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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2017 with funding from 
 Columbia University Libraries 
 
 https://archive.org/details/stearnitsgenerati00babc_0 
 
THE BABCOCK & WILCOX CO, 
 
 29 CORTLANDT ST., NEW YORK, U.S.A. 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 
 X AT. W. PRATT, P resilient. 
 
 E. II. BENNETT, Vice-President. 
 
 F. G. BOURNE. 
 
 G. WARD, Treasurer. 
 
 CHAS. A. MILLER, Secretary. 
 CHARLES A. KNIGHT. 
 
 BRANCH OFFICES 
 
 BOSTON, Mass., U. S. A. : 
 
 8 Oliver Street. 
 PHILADELPHIA, Pa.. U. S. A : 
 
 32 N. Fifth Street. 
 PITTSBURGH, Pa., U. S. A. : 
 
 40S Lewis Block. 
 CINCINNATI, O . U S. A : 
 
 4 J5 Neave Building. 
 
 ST. LOUIS. Mo., U. S. A. : 
 
 608 Security Building. 
 MONTREAL, Canada : 
 
 CHICAGO, III , U. S. A. : 
 
 gio Masonic Temple. 
 MINNEAPOLIS, Minn., USA.: 
 
 604 Corn Exchange. 
 CLEVELAND, O , U. S A. : 
 
 412 Perry Payne Building. 
 NEW ORLEANS, La , U. S. A. : 
 
 57 Carondelet Street. 
 HAVANA, Cuba : 
 
 ll 6 l /2 Calle de la Habana. 
 
 415 Board ok Trade Building. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, Cal., U. S A. : 
 
 San Francisco Tool Co. 
 
 BUFFALO, N. Y., U. S. A. . 
 
 C. M. Morse. 
 
 CABLE ADDKKSSKS: For New York — “ Gloveboxes." For Havana — “Babcock.” 
 
 BABCOCK & WILCOX, Limited 
 
 147 QUEEN VICTORIA ST., LONDON, E. C. 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 
 ANDREW STEWART. Chairman. 
 
 SIR WILLIAM ARROL. CHAS. A. KNIGHT. Managing Director . 
 
 ARTHUR T. SIMPSON. MICE., M.I.M.E. JAMES H. ROSENTHAL, Mgr., London. 
 
 I. G. MAI R RUMLEY, M.I.C.E., Mem. Council I.M.E. WALTER SHAW, Secretary. 
 
 OFFICES 
 
 LONDON. England : MILAN, Italy : 
 
 147 Queen Victoria Street. 7 Via Dante. 
 
 GLASGOW, Scotland : BRUSSELS, Belgium : 
 
 21 Bothwell Street. 14 Place de Brouckere. 
 
 PARIS, France: „ 
 
 15 Rue de la chausee d Antin'. 
 
 SYDNEY, N. S. W„ Australia : 
 
 280 Sussex Street. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES 
 
 BERLIN, Germanv: 
 
 Berliner Maschinenbau Actien-Ge- 
 sellschaFT. Vormals L Schwartz- 
 KOPFF. 
 
 VIENNA, Austria: 
 
 Erste Brunner Maschinen Fabriks- 
 Gesellschaft. 
 
 THE HAGUE. Holland: 
 
 W. SCHLUSEN. 
 
 COPENHAGEN, Denmark : 
 
 C H. D Zahrtmann. 
 
 CHRISTIANIA, Norway : 
 
 A. L THUNE, Mechanisk Vaerksted. 
 HELSINGFORS, Finland: 
 
 Fritz Wilen. 
 
 BARCELONA, Spain : 
 
 Alfonso Flaquer. 
 
 CABLE ADDRESS: For London, Glas 
 
 FLORENCE, Italy: 
 
 A. Edlmann. 
 
 MEXICO, Mexico: 
 
 F. M. De Prez & Co. 
 
 SAN JOSfi, Costa Rica, C. A.: 
 
 E G. Chamberlain. 
 
 BUENOS AYRES, Argentine Republic- 
 Agar, Cross & Co. 
 
 COLOMBO, Cevlon : 
 
 Walker, Sons & Co., Ltd. 
 TIRHOOT, East India: 
 
 Arthur Butler. 
 SOERABAYA, Java: 
 
 J. Grundel. 
 
 JOHANNESBURG, Transvaal, South Africa 
 Reunert & Lenz. 
 
 »\v, Paris and Jirussels, “ BABCOCK." 
 
im 
 
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 Babcock 4 Wilcox Boilers at Deptford Station of the London Electric Supply Corporation, Limited | 25 Boilers, 12,000 indicated H, P., with Compound Engines. Erected 1888-9. 
 
 To have 120,000 H. P, when completed. 
 
STEAM 
 
 ITS GENERATION AND USE 
 
 WITH CATALOGUE OF THE 
 MANUFACTURES OF 
 
 THE BABCOCK & WILCOX CO. 
 
 29 CORTLANDT STREET, NEW YORK 
 
 AN I. 
 
 BABCOCK & WILCOX, Limited 
 
 147 QUEEN VICTORIA ST., LONDON 
 
 TWENTY-EIGHTH EDITION 
 
 NEW YORK AND LONDON 
 
 APRIL, 180-4 
 
Entered according to Act <>f Congress, in the year 1*7,,, by Ha block & Wilcox, in the 
 Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, by I tin liAitcocK A Wilcox Co., 
 in the Office of tile Librarian of Congress, at Washington 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885, by Till- Hancock A W ilcox C <•., 
 in tlie < fffice of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1SS7, bv 1 Hit Haiicock A Wilcox Co., 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington (Spanish Edition:) 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year i8Sy, by Tub Haiicock A \V it.cox l 
 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year iSSt,, by The Habcock A \\ ILCox Co., 
 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. ( Twenty-first Edition.) 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in tile year ifyi, in the Office of the Librarian of 
 Congress, at Washington 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1893, in the office of the Librarian of 
 Congress, at Washington 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1X1,4. i 1 the Office of the Librarian of 
 Congress, at Washington 
 
 ENGLISH EDITION ENTERED AT STATIONERS’ HAM- 
 
 PRESS OF 
 
 SPRINGFIELD PRINTING AND BINDING COMPANY, 
 SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 To First Edition , iSyg. 
 
 IfHILE making known the character and quality of our manufactures, we have endeavored 
 V V at the same time to present to our friends and customers a variety of useful information, not 
 readily accessible to them in other ways. The facts and figures herein given are derived largely 
 from practical experience, and can be depended upon as correct. Very few of them were ever 
 published before, while those derived from the researches of others have been simplified and 
 adapted to the wants of manufacturers. It is with the intention, at some future time, to collect 
 them with others into a more permanent form, that they have been copyrighted. 
 
 To Eleventh Edition, iSSj. 
 
 I N preparing a new edition of “ Steam,” we have revised the whole, and added much new 
 and valuable matter, which we trust our customers will find useful and interesting. 
 
 To Thirteenth Edition, iSSy. 
 
 H AVING again revised “Steam,” and enlarged it by the addition of new and useful in- 
 formation, not published heretofore, we shall feel repaid for the labor if it shall prove of 
 value to our customers. 
 
 To Twentieth Edition, iSSg. 
 
 O VER 75,000 copies of “ Steam " have been issued in the long form, in which it was formerly 
 published. But many having expressed a desire to have it in a shape suitable for a library, 
 and it becoming necessary to make new plates, the work has been again carefully revised, much 
 new matter added, and the form changed to large octavo. It is hoped that in its new form, and 
 with its additional matter, it will prove even more useful to the public. 
 
 To Twenty-first Edition, iSSg. 
 
 I "'' HE demand for the new form of “Steam” exhausted an edition of 10,000 copies in four 
 months, and opportunity is taken in issuing another to add some further matters of interest, 
 notably that pertaining to burning green bagasse. 
 
 To Twenty-third Edition, iSgi. 
 
 S TILL further additions have been made to the present edition, including, among other things, 
 the lecture on circulation of water, and the table and formula on equation of pipes : the table 
 on properties ot steam has been made entirely new to conform to the latest investigations of 
 Professor Peabody 
 
Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, 125 H, P., at the Seth Thomas Clock Co,, Thomaston, Conn. Erected 1880, 
 
ECONOMY AND SAFETY IN STEAM GENERATION. 
 
 ECONOMY IN THE USE OF COAL is a 
 
 ' matter of great and growing importance. 
 It is estimated that the annual production of coal 
 in the world at the present time is not far from 
 400,000,000 tons. The report of the Royal Com- 
 mission in England in 1S70, shows the distribu- 
 tion at that time to have been as follows : 
 
 Metallurgy and Mines, ----- 44 per cent. 
 
 Domestic purposes, including gas and water, - 26 “ “ 
 
 General Manufacturing, - - - - 25 " “ 
 
 Locomotion by sea and land, - - - - 5 “ “ 
 
 As a considerable part of the coal used in met- 
 allurgy and mines, as also that for domestic 
 water supply, is used for power, we shall not be 
 far wrong in estimating that one-half of all the 
 coal mined, or 200,000,000 tons annually, is used 
 for making steam. A low estimate of the value 
 of this coal at the place of use would be an aver- 
 age of $2.50 per ton, which gives as the present 
 annual expenditure for steam, a sum equal to 
 $500,000,000 ; from which it will be seen how 
 largely even a small per cent, of saving would 
 add to the wealth of the world. 
 
 It is estimated that ot the steam-power at pres- 
 ent in use in the world, So per cent, has been 
 added in the last twenty-five years, so that these 
 figures are none too large for the present time. 
 
 While manufacturers and engineers have given 
 much care to the improvement of the steam 
 engine, whereby they might reduce the con- 
 sumption of steam for a given amount of power, 
 but little attention, comparatively, has been given 
 to securing economy in its generation. In fact, 
 the boilers in use at the present day, are sub- 
 stantially the same as were in common use at the 
 close of the last century, and but slight advance 
 has been made in their economy. Of late years, 
 however, steam users have begun to realize that 
 there are principles and aims of equal promi- 
 nence, and greater importance, to be considered 
 in choosing a boiler, to the selection of a steam 
 engine. 
 
 Engineering experience and scientific investi- 
 gation have established the following as the 
 
 Requirements of a Perfect Steam Boiler. 
 
 1st. The best materials sanctioned by use, 
 simple in construction, perfect in workmanship, 
 durable in use, and not liable to require early 
 repairs. 
 
 2d. A mud-drum to receive all impurities de- 
 posited from the water in a place removed from 
 the action of the fire. 
 
 3d. A steam and water capacity sufficient to 
 prevent any fluctuation in pressure or water level. 
 
 4th. A large water surface for the disengage- 
 ment of the steam from the water in order to pre- 
 vent foaming. 
 
 5th. A constant and thorough circulation of 
 water throughout the boiler, so as to maintain 
 all parts at one temperature. 
 
 6th. The water space divided into sections, 
 so arranged that should any section give out, no 
 general explosion can occur, and the destructive 
 effects will be confined to the simple escape of the 
 contents; with large and free passages between 
 the different sections to equalize the water line 
 and pressure in all. 
 
 7th. A great excess of strength over any le- 
 gitimate strain ; so constructed as not to be liable 
 to be strained by unequal expansion, and, if 
 possible, no joints exposed to the direct action 
 of the fire. 
 
 8th. A combustion chamber, so arranged that 
 the combustion of the gases commenced in the 
 turnace may be completed before the escape to 
 the chimney. 
 
 9th. The heating surface as nearly as possible 
 at right angles to the currents of heated gases, 
 and so as to break up the currents and extract 
 the entire available heat therefrom. 
 
 10th. All parts readily accessible for cleaning 
 and repairs. This is a point of the greatest im- 
 portance as regards safety and economy. 
 
 nth. Proportioned for the work to be done, 
 and capable of working to its full rated capacity 
 with the highest economy. 
 
 12th. The very best gauges, safety valves, and 
 other fixtures. 
 
 
 7 
 
of the Fire Room of Harrison, Frazer At Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 5040 Horse Power of Babcor.k & Wilcox Boilers. 
 
■* 
 
 ◄ 
 
 Importance of Providing Against Explosion. 
 
 That the ordinary forms of boilers are liable to 
 explode with disastrous effect, is conceded. That 
 they do so explode is witnessed by the sad list of 
 casualties from this cause every year, and almost 
 every day. In the year iSSo, there were 170 ex- 
 plosions reported in the United States, with a 
 loss of 259 lives, and 555 persons injured. In 1S87 
 the number of explosions recorded were 198, 
 with 652 persons either killed or badly wounded. 
 The average reported for ten years past has 
 been about the same as the two years given, while 
 doubtless many occur which are not recorded. 
 
 There is no need to resort to mysterious causes 
 for the destructive energy displayed in a boiler 
 explosion, for there is ample force confined 
 within it to account for all the phenomena. Prof. 
 Thurston* estimates that there is sufficient stored 
 energy in a plain cylinder boiler with 100 lbs. 
 pressure of steam to project it to a height of over 
 three and one-half miles; a “two-flue” boilet 
 about two and one-half miles; a “locomotive” 
 at 125 lbs. from one-half to two -thirds of a 
 mile ; and a 60 H. P. return “tubular” at 75 lbs. 
 somewhat over a mile high. He says, “ a cubic 
 foot of heated water under a pressure of 60 to 70 
 lbs. per square inch, has about the same energy 
 as one pound of gunpowder. At a low, red heat, 
 it has about forty times this amount of energy in 
 a form to be so expended.” Speaking of water- 
 tube boilers he says : “ The stored available en- 
 ergy is usually less than that of any of the other 
 stationary boilers, and not very far from theamount 
 stored, pound for pound, in the plain tubular 
 boiler. It is evident that their admitted safety 
 from destructive explosion does not come from 
 this relation, however, but from the division of 
 the contents into small portions, and especially 
 from those details of construction which make it 
 tolerably certain that any rupture shall be local. 
 A violent explosion can only come of the general 
 disruption of a boiler and the liberation at once 
 of large masses of steam and water.” 
 
 The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and In- 
 surance Company report that up to January 1, 
 1888, they had inspected in all, 799,582 boilers, 
 and had discovered 522,873 defects, of which 
 93,022 were considered dangerous. If now the 
 above were a fair average of the boilers in ordin- 
 ary use — and who shall say they are not? — we 
 have the startling fact that more than one boiler 
 in nine in common use, is in a “dangerous 
 condition.” That more do not explode, is pro- 
 bably due less to intelligent watchcare than to the 
 fortunate lack of all the necessary conditions 
 existing at one time. 
 
 * * Transactions Am. Soc. Mec. Eng., Vol. 6, page 199. 
 
 Causes of Explosion. 
 
 It is now fully established by the experience 
 of Boiler Insurance Associations in this country 
 and England, that all the mystery of boiler ex- 
 plosions consists in a want of sufficient strength 
 to withstand the pressure. This lack of strength 
 may be inherent in the original construction, but 
 is most frequently the effect of weakening of 
 the iron by strains due to unequal expansion 
 caused by unequal heating of different portions 
 of the boiler ; or it may be due to corrosion from 
 long use or improper setting. 
 
 If steam boilers are properly proportioned and 
 constructed, they will, when new, be safe against 
 considerably more pressure than the safety valve 
 is set to ; and the hydrostatic test, properly ap- 
 plied, may discover faults in material, or the 
 weakening effects of corrosion ; but, against the 
 danger resulting from unequal expansion, ordin- 
 ary boilers have no protection ; a fact not prop- 
 erly appreciated by engineers or the public. 
 
 In getting up steam many boilers will be very 
 hot in some parts, while other parts will be actu- 
 ally cold ; of course, under these conditions, 
 enormous strains must occur in some portions of 
 the boiler, which are thereby weakened ; and 
 these strains being repeated every time steam is 
 raised, if at no other time, will eventually so far 
 destroy the strength of the line or point of great- 
 est strain that rupture must result; generally the 
 rupture is small and gradual, but sometimes 
 large and productive of disastrous explosions. 
 In the boilers examined by the Hartford Boiler 
 Insurance Company, up to 1888, 24,944 fractures 
 in plates were found in, at, or near the seams or 
 through the line of rivets, 11,259 of which, or 
 nearly one-half, had arrived at a dangerous state 
 before discovery. 
 
 Want of circulation of the water in boilers is 
 a frequent and prolific cause of unequal expan- 
 sion, and deteriorating strains, and little, if any, 
 provision is made for circulation in all ordinary 
 construction of boilers. Another source of dan- 
 ger in all ordinary' boilers is low water ; and con- 
 stant vigilance is required to keep the water at a 
 proper height. In many boilers the fall of only 
 a few inches in the water-line will cause the 
 crown-sheet or some other portion to be exposed 
 to the direct action of the fire, whence it becomes 
 quickly over-heated, and weakened to such an 
 extent that an explosion is likely to occur. 
 
 Another frequent cause of unequal expansions, 
 and also of weakening by' burning and blistering 
 the iron, is the presence of deposit or scale on 
 the heating surface. This is liable to occur in 
 any boiler, but in very many there is no adequate 
 provision for removing it when formed. This is 
 
 0 
 
► <«■ 
 
 ' ’ 
 
 Wreck of 30 H. P. Boiler. Exploded January 9th, 1888, at Dripp’s Boiler Shop, Washington, D. C. Showing insecurity of stayed surfaces. 
 
particularly the case with “tubular” and “loco- 
 motive” boilers. 
 
 There is good reason for believing that most 
 of the mysterious explosions of boilers which 
 stand the Inspector’s test, and then explode at a 
 much less pressure, are due to the weakening 
 effects of unequal expansions, for a boiler that 
 will stand a hundred pounds test this week can- 
 not explode the next week at fifty pounds press- 
 ure, unless it has suddenly become wonderfully 
 reduced in strength, and no corrosion or other 
 natural cause, with which we are acquainted, 
 save expansion, can produce this result. When 
 we consider that strains from difference of ex- 
 pansion are generally greatest when firing up, 
 and when there is no pressure in the boiler, we 
 can see that the time may arrive when a crack is 
 started or the parts weakened, so as to give way 
 under a moderate pressure just after the test has 
 been made ; and this is the probable reason why 
 so many boilers explode in getting up steam, or 
 so soon after, or upon pumping in cold water, 
 or, even, as in a recent case in England, while 
 cooling off. 
 
 How to Provide Against Explosions. 
 
 Very' much thought and experiment have been 
 expended on this problem, but though many 
 forms of boilers have been produced, which have 
 attained practical safety from explosion, yet in 
 nearly all of them there have been ignored cer- 
 tain elements necessary at the same time to make 
 them valuable as generators of steam for practi- 
 cal work. Hence, the very name of “safety 
 boiler” has unfortunately become, to some per- 
 sons, prima facie evidence of undesirability. 
 But safety is not incompatible with any of the 
 other essentials of a perfect steam generator, and 
 may be secured without detracting from any 
 other desirable feature. 
 
 The first element of safety is ample strength 
 This can be best attained in connection with thin 
 heating surface, by small diameters of parts ; but 
 this must not be carried so far as to antagonize 
 the equally important features of large capacity 
 and disengaging surface. 
 
 The second and most important element of 
 safety, is such a structure that the original 
 strength cannot be destroyed by deteriorating 
 strains, from expansion or otherwise. This can 
 be attained in two ways — by rendering unequal 
 expansion impossible, or by providing such elas- 
 ticity that, should it occur, it can produce no 
 deteriorating strain. 
 
 The third element of safety is such an arrange- 
 ment of parts that when, through gross careless- 
 ness or design, the water becomes low and the 
 
 boiler overheated, a rupture, if it occur, can pro- 
 duce no serious disaster. 
 
 No surface which requires to be “stayed” 
 should be permitted in a boiler. It is scarcely 
 possible, and altogether improbable, that such 
 stays are, or can be, so adjusted as to bear equal 
 strains. The one sustaining the heaviest strain 
 gives way, the others follow, as a matter of 
 course, and a disastrous explosion ensues. The 
 photographic view of the boiler which ex- 
 ploded at Washington, January 9, 1888, shows 
 how stay bolts act, and the disastrous explosion 
 at West Chester, Pa., about the same time, was 
 clearly due to the giving way of the stays which 
 were intended to support the head. 
 
 Water-tubes an Element of Safety. 
 
 \From the Manufacturer and Builder , Feb., 1880.] 
 
 Some recent actual occurrences have a very 
 suggestive bearing upon the relative degree of 
 immunity from violent and disastrous explosions 
 possessed by the water-tube and fire-tube sys- 
 tems of boiler construction respectively. 
 
 The first case is that of an accident resulting 
 through gross carelessness to a steam boiler on 
 the water-tube system as constructed by Messrs. 
 Babcock & Wilcox. The circumstances of the 
 case were such as to make the test to which the 
 boiler was put a most severe one, and the fact 
 that the result was not a disastrous explosion, 
 scores several points in favor of the water-tube 
 system. 
 
 The boiler here referred to is located in the 
 Brooklyn Sugar Refinery, and is rated at 300 
 horse-power, being one of a set of 1500 H. P. 
 Recently, by one of those oversights that now 
 and then cost scores of lives under the same cir- 
 cumstances, the feed-water was cut off, and not 
 noticed until the water level became so low that 
 
 the boiler was nearly empty and the tubes were 
 overheated. The result is shown above. One 
 of the tubes burst, and this was the extent of the 
 damage, which was speedily repaired at a cost of 
 $15, and the works were running the next day. 
 
 The second case is very analogous, but is even 
 more instructive, as the boiler was subjected to 
 a severer ordeal than the other. This boiler is 
 in the Elizabeth (N. J.) jail, and was one of the 
 same kind as that in the foregoing case. It was 
 in charge of one of the convicts, who, after start- 
 ing the fire as usual in the morning, was sur- 
 prised not to observe, after an hour or so of 
 waiting, any signs of activity in his steam gauge 
 
 11 
 
Babcock &i Wilcox Boilers at Sprecklfcj's Sup;ar Refinery, Philadelphia, 1st floor. 7,500 H. P. In 
 
This fact was disclosed to some of the officials of 
 the prison, and an investigation was instituted to 
 ascertain the cause, disclosing a fact that at once 
 relieved the boiler from any responsibility for the 
 absence of steam— for there was no water in it. 
 It also showed that the blow-cock was wide 
 open, and had been since the night before. 
 Wh at followed, we give in Mr. Watson’s own 
 words : 
 
 “After the syndicate had opened the furnace 
 door and seen the white hot tubes, it was thought 
 a good idea to get some water in the boiler as 
 quickly as possible ; so they shut the blow-cock 
 and turned on the city water. The result justi- 
 fied their expectations ; steam was made very 
 quickly ; for a moment it roared through the 
 safety valve with a fearsome sound ; and that is 
 all that happened, beyond the renewal of a few 
 of the tubes, and one steel casting. ’ ’ 
 
 What might have happened had either of these 
 boilers been fire-tube instead of water-tube boil- 
 ers, we do not pretend to say, but think Mr. 
 Watson is not far out of the way in venturing the 
 statement that “it is not contrary to precedent 
 to say that, in all probability, there would have 
 been an opportunity for a coroner’s inquest and 
 a new jail.” 
 
 Caution Necessary. 
 
 It must not be assumed, however, that the 
 mere presence of water tubes in a boiler will 
 make it safe. On the contrary' they may be com- 
 bined with other features exceedingly dangerous, 
 such as flat surfaces, stayed or unstayed, as in 
 the “Phleger” boiler, which exploded in Phila- 
 delphia some years ago, and the “Firminich” 
 boiler which exploded in St. Louis, Oct. 3d, 1S87. 
 A number of porcupine boilers have also been 
 put forth as “safe” because of their water tubes, 
 though the large central shell is made like per- 
 forated card-board, by the numerous holes. To 
 make the matter worse, expanding the tube. 
 
 into these holes seriously strains the metal, mak- 
 ing a weak construction weaker still. 
 
 That a boiler can be made so as to be practi- 
 cally safe from explosion is a demonstrated fact 
 of which no one at all acquainted with modern 
 engineering has any doubt. Of this class of boil- 
 ers tire Babcock & Wilcox is a preeminent ex- 
 ample, from the length of time which it has been 
 upon the market, the large number which have 
 been for years in use under all sorts of circunv 
 stances and conditions and under all kinds of 
 management, without a single instance of disas- 
 trous explosion. 
 
 The Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boiler 
 has all the elements of safety, in connection with 
 its other characteristics of economy, durability, 
 accessibility, etc. Being composed of wrought 
 iron tubes, and a drum of comparatively small 
 diameter, it has a great excess of strength over 
 any pressure which it is desirable to use. As the 
 rapid circulation of the water insures equal tem- 
 perature in all parts, the strains due to un- 
 equal expansion cannot occur to deteriorate its 
 strength. The construction of the boiler, more- 
 over, is such that, should unequal expansion 
 occur under extraordinary circumstances, no 
 objectionable strain can be caused thereby, ample 
 elasticity being provided for that purpose in the 
 method of construction. 
 
 In this boiler, so powerful is the circulation 
 that as long as there is sufficient water to about 
 half fill the tubes, a rapid current flows through 
 the whole boiler ; but if the tubes should 
 finally get almost empty, the circulation then 
 ceases and the boiler might burn and give out ; 
 by that time, however, it is so nearly empty as to 
 be incapable of harm if ruptured. 
 
 Its successful record of over twenty years 
 proves that by the application of correct princi- 
 ples, the use of proper care and good material in 
 construction, a boiler can be made so as to be 
 in fact as well as in name a “safety boiler.” 
 
 Keturn Tubular Boiler at the Edison Electric Light Co.'s Works, West Chester, Pa, 
 Exploded December 1 7, 1887, killing seven and wounding eight People. 
 
 
 13 
 
Babcock & Wilcox Boilers at Imperial Continental Gas Association, Vienna. 972 H. P. "W.I.F." Style, Wrought Headers. 
 
 
 
THE THEORY OF STEAM MAKING. 
 
 [Extracts from a Lecture delivered by Geo. H. Babcock, at 
 Cornell University, 18S7.*] 
 
 The chemical compound known as H 2 0 exists 
 in three states or conditions — dee, water, and 
 steam ; the only difference between these states 
 or conditions is in the presence or absence of a 
 quantity of energy exhibited partly in the form of 
 heat and partly in molecular activity, which, for 
 want of a better name, we are accustomed to call 
 “ latent heat and to transform it from one state 
 to another we have only to supply or extract 
 heat. For instance, if we take a quantity of ice, 
 say one pound, at absolute zerof and supply 
 heat, the first effect is to raise its temperature 
 until it arrives at a point 492 Fahrenheit degrees 
 above the starting point. Flere it stops growing 
 warmer, though we keep on adding heat. It, 
 however, changes from ice to water, and when 
 we have added sufficient heat to have made it, 
 had it remained ice, 2S3 0 hotter, or a tempera- 
 ture of 315 0 by Fahrenheit’s thermometer, it has 
 all become water, at the same temperature at 
 which it commenced to change, namely, 492 0 
 above absolute zero, or 32 0 by Fahrenheit’s 
 scale. Let us still continue to add heat, and it 
 will now grow warmer again, though at a slower 
 rate — that is, it now takes about double the 
 quantity of heat to raise the pound one degree 
 that it did before — until it reaches a temperature 
 of 212 0 Fahrenheit, or 672° absolute (assuming 
 that we are at the level of the sea). Here we 
 find another critical point. However much more 
 heat we may apply, the u ater, as water, at that 
 pressure, cannot be heated any hotter, but 
 changes on the addition of heat to steam ; and it 
 is not until we have added heat enough to have 
 raised the temperature of the water 966°, or to 
 1, :7s by Fahrenheit’s thermometer (presuming 
 for the moment that its specific heat has not 
 changed since it became water), that it has all 
 become steam, which steam, nevertheless, is at 
 die temperature of 2 1 2 0 , at which the water began 
 to change. Thus over four-fifths of the heat 
 which has been added to the water has disap- 
 peared or become insensible in the steam to any 
 of our instruments. 
 
 It follows that if we could reduce steam at at- 
 mospheric pressure to water, without loss of 
 heat, the heat stored within it would cause the 
 water to be red hot ; and if we could further 
 change it to a solid, like ice, without loss of 
 heat, the solid would be white hot, or hotter than 
 melted steel — it being assumed, of course, that 
 
 ♦See Scientific American Supplement, 624, 625, Dec. 1887. 
 
 +460° below the zero of Fahrenheit. This is the nearest 
 approximation in whole degrees to the latest determinations 
 of the absolute zero of temperature. 
 
 the specific heat of the water and ice remain nor- 
 mal, or the same as they respectively are at the 
 freezing point. 
 
 After steam has been formed, a further addi- 
 tion of heat increases the temperature again at a 
 much faster ratio to the quantity of head added, 
 which ratio also varies according as we maintain 
 a constant pressure or a constant volume ; and 
 I am not aware that any other critical point ex- 
 ists where this will cease to be the fact until we 
 arrive at that very high temperature, known as 
 the point of dissociation, at which it becomes re- 
 solved into its original gases. 
 
 The heat which has been absorbed by one 
 pound of water to convert it into a pound of 
 steam at atmospheric pressure is sufficient to 
 have melted three pounds of steel or thirteen 
 pounds of gold. This has been transformed 
 into something besides heat ; stored up to reap- 
 pear as heat when the process is reversed. That 
 condition is what we are pleased to call latent 
 heat, and in it resides mainly the ability of the 
 steam to do work. 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 2800 
 
 1 * 
 
 ELTS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 2: 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 ~ [7 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 2600 
 
 1ELTS / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 2140 
 
 q c 
 
 1 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2400 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 40 
 
 Zj_T 
 
 1 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1800 
 
 i~j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 q T 
 
 UJ 
 
 11 UJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 rl 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jo u 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 340 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cj 
 
 
 1200 
 
 / | 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /o 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 100C 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £U 
 
 ? 
 
 
 300 I 
 
 TT 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 - / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 600 / 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 212 
 
 MO 
 
 
 /-* 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ERC 
 
 1.60 
 
 300 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 20c y 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 2 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _4 
 
 30 
 
 
 2C0 1 400 
 
 6 
 
 DO 
 
 8 
 
 DO 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 12 
 
 DO 
 
 14 
 
 00 
 
 16 
 
 00 
 
 1 8p0 
 
 QUANTITY OF HEAT IN BRITISH THERMAU UNIT8. 
 
 The diagram shows graphically the relation of 
 heat to temperature, the horizontal scale being 
 quantity of heat in British thermal units, and the 
 vertical temperature in Fahrenheit degrees, both 
 reckoned from absolute zero and by the usual 
 scale. The dotted lines for ice and water show 
 ' the temperature which would have been obtained 
 if the conditions had not changed. The lines 
 
 15 
 
«*■ 
 
 4 « 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, 488 H. P., in the New York Mutual Life Insurance Co.'s Building, New Yuik c-uj,. treaeu 1664, beneath Court Yard. 
 
marked “gold” and “steel” show the relation 
 to heat and temperature and the melting points 
 of these metals. All the inclined lines would be 
 slightly curved if attention had been paid to the 
 changing specific heat, but the curvature would 
 be small. It is worth noting that, with one or 
 two exceptions, the curves of all substances lie 
 between the vertical and that for water. That is 
 to say, that water has a greater capacity for heat 
 than all other substances except two, hydrogen 
 and bromine. 
 
 In order to generate steam, then, only two 
 steps are required : First, procure the heat, and, 
 second, transfer it to the water. Now, you have 
 it laid down as an axiom that when a body has 
 been transferred or transformed from one place or 
 state into another, the same work has been done 
 and the same energy expended, whatever may- 
 have been the intermediate steps or conditions, 
 or whatever the apparatus. Therefore, when a 
 given quantity of water at a given temperature 
 has been made into steam at a given temperature, 
 a certain definite work has been done, and a cer- 
 tain amount of energy expended, from whatever 
 the heat may have been obtained, or whatever 
 boiler may have been employed for the purpose. 
 
 A pound of coal or any other fuel has a defi- 
 nite heat-producing capacity, and is capable of 
 evaporating a definite quantity of water under 
 given conditions. That is the limit beyond which 
 even perfection cannot go, and yet I have known, 
 and doubtless you have heard of, cases where in- 
 ventors have claimed, and so-called engineers 
 have certified to, much higher results. 
 
 The first step in generating steam is in burning 
 the fuel to the best advantage. A pound of car- 
 bon will generate 14,500 British thermal units 
 during combustion into carbonic dioxide, and 
 this will be the same, whatever the temperature 
 or the rapidity at which the combustion may take 
 place. If possible, we might oxidize it at as slow 
 a rate as that with which iron rusts or wood rots 
 in the open air, or we might burn it with the ra- 
 pidity of gunpowder, a ton in a second, yet the 
 total heat generated would be precisely the same. 
 Again, we may keep the temperature down to 
 the lowest point at which combustion can take 
 place, by bringing large bodies of air in contact 
 with it, or otherwise, or we may supply it with 
 just the right quantity of pure oxygen, and burn 
 it at a temperature approaching that of dissocia- 
 tion, and still the heat units given off will be 
 neither more nor less. It follows, therefore, that 
 great latitude in the manner or rapidity of com- 
 bustion may be taken without affecting the quan- 
 tity of heat generated. 
 
 But in practice it is found that other considera- 
 
 tions limit this latitude, and that there are certain 
 conditions necessary in order to get the most 
 available heat from a pound of coal. There are 
 three ways, and only three, in which the heat de- 
 veloped by the combustion of coal in a steam 
 boiler furnace may be expended. 
 
 First , and principally, it should be conveyed 
 to the water in the boiler, and be utilized in the 
 production of steam. To be perfect, a boiler 
 should so utilize all the heat of combustion, but 
 there are no perfect boilers. 
 
 Second . — A portion of the heat of combustion 
 is conveyed up the chimney in the waste gases. 
 This is in proportion to the weight of the gases, 
 and the difference between their temperature and 
 that of the air and coal before they entered the 
 fire. 
 
 Third . — Another portion is dissipated by radi- 
 ation from the sides of the furnace. In a stove 
 the heat is all used in these latter two ways, 
 either it goes off through the chimney or is radi- 
 ated into the surrounding space. It is one ol 
 the principal problems of boiler engineering to 
 render the amount of heat thus lost as small as 
 possible. 
 
 The loss from radiation is in proportion to the 
 amount of surface, its nature, its temperature, and 
 the time it is exposed. This loss can be almost 
 entirely eliminated by thick walls and a smooth 
 white or polished surface, but its amount is ordin- 
 arily so small that these extraordinary precau- 
 tions do not pay in practice. 
 
 It is evident that the temperature of the escap- 
 ing gases cannot be brought below that of the 
 absorbing surfaces, while it may be much greater 
 even to that of the fire. This is supposing that 
 all of the escaping gases have passed through the 
 fire. In case air is allowed to leak into the flues, 
 and mingle with the gases after they have left 
 the heating surfaces, the temperature may be 
 brought down to almost any point above that of 
 the atmosphere, but without any reduction in the 
 amount of heat wasted. It is in this way that 
 those low chimney temperatures are sometimes 
 attained which pass for proof of economy with 
 the unobserving. All surplus air admitted to the 
 fire, or to the gases before they leave the heat- 
 ing surfaces, increases the losses. 
 
 We are now prepared to see why and how 
 the temperature and the rapidity of combustion 
 in the boiler furnace affect the economy, and that 
 though the amount of heat developed may be the 
 same, the heat available for the generation of 
 steam may be much less with one rate or tem- 
 perature of combustion than another. 
 
 Assuming that there is no air passing up the 
 chimney other than that which has passed through 
 
 17 
 
*%* 
 
 Babcock it Wilcox Boilers, at McAvoy Brewing Co.. Chicago, III. 832 H. 
 
the fire, the higher the temperature of the fire 
 and the lower that of the escaping gases the bet- 
 ter the economy, for the losses by the chimney 
 gases will bear the same proportion to the heat 
 generated by the combustion as the temperature 
 of those gases bears to the temperature of the 
 the fire. That is to say, if the temperature of the 
 fire is 2,500° and that of the chimney gases 500° 
 above that of the atmosphere, the loss by the chim- 
 ney will be = 20 P er cent. Therefore, as the 
 escaping gases cannot be brought below the 
 temperature of the absorbing surface, which is 
 practically a fixed quantity, the temperature of 
 the fire must be high in order to secure good 
 economy. 
 
 The losses by radiation being practically pro- 
 portioned to the time occupied, the more coal 
 burned in a given furnace in a given time, the less 
 will be the proportionate loss from that cause. 
 
 It therefore follows that we should burn our 
 coal rapidly and at a high temperature, to secure 
 the best available economy. ' 
 
 THEORY OF HEAT ENGINES.* 
 
 In any heat engine it is essential that there 
 should be, 1st, a working fluid ; 2d, a source of 
 heat ; and 3d, a receptacle for unexpended heat, 
 both of which latter must be external to the 
 working fluid. In its operation there must be a 
 reception of heat by the working fluid, at a cer- 
 tain temperature, a conversion of heat into work, 
 and a discharge of unconverted heat at a lower 
 temperature than that at which it was received. 
 The difference between such higher and lower 
 temperatures is called the “range of tempera- 
 tures,” and the engine is called a “perfect en- 
 gine” when the whole heat corresponding to its 
 range of temperature is converted into work. 
 Sadi Carnot, in 1S24, seems to have been the 
 first to enunciate the principle, now universally 
 recognized, that the ratio of the maximum me- 
 chanical effect in a perfect heat engine to the 
 total heat expended upon it, is a function solely 
 of the two constant temperatures, at which re- 
 spectively heat is received and rejected, and is 
 independent of the nature of the intermediate 
 agent or working fluid, though at that day the 
 dynamic theory of heat was not known, and Carnot 
 supposed that all the heat received in the boiler, 
 or its equivalent, was transferred to the conden- 
 ser. Subsequent researches of Joule, Rankine 
 and others, have established the following prop- 
 ositions : 
 
 1st. In any heat engine the maximum useful 
 ejfect (expressed in foot pounds or in percentage) 
 
 * From “ Substitutes /or Steam/ by Geo. H. Babcock, 
 read before the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 
 May, 1886. Transactions , Vol. VII., p. 710. 
 
 bears the same relation to the total heat expended 
 (expressed in foot pounds or as unity) that the 
 range of temperature bears to the absolute te}>i- 
 perature at which heat is received. 
 
 2d. In any heat engine the minimum loss oj 
 heat bears the same relation to the total heat ex- 
 pended as the temperature at which the heat is 
 rejected bears to the temperature at which it is 
 received , both being reckoned from absolute zero, 
 460° f below the zero of Fahrenheit’s scale. 
 
 These two propositions, expressed in algebraic 
 formulae, are : 
 
 (1) U - - II — ~ — -, which, if H -- i, becomes 
 
 ~ 1 
 
 the well-known equation U = — - ; and, 
 
 1 1 
 
 (2) L ----- II -f- in which also, if H = i, L = - — 
 
 • 1 7 i 
 
 But as L U = 1, .’. U — 1 — which is 
 
 1 1 
 
 identical with (i) differently written. 
 
 At this point we need to divest ourselves of an 
 idea which is common, and which naturally 
 comes from the terms used, that “latent” heat 
 is necessarily wasted heat — -or, in other words, 
 that if all the heat received was expended in ele- 
 vating the temperature, instead of a large share 
 of it going into the “latent” condition, we should 
 be able to turn a larger percentage of it into 
 power. It has been upon this erroneous supposi- 
 tion that most of the searches for substitutes for 
 steam have been based. To show its fallacy, 
 practically, it is only necessary to consider the 
 action of an engine using steam as a gas without 
 expenditure of latent heat, and compare it with 
 the results attained in engines in which the latent 
 heat is expended in the boiler and discharged in 
 the condenser. W e will assume that steam be 
 supplied at ioo° temperature — - 1 pound pressure, 
 or 28 inches vacuum nearly — that it be worked 
 through Carnot’s cycle between that temperature 
 and 320° — the temperature of saturated steam at 
 75 pounds gauge pressure. The efficiency of 
 
 this cycle would be, by above formula, = 
 
 780 
 
 = .28. The heat expended per pound of steam 
 would be 220 X -475 X 772 = 80,674 foot pounds 
 of energy, of which the- engine would utilize 28 
 per cent., or 22,588 foot pounds. There would, 
 
 , . , . , 1,980,000 
 
 therefore, be required = 87.6 pounds 
 
 22,588 
 
 steam per hourly horse-power, and that in a per- 
 fect engine ; but, working within the same limits, 
 in a very imperfect engine, using water with its 
 large latent heat, in actual practice, a horse- 
 power is obtained for from 16 to iS pounds, or 
 about one-fifth the quantity of fluid. Latent 
 
 t See note, p. 15. 
 
 19 
 
•►H 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers in Senate Wing, United States Capitol, Washington, D. C. 312 H. P., erected 1887, 520 H. P,, erected 1891. 
 
heat must, therefore, be an efficient source of 
 energy as well as sensible heat. That it is just 
 as much so when working between the same 
 limits of temperature, was demonstrated by Ran- 
 kine in a series of articles published in the Engin- 
 eer in 1857. And, in fact, it may be said there 
 would be no available energy if there was no 
 latent or specific heat. 
 
 We may, perhaps, understand this point a little 
 better by means of.an illustration suggested by 
 Carnot, which, though based upon the theory of 
 the materiality of heat, is still just as true under 
 the correct theory. In fact, the second law of 
 thermo-dynamics is equally applicable to a pon- 
 derable body as to heat, 
 and may be summed 
 up in the well-known 
 adage, “ Water will 
 not run up hill.” The 
 figure represents a sec- 
 tion of a building in 
 which is situated a tank 
 of water, or any other 
 fluid, which is used to 
 drive a water - motor 
 upon a floor below, 
 after which the fluid 
 is discharged, whence 
 it may or may not find 
 its way to the sea-level 
 — the line of absolute 
 zero. Now it is evident 
 the greatest possible 
 effect obtainable in the 
 motor-engine is repre- 
 sented by the weight 
 of fluid, Q, multiplied 
 by its fall to 
 the point of 
 
 ] | ‘ 
 
 SEA LEVEL OR ABSOLUTE ZERO 
 
 discharge. 
 
 The height of the surface of the tank above 
 sea-level is r lt and the height of its discharge 
 from same datum-line is r., while its fall is 
 t j — r 2 , and the greatest efficiency of the motor 
 is expressed by U — Q ( — r s ). But the 
 
 total energy of the fluid is represented by O ~ j, 
 and the efficiency of the motor expressed in 
 terms of total energy is : 
 
 LJ — ~ ( = T ' 
 
 Q "1 T i 
 
 It is evident that the same law holds good what- 
 ever be the character of the fluid in the tank. 
 
 Now, the quantity Q, — which may represent 
 the latent heat, while the height, represents 
 temperature — may be greater or less with the 
 same height. If Q = 0 , then there would be no 
 available energy, for there would have been none 
 
 expended. It will also be seen that if in the sup- 
 posed steam-engine above calculated, 0 be sub- 
 stituted for .475, the specific heat of the steam, 
 there would be no energy in the engine. 
 
 From the mere inspection of the above form- 
 ulae, in view of this illustration, it is readily seen : 
 
 1st. That the useful effect can only equal the 
 total heat expended when the temperature at 
 which it is rejected is absolute zero, in which 
 case it matters not at what temperature the heat 
 may be received. 
 
 2d. That with a given minimum temperature, 
 the higher the maximum temperature the greater 
 will be the proportion of total heat converted into 
 useful work. 
 
 3. That it is of greater importance to lower the 
 temperature at which heat is rejected than to 
 raise that at which it is received. 
 
 There are, however, practical limits to these 
 several values : 
 
 1st. The temperature of rejection cannot be 
 carried below that of the substance into which it 
 is rejected — in practice it must be several de- 
 grees above it — and is independent of the fluid 
 employed. As there is, in practice, nothing 
 available colder than air or water, r 2 cannot 
 easily be less than ioo° Fahr., 560° absolute. 
 
 2d. The temperature of reception cannot be 
 greater than the highest temperature of combus- 
 tion, nor greater than the surfaces of the piston 
 and cylinder will stand ; nor greater than will 
 produce in the given fluid the highest allowable 
 pressure. 
 
 3d. The highest pressure is limited by the 
 strength of the mechanism and safety of its oper- 
 ation, and is also independent of the fluid. As 
 all fluids, except mercury and turpentine, attain 
 this limit of pressure before the limit of tempera- 
 ture, the pressure is the practical limiting condi- 
 tion in this direction. 
 
 Obviously, then, as the limits of lowest avail- 
 able temperature and of highest practical pres- 
 sure are the same for all vapors, it becomes evi- 
 dent that the fluid having the highest tempera- 
 ture at the limit of pressure, other things being 
 equal, has the advantage, theoretically, in possi- 
 ble economy. Of all available liquids, water 
 fulfils this condition best, and therefore it is use- 
 less to search for another vapor as a substitute 
 for steam, unless it can be shown that the losses 
 incidental to the use of the latter are necessarily 
 enough greater than those incidental to some 
 other fluid, to more than counterbalance this ad- 
 vantage. That there are such compensating ad- 
 vantages is not probable, and they would, indeed, 
 need to be very great to offset the cost of fluid, 
 water being free of cost in nearly all situations. 
 
 v- 
 
 21 
 

 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, 1,200 H, P., at Cardenas Sugar Refinery, Cuba. 2,200 H. 
 
CIRCULATION OF WATER IN STEAM BOILERS. 
 
 [From a lecture by George H. Babcock delivered at 
 Cornell University, February, 1890.] 
 
 You have all noticed a kettle of water boiling 
 over the fire, the fluid rising somewhat tumultu- 
 ously around the edges of the vessel and tum- 
 bling toward the centre, where it descends. 
 Similar currents are in action while the water is 
 simply being heated, but they are not percepti- 
 ble unless there are floating particles in the 
 liquid. These currents are caused by the joint 
 action of the added temperature and two or 
 more qualities which the water possesses. 
 
 1. Water, in common with most other sub- 
 stances, expands when heated ; a statement, 
 however, strictly true only when referred to a 
 temperature above 39 0 F. or 4 0 C., but as in the 
 making of steam we rarely have to do with tem- 
 peratures so low as that, we may, for our present 
 purposes, ignore that exception. 
 
 2. Water is practically a non-conductor of 
 heat, though not entirely so. If ice-cold water 
 was kept boiling at the surface the heat would 
 not penetrate sufficiently to begin melting ice at 
 a depth of three inches in less than about two 
 hours. As, therefore, the heated water cannot 
 impart its heat to its neighboring particles, it 
 remains expanded and rises by its levity, while 
 colder portions come to be heated in turn, thus 
 setting up currents in the fluid. 
 
 Now, when all the water has been heated to 
 the boiling point corresponding to the pressure 
 to which it is subjected, each added unit of heat 
 converts a portion, about seven grains in weight, 
 into vapor, greatly increasing its volume ; and 
 the mingled steam and water rises more rapidly 
 still, producing ebullition such as we have no- 
 ticed in the kettle. So long as the quantity of 
 heat added to the contents of the kettle contin- 
 ues practically constant, the conditions remain 
 similar to those we 
 noticed at first, a 
 tumultuous lifting 
 of the water around 
 the edges, flowing 
 toward the centre 
 and thence down- 
 ward ; if, however, 
 the fire be quick- 
 ened, the upward 
 currents interfere 
 with the downward 
 and the kettle boils 
 over. (Fig. 1.) 
 
 If now we put in the kettle a vessel somewhat 
 smaller (Fig. 2) with a hole in the bottom and 
 supported at a proper distance from the side so 
 as to separate the upward from the downward 
 currents, we can force the fires to a very much 
 greater extent without causing the kettle to boil 
 over, and when we place a deflecting plate so as 
 to guide the rising column toward the centre, it 
 will be almost impossible to produce that effect. 
 This is the inven- 
 tion of Perkins in 
 1831 and forms the 
 basis of very many 
 of the arrangements 
 for producing free 
 circulation of the 
 water in boilers 
 which have been 
 made since tha t 
 time. It consists in 
 dividing the cur- 
 rents so that they 
 will not interfere 
 each with the other. 
 
 But what is the object of facilitating the cir- 
 culation of water in boilers ? Why may we not 
 safely leave this to the unassisted action of 
 nature as we do in culinary operations? We 
 may, if we do not care for the three most 
 important aims in steam-boiler construction, 
 namely, efficiency, durability and safety, each of 
 which is more or less dependent upon a proper 
 circulation of the water. As for efficiency, we 
 have seen one proof in our kettle. When we 
 provided means to preserve the circulation, we 
 found that we could carry a hotter fire and boil 
 away the water much more rapidly than before. 
 It is the same in a steam boiler. And w'e 
 also noticed that when there was nothing but 
 the unassisted circulation, the rising steam car- 
 ried away so much water in the form of foam 
 that the kettle boiled over, but when the cur- 
 rents were separated and an unimpeded circuit 
 was established, this ceased, and a much larger 
 supply of steam was delivered in a compara- 
 tively dry state. Thus, circulation increases the 
 efficiency in two ways : it adds to the ability to 
 take up the heat and decreases the liability to 
 waste that heat by what is technically known as 
 priming. There is yet another way in which, 
 incidentally, circulation increases efficiency of 
 surface and that is by preventing in a greater or 
 less degree the formation of deposits thereon. 
 Most waters contain some impurity which, 
 
 Fig. 
 
when the water is evaporated, remains to in- 
 crust the surface of the vessel. This incrusta- 
 tion becomes very serious sometimes, so much 
 so as to almost entirely prevent the transmission 
 of heat from the metal to the water. It is said 
 that an incrustation of only ]/% inch will cause a 
 loss of 25 per cent, in efficiency, and that is prob- 
 ably within the truth in many cases. Circulation 
 of water will not prevent incrustation altogether, 
 but it lessens the amount in all waters, and 
 almost entirely so in some, thus adding greatly 
 to the efficiency of the surface. 
 
 A second advantage to be obtained through 
 circulation is durability of the boiler. This it 
 secures mainly by keeping all parts at a nearly 
 uniform temperature. The way to secure the 
 greatest freedom from unequal strains in a boiler 
 is to provide for such a circulation of the water 
 as will insure the same temperature in all parts. 
 
 3. Safety follows in the wake of durability, 
 because a boiler which is not subject to unequal 
 strains of expansion and contraction is not only 
 less liable to ordinary repairs, but also to rupture 
 and disastrous explosion. By far the most pro- 
 lific cause of explosions is this same strain from 
 unequal expansions. 
 
 Having thus briefly looked at the advantages 
 of circulation of water in steam boilers, let us 
 see what are the best means of securing it under 
 the most efficient conditions. We have seen in 
 our kettle that one essential point was that the 
 currents should be kept from interfering with 
 each other. If we could look into 
 an ordinary return tubular boiler 
 when steaming we should see a 
 curious commotion of currents 
 rushing hither and thither, and 
 shifting continually as one or the 
 other contending force gained 
 a momentary mastery. The 
 principal upward currents would 
 be found at the two ends, one 
 over the fire and the other over 
 the first foot or so of the tubes. 
 Between these, the downward 
 Fig. 3 . currents struggle against the 
 rising currents of steam and water. At a sud- 
 den demand for steam, or on the lifting of the 
 safety valve, the pressure being slightly reduced, 
 the water jumps up in jets at every portion of the 
 surface, being lifted by the sudden generation of 
 steam throughout the body of water. You have 
 seen the effect of this sudden generation of steam 
 in the well-known experiment with a Florence 
 
 flask, to which a cold application is made while 
 boiling water under pressure is within. You 
 have also witnessed the geyser-like action when 
 water is boiled in a test tube held vertically over 
 a lamp (Fig. 3). 
 
 If now we take a U 
 tube depending from a 
 vessel of water(Fig. 4) 
 and apply the lamp to 
 one leg a circulation is 
 at once set up within 
 it, and no such spas- 
 modic action can be 
 produced. This U tube 
 is the representative of 
 the true method of cir- 
 culation within a wa- 
 ter-tube boiler properly 
 constructed. \Ye can, 
 for the purpose of se- 
 curing more heating 
 surface, extend the 
 heated leg into a long 
 incline (Fig. 5), when 
 we have the well- 
 known inclined -tube 
 generator. Now, by 
 adding other tubes, we 
 may further increase the heating surface (Fig. 6), 
 while it will still be the U tube in effect and ac- 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 tion. In such a construction the circulation is 
 a function of the difference in density of the two 
 columns. Its velocity is measured by th e well- 
 known Torricellian formula, V = \J igh, or, ap- 
 proximately, V = 8 y/h, h being measured in 
 terms of the lighter fluid. This velocity will 
 increase until the rising column becomes all 
 steam, but the quantity or weight circulated will 
 attain a maximum when the density of the mingled 
 steam and water in the rising column becomes 
 
 Fig. 5- 
 
◄ 
 
 ■4 
 
 one-half that of the solid water in the descend- 
 ing column, which is nearly coincident with the 
 condition of half steam and half water, the weight 
 of the steam being very slight compared to that 
 of the water. 
 
 It becomes easy by this rule to determine the 
 circulation in any given boiler built on this prin- 
 ciple, provided the construction is such as to 
 permit a free flow of the water. Of course, 
 every bend detracts a little and something is 
 lost in getting up the velocity, but when the 
 boiler is well arranged and proportioned these 
 retardations are slight. 
 
 Let us take for example one of the 240-horse 
 power Babcock & Wilcox boilers here in the 
 University. The height of the columns may be 
 taken as four and one-half feet, measuring from 
 the surface of the water to about the centre of 
 the bundle of tubes over the fire, and the head 
 would be equal to this height at the maximum 
 of circulation. We should, therefore, have a 
 velocity of 8 \/ 4 y z = 16.97, say 17 feet per sec- 
 ond. There are in this boiler fourteen sections, 
 each having a 4" tube opening into the drum, 
 the area of which (inside) is 1 1 square inches, 
 the 14 aggregating 154 square inches, or 1.07 
 square feet. This multiplied by the velocity, 
 16.97 feet, gives 18.16 cubic feet mingled steam 
 and water discharged per second, one-half of 
 which, or 9.08 cubic feet, is steam. Assuming 
 this steam to be at 100 pounds gauge pressure, 
 it will weigh 0.258 pound per cubic foot. 
 Hence, 2.34 pounds of steam will be discharged 
 per second, and 8,433 pounds per hour. Divid- 
 ing this by 30, the number of pounds represent- 
 ing a boiler horse power, we get 281.1 horse 
 power, about 17 per cent, in excess of the rated 
 power of the boiler. The water at the temper- 
 ature of steam at 100 pounds pressure weighs 
 56 pounds per cubic foot, and the steam 0.258 
 pound, so that the steam forms but part of 
 the mixture by weight, and consequently each 
 particle of water will make 218 circuits before 
 being evaporated when working at this capacity, 
 and circulating the maximum weight of water 
 through the tubes. 
 
 It is evident that at the highest possible veloc- 
 ity of exit from the generating tubes, nothing 
 but steam will be delivered and there will be no 
 circulation of water except to supply the place of 
 that evaporated. Let us see at what rate of 
 steaming this would occur with the boiler under 
 consideration. We shall have a column of 
 steam, say four feet high on one side and an 
 
 equal column of water on the other. Assum- 
 ing, as before, the steam at 100 pounds and the 
 water at same temperature, we will have a head 
 of 866 feet of steam and an issuing velocity of 
 235.5 f eet P er second. This multiplied by 1.07 
 square feet of opening and 3,600 seconds in an 
 hour gives 234,043 pounds of steam, which, 
 though only one-eighth the weight of mingled 
 steam and water delivered at the maximum, 
 gives us 7,801 horse power, or over 32 times the 
 rated power of the boiler. Of course, this is far 
 beyond any possibility of attainment, so that it 
 may be set down as certain that this boiler can- 
 not be forced to a point where there will not be 
 an efficient circulation of the water. By the 
 same method of calculation it may be shown 
 that when forced to double its rated power, a 
 point rarely expected to be reached in practice, 
 about two-thirds the volume of mixture of 
 steam and water delivered into the drum will be 
 steam, and that the water will make 1 10 circuits 
 while being evaporated. Also that when 
 worked at only about one-quarter its rated ca- 
 pacity, one-fifth of the volume will be steam and 
 the water will make the rounds 870 times be- 
 fore it becomes steam. You will thus see that 
 in the proportions adopted in this boiler there is 
 provision for perfect circulation under all the 
 possible conditions of practice. 
 
 In designing boil- 
 ers of this style it is 
 necessary to guard 
 against having the 
 uptake at the upper 
 end of the tubes too 
 large, for if suffi- 
 ciently large to al- 
 low downward cur- 
 rents therein, the 
 whole effect of the 
 rising column in in- 
 creasing the circu- 
 lation in the tubes 
 will readily be seen if we consider the uptake 
 very large — when the only head producing cir- 
 culation in the tubes will be that due to the in- 
 clination of each tube taken by itself. This 
 objection is only overcome when the uptake is 
 so small as to be entirely filled with the ascend- 
 ing current of mingled steam and water. It is 
 also necessary that this uptake should be practi- 
 cally direct, and it should not be composed of 
 frequent enlargements and contractions. Take, 
 for instance, a boiler well known in Europe, 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 is nullified (Fig. 7). This 
 
 
 25 
 
copied and sold here under another name. It is 
 made up of inclined tubes secured by pairs into 
 boxes at the ends, which boxes are made to 
 communicate with each other by return bends 
 opposite the ends of the tubes. These boxes 
 and return bends form an irregular uptake, 
 whereby the steam is expected to rise to a 
 reservoir above. You will notice (Fig. 8) that 
 
 Fig. 8. [Developed to show Circulation.] 
 
 the upward current of steam and water in the 
 return bend r^eets and directly antagonizes the 
 upward current in the adjoining tube. Only one 
 result can follow. If their velocities are equal, the 
 momentum of both will be neutralized and all 
 circulation stopped, or if one be stronger, it will 
 cause a back flow in the other by the amount of 
 difference in force, with practically the same result. 
 
 In a well-known boiler, many of which were 
 sold, but of which none are now made and 
 very few are still in use, the inventor claimed 
 that the return bends and small openings against 
 the tubes were for the purpose of “ restricting 
 the circulation,” and no doubt they performed 
 well that office ; but excepting for the smallness 
 of the openings they were not as efficient for 
 that purpose as the arrangement shown in Fig. 8. 
 
 Another form of 
 boiler, first invented by 
 Clarke or Crawford, 
 and lately revived, has 
 the uptake made of 
 boxes into which a 
 number, generally from 
 two to four, tubes are 
 expanded, the boxes 
 being connected to- 
 gether by nipples (Fig. 
 9). It is a well-known 
 fact that where a fluid 
 flows through a con- 
 
 duit which enlarges and then contracts, the ve- 
 locity is lost to a greater or less extent at the 
 enlargements, and has to be gotten up again at 
 the contractions each time, with a corresponding 
 loss of head. The same thing occurs in the con- 
 struction shown in Fig. 9. The enlargements 
 and contractions quite destroy the head and 
 practically overcome the tendency of the water 
 to circulate. 
 
 A horizontal tube stopped at one end, as shown 
 in Fig. 10, can have no proper circulation within 
 it. If moderately driven, the water may struggle 
 in against the issuing steam sufficiently to keep 
 the surfaces covered, but a slight degree of forc- 
 ing will cause it to act like the test tube in Fig. 3, 
 and the more there are of them in a given boiler 
 the more spasmodic will be its working. 
 
 The experiment with our kettle (Fig. 2) gives 
 the clew to the best means of promoting circula- 
 tion in ordinary shell boilers. Steenstrup or 
 “ Martin ” and “ Galloway ” water tubes placed 
 in such boilers also assist in directing the circu- 
 lation therein, but it is almost impossible to 
 produce in shell boilers, by any means, the circu- 
 lation of all the water in one continuous round, 
 such as marks the well-constructed water-tube 
 boiler. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 As 1 have before remarked, provision for a 
 proper circulation of water has been almost uni- 
 versally ignored in designing steam boilers, 
 sometimes to the great damage of the owner, but 
 oftener to the jeopardy of the lives of those who 
 are employed to run them. The noted case of the 
 Montana and her sister ship, where some $300,- 
 000 was thrown away in trying an experiment 
 which a proper consideration of this subject 
 would have avoided, is a case in point ; but who 
 shall count the cost of life and treasure not, per- 
 haps, directly traceable to, but, nevertheless, due 
 entirely to such neglect in design and construc- 
 tion of the thousands of boilers in which this 
 necessary' element has been ignored ? 
 
Babcock & Wilcox Boilers at Boston Sugar Refinery, East Boston Mass. 1.000 H. P. Erected 1880. 
 Showing Style of Fronts for continuous batteries of boilers. 
 
-4 
 
 ■►H 
 
 BRIEF HISTORY OF WATER-TUBE BOILERS* 
 
 Water-tube boilers are not new. From the 
 earliest days of the steam engine, there have 
 been those who recognized 
 their advantages. The first 
 water-tube boiler recorded 
 was made by a contempo- 
 rary of Watt, William Blakey, 
 in 1766. He arranged sev- 
 eral tubes in a furnace, 
 alternately inclined at oppo- 
 site angles, and connected at 
 their contiguous ends by 
 smaller pipes. But the first 
 successful user of such boil- 
 ers was James Rumsay, an 
 American inventor, celebra- 
 ted for his early experiments 
 in steam navigation, and who 
 may be truly classed as the 
 originator of the water-tube 
 boiler, as now known. In 
 1788 he patented, in England, 
 several forms of boilers, 
 among them, one having a fire-box with flat 
 water-sides and top, across which were hor- 
 izontal water-tubes connecting 
 with the water spaces. Another 
 was a coiled tube within a cylin- 
 drical fire-box, connecting at its 
 two ends with the annular sur- 
 rounding water space. This was 
 
 About the same time, Wolf, the inventor 01 
 compound engines, made a boiler of large hori- 
 zontal tubes, laid across the furnace and con- 
 
 Stevensi 1805. 
 
 the first of the “coil boilers.” 
 Another form in the same patent 
 was the vertical tubular boiler, as 
 at present made. 
 
 The first boiler made of a combi- 
 nation of small tubes, connected at 
 one end to a reservoir, was the in- 
 vention of another American, John 
 Cox Stevens, in 1805. 
 
 This boiler was actually employed 
 to drive a steamboat on the I ludson 
 River, but like all the “ porcupine ” 
 boilers of which it was the first, it 
 did not have the elements of a con- 
 tinued success. 
 
 * See discussion by Geo. H. Babcock, of 
 Sterling’s paper on “ Water-tube and 
 Shell Boilers, in Trans. A m. Society of 
 Mechanical Engineers , Vol., VI., p. 601. 
 
 Joseph Eve, 1825. 
 
 nected at the ends to a longitudinal drum above. 
 The first purely sectional water-tube boiler was 
 made by Julius Griffith, in 1821, who used a num- 
 ber of horizontal water-tubes connected to ver- 
 tical side pipes, which were in turn connected to 
 horizontal gathering pipes, and these to a steam 
 drum. The first sectional water-tube boiler, 
 with a well-defined circulation, was 
 made by Joseph Eve, in 1825. His 
 sections were composed of small 
 tubes slightly double curved but 
 practically vertical, fixed in horizon- 
 tal headers, which were in turn con- 
 nected to a steam space above and 
 water space below formed of larger pipes, and 
 connected by outside pipes so as to secure a cir- 
 culation of the water up through the sections and 
 
 *- 
 
 
 29 
 

 Ntiitffliiitaniiiuwn'imnnm}' 
 
 .■ ■■- ■ '.>..1' ■■i.-iji iL'.j_ 
 
 
 
 nnlnlniil 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, in connection with Murphy Furnaces, at 1 2th St. Station, Metropolitan Street Railway Co., Kansas City, Mo. 600 H, P. Erected 1886-7. 
 
down the external pipes. The same year John 
 M’Curdy, of New York, made a “ Duplex Steam 
 Generator,” of ‘‘tubes of wrought or cast-iron 
 or other material” arranged in several horizon- 
 tal rows, connected together alternately front and 
 rear by return bends. In 1826, Goldsworthy 
 Gurney made a number of boilers which he used 
 on his steam carriages, consist- 
 ing of a series of small tubes 
 bent into the shape of a U laid 
 edgewise, which connected top 
 and bottom with large horizon- 
 tal pipes. These latter were 
 united by vertical pipes to per- 
 mit of circulation, and also 
 connected to a ver- 
 tical cylinder form- 
 ing the steam and 
 water reservoirs. In 
 1S2S, Paul Steen- 
 strup made the first 
 shell boiler with ver- 
 tical water-tubes in 
 the large flues, sim- 
 ilar to what is known 
 
 as the “Martin,” and suggesting the “Galloway.” 
 
 The first water-tube boiler having fire-tubes 
 within water-tubes was made in 1830, by Sum- 
 mers & Ogle. Horizontal connections at top 
 and bottom, had a series of vertical water-tubes 
 connecting them, through which were fire tubes 
 extending through the horizontal connections, 
 with nuts upon them to bind the parts together 
 and make the joints, suggesting some recent 
 patents. 
 
 The first person to use inclined water-tubes 
 connecting water spaces front and rear with a 
 
 Time would fail to tell of Clark, and Perkins, 
 and Moore (English), and McDowell, and Alban, 
 and Craddock, and the host of others who have 
 tried to make water-tube boilers, and have not 
 made practical successes, because of the difficul- 
 ties of the problem. 
 
 Why are not water-tube boilers in more gen- 
 
 Twibill, 1865. 
 
 eral use, compared with shell boilers ? is asked. 
 Because they require a high class of engineering 
 to make them successful. The plain cylinder is 
 an easy thing to make. It requires little skill to 
 rivet sheets into a cylinder, build a fire under it 
 and call it a boiler ; and because it is easy and 
 any one can make such a boiler — because it re- 
 quires no special engineering — they have been 
 made, and are still made, to a very large extent. 
 The water-tube boiler, on the other hand, re- 
 quires much more skill in order to make it suc- 
 cessful. This is proven by the great number of 
 failures in attempts to make water-tube 
 boilers, some of which are referred to in 
 the paper under discussion. 
 
 
 Wilcox, 1856. 
 
 steam space above, was Stephen Wilcox in 1S56, 
 and the first to make such inclined tubes into a 
 sectional form was one Twibill in 1865. He 
 used wrought-iron tubes connected front and 
 rear by intermediate connections with stand 
 pipes, which carried the steam to a horizontal 
 cross-drum at the top, the entrained water being 
 carried back to the rear. 
 
 The Babcock & Wilcox Water- 
 tube Boiler has grown out of that of 
 Stephen Wilcox, of 1856, so that it may 
 be said to date back to that year, though 
 the first joint patent was eleven years 
 later. Dr. Alban had stated the axiom 
 that “all boilers should be so constructed 
 that their explosion should not be dan- 
 gerous,” and Plarrison had put such boil- 
 ers into use, made of cast-iron globes, but the 
 Babcock & Wilcox boiler of 1S67 was the first to 
 combine the sectional construction with a free cir- 
 culation of the water in one continuous round. 
 This construction, known all over the world as 
 the Babcock & Wilcox type, is now almost uni 
 versally acknowledged to be the best possibl 
 for safety, economy, and durability. 
 
 31 
 
EVOLUTION OF THE BABCOCK & WILCOX 
 WATER-TUBE BOILER. 
 
 We learn quite as much from the record of 
 failures as through the results of success. When 
 a thing has been once fairly tried and found to 
 be impracticable, or imperfect, the knowlege of 
 that trial forms a beacon light to warn those who 
 come after not to run upon the same rock. Still 
 it is an almost every day occurrence that a de- 
 vice or construction which has been tried and 
 found wanting if not worthless, is again brought 
 up as a great improvement upon other things 
 which have proven by their survival to have been 
 the “ fittest.” This is particularly the case when 
 a person or firm, have, by long and expensive 
 experience, succeeded in supplying a felt want, 
 and developed a business which promises to pay 
 them in the end for their trouble and outlay ; 
 immediately a class of persons, who desire to 
 reap where they have not sown, rush into the 
 market with some- 
 thing similar, and, 
 generally, with some 
 idea which the suc- 
 cessful party had tried 
 and discarded, claim- 
 ing it as an “improve- 
 ment, ’ ’ seek to entice 
 customers, who in the 
 end find they have 
 c pent their money for 
 that which satisfieth 
 not. And not infre- 
 quently steam users, 
 having been inadver- 
 tently induced to experiment on the ill-diges- 
 ted plans of some unfledged inventor, unjustly 
 condemn the whole class, and resolve hence- 
 forth to stick to the things their fathers approved. 
 
 The success of the Babcock & Wilcox boiler 
 is due to twenty-three years constant adherence 
 to one line of research, experimenting and practi- 
 cal working. In that time they have tried many 
 plans which have not proven to be practicable, 
 and were in fact in whole or in part, failures. 
 During these twenty-three years they have seen 
 more than thirty water-tube, or sectional boilers 
 put upon the market, by other parties, some of 
 which attained to some distinction and sale, but 
 all of which have completely disappeared, leaving 
 scarce a trace behind, save in the memories of 
 their victims. The following list — not com- 
 plete — will serve to bring the names of some to 
 memories which can recall twenty years or less : 
 Dimpfel, Howard, Griffith & Wundrum, Dins- 
 more, Miller “Fire-box,” Miller “American,” 
 
 Miller “Internal Tube,” Miller “Inclined Tube,” 
 Phleger, Weigand, the Lady Verner, the Allen, 
 the Kelly, the Anderson, the Rogers & Black, 
 the Eclipse or Kilgore ; the Moore, the Baker 
 & Smith, the Renshaw, the Shackleton, the 
 “ Duplex,” the Pond & Bradford, the Whitting- 
 ham, the Bee, the Hazleton or “Common 
 Sense,” the Reynolds, the Suplee or Luder, the 
 Babbitt, the Reed, the Smith, the Standard, &c. 
 
 It is with the object of protecting our custom- 
 ers and friends from disappointment and loss 
 through purchasing such discarded ideas, that 
 we publish the following illustrations of experi- 
 ments made by us in the development of our 
 present boiler, the value and success of which is 
 evidenced by the fact that the largest and most 
 discriminate buyers continue to purchase them 
 after years of practical experience with their 
 workings. All the constructions herein shown, 
 and very many others, are covered by patents 
 belonging to the 
 Babcock & Wilcox 
 Company. 
 
 No. i. — The origi- 
 nal Babcock & Wilcox 
 boiler, patented in 
 1S67. The main idea 
 was safety ; to it all 
 other elements were 
 sacrificed wherever 
 they conflicted. The 
 boiler consisted of a 
 nest of horizontal 
 tubes serving as steam and water reservoir, 
 placed above and connected at each end by 
 bolted joints, to a nest of inclined heating 
 tubes filled with water. Internal tubes were 
 placed in these latter to assist circulation. The 
 tubes were placed in vertical rows above each 
 other, each vertical row and its connecting end 
 forming a single casting. Hand holes were 
 placed at the end of each tube for cleaning. 
 
 No. 2. — The internal circulation tubes were 
 found to hinder, rather, than help, circulation 
 and were left out. 
 
 Nos. 1 and 2 were found to be faulty in both 
 material and design, cast metal proving itself 
 unfit for heating surfaces placed directly over 
 the fire, cracking as soon as they became coated 
 with scale. 
 
 No. 3. — Wrought-iron tubes were substituted 
 for the cast-iron heating tubes, the ends being 
 brightened and laid in the mould, the headers 
 cast on. 
 
 33 
 
The steam and water capacity was in- 
 sufficient to secure regularity of action, 
 having no reserve to draw upon when 
 irregularly fed or fired. The attempt to 
 dry the wet steam, produced by super- 
 heating in the nest of tubes which 
 formed the steam space, was found to be 
 impracticable ; the steam delivered was 
 either wet, dry or superheated, accord- 
 ing to the demands upon the boiler. 
 
 Sediment was found to lodge in the 
 lowest point of the boiler at the rear 
 end, and the exposed portion of the castings 
 cracked off when subjected to the furnace heat. 
 
 No. 4. — A plain cylinder carrying the, water 
 line at the center, leaving the upper half for 
 steam space, was substituted for the nest of 
 tubes. The sections were made as in No. 3, 
 
 and a mud-drum added to the rear end of the 
 sections at the lowest point farthest removed 
 from the fire ; the gases passed off to the stack 
 at one side without coming in contact with it. 
 Dry steam was secured by the great increase 
 of separating surface and steam space, and the 
 added water capacity furnished a storage for 
 heat to tide over the irregularities of feeding 
 and firing. By the addition of the 
 drum it lost a little in safely, but, on 
 the other hand, it became a serviceable 
 and practical design, retaining all the 
 elements of safety except small diame- 
 ter of steam reservoir, which was never 
 large, and was removed from the direct 
 action of the fire, but difficulties were 
 encountered in securing reliable joints 
 between the wrought-iron tubes and 
 the cast-iron headers. 
 
 No. 5. — Wrought-iron water legs were 
 substituted for the cast-iron headers ; the tubes 
 were expanded into the inside sheets, and a large 
 cover placed opposite the front end of the tubes 
 for cleaning. The staggered position of tubes, 
 one above the other, was introduced and found 
 to be more efficient and economical than where 
 the tubes were placed in vertical rows. In other 
 respects it was similar to No. 4, but it had further 
 
 lost the important element of safety, the sec- 
 tional construction, and a very objectionable 
 feature, that of flat stayed surfaces, had been 
 introduced. The large doors for access to the 
 tubes were also a cause of weakness. A large 
 plant of these boilers was placed in the Calvert 
 Sugar Refinery, Baltimore, and did good 
 work, but they were never duplicated. 
 
 No. 6. — A modification of No. 5, in 
 which longer tubes were used with three 
 passages of the gases across them, to 
 obtain better economy. Also some of 
 the stayed surfaces were omitted and 
 hand holes were substituted for the 
 large doors. A number of this type 
 were built, but their excessive first cost, 
 lack of adjustability of the structure 
 under varying temperatures, and the 
 inconvenience of transporting the last two styles 
 together with the difficulty of erecting large plants 
 without enormous cost for brick-work, as well 
 as the “commerical engineering” of several 
 competing firms then in the market, who made a 
 selling point of their ability to add power to any 
 given boiler after it had once been erected, led to : 
 
 No. 7. — In this separate T heads were screwed 
 on to the end of each inclined tube ; their faces 
 milled off, the tubes placed on top of each other, 
 metal to metal, and bolted together by long bolts 
 passed through each vertical section of tube 
 heads, and the connecting boxes on the heads of 
 the drum. A large number of these boilers 
 were put into use, some of which are still at 
 
 84 
 
work after sixteen to twenty years, but most of improvement in action over No. 9. The four 
 them have been altered to the later type. passages of the gases did not add to the economy 
 
 Nos. 8 and 9 are what were known as the in either Nos. 8, 9 or 10. 
 
 into the Babcock & Wilcox. In these, ex- 
 periments were made on four passages of 
 the gases across the tubes, and the down- 
 ward circulation of the water at the rear end 
 of the boiler was carried to the bottom 
 row of tubes. In No. 9, an attempt 
 was made to reduce the amount of 
 steam and water capacity, increase the 
 safety and reduce the cost. A drum 
 at right angle to the line of tubes was 
 tried, but found to be insufficient to 
 secure dry steam or regularity of action. 
 
 The changes were not found to possess 
 any advantages. 
 
 No. 10. — A move in the same direc- 
 tion. A nest of small horizontal drums, 15 in. in 
 diameter were used instead of the single drums 
 of larger diameter ; and a set of circulation tubes 
 were placed at an intermediate angle, between 
 the main bank of heating tubes and the horizontal 
 
 the furnace before being delivered into the drum 
 above. The tendency was as in all similar 
 boilers, to form steam in the middle of the coil 
 and blow the water out from each end, leaving 
 
 the tubes practically dry until the steam found an 
 outlet and the water returned. This boiler not 
 only had a defective circulation but a decidedly 
 geyser-like action, and produced wet steam. 
 
 All the above types, with the exception ol 
 
 ‘rP 
 
 tubes which formed the steam reservoir, to return 
 the water carried up by the circulation to the 
 rear end of the heating tubes, allowing the steam 
 only to be delivered into the small drums above. 
 The result was exceedingly wet steam, with no 
 
 Nos. 5 and 6, had a large number of bolted 
 joints between their several parts and many of 
 them leaked seriously, from unequal expansion, 
 as soon as the heating surfaces became scaled ; 
 enough boilers having been placed at work 
 
to demonstrate their unreliability in this 
 particular. 
 
 No. 12. — An attempt to avoid this diffi- 
 culty and increase the heating surface in 
 a given space. The tubes were expanded 
 into both sides of wrought-iron boxes, 
 openings being made in them for the 
 admission of water and the exit of steam. 
 Fire-tubes were placed inside these tubes 
 
 No. 
 
 and were found, as is always the 
 case, to be an element to be avoided 
 wherever possible. It was, how- 
 ever, an improvement on No. 6. 
 A slanting bridge wall underneath 
 the drum was introduced to throw 
 a larger portion of its surface into 
 the first combustion chamber above 
 the bank of tubes. This was found 
 to be of no special benefit, and 
 difficult to keep in good order. 
 
 No. 15. — Each vertical row of 
 tubes was expanded at each end 
 into a continuous header, cast of 
 car wheel metal ; the headers 
 having a sinuous form so that 
 
 to increase the surface. These were aban- 
 doned because they quickly stopped up with 
 scale, and could not be cleaned. 
 
 No. 13. — Water boxes formed of cast-iron 
 of the full width and height of the bank of 
 tubes were made of a single casting, which 
 were bolted to the steam water-drum above. 
 
 No. 14. — A wrought-iron box was substituted 
 for the cast-iron. In this, stays were necessary 
 
 No. 15. 
 
 they would lie close together and admit of a 
 staggered position of the tubes in the furnace. 
 This form of header has been found to be the 
 best for all purposes, and has not since been 
 materially changed. The drum was supported 
 by girders resting on the brick-work. Bolted 
 joints were discarded, with the exception of those 
 connecting the headers to the front and rear 
 end of the drum and the bottom of the rear 
 header to the mud-drum. But even these 
 bolted joints were found objectionable and 
 were superseded in subsequent constructions 
 by pieces of tube expanded into bored holes. 
 
In No. 1 6 the headers were made in the form 
 
 Nos. 18 and 19 were designed for fire protec- 
 tion purposes, the chief requirements being 
 
 T 
 
 i 
 
 of triangular boxes, having three 
 tubes in each. These were alternately reversed 
 and connected together by short pieces of tube 
 expanded in place, and to the drum by tubes 
 bent so as to come normal to the shell. The 
 joints between the headers introduced an ele- 
 ment of weakness, and connections to the drum 
 were insufficient to give the adequate circulation. 
 
 No. 17. — Straight horizontal headers 
 
 ability to raise steam quickly and hold the pres- 
 sure ; economy of fuel and dryness of steam 
 being of secondary consideration. They both 
 served their special purpose admirably, but were 
 not found to be either economical or desirable 
 where steady' power is required. 
 
 were tried, alternately shifted right and left, to These experiments, as they may be called, 
 give a staggered position to the tubes. These although many boilers were built of some of the 
 headers were connected to each other and to the styles illustrated, clearly demonstrated that the 
 
Babcock & Wilcox Boiler at Glasgow Exhibition, 1888, " W. I. F.” Style, with Wrought Headers. 
 
ist. Sinuous lieaders for each vertical row of 
 cubes. 2d. A separate and independent con- 
 nection with the drum, both front and rear, for 
 
 NO. 20. 
 
 each such vertical row of tubes. 3d. All joints 
 between the parts of the boiler proper to be 
 made without bolts or screws-threads. 4th. No 
 surfaces to be used which require to 
 be stayed. 5th. The boiler supported 
 independently of the brick-work, so 
 as to be free to expand and con- 
 tract as it was heated and cooled. 
 
 6th. The drums not less than 30 in- 
 ches in diameter, except for small 
 boilers. 7th. Every part accessible 
 for cleaning and repair. 
 
 Having settled upon these points : 
 
 No. 20 was designed having all these 
 features, together with other improve- 
 ments in the details of contraction. 
 
 The general form of construction of 
 No. 15 was adhered to, but short 
 pieces of boiler tube were used as connections 
 between the sections and drum, and mud-drum ; 
 their ends being expanded into adjacent parts 
 
 nrutally deteriorating strains where one was 
 supported by the other, were avoided. 
 
 Hundreds of thousands of horse-power of this 
 style have been built in the last twelve 
 years, giving excellent satisfaction. In 
 fact, most of the boilers referred to in this 
 book are of this style. It is still standard, 
 and is known as our “C. I. F. ” (cast-iron 
 front) style, a fancy cast-iron front being 
 generally used therewith, as shown in the 
 perspective view. Recent investigations 
 have shown that the average cost of up- 
 keep of the boiler proper is less than five 
 cents per horse-power per annum. 
 
 No. 21 is a construction more popu- 
 lar in Europe, perhaps, where most of 
 our boilers are made in this style. It is 
 known as our “ W. I. F.” style, the front 
 usually supplied with it being largely made of 
 wrought-iron. In this boiler, flanged and 
 “bumped” drum-heads of wrought-steel are 
 
 No. 20 . 
 
 with a Dudgeon expander. This boiler was also 
 suspended entirely independent of the brick- 
 work by means of columns and girders, and the 
 
 used ; the drum is longer, and thv, sections are 
 connected to cross-boxes riveted to its bottom. 
 Where bight is to be saved, the steam is taken 
 out through an internal “dry pipe.” In 
 this style also the drum is suspended 
 from columns and girders, though not 
 shown in the figure. 
 
 No. 22, the last step in the develop- 
 ment of the water-tube boiler, beyond 
 which it seems almost impossible for 
 science and skill to go, consists in mak- 
 ing all parts of the boiler of wrought- 
 steel , including the sinuous headers, 
 the cross-boxes, and the nozzles on the 
 drum. This was demanded to answer 
 the laws of some of the Continental 
 Nations, and the Babcock & Wilcox 
 Co., have, at the present time, a plant 
 turning out forgings as a regular business, which 
 have been pronounced by the London Engineer 
 to be “a perfect triumph of the forgers’ art.” 
 
 39 
 
•* 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boiler, 416 H, P., at Pittsburgh Steel Castings Co., Pittsburgh, Pa, Erected 1883. Showing Wrought Iron Front and Flanged Drum-heads. 
 
CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 This boiler is composed of lap-welded wrought 
 iron tubes, placed in an inclined position and 
 connected with each other, and with a horizontal 
 steam and water drum, by vertical passages 
 at each end, while a mud-drum connects the 
 tubes at the rear and lowest point in theboiler. 
 
 The end connections are in one 
 piece for each vertical row of tubes, (H 
 and are of such form that the tubes are 
 “staggered ” (or so placed that each 
 horizontal row comes over the spaces 
 in the previous row). The holes are! 
 accurately sized, made tapering, and 
 the tubes fixed therein by an ex- 
 pander. The sections thus formed are connect- 
 ed with the drum, and with the mud-drum also 
 by short tubes expanded into 
 bored holes, doing away with all 
 bolts, and leaving a clear passage 
 way between the several parts. 
 The openings for cleaning oppo- 
 site the end of each tube are closed 
 by hand-hole plates, the joints of 
 which are made in the most thor- 
 ough manner, by milling the sur- 
 faces to accurate metallic contact, 
 and are held in place by wrought 
 iron forged clamps and bolts. 
 They are tested and made tight 
 under a hydrostatic pressure of 
 300 pounds per square inch, iron to 
 iron, and without rubber-packing, 
 or other perishable substances. 
 
 The steam and water drums 
 are made of flange iron or steel, 
 of extra thickness, and double riveted. They can 
 be made for any desired working pressure, but 
 are always tested at 150 pounds per square inch 
 unless other-wise ordered. The mud-drums are 
 of cast iron, as the best material to withstand 
 corrosion, and are provided with ample means for 
 cleaning. 
 
 ERECTION. 
 
 In erecting this boiler, it is suspended entirely 
 independent of the brick-work, from wrought 
 iron g.rders resting on iron col' linns. This avoids 
 
 any straining of the boiler from unequal expan- 
 sion between it and its enclosing walls, and per- 
 mits the brick-work to be repaired or removed, 
 if necessary, without in any way disturbing the 
 
 END VIEW OF 
 HEADER. 
 
 PARTIAL VERTICAL SECTION. 
 
 boiler. All the fixtures are extra heavy and of 
 neat designs. 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 The fire is made under the front and highei 
 end of the tubes, and the products of the com- 
 bustion pass up between the tubes into a com- 
 bustion chamber under the steam and water- 
 drum ; from thence they pass down between the 
 tubes, then once more up through the spaces 
 between the tubes, and off to tli e chimney. The 
 
 
 41 
 

 Babcock &i Wilcox Boiler, 706 H. P., at Raritan Woolen Mills, Raritan, N. J. Erected 1878 and 1881. Side Elevation, showing Ornamental Cast Iron Front and 
 

 water inside tne tubes, as it is heated, tends to 
 rise towards the higher end, and as it is convert- 
 ed into steam — the mingled column of steam and 
 water being of less specific gravity than the solid 
 water at the back end of the boiler — rises through 
 the vertical passages into the drum above the 
 tubes where the steam separates from the water 
 and the latter flows back to the rear and down 
 again through the tubes in a continuous circula- 
 tion. As the passages are all large and free, this 
 circulation is very' rapid, sweeping away the steam 
 as fast as formed, and supplying its place with 
 water; absorbing the heat of the fire 
 to the best advantage ; causing a thor- 
 ough commingling of the waterthrough- 
 out the boiler and a consequent equal 
 temperature, and preventing, to a great 
 degree, the formation 
 of deposits or incrus- 
 tations upon the heat- 
 ing surfaces, sweep- 
 ing them away and 
 depositing them in the 
 mud drum whence 
 they are blown out. 
 
 The steam is taken 
 out at the top of the 
 steam-drum near the 
 back end of the boiler 
 after it has thoroughly 
 separated from the 
 water. 
 
 ADVANTAGES. 
 
 The following are 
 the prominent advan- 
 tages which this boil- 
 er presents over those 
 of the ordinary' con- 
 struction : 
 
 1. — Thin Heating Sur- 
 face in Furnace. 
 
 The thick plates nec- 
 essarily used in ordi- 
 nary' boilers, in the furnace, or immediately ex- 
 posed to the fire, not only hinder the transmis- 
 sion of heat to the water, but admit of overheat- 
 ing, and even burning the side next the fire, with 
 consequent strains, resulting in loss of strength, 
 cracks, and tendency to rupture. This is admit- 
 tedly the direct cause of most explosions. Wat- 
 er-tubes, however, admit of thin envelopes for 
 the water next the fire, with such ready trans- 
 mission of heat that even the fiercest fire cannot 
 over-heat or injure the surface, as long as it is 
 covered with water upon the other side. 
 
 2. — Joints Removed from the Fire. 
 
 Riveted joints with their consequent double 
 thickness of metal, in parts exposed to the fire, 
 give rise to serious difficulties. Being the weak- 
 est parts of the structure, they concentrate upon 
 themselves all strains of unequal expansion, giv- 
 ing rise to frequent leaks, and not rarely to actual 
 rupture. Tire joints between tubes aud tube 
 sheets also give much trouble when exposed to 
 the direct fire, as in locomotive and tubular 
 boilers. These difficulties are wholly overcome 
 by the use of lap-welded water-tubes, with their 
 joints removed from the fire. 
 
 3. Large Draught Area. 
 
 This, which is limited in fire tubes to the 
 actual area of the tubes, in this boiler is the 
 whole chamber with- 
 
 in which the tubes are 
 enclosed, which, with 
 down draft, gives 
 ample time in the 
 passage of the heat- 
 ed gases to the chim- 
 ney for thorough ab- 
 sorption of theirheat 
 
 4. — Complete Com- 
 bustion. 
 
 The perfection of 
 combustion depends 
 upon a thorough mixture of the gases 
 evolved from the burning of fuel with a 
 proper quantity of atmospheric air ; but 
 this perfect mixture rarely occurs in or- 
 dinary furnaces, as is proven by chemical 
 analysis, and also by the escape of smoke, 
 upon the introduction of any smoke- 
 producing fuel. Even when smoke is not 
 visible a large percentage of the com- 
 bustible gases may be escaping into the 
 chimney, in the form of carbonic oxide, or 
 half-burnt carbon. Numerous attempts have 
 been made to cure this evil, by admitting air to 
 the furnace or flues, to “ burn the smoke ; ” but 
 though this may allow so much air to mingle 
 with the smoke as to render it invisible, and at 
 the same time ignite some of the lighter gases, it 
 in reality does little to promote combustion, and 
 the cooling effect of the air more than over- 
 balances all the advantages resulting from the 
 burning gas. The analysis of gases from va- 
 rious furnaces shows almost uniformly an ex- 
 cess of free oxygen, proving that sufficient air 
 is admitted to the furnace, and that a more 
 thorough and perfect mixing is needed. Every 
 particle of gas evolved from the fuel should have 
 
 43 
 
its equivalent of oxygen, and must find it while hot 
 enough to combine, in order to be effective. In 
 this boiler the currents of gases after leaving the 
 furnace are broken up and thoroughly mingled by 
 passing between the staggered tubes, and have an 
 opportunity to complete their combustion in the 
 triangular chamber between the tubes and drum. 
 
 That this does really take place is proved by 
 an analysis by Dr. Behr of the escaping gases 
 from a stack of these boilers at Mattheissen & 
 YVeicher’s sugar refinery. He made many sepa- 
 rate analyses at different times, and in no case 
 was there more than a trace of carbonic oxide, 
 
 tact with all parts of the heating surface, render- 
 ing it much more efficient than the same area in 
 ordinary tubular boilers. 
 
 The experiments of Doctor Alban and of the 
 U. S. Navy have proved that a given surface 
 arranged in that manner is thirty per cent, more 
 efficacious than when in the form of fire tubes as 
 usually employed. 
 
 6. — Efficient Circulation of Water. 
 
 As all the water in the boiler tends to circulate 
 in one direction, there are no interfering currents, 
 the steam is carried quickly to the surface, all 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boiler;, 120 H. P., at the Vancoriear Apartment House, New York. Erected 1878. 
 Showing style of Ornamental Cast Iron Front. 
 
 even when there was less than one per cent, of 
 uncombined oxygen. 
 
 5 . — Thorough Absorption of the Heat. 
 
 There are important advantages gained in this 
 respect in consequence of the course of the gases 
 being more nearly at right angles to the heating 
 surface, impinging thereon instead of gliding by 
 in parallel lines as in fire-tube boilers. The cur- 
 rents passing three times across and between the 
 staggered tubes are brought intimately in con- 
 
 parts of the boiler are kept at a nearly equal tem- 
 perature, preventing unequal strains, and by the 
 rapid sweeping current the tendency to deposit 
 sediment on the heating surface is materially 
 lessened. 
 
 7 . — Quick Steaming. 
 
 1'he water being divided in many small streams, 
 in thin envelopes, passing through the hottest 
 part of the furnace, steam may be rapidly raised 
 in starting, and sudden demands upon the boiler 
 may be met by a quickly increased efficiency. 
 
 41 
 
8. — Dryness of Steam. 
 
 The large disengaging surface of the water in 
 the drum, together with the fact that the steam is 
 delivered at one end and taken out at the other, 
 secures a thorough separation of the steam from 
 the water, even when the boiler is forced to its 
 utmost. Most tubular, locomotive and sectional 
 boilers make wet steam, “priming” or “foam- 
 ing,” as it is called, and in many “super-heating 
 surface” is provided to “dry the steam;” but 
 such surface is always a source of trouble, and is 
 incapable of being graduated to the varying re- 
 quirements of the steam. No part of a boiler not 
 exposed to water on the one side should be sub- 
 jected to the heat of the fire upon the other, as the 
 unavoidable unequal expansion nec- 
 essarily weakens the metal, and is a 
 serious source of danger. Hence a 
 boiler which makes dr)- steam is to 
 be preferred to one that dries steam 
 which has been made wet. 
 
 9. — Steadiness of Water Level. 
 
 The large area of surface at the 
 water line, and the ample passages 
 for circulation, secure a steadiness 
 of water level not surpassed by any 
 boiler. 
 
 10. — Freedom of Expansion. 
 
 The triangular arrangement of 
 the parts forming a flexible struc- 
 ture allows any member to expand 
 without straining any other, the ex- 
 panded connections being also am- 
 ply elastic to meet all necessities of 
 this kind. This is of great import- 
 ance because the weakening effect of 
 these strains of unequal expansion, 
 between rigidly connected parts, is 
 a prolific cause of explosions in ordi- 
 nary boilers. The rapid circulation 
 of the water, however, in this boiler, 
 by keeping all parts at the same tem- 
 perature, prevents to a large extent 
 unequal expansion. 
 
 11. — Safety from Explosions. 
 
 The freedom from unequal expansion avoids 
 the most frequent cause of explosions, while the 
 division of the water into small masses prevents 
 serious destructive effects in case of accidental 
 mpture. The comparatively small diameter of 
 the parts secures, even with thinness of surface, 
 great excess of strength over any pressure which 
 it is desirable to use. So powerful is the circula- 
 tion of the water, that no part will be uncovered 
 to the fire until the quantity of water in the boiler 
 
 is so far reduced that if overheating should occur 
 no explosion could result. 
 
 12. — Capacity. 
 
 This is a point of the greatest importance, and 
 upon it depends, in a large measure, the satisfac- 
 tory performance of any boiler in several particu- 
 lars. Unless sufficient steam and water capacity 
 is provided there will not be regularity of action ; 
 the steam pressure will suddenly rise and as sud- 
 denly fall, and the water level will be subject to 
 frequent and rapid changes ; and if the steam is 
 drawn suddenly from the boiler, or the boiler 
 crowded, wet steam will result. 
 
 Water capacity is of more importance than 
 
 steam space, owing to the small relative weight 
 of the steam. Twenty-three cubic feet of steam, 
 or one foot of water space, are required to supply 
 one horse-power for one minute , the pressure 
 meantime falling from Solbs. to 70 lbs. per square 
 inch. The value of large steam room is therefore 
 generally much overrated, but if it be too small 
 the steam in passing off will sweep the water with 
 it in the form of spray. Too much water space 
 makes slow steaming and waste of fuel in start- 
 ing. Too much steam space adds to the radiating 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boiler, 120 H. P., at the H. I, Kimball House, Atlanta, Ga., 
 Erected 1884, Showing style of Wrought Iron Front. 
 
Vienna Opera Housc f Vienna, Austria, lighted bv electricity. Power furnished by 1192 H. P. of Babcock dr Wilcox Boilers. 
 
4 
 
 surface and increases the losses from that cause. 
 The proportions of this boiler have been adopted 
 after numerous experiments with boilers of vary- 
 ing capacity ; and experience has established that 
 this boiler can be driven to the utmost, carrying 
 a steady water level, and steam pressure, and 
 always furnishing dry steam. 
 
 The cubical capacity of this boiler, per horse- 
 power, is equal to that of the best practice in 
 tubular boilers of the ordinary construction. The 
 fire surface being of the most effective character, 
 
 joints, opposite each end of eacli tube, permit ac- 
 cess thereto for cleaning, and a man-hole in the 
 steam and water drum, and hand-holes in mud- 
 drum are provided for the same purpose. All 
 portions of botli tire exterior and interior surface 
 are fully accessible for cleaning. The occasional 
 use of steam through a blowing pipe attached to 
 a rubber hose operated through doors in the side 
 walls, will keep the tubes free from soot and in 
 condition to receive the heat to the best ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 j— i . ' r i i i i 
 
 I ~ 
 
 VERTICAL SECTION. 
 
 FRONT VIEW. 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boiler, at T. A. Edison’s Laboratory, Menlo Park, N. J, 75 H, P. Erected 1878. 
 Showing style of Fronts for single boilers. 
 
 these boilers will, with good fuel and a reason- 
 ably economical engine, greatly exceed their 
 rated power, though it is seldom economy to 
 work a boiler above its nominal power. The 
 space occupied by this boiler and setting is equal 
 to about two-thirds that of the same power in 
 tubular boilers 
 
 13. — Accessibility for Cleaning. 
 
 This is of the greatest importance and is secured 
 to the fullest extent. Hand-holes, with metal 
 
 14. — Least Loss of Effect from Oust. 
 
 The ordinary fire tube, 
 or flue, receiving the dust 
 from the fire on the in- 
 terior is quickly covered 
 from one-third to one- 
 half its surface, and in 
 time is completely filled. 
 
 The water-tube, however, will retain but a limited 
 quantity on its upper side, after which it becomes 
 in a measure self-cleaning. 
 
 WATER-TUBE. 
 
 FIRE-TUBE. 
 
 47 
 
75. — Durability. 
 
 Besides the important increase of durability 
 due to the absence of deteriorating strains, and 
 of thick plates and joints in the fire, there is no 
 portion of the boiler exposed to the abrasive ac- 
 tion which so rapidly destroys the ends of fire 
 tubes, or to the blow-pipe action of the flame 
 upon the crown sheet, bridge walls and tube 
 sheets, which are so destructive frequently to or- 
 dinary, particularly locomotive boilers. Neither 
 is there any portion of the surface above the 
 water level exposed to the fire. For these reasons 
 these boilers are durable, and less liable to 
 
 ordinary construction. They can be made in parts 
 small enough for mule transportation, if required. 
 
 17 . — Repairs. 
 
 As now constructed these boilers seldom re- 
 quire repairs, but should, from any cause, such 
 be necessary', any good mechanic can make them 
 with the tools usually found in boiler shops. 
 Should a tube require to be renewed it can be 
 removed, and a new one substituted the same as 
 in a tubular boiler. 
 
 18.— Practical Experience. 
 
 The above advantages would be worthy of at- 
 tention if they were only theoretical, but they have 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, 164 H. P., erected 1884 for Greenfield & Co., Confectioners, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 repairs, than other boilers under the same cir- 
 cumstances, and having the same care. 
 
 16. — Ease of Transportation. 
 
 Being made in sections, which are readily put 
 together with a simple expanding tool, these 
 boilers may be easily and cheaply transported 
 where it would be impossible to place a boiler of 
 
 been, in fact, demonstrated by the experience 
 of twenty years, under a great variety of circum- 
 stances and of treatment. Of the total num- 
 ber sold, less than tw r o-per cent, have, so far as 
 w'e are aw'are, been thrown out of use ; while a 
 large number of customers have repeated their 
 orders — some a score of times, — as will be seen 
 by the list of references hereto appended. 
 
 48 
 
- ◄ 
 
 A , 
 
 
 ^JfcUsSl 
 
 ULES and PRAeTIGAU DATAr 
 
 ECONOMY IN STEAM. 
 
 Efficiency of the Boiler. 
 
 One pound of pure carbon when burned yields 
 14,500 heat units, each of which is equal to 77S 
 foot pounds of energy'. If all its heat was utilized 
 in power, it would therefore exert 5.697 horse- 
 power for one hour, instead of from y 2 to }{, as 
 in the best ordinary practice The 14,500 heat 
 units would, if all utilized in a boiler, evaporate 15 
 lbs. of water from 212° at atmospheric pressure. 
 A boiler which evaporates 7% pounds of water 
 
 manufacturing purposes, in England, Scotland, 
 and from Massachusetts to California in the 
 United States, with various kinds and grades of 
 coals, and at various rates of combustion, cover- 
 ing an aggregate of nearly three months’ regular 
 working, and evaporating over three thousand 
 tons of water, gave an average evaporation of 
 1 1.42 1 7 pounds water per pound of combustible. 
 This is within four per cent, of Rankine’s stand- 
 ard, and within seven and one-half per cent, of 
 the highest theoretical efficiency , under the con- 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boiler at Chavanne Brun et Cie., Chamond, France. 248 H, P. 
 " W. I. F.” style, with Wrought Headers. 
 
 for each pound of combustible, utilizes but 50 
 per cent, of the total heat, and this is about the 
 average result of shell boilers nowin use. 
 
 The Babcock & Wilcox boilers, in thirty tests 
 extendingoverthelast twelve years, under a great 
 variety of conditions and circumstances, by no 
 less than twenty different engineers, and, with 
 only two exceptions, on boilers in daily use for 
 
 ditions in which they were made. It is not prob- 
 able that any kind of boiler, fairly tested, will ever 
 beat such a record. As about 15 per cent, is 
 lost in the chimney gases, and in radiation, it is 
 evident that all claims to over 12 f pounds evap- 
 oration should be looked upon as unreliable. 
 
 A steam generator is composed of two distinct 
 parts, each with its independent function. The 
 
 49 
 
 
tumace is for the proper combustion of the fuel, 
 and its duty is performed to perfection when the 
 greatest amount, but not necessarily intensity , of 
 heat is obtained from the given weight of com- 
 bustible. The boiler proper is for the transfer of 
 the heat thus generated into useful effect by 
 evaporating water into steam, and its function is 
 fulfilled completely when the greatest possible 
 quantity of heat is thus utilized. To a lack of 
 
 depend upon the amount of air admitted to the 
 furnace, and the increase of temperature at which 
 it escapes. The more air admitted the greater 
 the loss ; hence the fallacy of all those schemes 
 which admit air above the fire. 
 
 The rate of combustion should not exceed 0.3 
 pound of coal per hour per square foot of heating 
 surface, except where quantity of steam is of 
 greater importance than economy of fuel. Where 
 
 VERTICAL SECTION. 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boiler, at U. S. Centennial Exhibition, 1876. 150 H. P. 
 
 appreciation of this fact, and of a knowledge of 
 the principles involved, is chargeable much 
 waste of money and disappoinUnent, both to in- 
 ventors and steam users. 
 
 As a boiler is for making steam, it can only 
 utilize for that purpose heat of a greater intensity 
 or higher temperature than the steam itself, there- 
 fore the gases of combustion cannot be reduced 
 below chat temperature, and the heat thereby 
 represented is lost. The amount of this loss will 
 
 a blast is used the grate surface should be pro 
 portionately reduced to secure best economy. 
 
 “The maximum conductivity or flow of heat 
 is secured by so designing the boiler as to secure 
 rapid, steady, and complete circulation of the 
 water within it . . . and securing opposite di- 
 rections of flow for the gases on the one side and 
 the water on the other.” — Prof. R. H. Thurston. 
 
 The accumulation of scale on the interior, and 
 of soot on the exterior, will seriously affect the 
 
 50 
 
efficiency and economy of the boiler. Only one- 
 eighth of an inch deposit of soot renders the heat- 
 ing surface practically useless. Only one-six- 
 teenth of an inch of scale or sediment will cause 
 a loss of 13 per cent, in fuel. A boiler must, 
 therefore, be kept clean, outside and in, to se- 
 cure a high efficiency. 
 
 It is never economy to force a boiler, and the 
 best results are always attained with ample boiler 
 power. It is also necessary to keep the boiler, 
 
 always the oxygen in the atmosphere, and the 
 other is the fuel employed. Every pound of fuel 
 requires a given quantity of oxygen for its com- 
 plete combustion, and thus a given quantity of 
 air. This varies with different fuels, but in every 
 case less air prevents complete combustion, and 
 an excess of air causes waste of heat to the 
 amount required to heat it to the temperature of 
 the escaping gas. 
 
 With chimney draft, the experiments of the 
 
 FRONT VIEW. 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boiler, at U. S. Centennial Exhibition, 1876. 150 H. P. 
 
 together with its brick work, in good order, and 
 to have careful firing where economy is desired. 
 
 The result of a bad setting for a boiler has 
 been known to be a loss of 21 per cent, in 
 economy. 
 
 Efficiency of the Furnace. 
 
 Combustion may be defined as “the union of 
 two dissimilar substances, evolving light and 
 heat.’’ In ordinary practice, one of these is 
 
 U. S. Navy show that ordinary furnaces require 
 about twice the theoretical amount of air to secure 
 perfect combustion. 
 
 Prof. Schwackhoffer, of Vienna, found in the 
 boilers used in Europe an average excess of 70 
 per cent, of the total amount passing through 
 the fire — or that over three times the theoretical 
 amount was used. 
 
 A series of analyses by Dr. Behr of the escaping 
 gases from a Babcock & Wilcox boiler, with 
 
Same Company's South gth Street House has 900 H. 
 
chimney draft, showed an average excess of air 
 equal to 48 per cent, of the whole quantity. 
 
 A series of 12 tests made by same with arti- 
 ficial blast, gave an average excess of only 22 per 
 cent, of the whole quantity, and in a few cases 
 none at all, with only traces of carbonic oxide, 
 showing perfect combustion. 
 
 In a summary of experiments made in England, 
 published in Bourne’s late large work, “Steam, 
 Air and Gas Engines,” it is stated that : 
 
 “A moderately thick and hot fire with rapid 
 draft uniformly gave the best results.” 
 
 “Combustion of black smoke by additional 
 air was a loss.” 
 
 “ In all experiments the highest result was 
 always obtained when all the air was introduced 
 through the fire bars.” 
 
 “ Difference in mode of firing only, may pro- 
 duce a difference of 13 per cent.” (in economy). 
 
 Different fuels require different furnaces, and 
 no one furnace or grate-bar is equally good for 
 all fuels. The Babcock & Wilcox Co. provide 
 with their boilers, a special furnace, adapted to 
 the particular kind of fuel to be used. 
 
 Efficiency of the Engine. 
 
 A first-class boiler will deliver to the engine 75 
 per cent, of all the energy in the combustible, or 
 say 10,875 ou t of a total of 14,500 heat units, or, 
 allowing about 8 per cent, for ashes, 10,000 heat 
 units for each pound of coal burned. This rep- 
 resents 7,720,000 foot pounds of energy, which, if 
 all utilized by the engine, would give 3.90 horse- 
 power for one hour, or at the rate of 0.26 lbs. 
 coal for each hourly horse-power. But, by the 
 greatest refinement in engines yet accomplished, 
 the cost of a horse-power has not been brought 
 below 1 y z lbs. coal per hour, or 17 per cent, of 
 the energy delivered by the boiler, while the 
 average engine uses 3)4 lbs. coal per horse- 
 power, and discharges, unutilized, 93 per cent, 
 of the energy delivered to it ! The greater part 
 of this loss is in the latent heat of the steam, 
 which is exhausted into the atmosphere, or con- 
 denser, and is unavoidable so far as now known. 
 Still, the fact remains that many an ordinary en- 
 gine uses four times as much steam for the same 
 power as is required by the best engines. 
 
 It is economy, therefore, in most cases, to use 
 a high-class engine. There are instances, how- 
 
 ever, where the engine is used for so short a 
 time in each year, that the saving may not be 
 sufficient to pay the interest on the additional 
 cost, and a cheaper engine, even if comparatively 
 wasteful, may be better economy. 
 
 Compound engines, when high pressures can 
 be obtained, have an advantage in economy over 
 single cylinders, and even “triple” and “quad- 
 ruple” expansion engines under some conditions 
 show a saving over simple “compound.” But they 
 require a pressure of from 100 to 200 lbs. and a 
 comparatively steady load to develope their ad- 
 vantages to a great degree. Such pressures can 
 be safely carried on Babcock & Wilcox boilers. 
 
 A large boiler is generally an advantage, but it 
 is not economy to use a large engine to develop 
 a small power. Sufficient steam to fill the cylin- 
 der at the terminal pressure — each stroke — has 
 to be furnished whether the engine is doing more 
 or less work, and this frequently amounts to far 
 more than the steam used to do the work. Thus, 
 a 24 X 48 engine, making 60 revolutions per 
 minute, without “cut-off,” uses 30 horse-power 
 of steam in displacing the atmosphere, without 
 exerting any available power. For the same 
 reason back pressure greatly increases the cost 
 of the power. 
 
 “ Most of the abuses connected with steam en- 
 gineering have arisen from two causes- — avarice 
 and ignorance ; avarice on the part of men who 
 are imbued with the idea that cheap boilers and 
 engines are economical, and that these can be 
 operated by a class of men who are willing to 
 work for the lowest wages ; ignorance on the 
 part of those who claim to be engineers, but who 
 at the best are mere starters and stoppers.” — 
 J. H. Vail, Gen. Supt. Edison E.L. Co., New York. 
 
 Efficiency of Pumping Machines. 
 
 Many engines, from the small “ donkey ” feed 
 pump to the great water-works engine, are used 
 exclusively for pumping water, and it is usual to 
 reckon their “duty” by the water pumped, ex- 
 pressed in millions of foot pounds for each 100 
 lbs. coal burned ; each million of duty represent- 
 ing about 0.13 of one per cent, of the thermal 
 value of the steam. The following table is based 
 on one given by Chas. E. Emery, Ph. D., in the 
 “ Report and Awards, Group XX, U. S. Cen- 
 tennial Exposition 
 
 TABLE. OF EFFICIENCY OF PUMPING MACHINES. 
 
 Description. 
 
 Duty in Million 
 
 Foot Pounds per no 
 lbs. Coal. 
 
 Per Centage of Ther- 
 mal Value of 
 Steam Used. 
 
 Equivalent in Coal 
 per Hourly Horse- 
 power. 
 
 
 30 to no 
 
 15 to 30 
 
 8 to 15 
 
 3 to 10 
 
 2 to 5 
 
 3.89 .0 13.25 
 
 1.94 “ 3.89 
 
 1.04 “ 1.94 
 
 0.39 “ 1.30 
 
 0.26 “ o.6«; 
 
 6.68 to 1.95 
 
 13.4 “ 6.68 
 
 25.00 “ 13.40 
 
 66.6 “ 25.00 
 
 100 “ 66.60 
 
 Steam pumps, large size, proportioned for work 
 
 Steam pumps, small size, for ordinary uses 
 
 Vacuum pumps 
 
 

 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, 624 H. P,| at the Ingenio Fortuna de Luciano 6, Barbon, Alquizar, Cuba, Erected in 1883, for burning dry bagasse. 
 
FUEL. 
 
 The value of any fuel is measured by the num- 
 ber of heat units which its combustion will gen- 
 erate, a unit of heat being the amount required 
 to heat one pound of water one degree Fahren- 
 heit. The fuel used in generating steam is com- 
 
 posed of carbon and hydrogen, and ash, with 
 sometimes small quantities of other substances 
 not materially affecting its value. 
 
 “Combustible” is that portion which will 
 burn ; tire ash or residue varying from 2 to 36 
 per cent, in different fuels. 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 TABLE OF COMBUSTIBLES. 
 
 
 
 Air Re- 
 quired. 
 
 Temperature of Com- 
 bustion. 
 
 Theoretical 
 
 Value. 
 
 Highest 
 Attainable 
 Value un- 
 der Boiler. 
 
 Kind of 
 
 Combustible. 
 
 In Pounds 
 
 per pound 
 
 of Combustible. 
 
 With Theoretical 
 
 Supply of Air. 
 
 With 1 14 Times 
 
 the Theoretical 
 
 Supply of Air. 
 
 With Twice 
 
 the Theoretical 
 
 Supply of Air. 
 
 With Three Times 
 
 the Theoretical 
 
 Supply of Air. 
 
 I n Pounds of Water 
 
 raised i° per pound 
 
 of Combustible. 
 
 In Pounds of Water 
 
 evaporated from & 
 
 at 212 0 , with 1 lb. 
 
 Combustible. 
 
 With Chimney 
 
 Draft. 
 
 With Blast, Theor- 
 
 1 etical Supply of Air 
 at 6o°, Gas 320" 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 36.00 
 
 15-43 
 
 5750 
 
 5°5° 
 
 3860 
 35 1 5 
 
 2860 
 
 2710 
 
 1940 
 
 1850 
 
 62032 
 
 21000 
 
 64.20 
 
 21.74 
 
 18.55 
 
 19.90 
 
 \ Charcoal. / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carbon n Coke, 
 
 12.13 
 
 45 8° 
 
 3 2I 5 
 
 244° 
 
 1650 
 
 14^00 
 
 15.00 
 
 13.30 
 
 14.14 
 
 ( Anthracite Coal, \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coal — Cumberland 
 
 12. 06 
 
 4 QOO 
 
 3360 
 
 2550 
 
 1730 
 
 I 537° 
 
 15.90 
 
 14.28 
 
 15.06 
 
 “ Coking Bituminous 
 
 n-73 
 
 5140 
 
 3520 
 
 2680 
 
 1810 
 
 >5837 
 
 16.00 
 
 I 4-45 
 
 i5-*9 
 
 “ Cannel 
 
 1 1.80 
 
 4850 
 
 333° 
 
 254° 
 
 1720 
 
 15080 
 
 15.60 
 
 14.01 
 
 >4.76 
 
 “ Lignite 
 
 9-30 
 
 4600 
 
 32 10 
 
 2490 
 
 1670 
 
 ”745 
 
 12.15 
 
 io. 7 8 
 
 1 1 .46 
 
 Peat — Kiln dried 
 
 7.68 
 
 4470 
 
 3M° 
 
 2420 
 
 1660 
 
 9660 
 
 10.00 
 
 8.92 
 
 9.42 
 
 “ Air dried 25 per cent, water. . . 
 
 5-76 
 
 4000 
 
 2820 
 
 2240 
 
 1550 
 
 7000 
 
 7.25 
 
 6.41 
 
 6.78 
 
 Wood — Kiln dried 
 
 6.00 
 
 4080 
 
 2910 
 
 2260 
 
 1530 
 
 7245 
 
 7-50 
 
 6.64 
 
 7.02 
 
 “ Air dried 20 per cent, water. . 
 
 4.80 
 
 3700 
 
 2607 
 
 2100 
 
 1490 
 
 5600 
 
 5.80 
 
 4.08 
 
 4-39 
 
 There is a large difference in coals from different localities, and even adjacent 
 mines. The following table of American coals, is compiled from various sources : 
 
 AMERICAN COALS. 
 
 The effective value of all kinds of wood per pound, when dry, is substantially 
 the same. This is usually estimated at 0.4 the value of the same weight of coal. 
 
 The following are the weights and comparative value of 
 different woods by the cord : 
 
 COAL. 
 
 STATE. KIND OF COAI.. 
 
 Per cent, 
 of Ash. 
 
 Theoretical Value. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 STATE. KIND OF COAL. 
 
 Per cent 
 of Ash. 
 
 Theoretical Value 
 
 in Heat 
 Units. 
 
 Pounds 
 of water 
 evap. 
 
 in Heat 
 Units. 
 
 Pounds 
 of water 
 evap. 
 
 Penn. Anthracite 
 
 3-49 
 
 14.199 
 
 14.70 
 
 111. Bureau Co 
 
 5.2° 
 
 13,025 
 
 13.48 
 
 
 6.13 
 
 T 3»535 
 
 14.01 
 
 “ Mercer Co 
 
 5.60 
 
 13,123 
 
 13-58 
 
 “ “ .... 
 
 2.Q0 
 
 14,221 
 
 14.72 
 
 1 “ Montauk 
 
 5-5° 
 
 12,659 
 
 13. 10 
 
 “ Cannel 
 
 1 5.02 
 
 I 3A43 
 
 13.60 
 
 Ind. Block 
 
 2.50 
 
 13.588 
 
 14. 38 
 
 “ Connellsville . . 
 
 6.50 
 
 13.368 
 
 13-84 
 
 “ Caking 
 
 5.66 
 
 14 146 
 
 14.04 
 
 “ Semi-bit’nous.. 
 
 10.70 
 
 13.155 
 
 13.62 
 
 “ Cannel 
 
 6.00 
 
 13,097 
 
 13-56 
 
 “ Stone's Gas. . . 
 
 5.00 
 
 14,021 
 
 14.51 
 
 1 Md. Cumberland .... 
 
 13.88 
 
 12,226 
 
 12.65 
 
 “ Youghiogheny 
 
 5.60 
 
 14,265 
 
 14.76 
 
 Ark. Lignite 
 
 5.00 
 
 9*215 
 
 9-54 
 
 “ Brown 
 
 9-5° 
 
 *2,324 
 
 12.75 
 
 Col. u 
 
 9-25 
 
 13,562 
 
 14.04 
 
 Kentucky Caking. . . 
 
 2.75 
 
 i4*39 T 
 
 14.89 
 
 kk “ 
 
 4.50 
 
 13,866 
 
 14-35 
 
 Cannel . . . . 
 
 2.00 
 
 15,198 
 
 16.76 
 
 Texas “ 
 
 4-5o 
 
 12,962 
 
 I3-4I 
 
 “ “ . . . . 
 
 14.80 
 
 13,360 
 
 !3-84 
 
 Wash. Ter. Lignite. . 
 
 3-4° 
 
 11,55! 
 
 11.96 
 
 “ Lignite 
 
 7.00 
 
 9,326 
 
 9.65 
 
 Penn. Petroleum ... 
 
 
 20,746 
 
 21.47 
 
 Kind of Wood. 
 
 Wght. 
 
 Kind of Wood. 
 
 Wght. 
 
 Hickory, Shell bark. 
 “ Red heart. 
 
 4469 
 
 3705 
 
 382I 
 
 3254 
 
 2325 
 
 2137 
 
 
 
 Hard Maple. . . . 
 
 2878 
 
 3375 
 
 Red Oak 
 
 Virginia “ 
 Yellow . 
 
 White “ 
 
 Spruce 
 
 New Jersey Pine... 
 
 1904 
 
 1868 
 
 & Wilcox Boilers, 2000 H. P., with Artificial Blast, Economizer, etc. 
 
 The first table gives, for the more com- 
 mon combustibles, the air required for 
 complete combustion, the temperature 
 with different proportions of air, the theo- 
 retical value, and the highest attainable 
 

 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, at Standard Oil Co.'s Brooklyn Oil Refinery. 400 H. P. Erected in 1878. With apparatus for burning tar or petroleum. 
 
value under a steam boiler, assuming that the 
 gases pass off at 320°, the temperature of steam 
 at 75 lbs. pressure, and the incoming draft to be 
 at 6o° ; also that with chimney draft twice and 
 with blast only the theoretical amount of air is 
 required for combustion. 
 
 The relative value of different fuels is largely a 
 question of locality and transportation. For in- 
 stance, in some parts of Central America they 
 bum rosewood under their boilers, because it is 
 cheaper than coal ; while a few years ago in the 
 West it was found, during a coal famine, that In- 
 dian corn was the cheapest fuel they could burn. 
 In some places they burn manure only. The 
 Babcock & Wilcox boilers of Chicago cable rail- 
 ways are run regularly on the offal from the 
 stables of the horse roads, a very small propor- 
 tion of coal being used to keep it alight. 
 
 “Slack” or the screenings from coal, when 
 properly mixed — anthracite and bituminous, — 
 and burned by means of a blower on a grate 
 adapted to it, is nearly equal in value of com- 
 bustible to coal, but its percentage of refuse is 
 greater. 
 
 A number of firms are using slack with decided 
 economy, under Babcock & Wilcox boilers, in 
 which there is ample space below' the tubes for 
 the dust to accumulate without covering heating 
 surface or impairing the draft. 
 
 Much is said nowadays about the wonderful 
 saving which is to be expected from the use 
 of petroleum for fuel. This is all a myth, and a 
 moment’s attention to facts is sufficient to con- 
 vince any one that no such possibility exists. 
 Petroleum has a heating capacity, when fully 
 burned, equal to from 21,000 to 22,000 B. T. U. 
 per pound, or say 50 per cent, more than coal. 
 But owing to the ability to burn it with less 
 losses, it has been found through extended ex- 
 periments by the pipe lines that under the same 
 boilers, and doing the same work, a pound of 
 petroleum is equal to 1 '8 pounds of coal. The 
 experiments on locomotives in Russia have 
 shown practically the same value, or 1 77. Now, 
 a gallon of petroleum weighs 67 pounds (though 
 the standard buying and selling weight is 67 
 pounds), and therefore an actual gallon of petro- 
 leum is equivalent under a boiler to tw r elve 
 pounds of coal, and 190 standard gallons are 
 equal to a gross ton of coal. It is very easy with 
 these data to determine the relative cost. At the 
 wells, if the oil is worth say two cents a galion, 
 the cost is equivalent to $3. So per ton for coal at 
 the same place, while at say three cents per gal- 
 lon, the lowest price at which it can be delivered 
 in the vicinity of New York, it costs the same as 
 coal at $5.70 per ton. The Standard Oil Co. 
 
 estimate that 173 gallons are equal to a gross ton 
 of coal, allowing for incidental savings, as in 
 grate bars, carting ashes, attendance, &c. 
 
 Saw dust can be utilized for fuel to good ad- 
 vantage by a special furnace and automatic feed- 
 ing devices. Spent tan bark is also used, mixed 
 with some coal, or it may be burned without the 
 coal in a proper furnace. Its value is about one- 
 fourth that of the same weight of wood, as it comes 
 from the press, but when dried its value is about 
 S5 per cent, of the same weight of wood in same 
 state of dryness. 
 
 Bagasse, the refuse of sugar cane, after being 
 dried in the sun, is largely' employed in Cuba. 
 Its value is about equal to the same weight 
 of pine wood, in the same state of dryness. As 
 it comes from the mill it contains from 50 to 
 So per cent, of water, in which state it may' be 
 burnt in Cook's Bagasse Furnace, under Babcock 
 & Wilcox Boilers, with a result nearly or quite 
 equal to that of the dried bagasse under ordinary 
 boilers, thus saving the large expense of drying it. 
 
 It has been estimated that on an average one 
 pound of coal is equal, for steam-making pur- 
 poses, to 2 lbs. dry peat, 2 X ± to 2)A lbs. dry' wood, 
 2 Vz t° 3 lbs. dried tanbark, 2'f to 3 lbs. sun- 
 dried bagasse, 2 to 3 lbs. cotton stalks, 3)4 to 
 3^4 lbs. wheat or barley straw, 5 to 6 lbs. wet 
 bagasse, and 6 to 8 pounds wet tan-bark. 
 
 Natural gas varies in quality, but is usually 
 worth 2 to 2(0 times the same weight of coal, or 
 about 30,000 cubic feet are equal to a ton of coal. 
 
 TEMPERATURE OF FIRE. 
 
 By reference to the table of combustibles, it 
 will be seen that the temperature of the fire is 
 nearly the same for all kinds of combustibles, 
 under similar conditions. If the temperature is 
 known, the conditions of combustion may be in- 
 ferred. The following table, from M. Pouillet, 
 will enable the temperature to be judged by' the 
 appearance of the fire : 
 
 Appearance. 
 
 Temp. Fah. 
 
 Appearance. 
 
 Temp. Fah. 
 
 Red, just visible . 
 
 977 ° 
 
 Orange, deep.. 
 “ clear. 
 
 2010 
 
 “ dull 
 
 1290 
 
 2 IQO 
 
 “ Cherry, dull 
 “ “ full.. 
 
 1470 
 
 White heat . . 
 
 2370 
 
 1650 
 
 “ bright . . 
 
 2550 
 
 “ “ clear 
 
 1830 
 
 “ dazzling 
 
 2730 
 
 To determine temperature by fusion of met- 
 als, etc. — 
 
 Sub- 
 
 stance. 
 
 Tallow 
 
 Spermaceti . 
 Wax, white. 
 Sulphur 
 Tin 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Fah. 
 
 Metal. 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Fah. 
 
 Metal. 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Fah. 
 
 Q 2 ° 
 
 Bismuth. . 
 
 518 
 
 Silver, pure . . . 
 Gold Coin .... 
 
 1830 
 
 120 
 
 Lead 
 
 630 
 
 2156 
 
 154 
 
 Zinc 
 
 793 
 
 Iron Cast, med 
 
 2010 
 
 2 39 
 
 Antimony 
 
 810 
 
 Steel 
 
 2550 
 
 455 
 
 Brass. 
 
 1650 
 
 Wrought Iron 
 
 2Q 10 
 
 57 
 
I ' M l I I 
 
 
 ' ' » tt-1* « 
 
 
 
 h !' »-| h 
 
 
 H H F 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 1 1 1. 
 
 
 1 ■ '• M i j J 
 
 
 
 v f , - ■ 
 
 1 • 
 
 
 ! -}1m 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, with Cook's Automatic Apparatus tor burning green bagasse, at Yngeiuo Central Hormigueru, Cuba. 
 
BURNING GREEN BAGASSE. 
 
 The refuse from sugar cane, after it has left 
 the grinding rolls, contains usually from 25 to 40 
 per cent, of woody fibre and from 6 to 9 per 
 cent, of sugar, while the balance, respectively 
 66 to 54 per cent, is water. In this condition it 
 is not combustible in ordinary furnaces, for 
 which purpose it requires to be sun-dried, 
 which process removes from eight to nine-tenths 
 of the moisture and nearly all the sugar through 
 fermentation. This sugar itself is an excellent 
 fuel, and if it could be utilized as such would 
 be nearly sufficient to evaporate the water in 
 which it is dissolved, so that it is probable that 
 the process of drying by natural means destroys 
 more fuel than sufficient to do the drying includ- 
 ing that wasted in the several handlings If, 
 therefore, the green bagasse can be burned 
 direct from the mill it should give as good 
 results as when dried. 
 
 Cook’s Automatic Apparatus accomplishes 
 this result, burning the bagasse automatically 
 direct from the sugar mill, with a saving of the 
 large number of men, carts and oxen required 
 for spreading, drying, gathering and firing it in 
 a dry state. It also secures far better combus- 
 tion than can be had with the best hand firing, 
 with no smoke, little refuse, and a greatly in- 
 creased evaporative capacity. An element of 
 additional economy consists in utilizing the 
 waste heat escaping to the chimney for heating 
 the blast. This hot blast is peculiarly efficient 
 in burning wet fuel, because of the greatly in- 
 creased capacity of the hot air for absorbing 
 moisture, and thus partially drying the ba 
 gasse before burning. Air at 200° tem- 
 perature has over two hundred 
 times the capacity for mois- 
 ture that the same air 
 has at 6o°, and the 
 
 air required for the combustion of the fuel in the 
 bagasse, if forced into the furnace at 300° tem- 
 perature, will carry away the excess of moisture 
 in the fuel without other heat than that itself 
 contains. Therefore, if the blast is heated by 
 the waste gases to that temperature, it secures 
 the full value of the fuel for steam making, the 
 same as if it were dried before it was delivered 
 to the furnace. These considerations explain 
 the fact that where these burners have been 
 erected they have always brought about a large 
 reduction in the supplementary fuel required 
 with dry bagasse, besides giving more and 
 steadier steam pressure. In a well arranged plan- 
 tation the bagasse is sufficient without other fuel. 
 
 The furnace of Cook's apparatus consists in 
 an oven of brick having a smaller chamber be- 
 neath, into which the blast previously 
 heated is introduced through num- 
 erous perforations in the walls. 
 
 Openings in the walls of the oven 
 permit the escape of the gases of 
 combustion to the boilers. On their 
 way to the chimney these gases 
 pass tubular heaters, through which a 
 fan forces the blast en route to the 
 burner, thus returning a large part of 
 the waste heat to the furnace and 
 securing an exceedingly high tem- 
 perature therein. 
 
 The furnaces require to be cleaned 
 once in 24 hours, when the refuse 
 from 250 tons of bagasse makes 
 about four wheel-barrow loads, in the 
 form of a vitreous mass, evidencing 
 
 -j 
 
 Side View of Cook's Automatic Apparatus for burning Green Bagasse with Babcock &. Wilcox Boilers, at Yngenio Senado. 
 
 59 
 
 ’ ’ 
 
 =- - 
 
 k 
 
( 4 * 
 
 Plan of Cook's Automatic Apparatus for burning green bagasse, and four Babcock & Wilcox Boilers 
 at Yngenio ISABEL (Messrs. Beattie & Co.) & TERESA (Rigney & Co.', Manzanillo, Cuba, erected 1889 
 
me intense heat attained. This high temperature is readily absorbed by 
 the Babcock & Wilcox boilers without injury to the heating surface, but 
 it is not considered safe to apply it to other boilers having thicker heat- 
 ing surface and a less perfect circulation of water. 
 
 The bagasse is fed to the furnaces automatically by an arrangement 
 of carriers which receive it from the rolls and distribute it equably to 
 the different furnaces, where more than one is required, dumping any 
 surplus upon cars, where it is stored for use when the mill is not grind- 
 ing. The number of attendants required is reduced to a minimum, 
 every operation being automatic. At Yngenio Senado two of these ; ; ,, 
 
 burners reduce the number of men employed from 250 to 60, besides , 
 
 the saving in wood and teams, the better supply of steam, the ability 
 
 to erind durine rainv weather, and the total absence of risk of fires. 
 
 & ( 
 
 As a rule, the cost of the apparatus is repaid in the first crop. ,//s n 
 
 Four of Cook's apparatus with Babcock & Wilcox boilers have now 
 taken off six crops each in Louisiana with no repairs or stoppages, 
 and with perfect success in every case. Forty burners in Cuba U/^ 
 
 the last season worked through the entire crop successfully without the 1 1 
 
 least stoppage or trouble. No wood was required 
 after the first starting, the spare bagasse serving to 
 light the burner after stopping for cleaning, as well as 
 to keep it running when the mill was not grinding. 
 
 Burning green bagasse with economy and efficiency- is, 
 therefore, no longer a problem, but an assured success. 
 
 Cook’s Appara tus is the subject of numerous 
 patents in all sugar-producing countries. These 
 
 patents, all of which are owned, or controlled, by 
 the Babcock & Wilcox Company, cover all the pecul- 
 iarities which distinguish this process and apparatus 
 from the previous crude attempts to burn green ba- 
 gasse. Among these, are the arrangement of several 
 boilers for one burner ; the construction of the furnace 
 without grate bars ; the hot blast in numerous jets, 
 applied to a bagasse burner, and the method of heat- 
 ing the same ; the method of dividing the bagasse 
 automatically between several burners ; the improved 
 carriers ; the storing of surplus bagasse for use 
 when the mill is stopped temporarily ; the arrange- 
 ment of the bagasse-fired boilers so that they may be 
 
 fired with other fuel in the ordinary manner when the 
 mill is not grinding ; and numerous other important 
 details. It is the only apparatus which will effectually 
 take care of the bagasse direct from the mill. During 
 the season of 1S91-92 there were sixty-three Cook's 
 furnaces on the island, automatically caring for and 
 consuming the bagasse from 23,000 tons of cane daily. 
 
 61 
 
Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, with Cook's Automatic Apparatus for burning green bagasse, at Yngenio Central Senario. 1,000 H, P. Erected >888 
 
HORSE-POWER OF BOILERS. 
 
 -Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as 
 ‘ horse-power ” to a steam boiler ; it is a meas- 
 ure applicable only to dynamic effect. Rut as 
 boilers are necessary to drive steam-engines, the 
 same measure applied to steam-engines has come 
 to be universally applied to the boiler, and can- 
 not well be discarded. In consequence, how- 
 ever, of the different quantity of steam necessary 
 to produce a horse-power, with different engines, 
 there has been great need of an accepted stand- 
 ard by which the amount of boiler required to 
 provide steam for a commercial horse-power may 
 be determined. 
 
 This standard, as fixed by Watt, was one cubic 
 foot of water evaporated per hour from 212 0 for 
 each horse-power. This was, at that time, the 
 requirement of the best engine in use. At the 
 present time, Prof. Thurston estimates, that the 
 water required per hour, per horse-power, in 
 good engines, is equal to the constant 200, divid- 
 ed by the square root of the pressure, and that in 
 the best engines this constant is as low as 150. 
 This would give for good engines, working with 
 64 lbs. pressure, 25 lbs. water, and for the best 
 engines working with 100 lbs., only 15 lbs. water 
 per hourly horse-power. 
 
 The extensive series of experiments, made 
 under the direction of C. E. Emery, M. E., at the 
 Novelty Works, in 1S66-8, and published by 
 Professor Trowbridge, show, that at ordinary 
 pressures, and with good proportions, non-con- 
 densing engines of from 20 to 300 H. P., required 
 only from 25 to 30 lbs. water per hourly horse- 
 power, in regular practice. 
 
 The standard, therefore, adopted by the judges 
 at the late Centennial Exhibition, of 30 lbs. 
 water per hour, evaporated, at 70 lbs. pressure, 
 from 300°, for each horse-power, is a fair one for 
 both boilers and engines, and has been favor- 
 ably received by the Am. Soc. of Mecli. Engineers 
 and by steam users, but as the same boiler may 
 be made to do more or less work with less or great- 
 er economy, it should be also required that the 
 rating of a boiler be based on the amount of 
 water it will evaporate at a high economical rate. 
 
 For purposes of economy 
 the amount of heating surface 
 should never be less than one, 
 and generally not more than 
 two, square feet, for each 
 5,000 British thermal units to 
 be absorbed per hour, though 
 this depends somewhat on 
 the character and location of 
 such surface. The range 
 Aven above is believed to be 
 
 sufficient to allow ior tne different conditions in 
 practice, though a far greater range is frequently 
 employed. As, for instance, in torpedo boats, 
 where everything is sacrificed to lightness and 
 power, tlie heating surface is sometimes made to 
 absorb 12,000 to 15,000 B. T. U. per square foot 
 per hour, while in some mills, where the pro- 
 prietor and his advisers have gone on the princi- 
 ple that 1 ' too much is just enough,” a square foot 
 is only required to absorb 1,000 units or less per 
 hour. Neither extreme is good economy. 
 
 Square feet of heating surface is no criterion as 
 between different styles of boilers — a square 
 foot under some circumstances being many times 
 as efficient as in others ; but when an average 
 rate of evaporation per square foot for any given 
 boiler has been fixed upon by experiment, there 
 is no more convenient way of rating the power of 
 others of the same style. The following table 
 gives an approximate list of square feet of heat- 
 ing surface per H. P. in different styles of boilers ; 
 and various other data for comparison : 
 
 Type of Boiler. 
 
 Square feet of 
 Heating Sur- 
 
 face for 
 CneH. P. 
 
 Coal per sq. ft. 
 
 PI. S. per hour. 
 
 Relative 
 
 Economy. 
 
 Relative 
 
 Rapidity of 
 
 Steaming. 
 
 Authority. 
 
 Water-lube 
 
 10 to 12 
 
 •3 
 
 1. 00 
 
 1. 00 
 
 I shervvood. 
 
 Tubular 
 
 14 to 18 
 
 • 25 
 
 • 9 1 
 
 • 5 ° 
 
 14 
 
 Flue 
 
 8 to 12 
 
 •4 
 
 •79 
 
 •25 
 
 Prof. Trow- 
 
 Plain Cylinder . . 
 
 6 to 10 
 
 •5 
 
 .69 
 
 .20 
 
 bridge. 
 
 Locomotive 
 
 12 to 16 
 
 •275 
 
 .85 
 
 
 
 Vertical Tubular. 
 
 15 to 20 
 
 •25 
 
 .80 
 
 .60 
 
 
 A horse-power in a steam-engine or other 
 prime mover, is 550 lbs. raised 1 foot per second 
 or 33,000 lbs. 1 foot per minute. 
 
 HORSE-POWER OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 
 
 Most nations have a standard for power simi- 
 lar to, and generally derived from W att’s “ horse- 
 power, ” but owing to different standards of 
 weights and measures, these are not identical, 
 though the greatest differences amount to less 
 than ij^ per cent. The following table gives the 
 standard horse-power for each nation, in kilo- 
 grammetres per second , and in fool-pounds per 
 second, expressed in the foot and pound stand- 
 ard in each country : 
 
 TABLE OF STANDARD HORSE-POWER FOR DIFFERENT NATIONS. 
 
 Country. 
 
 L c /3 
 
 c/T 
 
 C c 
 
 T 3 0 ^ 
 
 Saxon 
 
 Ft. pounds, 
 per sec. 
 
 IS) • 
 
 ' • 
 
 a tx= u 
 
 u 3 is . 
 
 £ OJ O , 
 5-0 0-0 
 
 Prussian 
 
 Ft, pounds, | 
 per sec. 
 
 c 
 
 .2 -n 
 
 *5 c u 
 
 2 0 <y 
 
 1 it 
 
 ~ X 
 
 English 
 
 Ft. pounds, 
 per sec. 
 
 Austrian 
 
 Ft. pounds, 
 per sec. 
 
 France and 1 
 Baden . . . ) 
 
 75 
 
 500 
 
 529.68 
 
 521.58 
 
 477-93 
 
 5 P 3-53 
 
 542.47 
 
 423.68 
 
 Saxony 
 
 
 5OO.4O 
 
 530 . 
 
 523.89 
 
 478.22 
 
 513-84 
 
 542.80 
 
 423-93 
 
 \V ortemberg . . 
 
 75-240 
 
 501-36 
 
 531-12 
 
 525 . 
 
 470-23 
 
 5 M -92 
 
 543-95 
 
 424.83 
 
 Prussia 
 
 75-325 
 
 502,17 
 
 531-07 
 
 525.85 
 
 480 . 
 
 515-75 
 
 544.82 
 
 425 - 5 1 
 
 Hanover 
 
 75.361 
 
 502.41 
 
 532.23 
 
 526 . IO 
 
 480.23 
 
 516 . 
 
 S45.08 
 
 425-72 
 
 England . . 
 
 76.041 
 
 506. Q4 
 
 537-03 
 
 530.84 
 
 484.56 
 
 520.6s 
 
 550 . 
 
 420.56 
 
 Austria 
 
 76. 1 19 
 
 507-46 
 
 437 - 5 ® 
 
 531-39 
 
 485.06 
 
 52 1.19 
 
 550-57 
 
 430 . 
 
 63 
 
 
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 siiiittnsM 
 
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 $} ’ I /is////ffe/ i f i * j j i f i } I : i i i I 
 
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 SIM* 
 
 Babcock Si Wilcox Boilers, 832 H, P,, at Lucy Furnace, Pittsburgh, Pa, Erected 1883, Fired with waste eases from blast furnaces, 
 
BOILERS IN IRON AND STEEL WORKS. 
 
 The requirements of a steam boiler in an iron 
 or steel works are more severe than in any other 
 establishment, with possibly the exception of a 
 sugar plantation. The heat applied to the boiler 
 is not only intense, but fluctuating. The utmost 
 possible amount of work may be required from 
 the boiler for one hour, and scarcely any work 
 the next, while in many iron works too little 
 attention is paid to the boiler-house by the man- 
 agement. it being left to the care or neglect 
 
 This boiler possesses for this purpose the a<1 
 vantages of safety and economy. The intense 
 heat of the gases from a puddling furnace is very 
 destructive of thick plates and riveted joints, 
 causing frequent violent explosions in boilers so 
 heated. The thin tubes, and rapid circulation, 
 in these bi >ilers render them less liable to damage 
 from the high temperature, and the arrangement 
 of heating surface secures a fuller absorption of 
 the waste heat. Should a tube burn out, no se- 
 rious explosion can occur. 
 
 
 
 
 Section of 
 
 832 Hone Power Babcock & Wilcox Boilers 
 at Lucy Furnaces. Pittsburgh, Pa., burning wa;te gas. 
 
 of incompetent men. There is, also, frequently 
 a lack of sufficient boiler capacity, and in conse- 
 quence the boilers are driven at a rate which is 
 both wasteful of fuel and destructive to heating 
 surfaces. 
 
 An extended experience with the Babcock & 
 Wilcox boilers in iron and steel works extending 
 over ten years, under a variety of conditions, in 
 connection with heating, puddling and blast 
 furnaces, utilizing the waste heat, has shown their 
 adaptability and superiority for such work. 
 
 Some establishments place their boilers over 
 the furnaces, as shown in the cut, while others 
 place them at the side of the furnace, or in the 
 rear. One advantage of this boiler, especially 
 for double puddling and large heating furnaces, 
 is that a much larger amount of heating surface 
 can be placed over a furnace than can be done 
 with the boilers ordinarily used for this purpose, 
 thereby giving greater economy of fuel with less 
 cost of erection. At The Carron Iron Works, 
 near Glasgow, Scotland, the Lucy Furnaces. 
 
Babcock & Wilcox Boilers at Pennsylvania Steel Co's Works, Sparrows Point, Md. 1st order, 4,000 H, P. in process of erection, 1888. Duplicate ordered 1889, 
 
Pittsburgh, Pa., and elsewhere, these boilers are 
 fired with the waste gases of the blast furnaces 
 with marked success. The combustion of the 
 gas is perfect ; the boilers develop much more 
 than their rated capacity ; and the dust contained 
 in the gas has given no trouble. The manager of 
 the Lucy Furnace says : 
 
 ‘ They are very free steamers, easily cleaned, 
 and will do a given amount of work on very much 
 less gas than our cylinder or two-flue boilers. 
 They have cost nothing for repairs.” 
 
 WEIGHT AND VOLUME OF AIR. 
 
 A cubic foot of air at 6o° and under average 
 atmospheric pressure, at sea level, weighs 536 
 grains, and 13.06 cubic feet weigh one pound. 
 Air expands or contracts an equal amount with 
 each degree of variation in temperature. Its 
 weight and volume at any temperature under 30 
 inches of barometer may be found within less 
 than one-half of one per cent, by the following 
 formula, in which W = weight in pounds of one 
 cubic foot, V — volume in cubic feet, per pound, 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers over Puddling Furnace. 
 
 In rolling mills doing the heaviest and most 
 irregular kind of work, the success of these boil- 
 ers has been equally encouraging, and, in a 
 number of the Bessemer Steel Works, they are 
 supplying steam to reversing engines rolling steel 
 ingots in two high trains, while several large 
 plants supply power for rolling rods, bar iron, 
 rails and beams, and drawing wire. The names 
 of many extensive Iron and Steel Works, in 
 some of which large plants have been in use for 
 years, will be found in the list of references. 
 
 and r absolute temperature, or 460° added 
 to that by the thermometer, = / + 460. 
 
 ’ W= 4 o ■ V= JL 
 
 7 40 
 
 For any condition of pressure and temperature 
 the following formulas are very nearly exact : 
 
 W—2.71-C . . V ' , . ./= 2.71 V/> — 460 
 r 2.71/ 
 
 in which p is pressure above absolute vacuum. 
 The same formulae answer for any' other gas bv 
 changing the co-efficient. 
 
 
 67 
 
CHIMNEYS. 
 
 Chimneys are required for two pur- 
 poses— ist, to carry off obnoxious gas- 
 es ; 2d, to produce a draught, and so 
 facilitate combustion. The first re- 
 quires size, the second height. 
 
 Each pound of coal burned yields 
 from 13 to 30 pounds of gas, the vol- 
 ume of which varies with the temper- 
 ature. 
 
 The weight of gas to be carried off by a 
 chimney in a given time depends upon 
 three things — size of chimney, velocity 
 of flow, and density of gas. But as 
 the density decreases directly as the ab- 
 solute temperature, while the velocity 
 increases, with a given height, nearly as 
 the square root of the temperature, it 
 follows that there is a temperature at 
 which the weight of gas delivered is 
 a maximum. This is about 550° above 
 the surrounding air Temperature, 
 however, makes so little difference, 
 that at 550° above, the quantity is only 
 four per cent, greater than at 300°. 
 Therefore, height and area are the only 
 elements necessary to consider in an 
 ordinary chimney. 
 
 The intensity of draught is, how- 
 ever, independent of the size, and de- 
 pends upon the difference in weight of 
 the outside and inside columns of air, 
 which varies nearly as the product of 
 the height into the difference of tem- 
 perature. This is usually stated in an 
 equivalent column of water, and may 
 vary from 0 to possibly 2 inches. 
 
 After a height has been reached to 
 produce draught of sufficient intensity 
 to burn one, hard coal, provided the 
 area of the chimney is large enough, 
 there seems no good mechanical reason 
 for adding further to the height, what- 
 ever the size of the chimney requir- 
 ed. Where cost is no consideration 
 there is no objection to building as 
 high as one pleases ; but for the 
 purely utilitarian purpose of steam 
 making equally good results, might 
 be attained with a shorter chimney 
 at much less cost. 
 
 The intensity of draft required va- 
 ries with the kind and condition of 
 the fuel, and the thickness of the 
 fires. Wood requires the least, and 
 fine coal or slack the most. To 
 bum anthracite slack to advantage, 
 
 ! I 
 
 * 1*. 
 
 9 I 
 
 a draught of 1 f inch of water is nec- 
 essary, which can be attained by a well- 
 proportioned chimney 175 feet high. 
 
 Generally a much less height than 
 100 feet can not be recommended for a 
 boiler, as the lower grades of fuel can- 
 not be burned as they should be with 
 a shorter chimney. 
 
 A round chimney is better than 
 square, and a straight flue better than a 
 tapering, though it may be either larger 
 or smaller at top without detriment. 
 
 The effective area of a chimney for 
 a given power, varies inversely as the 
 square root of the height. The actual 
 area, in practice, should be greater, 
 because of retardation of velocity due 
 to friction against the walls. On the 
 basis that this is equal to a layer of air 
 two inches thick over the whole inte- 
 rior surface, and that a commercial 
 horse-power requires the consumption 
 on an average of 5 pounds of coal per 
 hour, we have the following formula : 
 
 • 0.6 1 A 
 
 13-54 v E • 4 4 
 
 fn which H = horse-power ; h =• height 
 of chimney in feet ; E = effective area, 
 and A— actual area in square feet ; S = 
 side of square chimney, and D = dia 
 of round chimney in inches. The table 
 on page 70 is calculated by means of 
 these formulae. 
 
 To find, the draft of a given chimney 
 in inches of water : Divide 7.6 by the 
 absolute temperature of the external 
 air (*. = / + 460) ; divide 7.9 by the 
 absolute temperature of the gases in 
 the chimney (r c = t' + 460) ; subtract 
 the tatter from the former , and multi- 
 ply the remainder by the height oj 
 the chimney in feet. This rule, ex- 
 nressed in a formula, would be : 
 
 d ■■ 
 
 (£ - e 
 
 To find the height of a chimney , to 
 give a specific draft power, express- 
 Proceed as 
 above , through the first two steps, 
 then divide the given draft power 
 
 ea in inches of water 
 
 ■6 UN Of T ION 
 
 68 
 
by the remainder, the result is the height in feet. 
 Or, by formula : 
 
 ,/ 
 
 To find the maximum efficient draft for any 
 given chimney, the heated column being 600 F., 
 
 temperature. It will be seen that practically 
 nothing can be gained by carrying the temper- 
 ature of the chimney more than 350° above the 
 external air at 6o°. 
 
 To determine the quantity of air , in pounds, 
 a given chimney will deliver per hour, multiply 
 the distance in inches, at given temperature, on 
 
 the diagram, 
 
 and the external air 62° : Jl luh ipty the 
 height above grate m feet by .007, 
 and the product is the draft power in 
 inches of water. 
 
 The above diagram shows the draft, in 
 inches, of water for a chimney 100 feet 
 high, under different temperatures, from 
 50° to Soo° above external atmosphere, 
 which is assumed at 6o°. The vertical 
 scale is full size, and each division is dj 
 of an inch. It also shows the relative 
 quantity, in pounds of air, which would 
 be delivered, in the same time, by a 
 chimney under the same differences of 
 
 by 1000 times 
 the effective 
 area in square 
 feet, and by 
 the square root 
 of the height 
 in feet. This 
 gives a maxi- 
 mum. Fric- 
 tion in flues 
 and furnace may reduce it greatly. 
 
 The external diameter of a brick chim- 
 ney at the base should be one-tenth the 
 height, unless it be supported by some 
 other structure. The “ batter ” or taper of 
 a chimney should be from T \ to inch to 
 the foot on each side. 
 
 Thickness of brick work : one brick (8 
 or 9 inches) for 25 ft. from the top, increas- 
 ing J2 brick (4 or \'/z inches) for each 25 
 ft. from the top downwards. 
 
 If the inside diameter exceed 5 ft. the 
 top length should be 1% bricks, and if un- 
 der 3 ft. it may be brick for ten feet. 
 
 Chimney for 1260 H. P, of Babcock & Wilcox Boiler, at Bird Coleman Furnace, Cornwall, Pa. 
 
SIZES OF CHIMNEYS WITH APPROPRIATE HORSE-POWER BOILERS, 
 
 'The following table has been computed by means of the formulae on page 68, and will be found 
 
 useful for ready reference : 
 
 C tr 
 
 
 
 
 
 Height of 
 
 Chimneys. 
 
 
 
 
 v J . 
 
 1$ * o 
 
 3 O u 
 
 
 V 
 
 ° | . * 
 
 O 
 
 S 3 'Z 
 
 50 ft 
 
 60 ft 
 
 70 ft 
 
 80 n. 
 
 90 ft 
 
 IOO ft. 
 
 1 10 ft. 
 
 125 n.. 
 
 50 n. 
 
 175 ft. 
 
 200 ft. 
 
 'Z « O 
 
 0 
 
 nj * E' 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ < 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Commercial Horse-Power. 
 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 t/) 
 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.97 
 
 ‘•77 
 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 4 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * -47 
 
 2 . 4 » 
 
 
 »9 
 
 24 
 
 49 
 
 54 
 
 58 
 
 62 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.08 
 
 3 - >4 
 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 65 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.78 
 
 3.98 
 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 84 
 
 92 
 
 100 
 
 107 
 
 1 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3-58 
 
 4.91 
 
 
 27 
 
 .33 
 
 
 1*5 
 
 125 
 
 ‘33 
 
 141 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 47 
 
 5-94 
 
 
 30 
 
 3 6 
 
 
 141 
 
 152 
 
 >63 
 
 *73 
 
 | 182 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-47 
 
 7.07 
 
 
 32 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 .83 
 
 I96 
 
 208 
 
 1 219 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.57 
 
 8.30 
 
 
 35 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 216 
 
 231 
 
 245 
 
 2=8 
 
 271 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.76 
 
 9.62 
 
 
 38 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 311 
 
 330 
 
 348 
 
 365 
 
 389 1 
 
 
 
 
 10.44 
 
 > 2.57 
 
 
 43 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 363 
 
 427 
 
 449 
 
 472 
 
 503 1 
 
 55 * 
 
 
 
 1 3 • 5 » 
 
 15.90 
 
 
 48 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 5<>5 
 
 5.39 
 
 565 
 
 593 j 
 
 632 1 
 
 692 
 
 748 
 
 
 16.98 
 
 19.64 
 
 
 54 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 
 658 
 
 694 
 
 728 
 
 776 - 
 
 849 
 
 9l8 
 
 981 
 
 20.83 
 
 23-76 
 
 
 59 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 
 
 792 
 
 835 
 
 876 
 
 934 
 
 1023 
 
 1105 
 
 1 181 
 
 25 .08 
 
 28 . 27 
 
 
 64 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 995 
 
 1038 
 
 1 *°7 , 
 
 I 2 L£ 
 
 I3IO 
 
 1400 
 
 29.73 
 
 33 .i 8 
 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 163 
 
 1214 
 
 >294 
 
 I418 
 
 « 53 * 
 
 ■637 
 
 34.76 
 
 38.48 
 
 
 75 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *344 
 
 * 4*5 
 
 1496 1 
 
 1639 
 
 1770 
 
 ‘893 
 
 40.19 
 
 44.18 
 
 
 80 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >537 
 
 1616 
 
 1720 j 
 
 1 876 
 
 2027 
 
 2167 
 
 46 01 
 
 50.27 
 
 
 86 
 
 IRON CHIMNEY STACKS. 
 
 In many places, notably in iron works, iron 
 stacks are preferred to brick chimneys. Their 
 efficiency for the same dimensions 
 is somewhat higher because there 
 is no infiltration of air as through 
 brick-work. The cuts on the mar- 
 gin of this page show the stacks 
 of the Pennsylvania Steel Co , at 
 Sparrow’s Point, Md. These are 
 lined with brick their whole height 
 and are bolted down to the base 
 so as to require no stays, though 
 in this case they would be suffici- 
 ently stable from their own weight. 
 
 A good method of securing such 
 bolts to the stack is practiced by 
 the Pencoyd Iron-Works, Pa., and 
 is shown in detail in the annexed 
 figures. On page 69 is a cut of a 
 similar stack, at the Bird Coleman 
 Furnaces, Cornwall, Pa. Iron 
 stacks require to be kept well 
 painted to prevent rust, and 
 generally, where not bolted 
 
 C- 
 
 IV, 
 
 Stability, or power to 
 withstand the overturning 
 force of the highest winds 
 requires a proportionate re- 
 lation between the weight, 
 height, breadth of base, and 
 exposed area of the chimney. 
 This relation is expressed in 
 the equation 
 d h 2 
 b 
 
 in which d — the average 
 breadth of the shaft, h — its 
 height; b = the 
 breadth of base; all in 
 feet ; IV = weight of 
 chimney in lbs., and 
 C = a co-efficient of 
 wind pressure per 
 square foot of a. This 
 varies with the cross- 
 section of the chim- 
 ney, and = 56 for a 
 square, 35 for an octa- 
 gon, and 28 for a round chim- 
 ney. Thus a square chimney 
 
 down, as here shown, they Ho | din?down Bc | t , and LugSi of average breadth of 8 ft., 10 
 
 need to be braced by rods Pencoyd Iron Works, 
 or wires to surrounding objects. With four such 
 braces attached to an 
 angle iron ring at % 
 the height of stack, and 
 spreading laterally at 
 least an equal distance, 
 each brace should have 
 --- an area in square inches 
 equal to 1-1000 the ex- 
 posed area of stack 
 (dia. X height) in feet. 
 
 feet wide at base and 100 feet 
 high, would require to weigh 
 56 X 8 X too X 10 = 448,000 
 lbs. to withstand any gale 
 likely to be experienced. 
 Brick work weighs from 100 to 
 130 lbs. per cubic foot, 
 hence such a chimney 
 must average 13 inches 
 thick to be safe. A round 
 stack could weigh half as 
 much, or have less base. 
 
 f 
 
 rr 
 
 TO 
 
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM 
 
 Ice is liquified and becomes water at 32 0 F. 
 Above this point water increases in temperature 
 up to the steaming point, nearly at the rate of i° 
 for each unit of heat added per pound of water. 
 The steaming point (212 0 at atmospheric press- 
 ure), rises as the superimposed pressure in- 
 creases, but at a decreasing ratio ; as, for ex- 
 ample. at atmospheric pressure it takes 3^° to 
 
 thermometric temperature), constitutes the “Total 
 Heat.” The “total heat” being greater as the 
 pressure increases, it will take more heat, and 
 consequently more fuel, to make a pound of 
 steam the higher the pressure. 
 
 Saturated steam cannot be cooled except by 
 lowering its pressure, the abstraction of heat be- 
 ing compensated by the latent heat of a portion 
 which is condensed. Neither can steam, in 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, at The Turner & Seymour Mfg. Co., Torrington, Ct. 100 H. P. Erected 1880-1 
 
 add a pound, whiie at 150 lbs. y 2 ° gives the same 
 increase of pressure. 
 
 For each unit of heat added above the steam- 
 ing point, a portion of the water is converted into 
 steam, having the same temperature and the same 
 pressure as that at which it is evaporated. The 
 heat so absorbed is called “Latent Heat.” The 
 amount of heat rendered latent by each pound of 
 water in becoming steam varies at different press- 
 ures, decreasing as the pressure increases. This 
 latent heat added to the sensible heat (or the 
 
 contact with water, be heated above the tem- 
 perature normal to its pressure. 
 
 The density of saturated steam varies from 
 that of air of same temperature and pressure, 
 below that of the atmosphere, to 2 /i at 100 lbs. 
 Its weight per cubic foot varies as the 17 root 
 of the 1 6th power, and may be found by the 
 formula : D = .003027 p -941 , which is correct to 
 within \ per cent, up to 250 lbs. pressure. 
 
 The following table gives the properties of 
 steam at different nressu res — Torn 1 lb. to soo. 
 
 71 
 
Edison Central Station, W. 26th St., New York City. 
 
 To contain 3,000 Horse-pcwer Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, when in full running order ; 
 900 H. P. now in use, erected 1888. 
 
"* 
 
 TABLE OF PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM, Partly from C. H. Peabody's Tables. 
 
 Pressure 
 
 in 
 
 pounds 
 
 persq.in. 
 
 above 
 
 vacuum 
 
 Tempera- 
 lure in 
 degrees, 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Total heat 
 in heat units 
 from 
 water at 
 
 3 2 °- 
 
 Heat 
 in liquid 
 from 
 
 32 c in 
 
 units. 
 
 Heat of 
 vaporiza- 
 tion, or 
 latent 
 heat in 
 heat units 
 
 Density 
 or weight 
 of cubic ft. 
 in pounds. 
 
 Volume 
 of one 
 pound in 
 cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Factor of 
 equivalent 
 evaporation 
 at 212 0 . 
 
 Total 
 
 pressure 
 
 above 
 
 vacuum. 
 
 1 
 
 101 .99 
 
 * 1 * 3 - 1 
 
 70.0 
 
 1043.0 
 
 0.00299 
 
 334-5 
 
 .0661 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 126.27 
 
 1 120.5 
 
 04.4 
 
 1026. i 
 
 0.00576 
 
 173.6 
 
 •9738 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 14 1 62 
 
 1 125. 1 
 
 109 8 
 
 1015. 3 
 
 0.00844 
 
 118.5 
 
 .9786 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 *53-09 
 
 1 128.6 
 
 121.4 
 
 1007.2 
 
 0.01 107 
 
 90.33 
 
 .9822 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 162.34 
 
 * 1 3 * - 5 
 
 * 3°-7 
 
 1000.8 
 
 0.01366 
 
 73 - 2 * 
 
 .9852 
 
 
 6 
 
 170.14 
 
 1133.S 
 
 138.6 
 
 995.2 
 
 0.01622 
 
 61.65 
 
 .9876 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 176.90 
 
 * l 35 9 
 
 *45 4 
 
 090.5 
 
 0.01874 
 
 53-39 
 
 .9897 
 
 7 
 
 s 
 
 182.92 
 
 1 * 37-7 
 
 * 5 1 - 5 
 
 9S6.2 
 
 0.02125 
 
 47.06 
 
 .9916 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 188.33 
 
 ** 39-4 
 
 156.9 
 
 982 5 
 
 0.02374 
 
 42.12 
 
 •0934 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 * 93-25 
 
 1140 9 
 
 161.9 
 
 979.0 
 
 0.02621 
 
 38.15 
 
 •9949 
 
 10 
 
 T 5 
 
 2 *3-°3 
 
 1 146.9 
 
 181.8 
 
 965.1 
 
 0.03826 
 
 26. 14 
 
 1.0003 
 
 * 5 
 
 20 
 
 227.95 
 
 1 *5*-5 
 
 196.9 
 
 054.6 
 
 0 05023 
 
 19.01 
 
 1.0051 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 240.04 
 
 1 155.1 
 
 209. 1 
 
 946.0 
 
 0.06199 
 
 16.13 
 
 1.0099 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 250.27 
 
 1 158.3 
 
 219.4 
 
 938.9 
 
 0 07360 
 
 * 3-59 
 
 1. 0129 
 
 3 ° 
 
 35 
 
 2 59- *9 
 
 1161.0 
 
 228.4 
 
 032.6 
 
 0.08508 
 
 **-75 
 
 1.0157 
 
 
 40 
 
 267.13 
 
 1 163.4 
 
 236.4 
 
 927.0 
 
 0.09644 
 
 *o -37 
 
 1.0182 
 
 40 
 
 
 274.29 
 
 1 165.6 
 
 243.6 
 
 922.0 
 
 0.1077 
 
 0.285 
 
 1 .0205 
 
 
 50 
 
 280.85 
 
 1 167.6 
 
 250.2 
 
 917.4 
 
 0. 1188 
 
 8.418 
 
 1 .0225 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 286.89 
 
 1169.4 
 
 256.3 
 
 9*3-* 
 
 0.1299 
 
 7.698 
 
 1.0245 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 292.51 
 
 1171*2 
 
 261.9 
 
 9 ° 9 -3 
 
 0.1409 
 
 7.007 
 
 1 0263 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 297.77 
 
 1172.7 
 
 267.2 
 
 Qo. 5-5 
 
 0 15*9 
 
 6.583 
 
 1.0280 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 302.71 
 
 ** 74-3 
 
 272.2 
 
 902.1 
 
 0. 1628 
 
 6.143 
 
 1.0295 
 
 7 ° 
 
 75 
 
 307.38 
 
 1175. 7 
 
 276.9 
 
 8q8.8 
 
 0.1736 
 
 5.760 
 
 1.0309 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 311.80 
 
 1 177.0 
 
 281.4 
 
 895.6 
 
 0.1843 
 
 5.426 
 
 1.0323 
 
 80 
 
 65 
 
 316.02 
 
 1178.3 
 
 285.8 
 
 892.5 
 
 0.1951 
 
 5. 126 
 
 *•0337 
 
 85 
 
 90 
 
 320.04 
 
 1179.6 
 
 290.0 
 
 88a. 6 
 
 u.2058 
 
 4-85) 
 
 1.0350 
 
 00 
 
 95 
 
 323.89 
 
 1 180.7 
 
 294.0 
 
 886.7 
 
 0.2165 
 
 4.619 
 
 1.0362 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 
 3 2 7 -S 8 
 
 1 181.9 
 
 207.9 
 
 884.0 
 
 0.2271 
 
 4-403 
 
 *•0374 
 
 100 
 
 105 
 
 33*-*3 
 
 1 182.9 
 
 30!. 6 
 
 881.3 
 
 0.2378 
 
 4.205 
 
 1.0385 
 
 *05 
 
 1 10 
 
 334 - 5 ^ 
 
 1184.0 
 
 305.2 
 
 878.S 
 
 0.2484 
 
 4.026 
 
 1.0396 
 
 1 10 
 
 1 *5 
 
 337-86 
 
 1 185.0 
 
 308.7 
 
 876. 3 
 
 0.2589 
 
 3.862 
 
 1.0406 
 
 1 1 5 
 
 120 
 
 34 *-©5 
 
 1 186.0 
 
 312.0 
 
 874.0 
 
 0.2695 
 
 3 - 7 ** 
 
 1.0416 
 
 120 
 
 *25 
 
 344 - *3 
 
 1 186.9 
 
 3 * 5 - 2 
 
 871.7 
 
 0.2800 
 
 3 - 57 * 
 
 1.0426 
 
 125 
 
 130 
 
 347 - 12 
 
 1187.8 
 
 318.4 
 
 860.4 
 
 0.2904 
 
 3-444 
 
 * 0435 
 
 130 
 
 140 
 
 352-85 
 
 1189.5 
 
 324-4 
 
 S65.1 
 
 °- 3 * *3 
 
 3 - 2 * 2 
 
 *°453 
 
 140 
 
 * 5 ° 
 
 358.26 
 
 1 191.2 
 
 330.0 
 
 861.2 
 
 0.3321 
 
 3 -on 
 
 1.0470 
 
 150 
 
 160 
 
 363 40 
 
 1192.8 
 
 335*4 
 
 857.4 
 
 0-3530 
 
 2.833 
 
 1.0486 
 
 160 
 
 1 7 ° 
 
 368.29 
 
 ** 94-3 
 
 340-5 
 
 853. S 
 
 o -3737 
 
 2.676 
 
 1.0502 
 
 170 
 
 1 80 
 
 372.97 
 
 1 * 95-7 
 
 345-4 
 
 850.3 
 
 o -3945 
 
 2-535 
 
 1. 0517 
 
 180 
 
 1 go 
 
 377-44 
 
 1 * 97 - 1 
 
 350.1 
 
 847.0 
 
 0 - 4*53 
 
 2.408 
 
 1. 0531 
 
 190 
 
 200 
 
 381-73 
 
 1 198.4 
 
 354-6 
 
 843-8 
 
 0-4359 
 
 2.294 
 
 *-°545 
 
 200 
 
 225 
 
 39*-79 
 
 1201.4 
 
 365-1 
 
 836.3 
 
 0.4876 
 
 2.051 
 
 1.0576 
 
 225 
 
 250 
 
 400.99 
 
 1204.2 
 
 374-7 
 
 829.5 
 
 o-5393 
 
 1.854 
 
 1 .0605 
 
 250 
 
 275 
 
 409.50 
 
 1206.8 
 
 383.6 
 
 823.2 
 
 0 - 59*3 
 
 1.691 
 
 1.0632 
 
 275 
 
 300 
 
 417.42 
 
 1209.3 
 
 39*-9 
 
 817.4 
 
 0.644 
 
 *•553 
 
 1.0657 
 
 300 
 
 325 
 
 424.82 
 
 1211.5 
 
 399.6 
 
 811.9 
 
 0.696 
 
 *•437 
 
 1.0680 
 
 325 
 
 350 
 
 431.90 
 
 *213-7 
 
 406.9 
 
 806.8 
 
 0.748 
 
 *•337 
 
 1.0703 
 
 350 
 
 375 
 
 438.40 
 
 I2I 5-7 
 
 414.2 
 
 801. 5 
 
 0.800 
 
 1.250 
 
 1 .0724 
 
 375 
 
 400 
 
 445 - *5 
 
 1217.7 
 
 4 21 - 4 
 
 796.3 
 
 0.853 
 
 1.172 
 
 *•0745 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 466.57 
 
 1224.2 
 
 444-3 
 
 779-9 
 
 1.065 
 
 •939 
 
 1 .0812 
 
 500 
 
 The gauge pressure is about 15 pounds ( 14 . 7 ) less than the total pressure, so 
 that in using this table, 1 5 must be added to the pressure as given by the steam 
 gauge. The column of Temperatures gives the thermometric temperature of 
 steam and the boiling point at each pressure. The “ factor of equivalent evapo- 
 ration ” shows the proportionate cost in heat or fuel of producing steam at the 
 given pressure as compared with atmospheric pressure. 
 
 To ascertain the equivalent evaporation at any pressure, multiply the given 
 evaporation by the factor of its pressure, and divide 
 the product by the factor of the desired pressure. 
 
 Each degree of difference in temperature of feed- 
 water makes a difference of .00104 in 
 the amount of evaporation. Hence, 
 to ascertain the equivalent evapora- 
 tion from any other temperature of 
 feed than 212 0 , add to the factor 
 given as many times .00104 as the 
 temperature of feed-water is degrees ‘It® I 
 below 212 0 . For other pressures than 
 those given in the table, it will be prac- 
 tically correct to take the proportion of 
 the difference between the nearest 
 pressures given in the table. Boiler House and Chimney for Babcock & Wilcox Boiler with Economizer, Etc. 
 
1 r 
 
 ◄ 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, at F, 0. Matthiessen & Wiecher’s Sugar Refining Co., Jersey City, N, J. 2d Order, 1,500 H. P. Erected 1877. 
 
WATER AT DIFFERENT TEMFERATURES. 
 
 There are four notable temperatures for pure 
 water, viz. : 
 
 1. Freezing point at sea level, 32 0 F. 
 
 2. Point of maximum density, 30. i° F. 
 
 3. British standard for specitic gravity, 62° F. 
 
 4. Boiling point at sea level, 212 0 F. 
 
 32° F. Weight per cub. ft. 62.418 lb.; per cub. in., .03612 lb. 
 
 39. 1 0 F. 62.425 .036125“ 
 
 62° F. “ “ “ 62.355 “ “ “ .03608 
 
 212 0 F. “ lk u 59-760 “ “ “ .03458 
 
 A United States Standard gallon holds 231 
 cubic inches and S'/i lb. water at 62° F. 
 
 A British Imperial gallon holds 277.274 cubic 
 inches and 10 lb. water at 62 F. 
 
 Sea water (average) has a specific gravity of 
 1.028, boils at 21 3. 2° F., and weighs 64 lb. per 
 cubic foot at 62° F. 
 
 A pressure of 1 lb. per sq. in. is exerted by a col- 
 umn of water 2.3093 ft., or 27.7 i in. high, at 62° F. 
 
 In solvent power water has a greater range 
 thanvany other liquid. For common salt this is 
 nearly constant at all temperatures, while it in- 
 creases with increase of temperature for others, 
 magnesium and sodium sulphates, for instance. 
 
 Where water contains carbonic acid it dissolves 
 some minerals quite readily, but a boiling tem- 
 perature causes the disengagement of the car- 
 bonic acid in gaseous form and the deposition of 
 a large part of the minerals thus held in solution. 
 
 Lime salts are more soluble in cold than in hot 
 water, and most of them are deposited at 320°, 
 or less. When frozen into ice, or evaporated 
 into steam, water parts with nearly all substances 
 held in solution. 
 
 TABLE OF SOLUBILITIES OF SCALE-MAKING MINERALS. 
 
 SUBSTANCE. 
 
 Soluble i S °‘ ub L e Q 
 in parts k b 
 
 of pure! F arb °"‘ 
 water lc ac,d 
 it 22°F water, 
 
 3 ’ cold. 
 
 Soluble 
 in parts 
 of pure 
 water 
 at 212 0 . 
 
 Insolu- 
 ble in 
 water 
 
 at 
 
 Carbonate of Lime . 
 
 62,500 150 
 
 62,500 
 
 302° F. 
 
 Sulphate of Lime . . 
 
 500 
 
 460 
 
 302 “ 
 
 Carbonate of Magnesia 
 
 5.500 150 
 
 o,6oo 
 
 
 Phosphate ot Lime . . 
 
 • • • 1 1333 
 
 
 212 “ 
 
 Oxide ot Iron .... 
 
 
 
 212 “ 
 
 Silica 
 
 . . . Und’t’d 
 
 
 212 “ 
 
 Water has a greater specific heat, or heat- 
 absorbing capacity, than any other known sub- 
 stance (bromine and hydrogen excepted), and is 
 the unit of comparison employed for all meas- 
 urements of the capacities for heat of all sub- 
 stances whatever. The specific heat of water is 
 not constant, but rises in an increasing ratio with 
 the temperature, so that it requires slightly more 
 heat, the higher the temperature, to raise a given 
 quantity of water from one temperature to 
 another. The specific heat of ice and steam are, 
 respectively, .504 and .475, or practically about 
 half that of water. 
 
 A British Thermal Unit (or heat unit) is that 
 quantity of heat which will raise one pound of 
 water at or about freezing point, i° F. A 
 French “Calorie" is the heat required to raise 
 one kilogramme of water i° C., and is equal to 
 3.96832 British thermal units. 
 
 The following table gives the number of British 
 thermal units in a pound of water at different tem- 
 peratures. They are reckoned above 32 0 F., 
 for, strictly speaking, water does not exist below 
 22 0 . and ice follows another law. 
 
 WATER BETWEEN 
 
 Temper- 
 
 ature 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Heat 
 Units 
 per lb. 
 
 Weight 
 lb. per 
 cub. ft 
 
 32 0 
 
 0.00 
 
 62.42 
 
 35 
 
 3.02 
 
 62.42 
 
 40 
 
 8.06 
 
 62.42 
 
 45 
 
 13.08 
 
 62.42 
 
 50 
 
 18.10 
 
 62.41 
 
 52 
 
 20.1 1 
 
 62.40 
 
 54 
 
 22. 1 1 
 
 62.40 
 
 56 
 
 24. 1 1 
 
 62.39 
 
 58 
 
 26.12 
 
 62.38 
 
 60 
 
 28.12 
 
 62.37 
 
 62 
 
 30.12 
 
 62.36 
 
 64 
 
 32.12 
 
 62.35 
 
 66 
 
 34.12 
 
 62.34 
 
 68 
 
 36.12 
 
 62.33 
 
 70 
 
 38.11 
 
 62.31 
 
 72 
 
 40.1 1 
 
 62.30 
 
 74 
 
 42.11 
 
 62.28 
 
 76 
 
 44.1 1 
 
 62.27 
 
 78 
 
 46.10 
 
 62.25 
 
 80 
 
 48.09 
 
 62.23 
 
 82 
 
 50.08 
 
 62.21 
 
 84 
 
 52.07 
 
 62.19 
 
 86 
 
 54.06 
 
 62.17 
 
 88 
 
 5 6 -°5 
 
 62.15 
 
 90 
 
 58.04 
 
 62.13 
 
 92 
 
 60.03 
 
 62.11 
 
 94 
 
 62.02 
 
 62.09 
 
 96 
 
 64.OI 
 
 62.07 
 
 98 
 
 66.01 
 
 62.05 
 
 100 
 
 68.01 
 
 62.02 
 
 102 
 
 70.00 
 
 62.00 
 
 104 
 
 72.00 
 
 61.97 
 
 106 
 
 74.00 
 
 61.95 
 
 108 
 
 76.00 
 
 61.92 
 
 1 10 
 
 78.00 
 
 61.89 
 
 1 12 
 
 80.00 
 
 61.86 
 
 i 13 
 
 81.01 
 
 61.84 
 
 114 
 
 82.02 
 
 61.83 
 
 ”5 
 
 83.02 
 
 61.82 
 
 1 16 
 
 84.03 
 
 61.80 
 
 117 
 
 85.04 
 
 61.78 
 
 118 
 
 86.05 
 
 61.77 
 
 119 
 
 87.06 
 
 61.75 
 
 120 
 
 88.06 
 
 61.74 
 
 121 
 
 89.07 
 
 61.72 
 
 122 
 
 90.08 
 
 61.70 
 
 123 
 
 91.09 
 
 61.68 
 
 124 
 
 92.10 
 
 61.67 
 
 125 
 
 93.10 
 
 61.65 
 
 126 
 
 94. n 
 
 61.63 
 
 127 
 
 95.12 
 
 61.61 
 
 128 
 
 96.13 
 
 61.60 
 
 129 
 
 97.14 
 
 61.58 
 
 130 
 
 98.14 
 
 61.56 
 
 I 3 I 
 
 99-15 
 
 61.54 
 
 02 
 
 100.16 
 
 61.52 
 
 *33 
 
 101.17 
 
 61.51 
 
 134 
 
 102. 18 
 
 61.49 
 
 *35 
 
 103.18 
 
 61.47 
 
 136 
 
 104.19 
 
 61.45 
 
 *37 
 
 105.20 
 
 61.43 
 
 j 38 
 
 106.21 
 
 61.41 
 
 139 
 
 107.22 
 
 61.39 
 
 140 
 
 108.22 
 
 61.37 
 
 141 
 
 109.23 
 
 61.36 
 
 142 
 
 110.24 
 
 61.34 
 
 M 3 
 
 1 11.25 
 
 61.32 
 
 144 
 
 112.26 
 
 61.30 
 
 32° AND 212° F. 
 
 Temper- 
 
 ature 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Heat 
 Units 
 per lb. 
 
 Weight, 
 lb. per 
 cub. It. 
 
 M5 
 
 113.26 
 
 61.28 
 
 146 
 
 114.27 
 
 61.26 
 
 M7 
 
 1 1 5.28 
 
 61.24 
 
 ms 
 
 116.29 
 
 61 .22 
 
 149 
 
 117.30 
 
 61 .20 
 
 150 
 
 1 18.30 
 
 61.18 
 
 151 
 
 119-31 
 
 61.16 
 
 152 
 
 120.32 
 
 61.14 
 
 M3 
 
 121.33 
 
 61.12 
 
 !54 
 
 122.34 
 
 61 . 10 
 
 J 55 
 
 123.34 
 
 61.08 
 
 156 
 
 124-35 
 
 61.06 
 
 157 
 
 125.36 
 
 61.04 
 
 158 
 
 126.37 
 
 61.02 
 
 159 
 
 127.38 
 
 61.00 
 
 160 
 
 128.38 
 
 60.98 
 
 161 
 
 129.39 
 
 60.96 
 
 162 
 
 130.40 
 
 60.9.; 
 
 163 
 
 131.41 
 
 60.92 
 
 164 
 
 132.42 
 
 60.90 
 
 165 
 
 133-42 
 
 60.87 
 
 166 
 
 134-43 
 
 60.85 
 
 167 
 
 135-44 
 
 60.83 
 
 168 
 
 136.45 
 
 60.81 
 
 169 
 
 137.46 
 
 60.79 
 
 170 
 
 138.46 
 
 60.77 
 
 171 
 
 139-47 
 
 60.75 
 
 172 
 
 140.48 
 
 60.73 
 
 M3 
 
 M 1 - 49 
 
 60.70 
 
 174 
 
 142.50 
 
 60.68 
 
 175 
 
 143.50 
 
 60.66 
 
 176 
 
 144-5I 
 
 60.64 
 
 177 
 
 M5-52 
 
 60.62 
 
 178 
 
 146.53 
 
 60.59 
 
 179 
 
 M7-54 
 
 60.57 
 
 180 
 
 148.54 
 
 60.55 
 
 181 
 
 M9-55 
 
 60.53 
 
 182 
 
 150.56 
 
 60.50 
 
 183 
 
 I5I-57 
 
 60.48 
 
 184 
 
 152.58 
 
 60.46 
 
 185 
 
 153-58 
 
 60.44 
 
 186 
 
 
 60.41 
 
 187 
 
 155.60 
 
 60.39 
 
 188 
 
 156.61 
 
 60.37 
 
 189 
 
 157.62 
 
 60.34 
 
 190 
 
 158.62 
 
 60.32 
 
 191 
 
 159.63 
 
 60.29 
 
 192 
 
 160.63 
 
 60.27 
 
 193 
 
 161.64 
 
 60.25 
 
 104 
 
 162.65 
 
 60.22 
 
 195 
 
 163.66 
 
 60.20 
 
 iq6 
 
 164.66 
 
 60.17 
 
 !97 
 
 165.67 
 
 60.15 
 
 iq8 
 
 166.68 
 
 60.12 
 
 199 
 
 167.69 
 
 60.10 
 
 200 
 
 168.70 
 
 60.07 
 
 201 
 
 169.70 
 
 60.05 
 
 202 
 
 170-71 
 
 60.02 
 
 203 
 
 171.72 
 
 60.00 
 
 204 
 
 172.73 
 
 59-97 
 
 205 
 
 173-74 
 
 59-95 
 
 206 
 
 174-74 
 
 59-92 
 
 207 
 
 175-75 
 
 59.89 
 
 208 
 
 176.76 
 
 59-87 
 
 209 
 
 177-77 
 
 59-84 
 
 210 
 
 178.78 
 
 50.82 
 
 21 1 
 
 179.78 
 
 59-79 
 
 212 
 
 180.79 
 
 59.76 
 
 75 
 
-+ 
 
 Steam at 95 lb>< pressure 
 Superheated 9 degrees. 
 
 PRIMING OR WET STEAM. 
 
 A fault, frequently met with in steam boilers is 
 the carrying over of water mechanically mixed 
 with the steam, which water not only carries away 
 heat without any useful 
 effect, but, when present 
 in any marked quantity 
 itself becomes a source of 
 danger ;.nd of serious loss 
 in the engine. This is a 
 point frequently forgotten 
 in designing boilers, par- 
 ticularly sectional boilers. 
 If steam rises from a sur- 
 face of water faster than 
 about 2 ft. 6 ins. to $ ft. per 
 second, it carries water 
 with it in the form of spray, 
 and when a fine spray is 
 once formed in steam it 
 does not readily settle 
 against a rising current of 
 very low velocity, as a cur- 
 rent of i ft. per second will 
 carry with it a globule of 
 water roVtr an inch * n d> a - 
 The common method of determining the per- 
 centage of moisture 
 in steam is described 
 in the report of the test 
 of Babcock & Wilcox 
 
 boilers at the Raritan 
 
 Woolen Mill, on a Dr y Steam at 
 
 subsequent page. If experiments of this kind 
 are not made with great care by experienced 
 hands, and with instru- 
 ments of the utmost ac- 
 curacy, they are liable to 
 such errors as will render 
 them worthless. Fuller 
 directions for this pur- 
 pose, together with a 
 statement of the difficul- 
 ties in securing accuracy 
 in such tests, will be found 
 in the report of the Com. 
 on Boiler Tests, in Vol. 
 VI, of the Transactions 
 of the Amer. Society of 
 Mechanical Engineers. 
 
 Another method, by 
 finding the heat required 
 to evaporate the en- 
 trained water, has been 
 invented, and used with 
 Steam at 55 lbs. pressure, with excellent results, by 
 1 .94 per cent, moisture. Geo. H. Barrus, M. E. 
 
 Prof. J. E. Denton has demonstrated that 
 jets of steam escaping from an orifice in a boiler 
 or steam reservoir show unmistakable change ol 
 appearance to the eye when the steam varies 
 less than one per cent, 
 from the condition of sat- 
 uration either in the direc- 
 tion of wetness or super- 
 heating. Consequently if 
 a jet of steam flow from a 
 boiler into the atmosphere 
 under circumstances such 
 that very little loss of heat 
 occurs through radiation, 
 etc., and the jet be trans- 
 parent close to the orifice, 
 or be even a grayish white 
 color, the steam may be 
 assumed to be so nearly 
 dry that no portable con- 
 densing calorimeter will be 
 capable of measuring the 
 amount of water therein. 
 
 If the jet be strongly white, 
 the amount of water may Steam at 55 lbs. pressure with 
 be roughly judged up to M P er cent ’ moisture< 
 about 2 per cent, but beyond this a calorimeter 
 only can determine 
 the exact amount of 
 moisture. The cuts 
 on this page were 
 made direct by pho- 
 95 lbs. pressure. tography from jets un- 
 
 der conditions stated, and show very clearly the 
 effect of dryness and slight moisture on such jets. 
 With a little experience 
 any one may determine by 
 this method the conditions 
 of steam within the above 
 limits. A common brass 
 pet cock may be used as 
 an orifice, but it should, 
 if possible, be set into the 
 steam drum of the boiler 
 and never be placed fur- 
 ther away from the latter 
 than four feet, and then 
 only when the intermedi- 
 ate reservoir orpipe is well 
 covered, for a very short 
 travel of dry steam through 
 a naked pipe, will cause 
 it to become perceptibly 
 moist. Steam containing 
 not more than 3 per cent, 
 moisture may be termed 
 commercially “dry.” 
 
 * 4 *! 
 
 * / » 
 
 Steam at 55 lbs. pressure. 
 Boiler Foaming Violently 
 
 76 
 
Many boilers show a high apparent evapora- 
 tion in consequence ol furnishing “wet steam,’’ 
 while practically they are anything but economi- 
 cal. Parties have been known to claim an evap- 
 oration of 19 to 20 pounds per pound of coal, 
 where the highest practically possible is not over 
 13. Such boilers are dear at any price. 
 
 The cause of priming may be either impure 
 water, too much w ater, or improper proportions 
 in the boiler. When a boiler is found to form 
 wet steam with good water, carried at a proper 
 height, it is a proof of wrong design. 
 
 The amount of priming in different boilers 
 varies greatly, and as yet there is not suflii ient 
 data to establish any definite ratio for boileis in 
 ordinary' use. The experiments of M. Him, at 
 Mulhouse, showed an average of at least 5 per 
 cent. ; Zeuner sets it down as approximately 
 from ~y 2 to 15 per cent.; the careful experiments 
 at the American Institute in 1S71 show in cylin- 
 drical tubulars 7.9 per cent., and in the tests at 
 the Centennial Exposition one boiler showed as 
 high as 1S.57 per cent, priming. 
 
 In sixteen different tests of the dryness of the 
 steam from Babcock & Wilcox boilers made by- 
 twelve different engineers, the average moisture 
 in the steam was only 1. 1 16 per cent. The high- 
 est was 4.16 percent., which was less than the 
 same engineer with the same apparatus found in 
 large two-flue boilers, working very lightly 
 
 SUPERHEATED STEAM. 
 
 Steam which has a higher temperature than 
 that normal to its pressure, is termed “super- 
 heated ” or “gaseous.” Dr. Seimens found that 
 when steam at 212 0 was heated separate from 
 water it increased rapidly in volume up to 230°, 
 after which it expanded uniformly as a permanent 
 gas. If this superheating could be carried tosuch 
 an extent as to avoid the “initial condensation 
 w ithin the cylinder of an engine, there would be 
 a marked economy in its use, but this involves 
 so high a temperature as to burn the lubricating 
 material and destroy the engine in a short time. 
 Dixw cll found superheating so as to maintain in 
 the cylinder a temperature of 400° with steam 
 at a pressure of 70 lbs., to be the limit of possible 
 lubrication. With a higher pressure that degree 
 of superheating would not afford sufficient 
 additional heat for the purpose. The present 
 tendency to high pressures seems, therefore, to 
 preclude the possibility of much gain through 
 superheating, because the temperatures are 
 already carried to wry nearly the limit at which 
 lubrication can be maintained. For other pur- 
 poses the use of superheated steam adds little if 
 anything to the economy, while itgreatly increases 
 
 the cost and the wear and tear. Where super 
 heating is required it should always be done by a 
 separate apparatus, and pains must be taken to 
 separate the entrained water from the steam 
 before it enters the superheater. The use in any 
 steam boiler of superheating surface exposed to 
 the gases of combustion, is highly objectionable 
 and is of doubtful efficiency. Attempts to super- 
 heat steam by means of the waste gases, are 
 usually failures because in a well proportioned 
 boiler the low temperature of such gases necessi- 
 tates an unreasonably large surface to produce 
 the desired effect. Steam cannot be superheated 
 when it is in contact with water. 
 
 FEEDING BOILERS. 
 
 The relative value of injectors, direct-acting 
 steam pumps, and pumps driven from the engine, 
 is a question of importance to all steam users. 
 The following table has been calculated by D. S. 
 Jacobus, M. E., from data obtained by- experi- 
 ment. It will be noticed that when feeding cold 
 water direct to boilers, the injector has a slight 
 economy, but when feeding through a heater a 
 pump is much the most economical. 
 
 Method of Supplying Feed Water 
 to Boiler. 
 
 Temperature of feed water as deliv- 
 ered to the pump or to the injector, b0° 
 Fah. Rate of evaporation of boiler, 10 
 pounds of water per pound of coal from 
 and at 212° Fah. 
 
 Relative amount of 
 coal required ) er 
 unit of time, the 
 amount tor a direct 
 acting pump, feed- 
 ing water at 60°, 
 without a heater, 
 being taken as unity. 
 
 Saving of fuel 
 over the 
 amount re- 
 quired when the 
 boiler is fed by 
 a direct 
 acting pump 
 without heater 
 
 Direct acting pump, feeding 
 water at 6o°, without a 
 heater 
 
 I .OOO 
 
 .0 
 
 Injector feeding water at 150°, 
 without a heater 
 
 .985 
 
 1.5 per ct 
 
 Injector feeding through a 
 heater in which the water is 
 heated from 150 to 200 0 
 
 •93 8 
 
 6.2 “ 
 
 Direct acting pump feeding 
 water through a heater, in 
 which it is heated from 60 
 
 to 200° 
 
 .879 
 
 12. 1 “ 
 
 Geared pump, run from the 
 the engine, feeding water 
 through a heater, in which 
 it is heated from 60 to 200° . . 
 
 .868 
 
 13.2 
 
 ECONOMY OF HIGH PRESSURE STEAM. 
 
 Higher steam pressure is the tendency of the 
 times, and with good reason, for the higher the 
 pressure the greater the opportunity for economy- 
 in generating power. The compound and triple 
 expansion engines of the present day, which have 
 reduced the cost of power some 40 per cent, over 
 the best performance of a few years ago, require 
 higher pressure than can with safety be carried 
 on shell boilers, but there is no difficulty in 
 carrying any desirable pressure on a sectional 
 water-tube boiler properly constructed. Babcock 
 & Wilcox boilers in special cases, carry as high 
 as 500 lbs. pressure in regular work 
 
 77 
 
4 
 
 Initial 
 Tern, of 
 
 FINAL TEMPERATURE OF FEED- 
 
 WATER. 
 
 
 
 Initial 
 
 FINAL TEMPERATURE OF FEED 
 
 -WATER 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 120 
 
 140 
 
 160 
 
 180 
 
 200 
 
 250 
 
 300 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 120 
 
 140 
 
 160 
 
 180 
 
 200 
 
 250 
 
 300 
 
 3 2 ° 
 
 7-5° 
 
 9.20 
 
 IO.QO 
 
 12.36 
 
 14.30 
 
 19.03 
 
 22.90 
 
 
 9o° 
 
 2.68 
 
 4-47 
 
 6.26 
 
 8.06 
 
 9.85 
 
 14.32 
 
 18.81 
 
 35 
 
 7.25 
 
 8.96 
 
 10.66 
 
 12.09 
 
 14.09 
 
 >8.34 
 
 22.60 
 
 
 95 
 
 2.24 
 
 4.04 
 
 5.84 
 
 7.65 
 
 9.44 
 
 13-94 
 
 18.44 
 
 40 
 
 6.85 
 
 8-57 
 
 10.28 
 
 12.00 
 
 i3-7i 
 
 17.99 
 
 22.27 
 
 
 100 
 
 I.80 
 
 3-6 i 
 
 5-42 
 
 7-23 
 
 9-03 
 
 '3-55 
 
 18.07 
 
 45 
 
 6.45 
 
 8.17 
 
 O.90 
 
 11. 61 
 
 1.3-34 
 
 17.64 
 
 2I.Q4 
 
 
 no 
 
 .90 
 
 2.73 
 
 4-55 
 
 6.38 
 
 8.20 
 
 12.76 
 
 17.28 
 
 50 
 
 6.05 
 
 7.71 
 
 9.50 
 
 11.23 
 
 13.00 
 
 17.28 
 
 2I.6l 
 
 
 120 
 
 O 
 
 1.84 
 
 3*67 
 
 5-52 
 
 7.36 
 
 ”•95 
 
 16.49 
 
 55 
 
 5.64 
 
 7-37 
 
 o.o6 
 
 10.85 
 
 13.60 
 
 16.93 
 
 21.27 
 
 
 130 
 
 
 .92 
 
 2.77 
 
 4.64 
 
 6.99 
 
 I I. 14 
 
 15.24 
 
 60 
 
 5-23 
 
 6.97 
 
 8.72 
 
 10.46 
 
 12.20 
 
 16.58 
 
 20.92 
 
 
 140 
 
 
 0 
 
 1.87 
 
 3-75 
 
 5.62 
 
 IO.3I 
 
 14-99 
 
 65 
 
 4.82 
 
 6.56 
 
 8.32 
 
 10 07 
 
 1 1.82 
 
 16.20 
 
 20.58 
 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 •94 
 
 2.83 
 
 4.72 
 
 9.46 
 
 I4.18 
 
 70 
 
 4.40 
 
 6.15 
 
 7.91 
 
 9.68 
 
 ”•43 
 
 I5-83 
 
 20.23 
 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 I.9I 
 
 3-82 
 
 8.59 
 
 ■337 
 
 75 
 
 3.08 
 
 5-74 
 
 7-5<> 
 
 9.28 
 
 11.04 
 
 15.46 
 
 19.88 
 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 
 .06 
 
 2.89 
 
 7.71 
 
 12.54 
 
 80 
 
 3*55 
 
 5-3 2 
 
 7.09 
 
 8.87 
 
 10.65 
 
 15.08 
 
 19.52 
 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 1.96 
 
 6.81 
 
 I 1.70 
 
 8 s 
 
 3.12 
 
 4QO 
 
 6.63 
 
 8.46 
 
 10.25 
 
 14.70 
 
 19.17 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 4.85 
 
 9 93 
 
 HEATING FEED -WATER. 
 
 The feed-water furnished to steam boilers has 
 to be heated from the normal temperature to 
 that of the steam before evaporation can com- 
 mence, and this generally at the expense of the 
 fuel which should be utilized in making steam. 
 This temperature at 75 lb. pressure is 320°, and 
 if we take 6o° as the average temperature of feed, 
 we have 260 units of heat per pound, which, as 
 it takes 1,151 units to evaporate a pound from 
 6o°, represents 22.5 per cent, 
 of the fuel. All of this heat, 
 therefore, which can be im- 
 parted to the feed-water is 
 just so much saved, not only 
 
 water by injectors and “ live-steam heaters ’’ 
 comes from the fuel and represents no saving. 
 
 There are two sources of waste heat available 
 for this purpose — exhaust steam and chimney 
 gases. By the former, water may be heated to 
 200 , or possibly to 210°, in a well-proportioned 
 heater. 
 
 d he gases going to the chimney carry off on 
 an average, according to good authority, 51 per 
 cent, of the fuel, and in the most economical 
 boiler this cannot be reduced below 12 per cent. 
 Some proportion of this is always available for 
 heating the feed-water, by what are known as 
 “ economizers,” and frequently it may be carried 
 nearly to the temperature of high pressure 
 steam, making a saving in some in- 
 stances of 20 per cent. The more 
 wasteful the boiler, the 
 greater the benefit 
 of the economizer; 
 
 SAVING OF FUEL BY HEATING FEED-WATER. UN PER CENT., STEAM AT SIXTY POUNDS.) 
 
 in cost of fuel, but in capacity of 
 boiler. But it is essential that it 
 be done by heat which would 
 otherwise be wasted. All heat imparted to 
 
 feed- 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers at Solvay Process Co.'s, 
 3,264 H. P , set with Independent Feed-Water Heaters. 
 
 but for large plants it is always a valu- 
 able adjunct. In many cases water 
 heated by exhaust steam may be still 
 further heated in an economizer to advantage. 
 
INCRUSTATION AND SCALE. 
 
 Nearly all waters contain foreign substances in 
 greater or less degree, and though this may be a 
 small amount in each gallon, it becomes of im- 
 portance where large quantities are evaporated. 
 For instance, a ioo H. P. boiler evaporates 30,- 
 000 lbs. water in ten hours, or 390 tons per 
 month ; in the comparatively pure Croton water 
 there would be SS lbs. of solid matter in that 
 quantity, and in many kinds of spring water as 
 much as 2, coo lbs. 
 
 The nature and hardness of the scale formed 
 of this matter will depend upon the kind of sub- 
 stances held in solution and suspension. Analy- 
 ses of a great variety of incrustations show that 
 carbonate and sulphate of lime form the larger 
 part of all ordinary scale, that from carbonate 
 being soft and granular, and that from sulphate 
 hard and crystalline. Organic substances in con- 
 nection with carbonate of lime, will also make a 
 hard ar.d troublesome scale. 
 
 The presence of scale or sediment in a boiler 
 results in loss of fuel, burning and cracking of 
 the boiler, predisposes to explosion, and leads to 
 extensive repairs. It is estimated that the pres- 
 ence of t'j inch of scale causes a loss of 13 per 
 cent, of fuel, \ inch3S percent., and i inch 60 
 per cent. The Railway Master Mechanics’ Asso- 
 ciation of the U. S. estimates that the loss of fuel, 
 extra repairs, etc., due to incrustation, amount 
 to an average of £750 per annum for every loco- 
 motive in the Middle and Western States, and it 
 must be nearly the same for the same power in 
 stationary boilers. 
 
 The most common and important minerals in 
 boiler scale are carbonate of lime, sulphate of 
 lime, and carbonate of magnesia. Small amounts 
 of alumina and silica are sometimes found, and an 
 oxide of iron not infrequently is present as a col- 
 oring matter. 
 
 Means of Prevention. 
 
 It is absolutely essential to the successful use 
 of any boiler, except in pure water, that it be ac- 
 cessible for the removal of scale, for though a 
 rapid circulation of water will delay the deposit, 
 and certain chemicals will change its character, 
 yet the most certain cure is periodical inspection 
 and mechanical cleaning. This may, however, 
 be rendered less frequently necessary, and the 
 use of very bad water more practical by the em- 
 ployment of some preventives. The following are 
 a fair sample of those in use, with their results : 
 
 M. Bidard’s observations show that “anti- 
 incrustators ” containing organic matter help 
 rather than hinder incrustations, and are there- 
 fore to be avoided. 
 
 Oak, hemlock, and other barks and woods, 
 sumac, catechu, logwood, etc., are effective in 
 waters containing carbonates of lime or magne- 
 sia, by reason of their tannic acid, but are injuri- 
 ous to the iron, and not to be recommended. 
 
 Molasses, cane juice, vinegar, fruits, distillery 
 slops, etc., have been used with success so far as 
 scale is concerned, by reason of the acetic acid 
 which they contain, but this is even more injuri- 
 ous to the iron than tannic acid, while the organic 
 matter forms a scale with sulphate of lime when 
 it is present. 
 
 Milk of lime and metallic zinc have been used 
 with success in waters charged with bicarbonate 
 of lime, reducing the bicarbonate to the insoluble 
 carbonate. 
 
 Barium chloride and milk of lime are said to be 
 used with good effect at Krupp’s Works, in 
 Prussia, for waters impregnated with gypsum. 
 
 Soda ash and other alkalies are very useful in 
 waters containing sulphate of lime, by converting 
 it into a carbonate, and so forming a soft scale 
 easily cleaned. But when used in excess they 
 cause foaming, particularly where there is oil 
 coming from the engine, with which they form 
 soap. All soapy substances are objectionable 
 for the same reason. 
 
 Petroleum has been much used of late years. 
 It acts best in waters in which sulphate of lime 
 predominates. As crude petroleum, however, 
 sometimes helps in forming a very injurious 
 crust, the refined only should be used. 
 
 Tannate of soda is a good preparation for gen- 
 eral use, but in waters containing much sulphate, 
 it should be supplemented by a portion of car- 
 bonate of soda or soda ash. 
 
 A decoction from the leaves of the eucalyptus 
 is found to work well in some waters, in Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 For muddy water, particularly if it contain salts 
 of lime, no preventive of incrustation will prevail 
 except filtration, and in almost every instance 
 the use of a filter, either alone or in connection 
 with some means of precipitating the solid matter 
 from solution, will be found very' desirable. 
 
 In all cases where impure or hard waters are 
 used, frequent “blowing” from the mud-drum 
 is necessary to carry off the accumulated matter, 
 which if allowed to remain would form scale. 
 
 When boilers are coated with a hard scale diffi- 
 cult to remove, it will be found that the addition 
 of I4 lb. caustic soda per horse-power, and steam- 
 ing for some hours, according to the thickness of 
 the scale, just before cleaning, will greatly facili- 
 tate that operation, rendering the scale soft and 
 loose. This should be done, if possible, when 
 the boilers are not otherwise in use. 
 
 79 
 
HE AT I NO FROM CENTRAL STATIONS. 
 
 It has been thoroughly demonstrated, by 
 practice, that a number of buildings may be 
 heated from a single central plant, instead of its 
 being necessary to place a boiler in each. This 
 is a simple problem where the buildings form a 
 group, as at Columbia College, in New York 
 city, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., Vander- 
 bilt University, Nashville, Tenn., the Indiana 
 State Asylums for the Insane, and many other 
 similar institutions, where a single plant of 
 
 tlius supplied regularly with steam, at reduced 
 cost to them, and at a profit to the producer. 
 This company have, at present, three stations in 
 operation, one of which is doubtless the largest 
 single plant of stationary boilers in the world, 
 — 12,000 H. P., under one roof, — supplying 
 steam through seventeen miles of pipe, laid 
 in the streets. 
 
 In a work of this magnitude it becomes abso- 
 lutely imperative that the boilers which furnish 
 the steam should be of such a construction as to 
 
 BOILERS OF THE NEW YORK STEAM CO, 
 
 Side Elevation showing section through boiler and flue, 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers supply heat and power 
 to a number of detached buildings. It has also 
 been attempted in a number of places to carry 
 steam, as gas and water are supplied. Though 
 a number of these attempts have been failures, 
 the experience of the New York Steam Co., the 
 most extensive of such plants yet constructed, 
 has fully demonstrated that it is possible to thus 
 carry steam for miles, with no serious losses, and 
 that private houses and business places may be 
 
 give the greatest amount of useful effect for the 
 coal burnt, and at the same time be able to run 
 continuously, with a minimum amount of stop- 
 page for repairs ; and, above all, they should be 
 so constructed as to be safe against destructive 
 explosion. The ability to furnish dry steam is 
 also a very important point, where it is intended 
 to carry it through so many miles of pipe before 
 it is finally used up. The boiler adopted was the 
 Babcock & Wilcox Water-tube Boiler. 
 
NEW YORK STEAM HEATING COMPANY, STATION B,, GREENWICH STREET, NEW YORK. 
 
 
 * 
 
 front Elevation and partial section of one floor, showing Battery of four Boilers of 250 H. P. each, 15,000 H. P. now in use. Plan contemplates 16,000 H, P. in all. 
 
HEATING BY STEAM. 
 
 In heating buildings by steam, the amount of 
 boiler and heating pipe depends largely on the 
 kind of building and its location. \\ ooden build- 
 ings require more than stone, and stone more 
 than brick. Iron fronts require still more, and 
 glass in windows demands twenty times as much 
 heat as the same surface in brick walls. Also if 
 the heating be done by indirect radiation from 50 
 to 100 per cent, more surface will be required 
 than when direct radiation is used. No rules can 
 be given which will not require a liberal applica- 
 tion of “ the coefficient of common sense.” 
 
 Radiating surface may be calculated by the 
 rule : Add together the square feet of glass in 
 the windows, the number of cubic feet of air 
 
 tity of the air caused to pass through the coil in- 
 creases. Thus one square foot radiating surface, 
 with steam at 212 0 , has been found to heat 100 
 cubic feet of air per hour from zero to 150°, or 
 300 cubic feet from zero to ioo° in the same time. 
 
 The best results are attained by using indirect 
 radiation to supply the necessary ventilation, 
 and direct radiation for the balance of the heat. 
 The best place for a radiator in a room is beneath 
 a window. Heated air cannot be made to enter 
 a room unless means are provided for permitting 
 an equal amount to escape. The best place for 
 such exit openings is near the floor. 
 
 Small pipes are more effective than large. 
 When the diameter is doubled, 20 per cent, addi- 
 tional surface should be allowed, and for three 
 
 Northern Hospital for the Insane, Logansport, Ind., with 400 H. P. of Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, Erected 1885, 
 
 required to be changed per minute, and one- 
 twentieth the surface of external wall and roof ; 
 multiply this sum by the difference between the 
 required temperature of the room and that of 
 the external air at its lozvest point, and divide 
 the product by the difference in temperature 
 between the steam in the pipes and the required 
 temperature of the room. The quotient is the 
 required radiating surface in square feet. Each 
 square foot of radiating surface may be depended 
 upon in average practice to give out three heat 
 units per hour for each degree of difference in 
 temperature between the steam inside and the 
 air outside, the range under different conditions 
 being about 50 per cent, above or below that 
 figure. In indirect heating, the efficiency of 
 the radiating surface will increase, and the tem 
 perature of the air will diminish, when the quan- 
 
 tifies the diameter, 30 per cent, additional is 
 required. For indirect radiation that surface is 
 most efficient which secures the most intimate 
 contact of the current of air with the heated sur- 
 face. Rooms on windward side of house require 
 more radiating surface than those on sheltered 
 side. 
 
 Where the condensed water is returned to the 
 boiler, or where low pressure of steam is used, 
 the Diameter of Mains leading from the boiler to 
 the radiating surface should be equal, in inches, 
 to one-tenth the square root of the radiating sur- 
 face, mains included, in square feet. Thus a 
 1 -inch pipe will supply 100 square feet of surface, 
 itself included. Return pipes should be at least 
 inches in diameter, and never less than ^ne- 
 nalf the diameter of the main — longer returns 
 requiring larger pipe. A thorough drainage of 
 
 83 
 
<*■ 
 
 Babcock ii Wilcox Boilers, at Columbia College School of Mines, 400 H. P. 150 H. P, erected 1879) 250 H. P. erected 1882, 
 
► 
 
 steam pipes will effectually prevent all cracking 
 and pounding noises therein. 
 
 The amount of air required for ventilation is 
 from 4 to 16 cubic feet per minute for each per- 
 son, the larger amount being for prisons and hos- 
 pitals. From } ^ to i cubic foot per minute 
 should be allowed for each lamp or gas burner 
 employed. 
 
 One square foot of Boiler Surface will supply 
 from 7 to io square feet of radiating surface, de- 
 pending upon the size of boiler and the efficiency 
 of its surface, as well as that of the radiating 
 surface. Small boilers for house use should be 
 
 by means of pipes placed overhead, is being 
 largely adopted, and is recommended by the 
 Boston Manufacturers’ Mutual Fire Ins. Co. in 
 preference to radiators near the floor, particular- 
 ly for rooms in which there are shafting and 
 belting to circulate the air. 
 
 In heating buildings care should be taken to 
 supply the necessary moisture to keep the air 
 from becoming 1 ‘ dry ’ ’ and uncomfortable. The 
 capacity of air for moisture rises rapidly as it is 
 heated, it being four times as great at 72 0 as at 
 32 0 . For comfort, air should be kept at about 
 “50 per cent, saturated.” This would require 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boiler, 35 H, P,, Public School Building, Plainfield, N. J. Erected 1883. 
 
 much larger proportionately titan large plants. 
 Each Horse-power of Boiler will supply from 240 
 to 360 feet of 1 -inch steam pipe, or So to 120 
 square feet of radiating surface. 
 
 Cubic feet of space has little to do \\ ith amount 
 of steam or surface required, but is a convenient 
 factor for rough calculations. Under ordinary 
 conditions one horse-power will heat, approx- 
 imately, in 
 
 Brick dwellings, in blocks, as in cities 
 44 stores “ “ 
 
 dwellings, exposed all round 
 mills, shops, tactories, etc. 
 Wooden dwellings, exposed, 
 Foundries and wooden shops, 
 Exhibition buildings, largely glass, etc 
 
 15.000 to 20,000 cub. ft. 
 
 10.000 “ 15,000 “ “ 
 
 10,000 “ 15,000 44 14 
 
 7.000 44 10,000 4 4 4 4 
 
 7.000 44 10,000 4 4 4 4 
 
 6.000 44 10,000 4 4 4 4 
 
 . 4,000 44 15,000 4 4 4 4 
 
 The system of heating mills and manufactories 
 
 one pound of vapor to be added to each 2500 
 cubic feet heated from 32 0 to 70°. 
 
 A much needed attachment has recently been 
 introduced, which acts automatically upon the 
 steam valves of the radiators, or upon the hotair 
 registers and ventilators, and maintains the tem- 
 perature in a room to within one-half a degree 
 of any standard desire. 
 
 A “separator” acting by centrifugal force has 
 been recently tested, and is very efficient, in 
 trapping out all the water entrained in steam. 
 It will be found valuable, particularly where the 
 steam has to be carried a long distance from the 
 boiler, and for the purpose of preventing “ham- 
 mering” of water in the pipes. 
 
 85 
 
Hotel Ponce de Leon, St, Augustine, Fla, Heat and Power furnished by 416 H. P, of Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, 
 
HEATING LIQUIDS AND BOILING BY STEAM. 
 
 (<?). Efficiency of surface, where all the air is 
 expelled. For vertical surface, each square 
 loot will transmit 230 heat units per hour, for 
 each degree of difference in the temperature 
 of the two sides. For horizontal and inclined 
 surface, each square foot will transmit 330 heat 
 units per hour for each degree of difference in 
 temperature between the two sides. 
 
 ( b ). Steam required. Each 966 heat units 
 will require the condensation of one pound of 
 steam at 212 0 , or 1,000 units at 75 lbs. pressure. 
 
 The philosophy of drying or evaporating moist- 
 ure by heated air rests upon the fact that the ca- 
 pacity of air for moisture is rapidly increased by 
 rise in temperature. If air at 52 0 is heated to 72 0 , 
 its capacity for moisture is doubled, and is four 
 times what it was at 32 0 . The following table 
 gives the weight of a saturated mixture of air and 
 aqueous vapor at different temperatures up to 
 160 0 — the practical limit of heating air by steam, 
 together with the weight of vapor, in pounds and 
 per centage, and total heat, the portion contained 
 in the vapor and the quantity of air required 
 per pound of water. 
 
 By the inspection 
 of this table it will be 
 seen why it is more 
 economical to dry at 
 the higher tempera- 
 tures. The atmos- 
 phere is seldom satu- 
 rated with moisture, 
 and in practice it will 
 be found generally 
 necessary to heat the 
 air about 30° above 
 the temperature of 
 saturation. The best 
 effect is produced 
 where there is artifi- 
 cial ventilation, by 
 fan or by chimney, 
 and the course of the 
 heated air is from 
 above downwards. 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers in Ponce de Leon Hoteli St. Augustine. Fla. 
 
 Each pound of steam condensed will evaporate 
 one pound of water (nearly) from the tempera- 
 ture of evaporation. Each horse-power of boil- 
 er will heat 30,000 lbs. water i° per hour, or 
 evaporate 30 lbs. water in the same time. 
 
 DRYING BY STEAM 
 
 There are three modes of drying by steam. 
 1st. By bringing wet substances in direct con- 
 tact with steam-heated surfaces, as by passing 
 cloth or paper over steam-heated cylinders, or 
 clamping veneers between steam-heated plates. 
 2d. By radiated heat from steam pipes, as in 
 some lumber kilns, and laundry drying rooms. 
 3d. By causing steam-heated air to pass over 
 wet surfaces, as in glue works, etc. 
 
 The second is rarely used except in combina- 
 tion with the third. The first is the most eco- 
 nomical, the second less so, and the third least. 
 Under favorable circumstances, it may be esti- 
 mated that one horse-power of steam will evap- 
 orate 24 pounds water by the first method, 20 by 
 file second, and 15 by the third. 
 
 SATURATED MIXTURES OF AIR AND AQUEOUS VAPOR. 
 
 I Temperature, 
 
 | degrees Fah. 
 
 | Weight of 100 
 
 cub. ft. of mixture 
 in lbs. 
 
 Weight of water 
 in 100 cub. ft. of 
 mixture in lbs. 
 
 Per cent, of water 
 in mixture. 
 
 Heat Units in too 
 cub. ft. of mix- 
 ture. 
 
 Per cent, of heat 
 in vapor. 
 
 Dry air 
 required for 
 vapor in mix- 
 ture. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 cub. 
 
 ft. 
 
 35 
 
 8.004 
 
 0.034 
 
 0.42 
 
 42.8 
 
 86.69 
 
 234-4 
 
 3080 
 
 40 
 
 7.920 
 
 0.041 
 
 0.52 
 
 59.8 
 
 76.59 
 
 192.2 
 
 2526 
 
 45 
 
 7.834 
 
 0.049 
 
 0.62 
 
 77-7 
 
 68.98 
 
 158.9 
 
 2088 
 
 50 
 
 7.752 
 
 0.059 
 
 0.76 
 
 97.6 
 
 66.29 
 
 130.4 
 
 I 7 J 4 
 
 55 
 
 7.688 
 
 0.070 
 
 0.91 
 
 118.3 
 
 64.58 
 
 108.5 
 
 1326 
 
 60 
 
 7.589 
 
 0.082 
 
 1.08 
 
 140. 1 
 
 64.31 
 
 91 . 6 
 
 1203 
 
 65 
 
 7.507 
 
 0.097 
 
 1 .29 
 
 164.9 
 
 64.76 
 
 76.4 
 
 1004 
 
 70 
 
 7.425 
 
 O. I I4 
 
 1.49 
 
 189.7 
 
 66.21 
 
 66.0 
 
 868 
 
 7.5 
 
 7.342 
 
 °- x 34 
 
 1.79 
 
 221 . 6 
 
 66.74 
 
 55 -o 
 
 723 
 
 80 
 
 7 . 262 
 
 0. 156 
 
 2-15 
 
 253-6 
 
 68.02 
 
 45.6 
 
 599 
 
 85 
 
 7.178 
 
 0. 182 
 
 2 ' 54 
 
 289.7 
 
 69.66 
 
 38.4 
 
 505 
 
 90 
 
 7. 108 
 
 0.212 
 
 2.98 
 
 330-2 
 
 71.19 
 
 32.5 
 
 427 
 
 95 
 
 7.009 
 
 0.245 
 
 3-50 
 
 373-4 
 
 72.87 
 
 27 . 6 
 
 3 6 3 
 
 100 
 
 6.924 
 
 0.283 
 
 4.08 
 
 422.0 
 
 74.58 
 
 23-5 
 
 308 
 
 io 5 
 
 6.830 
 
 °- 325 
 
 4.76 
 
 474-7 
 
 76.22 
 
 20.0 
 
 263 
 
 1 10 
 
 6.741 
 
 °- 373 
 
 5-23 
 
 533-9 
 
 77.88 
 
 17. 1 
 
 224 
 
 XI 5 
 
 6.650 
 
 0.426 
 
 6.41 
 
 599 - 1 
 
 79-52 
 
 14.6 
 
 192 
 
 120 
 
 6.551 
 
 0.488 
 
 7.46 
 
 672.4 
 
 81.14 
 
 12.6 
 
 163 
 
 I2 5 
 
 6.454 
 
 °- 554 
 
 8.55 
 
 750.5 
 
 82.62 
 
 10.7 
 
 140 
 
 130 
 
 6-347 
 
 0.630 
 
 9.90 
 
 839-4 
 
 84.13 
 
 9-7 
 
 118 
 
 J 35 
 
 6.238 
 
 °- 7 I 4 
 
 1 1 • 44 
 
 936.7 
 
 85.57 
 
 7-7 
 
 102 
 
 140 
 
 6.131 
 
 0.806 
 
 I3-I4 
 
 1042.7 
 
 86.89 
 
 6.6 
 
 87 
 
 T 45 
 
 6.015 
 
 0.909 
 
 I 5 -H 
 
 1 1 60 . 6 
 
 88.18 
 
 5-6 
 
 74 
 
 l 5 ° 
 
 5.891 
 
 1 .022 
 
 * 7-33 
 
 1288 . 4 
 
 89.39 
 
 4.8 
 
 6 3 
 
 x 55 
 
 5764 
 
 1. 145 
 
 19.88 
 
 1427.4 
 
 90.53 
 
 4.0 
 
 53 
 
 160 
 
 5-679 
 
 *•333 
 
 23-47 
 
 163S.7 
 
 91-93 
 
 3-3 
 
 43 
 
Babcock & Wilcox Boilers at the New York Produce Exchange, 624 H. P., erected February, 1884. 
 
4 
 
 ■4 
 
 FLOW OF STEAM THROUGH PIPES. 
 
 The approximate weight of any fluid which 
 will flow in one minute through any given pipe 
 with a given head or pressure may be found by 
 the following formula : 
 
 in which IV = weight in pounds avoirdupois, 
 d = diameter in inches, D = density or weight 
 per cubic foot ; /q the initial pressure, p.. pressure 
 at end of pipe, and L — the length in feet. 
 
 The following table gives, approximately, the 
 weight of steam per minute which will flow from 
 various initial pressures, with one pound loss of 
 pressure through straight smooth pipes, each 
 having a length of 240 times its own diameter. 
 
 For sizes of pipe below 6-inch, the flow is cal- 
 culated from the actual areas of ‘ ‘ standard ’ ’ 
 pipe of such nominal diameters. 
 
 The resistance at an elbow is equal to ^3 that 
 of a globe valve. These equivalents — for open- 
 ing, for elbows, and for valves, — must be added 
 in each instance to the actual length of pipe. 
 Thus a 4-in. pipe, 120 diameters (40 feet) long, 
 with a globe valve and three elbows, would be 
 equivalent to 1 20 -f- 60 60 -f- ( 3 X 40 ) = 360 
 
 diameters long ; and 360 h- 240 = 1%. It would 
 therefore have i}£ lbs. loss of pressure at the 
 flow given in the table, or deliver (1 -f- \/ 
 
 = .816), 81.6 per cent, of the steam with the same 
 (1 lb.) loss of pressure. 
 
 FLOW OF STEAM FROM A GIVEN ORIFICE. 
 
 Steam of any pressure flowing through an 
 opening into any other pressure, less than three- 
 fifths of the initial, has practically a constant 
 velocity, 888 feet per second, or a little over ten 
 miles per minute ; hence the amount discharged 
 in pounds is proportionate to the weight or dens- 
 ity of the steam. To ascertain the pounds, 
 
 TABLE OF FLOW OF STEAM THROUGH PIPES. 
 
 t /5 . £ 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Pipe in 
 
 nches. 
 
 Length of each =: 240 
 
 diameters. 
 
 
 
 a a 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 = SS 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 2/r<2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 x 5 
 
 18 
 
 >» . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Weight of Steam per minute in pounds, with one pound loss of pressure. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 I . l6 
 
 2.07 
 
 5-7 
 
 10.27 
 
 x 5 -45 
 
 25.38 
 
 46.85 
 
 77-3 
 
 H 5-9 
 
 21 1 . 4 
 
 34 x - 1 
 
 502.4 
 
 804 
 
 1177 
 
 10 . . . . 
 
 1 *44 
 
 2-57 
 
 7 -i 
 
 12.72 
 
 I 9 -I 5 
 
 3 1 • 45 
 
 58.05 
 
 95 8 
 
 143.6 
 
 262.O 
 
 422.7 
 
 622.5 
 
 996 
 
 1458 
 
 20 
 
 1.70 
 
 3.02 
 
 8-3 
 
 x 4-94 
 
 22.49 
 
 36-94 
 
 68 . 20 
 
 112.6 
 
 168 . 7 
 
 307.8 
 
 496.5 
 
 73 x • 3 
 
 1170 
 
 1713 
 
 30 
 
 1. 91 
 
 3-40 
 
 9.4 
 
 16. 84 
 
 25-35 
 
 41.63 
 
 76.84 
 
 126.9 
 
 190. 1 
 
 346.8 
 
 559-5 
 
 824. 1 
 
 13 .8 
 
 1930 
 
 40 
 
 2 . 10 
 
 3-74 
 
 10.3 
 
 18.51 
 
 27.87 
 
 45-77 
 
 84.49 
 
 x 39 - 5 
 
 209.0 
 
 3 8x -3 
 
 615.3 
 
 906.0 
 
 X 45 ° 
 
 2122 
 
 50 
 
 2.27 
 
 4.04 
 
 11 .2 
 
 20.01 
 
 30- x 3 
 
 49.48 
 
 9 1 • 34 
 
 150.8 
 
 226.0 
 
 412.2 
 
 665.0 
 
 979-5 
 
 1567 
 
 2294 
 
 60 
 
 2-43 
 
 4-32 
 
 11. 9 
 
 21.38 
 
 32.19 
 
 52.87 
 
 97.60 
 
 161 . 1 
 
 2 4 r • 5 
 
 440.5 
 
 710.6 
 
 1046.7 
 
 1675 
 
 2451 
 
 70 
 
 2-57 
 
 4 - 5 ^ 
 
 12.6 
 
 22.65 
 
 34 -io 
 
 56.00 
 
 103.37 
 
 170.7 
 
 255-8 
 
 466.5 
 
 752-7 
 
 1108.5 
 
 x 774 
 
 2596 
 
 80 
 
 2.71 
 
 4.82 
 
 x 3-3 
 
 23.82 
 
 35-87 
 
 q8.qi 
 
 108.74 
 
 x 79 - 5 
 
 269.0 
 
 490.7 
 
 791.7 
 
 1166. 1 
 
 1866 
 
 2 73 x 
 
 90 
 
 2.83 
 
 5-04 
 
 13.9 
 
 24.92 
 
 37-52 
 
 61 .62 
 
 xx 3- 74 
 
 187.8 
 
 281.4 
 
 5 X 3 - 3 
 
 828.1 
 
 1219.8 
 
 x 95 x 
 
 2856 
 
 100 
 
 2.95 
 
 5-25 
 
 Mo 
 
 25.96 
 
 39-07 
 
 64.18 
 
 118.47 
 
 195.6 
 
 293.1 
 
 534-6 
 
 862.6 
 
 1270. 1 
 
 2032 
 
 2975 
 
 120 
 
 3.16 
 
 5-63 
 
 i 5 o 
 
 27-85 
 
 41.93 
 
 68.87 
 
 127. 12 
 
 209.9 
 
 3 X 4 • 5 
 
 573-7 
 
 925.6 
 
 ! 363-3 
 
 2181 
 
 3 X 93 
 
 150 
 
 3-45 
 
 6.14 
 
 17.0 
 
 3°-37 
 
 45-72 
 
 75-09 
 
 138.61 
 
 228.8 
 
 343 -o 
 
 625-5 
 
 1009 . 2 
 
 I486.5 
 
 2378 
 
 3481 
 
 For horse-power, multiply the figures in the 
 table by 2. -For any other loss of pressure, mul- 
 tiply by the square root of the given loss. For 
 any other length of pipe, divide 2qo by the given 
 length expressed in diameters , and multiply the 
 figures in the table by the square root of this 
 quotient , which will give the flow for 1 lb. loss of 
 pressure. Conversely dividing the given length 
 by 240 will give the loss of pressure for the flow 
 given in the table. 
 
 The loss of head due to getting up the velocity, 
 to the friction of the steam entering the pipe, and 
 passing elbows and valves, will reduce the flow 
 given in the tables. The resistance at the open- 
 ing, and that at a globe valve, are each about the 
 same as that fora length of pipe equal to 114 
 diameters divided by a number represented by 
 1 -f- (3.6 -4- diameter). For the sizes of pipes 
 given in the table, these corresponding lengths are : 
 
 avoirdupois, discharged per minute, multiply 
 the area of opening in inches , by j/o times the 
 weight per cubic foot of the steam. (Seep. 7 3,) 
 Or the quantity discharged, per minute, may 
 be approximately found by Rankine’s formula : 
 IV = 6 a p -x 7 in which JV= weight in pounds, 
 a = area, in square inches, and p — absolute press- 
 ure. The theoretical flow requires to be mul- 
 tiplied by £ = 0.93, for a short pipe, or 0.63 for a 
 thin opening, as in a plate, or a safety valve. 
 
 Where the steam flows into a pressure more 
 than Ys the pressure in the boiler : 
 
 IV = 1.9 a k ( p — 8 ) b ; in which b = differ- 
 ence in pressure between the two sides, in pounds 
 per square inch, and a, p and k as above. 
 
 To reduce to horse-power, multiply by 2. 
 Where a given horse-power is required to flow 
 through a given opening, to determine the nec 
 essary difference in pressure : 
 
 H I 1 I I z I 2^ I 3 I 4 I si 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 15 1 7s~ P _/ P ~ H.P. 2 
 
 2 -g_l 2 5 I 34 I 41 I 47 I 52 I 60 | 66 I 71 | 79 I 84 I 88 i ^2 | q= — 2 V 4 z 4 a * k 
 
 * 
 
 89 
 
■* 
 
 EQUA T/ON OF PIPES. 
 
 It is frequently desirable to know what num- 
 ber of one-sized pipes will be equal in capacity 
 to another given pipe for delivery of steam, air 
 or water. At the same velocity of flow two 
 pipes deliver as the squares of their internal 
 diameters, but the same head will not produce 
 the same velocity in pipes of different sizes or 
 lengths, the difference being usually stated to 
 vary as the square root of the fifth power of 
 the diameter. The friction of a fluid within 
 itself is very slight, and therefore the main 
 resistance to flow is the friction upon the sides of 
 the conduit. This extends to a limited distance, 
 and is, of course, greater in proportion 'to the 
 contents of a small pipe than of a large. It may 
 be approximated in a given pipe by a constant 
 multiplied by the diameter, or the ratio of flow 
 found by dividing some power of the diameter 
 by the diameter increased by a constant. Care- 
 ful comparison of a large number of experi- 
 ments, by different investigators, has developed 
 the following as a close approximation to the 
 relative flow in pipes of different sizes under 
 similar conditions : 
 
 \\T rs / d' J d ? ' 
 
 \\ oc . or, 
 
 \ d-y(> V d ■ 3 6 
 W being the weight of fluid delivered in a given 
 time, and d being the internal diameter in inches. 
 
 The diameters of “ standard ” steam and gas 
 pipe, however, vary from the nominal diameters, 
 and in applying this rule it is necessary to take 
 the true measurements, which are given in the 
 following table : 
 
 Table of Standard Sizes, Steam and Gas Pipes. 
 
 Size, inches, j 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Size, inches. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Size, inches. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Inter- 
 
 nal. 
 
 Exter- 
 
 nal. 
 
 Inter- 
 
 nal. 
 
 Exter- 
 
 nal 
 
 Inter- 
 
 nal. 
 
 Exter- 
 
 nal. 
 
 Vs 
 
 .27 
 
 .40 
 
 2/4 
 
 2.47 
 
 2.87 
 
 9 
 
 8. Q 4 
 
 9.62 
 
 % 
 
 • 3 6 
 
 •54 
 
 3 
 
 : 3 -o 7 
 
 3-5 : 
 
 10 
 
 10.02 
 
 io -75 
 
 H 
 
 •49 
 
 .67 
 
 3 'A 
 
 3-55 
 
 4 
 
 1 1 
 
 I I 
 
 11.75 
 
 l A 
 
 .62 
 
 ,8 4 
 
 4 
 
 403 
 
 4-5 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12.75 
 
 Y\ 
 
 .82 
 
 1.05 
 
 4 l A 
 
 4 - 5 1 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 I 3-25 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 1.05 
 
 *•31 
 
 5 
 
 504 
 
 5-56 
 
 14 
 
 I4.25 
 
 *5 
 
 i'A 
 
 1.38 
 
 1.66 
 
 6 
 
 ; 6.06 
 
 6.62 
 
 15 
 
 15-43 
 
 16 
 
 i 14 
 
 1.61 
 
 I.QO 
 
 7 
 
 7.02 
 
 7.62 
 
 16 
 
 16.4 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 2.07 
 
 2 -37 
 
 8 
 
 7-98 
 
 8.62 
 
 x 7 
 
 I7.32 
 
 18 
 
 The table below gives the number of pipes of 
 one size required to equal in delivery other larger 
 pipes of same length and under same conditions. 
 The upper portion above the diagonal line of 
 blanks pertains to “ standard ” steam and gas 
 pipes, while the lower portion is for pipes of the 
 actual internal diameters given. The figures 
 given in the table opposite the intersection of any 
 two sizes is the number of the smaller sized 
 pipes required to equal one of the larger. Thus, 
 it requires 29 standard 2-inch pipes to equal one 
 standard 7-inch pipe. 
 
 TABLE OF EQUATION OF PIPES. 
 
 STANDARD STEAM AND GAS FIFES. 
 
 Dia. || 
 
 'A 
 
 3/ 
 
 1 
 
 i'A 
 
 2 
 
 2 M 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 x 3 
 
 >4 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 x 7 
 
 d 
 
 5 
 
 A 
 
 
 2.27 
 
 4.88 
 
 15.8 
 
 3 x -7 
 
 52.9 
 
 96.9 
 
 205 
 
 377 
 
 620 
 
 918 
 
 1,292 
 
 ',767 
 
 2,488 
 
 3, OI 4 
 
 3,786 
 
 4.904 
 
 5,927 
 
 7 , 32 i 
 
 8,535 
 
 9 , 7 X 7 
 
 V, 
 
 y* 
 
 2.60 
 
 
 2.05 
 
 6.97 
 
 14.0 
 
 23*3 
 
 42.5 
 
 90.4 
 
 166 
 
 273 
 
 405 
 
 569 
 
 779 
 
 1,096 
 
 1,328 
 
 1,668 
 
 2,161 
 
 2,615 
 
 3,226 
 
 3,761 
 
 4,282 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 7-55 
 
 2.90 
 
 
 3-45 
 
 6.82 
 
 XI. 4 
 
 20.9 
 
 44.1 
 
 81. 1 
 
 ■33 
 
 198 
 
 278 
 
 380 
 
 536 
 
 649 
 
 815 
 
 1,070 
 
 1 ,263 
 
 1,576 
 
 1,837 
 
 2,092 
 
 ’a 
 
 1 A 
 
 24.2 
 
 9-30 
 
 3.20 
 
 
 1.26 
 
 3-34 
 
 6.13 
 
 13.0 
 
 23.8 
 
 39-2 
 
 58.1 
 
 81.7 
 
 1 12 
 
 157 
 
 190 
 
 239 
 
 310 
 
 375 
 
 463 
 
 539 
 
 614 
 
 2 
 
 54-8 
 
 21.0 
 
 7.25 
 
 2.26 
 
 
 1.67 
 
 3.06 
 
 6.47 
 
 11.9 
 
 19.6 
 
 29.0 
 
 40.8 
 
 55-8 
 
 78.5 
 
 95 - x 
 
 XI 9 
 
 x 55 
 
 187 
 
 231 
 
 269 
 
 307 
 
 2 
 
 254 
 
 102 
 
 39-4 
 
 13.6 
 
 423 
 
 1.87 
 
 1.66 
 
 1.83 
 
 3.87 
 
 7. 12 
 
 XI -7 
 
 17.4 
 
 24.4 
 
 33-4 
 
 47-0 
 
 56.9 
 
 7 I -5 
 
 92.6 
 
 1 12 
 
 x 3 « 
 
 161 
 
 184 
 
 2 l A 
 
 3 
 
 170 
 
 65.4 
 
 22.6 
 
 7.03 
 
 3.11 
 
 
 2. 12 
 
 3.89 
 
 6.39 
 
 9.48 
 
 x 3*3 
 
 20.9 
 
 23-7 
 
 31.2 
 
 39 - x 
 
 50.6 
 
 61. 1 
 
 75-5 
 
 88.0 
 
 100 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 376 
 
 144 
 
 49-8 
 
 x 5-5 
 
 6.87 
 
 3.67 
 
 2.21 
 
 
 1.84 
 
 3.02 
 
 4.48 
 
 6.30 
 
 8.61 
 
 12. 1 
 
 14.7 
 
 18.5 
 
 23-9 
 
 28.9 
 
 35-7 
 
 41.6 
 
 47-4 
 
 4 
 
 s 
 
 686 
 
 263 
 
 90.9 
 
 28.3 
 
 12.5 
 
 6.70 
 
 4-03 
 
 1.83 
 
 
 1.65 
 
 2.44 
 
 3-43 
 
 4.69 
 
 6.60 
 
 8.00 
 
 10. 0 
 
 13.0 
 
 x 5-7 
 
 X 9-4 
 
 22.6 
 
 25.8 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1,1x6 
 
 429 
 
 I48 
 
 46.0 
 
 20.4 
 
 10.9 
 
 6. 56 
 
 2.97 
 
 1.63 
 
 
 1.48 
 
 2.09 
 
 2.85 
 
 4.02 
 
 4.86 
 
 6.1 1 
 
 7.91 
 
 9.56 
 
 11. 8 
 
 13.8 
 
 15.6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 1,707 
 
 656 
 
 226 
 
 70-5 
 
 3 x -2 
 
 16.6 
 
 10.0 
 
 4-54 
 
 2.49 
 
 X *5 X 
 
 
 1. 41 
 
 x *93 
 
 2.71 
 
 3.28 
 
 4.12 
 
 5-34 
 
 6.45 
 
 7-97 
 
 9 - 3 1 
 
 10.6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 2,435 
 
 93 6 
 
 322 
 
 101 
 
 44-5 
 
 23.8 
 
 x 4-3 
 
 6.48 
 
 3-54 
 
 2.18 
 
 1.43 
 
 
 x -35 
 
 x *93 
 
 2-33 
 
 2.92 
 
 3-79 
 
 4-57 
 
 5-67 
 
 6.60 
 
 7-52 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 3,335 
 
 1,281 
 
 440 
 
 137 
 
 bo. 8 
 
 32.5 
 
 19.5 
 
 8.85 
 
 4.85 
 
 2.98 
 
 x -95 
 
 i -37 
 
 
 1. 41 
 
 1. 71 
 
 2.14 
 
 2.77 
 
 3-35 
 
 4.14 
 
 4.83 
 
 5-50 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 4,393 
 
 1,688 
 
 582 
 
 181 
 
 80.4 
 
 42.9 
 
 25.8 
 
 IX -7 
 
 6.40 
 
 3-93 
 
 2-57 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.32 
 
 
 1. 21 
 
 x -52 
 
 1.97 
 
 2.38 
 
 2.94 
 
 3-43 
 
 3 - 9 1 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 
 5,642 
 
 2,168 
 
 747 
 
 233 
 
 103 
 
 55 - 1 
 
 33 - 1 
 
 15.0 
 
 8.22 
 
 5-05 
 
 3 - 3 i 
 
 2.32 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.28 
 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.63 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.43 
 
 2.83 
 
 3.22 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 7,087 
 
 2,723 
 
 038 
 
 293 
 
 129 
 
 69.2 
 
 4.-6 
 
 18.8 
 
 10.3 
 
 6.34 
 
 4- x 5 
 
 2.91 
 
 2.13 
 
 1. 61 
 
 1.26 
 
 
 1.30 
 
 x *57 
 
 x -93 
 
 2.26 
 
 2.58 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 8.657 
 
 3,326 
 
 1.146 
 
 358 
 
 x 58 
 
 84.5 
 
 5°-7 
 
 23.0 
 
 12.6 
 
 7-75 
 
 5.07 
 
 3-56 
 
 2.60 
 
 1.98 
 
 x -53 
 
 1.22 
 
 
 1. 21 
 
 1.49 
 
 1.74 
 
 1.98 
 
 >3 
 
 1 4 
 
 10,600 
 
 4,070 
 
 1,403 
 
 438 
 
 193 
 
 103 
 
 62.2 
 
 28.2 
 
 15-4 
 
 9.48 
 
 6.21 
 
 4-35 
 
 3.18 
 
 2.41 
 
 1.88 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.22 
 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.64 
 
 1 4 
 
 15 
 
 12,824 
 
 4,927 
 
 1,608 
 
 530 
 
 234 
 
 125 
 
 7 5-3 
 
 34-1 
 
 18.7 
 
 xx -5 
 
 7-52 
 
 5-27 
 
 3-85 
 
 2.92 
 
 2.27 
 
 1. 81 
 
 1.48 
 
 1. 21 
 
 
 x * x 7 
 
 x -35 
 
 *5 
 
 16 
 
 14,978 
 
 5,758 
 
 1,984 
 
 619 
 
 274 
 
 146 
 
 88.0 
 
 39-9 
 
 21.8 
 
 x 3 4 
 
 8.78 
 
 6.15 
 
 4.51 
 
 3 - 4 1 
 
 2.66 
 
 2.12 
 
 J -73 
 
 1.42 
 
 1. 18 
 
 
 1. 14 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 x 7,537 
 
 6,738 
 
 2,322 
 
 724 
 
 ^20 
 
 171 
 
 103 
 
 46.6 
 
 25.6 
 
 x 5-7 
 
 xo -3 
 
 7.20 
 
 5-27 
 
 3-99 
 
 3 - 1 1 
 
 2-47 
 
 2.03 
 
 1.66 
 
 x -37 
 
 1. 17 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 20,327 
 
 7,810 
 
 2,691 
 
 840 
 
 37 i 
 
 •0 
 
 00 
 
 1x9 
 
 
 29.6 
 
 x8.2 
 
 11.9 
 
 8.35 
 
 6. 1 1 
 
 4.63 
 
 3.60 
 
 2.87 
 
 2-35 
 
 1.92 
 
 1.59 
 
 1.36 
 
 1. 16 
 
 
 20 
 
 26,676 
 
 10,249 
 
 3,532 
 
 1,102 
 
 487 
 
 260 
 
 T 57 
 
 70.9 
 
 38.9 
 
 23-9 
 
 15.6 
 
 10.9 
 
 8.02 
 
 6.07 
 
 4-73 
 
 i 3-76 
 
 3.08 
 
 2.52 
 
 2.08 
 
 1.78 
 
 1.52 
 
 
 24 
 
 42,624 
 
 16,376 
 
 5,644 
 
 1,761 
 
 778 
 
 416 
 
 250 
 
 ”3 
 
 62. 1 
 
 38.2 
 
 25.0 
 
 x 7-5 
 
 12.8 
 
 0.70 
 
 7-55 
 
 6.01 
 
 4.92 
 
 4.02 
 
 3- 32 
 
 2.84 
 
 2-43 
 
 
 30 
 
 75-453 
 
 28.990 
 
 9,990 
 
 3, ”7 
 
 1,378 
 
 736 
 
 443 
 
 201 
 
 no 
 
 67.6 
 
 44.2 
 
 31.0 
 
 22.7 
 
 17.2 
 
 13.4 
 
 10.7 
 
 8.72 
 
 7 - x 4 
 
 5.88 
 
 5-03 
 
 4-30 
 
 
 3 <> 
 
 120,100 
 
 46,143 
 
 15,902 
 
 4,061 
 
 2,193 
 
 1. 172 
 
 705 
 
 3 X 9 
 
 x 75 
 
 108 
 
 70.4 
 
 49-3 
 
 36.1 
 
 27-3 
 
 21.3 
 
 16.9 
 
 x 3-9 
 
 1 1 -3 
 
 9-37 
 
 8.01 
 
 6.85 
 
 
 42 
 
 177,724 
 
 68,282 
 
 23 , 5 s 1 
 
 7 , 34 i 
 
 3, 2 45 
 
 i ,734 
 
 1,044 
 
 473 
 
 259 
 
 x 59 
 
 104 
 
 73 -o 
 
 53-4 
 
 4°-5 
 
 3'-5 
 
 25. x 
 
 20.5 
 
 16.8 
 
 13.9 
 
 11. 9 
 
 10. 1 
 
 
 48 
 
 249,351 
 
 95,818 
 
 33,020 
 
 10,301 
 
 4,554 
 
 2,434 
 
 1,465 
 
 663 
 
 363 
 
 223 
 
 146 
 
 102 
 
 75 -o 
 
 56.8 
 
 44.2 
 
 35-2 
 
 28.8 
 
 23-5 
 
 19.4 
 
 16.6 
 
 14.2 
 
 
 0 
 
 K 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 154 
 
 2 
 
 i'A 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 I I 
 
 12 
 
 x 3 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 x 7 
 
 
 ACTUAL INTERNAL DIAMETERS. 
 
 90 
 
 ◄ 
 
COVERING FOR BOILERS. STEAM PIPES. ETC. 
 
 The losses by radiation from unclothed pipes 
 and vessels containing steam is considerable, and 
 in the case of pipes leading to steam engines, is 
 magnified by the action of the condensed water 
 in the cylinder. It therefore is important that such 
 pipes should be well protected. 
 
 There is a wide difference in the value of differ- 
 ent substances for protection from radiation, their 
 value varying nearly in the inverse ratio of their 
 conducting power for heat, up to their ability to 
 transmit as much heat as the surface of the pipe 
 will radiate, after which they become detrimental, 
 rather than useful, as covering. This point is 
 reached nearly at baked clay or brick. 
 
 The following table of the relative value of 
 various substances for protection against radia- 
 tion has been compiled from a variety of sources, 
 mainly the experiments of the Massachusetts 
 
 ratio, for radiation, of 53 to 100 for cast iron. 
 Mere color makes but little difference. 
 
 Hair 01 wool felt, and most of the better non- 
 conductors, have the disadvantage of becoming 
 soon charred from the heat of steam at high 
 pressure, and sometimes of taking fire therefrom. 
 
 “Mineral wool,” a fibrous material made from 
 blast furnace slag, is the best non-combustible 
 covering, but is quite brittle, and liable to fall to 
 powder where much jarring exists. 
 
 Air space alone is one of the poorest of non- 
 conductors, though the best owe their efficiency 
 to the numerous minute air cells in their struct- 
 ure. This is best seen in the value of different 
 forms of carbon, from cork charcoal to anthra- 
 cite dust, the former being three times as valu- 
 able for this purpose, though in chemical consti- 
 tution they are practically identical. 
 
 Any suitable substance used to prevent the 
 
 TABLE OF RELATIVE VALUE OF NON-CONDUCTING MATERIALS. 
 
 St' INSTANCE. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Substance. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1 
 
 Substance. 
 
 — 
 
 VAluk 
 
 * Loose Wool 
 
 3 
 
 •35 
 
 * Paper 
 
 .50 to 
 
 7 1 
 
 Paste of Fossil Meal and As- 
 
 
 * Loose Lampblack .... 
 
 1 
 
 .12 
 
 * Cork 
 
 
 • 7 i 
 
 bestos 
 
 •47 
 
 * Geese Feathers 
 
 1 
 
 .08 
 
 * Sawdust 
 
 
 .68 
 
 Asbestos, fibrous 
 
 • 3 6 
 
 * Felt, Hair or Wool 
 
 1 
 
 
 Paste of Fossil Meal and 
 
 
 
 Plaster of Paris, dry ... 
 
 ■34 
 
 * Carded Cotton 
 
 1 
 
 
 Hair 
 
 
 .63 
 
 Clay, with vegetable fibre 
 
 -34 
 
 * Charcoal Irom Cork . 
 
 
 ■87 
 
 Wood Ashes 
 
 
 .6l 
 
 Anthracite Coal, powdered . 
 
 .29 
 
 Mineral Wool 
 
 .68 to 
 
 ■83 
 
 * Wood, across grain 
 
 .40 to 
 
 •55 
 
 Coke, in lumps 
 
 .27 
 
 Fossil Meal 
 
 .66 to 
 
 .7 Q 
 
 Loam, dry and open . . . 
 
 
 •55 
 
 Air Space, undivided . . . . 
 
 14 to. 22 
 
 * Straw Rope, wound spirally 
 
 
 •77 
 
 Chalk, ground, Spanish white 
 
 
 .31 
 
 Sand 
 
 • 17 
 
 * Rice Chaff, loose .... 
 
 
 .76 
 
 C. oal Ashes 
 
 ■35 to 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 Baked Clay, Brick .... 
 
 .07 
 
 Carbonate Magnesia . . . 
 
 .67 to 
 
 ■ 7 < 
 
 Gas-house Carbon .... 
 
 
 •47 
 
 Glass 
 
 •05 
 
 * Charcoal from Wood . 
 
 .63 to 
 
 •75 
 
 Asbestos Paper 
 
 
 •47 
 
 Stone 
 
 .02 
 
 * Combustible, and sometimes dangerous. 
 
 Institute of Technology, and of C. E. Emery, 
 M.E., LL.D. 
 
 Where two values are given in the table for 
 the same substance the lower one is for the 
 denser condition. 
 
 A smooth or polished surface is of itself a good 
 protection, polished tin or Russia iron having a 
 
 escape of steam heat should not be less than 
 one inch thick. 
 
 The following table gives the loss of heat from 
 steam pipes, naked and clothed with wool or 
 hair felt, of different thickness, the steam press- 
 ure being assumed at 75 lbs. and the external 
 air at 60". 
 
 TABLE OF LOSS OF HEAT FROM STEAM PIPES. 
 
 c Outside Diameter of Pipe, without Felt. 
 
 I Thickness of Cover 
 
 in inches. 
 
 2 in 
 
 diameter. 
 
 4 in 
 
 diameter. 
 
 6 in 
 
 diameter. 
 
 8 in 
 
 diameter. 
 
 12 in 
 
 diameter. 
 
 £ c 
 
 C u *- 
 - ^ 3 
 
 •- c- 
 
 ^ u O 
 
 c c, c. 
 
 Ratio of Loss. 
 
 Feet in length 
 per H. P. lost. 
 
 It 
 
 Loss in units 
 per foot run 
 per hour. 
 
 Ratio of Loss. 
 
 tx 2 
 
 jU n • 
 
 0) 
 
 V 0 
 
 t r. — 
 
 C 2 u 
 
 V) “ 
 
 c 0 z. 
 
 Ratio of Loss. 
 
 apjo 
 
 0 u 
 
 Loss in units ' 
 per foot run 
 per hour. 
 
 Ratio of Loss. 
 
 be o 
 
 0 • 
 
 u. c. 
 
 Loss in units 
 per foot run 
 per hour. 
 
 - 
 
 Feet in length 
 per H. P. lost. 
 
 0 
 
 219.0 
 
 1. 00 
 
 152 
 
 390-8 
 
 1. 00 
 
 86 
 
 624. 1 
 
 1. 000 
 
 53 
 
 720. 8 
 
 1. 000 
 
 46 
 
 1077.4 
 
 1 .000 
 
 3 1 
 
 y< 
 
 100.7 
 
 .46 
 
 33 i 
 
 l 80 .Q 
 
 .46 
 
 182 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'A 
 
 65-7 
 
 •30 
 
 507 
 
 I 17.2 
 
 .30 
 
 284 
 
 187.2 
 
 .300 
 
 177 
 
 219.6 
 
 .301 
 
 15 1 
 
 3 OT *7 
 
 .280 
 
 1 T 4 
 
 I 
 
 43 8 
 
 .20 
 
 761 
 
 73-9 
 
 .18 
 
 45 1 
 
 III.O 
 
 .178 
 
 300 
 
 128.3 
 
 .176 
 
 2 59 
 
 185.3 
 
 .172 
 
 179 
 
 2 
 
 28.4 
 
 •13 
 
 1173 
 
 44-7 
 
 .1 1 
 
 745 
 
 66.2 
 
 . 106 
 
 5°4 
 
 75-2 
 
 .103 
 
 443 
 
 98.0 
 
 .OQI 
 
 340 
 
 4 
 
 10.8 
 
 .09 
 
 1683 
 
 28.1 
 
 .07 
 
 1186 
 
 41.2 
 
 .066 
 
 808 
 
 46.0 
 
 .063 
 
 724 
 
 60.3 
 
 .056 
 
 553 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 3-4 
 
 .06 
 
 1424 
 
 33-7 
 
 •054 
 
 989 
 
 34-3 
 
 .047 
 
 972 
 
 45 - 2 
 
 042 
 
 735 
 
 
 ■* 
 
 91 
 
CARE OF BOILERS. 
 
 The following rules are compiled from those 
 issued by various Boiler Insurance Companies 
 in this country and Europe, supplemented by 
 cur own experience. They are applicable to all 
 boilers , except as otherwise noted. 
 
 ATTENTION NECESSARY TO SECURE SAFETY. 
 
 [Though the Babcock & Wilcox boilers are 
 not liable to destructive explosion, the same care 
 should be exercised to avoid possible damage to 
 boiler, and expensive delays.] 
 
 1. Safety Valves. — Great care should be ex- 
 ercised to see that these valves are ample in size 
 and in working order. Overloading or neglect 
 frequently lead to the most disastrous results. 
 Safety valves should be tried at least once every 
 day to see that they will act freely. 
 
 2. Pressure Gauge. — -The steam gauge should 
 stand at zero when the pressure is off, and it 
 should show same pressure as the safety valve 
 when that is blowing off. If not, then one is 
 wrong, and the gauge should be tested by one 
 known to be correct. 
 
 3. Water Level. — The first duty of an engi- 
 neer before starting, or at the beginning of his 
 watch, is to see that the water is at the proper 
 height. Do not rely on glass gauges, floats or 
 water alarms, but try the gauge cocks. If they 
 do not agree with water gauge, learn the cause 
 and correct it. Water level in Babcock & Wil- 
 cox boilers should be at centre of drum, which 
 is usually at middle gauge. It should not be 
 carried above 
 
 4. Gauge Cocrs and Water Gauges must be 
 kept clean. Water gauge should be blown out 
 frequently, and the glasses and passages to gauge 
 kept clean. The Manchester, Eng., Boiler Asso- 
 ciation attribute more accidents to inattention 
 to water gauges, than to all other causes put 
 together. 
 
 5. Feed Pump or Injector. — These should be 
 kept in perfect order, and be of ample size. No 
 make of pump can be expected to be continuously 
 reliable without regular and careful attention. 
 It is always safe to have two means of feeding a 
 boiler. Check valves, and self-acting feed valves 
 should be frequently examined and cleaned. 
 Satisfy yourself frequently that the valve is acting 
 when the feed pump is at work. 
 
 6. Low Water. — In case of low water, im- 
 mediately cover the fire with ashes (wet if possi- 
 ble) or any earth that may be at hand. If noth- 
 ing else is handy use fresh coal. Draw fire as 
 soon as it can be done without increasing the 
 heat. Neither turn on the feed, start or stop 
 
 engine, or lift safety valve until fires are out, and 
 the boiler cooled down. 
 
 7. Blisters and Cracks. — These are liable to 
 occur in the best plate iron. When the first in- 
 dication appears there must be no delay in hav- 
 ing it carefully examined and properly cared for. 
 
 8. Fusible Plugs, when used, must be ex- 
 amined when the boiler is cleaned, and carefully 
 scraped clean on both the water and fire sides, 
 or they are liable not to act. 
 
 ATTENTION NECESSARY TO SECURE ECONOMY. 
 
 9. Firing. — Fire evenly and regularly, a little 
 at a time. Moderately thick fires are most eco- 
 nomical, but thin firing must be used where the 
 draught is poor. Take care to keep grates evenly 
 covered, and allow no air-holes in the fire. Do 
 not “clean ” fires oftener than necessary. With 
 bituminous coal, a ‘‘coking fire,” i. e. firing in 
 front and shoving back when coked, gives best 
 results, if properly managed 
 
 10. Cleaning. — All heating surfaces must be 
 kept clean outside and in, or there will be a 
 serious waste of fuel. The frequency of cleaning 
 will depend on the nature of fuel and water. 
 As a rule, never allow over T ' 7 inch scale or soot 
 to collect on surfaces between cleanings. Hand- 
 holes should be frequently removed and surfaces 
 examined, particularly in case of a new boiler, 
 until proper intervals have been established by 
 experience. 
 
 The Babcock & Wilcox boiler is provided with 
 extra facilities for cleaning, and with a little care 
 can be kept up to its maximum efficiency, where 
 tubulars or locomotive boilers would be quickly 
 destroyed. For inspection, remove the hand- 
 holes at both ends of the tubes, and by holding 
 a lamp at one end and looking in at the other, 
 the condition of the surface can be fully seen. 
 Push the scraper through the tube to remove sed- 
 iment, or if the scale is hard use the chipping 
 scraper made for that purpose. Water through 
 a hose will facilitate the operation. In replacing 
 hand-hole caps, clean the surfaces without scratch- 
 ing or bruising, smear with oil, and screw up 
 tight. Examine mud-drum and remove the 
 sediment therefrom. 
 
 The exterior of tubes can be kept clean by 
 the use of blowing pipe and hose through open- 
 ings provided for that purpose. In using smoky 
 fuel, it is best to occasionally brush the surfaces 
 when steam is off. 
 
 11. Hot Feed Water. — Cold water should 
 never be fed into any boiler when it can be avoid- 
 ed, but when necessary it should be caused to 
 
 92 
 
mix with the heated water before coming in con- 
 tact with any portion of the boiler. 
 
 12. Foaming. — When foaming occurs in a 
 boiler, checking the outflow of steam will usually 
 stop it. If caused by dirty water, blowing down 
 and pumping up will generally cure it. In cases of 
 violent foaming, check the draft and fires. 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox boilers never foam with 
 good water, unless the water is carried too 
 high. If found to prime, lower the water-line. 
 It should not be carried above centre line of 
 drum. 
 
 13. Air Leaks. — Be sure that all openings for 
 admission of air to boiler or flues, except through 
 the fire, are carefully stopped. This is frequent- 
 ly an unsuspected cause of serious waste. 
 
 14. Blowing Off. — If feed-water is muddy or 
 salt, blow off a portion frequently, according to 
 condition of water. Empty the boiler every week 
 or two, and fill up afresh. When surface blow- 
 cocks are used, they should be often opened for 
 a few minutes at a time. Make sure no water is 
 escaping from the blow-off cock when it is sup- 
 posed to be closed. Blow-off cocks and check- 
 valves should be examined every time the boiler 
 is cleaned. 
 
 Attention Necessary to Secure Durability. 
 
 15. Leaks. — When leaks are discovered, they 
 should be repaired as soon as possible. 
 
 16. Blowing Off. — Never empty the boiler 
 while the brick-work is hot. 
 
 17. Filling Up. — Never pump cold water into 
 a hot boiler. Many times leaks, and in shell 
 boilers, serious weaknesses, and sometimes ex- 
 plosions are the result of such an action. 
 
 18. Dampness. — Take care that no water 
 comes in contact with the exterior of the boiler 
 from any cause, as it tends to corrode and 
 weaken the boiler. Beware of all dampness in 
 seatings or coverings. 
 
 19. Galvanic Action. — Examine frequently 
 parts in contact with copper or brass, where 
 water is present, for signs of corrosion. If water 
 is salt or acid, some metallic zinc placed in the 
 boiler will usually prevent corrosion, but it will 
 need attention and renewal from time to time. 
 
 20. Rapid Firing.— In boilers with thick 
 plates or seams exposed to the fire, steam should 
 be raised slowly, and rapid or intense firing 
 avoided. With thin water tubes, however, and 
 adequate water circulation, no damage can 
 come from that cause. 
 
 21. Standing Unused. — If a boiler is not re- 
 quired for some time, empty and dry it thor- 
 oughly. If this is impracticable, fill it quite 
 full of water, and put in a quantity of common 
 washing soda. External parts exposed to 
 dampness should receive a coating of linseed 
 oil. 
 
 22. General Cleanliness. — All things about 
 the boiler room should be kept clean and in 
 good order. Negligence tends to waste and 
 decay. 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers in Chicago City Railway. 1 ,000 H. P. 
 
 PC*- 
 
 93 
 
TESTING STEAM BOILERS* 
 
 The object of testing a steam boiler is to de- 
 termine the quantity and quality of steam ii will 
 supply continuously and regularly, under speci- 
 fied conditions ; the amount of fuel required to 
 produce that amount of steam, and sometimes sun- 
 dry' other facts and values. In order to ascertain 
 these things by observation it is necessary to exer- 
 cise great care and skill, and employ the most per- 
 fect apparatus, or errors will creep in sufficient to 
 vitiate the test and render it of no value, if not 
 actually misleading. This is most apparent in 
 testing the quality of the steam by a “barrel cal- 
 orimeter,” as at the Centennial Exposition, where 
 an error of )i lb. in either of two weighings of a 
 mass of some 400 lbs. made a difference of 3 per 
 cent, in the final result. 
 
 5. Pressures of the steam, of barometer, and 
 of draft in chimney. 
 
 6. Weights of feed-water, of fuel, and of ashes. 
 Water meters are not reliable as an accurate 
 measure of feed water. 
 
 7. Time of starting and of stopping test, taking 
 care that the observed conditions are the same at 
 each as far as possible. 
 
 S. The quality of the steam, whether “wet,” 
 “dr) - ,” or “superheated.” 
 
 From these data all the results can be figured, 
 giving the economy and capacity of the boiler, 
 and the sufficiency or insufficiency of the condi- 
 tions, for obtaining the best results. 
 
 The amount of water evaporated per pound of 
 coal is universally conceded to be the proper 
 measure of the efficiency of a boiler, but in order 
 
 Boiler House of Pencoyd Iron Works, Pencoyd, Pa. 1248 H. P. 
 
 The principal points to be ascertained and 
 noted in a boiler test are : 
 
 1. The type and dimensions of the boiler, in- 
 cluding the area of heating surface, steam and 
 water space, area of water surface, and draft area 
 through or between tubes or flues. 
 
 2. The kind and size of furnace ; area of grate 
 with proportion of air spaces therein, height and 
 size of chimney, length and area of flues. 
 
 3. Kind and quality of fuel and amount of ash 
 and water therein. The latter is a more impor- 
 tant item than is generally understood, as it not 
 only adds to the weight without adding to the 
 value of the fuel, but the heat taken to evapo- 
 rate, and send the steam up chimney in a highly 
 superheated condition, adds to the unobserved 
 waste. 
 
 4. Temperatures, of external air, of fire-room, 
 of chimney gases, of fuel, water and of steam. 
 
 * This subject will be found very fully treated in the re- 
 port of a committee to the American Society of Mechanical 
 Engineers, and the discussions on the same. Transactions 
 A Si M. E., Vol. VI, pp. 256-351. 
 
 to compare one boiler with another, each should 
 have equally good coal, be fed with water at the 
 same temperature and furnish steam at the same 
 pressure. As this is impractical in making tests, 
 a standard has been accepted to which all tests 
 should be brought for comparison. This is called 
 the “equivalent evaporation from and at 212 0 ” 
 per pound of combustible ; that is, what the evap- 
 oration would have been if the coal had been 
 without ash, the feed-water at boiling point and 
 the steam delivered at atmospheric pressure. 
 
 It may be determined by the following formulae : 
 
 Let W *= the observed evaporation per lb. of combustible. 
 “ t = the observed temperature of feed. 
 
 “ T «=* the temperature of steam at observed pressure. 
 
 “ H = the total heat of steam at the observed pressure. 
 
 “ W — equivalent evaporation from and at 212 0 . 
 
 w , = w _ 0.3 (T — 212) + (212 t ) 
 966 
 
 W'-WX 
 
 H+32 — 1 
 966 
 
 The value of T and H may be found by refer 
 ence to “steam table ” on another page 
 
 94 
 
Engineering Office of Chas. E. Emery, 
 No. 7 Warren Street, New York, 
 March 21, 1S79. 
 Messrs. Babcock & Wilcox, 
 
 No. 30 Cortlandt Street, New York. 
 
 Gentlemen : On the 4th and 5th of Febru- 
 ary, 1879, I made a trial of the Babcock & Wil- 
 cox Boilers and Corliss engines in the Raritan 
 Woolen Mills, Raritan, N. J., the results of 
 which are shown in the following report : 
 
 There were two boilers tested of the water- 
 tube type, manufactured by you and known by 
 your name, rated jointly at 360 horse power, and 
 reported to contain 4,oSo square feet of heating 
 surface, and 103 square feet of grate surface. 
 These boilers were erected side by side and 
 connected so that they could be used separately 
 or conjointly in connection with cr independent 
 of a number of Lancashire drop-flue boilers, 
 three boilers of the latter kind having been re- 
 moved to make room for yours All the boilers 
 were connected to a single chimney through a 
 Green’s economizer in the flue. A large por- 
 tion of the steam generated appeared to be 
 used in the dye house and for heating pur- 
 poses. A portion of the boilers were employed, 
 however, to supply steam to two pairs of en- 
 gines, of equal size, operating the mill, one pair 
 being of the Wright patent, put in many years 
 since, and the other of Corliss make, erected 
 within a year. Each steam cylinder was 20 in- 
 ches in diameter with 48 inches stroke of piston. 
 The engines are provided with Bulkley conden- 
 sers. In the ordinary working of the mill your 
 boilers were used to supply steam to both pairs 
 of engines. 
 
 Your contract contained a guarantee that tire 
 boilers should furnish sufficient steam to de- 
 velop the rated power (360 H. P.) in a Corliss 
 engine, and that the evaporation should equal 
 at least 9 pounds of water from a temperature 
 of 1 So 0 per pound of coal containing not more 
 than 12 per cent, of refuse. In a preliminary 
 trial, part of the load on the Wright engines 
 was transferred to the Corliss engines ; but it 
 was soon found that the latter did not require 
 
 all the steam your boilers would generate eco- 
 nomically ; so two trials were made, one of 4} 
 hours’ duration, using your boilers with reduced 
 draft to supply steam to the Corliss engines 
 only, and taking data to ascertain the economy 
 of the engines ; the other of fully 12 hours’ du- 
 ration, using the boilers at maximum power on 
 a dull day without forcing the fires, part of the 
 steam being used to operate the Corliss engines, 
 the remainder blown into the pipe system of 
 the other boilers, which were working at a 
 much less pressure. 
 
 Trial of the Boilers. 
 
 The experiment commenced at 6.01 a. m., and 
 closed at 6.38 p. m. In starting, steam was 
 raised by spreading the banked fires left from 
 the previous day. When the pressure reached 
 80 pounds the fires were hauled, all refuse re- 
 moved, and fires started anew with wood, 
 which in calculation has been considered equal 
 in calorific value to T 4 W its weight of coal. The 
 fires were maintained with coal during the day, 
 finally hauled, allowed to cool, the combustible 
 portion deducted from the coal charged, and 
 the refuse weighed separately. The experi- 
 ment was closed when the boilers stopped 
 making steam at 80 lbs. pressure, with water in 
 the glass gauges at same height as in starting. 
 
 During the trial, all the coal consumed was 
 weighed in an iron wheel-barrow, balanced 
 when empty by a fixed weight, and each bar- 
 row load was adjusted at the scale to weigh 
 200 pounds net. All the water evaporated was 
 measured in a tank provided with a heavy float 
 connected through a fine chain to an index 
 showing a water level on an exterior scale, 
 divided decimally. By weighing water out of 
 the tank, its capacity was found to be 5,172 
 pounds of water between the limits employed. 
 
 A complete record was kept of the coal, water, 
 steam pressure and various temperatures, and the 
 quality of the steam was tested with a calorime- 
 ter at frequent intervals. The proprietors of 
 the mill took the proper business precaution of 
 stationing observers at each point, who kept 
 
 95 
 
A. 
 
 
 entirely independent records, agreeing with those 
 taken by my assistants. The coal used was clean 
 nut coal from the Lackawanna region. It had 
 been exposed to the weather during the winter, 
 and when first taken from the pile was wet, but 
 a sufficient quantity for the trial was brought 
 under shelter a few days in advance, so that the 
 coal actually used was bright and appeared dry. 
 The results of the trial are as follows : 
 
 Average steam pressure. 
 
 Average temperature, 
 
 “ of fire room. 
 
 . 44.00 
 
 “ of water in feed tank, . 90 47 
 
 “ of water entering boiler after 
 
 passing through a heater in flue, 1 10.59 
 “ of up-take boiler Xo. 1 by py- 
 rometer (evidently wrong), . 381.87 
 ‘ of flue beyond feed water heater 453.23 
 
 Wood used in starting fires, 730 lbs., equivalent of 
 
 coal (730 x .4) lbs. 
 
 Coal put in furnaces during experiment, . . “ 
 
 Total of above. . . . . . “ 20,119 
 Combustible in refuse at close or experiment, . “ 820 
 
 Total coal consumed, including equivalent of 
 
 wood, ........ lbs. 19,299 
 
 Refuse from coal removed during experiment, . 
 
 Refuse from coal at close of experiment, 
 
 Total, 
 
 Actual per centage of refuse, (2,883 19.299 
 
 x 100 = ) . . ... 
 
 Combustible consumed, (19,299 — 2,883 "■ ) 
 
 Coal with 12 per cent, refuse agreed upon, equiv- 
 alent to that actually consumed, [16,416 -s- 
 (100 — 12) = ] .... lbs., 18,654.5 
 
 Total weight of water actually evaporated at 
 pressure of 71.63 lbs. from temperature 
 1 10. 59 0 , lbs., 161,573.28 
 
 Equivalent evaporation at pressure of 70 lbs, 
 from temperature of 180 0 , as agreed upon, 
 
 292 
 
 19,827 
 
 749 
 21 34 
 
 2,883 
 
 M-94 
 lbs. 16,416 
 
 Evaporation per lb. of coal, with 12 per cent, 
 of refuse, at pressure of 70 lbs. from tem- 
 perature of 180° 
 
 Evaporation per lb. of combustible, atmos. press, 
 from temp, of 212 0 , 
 
 172,592.58 
 
 9.252 
 1 1.221 
 
 Calorimeter Trials. 
 
 The calorimeter consisted of a simple barrel set 
 on a platform scale. The scale beam was grad- 
 uated for half-pounds only ; but by applying 
 thereto an extra movable weight, one-tenth that 
 
 of the other, carefully leveling 
 the platform, and in weighing 
 bringing the end of the beam 
 just clear of the guard, it was 
 possible to read to one-tenth, or 
 even .05 of a pound. In an in- 
 clined position, through the side 
 of the barrel, was fixed a ther- 
 mometer graduated to de- 
 grees, and readily read to y& de- 
 grees. A small iron propeller 
 on a vertical shaft was arranged 
 in the barrel. In operations, the 
 barrel was nearly filled with cold 
 water, which was heated with 
 steam, when the increase in weight 
 showed the weight of steam taken 
 from the boiler, and the increase in 
 temperature measured the quan- 
 tity of heat in the steam. The 
 steam was taken from the boiler 
 near the issuing current, through 
 a 2-inch pipe reduced outside of 
 the boiler to % of an inch, and 
 again near the outer end by an 
 inserted nipple to of an inch, 
 substantially on the plan recom- 
 mended in a previous article on 
 the subject.* To the end of the 
 steam-pipe a short piece of hose 
 was connected through a valve ; 
 the pipe was carefully felted, and 
 was heated previous to each 
 experiment by wasting steam 
 through it before putting the hose 
 into the calorimeter. The end of 
 the hose was perforated in sever- 
 al directions, to avoid the jar due 
 to condensation. 
 
 Seventeen experiments were 
 made during the day ; one was 
 
 * Report of Judges, Group XX., Cen- 
 tennial Exhibition, p. 82. 
 
 Boiler-House and Chimney for Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, at Somersett 
 Manufacturing Co.’s Woolen Mills, Raritan, N. J : 1,080 H. Pi 
 
 
 
 96 
 
rejected, in which the thermometer scale was 
 seen to move by bringing the hose too near 
 the instrument. The results were calculated 
 from the records of the remaining sixteen experi- 
 ments, on the following basis : 
 
 Lot W original weight of water in calorimeter. 
 
 Let rt' weight of water added by heating with steam. 
 
 Lot T total heat in water due to the temperature of steam 
 at observed pressure. 
 
 Let 1 1 total heat of steam at observed pressure. 
 
 Lot / latent heat of steam at observed pressure. 
 
 Let t — • total heat of water corresponding to temperature 
 of water in calorimeter. 
 
 Let t' total heat in water corresponding to final tempera- 
 ture of water in calorimeter. 
 
 Let E heating efficiency of the steam furnished, compared 
 with saturated steam between the same limits of 
 temperature. 
 
 Let Q quality of steam explained hereafter. 
 
 Then E 
 
 w (/'-/) 
 
 w y\\ — !') 
 
 (i) 
 
 When O i, the number of degrees steam 
 is superheated = 2.0S33 / ( Q — 1 ). 
 
 In the present case O = .9S955. Per centag... 
 of moisture in steam = 1.045. 
 
 This is practically dry steam , and equal in 
 quality to that furnished by boilers of any type 
 not provided with supei heating surface. The ex- 
 periments show, in a gratifying manner, that you 
 have succeeded in overcoming a great difficulty 
 often experienced with boilers constructed of a 
 combination of small chambers to reduce the 
 danger of explosion. The deficiency of ordinary 
 boilers in furnishing dry steam is little known, 
 though the economy is materially affected. 
 
 Engine Trials. 
 
 The preliminary trial of engines gave the fol- 
 lowing results : 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers at Yngenio, Central Ysabel, Manzanillo, Cuba, 1,000 H. P 
 
 The value of E was ascertained by the formula 
 separately for each experiment. The average 
 value was .9916, showing that the steam lacked 
 but of 1 per cent, of the quantity of heat re- 
 quired for producing perfectly dry or saturated 
 steam between the same limits of temperature. 
 
 The value of Q may be found directly from the 
 following equation : 
 
 q = 7 0 ^ , - / )~ (T -' / )) 7 ) 
 
 or, from the average cf the heating efficiencies, 
 by the following : 
 
 ( H — t' ) ( 1 — E ) 
 
 Q=- 1 (3) 
 
 / 
 
 Then when O <[ 1, the per centage of moisture 
 in steam = ioo ( i — Q). 
 
 Duration of experiment, . . . .4.1 hours. 
 
 Average steam pressure in boilers, . . 93.94 pounds. 
 
 Average vacuum in condenser, . . . 21.5 inches. 
 
 Average revolution of engine per minute . 64.402 
 Water evaporated per hour, . * 8830.244 pounds. 
 
 Average initial pressure in steam cylinders, 84.425 “ 
 
 Mean effective pressure in cylinders, . 30.1275 “ 
 
 Average point of cut-off, .... .129 stroke. 
 
 Average indicated H. P. (both engines), . 292.613 
 Maximum H. P. shown by a complete set 
 
 of diagrams, ... . . . 315.580 
 
 Water per indicated horse-power per hour, 30.177 pounds. 
 
 The steam pipe was 131 feet long and other 
 conditions were unfavorable for the economical 
 development of power in the engines. It is, in 
 fact, popularly supposed that this class of engines 
 develops a horse-power for % the quantity of 
 steam required in this case. 
 
 The duration of the boiler experiment was 12 
 hours and 37 minutes, of which fully 13 minutes 
 
<4 
 
 were necessarily lost in starting and hauling fires. 
 On this basis the water was evaporated in 12.4 
 hours, or at the equivalent rate of 13,919 pounds 
 per hour for feed water at 1S0 degrees. On the 
 basis that any good engine under fair conditions 
 will require but 30 pounds of water per horse- 
 power per hour, your boilers, during this experi- 
 ment, though not forced to their utmost, devel- 
 oped under condition agreed upon, 13919 30 
 
 = 464 horse-power, or 104 horse-power in excess 
 of the guaranteed power. 
 
 The coal required per horse-power per hour is 
 evidently dependent in any case upon the econ- 
 omy of the boiler and engine jointly. With an 
 
 of 89.4 pounds from a temperature ioo° per lb. 
 of Cumberland coal ; yet the engine was so 
 economical that there was required but 1.69 lbs. 
 of coal per horse-power per hour. The equiva- 
 lent evaporation of your boilers from the same 
 temperature with anthracite nut coal, much in- 
 ferior to Cumberland, on the basis of the trial 
 above mentioned, is S.547 pounds of water per 
 pound of coal ; so if your boilers were used in 
 connection with that particular pumping engine, 
 there would be required but 1.64 pounds of the 
 inferior coal per horse-power per hour. 
 
 The economical performance of your boilers 
 could undoubtedly be rendered still greater by 
 
 Boilers, Boiler House and Economizers, with Blast Flue and Ash Tunnel, made for Lombard, Ayres & Co., Seaboard Oil Refinery, 
 
 Bayonne, N. J., 15 orders, 2,246 H. P. 
 
 evaporation of 9.252 pounds of water per pound 
 of coal, and 30 pounds of water per horse-power 
 in the engine, there would be required per horse- 
 power per hour 3.24 pounds of coal. This boiler 
 performance, however, is rarely obtained in 
 ordinary practice, so generally a low cost of 
 power in fuel is due to using an excellent engjne 
 with a fair boiler. For instance, during the offi- 
 cial trial of one of the most prominent pumping 
 engines in this country, the boilers, which were 
 specially designed to secure economy, actually 
 evaporated but 8.31 pounds of water at a pressure 
 
 reducing the rate of evaporation. The more fuel 
 burned per square foot of heating surface in a 
 given time the greater the quantity of heat lost in 
 the chimney, so that, within certain limits, using 
 proper proportion, the economy increases as the 
 rate of evaporation is diminished, though in a 
 much less ratio. To accomplish this result to the 
 fullest extent, however, the boiler would probably 
 need to be so proportioned that it would not 
 develop a maximum of 464 horse-power, or up- 
 ward, as in its present form. 
 
 Very truly, yours, Chas. E. Emery. 
 
 98 
 

 CENTENNIAL BOILER TESTS. 
 
 At the U. S. Centennial Exposition held in 
 Philadelphia in 1S76, a careful test was made of 
 the different boilers there exhibited, except the 
 Corliss, which was not placed in competition. 
 The results of these tests have been condensed 
 in the following diagram, which gives graphically 
 not only the relative evaporation, but the rate of 
 combustion of coal per square foot of grate, the 
 ratio of heating to grate surface, the water evap- 
 orated per square foot of heating surface, and 
 the waste heat in the flue. The height of the 
 
 to difference in the construction of the boilers, by 
 which the heating surface was rendered more 
 effective. The fact that the best economic re 
 suits were obtained by a boiler under average 
 conditions in other respects, is significant. 
 
 In their report, the Judges said : “The awards 
 of the Judges were not based upon the trials ; in 
 fact, the latter were not commenced until the 
 awards had been made by another committee of 
 the same group. This report has been confined 
 to a statement of what actually took place during 
 the trials, without expressing opinions on the all- 
 
 theorelic value of the combustible used in the 
 experiments. In the line of “economy” the 
 boilers are arranged in the order of their relative 
 economy, as shown in the table. The distance 
 of this line from the base, relative to the whole 
 height, gives the percentage of useful effect in 
 each case. All the lines have scales measured in 
 millimeters, from a common base. 
 
 By reference to the lines of averages, it will be 
 seen that boilers at the extremes of economy, 
 had an average of each of the conditions. The 
 different results are, therefore, to be attributed 
 
 larly the trustworthiness of the different mechani- 
 cal details and arrangements employed by the 
 various exhibitors. Many of these questions can 
 only be settled by long practical use, under dif 
 ferent circumstances as to management and the 
 kind of fuel and water used.” 
 
 In view of that statement it is an interesting 
 fact, that of all the fifteen boilers tested at the 
 Centennial, only three can be said to be now 
 fairly in the market, and of these, the Babcock 
 & Wilcox, which showed the best results there, 
 is the only one extensively sold in this country. 
 
 T 4 
 
 * 
 
 99 
 
Comparative Test, 
 
 made at the Oliver Wire Works, Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 March, 1883, by Wm. Kent, M. E., between two 
 Babcock & Wilcox boilers of 416 H. P., and 
 eight “ two flue ” boilers — six of them being 28 
 ft. long, 42 inches diameter, 14-inch flues, and 
 two of them 26)^ feet long, 40 inches diam- 
 eter, 14-inch flues. Total grate-surface, 165 ft. 
 
 
 B. & W. 
 
 Ret. Flue. 
 
 Date of test 
 
 Coal, bituminous, lump and nut. 
 
 Mch. 12 to 17 
 
 Mch. i9t02i 
 
 Duration of test, hours 
 
 114 
 
 40-75 
 
 Average steam pressure 
 
 9. 
 
 95 
 
 Average temperature of feed, deg. 
 
 37 
 
 180 
 
 Water evaporated lbs. 
 
 1,513,763 2 
 
 880,776 
 
 Coal fired 44 
 
 190,228 
 
 .4-, 668 
 
 Per cent, of ash 
 
 1 1 
 
 I I 
 
 Combustible 
 
 169.303 
 
 *3M 2 5 
 
 Grate-surface, square feet 
 
 Coal consumed per square foot, of 
 
 69.12 
 
 165 
 
 grate per hour 
 
 Water evaporated, in pounds 
 
 24.14 
 
 21.9 
 
 per lb. coal under actual con. 
 
 7-05- 
 
 5.964 
 
 44 combustible 4 4 4 4 
 
 8 . 826 
 
 6.70 
 
 44 coal from and at 212 0 . . 
 
 0.700 
 
 6.334 
 
 44 combustible. .. .do 
 
 10.909 
 
 7.115 
 
 Rated horse-power 
 
 Horse-power developed from 212 0 
 
 416 
 
 not given. 
 
 feed and 70 lbs. steam 
 
 Per cent, above rated capacity. 
 
 522.84 
 
 25.68 
 
 741.36 
 
 Saving in fuel in favor of Babcock & Wilcox : 
 
 9.709 — 6.334 = 3 375 ; and = 34.76 per cent. 
 
 9.709 
 
 Tests made at the Genesee Mills, San Fran- 
 cisco, Cal., by A. Worthington, with coal from 
 British Columbia, from Cardiff, Wales, and from 
 the South Prairie, Washington Territory. This 
 test was made largely to determine the relative 
 values of these three coals, and incidentally the 
 economy of the boiler. The furnace was pro- 
 vided with an arch extending over about half 
 the length of the grate bars, and produced little 
 or no smoke : 
 
 Date 1883 
 
 Feb. 20. 
 
 Feb. 27, 
 
 Feb. 28, 
 
 Coal -J 
 
 Welling'n 
 
 Cardiff, 
 
 So. Prairie 
 
 Br. Col. 
 
 Wales 
 
 Wash. T. 
 
 Duration of test 
 
 6 hr. 17 m. 
 
 7 hr. 23 m. 
 
 6 hr. 35 m. 
 
 Average steam pressure 
 
 119.2 
 
 117.68 
 
 117.87 
 
 Average temp ture of feed . . 
 
 59 
 
 61 .87 
 
 61.97 
 
 Water evaporated lbs. 
 
 28,329 
 
 32.376 
 
 30.345 
 
 Coal fired “ 
 
 3*777 
 
 4,032 
 
 4*059 
 
 Per cent, of ash 
 
 13.78 
 
 19.07 
 
 13.94 
 
 Combustible lbs. 
 
 3. >56. 5 
 
 3.363 
 
 3*493 
 
 Grate-surface sq. ft. 
 
 21.25 
 
 21 .25 
 
 21.25 
 
 Coal consumed per hour per 
 
 sq. ft. grate, lbs 
 
 28.2 
 
 25.6 
 
 28.9 
 
 Water evaporated, (in lbs.) 
 
 
 
 
 per lb. coal — actual con. 
 
 7-5 
 
 8.02 
 
 7-47 
 
 44 44 — from and at 
 
 
 
 
 212° 
 
 8.97 
 
 9-95 
 
 8.76 
 
 44 combust, act. con. 
 
 9-3 
 
 9-54 
 
 8.88 
 
 44 from and at 
 
 
 
 212° 
 
 11.12 
 
 11 84 
 
 10.42 
 
 Rated horse-power 
 
 136 
 
 13 6 
 
 I36 
 
 H orse-power developed . . 
 
 186 1 
 
 T 73-5 
 
 182.3 
 
 Perct. above rated capacity 
 
 36.8 
 
 27.5 
 
 34 
 
 Test made at Harrison, Havemeyer & Co. 
 (now Harrison, Frazier & Co.), Franklin Sugar 
 Refinery, Philadelphia, Pa., by C. A. Brinley, 
 Chief Engineer, being the result of four separate 
 runs of 72 hours each, in October, 1883, and 
 
 April and May, 1884, on regular work, with 
 “Buckwheat” anthracite coal from different 
 mines, after boilers had been in constant use for 
 
 five years • 
 
 Duration of test, in hours . . . 288 
 
 Average steam pressure, in pounds . . 73 52 
 
 Average temperature of feed water in tank . 82.195 
 
 Pounds of coal burned, 216,987.8 
 
 Pounds of combustible, 179,295.3 
 
 Per cent, of ash, 17.41 
 
 Coal burned per square foot grate, per hour, 14.685 
 
 Total water evaporated at temp, of feed, lbs. 1,765,926 
 Water evaporated, in pounds, 
 
 per lb. coal — actual conditions, . 8.124 
 
 41 44 — from and at 212 0 . . 9.49 
 
 44 combustible, actual conditions, 9-833 
 
 from and at 212 0 . 11.485 
 
 Quality of steam — 13 tests, moisture, per ct. 1.28 
 
 Rated horse-power, 187 
 
 Horse-power developed from feed, at 212 0 and 
 
 70 lbs. pressure, ..... 231.61 
 
 Per cent, above rated capacity, . . . 23.72 
 
 Temperature of flue gases, .... 455. 
 
 Test made at Benedict & Burnham Manufac- 
 turing Co., Waterbury, Conn., March 17 and 18, 
 1SS3, by Wm. E. Crane, their engineer : 
 
 Coal, anthracite egg, 
 
 Duration of test, hours, 22 
 
 Average steam pressure, pounds, ... 60 
 
 Average temperature of feed water, . . 36° 
 
 Pounds of coal burned, 21,400 
 
 Pounds of combustible, 18,626 
 
 Per cent, of ash, 12.9 
 
 Coal burned per sq. ft. grate, per hour, lbs. 16.21 
 
 Total water evaporated at temp, of feed, “ *75*579 
 
 Water evap’d per lb. coal — actual conditions, 8.20 
 
 44 44 “ — from and at 212 0 , 9.93 
 
 44 44 combustible actual con. 9.42 
 
 44 from and at 212 0 , 11.41 
 
 Quality' of steam (moisture), per cent. . . 1.81 
 
 Rated horse-power, 250 
 
 Horse-power developed, . . . . . 312 1 2 
 
 Per cent, above rated capacity, . . 24.8 
 
 Test made at Messrs. Hepburn & Co’s Grant 
 Mills, Ramsbottom, Scotland, July 24th, 1884, by 
 Messrs. Hepburn & Co. Babcock & Wilcox 
 Co’s Boiler, with the patent regenerative furnace, 
 with dross “pick-up” @ 4/9(1. and “Crosses” 
 at 5/3d. , mixed to equal parts. Cost to evaporate 
 1000 lbs. water into steam @ 70 lbs. pressure. 
 2.82 pence, sterling : 
 
 Duration of test, in hours, .... 8 
 
 Average steam pressure, by gauge, . . 50 
 
 Average temperature of feed water, . . 208° 
 
 Pounds of coal burned, 5*824 
 
 Pounds of refuse, (3^ 
 
 Pounds of combustible, 5, 91 
 
 Per cent, of ash 11 
 
 Coal burned per sq. foot grate, per hour, lbs. 24.26 
 
 Total of water evaporated at temp, of feed, 44 55,300 
 
 Water evaporated, 
 
 per lb. coal — actual conditions, lbs. 9-497 
 
 44 4 4 — from and at 212 0 , 44 10.627 
 
 44 combustible actual conditions, 44 9.826 
 
 44 lrom and at 212 0 , 44 10.998 
 
 Rated horse-power, 136 
 
 Horse-power developed from feed at 212 0 and 
 
 70 lbs. pressure, 232.2 
 
 Per cent, above rated capacity. . . , 70.7 
 
► 
 
 Comparative Test, 
 
 made at the station of the Brush Electric Light 
 Co., Philadelphia, between the Babcock & Wil- 
 cox and Return Tubular boilers, by J. C. Hoad- 
 ley, on the part of the Babcock & Wilcox Co., 
 and W. Barnet Le Van, on the part of the Brush 
 Electric Light Co., October, 1SS2, the conditions 
 as to quality of coal and management of fires 
 being much in favor of the return tubular boilers, 
 as was certified to by both experts. This state- 
 ment and full data and details of calculation were 
 published in Van Nostrand's Magazine , 1883, 
 copy of which will be furnished on application. 
 
 1. Test by Evaporation of Water. 
 
 Points Observed. 
 
 Babcock 
 & Wilcox. 
 
 Return 
 
 Tubular. 
 
 Date of test 
 
 Oct. l8, IQ, 20. 
 
 Oct. 23, 24, 25. 
 
 Duration of test 
 
 21.5 hours 
 
 16 hours. 
 
 Quality of coal (anthracite 
 Chestnut) 
 
 Wet and dirty 
 
 Screened 
 and dry. 
 
 Coal thrown on grate 
 
 lbs. 16,388.5 
 
 13*171-5 
 
 Surface water in coal 
 
 “ 1,207.8 
 
 378 
 
 Dry coal thrown on grate. . 
 
 “ 15,180.7 
 
 12 , 793-5 
 
 Wood used for kindling. . . 
 
 “ 462 
 
 319 
 
 Cotton waste, to start tires. 
 
 72.5 
 
 34 5 
 
 Ashes and residue 
 
 “ 3 , 3°5 
 
 2,697 
 
 Combustible (in coal) con- 
 sumed 
 
 “ 11.875-7 
 
 io,oq6 5 
 
 Combustible = wood xo.36. 
 
 “ 166.3 
 
 "5 
 
 Combustible = cotton waste 
 
 “ 7 2 -5 
 
 34-5 
 
 Total combustible con- 
 sumed 
 
 “ 12,114.5 
 
 10,246 
 
 Heat units apparently re- 
 ceived by boiler 
 
 134, 410,01s 
 
 106,300,397 
 
 Heat units actually received 
 — water allowed for 
 
 130,176,100 
 
 104,110,609 
 
 Heat units received per 1 lb. 
 of combustible 
 
 10,745.48 
 
 10,161.1 
 
 Water evaporated from and 
 at 212 0 F. per 1 lb. com- 
 bustible lbs. 
 
 11 . 127 
 
 10.522 
 
 Apparent efficiency, per ct. 
 
 74.18 
 
 70.15 
 
 Heat units required to dry 
 the coal 
 
 1 , 497,793 
 
 482,555 
 
 Water evaporated from and 
 at 212 0 F. per 1 lb. of com- 
 bustible expended in dry 
 ing the coal, lbs. 
 
 0. 128 
 
 0.049 
 
 Water actually evaporated 
 from and at 212° F. per 1 
 lb. of combustible 
 
 n .255 
 
 10.571 
 
 Actual efficiency, per cent, 
 of theoretical 
 
 75.03 
 
 70.47 
 
 Comparative Economy by the Evaporative Test : 
 
 11.255 — ro- 57 1 
 
 .O.684 - 
 
 0.684 ; and = 0.0647 
 
 io -57 
 
 6.47 per cent. 
 
 2, Test by Power Developed Through Engines. 
 
 Points Observed. 
 
 Babcock 
 & Wilcox 
 
 Return 
 
 Tubular. 
 
 Mean indicated horse-power 
 
 Duration of experiments as 
 
 130.41 
 
 137-78 
 
 above hours 
 
 21-5 
 
 16 
 
 Combustible consumed lbs. 
 
 Combustible consumed per 
 
 12,114.5 
 
 10,246 
 
 hour “ 
 
 Combustible consumed per 
 
 563-4*5 
 
 640-375 
 
 H. P. per hour “ 
 
 4.321 
 
 4.648 
 
 \\ ater eva porated “ 
 
 I3O.I56 
 
 104,562 
 
 \\ ater evaporated per hour . . . “ 
 Water evaporated per H. P. 
 
 6,054 
 
 6,535 
 
 per hour “ 
 
 46.57 
 
 47-43 
 
 Dry steam per H. P. per h r.. “ 
 
 45 - 1 
 
 
 Leakage per H, P. her hour.. “ 
 Dry steam used per H. P. 
 
 IO -43 
 
 12 -33 
 
 per hour “ 
 
 34-67 
 
 34-12 
 
 Comparative Economy by the Engine Test: 
 
 4.648 — 4-321 0.327; and 7 - 0.0757 - 7.57 percent 
 
 4.32 1 
 
 3. Teff by Wa te Heat in Chimney. 
 
 Character of Waste. 
 
 Babcock 
 & Wilcox. 
 Parts in 100. 
 
 Return 
 Tubular. 
 Parts in 100. 
 
 Loss of heat carried off by 
 heated gases in chimney. 
 
 20.54 
 
 25-47 
 
 Loss by imperfect combus- 
 tion, and radiation 
 
 4-43 
 
 4.06 
 
 Aggregate losses 
 
 24.97 
 
 29-53 
 
 Actual efficiency by evapor- 
 ative test 
 
 75-03 
 
 70.47 
 
 Total heating power of 
 combustible 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 Loss carried off by hot gases, Ret. Tub. boilers. .25.47 pr. ct. 
 Loss carried off by hot gases, B. & W. boilers. . .20.54 pr. ct. 
 Difference ; greater loss by Ret. Tub. boilers 4.93 pr. ct. 
 
 This difference, or excess of heat lost by the 
 Return Tubular boilers, divided by the effi- 
 ciency of these boilers (70.47 per cent.), gives 
 the ratio of the excess of loss to actual efficiency : 
 
 LW = 0.06996 = 7.00 per cent. 
 
 7°-47 
 
 4. Te.t by Light. 
 
 Points Observed. 
 
 Babcock 
 & Wilcox. 
 
 Return 
 
 Tubular. 
 
 1. Indicated horse-power, 
 mean of all tests 
 
 130.41 
 
 137-78 
 
 2. Hours run 
 
 21.5 
 
 16 
 
 3. No. of arc lights run. . . 
 
 T 2 I 
 
 128.75 
 
 4. Average H. P. per light. 
 
 I . O7O3 
 
 1 .0701 
 
 5. Pounds of combustible 
 per light per hour 
 
 4.6567 
 
 4.9738 
 
 Comparative Economy by the Light Test: 
 
 0.3171 
 
 4.9738 — 4.6567 = 0.3171 ; and = 0.0681 = 6. 81 per cent. 
 
 4.6567 
 
 4. Summary of Results by the Four Method . 
 
 Tests. 
 
 Babcock 
 & Wilcox. 
 
 Return 
 
 Tubular. 
 
 Difference in 
 favor of B. & 
 W. Boilers. 
 
 Difference 
 
 per 
 
 centum. 
 
 Evaporative test 
 
 11.254 
 
 10.570 
 
 .684 
 
 6.47 
 
 Power, engine test 
 
 4.321 
 
 4 . 648 
 
 •327 
 
 7-57 
 
 Light test 
 
 4.6567 
 
 4.9738 
 
 • 3 I 7 I 
 
 6.81 
 
 I est by loss at chimney. . 
 
 20.54 
 
 25.44 
 
 4.9 
 
 7.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.96 
 
 
 
 
 
 Explanation of Table. — The Babcock & Wil- 
 cox boilers evaporated more water for each 
 pound of combustible consumed ; consumed 
 less combustible per hour for each indicated H. P. 
 produced , consumed less combustible per hour 
 for each arc light in use ; and lost less heat by 
 hot gases escaping to the chimney, than the Re- 
 turn Tubular boilers. 
 
 While doing this, they were evaporating 6054 
 pounds of water per hour, into steam, containing 
 
 101 
 
only 3.15 per cent, of entrained water, leaving 
 5863 pounds of dr}' steam per hour, enough at 
 the rate of 30 pounds of dry steam per hour for 
 each horse-power to supply 195 horse-power, 
 which is 30 per cent, above their rated power. 
 
 The general result is a difference of about 7 per 
 
 different engineers, have been condensed for the 
 purpose of a more ready comparison. 
 
 Test made at Harrison & Havemeyer’s Sugar 
 Refiner}', Philadelphia, January, 1879, by their 
 engineer and usual fireman, under general work- 
 ing conditions, for five days of 24 hours each : 
 
 The Brooklyn Sugar Refining Co., Brooklyn, N. Y., 5 orders, 1876 to 1888, 3952 H. P. Babcock & Wilcox Boilers 
 
 cent in favor of the Babcock & Wilcox boilers, 
 arrived at by four independent methods of com- 
 parison, all free from objection, and, together, 
 mutually confirmatory in the highest degree. 
 
 This comparison leaves out of view all disparity 
 of coal save the ascertained difference in surface 
 water ; this, if allowed for, would greatly increase 
 the difference. 
 
 Other Tests 
 
 The following tests, showing the evaporative 
 efficiency of the Babcock & Wilcox boilers 
 actual and comparative, with different kinds of 
 fuel, which have been made at various times, by 
 
 Coal, anthracite, egg size, not screened. 
 Duration of test, hours, 
 
 Average steam pressure, in pounds 
 Average temperature of feed, 
 
 Water evaporated, 
 
 Coal fired, . 
 
 Per cent, of ash, 
 
 Combustible, 
 
 Grate surface, . 
 
 Coal consumed per sq. foot of grate per hour, 
 Water evaporated, in pounds : 
 
 Per lb. coal under actual conditions, 
 
 “ combustible, 44 “ 
 
 44 coal from and at 212 0 , 
 
 44 combustible “ • • 
 
 Rated horse-power, . . • • 
 
 Horse-power developed, . • • • 
 
 Per cent, above rated capacity, • • • 
 
 lbs. 733, 
 “ 79, 
 
 lbs. 
 
 sq. ft. 
 
 163. Sq 
 ,660 
 ,147 
 *3*7 
 1,297.5 
 5°*7S 
 
 M.99 
 
 9*1 
 
 10.74 
 
 9.71 
 
 11.6 
 
 190 
 
 sac 
 
 >3.63 
 
■ 4 « 
 
 Test of a Babcock & Wilcox boiler, 
 
 made at 
 
 the Laboratory of Thos. A. Edison, Menlo Park, 
 
 N. J., Jan., iSSi, by Chas. L Clarke, M 
 
 E. 
 
 Anthracite coal, egg size. 
 
 Duration of test in hours, ... 
 
 12 
 
 Average steam pressure, .... 
 
 85 
 
 Average temperature of feed, .... 
 
 195 
 
 Water evaporated in pounds, 
 
 28,l8l 
 
 Coal fired, “ “ .... 
 
 2,998 
 
 Per cent, of ash, 
 
 12.8 
 
 Combustible in pounds, 
 
 2,614 
 
 Grate-surface, square feet, .... 
 
 26.83 
 
 Coal burned per sq. foot of grate, per hour, lbs., 
 
 9-3 
 
 Water evaporated : 
 
 Per lb. coal under actual conditions, lbs., 
 
 9.4 
 
 ** combustible “ 
 
 10.78 
 
 “ coal from and at 212 0 , 
 
 9.9 
 
 “ combustible “ 
 
 11.36 
 
 Rated horse-power, 
 
 75 
 
 Horse-power developed, 
 
 83 
 
 Per cent, above rated capacity, 
 
 10.6 
 
 Test of a Babcock & Wilcox boiler, 
 
 made at 
 
 the Electric Lighting Station of the Edison Co., 
 
 57 Holborn Viaduct, London, October, 
 
 1SS2, by 
 
 T. A. Fleming, R S. E , actual work 
 ditions with light load. 
 
 Welsh coal. 
 
 ng con- 
 
 Duration of test in hours, 
 
 x 3-5 
 
 Average steam pressure, .... 
 
 66.66 
 
 Average temperature of feed, .... 
 
 130 
 
 Water evaporated in pounds, 
 
 34,800 
 
 Coal fired, “ “ 
 
 3.3^> 
 
 Per cent, of ash, 
 
 7-5 
 
 Combustible in pounds, 
 
 3,108 
 
 Grate-surface square feet, .... 
 
 39-75 
 
 Coal burned persq. foot of grate, per hour, lbs., 
 Water evaporated : 
 
 6.261 
 
 Per lb. coal under actual conditions, lbs., 
 
 iQ-357 
 
 “ combustible “ 
 
 1 1. 196 
 
 “ coal from and at 212 0 , 
 
 11.527 
 
 “ combustible “ 
 
 12.46 
 
 Rated horse-power 
 
 I46 
 
 Horse-power developed, .... 
 
 I 19.9 
 
 Per cent, below rated capacity. 
 
 23-3 
 
 Test of a Babcock & Wilcox boiler, 
 
 made at 
 
 the Sugar Refinery of McEachran, Adam & Co., 
 Greenock, Scotland, November, 1SS2. 
 
 Scotch coal. 
 
 Duration of test in hours, 
 
 4 
 
 Average steam pressure, .... 
 
 36 
 
 Average temperature of feed, .... 
 
 156 
 
 Water evaporated in pounds, 
 
 14. 426 
 
 Coal fired, “ “ .... 
 
 x i 344 
 
 Per cent, of ash, 
 
 7 
 
 Combustible in pounds, 
 
 1,250 
 
 Grate-surface, square feet 
 
 25 
 
 Coal burned per sq. foot of grate, per hour, lbs., 
 Water evaporated : 
 
 *3-44 
 
 Per lb. coal under actual conditions, lbs., 
 
 io-73 
 
 “ combustible “ “ “ 
 
 1X *53 
 
 “ coal from and at 212 0 , 
 
 ii. 52 
 
 “ combustible 44 4 
 
 12 38 
 
 Rated horse-power, . . ... 
 
 122 
 
 Hox-se-power developed, .... 
 
 I29 
 
 Per cent, above rated capacity, 
 
 5-7 
 
 V 
 
 Test made at the Singer Mfg. Co.’s shops at 
 Kilbowie, Scotland, May 26, 1S84, by Frederic 
 
 Leeders, superintending engineer. 
 
 Coal used Anchinraith, bituminous. 
 
 Duration of test in hours, 7 
 
 Average steam pressure, .... 65 
 
 Average temperature of feed 1 4 1 
 
 Pounds of coal burned, 2,072 
 
 Pounds of refuse, 375 
 
 Pounds of combustible, 1,697 
 
 Per cent, of ash, 18. 1 
 
 Coal burned per sq. foot of grate, per hour, lbs. , 18.2 
 
 Total water evaporated, in pounds, . . i7i5°° 
 
 Water evaporated : 
 
 Per lb. coal— actual conditions, lbs., . 8,445 
 
 “ “ from and at 212 0 , lbs., . 9-34° 
 
 “ combustible, actual conditions, lbs., 10.312 
 
 “ combustible from and at 212 0 , . 11.404 
 
 Rated horse-power, 5 1 
 
 Horse-power developed, 89.9 
 
 Per cent, above rated capacity. ... 76 
 
 Test of two Babcock & Wilcox boilers, made 
 at Lehman Abraham & Co.’s New Orleans, La., 
 
 June, 1884, by Frederic Cook, M. E. 
 
 Coal used, Pittsburgh bituminous. 
 
 Duration of test in hours, .... n 
 
 Average steam pressure, .... 98 
 
 Average temperature of feed, deg. Fah., . 135 
 
 Pounds of coal burned, 12,162 
 
 Pounds of refuse, 664 
 
 Pounds of combustible, 11,498 
 
 Per cent, of ash, 5-4 
 
 Coal burned per sq. foot of grate, per hour, lbs., 18.02 
 
 Water evaporated : 
 
 Per sq. ft. heating surface, per hour, . 4.35 
 
 “ lb. coal — actual conditions, . 9,507 
 
 “ “ “ from and at 212 0 , . . 10.628 
 
 “ 11 combustible, actual conditions, lbs., 11.056 
 “ “ combustible from and at 212 0 , 11.243 
 
 Rated horse-power, 208 
 
 Horse-power developed, 379-2 
 
 Per cent, above rated capacity, . . 82.3 
 
 Temperature in flue gases 520 
 
 Test of two Babcock & Wilcox boilers, made 
 at Rockland Paper Mills, Wilmington, Del., May 
 
 14 and 15, 1884, by Wm. Kent, M. E. 
 
 Coal, Wm. Penn, Schuylkill, anthracite. 
 
 Duration of test, hours, 24 
 
 Average steam pressure by gauge, . . 75.8 
 
 Average temperature of feed water, deg. Fah., 153.4 
 
 Pounds of coal burned, 15,197 
 
 Pounds of refuse, 2,101 
 
 Pounds of combustible, 13,096 
 
 Per cent, of ash, 13-20 
 
 Coal burned per sq. foot grate, per hour, lbs., 10.23 
 
 Total water evaporated,. ..... 139,059 
 
 Water evaporated : 
 
 Per lb. coal— actual conditions, lbs., . 8 737 
 
 “ “ from and at 212 0 , lbs., . 9-576 
 
 41 combustible, actual condition, lbs., 10.066 
 
 “ combustible, from and at 212 0 , . 11.626 
 
 Quality of steam, per cent, moisture, . . 0.61 
 
 Draft in inches of water, .... 0.16 
 
 Rated horse-power, 240 
 
 Horse-power developed, .... 204.9 
 
 Per cent, below rated capacity, . . . 14.6 
 
 Temperature of flue gases, degrees Fah. . 336 
 
 103 
 
 ' r 
 
Test of four Babcock & Wilcox boilers at the 
 Arlington Mills Mfg. Co.’s, Wilmington, Del., 
 May 9, 1SS3, by Geo. H. Barrus, M. E. 
 
 Coal, anthracite pea. Sterling Mine, Shamokin region, Pa. 
 
 Duration of test, in hours, .... n 
 
 Average steam pressure, .... 106.2 
 
 Average temperature cf feed, . . . 145.3 
 
 Water evaporated in pounds, . . . 161,656 
 
 Coal fired in pounds, ..... 19,043 
 
 Percent, of ash, 17.4 
 
 Combustible in pounds, 15,726 
 
 Grate-surface, square feet, . . . . 141.68 
 
 Coal burned per sq. ft. of grate, per hour, lbs., 12.22 
 
 Water evaporated : 
 
 Per lb. coal under actual conditions, lbs., 8.49 
 
 “ combustible “ 4i “ 10.28 
 
 “ coal from and at 212 0 , “ 9.13 
 
 combustible, “ 11.44 
 
 Rated horse-power, 488 
 
 Horse-power developed, .... 526 
 
 Per cent, above rated capacity, ... 7.7 
 
 Test of three Babcock & Wilcox boilers at 
 the Arlington Mills Mfg. Co.’s, Wilmington, Del., 
 May 10, 1SS3, by Geo. H. Barrus, M. E. 
 
 Coal, anthracite pea, Sterling Mine, Shamokin, Pa. 
 
 Duration cf test, in hours, .... n 
 
 Average steam pressure, .... *05-4 
 
 Average temperature of feed 156.7 
 
 Water evaporated, in pounds, . . . 155, 767 
 
 Coal fired, in pounds, 18,371 
 
 Percent, of ash 15.8 
 
 Combustible, 15,47° 
 
 Grate-surface, square feet, .... 106.26 
 
 Coal burned per sq. ft. of grate, per hour, lbs., 15-72 
 
 Water evaporated : 
 
 Per lb. coal under actual conditions, lbs., 8.48 
 
 “ combustible “ “ “ 10.07 
 
 “ coal from and at 212°, “ 9.01 
 
 “ combustible “ “ 11.08 
 
 Rated horse-power, 366 
 
 Horse-power developed, .... 502.1 
 
 Per cent, above rated capacity, ... 37.1 
 
 Test made at the Am. Grape Sugar Co., Buf- 
 falo, Jan. 20, 1SS5, on a Babcock & Wilcox boiler 
 erected July, 1S7S, by Edwin Roat, Chief Eng. 
 
 Bituminous coal, Pittsburgh. 
 
 Duration cf test in hours, .... id 
 
 Average steam pressure by gauge, . . 68.97 
 
 Average temperature of feed water, . . 121.42 
 
 Pounds of coal burned, .... 15,065 
 
 Pounds of combustible, .... 13,700 
 
 Per cent, of ash, ..... 9.06 
 
 Coal burned per square ft. grate, per hour, lbs., 15 
 
 Total water evaporated at temp, of feed, “ 143,683 
 
 Water evaporated : 
 
 Per sq. ft. heating surface, per hour, lbs., 4.11 
 
 “ lb. coal — actual conditions, “ 9.53 
 
 “ “ “ — from and at 212 0 , “ 10.88 
 
 “ combustible actual conditions, lbs., 10.48 
 
 “ combustible from and at 212 0 , lbs., 11.97 
 
 Rated horse-power, 300 
 
 Horse-power developed, 529.4 
 
 Percent, above rated capacity, . . 76.4 
 
 Test of two Babcock & Wilcox boilers, made 
 at the Peacedale Mfg. Co , Peacednle, R I., Dec., 
 1SS2, by Geo. H. Barrus, M. E. 
 
 Coal, % Powelton bituminous, Y\ anthracite screenings. 
 
 Duration of test, in hours, .... 10.25 
 
 Average steam pressure, .... 77-5° 
 
 Average temperature of feed, .... 38 
 
 Water evaporated, in pounds, . . . 133,096 
 
 Coal fired, in pounds, 14,287 
 
 Per cent, of ash, 8.8 
 
 Combustible, in pounds, *3,025 
 
 Grate-surface, square feet, .... 70 
 
 Coal burned per sq. foot of grate, per hour, lbs., 20 
 
 Water evaporated : 
 
 Per lb. coal under actual conditions, lbs., 9.32 
 
 “ combustible “ “ “ 10.22 
 
 “ coal from and at 212 0 , “ 11.32 
 
 “ combustible “ 12.42 
 
 Rated horse-power, 284 
 
 Horse-power developed, ..... 447 70 
 
 Per cent, above rated capacity, ... 57 
 
 Test of two Babcock & Wilcox boilers, made 
 at Miami Soap and Oil Works, Cincinnati, O., 
 August. 1SS2, by J. W. Hill, M. E. 
 
 Coal, Pittsburgh slack , burned with force blast. 
 
 Duration of test, 8 
 
 Average steam pressure, .... 51-72 
 
 Average temperature of feed, .... 74.016 
 
 Water evaporated, lbs., 51,220.79 
 
 Coal fired, “ 7,365 
 
 Per cent, of ash, 12.31 
 
 Combustible, lbs.. 6,460 
 
 Grate-surface, 49-833 
 
 Coal burned per sq. foot of grate, per hour, lbs., *4-77 
 
 Water evaporated : 
 
 Per lb. coal under actual conditions, . 6.954 
 
 “ combustible, “ “ . 7,928 
 
 “ coal from and at 212 0 , . . 8.136 
 
 “ combustible “ 9.236 
 
 Rated horse-power, 146 
 
 Horse-power developed, 249.69 
 
 Per cent, above rated capacity, ... 71 
 
 Test of two Babcock & Wilcox boilers, made 
 at the Mill Creek Distillery, Cincinnati, O., by 
 J. W. Hill, M. E., September, 1SS2. 
 
 Coal, Pittsburgh lump, 3d pool. 
 
 Duration cf test in hours, 10 
 
 Average steam pressure, .... 63.975 
 
 Average temperature of feed 132 
 
 Water evaporated, in pounds, . . **2,663.455 
 
 Coal fired, in pounds, ..... 12,000 
 
 Per cent, of ash, 4.81 
 
 Combustible, in pounds, 11,421.75 
 
 Grate-surface, square feet, .... 43.5 
 
 Coal burned per sq. foot of grate, per hour, lbs., 27.5 
 
 Water evaporated : 
 
 Per lb. coal under actual conditions, lbs., 9.388 
 
 “ combustible, “ “ “ 9.863 
 
 “ coal from and at 212 0 , “ xo.467 
 
 “ combustible “ 10.997 
 
 Rated horse-power, 240 
 
 Horse-power developed, .... 4*8.7 
 
 Per cent, above rated capacity, . . . 74.4 
 
 104 
 
 
tne highest j-ercentage of nioisture reported from any test of these boilers. The same engineer using same apparatui reported 6.33 per cent, of moisture in steam from two-flue boilers v. jlle evaporating 
 
 only 1.96 lbs. water per hour per square foot of beating surface. 
 
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 Sg *§ sg I’SlS- 3 ^ p 5 - 
 
 — ^ - sos ? ro-o-9 w g- "Sr g 
 
 O f> Q r+ P r*'3 P' D c/3 O 
 
 P ' 3 • O O wT r r* ^ 
 
 ( Total water evaporated from 
 and at 212 0 F. 
 
 Pounds of combustible burned 
 per hour per sq. ft. of surface. 
 
 Pounds of combustible burned 
 per hour per sq. ft. of grate. 
 
 Water evaporated per pound 
 of combustible from and at 
 
 Per cent, of moisture in steam. 
 
 Horse-power of boilers as 
 rated. 
 
 | Actual Horse-power “ 30 lbs. 
 water evaporated per hour 
 from 100? at 70 lbs. pressure. 
 
 Per cent, of Rankine’s “stan- 
 dard.” 
 
 Per cent, theoretical evapora- 
 tion practical with anth. coal. 
 
 105 
 
 TABLE OF THIRTY TESTS OF BABCOCK & WILCOX WATER-TUBE BOILERS. 
 
Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, at American Glucose Co„ Peoria, III. 2,500 H, P, Erected 1880- '.888. Fitted with Roney’s Mechanical Stokers and Coa' Handling Apparatus 
 
AVERAGE COST OF REPAIRS 
 
 OF BABCOCK & WILCOX BOILERS IN THE PAST SEVENTEEN YEARS. 
 
 The following fads are gathered front a large number of answers to a circular of inquiry sent to all our older 
 customers. Sufficient reflics were received to include over 100 ,000 Jiorse-j>ower , the repairs to the heating 
 surface of which , due to all causes , have averaged less than 5 cents per horse-flower fler year , of 300 
 days at 12 hours fler day; boilers which have run night and day being credited with, the extra 
 
 running time . The list would have been n 
 ing but for the fact that a number 
 facts flertaining to their 
 
 Decastro & Donner Sugar Refining Co., 
 28S0 H. P. Average time, 13.6 years, night 
 and day. Total repairs, 6c. yearly per PI. P. 
 
 Singer Manufacturing Co. (Case Factory), 
 South Bend, Ind., 900 H. P. Average time, 
 
 12J- years. Total repairs, T 4 ff c. yearly per H. P. 
 
 “ Very bad feed-water carry heavy fires and force 
 
 them beyond their rated capacity in one instance we 
 
 had to replace two heads and four tubes that were broken 
 and blistered by a careless fireman heating an empty 
 boiler red hot, and then turning on the feed water! I 
 Instead of a disastrous explosion that would have fol- 
 lowed with other boilers, we lost the above parts and two 
 days’ time.” Leighton Pine, Manager. 
 
 American Glucose Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 3050 
 H. P. Average time, 9.8 years. Total re- 
 pairs, 4c. yearly per H. P. 
 
 New York Steam Co. 13900 H. P. Average 
 time, 3.92 years, night and day. Total repairs, 
 yearly per FI. P. 
 
 Rosamond Woolen Co., Almonte, Ont. 360 
 H. P. Average time, 8 } years. Total repairs, 
 I To c - yearly per H. P. 
 
 Bound Brook Woolen Mills. 600 II. P. 
 Average time, 8.1 years. Total repairs 2c. 
 yearly per Id. P. 
 
 Raritan Woolen Mills. 1060 FI. P. Aver- 
 age time, 6.7 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 E. C. Knight & Co., Philadelphia. 2000 
 H. P. Average time, s'i years. Total re- 
 pairs, ic. yearly per H. P. 
 
 Conglomerate Mining Co. 1S00H.P. Aver- 
 age time, 3 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 “The boilers in every way come up to our highest 
 expectations.” Henry C. Davis, Pres’t. 
 
 Boston Sugar Refining Co. 1250 H. P. 
 Average time, 8 y 2 years. Total repairs, 41^0. 
 yearly per H. P. 
 
 “ Were put in early in 1880 ; have been in constant use 
 night and day ever since.” 
 
 C. Gilbert, Des Moines, Iowa. 4SS H. P. 
 Average time, 5 years. Total repairs, 3 I 3 ly c. 
 yearly per H. P. 
 
 Brooklyn Sugar Refining Co. 3464 H. P. 
 Average time, 7 Jj years, running night and 
 day. Total repairs, 1J4C. yearly per H. P. 
 
 John Crossley & Sons, Limited, Plantation, 
 Louisiana. 1260 H. P. Average time, 3 
 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 lore complete , and made a still better show- 
 of our lest customers declined to give 
 
 business for publication. 
 
 Portage Straw Board Co., Circleville, O. 
 1472 H. P. Average time, 3} years. Total 
 reparis, Sru c - yearly per FI. P. 
 
 “ These boilers have been worked hard a great portion 
 of time and have given good satisfaction.” 
 
 Jno. L. Taflin, Manager. 
 
 Bay State Sugar Refining Co., Boston. 
 798 FI. P. Average time, 7.3 years. Total 
 repairs, -jJjC. yearly per H. P. 
 
 “ These boilers have been constantly driven at their 
 highest capacity ever since their installation, until the 
 present winter, and the cost of repairs to heating surfaces 
 in that time has been $82.53.” J. F. Stillman, Supt. 
 
 Wheeler, Madden & Clemsen M’f’g. Co. 
 Middletown, N. Y. 244 FI. P. Average time, 
 5 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 “We think this a very good record, and are very 
 much pleased with the boilers.” 
 
 Joel II. Gates, Burlington, Vt. 244 H. P. 
 Average time, 5 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 Rumford Chemical Works. 279 FI. P. Aver- 
 age time, 5 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 “ No expense on account of repairs to heating sur- 
 faces for either of them, since they were put in.” 
 
 N. D. Arnold, Treas. 
 
 Tytus Paper Co., Middletown, O. 650 FI. P. 
 Average time, 6 years, night and day. Total 
 repairs, 6J2C. yearly per H. P 0 
 
 Solvay Process Co., Syracuse, N. Y. 3456 
 FI. P., from 6 to years. Average time, 
 2.6 years, night and day. Total repairs, 
 yearly per FI. P. 
 
 “ The only repairs we have had to make are for new 
 tubes when they have been burnt out. As you are well 
 aware the water which we use at Syracuse is very hard 
 upon boiler tubes, and we suppose we have burnt out 
 more on this account than if the water had been good.” 
 
 F. R. Hazard, Treas. 
 
 “ I believe our repairs would have been greater had 
 we used the tubular type of ordinary design.” 
 
 W. B. Cogswell, Manager. 
 
 The Wardlow Thomas Paper Co., Middle- 
 town, O. 600 FI. P. Average time, 6 years. 
 Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 “Easily managed, economical in coal, attendance 
 and repairs ; and the element of safety under our hard 
 firing is a source of much satisfaction to us.” 
 
 O. II. Wardlow, Pres’t. 
 
 W. A. Wood, M. &. R. M. Co. 360 II. P. 
 Average time, 4 I 6 tr years. Total repairs, i t 2 „c. 
 yearly per IF. P. 
 
 * We consider them as good as new to-day, and can 
 recommend them as economical both in repairs and fuel.” 
 
 J. M. Rosebrooks, Sup’t. 
 
 107 
 
STAZIOXE CENTRAL E D' ILLUMIN’ AZIONE ELETTRICA 
 
 A MILANO (SANTA RADEGONDA) 
 
 SEZIONE TRASVERSALE. 
 
 SC ALA 01 6. 25 MM. PER METRO, 
 
 MAGAZZINI ED UFFICI 
 
 CALOAJE 
 
 CALDAIE 
 
 QUAORO LAM PA OE 
 
 SALA DELLE 
 DINAMO 
 
 MACCHiNE EDISON 
 
 MACCHtNE ZIPERNOWSKI 
 
 SCARICO ACQUA 
 ; CONOENSAZIONE 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 & 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers at the Societa Generale Italiana di Elettricita, Sistima Edison, Milan, Italy, 9 orders, 
 from August, 1882, to July, 1889. Total, 2,547 H. P. 
 
Marcus Moxham & Co., Swansea, Wales. 
 104 H. P. Average time, 3!^ years. 
 
 “ It has not cost us a penny for repairs.” 
 
 Laing, Wharton & Down, Electricians, 
 London S5 H. P. Average time, 2.3 years. 
 
 “ As regards repairs they have got to come, as they 
 hav e not yet cost anything.” 
 
 Carnegie Brothers & Co., Pittsburgh, 
 900 H. P. Average time, 5 years. Total 
 repairs, i^c. yearly per H P. 
 
 “The total repairs to heating surfaces in that time 
 
 has been $50.” Carnegie Bros. & Co. 
 
 Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies, L’d., Ipswich, 
 England. 35 H. P. Average time, years, 
 Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 “ The repairs appear to have been about £-j for brick- 
 work.” Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies, L’d. 
 
 Crocxer Chair Co., Sheboygan, Wis. 225 
 H. P. Average time, 7 years. Total repairs, 
 ic. yearly per H. P. 
 
 “The total cost of repairs to heating surfaces in 
 that time has been not to exceed $15. We do not hesitate 
 to say that it is the best boiler we have ever used.” 
 
 Eagle Paper Co., Franklin, O. 250 H. P. 
 Average time, 4 \ years. Total repairs, 22c. 
 yearly per H. P. 
 
 “ We are well pleased with them.” 
 
 D. B. Anderson, Manager. 
 
 Fieldhouse & Dutcher Manufacturing Co. 
 Chicago, 75 H. P. Average time, 6 years. 
 Total repairs, ii t Vc. yearly per H. P. 
 
 “ Consider your boiler to be the most economical and 
 best made.” 
 
 Louisiana Sugar Refining Co. 960 H. P. 
 Average time, 5^ years. 
 
 “ The cost of repairs is very moderate.” 
 
 John S. Wallis, Pres’t. 
 
 North Bend Plantation, Louisiana. 400 
 H. P. Average time, 10 years. Total re- 
 pairs, nbje. yearly per H. P. 
 
 Francis Axe Co. 136 H. P. Average time, 
 5 Lff years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 Welham Estate, Louisiana. 240 H.P. Aver- 
 age time, 2 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 " I have used the boiler with perfect satisfaction. 1 * 
 Wm. E. Brickell, Agent. 
 
 Joseph Schofield & Co. Littleborough, 
 Manchester. 156 H. P. Average time, 2J4 
 years. Total repairs, ij£c. yearly per H. P. 
 
 Seth Thomas Clock Co. 125 H. P. Aver- 
 age time, 7 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 11 The only cost has been the amount spent on account 
 of burning up of fire-box furnace brick.” 
 
 Wallace & Sons. 400 H. P. Average time, 
 7 years. Total repairs, yearly per H. P. 
 
 "They are apparently in perfect condition now." 
 
 Foos & Barnett. 125 H. P. Average time, 
 7 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 1 Have not cost one dollar for repairs — simply new 
 grate bars. Think they are good economical boilers." 
 
 Cortland Wagon Co. 82 H. P. Average 
 time, 6 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 “ No outlay for repairs. We consider this remarkable 
 because we have forced the boiler from the beginning." 
 
 Eagle Square Manufacturing Co., South 
 Shaftsbury, Yt. 200 FI. P. Average time, 
 5 L 2 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 “ Have purchased a few fire brick to go between 
 tubes. We have found no other repairs necessary . " 
 
 F. L. Mattison, Treas. 
 
 Paine Lumber Co., Oskosh, Wis. 416 II. P. 
 Average time, 4 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 " Have been using the ordinary boilers with both 
 large and small tubes for thirty years past, and regard 
 your boilers as more economical.” 
 
 Paine Lumber Co. — A. B. Ideson. 
 
 P. P. Mast & Co., Springfield, O. 85 H. P. 
 Average time, 8 }£ years, night and day. 
 Total repairs, 3 T 4 jjC. yearly per H. P. 
 
 “ We regard it as the best boiler c r cr used by our 
 Company, and think it has no equal in the market. After 
 all this hard usage equal to 14 years, we find it still in 
 good condition.” P. P. Mast & Co. 
 
 Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of Piqua. 
 
 O. ioo H. P. Average time, 5J- years. 
 Total repairs, 4 x 7 n c. yearly per FI. P. 
 
 Hallet & Davis Co., Boston. 104 H. P 
 Average time, 6 years. Total repairs, 5c. 
 yearly per FI. P. 
 
 “ Our repairs to boiler have been for new nipples in 
 mud-drum in Aug., 1887, which is certainly a very 
 creditable showing.” Hallet & Davis Co. 
 
 H. D. Smith & Co.,Plantsville, Conn. 75 H. 
 
 P. Average time, 8 years. Total repairs, 
 nothing. 
 
 “ We know of no other boiler that would do the work 
 that this is doing.” H. D. Smith & Co. 
 
 F. A. Poth Brewing Co., Philadelphia. 400 
 H. P. Average time, 4 years. Total repairs, 
 ixV c - yearly per H. P. 
 
 J. L. Clark, Oshkosh, Wis. 107 II. P. Aver- 
 age time, 6)2 years. Total repairs, fjyC. yearly 
 per H. P. 
 
 “ Develop at least one-third more work than rated. 
 
 We cannot speak too highly of your boilers. They are 
 
 simply perfect.” J. L. Clark. 
 
 Societa Generale Italiana di Elettricita, 
 Sistema Edison, Milan, Italy. 1476 H. P. 
 Average time, 3^ years. 
 
 “ The repairs have consisted in the changing of 4 
 tubes and about 220 rivets (not counting the last accident 
 due to carelessness of the firemen ”). 
 
 L’Amministratore Delegato — J. Columba. 
 
 Union Iron Works, Johnstone, Scotland. 
 104 H. P. Average time, 5 years. Total re- 
 pairs, 3c. yearly per H. P. 
 
 P. & P. Campbell, Perth, Scotland. 146 H. P. 
 Average time, 2 years. 
 
 “ The boilers have cost nothing for repairs them- 
 selves, but the doors and furnace have cost about ,£4. 10s. 
 per annum ” P. & P. Campbell. 
 
Cheney Bros , So. Manchester, Conn. 350 
 H. P. Average time, 7 years. 
 
 “ Running steadily for seven years, and during that 
 time they have not cost us anything for repairs to the 
 heating surfaces.” Cheney Bros. 
 
 Toledo & Ohio Central R. R. 120 H. P. 
 Average time, 7% years. Total repairs, 12^0. 
 yearly per H. P. 
 
 44 The boilers have given entire satisfaction in every 
 respect.” J. B. Morgan, Master Mechanic. 
 
 McAvoy Brewing Co., Ciiicago. S32 H. P. 
 Average time, 6 years. Total repairs, 10c. 
 yearly per H . P. 
 
 44 Our experience with them has been to our entire 
 satisfaction” Geo. Dickinson. Sec’y. 
 
 (Note. — One-half of total expense was due to broken 
 
 headers caused by low water, because of water combina- 
 tion becoming shut off.; 
 
 Cornwall Bros., Louisville, Ky. 227 - H. P. 
 Average time, 8J4 years. Repairs, nothing. 
 
 Maginnis Cotton Mill, New Orleans. 624 
 H. P. Average time, 6 years. Total repairs, 
 i/jjC. yearly per H. P. 
 
 Pioneer Mills. 150 H.P. Average time, 9J/J 
 years. Total repairs, “slight.” 
 
 “ Cost of repairs comparatively nothing. No leaking 
 of flues or boiler at any time.” 
 
 J. A. M. Johnston, Agent. 
 
 Lawrence Rope Works, Brooklyn. 250 H. 
 P. Average time, 7 years. Total repairs, 
 4c. yearly per H. P. 
 
 James Martin & Co., Philadelphia. 208 H. P. 
 Average time, 7/5 years. Total repairs, 16c. 
 yearly per H. P. 
 
 44 There has been but little cost for repairs to them : 
 those we have made being for a few new tubes that be- 
 came clogged or coated with scale on account of the very 
 hard (well) water we are using. We cannot speak too 
 highly of them. 1 Jas. Martin & Co. 
 
 Fairmount Worsted Mills, Philadelphia. 
 400 H. P. Average time, 7.5 years. Total 
 repairs, 6^0. yearly per H. P. 
 
 Wm. Whitaker & Sons, Philadelphia. 480 H. 
 P. Average time, 7 years. Total repairs, 
 nothing. 
 
 Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. 
 200 H. P. Average time, 6 years. Total re- 
 pairs, 4c. yearly per H. P. 
 
 44 Cost of repairs to heating surface on all the above 
 during that time has been $48.25. The boilers during 
 that time have given entire satisfaction.” 
 
 Olin H. Landreth, Dean of Engineering Dep’t. 
 
 Arlington Mills Manufacturing Co. 500 
 H. P. Average time, 8 years. Total re- 
 pairs, nothing. 
 
 Somerset Manufacturing Co., Raritan, N. J. 
 720 H. P. Average time, 7.5 years. Total 
 repairs, nothing. 
 
 New York & Brooklyn Bridge. 600 H. P. 
 Average, years. Total repairs, nothing, 
 
 " The boilers have done excellent service and have 
 
 given entire satisfaction.” C. C. Martin, Ch. Eng. & Sup't. 
 
 Church & Co., Brooklyn, E. D. 584 H. P. 
 Average time, 4.2 years. Repairs, nothing. 
 
 Economist Plow Co., South Bend, Ind. 150 
 H. P. Average time, 5 years. Total repairs, 
 nothing. 
 
 “ We believe it to be the most durable boiler made." 
 
 Leighton Pine, Pres t. 
 
 Union Metallic Cartridge Co., Bridgeport, 
 Conn. 276 H. P. Average time, 4I/3 years. 
 Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 “ The cost of repairs to heating surfaces of said 
 boilers in that time has been nothing. We carry from 75 
 to 80 lbs. all the time.” A. C. Hobbs, Sup't. 
 
 Warder, Bushnell & Glessner Co. 650 
 H. P. Average time, 3J4 years. Total re- 
 pairs, 4 t 6 0 c. yearly per H. P. 
 
 “ The boilers are giving us the best satisfaction.” 
 
 Chas. A. Bauer, Gen'l Manager. 
 
 Chicago City Railway Co. 1000 H. P. 
 Average Lime, 7 years, night and day. Total 
 repairs, 4 T * ff c. yearly per H. P. 
 
 The boilers have worked well and proved very 
 satisfactory.” C. B. Holmes, Sup’t. 
 
 Sheboygan Manufacturing Co. 333 H. P. 
 Average time, 8 years. Total repairs, 4c. 
 yearly per H. P. 
 
 “ We have found them economical, easily kept in 
 running order, and in all ways entirely satisfactory, and 
 should we need additional power would use no other 
 boilers." G. L. Holmes, Pres’t and Gen’l Manager. 
 
 Jackson & Sharp Co., Wilmington, Del. 467 
 H. P. Average time, 5A years. Total re- 
 pairs, i t t s c. yearly per H. P. 
 
 44 Have cost nothing for repairs to heating surfaces, 
 except through the carelessness of our fireman, who, soon 
 after starting the first boilers, allowed the water to get 
 too low and burst three or four headers, but doing no 
 other damage. We consider them safe and economical 
 steam generators.” 
 
 The Jackson & Sharp Co., by Chas. S. Robb. 
 
 South Bend Toy Manufacturing Co. 61 
 H P. Average time, 4 years. Total repairs, 
 2 p2 c - yearly per H. P. 
 
 44 We consider these boilers the safest and most 
 economical in the market.” F. H. Badet, Sec. &Treas. 
 
 Columbus Buggy Co., Columbus, O. 800 H. 
 P. Average time, 7 years. Total repairs, 
 i^c. yearly per H. P. 
 
 44 We consider them the best boiler in the market 
 and we are now evaporating 9 lbs. of water to one pound 
 of poor slack coal.” Fred. Weadon, Sup't. 
 
 Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of N. Y. 
 900 H. P. Average time, 7 years. Total re- 
 pairs, nothing. 
 
 “ They give plenty of dry steam and have been 
 absolutely tight at all times. The boilers have shown 
 unusual ability to carry a constant pressure under the 
 extreme and sudden fluctuations, which are unavoidable 
 in an electric light station.” C. E. Chinnock, V. Pres. 
 
 Kennesaw Mills Co., Marietta, Ga. 200 H. 
 P. Average time, 7 years. Total repairs, 
 2 A c - yearly per H. P. 
 
 44 You will see that the repairs on our boilers have not 
 cost very much for the last 7 years.” J R. Buchanan. 
 
E. Greenfield’s Son & Co., Brooklyn. 160 
 H. P. Average time, 4 years. 
 
 “They show no signs of wear, therefore probably 
 will not need repairing f >r some time to come. We con- 
 sider them the best boilers we have ever used.' 1 
 
 Black & Germer, Erie, Pa. 92 H. P. Aver- 
 age time, 4 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 “ Is easily cared for and economical in the consump- 
 tion of fuel.” 
 
 Planters Sugar Refining Co., New Orleans. 
 292 II. P. Average time, 6 years. Total re- 
 pairs, nothing. 
 
 “ The only expense attached to them has been new 
 prate bars and fire brick work.” John Barkley, Pres't. 
 
 S. S. Hepwortli, Yonkers, N. Y. 104 H. P. 
 Average time, 4-fj years. 
 
 4 During all this time it gave no trouble whatever, 
 and did not cost one penny for repairs.” 
 
 Wilson & McCallay Tobacco Co. 300 
 H. P. Average time, 5 years. Total repairs, 
 4;,c. yearly per II. P. 
 
 John Collins, Denny, North Britain. 425 
 H. P. Average time, 3xV years. 
 
 “The repairs to heating surfaces have been slight, 
 and caused by an unfortunate admission of grease to feed 
 water in the case of my 140 H. P. boiler. With this ex- 
 ception, which of course arose from no fault of yours, 
 the boilers have done good and heavy work and given 
 me satisfaction.” John Collins. 
 
 Singer Manufacturing Co. ICilbowie, Scot- 
 land. 2106 II. P. Average time, 4 1 t years. 
 Total repairs, -J-c. yearly per H. P. 
 
 “ We have much pleasure in sending you particulars 
 
 of boilers as requested Total repairs, ^3.19.3, which 
 
 we consider highly satisfactory.” 
 
 Nova Scotia Sugar Refinery, Halifax, N. S. 
 800 H. P. Average time, 7% years, night 
 and day. 600 H. P. since 1SS0; 200 in 1SS5. 
 Total repairs, ij^c. yearly per H. P. 
 
 “ We have pleasure in saying we consider them first- 
 class boilers in every respect.” J. A. Turnbull, Man. 
 
 Kennedy's Patent Water Meter Co. L’n., 
 Kilmarnock, Scotland. 51 H. P. Average 
 time, 6 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 “ Repairs confined to re-expanding one tube. The 
 cost was trifling.” Thos. Kennedy. 
 
 Bent Colliery Co. L’d. Botlnvell, Scotland. 
 4S0 H. P. Average time, 445 years. 
 
 “The cost of repairs during that time has been 
 trifling. I think two short tubes were renewed. The 
 boilers have been constantly at work.” Jas. S. Dixon. 
 
 Corporation of Aberdeen Gas Works, 
 Scotland. 93 H. P. Average time, 3 years, 
 night and day. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 “ The boiler continues to give great satisfaction.” 
 
 Alex. Smith. 
 
 The Square Works, Ramsbottom, England. 
 136 H. P. Average time, 4 years, night and 
 day. Total repairs, 9yjjC. yearly per H. P. 
 
 “Since Feb. 5th, 1884, night and day work, 16/6 ex- 
 cept the breakdown through being short of water, which 
 cost .£21.17.4 to repair.” Hepburn & Co. 
 
 Whitmore & Sons, Edenbridge, Kent, Eng- 
 land. 100 H. P. Average time, 3 years. 
 
 “ Have not spent one penny on the boiler.” 
 
 Miller & Co., Foundry, Edinburgh, Scotland. 
 240 H. P. Average time, 3 years. Total re- 
 pairs, nothing, 
 
 “Only expense has been some repairs to the Brick- 
 work in connection with the Stoker.” Miller & Co. 
 
 Carthness Steam Saw Mill, Wick, Glasgow. 
 146 H. P Average time, 2}^ years. Total 
 repairs, nothing. 
 
 “We are well pleased with your boilers, and can 
 with confidence recommend them to any firm wishing to 
 economize their working expenses.” Alex. McEwen. 
 
 Georgie Mills, Edinburgh, Scotland. 146 
 H. P. Average time, 3% years, night and 
 day. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 " Neither boiler has required any repairs to heating 
 surfaces.’ 1 J. & G. Cox. 
 
 J. & T. Boyd, Iron Works, Glasgow. 208 
 H. P. Average time, 2 fa years. 
 
 “ One of these has worked nearly 5 years and the 
 other about half that time without any repairs what- 
 ever.” 
 
 Dubois & Ciiarvet-Colombier, Armentieres, 
 France. 476 H. P. Average time, 3 years. 
 
 “ These boilers have worked to our entire satisfac- 
 tion since 2d November, 1885, without as yet any repairs 
 whatever.” 
 
 Arrol Brothers, Bridge Builders, Glasgow. 
 146 H. P. Average time, 5J3 years. 
 
 “ Cost of repairs to heating surface is as yet nothing. 
 It gives us pleasure to hand you this information, which 
 is entirely at your own disposal.” Arrol Bros. 
 
 James Eadie & Sons, Tube Works, Glasgow. 
 64 H. P. Average time, 5 years. 
 
 “ Repairs to heating surfaces, none.” 
 
 Hughes & Son. Meole Brace, Shrewsbury. 
 England. 61 H. P. Average time, 4 years. 
 
 “ Has up to now cost us nothing whatever for re 
 pairs. We can only repeat that we are very much 
 pleased in every respect with your boiler.” 
 
 Westinghouse Air Brake Co., Pittsburgh. 
 92 H. P. Average time, 4}^ years. Total 
 repairs, 4c. yearly per H. P. 
 
 “The repairs have been merely nominal, being con- 
 fined to the re-expanding of a few tubes and the re- 
 placing of two or three hand hole covers, at a total cost 
 probably not exceeding $15. The boiler has given entire 
 satisfaction.” H. H. Westinghouse, General Manager. 
 
 Carthage Water Works. 122 H. P. Aver- 
 age time, 6 J 4 years. Total repairs, nothing. 
 
 “They are practically as good as when we put them 
 in; there is not a blister or scale on the tubes. The 
 fire has not been out since we first started up in January, 
 1882.” C. S. Bartlett, Manager. 
 
 J. Pongs, Jr., Newerk, Germany. 120 H. P. 
 Average time, 3 years. 
 
 “ Has been running 3 years without needing any re- 
 pairs up to this time.” J. Pongs, Jr. 
 
 Carron Co., Carron, Stirlingshire, N. B. 416 
 H. P. Average time, 4 years. Total repairs, 
 noth big. 
 
 Ill 
 
li 
 
 
 ■' 'I «rf 
 v II r I £1 
 r p • fi 
 
 j *• ii /, f- 
 
 •t #,<•» 
 
 eiji, c 
 
 'ifitflr -IH 
 
 ( ii Iv ii«)t ' 
 
 Chicago Branch, 
 
 910 Masonic Temple. 
 
 Boston Branch 
 
 8 Oliver Street, 
 
 Main Office, 
 
 29 Corllandt Street, 
 
 Corner of Church Street, 
 
 New York, 
 
 The Babcock & Wilcox Co 
 
 Pittsburgh Branch, 408 Lewis Block, 
 
 Philadelphia Branch, 32 North Fifth Street. 
 
 •4 
 
The following parties are among those to whom we have sold boilers in the past twenty-two years. We 
 would call particular attention to the numerous instances in which repeated orders have been 
 given after years of use. This single fact tells more than volumes of certificates. 
 
 STEAM HEATING AND POWER. 
 
 Boilers 
 
 NEW YORK STEAM COMPANY, New York, 16 orders, 1880-1S90, 70 
 
 “ VAN CORLEAR ' ’ (Apartment House), New York, 3 orders, 1878-1S85, 4 
 
 “ DAKOTA ” (Apartment House), New York 3 orders, 1SS2-1S93, 8 
 
 THE ALBANY APARTMENT HOTEL COMPANY, New York, 2 orders, 1879-189., 2 
 
 THE EDWARD CLARK ESTATE, Office Building, New York Jan., 3891, 2 
 
 THE LEXINGTON IMPROVEMENT COMPANY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, . Jan., 1891, 1 
 
 “MADRID” (Apartment House), New York, May, 1883, 2 
 
 “ BARCELONA” (Apartment House), New York, ... May, 18S3, 2 
 
 COLUMBIA COLLEGE, School of Mines, New York, 2 orders, 1879-1882, 5 
 
 COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK ... Dec., 1884, 1 
 
 NEW YORK PRODUCE EXCHANGE, New York 2 orders, 1884-1890, 4 
 
 CONSOLIDATED STOCK AND PETROLEUM EXCHANGE, New York, Oct., 1887, 2 
 
 MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York 2 orders, 18S4-1892, 6 
 
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE, New York, June, 1SS2, 2 
 
 F. W. STILLMAN, New York, 2 orders, 1S81-18S2, 2 
 
 CORPORATION OF TRINITY CHURCH, New York, 2 orders, 1879-1882, 3 
 
 NURSERY AND CHILD'S HOSPITAL, New York April, 1879, 1 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF DOCKS, Pier A, N. R., New York, 2 orders, 1SS5-18S6, 2 
 
 CRIMINAL COURT BUILDING, New York . . Feb., 1891, 4 
 
 NEW YORK ORTHOPAEDIC DISPENSARY, New York, Jan., 1891, 2 
 
 IMMIGRANT STATION, Ellis Island, New York Harbor, 2 orders, .891-1892, 6 
 
 HARLEM COURT HOUSE, New York July, 1891, 2 
 
 RENWICK HALL, New York 2 orders, 1883-1885, 2 
 
 TELEPHONE BLHLDING, 38th Street, New York, ... June, 1SS9, 2 
 
 BAKER, SMITH X CO., New York, . . to orders, 1882-1892, 28 
 
 PLAZA HOTEL, New York, June, 1889, 4 
 
 HOLLAND HOTEL, New York April, 1890, 2 
 
 WALDORF HOTEL, New York, . Aug., 1891, 4 
 
 NEW NETHERLANDS HOTEL, New York, . Sept., 1S91, 4 
 
 UNITED CHARITIES' BUILDING, New York, June, 1892, 3 
 
 MENDELSSOHN BUILDING, New York April, 1892, 2 
 
 BRADLEY BUILDING, New York Dec., 1891, 2 
 
 BROKAW BUILDING, New York, May, 1892, 2 
 
 HEMENWAY ESTATE, New York June, 1892, 2 
 
 NEW YORK COLLEGE FOR TRAINING TEACHERS, New York 2 orders, 1892-1893, 3 
 
 GILL IS & GEOGHEGAN, New York, 4 orders, 1S8S-1892, 14 
 
 POSTAL TELEGRAPH CABLE COMPANY, New York Nov., 1892, 3 
 
 JOHN O’NEIL, Restaurant, New York July, 1890, 1 
 
 W. F. CHRYSTI E, New York Aug., 1890, 2 
 
 LEAKE & WATTS ORPHAN ASYLUM, Mount St. Vincent, New York, Oct., 1S90, 2 
 
 MUTUAL RESERVE LIFE INSURANCE CO., New York, June, 1893, 2 
 
 NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, New York, Julv, 1S93, 1 
 
 CORN EXCHANGE BANK, New York Vug., 1893, 2 
 
 CONTINENTAL INSURANCE CO., New York, . Sept., 1893, 2 
 
 HOME LIFE INSURANCE CO., New York Oct., 1893, 2 
 
 RICHARD K. FOX, Police Gazette Building, New York, Dec., 1S93, 1 
 
 LAWYERS TITLE INSURANCE CO., New York Jail., 1894, 2 
 
 RIDING AND DRIVING CLUB, Brooklyn, N. Y , . Oct., 1890, 1 
 
 UNION LEAGUE CLUB, Brooklyn, N. Y. Aug., 1891, 1 
 
 METHODIST EPISCOPAL HOSPITAL, Brooklyn, N V . . . Jan., 1893, 2 
 
 WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Residence, near Tarrvtown, N. Y Aug., 1889, 1 
 
 ST. PAUL’S SCHOOL OF THE CATHEDRAL, Garden City, N. Y., Nov., 1SS4, 1 
 
 CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y., 2 orders, 1S85-1SSS, 3 
 
 CROUSE MEMORIAL COLLEGE, Syracuse, X. Y , July, iSSS. 2 
 
 C. J. HAMLIN, Buffalo, N. Y., . . ’ June, 1SS8, 2 
 
 IROQUOIS HOTEL, Buffalo, N. Y . . 2 orders, 1SSS-1S91, 4 
 
 G. W. FRANCIS, Buffalo, N. Y April, 1892, 2 
 
 C. W. MILLER. Buffalo, N. Y Sept.. 1893, 2 
 
 EDMUND M. WOOD & CO.. Nurserv, Boston, Mass.. Vug., 1882, 1 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Boston, Mass., 2 orders, 1SSS-1S90, 2 
 
 . H.r. 
 
 17.584 
 
 268 
 
 I ,176 
 l82 
 60 
 60 
 122 
 122 
 400 
 35 
 864 
 146 
 987 
 250 
 
 150 
 
 160 
 50 
 35 
 544 
 60 
 816 
 100 
 50 
 146 
 3 470 
 628 
 448 
 832 
 640 
 363 
 ■37 
 
 102 
 
 190 
 
 136 
 
 432 
 
 1,630 
 
 725 
 
 45 
 
 102 
 
 146 
 
 310 
 
 j 56 
 
 244 
 
 304 
 
 368 
 
 107 
 
 208 
 
 50 
 
 104 
 
 200 
 
 104 
 
 104 
 
 561 
 
 208 
 
 208 
 
 328 
 
 100 
 
 102 
 
 50 
 
 416 
 
United States Capitol, Washington, D,C. Senate End Heated and Lighted by 832 H. P, of Babcock Si Wilcox Boilers. Erected 1889-1891 
 
QUINCY HOUSE, Boston, Mass. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS STATE HOUSE, Boston, Mass., 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Boston, Mass., 
 
 WALKER BUILDING, Boston, Mass., 
 
 BIJOU THEATRE, Boston, Mass., 
 
 MARSTON’S EATING HOUSE, Boston, Mass., 
 
 CARTER BUILDING, Boston, Mass., 
 
 BOSTON HERALD CO., Boston, Mass 
 
 GEO. WESTI NGHOUSE, Jr., Dwelling, Lee Station, Mass., 
 
 WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Worcester, Mass , 
 
 FORBES & WALLACE, Springfield, Mass. 
 
 UNITED STATES NAVAL TRAINING STATION, Newport, R. I . 
 
 NARRAGANSETT HOTEL, Providence, R. I 
 
 RHODE ISLAND HOSPITAL, Providence, R. I 
 
 CENTRAL RAILROAD OF NEW JERSEY STATION, Jersey City, N. J., 
 
 TAYLOR’S HOTEL, Jersey City, N. J 
 
 HAMBURG-AMERICAN PACKET COMPANY, Hoboken, N J , 
 
 DR. ABRAM COLES’ BUILDING, Newark, N. J 
 
 COUNTY OF UNION COURT HOUSE, Elizabeth, N. J 
 
 COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY, Princeton, N. J., 
 
 BOARD OF EDUCATION, Franklin School, Plainfield, N, J 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 . . Oct., 1S90, I 
 
 Aug., 1891, 4 
 
 July, 1S91, 2 
 
 July, 1892, 2 
 
 Oct., 1892, 2 
 
 . . March, 1S93, 1 
 
 July, 1893, 1 
 
 July, 1893, 2 
 
 May, 1890, 2 
 
 July, 18S8, 1 
 
 . . April, 1893, 2 
 
 2 orders, 1884-1893, 4 
 
 May, 1890, 1 
 
 June, 1892, 2 
 
 . . Oct., 1888, 4 
 
 Oct., 1881, 1 
 
 . . July, 1882, 2 
 
 . . July, 1885, 1 
 
 2 orders, 1874-1890, 2 
 
 2 orders, 1879-1889, 2 
 
 May, 1883, 1 
 
 H.P. 
 
 125 
 
 832 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 320 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 500 
 
 208 
 
 5i 
 
 200 
 
 244 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 368 
 
 50 
 
 208 
 
 107 
 
 100 
 
 91 
 
 The Babcock & Wilcox Co., Cleveland Branch, Perry Payne Building. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 THEODORE HAVEMEYER, Mountain Side Farm, N. J , 
 
 WILLIAM WEIGHTMAN, Stores, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 R. D. WOOD & SONS, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY, General Offices, Philadelphia 
 
 GEO. S. HARRIS, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 ATHLETIC CLUB OF THE SCHUYLKILL NAVY, Philadelphia, Pa., . 
 
 UNION LEAGUE CLUB, Philadelphia, Pa., . 
 
 G. W. CHILDS (Public Ledger Building), Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 HOTEL LAFAYETTE, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 GIRARD ESTATE, Various stores, etc., Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 BINGHAM HOUSE, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 FIDELITY INSURANCE, TRUST AND SAFE DEPOSIT COMPANY, Philadelphia, P; 
 
 WILLS’ EYE HOSPITAL, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 D. B. FULLER, Stores, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 GRACE BAPTIST CHURCH, Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, Philadelphia, Pi 
 
 GIRLS’ NORMAL SCHOOL, Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 SISTERS OF THE GOOD SHEPHERD, Philadelphia, Pi 
 
 GIRARD COLLEGE, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 BANK OF NORTH AMERICA, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 C. C. HARRISON’S STORES, Philadelphia, Pa.. 
 
 BRYN MAWR HOTEL, Bryn Mawr, Pa., 
 
 
 1S93, 
 
 I 
 
 53 
 
 7 orders, 1872- 
 
 'S93, 
 
 13 
 
 962 
 
 • ■ Aug., 
 
 1 88 1, 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 
 2 orders, 1883- 
 
 18S7, 
 
 3 
 
 312 
 
 2 orders, 1886- 
 
 1SS7, 
 
 2 
 
 120 
 
 hme, 
 
 1SS9, 
 
 2 
 
 122 
 
 
 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 400 
 
 2 orders, 1873- 
 
 1SS2, 
 
 3 
 
 15° 
 
 2 orders, 1S72- 
 
 1881, 
 
 3 
 
 230 
 
 6 orders, 1S76- 
 
 1S90, 
 
 9 
 
 718 
 
 3 orders, iSS5~ 
 
 ■S93, 
 
 5 
 
 5S4 
 
 2 orders, 1SS6- 
 
 1S94, 
 
 2 
 
 184 
 
 
 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 122 
 
 Sept., 
 
 1 S9 1 
 
 2 
 
 102 
 
 July, 
 
 1S90, 
 
 2 
 
 102 
 
 . March, 
 
 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 2CS 
 
 April, 
 
 1393, 
 
 4 
 
 3=0 
 
 June, 
 
 1S93, 
 
 1 
 
 6l 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1 ^93 
 
 2 
 
 400 
 
 Feb., 
 
 .894, 
 
 2 
 
 124 
 
 Feb., 
 
 I<: 94 . 
 
 3 
 
 240 
 
 . . April, 
 
 189O, 
 
 2 
 
 300 
 
 ► 
 
 115 
 
•4 
 
 Boi/t't 
 
 GF.ORGF. WK.sriNGHOUSK, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 
 WESTINGHOUSE HU 1 1 .DI NO, Pittsburgh. Pa., 
 
 VANDERGRI FT BUILDING. Pittsburgh, Pa 
 
 I M & W. FERGUSON, Office Buildings, Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 
 SEVENTH AVENUE HOTEL, Pittsburgh, Pa 
 
 JOSEPH HORNE & CO., Store, Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 
 HEEREN BROS. S: CO., Pittsburgh, Pa.. 
 
 WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL FOR INSANE. Dixmoat, Pa . 
 
 JOHNSTOWN LIBRARY, Johnstown, Pa 
 
 LA NORMANDIE HOTEL, Washington, D. C. 
 
 UNITED s I'A rES CAPITOL, SENATE WING, Washington, D. C 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF Pill INTERIOR, Washington, D. C., . . 
 
 SHOREHAM HOTEL, Washington, D. C., 
 
 ARLINGTON HOTEL, Washington. D. C., 
 
 WESTERN LUNATIC ASYLUM, Staunton, Va 
 
 LURAY CAVE AND HOTEL COMPANY, Luray, Va 
 
 HAMPTON NORMAL AND AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE, Hampton, Va. 
 
 R I M HALL HOUSE, Atlanta, Ga., 
 
 1 )E GIVE’S OPERA HOUSE, Atlanta, Ga 
 
 STATE LUNATIC ASYLUM, near Milledgevillc, Ga., . . 
 
 HOTEL PONCE DE LEON, St. Augustine, Fla., 
 
 TAMPA BAY HOTEL. Tampa, Fla 
 
 CENTRAL KENTUCKY LUNATIC ASYLUM, Anchorage, K; . 
 
 STATE COLLEGE OF KENTUCKY, Lexiagtoa, Kv 
 
 THE VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY, Nashville, Ten a 
 
 JERE BAXTER, Baxter Court, Nashville, Tean., 
 
 THE FISK UNIVERSITY, Nashville, Ten i 
 
 OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Columbus, O 
 
 CHITTENDEN HOTEL, Columbus, O 
 
 CHITTENDEN BUILDING, Columbus, ().. 
 
 SANITARY PLUMBING COMPANY, C ilumbus, O 
 
 OHIO INSTITUTE FOR FEEBLE-MINDED YOUTH, Columbus, O 
 
 OHIO HOSPITAL FOR EPILEPTICS, Gallipolis, O 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, South Bend, l id 
 
 INDIANA SOLDIERS’ AND SAILORS’ ORPHANS’ HOME, Knightstown, Inch, 
 
 INDIANA REFORM SCHOOL FOR BOYS, PlaiifUld, lad., 
 
 NORTHERN INDIANA HOSPI PAL FOR INS V X 1- , L igansport, Ind. 
 
 EASTERN INDIANA HOSPITAL FOR INSANE, Richmond, Ind., . . 
 
 SOUTHERN INDIANA HOSPITAL, FOR INSANE, Evansville, Ind., . . . 
 
 PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Lafaveile, Ind 
 
 NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR INSANE, Elgin, 111 ., 
 
 WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXHIBITION, Chicago, 111 
 
 GAFF BUILDING, Chicago, 111 
 
 CHICAGO BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAILROAD, Chicago, 111 
 
 A. J. STONE, Chicago, 111 
 
 CITY OF SANDWICH, Sandwich, 111 
 
 TELEPHONE BUILDING, Detroit, Mich 
 
 STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS, Ames, Iowa, 
 
 GEORGE FULLER, St. Paul, Mint., 
 
 METROPOLITAN OPERA HOUSE, St. Paul. Mini 
 
 ARCADE BUILDING, St. Paul, Minn., 
 
 GEORGE C. HOWE, Duluth, Minn 
 
 CORN EXCHANGE, Minneapolis, Minn 
 
 STATION, DULUTH, MESABIC & NORTHERN RAILWAY, Biwabik, Minn. 
 NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minn 
 
 Kansas City, Mo., Omaha, Neb.. Montreal, Canada, 
 
 BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF DULUTH, MINN., . 
 
 F. W. SMITH, San Francisco, Cal., 
 
 P. LEPROHON, San Francisco, Cal., 
 
 HOTEL PLEASANTON, San Francisco, Cal.. 
 
 PACIFIC TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY, Sat Francisco, Cal . 
 
 B. & S. DOE BLIILDING, San Francisco, Cal., 
 
 DANIEL MEYER, San Francisco, Cal 
 
 ADOLPH SUTRO’S BATHS, San Francisco, Cal., 
 
 MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE BUILDING, San Francisco, Cal.. . 
 
 CRYSTAL BATHS, San Francisco, Cal . 
 
 PACIFIC POWER COMPANY, San Francisco, Cal., . . 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO SAVINGS UNION, San Francisco, Cal.. 
 
 COOPER MEDICAL COLLEGE, San Francisco, Cal 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal 
 
 CALIFORNIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND BLIND, Berkeley, Cal., 
 
 LELAND STANFORD, JR., UNIVERSITY. Palo Alto, Cal 
 
 CORONADO BEACH HOTEL, Coronado, Cal., 
 
 BRADBURY BUILDING. Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 STATE ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE, San Bernardino, Cal 
 
 FRESNO COUNTY COURT HOUSE, Fresno, Cal., 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING, Laramie, Wy., . . 
 
 CITY HALL, Tacoma, Wash 
 
 June, 
 Mar., 
 Aug., 
 Jan., 
 Oct., 
 Aug., 
 Mar., 
 Mar., 
 Nov., 
 Sept., 
 2 orders, 18S7- 
 2 orders, 1SS8- 
 J uly, 
 Aug., 
 Sept., 
 May, 
 July, 
 Oct., 
 
 Sept , 
 rders, iSS;- 
 . April, 
 Aug., 
 orders, 1S83- 
 Ocr., 
 rders, 18S0- 
 April, 
 2 orders, 1890- 
 2 orders, tS 9 o- 
 Oct., 
 June, 
 Nov., 
 Oct., 
 Feb., 
 
 . Sept., 
 
 . Sept., 
 July, 
 July, 
 July, 
 July, 
 May, 
 
 . Sept., 
 >rclers, 1891- 
 Aug., 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 J une, 
 May, 
 Oct., 
 July, 
 An". . 
 
 Aug., 
 
 July, 
 
 . . Oct., 
 
 5 orders, 1SS8- 
 . . 2 orders, 
 
 . . May, 
 
 . . . Feb., 
 
 June, 
 Nov., 
 Nov., 
 Nov., 
 Dec., 
 Oct., 
 Oct., 
 
 orders, 1885- 
 Aug. , 
 . . Dec., 
 
 April, 
 April, 
 April, 
 May, 
 Oct., 
 March, 
 July, 
 Sept, 
 Feb., 
 
 1887, 
 1SS8, 
 iS jo, 
 1891 , 
 
 1891, 
 
 1892, 
 
 1893, 
 1890, 
 1890, 
 1 890, 
 
 1892, 
 
 1890, 
 189^, 
 
 1883, 
 1S87, 
 1SS8, 
 
 1884, 
 1892, 
 ■iS 3 9 , 
 
 l8 87, 
 
 1 8)0, 
 
 1891, 
 1891, 
 
 1888, 
 
 1889, 
 
 1 89 1 , 
 ,892, 
 
 1890, 
 iSye, 
 
 1892, 
 
 I 89O, 
 *893, 
 I8S5, 
 
 I 887, 
 IS89, 
 
 *SS 5 , 
 
 1 885, 
 18S5, 
 
 1891, 
 1885, 
 
 1892, 
 1881, 
 
 1887, 
 
 1 S 9 - , 
 
 1888, 
 1892, 
 t» 9 2, 
 1 892, 
 
 1890, 
 1 89O, 
 I89I , 
 
 l892, 
 
 1892, 
 
 -l8S9, 
 
 1893, 
 l893, 
 
 1889, 
 
 1891, 
 l89l, 
 
 >891, 
 
 lS9l , 
 
 1891, 
 
 1892, 
 1 892, 
 
 -lS89, 
 
 ■*93. 
 
 1893 , 
 1885, 
 
 '893. 
 
 1 89 1 , 
 
 1892, 
 
 1892, 
 
 1893, 
 1893, 
 1892, 
 1892, 
 
 170 
 
 152 
 
 184 
 
 240 
 
 100 
 
 312 
 
 150 
 
 468 
 
 54 
 
 164 
 
 832 
 
 204 
 
 285 
 
 164 
 
 122 
 
 45 
 
 120 
 
 120 
 
 128 
 
 292 
 
 416 
 
 321 
 
 600 
 
 5i 
 
 284 
 
 102 
 
 118 
 
 500 
 
 150 
 
 300 
 75 
 250 
 360 
 40 
 240 
 400 
 400 
 400 
 400 
 104 
 75 
 4 500 
 104 
 136 
 66 
 61 
 
 125 
 
 5 1 
 
 100 
 
 294 
 
 208 
 
 60 
 
 408 
 
 100 
 
 1 993 
 260 
 104 
 35 
 156 
 
 122 
 
 122 
 
 60 
 
 150 
 
 122 
 
 61 
 312 
 
 90 
 
 122 
 
 15 
 
 45 
 
 416 
 
 416 
 
 184 
 
 146 
 
 73 
 
 5i 
 
 90 
 
 ► ◄- 
 
 117 
 
■* 
 
 ► 
 
 4 
 
McGILL UNIVERSITY', Montreal, Canada, . . 
 
 NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, Montreal, Canada, 
 
 SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL SCIENCE, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 
 
 PUBLIC BATHS, City of Mexico, Mex 
 
 COMPANIA DE ALMACENES DE DEPOSITO DE LA HABANA, Cuba, 
 GREENOCK PRISON, Greenock, Scotland, ............ 
 
 CALTON PRISON, Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 
 DRUMSHEN GH BATHS, Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 
 CITY EPIDEMIC HOSPITAL, Aberdeen, Scotland, 
 
 ROYAL INFIRMARY, Aberdeen, Scotland 
 
 EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY, Edinburgh, Scotland, . 
 
 EASTMAN’S LTD., Cheapside st., Glasgow, Scotland, 
 
 A. D. DUNN, Laundry, London, England 
 
 LONDON & TILBURY LAUNDRY COMPANY, Tilbury, England, 
 
 NATIONAL LIBERAL CLUB, London, Eng 
 
 DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH, Carlton House Terrace, London, England, 
 
 PUTNEY SWIMMING BATHS, London, England, 
 
 BATTERSEA SWIMMING BATHS, London, England, 
 
 Bo 
 
 lers. 
 
 I/.P. 
 
 Dec., 1889, 
 
 4 
 
 244 
 
 June, 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 122 
 
 July, 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 Feb., 1884, 
 
 1 
 
 >5 
 
 Sept., 1884, 
 
 1 
 
 104 
 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 2 orders, 18S5-1886, 
 
 3 
 
 124 
 
 2 orders, 1S84-1S85, 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 . . Feb., 188S, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 2 orders, 1S90-1891, 
 
 3 
 
 200 
 
 
 1 
 
 IO9 
 
 Jan., 1894, 
 
 1 
 
 58 
 
 
 1 
 
 84 
 
 March, 18S6, 
 
 2 
 
 2l6 
 
 . . Aug., 1S86, 
 
 2 
 
 I94 
 
 Dec., 188S, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 Oct., 1885, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 Jan., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 IO 
 
 The Babcock & Wilcox Co., Minneapolis Branch, Corn Exchange Building. 
 
 CAMBERWELL GREEN BATHS, London, England, 
 
 CALEDONIA^ ROAD BATHS, London, England, 
 
 ISLINGTON BATHS, London, England, . 
 
 HERNSEY ROAD BATHS, London, England 
 
 A. & S. GATTI, Restaurateurs, London, England, . . .. 
 
 HOTEL “ BELGRAVIA,” LTD., London, England, 
 
 GREAT NORTHERN HOSPITAL, Halloway, London, England, 
 
 GIRLS’ SCHOOL, Blackburn, England, 
 
 MONTROSE ROYAL LUNATIC ASYLUM, Montrose, England, 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, Nottingham, England, 
 
 MONT DORIs HOTEL, Bournemouth, England, 
 
 TODDINGTON ESTATE, Gloucester, England, 
 
 DL’KE OF NORTHUMBERLAND, Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, England, 
 HUDDERSFIELD INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, LTD., Huddersfield, England, 
 LA COMPAGNIE PARISIENNE DE L’AIR COMPRIME, Paris, France, 
 
 HOTEL DE LILLE ET D’ALBION, Paris, France 
 
 L’HOPITAL INTERNATIONAL— PIAN, Paris, France, . . . 
 
 BAINS DE MADAME DEBBLES, Paris, France, 
 
 IsCOLE MUNCIPALE, BOULLE, Paris, France, 
 
 L. & J. CHAMBON FR 12 RES ET CIE, Motive Power, Marseilles, France. 
 
 COLLEGE OF GRENOBLE, Grenoble, France, 
 
 M. LE COMTE A WERLE, CHATEAU DE PARGNY, Rheims, France, . 
 
 LA SOCI£t£ DE DAX SALINS THERMAL, DAX, France, . . . 
 
 ST. SAUVEUR BATHS, Brussels, Belgium 
 
 BANQUE NATIONALE DE BELGIUM, Brussels, Belgium, . 
 
 . . . . Oct., 
 
 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1891 , 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 Dec., 
 
 1891 , 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 May, 
 
 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 Sept., 
 
 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 . . . . March, 
 
 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 54 
 
 March, 
 
 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 July, 
 
 1891 , 
 
 1 
 
 ■5 
 
 Aug., 
 
 1891 , 
 
 2 
 
 172 
 
 . . Oct., 
 
 1 89 1 , 
 
 1 
 
 5 ° 
 
 May, 
 
 18S8, 
 
 1 
 
 6 5 
 
 June, 
 
 1S88, 
 
 6 
 
 U 4 
 
 • 2 orders, 1890- 
 
 ■1S91, 
 
 2 
 
 140 
 
 ... Dec., 
 
 >S 93 . 
 
 I 
 
 86 
 
 2 orders, 1890- 
 
 -«892, 
 
 24 
 
 5 088 
 
 May, 
 
 lS86, 
 
 I 
 
 20 
 
 Aug., 
 
 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 '5 
 
 Sept., 
 
 1891 , 
 
 I 
 
 20 
 
 . . . Nov., 
 
 *§92, 
 
 I 
 
 62 
 
 2 orders, 18S9-1892, 
 
 2 
 
 I90 
 
 . . May, 
 
 1S86, 
 
 3 
 
 120 
 
 . . July, 
 
 '893, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1S93. 
 
 1 
 
 46 
 
 Aug. , 
 
 1S90, 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 June, 
 
 1891 , 
 
 2 
 
 130 
 
 119 
 
E. DEBROUX, Brussels, Belgium 
 
 A. MADOUX, Brussels, Belgium, 
 
 SPANISH GOVERNMENT, PARC D’ARTI LLERI E, Madrid, Spain, 
 
 GERMAN EMBASSY, Madrid, Spain 
 
 LIMBURG AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITION, Limburg, Germany, . . 
 
 THE MOORBAD, Hydropathic Baths, Carlsbad, Germany, 
 
 DR. WTNTERXITZ, Hydropathic Establishment, Kaltenlentgeben, Austria, 
 
 VESTERFA ELLED PRISON, Municipality of Copenhagen, Denmark, 
 
 HENRY ERNST, Architect, Zurich, Switzerland, ... 
 
 POST OFFICE, Christiania, Norway, ... 
 
 POST OFFICE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 
 
 A. I. ALEXJEFF, Passage, Moscow, Russia, . . .... 
 
 J. BLOCK, Moscow, Russia, . 
 
 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, Charkoff. Russia, 
 
 THEATRE, City of Cordova, La Plata 
 
 CORPORATION OL MELBOURNE, Fish, Meat and Produce Market, Melbourne, Aus., 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 HP. 
 
 June, 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 July, 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 Oct., 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 July, 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 Jail., 1894, 
 
 1 
 
 123 
 
 Oct., 1S93, 
 
 2 
 
 I92 
 
 Feb., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 Jan., 1S94, 
 
 3 
 
 240 
 
 
 3 
 
 192 
 
 July, 1891, 
 
 3 
 
 108 
 
 
 1 
 
 IOO 
 
 :rs, 1883-1884, 
 
 2 
 
 124 
 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 April, 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 3 ° 
 
 Nov., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 no 
 
 Sept., 1891, 
 
 3 
 
 456 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING, Etc. 
 
 lioilers. 
 
 CONSOLIDATED ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY OF MAINE, Portland, Me., May, 1892, 2 
 
 THOMSON-HOUS TON INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC CO., Boston, Mass.. 4 orders, 1891-1892, 7 
 
 BOSTON ELECTRIC LIGHT CO., Boston, Mass. March, 1893, 4 
 
 W \l 1 II \M GAS I 1 GH I < OMPANY, 1 ectric Plant, Waltham, Mass. ■ Dec., 1886, 1 
 
 SOMERVILLE ELE( IKK L I G HI COMPANY, Somerville, Mass 2 orders, 1890-1891, 2 
 
 NEW BEDFORD GAS \ND EDISON LIGHT COMPANY, New Bedford, Mass fune, 1892, 1 
 
 AMI R I < \ N I LECTRICAL WORKS, Providence, R. I Vug 1889, 1 
 
 THE NARRAGANSET 1 1 I I’RIt LIGHTING COMPANY, Pi tridenc R I July ,1890, 4 
 
 THE NARRAGANSETT ELE( I KK LIGHTING COMPANY, Moore “National” boilers, built over, 2 
 
 NEW HAVEN ELEI TRK COMPANY, New Haven, Conn 2 ord 88-1890, 4 
 
 BRIDGEPORT ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Bridgeport, Conn. t, 1 89-1892, 4 
 
 < )N EC( I MAM I At TURING C< >M PANV . New Lo tdon, 1 2 
 
 EDISON GENERAL ELECTRIC COMI J AN\ , New York, 5 orders, 1890-1892, 11 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY, New York 15 orders, 1881-1893, 38 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC I LLUM l N ATI NG COMPANY', Boston, Mass 1 orders 189 8 , 14 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY, Lawrence, Mass 3 orders, 1882-1884, 3 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMIN ATING COMPANY, Brockton, Mass., June, 1883, 2 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY, Fall River, Mass Oct., 1 883, 2 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY. Newburgh, X Y Nov., 1883, 2 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY, Paterson, X. J., 4 orders, 1888-1892, 5 
 
 I DTSON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. Mar., 1893, 7 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC I I.I.U.M I N ATING COMPANY, Sunbury, Pa May, 1883, 1 
 
 EDISON ELE< IKIc‘ ILLUMINATING COMPANY Shamokin Pa 3 orders 1 83-1892, 4 
 
 I DI-OX ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY, Hazleton, Pa Nov,, 1883, 1 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY, Bellefonte. Pa 2 orders, 1883-1885, 2 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY, Mt. Carmel, Pa., Nov., 1883, 1 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY, Brooklyn, N. Y 2 orders, 1889-1890, 8 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY", Tiffin, Ohio Nov., 1883, 1 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIt ILLUMINATING COMPANY, Middletown, Ohio, 2 orders, 1883-1884, 2 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMIN ATING COMPANY', Piqua, Ohio, Mar., 1884, 1 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY, Columbus, Ohio Feb., 1891, 1 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY, Detroit, Mich 3 orders, 1891-1893, 3 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY, New Orleans, La., June, 1888, 2 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY, Seattle, Wash June, 1890, 1 
 
 1 I I CTRIC CLUB, New York June, 1887, 1 
 
 CONSOLIDATED ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY*, New Y'ork, 2 orders, 1888, 3 
 
 HARLEM LIGHTING COMPANY', New York, Sept., 1887, 1 
 
 UNITED STATES ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY . New Y ork and Newark, N. J., . 6 orders, 18S0-1887, 8 
 
 EXCELSIOR ELECTRIC COMPANY, Brooklyn, X. Y Sept., 1888, 1 
 
 WESTINGHOUSE ILLUMINATING COMPANY, Schenectady, X. Y Oct., 1887, 2 
 
 ALBION ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY', Albion, N. Y., 2 orders, 1889-1890, 2 
 
 BUFFALO GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, Buffalo, N. Y„ Mar., 1893, 2 
 
 EDISON LAMP COMPANY', Harrison, N. J., 3 orders, 1881-1891, 4 
 
 THOS. A. EDISON, Fort Mver, Fla., and ( trange. X J 2 orders, 1885-1887, 4 
 
 BRUSH ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY. Philadelphia, Pa July, 1881, 4 
 
 WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC COMPANY , Pittsburgh, Pa Nov., 1888, 2 
 
 ALLEGHENY' COUNTY' LIGHT COMPANY', Pittsburgh, Pa. . . 4 orders, 1888-1892, 14 
 
 EAST END ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY', Pittsburgh, Pa 2 orders, 1S88-1892, 4 
 
 HUGUS & HACKE, Pittsburgh, Pa.. 1891, 1 
 
 LY’COMING ELECTRIC COM PANY", YVilHamsport, Pa 2 orders, 1889-1892, 5 
 
 MONONCAHELA ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Monongahela City, Pa , . July, 1890, 1 
 
 BUTLER LIGHT. HEAT AND MOTOR COMPANY, Butler, Pa July. 1893. 1 
 
 UNITED STATES CAPITOL, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, Washington, D! < Ypril, 1888, 1 
 
 UNITED STATES INTERIOR DEPART.YI ENT (Patent Office), YVashington, D. C July, 1888, 2 
 
 UNITED STATES CAPITOL, SENATE WING, YVashington, D. C , 2 orders, 1887-1891, 5 
 
 BALTIMORE ELECTRIC REFINING COMPANY, Baltimore, Md., 3 orders, 1891-1892, 6 
 
 //./’ 
 
 500 
 976 
 1 000 
 
 >56 
 
 500 
 416 
 146 
 1.120 
 560 
 624 
 778 
 208 
 2.444 
 8 344 
 4 095 
 286 
 I46 
 I46 
 I46 
 1.240 
 1.729 
 
 51 
 
 354 
 
 92 
 
 184 
 
 5 i 
 
 1.920 
 
 92 
 
 144 
 
 92 
 
 240 
 
 949 
 
 312 
 
 240 
 
 74 
 
 750 
 
 300 
 
 622 
 
 50 
 292 
 204 
 500 
 521 
 
 264 
 300 
 328 
 3 949 
 960 
 
 5 1 
 750 
 
 61 
 
 136 
 
 82 
 
 122 
 
 832 
 
 1.248 
 
 120 
 
Boilers , //./\ 
 
 RICHMOND RAILWAY AND ELECTRIC COMPANY, Riclimu.ul, Yu 
 
 THfc F. B MORGAN POWER COMPANY, Cincinnati. Ohio 
 
 BUCYRUS ELEC TRIC LIGHT COMPANY, P.ucvrus, Ohio, 
 
 CIRCLEYII.LE I.IGII T AND POWER COMPANY, Circleville, Ohio, . . 
 i VN TON ELECTRIC LIGHT \ND POWER COMPANY, Canton, Ohio, 
 
 COLT MBUS ELECTRIC LIGHT \ND POWER COMPANY, Columbus, < >hio, 
 WYOMING LIGHT, WATER. HEAT AND POWER COMPANY, Wyoming, Ohi. 
 LOUISVILLE GAS COMPANV (ELECTRIC LIGHTING), Louisville, Ky„ 
 CITIZENS’ ELE( r U D LIGHT AND POWER COMPANY, Louisville, Ky., . . 
 THE COVINGTON ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Covington, Ky., 
 
 EVANSTON ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Evanston, 111 ., . 
 
 WESTERN EDISON ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Chicago, 111 
 
 WESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY, Chicago, 111 ., and New York 
 
 BADENOCH BROS. ENGLEWOOD ELECTRIC LIGHT PLANT, Chicago, 111 . 
 
 DIXON POWER AND LIGHTING COMPANY, Dixon, 111 . 
 
 I)E KALB ELECTRIC COMPANY, Dv Kalb, III 
 
 WABASH ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Wabash, Incl., 
 
 CITY OF CRAWFORDSVILLE, Crawfordsville, Ind 
 
 OWATONNA ELECTRIC COMPANY, Owatonna, Minn 
 WAUSAU ELECTRIC COMPANY, Wausau, Wis., . . . . . 
 
 July, 1S90, 
 
 1 
 
 208 
 
 Mar., 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 120 
 
 June, 1SS7, 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 2 orders, 1884-1892, 
 
 2 
 
 212 
 
 July, 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 350 
 
 . . Oct., 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 640 
 
 Oct., 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 150 
 
 
 8 
 
 2,100 
 
 Mar., 1S92, 
 
 I 
 
 25O 
 
 2 orders, 1890-1891, 
 
 2 
 
 450 
 
 June, 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 104 
 
 July, 18S2, 
 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 3 orders, 1SS8-1890, 
 
 5 
 
 830 
 
 Mar., 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 416 
 
 
 2 
 
 40C 
 
 Dec., 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 360 
 
 May, 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 155 
 
 Jan., 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 208 
 
 Oct., 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 184 
 
 Sept., 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 }L 
 
 1- i 
 
 * ,,ji, 
 
 The Babcock & Wilcox Co., Cincinnati Branch, 405 Neave Building. 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER COMPANY, Kansas City, Mo., 
 
 KANSAS CITY ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Kansas City, Kansas, . . 
 
 MISSOURI ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER COMPANY, St. Louis, Mo., 
 TERMINAL RAILROAD ASSOCIATION OF ST. LOUIS, St. Louis, Mo., 
 
 PEOPLE’S STREET RAILWAY ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER CO., St. Jos :ph 
 DENVER CONSOLIDATED ELECTRIC COMPANY, Denver, Col., . . 
 
 THE EL PASO ELECTRIC COMPANY, Colorado Springs, Col 
 
 THE WATER AND ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY. Miles Ci v, Montana. 
 
 A. HAYWARD, San Mateo, Cal., 
 
 SANTA BARBARA ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY. Santa Barbara, Cal., 
 
 THE MARACAIBO ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Maracaibo, Venezuela 
 CARACAS GAS AND ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Caracas, Venezuela, 
 
 THE HALIFAX ILLUMINATING AND MOTOR COMPANY, Halifax, X 
 
 ROYAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, Montreal. Canada 
 
 TORONTO INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Toronto, Out 
 Cl EN FUF.GOS ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY. Cienfuegos, Cuba. 
 
 THE BRUSH ELECTRIC ENGINEERING COMPANY, LIMITED, Lambeth, Londc 
 
 F'or LYCEUM THEATRE, Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 
 For BOSWORTH HALL, Leicestershire, England, 
 
 s., . Sept., 1S90, 
 
 3 
 
 624 
 
 Wis., Nov., 1S92, 
 
 1 
 
 150 
 
 2 orders, 1886-1888, 
 
 8 
 
 1 476 
 
 4 orders, 1888-1890, 
 
 8 
 
 1.353 
 
 7 orders, 1 889-1 S93, 
 
 l6 
 
 3 - 39 = 
 
 . . . April, 1S93, 
 
 4 
 
 I OOO 
 
 , Mo., May, 1889, 
 
 4 
 
 832 
 
 5 orders, 1886-1890, 
 
 7 
 
 1.464 
 
 
 2 
 
 39 ° 
 
 . . . Oct., 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 120 
 
 July, 1887, 
 
 I 
 
 51 
 
 Jan., 1893, 
 
 I 
 
 122 
 
 Sept., 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 250 
 
 Jan., 1S94, 
 
 2 
 
 208 
 
 Jan., 1891, 
 
 2 
 
 500 
 
 5 orders, 1889-1S92, 
 
 14 
 
 3-350 
 
 a, July, 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 423 
 
 
 I 
 
 150 
 
 on, England. 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 =5 
 
 Aug., 1S87, 1 
 
 121 
 
◄ 
 
 1 ' 
 
 Metrooolitan Electric Supply Corporation Limited! London, Eng, Plan of Manchester Square Station, 1,872 Horse Power of Babcock Sl Wilcox Boilers. 
 
► 
 
 MEjHraMSpl 
 
 J 
 
 * 
 
 ■JOOOOOOO'X 
 J000000033 
 yuq.5 j i ooo 
 ''j'opcoLOOol 
 
 I 
 
 Metropolitan Electric Supply Corporation, Manchester Square Station, London, England. Partial Vertical Section, 
 
 THE BRUSH ELECTRIC ENGINEERING COMPANY, LIMITED, Lambeth, London, England. 
 For ROYALTY THEATRE, Glasgow, Scotland, Dec., 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHTING, Madrid, Spain, . . . 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHTING, Bournemouth, England, 
 For OWN WORKS, Hammersmith, London, England, 
 For OWN WORKS, Loughborough, England, 
 
 For MEREDITH’S WHARF, London, England, 
 
 1S87 
 
 July, 
 
 2 orders, 1888- 
 . . Oct., 
 
 2 orders, 1889-; 
 2 orders, Feb. -Dec,, 
 
 For CHELSEA ELECTRICITY SUPPLY COMPANY, L’T’D, Chelsea, Eugland, 3 orders, 188S-1889 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHTING at Leicester, England, Nov., 1893 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHTING at Worcester, England, Nov., 1893 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHTING at Temesvar, Hungary, 2 orders, 1888-1890 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHTING at Bangkok, Siam, Sept., 1889 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHTING at Manchester, England, 2 oiders, 1889-1890 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHTING at Melrose, Scotland Nov., 1889 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHTING at Huddersfield, England, Aug., 1891 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHTING at Letham Grange, Abroath, Scotland, . Feb., 1892 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHTING at London, England Feb., 1892 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHTING at Spain, Oct., 1891 
 
 ROYAL HOTEL, Blackfriars, London, England Oct., 1892 
 
 HOUSE-TO-HOUSE ELECTRIC LIGHT SUPPLY COMPANY, London, Eng., . . 3 orders, 1888-1891 
 
 INDIA RUBBER, GUTTA PERCHA AND TELEGRAPH WORKS CO., London, England, May, 1889 
 METROPOLITAN ELECTRIC SUPPLY CORPORATION, L’T’D, London, England, 4 orders, 1888-1890 
 THE GULCHER ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER CO., L’T’D, London, England, 2 orders, 1889-1890 
 LONDON ELECTRIC SUPPLY CORPORATION, LIMITED, Deptford, London, Eng., 4 orders, 1888 
 
 LONDON ELECTRIC SUPPLY CORPORATION, LIMITED, Grosvenor Gallery, London, Oct., 1886 
 
 EDISON ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, London, England 2 orders, 1881-1882 
 
 EDISON-SWAN ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, London, England, Jan., 1S8S 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 f/.P. 
 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 I, 
 
 2 
 
 168 
 
 
 1 
 
 62 
 
 
 2 
 
 276 
 
 , 
 
 3 
 
 696 
 
 1 , 
 
 4 
 
 360 
 
 
 4 
 
 496 
 
 
 4 
 
 492 
 
 >, 
 
 2 
 
 310 
 
 ), 
 
 5 
 
 700 
 
 ), 
 
 2 
 
 >55 
 
 ), 
 
 1 
 
 >5 
 
 
 2 
 
 492 
 
 • > 
 
 1 
 
 >5 
 
 
 3 
 
 I 500 
 
 i , 
 
 2 
 
 152 
 
 !, 
 
 3 
 
 146 
 
 
 6 
 
 948 
 
 ), 
 
 2 
 
 190 
 
 >, 
 
 27 
 
 4.704 
 
 ), 
 
 4 
 
 200 
 
 5 , 
 
 25 
 
 6.093 
 
 >, 
 
 4 
 
 956 
 
 
 2 
 
 300 
 
 5 , 
 
 3 
 
 468 
 
 Manchester Square Station, 
 Metropolitan Electric Supply Corporation, 
 London, England, 
 
 123 
 
THE ELECTRIC CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION, London and Wolverhampton, 
 KENSINGTON AND KNIOHTSBRIDGE ELECTRIC LIGHT CO., London, Eng., 
 
 SHARP & KENT, Electrical Engineers, Westminster, London, England, 
 
 For D. H. EVANS, Drapery Establishment, London, England, 
 
 For BEALE & COMPANY, LIMITED, Restaurant, London, England, 
 
 For WESTMINSTER ELECTRIC SUPPLY CORPORATION, London, England, 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHT STATION, Holloway, England, 
 
 THE NOTTING HILL ELECTRIC EIGHT STATION. London, England, 
 
 S. Z DE FERRANTI, Electrician, London, England, 
 
 For THE RIVER PLATE ELECTRICITY COMPANY, La Flatte, S. A., . . . 
 
 HAMMOND & COMPANY, Electrical Engineers, London, England, 
 
 For CENTRAL STATION, Madrid, Spain, 
 
 For BILBAO, Spain 
 
 LAING WHARTON N DOWN, C instruction Syndicate, London, England, 
 
 For RESIDENCE OF ! C. BRYANT, Leatherheads, Dorking, England, 
 
 For READING ELECTRIC LIGHT STATION, Reading, England 
 
 For WEYBRIDGE ELECTRIC EIGHT STATION, Surrey, England, 
 
 For RESIDENCE OF LORD ROTHSCHILD, Tring Park, Herts, England, 
 
 For WORLD’S LABOR EXHIBITION. London, England, 
 
 For WOOLWICH QUAY, London. England 
 
 For CITY OF LONDON ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, London, England, 
 
 England, 
 
 Feb., 1890, 
 
 7 
 
 1. 120 
 
 6 orders 
 
 , 1888-1892, 
 
 7 
 
 1 388 
 
 
 July, 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 125 
 
 
 Nov., 1888, 
 
 2 
 
 105 
 
 2 orders 
 
 , 1888-1890, 
 
 3 
 
 250 
 
 2 orders 
 
 , 1 890- 1891, 
 
 3 
 
 500 
 
 
 Nov., 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 250 
 
 
 Nov.. 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 496 
 
 
 Feb., 1888, 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 2 orders, 1889, 
 
 6 
 
 720 
 
 2 orders 
 
 . 1 889- 1 80 1 , 
 
 7 
 
 1.360 
 
 
 Oct., 1889, 
 
 6 
 
 960 
 
 
 Jan., 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 104 
 
 
 Mar., 1891, 
 
 2 
 
 496 
 
 
 Sept., 1885, 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 2 ord.-rs 
 
 ., 1888-1889, 
 
 2 
 
 >■5 
 
 
 Oct., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 76 
 
 . 2 orders 
 
 ., 18S7-1890, 
 
 2 
 
 90 
 
 
 April, 1891. 
 
 3 
 
 2 5 3 
 
 
 Dec., 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 124 
 
 
 Dec., 1892, 
 
 3 
 
 x 5 co 
 
 Babcock <L Wiicox Boilers at the Chelsea- Electricity Supply Company’s Station, Chelsea, Eng. 360 H, P. Erected 1888-9. 
 The Brush Electrical Engineering Co., Limited, London, Contractors. 
 
 124 
 
Babcock & Wilcox Boilers at The Royal Electric Company, Montreal, Canada, 3,350 H, P., in 5 orders. Erected 1889 to 1892. 
 
Boilers . 
 
 J. H. HOLMES & CO., Electrical Engineers, London, England, for Port Said, Egypt, . . . Oct., 1889, 1 
 
 For THE HOME AND COLONIAL STORES, Islington, London 2 orders, 1889-1891, 2 
 
 CADOGAN ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, L’T’D, London, S. W., England, . . 2 orders, 1887-1890, 3 
 
 NICHOLSON & JENNINGS, London, England, for Jamaica Exhibition, Jamaica, W. I., . . Oct., 1890, 2 
 
 SYDNEY HARGRAVES, Electrical Engineer, London, England, Jan., 1890, 4 
 
 WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC COMPANY, London, England. 
 
 For SARDINIA STREET STATION, Lincoln’s Inn, London, 2 orders, 1888-1890, 12 
 
 For HARROW WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC COMPANY, Harrow, England, . . . Sept., 1890, 1 
 
 THE ELECTRICITY SL’PPLY CORPORATION, L’T’D, Strand, London, England, 3 orders, 1888-1890, 5 
 
 W. R. RENSHAW, For Queen Anne’s Mansion, London, England, Aug., 1890, 4 
 
 SAINT PANCRAS VESTRY, London, England, 2 orders, 1890-1893, 8 
 
 LONDON SCHOOL BOARD, Victoria Embankment, London, England Nov., 1892, 2 
 
 CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON, Central Institution, London, England Mar., 1892, 1 
 
 THE NOTTING HILL ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, London, England Mar., 1890, 2 
 
 THE CITY OF LONDON ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY, L’T’D, London, England, . Mar., 1893, 3 
 
 R. & E. CROMPTON & CO. , London and Chelmsford, England 4 orders, 1888-1889, 4 
 
 EXETER ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Rockfield Works, Exeter, England, . . 2 orders, 1889-1892, 3 
 
 TAUNTON ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, LIMITED, Taunton, England June, 1889, 2 
 
 THE HATH ELECTRIC LIGHT WORKS, Bath, England Aug., 1889, 2 
 
 THE CHATHAM, ROCHESTER & DISTRICT ELECTRIC LIGHT CO., Rochester, Eng., Jan., 1888, 1 
 
 THE SCHMIDT-DOUGLASS ELECTRIC LIGHT CO., L’T’D, Hustlegate, Bradford, Eng., 2 orders, 1887, 2 
 
 ELWELL PARKER, LIMITED, Wolverhampton", England 2 orders, 1889, 14 
 
 LEEDS “MERCURY” OFFICES, Leeds, England, Nov., 18S9, 3 
 
 DISTRICT ELECTRICAL SUPPLY COMPANY, L’T’D, Bournemouth, England, . 3 orders, 1888-1891, 4 
 
 BOURNEMOUTH AND DISTRICT l LECTRIC LIGHl CO., L’T’D, Bournemouth, Eng., July, 1893, 2 
 
 HASTINGS & ST LEONARD’S ELECTRIC LIGHT CO., L’T’D, Hastings, England, 2 orders, 1891-1893, 2 
 
 NORWICH ELECTRICITY COMPANY, LIMITED, Norwich, England April, 1892, 2 
 
 NORWICH ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY, Norwich, England Nov., 1893, 1 
 
 WINDSOR I I ECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Windsor, England Aug., 1 v. • 
 
 THE SHEFFIELD ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER CO., L’T’D, Sheffield, England, . Feb., 1893, 5 
 
 SHROPSHIRE ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER COMPANY. Shrewsbury, England, . . Nov., 1893, 2 
 
 K. ELVI NSIDE ELECTRICITY COMPANY, LIMITED, Glasgow, Scotland May, 1892, 2 
 
 GLASGOW ATHENiEUM, Glasgow , Scotland . . June, 1892, 1 
 
 WILLIAM HARVIE & CO., Glasgow, Scotland, July, 1891, 2 
 
 McWHIRTER, FERGUSON & CO., Edinburgh, Scotland, 3 orders, 1887-1888, 2 
 
 THE CORPORATION OF ABERDEEN, Aberdeen, Scotland, May, 1893, 4 
 
 CARLOW ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Carlow, Ireland Aug., 1892, 1 
 
 1 \ ' OMPAGNIE PARISIENNE DI L’AIR COMPRIMfi, Paris, I ranee, ... 2 orders, 1890-1892, 24 
 
 LA COMPAGNIE NATION ALE D’fiLECTRlCITfi, Paris, France, 2 orders, 1889-1893, 4 
 
 BANQUE DE PARIS I I DES PAYS BAS, Paris Mar., 1886, 2 
 
 LA COMPAGNIE D’ECLAIRACE FlLECTRIQUE, Station Drowet, Paris, France, . 2 orders, 1887-1888, 3 
 
 EDISON’S CONTINENTAL COMPANY, Paris, France, 4 orders, 1882-1889, 4 
 
 BEAl .v BERTRAND rAILLET, Pans France Oct., 1888, 2 
 
 SOCILTIs L’ECLAIRAGE ELECTRIQUE, Montagues Russes, Paris, France, April, 1892, 3 
 
 EDEN Mil \ I R I . Paris, France July, 1892, 4 
 
 NOTRE DAME I)E LORETTE, Paris, France Oct., 1892, 1 
 
 ERNEST LAMY, PAUL RIEN ET CIE, Mende, Lozere, France, June, 1887, 2 
 
 LOMBARD GERIN ET COMPAGNIE, Lyons, France June, 1890, 2 
 
 A. GILL 1 BERT & CO., Societe Franyaise d'Electricite Appliquee a l’Industrie, Marseilles, France, Oct., 1887, 2 
 
 SOCIETE NANCIENNE D’ELECTRICITE, Nancy, France, 2 orders, 1887-1888, 3 
 
 MONSIEUR GIUTTON, St. Etienne, for Marennes, France 2 orders, 1889-1890, 2 
 
 USIXE CENTRALE D’ECLAIRAGE ELECTRIQUE, Perpignan, France, ... 2 orders, 1888-1890, 6 
 
 SCHNEIDER X: CO., Creusdt, for Electric Station at Monaco, France, 3 orders, 1890, 4 
 
 SOCIEtE MONEGASQUE D’ELECTRICITE, Monaco, France June, 1893, 1 
 
 COMPAGNIE D’ECLAIRAGE ELECTRIQUE, Cannes, France, 2 orders, 1891-1S92, 3 
 
 COMPAGNIE D’ELECTRICITE DE MOULINS, Moulins, France, Sept., 18171, i 
 
 M. DE MONTRAVEL, Villefranche, France, Dec., 1891, 1 
 
 THE THOMSON-HOUSTON INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC CO., St. Brieuc, France, . Jan., 1892, 1 
 
 THOMSON-HOUSTON INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC CO.. Bordeaux, France June, 1S93, 2 
 
 SOCIETE DE L’ECLAIRAGE ELECTRIQUE, Bordeaux, France, June, 1892, 1 
 
 COMPAGNIE D’ELECTRICITE, ET DE L’AIR COMPRIME, Montpellier, France, . . . Aug., 1892, 1 
 
 LA COMPAGNIE NATIONALE D’ELECTRICITE, Calvedos, France Oct., 18173, 1 
 
 THOMSON-HOUSTON INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC CO., Hamburg, Germany, . 3 orders, 1891, 3 
 
 For FRITZ WILEN, Helsingfors, Finland, 2 orders, 1889, 2 
 
 For the “ ELECTRA,” Bilbao, Spain Aug., 1889, 3 
 
 For ST. PETERSBURG, Russia, July, 1890, 1 
 
 For ODESSA HARBOR, Odessa, Russia 2 orders, 1890-1891, 3 
 
 For ELECTRIC RAILWAY, ia Germany July, 1891, 2 
 
 For LEEDS TRAMWAY COMPANY, July, 1891, 1 
 
 AI. LEGEMEINE ELECTRICITATS GESELLSCHAFT. Berlin, Germany Nov., 1891, 5 
 
 ACTIEN GESELLSCHAFT FUR ELECTRISCHE GLUHLAMPEN, Berlin, Germany, Jan , 1S89, 2 
 
 BEIDERMANN & CZARNIKOW, Electric Lighting, Berlin, Jan., 18S9, 1 
 
 THE MONOPOL HOTEL, Berlin, Germany Mar., 1888, 2 
 
 F. ZOPKE, Electrician, Berlin, Germany 3 orders, 1890-1891, 3 
 
 SIEMEX’S & HALSKE, Berlin, Germany, for Station at Copenhagen, Denmark, Nov., 1890, 3 
 
 ELECTRICITEITS MATTSCHAPPY, SYSTEM DE KHOTINSKY, Berlin, Germany, 2 orders, 1X87, 4 
 
 ELECTRICITE 1 TS MATTSCHAPPY, SYSTEM DE KHOTINSKY, Gelnhausen, Germany, Oct., 1884, 2 
 
 CAPT. DE KHOTINSKY, Berlin, Germany June. " 88 7 , 2 
 
 HI'. 
 
 86 
 
 80 
 
 3"4 
 
 172 
 
 420 
 
 2,520 
 
 76 
 974 
 460 
 95 8 
 160 
 
 65 
 
 496 
 
 1.500 
 
 810 
 
 316 
 
 210 
 
 210 
 
 124 
 235 
 
 2.184 
 
 192 
 
 332 
 
 224 
 
 306 
 
 280 
 
 140 
 
 30 
 
 700 
 
 152 
 
 248 
 
 75 
 
 60 
 
 9 " 
 
 392 
 
 86 
 
 5.088 
 
 520 
 
 240 
 
 5" 8 
 
 824 
 
 120 
 
 324 
 
 92 
 20 
 
 122 
 68 
 
 220 
 
 5" 8 
 
 5 ° 
 
 510 
 
 344 
 
 125 
 
 420 
 
 53 
 
 93 
 140 
 248 
 
 123 
 
 77 
 in 
 43 8 
 250 
 480 
 
 70 
 
 "77 
 
 246 
 
 192 
 
 400 
 
 240 
 
 60 
 
 230 
 
 426 
 
 660 
 
 170 
 
 I64 
 
 80 
 
 126 
 
Boilers. 
 
 SCHUCKERT & CO., Nuremberg, Germany, for Station at Canton, China, . . Jan., 1890, 1 
 
 SCHUCKERT & CO., for Electric Lighting Japanese Imperial Coast Fortifications, ... 2 orders, 1891-1892, 2 
 
 SCHUCKERT & CO., for Shepheard’s Hotel, Cairo, Egypt, June, 1891, 2 
 
 ETTELBRUCK ELECTRIC LIGHT STATION', Ettelbruck, Luxembourg, Germany, June, 1893, 1 
 
 El). DUBONNET, GRAND HOTEL, Brussels, Belgium, Aug., 1892, 1 
 
 LA COMPAGNIE INTERNATIONALE D’ELECTRICITE, Li^ge, Belgium July, 1891, 1 
 
 STATION CENTRAL D’ELECTRICITE (Carels Freres), Brussels, Belgium, Feb., 1893, 3 
 
 GRAND PALACE, Laeken, Brussels, Belgium, Sept., 1893, 1 
 
 LA EMPRESA GAS V ELECTRICIDAD, Valencia, Spain, 3 orders, 1888-1892, 8 
 
 FRANCISCO DE LA NT ESC A, Cadi/., Spain, . 2 orders, 1886 1887, 2 
 
 PLANAR, FLAQUER V CIE, Gerona, for Electric Light Station at Gijon, Spain, Feb., 1890, 2 
 
 PLANAR, FLAQUER V CIE, for Electric Light Station at Gerona, Spain, Oct., 1890, 1 
 
 PLANAR, FLAQUER V CIE, for Electric Light Station at Tangiers, Morocco, . . July, 1891, 1 
 
 PLANAR, FLAQUER V CIE, for Electric Light Station at Granada, Spain, Nov., 1892, 1 
 
 EMPRESA ILLUMINAQAS ELECTRICA DE BADAJOS, Spain, July, 1891, 1 
 
 SOCIEDAD MATRITEUSE DE ELECTRICIDAD, Madrid, Spain, . Aug., 1888, 3 
 
 CASTRO URDIALES ELECTRIC LIGHT STATION, Madrid, Spain, ... Jan., 1892, 1 
 
 MADRID PALACE, Madrid, Spain, . Dec., 1892, 2 
 
 //./’. 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 92 
 
 30 
 
 87 
 
 98 
 
 636 
 
 58 
 
 832 
 
 102 
 
 164 
 
 106 
 
 40 
 
 86 
 
 66 
 
 186 
 
 96 
 
 280 
 
 The Babcock & Wilcox Co., St. Louis Branch, 608 Security Building. 
 
 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY COMPANY, Madrid, Spain, Aug., 1893, 3 
 
 CORDOVA ELECTRIC LIGHT STATION, Cordova, Spain, Aug., 1893, 2 
 
 ANTEQUERA ELF'.CTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Antequera, Spain, . May, 1S92, 3 
 
 MAHON ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, Mahon, Spain, 2 orders, 1892, 2 
 
 LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ELE( TRI( IDAD, Barcelona, Spain, Oct., 1892, 5 
 
 LA SOCIEDAD ELECTRICIDADE DO NORTE DE PORTUGAL, Oporto, Portugal, . 2 orders, 1893, 2 
 
 CAMPANHIA DE LUZ ELECTRICA, Oporto, Portugal, Dec., 1893, 1 
 
 SOCIETA GEN’LE ITALIANA D’ELETTRICITA SISTIMA EDISON, Milan, Italy, 9 orders, 1SS2-1SS9, 16 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHT STATION at Livorno, Italy, Sept., 1887, 3 
 
 For ROYAL ITALIAN NAVY ARSENAL, Spezia, Italy, May, 1888, 3 
 
 For ELECTRIC LIGHT STATION, Syracuse, Italy, May, 1889, 3 
 
 SOCIETA ANGLO-ROMANA PER L’lLLUMI NAZI ONE, Rome, Italy, 3 orders, 1SS5-18S9, 15 
 
 SOCIETA GENERALE PER L’lLLUMINAZIONE PALAZZO CHIGI, Rome, Italy, . . Nov., 1SS8, 2 
 
 BARON N. LA CAPRA SABELLI, STAZIONE “BELLINI,” Pontecorvo, Italy, ... Mar., 1892, 2 
 
 SOCIETA ANONYMA DE L’lLLUMINAZIONE ELETTRICA, Palermo, Sicily, . 2 orders, 18S6-1887, 3 
 
 CAMELA G. LAGANA, Palermo, Sicily, 2 orders, 18S6-1887, 2 
 
 IMPERIAL CONTINENTAL GAS ASS’N (Electric Lighting), Vienna, Austria, ... 3 orders, 1887-1889, 10 
 
 KREMENEZKY, MEYER & CO., Vienna, for Hotel Thonethof, Graz, Austria, July, 1889, 3 
 
 ERSTE BRUNNER & CO., for Gratz Electric Light Station, Austria, Aug., 1893, 2 
 
 KARLSBAD ELECTRIC LIGHT STATION, Karlsbad, Austria, 2 orders, 1890-1891, 7 
 
 GANZ & CO., Buda-Pesth, for Station at Fiume, Hungary, Nov.. 1890, 3 
 
 TROLLER BROS., Electrical Engineers, Luzerne, Switzerland, Aug., 1889, 1 
 
 480 
 
 128 
 
 156 
 
 92 
 
 700 
 
 248 
 
 140 
 
 2,165 
 
 438 
 
 186 
 
 360 
 
 2.370 
 
 328 
 
 128 
 
 246 
 
 122 
 
 1,116 
 
 120 
 
 280 
 
 682 
 
 420 
 
 240 
 
 127 
 
DANISH ADMIRALTY, Copenhagen, Denmark, for Skagens Nordstrands Lighthouse, 
 DANISH ADMIRALTY, Copenhagen, Denmark, for Forness Lighthouse, 
 
 DAVY ROBERTSON, for Haglund s Hotel, Gothenberg, Sweden, 
 
 AKTE BOLAGET ELECTRON, Central Station, Gothenberg, Sweden, 
 NORWEGIAN GOVERNMENT (Fortress of Oscarsburg), Oscarsburg, Norway 
 I 1 1 1 S 1 1 \ 1 1 OI 1 ’ I RSI \ , reheran Persia, 
 
 AKTE BOLAGET SHAKO, Jammerfort, Finland, 
 
 A. IVANOWITSCH ALEXEJEFF, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 BARON DERVISS, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 MOSCOW ELECTRIC LIGHTING COMPANY, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 MOSCOW ELECTRICAL EXHIBITION, Moscow, Russia 
 
 WILNO Mil ITARY I NGINI I RING DISTRK 1 . Will. Russia 
 J. MARGULIS, Od 
 
 LA COMPAGNIE CONTI N ENTALE EDISON, Belgrade, Suvia, . 
 
 SOCIEDAD ANONIMA LUZ ELECTRI \ EDISON,” Bueno \yi 
 
 RIVER PLATTE ELECTRICITY COMPANY, Arg. Rep 
 
 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, Buenos Ayres, Arg. Rep., 
 
 “ JARDIM BOTANICO,” Rio Janeiro, Brazil, 
 
 Arg 
 
 British Guiana, S. 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 HP 
 
 July, 1891, 
 
 2 
 
 80 
 
 July, 1891, 
 
 2 
 
 80 
 
 . . April, 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 60 
 
 orders, 1888-1889, 
 
 2 
 
 248 
 
 Mar., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 2 orders, 1893, 
 
 6 
 
 428 
 
 June, 1890, 
 
 I 
 
 123 
 
 July, 1883, 
 
 I 
 
 51 
 
 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 orders, 1888-1891, 
 
 6 
 
 908 
 
 
 X 
 
 140 
 
 Sept., 1890, 
 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 April, 1801, 
 
 I 
 
 52 
 
 Jan., 1892, 
 
 3 
 
 369 
 
 Jan., 1889, 
 
 6 
 
 1,008 
 
 orders. July, 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 240 
 
 . . Dec., 1S93, 
 
 3 
 
 228 
 
 
 2 
 
 292 
 
 orders, 1891-1894, 
 
 3 
 
 442 
 
 EDISON SPANISH COLONIAI T IGHT COMPANY, Porto Rico, 
 
 SANTA ANA ELECTRIC LIGHTING STATION, Santa Ana, San Salvador, C. A . 
 ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER COMPANY, Melbourne, Australia, . 
 
 MUNICIPAL COL T NCIL, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 
 
 WESTCOTT, MARSHALL & ADAMS, Sydney, for Newcastle, N. S. W . 
 
 WILLS & < OMPANY ELE< 1 RI< I IGH 1 S I \TION, 1 ' »rt S : i gypt 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHT CENTRAL STATION, Ceuta, N. Africa, 
 
 VIDAL COMPANY, Tangier, Africa, 
 
 THE JOHANNESBURG LIGHTING COMPANY, LIMITED, Johannesburg, Transvaal, 
 JAPAN IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT, Coast Fortifications, Japan, 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 146 
 
 May, 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 240 
 
 Aug., 1888, 
 
 2 
 
 500 
 
 May, 1892, 
 
 4 
 
 1,000 
 
 2 orders, 1890, 
 
 4 
 
 344 
 
 Mar., 1891, 
 
 I 
 
 124 
 
 Aug., 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 192 
 
 Feb., 1892. 
 
 I 
 
 52 
 
 April, 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 64 
 
 >rders, 1891-1892, 
 
 3 
 
 100 
 
 GAS LIGHTING. 
 
 WALTHAM GAS LIGHTING COMPANY, Waltham, Mass.. 
 BEVERLY GAS LIGHT COMPANY, Beverly, Mass., 
 
 LAWRENCE GAS COMPANY, Lawrence, Mass 
 
 CHELSEA GAS LIGHT COMPANY, Chelsea, Mass., . . - 
 STANDARD GAS LIGHT COMPANY, New York, N. Y. . 
 
 BROOKLYN GAS LIGHT COMPANY, Brooklyn, N. Y 
 
 FULTON MUNICIPAL GAS COMPANY, Brooklyn, N. Y., . 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG GAS LIGHT COMPANY, Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 EAST RIVER GAS LIGHT COMPANY, Long Island City, N. Y . 
 
 Boilers . 
 
 HP. 
 
 Dec., 1886, 
 
 1 
 
 159 
 
 Dec., 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 104 
 
 4 orders. 1882-1892, 
 
 4 
 
 436 
 
 . . Sept., 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 250 
 
 2 orders, 1887-1890, 
 
 3 
 
 816 
 
 . . July, 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 328 
 
 . . Aug., 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 436 
 
 . 2 orders, 1884-1893, 
 
 2 
 
 328 
 
 
 2 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 128 
 
SCRANTON CAS AND WATKR COMPANY, Scranton, Pa.. 
 
 ALLEGHKNY CAS COMPANY, Allegheny, i>a., 
 
 CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE COMPANY, Cincinnati, Ohio, - 
 
 MIAMI VALLEY GAS AND FUEL COMPANY, Dayton, Ohio 
 
 ( ITIZENS’ GAS LIGHT AND HEATING ( OMPANY, Bloomington, 111., 
 
 FREEPORT GAS LIGHT AND CORE COMPANY. Freeport, ill-, 
 
 INDIANA GAS COMPANY, Coiinorsville, Ind 
 
 KANSAS CITY GAS LIGHT AND CORE COMPANY, Ransas City, Mu., 
 
 CAPITAL GAS ( OMPANY, Sacramento, Cal. 
 
 CORPORATION Oh' GLASGOW, DAWSHOLM GAS WORKS, Glasgow, Scotland, 
 t ORPO RATION ( 1 I GLASGOW, TRADESTON GAS WORKS, Glasgow, Scotland, 
 
 ABERDEEN CORPORATION, Aberdeen, Scotland, .... 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LEITH GAS WORKS, Leith, Scotland, 
 
 DOWSON ECONOMIC GAS POWER COMPANY, Loudon, S. W., England, 
 
 THE GAS LIGHT AND CORE COMPANY, LIMITED, London, England, 
 
 THE UNITED GAS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY, London, England, . . . 
 
 THE SOUTH METROPOLITAN GAS COMPANY, LIMITED, London, England, 
 
 BIRMINGHAM CORPORATION GAS WORKS, Birmingham, England, 41 
 
 BIRMINGHAM GAS TRUST, Saltley, Birmingham, England, 
 
 LEICESTER CORPORATION, GAS DEPARTMENT, Leicester, England, 
 
 LIVERPOOL UNITED GAS LIGHT COMPANY, Garston, England 
 
 COMPAGNIE ANONYM E DU GAZ DE ST. JOSSE TEN NOODE, Brussels, Belgium, 
 
 GAS WORKS AT LA HAGUE, La Hague, Holland, . 
 
 SOC. ANGLO-ROMAN A PER L’lLLUM I NAZI ONE DI ROMA, Rome, Italy, 3 , 
 
 LA SOCIETA GINEVRINA DEL GAS BOLONGO, Venice, Italy 
 
 STOCKHOLM GAS WORKS, Stockholm, Sweden, 
 
 SOC I EDA D CO-OPERATIVA GADITANA, DE FABRICACION DE GAZ, Cadi?., Spain, 2 < 
 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 //./’. 
 
 ■Vug., 
 
 *891, 
 
 1 
 
 75 
 
 May, 
 
 1891, 
 
 2 
 
 250 
 
 Mar. , 
 
 1883, 
 
 2 
 
 184 
 
 Sept., 
 
 * 893 , 
 
 3 
 
 620 
 
 rs, 1884- 
 
 -i8$9, 
 
 2 
 
 >55 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1 892 , 
 
 2 
 
 200 
 
 April, 
 
 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 73 
 
 . Jan., 
 
 1890, 
 
 3 
 
 75° 
 
 orders, 
 
 1890, 
 
 0 
 
 624 
 
 rs, 1SS8- 
 
 ■893, 
 
 6 
 
 660 
 
 April, 
 
 ■893, 
 
 I 
 
 no 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1886, 
 
 I 
 
 93 
 
 July, 
 
 1SS7, 
 
 2 
 
 186 
 
 orders, 
 
 1888, 
 
 6 
 
 1 14 
 
 •s, 1890- 
 
 *891 , 
 
 12 
 
 i-432 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 192 
 
 Nov, , 
 
 1S90, 
 
 2 
 
 ■52 
 
 s, 1889- 
 
 i 891 , 
 
 0 
 
 675 
 
 July, 
 
 1 890, 
 
 I 
 
 97 
 
 Nov., 
 
 18S9, 
 
 3 
 
 288 
 
 Sept., 
 
 1893, 
 
 3 
 
 480 
 
 May, 
 
 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 60 
 
 
 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 5° 
 
 •s, 1 886- 
 
 •1889, 
 
 12 
 
 042 
 
 Mar., 
 
 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 ■3 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1 89 1 , 
 
 2 
 
 344 
 
 s, 1891- 
 
 ■893, 
 
 2 
 
 3° 
 
 ARTIFICIAL ICE AND REFRIGERATION. 
 
 Boilers. H.P. 
 
 NEW YORK STEAM COMPANY, for making Ice, New York, Aug., 1889, 4 1000 
 
 MARYLAND ICE COMPANY, Baltimore, Mcl. , Dec., 1892, 3 525 
 
 THE CORYVILLE ICE COMPANY, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2 orders, 1890, 4 414 
 
 CORNING REFRIGERATOR COMPANY, Cleveland, Ohio. Feb., 1893, 2 250 
 
 JOSEPH L. EBNER, Ice, Vincennes, Ind., Dec, 1890, 1 150 
 
 THE WESTERN REFRIGERATING COMPANY, Chicago, 111., Jan., 1890, 2 240 
 
 THE UNITED STATES BREWING COMPANY, No. 3, Chicago, 111 2 orders, 1881-18SS, 4 324 
 
 DENVER CONSOLIDATED BREWING COMPANY, LIMITED, Denver, Col., 2 orders, 1884-1889, 3 650 
 
 THE ARMOUR PACKING COMPANY, Kansas City, Mo . . . 2 orders, 1886, 2 500 
 
 SOUTHERN ICE COMPANY, New Orleans, La., Sept., 1882, 2 272 
 
 TEXARKANA ICE COMPANY, Texarkana, Tex. , . . .. ... Mar., 18S4, 1 30 
 
 THE CONSUMERS’ ICE COMPANY, San Francisco, Cal., . ... 2 orders, 1890-1891, 3 246 
 
 BATH PURE ICE COMPANY, LIMITED, Bath, England, . . . . . Mar., 1886, 1 30 
 
 L. STERNE & COMPANY, LIMITED, London, England, 3 orders, 1887-1888, 3 205 
 
 SOCHSTlS FRIGORIFIol l I’l M<>.\TTEI I.ll k, Montpellier, I r.m< c. . ... Dec., 1892, 1 56 
 
 SPIERS & POND’S REFRIGERATING ARCH, London, England, 2 orders, 188S-1S90, 7 640 
 
 LEADENHALL MARKET COLD STORAGE COMPANY, LIMITED, London, England, . Jan., 1887, 1 65 
 
 FOREIGN ANIMALS CATTLE MARKET, Deptford, London, England Mar., 1889, 1 105 
 
 T HE LIVERPOOL COLD STORAGE COMPANY, LIMITED, Liverpool, England, Oct., 1890, 2 284 
 
 LIVERPOOL COLD STORAGE \\I> ICE COMPANY, LIMITED, Liverpool, England, Oct., 1893, 2 280 
 
 HASLAM FOUNDRY AND ENGINEERING CO., L’T’D, Derby, Eng. , for the Continent, June, 1893, 1 172 
 
 MANCHESTER CORPORATION, Manchester, England, Nov., 1893, 3 420 
 
 COMPAGNIE INDUSTRIELLE DES PROCEDLs RAOUL PICTET, Paris, France, Aug., 1891, 1 32 
 
 M. PELLERIN, Refrigerating, Paris, France, April, 1892, 2 106 
 
 ENRIQUE LAPPE, Ice Making, Malaga, Spain, . . May, 1892, 1 11 
 
 M. RODRIGUES DE CELLS & CO., Madrid, Spain, Dec., 1893, 1 52 
 
 \RNHEIMSCHE KRISTAL-YS FABRIC, Ice, Amheim, Holland, Mar., 1890, 1 13 
 
 THE AUSTRALIAN CHILLING AND FREEZING COMPANY, London and Australia, . Oct., 1890, 4 384 
 
 THE QUEENSTOWN MEAT EXPORT & AGENCY CO., L’T’D, Brisbane, Queensland, 2 orders, 1891, 12 1,152 
 
 NELSON BROTHERS, LIMITED, London, England, and Tomoana, New Zealand, 5 orders, 1888-1890, 10 1.318 
 
 WELLINGTON MEAT EXPORT COMPANY, LIMITED, Wellington, New Zealand, April, 1891, 1 104 
 
 M. MEIJER, Ice Manufacturing, Batavia, Java, . .. April, 1892, 1 52 
 
 SOClETE FRIGORIFIQUE DE JAFFA, Palestine, Dec., 1892, 1 96 
 
 ELECTRIC RAILWAYS. 
 
 Boilers . //./’. 
 
 WEST END STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Boston, Mass.. 4 orders, 1SS0-1892, 38 9 500 
 
 LYNN AND BOSTON RAILROAD COMPANY, Lynn, Mass., . 2 orders, 1892, 8 2,000 
 
 LYNN AND BOSTON RAILROAD COMPANY, Chelsea, Mass 2 orders, 1.892. 8 2000 
 
 GLOBE STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Fall River, Mass Feb., 1892, 3 675 
 
 HAVERHILL AND GROVELAND STREET RAILWAY COMPANY. Haverhill, Mass., . Sept., 1892, 3 630 
 
 THE MERRIMAC VALLEY STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Lawrence, Mass.. t orders. 189,-1893, 5 896 
 
 THE TAUNTON STREET RAILROAD COMPANY, Taunton, Mass Mar., 1893, 2 368 
 
 NEWTON AND BOSTON STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Newtonville, Mass.. Mar., 1S93, 2 244 
 
 SPRINGFIELD STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Springfield, Mass., . Jan., 1S94, 3 750 
 
 THE PORTLAND STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Portland, Me., April, 1S91, 2 250 
 
 129 
 
Babcock Sl Wilcox Boilers at the Central Station of the West End Street Railway Company '’Electric), Boston, Mass 6,000 H. P. 
 
 in operation and in process of erection. 
 
 Central Power Station 
 West End Street Ry. Co. 
 Boston Mass. 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 
TH K INION RAM. ROAD COMPANV, Providence, R. I 
 UNION RAILWAY COMPANY. New York, 
 
 THE BROOKLYN CITY RAILROAD COMPANY, Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 
 CONEY ISLAND AND BROOKLYN RAILROAD COMPANY, Brooklyn. N. Y. , 
 ATLANTIC AYKNCE RAILROAD COMPANY, Brooklyn, NY, 
 
 STEIN WAY RAILROAD COMPANY, Long Island City, N. Y„ 
 
 THE ALBANY RAILWAY, Albany, N. Y., ~ 
 
 TROY AND LANSINGBURO RAILWAY COMPANY, Troy, N. Y. , 
 
 BUFFALO STREET RAILWAY COMPANY. Buffalo. N Y., 
 
 CROSSTOWN STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Buffalo, N. V., 
 
 Bl Ff \ l.o, |:l LI E VI E AND I ANCASTKR RAILWAY COMPANY, Buffalo, N. 
 ROCHESTER RAILWAY COMPANY. Rochester, N. Y., . 
 
 STATEN ISLAND POWER COMPANY, Staten Island, N Y , 
 
 SEASHORE ELECTRIC RAILWAY C 'M PAN Y, Asbury Park, N. J 
 
 CAMDEN, GLOUCESTER AND WOODBURY ELECTRIC RAILROAD COMP 
 
 Gloucester, N. J., 
 
 CONSOLIDATED TRACTION COMPAN Y, Jersey City, N. J . 
 
 PHILADELPHIA TRACTION COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 PEOPLE'S TRACTION COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa., ... 
 
 ELECTRIC TRACTION COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa., , 
 
 PITTSBURGH AND BIRMINGHAM TRACTION COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa.. . 
 
 BRADDOCK ELECTRIC RAILWAY COMPANY, Braddock, Pa., 
 
 EC KINGTON AND SOLDIERS’ HOME RAILROAD COMPANY, Washington, D. 
 GLEN ECHO RAILROAD COMPANY, Washington, E>. C. 
 
 ROCK CREEK RAILWAY COMPANY. Washington, D. C 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 //./’. 
 
 2 orders, 1892-1893, 
 
 8 
 
 2.0CO 
 
 2 orders, 1891-1892, 
 
 6 
 
 1.500 
 
 8 orders, 1891-1893, 
 
 CO 
 
 165OO 
 
 Mar., 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 500 
 
 2 orders, 1892-1893, 
 
 12 
 
 3 coo 
 
 Feb., 1893, 
 
 4 
 
 I ,oco 
 
 3 orders, 1889-1892, 
 
 7 
 
 990 
 
 3 0 rd e rs , 1 S89- 1891, 
 
 5 
 
 864 
 
 2 orders, 1890-1893, 
 
 8 
 
 2,000 
 
 June, 1893, 
 
 IO 
 
 2,500 
 
 , . June, 1893, 
 
 I 
 
 i go 
 
 2 orders, 1891-1892, 
 
 2 
 
 8c8 
 
 Mar., 1892, 
 
 IO 
 
 3.28° 
 
 Mar., 1892, 
 
 \ \ 
 
 2 
 
 64O 
 
 April, 1S93, 
 
 3 
 
 750 
 
 Dec., 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 500 
 
 Mar., 1893, 
 
 I u 
 
 6. coo 
 
 Oct., 1893, 
 
 12 
 
 4,800 
 
 Oct., 1893, 
 
 4 
 
 X ,CCO 
 
 July, 1890, 
 
 4 
 
 I.CCO 
 
 June, 1S92, 
 
 1 
 
 164 
 
 Jan., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 ■36 
 
 2 orders, 1890-1891, 
 
 3 
 
 312 
 
 
 3 
 
 375 
 
 B. & W. Boilers at Albany Railway (Electric), Albany, N. Y. Erected 1889 , 
 
 THE CINCINNATI, NEWPORT AND COVINGTON RAILWAY, Newport, Ky., 
 THE CINCINNATI STREET RAILWAY COMPANY. Cincinnati, Ohio, . . . 
 
 THE COLUMBUS STREET RAILROAD COMPANY, Columbus, Ohio, 
 
 SANDUSKY, MILAN AND HURON ELECTRIC RAILWAY COMPANY. Sandusky 
 INTRAMURAL RAILWAY, COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, Chicago, 111 . 
 
 AURORA STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Aurora, 111 
 
 STREATOR RAILWAY COMPANY, Strcator, 111 ., 
 
 URBANA AND CHAMPAIGN ELECTRIC STREET RAILWAY C< )., Champaign, III., 
 
 CITIZENS’ STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Indianapolis, Ind 
 
 THE DOUGLASS COUNTY STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, West Superior, Wis„ 
 MARINETTE GAS, ELECTRIC LIGHT AND STREET RAILWAY CO., Marinette, 
 
 PEOPLE’S STREET RAILWAY, St. Joseph, Mo., 
 
 THE NORTHEAST RAILWAY COMPANY, Kansas City, Mo., 
 
 UNION DEPOT RAILWAY COMPANY, St. Louis, Mo., 
 
 NEGAUNEE AND ISHPEMING ST. RY. & ELECTRIC CO., Negaunee, Micli., . 
 
 ST. PAUL CITY RAILWAY COMPANY, St. Paul, Minn 
 
 ST. PAUL AND WHITE BEAR RAILROAD COMPANY, St. Paul, Minn., 
 
 DULUTH STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Duluth, Minn., . 
 
 THE AUGUSTA RAILWAY COMPANY, Augusta, Ga 
 
 SAVANNAH STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Savannah, Ga., . . 
 
 TAMPA STREET RAILWAY AND POWER COMPANY, Tampa, Fla., 
 
 NEW ORLEANS AND CARROLLTON RAILROAD, New Orleans, La., 
 
 HOUSTON CITY STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Houston, Texas. 
 
 CITIZENS’ RAILWAY COMPANY, Waco, Texas, 
 
 SAN DIEGO ELECTRIC RAILWAY COMPANY, San Diego, Cal., 
 
 LEEDS TRAMWAY COMPANY, Leeds, England, 
 
 COVENTRY ELECTRIC TRAMWAYS, Coventry. England, 
 
 BRUSSELS ELECTRIC TRAMWAY, Brussels, Belgium, 
 
 THOMSON-HOUSTON INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, for German Tr. 
 
 Hamburg, Germany, .... 
 
 KiEW ELECTRIC TRAMWAY, Kiew Germany, . 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.r. 
 
 Nov., 1S92, 
 
 4 
 
 544 
 
 5 orders, 1890-1893, 
 
 8 
 
 3.300 
 
 2 orders, 1890-1893, 
 
 G 
 
 1.039 
 
 , Ohio, April, 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 272 
 
 June, 1892, 
 
 10 
 
 2.040 
 
 2 orders, 1890-1892, 
 
 4 
 
 83? 
 
 April, 1S90, 
 
 2 
 
 208 
 
 2 orders, 1893-1894, 
 
 3 
 
 728 
 
 Aug. , 1S91 , 
 
 2 
 
 600 
 
 June, 1891. 
 
 3 
 
 445 
 
 Wis., Nov., 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 150 
 
 2 orders, 1889-1893, 
 
 5 
 
 1 .040 
 
 Sept., 1S89, 
 
 2 
 
 250 
 
 June, 1S93, 
 
 4 
 
 1. 000 
 
 2 orders, 1891-1892, 
 
 3 
 
 344 
 
 April, 1S90, 
 
 8 
 
 2,176 
 
 Mar., 1S92, 
 
 2 
 
 184 
 
 Mar., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 240 
 
 2 orders, 1S90-1892, 
 
 3 
 
 550 
 
 Mar., 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 500 
 
 Feb., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 150 
 
 May, 1892, 
 
 4 
 
 624 
 
 Mar., 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 164 
 
 A.ug., 1S90, 
 
 2 
 
 240 
 
 2 orders, 1S92, 
 
 3 
 
 312 
 
 July, 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 192 
 
 May, 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 212 
 
 2 oiders, 1892-1893, 
 
 6 
 
 950 
 
 imways, 
 
 2 orders, 1891, 
 
 2 
 
 246 
 
 Aug., 1893, 
 
 3 
 
 420 
 

 
 Boilers. 
 
 HP. 
 
 CHRISTIANIA ELECTRIC TRAMWAYS, Christiania, Norway, 
 
 
 May, 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 172 
 
 BILBAO ELECTRIC TRAMWAYS, Bilbao, Spain, 
 
 
 Feb., 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 146 
 
 MADRAS ELECTRIC TRAMWAY COMPANY, L’T’D, Madras, India, . 
 
 
 May, 1893, 
 
 8 
 
 848 
 
 EAGLEHAWK ELECTRIC TRAMWAY COMPANY', Sandhurst, Victoria, > 
 
 s. w., 
 
 April, 1889, 
 
 3 
 
 90 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers at Pencoyd Iron Works, in process of erection. Another tier to go above those shown. 
 
 PIANO AND ORGAN MANUFACTURERS. 
 
 1 ALLF.T & DAVIS COMPANY, P.oston, Mass., 
 
 1 ALLET & DAVIS COMPANY, "National," or Moore Boile 
 i. SHONINGEK COMPANY. New Haven, Conn., 
 
 V. W. KIMBALL & COMPANY, Chicago, 111 ., • 
 
 C GASPARINI, Paris, France, 
 
 tlAHILLON ET CIE, Brussels, Belgium, 
 i. GUTSCHOW, Berlin, Germany, . . 
 
 r it/ 07 
 
 2 orders, 18 
 
 Be 
 
 iters. HP. 
 
 , 1881-1888, 
 
 2 218 
 
 May, 1889, 
 
 1 184 
 
 Oct., 1891, 
 
 1 285 
 
 Oct., 1892, 
 
 1 >5 
 
 Sept., 1892, 
 
 1 35 
 
 Mar., 1887, 
 
 1 35 
 
IRON AND STEEL WORKS. 
 
 TROY IRON AND ST KM. COMPANY, Troy, N. Y.. 
 
 SWKKT’S MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Syracuse, N. Y.. 
 
 NFAV H A V 10 N ROM. INC Mll.l. COMPANY, New Haven, Conn, , 
 
 NKW JKRSKY STKKI. AND IRON COMPANY, Trenton, V J ., 
 DELAWARE ROLLING MII.I., Phillipsburg, N. J., 
 
 PENCOYD IRON WORKS, Pencoyd, Pa 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA STEEL COMPANY, ISlast Furnace, Steehon, Pa., 
 PENNSYLVANIA STEF I . COMPANY, Bessemer Department, Steehon, Pa., 
 MARYLAND STEEL COMPANY, Blast Furnace, Sparrows Point, Md., 
 
 MARYLAND STEEL COM PAN \ , Rail Mill, Sparrows Point, Md 
 
 MARYLAND STEEL COMPANY, Ship Yard, Sparrows Point, Md., 
 MARYLAND STEEL COMPANY, Machine Shop, Sparrows Point, Md., 
 
 Total, 
 
 CAM BRIA 
 CAMBRIA 
 CAMBRIA 
 CAMBRIA 
 CAMBRIA 
 CAMBRIA 
 
 IRON COMPANY, Johnstown, Pa., Blast Furnaces. 
 
 IRON COMPANY, Billet Mill, 
 
 IRON COMPANY, Gautier Steel Department, 
 IRON COMPANY, Waterworks Station, . 
 
 IRON COMPANY, Coal Mining, ... 
 
 IRON COMPANY, Incline Cable Railway, 
 
 Total, 
 
 If oilers. HP. 
 
 3 orders, 1SS5-1888, 
 
 12 
 
 1 ,786 
 
 4 orders, 1881-18S3, 
 
 4 
 
 344 
 
 2 orders, 1889-1893, 
 
 3 
 
 404 
 
 2 orders, 1885-1892, 
 
 4 
 
 416 
 
 June, 1882, 
 
 1 
 
 82 
 
 7 orders, 1881-1S93, 
 
 21 
 
 3,228 
 
 
 7 
 
 1.500 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 ,000 
 
 
 32 
 
 8.000 
 
 
 28 
 
 6,628 
 
 
 3 
 
 338 
 
 
 3 
 
 338 
 
 2 orders, 1887-1892, 
 
 77 
 
 18.004 
 
 
 12 
 
 3,000 
 
 
 10 
 
 2,480 
 
 
 12 
 
 3.000 
 
 
 2 
 
 272 
 
 
 4 
 
 454 
 
 
 3 
 
 234 
 
 \ orders, 1883-1890, 
 
 36 
 
 7730 
 
 The Babcock & Wilcox Co,, San Francisco Branch, San Francisco Tool Company. 
 
 THE H AINSWORTH STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa 
 
 3 
 
 orders, 1883-1891, 
 
 7 
 
 1 416 
 
 CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY, LIMITED, Lucy Furnaces, Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 
 4 
 
 orders, 1883-1893, 
 
 13 
 
 3 457 
 
 CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY, LIMITED, Upper Union Mills, 
 
 3 
 
 orders, 1884-1894, 
 
 6 
 
 1 ,916 
 
 CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY, LIMITED, Beaver Falls Mills 
 
 2 
 
 orders, 1882-1883, 
 
 4 
 
 544 
 
 CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY, LIMITED, Homestead Mills, 
 
 9 
 
 orders, 1892-1S93, 
 
 42 
 
 10,500 
 
 CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY, LIMITED, Duquesne Mills, 
 
 
 Oct., 1892, 
 
 4 
 
 1,000 
 
 CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY, LIMITED, Edgar Thompson Steel Works, 
 
 3 
 
 orders, 1S92-1S94, 
 
 12 
 
 3.250 
 
 Total, 
 
 22 
 
 orders, 1882-1894, 
 
 81 
 
 20.667 
 
 DUQUESNE FORGE COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa 
 
 
 July, 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 262 
 
 JONES & LAUGH LI NS, LIMITED, Pittsburgh, Pa., . 
 
 s 
 
 orders, 1889-1892, 
 
 27 
 
 6,750 
 
 OLIVER IRON AND STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 
 6 orders, 1891-1892, 
 
 13 
 
 2.105 
 
 BROWN & COMPANY, INCORPORATED, Pittsburgh, Pa.. 
 
 
 Dec.. 1892, 
 
 4 
 
 1. 000 
 
 THE CARRIE FURNACE COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 
 
 orders, 1893-1894, 
 
 4 
 
 1,000 
 
 THOMAS IRON COMPANY, Easton, Pa., 
 
 
 June, 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 250 
 
 JOHNSON COMPANY, Johnstown, Pa 
 
 
 3 orders, 1892. 
 
 4 
 
 800 
 
 TACONY IRON AND METAL COMPANY, Taconv, Pa , . . 
 
 
 Oct., 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 CATASAUQUA MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Catasauqua, Pa.. 
 
 2 
 
 orders, 1881-1883, 
 
 2 
 
 202 
 
 CHICK I ES IRON COMPANY, Chickies, Pa 
 
 2 
 
 orders, 18S7-1S88, 
 
 4 
 
 512 
 
 COLUM BI A ROLLI NG MILL COMPANY, Vesta Furnace, Watts, Pa. (P.( >. . Marietta, Pa 
 
 
 orders, 18S7-1890, 
 
 2 
 
 272 
 
 POTTSVI LI.E IRON AND STEEL COMPANY, Pottsville, Pa.. 
 
 
 orders, 1884-1885, 
 
 3 
 
 35° 
 
 MAHONING ROLLING MILL COMPANY, Danville, Pa., 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 250 
 
Sardinia Street Electric Light Station, Lincoln's Inn, London, England. 2,520 H. P. of Babcock & Wilcox Boilers. Erected 1888-1890. 
 

 Boilers, 
 
 McCORMICK & COMPANY, Paxton Furnaces, Harrisburgh, Pa .... Oct., 1884, 2 
 
 R. H. COLEMAN, Lochiel Furnace, Harrisburgh, Pa., Oct., 1884, 2 
 
 BIRD COLEMAN FURNACES, Cornwall, Pa., 3 orders, 1886-1888, 8 
 
 LEBANON FURNACES, Lebanon, Pa., 2 orders, 1885-1886, 4 
 
 J. & R. MEILY, Lebanon, Pa., . Feb., 1887, 2 
 
 PERKINS & COMPANY, Mabel Furnace, Sharpsville, Pa., . . 2 orders, 1890, 3 
 
 SPEARMAN IRON COMPANY, Sharpsville, Pa., June, 1892, 2 
 
 SHARPSVILLE FURNACE COMPANY, Sharpsville, Pa. Oct., 1892, 2 
 
 MOORHEAD BROTHERS & COMPANY, Sharpsburgh, Pa., Dec., 1890, 1 
 
 POTTSTOWN IRON COMPANY, Pottstovvn, Pa., 2 orders, 1889, 4 
 
 LICKDALE IR<>\ COMPANY, Lickdale, Pa., .... 2 orders, 1887-1892, 4 
 
 MARSHALL BROTHERS & COMPANY, Newport, Pa., June, 1888, 2 
 
 NORTH CORNWALL FURNACE, Cornwall, Pa., 2 orders, 1889, 2 
 
 LONGMEAD IRON WORKS, Conshohocken, Pa. 2 orders, 1882-1887, 4 
 
 ROBESONIA IRON COMPANY, LIMITED, Robesonia, Pa., .... 2 orders, 1885-1889, 4 
 
 ISABELLA FURNACE COMPANY, Etna, Pa., Mar., 1890, 2 
 
 LAI ROBE STEEL WORKS, Latrobe, Pa., 3 orders, 1888-1889, 8 
 
 W. DEWEES WOOD COMPANY, Sheet Iron and Steel, McKeesport, Pa., . . . Feb., 1892, 3 
 
 MIDVALE STEEL COMPANY, Nicetown, Philadelphia, Pa., 2 orders, 1881-1892, 4 
 
 HUGHES & PATTERSON, Philadelphia, Pa., ... Jan., 1886, 2 
 
 McDANIEL & HARVEY COMPANY, Sheet Iron, Philadelphia, Pa., ... June, 1882, 1 
 
 McCULLOUGH IRON COMPANY, Wilmington, Del., 4 orders, 1874-1882, 14 
 
 McCULLOUGH IRON COMPANY, North East, Md., 5 orders, 1880-1890, 7 
 
 McCULLOUCH IRON COMPANY, Carbon Station, Md., April, 1884, 1 
 
 OLD DOMINION IRON AND NAIL WORKS COMPANY, Richmond, Va., . . 2 orders, 1886-1888, 3 
 
 D. S. COOK, Princess Furnace, Glen Wilton, Va., 2 orders, 1887-1889, 3 
 
 IVANHOE FURNACE COMPANY, Ivanhoe Furnace, Va., Sept., 1889, 1 
 
 WHEELING STEEL AND IRON COMPANY, Wheeling, W. Va., 2 orders, 1890-1893, 8 
 
 FRANK LYMAN, Covington, Va., Aug., 1892, 4 
 
 NORTON IRON WORKS, Ashland, Ky., Mar., 1892, 2 
 
 TENNESSEE COAL, IRON AND RAILROAD COMPANY, South Pittsburgh, Tenn., . May, 1887, 4 
 
 NASHVILLE IRON, STEEL AND CHARCOAL COMPANY, West Nashville, Tenn., . . Mar., 1887, 4 
 
 CHEROKEE IRON COMPANY, Cedartown, Ga., Feb., 1886, 2 
 
 SHEFFIELD AND BIRMINGHAM COAL, IRON AND RAILROAD CO., Sheffield, Ala., Feb., 1887, 12 
 
 GADSDEN ALABAMA FURNACE COMPANY, Gadsden, Ala., Mar., 1887, 4 
 
 DECATUR LAND IMPROVEMENT AND FURNACE COMPANY, Decatur, Ala., . April, 1887, 4 
 
 SLOSS STEEL AND IRON COMPANY, North Birmingham, Ala., Mar., 1887, 8 
 
 SHELBY IRON COMPANY, Shelby, Ala. July, 1888, 4 
 
 THOMAS FURNACE COMPANY, Niles, Ohio, May, 1891, 2 
 
 WELLSTON FURNACE COMPANY, Wellston, Ohio, . Mar., 1892, 2 
 
 UNION ROLLING MILLS, Cleveland, Ohio, .... . . Dec., 1891, 6 
 
 JEFFERSON IRON WORKS, Steubenville, Ohio, ..... . . June, 1893, 2 
 
 CLAIRE FURNACE COMPANY, L’T’D, Cleveland, Ohio, . Oct., 1893, 1 
 
 ILLINOIS STEEL COMPANY, South Chicago, 111 ., May, 1893, 4 
 
 NEWBERRY FURNACE COMPANY, Newberry, Mich., Aug., 1891, 1 
 
 ASHLAND IRON AND STEEL COMPANY, Ashland, Wis., April, 1890, 1 
 
 MINNESOTA BLAST FURNACE COMPANY, West Duluth, Minn., Jan., 1893, 2 
 
 AIKEN, McNEIL & COMPANY, Colonial Iron Works, Govan, Scotland, .... 2 orders, 1888-1889, 3 
 
 DOWLAIS IRON COMPANY, Dowlais, Glamorganshire, Scotland, July, 1890, 1 
 
 DAVID COLVILLE & SONS, Motherwell, Scotland, 4 orders, 1883-1893, 21 
 
 STEEL COMPANY OF SCOTLAND, Blochaim and Newton, Scotland, 8 orders, 1883-1891, 16 
 
 WOODSIDE STEEL AND IRON COMPANY, Coatbridge, Scotland, 2 orders, 1883-1886, 2 
 
 THE SUMMERLEE & MOSSEND IRON AND s i l l I < OMPANY, Mossend, Scotland, Sept., 1888, 5 
 
 A. & J. STEWART AND CLYDESDALE, L’T’D, Mossend, Scotland, Sept., 1893, 5 
 
 ARROLS BRIDGE AND ROOF CO., L’T’D, Germiston Iron Works, Glasgow, Scotland, Nov., 1893, 1 
 
 WM. BEARDMORE & COMPANY, Parkhead, Scotland, Oct., 1888, 1 
 
 THE KIRKSTALL FORGE COMPANY, Kirkstall, England, 5 orders, 1888-1892, 5 
 
 EDGAR ALLEN & COMPANY, Steel Manufacturers, Sheffield, England, June, 1890, 1 
 
 MATHEW J. HART & SONS, Tin Plate, Argyle Works, Birmingham, England. . Oct., 1891, 1 
 
 TAYLOR & CH ALLEN, Birmingham, England, Dec., 1893, 1 
 
 NETTLEFOLDS, L’T’D, Castle Works, Newport Iron, England, Sept., 1S93, 1 
 
 RICHARD THOMAS & CO., L’T’D, Iron and Tin Plate, Lydney, Gloucestershire, England, June, 1891, 3 
 
 THE RHYMNEY IRON COMPANY, Rhymnev, England, 3 orders, Mar. and Nov., 1889, 17 
 
 THE GWENDRAETH TIN PI \II COMPANY, Kidwelly, Wales June, 1891, 2 
 
 THE BRYMBO STEEL COMPANY, L’T’D, Brymbo, near Wrexham, Wales, 2 orders, 1889-1891, 4 
 
 W. GILBERTSON & CO., L’T’D, Steel and Tin Plate, Pontardame, near Swansea, Wales,. Dec., 1882, 1 
 
 ROBERT WILLIAMS & SONS, LIMITED, Hay, Wales June, 1893, 1 
 
 SOCILt£ ANONYME DES FERS ET ACIERS, ROBERT, Paris, France, April, 1891, 1 
 
 ESCHGER, GHESQUIERE & COMPANY, Rolling Mill, Biache St. Waast, France, Jan., 1890, 1 
 
 MARREL FRERES, Forge Masters, Etainge, France, . Feb., 1890, 1 
 
 GOUVY ET CIE, Dieulouard, France, 2 orders, 1S92-1S93, 2 
 
 LA SOCIETE ANONYME DES USINES DE ROSIERES, Rosieres, France July, 1S93, 1 
 
 LA SOCIEDAD MATERIAL PARA FERRO CARRILES Y CONSTRUCCIONES, 
 
 Barcelona, Spain Feb., 1893, 1 
 
 CIA. ANONIMA. “BASCONIA,” Bilbao, Spain Aug., 1893, 2 
 
 LA SOCIETY ANONYME DE LA FABRIQUE DE FER D’OUGREE, Ougree, Belgium, Feb., iSqo, i 
 
 SOCl£T£ INDUSTRIALS NAPOLETANA, Naples, Italy, July, 1885, 1 
 
 SOCIETA METALLURGICA ITALIAN A, Livorno, Italy,' Nov., 1892, 1 
 
 //. 1\ 
 
 416 
 
 416 
 
 1,260 
 
 970 
 
 208 
 
 750 
 
 500 
 
 500 
 
 146 
 
 416 
 
 658 
 
 272 
 
 480 
 
 241 
 
 960 
 
 500 
 
 1,664 
 
 202 
 
 772 
 
 208 
 
 100 
 
 700 
 
 758 
 
 45 
 
 408 
 
 468 
 
 184 
 
 2.000 
 846 
 500 
 624 
 480 
 480 
 
 1.872 
 
 624 
 
 292 
 
 1,248 
 
 292 
 
 250 
 
 190 
 
 354 
 
 500 
 
 250 
 
 1 .000 
 104 
 no 
 300 
 318 
 
 70 
 
 2.556 
 
 2,667 
 
 186 
 
 700 
 
 620 
 
 86 
 
 140 
 
 346 
 
 30 
 
 106 
 
 76 
 
 212 
 
 5 2 8 
 
 C 734 
 
 496 
 
 252 
 
 86 
 
 86 
 
 l6g 
 
 106 
 
 140 
 
 IOO 
 
 64 
 
 I5 2 
 
 320 
 
 82 
 
 140 
 
 92 
 
 
 135 
 
Spreckels Sugar Refinery, Philadelphia. 9,000 H. P. of Babcock ii Wilcox Boilers now in use| to have 15,000 H. P. when completed, 
 
Boilers. 
 
 C. HAUPT. Stendal, Germany, ... . . . July, 1S89, 1 
 
 BRJANSK IRON WORKS, Bejitza, Russia, Feb. , 1 887 , 1 
 
 YYKSOUNSKY IRON WORKS, Mouram, Russia, Mar., 1890, 1 
 
 W. L. FANSMITH, St. Petersburg, Russia, April, 1893, 3 
 
 soch£t£ DES FORGES AND ACIERIES DE DONETZ A DROVJKOWKA, 
 
 Ekaterinoslav, Russia, June, 1893, 1 
 
 LA SOCltfTE ANONVMA DES FORGES ET ACIERIES DE H UTA-BANKOWA, 
 
 Dombrowa, Poland, Aug., 1892, 1 
 
 LA COMPANHIA NACIONAL DE FORJAS E ESTALEIROS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Sept., 1891, 3 
 
 STEEL AND IRON TUBING. 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 NATIONAL TUBE WORKS COMPANY, McKeesport, Pa., 5 orders, 1887-1893, 13 
 
 THE TYLER TUBE AND PIPE COMPANY, Washington, Pa., 2 orders, 1890-1893, 4 
 
 AMERICAN TUBE AND IRON COMPANY, Middletown, Pa., Jan., 1888, 1 
 
 JAMES EADIE & SONS, Tube Makers, Rutherglen, Scotland, May, 1883, 1 
 
 JAMES MENZIES & COMPANY, Tube Makers, Glasgow, Scotland, . . . .. Oct., 1883, 1 
 
 A. & J. STEWART, LIMITED, Tube Makers, Coatbridge, Scotland, May, 1889, 1 
 
 JAMES ALLAN, Tube Maker, Coatbridge, Scotland, 2 orders, 1883-1884, 2 
 
 J. G. STEWART, Souterhouse, West Coatbridge, Scotland, ... Jan., 1889, 1 
 
 JOHN RUSSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, Tube Works, Wallsall, England, 2 orders, 1889-1890, 4 
 
 ALBERT HAHN, Tube Maker, Diisseldorf, Germany, Feb., 1890, 2 
 
 SOClETE RL^SSE DE FABRICATION DE TUBES, Ekaterinoslav, Russia, Feb., 1893, 1 
 
 SOCIEDAD ANONIMA “TUBOS FORJADOS,” Bilbao, Spain, June, 1893, 1 
 
 SOCIEDAD TUBOS FORJADOS, Bilbao, Spain, July, 1893, 1 
 
 WIRE WORKS. 
 
 WASHBURN & MOEN MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Worcester, Mass. 
 
 For NEW WORKS at Waukegan, 111 
 
 TRENTON IRON COMPANY, Trenton, N. J., 
 
 OLIVER & ROBERTS WIRE COMPANY, LIMITED, Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 STANDARD UNDERGROUND CABLE COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa., . . 
 
 THE PITTSBURGH WIRE COMPANY, Braddock, Pa. 
 
 IOWA BARB WIRE COMPANY, Allentown, Pa., 
 
 BRADDOCK WIRE COMPANY, Rankin, Pa 
 
 WALTER GLOVER & COMPANY, Salford Wire Works, Manchester, England, 
 W. T. GLOVER, Salford, England, ... 
 
 TH. GIRARD ET CIE, Hemixem, Belgium, ... 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 2 orders, 1891, 16 
 
 5 orders, 1880-1889, 7 
 
 7 orders, 1882-1891, 16 
 
 . . May, 1893, 2 
 
 4 orders, 1890-1892, 10 
 
 2 orders, 1886-1890, 5 
 
 2 orders, 1890, 4 
 
 Dec., 1891, 1 
 
 . . Dec., 1893, 1 
 
 April, 1893, 1 
 
 FOUNDRIES. 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 TURNER & SEYMOL T R MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Torrington, Conn., . 2 orders, 1880-1881, 
 
 THE J. L. MOTT IRON WORKS, New York May, 1891, 
 
 T. SHRIVER & COMPANY, Fine Castings, and Copying Presses, New York. April, 1882, 
 
 W. AMES & COMPANY, Jersey City, N. J., Nov., 1884, 
 
 A. H. McNEAL, Pipe Founder. Burlington, N. J., Sept., 1884, 
 
 BLACK & GERMER, Stoves, Erie, Pa., Oct., 1883, 
 
 DANVILLE STOVE AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Danville, Pa., Oct., 1887, 
 
 McCONWAY & TORLEY COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa., June 1891, 
 
 JAMES E. THOMAS, Founder, Newark, Ohio, Aug., 1882, 
 
 UNION FOUNDRY AND CAR WHEEL WORKS, Pullman, 111 JuW. 1881, 
 
 NATIONAL MALLEABLE CASTINGS COMPANY, Chicago, 111 .. June, 1892, 
 
 N. E. AYER & COMPANY, Iron Founders, Portland, Oregon Feb., 1892, 
 
 THE BRITISH HYDRAULIC FOUNDRY COMPANY, Whiteinch, Glasgow, Scotland, . July, 1891, 
 
 THE PATENT SAND-MOULDING MACHINE COMPANY, Glasgow and Kilbowie, Scotland, Dec., 1890, 
 
 ARROLL BROTHERS, Glasgow, Scotland, April, 1883, 
 
 THE CARRON COMPANY, Iron Founders, Falkirk, Scotland. Dec., 1S83, 
 
 J. & J. BOYDE. Iron Founders, Shettleston, Scotland, 2 orders, 1883-1887, 
 
 HASLAM FOUNDRY COMPANY, Derby, England, 3 orders, 18S9-1SS1, 
 
 BRADLEY & CRAVEN, Founders, Wakefield, England, Dec., 1887, 
 
 F. W. FRIEDBERG, Pipe Founder, Neustadt, Eberswald, Germany, Mar., 1890, 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 NAILS, SCREWS, BOLTS, Etc. 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 AMERICAN SCREW COMPANY, Providence, R. I April, 1891, 2 
 
 PHCENIX HORSESHOE COMPANY, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., June, 1888, 1 
 
 PORTCHESTER BOLT AND NUT COMPANY, Portchester, N. \ . July, 1882, 1 
 
 W. AMES & COMPANY, Jersey City, N. J., Nov., 18S4, 1 
 
 READING BOLT & NUT WORKS, J. H. Sternbergh & Sons, Reading, Pa . . Sept 1886, 1 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA BOLT AND NUT COMPANY, Lebanon, Pa.. 2 orders, 1892-1893, 6 
 
 BELLAIRE NAIL WORKS, Bellaire, Ohio, . . Nov., 1892, 2 
 
 DETROIT MACHINE SCREW WORKS, Detroit, Mich Feb., 1893, 1 
 
 THE CAPEWELL HORSE-NAIL COMPANY, LIMITED, London, England, April, 1890, 1 
 
 THE BRITISH SCREW COMPANY, Leeds, England, . . June, 1890, 2 
 
 NETTLEFORDS, LIMITED, Screw Makers, Tydn, Newport, Monmouth, Wales, 2 orders, 1891-1892, 3 
 
 BAUER & SCHAURTE, Bolt and Nut Works, Neuss, Germany, . . . April, 1887, 1 
 
 H.r. 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 125 
 
 744 
 
 192 
 
 155 
 
 456 
 
 H.r. 
 
 3.156 
 
 458 
 
 51 
 
 64 
 
 104 
 
 124 
 
 268 
 
 30 
 
 480 
 
 246 
 
 86 
 
 46 
 
 76 
 
 H. r. 
 
 4,000 
 
 481 
 
 3.580 
 
 150 
 
 2,500 
 
 780 
 
 I, 000 
 
 *5 
 
 25 
 
 76 
 
 H.F. 
 
 100 
 
 312 
 
 45 
 
 240 
 
 104 
 
 92 
 
 104 
 
 300 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 450 
 
 240 
 
 280 
 
 100 
 
 146 
 
 416 
 
 208 
 
 425 
 
 108 
 
 60 
 
 H.r. 
 
 416 
 
 146 
 
 50 
 
 240 
 
 82 
 
 698 
 
 500 
 
 132 
 
 123 
 
 320 
 
 334 
 
 136 
 
SUGAR REFINERIES. 
 
 BROOKLYN SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, Brooklyn, N. Y 
 
 DKCASTRO & DONNER SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, Brooklyn, N. V., 
 
 HAVEMEYER SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 
 HAYERMEYERS & ELDER SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, Brooklyn, N. Y„ . 
 
 MOLLENHAUER SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 MAI I III I "I \ \ WIKI HI RS s l GAR Kll 1NING < OMPANY, Jersey City, N I 
 
 FRANKLIN SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 E. C. KNIGHT & COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 GROCERS’ SUGAR HOUSE, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 SPRECKELS SUGAR REFINERY, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 BOSTON SUGAR REFINERY, East Boston, Mass., 
 
 BAY STATE SUGAR REFINERY, Boston, Mass., 
 
 STANDARD SUGAR REFINERY, Boston, Mass., 
 
 FOREST CITY SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, Portland, Me., 
 
 AMERICAN GLUCOSE COMPANY, Buffalo, N. Y , Works A , 
 
 AMERICAN GLUCOSE COMPANY, Peoria, 111., Works P., 
 
 AMERICAN GLUCOSE COMPANY, Leavenworth, Kan., Works L., 
 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 6 orders, 
 
 1876-1893, 
 
 22 
 
 4,928 
 
 8 orders, 
 
 1871-1888, 
 
 21 
 
 3.265 
 
 7 orders, 
 
 1871-1892, 
 
 30 
 
 6,260 
 
 2 orders, 
 
 1871-1872, 
 
 8 
 
 600 
 
 3 orders, 
 
 1891-1893, 
 
 12 
 
 2.880 
 
 9 orders, 
 
 1871-1889, 
 
 25 
 
 5 906 
 
 9 orders, 
 
 1871-1886, 
 
 32 
 
 6,218 
 
 3 orders, 
 
 1880-1887, 
 
 8 
 
 1 980 
 
 
 Oct., 1881, 
 
 2 
 
 250 
 
 
 Oct., 1881, 
 
 2 
 
 250 
 
 2 orders, 
 
 1888-1892, 
 
 36 
 
 9,000 
 
 2 orders, 
 
 l88o-l88l, 
 
 5 
 
 1,250 
 
 2 orders, 
 
 18S0-1887, 
 
 5 
 
 798 
 
 4 orders, 
 
 18SO-1893, 
 
 13 
 
 3.150 
 
 2 orders, 
 
 l88l-l887, 
 
 5 
 
 700 
 
 6 orders, 
 
 1879-18(^5, 
 
 17 
 
 3792 
 
 2 orders, 
 
 1880-1888, 
 
 8 
 
 1,960 
 
 
 4 
 
 500 
 
 The Babcock &. Wilcox Co., Havana Branch, 1161 Calle de la Habana. 
 
 THE BALTIMORE SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, Baltimore, Md., . 
 
 
 June, 1892, 
 
 8 
 
 1 .920 
 
 CHICAGO SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, Chicago, 111., 
 
 5 
 
 orders, 1880-1893, 
 
 26 
 
 5838 
 
 ROCKFORD GRAPE SUGAR COMPANY, Rockford, 111 , 
 
 2 
 
 orders, 1882-1890, 
 
 4 
 
 900 
 
 CHARLES POPE GLUCOSE COMPANY, Geneva, 111., 
 
 
 July, 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 600 
 
 BELCHER SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, St. Louis, Mo.. 
 
 2 
 
 orders, 1872-1881, 
 
 9 
 
 1.925 
 
 ST. JOSEPH SUGAR REFINERY, St. Joseph, Mo 
 
 2 
 
 orders, 1880- 1881, 
 
 4 
 
 535 
 
 FIRMINICH MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Marshalltown, Iowa, 
 
 2 
 
 orders, 1880-1882, 
 
 8 
 
 I.25O 
 
 LOUISIANA SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, New Orleans, La. 
 
 5 
 
 orders, 1883-1889, 
 
 10 
 
 2.4OO 
 
 PLANTERS’ SUGAR REFINERY, New Orleans, La., 
 
 4 
 
 orders, 1882-1891, 
 
 8 
 
 1.732 
 
 AMERICAN SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, Block X Refinery, 
 
 3 
 
 orders, 1891-1893, 
 
 12 
 
 2.880 
 
 CHINO VALLEY BEET SUGAR COMPANY, Chino, Cal., 
 
 
 . . Jan., 1894, 
 
 4 
 
 960 
 
 SAINT LAWRENCE SUGAR REFINERY, Montreal, Canada, 
 
 2 
 
 orders, 1889-1890, 
 
 3 
 
 524 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA SUGAR REFINERY, Halifax, N. S., 
 
 3 
 
 orders, 1882-1884, 
 
 8 
 
 808 
 
 MONCTON SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, Moncton. N. 1!.. 
 
 2 
 
 orders, 1880-1885, 
 
 3 
 
 456 
 
 REFINERIA DE AZUCAR DE CARDENAS, Cardenas, Cuba, 
 
 ft 
 
 orders, 1883—1886, 
 
 ■7 
 
 2.177 
 
 SAY ET CIE, Paris, France, 
 
 
 Nov., 1886, 
 
 I 
 
 ■36 
 
 BERNARD NEVEUX, Nantes, France, 
 
 
 May, 1887, 
 
 I 
 
 240 
 
 SOClfiTE ANOXYME DES SUCRERIES ET DISTILLERIES, St. Denis, France, 
 
 
 Mar., 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 312 
 
 A. & B. VAC.NIEZ, Montieres les Amiens, France, 
 
 LA SOCIIsTE XOUVELLE DES RAFFIN' FRIES DE SUCRE DE ST. LOUIS, 
 
 
 July, 1889, 
 
 3 
 
 362 
 
 Marseilles, France, 
 
 
 Feb., 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 440 
 
 LA SUCRERIE DE LANDUN L’ARDOISE, Gard, France, 
 
 
 Mar., 1893, 
 
 I 
 
 220 
 
 BRUSSELS REFINERY, Brussels, Belgium, 
 
 
 Aug., 1893, 
 
 I 
 
 140 
 
 JULES DE COCK & COMPANY, Moerbeche, Belgium, 
 
 
 Oct., 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 240 
 
- Boilers. 
 
 SOC 1 KTE ANOXVMA SUCRERIF. DE BRUGLETTE, Bruglette, Belgium, May, 1892, 1 
 
 NAAMLOOZE VENNOOTSHAI* DE NEDERLANDSCHE INDISCHE INDUS- 
 TRIE, Rotterdam, Holland, 2 orders, 1893-1894, 2 
 
 F/EDUC I A SUGAR WORKS, Copenhagen, Denmark, June, 1892, 1 
 
 DE DANSKE SUKKER FABBRIKKER, Copenhagen, Denmark 2 orders, 1892-1893, 6 
 
 ENGLISH-AUSTRIAN SUGAR REFINERIES, LIMITED, Aussig, Bohemia, Mar., 1891, 20 
 
 MIRET & A. M. PLANAS, Vich, Spain, April, 1891, 4 
 
 SALA POU V CIA., Barcelona, Spain 3 orders, 1887-1888, 4 
 
 PLANAS ESCUBOS HERMANOS, Barcelona, Spain . July, 18S8, 1 
 
 RAFAEL MORATO Y CIA., Barcelona, Spain, ... July, 18S9, 2 
 
 SOCIETA ANONIMA RAFFINERIA DI ZUCCHERI, Ancona, Italy, . 2 orders, 1S86-188S, 6 
 
 KORJUKOFF SUGAR REFINERY, Bogatoff, Russia Aug., 1889, 1 
 
 PRINCE WASSILTCHIKOFF, Lisky, Russia, July, 1890, 1 
 
 THE NOVO TAVOLJANSKY BEET SUGAR WORKS, Bielgovod, Gov’t of Karsk, Russia, Mar., 1893, 2 
 
 RAHEL SACHS SOHNE, Kisilowka, Russia, May, 1893, 1 
 
 PUGA SUGAR REFINERY, Tepic, Puebla, Mexico, Nov., 1883, 1 
 
 ROSARIO SUGAR REFINERY, Rosario, Arg. Rep 2 orders, 1888-1892, 4 
 
 RECIPROCITY SUGAR COMPANY, Hana, Maui, Hawaiian Islands, . Nov., 1883, 1 
 
 LEE YEUN SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, Hong Kong, China, Sept., 1883, 1 
 
 THE AUSTRALASIA SL T GAR REFINING COMPANY, London, and Melbourne, Australia, Sept., 1889, 5 
 
 //. P. 
 
 96 
 
 7 . 
 
 Yngenio Central Ysabel, Media Luna, Manzanillo, Cuba, 
 
 SUGAR PLANTATIONS. 
 
 FLORIDA SUGAR MANUFACTURING COMPANY, St. Cloud, Florida.- 
 NORTH BEND PLANTATION, near Centreville, La., 
 
 I >. F. KENNER, Plantation, Hermitage, La., 
 
 FOOS & BARNETT, Plantation, Centreville, La., 
 
 R. H. VALE, Ascension Parish, La., 
 
 H. C. BOAS, Alice Plantation, Bayou Teche, La., 
 
 WILLIAM H. BALLARD, Chatham Plantation, Ascension Parish, La., 
 
 L. A. & C. G. ELLIS, Southwood Plantation, Ascension Parish, La.,* 
 
 L. A. & C. G. ELLIS, Mt. Houmas Plantation, Ascension Parish, La.,* 
 
 J. H. PUTNAM, Rose Hill Plantation, Abbeville, La., 
 
 SCHMIDT & ZIEGLER, Willswood Plantation, New Orleans, La.,* . . 
 
 WELHAM ESTATE, St. James Parish, La.,* 
 
 EMILE ROST, New Orleans, La., ... ... 
 
 Yngenio “PILAR,” Artemisa, Cuba, . . 
 
 Yngenio “ TOLEDO,” Marianao, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “ALCANCIA,” Madau, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “ MONTANA,” Bahia Honda, Cuba, 
 
 Yugenio “SAN AGUSTIN,” Bahia Honda, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ROSARIO,” Aguacate, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “SAN CLAUDIO,” Cabanas, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ MERCEDITA,” Cabanas, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ FORTUNA,” Alquizar, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ASUNCION,” Mariel, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ CONCH ITA,” Alfonso NIL, Cuba* 
 
 Yngenio “LAS CANAS,” Alfonso XII., Cuba,* 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 2 orders, 18S7-1888, 5 
 
 orders, Mar. and Nov., 1879, 4 
 
 May, 1881, 2 
 
 July, 1881, 1 
 
 April, 1883, 2 
 
 Mar., 1S90, 1 
 
 Mar., 1883, 2 
 
 4 orders, 1883-1886, ) g 
 
 . . . 2 orders, 1883-1886, J 
 
 April, 1S83, 1 
 
 2 orders, 1886-1890, 3 
 
 . . . 2 orders, 1886-1 888, 3 
 
 May, 1893, 1 
 
 Sept., 1 888, 1 
 
 4 orders, 18S8-1S92, 6 
 
 April, 1891, 2 
 
 Aug., 1891, 1 
 
 Aug., 1892, 2 
 
 2 orders, 1891-1892, 4 
 
 July, 1SS1, 2 
 
 . 2 orders, 1885-1891, 5 
 
 July, 1883, 6 
 
 July, 18S5, 2 
 
 April, 1891, 4 
 
 July, 1S91, 4 
 
 Burning green bagasse with Cook's Patent Apparatus, see p. 59. 
 
 g’Hsf'lb&i ? I: ■is ! € 8 S 5 !&£ 8 8 8 I S 5,1 £ 11 £ £ 8,5 3. S’ 8 8 
 
Yngenio “COLISEO,” Coliseo, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “ LA VEGA,” Guareira, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “SAN AGUSTIN,” Matanzas, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “CENTRAL DIANA,” Matanzas, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “SAN MANUEL,” Porto Padre, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “SAN AGUSTIN,” Quivican, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ MI ROSA,” Quivican. Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ EMILIA,” Giiines, Cuba, . 
 
 Yngenio “JESUS MARIA,” Santa Ana, Cuba,* 
 
 V g no N l I STRA SEftORA DEL ( \ R M I N , Union, ( uba, 
 
 Yngenio “CARDENAS,” Cardenas, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “GRATITUD,” Mauacas, Cuba, ...... 
 
 Yngenio “LIMONES,” Limonar, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “SAN JOAQUIN,” Pedroso, Cuba, 
 
 \ lgenio 1 SAN 1 \ ( \ I \ I IN \ " ( orral Falso, ( uba,* 
 
 Yngenio “SANTA FILOMENA,” Corral Falso, Cuba. 
 
 Yngenio “UNION,” Cuevitas, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “SANTA RITA,” Baro, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “SANTA GERTRUDES,” Bana guises, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “SAN LUCIANO,” Macagua, Cuba, . . . 
 
 Yngenio “CENTRAL MARIA,” Calimeta, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “SOCORRO,” Corralillo, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “SAN JOSE,” Melena, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “SANTA TERESA,” Sagua, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “SANTA ISABEL,” Sagua, Cuba, ... 
 
 Yngenio “ LUTGARDITA,” Sagua, Cuba, 
 
 *( EN I R \ l \ S \ l • I I ,” Media I una, Manzanillo, ( uba,* 
 Yngenio “CEN TEAL TERESA,” Ceiba Hueca, Manzanillo, Cuba, 1 
 
 V - SAN RAMON,” Ma tnillo, Cuba, 
 
 \ ngenio “ CIENEGUITA,” Abreus, Cuba,* 
 
 Yng DOS HERMANOS,” Ci 1 >a,* 
 
 Yngenio “ ANDREITA,” Cruces, Cuba*, 
 
 Yngenio “TERESA,” Cruces, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “CENTRAL CARACAS,” Cruces, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “SANTA CATALINA,” Cruces, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ SAN FRANCISCO,” Cruces, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “ CONSTANCI A,” Cienfuegos, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “ LEQUEITIO,” Cienfuegos, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio CENTRA I SAN \GUSTI N,” Cienfuegos, Cuba,* 
 Yngenio “SAN LINO,” Cienfuegos, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ SOLEDAD,” Cienfuegos, Cuba, .... 
 
 Yngenio “ PORTUGALETE,” Cienfuegos, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “CENTRAL SAN FERNANDO,” Cienfuegos, Cuba, 
 Yngenio “CENTRAL NATIVIDAD,” Cienfuegos, Cuba, . 
 Yngenio “ MANUELITA,” Cienfuegos, Cuba,* .... 
 
 Yngenio “SANTA MARIA,” Cienfuegos, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “ HORMIGUERO,” Palmira, Cuba, * 
 
 Yngenio “ PURIO,” Calabazal, Cuba,* ... 
 
 Yngenio “ UNIDAD,” Cifuenles, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “SAN JACINTO,” Villa Clara, Cuba, . 
 
 Yngenio “CANa.MABO,” Trinidad, Cuba 
 
 Yngenio “CENTRAL NARCISA,” Yagua jay, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “SAN AUGUSTIN,” Caibarien, Cuba,* . 
 
 Yngenio “SAN FERNANDO,” St. Spiritus, Cuba, . 
 
 Yngenio “ NATIVIDAI),” St. Spiritus, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “CENTRAL REDENCION,” Nue vitas, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ LA CAR I DAD,” Nuevitas, Cuba 
 
 Yngenio “ EL CONGRESO,” Nuevitas, Cuba, . 
 
 Yngenio “SENADO.” Nuevitas, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio ‘ CENTRAL EL LUGARENO,” Nuevitas, Cuba,* 
 
 Yngenio “ SAN FERNANDO,” Tunas, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ LUISA,” Bemba, Cuba 
 
 Yngenio “SANTA LUCIA,” Gibara, Cuba.* 
 
 Yngenio “SAN SEBASTIAN,” Santiago, Cuba. . 
 
 Yngenio “ BELLEZA,” Santiago, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “SABANILLA,” Santiago, Cuba, . . 
 
 Yngenio “DOS AMIGOS,” Campechuela, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “SANTA ROSA,” Guantanamo, Cuba, . 
 
 Yngenio “SAN ANTONIO,” Guantanamo, Cuba.* 
 
 Yngenio “ SOLEDAD,” Guantanamo, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ LOS CAROS,” Guantanamo, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “SAN JOSE,” Guantanamo, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ SAN VINCENTE ” Guantanamo. Cuba. 
 
 Yngenio “ SANTA MARIA,” Guantanamo, Cuba, . 
 
 Yngenio “ SANTE FE,” Guantanamo, Cuba, . 
 
 Yngenio “ ISABEL,” Guantanamo, Cuba.* . 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 nr. 
 
 May, 1891, 
 
 2 
 
 69O 
 
 June, 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 750 
 
 Dec., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 150 
 
 Mar., 1892, 
 
 6 
 
 1,650 
 
 July, 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 768 
 
 2 orders, 1888-1889, 
 
 3 
 
 440 
 
 2 orders, 1886-1892, 
 
 3 
 
 450 
 
 2 orders, 1884-1885, 
 
 3 
 
 386 
 
 2 orders, 1888-1890, 
 
 3 
 
 470 
 
 Jan., 1886, 
 
 1 
 
 I46 
 
 Mar., 1887, 
 
 3 
 
 233 
 
 Aug., 1883, 
 
 2 
 
 208 
 
 April, 1890, 
 
 4 
 
 1,000 
 
 2 orders, 1884-1891, 
 
 6 
 
 1 ,208 
 
 4 orders, 1885-1888, 
 
 7 
 
 920 
 
 . . . June, 1885, 
 
 4 
 
 416 
 
 6 orders, 1879-1892, 
 
 12 
 
 2.040 
 
 2 orders, 1886-1892, 
 
 6 
 
 1.484 
 
 5 orders, 1885-1893, 
 
 9 
 
 2.450 
 
 July, 1884, 
 
 2 
 
 208 
 
 Jan., 1886, 
 
 2 
 
 280 
 
 May, 1885, 
 
 2 
 
 292 
 
 June, 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 736 
 
 4 orders, 188(7-1892, 
 
 5 
 
 I 560 
 
 Sept., 1885, 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 . . Sept., 1885, 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 3 orders, 1886-1892, 
 
 12 
 
 >956 
 
 2 orders, 1886-1889, 
 
 5 
 
 1. 168 
 
 2 orders, 1882-1883, 
 
 3 
 
 3»2 
 
 5 orders, 1882-1891, 
 
 7 
 
 I 058 
 
 2 orders, 1887-1892, 
 
 6 
 
 1.548 
 
 2 orders, 1880-1891, 
 
 4 
 
 1.500 
 
 4 orders. 1884-1891, 
 
 5 
 
 780 
 
 4 orders, 18(70-1891, 
 
 7 
 
 2.064 
 
 April, 1891, 
 
 2 
 
 640 
 
 July, 1891, 
 
 2 
 
 500 
 
 10 orders, 1881-188(7, 
 
 21 
 
 3 012 
 
 5 orders, 1887-1890, 
 
 8 
 
 1. 010 
 
 3 orders, 1889-1890, 
 
 8 
 
 1,970 
 
 Nov., 1887, 
 
 2 
 
 292 
 
 2 orders, 1888-1889, 
 
 2 
 
 312 
 
 3 orders, 1888-1892, 
 
 7 
 
 1 324 
 
 . . Oct., 1889, 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 . . Oct., 188(7, 
 
 I 
 
 ' 5 ° 
 
 Mar., 1*92, 
 
 4 
 
 I 248 
 
 2 orders, 1892-18(73, 
 
 2 
 
 490 
 
 5 orders, 1881-1892, 
 
 8 
 
 1 424 
 
 2 orders, 18(70-1891, 
 
 2 
 
 500 
 
 5 orders, 1886-1892, 
 
 5 
 
 844 
 
 . . Oct., 1882, 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 Sept., 1885, 
 
 2 
 
 292 
 
 5 orders, 18(70-1893, 
 
 6 
 
 I 651 
 
 May, 1891, 
 
 6 
 
 1.500 
 
 . . Oct., 1886, 
 
 1 
 
 104 
 
 Oct., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 104 
 
 . . Jan., 1883, 
 
 2 
 
 146 
 
 2 orders, 1883-1889, 
 
 3 
 
 380 
 
 7 orders, 1883-1885, 
 
 7 
 
 1.228 
 
 3 orders, 1883-1886, 
 
 4 
 
 790 
 
 
 4 
 
 1,276 
 
 July, 1890, 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 Feb., 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 480 
 
 2 orders, 1887-1890, 
 
 5 
 
 1.335 
 
 3 orders, 1884-18(70, 
 
 3 
 
 328 
 
 May, 1881, 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 2 orders, 1884-1886, 
 
 4 
 
 416 
 
 July, 1881, 
 
 I 
 
 150 
 
 4 orders, 1881-1894, 
 
 6 
 
 922 
 
 3 orders, 1880-1888, 
 
 4 
 
 28: 
 
 \ orders, 1883-1890, 
 
 6 
 
 68 3 
 
 May, 1881, 
 
 4 
 
 300 
 
 
 2 
 
 I64 
 
 5 orders, 1882-189 2, 
 
 6 
 
 750 
 
 . . July, 1883, 
 
 I 
 
 146 
 
 . . June, 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 64O 
 
 Burning green bagasse with Cook’s Patent Apparatus, see p. 59. 
 
Yngenio “SANTA CECILIA,” Guantanamo, Cuba, 
 
 \ ngenio “ ROMELIE,” (Iuantanamo, Cuba,* . 
 
 Yngenio “ CONKLUENTE,” (Iuantanamo, Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ SAN MIGUEL,” Guantanamo, Cuba, . 
 
 Yngenio “ TERESA ” (Marquis tie la Gratitud), Cuba, 
 
 Yngenio “ANGELINA,” San Domingo, W. I . 
 
 Hacienda “ FORTUNA,” Porto Rico, 
 
 Hacienda “ FLORIDA YANCO,” Porto Rico, 
 
 Hacienda “ REPARADA,” Porto Rico, 
 
 Hacienda “ LOS CANOS,” Porto Rico, . 
 
 Hacienda “GUARACHA,” Irapuato, Mexico, 
 
 Hacienda “SAN MARCOS,” Jalisco, Mexico, 
 
 GARCIA ICAZBALCETA H ERMANOS, City of Mexico, 
 
 REMIGIO, NORIEGA Y HERMANOS, Cuahuistla, Mexico, 
 
 SENOR CARMONA, Cuernavaca, Mexico, . . . . 
 
 BE1STEGUI AND CARMONA, Mexico,* 
 
 T. C. GUERRA’S SONS, Hacienda de Santa Ines, Mexico, 
 
 JOHN DIAZ RUBIN, Yngenio San Felix Rijo, Puebla, Mexico,* 
 
 SERAPHIM SALCEDOS, Hacienda de Padernales, Mexico, 
 
 Y ngenio . Valence de Venezuela, 
 
 Yngenio “VICTORIA EN GRECIA,” Costa Rica, 
 
 Yngenio “ EL SITIO, ’ Costa Rica, 
 
 Y. S. CORNISH, “HOPE ” PLANTATION, Dem.irara, British Guiana, 
 
 H. R. DAVSON, Berbice, British Guiana, 
 
 TORROME SONS & COMPANY, London, for Rosario, Rio de la Plata, Arg. Rep., . 
 HAWAIIAN AGRICULTURAL COMPANY, Pahala, Hawaiian Islands, 
 
 PAUL WITTOUCK (Beet Sugar Manufacturer), Breda, Holland, 
 
 UTRECHTSCHE BEETWORTEL SUIKER FABRIC, Utrecht, Hollan 1 
 M YRLESS-WATSON & YARYAN COMPANY, for Plantation in Java, 
 
 W. WALKER, for Plantation at Soerabaya, Java, 
 
 I)E NEDERLANDS INDISCHE LANDBROUW MAATSCHAPPY, Soerabaya, 
 GRUNDELL & HELLERDOORN, Poppoh Sugar Plantation, Java, 
 
 REYNOLDS BROTHERS, LIMITED, Natal, South Africa, . 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 //./’. 
 
 Dec., 1S85, 
 
 2 
 
 164 
 
 2 orders, 1891-1892, 
 
 2 
 
 750 
 
 May, *892, 
 
 1 
 
 123 
 
 Sept., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 208 
 
 May, 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 300 
 
 Aug., 1870, 
 
 1 
 
 75 
 
 Nov., 1883, 
 
 1 
 
 104 
 
 Jan., 1884, 
 
 1 
 
 104 
 
 Feb., 1S85, 
 
 1 
 
 104 
 
 Sept., 1886, 
 
 1 
 
 104 
 
 Aug., 1884, 
 
 1 
 
 122 
 
 2 orders, 1S84-1885, 
 
 4 
 
 244 
 
 i orders, Nov., 1887, 
 
 2 
 
 184 
 
 2 orders, 1891-1S92, 
 
 2 
 
 416 
 
 Jan., 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 5i 
 
 Mar., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 164 
 
 May, 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 416 
 
 April, 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 416 
 
 Dec., 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 192 
 
 Sept., 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 46 
 
 July, 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 5i 
 
 July, 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 5i 
 
 July, 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 io5 
 
 Jan., 1894, 
 
 1 
 
 140 
 
 Oct., 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 250 
 
 2 orders, 1886, 
 
 3 
 
 490 
 
 2 orders, 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 400 
 
 April, 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 159 
 
 July, 1S92, 
 
 2 
 
 304 
 
 Nov., 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 192 
 
 2 orders, 1S91-1S92, 
 
 2 
 
 352 
 
 Sept., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 212 
 
 . . Feb., 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 106 
 
 •Burning green bagasse with Cook’s Patent Apparatus, see page 59. 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 CENTRAL RAILROAD OF NEW JERSEY, Jersey City, N. J., 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD CAR SHOPS, Hoboken, N. J , 
 
 SEABOARD & ROANOKE RAILROAD, Portsmouth, Va., - 
 
 LAKE ERIE & WESTERN RAILROAD, Lima, Ohio 
 
 TOLEDO & OHIO CENTRAL RAILROAD, Bucyrus, Ohio, 
 
 TOLEDO, COLUMBUS & CINCINNATI RAILWAY, Toledo, Ohio, 
 
 FLINT & PERK MARQUETTE RAILROAD CAR SHOPS, East Saginaw, Mich.,. 
 CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAILROAD, Burlington and Ottumwa, la., ) 
 
 CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAILROAD, Chicago, 111 1 
 
 ST. PAUL & NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD, Como Shops, Minn., 
 MINNESOTA & NORTHWESTERN RAILROAD, St. Paul, Minn , . 
 
 DULUTH & IRON RANGE RAILROAD, Duluth, Minn., . 
 
 NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD, Tacoma Shops, Wash., 
 
 NORTHERN PACIFIC TERMINAL COMPANY, Albina Shops, Oregon, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, FORT SCOTT AND MEMPHIS RAILROAD, Springfield, Mo., . 
 MANCHESTER, SHEFFIELD & LINCOLNSHIRE RAILWAY COMPANY, LIM 
 
 Grimsby, England, 
 
 GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY, Farrington Goods Station, England, 
 NETHERLANDS’ STATE RAILWAY, Utrecht, Holland, . . . 
 
 THE PORTUGUESE RAILWAYS, Lisbon, Portugal, 
 
 MOSCOW KURSK RAILROAD, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 MOSCOW-MCHNY RAILWAY, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 MOSCOW-RJASAN RAILWAY Moscow, Russia, 
 
 NICOLAI RAILWAY, Moscow, Russia, .... 
 
 JAKATERINENSKY RAILWAY, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 SOUTHWESTERN RAILWAY, Kief, Russia, .... 
 
 VLADICANCAS RAILROAD, Rostoff a/Don, Russia, 
 
 EKATERINENSKY RAILWAY COMPANY, Ekaterinoslaf, Russia. 
 
 KURSK-KI JWSK RAILWAY COMPANY, Conotop, Russia, 
 
 COMPANHIA ESTRADA DE FERRO TIJUCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 
 
 LIMA & ORRYA RAILROAD COMPANY, Callao, Peru, S. A., 
 
 CHIMBOTE RAILWAY' COMPANY, Chimbote, Peru, S. A., 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 5 orders, 1S8S-1892, 
 
 11 
 
 1 014 
 
 May, 1883, 
 
 2 
 
 102 
 
 Jan., 18S8, 
 
 2 
 
 146 
 
 Sept., 1880, 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 
 Oct., 1880, 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 
 Oct., 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 75 
 
 April, 1881, 
 
 2 
 
 500 
 
 3 orders, 18S1-18SS, 
 
 6 
 
 5 6 4 
 
 2 orders, 1885-1887, 
 
 6 
 
 624 
 
 2 orders, 1886-1887, 
 
 4 
 
 408 
 
 Aug., 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 240 
 
 2 orders, 1890, 
 
 6 
 
 624 
 
 Feb., 1SS4, 
 
 6 
 
 720 
 
 April, 18S9, 
 
 2 
 
 184 
 
 ED, 
 
 Feb., 1893, 
 
 3 
 
 288 
 
 Aug., 1893, 
 
 3 
 
 762 
 
 Nov., 1891, 
 
 2 
 
 128 
 
 Oct., 1889, 
 
 4 
 
 240 
 
 4 orders, 1886-1890, 
 
 5 
 
 268 
 
 Mar., 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 Feb., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 82 
 
 Sept., 1SS9, 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 Sept., 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 May, 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 70 
 
 Dec., 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 Mar., 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 June, 1S92, 
 
 1 
 
 106 
 
 April, 1891, 
 
 3 
 
 438 
 
 July, 1S71, 
 
 3 
 
 ”5 
 
 April, 1872, 
 
 2 
 
 5° 
 
 MACHINERY AND ENGINEERING. 
 
 HOWE SCALE COMPANY, Rutland, Vermont, . . 
 
 THE PETTEE MACHINE WORKS, Newton Upper Falls, Mass., 
 PROVIDENCE STEAM AND GAS-PIPE COMPANY, Providence, R. I , 
 C. B. COTTRELL & SONS, Printing Presses, Westerly, R. I., . 
 
 
 Boilers 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Dec., 
 
 1 S92 , 2 
 
 328 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1 892 , 1 
 
 210 
 
 . . Sept., 
 
 188S, 1 
 
 71 
 
 orders, 1882- 
 
 -1891, 4 
 
 385 
 
 
 141 
 
pfiUfa 
 
JAMES BROWN, Pawtucket, R. I., June, 1893, 
 
 TURNER & SEYMOUR M ANUFACTURI XG COMPANY, Torrington, Conn., Aug., 1893, 
 
 STANDARD MACHINERY COMPANY, Mystic River, Conn., . 2 orders, 1881-1890, 
 
 ONEGO MANUFACTURING COMPANY, New London, Conn., June, 1892, 
 
 BROWN COTTON GIN COMPANY, New London, Conn., ... Oct., 1SS7, 
 
 INTERIOR CONDI IT \ND INSl I \TION COMPANY, New York 2 ordei . . - 1893 
 
 N I k< > I A TESI New Yorl Ja 1 . 1894, 
 
 UNITED STATES NAYY, Blacksmith Shop, Brooklyn, N. Y., July, 1893, 
 
 E. W. BLISS COMPANY, Presses, Brooklyn, N. Y., July, 1889, 
 
 H ENRY R. WORTHINGTON, Hydraulic Works, Brooklyn, N. Y., . Nov. , 1889, 
 
 S. S. HEPWORTH & COMPANY* Yonkers, N. Y June, 1882, 
 
 CLARK BROTHERS, Machinists, Belmont, N. Y. , May, 1879, 
 
 UNION ELECTRIC COMPANY, Orangeburgh, N. Y , . . ... Jan., 1893, 
 
 SCHENECTAD\ LOCOMOTIV 1 WORKS, Schenectady, N Y . 4 orders, 1 888- 1891, 
 
 EDISON MACHINE WORKS, Schenectady, N. \ , 8 orders, 1881-1891, 
 
 EDISON PHONOGRAPH WORKS, Orange, N. J., . ... May, 1888, 
 
 EDISON LAMP COMPANY, Harrison, N. J., 4 orders, 1881-1892, 
 
 SPRAGUE ELECTRIC ELEVATOR COMPANY, Watsessing, N. J May, 1893, 
 
 BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, Philadelphia, Pa., 2 orders, 1890-1893, 
 
 H. W. BUTTERWORTH & SONS, Philadelphia, Pa., June, 1881, 
 
 GORDON, STROBEL & LAUREAU, LIMITED, Philadelphia, Pa.. ... 8 orders, 1886-1888, 
 
 WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE COMPANY, Wilmerdi lg, Pa., 8 orders, 1SS3-1S93, 
 
 WESTINGHOUSE MACHINI COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa 2 orders, 1890, 
 
 WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa., Jan., 1893, 
 
 H. K. PORTER & COMPANY. Locomotives, Pittsburgh, Pa., . Eeb., 1892, 
 
 PHE ROBINSON RI \ MANI FA( I \ RING COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa \ug., 1891, 
 
 THE INGERSOLL SERGEANT DRILL COMPANY, Easton, Pa June, 1893, 
 
 HARLAN & HOLLINGSWORTH COMPANY, Iron Ships, Wilmington, Del.. . Dec., 1871, 
 
 II IK JA( KSON & SHARP COMPANY, Wilmington, Del 6 orders, 1881-1892, 
 
 THE J. MORTON POOLE COMPANY, Wilmington, Del., ... Oct., 1873, 
 
 UNITED STATES NAVY YARD, Washington, D. C 2 orders, 1885-1888, 
 
 UNITED STATES NAVY YARD, Norfolk, Va., ... April, 1887, 
 
 J. A. FAY .8: COMPANY, Cincinnati, Ohio, . . Oct., 1881, 
 
 CINCINNATI CORRUGATING COMPANY, Cincinnati, Ohio, ... . Eeb., 1884, 
 
 BLACK cK: CLAWSON COMPANY, Hamilton, Ohio, Aug., 1888, 
 
 ISAAC D. SMEAD & COMPANY, Toledo, Ohio, May, 1890, 
 
 FLINT & WALLING MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Wild Engines, Kendallville, Ind Feb., 1884, 
 
 SOUTH BEND PUMP COMPANY, South Bend, Ind., Oct., 1886, 
 
 DODGE MANUFACTURING COMPANY (Rope Transmission, etc.), Mishawaka, Ind., Aug., 1891, 
 
 FIELDHOUSE & DUTCH ER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Chicago, 111 Feb., 1882, 
 
 M. LASSIG, Bridge Builder, Chicago, 111 3 orders, 18S3-1S87, 
 
 MASON & DAVIS COMPANY, Bridge Builders, Chicago, 111 ., May, 1881, 
 
 CHICAGO BRIDGE AND IRON COMPANY, Chicago, III., April, 1886, 
 
 WESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY, Electrical Engineers, Chicago, 111 Feb., 1892, 
 
 AMERICAN BRAKE COMPANY (Westinghouse Company, Lessee), St. Louis, Mo., Nov., 1888, 
 
 HOLBROOK, MERRILL <8: STETSON, San Francisco, Cal., April, 1886, 
 
 JUDSON MANUFACTURING COMPANY, San Francisco, Cal., 3 orders, 1883-1887, 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO TOOL COMPANY, San Francisco, Cal., 5 orders, 1889-1891, 
 
 KENNEDY’S PATENT WATER METER COMPANY, LIMITED, Kilmarnock, Scotland, Mar , 1883, 
 
 THE GLENFIELI) COMPANY, LIMITED, Kilmarnock, Scotland, 3 orders, 1883-1889, 
 
 JAMES KEITH, Arbroath, Scotland Dec., 1885, 
 
 CHARLES McNEIL, Jk., Maker of Manhole Doors, etc., Glasgow, Scotland, Oct., 1888, 
 
 ALEXANDER TURNBULL & COMPANY (Valve Makers), Glasgow, Scotland, April, 1889, 
 
 NAPIER, SHANKS & BELL (Ship Builders), Yoker, Glasgow, Scotland, July, 1891, 
 
 MILLER & COMPANY, Edinburgh, Scotland, 3 orders, 1885-1890, 
 
 SIDNEY HARGRAVES, Engineer, London, England, Jan., 1890, 
 
 J. & H. GWYNNE & COMPANY, Hydraulic Engineers, London, England, . . 3 orders, 1886-1888, 
 
 E. BURTON, Nine Elms Lane, London, England, 2 orders, 1886-1887, 
 
 JAMES SIMPSON & COMPANY, LIMITED, Fimlico, London, England, ... 12 orders, 1887-1891, 
 
 SHARP & KENT, Electrical Engineers, London, England 5 orders, 1888-1893, 
 
 JAMES GIBB & COMPANY, London, England, ... Jan., 1889, 
 
 THOMAS MIDDLETON & COMPANY, London, England, 2 orders, 1887-1889, 
 
 H. STOPES & COMPANY, Engineers, London, England, Sept., 1889, 
 
 HAMMOND & COMPANY, Electrical Engineers, London, England, 4 orders, 1887-1891, 
 
 THE WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC COMPANY, Engineers, London, England, 2 orders, 1889-1890, 
 
 JOHN BIRCH & COMPANY, London, England, Aug., 1891, 
 
 A. RANSOME & COMPANY, Chelsea, London, England July, 1891, 
 
 NALDER BROTHERS & COMPANY, Engineers. Clerkenwell, London. England, Sept., 1890, 
 
 STURTEVANT BLOWER COMPANY, London, England. 2 orders, 1891, 
 
 WILSON W. PHIPSON, London, England, May, 1SS9, 
 
 WHITMORE & BUNYON, Engineers, London, England, Oct., 1889, 
 
 CAIRD & RAYNOR, London, England, Mar., 1S93, 
 
 G. J. WORSSAM & COMPANY, London, England, Feb., 1892, 
 
 BELLS’ ASBESTOS COMPANY, LIMITED^ London, England, Mar., 1892, 
 
 DEWRANCE & COMPANY, Engineers, London, England, . . Mar., 1892, 
 
 WILLANS & ROBINSON, LIMITED, Ferry Works, Thames Ditton, Surrey, England, Nov., 1891, 
 
 WM. PARKINSON & COMPANY, Gas Motors, City Road, London, England, ... Dec., 1891, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 35 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 2 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 14 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 //. I\ 
 
 92 
 
 100 
 
 121 
 
 208 
 
 104 
 
 150 
 
 25 
 
 90 
 
 136 
 
 242 
 
 104 
 
 100 
 
 272 
 
 605 
 
 1.950 
 
 146 
 
 971 
 
 304 
 
 2,080 
 
 100 
 
 4 - 39 ° 
 
 2.149 
 
 480 
 
 250 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 =85 
 
 100 
 977 
 100 
 1 ,248 
 
 183 
 
 150 
 
 73 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 
 164 
 
 61 
 
 500 
 
 75 
 
 530 
 
 73 
 
 92 
 
 300 
 
 125 
 
 25 
 352 
 
 1,270 
 
 SI 
 
 464 
 
 20 
 
 126 
 
 51 
 
 96 
 384 
 430 
 214 
 80 
 
 2.225 
 1 ,112 
 624 
 220 
 208 
 2,424 
 2.470 
 492 
 60 
 30 
 45 
 109 
 80 
 90 
 
 26 
 210 
 
 55 
 
 100 
 
 30 
 
 143 
 
MARTINEAU &. SMITH, Birmingham, England (for testing Valves, 250 lbs. Pressure), 
 IOHN F( >W I I R & ( OMPANY, Boiler Makers, I eeds, I ngland 
 GREENWOOD & I '• \ I I I \ I tgineers Leeds, England, 
 rHOMAS WILSON, SONS & COMPANY, Hull, H ngland (for - - “Nero” 
 RANSOME, SIMS & JE F FRIES, Ipswich, England,. 
 
 E. R. &. F. TURNER, Ipswich, England, 
 
 GOOD FELLOW & MATTHEWS, Hyde, near Manchester, England, 
 
 H V. EDMUNDS, formerly Glover & Co., Salford Works, Manchester, England, 
 BRADLEY & CRAVEN, W akefield, Yorkshire, England, ... 
 
 GODDARD, MASSEY & WARNER. Nottingham, England, 
 
 S. EDGE & SONS, Wire Rope, Chains, etc., Shiffnal, England, 
 
 I ( 1 1 1 I III \RD & ( OMP AN\ Spinning Machinery, Preston, I ngland 
 L. WHITAKER & SONS, Crane Railroad Mill, Haslingden, England, 
 
 PLAYER BROTHERS, Birmingham, England, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Oct., 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 Feb., 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 188 
 
 July, 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 July, 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 200 
 
 Mar., 1884, 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 May, 1887, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 Feb., 1885, 
 
 3 
 
 360 
 
 Sept., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 Dec., 1887, 
 
 1 
 
 108 
 
 Mar., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 82 
 
 May, 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 76 
 
 April, 1887, 
 
 2 
 
 280 
 
 May, 1887, 
 
 1 
 
 140 
 
 June, 1888, 
 
 2 
 
 220 
 
 Working Model of Babcock & Wilcox Boiler at South Kensington Museum, London, at request of British Government 
 
 C. S. SWAN & HUNTER, Newcastle on Tyne, England, 
 
 DAVIDSON &. COMPANY, Sirocco Works, Belfast, Ireland. 
 
 CHAVANNE BRUN FRERES, diamond, France, 
 
 LOUIS FONTAINE, La Madelaine les Lille, France (Boiler Maker), 
 
 M. GUITTON, Electrical Engineer, St. Etienne, France. 
 
 EDMOND BARTISSOL, Paris, France. 
 
 J. GOUYER, Paris, France, 
 
 ENRIQUE GADEA, Engineer, Paris, Prance, 
 
 M. M. S. GUICHARD & A. BISSON & COMPANY, Paris, France, 
 
 LA CIE. DP 2 S POMPES WORTHINGTON, Paris, France, 
 
 G. ABOILARD, Societe de Materiel Telephonique. Paris, France, 
 SCHNEIDER &. COMPANY, Constructeurs, Crusot, France, 
 
 RAVERDI YU, \ I I \IN I I < IE., Romilly, France, 
 
 LA SOClETE DE CONSTRUCTIONS MECANIQUES. Rheims, France, 
 
 THOMAS POWELL, Rouen, Prance, 
 
 LOMBARD, GERIN ET CIE., Lyons, France, 
 
 SULZER F RE RES, Winterthur, Switzerland, . 
 
 Boilers. H.l\ 
 
 June, 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 160 
 
 P’eb., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 5 ° 
 
 6 orders, 1888-1890, 
 
 M 
 
 1.748 
 
 47 orders, 1883-1889, 
 
 66 
 
 9724 
 
 Jan., 1890, 
 
 I 
 
 25 
 
 Jail., 1889, 
 
 3 
 
 210 
 
 2 orders, Jan. and Aug , 1885, 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 Dec., 1890, 
 
 I 
 
 35 
 
 Oct., 1893, 
 
 I 
 
 14 
 
 Dec., 1893, 
 
 8 
 
 776 
 
 1 orders, 1890-1892, 
 
 2 
 
 176 
 
 4 orders, 1890-1891, 
 
 4 
 
 504 
 
 ... April, 1886, 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 2 orders, 1889-1891, 
 
 2 
 
 90 
 
 2 orders, 1888-1889, 
 
 2 
 
 82 
 
 3 orders, 1891-1893, 
 
 4 
 
 384 
 
 .Aug., 1888, 
 
 1 
 
 140 
 
 144 
 
(1. DAVERIO, Constructeur, Zurich, Switzerland, Sept., 1890, 
 
 PHELPS & SCHROEDER, Engineers, Lausanne, Switzerland, April, 1892, 
 
 BERLINER MASCHINENBAU ACTIEN-GESELLSCH A FT, Berlin, Germany, . 35 orders, 1888-1893, 
 
 DIEDERMAN & CZARNIKOW, Telegraph Apparatus Manufacturers, Berlin, Germany, . April, 1890, 
 
 C. L. P. FLACK SONS, Wood Working Machinery, Berlin, Germany May, 1892, 
 
 G. LUTHER, Engineer, Braunchsweig, Germany, 5 orders, 1890-1892, 
 
 F. A. HERBERTZ, Colognc-Deutz, Germany, ........ Sept., 1892, 
 
 F. DETRAUX, A. DELCORDE & G. BERGKS, Nivelles, Belgium, Jan., 1889, 
 
 PIERRE BROUHON, Pre Binet, Liege, Belgium, 3 orders, 1889-1891, 
 
 PLANAR, FLAQUER V CIA., Gerona, Spain, 2 orders, 1890, 
 
 LA SOCIEDAD “ VISCAVA,” Bilbao, Spain, Jan., 1891, 
 
 SOC. MATERIAL PARA FERRO-CARR I LS V CONSTRUCTION ES, Barcelona, Spain, Nov., 1892, 
 
 MODESTO LAVIADA, Oreida, Spain, Jan., 1884, 
 
 W. POLE ROUTH, Oporto, Portugal, Mar., 1889, 
 
 RICHARD OAKLEY & COMPANY, Engineers, Lisbon, Portugal, Oct., 1889, 
 
 ERSTE BRUNNER GESELLSCH AFT, Vienna, Austria, . 3 orders, 1890, 
 
 ALEXANDER FRIEDMANN, Vienna, Austria, Mar., 1889, 
 
 TOSI & COMPANY, Legnano, Italy, .... Nov., 1886, 
 
 ENRICO CANZIANI, Milan, Italy, Sept., 1887, 
 
 LA SOC I E IE INDUSTRI ELLE ET COMMERCIAL!-; DES MFlTAUX, Livorno, Italy, July, 1886, 
 
 CARMELA G. LAGAN A, Palermo, Italy, Aug., 1887, 
 
 GIROLAMA TADDEI, Engineer, Aquila, near Rome. Italy, Mar., 1890, 
 
 SOClETE gEnERALE D’ENTREPRISES D’ATHENES, Athens, Greece, 3 orders, 1889-1891, 
 
 CALVART & COMPANY, Gottenburg, Sweden, Sept 1888, 
 
 GOTEBORGES MEKANISKA VERKSTADS AKTIE-BOLAG, Gottenburg, Sweden, . June, 1890, 
 
 AKTIE BOLAGET ATLAS, Stockholm, Sweden 3 orders, 1889-1891, 
 
 JOHN STERNBERG, Engineer, Helsingfors, Finland, Russia, 2 orders, 1889-1891, 
 
 ST. PETERSBURG METALLIC WORKS, St. Petersburg, Russia, . Jan., 1891, 
 
 WILLIAM BARRY & COMPANY, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2 orders, 1891, 
 
 THE ST. PETERSBURG METAL FABRIK COMPANY, St. Petersburg, Russia, .... June, 1891, 
 ZYRARDOWER ACTI EN-GESELLSCHAFT VON HILTE & DITTRICH, Zyrardow, Russia, Aug., 1889, 
 
 W. GRATCHEFF & COMPANY, Machinists, Moscow, Russia, April, 1889, 
 
 FAIRBANKS-BLOCK SCALE WORKS, Moscow, Russia, Oct., 1889, 
 
 SOUTH DNJEPROFSKY IRON WORKS, Russia, Jan., 1893, 
 
 M. IVANOFF, Irkutsh, Russia, May, 1892, 
 
 ALBERT BAUER, Bucharest, Roumania, .... . . Jan., 1894, 
 
 E. EDWARDS & CO., Bombay, India, July, 1893, 
 
 REUNERT & LENZ, Engineers, Johannesburg, South Africa, 6 orders, 1890-1892, 
 
 GOVERNMENT MACHINE WORKS, Boyaca, U. S. C 2 orders, 1880, 
 
 COMPANHIA EVONEAS FLUMINENSE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Mar., 1891, 
 
 THE AUSTRAL OTIS ELEVATOR & ENGINEERING CO., L’T’D, Melbourne, Australia, Jan., 1890, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 z 
 
 4 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 //./’. 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 3715 
 
 24 
 
 43 
 
 908 
 
 76 
 
 40 
 
 312 
 
 270 
 
 140 
 
 152 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 240 
 
 1.378 
 
 36 
 
 51 
 30 
 
 644 
 
 40 
 
 389 
 
 558 
 
 124 
 
 52 
 527 
 278 
 io5 
 
 99 
 
 280 
 
 16 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 152 
 
 5i 
 
 80 
 
 4 ® 
 
 912 
 
 220 
 
 19c 
 
 150 
 
 HARDWARE AND TOOLS. 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 DALZELL AXLE COMPANY, South Egremont, Mass., . Mar., 1887, 1 
 
 NICHOLSON FILE WORKS, Providence, R. L, 2 orders, 1881-1890, 2 
 
 E. JENCKES MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Pawtucket, R. L, 3 orders, 1887-1891. 4 
 
 EXCELSIOR NEEDLE COMPANY, Torrington, Conn., 4 orders, 1886-1893, 4 
 
 BILLINGS & SPENCER COMPANY, Tools, Hartford, Conn., Nov., 1892, 1 
 
 PECK BROTHERS & COMPANY, New Haven, Conn., . Mar., 1893, 1 
 
 KEARNEY & FOOT COMPANY, Files, Paterson. N. J. . Feb., 1893, 2 
 
 F2. C. STEARNS & COMPANY, Hardware, Syracuse, N. \ ., Mar., 1S82, 1 
 
 AMERICAN AXE AND TOOL COMPANY, Buffalo, N. Y., 3 orders, 1882-1SS3, 3 
 
 WHEELER, MADDEN & CLEMSEN MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Middletown, N. Y., May, 1883, 2 
 
 NORTH N t \\ COM PAX Y, Tinware, Whitestone, L. I., N. Y Sept., 1882, 1 
 
 W. H. & G. W. ALLEN, Hardware, Philadelphia, Pa., April, 1882, 2 
 
 FAYETTE R. PLUMB, Cutlery, Philadelphia, Pa., . . .. 2 orders, 1881-1889, 3 
 
 BINDLEY HARDWARE COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa., June, 1890, 1 
 
 NILES TOOL WORKS, Hamilton, Ohio, 2 orders, 1888-1889, 3 
 
 P. HAYDEN SADDLERY HARDWARE COMPANY, Columbus, Ohio, .... 2 orders, 1886-1890, 4 
 
 THE LODGE & DAVIS MACHINE TOOL COMPANY, Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct., 1891, 1 
 
 M. C. HENLEY, Skates, Richmond, Ind., April, 1884, 1 
 
 PH GEN IX HORSESHOE COMPANY, Joliet, 111., Feb., 1893, 2 
 
 NORTON BROTHERS, Tinware, Maywood, 111., 2 orders, 1893-1894, 2 
 
 BENJAMIN BOHIN FILS, Needles, St. Sulpice s/Rille, Orne, France, May, 1893, 1 
 
 MUNKSTALL MEKANISKE VERKSTADS, File Makers, Eskelstuna, Sweden Sept., 1893, 1 
 
 A. & F. PARKER & COMPANY, LIMITED, Forks, Spades, etc., Birmingham, England, June, 1888, 1 
 
 GEORGE RICHARD & COMPANY, LIMITED, Broadheath, near Manchester, England, Oct , 1887, 1 
 
 //./’. 
 
 122 
 208 
 .40 
 329 
 
 :oo 
 
 150 
 
 500 
 50 
 19 7 
 244 
 73 
 100 
 276 
 30 
 292 
 800 
 75 
 73 
 
 2C2 
 
 368 
 
 123 
 96 
 M 
 
 122 
 
 COPPER. BRASS, ZINC, ALUMINIUM 
 
 THE SETH THOMAS CLOCK. COMPANY, Thomaston, Conn. 
 
 THE SCOVILLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Waterbury, Conn 
 
 BENEDICT & BURNHAM MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Waterbury, Conn., 
 
 WALLACE & SONS, Ansonia, Conn., 
 
 ASHCROFT MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Bridgeport, Conn 
 
 Etc 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H /’. 
 
 
 1 
 
 125 
 
 3 orders, 1879-1892, 
 
 5 
 
 75° 
 
 5 orders, 1882-1892. 
 
 6 
 
 1 396 
 
 2 orders, 1878-1881, 
 
 6 
 
 520 
 
 
 I 
 
 73 
 
 145 
 
" Double-deck" Babcock & Wilcox Boilers at Cleveland City Cable Railway Co.'s, Cleveland, 0, 1,086 H. P, Erected 1890. 
 
-♦ 
 
 2 orders, 
 4 order 
 
 3 order: 
 
 2 orde 
 
 3 orders 
 
 gland 
 
 orders 
 
 6 orders 
 4 orders 
 
 CO N SO L I D AT K D SAFKTV VALVE COMPANY, Bridgeport, Conn., 
 
 HOOI l M \ N i l \( H KIN'- COMPANY, Brass Checks, etc., New York 
 E P. GLEASON MAN l F \( rURING COMPANY, Gas Fixtures, New York, 
 \NSONIA CLO< K ( OMPANY, Brookly n, N \ . . . .. 
 
 THE PITTSBURGH REDUCTION COMPANY, Aluminium, Pittsburgh, Pa 
 BALTIMORE ELECTRIC REFINING COMPANY, Copper, Baltimore, Md 
 
 UNITED STATES MINT, New Orleans, La., 
 
 WINSLOW BROTHERS COMPANY, Chicago, 111 ., 
 
 MATTHI ESSEN & HEGELER ZINC COM PANY, La Salle, 111 ., 
 
 A. BAKER, San Francisco, Cal., 
 
 THE COWLES SYNDICATE COMPANY, LIMITED, Aluminium, Milton, En 
 THE LIVERPOOL SILVER AND COPPER COMPANY, Widnes, England 
 CHARLES BARWELL, Copper Tube Mill, Birmingham, England, 
 
 THOMAS BOLTON & SONS, Mersey Copper Works, Widnes, England, 
 THOMAS BOLTON & SONS, Brass and Copper Tube Makers, Oakmoor, Eng 
 THOMAS BOLTON & SONS, Copper Smelters, Birmingham, England. 
 THOMAS BOLTON & SONS, Copper Smelters, Peckamon, England, 
 
 HENRY WIGGIN & ( OMPANY, 1 ead, Birmingham, England, 
 
 RICHARD THOMAS & COMPANY, Tin, Sydney, England, .... 
 LEACH FLOWER & COMPANY, Tin, Melwyn Tin Works, Neath, Wales, 
 
 M. CLIN, Brass Works, Paris, France, 
 
 LA SOCl£T£ FRANCAISE DE L’ALUMINE PURE, Marseilles, France, 
 SOCIETY ANONYME DES MINES FT FONDERIES DE ZINC DE 
 
 VIELLE, Montague, Chenee, France, 
 
 B. HANTKE, Ekaterinoslav, Russia 
 
 KOLTSCHUGIN COPPER AND BRASS WORKS, Alexandroff, near Moscow, 
 
 N. A. PHOR, Brass and Copper Worker, Nishny, Russia. 
 
 SOCH£tE DE L’USINE A CUIVRE ET A TUBES, St. Petersburg, Russia 
 
 CABLE AND TRACTION TRAMWAYS. 
 
 1SS5- 
 
 Feb., 
 
 Jan., 
 
 , 1S70- 
 ., 1889- 
 , 1891- 
 May, 
 
 , 1S91- 
 
 , 1S73- 
 
 June, 
 
 Oct., 
 
 , 1S91- 
 J une, 
 
 , 1883- 
 , 1889- 
 Jan., 
 June, 
 Mar., 
 Sept., 
 Mar., 
 May, 
 June, 
 
 Oct., 
 Mar. , 
 Jan., 
 Dec. , 
 Nov. , 
 
 1889, 
 
 1882, 
 
 1 883 , 
 1S84 
 
 >893. 
 
 189: 
 
 1 892 , 
 1 Sc, 
 
 1 893 , 
 1891 
 1887 
 1893, 
 1 S87, 
 
 1891 , 
 1893 
 
 1 884 , 
 1S92 
 .892 
 
 1892, 
 189. 
 
 ■ 885. 
 1S93, 
 
 1S93, 
 
 >893, 
 
 1SS5, 
 
 1890, 
 181 )2, 
 
 NEW YORK AND BROOKLYN BRIDGE, Brooklyn, N. Y 3 orders, 1882-1891, 
 
 WASHINGTON & GEORGETOWN RAILROAD, Washington, D. C., 4 orders, 1SS9-1891, 
 
 STANDARD UNDERGROUND CABLE COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., 1S92, 
 
 CLEVELAND CITY CABLE RAILWAY COMPANY, Cleveland, Ohio Mar., 1890, 
 
 THE VALLEY CITY STREET & CABLE RAILWAY COMPANY, Grand Rapids, Mich., April, 1891, 
 
 CHICAGO CITY RAILROAD, Chicago, ill April, 1881, 
 
 ST. PAUL CITY RAILWAY COMPANY, St. Paul, Minn., 2 orders, 1S8S-1890, 
 
 MINNEAPOLIS STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Minneapolis, Minn. Sept., 1889, 
 
 GRAND AVENUE RAILWAY COMPANY, Kansas City, Mo., 2 orders, 1886-1 888, 
 
 METROPOLITAN STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Kansas City, Mo 3 orders, 1886-1888, 
 
 INTERSTATE CONSOLIDATED RAPID TRANSIT RAILWAY COMPANY. Kansas Citv.Mo., Aug., 1887, 
 
 PEOPLE’S CABLE RAILWAY COMPANY, Kansas City, Mo ’ . Aug., 1887, 
 
 HOLMES STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Kansas City, Mo., Feb., 1889, 
 
 DENVER CITY CABLE RAILWAY COMPANY, Denver, Col., 2 orders, 1S89-1891, 
 
 HOUSTON CITY STREET RAILWAY COMPANY, Houston, Texas Dec., 1890, 
 
 MARKET STREET CABLE RAILWAY, San Francisco, Cal., 3 orders, 1882-1892, 
 
 PIEDMONT CABLE COMPANY, San Francisco, Cal., July, 18S9, 
 
 CALIFORNIA STREET CABLE COMPANY, San Francisco, Cal., . . : May, 1890, 
 
 GEARY STREET, PARK AND OCEAN RAILROAD, San Francisco, Cal July, 1892, 
 
 TACOMA RAILWAY AND MOTOR COMPANY, Tacoma, Wash May, 1890, 
 
 PATENT CABLE TRAMWAY CORPORATION, Highgate, London, England, . . 2 orders, 1883-1884, 
 
 BIRMINGHAM CENTRAL TRAMWAYS COMPANY, LIMITED, Birmingham, England, Aug., 1892, 
 EDINBURGH NORTHERN CABLE TRAMWAYS CO., Edinburgh, Scotland, . . 2 orders, 1886-1891, 
 
 COMPAGNIE DES LOCOMOTIVES SANS FOYER, Courbevoie, France, Jan., 1889, 
 
 COMPAGNIE DES LOCOMOTIVES SANS FOYER, Nord de la Seine, St. Germain, France, May, 1889, 
 
 COMPAGNIE DES TRAMWAYS DU DEPARTEMENT DU NORD, Roubaix. France, . . June, 1SS6, 
 
 COMPAGNIE DES OMNIBUS ET TRAMWAY, Lvons, France, 2 orders, 1887-1888, 
 
 COMPAGNIE GENERATE DES TRAMWAYS, Marseilles, France, Oct., 1891, 
 
 THE MELBOURNE TRAMWAYS, Richmond Line, Melbourne, Australia, Nov,, 1884, 
 
 THE MELBOURNE TRAMWAYS, Fitzroy Line, Melbourne, Australia, July, 1S85, 
 
 CAR AND WAGON MANUFACTURERS. 
 
 H. D. SMITH & COMPANY, Carriages, Plantville, Conn., . . . . 
 
 CORTLAND WAGON COMPANY, Cortland, N V 
 
 LEHIGH CAR WHEEL AND AXLE COMPANY, Catasauqua, Pa.. 
 
 ERIE CAR WORKS, LIMITED, Erie, Pa., 
 
 BASIC CITY CAR WORKS COMPANY, Basic City, Va. 
 
 PETERS DASH COMPANY, Columbus, Ohio, 
 
 . . Oct., 1881, 
 
 i orders, 1S81-188S, 
 Dec., 1881, 
 . . Sept., 1882, 
 
 June, 1890, 
 Sept., 1881, 
 
 COLUMBUS BUGGY COMPANY, Columbus, Ohio, 4 orders, 1SS2-1887, 
 
 LAFAYETTE CAR WORKS, Lafayette, Ind Jan., 1883, 
 
 BIRDSELL MANUFACTURING COMPANY, South Bend, Ind., Nov., 1892. 
 
 STUDEBAKER BROTHERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, South Bend. Ind., 6 orders, 1872-1891, 
 
 STUDEBAKER BROTHERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Chicago, 111 ., Oct., 1885, 
 
 PULLMAN PALACE CAR COMPANY, Pullman, 111 Sept., 18S1, 
 
 RACINE WAGON AND CARRIAGE COMPANY, Racine, Wis., Aug., 1882, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.r. 
 
 . 2 
 
 130 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 , 1 
 
 122 
 
 4 
 
 414 
 
 6 
 
 L 5 2 4 
 
 6 
 
 1 ,248 
 
 , 1 
 
 122 
 
 , 3 
 
 375 
 
 . 3 
 
 275 
 
 , 1 
 
 156 
 
 , 2 
 
 280 
 
 , 2 
 
 280 
 
 . 1 
 
 85 
 
 , 7 
 
 837 
 
 8 
 
 1,226 
 
 , 2 
 
 240 
 
 . 1 
 
 173 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 , 1 
 
 140 
 
 , 1 
 
 172 
 
 , 2 
 
 102 
 
 , 1 
 
 220 
 
 , 1 
 
 96 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 . 3 
 
 219 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 140 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 12 
 
 1.248 
 
 13 
 
 1,923 
 
 2 
 
 go 
 
 3 
 
 1 ,086 
 
 - 4 
 
 781 
 
 4 
 
 1,000 
 
 11 
 
 2.800 
 
 5 
 
 1.360 
 
 - 4 
 
 800 
 
 9 
 
 1,800 
 
 2 
 
 400 
 
 3 
 
 600 
 
 , 2 
 
 350 
 
 4 
 
 1,600 
 
 2 
 
 328 
 
 IO 
 
 2,000 
 
 3 
 
 438 
 
 3 
 
 360 
 
 2 
 
 208 
 
 4 
 
 656 
 
 3 
 
 153 
 
 1 
 
 180 
 
 2 
 
 400 
 
 2 
 
 156 
 
 2 
 
 171 
 
 3 
 
 135 
 
 3 
 
 152 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 :} 6 
 
 1 ,040 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 1 
 
 75 
 
 2 
 
 186 
 
 2 
 
 256 
 
 1 
 
 120 
 
 1 
 
 82 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 7 
 
 827 
 
 2 
 
 250 
 
 1 
 
 200 
 
 13 
 
 1.800 
 
 4 
 
 400 
 
 8 
 
 1,000 
 
 1 
 
 125 
 
 147 
 
Columbus Consolidated Street Railway Company, Columbus, Ohio, with 1 80-7 H, P, of Babcock ii Wilcox Boilers. Erected 1890-1893. 
 
JAMKS I.. CLARKE & SON, Carriages, Oshkosh. Wis 
 
 CiANZ X COMPANY, Wagons, Budapest, Austria, 
 
 MOSCOW MILITAR\ ( \RRIAGI I \( rORY, Moscow, Russia, 
 GO\ l RNME N I R \ILW \Y SHOPS, Dunedin, New Zealand, 
 i ,< i \ l RNM 1 NT RAII WAV SHOPS, 1 hristchurch, New Zealand, 
 
 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY. 
 
 WALTER A. WOOD MOWING Jfc REAPING MACHINE CO., Hoosick Falls, N. V., 
 THE Will I'M \\ & BARNES M YNUFACTURING COMPANY. Syracuse, N. Y., 
 
 SHEBLE & FISHER, Fork Manufacturers, Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 WHITELEY, EASSLER & KELLEY COMPANY, Springfield, Ohio, , 
 
 CHAMPION KNIFE AND BAR COMPANY, Springfield, Ohio, 
 
 P. P. MAST ,V COMPANY, Springfield, Ohio 
 
 THE SPRINGFIELD ENGINE AND THRESHER COMPANY, Springfield, Ohio, . 
 WARDER BUSHNELL & GLESSNER COMPANY, Springfield, Ohio, . . 
 
 THE EOOS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Springfield, Ohio, 
 
 GAAR, SCOTT & COMPANY, Richmond, Ind., 
 
 RUDE BROTHERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Liberty, Ind 
 
 HOOSIER DRILL COMPANY, Richmond, Ind., 
 
 ECONOMIST PLOW COMPANY, South Bend, Ind. 
 
 SOUTH BEND IRON WORKS, Plows, South Bend, Ind. 
 
 McCORMICK HARVESTING MACHINE COMPANY, ( hicago, 111 
 
 SANDWICH MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Sandwich, 111 
 
 DEERE & MANSUR COMPANY, Plows, Moline, III 
 
 KEYSTONE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Sterling, 111 ., 
 
 MADISON PLOW COMPANY, Madison, Wis. 
 
 SOC 1 ETE FRANCAISF. DE MATERIEL AGRICOLE, Vierzon, France, 
 
 L. BILLIARD & CUZIN, Algeria, 
 
 4 orders 
 
 : orders 
 
 2 orders 
 2 orders 
 
 S E W I N G M A CHINES. 
 
 THE SINGER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, New York 
 
 THE SINGER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Elizabethport, N. J., 
 
 THE SINGER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, South Bend, Ind., 
 
 THE SINGER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Cairo, 111 ., . . . 
 
 THE SINGER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Montreal, Canada, . . . . 
 
 THE SINGER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Kilbowie, Glasgow. Scotland, 
 
 WHITE SEWING MACHINE COMPANY, Cleveland, Ohio, 
 
 MELONE SEWING MACHINE COMPANY, Chillicothe, Ohio 
 
 WHITEHILL MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Milwaukee, Wis 
 
 1 6 orders 
 
 EIRE ARMS, AMMUNITION, Etc. 
 
 UNITED STATES ARMORY, Springfield, Mass., 
 
 UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE COMPANY, Bridgeport, Conn., 
 
 WINCHESTER REPE VTING ARMS COMPANY, New Haven, Conn., 
 
 ATLANTIC DYNAMITE COMPANY, Kenvil. N. J., 
 
 UNITED STATES NAVY YARD, Washington, D. C 
 
 UNITED STATES NAVY YARD, Norfolk, Va., 
 
 GIANT POWDER COMPANY, San Francisco, Cal., 
 
 MEXICAN GOVERNMENT, City of Mexico, 
 
 THE NATIONAL EXPLOSIVES COMPANY, London, England, 
 
 INDIA OFFICE, H. M. GOVERNMENT, London, England, .... 
 
 ( i. KYNOCH & COMPANY, LIMITED, Ammunition, Wilton, England, 
 
 CHARLES R. GOODWIN, Fire Arms, Paris, France 
 
 MERMIER FT CIE., Fire Arms, Paris, France, 
 
 SOCIETY ANONYMA COOPAL, Powder, Wetteren, Belgium, .... 
 
 SOCIEtE ANON. DES POUDRES FT DYNAMITES, Arendonck, Belgium 
 LA MANUFACTURE DE ARMES D 1 l.'I TYI \ LIEGE, Belgium, 
 
 L’ ARSENAL DE L’ETAT MALI NS, Switzerland, 
 
 ROYAL ARTILLERY ARSENAL, Vienna, Austria, 
 
 TOULA CARTRIDGE FACTORY, Toula, Russia, 
 
 THE ROYAL DANISH TORPEDO STATION, Bromenaevig, Sweden. 
 
 2 orders 
 
 : order: 
 
 ordeis 
 
 2 order: 
 
 BRICK, POTTERY, Etc. 
 
 WARNERS PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Warners, N. Y , 
 EMPIRE PORTLAND CEMENT COMPANY, Warners, N. Y., and South Bend, Ind., . 3 1 
 CELADON TERRA COTTA COMPANY, LIMITED, Alfred Centre. X Y. , 
 
 HENRY MAURER & SON, Fire Brick, Maurers, X I . 
 
 WILLIAM GALLOWAY, Pottery, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 HARBISON & WALKER, Star Fire Brick Works, Pittsburgh, Pa., . 
 
 COPLAY CEMENT COMPANY, Coplay, Pa 
 
 WOODLAND FIRE BRICK COMPANY, LIMITED, Woodland, Pa 
 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 n.r. 
 
 May, 
 
 1881, 
 
 1 
 
 107 
 
 Sept. , 
 
 1 892, 
 
 1 
 
 127 
 
 Mar., 
 
 1889, 
 
 l 
 
 5 1 
 
 Dec., 
 
 ■m. 
 
 4 
 
 200 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1S79, 
 
 3 
 
 •75 
 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 n.r. 
 
 5, 1882- 
 
 -1S91, 
 
 4 
 
 480 
 
 May, 
 
 •883, 
 
 3 
 
 408 
 
 April, 
 
 1SS1 , 
 
 2 
 
 120 
 
 Mar., 
 
 
 4 
 
 400 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1880, 
 
 2 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 Sept., 
 
 18S0, 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 >, 1882- 
 
 - 1 893 , 
 
 8 
 
 676 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1S90, 
 
 2 
 
 422 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 •°5 
 
 j, 1882- 
 
 ■1892, 
 
 4 
 
 300 
 
 Dec., 
 
 1882, 
 
 1 
 
 I46 
 
 ;, 1S75- 
 
 ■1888, 
 
 4 
 
 600 
 
 >, l8S4- 
 
 ■1.890, 
 
 7 
 
 I ,080 
 
 April, 
 
 1SS9, 
 
 2 
 
 168 
 
 July, 
 
 1892, 
 
 3 
 
 600 
 
 1892- 
 
 1893, 
 
 3 
 
 600 
 
 Mar., 
 
 1882, 
 
 2 
 
 208 
 
 June, 
 
 188S, 
 
 I 
 
 63 
 
 Dec., 
 
 1S93. 
 
 1 
 
 3 ° 
 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 //./’. 
 
 i, 1871- 
 
 1 886, 
 
 l6 
 
 1,677 
 
 ,, 1872- 
 
 1 892 , 
 
 38 
 
 4,221 
 
 ;, 1871- 
 
 1S93, 
 
 1 1 
 
 1,448 
 
 June, 
 
 l88l, 
 
 4 
 
 292 
 
 5, 1885- 
 
 I887, 
 
 3 
 
 217 
 
 ., 1SS2- 
 
 189O, 
 
 18 
 
 2.250 
 
 Dec., 
 
 1880, 
 
 2 
 
 200 
 
 Feb., 
 
 l883, 
 
 1 
 
 73 
 
 J une, 
 
 18S1, 
 
 2 
 
 146 
 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 HP. 
 
 Aug. , 
 
 1892, 
 
 4 
 
 700 
 
 Mar., 
 
 1884, 
 
 3 
 
 276 
 
 Mar., 
 
 ■893, 
 
 3 
 
 552 
 
 Dec., 
 
 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 102 
 
 5, 1885- 
 
 ■1S88, 
 
 7 
 
 1 248 
 
 April, 
 
 1887, 
 
 3 
 
 •83 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 93 
 
 April, 
 
 1SS9, 
 
 2 
 
 104 
 
 s, 1889- 
 
 -1S92, 
 
 4 
 
 216 
 
 Aug., 
 
 1S90, 
 
 1 
 
 127 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1881 , 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 4, 1 886 - 
 
 1S90, 
 
 2 
 
 244 
 
 
 1S89, 
 
 1 
 
 5 * 
 
 June, 
 
 *893, 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1894, 
 
 1 
 
 98 
 
 Sept., 
 
 *893, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 Apr., 
 
 1893, 
 
 4 
 
 688 
 
 >, 1 889- 
 
 •1890, 
 
 2 
 
 •55 
 
 April, 
 
 *891 , 
 
 1 
 
 96 
 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 n.r. 
 
 May, 
 
 1S89, 
 
 2 
 
 312 
 
 s, 1885- 
 
 -1S90, 
 
 3 
 
 275 
 
 Sept., 
 
 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 IOO 
 
 Aug. , 
 
 1S80, 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 April, 
 
 1888, 
 
 2 
 
 244 
 
 
 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 82 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1SS9, 
 
 2 
 
 312 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 104 
 
 s, 1884- 
 
 - 1 890, 
 
 2 
 
 184 
 
 149 
 

K u ill 
 
 MARYLAND PAVEMENT COMPANY, Baltimore, Md 
 
 ANDERSON & BARR, Paving Brick, Streator, 111., 
 
 GALESBURG PAVING BRICK COMPANY. Galesburg, III , 
 
 HAYT & \LSIP COMPANY, Bri( ks, C hicago, III 
 
 ALSIP BRICK COMPANY, Chicago, III 
 
 YOUNG & F \RREI I I 'I \MOND STON1 SAWING ( OMPANY, ( hicago, 111 
 ANTHONY SHAW, SON N PAMPHII.ON, Mersey Pottery, Burslem, Staffordshir 
 JOHNSON BROTHERS, Hanley, Staffordshire, England, 
 
 BASTON & LAWSON, Brick and Tile, Southampton, England, 
 
 FFIRTH FIRE CLAY COMPANY, Flirth, near Wrexham, England, 
 
 CHARLES FRANCIS SONS X; COMPANY, LIMITED, Portland Cement, Newport 
 
 Isle of Wight, England, 
 
 BONNY BR 1 1)GE SILICA AND FIRE CLAY COMPANY, Bcnnybridge, Scotland, 
 SOCIETF DES TA ILL FRIES MECANIQUES DE BORDEAUX, Bordeaux, France 
 GEORGES ET PIERROT, Bricks a ul Tile. La Neuville, near Clntenois, France, 
 
 SOC1ETE DES Cl ME NTS FRA NQ A IS ET DES PORTLAND, Boulogne-sur-Mer 
 
 France, 
 
 EDWARD RASTOIN, Lime and Cements, Marseilles, France, 
 
 I EDERER & VESSENIJE, Floridsdoff, \ustria, 
 
 IGNACIO GIRONA, Cement Mill, Lerida, Spain, 
 
 H. HEESE, Brick Maker, Ekatherinoslav, Russia, 
 
 THE QUEENSPORT BRICK AND TILE COMPANY, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 Sept., 
 
 Jan., 
 
 Sept., 
 
 . . Feb., 
 
 . . Feb., 
 
 orders, 1882- 
 and, ()ct., 
 
 . . Dec., 
 
 . • Jan., 
 
 Aug., 
 
 June, 
 
 Mar., 
 
 • • July, 
 
 Nov., 
 
 orders, 1SS7- 
 . . April, 
 
 ■ • July, 
 
 Nov., 
 
 April, 
 
 Jan., 
 
 *891, 
 
 ‘893, 
 
 1S92, 
 
 1893, 
 
 1893, 
 
 -1886, 
 
 1888, 
 
 1891, 
 18S7, 
 
 1 890, 
 
 1S92, 
 
 1892, 
 1892, 
 18S6, 
 
 •1890, 
 
 1891 , 
 
 1892, 
 
 1889, 
 
 1891, 
 
 1 888, 
 
 h.p. 
 
 61 
 
 272 
 
 292 
 
 33G 
 
 33c 
 
 2 4 s 
 
 ‘56 
 
 *75 
 
 3° 
 
 64 
 
 IO6 
 
 76 
 
 96 
 
 13 
 
 940 
 
 96 
 
 96 
 
 64 
 
 GLASS WORKS. 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 PITTSBURGH PLATE GLASS COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa., 5 orders, 1890-1892, 16 
 
 CHARLEROI PLATE GLASS WORKS, Pittsburgh, Pa. Dec., 1889, 6 
 
 LONDON AND MANCHESTER PLATE GLASS COMPANY, LIMITED, Sutton, 
 
 St. Helens, Lancashire, England, Feb., 1890, 1 
 
 W. A. BISHOP & COMPANY, London and Warrington, England, 2 orders, 1891-1893, 2 
 
 I ES CRISTAI LERIES DE VAL ST. LAMBERT, Val St. Lambert, Belgium, . . 2 orders, 1890-1893, 2 
 COMPANHIA INDUSTRIAL DE C R I ST A ES E VIDROS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, .... Feb., 1891, 3 
 
 H. l\ 
 
 5*750 
 
 I. 248 
 
 140 
 
 136 
 
 246 
 
 192 
 
 JEWELRY, Etc. 
 
 FAHYS WATCH CASE COMPANY, Sag Harbor, N. Y. 
 
 SOCIETY GENERAL DES MONTEURS DE BOITES D’OR, Besangon, France, 
 
 CLOVIS BOUGET, Watch Maker and Jeweler, Sens, France, 
 
 J. N. KR El NESS & COMPANY, Gold Platers, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 3 orders, 1887-1892, 4 
 
 274 
 
 Sept., 1888, 1 
 
 35 
 
 . . Oct., 1889, 1 
 
 89 
 
 July, 1890, 1 
 
 30 
 
 WATER WORKS. 
 
 HOULTON WATER COMPANY, Houlton, Me., 
 
 TAUNTON WATER WORKS, Taunton, Mass., . . .* 
 
 WESTERLY WATER WORKS, Westerly, R. I., 
 
 PROVIDENCE WATER WORKS, Providence, R. L, 
 
 PERTH AMBOY WATER COMPANY, Perth Amboy, N. J., 
 
 S< >MER\ I I LI W \TI R < ( >MP \N\ , Raritan, N. J 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 LACKAWANNA IRON AND COAL COMPANY, Waterworks, Scranton, Pa., . . 
 
 SCRANTON GAS AND WATER COMPANY, Scranton, Pa 
 
 LANCASTER WATER WORKS, Lancaster, Pa 
 
 TURTLE CREEK VALLEY WATER COMPANY, Port Perry Station, Pa., 
 
 BEAR CLAP WATER COMPANY, Shamokin, Pa., 
 
 WILMINGTON WATER WORKS, Wilmington, Del., 
 
 GREENSBORO’ WATER WORKS, Greensboro’, N. C., 
 
 I LY r< )N LAND C< )MPANY, Birmingham, Ala 
 
 BESSEMER LAND AND IMPROVEMENT COMPANY, Bessemer, Ala , 
 
 CENTRAL KENTUCKY LUNATIC \SYLUM, Anchorage, Ky 
 
 YOUNGSTOWN CITY WATER WORKS, Youngstown, Ohio, . . 
 
 JOLIET W YTER WORKS, Joliet, 111 
 
 SOUTH BEND CITY WATER WORKS, South Bend, Ind., 
 
 MISHAWAK \ WA II R W< >RKS ( ( IMP \\\ . Mishawaka, Ind 
 
 SUPERIOR WATER, LIGHT AND POWER COMPANY, West Superior, Wis., . . 
 
 GRAND RAPIDS WATER WORKS, Grand Rapids, Mich 
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, ST. MARY’S CANAL, SAULT STE. MARIE, 
 
 Julian Kennedy, Consulting Engineer, 
 
 CARTHAGE WATER WORKS COMPANY, Carthage, Mo., 
 
 RED OAK WATER WORKS, Red Oak, Iowa, . 
 
 PASADENA LAND AND WATER COMPANY, Pasadena, Cal., 
 
 VISITACION WATER COMPANY, San Francisco, Cal., 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 . . . April, 1893, 1 
 
 . . . Sept., 1893, 1 
 
 . . . July, 18S6, 2 
 
 . . . Nov., 1893, 2 
 
 . . . Aug., 1881, 2 
 
 June, 1891, 1 
 
 . . . Sept., 1882, 1 
 
 2 orders, 1883-1887, 3 
 
 Aug., 1891, 1 
 
 Oct., 1887, 4 
 
 Aug., 1889, 1 
 
 Feb., 1S91, 2 
 
 July, 1889, 2 
 
 Feb., 1888, 1 
 
 3 orders, 18S1-18S2, 2 
 
 Jan., 1888, 2 
 
 Nov., 1S79, 1 
 
 . . Mar., 1S92, 2 
 
 2 orders, 1S8 1-1882, 3 
 
 2 orders, 1889-1892, 3 
 
 Nov., 1890, 2 
 
 . . Sept., 1890, 3 
 
 3 orders, 1889-1892, 3 
 
 MICH., 
 
 Nov., 1893, 2 
 
 Sept., 1881, 2 
 
 Aug., 1883, 1 
 
 . . Oct., 1S82, 1 
 
 2 orders, 1883-1885, 2 
 
 SPRING VALLEY WATER WORKS, San Francisco, Cal., 2 orders, 1SS6-1S91, 5 
 
 C. W. CLARKE, Walnut Grove Pumping Plant, Sacramento, Cal., Dec., 1893, 1 
 
 MEXBROUGH WATER WORKS, Stairfoot, York, England, May, 1886, 2 
 
 BOLJRNEMOUTH WATER WORKS, Ingham Miles, near Wimbourne, England, . 2 orders, 1SS6-18S7, 2 
 
 KENT WATER WORKS, Wilmington Pumping Station, Kent, England, Mar., 1886, 4 
 
 WEST SURREY WATER WORKS, Walton-on-Thames. England, Mar., 1S87, 2 
 
 EAST LONDON WATER WORKS COMPANY, Waltham Abbey, England, 2 orders, April and Aug., 1887, 4 
 
 H.P. 
 
 125 
 
 5i 
 
 90 
 
 320 
 
 130 
 
 82 
 
 60 
 312 
 
 75 
 
 416 
 
 102 
 
 208 
 
 184 
 
 45 
 
 152 
 
 90 
 
 no 
 
 300 
 
 132 
 
 458 
 
 150 
 
 624 
 
 928 
 
 750 
 
 120 
 
 61 
 43 
 
 101 
 
 680 
 
 45 
 
 30 
 
 193 
 
 320 
 
 168 
 
 372 
 
Boiler House of the Solvay Process Company, Syracuse, N. Y., with Babcock 6l Wilcox Boilers and Economizers. 11,102 H. P., erected from 1882 to 1892. 
 
SOUTHWARK AND VAUXHALL WATER WORKS COMPANY, London, England, 2 
 
 PIMLK ( ) \\ \ I I R W< >RKS, I ondon, I ngland 
 
 GRAND JUNCTION WATER WORKS, London, England, 
 
 THE FOLKESTONE WATER WORKS, Folkestone, England, 
 
 RUGBY LOCAL BOARD, Rugby, England, Avon Water Works, 
 
 THE COMMUNITY OF ROTTERDAM, Rotterdam, Holland, . 
 
 COPENHAGEN WATER WORKS, Copenhagen, Denmark, 
 
 MUNICIPALITY OF AALBORG, Aalborg, Denmark 2 
 
 THE ST. PETERSBURG WATER WORKS, St. Petersburg, Russia, 
 
 CIT\ WATER WORKS, Woronesh, Russia 
 
 ODESSA WATER WORKS, Odessa, Russia, .... ... 2 
 
 BUDAPEST WATER WORKS, Budapest, Austria-Hungary . . 
 
 BRAII \ WATER WORKS, Braila, Roumania, 
 
 EM PR ESA CONCESIONARIA DE AQUAS SUBTERRANEAS DEL L LOB REG AT, 
 
 Barcelona, Spain, 
 
 PERNAMBUCO WATER WORKS, Pernambuco, Brazil 
 
 MONTEVIDEO WATER WORKS, Montevideo, Uruguay, 
 
 PARANA WATER WORKS, Parana, \rg. Rep 
 
 POONAH WATER WORKS (H. M. Government), Poonah, India, 
 
 DELHI WATER WORKS (H. M. Government), Delhi, Punjab, India 
 
 BOMBAY WATER WORKS (H. M. Government), Bombay, India, 
 
 RAIPUR WATER WORKS (H M. Government), Raipur, India, . . 
 
 SIMLA WATER WORKS (H. M. Government), Simla, India, .... 
 
 TRICHINOPOLY WATER WORKS (H. M. Government), Trichinopoly, India, 
 
 TANJORE WATER WORKS (H. M. Government), Tanjore, India, 
 
 RAJ WANDGOON WATER WORKS (H. M. Government), Raj Wandgoon, India, 
 LUCKNOW WATER WORKS (H. M. Government), Lucknow, India, . . . . 
 
 SUKKUR WATER WORKS (H. M. Government), Sukkur, India, .... . 
 
 IPSWICH MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, Ipswich, Queensland, 
 
 SINGAPORE WATER WORKS, Singapore, Straits Settlements, 
 
 GOVERNMENT WATER WORKS, Crown Street Station, Sydney, N. S. W., . . 2 
 
 GOVERNMENT WATER WORKS, Hydraulic Station, Newcastle, N. S. W 
 
 GOVERNMENT WATER WORKS, Dight Falls Station, Melbourne, Victoria, . . 
 
 THE BROKENHILL WATER SUPPLY, Sydney, N. S. W., Australia 
 
 NAPIER WATER WORKS, Napier, New Zealand 
 
 Boilers. H.I*. 
 
 orders, 1887-1893, 
 
 7 
 
 456 
 
 Nov., 1887, 
 
 1 
 
 108 
 
 Nov., 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 160 
 
 Mar., 1891, 
 
 2 
 
 270 
 
 I une, 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 86 
 
 Aug , 1840, 
 
 1 
 
 no 
 
 
 3 
 
 192 
 
 >rders, 1891-1893, 
 
 2 
 
 172 
 
 June, 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 280 
 
 Nov., 1888, 
 
 1 
 
 73 
 
 orders, 1889-1892, 
 
 10 
 
 1 048 
 
 Mar., 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 492 
 
 
 2 
 
 204 
 
 1888, 
 
 2 
 
 122 
 
 
 3 
 
 222 
 
 Sept., 1SS8 
 
 2 
 
 124 
 
 CC 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 180 
 
 April, 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 Oct., 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 212 
 
 Oct., 1891, 
 
 4 
 
 636 
 
 Feb., 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 70 
 
 
 2 
 
 192 
 
 Oct., 1892, 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 Jan., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 April, 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 May, 1893, 
 
 4 
 
 420 
 
 Oct., 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 60 
 
 April, 1893, 
 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 
 2 
 
 172 
 
 orders, 1888-1890, 
 
 4 
 
 552 
 
 Feb., 1890, 
 
 4 
 
 544 
 
 Jan., 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 ■50 
 
 
 2 
 
 192 
 
 
 1 
 
 140 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Manifold Header, forged from Steel. 
 
 LEATHER. 
 
 Boilers. //./*. 
 
 GEORGE C. MOORE, Leather, North Chelmsford, Mass., ... 
 
 
 . Mar., 
 
 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 156 
 
 JEWELL BELTING COMPANY, Hartford, Conn., . ... . . 
 
 
 July, 
 
 1SS3, 
 
 2 
 
 164 
 
 HOWELL & HINCHMAN COMPANY, Middletown, N. Y 
 
 
 2 orders, 1883- 
 
 1891, 
 
 3 
 
 286 
 
 SCHOELLKOPF & COMPANY, Buffalo, N. Y., 
 
 
 Dec., 
 
 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 208 
 
 T. P. HOWELL & COMPANY, Newark, N. J., 
 
 
 3 Orders, 1S83- 
 
 1886, 
 
 3 
 
 244 
 
 I MUNDELL & COMPANY, Shoes, Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 
 . . Dec., 
 
 1.877, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 WILLIAM FOREPAUGH & BROTHER, Tannery, Philadelphia, Pa., . . . 
 
 
 . . . Jan., 
 
 1881, 
 
 2 
 
 120 
 
 PUSEY & SCOTT COMPANY, Morocco Manufacturers, Wilmington, Del , 
 
 
 . . Aug., 
 
 1S72, 
 
 1 
 
 75 
 
 H. S. ROBINSON & BURTENSHAW, Boots and Shoes, Detroit, Mich., 
 
 
 . . . Mar., 
 
 1S84, 
 
 2 
 
 120 
 
 CITY OF KEOKUK, Leather Manufacturers, Keokuk, Iowa, ... . . 
 
 
 July, 
 
 1.888, 
 
 2 
 
 90 
 
 WILLIAM WHITMORE, Tanner, Bermondsey, London, England, 
 
 
 
 1884, 
 
 2 
 
 120 
 
 W. R. BRAY, Currier, Bermondsey, London, England, 
 
 
 
 1886, 
 
 1 
 
 82 
 
 WHITMORE & SONS, Tanners, Edenbridge, Kent, England, 
 
 
 . . . Nov., 
 
 1S85, 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 RYMER & SHEPARD, Tanners, Northampton, England, 
 
 
 
 1886, 
 
 1 
 
 84 
 
 A. M. DORMAN, Tanner, Maidstone, Kent, England. ... 
 
 
 . . Dec., 
 
 1SS7, 
 
 1 
 
 86 
 
 BEARE & SONS, Tanners, Norwich, England, . 
 
 
 
 1887, 
 
 1 
 
 65 
 
 I. & D. H. HIRD, Fell Mongers, Yarm on Tees, England, 
 
 
 Aug. , 
 
 ■893, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 STEPHEN F. COX & SON, Tanners, Yatton, near Bristol, England, . 
 
 
 . . . Sept., 
 
 1S93, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 ULYSSE DfiON, Tanner, Sens, France, . . ■ 
 
 
 
 *887, 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 GOUILLON ET FILS, Tanners, Paris, France, 
 
 
 . . Jan., 
 
 18S9, 
 
 1 
 
 49 
 
 CHEMICAL WORKS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 HP. 
 
 SOMERSET FIBRE COMPANY, Chemical Wood Pulp, Fairfield, Me., . . 
 
 
 2 orders, 1888- 
 
 -1889, 
 
 2 
 
 276 
 
 GEO. UPTON, Glue, Peabody, Mass., 
 
 
 2 orders, 1882- 
 
 -1SS4, 
 
 2 
 
 280 
 

 Building of Postal Telegraph Cable Company, New York. Heat, Light and Power furnished by 725 H. P. of 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, erected 1893. 
 
 4 
 

 *- -< 
 
 I.. I., X. \ 
 
 OL 1 VKR JOHNSON X: COMPANY, Paints, Drugs, etc.. Providence, R. I 
 
 RI MFORD ( III MIC \l WORKS, Providence, R I 
 
 PETER COOPER’S GLUE FAC TORY, Brooklyn, N. Y 
 
 WARD & COMPANY, Long Island City, N. \. 
 
 CHURCH & COMPANY, Chemicals, Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 
 GLEN COVE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Starch, Glen Cove 
 
 ( MINI R, B > le-bl ' k, Maspeth, N N . 
 
 THE SOLVA\ PROCESS COMPANY, Soda, Syia< use, N. \ 
 
 I II BIG MAN! I M I' RING ( OMPANY, Fertilizers, Carteret, N I ., . . . 
 
 BALDER, ADAMSON X: COMPANY, Glue, Philadelphia, Pa., and Newark, N. J 
 
 CHARLES LENNIG, Chemicals, Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 I IQI ID ( ARB< >N IC \ci I » MANUI ACTURING ( < )M PANY, Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 
 WALTON X: WHANN COMPANY. Phosphates, Wilmington, Del., 
 
 CELLUVERT MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Wilmington, Del 
 
 PENDLI rON GI \NO COMPANY, \tlanta, « la 
 
 MICHIGAN CARBON WORKS, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 WOOD EXTRACT COMPANY, Detroit, Mich., 
 
 J. B. FORD X: COMPANY, Wyandotte, Mich., 
 
 C. GILBERT, Starch, Des Moines, Iowa, 
 
 STAUFFER X: COMPANY, Chemicals, San Francisco, Cal., . . 
 
 F. M. SMITH, Chemicals, East Oakland, Cal 
 
 J. & G. COX, Glue and Gelatine, Edinburgh, Scotland, .... 
 
 DUNCAN FLOCKHARDT X: COMPANY, Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 
 JAMES ROSS X: COMPANY, Falkirk, Scotland, 
 
 FARQUHAR X: GILL, Paints, Aberdeen, Scotland, 
 
 CHARLES TENNANT X: COMPANY, Glasgow, Scotland, . . 
 
 WEBB’S OXYGEN SYNDICATE, LIMITED, London, England, 
 
 THE EASTMAN DRY PLATE CO., Photographic Materials, Harrc 
 MORRIS BROTHERS, Chemicals, Doncaster, England, 
 
 PRENTICE BROTHERS, Artificial Manures, Stowmarket, England, 
 
 READ, HOLLIDAY X: SONS. LIMITED, Coal Tar Dies, Hudders 
 BOAKE, ROBERTS & COMPANY, Stratford, England, . 
 
 TH. LEYSEN ET FILS, Starch, Visniet, France, . . . 
 
 M. DUBOIS, Chemicals, St. Denis, France, 
 
 H. JAECK, Color Maker, Putaux, France, 
 
 Boilers. H.I\ 
 
 2 Old.* 
 
 7 orders 
 
 : order 
 
 ow, near London, Eng., 
 
 sfield, England, 
 
 A. GERMOT, Chemicals, Argenteuil, France, 
 
 MALEZIEUX ET COUILLARD, Chemicals, Bondy, near Paris, France, 
 
 H. BARDOT, Chemical Works, Paris, France, 
 
 LA SOCIETE GENERALE DES CIRAGES FRANCAIS, Blacking, Paris, France, 
 
 LA SOCT£T£ ANONYME DE PRODUITS CHEMIQUES, Etab’ts Maletra, Petit 
 
 LA CIE. BORDELAISE DES PRODUITS CHEMIQUES D’ENGRAIS, Bordeaux, France, 
 LA SOCIETE ANON. BORDELAISE DE Y 1 DANGES ET ENGRAIS, Manures, 
 
 Bordeaux, France, 
 
 ROUGIER FRERES, Bordeaux, France, 
 
 SOLVAY ET COM PAGNIE, Coaillet, Belgium, 
 
 SOCIETE ANONYME DES PHOSPHATES DE LIEGF. Belgium, 
 
 H. C. WEDEL, Paints and Chemicals, Berlin, Germany, 
 
 THE LI JM EN GELATIN FABRIK, Delft, Holland 
 
 STOCKHOLM SUPERFOSFAT FABRIKS, A KTI E-BOLAGS, Gottenburg, Sweden, 
 SKANSKA SUPERFOSFAT FABRIKS, AKTI E-BOLAG ET, Helsingburg, Sweden, 
 
 PELLERIN FILS, Marge rine, Christiania, Norway, 
 
 THE VESTFOS CELLULOSE FABRIK, Vestfos, near Christiania, Norway, .... 
 
 NIKITA PONISOFFKIN X: SONS, Chemicals, Jarostaff, Russia, 
 
 “LA PALMA” FABRICA Y REFINERI A DE ACE IT A DE COCO, Baracoa, Cuba, 
 
 TOBACCO AND SNUFF. 
 
 WILSON X: McCALLAY TOBACCO COMPANY, Middletown, Ohio, 3 orders 
 
 THE P. J. SORG COMPANY, Middletown, Ohio, 
 
 G. W. GAIL X: AX, Baltimore, Md., 
 
 W. R. IRBY CIGAR AND TOBACCO COMPANY, New Orleans, La., 
 
 WILLIAM CLARK & SON, London and Liverpool, England 3 orders 
 
 MOSS, WHITE X: COMPANY, Tobacco and Cigars, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,. . . 
 WILLIAM CAMERON, BROTHERS & CO., LIMITED, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 
 DUDGEON & ARNELL, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 
 
 • July, 
 
 ■ S84, 
 
 1 
 
 5 1 
 
 s, 1 88o- 
 
 -I885, 
 
 4 
 
 283 
 
 s, 1880- 
 
 -l88l, 
 
 4 
 
 500 
 
 May, 
 
 1882, 
 
 2 
 
 120 
 
 s, 1880 
 
 -1887, 
 
 4 
 
 592 
 
 June, 
 
 1882, 
 
 2 
 
 300 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1884, 
 
 I 
 
 73 
 
 s, 1882- 
 
 - 1 892 , 
 
 55 
 
 11 .102 
 
 Oct., 
 
 I889, 
 
 4 
 
 416 
 
 ;, 1 87c;- 
 
 ■1891 , 
 
 10 
 
 ■ 387 
 
 5, 1880- 
 
 - 1 8S 1 , 
 
 2 
 
 166 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1891, 
 
 I 
 
 5 ° 
 
 s, 1873- 
 
 - 1 88 1 , 
 
 6 
 
 587 
 
 Jan. , 
 
 ■ s 74 . 
 
 I 
 
 5 ° 
 
 Sept., 
 
 l88l, 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 5, 1881- 
 
 D889, 
 
 5 
 
 785 
 
 April, 
 
 1889, 
 
 I 
 
 50 
 
 Ma\ . 
 
 I 89 I , 
 
 6 
 
 960 
 
 ;, 1882- 
 
 -l 884 , 
 
 4 
 
 488 
 
 3, 1 886- 
 
 -l89I , 
 
 2 
 
 124 
 
 
 1890, 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 ;, 1S82- 
 
 ■l886, 
 
 2 
 
 146 
 
 Mar., 
 
 1S92, 
 
 I 
 
 96 
 
 Sept., 
 
 1883, 
 
 I 
 
 82 
 
 Mar. , 
 
 I887, 
 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 244 
 
 May, 
 
 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 22 
 
 Sept., 
 
 189O, 
 
 I 
 
 76 
 
 June, 
 
 189O, 
 
 I 
 
 .25 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1S8S, 
 
 I 
 
 t° 5 
 
 Nov., 
 
 l892, 
 
 I 
 
 160 
 
 Dec., 
 
 '893, 
 
 I 
 
 >5 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 240 
 
 June, 
 
 1885, 
 
 I 
 
 6l 
 
 June, 
 
 1889, 
 
 I 
 
 74 
 
 Dec., 
 
 1S86, 
 
 2 
 
 240 
 
 Mar., 
 
 I887, 
 
 I 
 
 25 
 
 April, 
 
 1887, 
 
 I 
 
 120 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1889, 
 
 I 
 
 67 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1S94, 
 
 4 
 
 636 
 
 Mar., 
 
 lS 93 , 
 
 1 
 
 76 
 
 
 i8 9 G 
 
 1 
 
 248 
 
 Oct., 
 
 i8 9 * > 
 
 2 
 
 5 ° 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1S94, 
 
 I 
 
 30 
 
 July, 
 
 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 96 
 
 ;, 1881- 
 
 ■1882. \ 
 
 
 
 i, 1881- 
 
 1882, 
 
 IO 
 
 1,220 
 
 Aug. , 
 
 .883J 
 
 
 
 April, 
 
 1890, 
 
 I 
 
 20 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1894, 
 
 I 
 
 64 
 
 Mar., 
 
 1890, 
 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1889, 
 
 I 
 
 .5° 
 
 
 1888, 
 
 I 
 
 25 
 
 
 1 89 1 , 
 
 I 
 
 IO 
 
 
 1887, 
 
 2 
 
 l86 
 
 June, 
 
 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 92 
 
 June, 
 
 1891, 
 
 I 
 
 96 
 
 Aug., 
 
 1S92, 
 
 2 
 
 2l6 
 
 Mar., 
 
 1S93, 
 
 I 
 
 172 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1890, 
 
 I 
 
 106 
 
 Nov. , 
 
 18S8, 
 
 I 
 
 73 
 
 
 i8 93 » 
 
 2 
 
 280 
 
 
 Boi/crs. 
 
 H.r. 
 
 ;, 1S81- 
 
 1891 , 
 
 3 
 
 372 
 
 
 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 no 
 
 July, 
 
 1S8S, 
 
 2 
 
 244 
 
 July, 
 
 189?, 
 
 2 
 
 102 
 
 ;, 1884- 
 
 ■1887, 
 
 3 
 
 178 
 
 Mar.. 
 
 1889, 
 
 I 
 
 25 
 
 July, 
 
 1890, 
 
 I 
 
 124 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 52 
 
 V 
 
 155 
 
Babcock & Wilcox Boilers at the Societe Anonyme des Fillatures et Tissages de Pouyer-Quertier, Petit Quevilly , pres Rouen, France. 
 2 Boilers erected Dec,, 1 885 ; 2 in Sept., 1886, and 1 in June, 1890. Total, 700 H, P. 
 
OILS, SOAP, AND CANDLES. 
 
 STANDARD OIL COMPANY, Bayonne, X. J., and elsewhere, . 47 orders, 1880-1893, 
 
 BROOKLYN OIL REFINERY, Brooklyn, N. Y., .... 3 orders, 1879-18S2, 
 
 PRATT MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Brooklyn, N. Y., 6 orders, 1881-1886, 
 
 SONE & FLEMING MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Brooklyn, N. Y., . . .. 2 orders, 1882-1887, 
 
 CHESEBROUGH MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Brooklyn, N. Y., 3 orders, 1881-1891, 
 
 VACUUM OIL COMPANY, Rochester, X. Y 3 orders, 1S89-1890, 
 
 TIDEWATER OIL COMPANY, Oil Refinery, Bayonne, X. J. 15 orders, 1879-188S, 
 
 NATIONAL TRANSIT COMPANY, Pipe Line, Rutherford Park, N. J.. 2 orders, Feb and Dec., 1881, 
 
 EAGLE OIL COMPANY, Claremont, N. J., Nov., 1889, 
 
 ATLANTIC REFINING COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa., . . 5 orders, 1881-1886, 
 
 BELMONT OIL WORKS, Philadelphia, Pa 2 orders, 1881-1885, 
 
 ORR, LEONARD & CUMMINGS, Oils, Philadelphia, Pa. Mar., 1884, 
 
 MAGINN 1 S OIL MILL, New Orleans, La., July, 1882, 
 
 BALTIMORE UNITED OIL COMPANY, Baltimore, Md., .... Dec., 1886, 
 
 CORNWALL & BROTHER, Soaps and Candles, Louisville, Ky., . . . . . 4 orders, 1874-1883, 
 
 ANDREWS SOAP COMPANY, Cincinnati, Ohio, ... Mar., 1890, 
 
 THE HARKNESS & COWING COMPANY, Candles, Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb., 1892, 
 
 F. O. SWANELL, Linseed Oil, Chicago, 111 ., . 1881, 
 
 N. K. FAIRBANK & COMPANY, Lard, St. Louis, Mo., . 2 orders, 1888-1891, 
 
 YOUNG’S PARAFFINE, LIGHT AND MINERAL OIL COMPANY, Addiewell, Scotland, . Sept., 1883, 
 
 BROXBURN OIL COMPANY, Broxburn, Scotland, May, 1883, 
 
 DAIRE E. ANSELIN & COMPANY, Soap, St. Nicolas-les-Arras, France, Oct., 1886, 
 
 EUGENE CUVELIER, Arras, France . . April, 1892, 
 
 THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM COMPANY, Bruges, France, . Dec., 1891, 
 
 MARCHAND FRERES, Oil Manufacturers, Dunkirk, France, ... Oct., 1889, 
 
 GOUIN ET CIE., Soap, Marseilles, France, . Dec., 1893, 
 
 BONNEFOY HIJO Y CIA., Candles, Barcelona, Spain, . . Oct., 1890, 
 
 NIATTEO DUB 1 CH, Oil. Trieste, Austria, June, 1886, 
 
 DE NEDERLANDSCHE OLIEFABRI K, Delft, Holland, July, 1892, 
 
 THE NEWSKY STEARINE CANDLE FACTORY, Moscow, Russia, Sept., 1886, 
 
 S. M. SHIBAEFF, Petroleum, Batoum, Russia, . . Sept., 1885, 
 
 J. NASHAUR, Petroleum. Batoum. Russia. . . July, 1886, 
 
 GORGALA COLOCHERETA & COMPANY, Rivaly, Asia Minor, May, 1892, 
 
 J H 1 TCHEN & SONS, Soap, Melbourne, Australia, Dec., 1893, 
 
 68 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 l 5 
 
 5 
 
 // /’ 
 
 10,506 
 728 
 1 482 
 416 
 401 
 572 
 2.246 
 520 
 1C4 
 1 . hi 
 333 
 101 
 3 &o 
 120 
 225 
 78 
 
 125 
 
 60 
 
 380 
 
 120 
 
 140 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 15 
 
 140 
 
 66 
 
 15 
 
 145 
 
 192 
 
 70 
 
 5 i 
 
 5 i 
 
 3 ® 
 
 40 
 
 PACKERS AND CANNERS. 
 
 H. J. HEINZ COMPANY. Pickles, etc., Allegheny City, Pa. 
 
 THE WESTERN REFRIGERATING COMPANY, Packers, Chicago, 111 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL PACKING COMPANY, Chicago, 111 ., 
 
 THE T. E. WELLS COMPANY, Chicago, 111 
 
 ANGLO-SWISS CONDENSED MILK COMPANY, Dixon, 111 ., 
 
 JOHN MORRELL & COMPANY. LIMITED, Ottumwa, Iowa 
 
 THE HAAKINSON PACKING COMPANY, Sioux City, Iowa 
 
 MARSHALL CANNING COMPANY, Marshalltown, Iowa, .... ... 
 
 ARMOUR PACKING COMPANY, Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 SPIERS & POND, London, England, ... 
 
 SILLITOE X’ SHARES, Packers and Shippers, Manchester, England, 
 
 T. W. PETERSON & COMPANY, Packers and Shippers, Birmingham, England, 
 
 J. STEVENSON, Packer, Manchester. England, 
 
 THE GLOBE PACKING COMPANY, Manchester, England, . . 
 
 F. CLERET. Preserved Meat, Paris, France, 
 
 L. A. PRICE. Canned Goods, Bordeaux, France, 
 
 TALBOT FRERES, Makers of Preserved Provisions, Bordeaux, France, .... 
 
 DUPRAT & DURAND, Tinned Goods, Bordeaux, France, ... 
 
 LES FILS DE CH. TYSSONNEAU JEUNE, Bordeaux, France, 
 
 BRAZILIAN EXTRACT OF MEAT AND HIDES FACTORY, LIMITED. Pare- 
 
 das, Porte Alegre, Brazil, . 
 
 DUNLIFF & PATERSON, Fruit Preservers, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, .... 
 
 Dec., 
 
 Boilers. 
 1889, 2 
 
 H.r 
 
 208 
 
 Jan. , 
 
 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 240 
 
 Sept., 
 
 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 300 
 
 Feb., 
 
 1891 , 
 
 1 
 
 300 
 
 Nov., 
 
 ‘893. 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 July, 
 
 1891 , 
 
 2 
 
 400 
 
 Sept. , 
 
 1887, 
 
 4 
 
 548 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1880, 
 
 2 
 
 120 
 
 ers, 18S6- 
 
 1889, 
 
 4 
 
 I 000 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 405 
 
 Aug., 
 
 1885, 
 
 1 
 
 65 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1 889 , 
 
 1 
 
 120 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1 886, 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 Jan., 
 
 18S9, 
 
 1 
 
 80 
 
 Oct., 
 
 'S93. 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 ers, 1889- 
 
 1891 , 
 
 3 
 
 63 
 
 Feb., 
 
 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 June, 
 
 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 ■3 
 
 ers, 1S92- 
 
 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 60 
 
 ers, iS88- 
 
 1889, 
 
 4 
 
 248 
 
 Aug., 
 
 1SS9, 
 
 2 
 
 60 
 
 COFI'EE, SPICES. Etc. 
 
 ARBUCKLF. BROTHERS COFFEE COMPANY. Brooklyn. X. Y., . . 
 
 ARBUCKLES & COMPANY, Spices, Pittsburgh, Pa 
 
 F WITCH HI 1 . 1 H A M PI IN A O >M P A X Y. ( T >ct s Portland, Me., 
 
 CLOTHING, FURNISHING GOODS, 
 
 HEATON BUTTON FASTENER COMPANY, Providence, R. 1 
 
 C. H. MERRITT & SON, Danburv, Conn., 
 
 BUREAU PROVISIONS AND CLOTHING, Navy Yard. Brooklyn, N. Y 
 
 MILLER, HALL & HARTWELL, Shirts, Troy, N. Y., 
 
 WRIGHT BROTHERS & COMPANY, Umbrellas, Philadelphia, Pa., . . . . 
 
 WISE BROTHERS, Overalls, etc., Baltimore, Md., 
 
 VOGLER & GEUDTNER, Trunks, Chicago, 111 
 
 Boilers. H.P. 
 
 2 orders, 1883-1886, 
 
 4 
 
 416 
 
 2 orders, 1883-1891, 
 
 2 
 
 153 
 
 . . . May, 1883, 
 
 2 
 
 102 
 
 Etc. 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.r. 
 
 April, 1890, 
 
 I 
 
 92 
 
 Sept., 1S92, 
 
 I 
 
 208 
 
 . . Feb., 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 90 
 
 2 orders, 1883-1890, 
 
 2 
 
 306 
 
 
 I 
 
 75 
 
 Feb.. 1887, 
 
 2 
 
 102 
 
 July, 1SS1, 
 
 I 
 
 83 
 

 ► 
 
 A. E. BURKHARDT & COMPANY, Cloaks, Purs, Hats, etc., Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 THE M. C. LILLEY COMPANY, Regalia, Columbus, Ohio, 
 
 ROSEMONT COMB MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Aberdeen, Scotland, 
 
 THOMAS CARLYLE, Buttons, Birmingham, England, 
 
 A. DUPONT ET C 1 E., Brush Manufacturers, Beauvais, France, 
 
 GARCIA GIRONA Y CIA , Brush Makers, Barcelona, Spain, . 
 
 M. LOVENSTEIN. Corsets, Moscow, Russia 
 
 LA COMPANHIA CH APELLARI A NORTE INDUSTRIAL, Hats, Bahia, Brazil, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 //./'. 
 
 July, 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 99 
 
 2 orders, 1890-1892, 
 
 3 
 
 250 
 
 June, 1887, 
 
 X 
 
 136 
 
 3 orders, 1886-1893, 
 
 4 
 
 207 
 
 Feb., 1886, 
 
 7 
 
 104 
 
 Dec., 1885, 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 Mar., 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 . . Nov., 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 123 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers at New Orleans International Cotton Exposition, 1885 , Total, 1,500 H, P. 
 
 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.r. 
 
 LOCKWOOD COMPANY, Waterville, Me., 
 
 June, 
 
 1881, 
 
 2 
 
 309 
 
 COCHECO MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Dover, N. H 
 
 July, 
 
 1881, 
 
 2 
 
 164 
 
 JOEL H. GATES & COMPANY, Burlington Cotton Mills, Burlington, Vt., 
 
 Mar., 
 
 1883, 
 
 2 
 
 244 
 
 ARLINGTON MILLS, Lawrence, Mass., 
 
 Feb., 
 
 1887, 
 
 12 
 
 2 880 
 
 BARNABY MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Fall River, Mass.. 
 
 Mar., 
 
 1882, 
 
 4 
 
 448 
 
 KING PHILIP MILLS, Fall River, Mass 
 
 April, 
 
 1892, 
 
 5 
 
 1,260 
 
 COHANNET MILLS, Taunton, Mass 
 
 3 orders, 1890-1892, 
 
 4 
 
 • 73 ° 
 
 HEBRON MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Attieboro, Mass., 
 
 . . . Mar., 
 
 1882, 
 
 4 
 
 400 
 
 MANCHAUG COMPANY, Manchaug, Mass 
 
 June, 
 
 1882, 
 
 4 
 
 400 
 
 THE HADLEY COMPANY, Thread, Holyoke, Mass., 
 
 4 orders, 1883- 
 
 *893, 
 
 6 
 
 1,197 
 
 BERKSHIRE COTTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Adams, Mass., . 
 
 2 orders, 1891- 
 
 1892, 
 
 3 
 
 720 
 
 GREYLOCK. MILLS, North Adams, Mass.. 
 
 July, 
 
 '893, 
 
 I 
 
 240 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS COTTON MILLS, Lowell, Mass., 
 
 . . Jan., 
 
 1893, 
 
 4 
 
 1.000 
 
 ROTCH SPINNING CORPORATION, New Bedford, Mass., 
 
 2 orders, 1892- 
 
 '893, 
 
 4 
 
 840 
 
 WAMSUTTA MILLS, New Bedford, Mass 
 
 
 ■893, 
 
 l 
 
 250 
 
 B. B. & R. KNIGHT. Providence and Natick, R. I 
 
 6 orders, 1884- 
 
 1892, 
 
 13 
 
 2.867 
 
 NOTTINGHAM MILLS, Providence, R. L, 
 
 . . 2 orders, 1884- 
 
 1885, 
 
 4 
 
 416 
 
 THE ALBION COMPANY, Providence, R. I., 
 
 Sept., 
 
 1891, 
 
 2 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 
 158 
 
Boilers 
 
 QUIDNICK MAN UFACTl' RING COMPANY, Quidnick, R 1 Mar, 1891, 1 
 
 LORRAIN 1 MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Saylesville, R. I., May, 1891, 1 
 
 THE WILLIAM CLARK COMPANY, Thread, Westerly, R. 1 Sept., 1891, 3 
 
 THE SLATER COTTON COMPANY, Pawtucket, R. I . July, 1890, 2 
 
 THE UNITED STATES COTTON COMPANY, Pawtucket, R. L, . . Oct., 1892, 3 
 
 CUTLER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Yam and Cotton Cordage, Warren, R. I , 2 orders, 1S83-18S9, 3 
 
 DYERVILLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Dyerville, K. L, Sept., 1889, 2 
 
 G W. REYNOLDS & COMPANY, Davisville, R. I . Nov., 1889, 1 
 
 PALMER BROTHERS, Montville and Oakdale Mills, Montville, Conn., ... 2 orders, 1879-1 8S2, 2 
 
 FALLS COMPANY, Norwich, Conn., . . . 3 orders, 1881-1882, 4 
 
 HALL BROTHERS, Norwich, Conn., ... . . April, 1891, 1 
 
 PONEMAH MILLS, Taftville, Norwich, Conn., . . 2 orders, 1882-18S3, 4 
 
 QUINNEBAUG COMPANY, Danielsonville, Conn., 2 orders, 1SS2-1883, 5 
 
 WHITE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Rockville, Conn., June, 1887, 1 
 
 ONECO MANUFACTURING COMPANY, New London, Conn., . . . June, 1888, 2 
 
 IRVING MANUFACTURING COMPANY, New Brighton, S. I , N. Y., Sept., 18S3, 1 
 
 T H. SMITH. Jamestown Cotton Mill, Jamestown, N. Y . Sept., 1880, 2 
 
 MILLVILLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Millville, N. J., Oct., 1881, 1 
 
 i ll \RLES SPENCER COMPANY, Germantown, Pa., May, 1892, 1 
 
 HENRY McKEEN & COMPANY, S. Easton, Pa Mar., 1SS2, 1 
 
 ARLINGTON MILLS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Wilmington, Del., Aug., 1S80, 4 
 
 MOUNT VERNON MILLS, Baltimore, Md Mar., 1882, 4 
 
 W. H. BALDWIN, JR., & COMPANY, Savage, Md Aug., 1881, 2 
 
 RANDLEMAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Randleman, N. C, 2 orders, 18S7-1SS9, 2 
 
 F. & H. FRIES, Salem, N. C., 2 orders, 1880-18S1, 2 
 
 CHARLOTTE COTTON MILLS, Charlotte, N. C 2 orders, 1884-1886, 4 
 
 GASTONIA COTTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Gastonia, N. C., . . . . 3 orders, 1888-1891, 4 
 
 UNION COTTON MILLS, Maiden, N. C Oct., 1891, 2 
 
 HUGUENOT MILLS, Greenville, S. C., 2 orders, 1882-1886, 2 
 
 SUMTER COTTON MILLS, Sumter, S. C., . Jan., 1881, 1 
 
 J. J. DALE & COMPANY, St. Helena Island, S. C., June, 1S80, 1 
 
 NEWBERRY ( OTTON MILLS, Newberry, S. C. 2 orders, 1883-1887, 3 
 
 REEDY RIVER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Reedy River Factory, S. C, Jan., 1884, 1 
 
 DARLINGTON MILLS, Darlington, S. C., ...... April, 1884, 2 
 
 THE SWIFT MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Columbus, Ga., 3 orders, 1883-1887, 5 
 
 HAMBURGER COTTON MILLS, Columbus, Ga., June, 1893, 2 
 
 EXPOSITION COTTON MILL, Atlanta, Ga . Feb., 1882, 2 
 
 FULTON BAG AND COTTON MILLS, Atlanta, Ga., 4 orders, 1881-1889, 5 
 
 BIBB MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Macon, Ga 3 orders, 18S7-1890, 3 
 
 MACON KNITTING COMPANY, Hosiery, Macon, Ga Aug., 1S90, 1 
 
 MADISON COTTON GINNING COMPANY, Madison, Fla., July, 1S82, 1 
 
 ADAMS COTTON MILLS, Montgomery, Ala 2 orders, iSSi-:C37, 2 
 
 MAGINNIS COTTON MILLS, New Orleans, La., 5 orders, 1882-1888, 14 
 
 GALVESTON CO'I r()N \ND W()()LLX MILLS. Galveston. I'exas ... Dec., 1889, 3 
 
 THE STEARNS & FOSTER COMPANY, Waddings, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2 ord rs, 1890 1891, 3 
 
 CALIFORNIA COTTON MILLS, East Oakland, Cal 2 orders, 1884-1891, 3 
 
 MONCTON COTTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Moncton, N. P» Sept., 1SS2, 2 
 
 WALTER CRUM & COMPANY, Thomliebank, Scotland Feb., 1S83, 1 
 
 THOMSON & ROBERTSON, Milngavie, Scotland, . . July, 1883, 1 
 
 F. STEWART SANDEMAN, Stanley, Scotland, . . Aug., 1SS3, 1 
 
 THE EDINBURGH RO P ERIE AND SAIL CLOTH COMPANY, L’T’D, Leith, Scotland, Aug., 188S, 1 
 
 C. TATTERSALL, Droyesden, Scotland, Oct., 1S88, 1 
 
 J. R. & A. SMITH, LIMITED, Preston, Lancashire, England Feb., 1887, 2 
 
 JOSEPH SCHOFIELD & COMPANY, Littleborough, Lancashire, England, ...... Mar., 1SS5, 1 
 
 PADIHAM SPINNING COMPANY, Padiham, England, Aug., 18S6, 1 
 
 PENDLEBLTRY & SONS, Radcliffe, England Feb . 1886, 1 
 
 JAMES PATTERSON & COMPANY, Pifeford Mills, Blackley, England, . . July, 1S86, 1 
 
 R. & H. HINCHCLIFFE, Mvtholanroyd, York, England, Sept., 1886, 1 
 
 THE OAK MOUNT SPINNING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Burnley, England, May 1887, 1 
 
 BOTTERIL, POTTER & COMPANY, Finishers, Bradford, England May, 1888, 1 
 
 THE PLATT LANE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, LIMITED, Hindley, England, . April, 1888, 1 
 
 J. & J. BALDWIN, Clarkbridge Mills, Halifax, England ... April, 1893, 2 
 
 EDMOND BERTRAND, Cambria, France, June, 1886, 1 
 
 HELZINGER ET FILS, Weavers, Charleval, France, . . May, 1S86, 1 
 
 WIBAUX MOTTE, Roubaix, France, May, 1885, 2 
 
 WIBAUX FLORIN, Twister, Roubaix, France, 3 orders, 1885-1887, 5 
 
 BAYARD PARENT, Tourcoing, France, ........ . . . Oct., 1884, 3 
 
 BINET PERE ET FILS, Tourcoing, France, . Jan., 1885, 1 
 
 FLIPO FRERES, Tourcoing, France, 2 orders, 18S5-1S87, 3 
 
 SCALABRE-DELCOURT ET FILS, Tourcoing, France, . . . . . Oct., 1885, 1 
 
 ALBERT POLLET, Tourcoing, France, . . Aug., 1885, 1 
 
 MARTIAL DAPOUVILLE, Tourcoing, France, April, 1886, 1 
 
 GUSTAVE DOLFUS, Belfort, Vosges, France, ...... . Dec., 1SS8, 2 
 
 VINCENT PONNIER ET CIE., Sonones, Vosges, France, . . May, 1SS5, ) 2 
 
 VINCENT PONNIER ET CIE., Moussey, France July, 1885, i 
 
 SOCIETE ANONYM E POUYER-QUERTIER, Spinning, Rouen, France 3 orders, 1885-1890, 5 
 
 ARMAND PEYNAUD, Spinner and Weaver, Charleval, France, . . 2 orders, May and Sept., 1886, 4 
 
 M. COSSERAT, Weaver, Amiens, France, ... 3 orders, 1SS5-1887, 3 
 
 H.P. 
 
 146 
 208 
 6 co 
 500 
 1 000 
 404 
 250 
 61 
 120 
 368 
 104 
 400 
 518 
 136 
 208 
 92 
 160 
 104 
 208 
 50 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 90 
 250 
 301 
 310 
 146 
 100 
 75 
 50 
 480 
 
 272 
 
 5 “ 
 
 400 
 
 208 
 
 810 
 
 520 
 
 104 
 
 60 
 ”7 
 
 2.544 
 
 720 
 
 342 
 
 312 
 
 300 
 
 122 
 
 122 
 
 55 
 
 156 
 
 75 
 280 
 
 156 
 
 156 
 
 156 
 
 73 
 
 156 
 
 124 
 
 124 
 
 124 
 
 500 
 
 96 
 
 61 
 184 
 628 
 240 
 136 
 
 614 
 
 76 
 104 
 
 61 
 
 322 
 
 159 
 
 652 
 
 480 
 
 252 
 
 159 
 
ED. GALA ME, Spinner, Epinal, France, 
 
 C. ZEUTZ ET CIE., Beauvais, France, 
 
 BAUDOIN, RISLER ET CIE., Spinners, Luxeuel, France, 
 
 IRENE BRUN ET CIE., Lace, St. Chamond, France, 
 
 A LAM AG NY & ORIOL, Lace, St. Chamond, France, 
 
 JULES GRATRY ET CIE., Weavers, Halliun, France 
 
 MADAME A. MANCHON LEMA 1 TRE ET CIE., Calico Makers and Weavers, V 
 
 DUBOIS, CHARVET, COLUMBIER, Armentiers, France, 
 
 J. LEPETIT ET J. BEAUDOIN, Pavilly, France, 
 
 A. J. GUEST, Weaver, Fecamp, France, 
 
 FERDINAND BRACQ, Spinner, Ghent, Belgium, 
 
 BAERTSOEN & BLWSSE, Weavers, Ghent, Belgium, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 Dec., 1884, 2 
 
 May, 1886, 1 
 
 Aug., 1886, 1 
 
 May, 1888, 1 
 
 Feb., 1889, 1 
 
 Jan., 1889, 1 
 
 iolbec, France, April, 1889, 1 
 
 2 orders, 1885, 3 
 
 Aug., 1891, 1 
 
 Sept., 1891, 1 
 
 May, 1888, 1 
 
 2 orders, 1889-1891 , 2 
 
 H.P. 
 
 J 5<> 
 
 104 
 136 
 
 92 
 
 75 
 
 92 
 
 558 
 
 96 
 
 96 
 
 105 
 
 493 
 
 F E FFUyS 
 
 n f m FT IF 
 
 Holland House, New York, Heated aid lighted by 448 H. P. of Babcock & Wilcox Boilers. Erected 1390. 
 
 SOCIEtE ANON. LINIERE LA 1. 1 EVE, Client, Belgium 
 
 A. & V. DE STAERCKE FRERES, Moerbeke, Belgium, . . 
 
 ADRIEN FLAMENT, Grammont, Belgium, 
 
 JULIUS RIPPERT, Forst, Germany 
 
 J. PONGS, Neuwerk, Germany 
 
 H E I DENSCH AFTER BAUMWOHLSPI N NEREI , Heidenschaft, Germany 
 
 LA ESPA^A INDUSTRIAL, Barcelona, Spain, 
 
 A. LEDO Y CIE., Barcelona, Spain .... 
 
 JOS£ SALGOT, Weaver, Barcelona, Spain, 
 
 TORRABADELLA H ERMA NOS, Spinners, Barcelona, Spain 
 
 PABLO SAN SALVADOR, Weaver, Barcelona, Spain 
 
 COM PTE Y VI LA DO MAT, Barcelona, Spain, 
 
 VIUDA DE M. BERTRAND, Spinning. San Felio, Barcelona, Spain, . . 
 ENRIQUE ARIS, Cotton Spinning, Malgrat, near Barcelona, Spain, . . . 
 
 Boilers. If. P. 
 
 Sept., 1893, 1 192 
 
 Jan., 1891, 1 172 
 
 Aug., 1891, 1 >6 
 
 Dec., 1886, 1 136 
 
 May, 1885, 1 120 
 
 (Jet., 1893, 1 172 
 
 4 orders, 1888-1891, 8 980 
 
 . . July, 1891, 2 500 
 
 May, 1885, 1 15 
 
 2 orders, 1884-1890, 3 217 
 
 . . May, 1886, 2 40 
 
 Mar., 1891, 1 86 
 
 . . Dec., 1888. 2 246 
 
 . . Sept., 1889, 1 61 
 
◄ 
 
 
 i . 
 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 HP. 
 
 . 
 
 
 PER ERA & PORTABELLA, Spain 
 
 Feb., 1888, 
 
 I 
 
 127 
 
 
 
 FRANCISCO DE LA VIESCA, Cadiz, Spain, 
 
 Aug., 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 368 
 
 
 
 FIGOLI HERMANOS, Weavers, Morelia, Spain, 
 
 Feb., 1890, 
 
 I 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 ESTEBAN ALBERDI V Cl E., Azcoitia, Spain, 
 
 Nov., 1891, 
 
 I 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 A. VELINO TRINXET, Monistrol, Spain, 
 
 Jat., 1893, 
 
 I 
 
 •52 
 
 
 
 HIJO DI FRANCISCO VILARDELL Y CIE, Salt, Gerona, Spain, 
 
 Mar., 1X93, 
 
 I 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 COM PA N H 1 A DE MOAC.KM KM VI ANNA DE CASTII.I.O, Lisbon, Portugal, Oct., 1891, 
 
 I 
 
 124 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I^O 
 
 
 
 THE RRODETZER SPINNER K 1 . .Austria, 
 
 Oct., 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 ic2 
 
 
 
 JOSEPH RIEDEL, Wurzeldorf, Austria, 
 
 May, 1893, 
 
 I 
 
 ;Eo 
 
 
 
 SAVVA MEROSOFF’S SONS X CO., Nikolskoje M'f'g Co., Station Orechoroo, Russia, 3 orders, 1SSS-1891, 
 
 7 
 
 I 256 
 
 
 
 THEODOR ED PYCHLAN, Spinner, Strasdenhoff, Riga, Russia, 
 
 June, 1SS9, 
 
 1 
 
 i -4 
 
 
 
 P. MALJUTIN, Rimenskoje, Russia, 
 
 July, 1SS5, 
 
 1 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 A W. MAKAROFF, Wadding Manufacturer, Astrakhan, Russia, 
 
 
 1 
 
 ZO 
 
 
 
 NETCHAEF MALZOFF, Cotton Mill, Goussevo, Russia, . 
 
 Mav, 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 Q2 
 
 
 
 MOSCOW LACE FACTORY, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 Nov., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 <0 
 
 
 
 A. GUI WARTOFSKY, Lace Factory, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 RKUTOFF MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Moscow, Russia, . . . . 
 
 . April and July, 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 3C8 
 
 
 
 THE PROCHOROFF MANUFACTURED COMPANY, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 Sept., 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 I40 
 
 
 
 JOHN BOUTIKOFF & SONS, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 
 2 
 
 1G4 
 
 
 
 J I BASKAKOFF, Print Works, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 April, 1888, 
 
 2 
 
 164 
 
 
 
 ALBERT HUEBNER, Weaving and Printing, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 SAVVA MOROSOFF SONS & COMPANY, Nicholsky, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 
 4 
 
 I 0/2 
 
 
 
 RUDOLF KELLER, Ladz, Russian Poland 
 
 
 1 
 
 123 
 
 
 
 SILVA MOREIRA X' CIA., Bahia, Brazil, . 
 
 
 1 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 CRUZ & CIA., Spinners, Aracaju, Brazil, 
 
 May, 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 248 
 
 
 
 COTTON SPINNING COMPANY, Pernambuco, S. A 
 
 
 1 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 STEFANO CAUZIA, Bombay, India 
 
 Sept., 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 152 
 
 
 
 BAKADINA SPINNING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 1 ,’T’D, 
 
 Bombay, India, Feb., 1889, 
 
 3 
 
 624 
 
 
 
 SOC. ANON. DE FILATURE ET TISSAGE MECANIQUE, Pondichery, 
 
 India, . 6 orders, 1884-1887, 
 
 8 
 
 820 
 
 
 
 GOKULDAS BULLABDAS COTTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
 
 Allahabad, India, Dec., 1891, 
 
 I 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 OGILVY GELLANDERS & COMPANY, Calcutta, India, 
 
 Aug., 1S93, 
 
 4 
 
 64O 
 
 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF WOOLS, WORSTEDS, Etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 //./>. 
 
 
 
 J. W. BUSIEL & COMPANY, Granite Hosiery Mills, Laconia, N. H., . . 
 
 Aug., 1882, 
 
 1 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 FRANK P. HOLT, Hosiery, Laconia, N. H 
 
 Aug., 1886, 
 
 1 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 NONANTUM WORSTED COMPANY, Newton, Mass., 
 
 
 4 
 
 832 
 
 
 
 GEORGE C. MOORE, North Chelmsford, Mass., 
 
 
 1 
 
 280 
 
 
 
 PEACEDAI.E MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Peacedale, R. 1 , 
 
 3 orders, 1882-1893, 
 
 4 
 
 688 
 
 
 
 PROVIDENCE WORSTED MILLS, Providence, R. I 
 
 
 8 
 
 I 800 
 
 
 
 BELLEVILLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Providence, R. I., 
 
 July, 1S93, 
 
 I 
 
 i6 5 
 
 
 
 WILLIAM GREGORY, Wickford, R. I., 
 
 
 I 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 UNION MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Wolcottsville, Conn. 
 
 
 2 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 WARREN WOOLEN COMPANY, Stafford Springs, Conn., 
 
 2 orders, Jan. and Sept., 1S83, 
 
 2 
 
 228 
 
 
 
 HALL BROTHERS, Doeskins, Norwich, Conn., 
 
 
 2 
 
 208 
 
 
 
 SPRINGVILLE COMPANY, Coatings, Rockville, Conn., 
 
 
 3 
 
 366 
 
 
 
 MILNER & COMPANY, Moosup, Conn., 
 
 
 I 
 
 165. 
 
 
 
 ROOT MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Hosiery, Cohoes, N. Y., . . . 
 
 Oct.. 1S86, 
 
 I 
 
 5 1 
 
 
 
 HARDER KNITTING COMPANY, Hudson, N. Y 
 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 ABEGG, DAENIKER & COMPANY, Middletown, N. Y. 
 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 AKEN KNITTING COMPANY, Philmont, N. V., 
 
 
 I 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 RARITAN WOOLEN MILL, Raritan, N. J 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 o 5 o' 
 
 
 
 SOMERSET MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Raritan, N. J. 
 
 3 orders, 1S79-1SS1, 
 
 6 
 
 720 
 
 
 
 BOUND BROOK WOOLEN MILLS, Bound Brook, N. J., 
 
 \ orders, 187S-1SS1, 
 
 5 
 
 695 
 
 
 
 KAIRMOUNT WORSTED MILLS, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 2 orders, 1879-1882, 
 
 3 
 
 416 
 
 
 
 KEYSTONE MILLS, Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 M. A. FURBISH & SON, Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 Sept., 18S0, 
 
 4 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 PENN WORSTED MILLS, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 
 2 
 
 212 
 
 
 
 ORMISTON M ANUF ACTURI NG COMPANY, Knit Goods and Ladies" Suits, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct., 1883, 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 THOMAS J AGGERS, Yarns, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 JONATHAN RING & SONS, Yarns, Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 
 2 
 
 208 
 
 
 
 J. C. GRAHAM, Dress Trimmings, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 
 I 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 CONSHOHOCKEN WORSTED MILLS, Conshohocken, Pa., 
 
 
 5 
 
 824 
 
 
 
 J. CAPPS & SONS, LIMITED, Jacksonville, III 
 
 
 I 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 THE F. GRAY COMPANY, Piqua, Ohio 
 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 S. B. WILKINS COMPANY, Rockford, 111 
 
 
 2 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 EAGLE KNITTING COMPANY, Elkhart, Ind 
 
 2 orders, 1SS2-1SS7, 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 OLD KENTUCKY WOOLEN MILLS, Louisville, Kv. 
 
 . . . . 2 orders, 1SS3-1SS7, 
 
 3 
 
 312 
 
 
 
 COOPER, WELLS & COMPANY, St. Joseph, Mich 
 
 Ja:i., 18S3, 
 
 I 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 THE BUELL MANUFACTURING COMPANY. St. Joseph, M»., . . 
 
 Mar., 1883, 
 
 I 
 
 ■50 
 
 
 
 ROSAMOND WOOLEN 1 MILLS, Almont, Ontario, Canada, 
 
 
 5 
 
 362 
 
 
 
 MONTREAL WOOLEN MILLS. Montreal, Canada 
 
 
 I 
 
 IOS 
 
 
 
 S. T. WILLETT, RICHELIEU WOOLEN MILLS, Chambly Canton, Quebec, Canada, May, 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 l54 
 
 
 
 CH ARTERIES, SPENCE & COMPANY, Tweeds, Dumfries, Scotland, 
 
 Aug., 1SS6, 
 
 I 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 TAMES JOHNSON & COMPANY, Tweeds, Elgin, Scotland, 
 
 
 I 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 DEVAUX, FRERES ET CIE., Adrimont, Yerdiers, Belgium, 
 
 Sept., 188S, 
 
 I 
 
 75 
 
 
 161 
 
 * 
 
Babcock & Wilcox Boilers at Wabash Paper Co, Wabash, Ind., with Hoppe Feedwater Purifiers, 1,250 H. P. Erected 1889, 
 
irdeaux 
 
 Igium , 
 
 ALBERT OUDKN ET CIE., Merinos and Cashmeres, Dinant, B 
 
 GOI rHALS-GOl rHALS, Eecloo, Belgium 
 
 SYREIZOL SENIOR & J. CARRE RE, Makers of Kelt Shoes, I 
 LEON PEQUIN, Cuygand la BernardDre, Vendee, France, 
 
 TI B E RGHIEN FRlLRES, Carders, Tourcoing, France, 
 CAUELIEZ PlS RE, FILS & DELAOUTRE, Tourcoing, France 
 
 ALLART ROUSSEAU, Carder, Roubaix, France, 
 
 A. PROUVOST X COMPANY, Carders, Roubaix, France, 
 
 M. PATTY N, Spinner, Roubaix, France, 
 
 C. X J. POLLET, Roubaix, France, 
 
 HARDING-CROCKER FILS, Lisle, France, 
 
 NICOLAS LUDOVICA, Larschette, Luxembourg, 
 
 CRUDER & COMPANY, Cloth Manufacturers, Piet/. (Lorwitz), ( 
 
 HI JOS DE JAIME TORT, Alcoy, Spain, 
 
 FRANCISCO BONET, Barcelona, Spain 
 
 JOSE GUILHERME MO RAO, CASTELLO BRANCO, Portu 
 
 J. KLINGLER, JUNGBUNZLAU, Austria, 
 
 W. J. KISLJAKOFF, Weaver, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 SACHAROFF BROTHERS, Cloth Manufacturers, Moscow, Russia 
 EGERTON WOOLEN MILLS, Dharival, Punjab, India, 
 
 DYE WORKS AND BLEACH ERIES. 
 
 SAYLES* BLEACH ERY, Pawtucket, R. I., 
 
 al, 
 
 THE STERLING DYING AND FINISHING COMPANY, Sterling, Conn., 
 JAMES MARTIN & COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 JAMES McLARDIE & SONS, Paisley, Scotland, 
 
 JAMES SMITH & SONS, Yarn Dyers, Heywood, England, 
 J. & J. M. WORRALL, Manchester, England, 
 
 S. SCHWABE & COMPANY, Bleachers, Middleton, England, 2 orders 
 
 HANNART FRERES, Roubaix and Wasquehal, France, 4 orders 
 
 BROWAEYS-DEGEYTER FRERES, Roubaix, France, 2 orders 
 
 E. ROUSSEL, Dyer, Roubaix, France 
 
 COCHETEUX ET CIE., Dyers, Roubaix, France, 
 
 LOUIS GLORIEUX, Roubaix, France, 
 
 ACHILLE DELADALLE, Roubaix, France, 
 
 DUBOIS, CHARVET, COLUMBIER, Armenlieres, France, 
 
 J. LAUREAU, Dyer, Paris, France, 
 
 F. BOURGIN, DRIN ET FROUVE, Bleachers, Courbevoie, France, 
 
 C. COUGET & H. LACOUR, Dyers, Puteaux, France, 
 
 ELMER FRERES, Lyons, France, 
 
 WALLERAND, WI ART, WARTREMEZ, JACQZ ET CIE., Cambrai, Fr; 
 
 VANACHLRE-PARxMENTIER, Halluiu, Belgium, 
 
 MOERMAN FRERES, Roulers, Belgium 
 
 LA BLANCHISSERIE DE MONPLALSIR, Schaerbeck-Brussels, Belgium, 
 
 FR \NZ BAL/I.R, Indigo Print Works. Kanitz, Austria, . 
 SUCC ESSO RES DE FRANCISCO ROURA, Tarrasa, Spain, . 
 CARR AG 10 & TRINXET, Barcelona, Spain 
 
 MELICHIORRE BEL LET I ER I, Civita Vecchia, Italy, 
 IGNACIO DE NORIEGA, Mexico, 
 
 SILK MILLS. 
 
 CHENEY BROTHERS, South Manchester, Conn., . . 
 LOUIS FRANKE & COMPANY, Paterson, N. J., . 
 
 MAYER & COMPANY, Hoboken, N. J 
 
 ONEIDA COMMUNITY, LIMITED, Kenwood. N. Y . . 
 
 WHITEHALL SILK COMPANY, Whitehall, N. Y., . . 
 
 CORRIVEAU & COMPANY, Montreal, Canada, .... 
 JAMES MELVILLE & SONS, Hazelden, Meams, Scotland, 
 LISTER & COMPANY, MANN INCH AM MILLS, Bradfor 
 
 MOTTE, BOSSL T T FILS, Roubaix, France, 
 
 A. MANCHON LE MAITRE ET CIE., Bolbec, 
 MOULIN FILS, Ribbons, St. Just, Malmond, Fra 
 CHRISTOPF ANDREAL, Mulheini-on-Rbine, Ge 
 
 Sept., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 =48 
 
 April, 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 142 
 
 Feb., 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 July, 1S88, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 >, 1885-1SS7, 
 
 5 
 
 1,200 
 
 June, 1S87, 
 
 2 
 
 488 
 
 Sept., 1885, 
 
 4 
 
 744 
 
 Oct., 1SS5, 
 
 3 
 
 558 
 
 Dec., 1S85, 
 
 1 
 
 123 
 
 Feb., 1887, 
 
 1 
 
 136 
 
 Oct., 1S87, 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 Aug., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 Nov., 1888, 
 
 1 
 
 82 
 
 Jan., 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 April, 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 May, 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 172 
 
 July, 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 July, 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 96 
 
 Oct., 1886, 
 
 1 
 
 120 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 July, 18S3, 
 
 3 
 
 312 
 
 
 2 
 
 240 
 
 Feb., 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 328 
 
 18S0-1881, 
 
 2 
 
 208 
 
 
 2 
 
 272 
 
 >, 1883-1893, 
 
 3 
 
 347 
 
 April, 1886, 
 
 1 
 
 146 
 
 Jan., 1884, 
 
 1 
 
 136 
 
 Oct., 1884, 
 
 1 
 
 120 
 
 i, 1884-1887, 
 
 5 
 
 636 
 
 May, 1887, 
 
 1 
 
 156 
 
 ;, 1886-1891, 
 
 4 
 
 494 
 
 ;, 1885-1887, 
 
 5 
 
 826 
 
 >, 1885-1887, 
 
 2 
 
 342 
 
 Nov., 1885, 
 
 2 
 
 186 
 
 Dec., 1887, 
 
 3 
 
 558 
 
 April, 1887, 
 
 1 
 
 193 
 
 Oct., 1S87, 
 
 1 
 
 106 
 
 Oct., 1SS5, 
 
 1 
 
 186 
 
 Aug., 1885, 
 
 4 
 
 476 
 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 Aug., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 140 
 
 Feb., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 244 
 
 ;, 1886-1891, 
 
 4 
 
 422 
 
 June, 1886, 
 
 2 
 
 416 
 
 Jan., 1890, 
 
 I 
 
 106 
 
 June, 1891, 
 
 I 
 
 159 
 
 o' 
 
 j 
 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 Dec., 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 47 
 
 July, 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 46 
 
 Jan., 1886, 
 
 I 
 
 30 
 
 Oct., 1SS5, 
 
 2 
 
 146 
 
 Feb., 1S87, 
 
 I 
 
 45 
 
 May, 1S87, 
 
 I 
 
 3 ° 
 
 Mar., 1893, 
 
 I 
 
 64 
 
 Nov., 1893, 
 
 I 
 
 106 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 1SS0-1892, 
 
 6 
 
 1.300 
 
 April, 1S80, 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 Nov., 1880, 
 
 I 
 
 75 
 
 >, 1888-1891, 
 
 2 
 
 134 
 
 Sept., 188S, 
 
 I 
 
 75 
 
 Jan., 1882, 
 
 I 
 
 IOO 
 
 May, 1883, 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 Feb., 1885, 
 
 I 
 
 136 
 
 
 I 
 
 186 
 
 
 I 
 
 l66 
 
 July, 1885, 
 
 I 
 
 I64 
 
 April, 1889, 
 
 I 
 
 92 
 
 
 I 
 
 15 
 
 ;, 1884-1891, 
 
 2 
 
 248 
 
 April, 1890, 
 
 2 
 
 80 
 
 163 
 
◄ 
 
 ►I* 
 
 HEMP, JUTE, FLAX, Etc. 
 
 LAWRENCE ROPE WORKS, Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 
 L. WATERBURY & COMPANY, Rope, Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 
 W. O. DAVEY & SONS, Oakum, Jersey City, N. J 
 
 LAMBETH ROPE COMPANY, New Bedford, Mass., 
 
 MINERAL POINT LINEN AND FIBRE COMPANY, Mineral Point, Wis., . 
 
 R. J. PATRULIO, Hemp, Progresso, Mexico, 
 
 F. STEWART SANDEMAN, Jute Mill, Dundee, Scotland, 
 
 JAMES R. CAIRD, Flax and Jute, Dundee, Scotland, 
 
 BROUGH, CUNNINGHAM & COMPANY, Jute, Dundee, Scotland, 
 
 \ 1 l \ \ \ I > 1 R MON( i R & SON, Ini' Dundee, S< otland, 
 
 OGILVY GILLANDERS & COMPANY, Jute, London and Calcutta. 
 
 THOMAS BRIGGS, Salford, England, 
 
 MOREL & VERBEKE, Flax Spinners, Ghent, Belgium, 
 
 I 'I "Ml I & I'WI". Flax Weavers, Ghent, Belgium 
 
 SOCI&TE ANONYME LINIERE, Flax Spinners, Ghent, Belgium, 
 
 SVENSKA JUTE WAFWERI E ARTIE BOLAGET I SODERTELGE, Stockholm, 
 JAMES MILLER & COMPANY, Rope, Melbourne, Australia, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 2 orders, 1879-18S6, 2 
 
 Jan., 1880, 2 
 
 2 orders, 1 880-1 881, 3 
 
 Dec., 1893, 1 
 
 July, 1892, 2 
 
 Jan., 1879, 1 
 
 Aug., 1883, 1 
 
 June, 1887, 2 
 
 Jan., 1890, 1 
 
 April, 1892, 2 
 
 July, 1892, 6 
 
 2 orders, 18S5-1888, 2 
 
 June, 1888, 1 
 
 Sept., 1889, 1 
 
 Aug., 1892, 3 
 
 Sweden, Sept., 1890, 2 
 
 . . Sept., 1888, 3 
 
 H.P. 
 
 250 
 
 350 
 
 300 
 
 73 
 
 334 
 
 60 
 
 136 
 
 272 
 
 175 
 
 i 5 2 
 
 960 
 
 248 
 
 163 
 
 2 45 
 
 477 
 
 304 
 
 312 
 
 CARPETS AND OIL CLOTHS. 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 ALEXANDER SMITH & SONS CARPKT COMPANY, Yonkere, N. V., . . . . 9 orders, 1883-1891, 15 
 
 CALEDONIA CARPET MILLS, Philadelphia, l'a Oct., >883, 4 
 
 WILLIAM WHITAKER & SONS, Philadelphia, l'a. 2 orders, 1879-1883, 4 
 
 A. SAMPSON & SONS, Oil Cloths, Newtown, L. I., N. Y., .... Aug., 1K82, 2 
 
 JOHN HARRY, OSTLERE & COMPANY, Linoleum, Kirkcaldy, Scotland, 5 orders, 18S4-18S9, 6 
 
 MITCHELL BROTHERS, Waterfoot, England, Oct., 1885, 2 
 
 FREDERICK WALTON’S MOSAIC LINOLEUM CO., L’T’D, Greenwich, London, England, July, 1893, 2 
 
 ANTWERP LINOL 1 I M COMPANY, Antwerp, Belgium, IlJov.. 1893, 1 
 
 FABR 1 QUE DE TOILES CIKEES FT DE LINOLEUM, Aolwerp, Belgium, Oct., 1889, 2 
 
 HP 
 
 3.048 
 
 4l6 
 
 500 
 
 208 
 
 1.248 
 
 248 
 
 212 
 
 195 
 
 208 
 
 COFFEE AND TEA PLANTATIONS. 
 
 FAYENDA DUMONT, Coffee Plantation, Santos, Brazil, 
 
 H. W GARDNER 1 ffee Plant* i mala, .... 
 
 WALKER BROTHERS, London, for various Tea Estates in Ceylon, 
 
 \\ WALKER, London, for Java, 
 
 WILSON, CALDER & COMPANY, London, for Tea Estate in Ceylon, 
 W II riND ALL & COMPANY, I mdon, for Tea Estate in Ceylon, 
 
 J. W. HARRER, London, for South America Coffee Plantation, . . 
 
 BHOGOTPORE TEA ESTATE, Culcutta, India, 
 
 CHEERROFF, PANOFF &. COMPANY, Hankow, China, . . . 
 
 COMPAGNIE DE FIVES-LILLE, Paris, for Java, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 Jan., 1893, 1 
 
 July, 1890, 1 
 
 29 orders, 1886-1892, 30 
 
 2 orders, 1892-1893, 4 
 
 June, 1890, 1 
 
 Aug., 1892, 1 
 
 June, 1893, 1 
 
 Mar., 1890, 1 
 
 Nov., 1892, 3 
 
 June, 1892, 1 
 
 H.P. 
 
 52 
 
 25 
 
 658 
 
 345 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 x 5 
 
 52 
 
 228 
 
 15 
 
 PAPER AND PRINTING. 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 CUMBERLAND AND PRESUMPSCOT MILLS, Cumberland Mills, Me., ... 6 orders, 1883-1889, 13 
 S. D. WARREN & COMPANY, Copsecook Mills, Gardiner, Me., 2 orders, 1884-1890, 4 
 
 RICHARDS PAPER COMPANY, South Gardiner, Me., . . Mar., 1894, 2 
 
 I « > k I S I PAPER COMPANY Yarmouth ville, Me., 4 orders, 1883-1 891, 6 
 
 MONADNOCR MILLS, Bennington, N. H. . . Dec., 1883, 1 
 
 CAREYV MANUFACTURING COMPANY, South Hadley Falls, Mass Feb., 1891, 1 
 
 CROCRER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Holyoke, Mass., 2 orders, 1891-1893, 2 
 
 RIVI RSIDI I' YPER ( ( >MP \N\ . Holyoke, Mass., \ug., 1892, 2 
 
 BEEBE & HOLBROOR COMPANY, Holyoke, Mass., Feb., 1893, 2 
 
 THE HOLYOKE PAPER COMPANY, Holyoke, Mass., May, 1893, 1 
 
 NATIONAL PAPETERIE COMPANY, Springfield, Mass., Sept., 1893, 1 
 
 WYMAN FLINT & SONS, Bellows Falls, Vt., June, 1893, 1 
 
 S. Y. BEACH PAPER COMPANY, Seymour, Conn., April, 1872, 1 
 
 AMERICAN BANK NOTE COMPANY, New York, Sept., 1884, 2 
 
 WAIT & RICHARDS, Sandy Hill, N. Y., Aug., 1883, 2 
 
 CHARLES VAN BENTHUYSEN & SONS, Printers, Albany, N. Y., Aug., 1883, 1 
 
 THE EMBOSSING COMPANY, Printers, Albany, N. Y., April, 1892, 1 
 
 D. A. BULLARD & SONS, Schuylerville, N. Y., April, 1884, 1 
 
 WILLIAM C. HAMILTON & SONS, Lafayette. Pa., Oct., 1881, 8 
 
 MARTIN & W. H. NIXON PAPER COMPANY. Manayunk, Philadelphia, Pa., . 7 orders, 1881-1891, 14 
 
 J. R. WRIGHT & COMPANY, Printers’ Inks. Philadelphia, Pa., Sept., 1882, 1 
 
 GEORGE S. HARRIS & SONS, Printers, Philadelphia, Pa., ... May, 1881, 1 
 
 WILLIAM MANN COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa., Dec., 1893, 2 
 
 DAGER & COX, Paper, Bridgeport, Pa., - 2 orders, 1883-1884, 2 
 
 REBECCA PAPER MILL, Bridgeport, Pa., Aug., 1891, 1 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA PULP AND PAPER COMPANY, Lock Haven, Pa., Dec., 1883, 2 
 
 WESTMORELAND PAPER COMPANY, West Newton, Pa., 2 orders, 1884-1888, 4 
 
 C. S. GARRETT & SON, Child’s, Md., Oct., 1879, * 
 
 CECIL PAPER COMPANY, LIMITED, Elkton, Md., Aug., 1883, 1 
 
 H. P. 
 
 I, 912 
 368 
 272 
 
 1.639 
 
 61 
 
 208 
 
 416 
 
 340 
 
 416 
 
 150 
 
 100 
 
 160 
 
 60 
 
 240 
 
 164 
 
 73 
 
 125 
 
 122 
 
 1,000 
 
 1.992 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 360 
 
 196 
 
 122 
 
 164 
 
 752 
 
 100 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 164 
 
 ■< 
 
/loiters. 
 
 SUSQUEHANNA WATER POWER AND PAPER COMPANY, Conowingo, Md.. . 2 orders, 1883-1884, 4 
 
 I \kM AND FIRESIDE) Springfield) Ohio, ! orders, 1881-1891, 2 
 
 WARDLOW THOMAS PAPER COMPANY, Middletown, Ohio, 4 orders, 1881-1892, 5 
 
 TYTUS PAPER COMPANY, Middletown, Ohio, 3 orders, 1882-1889, 4 
 
 GARDNER PAPER COMPANY, Middletown, Ohio, 2 orders, 1886-1889, 3 
 
 THE W. P>. OGLESBY PAPER COMPANY, Middletown, Ohio, Aug., 1888, 1 
 
 PARENT PAPER COMPANY, Middletown, Ohio, July, 1889, 1 
 
 AMERICAN STRAW BOARD COMPANY, Circleville, Ohio Sept., 1883, 16 
 
 EAGLE PAPER COMPANY, Franklin, Ohio, 2 orders, 1883-1888, 3 
 
 DELAWARE PAPER COMPANY (formerly Glass Edsell Paper Co.), Delaware, Ohio, 2 orders, 1883-1S87, 3 
 
 HARDING PAPER COMPANY, Franklin, Ohio, April, 1889, 1 
 
 WABASH PAPER COMPANY, Straw Boards, Wabash, Ind Mar., 1889, 5 
 
 OHIO PAPER COMPANY, Niles, Mich., July, 1889, 1 
 
 VAN NORTWICK PAPER COMPANY, Batavia, 111 July, 1888, 1 
 
 KAUKAUNA PAPER COMPANY, Kaukauna, Wis., July, 1888, 2 
 
 CEDAR FALLS PAPER COMPANY, Cedar Falls, Iowa 2 orders, 1882-1883, 2 
 
 KANSAS CITY JOURNAL, Kansas City, Mo., ... Mar., 1887, 2 
 
 LICK PAPER COMPANY, Agnews, Cal., 2 orders, 1883-1884, 3 
 
 JOHN COLLINS, Denny and Milton Paper Works, Dowling, Scotland, 5 orders, 1885-1888, 6 
 
 MARTIN & COMPANY, LIMITED, Millboard Manufacturers, Craiginarlock, Scotland, Oct., 1883, 1 
 
 BROWN, STEWART & COMPANY, Greenock, Scotland, . . / Mar., 1886, 1 
 
 ABERDEEN FREE PRESS, Aberdeen, Scotland, Feb., 1888, 2 
 
 GORDON MILLS PAPER COMPANY, Aberdeen, Scotland, June, 1888, 2 
 
 //. P. 
 
 328 
 
 100 
 
 785 
 
 875 
 
 388 
 
 146 
 
 142 
 
 1,472 
 
 375 
 
 258 
 
 150 
 
 1,250 
 
 201 
 
 125 
 
 250 
 
 197 
 
 200 
 
 256 
 
 665 
 
 82 
 
 156 
 
 50 
 
 280 
 
 Paper Mill of Juan M. Benfield, City of Mexico. 
 
 THE INVERK.EITHING PAPER PULP COMPANY. LIMITED, Edinburgh, Scotland, . . April, 
 
 S. H. COWELL, Printer, Ipswich, England Mar., 
 
 J. WESTCOTT & SONS, Paper, Workingham, England, Oct., 
 
 GRANT & COMPANY, Printers, London, England, Nov., 
 
 SPICER BROTHERS, Paper, London, England Oct., 
 
 HARRISON & SONS, Printers, London, England, Dec., 
 
 JAMES BL T RN & COMPANY, Bookbinders, London, England, . June, 
 
 LONDON PRINTING ALLIANCE COMPANY, LIMITED, London, England Dec., 
 
 DOUGLAS MITCHEL, Printer, Birmingham, England Dec., 
 
 R. CLAY & SONS, L’T’D, Printers, London and Bungay, Suffolk, England, 2 orders, Jan. and May, 
 
 W. & A. TREMLET, Paper, Exeter, England, 2 orders, 1885- 
 
 JOHN DICKINSON & COMPANY, L’T’D, Hemel Hempstead, England, 2 orders, Jan. and Sept., 
 
 TAKATA & COMPANY, London, for Paper Mill, Japan, L)ec., 
 
 THE CO-OPERATIVE NEWSPAPER SOCIETY, LIMITED, Manchester, England, . . . June, 
 
 WARWICK, ISAAC & COMPANY, Wraysbury, near Windsor, England Oct., 
 
 EVANS & McEWAN, Cardiff, Wales,. . . . * Dec., 
 
 W. SANDE'.RS, Paper Mill, Renkeim, near Arnheim, Holland, Jan., 
 
 Boile* 
 
 A. GOMBERT ET SOEUR, Color Paper Manufacturers, Halluin, Belgium 
 
 H. DESSAIN, Liege, Belgium, 
 
 I M PRIM ERIE FRANQAISE, Paris, France, 
 
 IMPRIMERIE AUTEUIL-LONGCHAMP, Paris, France, 
 
 JOURNAL “ L’lLLUSTR ATION,” Paris, France, 
 
 CHARLES UNSINGER, Printer, Paris, I' ranee, 
 
 1 MBERT ET CIE., “ La Commerce” Printing Office. Paris, France, 
 LOUIS GE 1 SSLER, Paper, Les Chatelles, France, 
 
 Oct., 
 
 Mar., 
 
 Jan., 
 
 Oct., 
 
 June, 
 
 Nov., 
 
 July, 
 
 Aug., 
 
 1890, 
 
 1883, 
 
 1884, 
 
 1884, 
 
 1885, 
 
 1890, 
 
 1891 , 
 
 1892, 
 1891, 
 
 1889, 
 1887, 
 1887, 
 1887, 
 
 1893, 
 1893, 
 
 1887, 
 
 1890, 
 
 1891, 
 
 1892, 
 
 1888, 
 
 1888, 
 1890, 
 
 1886, 
 1892, 
 
 1889, 
 
 HP. 
 
 212 
 
 35 
 
 54 
 
 81 
 
 20 
 
 70 
 
 28 
 
 52 
 
 *5 
 
 ”5 
 
 192 
 
 720 
 
 249 
 
 no 
 
 76 
 
 140 
 
 140 
 
 46 
 
 16 
 
 126 
 
 120 
 
 85 
 
 50 
 
 13 
 
 240 
 
 ◄ 
 
 165 
 

 ◄ 
 
 PAUL VARIN, Paper, Jean d’Heurs, France, ... . 2 orders, 1887-1 S90, 
 
 M. G. KAMMERER, Paper, Avez pres les Vigan, France, Jan., 1889, 
 
 LA JOSS METALLOCHROM K PRINTING COMPANY, LIMITED, Haliancourt, France, Jan., 1890, 
 
 LA SOCI£t£ DE PAPETERIE, Ballancourt, France, June, 1893, 
 
 SOMAT ET CIE., Printers, Marseilles, France, Feb., 1890, 
 
 P. MEDEVILLE LAURENT ET CIE., Bordeaux, France, . 2 orders, 1893, 
 
 ARRA Y CIA., Paper, Tolosa, Spain, .... p'eb., 1886 
 
 RICART Y CIA., Paper, Villanueva, Spain, . . j an ,gg6 
 
 ANTIGA VI L DA DE COROMINA V BORfi, Castelfullit de la Roca, Gerona, Spain, . . . Oct., 1886, 
 
 GRETON & ROSAL, Paper, Bevalie, Gerona, Spain, May, 1892, 
 
 PEREZ & ARANO, Paper, Alcoy, Spain, Jan., 1893, 
 
 JAUNE APARICIO LOPEZ, Paper, Alcoy, Spain, July, 1890, 
 
 DIE NEUSSER PAPIER FABRIK, Neuss, Germany, .... April, 1886, 
 
 JULIUS SITTENFELD, Printer, Berlin, Germany, July, 1888, 
 
 DIE KAISERLICHE REICHSDRUCKEREI, Berlin, Germany, ... ... July, 1889, 
 
 DIE K. K. HOF-UND STAATSDRUCKEREI, Vienna, Austria, June, 1890, 
 
 KATRINEFORS ARTIE BOLAG, Marienstad, Sweden, ... May, 1891, 
 
 IMPRESSA B. KOHLER, Savona, Italy, Nov., 1889, 
 
 A. EDLMANN & COMPANY, Bologna, Italy, Nov., 1885, 
 
 A. N. KLJUGIN, Paper, Moscow, Russia, . Sept., 1888, 
 
 CASTRO FERNANDEZ, Paper, Havana, Cuba, ... Nov., 1889, 
 
 JUAN M. BENFIELD, Paper, City of Mexico, Mexico, June, 1887, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 H.P. 
 
 300 
 
 35 
 
 25 
 
 248 
 
 84 
 
 172 
 
 5 i 
 
 61 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 106 
 
 208 
 
 240 
 
 230 
 
 636 
 
 102 
 
 51 
 
 82 
 
 120 
 
 160 
 
 122 
 
 LUMBER AND WOO D W OR KI N G. 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 EAGLE SQUARE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, South Shaftsbury, Vt. Sent., 1883, 2 
 
 WOONSOCKET SPOOL AND BOBBIN COMPANY, Woonsocket, R. I., April. 1885! 2 
 
 THE HASKIN WOOD VULCANIZING COMPANY, New York, Mav, 1882, 2 
 
 NEW YORK LUMBER AND WOOD WORKING COMPANY, New York City, ... April, 1883,’ 2 
 
 HARDY' & VOORHEES, Brooklyn, N. Y' 2 orders, 1S81-1888, 3 
 
 ANDRESEN BLAT 1 FOLDING BED COMPANY, Brooklyn N \ fan , 1883, 1 
 
 WHITE, POTTER & PAIGE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Moldings. Brooklyn, N. Y., Mav, 1883, 2 
 
 BROOKLYN COOPERAGE COMPANY, Brooklyn, N. V 2 orders, 1890-1892, 3 
 
 UNITED STATES NAVY, Saw Mill, Brooklyn, N. Y., ....... July, 1893, 3 
 
 S l> KENDRICK, Saw Mill, Glens Falls, N \ * May, 1887, 1 
 
 JERSEY CITY BARREL WORKS, Jersey City, N, J Aug., 1890, 2 
 
 HALL & GARRISON Philadelphia, Pa., . April, 1882, 2 
 
 ALBERT STOVER, Kintnersville, Pa., Aug., 1881, 1 
 
 WASHBURN & ZERFASS, Planing Mill, Scranton. Pi., .... .... Feb., 1884, 1 
 
 J. E. PATTERSON & COMPANY, Planing Mill, etc., Pittston, Pa., ... Sept., 1885, 2 
 
 KIMBALL, TYLER & COMPANY, Barrel Staves, etc., Baltimore, Md., Mar., 1882, 1 
 
 E. W. HORSTMEIER & SON, Baltimore, Md. ........ Feb., 1883, 1 
 
 BRUMBY CHAIR COMPANY', Marietta, Ga., 2 orders, 1881-1890, 2 
 
 PALMER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Cooperage, Charleston, S. C June, 1883, 1 
 
 THE EGAN COMPANY', Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb., 1892, 2 
 
 PINNEO & DANIELS, Dayton, Ohio, Nov., 1881, 2 
 
 DELPHI PLANING MILL AND HOOP COMPANY, Delphi, Ind., Jan., 1883, 1 
 
 SOUTH BEND TOY' MANUFACTURING COMPANY, South Bend, Ind., .... 2 orders, 1884-1887, 2 
 
 WABASH SCHOOL FURNITURE COMPANY, Wabash, Ind Mar., 1884, 1 
 
 INDIANA FURNITURE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Connersville, Ind., July, 1885, 2 
 
 DODGE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Pulleys, etc., Mishawaka, Ind., June, 1888, 2 
 
 BAUERLE & STARK, Sewing Machine Furniture, Chicago, 111 ., Jan., 1885, 1 
 
 W. H. S. MOORE, Post-office Boxes, etc., Turners, 111 ., ....... ...... Sept., 1890, 1 
 
 BOUSFIELD & COMPANY', Sashes, Doors, and Blinds, Bay City, Mi:h.. June, 1890, 2 
 
 R. G. PETERS, Saw Mill, Manistee, Mich., Oct., 1881, 2 
 
 MARINE CITY STAVE COMPANY, Marine City, Mich., June, 1883, 2 
 
 SAGINAW CHAIR COMPANY, Saginaw, Mich., Feb., 1884, 1 
 
 CHESBROUGH BROTHERS, Saw Mill, Taquemenaw River, Mich. (P. ()., Sault Ste. Marie), . May, 1884, 3 
 
 ST. LOUIS REFRIGERATOR AND WOODEN GUTTER COMPANY, St. Louis, Mo., . Aug., 1887, 1 
 
 FORT MADISON CHAIR COMPANY, Fort Madison, Iowa, April, 1882, 1 
 
 MANN BROTHERS, Milwaukee, Wis Aug., 18*2, 1 
 
 SHEBOYGAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Sheboygan, Wis Mar., 1883, 1 
 
 CROCKER CHAIR COMPANY, Sheboygan, YY'is., 3 orders, 1882-1893, 3 
 
 FROST PETERSON VENEER SEAT COMPANY, Sheboygan, Wis., May, 1883, 2 
 
 THE H. W. WRIGHT LUMBER COMPANY, Merrill, YVis., Nov., 1892, 2 
 
 PAINE LUMBER COMPANY, Oshkosh, Wis., Feb., 1884, 2 
 
 BROWNLEE & COMPANY, City Saw Mill, Glasgow, Scotland, 2 orders, 1884-1892, 3 
 
 ALEXANDER McEWEN, Saw Mill, Wick, Scotland, Mar., 1886, 1 
 
 GEORGE SMITH & COMPANY 7 , Saw Millers, London, England Nov., 1890, 1 
 
 HENRY HORMANN, LIMITED, London, England, . Mar., 1892, 1 
 
 PEY'TON & PEY'TON, Bedsteads, Deritend, Birmingham, England, Nov., 1892, 1 
 
 TAYLOR & BROOK ER, Steam Saw Mill, Dorking, England, Nov., 1889, 1 
 
 MARCUS MOXHAM & COMPANY, Saw Mill, Swansea, South Wales, ... .2 orders, 1885-1890, 2 
 
 MORRIS & SMITH, Saw Mills, Cardiff, Wales Aug., 1891, 1 
 
 MONTREUIL ET CIE., Saw Mill, Rouen, France, 2 orders, 1886-1888, 2 
 
 DURANTE ET CIE., Marseilles. France, Sept., 1891, 1 
 
 CAMILLE BERZANCON, Saw Mill, Bordeaux, France, May, 1892, 1 
 
 H.r 
 
 184 
 
 146 
 
 150 
 
 165 
 
 250 
 
 82 
 
 122 
 
 7x0 
 
 *53 
 
 5* 
 
 240 
 
 *50 
 
 40 
 
 61 
 
 208 
 
 86 
 
 146 
 
 100 
 
 120 
 
 250 
 
 200 
 
 61 
 
 *97 
 
 *25 
 
 146 
 
 272 
 
 136 
 
 50 
 
 416 
 
 £00 
 
 ICO 
 
 
 250 
 
 3*2 
 
 240 
 
 *25 
 
 60 
 
 208 
 
 5*o 
 
 *25 
 
 300 
 
 416 
 
 464 
 
 146 
 
 64 
 
 *24 
 
 96 
 
 120 
 
 200 
 
 64 
 
 122 
 
 20 
 
 140 
 
 
 4 * 
 
 166 
 
, Merxem, Belgium, 
 Rummelsburg, ( Jermany 
 
 SOClETK I N DUST R I ELLE DK MIOS, Mios, France, . 
 
 G. A. ONCKF.N, Coopers, Merxem, Antwerp, Belgium,. 
 
 THE ON( KI N FAT 1 M STAV 1 LESS BARREL COMPANY 
 PATI N I BOX \ \ I • w 0( >1 * \RTIC LES M’F’G ( « >M P \ \ \ , 
 
 ( 1 USTAF KARRBERG, Gothenburg, Sweden, 
 
 NITKDAL TANDSTIK FABRIC, Matches, Nitedal, Norway, 
 
 i \LLl DI & ■'III l RM \\ V Saw Mills, Piatra, N. Roumania, 
 
 P. OANCE & MONTES I, Caracal, Roumania, 
 
 GRUENBERG SIMSE & ROSENBERG, Saw Mill, Tecuciu, Roumania, 
 
 MARCUS ECKSTEIN, Rzeszow, Galicia, Austria, 
 
 STERN & KNAPP, Furniture, Triesch, Austria, 
 
 N. F. HLUSTIN, Saw Mill, Katjun, near Smolensk, Russia, 
 
 A. F. BIGE, Saw Mill, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 F. R. MAKSIMOFF, Saw Mill, Zaritzin, Russia, 
 
 JOHN SHARPE & SON, Wood Workers, Melbourne, Victoria, 
 
 GRAIN AND FLOUR. 
 
 
 lioih-rs. 
 
 //. P. 
 
 Feb., 
 
 >893, 1 
 
 140 
 
 Nov., 
 
 189I, I 
 
 l8 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1 892 , I 
 
 25 
 
 Mar., 
 
 I89O, I 
 
 123 
 
 May, 1891 , 2 
 
 104 
 
 July, 
 
 l8S2, I 
 
 86 
 
 May, 
 
 1 892 . I 
 
 76 
 
 May, 
 
 I893, I 
 
 96 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1894 , I 
 
 96 
 
 Feb., 
 
 > 893 , I 
 
 40 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1 894 , I 
 
 52 
 
 Mar., 
 
 189O, I 
 
 30 
 
 April, 
 
 1889, I 
 
 40 
 
 May, 
 
 I 890, 2 
 
 164 
 
 2 orders, 1889- 
 
 ■1890, 2 
 
 244 
 
 THE DO LIKE R-GOO DALE COMPANY (Mellin's Food), Boston, Mass., July, i8qo, 
 
 NEW ENGLAND BAKERY, Branch of United States Baking Company, Charlestown, Mass., Dec., 1890, 
 PIONEER MILLS, Cooperstown, N. Y., Aug., 1878, 
 
 S. B. CLARK, Bakery, New York April, 1889, 
 
 UNITED STATES BAKING COMPANY, Niagara Branch, Buffalo, N. V., Nov., 1893, 
 
 ERIE ELEVATOR, Jersey City, N. J., Aug., 1879, 
 
 H. K. CUMMINGS & COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa., July, 1880, 
 
 J. C. KLAUDER, Philadelphia, Pa., April, 1882, 
 
 McGREW, PARKISON & COMPANY, Monongahela City, Pa., Jan., 1883, 
 
 H. JULIUS KLINGLER & COMPANY, Butler, Pa., . Aug., 1883, 
 
 WILLIAM LEE & SONS COMPANY, Wilmington, Del., 2 orders, 1881-1883, 
 
 A. H. SIBLEY, Baltimore, Md., 2 orders, 1882-1887, 
 
 PLANTERS AND MERCHANTS’ RICE MILL, Charleston, S. C., June, 1883, 
 
 KENNESAW MILLS, Marietta, Ga., May, 1881, 
 
 NATIONAL RICE MILLING COMPANY, New Orleans, La., . Jan., 1892, 
 
 LANIER MILL COMPANY, Nashville, Tenn., July, 1881, 
 
 MEMPHIS MILL COMPANY, Memphis, Tenn Feb., 1886, 
 
 VALLEY CITY MILLING COMPANY, Grand Rapids, Mich Jan., 1885, 
 
 VOIGT MILLING COMPANY, Grand Rapids, Mich. 2 orders, 1886-1887, 
 
 DAVID STOTT, Detroit, Mich., Feb., 1892, 
 
 LITCHFIELD MILLING COMPANY, Litchfield, 111 ., Feb., 1884, 
 
 HINKLE, GREENLEAF & COMPANY, Minneapolis, Minn., Nov., 1889, 
 
 DULUTH IMPERIAL MILL COMPANY, Duluth, Minn., Oct., 1891, 
 
 NORTHERN MILL COMPANY, Duluth, Minn., Sept., 1892, 
 
 GEORGE P. PLANT MILLING COMPANY, St. Louis, Mo., 3 orders, 1883-1891, 
 
 WAGGONER GATES MILLING COMPANY, Independence, Mo., April, 1889, 
 
 MINTO ROLLER MILLS AND ELEVATOR COMPANY, Minto, N. D., Jan., 1892, 
 
 GENESEE MILL COMPANY, San Francisco, Cal., April, 1882, 
 
 DEMING-PALMER MILLING COMPANY, San Francisco, Cal., Dec., 1883, 
 
 GOLDEN GATE FLOUR MILLS, San Francisco, Cal Feb., 1892, 
 
 MERCED MILLING COMPANY, San Francisco, Cal. April, 1892, 
 
 ALBAITERO & ARRACHE, Macaroni, City of Mexico, Mexico, Aug., 1886, 
 
 BONIFACIO LEYCEGUI, Silao, Mexico, Oct., 1880, 
 
 MANSON & COMPANY, Aberdeen, Scotland, Jan., 1887, 
 
 W. & P. R. ODLUM, Corn Millers, Port Arlington, Ireland, ... June, 1884, 
 
 SETH TAYLOR, Flour, Lambeth, London, England, ....... Feb., 1891, 
 
 THE DRY GRAIN COMPANY, Poplar, London, England, Feb., 1891, 
 
 WILLIAM HUGHES, Shrewsbury, England, Jan., 1885, 
 
 RICHARD SHEPPARD, Newchurch, England, . Jan., 1885, 
 
 MITCHELL BROTH F"RS, Whitefoot, England, Oct., 1885, 
 
 T. C. MOLESWORTH & SON, South Luffenham, England, June, 1890, 
 
 M. FENET, Goussainville, France, July, 1886, 
 
 A. REYNAUD FILS, Marseilles, France, 2 orders, 1887-1890, 
 
 LOUIS CARRIE, Marseilles, France . . . Oct., 1887, 
 
 LEON LAVIE, Miller, Marseilles, Prance, Mar., 1889, 
 
 ANTISSER PTLS, Marseilles, France, Dec., 1886, 
 
 PAUL, FILS, AINE, Marseilles, France . . . July, 1891, 
 
 ALEXARD FRERES, Valance d’Agen, France, P'eb., 1891, 
 
 FAR I N ERI ES ST. REQUIER, Paris, France, Mar., 1886, 
 
 VANDERSTOCKEN & VON WREDE, Antwerp, Belgium, Oct., 1889, 
 
 LEFEBVRE DEVERNAY, Tournai, Belgium, . . Oct., 1892, 
 
 CLEMENT DAMBOT, La Louviere, Belgium, P'eb., 1892, 
 
 P. J. VAN AELST, Hemixen, Belgium, Mar., 1893, 
 
 VANDERM ARLlERE FRERES ET SCEURS, Deulemont, Belgium, July, 1893, 
 
 ED. LACHMANN, Hamburg, Germany, Nov., 1892, 
 
 JOSE GORT-ARBECA, Lerida, Spain, . . May, 1885, 
 
 JOSE FORRENTS & COMPANY, Vick, Spain July, 1890, 
 
 LA COMPANHIA DE MOAGENEM, Millers, Vianna do Castello, Lisbon, Portugal, . 2 orders, 1889-1891, 
 
 FRANCISCO CARMELLO MALLEIRO, Lisbon, Portugal, Aug., 1889, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 416 
 
 82 
 
 J 5 <> 
 
 40 
 
 82 
 
 500 
 
 104 
 
 50 
 
 61 
 
 9 2 
 
 275 
 
 250 
 
 120 
 
 200 
 
 488 
 
 120 
 
 164 
 
 122 
 
 280 
 
 231 
 
 120 
 
 337 
 
 208 
 
 184 
 
 716 
 
 224 
 
 73 
 
 136 
 
 208 
 
 416 
 
 82 
 184 
 
 60 
 104 
 104 
 
 384 
 
 20 
 
 61 
 40 
 
 248 
 
 172 
 
 61 
 87 
 
 5 1 
 92 
 
 136 
 
 52 
 76 
 
 260 
 
 188 
 
 246 
 
 96 
 
 76 
 
 64 
 
 62 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 250 
 
 83 
 
 167 
 
ERSTE BRUNNER MASCHI NENBAU FABRICS, OESELLSCHAFT, Briinn, 
 
 Austria, for Flour Mill in Hungary, Dec. 
 
 JAC. BAUER 8 c COMPANY', H. M. Vasarhely, Austria, July, 
 
 CHRISTOFORATOS FRERES, Gelatz, Roumania, . Nov., 
 
 J. A. THOHARI, T. NEAMTZU, Roumania, May, 
 
 THOMAS YVANECK, Roumania, .... Oct., 
 
 DAMPFMUHL ACT IE OESELLSCHAFT, India, near Budapest, Hungary, July, 
 
 ELIZABETH DAMPFMUHL GESELLSCH AFT, Temesvar, Hungary, ... Jan., 
 
 MICHAEL VERDERAME, Paste for Macaroni, Licata, Sicily, 2 orders, 1886- 
 
 AKMET HUSIANOFF, Orenburg, Russia, . April, 
 
 POKROFFSKY', Flour Mill, Orenburg, Russia, . . Sept., 
 
 RJUSHKOFF & KOTCHAGIN, Borissoglebsk, Russia, . Nov., 
 
 MILITARY FLOUR MILL, Winnitza, Russia Oct., 
 
 MILITARY' FLOUR MILL, Brest-Litoffsk, Russia, . Nov., 
 
 MILITARY' FLOUR MILL, Berditcheff, Russia, July, 
 
 MILITARY' FLOUR MILL, Krementschug, Russia, Oct., 
 
 MILITARY FLOUR MILL, Minsk, Wilna, Russia, 2 orders, Feb. and May, 
 
 MILITARY' FLOUR MILL, Dunaberg, Russia, Dec., 
 
 H ENRICH FAST, Ekatherinoslav, Russia, .... Feb., 
 
 D. H. GEBENSHTPEIT, Flour Mill, Bogodoohoff, Russia, . May, 
 
 M. KROOKOOSKY, Tiumen, Siberia, ..... Jan., 
 
 PATERSON & COMPANY, Smyrna, Asia Minor, . . . April, 
 
 1891 , 
 
 1892, 
 *892, 
 
 ‘893, 
 
 >893, 
 
 *892, 
 
 *893, 
 
 1887, 
 
 1886, 
 
 1887, 
 1889, 
 1889, 
 
 1889, 
 
 1890, 
 
 1890, 
 
 1891 , 
 
 1 892 , 
 
 *891 * 
 
 1890, 
 1892, 
 
 1891 , 
 
 Boilers. H . P. 
 
 4-0 
 96 
 159 
 76 
 40 
 124 
 420 
 208 
 73 
 40 
 86 
 70 
 153 
 70 
 73 
 156 
 70 
 172 
 40 
 52 
 128 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boiler, showing pressure parts, suspended. 
 
 DISTILLERS AND BREWERS. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND BREWING COMPANY, Providence, R. I., Mar., 1889, 
 
 FREDERICK A. POTH BREWING COMPANY', Philadelphia, Pa., 2 orders, 1883-1892, 
 
 HANNIS DISTILLING COMPANY’, Baltimore, Md., 2 orders, 1880-1886, 
 
 ACME BREWING COMPANY, Macon, Ga., Dec., 1893, 
 
 BARTHOLOM.E Sc LEICHT BREWING COMPANY, Chicago, 111., 2 orders, 1881-1888, 
 
 McAVOY BREWING COMPANY, Chicago, 111. June, 1882, 
 
 LION BREWERY, Detroit, Mich., Nov., 1885, 
 
 DETROIT BREWING COMPANY, Detroit, Mich., . ... May, 1880, 
 
 HEIME BREWING COMPANY, Kansas City, Mo., May, 1886, 
 
 PH. ZANG BREWING COMPANY', Rocky Mountain Brewery, Denver, Col., 3 orders, 1884-1890, 
 
 SR. DON JOSU ARECHABALA, Cardenas, Cuba, July, 1885, 
 
 SR. DON JOS£ T. GUERRA, Cuautla and Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, 2 orders, June and Oct., 1886, 
 
 LA FABRICA NACIONAL DE LICORES, Costa Rica, Feb., 1887, 
 
 ANTONIO OMS, Distiller, Bella Vista, Argentine Republic, . . Dec., 1892, 
 
 HARMAN 8 c COMPANY', Brewers, Uxbridge, England, .... 2 orders, 1887-1892, 
 
 W. E. & J. RIGDEN, Brewers, Faversham, England, . . 2 orders, Mar. and July, 1888, 
 
 REW 8 c COMPANY, Distillers, Plymouth, England, . . June, 1888, 
 
 T. C. MOLESWORTH & SONS, Brewers, South Luffenham, England, Jan., 1890, 
 
 LEWIS CLARKE 8 c COMPANY, Brewers, Worcester, England, July, 1890, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 h.p. 
 
 184 
 
 624 
 
 420 
 
 300 
 
 324 
 
 832 
 
 500 
 
 500 
 
 292 
 
 1,150 
 
 61 
 
 81 
 
 122 
 
 152 
 
 237 
 
 205 
 
 10 
 
 76 
 
 70 
 
 168 
 
GILLMAN & SPENCER’S BREWERY, London, England, 
 
 fOHN WATNEY & SONS, Wandsworth, London, S. W., England 
 
 BRISTOL CHANNEL MILLING AND MALTING COMPANY, Portishead, Englanc 
 
 ELY BREWERY COMPANY, Ely, near Cardiff, Wales, 
 
 GLEN ROTHES DISTILLERY, Glen Rothes, near Elgin, Scotland, 
 
 SOCIETE CO-OPERATIVE LES BRASSEURS R^UNIS, Coutrai, E ranee, 
 
 DROULERS PROUVOST, Distillers, Roubaix, France, 
 
 SOCIETE ANONYM E LA GALLIA, Paris, France 
 
 A. & 1 >. YAGNIEZ, Distillers, Amiens, France, 
 
 SCHMETZ-FRITSCH, Brewers, Orleans, France, 
 
 G. RINCK, Brewer, St. Etienne, France, 
 
 MOSER ET FILS, Brewers, St. Etienne, Loire, France, . 
 
 LESAFFRE & BONDCELLE, Mareq en Bartheuil, France, 
 
 A. LUBBERT, Distiller, Bordeaux, France, 
 
 I \ I I I \.NDIER CHATARD I r VIALLEFOND, Brewers, Pont-du-( Chateau, Franc e, 
 SOCIEtE ANONYME DES SUCRERIES ET DISTILLERIES, St. Denis, France, 
 
 MIRAND DI V( )S, Versailles, France 
 
 EM. RISACK, Brewer, Vilvorde, near Brussels, Belgium, 
 
 DE ZUID-HOLLANDSCHE BIERBROUWERY, The Hague, Holland, 2 orders, 
 
 Boilers 
 
 // P 
 
 Sept., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 208 
 
 June, 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 160 
 
 , Dec., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 »23 
 
 Nov., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 May, 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 2 orders, 1885-1886, 
 
 2 
 
 372 
 
 May, 1S86, 
 
 1 
 
 5 1 
 
 2 orders, 1885-1886, 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 . . . Oct., 1886, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 June, 1887, 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 . . Oct., 1888, 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 Nov., 1885, 
 
 1 
 
 93 
 
 Aug., 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 Nov., 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 41 
 
 Mar., 1891, 
 
 3 
 
 312 
 
 
 2 
 
 86 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 1 
 
 July and Nov., 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 264 
 
 mm 
 
 rJJ- 
 
 
 SUs 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, 120 H, P,, showing Pressure Parts, suspended, ready for brick work. 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 LOUIS KIRCHMANN, Deventer, Holland, . Dec., 1889, 
 
 NEDERLANSCHE GIST EN SPIRITLS FABRIK., Distiilers, Delft, Holland, 2 orders, 1890-1891, 
 
 DELFTSCHE DISTILLEERDERI J, Delft, Holland, Jan., 1891, 
 
 LUIS ARNALDO, Figueras, Spain, May, 1891, 
 
 ADOLFO DE TORRES Y HERMANOS, Distillers, Malaga, Spain, . June, 1892, 
 
 THE CHRISTIANIA BRYGGERI, Christiania, Norway, ... . Mar., 1891, 
 
 CHRISTIANIA ACTIE OLBRIJGGERI, Christiania, Norway, . . . . Aug., 1893, 
 
 RINGUES & COMPANY, Brewers, Christiania, Norway, 2 orders, Jan. and Nov., 1890, 
 
 THE CENTRAL BRYGGERIET, Brewers, Christiania, Norway, J uly , 1890, 
 
 FRYDEN LANDS BRYGGERI, Brewers. Christiania, Norway, Oct., 1892, 
 
 HANSA BRYGGERI, Brewers, Bergen, Norway, ... Nov., 1891, 
 
 TRONDHJEMS BRYGGERI, Drontheim, Norway, May, 1893, 
 
 J. SCHAARSCHUH, Rummelsburg, Germany, . Mar., 1887, 
 
 WILHELMSTE BREWERY, Stralan, Germany, May, 1887, 
 
 BURG HALTER BRAUEREI BESITZER, Brewery, Potsdam, Germany, . . May, 1889, 
 
 ROSSETTI LESCANI, Distiller, Bacan, Roumania, Dec., 1892, 
 
 D. PAPPAYOGOLON, Distiller, Keganlik, Bulgaria, Jan., 1890, 
 
 M. LIANOSOFF, Brewer, Astrakhan, Russia, . Mar., 1891, 
 
 BARRETO FRERES & GENRO, Distillery, Oporto, Portugal, ... Feb., 1890, 
 
 W. M. FOSTER, Melbourne, Austria, 2 orders, 1887-1888, 
 
 J. T. & J. TOOKEY, Staudard Brewery, Sydney, N. S. W., July, 1892, 
 
 //. P. 
 
 76 
 
 500 
 
 220 
 
 25 
 
 11 
 
 216 
 
 112 
 
 338 
 
 107 
 
 284 
 
 140 
 
 88 
 
 93 
 
 93 
 
 40 
 
 125 
 
 55 
 
 20 
 
 152 
 
 90 
 
 86 
 

 •4 
 
 WINES. 
 
 M 01 I I I 1 HANDON, Champagne, Epernay, Franc* 
 G. H. MUMM ET CIE., Rheims, France, ... 
 SILVA & COSENS, London and Oporto, Portugal. 
 
 W. POLSE ROUTH, Oporto, Portugal, . . 
 
 PERFUMERY, Etc. 
 
 JOHN JACKSON & COMPANY, Perfume Distillers, West Crovden, Surrey, England, 
 
 \NTOINI CHIRIS, ( xrasse, I ranee 
 
 CAVALLIER FRERES, Perfumery Distillers, Ougrie, Belgium, 
 
 THEODORE GLAMMER, Weiswasser, Germany, 
 
 LEON CHIRIS, Perfumer, Grasse, Alpes Maritimes, 
 
 ANTOINE CHIRIS, Perfumer, Bonfaric, Algeria, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.r. 
 
 Aug., 1888, 3 
 
 330 
 
 Dec., 1888, 1 
 
 45 
 
 Feb., 1889, 1 
 
 30 
 
 Mar., 1889, 1 
 
 30 
 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 //./’. 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1891, 1 
 
 15 
 
 Feb., 
 
 1893, 1 
 
 88 
 
 Feb., 
 
 1890, 1 
 
 20 
 
 Aug., 
 
 1891, 1 
 
 96 
 
 Nov., 
 
 189-, 3 
 
 406 
 
 Sept., 
 
 1892, 2 
 
 176 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, set with Independent Feed Water Heaters. 
 
 MINING. 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 BIGELOW BLUE STONE WORKS, Malden, N. Y. . . . Jan., 1883, 1 
 
 NEW JERSEY IRON MINING COMPANY, Port Oram, N. J., Sept., 1886, 2 
 
 NEW' JERSEY ZINC AND IRON COMPANY, Franklin Furnace, N. J., May, 1889, 2 
 
 NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA CONCENTRATING WORKS, Ogden, N. J., 3 orders, 1889-1891, 4 
 
 J. C. HAYDON & COMPANY, Janesville, Pa., Jan., 1883, 1 
 
 LEHIGH COAL AND NAVIGATION COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa., 9 orders, 1886-1891, 44 
 
 LEHIGH AND WILKES-BARRE COAL COMPANY, Plymouth, Pa.. 4 orders, 1890-1892, 10 
 
 J. LANGDON & COMPANY, Incorporated, Shamokin, Pa., . ... Mar., 1887, 2 
 
 MINERAL RAILROAD AND MINING COMPANY, Shamokin, Pa., 5 orders, 1887-1891, 10 
 
 MIDVALLE\ COAL COMPANY, Mount Carmel, Pa 2 orders, 1890-1893 4 
 
 SUSQUEHANNA COAL COMPANY, Nanticoke, Pa., 3 orders, 1891-1892, 7 
 
 LYKENS VALLI \ COAI ( OMPANY, Lykens, Pa July, 1891, 2 
 
 SUMMIT BRANCH RAILROAD COMPANY, Williamstown, Pa . 4 orders, 1891-1893, 7 
 
 SILVER BROOK COAL COMPANY, Silver Brook, Pa., Oct., 1891, 4 
 
 SILVER BROOK COAL COMPANY, Mauch Chunk, Pa., Mar., 1893, 2 
 
 ALDEN COAL COMPANY, Alden Station, Pa., Feb., 1893, 1 
 
 W. G. PAYNE & COMPANY, Kingston, Pa., . . Mar., 1893, 1 
 
 DOLPH COAL COMPANY, LIMITED, Scranton, Pa July, 1893, 1 
 
 STANDARD COAL COMPANY, Brookwood, Ala., 2 orders, 1890-1892, 2 
 
 NEW HOOVER HILL GOLD MINING COMPANY, Randolph County, N. C., April, 1881, 1 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA GOLD MINING AND REDUCTION COMPANY, Salisbury, N. C., Aug., 1882, 2 
 
 H. I\ 
 
 122 
 
 x 5 ° 
 
 208 
 
 624 
 
 61 
 
 4 576 
 
 I. 144 
 208 
 
 1.200 
 
 730 
 
 764 
 
 240 
 
 904 
 
 480 
 
 250 
 
 x 52 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 240 
 
 5 1 
 
 100 
 
 
 ◄ 
 
 170 
 
Boilers. 
 
 WILLIAM \ SW I I I , Catawba, M * . Sept., iSSo, i 
 
 CONGLOMERATE MINING COMPANY, Eagle Harbor, Mich 5 orders, 1S81-1S83, 12 
 
 SILVER CLIFF MINING COMPANY, Colorado, 2 orders, 1S79-1SS0, 4 
 
 GOOD ENOUGH MINING COMPANY, ( olorado Mar , 1S80, 1 
 
 PLATA VERDI SILVER MINING COMPANY, C olorado Nov., 1879, 2 
 
 II. L. BRIDGEMAN, Assayer, Pueblo, Colorado, May, 1880, 1 
 
 RANDOLPH X COMPANY, Central City, Colorado May, 1881, 1 
 
 IRON SILVER MINING COMPANY, Leadville, Colorado, May, 1882, 3 
 
 MOULTON MINING COMPANY, Butte City, Mon., 3 orders, 1880- 1881, 5 
 
 \LTA MONTANA COMPANY, Wy< ks, Mon \pril, 1881, 
 
 LEGAL TENDER MINING COMPANY, Clancy, Mon April, 1881, 1 
 
 NATIONAL MINING AND EXPLORING COMPANY, Helena, Moa May, 1876, 1 
 
 ORIGINAL BUTTE MINING COMPANY, Butte City, Mon April, 1881, 2 
 
 BIG LODE MINING COMPANY, Idaho, Feb., 1883, 1 
 
 GERMANIA LEAD WORKS, Salt Lake City, Utah . . .. May, 1882, 2 
 
 EMPIRE MINING ( OMPANY, Park City, Utah 3 orders, 1879-1880, 8 
 
 ONTARIO SILVER MINING COMPANY, Park City, Utah 2 orders, Jan. and \ug , 1880, 3 
 
 MINERAL POINT TUNNEL COMPANY, Utah, 2 orders, 1878-1879, 2 
 
 HORN SILVER MINING COMPANY, Utah, Nov., 1879, 2 
 
 ( «. BILLING, Smelting Works, Socorro, N. M., \pril. 1883, 2 
 
 SAN BERNARDINO BORAX MINING COMPANY, San Francisco, Cal., Jan., 1891, 1 
 
 DOMINION MINERAL COMPANY, Nickel Mines, Sudbury, Canada, April, 1892, 1 
 
 DOMINION COAL COMPANY, LIMITED, Caledonian Mines, Sydney, Cape Breton, Canada, Dec., 1893, 3 
 
 I HI ACADIA COAI COMPANY, Stellarton, Nova Scotia 3 orders, 1884-1888, 5 
 
 ESTACA DE GUADALUPE DE LOS REYES, Mexico, 2 orders, 1878-1880, 4 
 
 NEW YORK AND CHIHUAHUA MINING COMPANY, Mexico, Mar., 1880, 3 
 
 CORRALITOS MINING COMPANY, Chihuahua, Mexico, Jan., 1881, 1 
 
 GUERRA GOLD AND SILVER MINING COMPANY, Mazatlan, Mexico, June, 1885, 1 
 
 ( \ N I > I I ERI \ PUMPING SYNDICATE OF NEW YORK, Soledad, Mexico, Feb., 1885, 2 
 
 NEGOCIACION MIN ERA I N T ERNACIONAL, Canitas, Mexico, Nov., 1885, 1 
 
 UNION CATORCINA MINING COMPANY, San Luis de Potosi, Mexico, Sept., 1873, 2 
 
 VALLECILLO MINING COMPANY, Mexico, Sept., 1881, 1 
 
 INTERNATIONAL MINING COMPANY, San Miguel del Mezquital, Zacatecas, Mexico, Jan., 1894, 1 
 
 BENT COLLIERY, Bothwell, Scotland, 1st order May, 1883, ) g 
 
 BENT COLLIERY, Hamilton, Scotland, 4th order Feb., 1890, i 
 
 MARK HURLL, Coal Master, High Blantyre, Scotland, Nov., 1883, 2 
 
 THE LANEMARK COAL COMPANY, New Cumnock, Scotland April, 1886, 2 
 
 SIR WILLIAM THOMAS LEWIS, Coal Mine, Aberdare, South Wales, 2 orders, 1889-1890, 6 
 
 LEWIS MERTHYR COLLIERY, Aberdare, South Wales, 2 orders, 1891-1893. 8 
 
 POWELL-DUFFRYN STEAM COAL COMPANY, Abaraman, South Wales, ... 3 orders, 1891-1893, 16 
 
 MARQUIS OF BUTE’S TOWER COLLIERY, Hirwain, near Aberdare, South Wales, Oct., 1891, 2 
 
 THE GELLI AND TYNYBEDW COLLIERIES COMPANY, Cardiff, Wales, Oct., 1892, 2 
 
 DAVID DAVIES & COMPANY, Treorky, Wales, Nov., 1884, 1 
 
 OCEAN COAL COMPANY, LIMITED, Treorky, Wales, 2 orders, 1892-1893, 3 
 
 THE GLAMORGAN COAL COMPANY, LIMITED, Llwympia, Wales, 4 orders, 1892-1893, 8 
 
 AUER t nl.I.IEKY O >M PA X Y. Tvnewvdd, Wales Nov.. .*<,2, 1 
 
 THE UNIVERSAL STEAM COAL COMPANY, LIMITED, Caerphilly, Wales, May, 1893, 2 
 
 THE DINAS MAIN COAL COMPANY, Cardiff, Wales July, 1893, 2 
 
 BURNYEAT, BROWN X' COMPANY, Aberdare, South Wales, .Sept., 1893, 4 
 
 CORY BROTHERS & COMPANY, LIMITED, Cardiff, Wales, Nov., 1893, 2 
 
 TROEDYRH I A COAL COMPANY, South Wales, Jan.. 1894, 2 
 
 PERSIAN BANK MINING CORPORATION, LIMITED, London and Persia, . . 3 orders, 1891-1892, 3 
 
 SOUTH HETTON COAL COMPANY, LIMITED, near Sunderland, England, ... 5 orders, 1891-1893. 6 
 
 THE NEW SHARLESTON COI LIERIES COMPANY, LIMITED, Sharleston, England, . De< . 1889’ 1 
 
 JOHN CHALLINOR & COMPANY, Globe Colliery, Fenton, Staffordshire, England, .... Sept., 1890, 1 
 
 THE GWAUN CAE CURWEN COLLIERY COMPANY, LIMITED, Rotherham, England, June, 1SS9, 1 
 
 ST. HELENS COAL AND BRICK COMPANY, Workington, England, Oct., 1S93, 2 
 
 J. BOWES & PARTNERS, LIMITED, Washington Co., Durham, England Dec., 1893, 2 
 
 LA COM PAG Nil FRANQAISI DES MINES DE BAM RLE. Paris, France May, 1889, 2 
 
 LA COMPAGNIE HOUILLERE DE BESSEGE.S, Besseges, France, 2 orders, 1891, 6 
 
 COMPAGNIE DES MINES DU DADON, ReMmont, France July, 1891, 1 
 
 soci£t£ METALLURGIQUE de CHAMPIGNEULLES ET NEUVES MAISONS, 
 
 France, 2 orders, 1893-1894, 5 
 
 SOClfiTfi ANON. DES MINES ET FONDERIES DU ZINC DE LA VEILLE-MONTAGNE, 
 
 Zinc Mines, Chenee, Belgium 3 orders, 1890-1893, 5 
 
 G. & F. DEV IS, Brussels, Belgium, May, 1893, 1 
 
 THE BOMMERBANKER TIEFBAU COLLIERY, Bommeri, Westphalia, April, 1891, 2 
 
 NEW HORNACHOS SILVER MINES COMPANY, LIMITED, Huelva, Spain, ... Mar., 18*9, 1 
 
 COMPANlA “ LA CRUZ,” Linares, Spain Dec., 18S6, 2 
 
 ALFREDO SCHAER, Mine de Mochuelos, Cuidad Real, Snain, April, 1892, 1 
 
 ASTYRA MINING COMPANY, The Dardanelles, Asia Minor, June, 18S9, 1 
 
 BURMAH RUBY MINES, Burmah, India, Oct., 1889, 2 
 
 THE BRAKHEN COAL MINE, Transvaal, Africa, Aug., 1892, 1 
 
 VILLAGE MAIN REEF GOLD MINING COMPANY, Transvaal, Africa, Mar., 1892, 1 
 
 REUNERT & LENZ, for Mines, Johannesberg, Transvaal, Africa, 2 orders, 1892, 2 
 
 CHILETE MINING COMPANY, Callao, Peru, S. A., Dec., 1874, 3 
 
 GIANT’S DEN MINING COMPANY, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Oct., 1883, 1 
 
 THE PIONEER GOLD MINING COMPANY, Yalwal, New South Wales, Australia, Dec., 1S90, 2 
 
 //./’. 
 
 75 
 
 i-974 
 
 400 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 Go 
 
 53 
 
 225 
 
 375 
 
 150 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 150 
 
 82 
 
 166 
 
 600 
 
 270 
 
 Go 
 
 120 
 
 £02 
 
 104 
 
 64 
 
 630 
 
 708 
 
 245 
 M5 
 
 5° 
 
 50 
 
 146 
 
 61 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 240 
 
 726 
 
 240 
 
 240 
 
 75° 
 
 5°° 
 
 2,196 
 
 250 
 
 246 
 35 
 
 372 
 
 968 
 
 140 
 
 250 
 
 250 
 
 568 
 
 246 
 
 280 
 
 94 
 972 
 124 
 124 
 104 
 248 
 280 
 
 7° 
 
 294 
 
 S6 
 
 720 
 
 561 
 
 96 
 
 384 
 
 40 
 
 95 
 
 35 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 96 
 96 
 
 182 
 
 150 
 
 73 
 
 172 
 
 171 
 
RIVERTREE PROPRIETARY SILVER MINING COMPANY, Rivertree, N. S. W., 
 CATHERINE KEEF GOLD MINING COMPANY, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia, 
 
 JOHN McDONALD, London, for Thursday Island, Queensland, 
 
 M. KENNEDY, Collier)', Greymouth, New Zealand, 
 
 CONFECTIONERS, Etc. 
 
 E. GREENFIELD’S SON & COMPANY, Confectioners, Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 
 HUYLER’S, Candies, New York, . 
 
 H. J. HEINZ COMPANY, Pickles, etc., Allegheny City, Pa., 
 
 JOHN DIMLING, Confectioner, Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 
 R. & J. SALMON D, Bakers and Confectioners, Aberdeen, Scotland, 
 
 BEALE & COMPANY, London, England, 
 
 CADBURY & COMPANY, Chocolate, Bournville, England, 3 orders, A 
 
 MR. KUGLER, Budapest, Austria, 
 
 CUNLIFF & PATTERSON, Fruit Preserving Factor)', Melbourne, New South Wales 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 June, 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 Jan., 1891, 
 
 2 
 
 212 
 
 April, J893, 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 Oct., 1887, 
 
 2 
 
 248 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 », 1884-1890, 
 
 4 
 
 328 
 
 July, 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 75 
 
 Dec., 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 208 
 
 Aug., 1891, 
 
 I 
 
 5 ° 
 
 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 Nov., 1890, 
 
 X 
 
 •45 
 
 ;, 1887-1890, 
 
 3 
 
 378 
 
 Aug., 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 20 
 
 Aug., 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 60 
 
 Power House of Intramural Railway at the World's Columbian Exhibition, Chicago, in process of construction, with 5,000 H. P. 
 
 of Babcock & Wilcox Boilers, 1893. 
 
 EXPORT AND COMMISSION HOUSES. 
 
 WALTON W. EVANS, Civil Engineer, New York, ... 
 
 JOSEPH E. SPINNEY, Merchant, New York, 
 
 CAMACHO & VENGOECHEA, Merchants, New York, 
 
 J. FOGERTY, New York, 
 
 MOSES TAYLOR & COMPANY, New York, 
 
 BECKETT & McDOWELL MANUFACTURING COMPANY, New York, . 
 
 FREDERICK PROBST & COMPANY, Merchants, New York, 
 
 HENRY J. DAVISON, New York, 
 
 R. H. ALLEN, Merchant, New York, 
 
 BEHR & STEINER, Merchants, New York, 
 
 G. REYNAUD, New York, for Cuba, 
 
 MOTLEY & STIRLING, Merchants, New York, 
 
 A. ARANGO & COMPANY, Merchants, New York, 
 
 MAITLAND, PHELPS & COMPANY, New York, 
 
 J. CRICHTON, Valparaiso, Chili, 
 
 COOMBS, CROSBY & EDDY, New York, for Mexico 
 
 J. M. SORZANO, New York, N. Y 
 
 FERNANDEZ & CASTILLO, New York, 
 
 H. A. VATABLE & SON, New York, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 . . 2 orders, 1871-1878, 11 
 
 Dec., 1878, 5 
 
 2 orders, Jan. and Aug., 1880, 3 
 
 Aug., 1879, 1 
 
 Mar., 1883, 2 
 
 4 orders, 1880-1883, 5 
 
 8 orders, 1878-1890, 13 
 
 2 orders, 1882-1884, 3 
 
 June, 1881, 2 
 
 . . . Sept., 1881, 1 
 
 4 orders, 1882-1885, 4 
 
 . . . Mar., 1883, 1 
 
 . . Aug., 1882, 2 
 
 8 orders, 1881-1888, 9 
 
 Jan., 1882, 1 
 
 2 orders, 1881-1892, 2 
 
 . . . 3 orders, 1881-1893, 4 
 
 Feb., 1883, 1 
 
 Oct., 1882, 1 
 
 H.P. 
 
 540 
 
 360 
 
 220 
 
 75 
 
 146 
 
 246 
 
 902 
 
 243 
 
 150 
 
 5 ° 
 
 367 
 
 104 
 
 208 
 
 845 
 
 5 ° 
 
 112 
 
 546 
 
 104 
 
 104 
 
 172 
 
, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 
 
 JAMES McNIDKR, New York, for Guatemala, 
 
 Aug. , 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 MOSLE BROTHERS, New York, for Cuba, 
 
 
 *5 
 
 2 - 5 1 5 
 
 
 
 ROBERT DEELEY it COMPANY, New N ..rk 
 
 
 4 
 
 4l6 
 
 
 
 E. E. BECERRA’S NEPHEW it COMPANY, New York 
 
 
 1 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 BUTLER, McDONALIJ N COMPANY, New York 
 
 
 4 
 
 480 
 
 
 
 COLWELL IRON WORKS, New York, for Louisiana, 
 
 
 4 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 COLWELL IRON WORKS, New York, for Mexico, 
 
 
 1 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 W. LOAIZA, New York, for Mexico, 
 
 
 3 
 
 26l 
 
 
 
 I. L. MOTT IRON WORKS, New York, for Mexico, 
 
 Feb., 1884, 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 CANDELERI A PUMPING SYNDICATE OF NEW YORK, for Mexico, . 
 
 
 2 
 
 146 
 
 
 
 M. ECHEVERRIA & COMPANY, New York, for Mexico, 
 
 
 I 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 THEODORE HERRMANN, New York, for Mexico, 
 
 . . . 2 orders, 1888-1890, 
 
 2 
 
 112 
 
 
 
 H. HERRMANN, New York, for Mexico, 
 
 
 I 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 BRAZILIAN TRADE COMPANY, New York, for Brazil 
 
 
 2 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 FULLER, MEYER & SCHUMACHER, New York, for Mexico 
 
 
 I 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 SUZARTE & WHITNEY, New York, for Maracaibo, Venezuela, 
 
 
 I 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 M. CAMACHO ROLDAN A NEPHEW, New York, for Mexico, 
 
 June, 1887, 
 
 I 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 GEORGE BRUCE’S SON & COMPANY, New York, for Mexico, . . . . 
 
 2 orders, Oct. and Dec., 1887, 
 
 2 
 
 184 
 
 
 
 AUGUSTUS A. GOUBERT, New York, for Cuba, 
 
 
 3 
 
 246 
 
 
 
 J. & G. FOWLER, New York, for Cuba, 
 
 2 orders, Sept, and Dec., 1887, 
 
 4 
 
 584 
 
 
 
 HUGH KELLY, New York, for Ceiba Hueca, W. L, 
 
 Jan., 1888, 
 
 I 
 
 208 
 
 
 
 GOMEZ & PEARSALL, New York, for Cuba, 
 
 
 1 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 JOSE MENENDEZ it COMPANY, New York, for Cuba 
 
 . . . 3 orders, 1886-1892, 
 
 3 
 
 >93 
 
 
 
 J. B. VICINI & COMPANY, New York, for San Domingo, W. 1 . 
 
 
 1 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 Kl'NHARDT & COMPANY, New York, for South America, 
 
 
 1 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 J. APARICIO & COMPANY, New York, for Champeries, Central America, 
 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 G. AMSINCK & COMPANY, New York 
 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 PUNDERFORD & COMPANY, New York, for Bogota, U. S. C., S. A., . . 
 
 Oct., 1S89, 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 E. ATKINS & COMPANY, Boston, Mass., for Cuba, 
 
 
 2 
 
 306 
 
 
 
 ROBERT McCULLOCH, Yonkers, N. Y., for Cuba, 
 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 D. L. HOLDEN, Philadelphia, Pa., for China, 
 
 
 I 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 TAWS & HARTMAN, Philadelphia, Pa., for Mexico, 
 
 2 orders, 18S9-1890, 
 
 2 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 L ARCE & COMPANY, City of Mexico, 
 
 
 3 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 R. M. DE AROZARENA, for Public Baths, Citv of Mexico, 
 
 July, 1889, 
 
 I 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 [AMES KEITH, Hydraulic and Gas Engineer, Edinburgh, Scotland, .... 
 
 
 IO 
 
 305 
 
 
 
 BLAIR, CAMPBELL & McLEAN, Glasgow, for Costa Rica, 
 
 
 I 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 E. G. CHAMBERLAIN, Costa Rica, 
 
 
 I 
 
 152 
 
 
 
 NEISH & WILSON, Consulting Engineers, Glasgow, Scotland, 
 
 
 I 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 AITKIN, McNEIL & COMPANY, Govan, Scotland, for Trinidad, 
 
 
 I 
 
 no 
 
 
 
 AITKIN, McNEIL & COMPANY, Govan, Scotland, for Mexico, 
 
 
 2 
 
 208 
 
 
 
 R. L. ASHTON, Greenock, Scotland, for Calcutta, 
 
 
 I 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 [. & H. GWYNNE, London, England, for China, 
 
 
 2 
 
 146 
 
 
 
 ANDERSON BROTHERS, London, England, for India, 
 
 
 I 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 JAMES McEWAN & COMPANY, London, England, for Australia, . . . . 
 
 2 orders, 1884-1885, 
 
 IO 
 
 1,040 
 
 
 
 ARTHUR BUTLER & COMPANY, London, England, and Motihari, India, 
 
 . 23 orders, 1884-1893, 
 
 25 
 
 1,109 
 
 
 
 JAMES SIMPSON & COMPANY, LIMITED, Engineers, London, England, 
 
 5 orders, 1885-1888, 
 
 12 
 
 871 
 
 
 
 W. WALKER, London, England, for Batavia and Java, 
 
 . . . 5 orders, 1S85-1892, 
 
 6 
 
 346 
 
 
 
 A. STUART, London, England, for Batoum, Russia, 
 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 FARMER & BRANDON, Merchants, London, England, 
 
 
 I 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 NELSON BROTHERS, London, England, for New Zealand, 
 
 2 orders, 1887-1888, 
 
 2 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 TAKATA & COMPANY, London, England, for Japan, 
 
 4 orders, 18S7-1S90, 
 
 6 
 
 432 
 
 
 
 CHANTON, HEWLETT & VENABLES, London, England, for Bayota, . 
 
 
 I 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 ROSING BROTHERS & COMPANY, London, England, for Rio de Janeiro, . 
 
 2 orders, 1889-1890, 
 
 2 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 NORRIE, MITCHELL & COMPANY, London, England, for India 
 
 . . . 2 orders, 1889-1890, 
 
 4 
 
 650 
 
 
 
 HEDLEY, RODRIGUEZ & COMPANY, London, England, 
 
 June, 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 416 
 
 
 
 H. F. STANES, London, England, for New Zealand, 
 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 HAMMOND & COMPANY, London, England, for Spain, 
 
 . . . borders, 1887-1889, 
 
 IO 
 
 1.224 
 
 
 
 JOHN BIRCH & COMPANY, London, England, 
 
 
 3 
 
 124 
 
 
 
 BENITO, NOVELLA & COMPANY, London, England, for Guatemala, 
 
 
 I 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 OCTAVIUS STEEL & COMPANY, London and Calcutta, 
 
 
 I 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 HOWARD FARRAR & COMPANY, London, for the Transvaal, South Africa, 
 
 3 orders, 1891-1892, 
 
 4 
 
 354 
 
 
 
 I. HAMILTON, London, for Colombo, Cevlon, 
 
 
 I 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 JAMES R. BENNIE, London, for Australia, 
 
 Oct., 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 WALKER BROTHERS, London, for Ceylon, 
 
 
 5 
 
 136 
 
 
 
 WALKER, SONS & COMPANY, LIMITED, London, and Colombo, Cevlon, 
 
 . . . 6 orders, 1891-1892, 
 
 6 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 FINDLEY, DURHAM & BRODIE, London, for Transvaal, Africa, . . . . 
 
 
 5 
 
 514 
 
 
 
 F. A. ROBINSON & COMPANY, London, for Transvaal, Africa, 
 
 
 2 
 
 172 
 
 
 
 NOVELLI & COMPANY, London, and Seville, Spain, 
 
 
 I 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 JOHN GORDON & COMPANY, London, England, 
 
 
 I 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 F. A. ROBINSON & COMPANY, London, England, for South Africa, 
 
 
 I 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 SIM & COVENTRY. London, England, for Spain, 
 
 Nov., 1893, 
 
 I 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 MATVEIEFF & COMPANY, London, England, for Foochow, China, . . . . 
 
 Dec., 1S93, 
 
 2 
 
 246 
 
 
 
 MANLOVE ALLIOT & COMPANY, Nottingham, England, for Brazil, . 
 
 
 I 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 WILLIAM EYRE & NEPHEW, Liverpool, England, 
 
 
 2 
 
 492 
 
 
 
 DU TEMPLE & COMPANY, Liverpool, England, for Asia Minor, . . . . 
 
 . . . 2 orders, 1886-1892, 
 
 2 
 
 254 
 
 
 
 MILLWARD, BRADBURY & COMPANY, Liverpool, England, for Brazil, , 
 
 
 7 
 
 613 
 
 
 
 JONES, BURTON & COMPANY, Liverpool, for Ceylon, 
 
 
 I 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 JONES, BURTON & COMPANY, Liverpool, for Brazil, 
 
 Aug., 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 76 
 
 
 173 
 

 Boilers. 
 
 E. GRETHER, Manchester, England, for Genoa, Italy 2 orders, Feb. and Oct., 1887, 2 
 
 ZIFFER & WALKER, Manchester, England, for Brazil, Dec., 1887, 2 
 
 JOHN M. SUMNER & COMPANY, Manchester, England, for Russia and Mexico, 3? orders, 1890-1893, 44 
 
 G. PELZER-TEACHER, Manchester, England, Feb., 1889, 2 
 
 CHARLES MASCHWITZ, Jr., Birmingham, England, Feb., 1889, x 
 
 EDGAR ALLAN & COMPANY, Sheffield, England, for Spain, . June, 1887, x 
 
 S. WALKER & COMPANY, Wolverhampton, England, for Hong Kong, Sept., 1883, 1 
 
 W. H. DAVIS & COMPANY, Wolverhampton, England, for Ceylon, Feb., 1881, x 
 
 E. R. & F. TURNER, Ipswich, England, for Ceylon, Mar., 1887, x 
 
 ASA LEES COMPANY, LIMITED, Oldham, England, for Bombay, Feb., 1888, 3 
 
 JOHN HENRY STEWART, Withington, England, for Brazil, 4 orders, 1 888- 1892, 4 
 
 WALSH, LOVETT & COMPANY, Birmingham, England, for the Himalayas, Mar., 1888, 2 
 
 FISHER & COMPANY, Huddersfield, England, for Canada, Mar., 1888, 1 
 
 AMELIN & RENAUD, Paris, for Buenos Ayres, \ orders, 1887-1890, 4 
 
 PORTALIS FRERES, CARBONNIER ET CIE.. Paris, France, 2 orders, Aug and Nov., 1889, 5 
 
 H.P. 
 
 34 
 124 
 5 396 
 336 
 104 
 30 
 104 
 
 372 
 
 224 
 
 107 
 
 ic8 
 
 130 
 
 550 
 
 In process of erection. 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox Boilers over Puddling Furnaces at Pennsyl- 
 vania Bolt and Nut Company, Lebanon, Pa. 
 
 ENRIQUE AYNLO ET CIE., Paris, France, for Lima, Peru, 
 
 MAURICE SIMON ET ALLA IN, Paris, for Brazil, 
 
 LA COMPAGNIE FRANCAISE DEZ MOTEURS A GAZ ET CONSTRUC- 
 
 TIONES MFXANIQUES, Paris, for Bahia, Brazil, 
 
 RUAS & CHARTIERE, Paris, France, for Rio de Janeiro, 
 
 P. BEB 1 N, Paris, France, for Caro Caro, Bolivia, 
 
 ENRIQUE GADEA, Engineer for Spanish Government, Paris, France, for Porto Rico, 
 
 F. PARADIS, Marseilles, France, for Philippine Islands, 
 
 P. MIGNON, Marseilles, France, 
 
 L. FONTAINE, La Madeleine lez Lille, France, ... 
 
 J. J. MOREIRA FILS, Nice, France, for Brazil, . . 
 
 F. BORMANN & COMPANY, Zurich, Switzerland 
 
 STURGIS & FOLEY, Madrid. Spain, 
 
 HENRY C. WILBRAHAM, Madeira, for Portugal, 
 
 A. FLAQUER, Barcelona, Spain, for Vick, Spain, 
 
 A. FLAQUER, Barcelona, Spain, for Alicante, Spain, ...... 
 
 A. FLAQUER, Barcelona, for Vick, Spain, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 . . Aug., 1889, 1 
 
 2 orders, 1891-1892, 2 
 
 5 orders, 1891-1892, 9 
 
 May, 1892, 1 
 
 Jan., 1892, 1 
 
 Dec., 1890, 1 
 
 Aug., 1891, 1 
 
 July, 1893, 6 
 
 Mar., 1893, 1 
 
 . . Feb., 1891, 3 
 
 7 orders, 1892-1893, 7 
 
 May, 1892, 1 
 
 Nov., 1892, 1 
 
 . . July, 1891, 2 
 
 Mar., 1892, 1 
 
 Feb , 1892, 1 
 
 H.P. 
 
 46 
 
 146 
 
 369 
 
 35 
 
 98 
 
 35 
 
 76 
 
 180 
 
 140 
 
 192 
 
 347 
 
 125 
 
 25 
 
 500 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
VIZCAYA SOC. ANON. I)E METALLURGIE ET CONSTRUCTION, Bilbao, 
 STREET & COMPANY, Lisbon, Portugal, for Madeira, 
 
 BOHLEN & HIRST, Hamburg, Germany, for Venezuela, 
 
 G. LUTHER, Braunschweig, Germany, for Rosario, Argentina, Odessa, etc., . 
 
 KRO FEE’S MASCHINEN EXPORT GKSCHAET, Diisseldorf, Germany, 
 j. S. BERGHEIM, Vienna, Austria, for Oil Wells at Garlice-Galicia, .... 
 ERSTE BRUNNER X: COMPANY, Brunn, Austria, for Budapest, 
 
 C. H. D. ZAHRTMANN, Copenhagen, Denmark, 
 
 A. L. THUNE, AGE N'T, Christiania, Norway, 
 
 C. & J. FAVRE X BRANDT, Neuchatel, Switzerland, for Japan, 
 
 A. BAUER, Bucharest, Roumania, 
 
 OLSZEWICZ & KERN, Kiev, Russia, 
 
 A. B. BARY, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 MICHAEL YERDERAME, Licata, Sicily, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Spain, June, 1S90, 
 
 1 
 
 96 
 
 Jail., iS<M, 
 
 1 
 
 123 
 
 June, 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 3 orders, 1891-1892, 
 
 3 
 
 310 
 
 July, 1SS9, 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 April, 1S87, 
 
 2 
 
 186 
 
 . . . 2 orders, 1893, 
 
 3 
 
 73 
 
 Mar., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 May, 1S93, 
 
 1 
 
 76 
 
 Dec., 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 104 
 
 2 orders, 1893, 
 
 2 
 
 Il6 
 
 May, 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 Feb., 1893, 
 
 3 
 
 120 
 
 July, 1887, 
 
 1 
 
 104 
 
 Complete, cased and ready for operation. 
 
 H. COWAN DEANS & COMPANY, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, . . 
 MERCHANTS’ BANKING COMPANY, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 
 LEMGRUBER & LEMGRUBER, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, . 
 AGAR CROSS & COMPANY, Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic, 
 
 LEWIS SAMUEL, Sydney, New South Wales, 
 
 ESSAYAN FRERES, Smyrna, Asia Minor, 
 
 REUNERT X LENZ, Johannesberg, Transvaal, South Africa,. 
 GRUNDELL X HELLENDORN, Soerabaya, Java, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 5 orders, 1890-1891, 5 
 
 July, 1890, 1 
 
 2 orders, 18S8-1S91, 2 
 
 10 orders, 1893-1S94, 10 
 
 . . Sept., 1SS7, 1 
 
 April, 1891, 1 
 
 9 orders. 1891-1893, 22 
 
 5 orders, 1891-1893, 5 
 
 H.P. 
 
 190 
 
 36 
 
 80 
 
 485 
 
 45 
 
 76 
 
 2.328 
 
 262 
 
 MARINE. 
 
 Yacht “ REVERIE,” N. Y. Yacht Club April, 1S90 
 
 Yacht “ COUNTESS,” N. Y. Yacht Club Jan., 1893 
 
 SIR GILBERT CLAYTON EAST, BART., Yacht “ ELEANOR,” London, Nov., 1891 
 
 THOMAS WILSON SONS X COMPANY, Steamer “NERO,” Hull, England, July, 1S92 
 
 LA COMPAGNIE DE NAVIGATION DU HAVRE A PARIS ET LYONS, Paris, France, Sept., 1889 
 
 Steamer ‘‘ALGER IE,” Bordeaux, France, Dec., 1S92 
 
 175 
 
MISCELLANEOUS AND UNCLASSIFIED. 
 
 
 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 NOAH BARLOW, Upholsterers’ Goods, Philadelphia, Pa., ... 
 
 
 May, 
 
 ■884, 
 
 I 
 
 30 
 
 ARMSTRONG & COM PAN \ , Corks and Compressed Bungs, Pittsburg, Pa.. 
 
 
 May, 
 
 ■ Syo, 
 
 2 
 
 4l6 
 
 SOUTH BEND TON' MANUFACTURING COMPANY, South Bend, lnd.. 
 
 
 April, 
 
 ■892, 
 
 I 
 
 200 
 
 CRESCENT CITY KICK Mil. I.. New Orleans, La 
 
 
 Aug., 
 
 ‘^ 93 , 
 
 I 
 
 156 
 
 UNITED STATES LAUNDRY COMPANY, Sail Francisco, Cal., 
 
 
 Mar., 
 
 1892, 
 
 2 
 
 208 
 
 HENRY MORGAN & COMPANY, Dry Goods, Montreal, Canada, 
 
 
 Sept., 
 
 I89O, 
 
 3 
 
 138 
 
 CLOG SOLE FIBRE COMPANY, Liverpool, England, 
 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1885, 
 
 I 
 
 138 
 
 BRITISH PNEUMATIC PULVERIZING COMPANY, London, England, . . . . 
 
 2 orders, 1886- 
 
 .887, 
 
 2 
 
 80 
 
 JOHN BLUTH & COMPANY, London, England, 
 
 
 Feb., 
 
 I89O, 
 
 I 
 
 64 
 
 INDIA RUBBER, GUTTA PERCH A X TELEGRAPH WORKS, Silverton, London 
 
 Eng., 
 
 Mar., 
 
 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 igo 
 
 BELLS’ ASBESTOS COMPANY', Limited, London, England, 
 
 
 Mar., 
 
 I 892 , 
 
 2 
 
 210 
 
 BASTIN & LAWSON, Southampton, England, 
 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1887, 
 
 I 
 
 30 
 
 FELBUR, JUCKER & COMPANY, Manchester, England 
 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1888, 
 
 I 
 
 104 
 
 CORPORATION OF WARRINGTON, Destruction Works, Warrington, England, 
 
 
 Dec., 
 
 1892, 
 
 I 
 
 97 
 
 W. E. CAMERON, Macclesfield, England, 
 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1887, 
 
 I 
 
 30 
 
 EDWARD BAINES & SONS, Leeds, England 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 192 
 
 F. ASH WELL, & COMPANY, Leeds, England, 
 
 
 Feb. , 
 
 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 CAMBRIAN PATENT FUEL COMPANY, Cardiff, Wales, 
 
 
 Dec., 
 
 1886, 
 
 1 
 
 92 
 
 CUVIER, Cleg Maker, Neuville, Ferrieres, France, 
 
 
 Nov., 
 
 l8S6, 
 
 1 
 
 5 1 
 
 ROUSSEL, Wick Maker, Amiens, France, 
 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1886, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 COMPAGNIE DE REMORQUAGE, Marseilles, France 
 
 
 Feb., 
 
 .889, 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 A. BAQUET, Butter Maker, Vesley (Eure), France, 
 
 
 Mar. , 
 
 I889, 
 
 1 
 
 IO 
 
 RICHARD MAISONNEUVK, Butter Maker, Julian L’Escape, France, 
 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 57 
 
 VANDER MARLIER FRERES ET SGEURS, YVarenton, Armantieres, France, . 
 
 
 Nov., 
 
 I89I, 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 M. DE FORUVILLE, Paris, France, 
 
 
 Jan.. 
 
 1^93 > 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 H. BERTON, Sheath Works, Paris, Fra ice, 
 
 
 Oct., 
 
 ■ 893 . 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 PLETTERY, Voorhein, I.. L ENTHOVEN & COMPANY, La Hague, Holland, 
 
 
 Mar., 
 
 1892, 
 
 1 
 
 192 
 
 M. H. SALOMONSON, Fodder Manufacturer, Krai ingen, Holland, 
 
 
 July, 
 
 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 123 
 
 L. COBBART FILS FT CIE., Matches. Ninove, Belgium, 
 
 
 
 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 68 
 
 F. DE LA ROYERE-M ASURCEL, India Rubber, Brussels, Belgium 
 
 
 Aug. , 
 
 l888, 
 
 1 
 
 46 
 
 C. SCHUBERT, Berlin, Germany, 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 STEINLEIN BROTHERS, Berlin, Germanv, . . 
 
 
 Sept. , 
 
 1887, 
 
 1 
 
 5 1 
 
 KOHLSTEDT & GRAMMBERG, Nordenev, Oermanv, 
 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1888, 
 
 1 
 
 = 5 
 
 PFLAUM & GERLACH, Berlin, Germany, 
 
 
 July, 
 
 18S7, 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 R. SCHERING, Apothecary, Berlin, Germany 
 
 
 July, 
 
 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 THE NEW BERLINER PARK E TEA H RT, Berlin, Germany, 
 
 
 Sept. , 
 
 I89O, 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 A. SCHMID, Leipzig, Germany, 
 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 no 
 
 JULIUS HOFMEIER, Martinrenfelds, Germany, 
 
 
 July, 
 
 I89I, 
 
 1 
 
 46 
 
 THE GRUNDWASSER YERK HINKKLSTEIN, Schwamheim, Germany, , 
 
 
 Dec. , 
 
 iSgi, 
 
 1 
 
 140 
 
 CORPORATION OF CHRISTIANIA, Christiania, Norway, 
 
 
 Dec. , 
 
 1S91, 
 
 3 
 
 640 
 
 CHARLES ANKER, Frederickshald, Norway, 
 
 
 April, 
 
 iSgi, 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 THE HOIE FABRIKKER, Clnistiansand, Norway, 
 
 
 June, 
 
 I89I, 
 
 1 
 
 68 
 
 AGNES FYRSTIKFABRI K, Match Factory, Frederiksvam, Norway, 
 
 
 May, 
 
 ■893, 
 
 1 
 
 88 
 
 HEDEMARKENS MEJERI, Dairy. Hamas, Norway 
 
 
 Sept., 
 
 ■89?. 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 CITY r OF COPENHAGEN, for “ Destruction ” Establishment, Copenhagen, Den., 
 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 H. MULLY, Mollersdorf, Vienna, Austria, 
 
 
 Nov., 
 
 lSgO, 
 
 1 
 
 212 
 
 BARTELMUS & WITTE, Enameled Goods, Briinn, Austria, . 
 
 
 May, 
 
 l89I, 
 
 1 
 
 71 
 
 GEORG WEIFERT, Belgrade, Servia, 
 
 
 Sept. , 
 
 I89I, 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 LA PRIMA SOC. A MORELOR DE ALBURI ET DIN BOTSAN 1 , Botsani, Roumania, 
 
 July, 
 
 1S92, 
 
 2 
 
 220 
 
 A. MESS 1 NES ET CIE.. INGEGNERI INDUSTRIAL!, Naples, Italy, 
 
 
 Nov., 
 
 I89I, 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 BARON N. LA CAPRA SABELLI, Pontecorvo, Itnlv 
 
 
 Feb., 
 
 I 89I , 
 
 2 
 
 128 
 
 VOMVILLER & COMPANY, Romagnano, Italy, . 
 
 
 May, 
 
 1SS5, 
 
 1 
 
 208 
 
 TOSI & COMPANY’, Legnana, Italy, 
 
 
 Nov., 
 
 lS86, 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 GIUSEPPE PENSONI, Genoa, Italv, 
 
 
 Mar., 
 
 1887, 
 
 2 
 
 148 
 
 A. C. MARCHESI, Dignano, Istria, 
 
 
 Nov., 
 
 189O, 
 
 1 
 
 ■5 
 
 LA SOC I ETA DIQUES SECOS DE OLAVEAGA, Bilbao, Spain, 
 
 
 June, 
 
 189O, 
 
 1 
 
 96 
 
 ANTONIO PONS SORICH, Mauresa, Barcelona, Spain, 
 
 
 Mar., 
 
 189O, 
 
 1 
 
 86 
 
 SANITARY COMMISSION, Gibraltar, Spain 
 
 
 Sept., 
 
 iSgi, 
 
 2 
 
 152 
 
 PARSONS, GRAEPEL V STURGESS, Madrid, Spain, 
 
 
 Jan., 
 
 IS92, 
 
 1 
 
 96 
 
 J. O. GALMNOFF, St. Petersburg, Russia, .... 
 
 
 Jan., 
 
 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 M. DEMIDOFF, Moscow, Russia 
 
 
 Aug., 
 
 l89I, 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 A. IVANOVVITSCH ALEX A J E FF, Moscow, Russia, 
 
 2 orders, 1883- 
 
 ■ 884, 
 
 2 
 
 195 
 
 R. & T. ELWORTHY, Elizabethgrad, Russia, 
 
 2 orders, 1884- 
 
 1889, 
 
 2 
 
 93 
 
 S. M. LIANASOFF, Salt Mill, YValdimiroffka, Russia. . 
 
 
 Feb., 
 
 1885, 
 
 1 
 
 73 
 
 S. M. SHI B/EFF & COMPANY, Batoum, Russia, . 
 
 
 Sept., 
 
 1885, 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 P. A. SOLOWJIFF, Hirshatel, Russia, 
 
 
 June, 
 
 l890, 
 
 1 
 
 73 
 
 TRIPANIS, PkRE ET FILS, Adana, Asia Minor, 
 
 2 orders, 1891- 
 
 -1892. 
 
 2 
 
 ■97 
 
 FRANCISCO G. PALACIO, Durango, Mexico, ....... 
 
 
 Mar., 
 
 I S9O, 
 
 1 
 
 5 1 
 
 JUAN S. AGUIRRE & COMPANY, Mexico, ... 
 
 2 ordei 
 
 s, 1889- 
 
 -■890, 
 
 2 
 
 200 
 
 PEDRO PARDO ROCHA, Bogota, U. S. C\, S.A., 
 
 
 Oct., 
 
 l889, 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 LA COMPANlA NOVA INDUSTRA, Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 
 
 
 Oct., 
 
 l886, 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 JOAQUIN ARANGO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ... 
 
 
 Oct., 
 
 1888, 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 J. F. MARQUES & COMPANY, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 
 
 3 orders, 1890- 
 
 >S 9 >, 
 
 3 
 
 120 
 
 C. SEIGNEUR IT, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 
 
 
 Aug. , 
 
 .891, 
 
 i 
 
 3 ° 
 
 MERCADO DE FRUTOS, Montevideo, Uruguay, 
 
 
 Nov., 
 
 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 192 
 
 177 
 
C. SEMINO V HUOS, Rosario, Argentina, . . 
 
 DELPIANO, LUCAS Y CIA., Buenos Ayres, Argentina, 
 
 JUAN LAMAISON, Buenos Ayres, Argentina, ... 
 
 ZADIK CHEESMAN, Querzaltenango, Guatemala, 
 
 ALBERT SCHEYER, Auckland, New Zealand, ... 
 
 TAN JONG PAGAR DOCK COMPANY, LIMITED, Singapore, Straits Settlements, . 
 JUMMA PUBLIC WORKS, Kashmere. India, 
 
 E. T. ATKINSON, Lahore, Punjab, India, . 
 
 JOHN FLEMMING & COMPANY, Bombay, India, 
 
 Boilers. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Oct., 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 96 
 
 April, 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 93 
 
 Oct., 1886, 
 
 1 
 
 •5 
 
 June, 1890, 
 
 1 
 
 73 
 
 Oct.. 1889, 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 Feb., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 96 
 
 Nov., 1893, 
 
 1 
 
 96 
 
 Mar., 1891, 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 Sept., 1892, 
 
 
 25 
 
 -6-2- 
 
 25 H. P. Boiler built to carry 300 to 400 lbs. pressure, for Nikola Tesla, New York, 
 

 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Accessibility for dean ing and repairs necessary . . 7, 39, 47 
 
 ** of Babcock a: Wilcox boilers 47 
 
 Advantages of Babcock A: Wilcox boilers .... 43-48, 05, 07 
 Agricultural machine works using B & W. boilers . . 149 
 
 Air. Amount of, delivered by chimney 09 
 
 und Vapor. Mixtures of 87 
 
 •* Effect of surplus in furnace 17, 50, 51 
 
 •• Moist and dry .85,87 
 
 required for combustion 51,55 
 
 Weight and volume of ........... 67 
 
 Aluminum works using Babcock & Wilcox boilers . . 145 
 
 American coals. Table of 55 
 
 Anti-incrustators . . 79 
 
 Apparatus for burning green bagasse. Cook’s .... 58-02 
 
 Appearance of tire at different temperatures 57 
 
 ** of steam flowing from orifices 70 
 
 Artificial blast under boilers 55, 57 
 
 ice works. Babcock A Wilcox boilers in . . . 129 
 
 Ashes in coals ... 55 
 
 Means of handling ... ........ 55, 98 
 
 Attention necessary to se lire durability in boilers . . 93 
 
 “ “ *' economy “ ”... 92 
 
 safety '* “ . . . 92 
 
 Average cost of repairs Babcock & Wilcox boilers . 39, 107-111 
 
 Automatic Regulator for steam heating 85 
 
 Babcock Ax Wilcox boilers. Absorption of heat in . . . 44 
 
 Accessibility for cleaning and repairs 47 
 
 Advantages of 43-48, 65, 67 
 
 at Albany Street Railway 13 1 
 
 at American Glucose Co 100 
 
 at Baldwin Locomotive Works 142 
 
 at Boston Sugar Refinery 2 m 
 
 at British Museum 144 
 
 at Brooklyn Sugar Refinery 102 
 
 at Cardenas Sugar Refinery 22 
 
 at Centennial 50 51, 99 
 
 at Chavanne Brim et Cie 49 
 
 at Chelsea Station. London ... 1-4 
 
 at Chicago City Railway 93 
 
 at Cleveland City Cable Railway 140 
 
 at Columbus Consolidated Railway Company ... 14 m 
 
 at Columbia College M4 
 
 at Coronado Beaeli Hotel 110 
 
 at Cross Town Street Railway, Buffalo 150 
 
 at Decast.ro & Donner Sugar Refinery 32, 52 
 
 at Deptford Station, London Frontispiece 
 
 at Edison Central Station. Brooklyn 118 
 
 at Edison Ele trie Light Station, Milan 108 
 
 at Edison illuminating Co 72 
 
 at Edison's Laboratory 17 
 
 at Glasgow Exhibition 38 
 
 . . 100 
 
 172 
 14 
 
 . . 45 
 
 . . 98 
 
 . . 64, 65 
 
 . . 74 
 
 . . 18 
 
 26, 122,123 
 . . 30 
 
 . . 158 
 
 . . 16 
 
 at Greenfield & Co. . 48 
 
 at Harrison. Frazier Co 
 
 at Holland House . . 
 
 at Intramural Railway Company . ... 
 
 at Imperial Continental Gas Association . . 
 
 at Kimball House. Atlanta 
 
 at Lombard Ayres & Co 
 
 at Lucy Furn ice . . 
 
 at Matthiessen & Weieher's Sugar Refinery . 
 at McAvoy Brewing Co. ........ 
 
 at Metropolitan Electric Supply Co., London 
 at Metropolitan Street Railway. Kansas City 
 at New Orleans Exposition . . ... 
 
 at New York Mutual Life Insurance Co. . . 
 
 at New York Produce Exchange w 
 
 at New York Steam Company 80, 81, 82 
 
 at Northern Indiana Hospital for the Insane ... Si 
 
 at Pencoyd Iron Work-; 94, 132 
 
 at Pennsylvania Steel Company . 06 
 
 at P.ttsbiirg Steel Castings Company 40 
 
 at Plainfield Public School .... . . . 85 
 
 at Plaza Hotel . . 112 
 
 at Police de Leon Hotel 80. 87 
 
 at Postal Telegraph Cable Co.’s Building . ... 154 
 
 at Poyer Quartier, France 150 
 
 at Raritan Woolen Mills . . 42 
 
 at Royal Electric Company 125 
 
 at Seth Thomas Clock Company . 0 
 
 at Sol vay Process Co. 78. 152 
 
 at Somersett Manufacturing Company 90 
 
 at Spreckels Sugar Refinery 12. 130 
 
 at Standard On Company 50 
 
 at Turner & Seymour Manufacturing Co 71 
 
 at United States Capitol .20,114 
 
 at ** Vuncorlear ” Apartment House 14 
 
 at Vienna Opera House 14, 40 
 
 at Wabash Paper Company 162 
 
 at West End Itailw • v. Boston 139 
 
 at Yngenio Central Isabel 97, 139 
 
 at Yngenio Central Senado 59, 62 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Babcock & Wilcox boilers. 
 
 at Yngenio Fortuna ... ...... 54 
 
 at Yngenio Hormiguero ...... 58 
 
 at Yngenio Isabel ... 00 
 
 at Yngenio Loqueitio . . 01 
 
 at Yngenio Teresa 60 
 
 burning bagasse 54, 57-0 i, 139-141 
 
 *• petroleum .,6 
 
 * * waste gases .... 46, 65 
 
 Capacity of 45 
 
 Circulation of water in . .. 13, 25, 44 
 
 Cleaning . 4 7 
 
 Combustion in 43 
 
 Construction of 39, 4 1 
 
 Co>t of repairs to . . . 39,107-111 
 
 Cross section of . . .47, 50, 82. 84, 90 
 
 Dryness of steam from . . ... 45, 77,9?, 105 
 
 Durability of . . 13, 39,48.107-111 
 
 Ease of trail spoliation of . . 48 
 
 Ease of repai rs to 4S 
 
 Evolution of • 33-39 
 
 For iron and steel works . .... 40, 64-67, 132, 133 
 
 Freedom for expansion m 45 
 
 Front view of, 2, 8, 14, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 44, 45, 
 
 48. 49, 51, 52. 54, 50, 58, 04, 74, 81, 87, 88, 93, 100, 118, 
 
 122. 125, 134. H2 
 
 Heating surface in 43 
 
 History of 31, 33-39 
 
 Joints in ...... . . 39, 42, 43 
 
 Longitudinal sections of .... 40, 42,65, 81, 85, 98, 1 1 H 
 
 Origin of 31 
 
 Operation of 41 
 
 Pressure parts, erected ... .... 12, ion, 109 
 
 Proportions of ... 47 
 
 Record of 14, 39, 95-111, 101. 162 
 
 References for 113-178 
 
 Repaiisto. Average cost of 39, 107-111 
 
 Safety of 13, 45 
 
 Steadiness of water-level in 45 
 
 Tests of 95-105 
 
 with continuous front 28 
 
 with ornamental front, 0, 8, 10, 18, 20. 22, 28. 41. 47, 51, 
 
 52, 54, 50, 58, 71. 74, 87, 88. 125, 140 
 with wrought-iron front . . . 2. 14. 26, 38, 45, 49, 124, 142 
 
 with independent feed-water heaters 78, 170 
 
 with Murphy Furnaces . ... 30 
 
 with Roney stokers 100 
 
 with bagasse burner 54, 58. 60, 02 
 
 Babcock Wilcox economizer 55, 73, 78, 98. 102 
 
 Bagasse for fuel. Furnace for ......... 54, 58-62 
 
 Va'ue of .. 57, 59 
 
 Baldwin Locomotive Works. Boilers at. . . ... 142 
 
 Bnrrus, Geo. H. Calorimeter ... . . 70 
 
 Tests bv 1<>4 
 
 Benfield’s Paper Mill, Mexico 165 
 
 Best fluid for heat engines . 2i 
 
 Blakey’s water-tube boiler 1700 ... 29 
 
 Bleacneries using Babcock & Wilcox boilers 103 
 
 Boiler explosions. Average yearly 9 
 
 at Washington. D. C . *0, 11 
 
 “ “ at Westchester. Pa. . . .11.13 
 
 11 “ in 1880 and 1887 9 
 
 “ “ Mystery of 9.11 
 
 “ house. Plans for. 55. 59. 67, 78. 84. 94. 90, 98. 102, 118, 122 
 
 “ inspection. Results of 9 
 
 “ Insurance Co.*s reports ... ... . 9 
 
 “ tests. Rules for 1>4 
 
 Boilers. Circulating water in 9,23-27 
 
 “ Covering for 91 
 
 ** Defective, proportion of in use 9 
 
 “ Economy of 49 
 
 “ Economy. Attention necessary to secure , . 92 
 
 Efficient y of : 49 
 
 “ Feeding 77 
 
 “ Heating surface in . . (>3 
 
 “ Horse- power of . 63 
 
 “ “ Porcupine/’ unsafe ... 13 
 
 “ Requirements of perfect 7 
 
 ** Result of bad setting of . 51 
 
 “ Rules for care of 92 
 
 Rules for testing 94 
 
 Safety in. Attention necessary to secure. . . 92 
 
 “ Importance of 7 
 
 “ “Safety.*’ So-called ... ... 13 
 
 “ Stayed surfaces in 11 
 
 “ Tests of 95-104 
 
 Water-Tube. Brief history of 29 
 
 “ Water-Tube. Biakov's. 1?00 29 
 
 “ *• Coil, the first . . ... 29 
 
 “ “ Eve's. 1825 29 
 
 “ “ Griffith's. 1821 . . ... 29 
 
 “ “ Gurney's, 1826 . . . 29, 31 
 
 
 179 
 
 •* 
 
PAGE 
 
 Boilers. Water-Tube. McCurdy's. 1826. ...... 81 
 
 Rumsay’s, 1788 29 
 
 Steens iru p's, 1828 . . . . 31 
 
 Stevens'. 1805 . 20 
 
 Sumners At Ogle, 1830 .... 31 
 
 Twibill’s. 1865 31 
 
 Wilcox, 1856 .... . . 31 
 
 Wolf’s, 1706-1806. .... . 30 
 
 Bolt works using Babcock At Wilcox boilers 13/ 
 
 Boot and shoe makers using Babcock A: Wilcox boilers 153 
 Brass works using Babcock A: Wilcox boilers .... 145 
 
 Breweries using Babcock A: Wilcox boiler’s .... 168 
 
 Brick yards using Babcock A: Wilcox boilers lit 
 
 Brief history of water-tube boilers 29 
 
 British Museum. Babcock At Wilcox model at . . . 144 
 
 Cable railways using Babcock A: Wilcox boilers ... 147 
 
 PftWu* n f 
 
 Caloric. \ alue of . 7:> 
 
 Calorimeter . ... 76, 06 
 
 Barrus s . 76 
 
 ■* Construction of barrel ........ 06 
 
 ** Formula for 07 
 
 Limit to 6,94 
 
 Candy makers using Babcock A: Wilcox boilers .... 172 
 
 Candles. Babcock A: Wilcox boilers, making .... 157 
 
 Canning factories using Babcock A: Wilcox boilers . . 157 
 
 Capacity of Babcock At Wilcox boilers . . . 45, 47, 05-105 
 
 steam and water, in boilers 45 
 
 Capitol, U. S., at Washington „ . . 114 
 
 boilers at 20 
 
 Care of lioilers 02 
 
 Car makers using Babcock At Wilcox boilers . . . 147 
 
 Carnot cycle 10 
 
 illustrated 21 
 
 Carpet mills using Babcock At Wilcox boilers .... 164 
 
 Caution necessary 13 
 
 Cement covering for pipes .... 01 
 
 Centennial awards 00 
 
 •* Babcock At Wilcox boilers at . . . . . 5u, 51,0*0 
 Central stations. Electrical . . 2. 14, 26. 103, 118, 122, 124, 125 
 
 Heating from 81 
 
 Chelsea Central Station. London . . 124 
 
 I . . . . 7m 
 
 Chemical works using Babcock A: Wilcox boilers . . . 153 
 
 Cheap jacketing for steam pipes 01 
 
 Chimney at Birtl-Coleinan Furnace 60 
 
 at Pennsylvania Steel Company 70 
 
 “ at Somersett Manufacturing Co 06 
 
 ** gases. Loss of heat through . . . 17.19, 49,51,55 
 
 ** stacks. Iron 60, 70 
 
 ** ” •* bracing 76 
 
 Chimneys . . 55, 68, 60. 70, 73, 08 
 
 Area of 60 
 
 Capacity of 69 
 
 “ Diagram lor draft and air delivered .... 60 
 
 “ Draft of <i8, 60,70 
 
 ** Effect of temperature on draft of 68.60 
 
 Formula for <18, 70, 70 
 
 '* Stability of 70 
 
 Table of Horse- Power of 70 
 
 Circulation of water in boilers 0, 23-27 
 
 Object of 23 
 
 " ** Advantages of ... . 24 
 
 ** ** “ Maximum 24 
 
 in Babcock A: Wilcox boilers . . 25, 44, 45 
 
 Cleveland City Cable Railway 146 
 
 Clothing. Babcock A: Wilcox boilers making . . 157 
 
 Coal used annually 7 
 
 Coals. Table of American 55 
 
 Coffee A: Spice Miils u<mg Bal>cock A: Wilcox boilers . 157 
 Coffee Plantations using Babcock At Wilcox boilers . . 164 
 
 Color, i on M 
 
 Color of tire at different temperatures 57 
 
 Columbia College. Boilers of *4 
 
 Columbus street Railway Co. station 148 
 
 Combustibles. Table of 55 
 
 Value of different . . 55. 57 
 
 Combustion 17, 43, 40, 50 
 
 " Air required for 55 
 
 " Distribution of heat of . . 17 
 
 *• in Babcock At Wilcox boilers 43 
 
 “ of smoke 43, 53 
 
 *• Rapidity of. does not affect total heat . . 17 
 
 “ “ of, limit to 17. 19. 50 
 
 “ Temperature of 55. 57 
 
 Conducting power of various substances ...... 01 
 
 ** of water 23 
 
 Confectioners using Babcock A: Wilcox boilers .... 172 
 
 Construction of Babcock A: Wilcox boilers 41 
 
 Cook's Automatic Apparatus for burning green bagasse 58-62 
 Copper works using Babcock A: Wilcox boilers . . . 139 
 
 Cork chips for covering pipes 01 
 
 Coronado Beach Hotel 416 
 
 Cost of rep iirs of Babcock A: Wilcox boilers . . . 39, 107. Ill 
 Cotton Exposition, N. O., Babcock At Wilcox boilers at . 158 
 
 mills using Babcock At Wilcox boilers . . . 158 
 
 “ stalks for fuel 57 
 
 Covering for steam pipes, etc 91 
 
 Cross-town Street Railway Station, Buffalo 156 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Distillers and brewers using Babcock At Wilcox lx)ilers 168 
 Perfumery, using Babcock At Wilcox boilers . 170 
 
 Dixwell’s experiments on superheated steam .... 77 
 
 Draft of chimneys 68 , 69 
 
 Dripps' Boiler Works, Washington. Explosion at . . 10, 11 
 
 Drying by steam 87 
 
 Dry steam "[O, 07 
 
 Durability. Attention necessary to secure 93 
 
 of Babcock At Wilcox boilers . . 13, 39, 48, 107-1 li 
 
 Dustm tubes. Effect of 47 
 
 Dye works using Babcock At Wilcox boilers 154 
 
 Economizers Fuel 78 
 
 Babcock At Wilcox ... 55, 73, 78, 98, 102, 170 
 
 Economy and safety in steam generation 7 
 
 attention necessary to secure 92 
 
 in steam . 40 
 
 of high pressure steam 77 
 
 Edison Central Station. New York 72 
 
 Brooklj ii. V V ! 18 
 
 " Milan 108 
 
 Efficiency of boilers 40 
 
 ** of engines 53 
 
 Theroetical . . 10 
 
 ** of furnace 51 
 
 of pumping machinery 53 
 
 “ for feeding boilers . . 77 
 
 Elbows in pipes. Resistance of 80 
 
 Electric lighting. Babcock A: Wilcox boilers used for 120-128 
 light stations. Chelsea Street, London ... 124 
 
 “ ’* ** Deptford, London 2 
 
 ** ** *• Edison, Brooklyn .... 118 
 
 Milan 108 
 
 " ” ** ” New York ... 72 
 
 Im|>erial. Vienna 14 
 
 Manchester Square, London . 123 
 
 Royal Electric, Montreal ... 125 
 
 Sardinia 8tre< t. London . . . 26 134 
 ” railways using Babcock At Wilcox boilers . .129-132 
 
 ** plant at Albany 131 
 
 “ at Boston 130 
 
 Emery, Chas. E. Experiments, 1866-8 ....... 63 
 
 Formula for calorimeter 07 
 
 ** *• Table of non-conductors ..... 01 
 
 *• ** ’* of pumping machinery . 53 
 
 “ *’ Test at Raritan 95-97 
 
 Energy of confined steam 0 
 
 •’ of heated water .... 0 
 
 Engines. Efficiency of . . 53 
 
 Engineering works using Babcock A: Wilcox boilers . 141-145 
 
 Equation of pines 90 
 
 Erection of Baficock A: Wilcox boilers 45 
 
 Explosion at Washington, I). C., illustrated 10 
 
 ” at Westchester. Pa 11, 13 
 
 * ■ of "safety ” boilers 13 
 
 Explosions. A verage yearly 0 
 
 Cause of 0, 11 
 
 *• due to stayed surfaces 11 
 
 How to provide against 11 
 
 Importance of providing against .... 0 
 
 *• in 1880 and 18S< .... 0 
 
 *’ Mystery of 9, 11 
 
 Expansion of air at different temiieratures 67 
 
 of steam at different temperatures .... 73 
 
 ** of water at different temperatures .... 75 
 
 “ Unequal. Danger from 9,45 
 
 Exjxirt houses and Babcock & Wilcox boilers . . . . 172-175 
 
 Eucalyptus for incrustation 70 
 
 Evaporation. Formula for ... 94 
 
 " Relative, at different temperatures . . . 73 
 
 Evaporative efficiency of B. Ai W. boilers .... 40, 93-105 
 
 of different fuels 55,57 
 
 Eve's water-tube boiler, 1825 29 
 
 Feeding boilers 77 
 
 Feed- water heaters. Independent . . 18, 170 
 
 " Saving by heating .... .... 78 
 
 Feiting for steam pijies, etc . 01 
 
 Firing. Effect in economy of different 53 
 
 Fire. Temjjerature of. color, etc . . 57 
 
 Fire arms, Babcock A: Wilcox boilers, making .... 149 
 
 Fire-tubes. Collection of dust in . 47 
 
 Flax mills using Babcock A : Wilcox boilers 164 
 
 Flourmills ** “ * ** _ 167 
 
 Flow of steam from orifices ... 76, 89 
 
 through pipes 89, 00 
 
 Fluid. The best, for heat engines 21 
 
 Formula for calorimeter 97 
 
 " " chimneys 68, 69, 70 
 
 " “ density of steam 71 
 
 " “ efficiency of heat engines 19, 21 
 
 " " equation of pipes 90 
 
 •* “ evaporation 94 
 
 “ " flow of steam in pipes 89, 90 
 
 " “ ” from orifices 89 
 
 “ *• stability of chimneys TO 
 
 “ “ weight and volume of air 67 
 
 Foundries using Babcock & Wilcox l>oilers ..... 137 
 
 Freedom for expansion in Babcock A: Wilcox lxiilers . . 45 
 
 Fuel 55-62 
 
 Dangerous boilers 9. 11. 13 
 
 Defective boilers. Proportion of. in use _9 
 
 Denton, Prof. J. £.. on dry and wet steam 76 
 
 Deptford Central Station. London 2 
 
 Diagram of Centennial boiler tests 99 
 
 " of draft and capacity of chimneys 69 
 
 kt of heat in steam ... 15 
 
 ■’ American coals, table of 55 
 
 " Bagasse for. Value of . . 57,62 
 
 “ Combustible in 55 
 
 “ Economizers ...... 78 
 
 " Evaporative efficiency of 17,55,57 
 
 Furnace should suit kind of 53 
 
 " Natural gas for. Value of 57 
 
 180 
 
 ◄ 
 
1WUK 
 
 PAHK 
 
 Fuel. 1 ‘eat tor. Value of 5? 
 
 Petroleum for. Value of 55.57 
 
 •• Kate of combustion of IT, 5ft 
 
 ** saving in, liy heating of feed-water . . ... IT, 78 
 
 ** Sawdust for. Value of . 57 
 
 •• Slack for. Value of 57 
 
 ** Straw for. Value of 57 
 
 •* Tan bark for. Value of 57 
 
 Wood for. Value of 55, 57 
 
 Furnace. Efficiency ot ..... 51 
 
 ** for wet bagasse . . . . 51) 
 
 Murphy 30 
 
 *’ Konev .•••••• TOG 
 
 Furnishing goods. Babcock & Wilcox boiler making . 157 
 
 Gallon. U. S. Standard . . 75 
 
 Imperial 75 
 
 ** of petroleum. Weight of. . 57 
 
 Gases. Chimney. Analysis of 58 
 
 ** ** Amount of, per pound of coal ... GS 
 
 ** Loss of heat through . . 17, 19, 49, 51, 55 
 
 Natural, for fuel. Value of _ 57 
 
 “ Waste, for fuel .... 05, 67 
 
 Gas-lighting. B. & W. boilers used in plants for . .14,12* 
 
 Gas pipes. Standard •* * 
 
 Generating steam ,!* 
 
 Glass works using Babcock A: \\ ilcox boilers 1M 
 
 Glue works using Babcock & Wilcox boilers 153 
 
 Gold. Heat in melted t 15,17 
 
 Grain and flour mills using Babcock & Wilcox boilers . 1G7 
 
 Green bagasse. Burning 57.5) 
 
 “ “ Cook’s apparatus for burning . 58-62, 139-141 
 
 Griffith’s water-tube boiler, 1821 29 
 
 Gurney’s kk “ ** 1826 29, 31 
 
 Hardware mfrs. using Babcock & Wilcox boilers ... 145 
 
 Heat and temperature ... 15 
 
 ** Capacity of water for 15, 17 
 
 “ Diagram of, in steam 13 
 
 “ engines. Best fluid for 21 
 
 ** •* Theory of 19 
 
 ** in melted gold 15,17 
 
 •* steel 15, 17 
 
 ' * Loss of, by chimney 17, 19, 49, 78, 101 
 
 ** “ by radiation from furnace walls .... 17 
 
 “ k * from steam pipes 91 
 
 “ Total of, combustion 17, 55 
 
 *• of steam 15, 71, 73 
 
 “ “ in water . . 15, 75 
 
 “ Unit. Value of 49,75 
 
 Heating buildings by steam 81-85 
 
 • • feed-water. Saving by . . 77, 78 
 
 •* from central stations 81 
 
 " liquids by steam 87 
 
 *• surface in boilers. Value of G3 
 
 Hemp and flax mills using Babcock & Wilcox boilers . . 1 64 
 
 Uw,V> efatim li’cnnnnnr nf i l 
 
 High pressure steam. Economy of <» 
 
 History of water- tube boilers. Brief 29 
 
 Houlley, J. C. Test of boilers at Philadelphia .... I'd 
 
 Holland House, New York 161) 
 
 Horse-power of boilers 63 
 
 *• ** of chimneys GS-7'J 
 
 *• ** for drying-rooms 87 
 
 •* ** for heating buildings 85 
 
 for heating liquids 87 
 
 *• “ through pipes 89 
 
 ** *■ Standard, of different nations 63 
 
 Hospital. Northern Indiana, for Insane 83 
 
 Hot blast for burning wet fuel 59 
 
 Hotel. Coronado Beach. Cal UG 
 
 Holland House, New York 16ft 
 
 Kimball House. Atlanta, boilers 45 
 
 Plaza, New York 112 
 
 *• Ponce de Leon, St. Augustine 86 
 
 ** * k ** ** boilers h? 
 
 Ice. Artificial, works using Babcock & Wilcox boilers . 129 
 
 Latent heat of 15 
 
 Incrustation, or scale 79 
 
 Effect of, on economy ....... 50, 79 
 
 k * Preventing 79 
 
 Indiana Hospital for the Insane 83 
 
 Injectors. Relative economy of 53,77 
 
 Inspection of boilers. Results of 9 
 
 Iron and steel works. Boilers for 65 
 
 *• •* Babcock & Wilcox boilers in 
 
 40, 64, 65, 66. 67, 133, 135 
 
 Jacketing for steam pipes. Cheap 91 
 
 Jacobus, D. S. Feeding boilers . . . . 77 
 
 .Jewelry mfrs. using Babcock & Wilcox boilers .... 143 
 
 .Joints ‘in Babcock .k Wilcox l inilrrs ...... .39,41,43 
 
 Jute mills using Babcock & Wilcox boilers 164 
 
 Latent heat not waste 19, 21 
 
 *• “ of steam 15, 71. 73 
 
 *• * k of water 15 
 
 Leather mfrs. using Babcock & Wilcox boilers .... 153 
 
 Limit to accuracy in calorimeter 76. 94 
 
 to rapidity of combustion 17.50 
 
 to superheating in steam engines 77 
 
 ** to range of temperature in heat engines .... 21 
 
 Loss of economy from incrustation or scale 5ft, 79 
 
 ** ** from surplus air in furnace .... 17, 50. 51 
 
 “ of heat from steam pipes ... 91 
 
 “ in chimney gases 17, 19, 49, 78, 101 
 
 Low water in boilers. Effect of . 9 
 
 Lumber mills using Babcock & Wilcox boilers .... 166 
 
 Machinery. Agricultural, Makers using B. & W. boilers. 149 
 Machines. Sewing, Makers using B. A W. boilers. . 149 
 
 Machinists using Babcock A Wilcox boilers . . . 141-145, 149 
 Manchester Square Central Station. London . ... 123 
 
 McCurdy’s water-tube boiler. 1**5 3. 
 
 Metropolitan Electric Supply Co., London ... 20, 122, 123 
 
 Melting point of various substances ...... 57 
 
 Minerals. Solubility of scale-making 15 
 
 Mineral wool 91 
 
 Mines using Babcock & Wilcox boilers ...... 179-172 
 
 Miscellaneous mfrs. using Babcock At Wilcox boilers . . 177 
 Model of Babcock & Wilcox boilers at British Museum . 144 
 
 Moisture in steam. Detecting, by sight 76 
 
 Formula for. ... 97 
 
 “ “ in various boilers 77 
 
 Nail works using Babcock & Wilcox boilers 137 
 
 New York Steam Company. Station B 89, 81, 82 
 
 N on-conductors of heat. Table of 91 
 
 Oilcloth factories using Babcock & Wilcox boilers . . . 164 
 
 Oil works using Babcock .k. Wilcox boilers 157 
 
 Opera House. Vienna 16 
 
 Operation of the Babcock & Wilcox boiler 11 
 
 Orifices. Appearance of steam flowing from 76 
 
 Flow of steam from . 89 
 
 Organ makers using Babcock & Wilcox boilers .... 132 
 
 Overhead pipes in heating 85 
 
 Packers and canners using Babcock & Wilcox boilers. . 157 
 
 Paper mills using Babcock & Wilcox boilers .... 164-166 
 
 mill in Mexico 165 
 
 Pen coy U iron Works, boiler house plan .... . 94 
 
 “ ** and boilers .... 132 
 
 Perfect boiler. Requirements of . 7 
 
 Perfumery makers using Babcock k Wilcox boilers . . 170 
 
 Petroleum. Apparatus for burning 56 
 
 “ for fuel. Value of 57 
 
 “ for incrustation or scale 79 
 
 Piano manufacturers using Babcock & Wilcox boilers . j32 
 
 Pipes, steam. Coxeringfor 91 
 
 Equation of 90 
 
 ** “ Flow of steam through 89 
 
 “ k * Horse- power of 89 
 
 ,k k * Loss of heat from 9L 
 
 k * * k Standard 90 
 
 Plaza Hotel, New York 112 
 
 Ponce de Leon Hotel, St. Augustine . 86 
 
 Boilers in 87 
 
 Porcupine ” boiler. The first 29 
 
 “ “ unsafe 13 
 
 Postal Telegraph Cable Co.’s building 154 
 
 Potteries using Babcock *k Wilcox boilers 149 
 
 Powder works. Babcock 6i Wilcox boilers used in. . . , 149 
 
 Power and heating. Babcock & Wilcox boilers used for, 1 13-120 
 
 l’oycr Quartier Cotton Mills, France 156 
 
 Pressure. Economy of high steam 77 
 
 “ partsof Babcock & Wilcox boilers erected . 168, 169 
 ** the limiting element in heat engines .... 21 
 
 Priming, or wet steam 45, 76. 77. 97 
 
 Printers using Babcock & Wilcox boilers 1(54-166 
 
 Produce Exchange, New York. Boilers in . .... S3 
 
 Properties of saturated steam 71 
 
 Public School, Plainfield, N. J. Boiler in .... 85 
 
 Puddling furnaces with Babcock & Wilcox boilers . 67, 133-137 
 
 Pumping machinery. Efficiency of 53 
 
 Pumps and injectors. Relative economy of 77 
 
 Radiation from furnace walls 17, 19 
 
 kk steam pipes 91 
 
 Railroads using Babcock «k Wilcox boilers ... 135 
 
 Cable. Metropolitan, Kansas City 3ft 
 
 “ “ using Babcock & Wilcox boilers . . I ll 
 
 Rapidity of combustion 17, 19, 5ft 
 
 References for Babcock & Wilcox boilers 113-178 
 
 Regulating steam heating automatically 85 
 
 Relative value of coal and other fuels 57 
 
 ** of non-conductors 91 
 
 ** “ of pumps and injectors for feeding 
 
 boilers . . .... 77 
 
 Relative value of water and steam space in boilers ... 45 
 
 Repairs of Babcock A: Wilcox boilers. Costof . . 39, 107-111 
 “ Ease of ... . 48 
 
 Reports of boiler insurance companies ... . . 9 
 
 Requirements of a perfect steam boiler 7 
 
 Royal Electric Company Station, Montreal 125 
 
 Rules for care of boilers 92 
 
 Rumsay’s water-tube boilers. 1788 29 
 
 Safety. Attention necessary to secure .... 
 
 ** boilers so-called 
 
 kk in boilers 
 
 “ of Babcock & Wilcox boilers . . . . 
 
 Water-tubes an element of 
 
 Sardinia street Central station, London . . . 
 
 Saturated steam. Properties of 
 
 Sawdust for fuel 
 
 Saw mills using Babcock and Wilcox boilers . . 
 
 Scale. (See ** Incrustation.”) 
 
 Scale-making minerals. Solubility of . . . . 
 
 Screw makers using Babcock & Wilcox boilers . 
 
 Sea warer 
 
 Separating water from steam 
 
 Sewing machine works using B. &. W. boilers . . 
 
 92 
 
 . 11, 13 
 9, 11, 13 
 . 13, 45 
 11 
 
 71,73, 76 
 
 166 
 50, 79 
 75 
 137 
 75 
 85 
 149 
 
 181 
 
PAGE 
 
 Silk mills using Babcock & Wilcox boilers 163 
 
 Sinuous headers in Babcock & Wilcox boilers .... 41 
 
 “ of wrought steel 30 
 
 Sizes of standard steam and gas pi i K- W ) 
 
 “ Slack ” for fuel 57 
 
 Smoke. Combustion of 43, 53 
 
 Snuff makers using Babcock A: W 'ilcox Boilers .... 155 
 
 So; ip and candle works. Babcock A: Wilcox boilers in . 157 
 
 Soda ash for incrustation 79 
 
 Solubility of scale-making minerals 75 
 
 Solvay Process Company, boiler-house .78, 152 
 
 Somersett Mfg. Co. Boiler-house and chimney of . . . mi; 
 
 Space heated by one-horse power of steam 85 
 
 Specific heat 21,75 
 
 Spice mills using Babcock & Wilcox boilers 157 
 
 Sprockets Sugar Refinery 136 
 
 *• boilers in 12 
 
 Standard horse- i>owcr for l toilers 63 
 
 of different nations 63 
 
 ** steam and gas pipes 'JO 
 
 Stayed surfaces unsafe 11 
 
 Steam and water capacity in boilers 45 
 
 and gas pines. Sizes of 90 
 
 *• boilers. (See “ Boilers.") 
 
 '* Boiling by 87 
 
 ** Diagram of heat in 15 
 
 “ Drying by 87 
 
 “ Dry . . 76, 97 
 
 ** Dry. in Ba!>eock Ac Wilcox boilers . . . . 45,77 
 
 “ Economy in 7, 49 
 
 ** engines. Efficiency of 53 
 
 “ flowing from orifices. Ap|>earunce of 76 
 
 “ Flow i II. from < »rirto» s . 89 
 
 “ “ through pipes 89 
 
 “ Heating by 81-85 
 
 '* “ Bal»c*ock A: W iloox boilers used for . . 113- 121 
 
 “ Heat in 15, 71, 73 
 
 “ High pressure. Economy of 77 
 
 ** making. Theory of 15 
 
 Steam pi|x\s. Covering for ... 21 
 
 Equation of ... 90 
 
 “ “ Flow of steam through 89 
 
 “ ** Loss of heat from . . 91 
 
 *' “ Standard sizes f-0 
 
 power. Baltcock A: Wilcox boilers used for . 113-121 
 
 “ ” of the world 7 
 
 Cost of 7 
 
 “ Properties of 71,73 
 
 “ Saturated . . . 71, 76 
 
 ■* appearance ol . 76 
 
 ** pro|»erties of 71 
 
 ** Stored energy of .... 9 
 
 “ Substitute lor, not probable 21 
 
 “ Superheated 77 
 
 “ Volume of 73 
 
 ** Weight of, per cubic foot . . . 73 
 
 11 Wet 76 
 
 Steel. Heat in melted 15, 17 
 
 Steel works using B. A: W. Boilers 133-137 
 
 Steel and iron tube works lining B. A: W. Boilers . . . 137 
 
 Steenstrap's water-tube boiler. 1S25 31 
 
 Stevens’ water-tube boiler, 1805 . . 29 
 
 Stored energy of heated water 9 
 
 “ ** of steam 9 
 
 Substitute for steam not probable 21 
 
 Sugar in bagasse 59 
 
 Sugar plantations using B. ,v W. lx>ilers . 54, 58-62, 97, 139-141 
 Sugar refineries. Babcock A: Wilcox boilers in 
 
 K. 12. 22. 28. .32, 52, 74, 102. 138 
 
 Summers & Ogle's water-tube boiler, 1S30 31 
 
 Superheated steam . . 76, 77 
 
 Superheating steam by waste gases 77 
 
 surface in boilers 45, 77 
 
 Table of American <x>als 55 
 
 ** average results of tests B. A: W. boilers . . . 105 
 
 “ chimneys, with appropriate horse-powers . . 70 
 
 “ combustibles 55 
 
 “ conducting powers of various sulistances . . . 91 
 
 “ efficiencies of pumping machinery 53, 77 
 
 “ equation of pi | >es 90 
 
 “ flow of steam in pijics 89 
 
 ** fusion of metals, etc. . 57 
 
 “ heating service in lK)iler> 63 
 
 ** horse- powers 63 
 
 “ loss of heat in steam pii>es 91 
 
 “ melting points of metals, etc 57 
 
 “ mixture of air and vapor . . 87 
 
 “ non-condiK-tors 91 
 
 “ pro|K*rtics of saturated steam 73 
 
 " relative value of pmnps and injectors .... 53.77 
 
 " saving by heating feed-water 78 
 
 “ solubilities of minerals 75 
 
 kk standard steam and gas pipes 90 
 
 “ steam at different pressures 73 
 
 kk steam flowing through pipes 89 
 
 “ temperature by color 57 
 
 “ water at different temperatures 77 
 
 “ woods 55 
 
 Tan bark for fuel. Value of 57 
 
 Tan n ate of soda for incrustations 79 
 
 Tanneries using Babcock A: Wilcox l>oilers 153 
 
 Tea plantations using Babcock A: Wilcox boilers ... 164 
 
 Temperature of escaping gases 17, 19. 78 
 
 ** of fire 57 
 
 kk “ to tell by color 57 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Temperature ot fire to tell by fusion 57 
 
 ** of steam 15, 73 
 
 Temperature. Highest available in heat engines ... 77 
 
 ** Lowest “ " * ... 21 
 
 Temperatures. Water at different . . . . . . . .15.75 
 Terra-cotta works using Babcock Ai Wilcox boilers . . 143 
 
 Testing boilers 94 
 
 “ ** Formulas for 94,97 
 
 Test of boilers at Arlington Mills Mfg. Co 104 
 
 Benedict A: Burnham Mfg. Co. ... 100 
 
 *’ “ Brush Electric Light Co., Philadelphia 101 
 
 “ Buffalo Crape Sugar Co 104 
 
 Edison Co., Menlo Bark 103 
 
 ** London, Eng 103 
 
 “ Genesee Mills, San Francisco .... 100 
 
 “ Greenock Sugar Refinery. Scotland 108 
 
 ” Harrison, Havemeyer A: Co. . . . 100,102 
 
 “ Hepburn A: Co., Glasgow 100 
 
 “ Lehman, Abraham At C<>.. New Orleans 103 
 
 “ Miami Soap Works, Cincinnati ... 104 
 
 “ Mill Creek Distillery. Kentucky ... 104 
 
 “ Oliver Wire Works, Pittsburg .... 100 
 
 Peacedale Mfg. Co., Mass. 104 
 
 “ Raritan Woolen Mills, N. J 95 
 
 “ Rockland Paper Mills, Del. . . . . 103 
 
 Singer Mfg. Co.. Killiowie, Scotland . 103 
 
 “ Table of average results of 105 
 
 U. S. Centennial. Philadelphia . 99 
 
 Tests of Babcock At Wilcox boilers . 95-105 
 
 Theory of heat engines 19 
 
 ** of steam making .... ... 15 
 
 Thermal unit Value of British . . .75 
 
 ** “ Value of French .... ... 75 
 
 Thurston, Prof. R. H. Energy of steam . 9 
 
 on boiler design 50 
 
 on water-tube lioilers . . 9 
 
 Rule for water per horse-power. 63 
 
 'obacco works using Babcock and Wilcox boilers . . . 155 
 
 ool makers using Babeock A: Wilcox boilers 145 
 
 ramways using Babcock A: Wilcox boilers .... 129, 146 
 
 uliet*. Collection of dust in or on 47 
 
 “ Water vs. fire 11,47 
 
 ubc works using Babcock A: Wilcox boilers 137 
 
 wibill’s water-tube boiler, 1865 31 
 
 Unequal expansion. Effect of .... ... .9,45 
 
 United States Capitol. Boilers in . 20 
 
 ** standard gallon 75 
 
 Vail. J. H.. on abuses in engineering 53 
 
 Value of a |K>und of carlion 49, 55 
 
 •* of covering for steam pi|>e.s ... 91 
 
 of various combustibles ... 55-<i 
 
 Ya|>or. Steam the best of. for heat engines 21 
 
 m air. I able --I' ... 81 
 
 Vienna Opera House .... ... .... 46 
 
 Volume of air. Weight and 67 
 
 Wabash Paper Co.. Babcock A: Wilcox boilers at . . . 162 
 
 Wagon makers using Babcock A: Wilcox boilers .... 147 
 
 Water at different t mperaturcs 75 
 
 “ capacity in boilers 45 
 
 “ Circulation of 9. 13, 23-27, 44 
 
 ** Conductivity of heat in 23 
 
 Feed, heating 78 
 
 “ ice, steam 15 
 
 Latent heat of 15 
 
 Separating from steam 85 
 
 ** Specific gravity of sea 75 
 
 “ ** neat of 15.75 
 
 ** Solvent | Kiwer of 7 d 
 
 “ the best fluid for heat engines ... .... 21 
 
 Total heat in a pound 15,75 
 
 ” tubes an element of safety 11 
 
 ** “ self cleaning from dust 47 
 
 works using Babcock & Wilcox boilers 151 
 
 Water-tube l xnlcrs. Brief history of 29 
 
 “ “ Blakey'a 17G6 29 
 
 Eve’s, 1825 29 
 
 * k “ Evolution of Babcock A: Wilcox . 33-39 
 
 Griffith's. 1821 29 
 
 “ “ Gurney’s. 1826 29. 31 
 
 ** “ McCurdy’s, 1826 31 
 
 “ •* RumsayX 1788 . . ... 29 
 
 •* kk Steen strap’s, 1828 31 
 
 ** kk Stevens’. 1805 . 29 
 
 ** “ Summers A: Ogle’s, 1HT40 . . 31 
 
 “ kk Twibill’s, 1865 31 
 
 “ ** Wilcox's. 1856 . . 31 
 
 Wolf's, 1799-1805 . . 29 
 
 Weight of air at different temperature* 67 
 
 of steam per cubit foot 73 
 
 ** of water per cubic foot .... .... 75 
 
 “ of wood per cord 55 
 
 West End Railway, Boston . . . ... 1**0 
 
 Wet steam . . ' ........ 
 
 Wilcox's water-tube boiler. 1856 31 
 
 Wines. Babcock A: Wilcox boilers used for making . . DO 
 
 Wolf's water-tube boilera 1799-1806 29 
 
 Wood for fuel. Value of 55 
 
 “ workers using Baltcock A: Wilcox lK>ilcrs ... 166 
 
 Wool for covering pipes 91 
 
 “ Mineral . SI 
 
 Wool and worsted mills using B. & W. boilers .... 161 
 
 Wrought steel “headers.” 
 
 2, 14, 26. 38, 39, 49. 118, 122, 124, 134, 142. 153 
 
THE UNPARALLELED RECORD 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BABCOCK & WILCOX WATER-TUBE 
 
 BOILERS 
 
 as shown in the preceding pages, proves once again, and particularly in regard tc 
 boilers, what has been frequently proven in regard to other things, that 
 
 “THE BEST IS THE CHEAPEST,” 
 
 no matter what may be the first cost. 
 
 In purchasing boilers the buyer wishes to be assured on six points, two regarding 
 the parties with whom he is dealing, and four pertaining to the article to be purchased. 
 Of the former he wishes to know, first, if the party is financially responsible and has 
 such reputation that he may depend upon being honorably treated, and, second, if the 
 manufacturer is likely to remain long enough in business to supply needed repairs 
 from the special patterns employed. 
 
 In regard to the boiler he needs to know : — 
 
 ist. — Its RELIABILITY : Whether it can be depended upon to do his work through 
 thick and thin ? Long and satisfactory use by different persons under various 
 conditions is the best answer to this question. 
 
 2d. — Its ECONOMY: Whether it will be wasteful or saving in the use of fuel. Econ- 
 omy is claimed in behalf of every boiler made, and many times to an extravagant 
 and impossible extent. Here again a long and favorable record is the only certain 
 criterion. 
 
 3d. — Its SAFETY: Whether it is liable to explode and cause a greater damage to life 
 and property than it, with all its other advantages, is worth. Time is also nec- 
 essary to prove the truth of claims in this respect. 
 
 4th. — Its DURABILITY : Will it require early or extensive repairs, or have soon to be 
 replaced with another construction ? Nothing but a long-continued use can deter- 
 mine this point. No less than thirty competitors in water-tube boilers have 
 arisen, flourished for a short time, and then sunk to oblivion since the Babcock 
 & Wilcox boiler was first introduced. Of nine sectional boilers at the U. S. 
 Centennial, the Babcock & Wilcox is the only one now manufactured, thus jus- 
 tifying the caution of the judges, who, in awarding the prizes, said that time 
 alone could determine the value of the construction. He who buys an untried 
 invention takes all the risk of its success. 
 
 THE BABCOCK & WILCOX COMPANY 
 
 have pleasure in referring intending purchasers to any of their former customers tor 
 their responsibilitv and the character of their dealings. 
 
 *b — — — 
 
 THE BABCOCK & WILCOX BOILERS were awarded the “ GRAND PRIX” 
 (Highest Award) at the Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1889. 
 
H ow does the Babcock & Wilcox Water- l ube 
 Boiler Stand Scrutiny in the Record of Time ? 
 
 IT IS RELIABLE. 
 
 The long list of purchasers, extending over twenty-three years, the continued and 
 repeated orders from those who know it best, with the fact that it has made its way 
 against all opposition into extended use in all parts of the known world, and into the 
 most exacting trades, demanding the establishment of manufactories in four countries, 
 is sufficient proof on this point. 
 
 IT IS ECONOMICAL. 
 
 The table given of thirty tests, extending from Glasgow to San Francisco, with 
 many kinds of coal, and under many conditions, in which an aggregate of over thirty- 
 one hundred tons of water were evaporated, with a little over two hundred and seventy 
 tons of combustible, shows an actual economy within about seven per cent, of the 
 highest theoretically practical under similar conditions. It is quite safe to say that no 
 other boiler can show a better record for economy. 
 
 IT IS SAFE. 
 
 On this point the record is complete. Boilers developing HALF A MILLION 
 HORSE-POWER, sold during twenty-three years without loss of life or property by 
 explosion, is a record without parallel. Other so-called “ Safety ” boilers have exploded, 
 but the Babcock & Wilcox never, though, probably, more of them have been put into 
 use than of all others combined. There are boilers now offered in the market as 
 “ Safety ” boilers which have no other claim to the distinction than the deceptive name. 
 
 IT IS DURABLE. 
 
 The wonderful record of over one hundred thousand horse-power of these boilers in 
 use from two to twenty years, many of them driven day and night , on which the average 
 cost of repairs has not exceeded FIVE CENTS YEARLY PER HORSE-POWER 
 for the boiler proper from all causes, speaks volumes on this point What does it mean ? 
 It means that the wear and tear, including accidents, on the average is about one-half 
 of one per cent, per annum upon the cost (not including furnaces and masonry), while that 
 of a tubular boiler is rarely estimated at less than ten per cent. As to the lifetime of a 
 Babcock & Wilcox boiler, experience so far fixes no data for a limit. Twenty-three 
 years’ use has developed no single instance of a boiler being worn out in legitimate 
 service, and when worn or damaged small repair has apparently restored them to their 
 pristine youth. We see no reason to suppose that at the end of fifty years, with the 
 occasional replacing of damaged parts, they may not be “ as good as new.” 
 
 The BABCOCK & WILCOX BOILER was awarded the “GRAND 
 PRIX,” the Highest Award given at the EXPOSITION UNIVER- 
 SELLE DE 1889, in Paris. 
 
 Specifications, Circulars, and all Information Furnished on Application to 
 ANY OF THE OFFICES OF THIS COMPANY.