MASTER NEGATIVE NO. 92-81147 MICROFILMED 1993 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK as part of the "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project" Funded by the NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United States Code - concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or other reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.'* If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. AUTHOR: HATFIELD, JAMES TAFT TITLE: STUDY OF JUVENCUS PLACE: BONN DA TE : 1890 COLUMBIA UNIVEI^ITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT Master Negative U BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record lEH >•' ! ■! ■ » ■ PWI I «*1- ^■IP * ■ *i Hatfield, Janes Taft, 1863- 1945* ' A study of •^uvoncus; a dissertation... by James Taft Hatfield... Bonn, Carl Georgi university press, 1890. xii, 52 p. 22'|- cm. Thesis (Ph.D.), Johns Hopkins university. I 14060n ^ \ Restrictions on Use: FILM SIZE:__li^J!v^Yv«__ __ REDUCTION RATIO: \\X IMA^E PLACEMENT: lA (fX) IB IIB DATE FILMED :___Q2x^^j5^\ga2i___ INITIALS__S!r}L\ HLMEDBY: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. INC WOODBRIDGE. CT « c Association for Information and image Management 1100 Wayne Avenue. Suite 1100 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 mm III! miliiiiiiiiillllllllll T liiillllllllllll TTT »Mllll[lMl | MllMlll |iMl|lJ^ Inches 1.25 1.0 [S«- == 1^ IM 3.6 I.I i ■- 14.0 u Btuu 1.4 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 \y MRNUFRCTURED TO fillM STfiNDfiRDS BY nPPLIED IMfiGEp INC. Columbia College Library Madison Av. and 49th St. New York. Beside tite tnain topic ihts book also treats of Subject No. On page ! Subject No, On page m m ■ 'K^^r '■%£. ■ i-i^w*^ / .... . STUDY OF JUVENCUS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY JAMES TAFT HATFIELD PROFESSOR IN NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY EVANSTON ILLINOIS U. S. BONN CARL GEORGI UNIVERSITY PRESS 1890 CONIVGI CARISSIMAE 11619U '^'■"%!fP'' " Introduction. The poet Juvencus claims a significant place not only in Christian poetry, but in the history of Roman literature as a whole. Coming after the deplorable period when the wasted Empire had been given over almost completely to bloodshed and confusion, he stands at the beginning of that interesting revival of better traditions in thought and liter- ature which came with the age of Constantine. Though mentioned only in a few passages by Jerome, there are few authors whose work can be so accurately dated. He is the first among Christian Latin poets, — unless we ex- cept the barbarous effusions of Commodianus, and the still more barbarous Christian inscriptions, 'the work of poor persons ignorant of the language and spelling, much more so of prosody and metrics' i). Though, like his illustrious follower Prudentius, a Spaniard, Juvencus shows a thorough acquaintance with his classical models, and a careful follow- ing in their footsteps, joined to a remarkable scrupulous- ness in regard to metrical laws. It is true that the literary interest of his work is small, — and it has recently been unsparingly condemned ^\ — and that it sheds small light upon the life and manners of the times, but it must be judged by the conditions which preceded it, rather than by more absolute standards. The lyric no longer existed, the my- thological epos had been sung out 3), and an epic treatment 1) Puech, Prudence, Paris 1888, p. 13. 2) Id. p. 20, . . . entierement mediocre, froid et plat au del4 de toute mesure . . . 3) Burkhardt, Coiistaiitin der Grosse, 7 Abs. VI V vn of the New Testament was a new and daring undertaking {nee pertimuit, etc, Jerome Ep. 70 ad Magnum) to be ap- proached only in a spirit of reverence, especially as regards the subject-matter. There is room for much to be said in defense of the earnest manner in which Juvencus achieved the plan which he had proposed. It is hardly possible to see how a more literal translation of the Gospel narrative could have been made, and the terse, sententious way in which he renders some of the most pregnant passages of the New Testament is worthy of high praise. As far as his theme permits, he stands true to the formal traditions of epic poetry — compare the word-mongering, cento-fash- ioning practices of his century, — and in the light of the over-embellishment of his epic predecessors his freedom from rhetorical effects is certainly a failing which leans to vir- \Jue's side. There can be no doubt that Juvencus's reputa- tion has suffered immeasurably from his association in the mind of scholars with Cyprian of Gaul, who is so greatly his inferior. Even among those who have not attributed the work of the latter to our poet, the whole estimate of a biblical epic has been lowered because of an acquain- tance with the Latin Heptateuch. Now that the question of Juvencus's authorship has been definitely removed from the field of speculation ^), it is to be hoped that his work may be judged more upon its own merits. The object of the present work, however, is not a liter- • ary but a linguistic one, — for which Juvencus furnishes much valuable material. Its intention is to afford a useful analysis of the language and literary methods of one Latin author in the early part of the Fourth Century. While Ju- vencus is an imitator and holds closely to his great model, the material here collected gives indications of the epoch in which he lived, and perhaps of his local education. An undue amount of space may have been given to a conside- ration of syntax, but it seemed best for the sake of com- pleteness to retain a large part of the material gathered. The work is based entirely upon Harold's edition i), which is the result of a most careful collation of all the impor- tant manuscripts and most of the secondary ones. A full account of these in the prolegomena to his edition renders any description here unnecessary. Assistance has been gain- ed from Harold's valuable index, especially in the prepa- ration of sections 1, 2, 95, 117 and 144. The model most followed has been Draeger's Syntax und Stil des Taci- tus 8, Leipzig, Teubner 1882, though the arrangement is that of Schmalz/s Latin Syntax in the second volume of Huller's Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. Bonn, July 4, 1890. 1) C. Vettii Aquilini luvenci Libri Evangeliorum IIII. Leip- zig, Teubner 1886. A new edition of Juvencus by Job. Huemer is to appear in the Vienna Corpus Scmptorum Ecclesiasticorum Lafinoriim. 1) Compare J. E. B. Mayor, The Latin Heptateuch, Cam- bridge 1889, and my review in the American Journal of Philo- logy, XI, 95 ff. Contents. § 1. - 9 - 3. 4a. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. I. Forms. Page Declension > • • • ^ Conjugation Contracted Verb-Forms — II. Syntax. A. Simple Sentence. 1. Declarative Sentences. a. The Subject. Subject Expressed ^ Impersonal Verbs b. Predicate. a) In General. Pres. Participle with Copula 3 Verb Omitted P) Agreement. Agreement of Number — Agreement of Gender ^ Y) Tenses. Historical Present "" Interchange of Tenses — Pres. Subj. after Past Tense 5 Compound Verb-Forms — Tenere as a sort of Auxiliary — Gnomic Perfect ~ b) Moods. 1. Subjunctive. Optative ^ Potential Jussive § 18. - 19. - 20. - 21. - 22. - 23. - 24. - 25. - 26. - 27. - 28. - 29. - 30. - 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. IX Pag-e 2. Imperative. Future for Imperative 6 Imperative with Subjunctive — 3. Infinitive. Historical Infinitive — Infinitive as Substantive 7 Infinitive of Exclamation — €) Voice. Personal Passive from Intransitives — Active for Passive — Juror as Deponent Verb — Deponent Participle as Middle — c. Attribute. Substantive as Attribute — Attributive use of Adverb — d. Apposition. Paratactic Apposition g Apposition to Sentence Apposition to Pronoun Unexpressed — e. Cases. 1. Nominative. Nominative for Accusative 2. Accusative. After Verbs of Motion _ Transitive Accusative Duration of Time 9 Cognate Accusative ,...._ Accusative of Specification . — Accus. after Pass, of Verbs of Clothing .... — Two Accusatives Accusative of Exclamation . _ 3. Genitive. Appositional Genitive * . Objective Genitive 10 Genitive after Verbal Nouns in -tor — Genitive of Quality Partitive Genitive _ Predicate Genitive with esse . . . n Genitive with Adjetives *. . _ Genitive of Charge or Penalty 12 Genitive of Price Genitive dependent on Genitive — Genitive with Verbs of Memory _ Genitive with Verbs of Plenty and Want — X Page 4. Dative. § 53. Dative with Intraiisitives 12 - 54. Dative after Compound Verbs — - 55. No men est 13 - 56. Dative of Reference — - 57. Final Dative — - 58. Dative after Passives — - 59. Final Locative 14 - 60. Dative after Adjectives — 5. Ablative. - 61. Ablative of Manner — - 62. Ablative of Respect" 15 - 63. Ablative of Price — - 64. Ablative after Comparatives — - 65. Ablative of Degree of Difference — - 66. Ablative of Quality — - 67. Ablative of Means — - 68. Ablative after Verbs of Plenty and Want .... 16 - 69. Ablative of Place Where — - .70. Ablative of Separation 17 - 71. Ablative denoting Time When 18 - 72. Ablative Absolute — - 73. Other Ablative Constructions — f. Participles, Gerund, etc. 1. Participles. - 74. Statistical Investigation — - 75. Pres. Part, after Verbs of Perceiving 19 - 76. Deponent Part, as Pass, and Middle — - 77. Deponent Participle Aorist — - 78. Future Part, as Attribute — - 79. Pres. Part, for Perf. 20 80. Passive for Active — - 81. Participle with Particles — 2. Gerund. - 82. Ablative of Gerund, etc — 3. Gerundive. - 83. Gerundive for Perfect Participle — - 84. • Gerundive denoting End — - 85. Gerundive after ad — - 86. Gerundive as Attrib. Adjective — - 87. Copula Omitted with Gerundive — 4. Supine. - 88. Occurence of Supine 21 § 89. - 90. - 91. 1. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. c. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. XI « • Page g. Prepositions. Noticeable Cases 21 2. Interrogative Sentences. Particle Lacking — Si as Interrogative Particle — B. Subordinate Sentences. Subordination Without Relative Pronoun or Particle. a. Paratactic Constructions. Simple Subjunctive 22 Conditional Clauses without Particle — Paratactic Temporal Construction — b. lufinitire, and Accusative with Infinitive. Final Infinitive — Objective Infinitive 23 Simple Infinitive as Subject . — Accus. with Inf. in Indir. Discourse — Accus. with Inf. as Subject — Pres. Part. Takes Up Infin. Construction 24 Other Noticeable Cases — 2. Subordination by means of Relative Pronouns and Particles. Conditional Relative — Rel. Clauses of Characteristic Result — Rel. Clauses of Purpose 25 Attraction of Antecedent Further Cases Accusative Conjunction Locative Conjunction 26 Modal Conjunction 29 Ablative Conjunction Characteristic Employment of Various Parts of Speech. 1. Nouns. Abstracts in -io Plural of Abstracts _ Plural of Concretes 30 Concretes as Collectives — Abstract Noun as Subj. or Obj — Nouns in -tor, -sor, -trix — 2. Adjectives. Adjectives (and Part.) as Substantives 31 mtmmm^m'm'----^-* .'i ]| XII Page i? 118. Freer Use of Comparatives 32 - 119. Adjective for Adverb — 3. Pronouns, - 120. Chang:e of Number in First Person — - 121. Pronoun Omitted — - 122. Suus quisque 33 - 123. Interchange of Pronouns — 4. Adverbs. - 124. Neuter Adjective as Adverb — 5. Numerals. - 125. Use of Composite Forms — - 126. Distributives for Cardinals — 6. Particles. - 127. Use of Negative Particles 34 7. Verbs. - 128. Frequentatives — III. Prosody. - 129. Hiatus 35 - 130. Elision — - 131. Lengthening of Final Vowel — - 132. Special Cases of Length 36 - 133. Shortened Syllables — - 134. Forms in -ius — - 135. Spondaic Verses 37 - 136. Characteristics and Table — IV. Alliteration. - 137. Classes of AlHteration 39 V. Jiivenciis as an Imitator. - 138. Vergil the Chief Model 40 - 139. Simple Imitation / • — - 140. More Indirect Imitation 43 - 141. Complex Imitation 44 - 142. Imitation of Other Poets 45 VI. Language. - 143. Words used Only by Juvencus 47 - 144. Titles . . . . .^ — - 145. Lexical 48 Appendix. - 146. Recent Literature 52 I. Forms. § 1. It will be observed that there are few noticeable deviations from classical forms, and these for the most part in the direction of archaisms. In declension the form ple- hes is found in the nom. sing, in many passages. In but two.it occurs as plebs 1, 13. 4,614. This archaism is fre- quent in poets and historians (cf. Georges Lexicon der latein. Wortformen, Lcipz. 1889), and is also found in Prudentius Perist. 10, and Augustine Ep. 166. The nom. and ace. itiner are found 2, 23 etc., as well as the gen. iteris in several places, 1, 243 etc. The forms olUs, olli occur (1, 399. 2,410 etc.) along with the more common illisy illi. Quis for quihus appears 12 times. The contracted form isdem is found 4, 23. The archaic duelU occurs 2, 620. Three cases of the gen. plur. in -urn for -orum occur, namely: iuvencmn 2, 156. duum 3, 431 and vlrum 3, 572. — all of which are quite classical. VuJgus h gmersdly of the neuter gender, but at 4,611 it is masculine. Cf. Aen. 2,99. § 2. In conjugation are found ftiaf 4, 163 (cf. Aen. 10, 108). siet 2, 40 an ante-classical form; also sciham 4, 241 (used by Plautus and Terence) ; sona{ve)rit 4, 569 (cf. Tert. ad Scap. 3 Honaverint); vesfibat 3,331 (Ae. 8, 160); prae- teriet 4,1.59; redimibit 4,189 (dir. eip.); hmiriturus (cf. Dracont. carm. ined. 2,124 D.) 2,251; mergier (air. eip.) 1,349. (Vergil uses such infinitives six times, v. Neue: Formenlehre der lat. Spr. 2, 409). § 3. Contracted verb-forms occur as follows: celasti 2,550, concelebrarit4,193, damnasset2,580, locarunt 4, 664, locarat 3, 618, desisse 3, 664, norunt 4, 133, nosti 2, 113, notastis 1, 698, necastis 4, 79, orarunt 2, 774, parasse 3, 743, quaesissct 1, 258, quistis 2, 672, sedasse 2, 572, servastis 2, 689, sonarit 4, 569. Cf. inpostam 1, 478, repostum 4, 143. .:,ft!t3HllCxtLli a* ^i - There are 71 occiirreiiees of the perf. ind. act. 3 pliir. of the verb. Of these 50 end in -ere, 21 in -erunty bein^ T0*7y of tlie former to 30 "/„ of the hitter: tliis ag:rees with tlie usa^e of poets and liistorians. Vergil, wliile inclining very strongly in the earlier poems to forms in -erunt has in the Aeneid, according to Wotke (Wiener 8tnd. 8, 2s. Heft) 82 ^/o of those in -ere to 18 ^/o of forms in -erunt. Ju- vencns has fourteen forms in -emmt not found in Vergil, as auxerunt, consti]>uerunt, dederunt, hauserunt. II. Syntax. A. Simple Sentences. 1. Declarative Sentences. a) The Su])ject. § 4. The Subject expressed in the First and Se- cond Person. The ])ronouns are expressed in the 2nd and 3nd pers. for emphasis or definiteness; often the 2nd person is ex])ressed as serving to point more definitely the didactic contents of the text. Emphasis: En ego sum 'It is V 3, 109. tu parve puer sanctus dicere 1, 125. vos, iniusti, succedite flammis 4, 284. tu(pie ipse foras te i)ronie 4, 393. Cf. 2, 440. 3, 271. 2^^^, 539. Antithesis: tu ablue vultum 1,608. sed vos consistite 4, 100. quaerite 1, 651. vos non dabitis 1, 670. dabitis 1, 672. nunc vos excludite somnum 4, 486. vos estote 1, 572,. Less Emphatic (perhaps showing connnon usage) : age tu iuvenis 2,594. vos haec iussa tenete 1,629. tu vocitare memento 1, 26. § 4a. Impersonal Verbs: creditur 3,651. compla- cuit 4,406. conveniet 1,578. dabitur 4,418. fas est 1,538. instaret 3,594. iurabitur 1,541. Hbeat 1,426. liceat 3, 502. oportet 1, 395. orandum 2, 281. pateat 1, 236. paenitct 3,711. perventum 3,257. 2,397. sit placitum 1,561. pla- - ^ - cuit 1,111. praestat 1, 529. (surgere) properatum [est] 4, 210. refert 1,525. tribuetur 4,419. videndum est. Note. The impersonal verbs relating to natural oc- curences (fulget etc.) do not seem to occur. b) Predicate. a) I n G e n e r a 1. § 5. Present Participle with Copula: this construc- tion belongs especially to popular and biblical Latin. It already a[)pears in archaic Latin, Cato de agric. praef. PI. Poen. 5, 2, 78. Bell. Hisp. 29 etc. Of later examples Apul. met. 7, 19 and especially Lucifer Calaritanus whose writings are full of this periphrasis. Cf. A. Miodonski Anonymus ad versus Aleatores, Erlangen and Leipz. 1889. Only one occurrence in Juvencus : non est ad letum ducens istaec vio- lentia 4,318. § 6. Omission of Verb. 1) Omission of forms of esse is very common: deflen- dae (sunt) matres 4, 127. nee metus (est) pr. 21. orandum (esse) dicitis 2, 281. simulabit (se esse) egentem 1, 558. Cf. 1, 2. 6. 56. 160. 454. 456. 461. 463. 466. 2, 9. 397. 3, 271. 320. 403. 4, 69. 187. 190. 210. 535. 545. 775 etc. 2) Verb of saying: sese venisse 1,231. sese parasse 3,742. virgo dehinc 1,77. haec trepidans vates 1,31. Et procul 4, 340. Christus ad haec 2, 336. 589. This omission is of very frequent occurrence; cf. 2, 161. 184. 204. 205. 259. 291. 308. 695. 3, 347. 595. 650. 4, 51. 355. 475 etc. etc. 3) Other verbs: ecce sed maior tumultus (exoritur) 2,9. et nos concedere (da?) 1,598. fecit omitted: 3,550. 737. 4,227. p) A g r e e m e n t. On the whole there is very little that is irregular, and the work mav be said to be unusuallv free from liber- ties in this respect. § 7. Agreement of Number. (Cf. § 120). 1) Plural with collectives. 4 cases: plebes volvens . . reputans . . volutant 3, 24. pars secumque trahebant 3, 198. turba frequentes 1, 108. turba . . . orabant pavidi 2, 74. The _ 4 - plural is implied in the attribute: contemnit fer?'^ animis gens inipia lueeni 2, 706. Tlic i)lural with collectives is rare in Cicero and Caesar; allowed in Vergil when prece- ded by a plural noun, or correlated with alii. Most fre- quent in Livy. In Juvencus such nouns are much more frequently construed with the sing, thus: turba 1, 732. 2, 818. 4, 363. pars 2, 1^6. 4, 400 etc. manus 3, 574. ple- bes 1, 13. 333. nunierus 4, 404. 2) Predicate verb in singular after several subjects: spiritus his ac plena fides erit 2, 289. vultum cui linea texta et gracilis conectit fascia corpus 4, 396. cui rura domusque et gaza cxstabat 3, 499. With the verb prece- ding: complcvit gcnctrix et Joseph 1, 222. 3) Verb in the predicate agrees with its own noun rather than the subject: lolium sunt homines 3, 8. 4) Verb agrees with noun in an adversative clause: ut mens gcnitor, non sordida lucra, colantur 2, 162. 5) Adjective agrees with nearest noun: fratremque donmmque merentem A, 311. adsumpto Petro Zebedeique natis 4, 482, § 8. Agreement of Gender. 1) Masculine for neuter: milia plebis caelestis cuncti- que laudant 1, 170. In 2, 76 — 78 occurs the remarkable case where cnhanfem is ])ut in agreement with iuvenis tor- pentia memhva as being ecpial to iuvenem, (Perhaps a verse lias fallen out.) 2) Masculine after persons of different sexes: ambos adnexos (i. e. Zachariam ctmiugenniue) 1,7. 3) Neuter plural after nouns of different gender: timor et laudes concelcbrata 2, 94. cuncta . . . aedes et famulos 4, 185. t) Tenses. § 9. The Historical Present is very common, and outnumbers the })ast tenses in narration. § 10. Interchange of Tenses. 1) Perf. intin. for pres.: fuerit melius dixisse 2, 86. melius fuerit caruisse 3, 481. — 5 - 2) Pres. Infin. for future: unde subolem sperabo ve- nire 1, 66. credit sibhnet succedere 1, 257. certet consur- gere 3, 346. spondet dissolvere 3, 443. promittit sese re- meare 4, 734. 3) Future Imperative for Present: tendito dextram 2, 594. 4) Perfect for Imperfect: in vallibus semper vita fuit 1, 131. 5) J^luperfect for Imperfect: sex illic fuerant vascula 2, 139. 6) Very characteristic is a mixture of tenses, perhaps for metrical reasons, where no logical distinction of time is to be made, i. e. a) historical present and perfect: invenit ecce alios operique adcrescere iussit 3, 557. tunicam inducunt spinis- que caput cinxere 4, 645. panes dividit et mensas oneravit 3, 87. volvit, torpescunt, audivit 1, 135 etc. b) other cases: sunt homines lolium, . . inimicus erit daemon 3, 8. comperit, advolat, orabat 2, 333. At 3, 97 — 106 six imperfects are followed by the perfect. § 11. Present subjunctive after a past tense: per- haps only: misit ut veniaut munera 2, 229. § 12. Compound Passive and Deponent Verb- Forms, generally without any distinction in meaning from the simple form: fueras additus 4, 571. accepta fuerat 4, 310. fuerant condita 4, 758. fuerant secuti 4, 399. confessus fuerit 2, 495. complexa fuerit 2, 230. exclusa fucrint 2, 232. in- lata fuerint 3, 148. § 13. Tenere has almost the force of an auxiliary verb in the following cases: adnexos tenebat 1, 7. quaerens inventa tenebit 1, 668. quae regio pueruni teneret progcni- tum 1, 229. § 14. Gnomic Perfect in general statements. Not common: felix qui doluit sortem 1, 461. genitor mihi cuncta subegit 4,790. sustulit thronum fregitque superbos 1,101. ille fidelis erit servus cui credere cuncta voluit pater 4, 186. .-t / H 6 — b) Moods. 1. Subjunctive. § 15. Optative, presents no very striking features. Occurs everywhere, as in the Pater Noster (1—590 ss.) which contains eiglit such forms. With utinam: utinam praesens virtus tua nobis adforct! 4, :)41. § 16. Potential. a) nam quis urbem occultare qucat 1, 479. an ego non possem vocareV 4, 528. nolim dimittcre 3, 208. b) aoristic perf. pres.: crediderim corpus reddere 4, 379. nee vos arguerim 2, 087. vos noluerim adfcctare 4, 61. § 17. Jussive. Quite common: concelebrent cuncti laudes 1,117. lohannes vocitetur 1, 110. tibi claudetur vox 1, 40. sermonis gratia phicet 1, 15. liceat 3, 580. nc de- deritis neve velitis 1 , 664. So with nee : nee quisquam con- tempserit istos 3, 407. 2. Imperative. § 18. The Future is used for the Imperative in 11 cases: si Deus est genitor, iaculaberc corpus 1,388. si aliquis iubebit ire, comitabere 1, 557. Deuni venerabere 1, 585. curabis demere 1, 663. itiner comitabere 2, 23. non perimes, invades, non falsa loqueris 3, 507. longe fugient, capessent 4, 124. prophetabis 4, 569. § 19. The Imperative is often correlated with the jussive subjunctive: instruite stratas onniis sit recta se- mita 1,315. ne sollicitet — neu disquiritc 1,630. est est sufficiat quod non est dicite non est 1, 545. 3. luftnitive. § 20. Historical Infinitive. But two cases, and these practically identical: ecce Pharisaei reprehendere Christum 2, 566. ecce Pharisaei reprehendere occulto risu 2, 351. Similar passages beginning with ecce lead to the conclusion that Juvencus had in mind some such verb as pergunt or incunibunt on which the infinitive depends. (See 3, 464. 221. 4, 543.) — 7 - § 21. Infinitive as Substantive: voluisse tuum 1, 737. habitare sei)ulcris grata domus 2, 47. tua iussa sequi spes unica restat 3, 536. culpam occidisse ilium 3, iS^'^. Note. For the infinitive after necesse est etc. see § 97; after adjj. § 60 note. § 2:i. The Infinitive in Exclamations does not occur. Cf. quam segetes patescuut! 2, 426 etc. e) Voice. § 23. Personal Passive from Intransitives: crc- dita 1, 73. dubitata fides 3, 123. Drager remarks that in classical times the only case quotable of diihlto thus used is Cic. Verr. 2, 2:^: quod dubitari posset. § 24. Active for Passive: perdere quemquam non patitur 3, 417. gentibus potestas inponit 3, 602. § 25. Juror as Deponent Verb: iuratus praemia patere 3, 60. Cf. Phuit. Pers. 3, 2, 2. Rud. 5, 3. 16. Cic. de Inv. 2, 43, 126. ib. 2, 45, 121. Livy 32, 22, 7. § 26. Deponent Participle with Middle Signifi- cation. Perliaps only conversus, 4 times: conversus talia .fatur3,384. So 1,667.3,768. 4,268 (and cf. from active verb: \)\ehii •adstrata 1, 13). c) Attribute. § 27. Substantive as Attribute. Quite common: confidet vindice ferro 4,526. Christus nuntius 2,291. natus minister 3, 610. nuntia fama 2, 342. actores famulos mittit 3, 718. populo teste 3, 478. rex ultor 3, 751. Philippum comitem 2, 100. spiritus auctor te comitem elegit 2, 117. comitis matris 1, 287. vir pater ipse 4, 187. Dominus lesus , 4, 591. animam comitem 4, 701. custos miles 4, 735. § 28. What may be regarded as an attributive use of the Adverb is seen in 3, 424: alius pariter monitor pia iussa frequentet. Cf. secunda dehiiic reparatio vitae 4, 31 (see Schmalz Synt. § 43). * i ■tfi!" 'ii' - 8 — (1) Apposition. § 29. Paratactic Apposition: pocula vinum daiit 4, ijoS. § 30. Apposition to Sentence: hoc petimus, miles fiinera servet 4, 735. sedis coiisidere, iioii hoc dabit 3, oOT. procuiubere leto quod ^eiis miiiatur 4,331. tiia iiissa sequi spes unica restat 3, 536. culpam occidisse ilhim 3, 688 (cf. § 21). §31. Apposition to Pronoun Unexpressed: men- tern frater hicrabere fratris 3, 422. non testis falsa loqueris 3, 507. doctor profatm* 3, 399. e) Cases. 1 . Nominative. § 32. Nominative in place of Accusative of Ex- clamation; In place of the accusative proh fideni! found from Ennius to Livy, the nominative occurs in the phrases: proh mira fides 1, 113. proh parva fides 3, 244. 2. Accusative. • § 33. After Verbs of Motion. In classical usa^e this is restricted to names of towns and islands, with rus and domus. — Patriam rediere 1, 254. patriam, domum remeare 1, 47. 2^iS (but ad templum remeat 1, 292). per- vcntum est rura 3, 2h>^. ingressus domum 1, 765. donunn repedat 2, 75 (but: ad proprium domum repedat 1, 104). Ae^j^'ptum transportat puerum 1, 256. |)enetrare with the accus. 9 times (see Mar old, p. 115) but also with in and per, § 34. Transitive Accusative. 1) after verbs conq)ounded with prepositions: moenia adimus 3, 586. incidere pontum 2, 2. incidere foveam 2, 589 (but: decidere in foveam 3, 158). incubare undas 4, 471. incurrere la(iueos 2, 492. muros; moenia ingredi 2, 445. 3, 641. convivia inire 2, 352. 2) umbras habitare 2, 819.' — 9 § 35. Duration of Time. Without a preposition, perhaps only: trinos mansit menses 1, 103. Elsewhere pre- positions are used, as: per 1, 61 in 2, 268 etc., pr. 7. 17. § 36. Cognate Accusative. (Not in Caesar. Rare in Tacitus. Common in the Archaists.) gaudia gaudent 1, 246. ire viam 1, 556. venisse viam 1, 231. § 37. Accusative of Specification. 12 cases. 10 refer to some part of the body, as: pectora pressus 4, 443, the others to the mind: velantur mentes 2, 768. devinctos animam 2, 5. The occurrences are: 1, 607. 733. 2, 188. 377. 3, 296. 321. 364. 4, 205. 306. § 38. The accusative after the passive of a Verb of Clothing. Especially common in Vergil (see Aen. 7, 640 etc.): indutum tegmina vestis 4, 651 (cf. ahL 4, 687). § 39. Two Accusatives: te pocula poscat 2, 258. facieni sputa complent 4, 566. § 40. Accusative of Exclamation. Two cases: en regem 4, 679. famulam nunc ecce 1, 77 Cf. § 32. 3. G e n i t i V e. § 41. Appositional Genitive. According to some this represents most nearly the ground meaning of the case in Latin. Juvencus has a strong fondness for this construction as a periphrasis for api)osition or an adjectival construction, and shows here one of his more marked di- vergences from Vergil, velamina vestis 4, 748. tegmina vestis 4, 275. alimenta cibi 1, 370. ciborum 3, 207. sinu-^ amine uteri 1, 87. sarcina oneris 2, 556. populus discipu- lorum 2, 562. munera prolis 1, 49. stramine lecti 4, 174. plebem Israhelitarum 1, 240. vincula funis 2, 260. laticis potum 2, 252. castelli habitacula 3, 625, verbera flagri 2, 158. strata tororum 3, 621. 4, 176. lapidum telis 3, 721. turba propinquorum 1, 108. substantia panis 1, 595. miseramen parvr panis 4, 289. virtutis honos pr. 7. labes malorum 3, 2^, rabies veneni 1, 404. numerum prolis 1, 465. germine pomi 1, 699. — lo- in the same way with a >viord denoting place: men- teni riget anine diileis lordanis pr. 26 (ef. Aen. 6, 659). After nomen: nomen tenuere Magorum 1, 226. So, fatui miserive 1, 503. niatris generisque 2, 732. Petri 1, 422. minimi 1, 492. magni 1, 495. diversae gentis 3, 429, and many others. (But: hie habuit nomen Lazarus 4, 316.) Note. For constructions after nomen est etc., see § 55. § 42. Objective Genitive is common: iusti accusa- tio 4, 594. plebis miseratio 3, 205. ardorem bibendj 2, 2iSS, damnum lucis 3,309. prophetarum insectatio 1,471. cura moderaminis 1, 6. cura nostri conspectus 4, 773. nummorum cupido 2, 442. verborum ponite curam 2, 464. Freer examples are: hducia patris 1, 648 (cf. Ov. M. 8,433). generis 1,331. offensio lapidis 1,393. laetitia in- ventae agnae 3, 415. corporis et animi potestas 2, 489. po- testatem minimi capilli 1, 543. § 43. Genitive after Verbal Nouns in -tor: vestrae doctorem lucis 3, 109. genitor reruni pr. 4. victorem leti 4, 769. servator iusti 1,2. § 44. Genitive of Quality is rare. The following examples are quotable: suppressae vocis pavitantia dicta volutat 1, 95. gens nullius fidei 3, 365. tantaeque minister virtutis 3, 27. tantae molis spectacula 3, 326. innnensae virtutis dona 3, 73. So without a noun : unum danniati ca])itis 4, 600. Expressions of name: nominis Hebraei sunt Gessameneia rura 4, 478. proceres ludaei nominis 2, 178. § 45. Partitive Genitive. 1) with numerals: milia (piinque vin^rum 3, 91. plebis caelestis 1, 171. With unus (used by Cic. etc.) procerum unus 2, 178. unus discipulorum 2, 362. (But: e discipulis imus 2,19. 4,422. 4,522.) cf. solus procerum 4,716. solus regum 4, 808 (cf. Ter. Phorm. 587. Pliny 10, 23 (33) §69). 2) with neuter pronouns: his rerum 4, 300. quantum temporis 2, 698. 3) with substantivized neuter adjectives (on the very connnon occurrence of such adjective-nouns see § 117). a) in the singular rare: iteris duplum 1, 557. The joining of a preposition to such an adjective in the sing. 11 is post-classical, first used freely by Livy (Drager, Hist. Synt.2 1, 456). Probably the only case in Juvencus is: sub occiduum caeli 4, 147. b) in the i)lural, common and very characteristic (only 07ie such case in Caes. b. c. 3, 105): iussa laboris 3, 700. firmissima legis 4, 38. per di versa loci 4, 107. iusta operum 1, 468. per longa viarum 1, 227. per lubrica mortis 4, 499. caeli secreta 1, 175. (cordis secreto 3, 169.) sollemnia paschae 2, 153. mediocria cenae 3, 619. mollia prati 4, 2iyiy, obscura leguni 1, 293. onmia legis 1, 235. mundi 2, 198 etc. operta mentis 2, H2. plurima terrae 1, 145. saepta viarum 3, 755. sublimia lucis 4, 115. tristia morbi 4, 314. ultima barathri 4, 67. 4) with substantivized adjectives used personally. This usage first introduced by Vergil; most frequent in Tacitus: eximios vatum 3, 292. multos plebis 2, 324. plerosque ho- minuni 3, 487. princeps vatum 4, 404. multi vestrum 4, 109. Note. The metaphorical expression: culmina vatum 1, 233 is similar to amicorum columen, Cic. Phil. 13, 12. 5) after pronouns used personally: quisquam nostrum 4, 278. 295. vestrum 3, 707. quis vestrum 3, 303. § 46. Predicate Gen. with esse, in the following cases: hoc nostrae non est comprendere mentis 2, 189. en rcgem nostrae quern credere gentis debuimus 4, 680. Deno- ting simple possession: stultarum non est prudentia talis 4, 204, and elsewhere. § 47. Genitive with Adjectives of Relation exhi- bits classical usage in case of nescius, memor, expers, pro- prius. Liber (4, 619) and tenax (3, 518) with the gen. be- long to post-classic or poetical diction. N o t e 1. On slmilis see § 60. Note 2. The genitive with aequaeva is citt. eip. 4, 270. Elsewhere it is used absolutely or construed with the dat. See Pliny 16, 14, 86. Note 3. The line: captos oculis et crurura debile vulgus 3, 198 introduces a gen. instead of the abl. of re- spect. This use is qtt. eip. and must be regarded as a bold poetical construction. Cf. 3, 643. — 12 — § 48. Genitive of Charge or Penalty. Only after crimen: pr. 20. 3, 478. § 49. Genitive of Price, only in the sentences: animiini pluris fiicinms quani eseas 1, 632. amore pluris 2, 501. § 50. Genitive dependent on Genitive is avoided, though it occurs twice, — in one instance with the geni- tives i)laced innnediately together: regnonini caeli celebratio 4, 117. maculas ii)soruni tenniite vitae 4, hh. § 51. Genitive after Verbs of Remembering or Forgetting, occurs with nieniinisse, as 1, 895. § 52. For the Genitive with Verbs of Plenty and Want see § m. 4. l3 a t i V e. § 53. With Intransitives: abnegare sihi, 'deny him- self' (dTT.?) 3, 304. haerere 1, 720. iniperare 2, 38. talibus indignans 3,32 (post-cl.). indulgens ebrietati 4, 192. inhere, with dative and inf.: 1, 376. 740. 2, 11. 3, 93. 624. parere 1, 740 etc. propinquare 3, 104. pugnare 4, 563 (accord to Driiger a Graecisni) servire 1, 712 etc. suadere 3, 78. Note. ComHari (— 'comitem esse*) has twice the dative: 2, 693. 4, 219. It is also followed by the accusa- tive: dextram coniitatur harundo 4, 646. § 54. After Verbs Compounded with Prepositions. a) Intransitives. The following verbs are followed by the dative: adcrescere, adcund)ere, adesse, adhaerere (freq. after Livy), annuere, arridere, concedere, concurrere (only used absolutely in classic prose), contingere, incuni- bere, inhaerere, inhiare, inolescere, insinuare, insistere, in- stare, insultare (so Cic. Verr. 5 § 132), invigilare (poet.), obsistere, occurrere, praestare, resistere, subire (poet.), suc- cedere, succund)ere, succurrere. Note. Incidere and incubare are followed by the accus. Cf. § 34. b) Transitive verbs, which may also have a direct object in the accusative : abdere, addicere, adfigere, adster- nere, componere, conferre, exercere, imponere, imprimere, t! - 13 - inducere, infundere, ingerere, inserere, offerre, postponere, subdere, subicere. § 55. . Nomen est is followed by the nominative of the proper name: cui nomen est lesus 2, 106. cui nomen loseph 3, 25. nomen Legio est nobis 2, 58. Nobiscum Deus est nomen cui 1, 142. The nom. instead of the ace. appears in the expression: Lazarus hie habuit nomen 4, 316. The case is doubtful in: nomen gestabat loseph 4, 718. (Note also the expressions: proceres ludaei nominis 2, 178. no- minis Hebraei Gessameneia rura 4, 478. sit nomine lesus 1, 63. nomine lohannem vocitare memento 1, 26. cieut fatui sub nomine fratrem 1, 503. cf. § 41.) § 56. Dative of Reference (commodi et incom- modi). Exceedingly common, especially with pronouns: tibi puerum gigni 1, 70. So 1, 14. 40. vobis 1, 41. 690 etc. sibi 2, Q>:^^, 696. 3, 79 etc. cui 1, 19. 140. 717. 2, 45 etc. his 1, 467. iUi 1, 769. 4, 12. illis 1, 417. 2, 761. With present participles: iubenti 1, 77. tractanti 1, 137. surgenti 1, 355. revertenti 2, 76. Note. Dative after verbs of deprivation and sepa- ration: quis tulerat vitam 4, 721. precibus locum abegit 3, 449. sitim mihi removit 4, 273. morti fratrem rapere acerbae 4, 341. sustulit thronum saevis 1, 101. segni tol- latur. portio 4, 250. omnibus dempsit languores 3, 200. > § 57. Final Dative. Of rare occurrence and incon- si)icuous: hospitio fuerant habitacula 1, 154. duroque datur praesepe cubili 1, 157. For this dative the accus. with ad is used in the expression: hie puer ad casum populi datur 1, 209. Note. Final dative after gerundive in 2 cases: cura manibus lavandis 3, 136. copia fructibus promendis 3, 660. § 58. Dative after Passive Verbs: a) after the gerundive invariably: nato videnda 2, 638. Cf. 1, 353. 2, 145. 3, 728. 4, 84. b) after forms of the passive containing the perfect participle. (This construction not in Caesar.) accitos famulis 3, 739. vox instincta Deo 1, 276 (?). inventum sibi 1, 242. credita cunctis 1, 73 (cf. § 67). i 1 I! d \\ — 14 - e) after other passive verb-forms: cunctis gciitibns ha- beri 1,100. cmctis gloria laudctur 1,482. cur qno(,uam iumenta trahautur 3, C28. mcrccs vobis servatur 1, 470. vobis curetnr 1, 653. cui iinpletur voluntas 2, 730. quae- ratur lectio vobis 2, 676. non n.ihi captatur gloria 2, t>81. homini videantur 3, 531. ceruitur suis 4, 785. respuitur vo- bis 2, 683. r M 4.- „ A 8 >9 Final Locative after Verbs of Motion. A poetical 'Jonstniction very common in Juveucus: hannis pro- fundo praecipitetur 3, 391. baec templo feruntur 1, 189. in- seruit astris 3, 267. qucm dimittere vitae 4, 602. pro.e(.t templo argentnm 4, 629. pacem terris inmittere 2, 498 obrcptans animo 1,547. aris inferret odorcs 1- f- f^^y^'f admota munera 1,507. servum cladibus abdet. 4, l.»a. tel- luri infodiens 4, 235. advcniet terris 4, 121. vitaeye ani.nove sedebuiit 3, 149. ilia cadunt solo 2, 739. labuntur leto 2, (4i. prostravit viridi lerrae 1, 162. 4, 495. condunt terrae trun- cum 3, 69. prosternerc Icto 4, 406 (cf. 4, 331). § 60 Dative after Adjectives occurs with eonscius, dissonus, facilis, gratus, ignotus, infcnsus, levis, nescius, noxius, obnoxius, obvius, propius, visibilis. With exceptions noted below, similis and consimilis are always /"""^yed by the dative, thus: parent! 1, 572. sibi 2 197 (volucn 1 723). ministris 4, 33. sepulcris 4, 74. agro 2, 779. agricolae 2 79.>. grano 2,813. istis 3,575. consimile isti 4 42. But: si- milem sancti ilatus 2, 203. domini consimile est 3, 438. Note The infinitive after adjectives is found m the phrases: soUcrs notare 1, 225. contcntus prcnderc 3 619 dignus comprendcre 1,190. dignus contingere 1,339. ser- vire parata 1, 78. 5. Ablative. § 61. Ablative of Manner. Perhaps one of the most characteristic features of this work as a inonument of late Latin is the frequent use of the modal ablative of the gerund. (See Schmal/,, Lat. Synt. § 93 a 2 and Miodonski, Inonvnuis adv. aleatores, p. 68.) This is a vu gar usage rarely occurring in older Latin, wanting m Cicero and - 15 - Caesa' very common in late Latin, and surviving in Ro- mance 'languages in forms in -do. It has often the force of a present participle in agreement with the subject. Quae Dens dignando loquetur 1, 93. iiiox praegrediere viando 126. ritiim scrvando paientcs 282. homines audcndo docebit 491. diem verbis ducendo fatigant 582. temptando 2,586. ad- sociat glomerando furores 721. insinuando adit 797. insi- nuando docebat 3, 20. inrita facitis docendo 143. qui fecit ista iniserando 4, 282. vigilando dueite noctem 487. Otherwise the abl. of manner is generally supplied with an attribute, as: auribus adsistunt clausis oculisque gravatis 2, 770. Without attribute: lure 1, 146. 4, 71. ordine 1, 304. vicibus 1, 3. genitoris nomine veni 2, 682. nee quicquam faxfu contempserit istos 3, 407 (perhaps imitated from Pro- pertius 1, 7, 25). § 62. Ablative of Respect: cruribus atque oculis debile valgus 3, 643. simplicitate superate coluinbas 2, 459. callens astris 1, 258. natu gravior 1, 216. lingua et visu tmncatum 2, 603. captos oculis 3, 198. medio submersus corporc 3, 120. maiestate potens 4, 156. § 63. Ablative of Price, probably only : nulla mer- cede dabuntur 2, 439. § 64. Ablative after Comparatives: seminibus mi- nus omnibus 2, 815. deterior suppliciis 2, 455. minor hoc 2,538. inaior virtute 2,262. aniore meo pluris 2,501. ma- nifestior luce 2, 669. potior Solomone 2, 711. dicto citius 1, 763. § 65. Ablative of Degree of Difference: quanto felicior esset 4, 441. § 66. Ablative of Quality throughout is rare. The following cases are quotable: famoso nomine latro 4, 601. blando obsequio esse 1, 563. liventi pectore daemon 3, 37. praestupido corde pars 4, 199. aequali praemia nummo 3, 571. Perhaps also: feno fulgente machaera 1, 212. in- sidias maculoso textu 1, 431. veteri incunabula textu 1, 156. § 67. Ablative of Means presents little that is unu- sual. Agent without a preposition after passive verb: Deo « - 16 - instincta 1, 276 (or dat.? § 58 b). dacmone pcllitnr atro 2 614. muninc iussus 1, 264. 313. iussa 1, 219. Simple abl. of means following ah: stellae ab ortu admonitos 1, 230. Fruor, vescor and opus est are followed by the abl.: 2, 354. 3, 47. 4, 438. § 68 Ablative after Verbs of Plenty and Want. Complere has the abl. 6 times (1, 22. 85. 215. 381. .3, 272 4 726) the genitive twice: complentur mixtae plebis d, . Simple Subjunctive: orabant linqutnct regio- iiciu i 74 (ef. orabant ne traberetnr 2, 8:35). Jobannes vo- citetiir' ingeminat 1, 110. satis est iubeas 1, 748 {an. eip..^. te preeor doturbes 3, 358. ro-abant petercnt, ne^^areut 4, 610. perguut mercentur olivum 4, 217. rogitabant sumerct cscas 2 302. tu peteres traderet 2, 258. ' Note. A mixture of subjunctive and intinitive con- structions is noticeable in the following- passage: ego prae- cipiani ne quis . . . audeat, atque . . . nioveri 1, 499 ss. Cf. : dicitis adveniet . . . venire 3, 226 ss. § 93. Conditional Sentences Without Particle: solvite tenipluni, restituani 2, 166. dixissent prophetani, cul- ])ani traheret confessio 3, 687. § 94. Paratactic Temporal Construction: fuderat iubar sol. discipuli rogitant 3, 1. h) Infinitive, and Ace. with Inf. § 95. Final Infinitive. Used after v erbs of motion in Plautus and Terence, not known in classic prose, com-, mon in Arcliaists, Vulgate and ecclesiastical Latin. A cba- racteristic feature of Juvencus's syntax : capit frangere pa- nem 4, 446. concurrunt visere 4, 744. — comprendere 4, 531. current levare 1, 392. dimisit ponere 2, 671. exorsus su- niere 4, 630. incumbunt eonquirere 4, 543. laborant foedare 1, 605. - purgare 1, 661. - addere 1, 274. dedit obser- vLre 1, 187. datur sperare 4, 424. misi succidere 2, 318. misit disquirere 2, 228.- expendere 2, 228. mitto aptare 2,535. properat nectere 1,383. — disperdere 2,68. reddit portare 3, 497. repctat sustollerc 4, 125. sequitur disperdere 2, 374. veni dissolvere 1 , 483. — inmittere 2, 498. — re- vocare 2, 360. vocabit accumbere 1, 757. — 23 — S 96 Objective Infinitive, after causative and auxi- liary kerbs'. Tbis infinitive follows tbe verbs: audere co- here curare desinere dignari exoptare gaudere hortari m- dulo-ere insistere instituere merere monstrare noscere orare parcere poscere quiescere recusare requirere rogare smere suadere subigere temptare urgere velle vetare volutare. § 97 Simple Infinitive as Subject. Very common: vestrum est iungere 4, 793. aequuin est omnibus nescir^ 4, 163. certum est ponere fructum 4, 2S,^. cf. 3, 387 dith- cile est avelli 3, 522. necesse est credere 1, 72. cf. 1, 18-. 940 2 473. satis est aequare 2, 477. facile est cernere 4 11 146. fuerit vacuum tollere 3, 246. est iniustum clau- dere 3 690. dignum est quaerere 3, 138. fas est mrare 1, 538.' par sit succedere 2, 446. non est credere vestrum n] 708. non est credere unum incurrerc 2, 491. est mibi virtus ponere 4, 496. est animus committere 3, 283. grata domus babitare 2, 47. mens est dimittere 3, 726. curam tractare 4, 230. complacuit prosternere 4, 406. Indus erat eoncidere 2, 52. Cf. 2, 189. 1, 640. 2, 760. 489. 573. 51o. 3, 463. 327. 1, 168. 561. 563 etc. and see § 21. , ' Note. Infinitival Clause as subject of a finite verb: inlotis manibus sumere victum non polluit umquam 3, 175. § 98. Accusative with Infinitive in Indirect Dis- course. Tlie following verbs may be mentioned as fol- lowed by this construction: admonere certare 3, 345 {an. eip.?) eomperire concedere discere docere dubitare exorare facere gaudere imperare iubere (also followed by dat. and inf. and ut with subj. 2, 145) legere monere notare nuntiare ostendere perferre permittere i)raecipere promittere spon- dere stupere urgere. § 99. Accusative with Infinitive as Subject: cor- pus vos quaerere 4, 753. fama venit remeasse salutem 2, 343. iniustum est nos quaerere 3, 575. concessum est Jeum] sur- gere 2, 103. certum est te esse prophetam 2, 278. natum tolli necesse est 2, 219. natum inhabitare necesse est 1, 301. nee mirum videatur corpora exsurgere 2, 659. creditur vos tenere 3, 651. - 24 - § 100. Present Participle Takes Up Infinitive Con- struction: imntiiis pnfort iuvenoiu iacerc et teiientom 4, 813. § 101. Other Noticeable Points in Infin. and Ac- cus. Construction: a) Accus. w. Inf. in Ablative Absolute Construetion : audito Christum venisse 4, oi\S. b) Infinitive depends on verb implied in noun: latra- tibus. . . Moysea iuberc 4, 15. c) Two infinitives: voluistis visere stramen moveri 2, 528. stupuistis lij;num desisse dueere sueos 3, ()()4. neseire auderes dieere 4, 240. non est eredere unum ineurrere 2, 491. d) Subjeet, when a i>ronoun, is often omitted: turn [eum] solvi iussit 4, :)<)T. doeuit [sej dedere 4, 448. edoeuit [se] vidisse 1,45. extinxisse putat eunctos 1,269. eoncla- mant [eum] decipiendum 2, 598 etc. 2. Subordination by means of Relative Pronouns and Particles. § 102. A General Relative Implying a Condition, is very conmion, e. g.: -a) qiiicumque limiuet, eapiet 3, 545. Cf. 3, 60. 148. 756 2,238. 451. 504. b) qidcqiud poscis eertum est posse venire 4, 342. e) quisque aberit, . . eonsistet 2, 619. Cf. 2, 621. 628. 3, 401 etc. , ^^ ,* d) qui tenebit, . . . bunc fiiciam 1, 721. Cf. 3, 28b. 393. 401. 476 etc. § 103. Relative Clauses of Characteristic Result: aderat tempus qm fundere partum dies eo^icret 1, 105. o:enuit nee femina quemquam maior qui esset 2, 537. sex illie fuerant vaseula quae aperirent 2, 140. portio quae posset praestare 3, 376. merees quae factum tale sequatur 1, 575. venit qui dedat 4, 509. genitus puer est qui populis lueem propai;et 1, 167. cui submittant eolla proeellae 2, 42 etc., very connnon. Note 1. Sunt qui witli tbe indicative: sunt quos iactantia tollit 1, 580. — 25 — Note 2. Informal Indirect Discourse: prosiliunt testes qui audissent lesum dieere 4, 547. 8 104 Relative Clauses of Purpose:, quendam quaeri iubebat qui caperet mandata 4,431. ^-;^\^!>^ ^^^^^^ ,^^^^^^^^^ laeta vocarent 3, 747. veni immittere ^ladium qm dmmat natum 2,499. famulos mittit quis portio daretur 3,719. signa dabit quts proles bominis clareat 4, 154. omms sit recta semita quae vestigia gestet 1, 316. „ , ,. § 105. Attraction of Antecedent into Relative Clause- quem tibi terribilis concussit corde pavorem visus, eum etc. 1, 14. capessat quod Deus vult pandere munus 3 491 nulla istic iaceant fuerant quae condita membra 4 758. quae vos aulaea receptent 3, 329. veteres ponunt quae iussa propbetae 1, 484. quae cupitis benefacta, baec praestate 1, 676. Tliis attraction belongs especially to poe- tical stvle. Note. Attraction of tbe case of a relative to tbat of its antecedent does not seem to take place. § 106. Further Cases. a) Change of Construction from subj. to indie: con- simile est domini qui iusserit . . . et praecipit 3, 440. b) Second Pers. in rel. clause: domino servire qui meteres, etc. 4, 242. c) Subj. by attraction: quid quaestio vellet quam mox scribis dedisset 3, 160. § 107. Accusative Conjunction. 1. After quod. a) quod after vv. sentiendi et declarandi. A late and colloquial use, very common in ecclesiastical Latin (cf. quo- niam § 108, 2). Occurs after prodiderat 1, 192. manifesta- tur 1, 238. sentis 1, 300. mentis penetralia tanget 1, 506. iurabo 1, 713. scimus 2, 291. docebat 2, 327. mentem te- nebat 2, 388. putat 3, 35. cernens 3, 38. memorant 3, 152. dicitis 3, 245. scire 3, 248. firmare 3, 262. credere 4, 468. dieere 4, 547. aiunt 3, 567. Note 1. Quod follows the verbal idea contained in the noun fama: fama quod virtus cuncta domaret 3, 34. Note 2. Subst. clause with quod as subj. of finite •^fm — 26 — verb: ego quod gcnitoris nomine veui, Respuitnr vobis 2, C83. b) (luod mmca is generally followed by the subjunc- tive as introducing a reason in the nund of another tluin the writer, as: laetantes ([uod omnia vera recurrant 1, 180 Cf. 1, 702. 2, ir,0. 2<)(i. 5(57. :$, 47.$. 494. 4, r,79. mj. But with indie.: Petrnm niulier quod viderat, in(iuit 4, ;)71. So: 1,119. i:'.4. 4,;529. e) Perhaps Sir. eip. is the phrase: haut dubium est quod 2, 180. , ^ 4- 1 2. Quia. It is noticeable that Juvencus does not tol- low the frequent usage of ecclesiastical authors, Vulgate, etc. iu employing quia in declarative clauses equivalent to accns. with infin. (cf. his use of quod and quoniam). quia, causal is much less frcciuent than quod, and is followed by the indicative : suboles (luia degcner errat 1 , 333. (inia testis habetur 2, <)(J6. labat quia 3, 373. 3. Quam appears with poxt always in the form iWHt- quam, and is foll<.wed by the indicative, - either historical present or perfect, e.g. 1,247. 3,4r)l. 4, 92. 36(i. 398 bll. Compare: ante etiam cpiam te vocitarent verba Ilulippi vidit te Spiritiis 2, 116. a) Comparative clauses with quam: citius potcrunt transire .luam qneat ut dives videre 3, b2o. rcfert mein- brum perdcrc quam dedere 1,025. nee prius solvens quam reddatur 1, r)17. 4. Dttm. dum 'while' with pies, indie.: dum complet^ eece po- puli veiieie 2,321. hoc euretur dum gradittir 1.513. dum 'so long as', with future: quae manet dum sae- cla volabuiit pr. 12. , •» dum 'until', with accessory idea of purpose: detrusit in torinenta dum lueret 3, 455. § 108. Locative Conjunction. i. Cum (quom). Tiic imperf. and plnperf. after cum are regularly in the subjunctive, as: 1, 10. 196. 645. 2, Ho. 3 53. 4, 205. but : iainquc torpebant omnia Cum puppis medio sulcabat in aequore fluctus 3, 98. — 27 — 2 Quoniam, causal, is always followed by the indi- cative- 1, 720. 2, 657. 663. 675. 4, 231. qu^nia^n after verbs of remembering is treated, aecor^ din^ to late Latin and ecclesiastical usage, like quta aiid ouod i. e.: introducing a substantive clause equivalent t« rteus. with infin.: memini quoniam non sola tenebit 1 379. meminissc (luoniam planus ille solebat 4, <.il. ' 3 Donee has always the meaning 'until', and is al- ways construed with the subjunctive, whereas Cicero uses it only with the indicative. Vita fuit puero donee vatcs ad officium pubesceret 1 130 iul)et transire frctum douec dimitteret omnes 3, 94. donee interitus ve.iiat ne decrit 1, 488. praeteriet neque ge- neratio donee euncta ^laudat finis 4, 159. nee praesentia dcerit donee dissolvat saeeula finis 4, 800. celabat gaud.um donee (luinque complcrent lumina lunam 1 , oO. elaudetm vox donee cuneta finnentur 1, 41. -r TTj. a) L^ relative: ut undae involvere terras, sic descen- det 4 168. ut arbor vestitur germiue, sic dolus patescit 1, 700. ut credis, veniet 1, 762. (For omission of verb after relative ut, see § 6, 3.) ■ b) ^tftemporal: ut (eos) vidit, illi genitorem relmquunt, 1, 433. ut vidit Sanctus, movere praecipit 4, 374. c) Ut final or consecutive shows little that is extra- ordinary. Notice the parallel use of a final infinitive and ut- clause: non misit disquirere sed ut veniant^munera, 2, 229. For other purpose-constructions see §§ 78. 85. 95. Note. The negative final clause is always intro- duced by ne. d) Ut after verbs of asking-, promising-, perceiving and teaching: dominum deposcere ut velit 2, 429. inhere ut tra- dant 2, 145. rogabant ut distingueret 4, 93 {rogo also fol- lowed by infinitive, 2, 35. 4, 605. 720. and simple suhj. § 92). adiurabo ut fateare 4, 554. rogabat ut nati sedc- rent 3, 592. spondent mandatum ut studeant 1, 391. ceniitis ut subiganf? 2, 60. audiet ut mendacia dices 4, 472. cernite ut lilia fulgent 1, 642. praecipit ut caperent 3, 570. 28 — Note. Ut introduces a clause explanatory of a noun : uec nietiis ut rapiant incendia hoc opus pr. 21. 5. Uhi is always tcni})oral, and is generally construed with the historical ])resent, perfect, future or future perfect. 3 times with the plujierfect : ubi tertia venerat hora o, 556. ubi transfiuxerat hora 3, 500. ubi transegerat nonaui horani 4, 689. 6. Si, On d as an interrogative particle, see § 01. On conditional clauses introduced by a general relative pronoun, see S ^^2. a) S'l local, in correlation with sic. sic reniittet, si velitis cedere 1, 602. (This usage begins in literature with Horace — ep. 1, 7. 69 — but is perhaps the original con- struction. See Schmalz, Lat. Syn. 5^ 295.) b) Si after expressions of the emotions: dignum ge- nuit quicquam si Nazara, miror 2, 107. c) Future indicative in both mend)ers of a condition: si fides consistet, substantia ccdet 3, 668. si acics nitebit, clare splendebunt 1, 619. si quis ausus erit, pariterque do- cebit, . . tenebit 1, 490. cf. 4, 66. d) Pres. indie. — future: si Deus est genitor tibi, iaculabere corpus 1, 387. si veneramur, . . quis locus po- tent haberi 1, 570. e) Im])erative or Jussive Subjunctive in Conclusion: nunc si perfecta requiris . . distrahe 3, 513. si quis per- cusserit . . praebere memento 1, 551. si tua virtus digna- tur, . . me permitte 3, 112. si paenitet, tacite fructum 1, 330. si cernis, corripe 3, 420. si te laqueaverit error, auctorem ccmvellito et iaculare 1, 525. auferet si quis, . . cede libens paritenpie ferat 1, 554. si quis vacat . . devitet 3, ()14. si fas est, transeat 4, 490. desiderium si te capit, veniat maritus 2, 272. si (juis sequatur, abnegct 3, 3U4. qui decei)erit ullum, si sapiat, nectet saxa sua coUa 3, 405. sin tua contenniit verba, tunc alius frequentet 3, 423. si quis loquetur . . credulitas absit 4, 144. f) Indicative in Indirect Discourse: Moysea inhere, si quis conubium relinquet, . . vinclum debere ne pereat, etc. 4, 15 ss. - 29 - § 109. Modal Conjunction, with Quin: ne littera deerit onmia (piin fiant 1, 489. (Quin corroborative: nee poterat rctinere furorem, quin etiam rumpebat vincula 2, 49.) § 110. Ablative Conjunction with Quo ^^ ut: ve- nisse viam quo numen adorent 1, 232. parcite, quo soli cognoscant talia digni 3, 289. talia promebat quo possent dicta coucurrere 2, ^2^. percurret animam matris quo pa- teant volumina cordis 1, 213. C. Characteristic Employment of the Different Parts of Speech. 1. Nouns. § 111. Abstracts in -io. The number of such ab- stracts was greatly increased by the Christian prose writers, but Juvencus can hardly be said to share in this innovation. He uses about 44 of these nouns, though some (such as legio, regio) have not a clearly abstract signification. Only 1 word (marked *) is dir. eip. and 5 (followed by the sign f) belong to post- Augustan and late Latin. The remaining 38 are classical, though a few (as dignatio, temptatio), are wsed with a special and late meaning. List. accusatio admiratio adolatio agitatio cautio celebratio confessio cunctatio curatio danmatio *defletio devotio dicio dignatio direptio discussio f distinctio divulsio f dubitatio factio generatiof glomeratio f insectatio largitio laudatio lectio legio miseratio moderatio offensio portio possessio quaestio ratio regio religio reparatio f selectio simulatio suspicio temptatio trepidatio veneratio visio. § 112. Plural of Abstracts. A noticeable passage is 3, 170—171: consilia et caedes et furta nefanda tororum et fraudes fallaxque hominum pro testibus error. Other abstracts in the plural are: affectus concentus con- sortia contagia gaudia ieiunia odia odores otia periuria pondera robora silentia solatia vices vitae vires. - 30 — § 113. Plural of Concretes: pluviis ventisque 1, 718. escas 2, 248. ciborum 2, 370. vina 2, 130. imista 2, 375. pectora 2, 111. 393. ante suos vultus 1, 36. corda 4, 350 (and often), ter^ni asinae 3, 634. nectat saxo sua colla nio- lari 3, 405. tuos vultus 2, 536. domibus egrcssi 2, 453. uteri pondera 1, 134. thalamos 3, 741. § 114. Concretes used Collectively in Singular: miles 4, 650 etc. flamma 1, 502. cordis 4, 7. scriba 4, 403. § 115. Abstract Noun as Subject or Object, rea- dies its bi^hest limits in tbe age of Const antine, and tlie frecpient employment of sucb nouns in place of a personal substantive or concrete noun is perbaps tbe rnost charac- teristlc feature of tbis work, and occurs wbere all sorts of actions are indicated wbicb could only be performed by a concrete being, as : pueros quos gaudens cura parentum bine inde ferebat 3, 492. sustiilerit corpus rapiens audacia dis- cipulorum 4, 782. virtus . . caelum suspicit et genitorem precatur 4, 385. adplaudet laudatio vulgi 1, 576. Otber bold examples: scriptis vester si crederet error 2, 690. admiratio plebis stupuit 1, 728. praemia iustitiae tribuet seclerique gebennam 1, 707. prodet fratrem insania fratris 2, 467. Dominum devotio cordis diligat 4, 40. turbet re- cens insania plebem 4, 737. pulcberrima virtus constituet bis sex sedes 3, 542. So triticeus nitor = triticmn 2, 805. lunaris gratia lucis = luna 4, 150. ars = 'tbe money ac- quired by trading' 2, 157. spiceus borror = 'wbeat' 2, 799. ComparJ furtbermore 1, 217. 2nH. 312. 467. 543. 615. 702. 708. 750. 2, 8. 21. 262. 326. 416. 463. 540. 602. 612. 650. 3, 46. 50. 294. 430. 492. 546. 684. 4, 17. 20. 150. 572 etc. etc. § 116. Nouns in -tor, -sor, -trix. As in tbe use of abstracts in -io (§ HI), Juvencus is very conservative in yielding to tbe later freedom of formation of verbal nouns witb tbese suftixes, but follows classic usage in denoting by sucb terms tbe j^osMesslon of permanent quality or distin- guhhing characteristic, 27 of tbese forms are used. 2 are ciTT. eip., 2 post- Augustan (f) and 2 poetical. Tbe remain- ine: 21 are classical. — 31 — accusator arator auctor *completor conductor cultor doctor genetrix genitor lector messor monitor pastor *per- spector "liraeceptor proditor quacsitor rector regnator (poet.) repertor salvatorf sator scrutator f servator temptator (poet, and P.-A.) ultor victor. 2. Adjectives. § 117. Adjectives (and Participles) as Substan- tives. Tbe very free use of tbese expressions is one of the characteristic developments of silver and late Latinity, and is too common here to allow a complete catalogue. Especially does Juvencus incline to neuter plural adjectives used in a concrete sense, followed by a partitive or appo- sitional genitive. Such expressions as sollemnia paschae, mediocria cenae, were doubtless considered more impressive than a directer phrase to the same effect, and possessed a vaguer, more undefined shade of meaning, which added to their poetic quality. a) Substantive-Adjectives modified by Attributive Ad- jectives: dulcia bona bona mitia brutae segues humiles egcntes miseri egentes humiles minimi cari propinqui mi- seri ini(|ui miseri pravi miseri superbi mortalis ullus pro- funda horrenda vera omnia iusti lecti iustus venerabilis veteres iusti. b) Masculine and Feminine Adjectives used Substan- tively: proximus prof anus supplex macstus ferox ludaeus pennatus incolumis unus fallaces balantes certi eximii parvi — and participles very often, as: flens frigens negans poscens i)ulsans petentes palpantes quaerentes lactentes credentes loquentes sequentes sectantes lugentes ridentes peccantes cenantes habitantes errantes defuncti praeteriti progressus. c) Neuter Singular: altum arcanum castum duplum fiilsum futurum habitabile inane iustum meritum mirum occiduum optatum profundum serenum solidum sublime venturum verum mobile. d) Neuter Plural: (omitting connnon participle-nouns such as facta, delicta, errata) abdita alta ardua celsa culta — 32 — cuncta debita digna iiissa devia directa diversa firmissima gesta iiuiiiia incensa iiigrata iusta laeta largissima loiiga loiiginqua lubrica raediocria mollia iiiutua obscura oiiiiiia operta penetralia pliirima potiora prava prona sacra sancta serupea seereta sollciuiiia subliinia suiiiina tcrreiia terrestria tristia ultima veiitura vera veiialia virentia. Note. Oil the Partitive and Appositional Genitive after these forms see §§ 41, 45. § 118. Freer Use of Comparative: gens est ulte- rior 1, 224. primores hnins (gentis) 1, 226. velocius exit 2, 749. non est eertior hora 4, 226. gravior nunienis 4, 404. iam gravior 1, 198. solus iustior 4, 716. senior 2, 191. 3, 355. pars est sapientior 4, 198 (ef. crebrius audisse 3, 262). § 119. Adjective for Adverb. This usage is much more common than among classic authors, and includes ad- jectives denoting time, ])lace, the expression of emotion, etc. e. g.: miserans largire 1, 559. ut facilis veniat direptio 2, 618. fortior urget 3, 448. securus ccmfer 3, 516. lar- gior fluet gratia 2, 270. cede libens 1, 554. devotus adoret 1, 406. confidens respondet 3, 110. secretus adorat 3, 96. rarus messor superatur 2, 427. libens ornamenta caperet 4, 804. blandus iubebat 4, 767. ite volentes 4, 773. pla- cidus audis 4, 388. pavidus refugit 2, 238. avidi petebant 1, 322. prior dedit 2, 306. serus domum repetit 2, 829. solus teneret 2, 608. primus noscet 1, 25. primus sumpsit 4, 22. haeserit qui primus piscis 3, 393. subitus descendet 4, 168. repentiiius recurret 4, 183. novus in luceni veniat 2, 192. and many others. Cf. § 126. 3. Pronouns (and Adjective Pronouns). § 120. Change of number in 1st Person: nientem riget canentis . . . ut Christo digiia loquamur pr. 27. quae facta sequamur, ut mihi etc. 3,501. grates fatemur: me audis 4, 388. has mea mens vires cepit, et in taiitum mihi lucet gratia ut versibus nosfris gloria caperet, etc. 4, 801 ss. § 121. Pronoun Omitted. This is a common oc- currence, especially in indirect discourse: See § 101 d. So: ))ereuntem (me) diripe! 3, 121. invenit (eum) tractantem 1, 293. verba (eius) loquentis 3, 152. g 122. Suus quisque: donee dimitteret omncs in sua quemque viros 3, 95. natis quisque suis panem non detrahet 3, 186. § 123. Interchange of Pronouns. a) iiullus for nemo: nullus poterit conscendere 2, 214. ex ista nullus satiabitur unda 2, 2(y6. nulli responsa negabat 4, 39. (Rare in Cicero.) b) ullus = aliquis: qui deceperit ullum 3, 404. c) totus = omnis: tota per oppida Ij 147. (From sermo mil gar is,) d) alter = alius: veniet si nobihs alter 3, 616. e) alius = alter: aliam vultus partem 1, oh2. 4. Adverbs. i § 124. Neuter of an Adjective in place of Adverb: acternum 1, 21. 4, 63. 304. 305. horrendum 1, 759. incauta 4, 194. immensum 1, 729. magnum 1, 86. 93. multuin4, 420. niniium 1, ^^b, parvuni 1, 621. sordida 4, 190. tantum 3, 649. ultima 4, 546. See also § 119. Note, mox = simulatquey see Archiv f. Lat. Lex. 6, 267. 5. Numerals. § 125. Use of Composite Form. The frequent com- liound-forms of numerals are noticeable: bis quinis 4, 198. bis sex 2, 384. 3, 542. 4, 432. 2, 509. bis tenia 3, 316. ter dena 4, 426. bisseno 2, 431 etc. While this tends to rhe- torical display, it is also due to metrical reasons, as dtto- decim could not stand in hexameter verse. § 126. Distributives for Cardinals. A common usage of the Christian poets (see Germa7iia, 33: 401). So: trinos ex ordine menses 1, 103. bissenos annos 1, 281. bis tenia lumiiia 3, 316. bis quinis 4, 198. ter dena 4, 426. trhiis verbis 4, 472 etc. - 34 - - 35 - iy. Particles. S V^l Use of Negative Particles. The negative partiele nou is used 61 times, haut IT times. Haut is used most often with the adverb aliter. It is used with adjec- tives is fomid n times in the phrase haut mora, and is used' with the verbs veni and ^^oterat Livy, who seems to be the most frequent user of Jiaud with a verb, does not emplov it with either of these. (See M. Milller: Zuni Spraehgebrauch des Livius.) Noii introduces a jussive sub- junctive: mm sit tibi copiix ^'>, i)r)0. , . . .1 Note 'Nim is used for i;Teater emphasis m the phrase non umquam ( nmn1). and n<»n ])uri ( impuri) ]>ect(n-is 3, TOT. 7. Verbs. § l->8 Frequentative Verbs. Juvencus uses fre- Muentative verbs in i>eneral without distincticni of meaning fnn.i the primitives. As a rule the late Latin authors ior- med manv new fre^iuentatives, though for the most part these were only prepositional compounds of those already well known. Thev are mostly introduced by Apuleius and Tertullian, a smaller nmnber by later African writers like \rn<»bius, Fulgentius and Corippus. (See: Die Verba frecpien- tativa und intensiva, by E. Wolfflin, Archiv t* lat. Lexic. u. Oram. 4: IDT.) Only 2 arc air. eip. (*i. Freiiuentativcs in Juvencus: agito canto capto certo eesso circumvolito consector *correpto 2, 191 dubito gesto habito increpito inhabito insulto iacto obrepto 1, ;)4i (very rare) pnvit(» pertent(» pervcdito presso pulso ((uasso retent(» retracto rogito sector * superincrepito ( V) tento tracto vecto viso vocito volito volut(K III. Prosody. On the whole, Juvencus is a purist in the treatment of prosody. Considering the age in which he wrote, and the decline in the perception of natural quantities, it is a surprise that he followed classic models so closely. A few striking irregularities occur, but in general the reason for such liberties is apparent. § 129. Hiatus is carefully avoided, and Juvencus is far more scrupulous in this matter than Vergil himself. 6 cases: 1. nomine lohannenr hunc tu vocitare memento 1, 26. 2. post Sadducaei hinc inde latratibus urgent 4, 14. 3. urgetur monitis Mariam puerumque Joseph 1 2T2. 4. post fratres lacobum lohannemque marinis 1, 430. o. pondera: his Judas sceleri se subdidit alto 4, 42T. 6. et procul : utinain praesens virtus tua nobis 4, 340. The last case is that of the interjection 0, which does not admit of elision (cf. Hor. Od. 1, 1, 2). The fifth case is to be expected on account of the pause in sense after the first foot. In the first case the letter h seems to make position, as it does also in the word Tnhabitare 1, 301. See lluemer, Wiener Stud. 2, 103. § 130. Elision is much less frequent than in Vergil. In order to confirm this general impression, a comparison was made of the first 500 verses of the first book of Ju- vencus and of the Aeneid, these books containing in general the most resemblances. In Aen. 1—500 there are 232 cases of elision, in J. I. 1—500 there are 105 cases, or less than half as many. This proportion is believed to be charac- teristic. § 131. Lengthening of Final Vowel Before Cae- sura. Perhaps only 2 cases: Ergo age sanctificus 1| adsit mihi carminis auctor pr. 2b, dulcis lordanls || ut Christi digna loquamur pr. 2T. (but compare the first case in the preceding section). - % - S l-5-> Special Cases of Lengthened Syllables, lonra 'l. 7;U etc., luftri. 2, 140 an.l latr.. 4, 84 as: ' - -ot circnmstant tristem vera praesagia Christi 4, ;)84. § i:r>. Special cases of Shortened Syllables, adolatio and macerans arc shortened to lit dactylic meter. repens 1, 744 is perhaps due to confusion with repens 'sudden'. ^ . ^ . ^ . potlretur 2, 290 (may be caused by the tact that tlie verb potior is taken into the ;)rd conj. by Vergil Aen. :i, o;). Ovid etc.). . . . , . ibidem 2, 602. :>, 80 belongs to pronunciation m late Latin. Cf. Ambros. Hynms, Braune's Althochdeutschcs Lesebuch-' p. 24, v. 4. ^ Irregidar shortening takes place in : tilcundia 4, ;).n). ploratiis 4, 08;-). clamore :\ 646 etc. Ifulibrium 4, 64:5 (but elsewhere lud.) . Note 1. o in the ablative sing, of the genmd was considered common in later Latin (see Gebser: l)e Juvenc. Vita et Scriptis p. ID, note). It is short in all but three ("ise*^ Note 2. The above list does not include proper names^ which are subject to freer treatment. Cf. Zabfdon 1,411. Zabfihm 1,41:5. See Huemer, Wiener Stud. 2, 9.5. §1:54. Treatment of Genitive Forms in-ius. Such forms from nuUns, solus, unus, alter, ipse, iste, and ille — 37 — occur 35 times, and in regard to the quantity of the penult a law is followed which seems not to be observed by Ver- gil. Such of these forms as stand at the beginning of a verse are invariably shortened in the penult, — which happens 14 times. In all other cases the penult is long, — except in alterius w^hich must have a short penult in dac- tylic verse. § 135. Spondaic Verses. Three such verses occur, 2 217' 4, 629. 4, 233, and the last two of these consist of 6 consecutive spondaic feet: proiecit tcmplo tum detestans ar^-cntum 4, 629. certatim duplis auxerunt incrementis 4, 23'3. Cf. Eel. 4, 49 and Ennius Ann. 1, 66. M: olli re- spondit rex Albai longai. Catullus (116, 3) furnishes the only other example of such a verse from Ennius to Terentianus Maurus. § 1:^6. Characteristics of Juvencus's Verse, and Table. Juvencus's verse is noticeable for its heaviness, due to a very unusual excess of spondees. Ovid, who is considered a model in regard to the graceful lightness of his verse, shows the highest percentage of dactyls among Latin authors according to Drobisch (Ein statistischer Ver- such liber die Formen des lateinischen Hexameters). Consi- dering the first four feet of the verse, we find in the Meta- morphoses 54.8 «/o of dactyls; in the Heroides 56.4 »/o. Valerius Flaccus, the only other Latin writer who exhibits an excess of dactyls, has 53.8 0/0 of these feet. Vergil, Horace and Juvenal have each about 45 <^/o of dactyls. Ennius and Cicero, the most cumbrous of Latin versifiers noticed by Drobisch, have respectively 40 and 37 ^/o of dactyls. Juvencus's proportion is: d : s : : :^9.53 : 60.47. In company with all poets except Ennius, however, he indicates the character of dactylic verse by. beginning his verses more often with a dactyl than with a spondee. ' He has in the first foot 55.46 ^/^ of dactyls to 44.54 «/o of spondees. Vergil has 59.78 «/o of dactylic feet in the first place, while Ovid in the Fasti reaches the average of 89.P/o- Considering in detail the metrical composition — 38 — of every verse as regards the ocenrrcnee of dactyls and spondees (the Uvst two feet of every verse being onutted as practiealh- always ds), we find that Juvencus exhibits everv possibl'c form, and in the following manner: SoolT ^ SSSS ' SSSD i HSDI) ' SSDS I SDSS ' SDSD SDDS ' SDDD Preface Book I Book II Book III Book IV 2 0' 3 3 66 25 22 54 87 76 24 11 55 83 79 30 13 83 i 91 46 16 65 1 93 ' 2 29 28 35 25 2 43 45 44 41 1 18 15 10 9 Totals 314 i 125 i 62 I 232 | 349 Per Cent I 9.78 3.89 1.93 7.23 10.87 119 3.70 i 17;') 5.45 53 l"!65 Book ! DDDD ' DDDS DDSS DDSD DSDD ' DSPS DSSD DSSS Preface Book I Book II Book III Book IV Totals 5 12 11 18 1 2 I 41 115 } 58 106 ' 42 87 ' 00 88 3 21 40 35 23 3 2 22 75 3() 17 81 39 17 66 34 20 72 49 3 111 138 132 132 46 164 398 : 122 76 I 297 160 516 Per Cent , 1.43 \ 5.11 i 12.40 , 3.8 | 2.37 j 9.25 4.98 , 16.U« According to statistics made by the Latin Seminary of Johns Hopkins University in 1887, an average of the 12 hooks of the Aeneid gives the following percentages: dddd 2.12 sddd 2.13 ssdd 2.20 sssd 3.03 dsdd 3.51 sdsd 3.83 ddsd 4.70 dssd 5.57 sdds ssds 5.82 5.95 ddds 6.81 ssss 7.20 sdss 9.58 dsds 11.05 ddss 11.71 dsss 14.29 Notice t a) The high average (9.78) of the scheme ssss. None of Vergil's twelve hooks reach this, while the average of 15 poets made by Drobisch shows but 6.P/0. — 39 — b) The low average (9.25) of the scheme dsds. None of Vergil's books fall so low, and the 15 poets have 11.8 "/ . J) The high average of the scheme dsss (16.08). Only one book of the Aeneid lias so high a percentage, and the 15 poets show 15 ^/^ of this form. IV. Alliteration. § 137. Classes of Alliteration. Wolfflin, in his treatise- Die Allitterierenden Verbindnngen der lateinischen Sprache, Mmiich 1881, only admits to classiii cation such cases of alliteration as show the union or contrast ot snndar irirts of speech, where such combinations are co-ordinate members of the sentence; of Wrdfflin's class I find ])ut 2 'satisfactory examples, viz: astrorum sollers ortusque obitus- (jue notare 1, 225 (cf. orfiis et ohittis, Cic. de Inv. 1, d9. Vmbros. Hex. 6, 67; and orfus atque ohitus Catull. 66, 2 etc.) and: — visuque et voce vigentem 2, 605 (cf. vox ac visus, Tac. Ann. 6, 50, Pliny n. h. 10, 109). 1. Juvencus often exhibits alliteration between words in juxtaposition which have some grammatical comiection with each other, thus: a) Alliteration between a noun and its adjective: parve puer 1, 125. vitalia verba 2, 452. 3, 255. iustus lo- hannes caeci de carceris mnbris 2, 510 (cf. 3, 263). fermen- tmnque ferox 3, 240. veris verbis 3, 665. fiictio fallax 3, 689. visere quod voluit propriamque absolvere plebcm 1, 119. b) Alliteration between a verb and its object: finire furores 2, 64. servire servero 4, 241. gaudia magna Magi gaudent, sidusque salutant 1, 246. miracula magna moven- tem 1, 448. 2. A recurrence of similar sounds throughout a verse, without especial reference to position or grammatical con- struction: felix qui credit finem mox adfore verbis 1, 92. 40 — 41 — talia traetanti torpeseunt membra sopore 1, 137. vitalis vas- stis stipatur somite saxis 1, 683. aspicite scribtis sublimi sede superbos 4, o3. perque iteris stratas per uotos per- que propinquos 1, 290. A large number of tliese cfases migbt be quoted. See 1, 404. 703. 754. 2, 99. 192. 394. 517. 529 etc., etc. See also Huemer, Wiener Stud. 2, 108. V. Juvencus as an Imitator. (On the general subject of borrowing in anticpiity, cf. Hermes 8, 261. 13, 145 if.). § 138. Vergil taken as a Model: The tirst proof, if any such were needed, that Vergil was present ])efore the poet's mind as a model, is to be found in his own appreciative reference to Vergil in the pretace, v. 10: Illos Minciadae celebrat dulcedo Maronis. The direct citations include every book of the Georgics and Aeneid, and a few passages in the Eclogues. In the xVeneid, the First Book is most often quoted, the Fifth, Eighth and Ninth more rarelv. Juvencus's verses are not crude centos inartistically joined together without due sense of fitness after the manner of Proba and Ausonius, but the quoted material is artistically introduced, and laboriously transfor- med and concealed. He never quotes entire more than half a verse, and this but rarely. The imitation is as often general as literal. § 139. Passages showing Simple Imitation: a) The rhythm of the verse is most easily secured by appropriating similar groups of words at the beginning or end of the verse, — particularly the latter. As will be seen from the following examples, Juvencus often varies these excerpts, — even where under no metrical or syn- tactical constraint, — by a change in the mood or tense -U of a verl), the case of a noun, the epithet used, etc. The phrase: haec ubi dicta dedit, used by Vergil to begin a verse at Ac. 6, 628 and elsewhere, occurs in the same i)o- sition 6 times in Juvencus (2, 561. 3, 316. 4, 384 etc.), and but slightly modified 4 times more (3, 459. 693. 4, 303. 446). So illi inter sese (G. 4, 174. J. 2, 39. 169) and ianique dies (Aen. 5, 49. J. 2, 1) at the l)eginning of the verse. Cf. haut mora, ast ubi, sic ait, haec ait, passim. V. 3, 468 begins with the word Principio, which is employed in the same way 10 times by Vergil. Of other verses beginning with the same words notice: FlammaruiiKiue globos liqiiefactaque volvere sax a G. 1, 473. Flam mar unique globis purgabit iioxia corda 1, 341. In the lines: ill ie cere manum pare a e telisque sacraruiit Ae. 10, 419. and iuieeere man urn turbae Christum que prehenduiit 4,521 the perfect balance of the lines, and the recurrence of the metrical scheme sclss heighten the resemblance. The fol- lowing verses have the same metrical scheme as well as the same beginning: dixerat: ille dolis iiistructus et arte pelasga Ae. 2, 152. dixerat: ille viri motus precibusque fideque 1, 751. So at the end of the verse: ecce mauus iuveuem iiiterea post terga revinctum Ae. 2, 57. iaiiKiue e concilio Christum post terga revinctum 4, 588. si te nulla mo vet t ant arum gloria rerum Ae. 4, 272. cernis ait ([uae sit tantarum gloria rerum 1, 400. — clangorque tubarum Ae'. 11, 192. 2, 313 and J. 2, 398. — cecinerunt omnia vates Ae. 5, 524. — cecinere ex ordine vates 1, 122. — saltus e t lustra ler arum G. 2, 471 cf. Ae. 3, 646—7. 7, 404. — montes et lustra rerarum 1, 364. — si luinina vitae attigerint — Ae. 829—30. si numquam terris tetigisset lumina vitae 4, 442 (cf. 4, 27. 733. 755.) — in luminis oras G. 2, 47. J. 1, 10(J. 2, 342. 3, 486. 4, 760* — magnum To vis incrementum Ec. 4, 49. — auxerunt increment is 4, 233. — 42 — — per ora cuciirrit Ac. 11, 296 (cf. Ac. 2, 004). — per inane eucurrit 1, 360 (cf. 1, 168. 3, 332). insultans sonipes et prossis puiiiiat habenis Ae. 11, 600. ant alaeer sonipes rnptis effrenns habenis 1, 688. — sociosque ad lit ora cogant Ae. 4, 289. — ])Oi)olos(iue ad lit ora co<;^unt 2, 71. et labor et durae rapit in dementi a mortis G. 3, 68. post ipsam rapuit <>viidae in dementia mortis 4, 26*). infelix vates, rnmi)it. proeidit ante pedes r n p i t (i n e b a n c p e e t o r e v o c e m 4, 366. praedicam et repetens iternnu|ue iternnuine monebo Ae. 3, 436 cf. Ae. 2, 770. sed veris verbis iterumque iteruniqne monebo 3, 665 (ef. 4. 615). prima vel antumni sub frioora cum rapidns sol G. 2, 321. sidera iam luci eoneedunt et rapidns sol 4, 'M^. The following- vcrsc8 have the same nietrieal sehenie and ending: dixerat Aeneas: illi obstipnere silentes Ae. 11, 120. talia Salvator: enneti obstipnere silentes 4, 51. Imitation at the end of hofli halves of the verse: Thestylis et rapid o - fessis messoribus aestn Ke. 2, 10. sederat hie rapido -r salvator anbelns in aestn 2, 247. Thirteen lines have -que joined to the two eh)sing words. as 1, 62: et propriam eredi subolem <>-audet(ine inl)etque. Vergil's verse shows this feature about 54 times. Imitation of verse-endings may be seen in the follow- ing passages: Joveiicus. Vergil. 1, 35 Ae. 12, 829 1, 175 xVe. 1, 415 1, 4()7. 482. 2, 513 Ae. 7, 210 1, 499. 2, 27 Ae. 10, 90 1, 717 Ae. 1, 437 2, 161 Ae. 6, 258 JUVCRCUS. 2,411 2, 515 Vergil. Ae. 3,658 Ae. 2,354 2,639. 3,116.675 G. 4,441 3,45 3,84 4,479 Ae. 1,604 G. 4, 438 Ae. 12, 829 *) Tbe substitution of (jdidae for durae shows the eharae- teristic way in wbieh J. varii's his model, and illustrates tbe fact that in text-criticism too literal a rei)roduction must not be in- sisted ui)on. ~ 43 - b) Similar phrases are taken into other parts of the verse : — donee vi v ictus et ipso Ae. 12, 254. denique vi victus detestatusque cruentum 4, 618. despiciens mare velivolum terrasque iacentes Ae. 1, 224. in mare velivolum celsam deducere iussit 2, 11. — sine crimine vitam Ae. 4, 550. — sine crimine donum pr. 20. ante urbem pueri et primaevo flore iuventus Ae. 7, 162. quem deus avertens primaevo in flore negavit 1, 30. — non exsuperabile saxum G. 3, 39. — non exsuperabile portis 3, 281. • quae sese multis circum latrantibus undis Ae. 7, 588. in solum tantis circum latrantibus ausus 4, 535': auderet volvenda dies — Ae. 9, 7. Elizabeth volvenda dies — 1, 106. saucius at serpens sinuosa volumina versat Ae. 11, 753. AndreauKiue simul sinuosa volumina lini 1, 423. sol medium caeli conscenderat igneuS orb em Ae. 8, 97. iam medium cursus lucis conscenderat orb em 4, 686. visa — nefas — longis — Ae. 7, 73 etc. ilia — nefas — matris — 3, 67. sic ait et dicto citius Ae. 1, 142. dixerat et dicto citius 1, 763. Here belong mirabile dictu, mirabile visu, ete. Cf. Ae. 10, 637. § 140. More Indirect Imitation: Under this head are included passages in which the author takes greater liberties with the Vergilian text, varying the order and con- struction, or subjecting it to inversion. Such are: tertia iam lunae se cornua lumine complent Ae. 3, 645. donee quinque cavam complerent lumiua lunam 1, 51. iussit et invito processit Vesper Olympo Ec. 6, 86. cf. Ae. 1, 374. si ruber astrifero procedit Vesper Olympo 3, 225. — iacet ingens litore t rune us avolsumque humeris caput, et sine nomine corpus Ae. 2, 557-8. corporis at lacerum flentes sine nomine truncum 3,68. semiputata tibi frondosa vitis in ulmo est Ec. 2, 70. vitis mi hi portio maior semiputata iacet 3, 693—4. et faciet quoniam sordent tibi munera nostra Ec. 2. 44. sed vobis semper caelestia munera sordent 4, 83. — 44 — - 45 -- i sin maeiilao incipient rutilo inmiscier ig-ni G. 1, 454. incipient rutilani tcrris infnndcrc luccni 2, 1(>S. To avoid direct imitation Juvencus makes use of a bold verbal noun: spice a iani canipis cnni messis inhorruit — G. 1, 314. ecce sed ad tructum culmis cnm spice us horror processit, lolio messis niaculata redundat 2, 71)9—800. At times the imitation is mostly a rhythmical one: adveniet iustiini pu^iiae, ne arcessite, tenipus A. 10, 11. vos estis numdi claruui, ne abscondite, lumen 1,477. luctantis ventos tempestatesque son or as Ae. 1,53. V e n t o r u m rabiem t e m p e s t a t u m cj u e furores 3, 230. In certain longer passages the resemblances must be sought ^throughout a series of lines, and are less obvious. 8o in the following descriptions: Ae. 1, 102-107. J. 2, 25-83. Ac. 2, fi92-08. stridens velum ad sidera ferit tollit ])rora latus fluctus aperit tcrram stridente vela ad caelum ferit sustoUere proram laterum fluctus aperitur terra Stella cucurrit cernimus sulcus culmina summa J. 1, 243-45. stellam praecurrere cernunt sulcantem culmine summo For further imitations compare: Juvencus. Verj^il. I Juvencus Ae. G, 662 Ae.7, 759 Ae. 1, 209 Ae. 6, 442 Ae. 6, 219 G. 1,14.15 pr. 27 1,^54 1,410 1,440 2, 406 2, 423-4 (cf. 3, 410) 3,7 3,46 3,85 4, 205-6 4,471 4, 539 Vergil. G. 1, 154 G. 2, 492 Ae. 10, 899 Ae. 12, 951 Ae. 1,89 Ae. 2,711 § 141. Complex Imitation: When Michael Angelo prepared the church of S. Maria degli Angcli in Rome, he appropriated for the pur])ose a hall of the Thermae of Dio- cletian, and used fragments of the remaining ruins in its adornment. Something of this sort is done by Juvencus in the structure of his verse. He assumes a ground-plan of imitation and varies this by borrowed material skillfully in- serted. Taking, for instance, the plan of Vergil's verse: foeda ministeria et eaecis se con did it umbris Ae. 7, 619 (cf. Ae. 2, 621), he formed upon it nuntius abscedens vacuis se condidit auris 1, 79. then taking from the Aeneid the word inmhcuit which is often used to close the fifth foot (Ae. 10, 796 etc.), and the epithet femcis aura from Ae. 4, 278, he made: haec ait et sese teneris innuscuit auris 1, 42. From this again, taking the epithet aetheria aura from /Ae. 6, 762 he made aetlieriis animam comitem conmiscuit auris 4,701. The ])hrase dapihus onerare he took from G. 4, 133: nocte domum da pi bus mensas onerabat inemptis, and, making an ingenious change in the tense of the verb, wrote : dividit et dai)ibus mensas oneravit opimis 3,87 but the epithet is from Ae. 3, 224: — dapibusque epulamur opimis. In the verse 3, 331 : circumiecta oculis vestibat 1 limine monteni, the metaphor is from larg-ior his campos aether et lumine vestit Ac. 6, 640 but the form vestibat is from Ae. 8, 160 where it stands in exactly the same place in the verse. Notice also the insertion of the phrase: conmrgere in ira^ (imitated from Ae. 10, 90) into 2, 27. § 142. Imitation of Other Poets: This subject has been handled to some extent bv Arevalo and Gebser, but still lacks an exact consideration. Manv so-called imitations are merely more or less interesting parallels. It is impos- sible to treat the subject at this time in a satisfactory way, but an attempt will be made to show that Juvencus had a good acquaintance with earlier poets. Next to Vergil, Ovid seems to be his principal model. Lucretius 2,316 — 17: nam saepe in colli tondenteis pabula laeta lanig-erae reptant pecudes, - 46 - is imitated by Juvcncns: — cui pasciia laeta iimumerae tondent pecudes 2,423—24. A^ain : — cxim satiate cibi Lucr. 5, 1388. proveniet tamen his satias potusque cibiqiio 1,(537. Compare also Lucr. 1, 2S(^ ^\ and J. 1, 721 it'. Some reminiscences of Lucretius are not original, but come by way of Vergil. Properflus seems to be followed in 3, 407 : noc quisquam fastu parvos contei)ii)stM-it istos tu cave nostra tuo conteiunas carinina fastu, Pr. 1,7,25. As noted by Are valo, tlie phrase : v i n c 1 a 1 a b o r i s 3, G9G is probably based on Horace, Ep. 1, 7, ()7: excusare lab or cm ct merccnaria vine la. The expression: lucida sidera 4,470 su^^^ests Hor. Od. 1, 3, 2. The last lines of the preface ncc nietus nt nmndi, etc. are very much like Ovld'ii words at the end of the ^leta- morphoses, though the last ode of Horace's 3d. book may be compared. Again: (luae nianet acternae siniilis, dum saecla volabnnt, et vertig'o poli terras atipie aequora circuni aethera sidereum insso nioderaniine velvet pr. 12—14. adde (piod assidua rajntur vertiginc caelum sidera7. — O lux immensi publica mundi Met. 2, 35. — bominem pro milibus unum 2, 494. —- de tot modo milibus nnam Met. 1, 325. — ^ non aurea Roma i)r. 2. — nunc aurea Koma De Arte Am. 3, 113. Lucan is followed in — vergentibus annis 1, 8 (cf. Luc. l,12i)); also: gentibus et gentes et regibus obvia reges signa ferent 4, 103—4. — infestisque obvia si gnis signa pares aqnilas et pila minentia pilis. Luc. 1, 6—7. Perhaps also: nrgebit praeceps stimulis iniuria saevis 1, 409. urirentes adduut stimulos Luc. 1, 2(>3. 47 Silius: innumeraeque illam penetrant per prona cater v^ae 1, 682. bellantum nisu passim per prona voluti, Sil. 15, 235. At least two passages suggest Statius: en maris undisoni rupes quae prodit in altum 3, 390. at Thetis undisonis per noctem in rupibus astans Acb. 1, 198. nostri conspectus si cura est ite volentes 4, 773. nestiler Erigones spumat canis ite volentes Thcb. 4, 692. VI. Language. § 143. Words Used Only by Juvencus. Though a Christian author, Juvencus is neither dognuitic or specu- lative, and his work in general does not exhibit the cum- brous and unclassic language of the patristic writers. The following 24 words do not seem to be used by any other author: circumconplexa 4, 82. completor 2, 508. correpto 2y 191. detietio 4, 121. 154. flammicomans 4, 201. flannni- pes 2, r)4(). glaucicomans 3, 623. ignicolorus 4, 155. 559. labenter 4, 4()8. lucifluus 3, 203. 4, 119. mensatim 3, 214. ^linciades pr. 10. miseramen 4, 289. multitiuus 1, ^)H2. \)Q- cusculum 2j 589. perminimus 3, 583. perspector 2, 274. praeblandus 1,702. praefulgidus 3,330. ]n-aegratus 1, ()04. praeparvus 1, 154. 2, 813. praesolidus 1, 422. praestui)idus 4, 199. superincrepito 2, 101. Note. Jncfflunm is read by Wcitz in Prud. Psych. 025; others luclferum. He takes verv few liberties with the text, and these consist of a few inserted descrij)tions of natural scenery, or an occasional simile. § 144. Titles. Juvencus has a prevailing fondness for introducing high-sounding* titles for divine personages, and in this he indulges without restraint, as the following examples will testity: a) Titles of Christ : aeternae gloria vitae 3, 530. auc- 48 - - 49 - tor vitae 3, oO-l. caeli hins terraeiinc salus 1, 194. clarus 2 128 etc. doctor :>, :)1)9. doiuiims lucis 4, Of);"). 811. lio- niiimin luiuenqne salusciuc :), :5r)(5. lar^us iniserator 2, 293. le-iiiu coiiipletor 2, o()8. leti victor 2, 4()r). 4, 7(59. lucis vitaequc repertor 4, 479. mentis perspcctor 2, 274. mniuli re^niator 2, 2G5. praeceptor :), oUl. proles veiieraiula to- iiantis 4, 785. saecli servator 2, 827. salutiter 4, m:\ salva- tor 1, 769 (and often), sator aeternae vitae :\ 161. terrarum o-loria 2, 134. — lumen 2, 75. 733. vitae lucis(iue i)arens 1,747. vitae repertor 2,40;"). vitae spes unica 3,521. b) Titles of God: parens astrorum et terrae pontique liominum(iue 1,118. parens perfectus 1,572. pater aeternus 3, 203. — altithronus 2, &2. 1, 16. — sublimis :>, 4()3. regnans 2, i^ir2. — rerum suprenms 1, 173. repertor caeli terraeque 1,35. tonans 2,795. 4,553. 671. 785. § 145. A Supplement to Harpers' Latin Dictio- nary. The following- list of words is designed to supple- ment the last editi(m of Harpers' Latin Dictionary (New York 1880) and follows the arrangement of the work men- tioned. abigo, to remove, take an ay: abegit preeibiis locum, he took away ojfportnnity for prayers, 3, 441). abnego, folloiced by dative of obj. : sibi, to deny one's self 8, :^04. abrumpo, — Part. Abrui)tus, *//€«/?/: abrupta pondera 4, 56. acumen, Fig., stiny : praecoleri sub aeumine mortis, under the swift stiny of death, 4, 22. adgressor, robber (not confined to Latin of the Pandects) adgressor brachia vinciat 2, G17. aequaevus, * c. yen : muiidi aequaeva niteiitis 4, 270. altithronus, hiyh-throned ; genitor, i)r. 24. Also 2, 62. 3, 400 anhelus, Fig., ''exhausted: anhelis membris 4, 494. anxius, uneasy (perhaps constrained) of things: anxia membra 1, S2. apto, nomen aptare, to put on, or assiyn, a name, 1, 182. asterno (ads.) (not fiir eip. in Ov. Met. 2, 343) plebs adstrata rogabat, 1, 13. aula, a. caeli, the court of Ilearen, 2, 215. 538. auris, Fig., cordis aures, 2, 812. 3, 147. mentis 2, 754. blandus, ayrccaJjle, .S7>// (of clotiiing): blandissima tegmina vestis 4, 275. bustum, Fig., a dead body, cadaver : [sepulcra] turpia bustis 4, 75 (Sp. bustoj 0. Fr. bu. V. Du Cange). caelestis, pertaining to Heaven (in the Christian sense): aula, 3, 496. sedes, 1, 703 etc. castra, 4, 528. munera 4, 83. regna 1, 651 etc. calleo^ — Part. Pr. callens, *with abl: callens astris 1, 258. chorea, a y roup, company: vatum choreis insertum 1, 292, *circum — conplector, to encircle about: ales solita est sub corpore puUos obice pennarum circumconplexa fovere, 4, 82. compitum, Fig., per compita vitae, through the hiyhicays of life, 1, 513. comprendo, c. arva, to pass through the fields, 3, 237 (cf. colloquial Engl.: "to take in''). concurrere, to agi^ee with, obey., with dat. : mandatis con- currens 4, 784. verbis 2, 344. (Only used absolutely by classical writers.) confinium, Trop., confinia leti et vitae, the borders of life and death, 4, 315. constabilio, robustam mentem constabilistis 2, 759. cunabula, * swaddliny-clothes, 1, 156. (Ought not the text to be amended to incunabula ?) debilis, followed by gen.: crurum debile = lame, 3, 198. decerpo, Trop., *to shorten, cut shoi^t: decerpere tempus, 4, 134. decolor, depraved (of persons): decolor alter 2, 683. deprimo, deprimere corpore terrum, to lie upon the ground, 4, 489. Cf. tego. dimitto, to release (followed by final dat.): dimittere vitae, to release to life, 4, 602. diripio (c. abl.): [me] fluctibus diripe! seize me from the waves \ 3, 121. dispendium, Trop., output, expense^ dispendia vocis 1, 46. evado, to escape (c. ace.) : e. supplicia, 1, 329. far, in sing. -— wheat (frequently): 1, 344. 3, 4. 82 etc. figo, fidem, to fix, i. e. establish, one's faith, 2, 648. flamen, f. sanctum, the divine afflatus, 1, 85. flamma, hell-fire kqt' ^Hoxi^v: 1, 502, hence, retribution, 3, 475. flatus, a spirit, 2, 59. flatus sanctus, the Holy Spirit, 2, 194 etc. fragmen, (* collectively in sing.) : that which is broken off, small-pieces: fragminis implent, 3, 90. frequento, to make celebrated: innumeros homines subli- mia facta Et virtutis honos in tempora longa frequentaiik, pr. 7. glomeratio, (not &tz. eip. in Pliny, N. H. 8, 42. 67. § 166); *a thronyiny, croicdiny toy ether: turbae vestrae, 2, 577. gracilis, .scanty, piping: gracili voce praesepia implentem 1, 169. r ^\ H. - 50 - haurio, to receive: fidem, 3, 710: miracula, 1, 75. horror, spiccus 'corn-erectness\ the appearance of Htanding corn 2, 799. increpito, to 2)roclaim\ praeconia 1, 420. incumbo, v. neut,, to be spent upon anything', his incu- biiere lab ores, 1, 643. infit, (with obj. ace); sermonem infit, 1, 57. inruo, (irr.), foil, by ad: inruere ad fluvium, 1, 327. *labenter, (in a falling mamicr) transcp-essinyly, sinfnJly\ tua labentcr possint praecepta negare, 4, 468. lavacrum, in i)lur. — baptism., 1, 311. 322. 347. 350. lavo, esp. to baptize: lavit liuniine, 3, 263. levo, part. perf. levatns* sharpened, sharp: acies IcvJita securis, 1, 335. maculosus, [2. macula]. * full of meshes, made of net-work: insidias maculoso tcxtu, 1, 431. mergo, [archaic inf. pass, mergicr, 1, 349.] meta, Fig., metae terrae, the bounds of the earth, 4, 118. moenia, Fig., fortification, bulwark: mocnia fidei, the bul- warks of faith 3, 534. molimen, movement: internae moHinina mentis, i. e. thoughts 1, 521. Notus, transf., ''the South: Noti regina, the queen of the Soidh, 2, 707. obex, a shelter, covert : obice pennarum circumconplexa 4, S2. Osanna, Hosanna! 3, 640. 647. Cf. Aug. Doctr. Christ. 2, 11, 16. pando, fig., pandere mentem, aiires, 2, 812. 547. pecusculum, 2, 589, better a small animal than * animal- cide" (sic!) Harp. Diet. planta. Fig., '-^the foot: plantis prehensis, 4, 768. plumeus, p. turba, the feathered tribe, birds of the air 2, 818. poUeo, to jwssess [a name] (c. abl.): Philippeo quae i)ollent nomine rura, 3, 258. (with de): fundus lacob de nomine pollens, 2, 245. porto, '*to apply as a standard: mensuram portare l,6r>8. * prae-blandus, very flattering: praeblanda adulatio, 1,702. *prae-gratus, very acceptable: sunt praegrata Deo ieiunia plebis, 1, 604. praepando. Fig., to prepare, make; offer: facilem prae- pandit ^am, 3, 532. presso, Fig., to press hard on, pursue with hostile intent: sanctum scelerata facundia pressat, 4, 595. quadrifidus, q. axis mundi, the fourfold realm of the earth, 4, 158. 51 quaeso, (*used absolutely, and not parenthetical): summissl quaesunt, 1, 249. rapidus, acute: mens, 1, 40. recurro, Fig., to come back {as true) : dictum recurrit, i. e. is fulfilled, 2, 767. redimo, (fut. redimibit, 4, 189). reflecto, Fig., *to turn the purpose of: Dominum reflexit 2, 704. retracto, *to blame: dicta retractant, 2, 85. rogo, transf., to icorship : praesentem Dei subolem stupuere rogantes, 3, 125. rogito, (c. inf.): rogitant credere, 4, 212. saepio, Part. perf. saeptus, publica saepta viarum - "high- tcays and hedges^ 3, 755. saxeus, hard, unfeelifig (not dir. etp. in Pliny): saxea corda 3, 474. saxum, *a cut stone: saxum molare, a mill-stone, 3, 405. sinapi, (indecl. Juvenc. 2, 813. 3, 376). sinuo, to hollow out (not fitr. eip. in Celsus): sinuatur pu- teus 2, 259. solidus, adverbial expression, in solidum: nulla dona in solidum i. e., no substantial gifts, 3, 363. Solymi, orum 7i. masc: Jerusalern, 3, 622. 641 etc. sono (perf. subj. sonarit, 4, 569). spiraculum, *an inspiration: penetrant spiracula mentem completusque canit venturi conscia dicta 1, 115. sterno, Fig., to spread over or abroad: placidam super aequora pacem 2, 38. stramen, s. lecti, a bed, 4, 174. succedo, to come into the place of (followed by pro): pro nomine vestro succedet, 1, 333. * super-increpito, to blame one over something: profundit accrvos et superincrepitans: j)rocul haec auferte, profani 2,161. tego, texerunt corpore terram, they covered the earth with their bodies, 1, 248 (probably analogous to the poet.: presserunt corpore terram, see 3, 335). telum, a missile {oi any sort): tela lapidum, stone-missiles, 3, 721. tentamen (tempt.) (add. 4, 108 to the 2 examples cited in Harp. Diet.). tracto, to observe, behold: oculis lumen tractare, 1, 319. umbra, Fig., gloom, darkness: umbra mortis, the shadow of death, 1, 417. Cf. caligo mortis, 1, 681. velamen, esp. of the veil of the Temple at Jerusalem, 4, 702. veneno, Perf. part, venenatus, inalignant, accursed: ve- nenatis conlustrat passibus oras, 2, 715. f — 52 - vipereus, v. gens, 'g-eneration of vipers' 1, 328. virtus, power (in a bad sense): virtus furosis 2, 46. (Cf. Stat. Th. 11, 1.) volumen, a solid 7nass, {\^erha\)S 07ie which may be rolled): inimensa voluniina petrae, 4, 724. Life. Appendix. § 146. Recent Literature Relating to Juvencus. E. Voigt: MarokVs Juvencus. Deutsche Literaturzeitung 7, 1375. Aime Puech: Prudence. Paris 1888, Hachette et Cie. pp. 20 ff. A. Ebert: Geschiehte der Literatur des Mittelalters im Abendlande^, Leipzig 1889, pp. 112 if. C. Mar old: Otfried's Beziehungen zu den biblischen Dich- tungen des Juvencus, Sedulius, Arator. Germania 33, 385. C. Mar old: Althochdeutsche Glossen aus Juvencushand- schriften. Germania 33, 351. M. Petschenig: Zur Latinitat des Juvencus. Wolfflin's Archiv 6, 2G7. I was born in Brooklyn, New York, June 15, 1862, and received my preparatory training in Rugby Academy, Phil- adelphia, and the Preparatory School, Evanston, Illinois. I entered the Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, in 1879, and was graduated in 1883 with the degree of A. B., receiving that of A. M. in 1886. The year after graduation I spent in oriental studies in China and India, and subsequently taught in Holly Springs, Mississippi, and De Funiak Springs, Florida. I entered Johns Hopkins Uni- versity in Baltimore in 1887, and pursued courses in Latin, Sanskrit, and German, under Dr. Warren, Dr. Bloom field, and Dr. Wood, to all of whom I beg to express my sincere thanks for their consideration and assistance. Dr. Mint on Warren, especially, as my chief adviser, has laid me un- der many obligations for his unfailing kindness, helpfulness and accessibility. In June 1888 I was appointed Fellow in Latin, and received the degree of Ph. D. on Feb. 22, 1890. * In accordance with the Universitv regulations. i ■''i^i 1 ii -m ^•>^'^ K.:-^^. .■|j:!r*' COLUMBIA UNIVERS 0026 541 83 TY