for which the second was 
 taken must have been won late in 193, so late that the news 
 reached Rome only in time to allow the appearance of Imp. 
 II on the early coins of 194. 
 
 It is now possible for us to reconstruct the history of Niger's 
 revolt in brief. The revolt began, according to the ancient 
 historians,*^ under Didius Julianus, that is between the end of 
 March and the beginning of June 193.^'^ The papyri show 
 that this evidence is substantially correct, since there are a 
 few of the second year of Niger,^^ showing that the revolt 
 must have begun before Aug. 29, 193, which was the Egyptian 
 New Year's day.^^ Furthermore there is a papyrus, from 
 Oxyrhynchus, dated in the first year of Niger, June 14, 193,^' 
 and there are several others almost as early.^* Considering the 
 
 " See above note 12. 
 
 ** See above note 15. 
 
 *' See below note 70. 
 
 *• Sittengesch. I,^ p. 3o6ff.; a journey by boat from Puteoli to Alex- 
 andria in nine days; from Rome to Miletus in fourteen days; from 
 Syria to Rome in fifty days. 
 
 *^ There are no inscriptions. 
 
 "Liebenam, Fasti p. 109. Cohen IV, p. 15, nos. 113 and 116; without 
 dates, p. 29, 247, and p. 37, 323. 
 
 ** See Schiller I, p. 671. 
 
 ^ Liebenam, Fasti p. 109. 
 
 "Ox. Pap. IV, 719 and 801. Grenf. Gk. Pap. II, no. 60. 
 
 '^ Mitteis-Wilcken I, I, p. liv. 
 Ox. Pap. IV, 719. 1. 28. 
 Dates of ostraka and papyri, from Niger's first year, are given by 
 
 83 
 
 u 
 
 frt 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
Ml 
 
 11 I 
 
 time which must have elapsed before Niger's revolt was known 
 and he was recognized in Egypt, and the long period which 
 usually passed before a change of emperors was known in the 
 inland towns of Egypt/'' we may safely say that Niger was 
 probably declared emperor in Syria early in April."'^ 
 
 All the East was won over by Niger easily and quickly," 
 and yet evidently not all the governors supported his cause 
 enthusiastically. Fabius Cilo, legate of Galatia in 193, left his 
 province, and joined Severus, on the approach of Niger.^« 
 The governor of Arabia, P. Aelius Severianus Maximus, ap- 
 pointed at least as early as the reign of Pertinax, is found 
 confirmed in his position, in 194, by Severus/"'^ Plainly he can 
 have been no ardent adherent of Niger, although no doubt he 
 did not dare to oppose him actively. Perhaps the case of the 
 prefect of Egypt, L. Mantennius Sabinus,^'^ is the same; ap- 
 pointed under Pertinax, he appears again early in the reign of 
 Severus, April 21, 194.*'' 
 
 Wilcken, Gk. Ostr. I, p. 803; two of June 17, I93; one of July 4; 
 one of July 8. 
 
 ^' See above note 17. 
 
 ^ Wilcken, 1. c. 
 
 " Schiller I, p. 707ff. 
 
 ^^ Schiller I, p. 709. Stout, Govs, of Moesia p. 33- 
 
 "" Briinnow, Arabia III. p. 290. 
 
 *" P. Meyer, Hermes XXXIl (1897), p. 482. I. G. R. I, 1062. 
 
 *^ Domaszewski (Rh. M. LIII (1898), p. 638) argues that the evi- 
 dence for one and the same governor of Egypt, and also of Arabia, 
 under Pertinax and Septimius Severus, shows that those provinces 
 refused Xiger their support, and must have favored Severus from the 
 first. This state of affairs is however only explicable, he claims, on 
 the supposition that the beginning of Severus' revolt is much earlier 
 than usually supposed, is in fact under Commodus. Such an argu- 
 ment throws over not only the literary evidence, but also that derived 
 from papyri and coins, which show beyond doubt that Egypt did favor 
 the party of Niger for at least six months. (See the papyri to which 
 reference is made in notes 51, 54. and 15. For coins, Z. N. II (1875), 
 p. 249.) That Syria Palaestina joined Xiger is shown by a coin of 
 Aelia Capitolina (Cohen IV, p. 413, 82). With practically all^ the 
 Orient thus on his side, it is not reasonable to suppose that Xiger 
 set out for Asia Minor, leaving in his rear a hostile province, Arabia. 
 He would surely have attacked it, and subdued it, for its one legion 
 (Domaszewski, Rangord. p. 179) co"l<i have done little against his 
 
 forces. 
 
 In this connection there is a papyrus which calls for some expla- 
 nation. It comes from Xabana near Arsinoe, and is dated in the 
 
 84 
 
 \ 
 
 < 
 
 The first reverse which the forces of Niger met was near 
 Perinthus.^' The scene was now shifted to Asia Minor, and 
 again, at Cyzicus Niger's troops, under the leadership of Aemi- 
 lianus, were defeated.^^ That this defeat, though it resulted in 
 the death of Aemilianus, was not decisive, is shown by the fact 
 that a great battle was later fought in this same region, be- 
 tween Nicaea and Cius.«* Here Niger himself was so decisively 
 beaten that he was unable to make another stand north of the 
 Taurus range,^' and thus lost practically all Asia Minor. It 
 was after this great victory, I believe, that Severus received 
 his second acclamation. Since it has been shown that the third 
 is to be referred to the final defeat of Niger, certainly the 
 second can be most suitably assigned to this victory. 
 
 Niger then withdrew into Syria, leaving a guard sufficient 
 to hold the Cilician Gates.^^ According to the account of 
 Herodian, the legions of Severus were unable to force the 
 pass for some time, and were becoming discouraged; but 
 finally, after some of the earthworks of Niger's men were 
 destroyed by a heavy fall of snow and rain, the pass was 
 deserted, and the way into Cilicia was open. This whole 
 episode would naturally fall in the winter season of 193/194.^' 
 
 year i of Septimius Severus (B. M. Gk. Pap. II, p. 114, no. 350. 
 The date of it, if it is correctly given, must fall before Aug. 29, I93- It 
 •has been shown however that Xiger was recognized in Egypt by June 
 14, 193 (note 53). It seems very unlikely therefore that Severus was 
 recognized in Egypt until after the defeat of Xiger. I imagine that, 
 after the overthrow of Xiger, the year i of Severus on this papyrus 
 was intended to date the period before Aug. 29, 1^4- However, even 
 though Severus was recognized for a short period in 193, the evi- 
 dence shows conclusively that Xiger soon won control in Eg>^pt. 
 
 «=Vita Severi 8, 13; Vita Pesc. Xigri 5, 6. Schiller I, p. 709, thinks 
 that Xiger won a minor victory there; but it is doubtful. See Fuchs, 
 op. cit. p. 42. Possibly it was on account of this success of Severus 
 that C. I. L. Ill, 10398, dated Sep. 11, I93, was set up. 
 
 ^ Herodian III, 2, 2. Dio Cassius LXXIV, 6, 4- 
 
 •' Herodian III, 2, 9 and 10. Dio Cassius LXXIV, 6, 4^- 
 
 "^ Herodian III, 2, 10. 
 
 * L. c. and III, 3» 6. 
 
 *" Xote especially Herodian's mention of the snow and rain (Hero- 
 dian III, 3, iff., and III, 3, 6ff.). A. Wirth, op. cit. p. 9. also saw that 
 this episode belonged to the winter, but thought it 194/195, which is 
 not possible. Some scholars have called this part of Herodian a crea- 
 tion of his own fancy (Hassebrauk, op. cit. p. 13, n. i; and references 
 in Fuchs, op. cit. p. 45, n, 4)- Fuchs himself however and Schiller 
 
 85 
 
 U 
 
p 
 
 Meanwhile Niger had been diligently gathering another 
 army,«« and putting down revolts which had broken out at 
 Laodicea and Tyre, in Syria/^^ At the news that the pass had 
 been taken, he hastily completed his preparations, and advanced 
 to Issus to stay the victorious forces of Severus.^^ There in 
 the final struggle he was again defeated and soon afterwards 
 killed,^' near the close of 193.^^ 
 
 (I, p. 710) accept it as reliable; so too O. Schulz (Von Commodus 
 bis Caracalla (1903) p. 39ff.) who prefers to believe the account of 
 Herodian true, but that of Xiphilinus-Dio, referring the storm to 
 the battle of Issus, false. Dopp (P.-W. VIII, 957) also speaks highly 
 of these portions of Herodian. Whichever view is true it is evident 
 that the last stages of Niger's revolt are to be dated in the winter 
 season. 
 
 •Herodian III, 3, 6. 
 " Herodian III, 3, 3ff. 
 
 Herodian III, 4, iff. 
 
 Dio Cassius LXXIV, 7 and 8. Herodian III, 4, 2ff. 
 
 See above, p. S3. See Appendix, III, p. 94. 
 
 1' 
 
 7t» 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 85 
 
 ; 
 
 THE DIVISION OF SYRIA 
 
 Toward the end of the reign of Commodus, Pescennius 
 Niger had been appointed to the governorship of Syria.^ Then 
 after the death of Commodus' successor Pertinax, he had 
 made an attempt to gain the empire for himself ; but had been 
 defeated and killed by his more fortunate rival Septimius 
 Severus, in the last days of 193.^ Now it is expressly stated 
 by Herodian^ that Niger governed the whole of Syria, includ- 
 ing Phoenice. An inscription* dated in 198, gives Q. Venidius 
 Rufus as governor of Syria Phoenice. It is thus evident that 
 the province of Syria was divided betw^een the years 194 and 
 198 inclusive.^ 
 
 Jalabert and Mouterde have published an inscription,^ which 
 they rightly think is of importance for the settling of the exact 
 date when the division was made. This inscription was found 
 near Zahleh, in the territory of Syria Phoenice. It gives 
 Severus "Imp. III,^ Cos. II," and Venidius Rufus as legatus 
 Augusti. Rufus then is found as governor of Syria Phoenice 
 in 198, and governor, with no mention of province, but in the 
 
 * See above under Pescennius Niger, p. 42. 
 
 *See under The Revolt of Pescennius Niger, p. 83. 
 
 » Hist. II, 7, 4. 
 
 *C. I. L. Ill, 205 = (3) under Q. Venidius Rufus, p. 53- 
 
 • Marq. St. V. I, p. 424, very acutely assumed "etwa 194." P- Meyer, 
 Fleck. Jbb. XLIII (1897), P- 594, "about 198." Chapot, Front. Euphrat. 
 •p. 164, "vers 198." Briinnow, Arabia III, p. 250, "um 195"; p. 251, 
 "shortly before 198." 
 
 •Mel. Fac. Or. IV (1910), p. 2i5ff. = A. E. (1910), 106 = (i) under 
 Q. Venidius Rufus, p. 53. 
 
 ^As the editors note, the inscription may have "Imp. IIII," and it is 
 therefore possible that it dates from early 195. But it probably reads 
 "Imp. III." In either case, since Imp. IIII began before the end of 
 194 (see the inscriptions in Briinnow, Arabia III, p. 290, under the 
 governor Severianus Maximus in 194, and refs. ; also p. 80 above), and 
 since Severus' titles Arab. Adiab. which appear early in 195 with 
 Imp. IIII and V (Cohen V. pp. 40 and 41) are here lacking in an 
 inscription of the East, the date is very probaWy 194. 
 
 87 
 
 / 
 
t ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 territory of Syria Phoenice in 194. The conclusion would 
 seem to be plain, that the province was divided in 194. 
 
 There are found however in the lists of Liebenam^ and 
 Briinnow^ two governors intervening between Niger and Veni- 
 dius Rufus, namely Alfenus Senecio and Cornelius Anullinus. 
 Neither of them belongs there. The inscriptions of Senecio are 
 undoubtedly of 198 or later.^^ Jalabert and Mouterde believe 
 that the legateship of Cornelius Anullinus presents considerable 
 difficulty. They are inclined to think that he must have gov- 
 erned between 194 and 198, and that Rufus was therefore 
 twice governor. But there is no proof for Anullinus' gov- 
 ernorship at all. The inscription^^ which exhibited him as 
 legate of Syria, is now read^- with "cur—" in place of "Syr." 
 There is then no reason to believe that Rufus did not govern 
 continuously from 194 to 198. 
 
 But now^ in the new inscription, and in two others'^ of 198 
 found in Phoenician territory,^^ there is no mention of the 
 province, but only of the governor Rufus. In another inscrip- 
 tion,^^ also of 198, the province Syria Phoenice is mentioned. 
 Hence Jalabert and Mouterde^« conclude that the omission is 
 significant, and that the province was evidently divided some 
 time in 198. Furthermore they think that, since Rufus was 
 consular governor of all Syria, and continued as governor of 
 Syria Phoenice, the government of that province fell to con- 
 sulars and not to men of the rank of praetor. It is rather 
 unlikely, to say the least, that the consular governor of three 
 legions would be reduced to the command of a small province 
 with one legion.^' Then too the mere presence or absence of 
 the name of the province after the governor's name seems to 
 me to have little significance. We might as readily argue that 
 
 •Die Leg. p. 387. 
 
 •Arabia III, pp. 300 and 321. 
 
 **0n Senecio see above, p. 43. 
 
 "C. I. L. II, 2073. 
 
 ^C. I. L. II, 5506. See above under P. Cornelius Anullinus, p. 44. 
 
 "C. T. L. Ill, 6723; and 6725 = (2) under Q. Venidius Rufus, p. 53. 
 
 "Marq. St. V. I, p. 423, n. 3, and Briinnow, Arabia III, p. 251, call 
 attention to the fact that the general outlines of Syria Phoenice are 
 given by Ulpian, Dig. L, 15, i. 
 
 '' C. I. L. Ill, 205 = (3) under Q. V'enidus Rufus. p. 53. 
 
 ** Op. cit. p. 219. 
 
 " Domaszewski, Rangord. pp. 173 and 179. 
 
 88 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 •*-\ 
 
 a milestone found near Hierapolis,^^ and dated in 197, men- 
 tioning neither province nor governor, proves that Syria Coele 
 was separated from Syria Phoenice by that time ; for in all the 
 inscriptions of this period on milestones, except this one alone 
 of North Syria, mention is made of the governor Q. Venidius 
 Rufus. 
 
 A study of the cursus of Rufus w411 decide the matter. At 
 a time unknown he was legate of Cilicia,^^ no doubt while of 
 praetorian rank.^^ He is next heard of as legate in Syria, 
 194-198. In 204 he was curator alvei Tiberis.'^ In 205 he was 
 governor of Germania Inferior.- 
 
 Now, in the first place, I know of no case where a governor 
 of all Syria later became governor of Germania Inferior. It 
 is always the other way about, and even Britain is held before 
 Syria. After the division Germania Inferior is still held before 
 Syria Coele.-^ This fact is in itself a strong indication that 
 Venidius Rufus was not governor of all Syria. 
 
 An examination of the office curator alvei Tiberis makes this 
 certain. The office was usually held soon after the consul- 
 ship.-* A study of all the inscriptions, listed by De Ruggiero,^^ 
 extending over a period from Vespasian to Severus Alexan- 
 der, show^s this and a further significant fact. In every case, 
 w^here a man's complete cursus is given, it is clear that his 
 praetorian governorships were held before his position as cura- 
 tor alvei Tiberis, while his consular governorships w^ere regu- 
 larly after it.-^ How then could Venidius Rufus hold the 
 governorship of the empire's greatest province some ten years 
 before he was curator? This can not have been the case. 
 
 We are now in a position to reconstruct Rufus' cursus. He 
 was praetorian governor of Cilicia. Then he was given a 
 
 *'Brit. Sch. Ath. XIV (1908), p. 185. 
 
 ^'Dig. L, 6, 3. C. I. L. XIII, 7994. 
 
 "^The province had no legion. See too J. H. S. (1890), p. 25iff., and 
 A. E. (1891), 119; also above, p. 74. 
 
 " C. I. L. VI, 2>22>Z2, 1. I ; 2>2Z27y 1- 10. 
 
 ^'C. I. L. XIII, 8825; 8828. 
 
 ^ Domaszewski, Rangord. p. 180. 
 
 **C. I. L. VI,** p. 3109; P.-W. IV, 1790. 
 
 "Vol. 11,=^ 1328. 
 
 * There are at least ten good cases; C. I. L. II, 6084; 6145; V, 531, 
 4335, 5262; VI, 1523; X, 3761, 3870; XI, 3364; XIV, 3900, 3902. A. E. 
 (1907), 180. C. I. L. IX, 4194 (uncertain). C I. L. VI, 1545. 
 
 89 
 
 l^% 
 
 ./ 
 
y 
 
 governorship in Syria from 194 to 198. Between 198 and 204 
 he was consul. In 204 he was curator alvei Tiberis, and in the 
 following year consular legate of Germania Inferior. 
 
 It is obvious that, since praetorian governors did not hold 
 Syria, Venidius Rufus could have governed only Syria Phoe- 
 nice. Hence the division of Syria was made, soon after the 
 defeat of Niger, no doubt early in 194. Septimius Severus 
 doubtless had in mind the fact that two great revolts had taken 
 place under Syrian governors within twenty years, the revolts 
 of Avidius Cassius and Niger. He did not wish to risk a repe- 
 tition during his reign, and therefore he made an immediate 
 division of the province. 
 
 Though Syria Coele^^ remained under a consular, with two 
 legions, IV Scythica and XVI Flavia, Syria Phoenice had only 
 one legion. III Gallica,"® and was naturally governed by a 
 praetorian. This idea of Domaszewski*^ is now confirmed by 
 our conclusions in regard to the cursus of Venidius Rufus. 
 
 " Possibly the first epigraphical mention of Syria Coele is found in 
 C I. L. IX, 1560. 
 
 " Dio Cassius LV, 23, 2. 
 * Rangord. p. 179. 
 
 90 
 
 '^1 l# 
 
 ^^ 
 
 NOTE ON C. I. L. Ill, 6169 
 
 Stout, Govs, of Moesia p. 55, dates M. lallius Bassus, gov- 
 ernor of Moesia Inferior, in 165 at about the close of the 
 Parthian war; but it seems to me that his connection with 
 Martins Verus, in the inscription, practically proves him gov- 
 ernor earlier, that is in the early part of the war. Martins 
 Verus was surely in the East by 165, when Cassius was in chief 
 command (Vita Veri 7, i. Pronto, ed. Naber p. 131). As leg. 
 V Mac, Verus probably served even in the early stages of the 
 war (Ritterling, Rh. M. LIX (1904), p. 193). It was not 
 furthermore, until the year 166 that Imp. Verus returned from 
 the East (Dodd, N. C. (1911), p. 253. P.-W. Ill, 1848). Early 
 in that same year Martins Verus was consul suffectus, and 
 thereafter would not be leg. legionis. In fact he seems to have 
 remained in the East as governor of Cappadocia (Liebenam, 
 p. 126. Dodd, N. C. (1911), p. 264). 
 
 Now lallius Bassus was curator operum publicorum Dec. 14, 
 161 (Stout, Govs, of Moesia, p. 55). In 162 Servilius Maximus 
 was governor of Moesia Inferior. The earliest possible date 
 therefore, for the governorship of Bassus would be the year 
 162/163, and in that year I would place it. 
 
 V. Premerstein, in Klio XIII (1913), p. 89, would have 
 Martins Verus in the East as leg. V Mac. by the year 161/162. 
 The evidence for the date of the governorship of Bagsus would 
 indicate, however, that Verus, his subordinate, probably did 
 not go to the East before 163. 
 
 91 
 
INDEX NOMINUM 
 
 GOVERNORS OF SYRIA 
 
 DATE 
 
 69-70 
 70-72 
 
 n 
 
 7^/77-79 
 79/80 
 
 After 80-84 
 
 Autumn 90/98 
 
 98/102-103 or 104 
 
 1 04- 106/ 108 
 
 108/115? 
 
 115-117 
 
 117-119 
 
 Circa 132 
 
 Circa 132 
 
 135 or 136/138 
 
 Circa 145 
 
 Circa 135/150 
 
 149? 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1 56/7- 162 
 
 Circa 162/163 
 164/165 
 
 165-175 
 
 175-178 
 
 178-Circa 180 
 
 Circa 180-182 
 
 Circa 182-183/184 
 
 Autumn 185/186 
 
 Circa 186/190 
 
 Circa 190-193 
 
 Cn. Pompeius Collega 1 1 
 
 L. Caesennius Paetus 1 1 
 
 Marius Celsus 12 
 
 M. Ulpius Traianus 12 
 
 L. Ceionius Commodus 13 
 
 T. Atilius Rufus 15 
 
 M. Cornelius Xigrinus — Maternus 15 
 
 C. Octavius Tidius — lavolenus Priscus 15 
 
 C. Antius Aulus lulius Quadratus 17 
 
 A. Cornelius Palma 18 
 
 [ Atticus] 18 
 
 A. Larcius Priscus 19 
 
 Unknown 20 
 
 Marinus 21 
 
 P. Aelius Hadrianus 22 
 
 [Sex. Erucius Clarus] 24 
 
 L. Catilius Severus lulianus Claudius Reginus. 24 
 
 C. Publicius Marcellus 26 
 
 C. lulius Severus 26 
 
 Sex. Minicius Faustinus — Severus 27 
 
 L. Burbuleius — Optatus Ligarianus 27 
 
 Unknown 28 
 
 Sulpicius lulianus 28 
 
 M. Cassius Apollinaris ? 29 
 
 D. Velius Fidus 29 
 
 [C. lulius Severus] 30 
 
 [C. lulius Commodus Orfitianus] 30 
 
 L. Attidius Cornelianus 30 
 
 M. Annius M. f. Libo 31 
 
 Cn. lulius Cn. f. Verus 31 
 
 Gaius lulius Avidius Cassius 7^2 
 
 P. Martins Verus ^^ 
 
 M. Pontius Laelianus - - Sabinus ^y 
 
 P. Helvius Pertinax : 38 
 
 C. Domitius Dexter 39 
 
 lulius Saturninus 40 
 
 Asellius Aemilianus 41 
 
 C. Pescennius Niger 42 
 
 92 
 
 GOVERNORS OF SYRIA COELE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 DATE 
 
 199 L. Alfenus Senecio ^^ 
 
 [P. Cornelius Anullinus] ^4 
 
 [L. Calpurnius] ^ 
 
 202/209 L. Marius Maximus Perpetuus Aurelianus 45 
 
 [Alfenus Avitianus] ^5 
 
 217/218 Fabius Agrippinus -^^ 
 
 Circa 222 Q. Atrius Clonius ^^ 
 
 239/252 D. Simonius Proculus lulianus 47 
 
 Before 278 Virius Lupus "^ 
 
 27S/7^ Maximinus ^^ 
 
 2'/6/^2 Saturninus ^9 
 
 290 Charisius ^ 
 
 293 Primosus ^ 
 
 294 Verinus -^ 
 
 295 or 296 L. Aelius rieivius Dionysius 5^ 
 
 GOVERNORS OF SYRIA PHOENICE 
 
 194-198 Q. Venidius Rufus 53 
 
 208/209 -i^Tiavos 53 
 
 212/213 D. Pius Cassius 54 
 
 217/218 Marius Secundus 54 
 
 2r8-Circa 219 Verus 5^ 
 
 Circa 230 ? Rutilius Pudens Crispinus 55 
 
 236 Pomponius lulianus 56 
 
 244/249 ? -Tos (or -70s) ? 57 
 
 253/254 ?L. lulianus— Uranius Antoninus? 58 
 
 253/257 ? ?Rufinus 58 
 
 258 ? Septimius Odaenathus 59 
 
 292 Crispinus ^ 
 
 293/305 Sossianus Hierocles 60 
 
 293/305 Aelius Statutus ^ 
 
 GOVERNORS OF SYRIA BEFORE 70 A.D. (NOTES) 
 
 48/47 B.C. Domitius Calvinus 63 
 
 37.35 C. Fonteius Capito 63 
 
 22/31 A.D. Pacuvius ^3 
 
 50 Lucius Popillius Balbus 64 
 
 Ummidius Quadratus 65 
 
 PROCURATORS OF SYRIA 
 
 I B.C./14 A.D. Q. Octavius Sagitta 66 
 
 18/19 Statilius 67 
 
 60/63 Barbarus 67 
 
 Circa 70 ?C. Plinius Secundus 67 
 
 Circa 100 Aemilius luncus 68 
 
 1 17/138 Eudaemon? 68 
 
 93 
 
DATE ^ 
 
 Under Commo- 
 des ? Cn. Marcius Rustius Rufinus 68 
 
 2nd Cent. Unknown (xj 
 
 PROCURATORS OF SYRIA COELE 
 
 253/260 PZosimio -q 
 
 3rd Cent. 2nd half Aelius lanuarius -o 
 
 PROCURATORS OF SYRIA PHOENICE 
 
 262-267 Septimius Vorodes 7^ 
 
 3rd C? Name unknown 7^ 
 
 3rd C ? Xame unknown -, j 
 
 Age of Diocletian Antonius Theodorus 71 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 I. Waddington (no. 2212, and C. R. Acad. Inscr. N. S. i (1865), pp. 
 120-12 1) attempted to prove that the revolt of Cassius took place in 
 172. His argument has been refuted by C. Czwalina, De epistularum 
 actorumque quae a Scriptoribus Hist. Aug. proferuntur, fide atque 
 auctontate, Bonn. Diss. 1870. See also, Schiller I, p. 658, n. 10; and 
 P.-W. II, 2382. Further proof against Waddington's position is to be 
 found m the fact that, during the very same season in which the revolt 
 was carried on, spring and early summer (p. 36), for the year 172 
 Marcus Aurelius is known as emperor in Egypt. Fayum no. 207 gives 
 May/June, 172; B. M. Gk. Pap. II, p. 91, early July, 172; B. G. U. 
 ni, 769, June/July, 172— all dated by the years of Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Since this thesis has been in press an article by F. G. Kenyon, The 
 Revolt of Avidius Cassius, in Archiv fiir Pap. Forsch. VI (1913), pp. 
 213-214, has come to my hand. Kenyon publishes an ostrakon dated in 
 the first year of Gains Avidius Cassius, June 19. This supplements very 
 nicely the argument drawn from the papyrus (5). p. 33, above. It is 
 chiefly valuable, however, because it states that the fifteenth year 
 undoubtedly of Marcus Aurelius, was also the first of Cassius. This is 
 proof positive that the revolt is to be assigned to the year 175. 
 
 II. In the Sitz. Berl. Ak. (1883), p. 918, no. XVII, Wilcken published 
 a papyrus dated July 25, 175, in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. This 
 evidence makes it necessary to date the revolt still earlier-probably 
 early March to early June. 
 
 III. The fact that Niger's revolt was suppressed at the end of 193 
 makes it necessary to place the beginning of the siege of Byzantium in 
 the summer of 193. Since it is generally agreed that the city fell in 196 
 there is no adequate reason for doubting the accuracy of Dio's state- 
 ment, as A. Wirth (Quaest. Sev. p. 28) and Kubitschek (P.-W. Ill, 
 1 139) have done, that the siege continued for three whole years. (See 
 Dio Cassius LXXTV, 12, i). 
 
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