COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE HEALTH SCIENCES STANDARD HX64096890 R153 .R43 1 897 Biography of Ephraim RECAP Columbia tBnftettfftp College of ipfjpstcians; ano burgeons Hibt&tp Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Open Knowledge Commons http://www.archive.org/details/biographyofephra1897ride The above portrait is a re-production of a medallion painting on ivory, taken from life when EPHRAIM McDOWELL ions 29 years of age (1800), by a distinguished artist in Edinburgh, Scotland, now in possession of Br. EPHRAIM McDO WELL'S granddaughter, Mrs. MART T. VALENTINE. (Copyright 1897. by Mrs. M. T. Valentine.) BIOGRAPHY ephraim Mcdowell, m.d. 'THE FATHER OF OVARIOTOMY.'- BY HIS GRANDDAUGHTER, MRS. M. T. VALENTINE. WITH LIFE-SKETCHES AND PORTRAITS OF PROMINENT MEMBERS OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. FIRST EDITION. m NEW YORK, N. Y., Mcdowell publishing company, 24-26 West Twenty- second St. 1897. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1897, By MRS. M. T. VALENTINE, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. DORNAN, PRINTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA. TO THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND TO THE EARNEST WORKERS IN THE FIELD OF SURGERY WHO REVERE THE MEMORY OF ephraim Mcdowell, m.d. ^fjis SSorfi is Affectionately %n$cxi&eb, BY HIS GRANDDAUGHTER, MRS. M. T. VALENTINE. \ NOTE. IN preparing this work it has been the purpose of the author to incor- porate life-sketches and portraits of as many followers of Dr. Ephraim McDowell's surgical operations as she could readily obtain, within a limited time, by personal interview, irrespective of schools or sex, as all honor him alike, and the theory and practice of surgery and gynaecology are the same in all schools. Therefore she did not deem it just to confine her selection of contributors to any one school. At the same time, for special reasons, she has included in this work a few prominent members of the medical profession, of both sexes, who have achieved distinction in other branches than laparotomy. In her interviews with many eminent surgeons and physicians through- out the United States the author was gratified to find that much of the antagonism formerly existing between the different schools, and toward lady practitioners, is rapidly disappearing, showing that this is a progressive age. In fact, some of the leading gynaecologists of the old school now consult with and assist operators of both sexes of the new school, as is evidenced in some of the life-sketches contained in this work. They appreciate the fact that an exchange of ideas and suggestions from those of different schools is worthy of acceptance. In arranging these life-sketches no attempt has been made to give undue prominence to any of the contributors, for which reason all parts of the work will be found of equal interest. It will be noticed that a few portraits have been inserted in this work without life-sketches of physicians, who, after having given their orders, together with their portraits and autographs, failed to furnish the neces- sary material for their life-sketches before the work had gone to press, although ample time was allowed them to do so. Comparatively few persons realize the length of time required to pre- pare a work of this kind. The author has devoted over two years of her life to the completion of this volume, traveling from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, at a heavy expense and the sacrifice of her personal com- fort and health, to obtain these portraits and the material necessary to prepare these life-sketches, which, in many instances, were greatly delayed. Thanking the profession for their many kindnesses and courtesies ex- tended to her, she trusts that her efforts to furnish them with a work worthy of their acceptance will be appreciated. Civ) CONTENTS. Xlll PAGE King, Willis P. , M.D., Kansas City, Mo. I 5 6 Kirk, Ellen M.. (i (< Cincinnati, Ohio, 3°4 Kollock, Cornelius, tt t ( Cheraw, S. C. 360 Kurtz, Carl, 11 C( Los Angeles, Cal. 277 Laplace, Ernest, 11 Cl Philadelphia, Pa. 264 Le Seure, Oscar, (i it Detroit, Mich. 180 Lines, Amelia W. , k it Brooklyn, N. Y. 217 Longshore, Hannah E., " " Philadelphia, Pa. 28 Longyear, Howard W., it tt Detroit, Mich. 18 Ludlam, Reuben, i n x 876, its President. In 1854 he was elected a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences. On the 30th of April, 1861, he was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the First Regiment of Pennsylvania Infantry, and was made Surgeon of the same regiment in 1863. He has been a member of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society since 1864, and was its Corresponding Secretary in 1873-74. He joined the American Medical Association in 1873, and the American Academy of Medicine in 1879, serving as Vice-President of the latter society in 1882. He was one of the founders of the American Gynaecological So- ciety in 1876, and was a member of the International Medical Congress the same year. In 1877 he became a member of the Philadelphia Pathological Society and also of the Philadelphia Obstetrical Society, serving as Vice- President of the Obstetrical Society in 1881, and as its President in 1887 88. In 1879 ne received the honorary degree of A. M. from Lafayette College. He was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians in 1884, and a mem- ber of the British Medical Association in 1887. In 1885 he was appointed Consulting Surgeon of Girard College, and, in 1892, Consulting Gynaecologist to the Medico- Chirurgical Hospital. Among his many contributions to medical literature the following are perhaps most widely known : " Case of Rupture of the Common Duct of the Liver: Formation of a Cyst Containing Bile." American Jour- nal of the Medical Sciences, April 1, 1861. "Dropsical Fluids of the Abdomen: Their Physical Properties, Chemical Analysis, Microscopic Appearance, and Diagnostic Value, Based on the Examination of Sev- 46 DR. THOMAS M. DRYSDALE. eral Hundred Specimens." Chapter XXLV. of Dr. W. L. Atlee's work on The Diagnosis of Ovarian Tumors. "The Granular Cell Found in Ovarian Tumors." A paper read before the American Medical Association, and published in the Proceedings for 1873. " Tracheotomy in Diphtheria and Pseudo-membranous Croup. ' ' An address delivered before the Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, and published in the Pro- ceedings for 1874. " On the Use of Chlorate of Potassa in Diphtheria and Pseudo-membranous Croup." Medical and Surgical Re- porter, March 17, 1877. "Colloid Cancer of the Abdomen." Transactions of the Philadelphia Pathological Society, June 13, 1878. . "Life of Dr. Washington L. Atlee." Transactions of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, October 10, 1879. " The Ovarian Cell : Its Origin and Characteristics." Read before the Gynaecological Society of America, and published in the Transactions for 1882. "An Undescribed Source of Danger in Ovariotomy." American Journal of the Medical Sciences, April, 1881, page 444. "Life of Dr. W. L. Atlee." New York Journal of Obstetrics, 1879. " Caesarean Operation for the Relief of an Obstruction Caused by a Uterine Fibroma Impacted in the Pelvis." Medical News, November 26, 1887, page 621. "An Account of Three Surgical Cases." American Journal of the Medical Sciences, October, 1856, page 359. Dr. Drysdale's abdominal sections have been numerous. In his long practice he has operated more than two hun- dred times for the removal of ovarian tumors alone. In October, 1857, Dr. Drysdale married Mary L. Atlee, the second daughter of his preceptor. DR. HENRY D. FRY. *j HENRY D. FRY, M.D., WASHINGTON, D. C. Dr. Henry D. Fry was born in Richmond, Virginia, April ii, 1853. His ancestry came from English stock, and its first noted representative in this country was Col. Joshua Fry, whose name is so closely associated with Virginia in the early colonial days. Joshua Fry was born in Somersetshire, England, and was educated at Oxford. It is uncertain when he came to America, but his name is found in the parish register as a vestryman and in the records of the Court as Commissioner of Essex County, between 17 10 and 1720. He married the widow of Col. Hill, a large landed proprietor on the Rappahannock River. Her maiden name was Mary Micou, and she was daughter of Paul Micou, physician and surgeon, a Hugue- not exile from persecution in France. Col. Joshua Fry settled in Madison County, and the old homestead, which is still standing in a good state of preservation, is described in a memoir of his life, pub- lished by Rev. P. Slaughter, as "having in it a historical room originally dedicated to the muses of music and the dance, in which William Wirt, in his youth, played his pranks and wrote comedies ; where Thomas Jefferson, in his journeys to and from Washington, in his French lan- dau, refreshed himself with hospitable cheer." Quoting from the same work, the author says: "I know of no other person in our history of like social position, wealth, capacity, character, and public service as Col. Fry, about whom there is so little to be found in print, and that little so scattered in infinitesimal items. We have to trace his career by the posts of honor which he filled, as we would track the general of an army by the names of his battles in ignorance of the details of his campaign." 4 8 DR. HENRY D. FRY. Among the posts of honor we find he occupied a pro- fessorship in William and Mary College. The foundation of the President's house of that institution was laid on the 30th of July, 1732. Joshua Fry was one of the five who laid the first five bricks. Many honorable trusts were con- fided to him by the Governor. He was one of the Com- missioners of the Crown for marking the line denning the western limit of the Northern Necks and the line between Virginia and North Carolina. In 1745, with Peter Jefferson, the father of Thomas Jefferson, he finished a map of Virginia, known as Fry and Jefferson's map. In 1752 he was one of the Com- missioners for Virginia in negotiating the Treaty of Logstown. • In 1754 troops were raised to resist French aggression in the Ohio Valley, and Governor Dinwiddie appointed Col. Joshua Fry commander-in-chief of the Virginia regi- ment. George Washington was lieutenant-colonel, and went in advance to clear a road for the artillery, which was to follow with Col. Fry. When the expedition had reached Fort Cumberland, on the Potomac River at the mouth of Wills' Creek, Col. Fry died, May 31, 1754. George Washington, being next in rank, succeeded to the command. Among the family papers is a manuscript which states that Col. Fry was buried near Fort Cumber- land, and that Washington and the army attended the funeral. On a large oak tree, which now stands as a tomb and a monument to his memory, Washington cut the fol- lowing inscription, " Under this oak lies the body of the good, the just, and the noble Fry." Col. Fry made Peter Jefferson his executor and left him his mathematical instruments. Their sons, Rev. Henry Fry and Thomas Jefferson, were intimate friends. Among the letters in possession of the family is one from Thomas Jefferson to the Rev. Henry Fry, dated Washington, June 17, 1804, in which he advises him to ride a trotting horse DR. HENRY D. FRY. ^g for relief of his "visceral complaint." Jefferson says he suffered from the same trouble, and, on the advice of Dr. Eustis, of Boston, he was cured by Sydenham's method of riding a trotting horse. Hugh Walker Fry, Jr., the fourth lineal descendant of Col. Joshua Fry, was born April 14, 1826. He grew up and received his education in Richmond, and with his father and brothers conducted an extensive commission business. He entered the militia service of his State when quite young, and was commissioned first lieutenant when twenty-two years of age. At the breaking out of the Civil War he was Major of the 179th Virginia Regiment, and served throughout the war with General Henry A. Wise. He married Mary L., daughter of John Davidson, of West Washington, D. C, and the only living offspring of the marriage is the subject of this sketch, Dr. Henry D. Fry. His boyhood and school days were spent in Richmond and Washington, and on reaching manhood his inclination led him to the study of medicine. At the age of twenty- . three he was graduated from the Medical Department of the University of Maryland, and the same year obtained an appointment by competitive examination as interne in the Jersey City Charity Hospital. Having completed the term of service at that institution he returned to Washington in 1878, and commenced the active practice of his profession. He formed the acquaint- ance of Dr. W. W. Johnston, who controlled a large and select clientele, and for fourteen years they were associated in practice. This intimate friendship has continued ever since, and Dr. Johnston has never lost an opportunity to advance the interests of his protege. As experience was added to years, Dr. Fry gradually developed a taste for special work, and drifted almost unconsciously into gynae- cological and obstetrical practice. In 1890 he visited Europe for the purpose of enlarging VOL. II 4 So DR. HENRY D. FRY. his knowledge of operative work by scrutinizing the methods of the best foreign operators. In the same year Dr. Fry did the first successful Caesarean section ever per- formed in the District of Columbia. He has since had a second successful case. Both operations were done after the Sanger method. He also has to his credit the per- formance of the first symphysiotomy in the District, and saved mother and child. Dr. Fry was an early advocate of antiseptic midwifery. In 1887 he translated from the French Dr. Paul Bar's Principles of Antiseptic Methods Applied to Obstetric Practice, and at various times has con- tributed to medical literature articles on the same subject. His most recent contribution was the President's Address for 1894 to the Washington Obstetrical and Gynaeco- logical Society, in which he demonstrated by statistics from the Health Department of Washington that deaths from puerperal septic diseases were lamentably frequent and still showed a lack of conformity to antiseptic rules. He has sent numerous contributions to medical periodicals on gynaecological and obstetrical subjects. His experi- ence covers pretty thoroughly the entire field of gynae- cology, and he carries into his operative work the same firm convictions regarding the importance of a strict adherence to aseptic principles. In 1890 Dr. Fry was appointed Professor of Obstetrics in the Medical Department of Georgetown University. He is in charge of the gynaecological and obstetrical ser- vice at the Garfield Memorial Hospital ; is a member of several local medical societies ; was President for several years of the Washington Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society, and is a member of different national medical societies, among them the American Gynaecological. Dr. Fry married Miss Gertrude M. Campbell, of Wash- ington, who died in 1891, leaving him two little girls. ^^ JB Ilk y^ ? an ; . . -: • .•■' . . n HBfi? . ; ' Jl HP m 'Kk : ^cLl^^uutA^C "^Osf&jto^l^ DR. EDMUND CARLE TON. 51 EDMUND CARLETON, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Edmund Carleton, M. D., was born at Littleton, N. H., December 11, 1839. His father, Edmund Carleton, Esq., a well-known lawyer, and his mother, Mrs. Mary K. Carle- ton, a woman of rare endowments, were leaders in the anti-slavery cause, and were identified with the religious and philanthropic movements of their day. Before their son could be fitted for college financial reverses interfered. Classics gave way to farming and land surveying. When partially qualified for the bar (his father's ambition), attendance upon one term of jury trials was so distasteful that it settled in the negative all thought of a legal career. The value of a legal training, when "taking" the symptoms of a difficult case, has since become evident. He was an attache of the Boston Journal in 1 864, saw all the great battles in Virginia that year up to the siege of Petersburg, besides much military surgery, which inter- ested him greatly. His perilous ride, May 24th, from Grant's headquarters to Fredericksburg, whence he secured, by stratagem, transportation to Acquia Creek and Wash- ington, with dispatches for the Boston Journal and New York Tribune, was considered a great ''beat" by news- paper men, and his return trip to the front, in spite of Secretary Stanton's orders to the contrary, more wonder- ful still. In front of Petersburg he was taken with fever, sent North, cured by homoeopathy and converted to it. His life-work may be said to date from that event. His medical education was received at the Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, and the New York Homoeo- pathic Medical College, being graduated from the latter in 187 1. In addition to the legal requirements, he took a 52 DR. EDMUND CARLE TON. special course in anatomy and surgery. He has practised in New York City continuously since graduation. Although considered a specialist by many, his intimate friends know that he is not one, but is a homoeopathic physician, believing in and practising pure homoeopathy as specified by Hahnemann. He prefers cures to mutila- tions. His record shows many cured cases which by most medical men would have been relegated to the knife. He was for many years Professor of Surgery in the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women, where he was conspicuous as teacher and examplar; is surgeon to the Metropolitan Hospital, Blackwell's Island, besides holding many other active and honorary positions in the profes- sional world. He does not hesitate to perform operations of the first magnitude if they are in his judgment advisable. One notable ovariotomy, in May, 1886, should be men- tioned here. The patient was fifty-seven years old; the tumor said to be about four years old ; removed through an incision four inches long ; generally adherent, many of the adhesions being as large and thick as the hand, and detached mainly with the thumb-nails ; pedicle transfixed, and first each half and then the whole ligated with No. 7 silk, one ligature; stump formed with ecraseur; stump and all raw parts bathed with a weak mixture of calendula and water; cavity dried; incision sutured with silver, strapped, and dressed with clean linen. Time, 2^ hours; ether, ij^ pounds; weight of cyst (multilocular) and con- tents, 150^ pounds. After-treatment, homoeopathic to such symptoms as appeared, some of them being severe. Water allowed freely ; milk in moderation until convales- cence was well advanced; then diet increased. Patient was well in a month. The operation was performed in a humble, old house, carefully cleaned. The details have been given above, as they epitomize Dr. Carleton's views and practice. DR. ELIZABETH C. KELLER. 53 ELIZABETH C. KELLER, M.D., BOSTON, MASS. Elizabeth Catharine Keller, physician and surgeon, was born in a small town near Gettysburg, Penna., April 4, 1837. She was the eighth of a family of twelve children. Her father, Capt. Wm. Rex (War of 181 2), a native of Adams County, Pa., was a man of uncompromising in- tegrity and great intelligence. The mother was a woman who moved in the orbit of her home with all the gentle, wifely, and motherly graces. Both parents were strong adherents of the Lutheran Church. The grandparents on both sides were Germans. Elizabeth, with her brothers and sisters, attended the district school, making good use of time and opportunity. Elizabeth had a private tutor for three years, and became herself a successful teacher for seven years. Her father, a thrifty farmer, received much help from his children, and Elizabeth added her energy to that of her brothers. Her superabundant physical health often carried her beyond the ordinary limit, as she pitted her strength against that of her brothers in out-door life. She under- stood all the details of farm work, from the building of stone walls, the clearing of fields, shearing of sheep, and the picking of geese, to the spinning of flax and wool. Her special care was for sick and wounded animals. This tendency early manifested itself, and seemed to fore- shadow her later profession. She was endowed with a deeply religious nature, and at an early age became a zealous worker in the church, lead- ing class-meetings, giving Bible-readings, and teaching in the Sunday-school. At one time she was almost persuaded that a missionary life was her vocation, so brimming was she with possibil- c 4 DR. ELIZABETH C. KELLER. ities for any line of work which would bring into use her higher faculties. In 1857 she married Matthias McComsey, of Lancaster, Pa. In 1858 her son was born, and within two years she was a widow. In i860 she was appointed Superintendent of the Lan- caster Orphans' Home, which later became the Soldiers' Orphans' Home. For seven years she had charge of hun- dreds of children provided for in that institution. Her management was characterized by faithful and energetic devotion. She filled the threefold office of mother, teacher, and physician, treating the various diseases inci- dent to childhood with success. In 1867 she married Geo. L. Keller, and went to Phila- delphia to live. Here she was thrown among medical women in connection with the Woman's Hospital, and her natural aptitude for medical work assumed definite shape, and with the full approval of her husband she en- tered the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1868, graduating in 1871. After graduation she immediately opened a hospital and dispensary in Bedford Street, Philadelphia, and within a year was appointed successor to Dr. Ann Preston on the Board of Attending Physicians of the Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia, which position she filled, while engaged in private practice, until 1875, when she was appointed Resi- dent Physician of the New England Hospital for Women, in Boston, Mass. In 1877 she entered upon private prac- tice in Jamaica Plain, where she now holds a place of honor in the profession and the community. But it is in the department of surgery where Dr. Keller has exhibited qualities which justly place her in the front rank, not only among women, but among surgeons. Dur- ing the twenty years in which she has held the position of Senior Operating Surgeon at the New England Hospital her terms cf service have been full of thorough, ingenious, DR. ELIZABETH C. KELLER. 55 and progressive work, including not only minor surgery, but the reduction of fractures, amputations, and abdom- inal surgery. A true optimist, Dr. Keller carries the in- herent principles of success into the operating-room, where her quiet, cheerful mien marks her as one in full command of the situation. As an operator she is cool and deliberate, yet prompt and decided ; cautious, but ready ; deft-handed and fertile in resource. From the first incision each movement tells, and, with no appearance of hurry, work moves rapidly on. To her corps of internes she is an inspiration ; each step in the work is made an object lesson. Knowing the vital importance of correct emergency treatment, she instructs them in improvising apparatus from material at hand, and many an appliance, made up from the wood-house and attic, has, by its ready utility, enforced essential principles in surgery never to be forgotten. Great as she is in her profession, Dr. Keller has that genius of character that would give her prominence in whatever position she might fill. She has a commanding presence, a fine physique, and manners that are affable and magnetic. Thus she wins her way without effort. She is a ready and forceful speaker upon various subjects, and her interest is vivid whether the occasion be the dedication of a new school-house, the presentation of graduate diplomas, the rehearsal of the last interesting case, or the discussion of some vital topics of the day. All questions pertaining to the advancement of the world, particularly of women, lie very close to her heart. Broad and catholic in spirit, generous and forgiving toward human frailty, she can yet be righteously indignant in the face of wrong and fearless in its denunciation. That she can carry so much responsibility in her profes- sion and do so much earnest work in other directions, is a source of wonder to her friends. Since 1890 Dr. Keller has been a member of the Boston School Board, holding 56 DR. ELIZABETH C. KELLER. the position with distinguished honor and credit. She has done most effective work as a member of the Committees on Text Books, Hygiene, and Examinations. She is at the present time Chairman of a division which includes seven large grammar schools, with all the colonies and primaries, of which she is expected to know the condition and the needs ; to nominate for them suitable teachers and to decide vexed questions of discipline — in a word, to keep these schools up to the recognized standard ; and she has gained the confidence and respect of all who have come in contact with her in this special department. With all this varied work she is not unmindful of the sweet amenities of life. Her home in Jamaica Plain, Mass., is made attractive with music, pictures, and books, and a most hospitable welcome awaits all her friends, while plenty and good-cheer crown the board. Within the past few years she has planned and superin- tended the building of seven houses. During the summer months Dr. Keller repairs to her beautiful mountain retreat in Jaffrey, N. H., where she tosses care to the breezes and invites a well-earned rest, and almost any day one may see her driving her fine span of horses over those mountain roads. Dr. Keller has not lived unto herself alone. She has provided home and edu- cation for three orphan nieces, one of whom, Dr. Ida F. Curry, a girl of rare promise, died in the second year of her practice ; her daughter, Helen, is prepared to enter Smith College this year, and an interesting grandchild, the daughter of her only son, completes the happy picture of young life in the household. DR. FRANCIS E. DOUGHTY. *y FRANCIS E. DOUGHTY, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Francis E. Doughty, M.D., second son of Samuel G. and Jane Rebecca (nee Hart) Doughty, was born in Troy, New York, August 14th, in the year 1847. He is descended from the Rev. Francis Doughty, a Puritan pastor, who emigrated to this country from Eng- land in the year 1633. Dr. Doughty's father was a prominent wholesale grocery merchant. He moved to New York with his family in 1854. The Doctor received his literary education chiefly in the commercial and collegiate institutes of New Haven, Conn., and Yonkers, N. Y., principally in the latter, from which he was graduated in the year 1866. From his early youth he had a desire to be a surgeon, and commenced his medical studies during his last year in school. After his graduation he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and it was from this institution he received his diploma at the commencement in the spring of 1869, although he had passed the exami- nation and was licensed to practise medicine in the fall of 1868, at which time he engaged upon the practice of his profession. Shortly after his graduation he was appointed one of the attending surgeons to the New York Homoeo- pathic Dispensary, and later associate house physician to that institution. He was also appointed Professor of Sur- gery in the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women, which chair he occupied for three years. In the year 1872 he was invited to take the chair of Genito-urinary Diseases in the New York Homoeopathic Medical College, and he held this position until the year 1894, when he resigned to assume the position of Professor 53 DR. FRANCIS E. DOUGHTY. of Surgical Gynaecology in the same institution, which chair he still occupies. For ten years he served as Pro- fessor of Anatomy in this college, with great credit to him- self as a thorough anatomist. When the present Hahnemann Hospital was organized he was appointed one of the attending surgeons, and did active duty for nearly twenty years. When the Commis- sioners of Charity and Correction placed one of the large public hospitals under the care of the homoeopathies he was elected one of the surgeons, and resigned that position after a service of more than ten years. For twenty years Dr. Doughty served as attending sur- geon to the Five Points House of Industry, devoting much of his valuable time and energy to this work. At the present time he is consulting surgeon to the Laura Franklin Free Hospital for Children, which position he has held since the foundation of this noble charity. He is also attending surgeon to the Flower Hospital in connection with the college. He is a member of the American Institute of Homoe- opathy (1872); of the State and County Homoeopathic Medical Societies. He is a member of the New York Medical Club and the Jahr Club, also member of the St. Nicholas Society, New York City Club, and the Fencers. The Doctor is a fluent, easy writer, and many valuable and interesting articles from his pen have frequently ap- peared in the North American Journal of Homceopathy. As a teacher he has been eminently successful, his lectures being delivered extemporaneously and in a con- versational style, and he possesses in a high degree the happy faculty of being able to impart his own knowledge to his hearers. He devotes himself chiefly to surgical practice, and has attained a high reputation as a skilful, careful, and con- scientious operator. He has a large surgical practice, and is eminently successful in abdominal cases. DR. J. WESLEY BOVEE. 59 He has an active, profound mind, eager for new knowl- edge, and earnest in his desire to obtain truth upon all subjects. His ideas are broad and conservative. He has added honor to his profession by contributing liberally to many charitable causes. He is genial and kind in his bear- ing, and true to those who claim his friendship. The Doctor was married in the year 1S68, to Miss Hannah M. Starr, by whom he has had three children, only one of whom, a daughter, survives. J. WESLEY BOVEE, M.D., WASHINGTON, D. C. John Wesley Bovee was born December 31, 1861, in the town of Clayton, in Jefferson County, New York State. His birthplace was near the banks of the St. Law- rence River near by the Thousand Islands — one of nature's beauty spots. Its high latitude, at least in part, accounts for the sturdy, rugged people that live in that section, and to those who personally know Dr. Bovee it is not necessary to state that he is of the same type. His early education was obtained in his native county at high schools and from private tutors. From 1879 to 1 ^2 he was engaged as a public school teacher. In 1882 he re- moved to Washington, D. C, to begin the study of med- icine, and in October of that year matriculated in the medical department of Columbian University. From this institution of learning he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in March, 1885. In September, 1884, after a competitive examination, he was appointed Assistant Resident Physician of the Children's Hospital, and resigned from that position in 1885 to accept the position of Resident Physician in Columbia Hospital for Women and Lying-in Asylum, 60 DR. J. WESLEY BOVEE. which afforded him a large experience in gynaecology and obstetrics. In 1888 he resigned from this position to enter on the private practice of his profession. The same year he was appointed on the medical staff of the Central Dispensary as an assistant, resigning from the same the following year. In 1889 was appointed Visiting Physician to Washington Asylum Hospital, in 1890 Attending Physician to St. Ann's Infant Asylum, in 1891 Obstetric Surgeon to Co- lumbia Hospital, and the same year Attending Physician to Providence Hospital. In 1893 he was transferred from the obstetrical to the gynaecological service in Columbia Hospital for Women, from Attending Physician to Gynae- cologist to Providence Hospital, and in St. Ann's Infant Asylum was transferred from attending to consulting staff. He at present holds the same hospital positions. From 1892 to 1896 he held the chair of Gynaecology and Clin- ical Obstetrics in the medical department of National University, which position he resigned to accept the posi- tion of Clinical Professor in Columbian University. He is a member of the American Medical Association, of the Medical Association of the District of Columbia, of the Washington Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society, of the Southern Surgical and Gynaecological Society, of the Board of Examiners for Applicants for Physicians to the Poor of District of Columbia, Vice-President of the Med- ical Society of the District of Columbia, and ex- Vice- President and ex-President of the Medical and Surgical Society of the District of Columbia. He has contributed quite a number of papers on various gynaecological, pediatric, and obstetrical subjects to medical journals. The subject of this sketch was descended on his paternal side from a French family, members of which came to this country late in the eighteenth and early in the present century, and settled in New York. One of these, Jean Bovee, settled on the Hudson, and one of his sons, John, . DR. HENRY T. BYFORD. §i married Emeline Baird, a relative of General Winfield Scott, and to this union were born ten children, seven of whom are now living. One of the ten, William Henry, was married to Sarah Elizabeth, daughter of John Wesley Roat, both of whose parents were natives of Amsterdam, Holland. To William Henry and his wife, Sarah Elizabeth, were born several children, among them being John Wesley Bovee, whose life-sketch is here given. In 1889 he mar- ried Miss Katharine, the daughter of John Seager, one of an old Pennsylvania family that traces its ancestry back to the time of Charles II. of England. Mrs. Bovee was educated in the Notre Dame Convent in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and the Academy of the Visita- tion in Georgetown, D. C. HENRY T. BYFORD, M.D., CHICAGO, ILL. Dr. Henry T. Byford, son of Dr. William H. Byford and brother of Dr. William H. Byford, Jr., was born at Evansville, Ind., November 12, 1S53. He studied the classics in the high schools of Berlin from 1865 to 1868, and finished his literary studies at the Scientific Depart- ment of Williston Seminary. He graduated from the Medical Department of the Northwestern University in 1873, before reaching his twentieth birthday. His contributions to gynaecological periodical literature, invention of instruments, and of new operative proced- ures are numerous. He is one of the authors of the Amer ican Textbook of Gynaecology, of Keating & Coe's Clinical Gynaecology, and of Byford's Diseases of Women, and also the author of Byford's Manual of Gynaecology. He is Professor of Gynaecology and Clinical Gynae- 6 2 DR. J. BAR VIE DEW. cology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago and in the Chicago Post- Graduate Medical School, Professor of Clinical Gynaecology in the Women's Medical School of the Northwestern University, Surgeon to the Woman's Hospital of Chicago, Honorary President of the International Congress of Gynaecology and Ob- stetrics and also of the International Congress of Obstet- rics and Gynaecology of Bordeaux, Member of the British Gynaecological Society, American Gynaecological Society, Chicago Gynaecological Society, Corresponding Member of the Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society of Phila- delphia, etc. J. HARVIE DEW, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. James Harvie Dew is a typical representative of that active, enterprising set of Southern men who, during the latter part of the sixties, found their way to New York to seek success and reputation where the struggle was fiercest. He was born October 18, 1843, %va - Newtown, King and Queen County, Va. His father, Benjamin Franklin Dew, a courteous and genial gentleman of the old Virginia type, was graduated from William and Mary College, taking successively the degrees of B.A., M.A., and B.L. He was an extensive land-owner, and one of his estates was the historic "Mal- vern Hill," where the celebrated battle of that name was fought in 1862. His grandfather was Thomas Dew, a captain in the War of ]Si2, and a descendant of the Hon. Thomas Dew, a Speaker of the House of Burgesses in the old colonial days of Virginia. His mother was Mary Susan, daughter of Col. Reuben M. Garnett, also of King and Queen County. He is a nephew -yj&A DR. J. HA R VIE DEW. 63 of the late Thomas R. Dew, a successful and most distin- guished professor, writer, and President of the old William and Mary College, and a brother of Judge John G. Dew, of Virginia. Dr. Dew was educated at Prof. Gessner Harrison's Pre- paratory School and at the University of Virginia. His academic course of study was interrupted by the outbreak of the War in 1861, and at the age of eighteen he enlisted in " Lee's Partisan Rangers," commanded by R.E.Lee's son, William H. F., afterward Maj. Gen. Lee. This troop was soon merged into the Ninth Virginia Cavalry, and here he served until the close of the contest, under "Jeb" Stuart and his successors. This service afforded the experience and opportunity which enabled the doctor to publish " a most unique and valuable" contribution to the history of the war, present- ing the conditions, circumstances, and peculiarities which led to the development and characteristic features of the "Yankee and Rebel Yells." This article appeared in the April number of the Century Magazine for 1892. Dr. Dew commenced the study of medicine in January, 1866. His preceptors were Dr. William D. Quesenbery, of Virginia, and Dr. Joseph W. Howe, of New York. He was graduated from the University of A'irginia in June, 1867. Served as House Physician and Surgeon to the Charity Hospital, New York, from April, 1868, to Octo- ber, 1869, and commenced the practice of his profession in 1870. He was appointed Professor of Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene in the New York Evening High School in 1872, and continued his lectures, with great credit to him- self, till 1 88 1, when the urgency of his professional work induced his resignation. His experience in a great hospital for all diseases, and the universal applicability of the subjects upon which he lectured for so many years, have served especially to qualify 64 DR. J. S. BARNARD. him for general practice. In this field and in obstetrics he has met with eminent success. Dr. Dew is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, the Medical Society of the County of New York, the Alumni Association of the Charity Hospital, the County Medical Association, and of the New York Southern and other societies. Among his literary efforts he has recently contributed a paper " Establishing a New Method of Artificial Respira- tion in Asphyxia Neonatorum," called " Dew's Method," which was read before the New York Academy of Medi- cine in February, 1893. This method has to date met with almost universal approbation, and has already been taught in a number of our leading medical schools. Dr. Dew was married in 1885 to Miss Bessie Martin, only daughter of Dr. Edmund H. Martin, late of Memphis, Tenn., now of Louisville, Ky. They have one child, Caroline Welborn Dew. J. S. BARNARD, M.D., BALTIMORE, MD. James Sherman Barnard, M.D., youngest son of James B. Barnard, was born June 25, 1857, at Carlton, Orleans County, N. Y. His ancestors came to this country from England among the Pilgrims of the "Mayflower," and the family subsequently settled in New Bedford, Mass. His father was a farmer holding high social and political position in the community in which he lived. Dr. Bar- nard's boyhood was spent upon the farm, and his early educational opportunities were limited to those afforded by an average country school. At the age of thirteen, however, he left his home to pursue his studies systemati- cally in the academy and high school of Albion, N. Y. DR. J. S. BARNARD. 6e In 1879 ne began the study of medicine in the office of R. S. Bishop, M.D., Medina, N. Y. Subsequently he entered Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa., where he was graduated with honors in March, 1882. In the same year he began the practice of medicine in Clyde, N. Y., and in 1884 married Miss Lillian Hoyt, of that place. He was from the beginning very successful, and in the six years of his residence here built up an extensive village and country practice. But a rural environment was too restricted to satisfy the aspira- tions of a man of Dr. Barnard's scientific bent and acquis- itive mind. In his practice he had discovered how many things were yet to be learned, and, abandoning the field which he so successfully cultivated and which his labors and merits had made a lucrative one, he applied himself apart to study, this time devoting himself to a specialty. He then in 1890 removed to Baltimore, Md., and was ap- pointed to the Chair of Clinical, Operative, and Orificial Surgery in the Southern Homoeopathic Medical College. He held this position until August, 1894, when he resigned it to accept the Chair of Gynaecology and Orificial Sur- gery in the same institution. Dr. Barnard is a practitioner of marked success, and his chosen field is surgery, and he has rapidly gained distinc- tion in it in his new field of labor. He is a courageous and brilliant operator, yet at the same time scrupulous and cautious. He does not suffer himself to be trammelled by theories or the traditions of schools, but, with a perfect acquaintance with the views and methods of others, trusts his own judgment in every particular case. He is an inde- fatigable student, and fills the brief intervals of profes- sional engagements with reading and investigation. In the sick-room his genial manner, warm sympathies, and unwavering confidence inspire the patient with courage. These qualities sufficiently explain the rapidity of his rise vol. 11. — 5 66 DR. J. H. KELLOGG. to popularity in his new field and the affection in which old and new clients hold him. Dr. Barnard is a member of the following professional organizations : Wayne County Homoeopathic Medical So- ciety, Western New York Homceopathic Medical Society, New York State Homoeopathic Medical Society, American Institute of Homoeopathy, Maryland Homoeopathic Med- ical Society, American Society of Orificial Surgery, South- ern Homoeopathic Medical Association, and President of the Maryland and District of Columbia Clinical Society. Dr. Barnard is also prominent in the Masonic Order and is now a member of the following Masonic bodies : F. and A. M., Clyde Lodge, No. 341 ; Griswold Chapter (Clyde), No. 201 ; Beausiant Commandery, No. 8, Balti- more, Md. ; and A. O. N. M. S., Damascus Temple, Rochester, N. Y. J. H. KELLOGG, M.D., BATTLE CREEK, MICH. Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, was born at Tyrone, Livingston County, Mich., February 26, 1852. His father's name was John Preston Kellogg, and his mother was a Miss Ann Jeannette Stanley. His paternal grand- father was Josiah Kellogg, of Northampton, Mass., where his father resided until a few years before his birth, North- ampton having been the family seat of this, one of the oldest New England families, for nearly two hundred and fifty years. He attended the Michigan State Normal School at Ypsilanti, Mich. At the request of his father he left school before graduation to commence the study of medicine, in the year 1872, but continued the study of the sciences and modern languages by himself and with the aid of able teachers. His medical preceptor was Dr. Daniel Lewis, New York City. He attended the Medical DR. J. H. KELLOGG. fiy Department of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and later Bellevue Hospital Medical College, which was then at the height of its prestige, numbering among its faculty those eminent teachers Fordyce Barker, James N. Wood, E. R. Peaslee, Albert B. Crosby, Austin Flint, Sr., all of whom are now deceased. After graduation he took extra courses under Prof. Arnold, of New York, "in histology; Profs. Austin Flint, Sr., and E. J. Janeway, in physical diagnosis ; under Dr. Noyes, of New York, in the eye and ear; under Prof. George M. Beard, in electrotherapy; and under other specialists in microscopy and other branches. He was graduated at Bellevue Hospital Med- ical College, March, 1875. Dr. Kellogg commenced the practice of medicine in Battle Creek, Mich., in the summer of 1875, an d has re- mained in practice there ever since. He is at the present time, and has been for eighteen years, Superintendent of the Battle Creek Sanitarium ; Surgeon to the Battle Creek Sanitarium Hospital ; Superintendent of the Chicago Med- ical Mission, which he visits weekly ; President of the Haskell Orphans' Home and of the James White Memorial Home for Aged People. The Battle Creek Sanitarium is an incorporated institution, organized as a self-supporting beneficent enterprise for the promotion of rational med- icine and the relief of the worthy sick poor. Dr. Kellogg has always been greatly interested in sani- tary and philanthropic enterprises. He has twice been appointed member of the State Board of Health, serving in that capacity continuously for twelve years. He has occupied various official positions in surgery and med- icine. He was President of the Regular Medical Society of Calhoun County for the year 1887, and he has several times represented his County and State Societies at the meetings of the American Medical Association. Dr. Kellogg is a member of the following medical soci- eties : Life Fellow of the British Gynaecological Society; 68 DR. J. H. KELLOGG. Corresponding Member of La Societed'Hygiene ; a Foun- der and Life Member of the International Periodical Gynae- cological Congress ; Permanent Member of the American Medical Association ; Member of the Michigan State Medical Society, Calhoun County Medical Society, and Battle Creek Academy of Medicine. Some of the following books and papers, among numer- ous others, which he has contributed to medical journals and other publications, and which have been quite widely noticed abroad as well as in this country, are worth men- tioning, viz. : " A Series of School Text-books of Physiology," written by request of the house of Harper Bros. "A Series of 10 Colored Wall-charts Illustrative of Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene, for Use in Schools." "A Series of 21 Charts, Comprising 118 Outline Fig- ures of the Human Body, embodying the Results of Several Thousand Observations, Embracing Studies of a Number of Different Civilized and Uncivilized Races, including the Principal Types of the Human Family." '* Graphic Methods of Recording Diseased Conditions of the Lungs, and a New Form of Pneumograph, or Pneograph. " " Methods of Precision in the Investigation of Disorders of Digestion." "The Influence of Dress in Producing the Physical Decadence of American Women." " The Value of Exercise as a Therapeutic Means in the Treatment of Pelvic Diseases of Women." " Intestinal Asepsis and Antisepsis in Abdominal Sur- gery, with a Report of 358 Cases, with 8 Deaths, including a Series of 165 Successive Recoveries." " Sixty Cases of Uterine Myomata Treated by Electro- lysis, with Description of New Forms of Electrodes and a Coulombmeter. ' ' " The Use of Oxygen by Enemata," a new mode of in- DR. J. H. KELLOGG. fig troducing this important therapeutic agent into the circu- lation. " Report of 73 Cases of Operation for Shortening the Round Ligaments, and Description of a New Method of Operation." " Antiseptic Drainage in Abdominal Surgery, with Description of an Aseptic Drainage-tube." "A Discussion of the Electro-therapeutic Methods of Apostoli and Others," constituting a chapter in the Inter- national System of Electro-therapeutics, published by the F. A. Davis Co. "A Paper Relating to a New Form of Electrical Cur- rent — the so-called 'Sinusoidal Current,'" which was discovered by Dr. Kellogg in the summer of 1883, since rediscovered and described by D'Arsonval, of Paris. In addition he is editor of Modern Medicine and Bac- teriological Review, a journal devoted to rational medicine, particularly to a review of the most recent results of bac- teriological research and developments in physiological chemistry. Also editor, in conjunction with Drs. N. S. Davis and T. D. Crothers, of the American Medical Tem- perance Quarterly, the organ of the American Medical Temperance Association. Dr. Kellogg is also President of the American Medical Missionary College, Chicago, Illinois, a four-year medical school second to no medical college in the United States in grade, and devoted wholly to the education of medical missionaries. Dr. Kellogg is a remarkably successful operator. In one case he removed successfully, by the lumbar method, a diseased kidney so large as to require the amputation of the last rib, containing a calculus which weighed 4^ ounces. He devised a new method of performing the operation of shortening the round ligaments which has proved very successful. He has tested the operation in over five hundred cases with less than 5 per cent, of failures. jq DR. J. H. KELLOGG. Dr. Kellogg is recognized by his associates as an acute diagnostician, and as a surgeon has few equals in rapidity and neatness of his operative work. His record of 165 successive oyariotomies without a death he attributes not solely to his personal operative skill, but to the aseptic surroundings of the hospital in which he operates and the scrupulous attention to asepsis on the part of operators and nurses. For twenty years Dr. Kellogg has given special atten- tion to a study of the causes which are responsible for the growing physical weakness of American women, making extended researches in the interests of this study among the wild Indian tribes of this country, as well as among the native Chinese women and the native women of Mexico, France, Italy, and many other countries. In 1888 he was elected a Fellow and Founder of the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. He has travelled extensively in the United States, Cen- tral America, and Europe for the purpose of making scientific observations. Twice he has been abroad, in 1883 and 1889. In 1883 he divided his time between the hospitals and medical schools of London, Paris, and Vienna, spending a considerable portion of his time in the private surgical laboratory of Billroth (now deceased), under the special training of his first assistant, Wolfler, giving special attention to intestinal surgery and plastic surgery, in which Prof. Billroth and his assistant were at that time leading operators. He spent several months with Lawson Tait as a pupil assistant, also spent some time with other English and Continental gynaecological surgeons. He also observed abdominal surgery with Savage, of Birmingham, and Thornton, of London. He has given much attention to abdominal surgery. If he is a specialist in any direction, it is in gynaecology and in the treatment of disorders of digestion, to which he has given more special attention than to any other branch of med- DR. J. H. KELLOGG. yi icine, having made a careful analytical study of the stomach fluid in more than six thousand cases, and perfected a more complete and exact method of chemical and bac- terial investigation of the stomach than has heretofore been employed. He prepared, by request, a paper entitled " The Rela- tion of Static Disturbance of the Abdominal Viscera to Displacements of the Pelvic Viscera," which was pre- sented before the Periodical Gynaecological Congress held at Brussels, Belgium, September, 1892, and published in the proceedings. He has made an extended series of investigations in anthropometry, which resulted in the preparation of sev- eral anthropometric tables, based upon an accurate test of the strength of the principal groups of muscles in the body in nearly a thousand men and an equal number of women. These were the first systematic studies ever made in this line, and were made by means of a dynamometer invented by him for the purpose. These tables and dynamometer are in use in the physical culture departments of Yale University, the University of Montreal, Wisconsin State University, and numerous other leading educational institutions, and are also used in the Government Military School at West Point, and constitute the only basis which has been thus far found for accurate diagnosis of the nervo-muscular apparatus of an individual, and for a precise prescription of exercise. The results of these investigations were presented, by request of the Sec- retary, at the International Statistical Congress held in connection with the World's Fair at Chicago, in the fall of 1893. He has invented many valuable surgical and scientific instruments and appliances which are being extensively used. Among these may be mentioned a sterilizing fan for use in surgical operations, this instrument being so arranged as to direct a large volume of pure, filtered air n 2 DR. J. H. KELLOGG. upon the field of operation ; an operating water-bed, for the purpose of preventing shock from chilling of the patient during long operations; special instruments for the performance of the operation of shortening the round ligaments ; a specially constructed snare for use in connec- tion with the Paquelin cautery, for removing hemor- rhoids; an instrument for measuring the time occupied by muscular movement ; and another for determining the length of time required for perception of objects, both instruments being used in psychological research. Having at command the facilities of a large sanitarium, Dr. Kellogg has invented many appliances and devices for use in the treatment of chronic maladies, among the most important of which are the electric-light bath, and various forms of apparatus for the administration of active and passive exercise. His researches for the purpose of determining the best method of antisepsis in abdominal surgery resulted in the invention of an aseptic drainage-tube, and the establish- ment of a special dietary in the management of cases of this class. The Medical and Surgical Sanitarium during the twenty years since he took charge of it has grown to be the largest institution of the kind in this country. Four thousand persons are annually received into the institu- tion, which includes not only the Sanitarium proper, but a hospital with one hundred beds, an aseptic mater- nity, and fully equipped bacteriological, biological, and chemical laboratories, in which special researches are in constant progress. The hospital record for recovery after grave operations is the best ever attained, which Dr. Kellogg attributes not alone to personal skill, but in a large part to the purity of the country air with which the hospital is surrounded. We are especially glad to men- tion a custom which prevails in this hospital. On the regular weekly operating days, and at other times when DR. J. H. KELLOGG. y-> important operations are on hand, the physicians, nurses, and assistants, before beginning their work, gather in a side room and invoke the Divine blessing upon their labors. Without asserting that such a course secures Divine interposition in the saving of life, it cannot be denied that such a custom must be highly conducive to a careful consideration of the work in hand and the best interests of the patient to be operated upon, not only by physicians but by assistants and nurses, being conducive to that gravity of mind which is alone consistent with the grave responsibilities of surgical work. It seems a very fitting thing that the worthy example of that great man, Ephraim McDowell, the first ovariotomist, should be followed by his successors. The institution of which Dr. Kellogg has immediate charge comprises some twenty-five buildings, the principal and nearly all of which were erected under his direction and from plans furnished by him. He has endeavored to make it a model scientific establishment, where the sick can receive the benefit of every known rational means for recovery. Neither Dr. Kellogg nor any other person has any per- sonal interest in the institution, and he has never received any income from it for his professional services either directly or indirectly, aside from a moderate salary, de- pending almost wholly upon other resources for his support and the carrying on of other beneficent enterprises in which he is interested, among which may be mentioned several branch sanitariums in the United States, a medical mis- sion and sanitarium at Guadalajara, Old Mexico, and several medical missions in foreign lands, all of which are under his supervision, together with a training school for missionary nurses, at which upward of two hundred and fifty persons are constantly under instruction, a large number being sent annually to various mission fields at home and in foreign lands. He married Miss Ella E. Eaton, of Alfred Centre, N. Y., pr 4 DR. MARIE J. MERGLER. February 22, 1879. They have no children of their own, but have picked up a dozen or more little waifs at various times and at various places, whom they are rearing and educating. May God spare and bless him to continue in his noble work. MARIE J. MERGLER, M.D., CHICAGO, ILL. Marie J. Mergler, M.D., was born in Mainstockheim, Bavaria. She was the youngest of three children. Her father, Dr. Francis R. Mergler, was a graduate of the University of Wurzburg. Her mother was descended from a German family — the Von Rittershausen. When about one year old, her parents removed to America and located in Wheeling, 111., where her father practised his profession. Some time afterward they removed to Palatine, 111., where he continued his practice until his death. Owing to the limited advantages afforded by the district school, Dr. Francis R. Mergler personally directed the early education of his children, and when the in- creasing demands for his professional services rendered this no longer possible, the instruction was continued by private teachers. At seventeen Marie Mergler was grad- uated from the Cook County Normal School, and one year later entered the State Normal School at Oswego, N. Y., where she was graduated from the classical course in 1 87 1. She was then appointed first assistant in the High School at Euglewood, which position she held for four years. Finding, however, that the profession of teaching was too narrow a field and offered no incentive to the further prosecution of studies, she decided to adopt that of medicine, since she had acquired a love for it from her close association with her father, whom she had occasionally assisted in his practice. She matriculated at OAaJ^ DR. MARIE J. MERGLER. 75 the Woman's Medical College of Chicago in 1S76. Dur- ing her course she attracted the attention of her professors on account of her scholarship, and she is indebted to the late Dr. William H. Byford, founder of the school, for much of her knowledge of surgery, as she assisted him at his operations for several years. She was graduated from the College in 1879, being valedictorian of her class, and was immediately elected Lecturer on Materia Medica, but was given one year's leave of absence for study. Dr. Mergler was the first woman graduate to compete success- fully with the graduates of other Chicago medical colleges for the appointment as interne of the Cook County Hos- pital at Dunning, standing second in the competitive ex- amination. She received the appointment and was as- signed a position which, however, she was not allowed to fill. The place was given to a young man who was not even required to take the examination. Determined not to be thwarted in having hospital experience, she went to Europe and studied one year at Zurich, giving special at- tention to pathology and clinical medicine. She began practice in Chicago in 1881, doing general practice at first and then limiting herself to obstetrics and gynaecology. In the latter she has acquired great skill as a surgeon, and in this field stands among those at the head of her profession in the Northwest. In the Woman's Medical College she has held the posi- tions of Lecturer on Materia Medica, Lecturer on Histol- ogy, of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Clinical In- structor in Gynaecology, and Adjunct Professor of Gynae- cology. After the death of Professor William H. Byford she was appointed his successor as Professor of Gynaecology. Since 1885 she has held the office of Secretary of this in- stitution. During her term of office she has proved her- self to be possessed of great executive ability and has labored untiringly to advance the school. 76 DR. MARIE J. MERGLER. In connection with the late Dr. Charles Warrington Earle, she has succeeded in maintaining the high standard and broad lines of the institution so well begun by Dr. Byford and his colleagues, and has greatly widened its op- portunities for usefulness by aiding in its union with a wealthy university. At the Lincoln Street Dispensary she has built up a fine gynaecological clinic in which the work is conducted by herself and able assistants. In 1882 she was one of the first two women elected on the attending staff of the Cook County Hospital. In 1886 she was appointed one of the attending sur- geons at the Woman's Hospital of Chicago, and in 1890 gynaecologist to Wesley Hospital, both of which positions she still fills. In November, 1895, she was elected Head Physician and Surgeon at the Mary Thompson Hospital for Women and Children. In this last appointment, Dr. Mergler received the unanimous support of the Chicago Gynaecological So- ciety, and also of the majority of the members of the med- ical profession in the city, a just tribute to her skill. Dr. Mergler has distinguished herself for her ability in ab- dominal surgery. Her work is done cleanly and quickly. She has excellent judgment and superior diagnostic pow- ers. Her success in the class-room has equalled that in the consulting- room. Her lectures are scientific and are rendered more valuable by her rare ability to classify her knowledge and her clear-cut mode of expressing herself. In the midst of her busy life she has contributed papers to some of the State Medical Societies and leading med- ical journals, and is the author of a " Guide to the Study of Gynaecology," a text-book used in the School. But her great work has been in assisting women to obtain the very best opportunities for a thorough medical education in the Woman's Medical College at Chicago. In the words of another of Chicago's leading physicians, " She is a great and good woman." p-> w ' - DR. CHARLES B. PENROSE. DR. CHARLES B. PENROSE. yj CHARLES B. PENROSE, M.D., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Charles B. Penrose, M.D., the subject of this sketch, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., on the first day of Febru- ary in the year 1862. His father is Dr. R. A. F. Penrose, for many years Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in the University of Pennsylvania. After obtaining an elementary education he was sent to Harvard College, and in 1881 he received the degree of A.B. from that institution. In the year 1884 he was graduated from the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania. While studying medicine he took a post-graduate course at Harvard in physics, mathematics, and chemistry, re- ceiving the degrees from Harvard of A.M. and Ph.D. in 1884. Dr. Penrose was Resident Physician in the Pennsylvania Hospital for sixteen months ending October 1, 1886. In 1887 he was appointed Out-patient Surgeon to the Pennsylvania Hospital. In 1888 he was appointed Sur- geon to the Gynaecean Hospital of Philadelphia, and it was through his energy and efforts that the hospital was founded. Dr. Penrose is an earnest worker in every branch of his profession. In 1890, by appointment, he held the position as Sur- geon to the German Hospital. Surgery has always been his favorite pursuit, notwith- standing he has had a very extensive general practice, and he has been remarkably successful in his surgical opera- tions, so much so that in 1893 he was elected Professor of Gynaecology in the University of Pennsylvania, which position he still holds. He is a fluent writer, and has published numerous val- 78 DR. B. BERNARD BROWNE. uable papers relating to mathematics, physics, and medi- cine. He is a member of the College of Physicians of Phi'a- delphia, the Philadelphia Academy of Surgery, Philadel- phia County Medical Society, and others. Dr. Penrose is in the vigor of youth and health, and the field is broad before him for usefulness and good which will afford him a fine opportunity to bring to bear his surgical skill. He has already attained a prominence in his profession which places him far along in the ranks of much older surgeons. B. BERNARD BROWNE, M.D., BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. Dr. Bennet Bernard Browne was born June 16, 1842, at Wheatlands (the old family residence) in Queen Anne's County, Maryland. His parents were Charles Cochrane Browne, a great- grandson of Charles Browne and Priscilla Brooke (she being the sister of Roger Brooke, the grandfather of Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney), and Mary Elizabeth Will- son, the daughter of Dr. Thomas Willson, of Trumpington, Kent County, Maryland, and granddaughter of Hon. Thomas Smyth, a member of the Maryland Council of Safety during the Revolutionary War. While he was quite young, Dr. Browne's parents re- moved to Howard County, which continued to be his residence until 1861. He received his collegiate educa- tion at Loyola College, Baltimore. In May, 1861, he entered the Confederate army with a company of cavalry organized in Howard County, Maryland, under Captain George R. Gaither, and joined General Angus Mac- Donald's command at Winchester, Virginia. Upon the re- ■I r S6^\r dL&SL^2^ a-^d^&^ls^s^J^ DR. B. BERNARD BROWNE. 79 ♦ organization of the cavalry service he was attached to the Seventh Regiment of Virginia Cavalry in the " Laurel " brigade, successively commanded by Generals Ashby, Jones, and Rosser, doing service principally in the Valley of Virginia under " Stonewall " Jackson ; at Gettysburg and Spottsylvania the brigade was attached to General J. E. B. Stuart's command. On. May 5, 1864, in the great cavalry charge at the battle of the Wilderness, where Rosser led his brigade in a sabre charge, Dr. Browne was wounded in the arm, while his brother Robert, who was riding beside him, and who was always considered one of the bravest and most fearless young men in the regiment, was shot through the heart and fell dead from his horse. Dr. Browne was taken prisoner in the latter part of May, 1864, and confined in the Old Capitol Prison at Washington until February, 1865, when he was sent to Richmond for exchange. After the surrender of Lee's army at Appomattox he returned to Baltimore, and, in August, 1865, commenced, the study of medicine and sur- gery under the instruction of the late Professor Nathan R. Smith, M.D., LL.D. (who was a son of Dr. Nathan Smith, Professor of Surgery in Yale College, New Haven, to whom belongs the honor of being the next ovariotomist (July 5, 182 1) after Ephraim McDowell. His operation was also as truly original as the first of Dr. McDowell; Dr. Smith being at the time entirely unaware that Dr. McDowell had operated at all). Hs took his degree of Doctor of Medicine from the University of Maryland in 1867, and then spent some time at Bayview Asylum, devoting his attention chiefly to the study of the surgical diseases of women and obstetrics. Beginning in 1868 in the general practice of medicine and surgery, he soon became prominent for his success in the obstetrical and gynaecological portion of his work, and after a few years began to devote his attention especially to these branches. At the Baltimore Special Dispensary go DR. B. BERNARD BROWNE. he had for many years the largest gynaecological clinic in the city. Dr. Browne has contributed a large number of papers to the medical journals of the country, some of which have been translated and republished in foreign journals ; among the most important are : " Case of Fibroid Tumor of the Uterus Causing Eclamp- sia," 1877. "On Partial Retention of Placenta after Labor," 1879. " Uterine Thermometry," 1880. "Dilatation of Female Urethra for Examination of the Ureters," 1880. " Combined Intra-uterine and Extra-uterine Twin Preg- nancy, with an Analysis of Twenty-four Cases," 1882. "The Surgeons of Baltimore and their Achievements, Sesqui-Centennial Address," 1880. In 1883 he devised a new operation for chronic inver- sion of the uterus {New York Medical Journal, Nov. 24, 1883), which has been accepted by many of the prominent works on gynaecology, both in this country and abroad. He was one of the earliest ovariotomists in his section of the United States to recognize and remove diseased tubes and ovaries. Dr. Browne has always taken an active interest in the medical societies of his State, being a member of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland ; of the Clinical Society of Maryland, of which he was President in 1884-85 ; of the Gynaecological and Obstetrical Society of Baltimore, of which he was the President in 1892-93; he is also a Fellow of the American Gynaecological Society. Dr. Browne was one of the incorporators of the Woman's Medical College of Baltimore, and has been Professor of Gynaecology in it since 1881. He was also Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in the Baltimore Polyclinic and Post-Graduate Medical S;hool, and is Gynaecologist to the Hospital of the Good Samaritan, and has a large DR. B. BERNARD BROWNE. gl consulting practice principally from the physicians of Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. Dr. Browne is a member of the Society of the Army and Navy of the Confederate States in the State of Mary- land. He is an active member of the Maryland Historical Society, taking particular interest in the early Colonial history of his State, and in the genealogy of Maryland and Virginia families and their ancestors in Eng^nd. He is a member of the Society of Sons of the Revolu- tion in the State of Maryland, being a great-grandson of Thomas Smyth (1729-18 19) ; Member of Maryland Con- vention (1775-76) ; Signer Association of the Freemen of Maryland, July 26, 1775; Member of Maryland Council of Safety, 1775-75; Member of Committee of Safety of Kent County, Maryland, 1776. He is also a member of the Society of the Colonial Wars in the S ate of Maryland, and Chairman of the Gentlemen of the Council in that Society. On November 22, 1893, he delivered a scholarly address before that Society, com- memorative of the two hundred and sixtieth anniversary of the sailing of the first Maryland Colony in the "Ark" and " Dove" from Cowes, in the Isle of Wight. The Society of Colonial Wars has been instituted to perpetuate the memory of the events in colonial history happening from the settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, May 13, 1607, to the battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775, and of the men who, in military, naval, and civil positions of high trust and responsibility, by their acts or counsel assisted in the establishment, defence, and preservation of the American Colonies, and were, in truth, the founders of this nation. With this end in view it seeks to collect and preserve manuscripts, rolls, and records ; to provide suitable commemoration of memorials relating to the American Colonial period, and to inspire in its members the paternal and patriotic spirit of their forefathers, and VOL. II. — 6. g 2 DR. B. BERNARD BROWNE. in the community respect and reverence to those whose public services made our freedom and unity possible. The ancestors of Dr. Browne under whom he holds mem- bership in this Society and their services are as follows : Eighth in descent from Major-General Richard Bennet, died 1677, member of Virginia House of Burgesses, 1629; member of the King's Council seven term^, 1642-1660; one of the Commissioners appointed in 165 1 by the Council of State in England to reduce all the Plantations within the Bay of the Chesapeake to their due obedience to the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England. Reduced Virginia March 12, 1652; reduced Maryland March 27, 1652; made the treaty with the Susquehanna Indians July 5, 1652, by which the Indians gave up a large portion of Maryland. Governor of Virginia from April 30, 1652-55. Elected Commissioner to England, 1655. Signed the agreement with Lord Baltimore, November 30, 1657, by which the Province of Maryland was restored. Major- General of the Virginia forces, 1662-72. Seventh in descent from Richard Bennet, Jr., died 1667; Member Maryland Assembly, 1' 63-65. Seventh in descent from Robert Brooke, B.A. (1620), M.A. (1624) Wadham College, Oxford; commissioned by Cecelius Lord Baltimore, 1649, as commander of one whole county and member of his Lordship's Provincial Council; Commander of Charles County, 1650; President of the Provincial Council and Acting Governor of Maryland, 1652. Seventh in descent from Captain James Neale, member Provincial Council of Maryland, 1643-44 and 1660-61. Commissioned "Captain" by Lord Baltimore 1661; Mem- ber Maryland House of Burgesses 1666. Seventh in descent from Colonel Henry Morgan, Com- mander of militia, Kent County, 1648; Member of Mary- land Assembly, 1659. Seventh in descent from Richard Smith, Attorney-Gen- DR. B. BERNARD BROWXE. 83 eral of Maryland, 1655 to i65o; Lieutenant of militia, 1657-60; Member of Maryland Assembly, 1660-67. Sixth in descent from Francis Hutchins, Member of Maryland Assembly, 1682-94 (ancestor of Johns Hopkins). Sixth in descent from Anthony Neale, Lieutenant in Captain Rand Brandt's Company of Militia, Charles County, 16S6. Sixth in descent from Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Lowe, Judge of Provincial Court 1697, commander of the militia of St. Mary's County in 1698, nephew of Lady Jane Baltimore, the wife of Charles III., Lord Baltimore. Fifth in descent from Colonel Thomas Smyth, Member of Maryland Assembly nine terms, 1694-1707. Member of Provincial Council, 1 715-19. Fourth in descent from Thomas Smyth, Member of Maryland Assembly 1738. Third in descent from Honorable Thomas Smyth, Mem- ber of Maryland Convention 1774. Major General Richard Bennet was a son of Sir John Bennet and brother of Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington, Chief Secretary of State to Charles II. of England ; among his descendants in Virginia were John Randolph of Roan- oke; Richard Bland, member of the First Congress at Philadelphia; Theodorick Bland, Colonel in the Revolu- tionary Army; Henry St. George Tucker, President of Virginia Court of Appeals ; John Randolph Tucker, At- torney-General of Virginia; Lighthorse Harry Lee, of the Revolutionary Army ; Major-General Fitzhugh Lee and General Robert E. Lee, of the Confederate States Army. Of the latter, a recent historical writer has said : " When from his chosen place, with kindling eye he saw his ragged boys in gray, in a hundred battles, sweep the Federal lines from the field, it was the blood of Richard Bennet that thrilled in the veins of Robert E. Lee. His was the hand that first sowed the seeds of both civil and religious liberty in the soil of Virginia. He quickened into life the spirit 8 4 DR. B. BERNARD BROJVXE. of independence, which a century afterward fired the soul of Patrick Henry and drew forth the sword of Washington. Richard Bennet was the first and one of the greatest of all the friends of liberty Virginia ever nurtured on her bosom, and who, preceding them all by a century, made possible their heroic achievements." Robert Brooke, B.A. and M.A. Oxford, was the ancestor of Roger Brooke Taney, Chief Justice of the United States; of Governor Thomas Sim Lee, and ot Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was the son of Thomas Brooke, Member of Parliament, 1604-n, and Susan Foster, daughter of Sir Thomas Foster, Knight, Counsel to Queen Anne of Denmark and Prince Henry, appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, November 24, 1607; and Susan Foster, his wife, was de- scended from the Fosters, of Etherstone Hall, Northum- berland, England, of whom, so ancient was the family, the Northumberland adage says : " First Adam and Eve were made, then the Fosters." In tracing out the genealogy of Sir Thomas Foster, Knight, we find that through Elizabeth d'Umfraville and Robert d'Umfraville, Earl of Angus, w r ho was the grand- son of Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan, and Elizabeth, daughter of R:>ger de Quinci, second Earl of Winchester (son of Saher de Quinci, first Earl of Winchester, who was one of the Barons who signed the Magna Charta, June 15, 1215), who married Helen, the grand-daughter of David, Earl of Huntington, that he was a lineal descendant of David I., King of Scotland, who was the brother of Matilda, who married Henry I., King of England, Sir Thomas Foster being seventeenth in descent, Robert Brooke nineteenth, and Dr. Browne twenty-sixth in de- scent from Malcolm, King of Scotland, who married Mar- garet, the daughter of Eadmund Ironsides. We also find that Queen Victoria is twenty-fifth and the Prince of Wales twenth sixth in descent from Malcolm and Margaret. DR. B. BERNARD BROWNE. 85 An interesting event in regard to this King Malcolm is that he was the great-grandson of King Malcolm II., commonly called Rex Victoriosissimus, who, when re- turning from the defeat of the Danes at Mortlock, in Moray, in 10 10, was pursued by a ravenous wolf, which was about to attack him, when a young son of Donald' of the Isles thrust his arm, which was wound in the plaid, into the wolf's mouth, and with his dagger slew the beast. The King appreciating the boldness of the action gave to the young man certain lands which now form the parish of Skene, in Aberdeenshire. This incident gave rise to the family name Sgian or Skene, which means dagger or dirk. This Skene was the ancestor of one of our most distin- guished ovariotomists in America, Dr. Alexander J. C. Skene, of Brooklyn, N. Y., and now, after a lapse of 884 years and twenty-nine generations, we find Dr. Browne, the descendant of King Malcolm, whose life was thus saved, and Dr. Skene, whose family thus took their name, both eminent in the same professional career and members of the same national society. Robert Brooke married Mary Mainwaring, daughter of Roger Mainwaring, B.A., All Souls College, Oxford, Feb- ruary, 1608 ; M.A., July 5, 1611; and D.D., July 2, 1625; Chaplain to Charles I., 1630; Dean of Worcester, 1633; Bishop of St. David's, 1636. Roger Mainwaring was a descendant of a noble and one of the most ancient Cheshire families, allied by marriage to Hugh Kevilioc, Earl of Chester, a near relative of William the Conqueror. The family of Mainwaring was founded by Ranulphus, who accompanied William the Conqueror from Normandy and received the grant of fifteen lordships in Cheshire, including Peure (now Over-Peover) as his division of the spoil. In examining the genealogical chart of the Browne, Brooke, Neale, and Bennet families, we find that Dr. Browne's ancestors are traced back to the time of the Nor- 86 DR. B. BERXARD BROWNE. man invasion of England in 1066, and that many of them were present and fought with William the Conqueror in the great battle of Senlac, near Hastings. Among the most prominent of these were William de Warren, Earl of Surrey, who married Gundrada, the daughter of the Con- queror ; William Fitz Osbern, Earl of Hereford; Roger de Montgomery Earl of Arundel and Shrewsbury ; Robert de Beaumont, C ount of Meulent and Earl of Leicester ; Raoul de Toeni, who held the honorable office of gonfalonier (standard-bearer) of Normandy, which was hereditary in his family; Raoul de Gael, Earl of Norfolk; Richard le Goz, Vicomte D'Avranches, who married Emma de Con- teville, a half-sister of the Conqueror, whose descendants afterward became the Earls of Chester. Dr. Browne received his first name from the Bennet family, his second also from two remote ancestors, viz., Bernard, King of Italy Si 2 to 81S, a grandson of Charle- magne, and Bernard the Dane, a descendant of the kings of Denmark and a companion of the first Norman Con- queror, Duke Rollo; he was Governor and Regent of Normandy, A.D. S12; from him were descended the Comtes de Meulent, the Earls of Leicester and Warwick, and many other French and English noble houses. Dr. Browne married, in 1872, Miss Jennie Nicholson, of Baltimore, a sister of Bishop Isaac L. Nicholson, of Mil- waukee, Wisconsin. They have five children, two sons and three daughters, his eldest daughter received this year (1894) the first scholarship awarded by the Bryn Mawr School, which consists of a four-year course at the Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania. J?.&~~ DR. P. FLEWELLEN CHAMBERS. 87 P. FLEWELLEN CHAMBERS, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. Porter Flewellen Chambers is descended from an old Scotch family, remotely related to the great pub- lishers of that name. Early in the eighteenth century Robert Chambers came to America from Scotland, and settled in North Carolina. He took an active part in the Revolutionary War, and in the War of 1812 he again served his adopted country. In 1800 his son Henry removed to Georgia, and there his grandson, Col. James McCoy Chambers, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was born. James McCoy Chambers was a man of note in his State, actively associated with its agricultural and manufacturing interests, and amassed a large fortune. He was editor of The Soil of the South, the leading agricultural journal of that section, published at Columbus, and actively and earnestly encouraged the development of the manufactur- ing interests of that place, now grown to be the most ex- tensive and valuable in the entire South. Col. Chambers died in 1869. Judge William H. Chambers, father of Dr. P. Flewellen Chambers, took a prominent part in the late Civil War, rising to the rank of Colonel in the field ; he was also active in the executive part of the Confederate Government. He married Anne Lane Flewellen, daughter of a prominent physician of Welsh extraction, resident in Georgia. Dr. P. Flewellen Chambers, the subject of this sketch, was born in Alabama, December 25, 1853. He was edu- cated by tutors and in private schools, and was graduated in the class of 1873 from Emory College, Georgia. He immediately began the study of medicine. In the summer §8 DR. P. FLEWELLEX CHAMBERS. of 1874 he entered the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, from which institution he was graduated in 1876, when he served on the house staff of the Presbyterian Hos- pital, and following that went to the Woman's Hospital in the same capacity. On leaving the Woman's Hospital he became associated with Dr. T. Gaillard Thomas in his private hospital — a connection which continued during the next ten years. Dr. Chambers is now Assistant Surgeon of the Woman's Hospital, having been appointed to that honor just three years after leaving the house staff. In all things appertain- ing to his profession he is an enthusiast. He is a mem- ber of several medical associations, notably the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York Obstretrical Society, and the British Gynaecological Society. As a writer on gynaecological subjects he is well known. And as an ope- rator he is unusually dexterous in handling his instruments, and in the ease with which he works he shows the master. He has shown remarkably good results in the operations for hysterectomy and removal of ovarian cysts, and in all of the plastic operations of the uterus and vagina. He is regarded not only as one of the most conservative, but also as one of the most brilliant of the young operators, and his skill in diagnosis has been so widely recognized that he is repeatedly called in consultation in obscure gynaecological cases, not only in New York, but in all the neighboring cities. A comparatively short time ago Dr. Chambers estab- lished a private hospital for the treatment of women's dis- eases, where are found all the conveniences and appli- ances for modern work, as well as all the luxuries of a well-appointed home. This hospital has been most suc- cessful. On June 1, 1893, Dr. Chambers was married to Alice, daughter of W. H. Ely, brother of ex- Mayor Smith Ely, of New York City. ^S^gB >~ DR. IDA E. RICHARDSON. 8 9 Dr. Chambers has a pleasing personality, and has won an enviable position, not only in medicine, but in social and financial circles as well. He is a member of several of the leading social clubs, and a friend and welcome guest of the best families of New York, the city of his adoption. IDA E. RICHARDSON, M.D., PHILADELPHIA, PA. The subject of this sketch, the youngest daughter of William Henry Richardson and Catharine Hill, Dr. Ida E. Richardson, was born in Philadelphia, November 29, 1845. In her mother's family were two medical men well known in Philadelphia. Dr. Richardson's grandfather, John Howard Hill, M.D., was one of the first surgeons of the City Troop ; and her uncle, Charles H. Hill, M.D., is the oldest living graduate of Jefferson Medical College. After the usual home, school, and seminary life of a young girl, Dr. Richardson was graduated, Bachelor of Arts, from the Wesleyan Female Seminary of Wilmington, Del. Her thoughts turning to the study of medicine, she became a member of the class of 1879 * n tne Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. After a year as interne in the Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia she entered upon an exceptionally successful private practice. For two years she served as clinician, and since that time she has been consulting physician in the Woman's Hospital. Dr. Richardson has done well her share in the instruc- tion of undergraduates and young physicians of less ex- perience than her own. For four years she was clinical lecturer and demonstrator of the Principles and Practice go DR. IDA E. RICHARDSON. of Medicine in the Woman's Medical College ; and, since the time when the calls of her own practice com- pelled her to relinquish her more public duties, she has always given freely of her time and skill in the aid of younger practitioners. There are, to-day, in Philadelphia and elsewhere, many young doctors, who, in a moment of uncertainty, turn in- stinctively to Dr. Richardson for counsel ; feeling not only absolute confidence that the advice received will be the best results of years of faithful research and of practi- cal work, but, also, that the appeal for help will receive the instant, complete attention and gracious, courteous response of a large-hearted, unselfish, Christian woman, whose great joy it is to be a helper of others. To the proposal to open a hospital for women in West Philadelphia Dr. Richardson was one of the first to re- spond, and from the foundation of that institution she has been one of the staff of visiting physicians, and has given liberally to it of her time, money, and skill. It is in the operating-room of this West Philadelphia Hospital for Women that most of her abdominal surgery has been done. The majority of cases operated on have been watched for months, some of them for years, and, with a single exception, the results, both immediate and after the lapse of time, have been so thoroughly satisfac- tory to both patient and operator as to lead to the con- clusion that in the choice of suitable cases, in skilful operating, and in judicious after-treatment, Dr. Richardson has earned the title of a successful abdominal surgeon. For six years she was attending physician to Bryn Mawr College. Though Philadelphia owns the oldest woman's medical college in the United States, still the feeling against women physicians here continued long and bitter, but finally, yielding to the inevitable, one medical society ventured to add women to their numbers, and Drs. Han- 2^1— DR. W. A. B. SELL MAN, 91 nah Croasdale and Ida E. Richardson were the first women elected to membership in a Philadelphia medical society. Dr. Richardson is also a member of the County Medical, the Obstetrical, and the Neurological Societies of Phila- delphia. Dr. Richardson's warm, true heart and unselfish dispo- sition have made her many ardent friends, not only among her numerous patients, but in her social life. She is dig- nified in manner, commanding the respect of all persons coming under her influence ; successful as an honest practitioner, and truly loyal to her profession. W. A. B. SELLMAN, M.D., BALTIMORE, MD. Dr. William Alfred Belt Sellman was born at Barnes- ville, Montgomery County, Md., June 10, 1850. He is the only child of John J. M. Sellman, who married Ann Elizabeth, a daughter of Alfred Belt, of Loudoun County, Va. On the paternal side he descended from the Sell- mans of Wales, England ; and on the maternal side from the Belts of Scotland, whose ancestors can be traced back for centuries. The Campbells of Scotland are near kin, and Dr. Sellman's ancestry upon both sides made honor- able records during the Revolutionary War. Dr. Sell- man's parents removed to Frederick City, Md., in 1852, where he received his early education at the Frederick Academy, an institution which has made a reputation in the higher education of young men in the State of Maryland. The Sellman family removed to Baltimore in 1866, and the son was placed at St. Timothy's Hall, Catonsville, Md., a military and collegiate institutute, having an at- tendance of about 400 students. This was intended as preparatory to entrance at West Point. q 2 DR. W. A. B. SELLMAX. Later it was decided that Dr. Sellman should enter the medical profession, and in 1870 he entered the office of Dr. Nathan R. Smith. About a month later the young student was thrown out of a carriage and received injuries which confined him to his room for eight months; during this time his course of medical reading was kept up, but the winter course of lectures was lost. He was graduated at the University of Maryland, February, 1S72, and was honored by membership in the Rush Medical Club in that institution. After graduation he travelled through the South, including Florida. His intention was to take a post-graduate course in Germany, but his preceptor, Dr. Smith, was taken ill, and was compelled to go to Jamaica for his health, and he assumed charge of Dr. Smiths office during his absence from the city. January, 1873, ^ e commenced general practice in Balti- more. His perseverance was rewarded by success and he rapidly built up a large practice. He drifted into gynseco- logical work, and in 1884 was elected Professor of the Diseases of Women in the Baltimore University School of Medicine and Gynaecologist to the hospital connected with that institution. He succeeded to the chair made vacant by the death of Prof. Harvey L. Byrd, whose writ- ings and records are well known to the profession. Dr. Sellman at once did some brilliant laparotomy work in this line. He established a reputation both as a lecturer and as a clinical instructor. He has not had the time to do much writing for publication, but has contributed papers to various societies of which he is a member. He is remarked for his neatness in appearance and the perfect system which he insists upon being carried out in the de- partments under his control. In 1892 the Chair of Ob- stetrics was added to his work in Gynaecology. He is a member of the American Medical Association, and since 1880 has attended many of its meetings. He is a member of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the DR. BYRON G. CLARK. 93 State of Maryland. Also of the Baltimore Medical Asso- ciation and of the Clinical Society. He was a member of the International Medical Congress which met in Washington in 1887 ; also of the Pan-American Con- gress. Dr. Sellman's statistics in ovariotomy, oophorectomy, hysterectomy, etc., compare favorably with those of other operators as to mortality. He is an advocate for the treat- ment of metritis and endometritis by radical means (rapid dilatation and curetting). He has devised a set of instru- ments, which he calls his reamers, for the removal of the dense fibrous tissue at the internal os uteri. He pleads earnestly for the maintenance of physical ex- ercise by all persons as they advance in years. He ad- vises men and women to keep up their muscular develop- ment by a temperate indulgence in bicycle-riding, rowing, skating, etc. Dr. Sellman married Miss Mary Oliver, of Baltimore, in 1882, whose father was Thomas Vinton Oliver of Massa- chusetts. Their only child is a son, born December, 1884. BYRON G. CLARK, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. Byron George Clark, a successful and popular New York City physician, has achieved his position by dint of severe and persevering labors. He is strictly a self-made man, who from the first has been advanced only by his own studious application, his intelligent devotion, and his skill in his profession. His entrance upon medical studies was under the influ- ence of the allopathic school, but subsequently he was converted to homoeopathy by a careful investigation of its tenets and principles, which appeared to be more in accord with nature and the progressive spirit of the age. qa DR. BYRON G. CLARK. Among the practitioners of the new school Dr. Clark is to be classed as a firm believer in the medium and higher potencies, which are to be employed with a nice gradua- tion and discrimination as to the individual case. His methods are justified by his success in building up a fine practice in the Harlem district of New York City, with a large clientage among the most intelligent and highly respectable families. Of ancient Pilgrim ancestry, Byron George Clark, born in Charlestown, New Hampshire, February 15, 1847, is tne son of Aaron Clark, a native of Princeton, Massachusetts, who married Mary Ann Towner, of Charlestown, where he engaged in farming. Hence, as in the case of so many able men, contributed by the country to the city, Dr. Clark's childhood and youth were spent on a farm. He enjoyed the advantages of the public schools, supple- mented by private instruction. Afterward he was placed in a banking-house in New York City with a view to starting him in a commercial career. It was while so em- ployed that he definitely decided to become a physician, and with characteristic energy he set about the arduous task of preparation. His spare moments out of banking- hours were devoted to study. Persevering under great difficulties he fitted himself for a preparatory college course. After taking a special course of lectures at the Long Island College Hospital, he entered Dartmouth Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1877. He re- turned to New York for a post-graduate course in materia medica at the New York Homoeopathic Medical College, and finally located at Windsor, Vermont. He was the first physician of the new school established in Windsor, where he soon built up an extensive practice. The long and exhaustive rides necessitated by a large village and country practice proving too severe for his physical endurance, he sought out a good man to take his LR. BYRON G. CLARK. n - place, and himself removed to New York, where he located in 1882. It was remarked by an old resident that Dr. Clark was the "first physician who left Windsor because he had too much to do." While Dr. Clark is an "all-round" family physician rather than a specialist, yet he has been accustomed each year to take up a post-graduate course in some leading specialty. In this way he acquired a critical knowledge and thorough equipment in various departments, and to this fact is doubtless to be attributed a portion of his pecu- liar success. The departments of gynsecology and ophthalmology are among the subjects to which he has thus given special attention, and in which he has shown especial aptitude. Dr. Clark, until recently, was visiting physician to the Hahnemann Hospital. He has also resigned his charge as visiting physician to the Laura Franklin Free Hospital for Children. He is a prominent member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, the Homoeopathic State and County So- cieties, the Carroll Durham Medical Club, the Materia Medica Society, the Pedological Society (Homoeopathic), American Society of Orificial Surgeons, the Homoeopathic Union, and Honorary Member of the Vermont State Homoeopathic Medical Society. Dr. Clark's first wife, Annie G. Ensworth, of Waterford, Pennsylvania, died in May, 1875. I n October, 1878, he married Eiida Peck, daughter of the late Samuel Peck, of New York City. They have three children. He is an active member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is known as a public-spirited and highly re- spected citizen as well as an able and progressive physician. 9 6 dr. b franklin betts. B. FRANKLIN BETTS, M.D., PHILADELPHIA, PA. B. Franklin Betts, M.D., Professor of Gynaecology in the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, was born in Warminster, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, December i, 1845, an d is the son of John and Sarah C. Malone Betts. He came to Philadelphia to reside in 1862. In the year 1868 he was graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of that city, and started for Europe soon after to complete his medical education by a two- years' course of study at Vienna, Austria. • In 1870 he returned to Philadelphia and commenced the practice of his profession, making a specialty of the diseases of women and children. In 1872 he was elected Professor of Physiology and Microscopic Anatomy in the college from which he had taken his degree. Before this time gynaecology was rarely recognized as a distinct department of medical science, but, with the rapid advance made in abdominal surgery, a new impetus to the study of the pathological basis of many of the diseases peculiar to females was felt, and believing that the time had come for a departure which should broaden the field of study for students, the Faculty of Hahnemann Medical College established the department of gynaecology in 1876, and elected Prof. Betts to the chair, which he has so ably filled ever since. With an intense interest in his specialty he applied him- self to the establishment of a clinic for the medical and surgical treatment of gynaecological cases, and soon after acquired facilities in the hospital connected with the college for the reception of this class of patients under his immediate control. Through his efforts this department tfe Jj^-if^ /Y^- f DR. DOXALD MACRAE. 113 Edinburgh, he acted as assistant to a physician in Scotland, and then joined the Cunard service in capacity of surgeon. During the four years and a half in which he held that position he crossed the Atlantic seventy-five times. His last trip landed him as a passenger in New York, where he was united in marriage to Charlotte, second daughter of Hon. Joseph Bouchette, Surveyor- General of Canada, who died in 1 881, at the age of eighty-six years. After his marriage on March 4, 1867, he and his wife made a short detour through Canada; settling in Council Bluffs, where he at once engaged in medical work and soon built up a successful practice. The doctor has always been a general practitioner, but he has controlled a large clientele for general surgical work. He began to do abdominal work among the first in his State and the adjacent State of Nebraska. His first case dates back sixteen years. Every year increased his number of operations, until now he makes from twenty to thirty or more sections each year with highly successful results. He has been connected with the Omaha Medical College in various chairs almost since its organization, at the last filling the Chair of Practice ; and was Dean of the Facult.v for several years. He resigned his position in the Omaha Medical College to fill the Chair of Surgery and Clinical Surgery in the Council Bluffs Medical College. This in- stitution survived, however, only two years, and again this year the Doctor has been called upon to occupy the posi- tion of Professor of Railroad and Clinical Surgery in the Omaha College. In 1887-88 he was President of the Medical Society of the Sta'e of Iowa, and the same year President of the Medical Society of the Missouri Valley as well. At the meeting of the International Medical Congress held in Washington, D. C, he was one of the Vice-Presidents of the Surgical Section, and at the Pan-American Medical Congress he was selected by the Governor of the State of vol. 11. — 8 II4 DR. DOXALD MACRAE. JR. Iowa to represent the State at the meeting. Dr. and Mrs. Macrae are the parents of one son, Dr. Donald Macrae, Jr., who is associated in practice with his father. The Doctor is surgeon to the St. Bernard's and W. C. A. Hos- pitals in Council Bluffs. He is a Mason. Of course, a Pres- byterian has very little time or inclination to mingle in politics, but he served a term as member of the School Board, and in 1890 was elected Mayor of Council Bluffs on the Citizen's Non-partisan Ticket by an immense majority. DOXALD MACRAE, Jr., M.D., COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA. Donald Macrae, Jr.. was born in Council Bluffs, Iowa, January 24, 1S70. He was educated at Lake Forest Academy, Illinois, and Morgan Park Military Academy, Chicago, also attending a literary course of one year in the Iowa State University. He studied medicine at the University of Michigan, and was graduated from that in- stitution in June, 1S91. On graduating he at once entered into practice with his father. Obtaining the offices of County Physician and City Police Surgeon, he has had opportunities of doing abdominal work in the one, and much emergency surgery in the other. He is Surgeon to the C. M. & St. P. Railway, and is Secretary of the Iowa State Surgeons' Association. He is President of the Council Bluffs Medical Society, and Professor of Anatomy in the Omaha Medical College. He married, November 19, 1891, Mary V., only daughter of H. 0. Miller, of Omaha, Nebraska, and is the father of two children — a girl and a boy. (H^t c^c£ y?7 CU(L^-&A- *** V\ «^C«t««*fc^€fck«rffc^6<£ DR. FLORENCE N. SALTONSTALL. ng FLORENCE N. SALTONSTALL, M.D., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Florence Nightingale Saltonstall, M.D., was born in San Francisco, Cal., July 10, i860. She is the eldest daughter of J. P. and Anna J. Ferguson, who came from New York to California among the early settlers. She received her early education in the public schools of her native city, being graduated from the High School in 1878 and from the Normal School in 1879. She soon after began the study of medicine, which was continued until she entered the Hahnemann Hospital College of San Francisco in 1883, from which she was graduated with honors in 1887. Dr. Saltonstall then went to New York for a post-graduate course and attended the Polyclinic in 1887— 88. When she had finished her studies in New York she re- turned to San Francisco, where she has since been engaged in active practice. On her return from New York she was elected assistant to the Chair of Gynaecology in the Hahne- mann Hospital College of San Francisco. In January, 1890, she, with Dr. James Lilienthal and Dr. James W. Ward, founded the Southern Homoeopathic Dispensary of San Francisco, which has been in most suc- cessful operation ever since. Dr. Saltonstall has uninter- ruptedly carried on a large clinic for the diseases of women at this dispensary. In the spring of 1891 she was elected Gynaecologist at Fabiola Hospital, Oakland, Cal., which position she still holds. In 1892 Dr. Saltonstall was elected Associate Professor of Clinical Diseases of Women in the Hahnemann Hos- pital College of San Francisco. This chair Dr. Saltonstall held for two years, which she has just resigned owing to the heavy pressure of private work and other professional duties. In June, 1893, she retired from the practice of U6 DR. DEWITT G. WILCOX. general medicine and devoted herself exclusively to gynae- cology. In the fall of 1893 she went abroad for the study of surgical methods among the best operators. She studied under Okhousen, Landau, and Martin, of Berlin; Sanger and Zweifel, of Leipsic; Leopold, of Dresden; and the best workers in gynaeocology in Vienna and Paris. In May, 1894, she presented to the California Homoeo- pathic Medical Society, at the annual meeting, her paper of "Sixteen Successive Cases of Vaginal Hysterectomy without a Death." Her record in private and sanitarium work for the past year has been fifteen capital cases without a death, and in hospital work twenty-nine capital cases, including ccelioto- mies and vaginal hysterectomies, with but two deaths, both very desperate cases. The minor work has given uniformly perfect results. Dr. Saltonstall attributes her success in her plastic work, as well as in capital cases, to the careful technique and the most perfect asepsis that is maintained throughout the operation and in the after-care. DeVvTTT G. WILCOX, M.D., BUFFALO, N. V. DeWitt G. Wilcox was born in Akron, Ohio, January 15, 1858. His father, David G. Wilcox, was descended from John Wilcox, one of the original proprietors of Hart- ford, Conn., who came over from England with the Rev. Thomas Hooker's company in 1645. Dr. Wilcox spent his early days in the schools of his native town. His spare moments and vacations were passed in his father's planing mills, where his fondness for mechanics had full play. He wa ; graduated from the Akron ^n?ux^f.^Ay^ DR. DE WITT G. WILCOX. 117 High School at eighteen years of age, and immediately entered Buchtell College for an elective course of study that should best prepare him for his chosen profession, for while yet a boy he had determined to be a surgeon, and all his plans were formulated with that end in view. He began his studies in the office of Dr. William Murdoch, of Akron, soon, however, going to Cleveland, to become a student of that well-known surgeon Dr. Nathaniel Schnei- der, who has but recently passed to his reward. He was graduated from the Cleveland Homoeopathic Hospital College in 18S0, and returned to Akron, where he practised two years. He then went to London, England, to take special instruction in surgery and surgical path- ology. The last six months of his stay in Europe were spent in the London Temperance Hospital, where he re- ceived the appointment of resident house surgeon. His opportunities there for surgical experience were of great value to him. He married Jennie Irene Green, of Alfred Centre, N. Y., whose paternal ancestors were the first settlers in Rhode Island, and descended from that long and honorable line of Greens, without whom the history of Rhode Island would be incomplete. Four children have been born to them. In 1887 certain of the leading physicians of Buffalo, N. Y., felt the urgent need of an able surgeon of the homoeopathic school in their midst, and Dr. Wilcox was induced by them to locate in that city. He was thus enabled to begin work at once, and built up a surgical practice quite rapidly. He was appointed surgeon to the Homoeopathic Hospital, and two years later opened a private hospital of his own, which was the first of the kind in Buffalo. When the Erie County Hospital was estab- lished Dr. Wilcox was one of the original staff members, being appointed by the supervisors as visiting surgeon. His private hospital has developed into a general hos- n 8 DR. HOWARD A. KELLY. pital owned by a number of physicians, and held by them exclusively for the better class of their private patients who desire the very best hospital facilities. With Dr. Wilcox at the head of the institution its success is assured. As an operator Dr. Wilcox is at all times perfectly self- controlled, never losing his presence of mind. During an operation he speaks quietly but briefly to his assistants, and his voice betrays even at the most critical moments no evidence of excitement or irritability. His nurses and assistants are invariably devoted to him because of the high respect they feel and because of his kindness of heart. He performed his first ovariotomy when twenty-eight years of age. He was the first of American surgeons to •perform nephorrhaphy, which is recorded in the Annals of Surgery, March, 1888. After fifteen years of general practice and surgery he has recently relinquished the former in order to devote himself unreservedly to surgery and gynaecology. HOWARD A. KELLY, M.D., BALTIMORE, MD. Dr. Howard Atwood Kelly, Professor of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in the Johns Hopkins University ; Gynae- cologist and Obstetrician to the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md. I was born February 20, 1858, at Camden, N. J., the son of Henry Kuhl Kelly and Louisa Warner Hard. My father's paternal great-grandfather, Thomas Kelly, was a linen merchant of Portadown, County Armagh, Ireland ; his maternal great-grandfather was Michael Hillegas, first Treasurer of the United States. My mother is the grand- daughter of Captain John Warner, of Wilmington, active in the War of 181 2, and daughter of the Rev. Anson B. Hard, rector of St. Paul's Church, Chester, Pa. CL.A^ DR. HOWARD A. KELLY. II 9 When I was about four years old my family removed to South Tenth Street, Philadelphia, and during the Civil War to Chester, Delaware County, Pa. Upon my father's return from the war we moved out near Fairmount Park, a neighborhood which encouraged a strong bent for natural history. A short residence at Sandy Hill, near Norristown, Pa., in the summer of 1867, greatly strengthened these tastes, and I well remember a certain hot-bed at Sandy Hill where I loved to lie reading a book, under a glass cover, and surrounded by a collection of fifty-two tortoises. An unpleasant experience in acquiring the collection only increased its value to me. I found a large number of tor- toises one day in Lucas's woods, a treasure far too precious to be left behind, so I tied my trousers at the ankles and stuffed my clothes full of tortoises and waddled home as best I could. Unfortunately the tortoises had been creep- ing over the poison ivy in the woods, and I shortly devel- oped a lively case of general rhus toxicodendron poisoning- But my ardor for collecting specimens was not in the least abated by this mishap, and butterflies and beetles next engaged my attention. I owed much, a few years later, to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and especially to Prof. E. D. Cope for his kind encouragement in every way in prosecuting a favorite study of reptiles. I spent six years in the school of Dr. Faires, on Dean Street, Philadelphia, where I was so well grounded that, upon entering the University of Pennsylvania, in the autumn of 1873, I took the Matriculate Latin Prize for passing the best entrance examination in that language. As my class left Dr. Faires's hands to go to the University the Doctor handed a slip of paper to my classmate, Mr. Bunford Samuel, now of the Ridgway Library, in Phila- delphia, to be opened in one year, stating that he had written on it the name of the man who was to take the first honors of the freshman year, if it fell to his school. A I2 o DR. HOWARD A. KELLY. year later, when the Doctor's prediction was fulfilled, I learned to my surprise that my name was the one that had been written on the slip, but my pride was hurt by the reason the Doctor gave for choosing me out, that I was a faithful student and was quite orderly. I was graduated in 1877 from the University of Penn- sylvania, and took up the study of medicine as the nearest approach to purely scientific studies. My great desire during boyhood had been to be a naturalist, but I realized that I lacked some of the necessary qualifications of a suc- cessful naturalist. My class at the medical school was the first to be graduated under the compulsory three-years' term, but just before the very end of the third year I was obliged to give up all work and go west for twelve months to get rid of a persistent insomnia, brought on by over- work. I was trying at the same time to graduate well in medicine, to carry on studies in comparative anatomy, to coach some of the delinquents of the class for the approach- ing examinations, and to read Hebrew, Spanish, Italian, and French, for fun. I spent the year 1880-81 in Colorado, joining there my college chum, Edward P. Anderson, who was living at Colorado Springs for his health. I went west with the determination to earn my own living while there, and to get the maximum amount of health and strength out of the life, by doing any kind of hard manual work that pre- sented itself. I found a place on Stark's ranch, at O. Z., in El Paso County, forty-five miles northeast of Colorado Springs, and succeeded in both my objects; buying and selling ponies, and living the life of a cowboy, I supported myself, and was completely restored to health. At the end of a year, in February, I returned to the University and spent another year in the medical school, when I was graduated, after passing some pretty bad examinations. The year after graduating, 1882-83, I spent in the Epis- copal Hospital, Philadelphia, where the large and varied DR. HOWARD A. KELLY. 121 dispensary service proved an invaluable means of quick- ening an interest in scientific medicine. I had already had some practice in the post-graduate department of the University Dispensary, and set out by paying considerable attention to diseases of the eye, ac- quiring also a fair experience in the treatment of skin diseases. But from the first gynaecological cases attracted my especial interest, and by degrees in the course of the next four years this line of practice absorbed my whole time and thought. I was especially aided in my work at the Episcopal Hospital by the deep personal and generous interest of Dr. A. K. Minich, my dispensary chief, and in the hospital wards Drs. Louis Starr and Morris Lewis both stimulated me by their genuine interest in scientific medicine. There were some shrewd, clever men on the staff of residents in my day, and the pleasant rivalry that existed among us not only stirred us up intellectually, but helped to enliven the monotony of hospital life. It was the custom, when one of the residents went out for his after- noon off duty, for his alternate to take charge of his wards during that time and to make the evening rounds for him. The chief business of the alternate during this time, if he happened to be a surgical resident, was to catch an im- portant emergency operation and to get through with it before the resident returned, when he would be naturally disgusted at losing the operation and at having to nurse another man's work. On the other hand, the medical resident delighted to discover some new symptom or com- plication which had not been noticed by his associate in regular charge of the ward. I remember very well a par- ticular interchange of courtesies of this sort. Upon my return on one occasion Dr. Edward Mcllvain, a shrewd diagnostician, led me up to one of my typhoid fever patients, and, straightening himself up, with a triumphant air and significant smile he tapped on the patient's chest, I22 DR. HOWARD A. KELLY. and told me to put my ear there. He had discovered a pleuritic complication which I did not know existed. I took my revenge on another resident by demonstrating the true nature of the disease in the case of a man who had been suffering intense pain in his right knee, which had been persistently treated and wrapped up for some days in lead-water and laudanum. I passed a metal catheter into the bladder, and by pressure against the posterior right pelvis got a distinct thrill and bruit, which could be felt and heard through the catheter, showing that it was a case of aneurism of the iliac artery ; the patient subsequently died in the ward, and the post-mortem examination proved the correctness of my diagnosis. When my term of service in the Episcopal Hospital was over I determined to open an office near the hospital, in order to hold on to the practice among the poor of Ken- sington which I felt sure I should be able to build up. I rented a little front room at Mrs. Summerville's, 2316 North Front Street. Mrs. Summerville was a plain, good- natured little Scotchwoman, with a drunken pensioner for a husband, and two sons working in the Kensington mills. The house was only two stories high, and I had a Hover's sofa-bed in the front room, where I saw the patients, and ate my meals in the back room, often with six or eight patients sitting around waiting until I got through and watching every mouthful I took. The sofa-bed, where the patients sat by day and where I slept at night, was so near the window that any night-caller in a hurry could rouse me by simply throwing up the lower sash and catching me by the foot. Patients were abundant, and in three years' time I had gained a large experience in the practice of general medicine and surgery. At the end of a year I moved from Mrs. Summerville's around the corner to No. 123 East Cumberland Street, and, at the same time, as gynaecological cases were multi- plying on my hands, I started a little private hospital on DR. HOWARD A. KELLY. I2 , C Street, taking two upper rooms in a small two-story house. The patients were looked after by Mrs. Wood, an unusually bright Englishwoman who had herself been one of my patients. The hospital attracted friends from the start and grew so rapidly that I soon had to take a three- story house on Cumberland Street, and some time after- ward a still larger house at No. 124 East Diamond Street, on Norris Square. Here it was incorporated and put on a good business basis through the kind interest of Mr. Wil- liam P. Ellison, who from that time on has been the main- stay of the Kensington Hospital for Women, as it was named in the Act of incorporation. Upon leaving Philadelphia I transferred the Kensington Hospital to my friend Dr. Charles P. Noble, under whose able management it has more than doubled its capacity, and moved into a fine, comfortable building with every convenience for the best modern surgical work. My first ovariotomy was performed on May 28, 1884, and on June 7, 1884, I removed a large ovarian tumor weighing one hundred and sixteen pounds. The physi- cians who were present at this operation were Drs. A. K. Minich, George Boyd, Joseph Price, T. S. K. Morton, Jr., B. A. Randall, West McCaskey, and W. N. Ferguson. The patient, who had long been a- familiar sight in the neighborhood, made a complete recovery and is still living in good health. What measure of success I have obtained in my work I owe to four things : First, the fact that, neglecting the time-honored custom in Philadelphia of sitting down in my father's house, help- ing the older doctors and waiting to grow gray before getting into independent practice, I abandoned all down- town connections and gave myself up entirely to work among the poor; they were immediately responsive and always appreciative and brought me within a short time a large experience. 124 DK - HOWARD A. KELLY. In the second place, I worked hard and persistently. Nothing in all the world has ever been so deeply inter- esting to me as the study of medicine, and not the smallest attraction in the work have been the many pleasant personal relations and warm friendships I have made. In the third place, just as soon as I found I was being crowded with too much work, I at once secured the best assistant I could possibly find and divided the work, so that what was done could be done well. My first assistant was Dr. Hunter Robb, who joined me upon his leaving the Episcopal Hospital, and went with me to Baltimore to become first gynaecological resident in the Johns Hopkins Hospital. He remained with me until the fall of 1894, when he accepted the professorship of gynaecology in the Western Reserve University, at Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. Joseph Hoffman, my next assistant in Philadelphia, re- mains in active private practice in Kensington. And, fourth, I did not hesitate to drop my work for several months every year to go to Europe to see the work of others. This gave me rest and proved a quickening influence on my studies, besides starting some of the most valued friendships of my life. It has enabled me also to form an intelligent judgment as to the relative position of American and foreign surgical work. I owe a great deal personally to my dear friend Dr. Robert P. Harris, of Philadelphia. I called on Dr. Harris one day, in 1884, to ask him about some matter in pel- vimetry, and from that time on Dr. Harris has been my staunch friend. As long as I lived in Philadelphia he was a regular visitor at our house in Kensington, where Dr. Robb and I both looked forward to his visits with the utmost pleasure. His cheery manner was delightful. Coming to see us, as soon as the front door was opened he would call out from the foot of the stairs, in a high-pitched crescendo voice, "Is Dr. Kelly in?" If he got an affirm- ative answer, he would come upstairs with a little grunt of DR. HOWARD A. KELLY, 125 satisfaction, and nearly always deposit on the table either a melon or some peaches or pears or other fruit, in which he had a special scientific interest. Then we would all discuss the fruit, 3 and the latest news of Caesarean section or ectopic pregnancy, subjects in which Dr. Harris has always taken a deep interest. During the year 1888-89, I held the chair of Obstetrics at the University of Pennsylvania, dividing the professor- ship with Dr. Barton C. Hirst. I then received a call to the Johns Hopkins University and Hospital, to become Professor of G) naecol«gy and Obstetrics. The new field with its large material, the advantages and conveniences offered by the Hospital with its endowment, and the cen- tral position of Baltimore, all made the offer an irresistible one, and I removed to Baltimore in the fall of 1889, to organize the Gynaecological Department of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The post has proved one of inex- haustible resources for an enthusiastic gynaecologist, and the Hospital already enjoys the confidence of all the Southern States and of many of those in the West. This is largely due to the Board of Trustees of the Hospital, who, animated with the same spirit as the Board of Trustees of the University, have left the management of the various departments largely in the hands of the chiefs, trusting to their personal interest and pride in their work for the de- velopment of the Hospital in accord with modern scien- tific medicine. More than this no gynaecologist could ask. I2 6 DR - CHARLES P. NOBLE. CHARLES P. NOBLE, M.D., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Dr. Charles Percy Noble was born in Federalsburgh, Maryland, November 15, in the year 1863. He is the third son of the late Dr. "William D. and Mary A. (Houston) Noble. Dr. Noble's family is distinctively American, having been residents of Maryland and Delaware since shortly after their settlement. Dr. Noble attended the schools of his native town until 1S80, when upon the death of his father he removed for two years to Iowa, .during which time his studies were continued in the Iowa Agricultural College. He was graduated in medicine at the University of Maryland in 1884, receiving the highest prize, the University gold medal, given to the student passing the best general examination, and also the prize in obstetrics. la the summer of 1884 he began the prac- tice of medicine in Philadelphia. Dr. Noble was married to Miss Mira E. Rose, of Stan- hope, New Jersey, September 15, 1885. They have three children, two sons and a daughter. For five years he did a general family practice, during that time, however, being connected with the Philadelphia Lying-in Charity as one of the assistant physicians and having charge of its out-patient service for diseases of women. During this time he also did editorial work in the departments of obstetrics and diseases of women for the Medical and Sur- gical .Reporter, then under the editorial management of Dr. Charles W. Dulles. In 1889, upon the resignation of Dr. Howard A. Kelly as Surgeon-in-Chief of the Ken- sington Hospital for Women, Dr. Noble was appointed to succeed him. The steady growth of the Kensington Hospital for Women has been due in no small measure to the interest fa.0. DR. CHARLES P. NOBLE. 127 taken in its welfare by its surgeon-in-chief, and to the large amount of his time which has been devoted to its management. This institution, which was founded and made famous by Dr. Kelly, has maintained its reputation and increased its usefulness under the present management. Dr. Noble is also gynaecologist to the Union Mission Hos- pital, and is surgeon-in-charge of the department for the diseases of women of the Northern Dispensary. He is a Fellow of the American Gynaecological Society, and of the College of Physicians, the Obstetrical Society, etc., of Philadelphia. Dr. Noble entered into the field of his special work soon after the new era of gynaecology set in, and has always been an advocate of the advanced methods. His interest in the subject, however, has not been confined simply to abdominal surgery, which of late has assumed such a conspicuous place in gynaecology as to overshadow the plastic work and important therapeutic measures, but he has recorded some of his most gratifying successes in the latter field. Notable among his operations have been the Caesarean sections, two in number, one of which was done upon the second woman who had recovered from the classical Caesarean section in Philadelphia ; and, curiously, both this woman and the first one each recovered from two Caesarean sections. Dr. Noble was the first surgeon in the world deliberately to elect symphyseotomy at term over the induction of premature labor as a method of de- livery in contracted pelvis. As an operator his technique is simple, his movements deliberate, and his attention to detail scrupulous, laying more stress upon doing an opera- tion carefully and well than upon doing it quickly. His results compare favorably with those of the best operators of the day. The following are Dr. Noble's contributions to medical literature : I2 8 DR - CHARLES P. NOBLE. " Antiseptic Midwifery as Practised in the Philadelphia Lying-in Charity." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1888, lviii. 397. " Treatment of Placenta Previa ; a Historical and Criti- cal Sketch." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1888, lviii. 625-631. "Treatment of Mammary Abscess." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1888, lviii. 475. . " Treatment of Puerperal Septiccemia."- Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1888, lviii. 604. "Hygiene of the Breasts; Treatment of Puerperal Nipple Lesions and Mammary Engorgements." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1888, lviii. 810. "Three Cases of Partial Retention of the Placenta after Labor at Term." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1888, lix. 233-235. " Treatmeut of Post-partum Hemorrhage." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1888, lix. 49. "Value of External Examination in Obstetric Prac- tice." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1888, lix. 488. "A New Method of Diagnosis in Obscure Cases of Entero-vesical Fistula; Senn's Hydrogen Gas Test." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1889, lx. 77. " Technique of Abdominal Palpation." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1889, lx. 168-172. "Remarks on the Use of the Obstetric Forceps." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1889, lx. 535-540. "Retention of Fragments of Placenta Within the Uterus after Labor." Obst. Gaz., Cincin., 1889, xii. 297-301. Ann. Gyncec, Boston, 1888-89, ii- 463-467. "Extra-uterine Pregnancy." Med. and Surg. Re- porter, Phila., 1889, lxi - 537-539- "Report of a Case of Abdominal Section; Acute Pyo- salpinx and Abscess of the Ovary Following Abortion." Me 'd. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1890, lxii. 164-166. " Induced Premature Labor ; Delivery with High For- DR. CHARLES P. NOBLE. I2 g ceps ; Conjugate Diameter, eight centimetres." Obst. Gaz., Cincin., 1890, xiii. 59-63. "Prolonged Labor, with Craniotomy." Obst. Gaz. Cincin., 1890, xiii. 57-59. "Unique Cesarean Section." Med. and Surg. Re- porter, Phila., 1890, lxii. 561 Trans. Coll. Phys., Phila., 1891, 3 s., xii. 118-121. "Inflammation of the Uterine Appendages." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1890, Ixiii. 31-33. "Peroxide of Hydrogen." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1890, lxii. 545. " Gonorrhoeal Salpingitis in its Surgical Aspects. ' ' Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1890, lxii. 601-606. "Primary Perineorrhaphy." Med. Age, Detroit, 1890, viii. 457-460. "The Control of Hemorrhage Deep in the Pelvis, with the Report of a Case of Ovariotomy." Med. News, Phila., 1890, lvii. 449. " A Case of Intraligamentary Cyst of the Left Ovary ; Enucleation; Recovery." Med. News, Phila., 1890, lvii. 689. "The Peroxide of Hydrogen; its Uses in Abdominal Surgery." Med. News, Phila., 1891, lviii. 402. " Pyosalpinxin Relation to Sterility in Women." Med. Age, Detroit, 1891, 297-301. " Minor Uterine Surgery." Ann. Gvncec.and Pcediat., Phila , 1890-91, lv. 223-233. "The After-treatment of Cases of Abdominal Sec- tion." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1891, lxiv. 773— 776; Jour?i. Amer. Med. Ass'n, 1891, 73-76. "Peroxide of Hydrogen for Cleaning the Hands." Med. a?id Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1891, lxv. 237. " Ten Cases of Abdominal Section." Ann. Gyncec. and Pcediat., Phila., 1891, iii. 346. " The Dangers of Leaving the Products of Inflamma- VOL. II. — 9 130 DR. CHARLES P. NOBLE. tion in the Female Pelvis." Ann. Gyncec. and Pcediat., Phila., 1890-91, iv. 630-633. "Abdominal Surgery at the Kensington Hospital for Women." Med. Age, Detroit, 1891, ix. 321-327. "Four Cases of True Pelvic Abscess." Med. News, Phila., 1891, lix. 237. " Salpingitis in its Relation to Pregnancy and the Puer- peral State." Trans. Amer. Gyncec. Society, 1891, xvi. 480. " Remarks on the Diagnosis of the Diseases of Women." Trans. D. Hayes Agnew Surg. Society, 1891 ; American Lancet, 1891, xv. 81. "Pelvic Inflammation in Women." American Lancet, 1891, xv. 243. "A Year's Work in Abdominal Surgery at the Kensing- ton Hospital for Women." Ann. Gyncec. and Pcediat., Phila., 1891-92, v. 225-237. "Endometritis, Considered Clinically." Ann. Gyncec. and Pcediat., Phila., 1891-92, v. 513-547. "Relief of Partial Intestinal Obstruction Following the Removal of the Uterine Appendages." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1891, lxv. 162. " Review of the Progress of Gynaecology During the Past Ten Years." Trans. D. Hayes Agnew Surgical So- ciety, 1892. " Points in Office Practice in the Treatment of the Dis- eases of Women." Times and Reg., New York and Phila., 1892, xxiv. 615-619 ; Proc. Phila. Co. Med. Society, Phila., 1892, xiii. 253. " Certain Aspects of Gonorrhoea in Women." Am. Jr. Obst., New York, 1892, xxvi. 551-560; Trans. Am. Gyncec. Soc, Phila., 1892, xvii. 143-157. "A Year's Work in Minor Surgical Gynaecology at the Kensington Hospital for Women." Trans. Phila. Co. Med. Society, Phila., 1892. "Case of True Pelvic Abscess." Ann. Gyncec. and Pcediat., Phila., 1892-93, 201. DR. CHARLES P. NOBLE. 131 "Report of a Successful Elective Cesarean Section." Ann. Gyncec. and Pcediat., Phila., 1892-93, vi. 196-198. "Vaginal Hysterectomy for Cancer, with a Report of Four Cases." Ann. Gyncec. and Pcediat., Phila., 1892-93, vi. 257-259. " Symphyseotomy versus its Substitutes, with the Re- port of a Case of Symphyseotomy." Med. News, Phila., 1893, lxii. 176-181 ; Trans. Coll.Phys., Phila., 1893, 3 s., xv. 51-63. " The Csesarean Section and its Substitutes." Am. Jr. Obst., New York, 1893, xxvii. 208-218-. " Early Diagnosis and Operation in Cancer of the Uterus." Am. Gyncec. Journal, Toledo, 1892, ii. 717-721. " Certain Problems in Abdominal Surgery, Based on One Hundred Coeliotomies." Am. Jr. Obst., New York, 1893, xxy ii- 625-649. " Fibroid Tumors and Hysterectomy." St. Louis Cour. Med., 1893, viii - ! 34-I3 6 - " Cases of Neglected Pus-tubes ; a Contribution to the Natural History of Pus in the Pelvis." Ann. Gyncec. and Pczdiat., Phila , 1892-93, vi. 535-537. " The Question of Operation in Cases of Chronic Ovaritis." Amer. Jr. Obst., New York, 1893, xxviii. 59- 6 7. " Certain Aspects of Puerperal Septicaemia, with the Report of a Case of Acute Puerperal Cellulitis." Ann. Gyncec. and Pcediat., Phila., 1892-93, vi. 537-539. "The Causation of Diseases of Women." Internat. Med. Mag., Phila., 1893, ii. 599-607; Jr. Am. Med. Ass'n, Chicago, 1893, xxi. 410-415. " Uterine Disease and Imperfect Utero-ovarian Devel- opment." Med. Standard, Chicago, 1893, xiv. 101. " Report of Two Years' Work in Abdominal Surgery at the Kensington Hospital for Women." Internat. Med. Mag., Phila., 1893. ii. 985-1002. " The Relation of Certain Urinary Conditions to Gynae- !« DR CHARLES P. NOBLE. cological Surgery." Am. Jr. Obst., New York, 1893, xxviii. 753-762. " Surgical Shock." Ann. Gyncec. and Pcediat., Phila!, 1893-94, vii. 206-211. "A New Uterine Cutting Curette Forceps." Ann. Gyncec. and Pcediat., Phila. , 1893-94. vii. 340. "The Periect Needle-holder." Ann. Gynac. and Pcediat., March, 1894. "Profuse Menstruation." Ann. Gyncec. and Pcediat., Phila., 1893-94, vii. 334-340. "Procidentia Uteri." Ann. Gyncec. and Pcediat., Phila., April, 1894. " Report of a Case of Imperforate Hymen, with the Retention of Menstrual Blood ; together with Remarks upon the Question of Physical Examination of Young Girls." Med. Record, New York, 1894, xlv. 301. "A New Method of Examining the Kidney for Stone." Phila. Polyclinic, 1894, iii. 135. 'Acute Puerperal Cellulitis and True Pelvic Abscess." Am. Jr. Obst., New York, 1894, xxix. 447-456. "Case of Puerperal Cellulitis." Gaillard's Med. Jr., New York, 1894, lviii. 307-311. "Uterine Fibroids." Med. and Surg. Reporter, Phila., 1894, lxx. 775-7S1. " Symphyseotemy versus the Induction of Premature Labor." Am. Jr. Obst., New York, 1894, xxx. 50-56. "Remarks on the Treatment of Inevitable Abortion." Codex Medicus, Phila., 1894, i. 10-14. " Puerperal Pelvic Cellulitis and Puerperal Peritonitis." Am. Gyncec. and Obst. Jr., New York, January, 1895. "Diagnosis of Pregnancy During the First Three Months." Trans. Phila. Co. Med. Society, November, 1894- " Remarks on Ectopic Pregnancy." Am. Gyncec. and Obslet. Jr., New York, January, 1895. " Cceliotomy for Puerperal Septicaemia and Peritonitis." Am. Gyncec. and Obstet. Jr., New York, April, 1S95. DR. E. H. PRATT. I33 E. H. PRATT, A.M., M.D., LL.D., CHICAGO, ILL. The life and achievements of him whose name heads this biography worthily illustrate what may be done by persistent and painstaking effort. Edwin Hartley Pratt is a native of Towanda, Pa., and was born November 6, 1849, tne son °f Leonard Pratt, M.D., and Betsey (Belding) Pratt, both of whom are of English descent. The father, now a resident of San Jose, Cal., was formerly connected with the Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, and for many years was one of the most distinguished physicians in the Northwest. He is a man of progressive ideas, noted for ability and integrity of character, gentleness of manner, and promptness in all things. The maternal ancestors were long-lived people, and the mother of our subject inherited a rugged consti- tution. She is a woman of large stature, energetic, fear- less, and persevering, and when convinced of the Tightness of a purpose or plan allows no obstacle to stand in the way of its achievement. Dr. Pratt possesses a happy combina- tion of many of the qualities and characteristics of both his parents. In physical organization he most resembles the Beldings, being large in stature, six feet tall, finely proportioned and weighing 250 pounds. In mental make- up he has the cheerfulness and hopefulness of his father, combined with his mother's indomitable energy, courage, and perseverance. His only living sister, Nettie L. Pratt, is a young lady noted for her unusual musical attainments. She resides at San Jose, Cal. Another sister, Hattie, died when thirteen years of age of malignant diphtheria, it being one of the first cases in this country. An only brother died in infancy. Prior to his fifteenth year Edwin attended the common !34 DR - E - H - PRATT. schools, and spent a year at Mt. Carroll (Illinois) Semi- nary. In order to give him the advantage of a college education his father removed to Wheaton, in DuPage County, Illinois, where he pursued the first year prepara- tory course at Wheaton College. Upon the opening of the second year the college authorities, learning that he had interested himself in the organization of a Good Templars' lodge, and being opposed to secret societies, demanded that he sever his connection with the lodge. He was only a day student, living at his own home, and his father was a member of the lodge, and feeling the in- justice of the demand he refused to comply with it. Leav- ing the school, he at once entered the second year class in the preparatory department of the University of Chicago. He remained at this institution six years, completing a thorough course of study, and graduating with the class of 1S71 with the degree of A. B. In college he was known as a hard worker, and developed a special aptitude for geometry, logic, metaphysics, grammar, and rhetoric, and was especially fond of the Odes of Horace and Ars Poetica, by reason of their help to him in writing and speaking. In the literary society to which he belonged, the " Tri Kappa," he was a leader in debate and among the fore- most writers and speakers, and made himself popular among his fellow students by entering heartily into the true spirit of college life. He was a prominent member of the " Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity." He also had fin musical tastes and talents. His own choice was to fit him- self for the practice of law, but knowing the disappoint- ment of his father should he not enter the medical profes- sion, he yielded his own wishes, and in October, 18 71, entered Hahnemann Medical College, and was graduated in the spring of 1873 w i^ t ^ ie degree of M.D. During his medical course he acted as quiz master in connection with his father's class, that of special pathology and diag- nosis, and also during his last year filled the position of DR. E. H. PRATT. 135 demonstrator of anatomy under appointment of the in- cumbent of that chair. After listening to his valedictory- address the board of trustees of the college were so favor- ably impressed that they at once invited him to become demonstrator and adjunct professor of anatomy. In order better to qualify himself for the place he visited Philadel- phia, and spent the spring term in Professor Keen's school of anatomy and in Jefferson Medical College. In the fall of 1873 ne entered upon his duties as teacher in Hahnemann Medical College, lecturing twice each week, and in addition filled the place of the professor of anatomy when that gentleman was absent, and, as he was present but twice during the entire winter, the responsi- bilities of the position mainly devolved upon Dr. Pratt. Although the mental strain was severe he bore up under it, and at the close of the year had the satisfaction of know- ing that his work was highly satisfactory. Dr. Pratt was now tendered the professorship of anatomy, but the desire to engage in active practice, and the thought that he could no longer afford to donate his services, led him at first to decline the offer. The college authorities, however, know- ing the value of his services, were reluctant to let him go, and at once tendered him a fair salary. Under this ar- rangement he accepted the position, and filled it until the spring of 1877. At this time, owing to dissensions be- tween the board of trustees of the college and the faculty, ten of the thirteen professors resigned, and organized the Chicago Homoeopathic Medical College. With these doctors Dr. Pratt sympathized most heartily, believing them to be in the right, and, although the Hahnemann College desired him to continue his connection there at the same salary, a sense of duty compelled him to decline the offer and accept the professorship of the same chair in the new institution without remuneration. This chair he filled for seven years, during which time the homceopathists were admitted to the wards of the Cook County Hospital. 136 DR. E. H. PRATT. Dr. Pratt was elected a member of the hospital staff, and occupied a position first in the theory and practice depart- ment, later in the gynaecological department, and afterward was elected attending surgeon of the hospital. In 1SS3, a vacancy occurring in the chair of surgery in the college, Dr. Pratt, with the consent of the faculty, retired from the chair of anatomy and accepted that of surgery. It was here, while handling the complicated and obscure cases at the college clinic, that he discovered what has at once marked an era in the treatment of chronic dis- eases. Inspired by the thought of his discovery he was about to announce it to his class, but a second thought prompted him to dismiss them with the announcement that his next lecture would be " Chronic Diseases from a Surgical Standpoint." He had promised an article for a medical journal, and being pressed for time he employed a stenographer to report this lecture in fulfillment of that promise. His purpose of presenting something new had been noised about, and when he entered the lecture-room he found it crowded to its fullest capacity, among the audience being many visitors from other colleges. It was a moment of supreme importance to him, and as he ad- vanced in his lecture, the heavy, tired, and restrained feel- ing which he experienced at the opening passed away ; there came from him a flood of light and he spoke as under the power of inspiration, holding his auditors spell-bound to the close, when their breathless silence was broken by loud and long applause. Such was the effect of the lecture that although it was within three weeks of the close of the term, and the students were busy with examinations and tired from their winter's work, sixteen members of the class presented themselves for treatment under the new discovery, which the discoverer had named the Orificial Philosophy. The result of the treatment upon these cases was so satisfactory, and so many were cured, that the new philosophy was at once pronounced a marvellous success. DR. E. H. PRATT. 137 From that time the surgical clinic of the college was con- ducted on the orificial principle, and for a year was visited by physicians of all schools, from all parts of the United States, who came to witness the workings of the new phil- osophy. The spread of the new idea brought so many in- quiries that Dr. Pratt found the demands upon his time and strength more than he could endure and keep up his private practice, and this led him to receive and instruct his professional brethern in orificial work in classes instead of singly, as was at first his custom. He now holds these classes semi-annually for a week, and during that time he devotes the time to the lectures and clinical work, allow- ing members of the class to bring their most difficult cases, upon which he publicly operates. After the second class of this kind those present organized the National Associa- tion of Orificial Surgeons, electing Dr. Pratt as honorary member, and providing in their constitution that there never should be but one. This association has had a wonderful growth, and promises to be one "of the largest medical societies in the United States. Such has been the effect of the new method for treating chronic cases that four fifths of those apparently incurable are speedily restored to health. In recognition of his services the Chicago Homoeopathic Medical College established a chair of "Orificial Surgery," to be filled by Dr. Pratt. Other medical colleges followed the example, and now this new philosophy is taught in all the medical colleges of this country that pretend to keep up with the progress of the age. Dr. Pratt was honored with the degree of LL.D. by his alma mater in 1886. He is an honorary member of the Missouri Medical Society, the Ohio Medical Society, the Kentucky Medical Society, and the Southern Association of Physicians, and an active member of the Illinois State Medical Association, the Chicago Academy of Medicine, and the American Institute of Homoeopathy. He has a very large and lucrative practice. He is a hard student, 138 DR. E. H. PRATT. has an elegant library filled with several thousand of the choicest books, and ccntributes largely to current litera- ture, besides being the author of a beautifully illustrated work on orificial surgery, now in its second edition. Dr. Pratt was married June 26, 1877, to Miss Isa M. Bailey, of Jersey Heights, N. J. Mrs. Pratt is a lady of unusual attainments, with literary and musical tastes and abilities of a very high order, and withal a woman of rare good sense, and a charming hostess. Both she and Dr. Pratt are members of the Apollo Club, of which the latter was one of the founders and is now a director. Their marriage has been blessed with two children. A daughter, Isabel, died when eighteen months old. A son, Edwin Bailey Pratt, a remarkably precocious child, was killed, in a street car accident, at the age of eight and one-half years. The celebrated and beautiful Lincoln Park Sanitarium was built for Dr. Pratt's use, and is a Mecca for the increas- ing throng of doctors who are seeking to master the prin- ciples and practice of orificial surgery. The patronage of this place is extensive and of high grade. Drs. F. D. Hol- brook, C. A. Weirick, T. E. Costain, and T. H. Trine are the doctor's medical corps of assistants. The nursing department is under the able superintendence of Miss Emma L. Baumbach, who manages a superior training school known as the " Lincoln Park Training School for Nurses." The school numbers about 40 members at present, and has 46 alumni. The nurses are selected with great care, and are exceptionally competent in every way. Dr. Pratt is President of the Lincoln Park Sanitarium Company and also of the training school. He is also editor-in-chief of the Journal of Orificial Surgery, having Drs. F. D. Hol- brook and C. A. Weirick associated with him. This monthly journal is wielding a great influence in the medi- cal profession, rapidly making converts to the orificial philosophy, which seems destined to revolutionize the present manner of treating chronic diseases. DR. LIBBIE HA MIL TON MUNCIE. j ,g LIBBIE HAMILTON MUNCIE, M.D., BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dr. Libbie Hamilton Muncie was born at Jamaica, L. L, in 1866. Her father was Robert Lewis Hamilton, M.D., a physician of extraordinary skill, and considered by competent judges to be far in advance of the ordinary practitioner. With quick perception and acute judgment he was able to diagnose cases that many other doctors con- sidered hopeless, and thereby bring instant relief to his suf- fering patients. He was a man who despised anything that looked like meanness in his fellow-men, and never hesi- tated to condemn that spirit wherever manifested. This enabled him to espouse the cause of the down-trodden everywhere, and especially the Southern slave, whose wrongs ever found a ready response in his soul. Being a fluent speaker, he was often heard defending them against their enemies, with an eloquence that would have done credit to a professional orator. At the age of fifty-two he was prostrated with endocarditis, and, despite the com- bined efforts of many of the best physicians of Brooklyn, passed away at the very beginning of a most flattering life-work. His widow, Lucinda Curtis Hamilton, was of Scotch and Dutch descent, and possessed many of the sterling qualities of those two nationalities. She immediately opened a private school which she maintained for a num- ber of years, thereby providing for her two children, Lewis and Libbie. When the subject of this sketch was about thirteen years of age her mother was taken very ill, and during a protracted sickness of many weeks she carried on her mother's work without the loss of a single pupil. Removing to Brooklyn Mrs. Hamilton placed her daughter in the public school, and she subsequently be- I JO DR - LIBB IE HAMILTON MUXCIE. came a pupil of the Packer Collegiate Institute. The pluck of this little woman was manifested in the manner in which she provided for herself, to some extent, in this institution. She had learned to paint flower pieces so deftly that her friends, knowing her needs, readily bought her work, for which they returned ample compensation. During this time she met in social circles a young phy- sician to whom she became united in marriage in 1883. From a child her desire had been to practise medicine, and even when a girl she often ' assisted her father in placing bandages upon wounds or attending to other medical duties about his office. After four years of married life it was decided that she should receive the education which she had so long de- sired, and accordingly entered the New York Medical College and Hospital, where she spent three years, grad- uating with the highest honors, and selected by the Faculty as the valedictorian of the class. So great was the manifestation of her medical skill that her advice was often sought even before her graduation. However, she never loses sight of the fact that gratitude is ever due those noble women who, by their skilful pro- fessional work and untiring perseverance, have raised pub- lic opinion that she and others may enjoy many privileges which to them were denied. And never does she fail to ascribe to her noble husband praise and credit for the un- selfish manner in which he has hailed every opportunity for her professional advantage and happiness. Soon after her graduation the attention of herself and husband was called to the marvellous success of the surgical methods of Prof. E. H. Pratt, of Chicago, and they accord- ingly both put themselves under his tuition. Dr. Libbie's mind, fresh from the study of physiology, readily grasped the principles of orificial philosophy, and she returned to her Brooklyn home to put them into immediate practice. Her success was almost phenomenal. Patients quickly spread DR. LIBBIE HA MIL TON MUNCIE. 141 the news of their restoration, until at last the Doctor was compelled to abandon outside practice and devote herself entirely to the gynaecological work of the office. Her quarters at her old office became too small for the prac- tice of herself and husband, whose reputation and practice were also increasing, and plans were finally adopted to build two large houses on the corner of Macon Street and Marcy Avenue, one of which was to be used as a sanita- rium and the other as a dwelling. During the construc- tion of this beautiful set of buildings her practice increased to such an extent, and applications came in so rapidly, that they felt fully justified in having adopted their enlarged plans. The new building was entered in Febru- ary, 1895, and work was immediately begun with a suf- ficient corps of trained and faithful nurses, whose untiring care and dexterity have added not a little to the reputa- tion of the sanitarium. The house was soon filled with patients, while applications so increased that they were compelled in a few weeks to break through the walls into the other house, making the two buildings into one sanitarium. . The story of Dr. Libbie Muncie's professional life reads like a romance. She is not only a follower of Pratt, but is herself also an originator, and is only too willing that any physician should come and see for himself her methods of orificial surgery, and many are constantly taking advan- tage of this opportunity. Physicians commend her for the remarkable coolness manifested in the most difficult operations, for the dexterity and exactness of every move- ment, and for her readiness to answer the many questions with which she is constantly plied, so that one physician was heard to remark : "I have seen many operations, by noted surgeons, too, but never so pretty an operation in every respect as that by Dr. Libbie Hamilton Muncie." She has adopted largely the Pratt surgical method of "vaginal hysterectomy," which requires neither clamp, 142 DR. EDWARD HENRY MUX CI E. ligature, nor great bleeding, and, being the first to apply this method in the East, has gained a pre-eminent reputa- tion. Dr. Libbie is a noble, refined woman of esthetic tastes, a kind mother, and a never-failing friend. She, with her noble partner, is a devout Christian, ascribing her skill to God given endowments and her success to a kind and beneficent Providence. The church is the delight of her- self and husband, where they may each be found every Sunday morning when not necessarily detained. With her cheerful disposition, her remarkable skill and unvary- ing self-possession, she inspires her patients with hope, ever teaching them to abandon the search for the dark and bitter phases of life so common among ill persons, and look to the bright side and cultivate cheerful dispo- sitions. Dr. Muncie is a member of the Kings County Society, of the American Association of Orificial Surgeons, of the Alumni Association of the Woman's College, and Vice- President of the Post-Graduate Alumni Association of Chicago Homoeopathic Medical College. EDWARD HENRY MUNCIE, M.D., BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dr. Edward Henry Muncie was born in Babylon, Suffolk County, N. Y., December 25, 1852. His ancestry were of French (Huguenot) and Dutch origin, and were among the first settlers on Long Island. Dr. Muncie's early childhood was passed on his father's farm. At an early age he manifested a desire for " doctoring," and the animals on the farm, from the horses to the chickens, came in for a share of his skill, and later his family and neigh- bors. Consequently he early received the title of doctor, DR. EDWARD HENRY MUNCIE. lA o which he then disliked and often resented. At the age of eighteen he refused a position in one of the village stores, and did house-painting that he might have his evenings for study. Later he took charge and kept the books of a paint store in Brooklyn. This being too confining he obtained a position in the Brewers' and Maltsters' Insur- ance Company, 139 Broadway, N. Y., assisting the sur- veyor and draughtsman in making maps and sketching breweries for the company, and was later employed by Perris & Brown, map-makers. While here he was taken sick with intermittent fever, and was compelled to resign his position and go home. After his recovery from this severe illness he determined to make the practice of medicine his life-work, and one month later found him in the New York Homoeopathic Medical College, with poor health and a poorer pocket- book. Not receiving an expected remittance he was obliged to return home with a sad heart but determined purpose. There he spent the winter studying medical works and stenography. The following spring and sum- mer he executed a number of free-hand crayon portraits, among which was that of Prof. R. S. Newton, M.D., dean of the New York Eclectic Medical College, who mani- fested a kindly interest in young Muncie and persuaded him to attend the aforesaid institution, which he did in the fall and winter of 1876. The following spring and sum- mer he again engaged in portraiture in order to obtain means to pay for the next college course. While at work on his pictures he would always have his medical works before him, and thus by his diligence he finally succeeded in obtaining that degree for which he had been so earn- estly laboring. After graduation, borrowing five dollars with which to pay his way home, he entered the old homestead a happy conqueror, with his diploma and books under his arm and a number of orders for portraits, which, when com- 144 DR. EDWARD HENRY MUNCIE. pleted, gave him means for opening a studio on Broadway, New York, where he produced some fine crayon and pastel portraits for some of the most influential and wealthy per- sons in New York and Brooklyn. Continuing his interest in medical studies at night until 1881, he then opened an office at 63 Livingston Street, Brooklyn, wh r re he soon estab- lished a lucrative practice, and in 1883 married Libbie Hamilton, only daughter of the late Dr. Robert L. Ham- ilton, of Brooklyn, N. Y. He soon after purchased a house at 363 Tompkins Avenue, Brooklyn, where his two children, Edith and Curtis, were born. Dr. Muncie became interested in orificial surgery in 1888 and attended Prof. E. H. Pratt's course of lectures and operations in this branch at Chicago, and was elected a member of the American Association of Orificial Sur- geons in 1890. His wife being also a physician they have together made frequent visits to Chicago for more thorough investigation and instructions in this special line of surgery. In 1894 their gynaecological and surgical practice had at- tained such dimensions that they saw the need of a build- ing for the accommodation and safe care of surgical pa- tients, and immediately began the erection of such a place on the corner of Marcy Avenue and Macon Street, Brook- lyn, into which they moved in February, 1895. Within a few weeks this commodious building was filled with patients and an ample corps of trained nurses. This place in a short time gained the reputation of being homelike and cheerful, as the doctors and nurses alike seek to cultivate a spirit of hope, good cheer and love, and the patients soon feel this wholesome influence which " doeth good like medicine." Dr. Edward and Dr. Libbie, as they are called, make a happy couple, operating, prescribing, and consulting together for the best interest of those seeking their advice. Their present work is crowned with abundant success, and their future promises to be an exceeding greater pros- DR. A. GOLDSPOHN. H5 perity. They are as one with their patients, and in thought, word, and deed they are before God as instruments in His hands to administer to the body and soul of suffering hu- manity. Dr. Muncie is a member of the County and State medi- cal societies in the County and State where he lives, and of the American Association of Orificial Surgeons. A GOLDSPOHN, M.D., CHICAGO, ILL. Among the active practitioners of Chicago Albert Goldspohn is recognized as a surgeon of more than ordi- nary learning, skill, and reputation. Aside from several original operations in gynaecology, he has been active chiefly in eliminating errors in pathology and treatment from this department of medicine. He was born in Dane County, Wisconsin, September 23, 1851, and his parents, William and Friedericke (Kohlmann) Goldspohn, were natives of Germany, and educated there, but came to this country before marriage. They very wisely did not retain any of the German provincial dialects nor adopt the Eng- lish language in their domestic circle, but taught their children the proper German (Hochdeutsch) as their mother tongue. That was of great value to this their oldest son in business as well as in his literary studies, and especi- ally while taking a two-year post-graduate medical course in Germany. As the boy of a small farmer he had plenty to do when he was not at school, and never became accustomed to idleness. He cared little for the usual rural sports derived from sundry games and from hunting, but took to books on rainy days. A number of times copious tears were shed VOL II. — IO I4 6 DR. A. GOLDSPOHX. when he came late to the district school, or when he was "spelled down," or was seated among the girls as a pun- ishment. His natural inclination to study was fostered by his parents, who, being more intelligent than wealthy, assisted his own efforts materially with their good-will and advice, and with money as far as they could. After several years' attendance upon graded schools he served an apprenticeship of two and a half years in a drug- store and became prescription clerk. While here, a constant student of drugs and chemicals, he determined to take a thorough literary and scientific collegiate course, and ulti- mately to study medicine. Accordingly he entered the Northwestern College at Naperville, 111., took up the Latin scientific course, and was graduated in 1875 as Bachelor of Science. He then entered Rush Medical College, of Chicago, and for three consecutive years diligently pursued the course prescribed by that institution, taking both the winter and optional spring courses of each year, and was graduated, with distinction, in 1878 as Doctor of Medicine. Succeeding this, he entered Cook County Hospital as interne, having obtained the position by com- petitive examination. This service ke looked upon as a great boon, and accordingly bent all his time and energy to make the most of the extensive and exceedingly valuable opportu- nities for experience with the living and observation on the dead. The next mark he set for himself was post-graduate study in Europe. But before this could be realized he must first earn the means by general practice, for which he was much better equipped than the average beginner. His first "shingle hung out" in the suburban town of Des Plaines, and practice came fast. His duties were continuous and interesting, but oftentimes fraught with great hardship and exposure in the country and at night. DR. A. GOLDSPOHX. Y *j But he was very successful. Scores of families became his grateful friends, and he was enabled to reimburse his parents with money advanced for him, and to enter upon his European trip. Having gratuitously introduced a well- qualified phy- sician to his patrons in 1885, he went abroad and en- gaged with much energy and enthusiasm in post-gradu- ate studies for two years in the Universities of Heidelberg, Wurzburg, Strasburg, Halle, and Berlin, directing his attention to surgery in general and gynaecology in particu- lar. In October, 1887, he began private practice in Chi- cago, and about six months later was appointed as one of the attending surgeons to the German Hospital, and in June, 1892, as Professor of Gynaecologyin the Post-gradu- ate Medical School of that city, as a recognition of his ability. He is a member of the Chicago Medical Society, of the American Medical Association, of the Illinois State Medi- cal Society, of the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, and of the Chicago Gynaecological Society. His contributions, chiefly to gynaecological literature, have not been very numerous, but they have always given conclusive evidence of originality, ability, and a complete survey of the world's allied literature. The number of surgical and gynaecological journals that make up much of his meat and drink in medicine is un- usually large, and his choicest hours are devoted to those that are printed in German. On October 22, 1879, he was united in marriage to Miss Victoria E. Escher, of Chicago, who very materially as- sisted him and lightened his burdens while practising at Des Plaines. In 18S5, himself, wife, and a servant were prostrated with typhoid fever, and during his convales- cence in June of that year his wife died at the residence of relatives in Chicago, from intestinal hemorrhage, while in 148 DR. IV. H. WARDER. the care of able city physicians. This was a severe blow to him, but hard work in European universities finally healed the wound. On August 4, 1887, just prior tore- turning to America, he was happily married to his present wife, formerly Miss Cornelia E. Walz, of Stuttgart, Ger- many. They have no children. W. H. WARDER, M.D., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Dr William H. Warder, born near Russellville, Logan County, Kentucky, June 12, 1833. His father, the Rev. William Warder,- was a distinguished Baptist divine, whilst his mother, Margaret Moorehead, was a sister of Governor Charles S. Moorehead, of Kentucky. Dr. Warder was educated at Russellville Male Academy. AVhen sixteen years old he came to Philadelphia to learn the drug business. While prosecuting his studies in pharmacy, chemistry, and therapeutics, he made the ac- quaintance of Dr. Paul B. Goddard, one of the most distinguished physicians of Philadelphia, who induced him to study the other branches of medicine. Before com- pleting his studies he was called home by the illness of his mother, who was then living near McMinnville, Tenn. He shortly after commenced the drug business in McMinn- ville, Tenn., and in the meanwhile prosecuted his medical studies. In 1859 he was graduated in medicine at the Uni- versity of Nashville, Tenn. He soon gained a reputation in surgery and general practice. From 1862 to 1864 the armies of the United States Government and the Southern States overran the country where the doctor then lived, and, as he was one of the few prominent men in that section who adhered to the Union, he was forced to con- fine himself to town work within the Federal lines. In ^^7^/^y DR. W. H. WARDER. Iz ,g 1864 he removed to Philadelphia, Pa., where he had married, in 1855, Miss Josephine B. Stager. By this marriage he has two daughters and a son. His oldest daughter married Mr. Frank S. Lewis, and his second daughter married Mr. John P. Crozer. His son, Dr. Charles B Warder, is a graduate of the Jefferson Medical College and the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, and is now in charge of the Department for Diseases of the Nose and Throat and Ear of the Union Mission Hospital, Philadelphia. Soon after Dr. Warder came to Philadelphia he formed the acquaintance of Professor S. D. Gross, whose influence and inspiration, no doubt in a great degree, formed his medical life and future success. In 1866 he began a course of examinations upon sur- gery in connection with the Jefferson Medical College. In 1867 and 1868 he gave private lectures upon inflam- mation and its results. From this time until 1875 ne gave private lectures upon obstetrics, diseases of women, use and abuse of forceps, ovarian tumors, fibroid tumors of the uterus, and pelvic peritonitis. He was graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 187 1. In 1874 he was elected to the Obstetrical Staff of the Philadelphia Hos- pital, where he gave clinical lectures, and performed many of the advanced operations in gynaecology. Dr. Warder was among the first gynaecologists of this institution to perform abdominal hysterectomy, which he did in 1876 for uterine fibroids. He resigned from the Philadelphia Hospital Staff in 1881, and has since devoted himself to his private practice and bis private hospital for diseases of women. Dr. Warder was the orator of the Jefferson Medical College Alumni Association in 1886, and pronounced an eloquent eulogy upon his friend and patron, Professor S. D. Gross. He was an active member of the Executive Com- mittee of the Alumni Association for a number of years, jijO DR. CHARLES JEWETT. and for a term Chairman of the Committee. He was active in raising funds to build the Jefferson Medical Col- lege Hospital, and has always been a strong advocate for advanced medical teaching. He is a member of the Memorial Baptist Church. Philadelphia, Pa. CHARLES JEWETT, M.D., BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dr. Charles Jewett was born in Bath, Me., and his early education was obtained in the public schools of that city. He completed a four years' course of preparation for college in three years and received the prize for English composition at the time he was graduated at Bowdoin, in the year 1864. At the recent centennial (June, 1894) the college conferred upon him the degree of Sc.D. His ancestry on both sides includes many names well known in New England history, some of them prominent in State and national councils, others as authors, journalists, divines, and as men of letters. His family was descended from Maximilian Jewett, who came to this country from Bradford, England, in 1639, and settled in Rowley, Mass. The Jewetts sprang from the Huguenots. Their lineage is traced to one Henri de Juatt, a knight of the first crusade. In 1867 he began the study of medicine. He attended medical lectures at the Long Island College Hospital and at the University Medical School, and was graduated by the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1871. In 1880 he received the appointment of Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Children at the Long Island College Medical School, and has since then held the position. He is also a member of the Hospital Staff, and is recognized as one of the leading obstetrical specialists of the country. In 1878 he was elected President of the Medical Society of the County of Kings, and was re-elected in 1879 an ^ in DR. CHARLES JEWETT. l c l 1880. He is at present Physician to St. Mary's Hospital, Obstetrician to the Long Island College Hospital, Con- sulting Obstetrician to the Kings County Hospital, Con- sulting Gynaecologist to the Bushwick Hospital, and Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees. He was for a time editor of the Annals of the Anatomi- cal and Surgical Society, and is one of the collaborators of the American Journal of Gynecology a?id Obstetrics. He is the author of one or two well-known books in his specialty, and of numerous papers on obstetrical and other subjects. He has also contributed chapters to several obstetrical and gynaecological works. The manikin-teaching at the Long Island College Hos- pital, done under his supervision, is not surpassed in the world ; and while Vienna and Prague may offer a greater chance to study the practice of dealing with deformities of the pelvis, there is no course, of which we have knowl- edge, that gives so clear an understanding of the mechan- ism of normal labor. Among the learned bodies with which he is identified are the Medical Society of Kings County, the Brooklyn Gynae- cological Society and the Brooklyn Pathological Society, New York State Medical Society, the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York Obstetrical Society, and both the British and the American Gynaecological Societies. He is Trustee of the Eye and Ear Infirmary and Vice- President of the New York Physicians' Mutual Aid Society. He has been President of Kings County Medical Society, and is now President of the New York Obstetrical Society and of the Brooklyn Gynaecological Society. He was appointed Honorary Chairman of the Obstetric Section of the Pan-American Medical Congress. He has performed all the major operations known to obstetric surgery, including two laparo-elytrotomies, three Caesarean sections, one Porro operation, and was the first in America to perform symphysiotomy. !C 2 DR. FLORA A. BREWSTER. Dr. Jewett has a large and lucrative practice. He has a handsome home in Brooklyn, N. Y., situated in the most beautiful portion of the city. FLORA A. BREWSTER, M.D., BALTIMORE, MD. In gathering the facts relative to the autobiography of Dr. Flora Alzora Brewster, it is apparent that the city of Baltimore, Md., has, during the past decade, made wonderful advancement in the number of successful women engaged in the practice of medicine ; no one of whom stands higher in the medical profession, or has been more successful as a physician and surgeon, than the subject of this sketch. Dr. Brewster was born at Alfred, Allegany County, New York, February 26, 1852. She is a daughter of Ephraim J. Brewster, of Connecticut — a descendant of Elder William Brewster, who came over to America in the " May Flower." Her mother was Mary E. Burdick, also of English ex- traction, who adhered closely to the old Sabbatarian doctrine. This sect — also called Seventh-Day Baptists — claim that the old Jewish Sabbath should never have been changed to Sunday. On the paternal side of her family she is descended from the Campbells of Scotland, hence a mixture of English and Scotch blood. In 1866 she was sent to Alfred University, where she obtained her education. After creditably passing the examinations she commenced the scientific course, show- ing marked ability and great talent for mathematics. In 1868 a sad bereavement befell her in the sudden death of a fond father, which event compelled her to leave the university in order to attend to the finances of the family. Being thoroughly imbued with that spirit of independence ■' a. a^#y c^ j%>u^Ls&A^ a%;$ DR. FLORA A. BREWSTER. j,-, which is characteristic of many women of the present age, she accepted a position as copyist in a tax-collector's office, which, however, she soon gave up to begin teaching. Possessed of fine executive ability she soon became a successful teacher, and a longing desire to complete her studies made her frugal and careful of her earnings, but two years of most laborious work, teaching school and at the same time prosecuting her university studies, so seriously impaired her health that she was compelled to give up the latter and devote her time exclusively to teaching. In 1872 she was appointed teacher in the Mansfield State Orphan School, Mansfield, Pa., which was then the training school for the Mansfield State Normal School. She there took the degree of B.E., and in 1877 the degree of Master of Elementary Didactics was conferred upon her while she was still teaching, and in the same year she was appointed Principal of the Smeth- port (Pennsylvania) High School and Academy. Showing great determination of character and a desire to become proficient in whatever she undertook, and possessing both mental and physical activity, it is not surprising that success has attended her efforts, although in the latter part of the year she was forced by failing health, due to over- work, to give up teaching. She spent a year travelling in the West and Northwest, deriving such benefit from her Western sojourn that in 1878 she went to Chicago, 111., to assume the business and editorial management of the Newsboy s Appeal, an illus- trated journal published in the interest of the Newsboy's Home, in that city. Not content with this field of labor, and desiring a wider field for the application of scientific knowledge, she decided to become a physician, and the following year began to read medicine under Dr. Julia Holmes Smith, of Chicago, 111., at the same time conducting a night school on the kindergarten plan in the Newsboy's Home. 1 ca ' DR. FLORA A. BREWSTER. In March, 1882, she completed the course in the Chicago Homoeopathic Medical College, after which she went to Baltimore, Md., where she spent six months in the office and private hospital of the late Professor August F. Erich, the noted gynaecological surgeon. Having decided to locate permanently in Baltimore, she opened an office and commenced to practise medicine there in the fall of 1882. At that time only one woman, Dr. Emma Stein Wanstall, who died in September, 1882, had succeeded in establishing a paying practice in Balti- more. No female physician in this city had previously been intrusted with surgical cases, but Dr. Brewster believed that this field was open to sensible, energetic, and skilful female surgeons, notwithstanding the strong prejudice against them then existing in the South, and during the next four years worked arduously, building up a large and lucrative surgical and gynaecological practice, while at the same time doing a great deal of charitable work. In the spring of 1886 her sister, Cora B. Brewster, was graduated in medicine, and was received in her office as an assistant. In 1889 they began the publication of The Balti?nore Family Health Journal, the name of which was changed in 1891 to The Homoeopathic Advocate and Health Journal, and was made a hospital journal with a corps of ten editors. In 1890 tne agitation caused by the application for the admission of women to the medical department of the Johns Hopkins University created a lively interest in the question of the medical education of women, and was the means of enlightening the people of the South in regard to the status of women in the medical profession. The barriers that had previously existed were gradually re- moved, and women could more successfully compete with their brother practitioners in the surgical field. In 1883 Dr. Brewster was physician and surgeon to the DR. FLORA A. BREWSTER. 155 Home for Fallen Women, a charitable institution situated in Baltimore, Md. ; also physician to the Female House of Refuge, a reformatory institution for incorrigible girls. She has also given clinics in the Homoeopathic Hospital in Baltimore. In September, 1892, she spent some time with Professor Pratt, of Chicago, studying the principles of orificial surgery, and at once made use of them in her surgical practice. Dr. Brewster has a large practice in gynaecological sur- gery extending over the entire South, and has met with remarkable success as a skilful and rapid operator, and has the unprecedented record of never having lost a surgical case. She has invented several instruments for the more convenient and effective use of electricity in gynaecological practice, and also an electric belt, which practical elec- tricians say is a great improvement upon all those pre- viously made. The Doctor is an ardent advocate of the higher medical education of women, and is ever ready to extend a helping hand to young women who desire to study medicine or become trained nurses. In 1892 the existing partnership with her sister, Dr. Cora B. Brewster, was dissolved. Dr. Brewster's latest enterprise (April, 1893) has been the purchase of the large dwelling with handsome grounds attached, situated at 1221 Madison Ave., Baltimore, Md., where she has opened a sanatorium for the treatment of the medical and surgical diseases of women. She has a skilful and able assistant, Dr. Donna Anna Waldron, who formerly practised medicine in Hot Springs, Arkansas. The buildings are well suited for the purpose — heated by steam and fitted up with electric, medicated, and vapor baths, and all forms of electrical appliances used in medi- cal practice, apparatus for the Swedish movement cure, and also a training school for nurses. j -6 DR. WILLIS P. KING. In the short time the sanatorium has been opened it has already proved a great success, encouraging alike to Dr. Brewster and her legion of friends. Dr. Brewster is a member of the following societies, viz. : Maryland State Medical Society, Maryland and District of Columbia Clinical Society, American Institute of Homoeopathy, American Health Resort Association, Chairman of the Bureau of Gynaecology in the National Society of Electro-therapeutists, and also a member of the American Association of Orificial Surgeons. WILLIS P. KING, M.D., KANSAS CITY, MO. Dr. Willis Percival King was born in Macon County, Missouri, on December 21, 1839. Both his paternal and maternal grandparents had emigrated together from Madison County, Kentucky to Missouri in 1816, when the latter was still a Territory (now Howard County, Missouri). The Indians were yet in the Territory of Missouri, and their incursions upon the new "settlements" were so frequent and their depredations so bad that the "settlers" had to "fort up." The fort occupied by his grandparents and their neighbors was known as "Cooper's Fort," being named for Col. Ben. Cooper, a man prominent among the new-comers and famed as an Indian fighter in those days. Dr. King's parents, William and Lucy King, were cousins and babes in arms when they came to Missouri; and they grew to manhood and womanhood in Howard County. After the Indians had been removed the families moved to a point near where the town of Armstrong is now situated, and where his parents were married in 1835 «*fi^ TfcUU* <%s<^ DR. WILLIS P. KING. 157 (we believe). After the birth of his oldest brother and sister his family removed to Macon County, where the track of the Indian was still hot in the sand, and he was born there near where the little town of Callao is now located. There were no school-houses in his neighborhood until he was ten years old. At that time a log school-house was built, where school was held about three months each win- ter. Such was his thirst for knowledge that he used to gather hickory bark, and, after the family had retired at night, he would lie on the hearth and get his lessons and read such books as came in his way. Thirsting for better school advantages, he ran away from home at the age of fourteen, and worked about the coun- try in the spring, summer, and in autumn, and went to school in winter. When the Hannibal and St. Joseph Rail- road was being built he worked at cutting out the right of way and drove cart in the pit one season, and then removed to Howard County (which had, in the meantime, become quite an educational centre), where he attended school. He then taught and went to school alternately, until of age. In 1 86 1 (June 13) Dr. King married Miss Albina H. Hoss, of Pettis County, Missouri. He then began the study of medicine, and taught school until ready to com- plete a course at college . He was graduated at the St. Louis Medical College in March, 1866, and at once removed to Vernon County (Southwest), Missouri. After practising in the country for two and a half years he removed to Nevada, the county seat, where he practised six years. In the meantime he attended Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- lege, New York, in 1870-71, having the ad sundum degree conferred on him after a full course at this school. In 1874 he removed to Sedalia, Pettis County, Missouri, where he resided and practised for fourteen years. In 1884-85 he took a course at the Polyclinic, New York, jrg DR. WILLIS P. KING. and again short courses in the years 1889 to 1892 inclu- sive. In 1885 Dr. King was appointed Assistant Chief Surgeon of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, in charge of the Sedalia Division and Hospital, and has had charge of this hospital ever since. In October, 1S88, the hospital was removed from Sedalia to Kansas City, where he has ever since resided. Dr. King began doing general surgical work on his re- turn from Bellevue College in 1871, and some ten years later commenced gynaecological work. Within the last fifteen years he has performed over two hundred laparotomies for the removal of ovarian and fibroid tumors and of diseased ovaries, with perhaps as good a percentage of recoveries as that of any other Western gynaecologist. He, also, has removed the uterus by the vagina for cancer and by laparotomy for fibroid tumors thirteen times without a death. His work in gynaecological and general surgery within the last ten years has been quite extensive, and has covered every class of surgical operations which he deemed justifi- able. Among the writings of Dr. King may be mentioned Stories of a Country Doctor, 400 pages, the tenth thousand of which is now in press; "Ligation of the Common and External Carotid and Superior Thyroid Arteries for Aneu- rism of the Internal Carotid within the Cranium — Re- covery;" "Wiring the Fractured Symphysis Pubis, Sup- plemented by Steel Pelvic Clamp," and many others. These are the most important. Dr. King was President of the Pettis County Medical Society in 1878; Medical Association of the State of Missouri, 1SS1-82 ; and was senior Vice-President of the American Medical Association in 1891-92. He did the Caesarean section on the wife of his second son, Willis P. King, Jr., at Nevada, Missouri, on /^3». f.J%^ DR. HOMER I. O STROM, : cq March 25, 1S95. The cause necessitating the operation was depression of pubis — the antero-posterior diameter of the superior strait being only about two and three-quarters inches. The patient died four days later on account of impaction of bowels — the operation not Deing followed by any fever or septic trouble. The child (which Dr. King's wife is raising) is now nearly eight months old and is a healthy, fine boy. Dr. King is prepossessing in appearance, with a "happy, amiable expression of countenance, at the same time not devoid of determination of character. He possesses a large amount of personal magnetism, is a natural genius, with a heart overflowing with kindness and sympathy, and his generosity is proverbial. He is remarkable for his great flow of wit and humor, being versatile and quick at repartee. His nature is genial, and he has the happy faculty of making many life-long friends who appreciate his true worth. There have been born to him five sons and two daughters, of whom four sons and one daughter have grown to man- hood and womanhood. HOMER I. OSTROM, M.D., NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. Dr. Homer Irvin Ostrom was born in Goshen, Orange County, New York, February 16, 1852. He descended from a long line of professional men, representing the bar, the church, and medicine, on both his father's and mother's side. The talents which have enabled him to make such rapid strides in his profession have been the development from a trained ancestry. His paternal grand- father was the Rev. James I. Ostrom, a prominent Presby- terian clergyman formerly of New York City, who made j6o dr. homer i. ostrom. his mark in the early part of the century. His father, Dr. Joshua Ward Ostrom, began the practice of medicine in New York City, and, shortly adopting the homoeopathic system, subsequently removed to Goshen, where he still resides, a vigorous example of the promoters of the new school, when it was more than a labor of love to advocate its principles. Dr. Ostrom's mother was Miss Emily Charlotte Gedney, daughter of Dr. Eleazer Gedney, of Newburgh-on-Hudson, a physician of note in Orange County, and was first cousin to John Quincy Adams. Her mother was a daughter of General Bailey, of Revolu- tionary fame. The subject of this sketch received his education at private schools and with tutors, and was early imbued with the truth of the curative law of similars. In 1871 his life-hope sprang strongly within him and he entered the New York Homoeopathic Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1873. Against discouragements, and in the face of obstacles which few young men would have had the courage to encounter or the ability to overcome, Dr. Ostrom, with the determination and fixedness of purpose which have marked his course through life, decided to remain in New York City and devote himself ultimately to the practice of surgery. Believing that every specialist should first have the advantage of general practice, he entered upon this part of his profession with characteristic ardor, and soon built up a practice among the best classes of New York society. As early as it was practicable for one dependent upon his own energies for advancement, Dr. Ostrom withdrew from general practice and devoted him- self to operative surgery with a thoroughness which is a prominent trait in his character ; and better to equip him- self for the noble branch of the profession which he had chosen, Dr. Ostrom for several years passed his summers in Europe studying the methods of the principal operators. DR. HOMER I. O STROM. j5 z Nothing has seemed too much or too little for him to learn, for, while holding radical and decided opinions, Dr. Ostrom has kept himself abreast with his times, and is con- stantly reaching out for something better than that which he has already attained. He is always ready to adopt new methods and views, and is willing upon good reasons to change those which he previously held. Though a successful and brilliant general operator, his almost phenomenal results in abdominal surgery have within the past few years brought him a large clientage in this department of surgery, and determined him in adopt- ing this as his special work. Here his keen insight and powers of observation ; his rapid processes of thought, what he is wont to call to his students, "unconscious cere- bration"; his delicate touch ; his deep sympathy with the sufferings, mental and physical, which such disorders en- tail; and his firmness of character, have added largely to his popularity and his control of patients, which in turn becomes an element of success. Dr. Ostrom's abdominal surgery includes operations on every organ in the abdomen. In the winter of 1894 he removed successfully a tumor of the pancreas, which some other well-known surgeons had failed to remove. This was one of the first operations of the kind ever done in this country. His operations on the stomach — pylorec- tomy and gastrotomy — the gall-bladder, and the liver, have been most successful. He has several times, both for the removal of tumors and in the course of other operations, resected the intestines; in one case of appendi- citis the condition demanded removal of several feet of the ileum ; this case, in which rupture had taken place before the operation, recovered. A large proportion of Dr. Ostrom's abdominal oper- ations are on the uterus and its appendages. His ovari- otomies, including oophorectomies, show a mortality of 2 per cent.; his average time for performing the latter oper- VOL. II. — II X 62 DR. HOMER I. O STROM. ation being ten minutes. Dr. Ostrorn has long since abandoned the use of the clamp and the external treatment of the pedicle in his abdominal hysterectomies, his method being to remove the entire uterus, closing the abdominal wound, and when necessary using the vagina for drainage. This method has in Dr. Ostrom's hands re- duced the mortality in abdominal hysterectomy to 4 per cent. Dr. Ostrom's vaginal hysterectomies, or, as he prefers to call the operation, vaginal hystero-oophorectomy, illustrate in a high degree his facility and rapidity of manipulation and skill in meeting unlooked-for difficulties. In this, as in all his abdominal operations, he attaches special impor- tance to restoring the continuity of the peritoneum, and it is a matter of astonishment to see him make a vaginal hystero-oophorectomy, tie all arteries, and sew together the peritoneum in fifteen minutes. Dr. Ostrom's last one hundred cases contain two deaths. As an operator, Dr. Ostrom's characteristics are neat- ness, rapidity, exactness, simplicity of manipulation, and the use of few instruments. The previous treatment and surroundings of the patient are under his direct supervis- ion, and controlled by a system as perfect as it is unusual ; the patient comes to the operation in a good condition, and undergoes during it the minimum of shock and danger. Dr. Ostrom's diagnosis is rapid, and in frequent con- sultations found to be accurate and incisive. His habits as a student have never been laid aside, and his powers of complete absorption enable him to grasp the points of a case with certainty and dispatch. As much of his work in the operating-room is original, Dr. Ostrom has invented a number of instruments pecu- liarly adapted to his needs ; his corkscrew for lifting the tumor out in abdominal hysterectomy, and his uterine volsella for vaginal hysterectomy, together with the pecu- DR. HOMER I. OSTROM. 163 liar handle needles to be used in the same operation for sewing the peritoneum, are recognized as valuable addi- tions to the abdominal surgeon's armamentarium. Dr. Ostrom performs the larger proportion of his oper- ations in his "Private Surgical Hospital," an institution which he has built and thoroughly equipped to meet the requirements of that class of patients who desire hospital care, but wish something more private and exclusive than can be obtained in larger hospitals. Dr. Ostrom's hos- pital is one of the most complete of its kind in New York. His operating-room is a model for aseptic work, and his nurses receive especial training from him before they are admitted to care for his cases, thus insuring the most ad- vanced surgical work, in conformity with his individual application of it. Dr. Ostrom is a constant and thoughtful contributor to medical literature on surgical subjects. One of his early principles was to help the profession in every possible manner, and if his pen or advice can be of service to any other practitioner, it is frankly and freely given. He is the author of a Treatise on the Surgical Diseases of the Brain, and also of one on Epithelioma of the Mouth. He is a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy ; of the Homoeopathic Medical State Society ; of the New York County Medical Society ; of the Medico-Chirurgical Society ; of the Academy of Pathological Science ; of the Clinical Club ; and is one of the few American Fellows of the British Gynaecological Society. He is Professor of Ab- dominal Surgery in the Metropolitan Po:t Graduate School of Medicine, and, besides the exactions of a large private surgical practice, is Visiting Surgeon to the Metropolitan City Hospital. His work in these public hospitals excites much interest in the profession, and there are constant applications to be present at his operations, and for the position of his clinical assistant. Through this work the name of Dr. Ostrom is well known. He is often sought 164 DR. F. T. BICKXELL. in consultation, and is frequently called to operate in other cities, and upon patients sent to him from all parts of the country. In spite of his close application to the duties of his pro- fession, Dr. Ostrom is a most genial companion, and during his leisure hours and in his travels he has gathered about him books, pictures, and objects of interest that indicate a cultivated and refined taste. His library is an extensive and valuable one — for he is an omnivorous reader — and no pains are spared to furnish his consulting- room with every appliance for his professional work. His charity is large, and his generous aid is never withheld from a suffering man or woman because they cannot remunerate him. He takes the most kindly interest in men younger than himself in the profession, and never fails to give them valuable advice and assistance. In 1877 Dr. Ostrom married Miss Sara Conant, youngest daughter of the late Mr. Claudius B. Conant, of New York City. They have two children, a daughter and a son. It is to men like Dr. Ostrom, who so happily combine the thought of the scholar, the earnestness of the student, the kindness of the philanthropist, and the courage of a surgeon, with the courtesy, breeding, and culture of a gentleman, that America points to when she proudly bids the world, " Behold my sons !" F.. T. BICKNELL, M.D., LOS ANGELES, CAL. Dr. Frederick Thompson Bicknell belongs to one of the oldest families in America. So far as is now known, all of the name now living in this country are traceable to Zachary and Agnes Bicknell, who, with their son, John, and servant, John Kitchen, sailed from England in the spring of 1635, and landed at Wessaguscus, now Wey- $?, 7./3/e^U*£e. DR. F. T. BICKNELL. I6 5 mouth, within the limits of Massachusetts Bay Colony, in the summer of that year, with the Rev. Joseph Hull and hundreds of others, mostly from the counties of Somerset and Dorset, in the southwest part of England. From this little family has sprung a numerous progeny scattered over all parts of the country. Dr. Frederick T. Bicknell is the son of Nathaniel and Fanny Bicknell, both his parents being descended from English ancestors. To the present day there is an association in Boston, Mass., called the "Bicknell Family Association," which meets yearly there in commemoration of the Bicknell family. This association was organized in 1880. Its President is Mr. Thomas W. Bicknell, of Boston, who is the editor of The New England Journal of Education ; the Secretary and Treasurer is Mr. Robert T. Bicknell, of 200 Devonshire Street ; and the Corresponding Secretary is Mr. Alfred Bicknell, of 33 Milk Street, Boston, Mass. At the close of the meeting and exercises the family proceed on foot and in carriages to view the site of the homestead of the first parents, Zachary and Agnes. In the year 1852 Dr. Bicknell's father moved to Jeffer- son County, Wisconsin, where he soon became a prosperous and enterprising agriculturist, occupying a prominent posi- tion as one of the leading citizens of the county. It was there that the subject of this sketch received his early education in the district common schools of the county in which he resided. Being naturally fond of his books and studious he readily grasped the opportunity afforded him of receiving a thorough English education. At the age of seventeen years he entered the "Albion Academy," attending the fall terms, and teaching in a district school during the winter months. When the Civil War was proclaimed between the North and the South he gave up his school to enlist as a soldier in the army, being then but nineteen years of age. For three years he was !66 DR. F T. BIC KNELL. in active service, remaining with his company until the close of the Rebellion. He then returned to his home in Wisconsin, and after spending a year with his father, who was at that time an invalid, he choose his life profession, deciding to study medicine and become a physician and surgeon. Entering the Wisconsin State University at Madison, he remained there two years and applied himself closely to his studies. He then entered the office of Dr. John Favill, of the same city, as a medical student, remaining with him for some time; he then attended the Rush Medical College at Chicago, Illinois, where he received his degree in the year 1870. After graduating with high honors he at once located in Neosho, Missouri, where he associated himself with an old and prominent physician, Dr. L. W. Wills, and remained there until the fall of 1873. During his residence in Neosho he was married to Miss Etta E. Cooper, whom he knew in his early boyhood days when he resided in Wisconsin. A daughter was born to them, but by her birth the Doctor was deprived of a lovely and faithful wife. As the result of this heavy afflic- tion he decided to leave this field of practice, and to partly divert his mind and better his professional advan- tages he, in company with his old preceptor, spent the winter of 1874 in New York, where various opportunities were offered him to improve his surgical knowledge as a clinical student of such eminent men as J. Marion Sims, E. Peaslee, T. Gaillard Thomas, and Thomas Addis Emmet ; also general surgeons, as Lewis A. Sayre, Markoe, Sands, Hamilton, and the celebrated old Drs. Wood, Valentine Mott, and others of equal eminence. During the winter that Dr. Bicknell spent in New York City as a student it was his pleasure and privilege to see each one of the above-named surgeons operate repeatedly. After completing his clinical course there he removed to DR. F. T. BICKNELL. 167 Los Angeles, California, where he remained about three months, when he was appointed as surgeon and physician to " Surprise Valley Mill and Mining Company," situated at Panamint, California, which position he creditably filled for over two years. He then located in Independence, the county seat of Inyo County, Cal., engaging in general practice, estab- lishing a very extensive practice throughout the entire country, many of his patients travelling hundreds of miles to cor. suit him and receive medical and surgical treatment. In 1 88 1 he returned to Los Angeles to visit his only brother, Judge J. D. Bicknell, who is a prominent lawyer in that city, and his only sister, Mrs. James Eastwistle ; he remained there about a month, when he went to his former home in Wisconsin, where his only child, a promis- ing daughter, was residing. It was during this visit to his childhood home that he became engaged to Miss Carrie E. Fargo, of Lake Miles, Wisconsin. He again returned to Los Angeles, Cal., bringing with him his daughter, and it was then that he decided to locate permanently in this beautiful city of sun and flowers, where he has achieved prominence as a successful practitioner. His second marriage took place in San Francisco, in December of 1882, and has proved a happy and congenial union. The Doctor has filled several important positions in the medical profession. He has been President of the County Medical Society, was also President of the Southern California Medical Society, and was the first Professor of Gynaecology in the Medical Department of the Uni- versity of Southern California, which position he held for several years, ultimately being compelled to offer his resig- nation on account of overwork caused by his extensive practice, which greatly impaired his health. The Doctor is a thorough and skilful surgeon, and although among the leading gynecologists of California, j 68 DR. MARIE B. WERNER. he does not confine his entire practice to surgery, but has a very extensive general practice. He is a rapid operator — cautious, conscientious, and suc- cessful ; his record in abdominal work is extensive and good. Much of his success can be attributed to his extreme neatness and close observance of antiseptic rules. The Doctor is genial and cordial in manner, kind and gentle in the sick-room, and beloved and respected by all who have the pleasure of his acquaintance. MARIE B. WERNER, M.D., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Dr. Marie Bersania Werner was born in Philadelphia, September 21, 1857. Her father, Charles Augustus Ferdi- nand Werner, and her mother, Caroline Wolpert, left Germany for America during 1848; meeting some years later in Philadelphia they were married and had but one child, the subject of this sketch. The doctor received her early education in public and private schools of this city. She commenced the study of medicine at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in the spring of 1S77, attended three courses of lectures, and was graduated from there in March, 1880. She served her time as interne in the Woman's Hospital, and later as clinician in the same institution for some years, having entered into private practice immediately after the expiration of her term as interne. The doctor is a mem- ber of the following societies : American Medical Asso- ciation, Pennsylvania State Medical Association, Philadel- phia County Medical Society, Philadelphia Obstetrical Society, Philadelphia Neurological Society, Alumni Asso- ciation of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. Many valuable and interesting papers have been written &y^z^C??f.3> DR. MARIE B. WERNER. jgg and published by the doctor, of which the following is a partial list : "Battey's Operation for Congenital Malformation." Journal of Obstetrics, 1884, vol. xvii. " Operation for Abdominal Fistula, with Removal of Eleven Gall-stones." Medical and Surgical Reporter, Phila., October 23, 1886. Paper read before the Alumni Association of the Woman's Medical College, March, 1890, entitled "Twenty Con- secutive Abdominal Sections, with Remarks." " Fistulous Escape of Ligatures after Pelvic Operations." Journal of American Medical Association, September 20, 1890. "A Retrospect of Treatment of Pelvic Inflammations." Report of the Alumni Association, 1891. " Comparative Data in the Treatment of Uterine Tu- mors." Annals of Gynecology, July, 1891. "Analysis of Some Statistics on Supravaginal Hyster- ectomy." Read before the Obstetrical Society of Phila- delphia, September 1, 1891. " Who Shall Do Abdominal Surgery?" American Jour- nal of Obstetrics, 1892, vol. xxv. No. 5. "Some Contraindications to the Use of Opiates." Read before the Philadelphia County Medical Society, January 27, 1892. "Nephrectomy in a Child of Two Years; Recovery." Therapeutic Gazette, November 15, 1892. "Specialism and the Insane." Medical and Surgical Reporter, Philadelphia, December, 1892. As an operator in the field of abdominal surgery the young doctor's more active career began in 1883, when she performed a oophorectomy in an interesting case of congeni- tal malformation. The patient, a girl of eighteen years, had suffered much from headache, dizziness, and pain in the back, and had never menstruated. Physical examina- tion showed an absence of the vagina, and a rectal ex- jjq DR. MARIE B. WERNER. ploration proved an absence of the uterus. On section a well-developed ovary and tube were found on the left side, together with a small mass of fibres of uterine tissue, representing the uterus, and on the right side the tube and ovary were entirely rudimentary. This was but the first of a series of cases, many of of them important and involving capital operations. In 1884, Dr. Werner visited the principal medical schools of Europe, and spent eighteen months in special surgical studies under Professors von Billroth, Germany; von Frisch, von Hacker, and Salter, of Vienna ; Schroe- der, Kiistner, and Hahn, of Berlin; Sanger, of Leipsic ; Bruns, of Tubingen ; and Apostoli, of Paris. She was the first surgeon of her sex who was allowed 'to work in Professor von Frisch' s clinic in Vienna. In 1 89 1 she again visited Europe and studied the oper- ative methods of Gersung, of Vienna; Sanger, of Leipsic; Bantock, of London ; and Savage, of Birmingham. She has given considerable attention to gynaecology and its connection with nervous diseases and their treatment, in which she has achieved a high reputation. In the treatment of insane female patients Dr. Werner has a strong conviction of the necessity for more careful study of each individual case than is usually accorded. She does not accept the theory held by some alienists that insanity is always an expression of destructive changes in nerve-cells, and, therefore, incurable — a theory too com- monly made manifest in practice. Close professional research and observation have led her to believe that the mental disturbances of many insane patients (who are re- ceived into an asylum, and kept under restriction for an indefinite period, or for the remainder of life) are often traceable to pelvic diseases or injuries in which careful study and well-directed treatment would frequently ameli- orate, if not produce a cure. Such results having been obtained in her private practice, led her to apply for a a DR. J. H, ETHERIDGE. l y l wider field of investigation, which was accorded in 1892 at the State Hospital for the Insane at Norristown for a limited period of six weeks. During this time thirty cases were examined and carefully studied and treated. Two of this group, suffering from grave pelvic disease, were operated on by her and were mentally and physically cured ; one in five weeks and the other in several months. This work has been reported in her paper on " Specialism and the Insane." In the intervals of a busy professional life Dr. Werner has contributed a number of articles on medical subjects to various medical journals, and has also translated several of the works of French authors. She attended the meeting of the American Medical Association at Nashville, Tenn., in 1890, as the first woman delegate, from the Philadelphia County Society, who read a paper before the obstetrical section of the Association on "Fis- tulous Escape of Ligatures after Pelvic Operations." Doctor Werner was the first woman to read a paper before the Obstetrical Society of Philadelphia, of which she is a member, and, moreover, she was the first woman member to sign its Constitution. J. H. ETHERIDGE, M.D., CHICAGO, ILL. James Henry Etheridge, of Chicago, 111., is a native of the Empire State, being born in St. Johnsville, Mont- gomery County, March 20, 1844. His father, Dr. Francis B. Etheridge, was born in the town of Herkimer, same State, and was a son of a Revolutionary soldier, and the descendant in the fourth generation of English parents. The mother of our subject, Fanny Easton, was a native of Connecticut and the sixth generation from England. Dr. Francis B. Etheridge was a practising physician forty-seven iy 2 DR - J- H - ETHERIDGE. years. He moved to Hastings, Minn., in i860, and was a surgeon in a Minnesota regiment during the Civil War, dying in Hastings in 1871. The subject of our sketch, who is a prominent physician in Chicago, and a member of the Faculty of Rush Medical College, received most of his education in his native State, and had some experience in teaching a winter school. He was prepared in mathe- matics and Latin to enter the junior year in Harvard Col- lege, but the breaking out of the war, and the absence of his father in his country's service, disarranged the son's plans, and he concluded to go no further in his classical studies, but turn his attention to medicine. He read four years with his father, attended three full winter courses at Rush Medical College, Chicago, and was graduated in March, 1869. In preparing for practice he had taken careful and exhaustive courses, and on receiving his medi- cal degree stepped almost immediately into a fair business in the thriving village of Evanston, near Chicago, where he remained between one and two years. At the end of that period he made a tour of Europe, walking the hos- pitals of some of the largest cities, spending several months in London alone. On returning, Dr. Etheridge settled in Chicago, July 31, 1871, and was elected to the Chair of Therapeutics, Materia Medica, and Jurisprudence in Rush Medical College. This chair he retained until 1889, when he was elected Professor of Gynaecology, the suc- cessor of the late William H. Byford. In the year 1892 he was also elected to fill the Chair of Obstetrics, making his professorship in Rush Medical College that of Obstet- rics and Gynaecology, the position which he holds at present. Dr. Etheridge was elected President of the Chicago Medical Society in 1886, and President of the Chicago Gynaecological Society in 1890. He is at present the Professor of Gynaecology in the Chicago Polyclinic. He is Attending Gynaecologist to the Polyclinic Hospital and to the Presbyterian Hospital, and is Consulting Gynse- DR. FERNAND HENROTIN. 173 cologist to the St. Joseph Hospital, Chicago. He is a con- stant contributor to the medical journals of the day, and is a member, not only of the Chicago City societies, but of the State, National, International, and Pan-American Medical Associations. He is also a foundation and life member of the International Association of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, whose first meeting was held in Brussels in September, 1892. Dr. Etheridge was married June, 1870, to Harriet Elizabeth, daughter of the late Heman G. Powers, of Evanstbn, 111., and they have two children, both daughters. FERNAND HENROTIN, M.D., CHICAGO, ILL. Autobiography of Fernand Henrotin, M.D. Dr. Henrotin was born- in Brussels, Belgium, in 1847, and came to Chicago when nine years of age. His father, Joseph F. Henrotin, was a physician of ability and ex- perience, and was a private student of Seutin, the cele- brated Belgian surgeon who first introduced starch ban- dages in the treatment of fractures. Dr. Henrotin, Sr., came to Chicago in 1848, and was familiarly known as the "French Cholera Doctor" from his acknowledged expe- rience in the treatment of the scourge. The grandfather, Clement Henrotin, was also a physician, and practised medicine continuously in the "Ardennes" (mountainous region in the western part of Belgium) for seventy-five years, dying at the age of ninety-six, having attended the sick to within one month of the time of his death. He was at one time the recipient of a gold medal from the Netherlands Government for having been the first physi- cian in his section to draw the attention of medical men to the value of powdered cinchona bark in the treatment of paludal fevers. After graduating from the Chicago High 174 DR. FERN AND HENROTIN. School, Dr. Fernand Henrotin attended Rush Medical Col- ege and graduated in 1868. While at college he evinced no particular brilliancy of attainments, but was known as a good average student, learning with ease, but in no sense a phenomenon ; a little too fond of fun, but possessing good sense. As a member of the Freshmen Class he sat in the front row next to Prof. Daniel Brainard, when he delivered his last lecture on cholera, dying from the disease within twenty-four hours. During the last term and the following year he was Prosector to the Chair of Anatomy. In 1872 he was appointed County Physician, a position he occupied for two years. Later on he became Examining Surgeon to the Police and Fire Departments, Brigade Surgeon of the Militia, and was appointed on the staff of the County Hospital as well as the Alexian Brothers' Hospital. For twelve years he was Police Surgeon, and for twenty-one years Surgeon of the Fire Department. At present he is authorized to use the following titles : Professor of Gynae- cology at the Chicago Polyclinic, Senior Surgeon of the Alexian Brothers' Hospital, Attending Gynaecologist of the St. Luke's Hospital, Consulting Gynaecologist to St. Joseph's Hospital, Second Vice-President of the American Gynaecological Society, Vice-President of the Chicago Medical Society, ex President of the Chicago Gynaecolog- ical Society, Corresponding Member of the Belgian Gynae- cological Society and the Philadelphia Obstetrical Society, Secretary General for America of the International Gynae- cological and Obstetrical Congress, etc. He has not written very much and it is all in short articles on leading pertinent questions. These articles are reasonably good and show practical knowledge of the subject-matter. He never writes until he has had the necessary experience. He has a great book in his mind and is dreaming over it, but there is much doubt whether it will ever be written because he is too busy and is waiting to become competent enough to write it. Almost all he has written is on sub- DR. FERN AND HENROTIN, 175 jects pertaining to abdominal surgery. Among these may be mentioned "Circular Enterorrhaphy, with Report of Successful Case, 1882 ; " " Vaginal Hysterectomy for Peri- uterine Suppurations," being the first treatise devoted to this subject in this country {American Journal of Obstet- n'cSjNo. 4, 1892) ; a practical article on "Appendicitis," "Palliative Operations for Fibroid Tumors," "Vaginal Hysterectomy for Septic Pelvic Diseases," "Enterostomy and Drainage in the Treatment of Diffuse Septic Perito- nitis," etc. One of his last productions on the " Conservative Sur- gical Treatment of Para- and Peri- uterine Acute Septic Diseases," read in May, 1895, before the American Gynae- cological Society, was extremely well received, and brought him many flattering notices. As an abdominal surgeon Dr. Henrotin has had considerable and varied experience. He is only a fairly good operator, but is constantly improving. In the spring of 1895 he had the singular experience of twice ligating the posterior branch of the internal iliac in one week, following it up with ligation of the common iliac three weeks later, all three being cases of gunshot-wound of the abdomen, and only the last, the one with ligature of the common iliac, recovering. This, as far as he knows, is the only successful case of ligature of the common iliac for gunshot-wound. The Doctor is very partial to vagino- abdominal work in suitable cases, and claims to have been the first to perform vaginal hysterectomy for pelvic septic disease in this country. His most satisfactory work, how- ever, is the performance of conservative operations on both acute and chronic pelvic disease by the vaginal route. He prophesies that, ten or fifteen years hence, when un- prejudiced operators occupy the positions now held by many of our leading men, and the technique of vaginal work has been perfected, a very much larger proportion of what is now done abdominally will be accomplished, with much better results, by way of the vagina. 176 DR. C. VON HOFFMANN. Dr. Henrotin is 6 feet tall, weighs 200 pounds, and has not lost a day from ill health in the twenty-eight years he has been engaged in active practice. He is most happily married, and consequently is good natured and has no enemies. He will not run, however, and on a few rare oc- casions has been known to put up a very reasonable fight. He believes doctors quarrel entirely too much without sufficient cause and without dignity. He does not believe that competition is the life of trade, and that the road to success lies in pulling top-men down and trampling on them in climbing. He is thoroughly disgusted when read- ing articles in which billingsgate is forcibly injected, and thinks that active, determined, but chivalric rivalry, tem- pered by the remembrance of the nobility of the calling and a mutual abhorrence of the lie, would accomplish more good and bring to the profession more regard. C. von HOFFMANN, M.D., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Dr. C. von Hoffmann was born near Detmold, Ger- many, February 10, in the year 1852. He received his early education in Weisbaden at the gymnasium ; he also studied the higher branches of literature in Berlin and of medicine in Bonn and Leipsic, where he passed the Staats examination in 1874 and 1875. ^ n May, 1875, ne was graduated from the University of Leipsic, having taken a complete and thorough course, not only in the various branches of surgery, but also in medicine. It was during the summer of 1875 tnat Dr. von Hoff- mann was in Zurich with Professor Frankenhausen, where he gathered much valuable and scientific knowledge relat- ing to his profession. After having decided to come to America he selected /fa&Z££*^£ ?f\ C/^z^X^i^^^-- DR. M.-BELLE BROWN. I 8jj M. BELLE BROWN, M.D., NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. Dr. M. Belle Brown occupies a prominent place among the women physicians of New York. She is a native of Ohio, and was educated in the High School of her native town and at the Oxford Female College. In 1876 she came to New York to study medicine and was grad- uated in 1879. She entered immediately upon the general practice of medicine, but for the past ten years has made a specialty of diseases of women. She is Professor of Gynaecology in the New York Medical College and Hos- pital for Women, and Secretary of the Faculty. She is a member of the New York County Society, of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, of the Consulting Staff of the Woman's Hospital in New York, and of the Memorial Hospital in Brooklyn. Below we quote an editorial written by Dr. Brown for the North American Journal of Homoeopathy, on "Woman in Medicine," as follows: " I have been asked to write upon the topic of women doctors. Much more agreeable would it be to treat of medicine in its broad application to practice, where sex distinctions in the practitioner are not considered, and only the decisions of beneficent results are sought after. Women doctors are only doctors — that is all ;_to say more or less of them is happily becoming venerable and decrepit history. " Women in medicine have ceased to be a novelty. Their presence in the colleges, at the hospitals, in clinical engagements, and with the sick no longer excites partic- ular comment. "Industrial and social conditions have created for women emergencies that the ordinary and hitherto regu- x86 dr - m - belle brown. lar arrangements of life will not meet. Let the sociologist debate these matters with himself, and the stickler for the rigidity of ' spheres ' contribute his customary truthlets, the fact remains that a mighty army of earnest, anxious women are casting about them for some engagement of their energies, worthy, satisfactory, and, in the broadest sense, remunerative. Medicine has about itself a peculiar invitation for women. "The history of sickness is inseparably allied to that of woman ; both as sufferer and nurse her part is prominent. Invidious distinctions in abilities, based upon accident of sex, can poorly serve the interest of argument in any cause ; but, if these were raised against the woman doctor, she could surely claim for herself an inheritance of actual experience that could not but give her an ad- vantage, in initial equipment at least, for the more usual exigencies of general practice. " Therefore, the rapid increase in the number of those who turn to medicine as a calling, quite as really as a business. From the two or three of a generation ago to the thousands of to-day ! Women doctors are not intru- ders. The work of those who undertook and consum- mated the movement for the admission of women to the full privileges of a physician was too well done to now admit of question upon this right. All honor to these pioneers in a most noble endeavor ! They met with op- position but naturally. Precedent and prejudice are in themselves stern barriers to progress, and must effectually arrest the purposes of all who cannot establish for them- selves an unmistakable right of way. " The medical profession is vigilantly jealous against innovation or irregularity. Women had to prove their right to the possession of parchments that have about them a significance belonging to no similar documents in all the range of the professions. This was all as it should be, and certainly enhances the value of the privilege DR. M. BELLE BROWN. 1 8/ finally and fully granted. The right of woman to practise medicine is thus established by the fact that she practises. The woman doctor feels, therefore, no disadvantage of position, and may assume the responsibilities of her calling with the confidence belonging to regularity of authority and guaranty of law. Cordiality of relationship with those who so long preceded women in the field of med- icine offers to the woman doctor of this day another positive and invaluable advantage. Man or woman, it matters little, the physician in either case absorbs it all. The woman doctor acknowledges her obligations to those who have created and developed the noble profession to- day her own. The entire body of literature, which forms the theoretic basis of her profession, belongs so entirely to the men that women are, as yet, but borrowers. Actual practice still finds its greater currents in channels natural to its history. Women must find their education in those records in the making of which she has no definite place, and must seek assistance from a more widely diversified experience than is yet possible in her own practice. About all that is educative in medicine comes to woman from men — freely, generously, and with an entente cordiale that makes professional relationship a pleasure and a mutual advantage. There are still, of course, lingering exceptions to this most happy rule ; men who find pleas- ure rather than conviction in rehearsing ancient diatribes upon feminine disabilities, and who create so many rea- sons for woman's failure, as to make the successful woman doctor almost doubt her own success j but these are happily in a steadily diminishing minority. Let ' the shallows murmur ' so that the great streams of fellowship flow all toward professional affiliation ! "The 'schools,' alas! may still divide physicians, but difference in sex cannot. "In general practice women doctors are already posi- tive factors, too numerous to be overlooked, and too capa- i 83 DR - M - BELLE BROWN. ble to be decried. The leading specialties still belong almost exclusively to men, but women are already reaching beyond the limits of that practice which, most naturally, first sought them out, and will unquestionably yet chal- lenge competition in every department of their profes- sion. Ambition and ability know no limitation of sex. Theory, experiment, and specialty usually result from long association with a calling, and are not the first en- gagements of recruits ; generals in command are not called immediately from the ranks. The woman doctor entered medicine to practise medicine, and it may, we think, be claimed of her that in this unified purpose to help and heal the sick her work has an intensity and singleness about it that have compelled respect and must advance * her interests. The education of the physician is a complex of theory and experience, of books and practice, of lec- ture-room and sick-bed. In every respect of opportunity for education from the schools, from clinic and hospital privilege the woman doctor is at an initial disadvantage. The male practitioner draws his professional breath in atmospheres steeped with the learnings of his chosen calling. The very absorption of such mental environ- ments is beyond value. Comparatively little of this is woman's privilege. Women have first to make a history — then to profit by it. When her schools reflect the wisdom of generations and her lecture-rooms speak with the authority of personal power, the woman doctor will en- large the scope of her exertions, and undertake, with confidence, any and every line of suitable professional endeavor. Nor is the day for this consummation so very far distant. All the advantages of education are now required for success in medicine, and are demanded by the women equally with the men. Young women, with the energies and ambitions of their youth strong within them, are now entering upon professional preparation under conditions of most exacting regularity. DR. VICTOR H. COFFMAN. 189 "'Intuition,' ' a woman's sensitiveness to conditions,' and all the worse than twaddle of those who would ad- vance their sex as any significant part of their equipment, are absolutely repudiated by the woman doctor of to-day, who depends alone upon the resources of scientific method. Women in medicine regard their parchments as a solemn gift to which they owe the full engagement of their ultimate abilities. And now, in the full enjoyment of liberal opportunity, of grave but grateful responsibility, they ask only a fair estimate upon their actual achieve- ments. " VICTOR H. COFFMAN, M.D., OMAHA, NEB. Victor H. Coffman, M.D., was born near Zanesville, Ohio, September 10, 1839. He received his literary educa- tion at the Iowa Wesleyan University, at Mt. Pleasant, la. Began his course in medicine with the Chicago Medical College, having read medicine with Dr. Charles W. Davis, of Indianola, la., a wonderfully successful physician. At the beginning of the war he was solicited to go before the Army Medical Examining Board, and, passing successfully the ordeal of the medical quiz, was commissioned Assistant Surgeon of the 34th Iowa Infantry, August 22, 1862. Within one year thereafter he was promoted to Surgeon of the regiment, having been constantly on the operating staff of surgeons, and always receiving the compliments of his superior officers ; he was brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel for meritorious services at the battles surrounding Mobile. Was on duty at Houston, Texas, where he had the honor of receiving from Dr. Joseph Nash McDowell (Confederate Medical Director) all of his medical supplies and property upon his surrender with the Confederate soldiers of Texas. His remark to Dr. Coffman was, " I have now taken the oath and am as good a Union man as you are." 190 DR VICTOR H. COFFMAN. Dr. Victor H. Coffman, at the close of the war, was grad- uated at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and on the 14th April, 1867, located in Omaha, Neb., where he has continually resided till the present time. He was married in the city of Chicago on the 10th day of Sep- tember, 1879, to Miss Rose DeVoto. Their family con- sists of one son, Weir, and two daughters, Augusta Marie and Rose Lyle. The same year on coming to Omaha he performed the first ovariotomy ever made in Omaha or Nebraska. This operation was at the St. Joseph Hospital. His securing the stump of the tumor (which was an im- mense one) with a clamp outside the abdominal walls caused the death of his patient. His experience of this case taught him a lesson, and thereafter in all his future operations he secured the stump with silk ligatures, closing the abdominal wound without drainage. His successes as an ovariotomist are flattering indeed, and challenge com- parison with any operator. One of his successful cases was that of a girl, fourteen years of age, in the western part of the State, removing a tumor weighing forty-five pounds, which was within a few pounds as heavy as the patient's body after the removal of the tumor. Dr. Coffman has been in general practice since leaving the army, doing an immense business. He has not con- fined his business to any specialty, but does general surgery and practice, having a high appreciation of his profession. He will accept no excuses for incompetency, and to his patients exercises the greatest of generosity, though he believes in being well remunerated for his services from those who are able, and he is equally charitable to the un- fortunate. He held the Chair of Practice of Medicine in the Omaha Medical College for six years. He is a sound, practical teacher, cautious as an operator. He abhors the jealousies of the profession, the mercan- tile tendencies of the age, and believes in the principle ^^^y^y^C^Lt>^<^ (yiCvsZi^v DR. GEORGE WILLIAM PERKINS. I 9 I the patient "paying his money and taking his choice," and fair dealing with his associates. He stands at the head of his profession as a conscien- tious, honorable practitioner. GEORGE WILLIAM PERKINS, M.D., OGDEN, UTAH. Dr. George William Perkins was born on January 6, i860, in Topsfield, Essex County, Mass., of native New England parentage. His primary education was obtained in the public schools of that town. In early boyhood he decided to study medicine for a profession, and, at the age of sixteen, he entered the junior class in Phillips Academy at Exeter, New Hamp- shire, to fit for college. Here he spent three years in pre- paratory studies, graduating in June, 1879. ^ n September of the same year he entered the freshman class in Harvard College. The next year he was admitted to the junior class, having done enough more than the required amount of work, during his first year of collegiate life, to entitle him to advance a class. During the junior and senior years in college his elective studies were chosen from among the courses in Natural Science and Modern Lan- guages, best adapted to furnish a thorough scientific groundwork for the study of medicine. In June, 1882, he received from Harvard College the degree of A.B., and immediately afterward was appointed Assistant in Biology in Harvard University ; this position he held for the next two years, and at the same time pur- sued the study of medicine in the Medical School of Har- vard University. In the autumn of 1884 he was an applicant for the posi- tion of House Officer at the Boston City Hospital, in competitive examination with members of the advanced 192 DR. GEORGE WILLIAM PERK' INS. classes of the medical school, and received an appointment to the House Staff in December, 18S4. Here he served three months as Medical Externe; three months as Surgi- cal Externe; six months. as Surgical Interne; and six months as House Surgeon, in the "South Surgical Ser- vice." During the first six months of this hospital service he was also enrolled as a student in the medical college. In June, 1885, he had passed all the examinations re- quired for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the medi- cal college, but, owing to a requirement of the hospital that all house officers must be non-graduates in medicine at the time of beginning their interne service, he did not actually take the degree of M.D. till June, 1886. He was admitted a Fellow of the Massachusetts Medical Society in the summer of 1886, and, having received the appointment of Division Surgeon for the Mountain Divi- sion of the Union Pacific Railway Company at about the same time, he came to Denver, Col., in July, 1886, where he spent two months to familiarize himself with the duties of his new position, and in September, 1886, established himself at Ogden, Utah, the headquarters of the Mountain Division of the Medical Department of the company, where he has since resided. Here he took charge of the Railway Hospital, and at once entered on a large surgical practice, which has steadily grown and extended until he has become widely known throughout the "Inter-mountain Region of the West " as a skilful and successful operator. In 1888 he was also appointed Division Surgeon for the Southern Pacific Company. In 1894 he was elected President of the Weber County Medical Society, and in 1895 Vice-President of the Utah State Medical Society. He has published in various medical and surgical jour- nals occasional reports of unusual surgical cases. DR. R. C. M. PAGE. jg^ R. C. M. PAGE, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Major Richard Channing Moore Page is a prominent member of the Confederate Veteran Camp of New York, and in October, 1891, was appointed its Surgeon-in-Chief. He was born at Keswick, Albemarle County, Va., January 2, 1841. His father was Dr. Mann Page, son of Major Carter Page, of Revolutionary fame, who served on the personal staff of Lafayette in the campaign against Cornwallis. The ancestral line runs back to the first century of Eng- lish settlement in America. Major Carter Page was the son of the Hon. John Page, son of Hon. Mann Page, son of Hon. Matthew Page, son of Hon. John Page, a merchant born in England in 1627, who removed to Virginia, became a member of the Royal Colonial Council, and died in 1692. Major Page's mother was Miss Walker, of Castle Hill, Va., daughter of Hon. Francis Walker, M.C., whose brother, Colonel John Wal- ker, was aide-de-camp to General George Washington. Major Page was educated at the University of Virginia, where he was a student when the war broke out. He was graduated in Latin and mathematics, and distinguished himself in Greek. He entered the Confederate Army at the age of twenty years, enlisting at Winchester, Frederick County, Va., July 14, 1 86 1, as a private in Penderton's Rockbridge Battery, attached to General "Stonewall" Jackson's Bri- gade, in the army of General Joseph E. Johnston. Young Page marched with his companions to join Beauregard, and was present at the first battle of Bull Run. In October following he was transferred from the Rock- bridge Battery to Captain Lewis M. Colman's Morris Ar- tillery, and promoted to the rank of Second Gun Sergeant. vol. 11. — 13 194 DR. R. C. M. PAGE. He accompanied Johnston's army in the march to the Peninsula, and early in the spring of 1862, after the battle of Williamsburg, was brevetted Captain of Artillery. In this capacity he served through the campaign around Richmond, and against McClellan in the battle of Antie- tam, where he received special commendation for his brilliant service. He was also actively engaged in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. In the latter engagement Page's Battery occupied an advanced position in the skirmish line, and it was in front of its guns that the gallant " Stonewall " Jackson was accidentally shot by his own infantry on the night of May 2, 1863. On the following morning to Captain Page was accorded the honor of firing the signal gun for the commencement of the battle. It was his battery, also, which first occupied Hazel Grove, a point sweeping Hooker's almost impregnable works, and forcing that redoubtable fighter to retire. Again, at Gettysburg, Page's Battery occupied a front position and was exposed to such murderous fire that in less than an hour thirty-two of its officers and men were killed and wounded. Captain Page himself was danger- ously wounded, but recovered, and in March, 1864, was promoted to the rank of Major of Artillery. He served through the "Wilderness campaign against General Grant, and in October, 1864, was detailed on the staff of General John C. Breckenridge as Chief of Artillery for the department of Southwest Virginia and East Ten- nessee, serving until the end of the war. Dr. Page has published a diary kept by him during this last period, and it illustrates the pathetic straits to which the Confederates were reduced in their desperate efforts to continue the struggle. Under date of April 7, 1865, we find this entry: "Moved through Wytheville going East, colors flying in following order, Lynch, Burroughs, Dou- that, and King, four batteries of four guns each ; ' the best DR. R. C. M. PAGE. 195 battery of artillery ever seen in that part of the world,' remarked one of Lee's inspectors, as the column moved by. It was among the last flickers of life before the rapidly dying Confederacy entered into eternal rest." In February, 1864, Captain Page was captured by the Federals during Dahlgren's raid at Frederick's Hall, Louisa County, Va., but he managed to escape and rejoin his command in a short time. After the close of the war, in 1866, he returned to the University of Virginia and studied medicine, graduating in one session, in June, 1867. In August following he removed to New York City, and matriculated in the medi- cal department of the University of the City of New York, graduating the succeeding March. In April he entered the competitive examination for Bellevue Hospital, secured first prize, and was admitted on the staff of that institution, serving the regular term as House Physician. He was ap- pointed District Physician, a political position, but after a short time resigned, and entered the Woman's Hospital as Assistant. In 1 87 1 Dr. Page began to practise on his own account, and has resided in New York ever since. In 1874 he was married to Mrs Elizabeth Fitch Win- slow, of Westport, Conn., widow of Hon. Richard Henry Winslow, who founded the bank of Winslow, Lanier & Co., in New York City. In 1886 Dr. Page was appointed Professor of Diseases of the Chest and General Medicine in the New York Poly- clinic, a position which he still holds. He was also Vice-President of the New York Academy of Medicine, and is still a member of the New York Path- ological Society, the New York State Medical Society, and other important medical societies. Upon him was conferred the honor, in the summer of 1888, of an ap- pointment as Honorary Vice-President of the Paris Con- gress for the Study of Tuberculosis. 196 DR. W. B. CRAIG. Dr. Page is the author of a number of important medi- cal works, among them being a Chart of Physical Signs, etc., a Handbook of Physical Diagnosis, and The Practice of Medicine. He is the author also of a carefully prepared genealogy of the Page family in Virginia, including the Nelson, Walker, and Randolph families. He has written some notable pamphlets, one of the most important being on " Metastatic Parotitis," a subject which attracted world-wide attention in the case of President Garfield. Other pamphlets, perhaps not less able, treat of "Typhoid Fever," " Lead -poisoning," and " Bright's Disease of the Kidneys," etc. Dr. Page is a member of the New York Historical Society, the Virginia Historical Society, the New York Southern Society, as well as the Confederate Veteran Camp of New York. W. B. CRAIG, M.D., DENVER, COL. Dr. William Bedford Craig, the subject of this sketch, was born September 17, 1855, at De Kalb, Buchanan County, Missouri, near St. Joseph, to which place his parents shortly afterward removed. His education was acquired in the grammar and high school departments of the public schools of St. Joseph, Missouri, and by private instruction in Helena, Montana. He early evinced an inclination for the study of med- icine, and in conformity to such was sent to St. Louis and New Yorkj where in due course of time the medical degree was conferred in each respective college of his selection, viz., Bellevue Hospital Medical College and St. Louis Medical College. Returning from the East in 1876, Dr. Craig began Wrrt . -O&rzU*. la, /f DR. W. B. CRAIG. I 9 7 practice at his old home, St. Joseph, where for about six years he was prominently identified with the best profes- sional work of the place, especially surgical. Dr. Craig was one of the original seven who incorpor- ated and founded the St. Joseph's Hospital Medical College, now the Ensworth, in which school he taught anatomy and orthopaedic surgery. In June, 1882, he decided to remove to Denver on account of his mother's health, which had for some years been declining, and had now become rapidly worse. From 1882 to 1891 his entire time and every faculty were occupied with a large general practice, and, as a reputation for surgery acquired in Missouri had followed him to his new home in Denver, surgery, together with diseases of women, constituted the major portion of his work. Here, as in his former place of practice, the Doctor easily took and maintained a leading position in the profession. He enjoyed a larger experience, and an ever-widening acquaintance and reputation caused him to be called to different parts of Colorado and the adjoining States to prescribe for the sick or perform major surgical operations. In the commencement of 1891, having decided to abandon general practice and to devote his entire atten- tion to those branches of his profession in which he had always been most interested, viz., gynaecology and abdom- inal surgery, he visited New York and Philadelphia, where he spent many months in the study of the methods of teaching and operative technique practised in the hospitals and post-graduate schools of those cities, so that he might fit himself more perfectly for the special work to which he contemplated devoting the remainder of his professional life. On his return, by reason of former practice in Denver and an extensive acquaintance, he, as in former years, immediately acquired a large practice in ab- dominal surgery and gynsecology, and although "limited" for only about five years, he has performed several hun- !o3 DR. JOHN IV. STREETER. dred coeliotomies. Among his major operations may be mentioned lumbar and abdominal nephrectomy, abdom- inal and vaginal hysterectomies, Caesarean section, etc. Dr. Craig is a Fellow of the British Gynaecological Society and member of the Colorado local and State Societies, and holds the following hospital and college appointments: Gynaecologist to St. Luke's (Episcopal) and St. Joseph's (Catholic) Hospitals. He, also, was Professor of Clinical Gynaecology, Medical Department of the University, Denver, Colorado, which position he resigned to accept the appointment of Professor of Ab- dominal Surgery and Clinical Gynaecology to the Medical Department of the University, State of Colorado. JOHN W. STREETER, M.D., CHICAGO, ILL. One of the most eminent and successful gynaecologists in the West is Dr. John William Streeter, of Chicago, Illinois. He was born at Austinburg, Ohio, September 17, 1 841, and is a direct descendant, on his father's side, of Stephen Streeter, who came to the Massachusetts Colony in 1644, and, on the mother's side, from Roger Williams, the founder of the Rhode Island Colony. Dr. Streeter's father was Rev. Sereno W. Streeter, a clergy- man of the Congregational Church, and his mother, Mary Williams. The parents of Dr. Streeter were both graduates of the University of Oberlin, Ohio. The subject of this sketch received his early education at Monroe Academy, near Rochester, New York. Later he was for two years a student at the Otterbein University at Westerville, Ohio. When seventeen years of age young Streeter left home and went into Northern Indiana, where "^JCuZ^r?^ DR. JOHN W. STREETER. I qq he taught school and worked on a farm until the spring of 1862. In July of thac year he enlisted as a private in the First Michigan Light Artillery, known as Loomis's Battery. With his command he took part in the campaigns through Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia. He par- ticipated in all the battles fought by the Army of the Cumberland, and was mustered out of service at the close of the war with the rank of lieutenant. On leaving the army Lieut. Streeter began the study of medicine with Dr. Morse at Union City, Michigan, and in the fall of that year (1865) he went to the University of Michigan, where he attended his first course of lectures. This was followed by close reading under the guidance of Dr. D. G. Powers, of Coldwater, Michigan, and later under Dr. Goodwin, of Toledo, Ohio. After three years of study he was graduated at the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago. For two years after graduation Dr. Streeter practised among the poor of Chicago for the sake of acquiring practical training, which was not at that time accessible in any hospital. He then moved into a pleas- ant residence portion of the city, and began to build up a private practice which rapidly developed into one of the largest ever held by a physician in this western metropolis. While engaged in general practice Dr. Streeter paid marked attention to the diseases of women, and at the age of thirty-four he was made Professor of the Diseases of Women in the Chicago Homoeopathic Medical College. For twenty years he has filled this position acceptably to his associates, and to the large classes of students who have listened to his lectures. During the most of this time Prof. Streeter has been attending gynaecologist at the Cook County Hospital, at the Chicago Homoeopathic Hospital, and at the Dispensary connected with the College. His clinics have been usually large and interesting, and his operations very successful. As a teacher he is lucid and earnest, and as an operator quick and careful. 200 DR - GEORGE H. PALMER. In addition to his work in public hospitals, Prof. Streeter has a private hospital which has grown to be one of the institutions of the West. It is, without doubt, the most perfect in construction and appointment of any- private hospital in the world. Thousands of women have received treatment within its walls, and are now enthu- siastic advocates of the kindly and conservative methods which prevail there. For several years Dr. Streeter has given up general practice and limited himself to his specialty and consultation visits. While not a voluminous writer, he has contributed much to current medical literature, and whatever he writes is eagerly read. Dr. Streeter has always been a staunch supporter of the National Guard. For fifteen years he has been surgeon of regiment or brigade. He is a member of the Associa- tion of Military Surgeons and of the Loyal Legion. He is also a member of the Calumet, Washington Park, and Athletic Clubs. He is now fifty-four years of age and apparently in the prime of life. GEORGE H. PALMER, M.D., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Dr. George Henry Palmer was born in London, Canada, June 13, 1844, and received his early education in the schools of that city. He also commenced the study of medicine in London, pursuing a course of three years in the office of J. J. Lancaster, M.D., who was one of the pioneer homceopathists of what was then Western Canada. He was always active in popularizing the new school of medicine, and ever on the alert to mould public opinion favorably, and to secure legislation recognizing the rights of the practitioners of this school of medicine in that country. s ■5V ' = ^rftJUw^f DR GEORGE H. PALMER. 20I Dr. Palmer's college education was obtained in New York City, at the New York Homoeopathic Medical Col- lege, from which institution he was graduated in the year 1865. A short time after his graduation he determined to make the United States his future home, and adopt the country as his own. To this end he located in St. Clair, Mich., a beautifully situated city on the banks of the St. Clair River. He has been conscious of many an inspiration, during his daily work, as he surveyed the panoramic views spread before him, views of rare beauty and charm, comprising water and landscape, with the traffic of the lakes passing before his eyes in the various crafts of every kind, whose beauty, to his mind, presaged vistas of realities and rela- tions in life yet to come that would be greater and more pleasing still. After a residence of nearly thirteen years in St. Clair, during which time he established a large and lucrative practice, and filled many positions of trust and responsi- bility, he decided to move to a more extensive field of labor, and choose San Francisco, Cal., as his future home. In the year 1877 he removed to that city, where he has since remained. Dr. Palmer has achieved notable success in his profes- sion, both as a physician and surgeon. He has held many positions of honor in the profession, and he has been instrumental in forwarding and establish- ing the claims of homoeopathy in many ways to public recognition. He was one of the promoters of the " Hahnemann Hos- pital College," which was established in 1883, and is now recognized as one of the first institutions of this country. He fills the Chair of Professor of Surgery in it at this time. Dr. Palmer is aiso President of the San Francisco City and County Homoeopathic Society and ex- President of 202 DR - CORA BELLE BREWSTER. the California State Homoeopathic Society, and he is con- nected with other leading institutions of San Francisco. He has now a large surgical practice, and as a gynaecol- ogist is well known. He is a careful and safe operator, and much of his remarkable success as a surgeon must be attributed to his caution and strict observance of cleanli- ness. He is a conscientious practitioner, and socially is a very popular citizen. In the year 1868, in St. Clair, Mich., he was married to Susan C. St. Clair, who is a cousin of the wife of the cele- brated Professor Bigger, of Cleveland, Ohio. They have one son and two daughters. Dr. Palmer is in the prime of life, and many years lie before him for great usefulness. CORA BELLE BREWSTER, M.D., BALTIMORE, MD. Cora Belle Brewster, M.D., was born in Almond, Allegheny County, New York, September 6, 1859. She received a portion of her education in Alfred Uni- versity, where she remained for five years, during which time she applied herself studiously, and received a thorough English education, fitting her to accept a position in a school as teacher, which she filled with credit for several years. The last position which she held as teacher was in the high school in Smithport, Pa. In 1877 she went West, and took a special course in the Northwestern University. While studying in that insti- tution she decided to abandon pedagogy, and turn her attention to the study of medicine. She was graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons (Boston, Mass.) in May, 1886. During her course of study she spent eighteen months in Bellevue Hospital, New York 4PcTU*- /zL&L /J/U^^J^L A(UP % DR. CORA BELLE BREWSTER. 203 City, where the field was extensive and abundant oppor- tunities were presented for obtaining valuable experience in the various treatments of the numerous cases that crowd that famous institution. In 1 89 1 she went abroad and studied in Paris, under Professor Charcot, in nervous diseases and electricity. She is a woman of great force of character, strong per- sonality, cautious and careful as an operator, with re- markable success in saving the lives of her patients. Much of her operative work is done in her private sanatorium and residence, No. 1027 Madison Avenue, Baltimore, Md. Her sanatorium is arranged for giving steam baths, hot air and all medicated baths ; it also contains a sun-room made of glass, for giving sun-baths. The building is well venti- lated, and the heating and furnishing are of the most sani- tary description. Dr. Brewster is a member of the State Homoeopathic Medical Society, Maryland, and District of Columbia Clinical Society, and Electro-therapeutical Society. She commenced, the publication of a medical journal, The Baltimore Family Health Journal, the name of which was changed in 1891 to the Homoeopathic Advocate and Health Journal. In 1890 Dr. Brewster was elected gynaecological surgeon to the Homoeopathhic Hospital and Free Dispensary of Maryland, under the auspices of the Maryland Homceo- pathic Medical Society. She studied from both the old and new school of medicine, accepting the principles and practice of the latter, although when necessary she resorts to the remedies prescribed in the allopathic schools. She has ever advocated a broad and unrestrained treatment to insure the recovery of her patients, using the best features of both schools. She possesses great activity, both mentally and physi- cally, and devotes a certain portion of her time to literary work. She has contributed several valuable articles to the 204 DR. CORA BELLE BREWSTER. medical journals, and has achieved marked success as a medical writer, surgeon, editor, and practising physician. Dr. Brewster descended on both sides from the best Eng- lish and American ancestry, tracing the line of descent on her father's side to William Brewster, ruling elder of the Pilgrim company that founded New Plymouth, the parent colony of New England, in the year 1620. Elder Brewster's varied, self-sacrificing, and eventful life has given his name a place in the history of our land that grows brighter and brighter through the broad expanse of time. Daniel Webster, in his speech made at the Pilgrim Festival, New York, 1850, pays a fitting tribute to Elder Brewster : ''Gentlemen, there was in ancient times a ship that carried Jason to the acquisition of the Golden Fleece. There was a flag-ship at the battle of Actium which made Augustus Caesar master of the world. In modern times there have been flag-ships which have carried Hawke, and Howe, and Nelson, of the other continent, and Hull, and Decatur, and Stewart, of this, to triumph. What are they all, in remembrance among men, to that little bark, the Mayflower, which reached these shores in 1620? Yes! brethren, that Mayflower was a flower destined to be of perpetual bloom. "Gentlemen, brethren of New England, whom I have come some hundreds of miles to meet this night, let me present to you one of the most distinguished of those per- sonages who came hither on the deck of the Mayflower. Let me fancy that I now see Elder William Brewster enter- ing the door at the further end of the hall ; a tall, erect figure, of plain dress, with a respectful bow, mild and cheerful, but no merriment that reaches beyond a smile. 'Are ye,' he would say, with a voice of exultation, and yet softened with melancholy, ' are ye our children ? Does this scene of refinement, of elegance, of riches, of luxury, does all this come from our labors? Is this magnificent ti^LM-eis. BR. GEOR GE BE TTON MASSE Y. 205 city, New York, the like of which we never saw nor heard of on either continent, is this but an offshoot from Ply- mouth Rock?'" " Juis jam locus . . . Juae regis in terris nostri non plena laboris." Dr. Brewster, although young in years, is old in the ex- perience of her profession, and has won an enviable name as a successful operator. She is of commanding size and striking appearance. She has a warm, impulsive nature, and a cordial manner. These characteristics she rightfully inherits from her distinguished ancestors. GEORGE BETTON MASSEY, M.D., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Dr. George Betton Massey was born near the village of Massey in Kent County, Maryland, November 15, 1856, his ancestors having been people of prominence in that part of the State for nearly two hundred years. Since by intermarriage his father was descended from all four sons of the founder of the family, who settled in Maryland in 1 714, he may be said to be of distinctly American parent- age, as well as a sharer with the younger Darwin in the disputed advantages of restricted heredity. His early education was mainly gained under the guid- ance of an intellectual mother, nee Betton, of Tallahassee, Fla., assisted by governesses, under whose stimulus an early love of scientific subjects was developed. The close of the war made profound changes in this slave-holding section, resulting in the subject of this sketch seeking oc- cupation and further opporttmities for self-education as teacher in a country school in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, while yet a month was wanting to the comple- 20 6 DR - GEORGE BETTON MASSE Y. tion of his sixteenth year. The disciplinary qualities necessary to success in this field being but slightly devel- oped, it was abandoned at the end of the school year, and in the autumn of 1S73 ne w e nt to his maternal uncle, the late Dr. George W. Betton, of Tallahassee, Fla , and began a systematic year of preliminary medical studies. The winter of 1874— '75 was passed as a medical student at the Medical College of South Carolina, at Charleston, under the kind notice of Drs. Kinloch, F. Peyre Porcher, and Middleton Michel, who were doing their best for medical education under adverse circumstances, and where he took a prize for proficiency in chemistry. The final year of his undergraduate medical education was passed at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, at which institution he was gradu- ated in 1876. His first experience in practice was as assistant to his preceptor in Tallahassee, but an opportunity offering for a broader career he accepted the position of Assistant Physi- cian in the State Hospital for the Insane at Danville, Pa., which he retained until 1879, when he resigned to enter private practice in Philadelphia. During the earlier years of his practice in Philadelphia Dr. Massey was for a time an assistant in the gynaecologi- cal clinic of Professor William Goodell at the University, and also continued his studies in nervous diseases by serving as Assistant Physician in the Orthopaedic Hospital and In- firmary for Nervous Diseases, in which latter institution he had the highly valued opportunity of observing the work of that world-famed authority, Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, and his able associates, Drs. Wharton Sinkler and Morris J. Lewis. About this time (in 1880) the physicians of the infirmary felt the need of a more systematic administra- tion of electricity to its patients, and a new position of electro-therapeutist was accordingly created by the Board, to which Dr. Massey was the first appointee, his special predilection for the study of physics from boyhood deter- DR. GEORGE BETTON MASSE Y. 207 mining his acceptance. This position was held by him until 1887, giving unrivaled opportunities for the study of electricity as a curative agent in nervous diseases, not only through the large clinics that were served, but by reason of the fact that he became the electrical assistant of Dr. Mitchell, whose early advocacy of electricity in medicine did so much to rescue it from quackery. Electricity had in fact been recognized at this time for years as a remedy in nervous diseases, but those using it seemed to think that its only practical value was as a nerve and muscle stimulant. When, therefore, the news came from Paris about 1885 that Professor Georges Apostoli was successfully employing it to reduce fibroid tumors of the uterus to an innocuous condition much incredulity was expressed, and this was even felt by the subject of this sketch, who has since become the most prominent Ameri- can advocate of the method. The continued insistance upon the importance of his discovery by Apostoli, never- theless, finally awakened his curiosity, and determined him to try the experiment. He resigned the position at the infirmary, but the new position to which he was ap- pointed at this time (in 1887), that of Physician to the Department of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System at the Howard Hospital, did not furnish the requisite ma- terial. It was in this emergency that he was assisted by the conscientious philanthropy and true scientific zeal of Dr. T. Hewson Bradford, who placed at his disposal a number of cases in his service at the Out-patient Depart- ment of the Pennsylvania Hospital. He was here enabled to prosecute his studies into the value of electricity in other affections of women as well as fibroid tumors, and he soon obtained important data on the subject, which were later embodied in a work on Electricity in the Dis- eases of Women, the first complete treatise on the subject to be published in any language. His transference later to the position of Physician to the Gynaecological Depart- 20 8 DR. A. MILES TAYLOR. ment at the Howard Hospital permitted a continuance of the work at that institution, where he has since maintained a clinic for the demonstration of electro-therapeutics in gynaecology. Dr. Massey's long service and earnest devotion to the specialty of electricity in medicine, and, in particular, his advocacy of the merits of Apostoli's discovery before local, state, and national medical societies, and the Pan-American Medical Congress, have given him a national prominence in his specialty, which has been maintained by a series of papers and journal contributions too numerous to mention, in addition to the treatise alluded to, which has reached its third edition. His zeal for the advancement of electro- therapeutics was most conspicuously shown by his taking the initiative in the formation of the American Electro- therapeutic Association in 1890, of which Association he became President in 189c, and which he still serves as a member of its executive council. Dr. Massey was married in 1885 to Miss Harriet L. Stairs, of Philadelphia, and has two sons and a daughter. A. MILES TAYLOR, M.D., OAKLAND, CAL. A noble life put fairly on record acts like an inspiration to others. Life is a mission, every other definition of it is false and misleading, and the secret of success in life is for a man to be qualified for his opportunity when it presents itself. The name of Dr. Albert Miles Taylor is one of the most promising in the field of abdominal sur- gery. He has received from nature a striking, well-pro- portioned figure, noble and commanding features, a pierc- ing glance, a powerful and sagacious understanding, a strong character, with a warm and genial countenance, and DR A. MILES TAYLOR. 209 generous even to a fault. His life may be briefly sum- marized as follows : He was born December 31, 1858, on the border of Kentucky and Tennessee; he is therefore in his thirty- seventh year, and of pure Saxon stock. He is just bud- ding into manhood, full of hope and ambition, with a post of honor and a record in abdominal surgery unsur- passed by any of his age, and a promising future stretch- ing out before him. He is the son of S. C. Taylor, and was an orphan at the age of six years. Not having a silver spoon he received his schooling at night schools, later in district schools. He applied himself closely to his studies, for while a boy he saw that he would be nothing without a good education. Up to the time of his graduation in medicine at McDowell College, now known as the Missouri Medical College, which college was founded by the famous Joseph Nashe McDowell, he studied in Chicago and St. Louis colleges. After graduating he studied in New York and Europe, where he received more honors. He began practicing medicine at the age of twenty-one years, in the Eastern States, where he had charge of hospitals. In 1884 he thought he would go North and try Victoria, British Co- lumbia. He practiced there for two years, but found the winters too severe for one raised in the sunny South. In 1886 he turned his face southward, stopping at Oak- land, California, where he located, making abdominal sur- gery a specialty. Here, as in other places where he had practiced, he met with that success which is only gained by a few. He soon saw the difficulty of operating in pri- vate houses and hospitals that were not strictly under his authority. In 1891 he again went East to study hospitals. After doing a good amount of work there, he returned to Oakland and opened a private hospital of 19 rooms; this was soon filled. After using this hospital for three years he found that he could not accommodate those that were VOL. II. — 14 2io DR. KENNETH A. J. MACKENZIE. sent to him from the whole Pacific Slope, and would have to build another. After much studying of other hospitals he formed his designs and is now building one of the finest hospitals on the coast. The hospital is located in one of the finest sections of the city of Oakland, on the corner of Thirty-first Street and Telegraph Avenue. The hospital contains 50 wards, occupying 4 floors. It will be heated by hot water, with all the latest improvements. As this is a hospital for abdominal surgery the operating theatre will be lined with glass in nickel-plated framing, both top, sides, and floors. In this way he hopes to keep it perfectly antiseptic. The Doctor has also organized a training-school for nurses, who are lectured daily by the hospital staff of physicians and surgeons, which is composed of Dr. Taylor and his assistants. The hospital will be known as the " Taylor Sanatorium." He will endeavor to make the results of operations per- formed here second to none. KENNETH A. J. MACKENZIE, M.D., CM., L.R.C.P. and S., Edin., PORTLAND, OREGON. Dr. Kenneth A. J Mackenzie was born in 1859, at Cumberland House, Manitoba, the son of Roderick and Jane Mackenzie, of Melbourne, Quebec, Canada. His father was a chief factor of the Honorable Hudson's Bay Company. He is a descendant of a very old Highland family of Scotland which forfeited their landed possessions on account of their ultra-loyalty to Prince Charles. Dr. Mackenzie received his early education in Scotland, where he was sent with an older brother to prosecute the studies of medicine and civil engineering, respectively. DR. KENNETH A. J. MACKENZIE. 2 I I The death of his brother led to his return to his native country, where, after receiving a complete education in the High School of Montreal and Upper Canada College of Toronto, he began the study of medicine in the McGill University, graduating in 1881. He subsequently fol- lowed his studies in Edinburgh, where he took the double qualifications, and afterward spent a year in Paris, Vienna, and Berlin, in preparation for practice. He began his career as a practitioner of medicine in Portland, Oregon, in 1883. He was appointed Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine shortly after his ar- rival and received an appointment on the attending staff of St. Vincent's Hospital. He has been and is, in the strictest sense of the word, a general practitioner, having a strong leaning, however, for the practice of surgery. In the domain of gynaecological surgery he has done a great deal of work, and there are but few of the major operations in abdominal surgery that he has not repeatedly performed. Dr. Mackenzie is Chief Surgeon of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company, the largest system in Oregon and the Northwest. He was married in 1886 to Cora Scott, daughter of Pliny Hardy, a distinguished jurist of New Orleans, and has one son and two daughters. Dr. Mackenzie has taken a great interest in medical education, and in promoting the interests of the medical profession. He was once President of the Oregon State Medical Society, and takes a warm interest in the Portland Medi- cal Society, to the Transactions of which he is a frequent contributor. 2 1 2 DR. J. ED WIN MICHAEL. J. EDWIN MICHAEL, M.D., BALTIMORE, MD. Dr. Jacob Edwin Michael was born near Michaels- ville, Harford County, Maryland, on May 13, 1848. He was the eldest son of the late Jacob J. Michael, a most respected citizen and large land-owner of Harford County, Md. He was reared on his father's farm near the Chesa- peake Bay, amidst natural surroundings of great beauty. Force and character thus were given to his early life, which developed the marked characteristics of his later life. As a boy he had passed much of his time on the shores and waters of the Chesapeake. He ever after loved a seafaring life. His tastes were rural, and he keenly en- joyed his frequent visits to the home of his boyhood. He received his preliminary education at St. Timothy's Hall, Maryland, and at the Newark Academy, Delaware. He next entered Princeton College, from which he was graduated in 1871. Whilst at Princeton he was distin- guished for his skill in all of the athletic exercises of the college. At the time of his graduation, and when in thorough physical training, he was probably the most superb specimen of physical manhood ever graduated from Princeton. He entered the medical department of the University of Maryland in October, 187 1, and was graduated in March, 1873. As a medical student he was greatly admired and easily stood in the front rank, being the leader of one of the college factions for the presidency of the class. After graduation he went abroad and passed the subsequent year in study in the best Continental hospitals and schools. His foreign study was of great advantage in an educa- tional way, and exercised a large influence in the develop- , cdUA DR. JAMES W. WARD. 22Q JAMES W. WARD, M.D., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Ward, James William, physician arid surgeon, was born in Minneapolis, Minn., March 14, 1861, son of Wil- liam E. and Elvira Canney Ward. His father, one of the early settlers of Minneapolis and largely identified with its growth and prosperity, moved in 1870 to California and located near San Jose. The son obtained his preliminary education in the public schools of Minneapolis and San Jose, and in 1878 was graduated at the high school, stand- ing at the head of his class. He began the study of medicine first with a private instructor, then in the office of Dr. F. E. J. Canney, of San Francisco; and in 1881 he was admitted to the New York Homoeopathic Medical College. By special permis- sion he took the three-years' course in two years, being graduated M.D. in 1883 with the highest honors of his class. He was appointed on the medical staff of Ward's Island Homoeopathic Hospital, and was soon after made Resident Physician of the Hahnemann Hospital of New York City. In 1885 he resigned and returned to San Francisco, where, during the session of i885-'86, he held the Chair of Physiology in the Hahnemann Medical College. During the following year, and until 1889, he lectured on gynae- cology. His professional career has been marked by extra- ordinary success, and he stands among the foremost surgeons on the Pacific Coast. He is a recognized authority on gynsecology and abdominal surgery, on which he has written extensively for medical journals, and his major operations have been numerous and remarkably successful. In 1890, with Dr. J. E. Lilienthal and Dr. F. N. Ward, he founded the Southern Homoeopathic Dispensary. Since 230 DR E - J- CHAP IX MIXARD. 1893 be has been Gynaecologist to the Fabiola Hospital of Oakland, and for a number of years Chairman of the Medical Board and Consultant to the Nursery for Homeless Children ; he is also one of the founders of the Homoeo- pathic Sanatorium of San Francisco. He is a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, the California State and San Francisco County Medical Societies. His first report of abdominal work was made before the California State Homoeopathic Society in 1893. It was a report of " Coeliotomies Performed at Fabiola Hospital," and consisted of a year's work of capital operations in the hospital for i892-'93. It recorded the histories of forty capital cases with but four deaths. His second report of gynaecological work was made in 1895 before the State Society. It was entitled "A Year's Work at the Sana- torium without a Death." The work comprised twenty- five capital and eighty minor cases, performed by Drs. James W. and Florence N. Ward. The uniform success of the work, not only as far as the lives of the patients were concerned, but also the rapid and thorough care of the patients, was the chief characteristic of the paper. In 1895, in company with Mrs. Ward, he made a tour of Europe, visiting the large clinics and hospitals, and giving special attention to gynaecological surgery. E. J. CHAPIN MINARD, A.M., M.D., BROOKLYN, N. Y. Eliza Jane Chapin Minard was born in Kirkland, Oneida County, N. Y. , January 16, 1840, and reared amid propitious surroundings, being the only daughter in a clever family, with five brothers who idolized her from her birth. Two of these brothers are yet living. Her father, David Jewett Chapin, was a farmer and PEIRCE (pJj^iLiJi^ ^^l^^^.^^/^^ DR. E.J. CHAPIN MINARD. 2 $I stock-raiser of small means and a politician. He was one of the early members of the Republican Party which was founded at Angelica, New York, October 17, 1854. Her mother was Alice Pierce Glazier, of Worcester, Mass., whose ancestry extended along the Mayflower directly to Devonshire, England — the beauty of whose women she bore regally, and with true Puritan hatred de- spised all aggrandizement inherited ; so much so that her family coat-of-arms received from Richard II., "for valor in war and commerce on sea," was not used during her lifetime. She was the companion of her boys, "who could do no evil," and one girl was not worth changing her mode of training. It was only when her daughter became companionable that she was partly reconciled to her not being a boy. Dr. Minard was a delicate, sunny-haired girl, who walked and talked when ten months old, to the delight of a merry household. When eight years of age she came near dying from an attack of scarlet fever, which left her still more delicate. This was the turning point of her life. Owing to her delicate health her father took her with him, as much as possible, in his out-door work, so that they became close friends and companions for the remain- der of his life, and when separated temporarily from him she kept up her intercourse by an active correspondence. Under her father's guidance she learned to ride, drive, fish, geologize, and botanize. He was never too busy to bait her hooks when fishing, and tell a story replete with instructions. It was in one of these drives with her father, when she was twelve years old, that her profession was chosen. A young doctor, who had just returned from Geneva Medical College, was showing off a span of Canadian ponies given to him by his father, the prominent surgeon of the county, when on meeting him they stopped to talk, and her father discussed the one woman student who had 232 DR - E - J- CHAPIN MINARD. been admitted to his class. The young doctor said, " Oh ! we never minded her, we had so much to do to keep her from getting ahead of us; we had to work, I tell you." When the doctor drove on her father turned to her, re- marking, "If I had one thousand dollars to spare on your education after you have had your academic course I would make you a physician." She said in her heart, " If papa will give me the academic course, I will get the medical course;" and she did. It was her father's desire that all his children should have an academic education. She became a school-teacher at fourteen years of age, and began her medical training by seeing all the clinical work in the neighborhood. When eighteen years of age she entered the university course at Alfred Center, Western New York, which opened up a larger field of study for her, and, it being a school for both sexes, her brothers attended also. At the beginning of the late Civil War, when the first call came for soldiers to quell the Southern Rebellion, among thirteen of the University students who responded to the call were two of her brothers. She left the Univer- sity, took her brother's school, and began to teach again. Her salary was reduced three dollars a quarter because she was a woman, although heretofore she had received the highest wages because she was competent. Everybody seemed compelled to work. She taught one term and then broke down with fever. The enlistment of the students disarranged the studies and broke up the classes of the University, and when she recovered from the fever she received the following mes- sage from the battlefield of Antietam : "September i8, 1862. "Dear Sister Jennie : "We are both alive and in the hospital. Life has been very uncertain for the past few days, and Lee is retreating across the river. The country is safe and peace is only a DR. E. J. C HA PIN MINARD. =33 question of time. Women will be needed to care for the crippled. Take our joint funds, return to the University, and from there to the Medical College, as you planned when a little girl, so you ' may learn forever,' as you used to say. " And if we are not at the call of the roll, you may say Good-by to the boys in our name, for we may Have said Aye ! to the bullet's call. " Advise papa and mamma to go up to the ranch and wait for us. Charlie." The brothers returned from the army uninjured. (The youngest was discharged from the hospital.) They both met their parents as agreed upon. They were afterward graduated from the University, but the sister never saw her mother again, she having died during the Doctor's medical studies. The enlistment had taken teachers and pupils alike. The four Latin classes were put into one, and that one into the Virgil course. The only thing she could remember of that six months' Latin course was, -''I sing of arms and a man." If ever she hated any- thing, it came near being the President, to whom fell the class, and Virgil. Just previous to her graduation she received the follow- ing letter from her eldest brother, who had married Miss Mariette Armour, a lovely and highly accomplished lady of Central New York ; " Milwaukee, Wis., June 22, 1863. " Dear Sister Jennie : "So you are to graduate from college next week; I congratulate you ; and you write ' you intend to go to Philadelphia to study medicine.' I have humored you from the time I named you ' Jane ' till the present time. Now let me be heard. I offer you a place in my home — Mariette joins me — as our guest ; and I urge you to come. We keep servants. 234 DR - E - J- CHAPIN MINARD. "Father and mother with brother John passed through here on their way to the far West. "Yours truly, "Emery." A sad-faced little woman in a Quaker-gray dress, and having a University degree, went out of the college campus and took the train for Philadelphia, Pa., alone. The moans from the sorrowing relatives and friends of those lost on the battlefield of Gettysburg had not yet ceased. Life was about as desolate as could be made. She found work ready for her at the college. The internes and pro- fessors were yet absent upon the field of Gettysburg ; the dispensary and obstetrical department needed help ; one sickly under-graduate in charge glad enough to get it ; her work began on the day of arrival. She attended lectures in Philadelphia, and spent the summers in the more easily visited clinics of the city of New York. Here she be- came a student of Wood, Clark, Taylor, Flint, Blackwell, Loomis, and a host of other famous physicians who have moved on to the great unknown. Reminiscences of these great doctors are many. Two are here quoted : "Dr. Southack, assistant surgeon to Dr. James R. Wood, had been persuaded to take a class of twelve women stu- dents in operative surgery for one hundred dollars, after the male class had finished, at the Bellevue Dead-house. The great master-stroke in amputation of the thigh was given to the class, and when her turn came she whirled the heavy knife around the thigh and met the starting- point, to her own and the class's astonishment, and to the amazement of Southack, who said, ' Good for you, Chapin, not one of the male class did that stroke this term.' " " Wood was a great surgeon, but very eccentric. South- ack said, ' He was not easy to work for, as he was never sure which way he would throw his knives; but they usually went straight out behind.' Fine operating-tables and antiseptics were little known at that time, but the DR. E.J. CHAPIN MINARL 235 clean sharp instrument, the steady hand, and the keen eye were the same then as now. He did more real work for the New York Infirmary class than any other volunteer consulting surgeon." Dr. Taylor untaught in his diagnosis of obstetrics all her Paris teaching at Philadelphia, where they taught by the touch — softening and shortening of the neck. Yet the Philadelphia school put the "eye into the end of the finger." The unsettled condition of surgery and pathology, the learning from one great master and unlearning from an- other, would have annoyed a less enthusiastic student. Her classmates used to say of her that " they believed she would rather listen to an attack on a professor's the- ories than to attend a reception," which she loved dearly. Her first purchase in medical literature was Paget's Pathol- ogy and Virchow's first edition of his Cellular Pathology. Bellevue, the old Eye and Ear Infirmary, the Demilt, Northern, and other dispensaries were open to her studies. To sit in the amphitheatre of the old Eye and Ear Infirm- ary, like a man, without let or hindrance, as one of three women students, was sufficient for one summer's clinical work. Once the door opened, and kept open, made it easier for the next woman student. The three women students who first sat in the amphitheatre of the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary were Drs. Abbott, of Maine; Blackmar, of Michigan ; and Chapin, of New York. The opportunity to test chloroform and ether, and to use them in the needs of obstetrics and surgery, pleased her exceedingly. She became an expert in the administra- tion of anaesthetics. She advocated their use in uncompli- cated midwifery, and by the time of her graduation she became quite popular because of her ability to use chloro- form carefully. Her thesis was upon chloroform. The first vesico- vaginal fistula done in the Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pa., with the shotted suture, in a case of 236 DR. E. J. CHAP IN MINARD. twenty years' standing, was put in her charge, and after seven operations it was successful. The assistant in obstetrics put the forceps into her hands at the close of the second year. She often said she would never have practiced surgery but for the aid of anaesthetics, so great was her hatred of pain. Surgery owes to these aids the great stride it has made since McDowell operated. Her comprehension of the planes of the pelvis, through her knowledge of mathematics, made her popular with her teachers as a demonstrator. She was graduated after a three- years' course in medicine, and received the degree of A.M. from her Alma Mater the same year, 1866. She believed that the physician's life should be a silent one. Medical etiquette stood high in her estimation and was the guide of her medical career. New York so fas- cinated her that on her graduation she came to this city and entered the New York Infirmary as assistant physician, and for two and a half years practiced as an externe. The Children's Clinic was separated from the main one by her, she giving an extra hour every day to its care. Pepsins were being advocated for general treatment of cholera infantum. An associate and herself made their own wines and cordials, and felt that they helped to fix the valuation of these preparations at that time. She settled at length in Brooklyn, N. Y., and gradually combined gynaecology and obstetrics with general practice. She married Louis F. Minard, a Mexican veteran, in 1873. H- e died at the end of ten years, and she then began a special study of gynaecology. She opened a few rooms in a small house, and with care and attention did much good work. She is a teacher born and bred ; she never refuses to lend a helping hand; is quick to see where help is needed, and has been the means of educat- ing seven girls. Her best advice to the young is " not to make mistakes " and " not to be satisfied with mean things." As a friend she fills Swift's highest measure : DR. E. J. CHAP IN MINARD. 2 ^J " Her friendship was exactly timed, She shot before your foes were primed." When asked what one thing had pleased her most during her professional life she answered, " The highest compli- ment I ever received was the following : A woman, forty- nine years old, mother of twelve children, who had always had a midwife attend her, said to me, as she unexpectedly placed a fee in my hand, ' I have had all the tenderness and privacy of a woman and all the feeling of security of a male physician.' " Dr. Minard is a member of the Medical Society of the County of Kings, the Brooklyn Pathological Society, the New York State Medical Association, the American Medi- cal Association ; and was appointed Gynaecologist to the Brooklyn, E. D , Dispensary, which position she held seven years. In this clinic she had ample opportunity of seeing rare cases. Her forte lies in correct diagnosis of diseases. It was in this clinic that she discovered her three cases of floating kidneys. From the New York State Medical Association she was sent as a delegate to the Tenth International Medical Congress, which met in Berlin, Germany, August 8, 1890. On her return she wrote a very fine description of the Congress "as she saw it," which was read before the Kings County Medical Association, March 10, 1891, and was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, April 25, 1S91. After mentioning several very prominent surgeons whom she had met there, she alludes to her " friendly reception by the Secretary, Dr. Lassar, the acceptance of her credentials as delegate, the presentation of the queer little badge, the assignment to the Gynaecological Section, without fuss or blunder;" all of which attentions " were very agreeable." The following extracts are taken from this publication : " Germany is now the only civilized government where women are not allowed to practice medicine as physicians. 238 DR - E - J- CHAP IN M1NARD. Women here obtain their diplomas, usually, from Zurich, and are admitted to all the rights of midwives (which are many), but are not allowed to use the forceps, write a death certificate, or one of vaccination." "The admission of women delegates to this Congress, in the face of the decisions of former sessions, was hailed with enthusiasm by the women of Berlin. ' How did you do it? You do more in America in twenty years than we do here in a hundred,' was the greeting. ' Meet us in Rome in 1893, where co education has existed since Agnes of Coronna captivated with her mathematics and her beauty,' were the parting words." "There will never be more women in medicine than will be needed. The great advance made in gynaecology owes more to her entrance into medicine than will ever be told." "The woman physician stands to-day side by side, not as a rival, but as a helper, to her brothers in the profession. Then open wide every avenue of learning to her ! Only the best will satisfy her now." "It is such a pity that so much vital force should be expended in hewing out new roads for learning." " I returned from that great gathering at Berlin fully believing that only upon the foundation of a university training, with ancient and modern languages, may the Western student hope to cope in knowledge with the scholars of the Old World, in scientific and medical re- searches in the future, without regard to sex." When asked if she would recommend medicine to a young woman as a lucrative profession, her answer was: " My advice would be the same as to a young man. It would depend upon the character and aptitude of the individual." The ability to make money does not belong to either sex exclusively or to many. It is, moreover, the one pro- fession where a woman may cultivate gray hairs with a Jk&tymtf^ DR. F. H. BANGS. 239 certainty that the old doctors will be preferred to the young ones ; it has been questioned whether woman can stand the physical strain of work in the medical profession. The number of years which many have endured this strain is sufficient answer. F. H. BANGS, M.D., SAN JOSE, CAL. Dr. Frederick H. Bangs was born October 31, 1859, at Jackson, Mich. He received his early education in the common schools of his native place. When he was sixteen years of age he was graduated from Mason high school. He attended the State Agricultural College of Michigan for two years. He was also one year in the Medical Depart- ment of the University of Michigan, where he studied as- siduously, gaining much valuable information. He then entered the Cleveland Homoeopathic Hospital College, of Cleveland, Ohio, where he graduated in March, 1880. From constant study and close application to his chosen profession his health was greatly impaired, which necessi- tated an outdoor life for two years. After restoring his health he located in Areata, Hum- boldt County, Cal., in the heart of the famous red-woods region. Here a fine opportunity was offered him to in- crease his knowledge of surgery. Accidents frequently occurred requiring surgical treatment, which he embraced with delight, for by his skillfulness as a surgeon he was enabled to be the means of giving great relief to the poor unfortunate sufferers he was called upon to aid. Still persevering in his professional duties, he took a post graduate course at the College of Physicians and Sur- geons of Chicago, 111. The surgeons at that time con- 240 DR. HERMAN B0SK0WITZ. nected with this medical institution were Christian Fenger, M.D., and Nicholas Senn, M.D. In 1890 Dr. Bangs removed to San Jose, Cal., where a broader field was open to him for his especial line of sur- gery — gynaecology. Still grasping for greater surgical knowledge, and being a progressive man, he determined to take a special course under the celebrated E. H. Pratt, M.D., of Chicago, 111., in orificial surgery. In October, 1893, he established a private sanitorium in San Jose, Cal., which contained the best operating room in the country. His skill and success in abdominal sur- gery brought him so many patients that he was compelled to enlarge the sanitorium and make many additions to the building, until now he has a very perfect institution, and does a great deal of major surgery. His success has been marvellous. He has performed vaginal hysterectomy, by Dr. Pratt's method, eighteen times without a death. Ovariotomy and cceliotomy many times. Dr. Bangs ranks among the leading gynaecologists and surgeons of California. He is a careful and cautious ope- rator, and always unwilling to use the knife without a good cause. In August, 1888, he was married to Miss Bella May, of Areata, Cal. HERMAN BOSKOWITZ, M.D., BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dr. Herman Boskowitz died at his residence, 137 Duffield Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., December 25, 1882. He was a native of Prague, Bohemia, where he was born in the earlier years of this century. Having received a preliminary education in his native H. BOSKOWiTZ, M.D. DR. HERMAN B0SK0W1TZ. 24I city, he entered the University of Vienna and was gradu- ated with honor. He was one of the favorite students of the distinguished Professor Rokitansky, by reason of his attentiveness and proficiency; and the mutual regard continued until the death of the great pathologist. Dr. Boskowitz held a commission for some time as Sur- geon in the Austrian Army, which, resigning, he supported himself by teaching languages. His attainments in this department were extensive; he was familiar with Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, Slavonic, Turkish, French, Span- ish, and Italian. In 1848 he was an active sympathizer in the Republican and Revolutionary movements, and upon their betrayal was compelled to leave Europe. Coming to the United States, he first took up his residence in Jersey City, N. J., but soon removed to the city of New York, where he remained about five years, and then removed to Brook- lyn, in which city he enjoyed a large and lucrative practice until the time of his death. He took an active interest in politic?, both general and local, and was of avowed anti-slavery sentiments. He was a personal friend and supporter of Horace Greeley. Although a Hahnemannian in his practice, he took part in the establishment of the Eclectic Medical College in New York, and was a member of the Brooklyn Academy of Medicine, the Eclectic Medical Society of the State of New York, and the National Eclectic Medical Association. He was affable and courteous to all; warm and constant in his attachments ; appreciative and confiding ; generous in his honesty, impoverishing himself for friends. — Trans- actions National Eclectic Medical Association, 1 882-' 83. vol. 11. — 16 242 DR - GEORGE IV. B0SK0W1TZ. GEORGE W. BOSKOWITZ, A.M., M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. George W. Boskowitz, A.M., M.D., Dean of the Eclectic Medical College of New York, is a well-known eclectic physician. He was born in New York City on October 8, 1856. His father, Herman Boskowitz, born in Austria, arrived in this country in 1848, and, as a physician of the homoe- opathic school, practiced in Brooklyn, N. Y. , where he was much respected for upward of twenty years. Dr. Boskowitz, subject of this sketch, was graduated from the Eclectic Medical College in the city of New York in 1877, and has practiced in that city with success since that time. In 1890 the Waynesburg University con- ferred upon him the degree of A.M. He is looked upon by the profession as a clever surgeon, whose operations are generally attended with success, while as Dean of the Eclectic College he has displayed much executive ability. Dr. Boskowitz has served two terms as President of the Eclectic Medical Society of the State of New York. He is Ex- President of the Eclectic Medical Society of the City and County of New York ; Consulting Physician to the Eclectic Free Dispensary and Consulting Surgeon to the Woodstock Hospital ; honorary member of the Vermont and Massachusetts Eclectic Medical Societies ; member of the National Eclectic Medical Association ; Ex-President of the Regents' State Board of Medical Examiners to represent the Eclectic School of Medicine. He is also Trustee of the Eclectic Medical College of the City of New York. The Doctor is recognized as a writer of the school of medicine to which he belongs, and was for many years editor of the Eclectic Review. DR. WILLIAM ¥/. HITCHCOCK 243 Dr. Boskowitz is a member of Darey Lodge, F. and A. M., New York City, and was its Master three years; also, Olympic Lodge, I. O. O. F.j Grace Lodge, K. of H.; Cremation Society, and many other organizations. He was married April 10, 1891, in New York City, by Felix Adler, to Lena B. Toms, daughter of Captain A. P. Toms, of Stamford, Conn. WILLIAM W. HITCHCOCK, M.D., LOS ANGELES, CAL. Dr. William W. Hitchcock, the subject of tlr's sketch, was born in Mt. Carroll, Illinois, November 16, 1855. His father, William E. Hitchcock, was of English stock who figured prominently in the Revolutionary War against the British. His mother, whose maiden name was Drusilla B. Reed, was of Scotch parentage and was reared in New England. Dr. Hitchcock's early educational advantages were con- fined to the common high schools and a collegiate course in the scientific department of Cornell University. Being of a studious disposition he early evinced a desire to pur- sue the study of some profession. After delving with Blackstone for some time, under the tutorage of Judge Z. A. Wellman, of Iowa, he resolved to change to medi- cine and surgery. During the winter of 1876 he took a preparatory course in anatomy, physiology, and chemis- try in the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Keokuk, Iowa, after which he matriculated at Rush Medical College, Chicago, graduating from this institution in the spring of 1879. Standing a competitive examination at the close of the winter term for positions in the out door department and districts of the city, for medical and surgical services to be rendered the poor, he was one of the successful can- 244 DR. WILLIAM W. HITCHCOCK. didates. This practice, though not remunerative, was no doubt the stepping-stone for a successful career in his suc- ceeding years of private practice. It was here that he had impressed on his mind the whole truth so many times demonstrated, although not always acknowledged, " that the poor is the doctor's best friend." It was during this experience among the sick poor that he moulded that kindly will and framed that gentle touch so soothing, so alleviating of sorrow and suffering. In the fall of 1879 ^ e located for the practice of his profession in the village of North Liberty, Ind. It was during his sojourn here that he met Miss Ella Haller, the beautiful and accomplished daughter of Mary E. and Hon. Christian Haller, whom he married in the spring of 1880. Being ambitious to further pursue the study of his pro- fession he attended a course of lectures at Bellevue Hos- pital Medical College, New York City, where he was again graduated in 1881. Soon after graduating Dr. Hitchcock located in the manufacturing city of South Bend, Ind., where he enjoyed a large and lucrative practice, making orthopaedic and general surgery his special work. In 1887 Dr. Hitchcock moved to Los Angeles, Cali- fornia. About this time he became deeply interested in gynaecology, and being a conservative operator explored thoroughly and investigated the claims for electricity to effect a cure without ablation of important organs. This investigation proved so fascinating and interesting that he has become one of the recognized medical electricians, and is frequently called upon to lecture before students and practitioners. This investigation naturally drifted his surgical work to that of gynaecology, and it is here that his skill as a sur- geon has been exemplified to that of an almost phenom- enal success. He has performed several hysterectomies for fibroma and cancer, and seventy-six celiotomies, including seven operations for surgical appendicitis, with but a single J.r^^/u^/r^~ ,&~? DR. JOSEPH HILL HUNT. 345 death, not having seen or encountered a stitch-hole abscess during this experience, which speaks well for modern methods of care and technique in the preparation of cases. All cases were operated on at private surgical sanitoriums, where every detail regarding asepsis could be carried out. Dr. Hitchcock has devised many useful devices to lighten the burden and facilitate the surgeon's work, among which may be mentioned a modification of Esmarch's and Martin's elastic webbing bandage, which was first used on his illustrious patient, Father Edward Sorin, founder of Notre Dame University, in the Fall of 1881. His Physi- cian's Pocket Day- book and Ledger, which has exhausted its sixth edition, is worthy of mention. Dr. Hitchcock is strictly ethical, and has done much to further the interest of sanitation and the suppression of quackery. He has always taken an active part in national, State, and local medical associations, and is a firm believer in the importance of a National Board of Health, whose president should be a member of the Cabinet and a repre- sentative medical man. Dr. Hitchcock has one child, a daughter, May Daphine. JOSEPH HILL HUNT, M.D., BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dr. Joseph Hill Hunt is, by reason of his manifold activities and interests and his attractive personality, one of the best known and most popular of the physicians in Brooklyn, N. Y. Though he has made his home in that city for the past twenty years or more, he is a New Jersey- man by birth and lineage, and first saw the light in a cosy farm-house nestled in a peaceful valley near Newton, N. J. This event bears date, in the records, of April 12, 1848. The Doctor's father, Samuel Hill Hunt, is at this writing 246 DR - JOSEPH HILL HUNT. a hale, bright-minded, positive man of more than four- score years, who keeps his youthful interest in books and history, his lore of statesmen and statecraft being remark- ably wide and accurate. In addition to the duties of bank president, which office the elder Hunt has filled for many years, he served his State in the Legislature, and was known as a shrewd and wise councillor of unimpeachable integrity. Beyond Samuel and Mary Price Hill, his wife, the line extends through John, who passed most of his life on the farm now owned by the subject of this sketch, but in a log- cabin, some remains of which are still on the premises; and Ralph, who received from his parents, in lieu of land, an education and a legacy of ^195, and who served in the Revolutionary War, dying at the ripe age of eighty-nine years. The descendants of John are, indeed, remarkable for the great age attained by all of them, for, with two exceptions, all were over sixty years of age at the time of their demise, and the aggregate ages of the twelve children was 802 years. Going still further back into the family history, we find other great-grandfathers and great-uncles who dis- tinguished themselves in the development of the country, and who fought its battles against the "Redcoats" and the Indians. One died a prisoner among the Tripolitans; another was captured by redmen during the French and Indian Wars, but survived to take arms against the foes of American liberties in 1776. This one was a slaveholder, and left his negroes as a bequest to his daughters. And thus the line goes back to Ralph, a settler of Newtown, Long Island, and a shareholder in a tract of land bought from the Indians. Ralph had some of the sturdy and belligerent quality that gives strength of character to his descendants, for we read that he was denounced, in 1663, for resisting the authority of the Dutch in New Amsterdam, and he shortly after allied himself to the settlers of English blood in Connecticut, the Governor of that colony appointing DR. JOSEPH HILL HUNT. 2 A7 him lieutenant of its military force, and his commission bearing the signature of the Second Charles. He also served his town as magistrate. Dr. Hunt got his first "book-learning" in the country school, but he was unconsciously laying the foundation for a scientific education in his rambles about his father's farm and among the environing fields, hills, and swamps. He thus, without conscious effort, came to know the plants, the trees, the birds, the fish, and particularly the minerals of his home-land, so that when, in later years, he was called upon to write and lecture on natural history, he found his subject easy and his enthusiasm fresh and communi- cable. After the district school had done its more or less per- fect work, young Joseph was sent away to the Institute in Chester, N. J., where he prepared for a more advanced course of study at the Washington College, in Lexington, Va. The war was then over, and the President of this ancient school was no less a person than General Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederate forces. General Lee was as able a teacher as he was a military leader, and his pupils to this day speak of him with a loyal affection and lament his death. The habits of observation that Joseph Hunt formed on the farm he kept during his pupilage in Virginia, and he made many forays into the surrounding country seek- ing knowledge and experience. On one occasion he and some other pupils ascended one of the tall hills that are within reach of Lexington and were caught in a terrific storm. The lightning was incessant, and bolts of it passed between the bodies of the youngsters as they stood in the driving rain and piercing wind. They unloaded their pockets of everything made of metal — knives, keys, watches, and so on — lest the electricity should be drawn to them ; but in the end, while they lost the view for which they made the climb, they were none the worse. 248 DR - JOSEPH HILL HUNT. It was his interest in minerals and geology that first turned the mind of Dr. Hunt to the associated theme of mining and engineering, and had he chosen he could have cast his fortunes in that field with undoubted ad- vantage; indeed, he did for a time pursue his engineering studies seriously; but after his return to the North other interests presented themselves ; he saw that there was a field in medicine that offered even wider opportunities for scientific research than did engineering, while the humane instincts, that in him are especially pronounced, turned him the more readily to the healing art. His first preceptor was the late Dr. Jacob S. Wigton, of Spring Valley, Rock- land Co., N. Y., but he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, and was graduated there in 1873. Since he began practice he has resided in Brooklyn. His present home is a spacious brownstone building on the corner of Bedford Avenue and Quincy Street, the one the principal driveway in the city, the other a retired and shaded thoroughfare. Here he has his ample library, with many quaint old works in rare bindings ; his collec- tions of minerals, relics, objects of ethnological interest, photographs — for he was among the earlier devotees of the camera — and many odd and suggestive relics and trophies, such as a traveled man and a man of reading will pick up in his wanderings. On the rehabilitation of the Brooklyn Institute Dr. Hunt was one of the first to give his service and encouragement to that admirable association. He was the first president of its department of mineralogy, and he frequently lec- tured before that and other departments, while he also arranged large and important exhibitions of minerals, contributing liberally from his own cabinets, his collec- tion of quartz being almost unique in its brilliancy, extent, and completeness. He also planned much of the work for the department, this work including the Saturday and DR. JOSEPH HILL HUNT. 249 holiday excursions to mines, quarries, and other places where fine minerals were to be had for the searching, for he knew more about these localities than most of the members. The large and perfect zeolites of Paterson would not have come to general notice had it not been for him, and his discoveries in the mineralogical wealth and variety of the glacial drift of Brooklyn have been im- portant. He has made a special study of pseudomorphism, and had embodied the results of that study in a pamphlet, which is perhaps the clearest popular exposition of the subject now extant. In the extent of his other services and affiliations Dr. Hunt exemplifies the wide view and persistent energy of his family. He is a member of the New York Mineral- ogical Club as well as of the Brooklyn Institute, of the Brooklyn Microscopical Society, the New York Scientific Alliance, the Torey Botanical Club, of a Pedestrian Club that inaugurated its work with a long and trying tramp through the White Mountains, of the Long Island His- torical Society, and the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. He has visited Mexico and has explored out-of-the-way sections of that land with his usual enthusiasm, bringing back many trophies of his tour and giving lectures on its people, scenery, and history. He has inquired into the history of the redmen, and has acquired a considerable museum of their arms and imple- ments in stone and copper. But it must not be supposed from these facts that he has been unmindful or neglectful of his profession. Far from it. His list of offices alone will prove the confidence and affection in which his fellow surgeons and physicians hold him ; for these include the places of Vice-President, Assistant Secretary, Trustee, and Librarian of the Medical Society of the County of Kings ; President of the Brooklyn Patho- logical Society; Instructor, in Histology and Pathology and Assistant Surgeon at the Long Island College Hos- 250 DR. JOSEPH HILL HUNT. pital; Demonstrator in the Brooklyn Anatomical and Sur- gical Society; Associate Editor, from its foundation, of the Brooklyn Medical Journal '; Collaborator in La Revista Medico- Chirurgica ; member and Trustee of the Brooklyn Medical Society, Brooklyn Medical Book Club, Medical Society of the State of New York, The New York Academy of Medicine, American Public Health Association, Amer- ican Medical Association, Alumni Association of the Brooklyn College of Pharmacy, in which he was at one time Professor of Materia Medica, Botany, and Pharma- cognosis, and of the College of Physicians and Surgeons ; Surgeon of the Atlantic Avenue Dispensary; one of the organizers of the Bushwick and East Brooklyn Dispen- sary; Associate Surgeon of the Brooklyn Throat Hospital; Pathologist of St. Mary's Hospital ; Surgeon of the Central Throat Hospital ; member of the XV. Medical Club and of the Pan-American Medical Congress. He was for six years a member of the Brooklyn Board of Pharmacy. He is known as the author of about a hundred bio- graphical sketches of the old masters in the healing art, which were published in the Brooklyn Medical Journal, illustrated from rare old plates in his collection, and of other biographies in various magazines and volumes of transactions. Among other published papers are his " Car- bolic Acid as a Local Anaesthetic," "Jaborandi in Puer- peral Convulsions," " Internal Strangulation of the Ileum," "Gastrotomy in Tubal Pregnancy," "Irreducible Um- bilical Hernia," "Bichromate of Potassium as an Expec- torant," "The Pharmacopoeia of 1890," "Minerals of Mexico," "Pseudomorphs," and various other scientific papers ; while his lectures on botany and materia medica before the Brooklyn College of Pharmacy have covered a wide ground. He is a member of the Washington Ave- nue Baptist Church, of the Hamilton Club, and of the Masonic Order. Dr, Hunt's first wife was Elizabeth E., daughter of fotsOu o^e^H^ DR. MARY PUTNAM JACOB I. 2 $I George Duncan, of Jersey City. His present wife, nte Emily I. Benners, is a native of the Island of St. Thomas, in the Danish West Indies. In his home and social life Dr. Hunt is fortunate and happy ; his tastes are such that he never knows ennui and never lacks for occupations of interest. His practice is extensive and successful. He keeps abreast of the discoveries and improvements in medi- cine — improvements that come so fast in these years that it takes the best of one's time simply to keep posted. In his practice he secures not merely the confidence of his pa- tients, but their lasting friendship ; and in his care of them he exhibits the skill, the charity, the kindliness, as well as the scientific enthusiasm of the ideal physician. (Written by Mr. Charles M. Skinner.) MARY PUTNAM JACOBI, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi was born in London, Eng- land, August 31, 1842. Her father, George Palmer Putnam, the well-known book publisher in New York City for many years, was a native of Maine, and returned with his family to the United States in the year 1847. ^ er mother, Vic- torine Haven, was born in Massachusetts. Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi obtained her first schooling, other than from her mother, at the Twelfth Street Public School, when fifteen years of age, and in 1859 commenced the study of medicine in the city of New York, under the preceptorship of Dr. James L. Brown. She then attended lectures at the Woman's Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa., from which in 1864 she was graduated Doctor of Medicine, having previously matriculated in the New York College of Pharmacy, being the first woman to receive a diploma from that institution. 2 C2 DR - MA R Y PUTNA M J A COB I. In 1868 she went to Paris, France, and was the first woman admitted to the Ecole de Medecine, whence she was graduated in 1871. She remained in Paris during the siege of the Franco-Prussian War in order to finish the experiments for her thesis. After her return from abroad she was in 1872 admitted to the Medical Society of the County of New York, at the suggestion of its President, Dr. Abraham Jacobi, being the first woman to receive this honor. In 1872 she was appointed Professor of Therapeutics in The Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary, and held that position until 1888. She has practiced medicine since 1872. In 1873 sne became the wife of Dr. Abraham Jacobi. Three children have been born of this marriage. In 1874 Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi was sent as a delegate from the Medical Society of the County of New York to the Medical Society of the State of New York, at its annual meeting held at Albany, N. Y. In the same year she was elected President of the Association for the Advancement of the Medical Education of Women, and continues to serve in that capacity. When the New York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital was opened in 18S1, she was invited to a place in its faculty, as Clinical Lecturer on Diseases of Children, being the first time in this country that a lectureship in a male school was ever filled by a woman. This chair she held from 1881 to 1884. She has been Visiting Physician to the New York Infirm- ary for Women and Children since 1880, and to St. Mark's Hospital since 1893 > a ^ so Medical Examiner for the Equit- able Life Insurance Company of New York City since 1891. She is a member of the New York Pathological Society, New York Neurological Society, New York Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men, and of DR. MARY PUTNAM JACOBI. 2 KZ The New York Academy of Medicine ; having been the first woman admitted to a membership in these societies. The facile admission of Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi to these various memberships and honorable positions in the medical societies and institutions in the city of New York, at a time when the propriety of female recognition was still being so hotly contested in other cities, was partly due to the previously acquired honor of her Paris diploma. Her graduating thesis had also secured for her a bronze medal, the second prize awarded. Not to be despised, moreover, was the support derived from the influence of Dr. Abraham Jacobi. She was the first to formulate, definitely, a cyclical theory of menstruation, and to associate its detail with those of clinical and anatomical facts ; upon this she also formulated a general theory for the treatment of endo- metritis. She made an extensive experimental study of the effects of cold pack and massage in the treatment of anaemia, anticipating in several respects the results announced a few months later by S. Weir Mitchell, M.D., in his essay on "Fat and Blood." The following are the titles of the various contributions to medical literature made by Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi as far as the year 1894 : *' Septicaemia and Pyaemia," New York Medical Record, 1872, the first paper read by a woman before a medical society in the United States. " Pathogeny of Infantile Paralysis," read before the Medical Society of the County of New York, December, 1873; published in the American Journal of Obstetrics, May, 1874. This article contained the first collection of recorded autopsies of this disease. " Microcephalus, ' ' New York Medical Record, 1875. " The Question of Rest for Women during Menstruation," an essay which won the Boylston prize in Harvard Univer- sity in 1876. "An Original Essay on Buhls's Disease/' 254 DR. WILLIAM H, PANCOAST. American Journal of Obstetrics, 1S7S. "The Value of Life," Ibid., 1879. " Quinine and the Cerebral Circula- tion," Ibid., 1879. " Cold Pack and Ansemia," Archives of Medicine, 1880. "Fibroid of the Uterus," American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1880. "Case of Rotary Spasm," Journal of Mental and Nervous Diseases, 1880. "Trephining the Sternum," American Journal of Obstet rics, 1881. "Specialism in Medicine," Archives of Medi- cine, 1882. "Dermoid Cysts," American Journal of Ob- stetrics, 1883. "Studies in Endometritis," Ibid., 18S5. "Menstrual Subinvolution," Ibid., 1885. " New Theory of Menstruation," Ibid., 1885. "Infantile Paralysis," Ar- chives of Medicine, 1885. " Primary Education," Popular Science Monthly, 1886. " Brain Tumors," Wood 's Refer- ence Handbook. "Loss of Names in Aphasia," Journal of Mental dnd Nervous Diseases, 1886. "Quinine in Pneumonia," New York Medical Journal, 1887. " Pseudo- muscular Hypertrophy," Archives of Medicine, 1888. "Hysteria and other Essays," Ibid., 1888. "Place of Language in the Curriculum of Education," Journal of Psychology, 18S8. " Electricity for Uterine Fibroids," American Journal of Obstetrics, 1889. "Empyema," New York Medical News, 1890. "Spinal Myelitis in Children," Keating 's Cyclopcedia, 1890. "Case of Tumor of the Spinal Cord," International Medical Journal, 1890. " Electricity in Diseases of Children," Cyclopozdia of Elec- tro-Therapeutics, 1893. " Congenital Ptosis," New York Medical Record, 1894. WILLIAM H. PANCOAST, M.D., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Professor William H. Pancoast, the President of the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia, is the son of the late distinguished Dr. Joseph Pancoast, and was born B n ^^^^7 #■&?■ **.&.1^ DR. WILLIAM H. PANCOAST. 255 October 16, 1835, in the city where he at present resides. Although barely past the meridian of life, he has reached an enviable position in his profession. He received his literary education at Harvard College, and was graduated therefrom in 1853 as A.B., later, on fur- nishing original papers, receiving the degree of M.A. He probably inherited from his father those traits of mind which led him to seek knowledge, and imbibed from him the tastes which directed his attention to medicine as his special field of study and occupation. He was graduated from the Jefferson Medical College in 1856, and subsequently supplemented his education by three years' residence at the great medical institutions at London, Paris, and Vienna, and gained much general information by travel upon the Continent and in England. Returning well equipped, so far as the best schools of the world could do that work, he quickly obtained a large practice, and thus supplied the deficiency that experience alone is capable of supplying. Like his father he turned his attention to anatomy and surgery, and devoted him- self to them with an intelligence and a persistency of pur- pose that soon brought him into eminence, which in turn urged him to continual study of the current discoveries in these branches of science. His ability was generally recognized in the profession, and in 1862 it received a nattering attestation in his appointment as Demonstrator of Anatomy, and, subse- quently, that of Adjunct Professor in his Alma Mater. He held that position in Jefferson Medical College for twelve years, acquitting himself so creditably that, when his father resigned the Chair of Anatomy and Clinical Surgery in 1874, he was chosen by the Trustees to fill the vacancy, and that advanced station he occupied till the spring of 1886, proving himself fully adequate to the duties of the professorship, both in the thoroughness of his knowledge and his faculty for imparting it to the 256 DR. WILLIAM H. PAXCOAST. students who came before him — a gift which does not always accompany the possession of information. The esteem and affection in which he was held by the pupils were expressed upon his resignation by their many kindly words individually spoken, and by a general re- quest that he should sit for a portrait, which they after- ward presented to the Trustees of the College. Professor Pancoast during his connection with Jefferson Medical College, as v/ell as before, was an exceedingly busy man. He was Visiting Surgeon to the Philadelphia Hospital for eighteen years, the Managers of which subsequently appointed him, on his resignation in 18S5, Emeritus Sur- geon of the institution, this being the first time that rank was established in this old and celebrated hospital. He was also Senior Surgeon, second in command, of the Sixth and Master Streets United States Military Hospital, and during the war did service at the front on several occasions, for which he was elected a member of the Loyal Legion. Since 1859 he has been Surgeon and Consulting Surgeon of the Charity Hospital, and one of the Trustees. He also filled (and continues to hold many of) the fol- lowing mentioned posts : He was President of the Phila- delphia County Medical Society, A^ice-President of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, First Vice-President of the American Medical Association, member of the International Congress held in Philadelphia in 1876, mem- ber of the American Association of Medical Editors, and a permanent member of these and other medical and scientific societies. In the recent effort to maintain the integrity and suc- cess of the Ninth International Medical Congress he took a prominent and active part, and, during the important convention of the body held at Washington in September, 1887.. ne was a niember of the Executive Committee of <=>£l**s-U ^?ec^y^^S~ // y y ^> *)- DR. LEWIS HALLOCK. 257 the Congress and President of the Section on Anatomy, and a delegate from this Ninth International Congress to the National Medical Societies of Europe to advance its interests. On Professor Pancoast's identification with the Medico- Chirurgical College he was elected to the Chair of General Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy and Clinical Surgery. In 1887 ne received the highest honor in the gift of the Trustees in being elected President of the College. When the International Medical Congress held its session in Washington, D. C , during September, 1887, he had the pleasure of conferring one of the degrees of the College, that of F.M.-C.C. (Fellow of the Medico-Chirur- gical College) upon eighteen eminent physicians from England, Scotland, France, Germany, Russia, Italy, Egypt, and Roumania. Professor Pancoast is a member of several city, state, and national societies, and of learned bodies in London and Paris. He is also President of the International Red Cross Society of Philadelphia, which, under his manage- ment and that of the Executive Committee, has performed valuable service. [Copied by permission from Encyclopedia of Contemporary Biography of Pennsylvania, published by Atlintic Publishing and Engraving Co., New York, N. Y. The Author.] LEWIS HALLOCK, M.D.,, NEW YORK, N. Y. The oldest practising physician in the city of New York, probably in America, is Dr. Lewis Hallock He was born in New York City, June 30, 1803, where he has resided without interruption ever since, except dur- ing a few years of his boyhood, when he went to school. His father, Jacob Hallock, was a lineal descendant of Peter Hallock, first of the name in this country, and one VOL. II. — 17 258 DR - LEWIS HALLOCK. of the Pilgrim fathers who came to America in 1640, and, with the colony of thirteen members, purchased from the Indians a large tract of land in Southold, L. I. They were the first white settlers in that part of the island. Jacob Hallock, soon after his marriage to Miss Sarah Mather, moved to New York City, and engaged in mer- cantile pursuits until his death in 1813. He left two sons, Horace, a younger son, who became a successful merchant in Detroit, Michigan, the other, the subject of this sketch, Dr. Lewis Hallock, finished his preparatory studies at Clinton Academy, East Hampton, Long Island, then the second incorporated academy in the State. He commenced the study of medicine with a relative, Dr. Elisha Hallock, of Southold, L. I. In the following year he returned to New York, and entered the office of Dr. John W. Francis, Professor of Obstetrics in the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, in the city, from which he was graduated in 1S26. After practicing allopathy with average success for fifteen years, Dr. Hallock was induced to try the efficacy of homoeopathic remedies in some special cases. The result was so gratifying that, after a careful trial and comparison of a year, he became an avowed convert, and joined the homoeopathic ranks, being about the twelfth member of the small association. He is now the sole survivor of the six members of his graduating class, who had embraced the system before him. In the year 18-14 Dr. Hallock united with others in founding the American Institute of Homoeopathy, and sub- sequently became a member of the County, State, and National Societies, and one year held the office of Presi- dent of the City and County Society. He has twice de- clined the office of a Professor in the New York Homoeo- pathic Medical College, but has acted as a member of the Board of Censors since the organization of that body for examining each graduating class of students. DR. LEWIS HALLOCK. 259 On the fiftieth anniversary of his graduation Dr. Hallock was much surprised by the reception of the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine from the faculty and trustees of the New York Homoeopathic Medical College. The diploma was presented at a dinner given in his honor, by his early friend and classmate, Dr. Gray, at the Fifth Avenue Hotel. Dr. Hallock is in the enjoyment of excellent health, does not look to be more than seventy years of age, and judging from appearances is likely to be a centenarian. 1 Dr. Hallock attended the annual meeting of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, held at Newport, Rhode Island, in June, 1895, when a perfect ovation was given him. " On being escorted to the platform (a com- mittee being appointed for this duty) the audience arose and cheered. Then a most interesting scene followed ; it was moved that Dr. Hallock (who will be ninety-two years old next week, and is one of the two surviving founders of the organization, the date being 1844, and the only one present) give the Institute an opportunity of greeting him personally. An amendment that the Secretary do this in behalf of the Institute was conceded, and the Secretary did so, amid cheers and loud applause. There were cries of 'speech,' and Dr. Hallock arose and made a few appro- priate and pleasing remarks." In 1885 Dr. Hallock had his golden wedding, and his family were well represented upon that happy occasion. He has lost three sons, but has living three daughters, seven grandsons and seven granddaughters, and nine great- grandchildren. Dr. Hallock is a most remarkable man in many respects. His health is comparatively good. His mental faculties are perfect ; his hearing and eyesight good ; and he enjoys the great blessing of having natural teeth. 1 The foregoing sketch of Dr. Lewis Hallock is taken by permission from "New York — The Metropolis. Its Noted Business and Professional Men.'' Published by the New York Recorder, 1893. 2 DR. LE WIS HALLO CK. During the ninety-three years of his earthly pilgrimage he has led a very exemplary life : has never contracted the habit of smoking, drinking, chewing, or swearing. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and lives up to his faith in every respect. His life is a beautiful example of Christian obedience and love. Two years ago Dr. Hallock lost his wife. His youngest daughter, who is very devoted to him, resides with him and regards with jealous care his every wish. On the evening of March 30, 1896, "The New York Medical Club " gave Dr. Hallock a complimentary dinner at the Savoy Hotel, New York City, the occasion being the anniversary of the seventieth year since he was graduated in medicine (1826). Several interesting and eulogistic addresses were made by distinguished members of the club, and at the close of the banquet festivities Dr. Wil- liam Tod Helmuth, after making a pleasing address, ended his remarks with the following beautiful and appropriate lines : A man who knows this century, And who walked in his youth Amid its earliest days ; Watching its glory as it steadfast grew To light the Universe with brilliant rays. Who, though the decades as they went and came And left their impress on the Nation's brow, Passed calmly on — he sits before us now ; Patient and modest in his daily life ; Ardent and earnest in the ways he trod ; Sweet and forgiving in this world of strife : An honest man — the noblest work of God. Qai^$fokg^/fa.fkoJtC DR. JAR VIS S. WIGHT. 2 6l JAR VIS S. WIGHT, M.D., LL.D., BROOKLYN, N. Y. Jarvis Sherman Wight, M.D., Brooklyn, N. Y., a descendant of Thomas Wight, an emigrant from the Isle of Wight about 1635, was born at Centreville, Allegany County, N. Y., January 4, 1834. In 1861 he was graduated from Tufts College, receiving the degree of B.A. Attend- ing medical lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and at the Long Island College Hospital, he received the degree of M.D. from the latter institution in 1864. The Trustees of Tufts College conferred on him, in 1882, the degree of A.M., and, in 1894, the degree of LL.D. He is a member of the following societies : Medi- cal Society of the County of Kings, Brooklyn Surgical Society, Society of Medical Jurisprudence and State Medi- cine, City of New York, Medical Society of the State of New York, American Medical Association, The American Academy of Medicine, The American Surgical Associa- tion, and The British Medical Association. He has held the following public positions : Assistant Surgeon, by contract, in the U. S. A. ; and in the Long Island College Hospital, Adjunct Surgeon, Assistant Sur- geon ; Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics ; Registrar of the College ; Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery. He is Visiting Surgeon to the Long Island College Hospital ; Professor of Operative and Clinical Surgery, and Dean of the Faculty. He is Consulting Surgeon to St. Mary's Hospital and the Eastern District Hospital. Among the operations he has performed may be men- tioned : " Ligations of the Common Carotid, Subclavian, 262 DR - JAR VIS S. WIGHT. and Femoral Arteries;" " Amputations of the Knee, Thigh, Shoulder, and Scapula with Shoulder and Clavicle;" ' ' Laparotomy for Gunshot-wounds of Abdomen ;" "Ne- phrectomy;" "Nephropexy;" "Urethrotomy without Guide ;" " Stab wound of Heart, with Recovery." It may be noted that he is a rapid operator ; has removed the female breast and contents of axilla and closed the wound in fifteen minutes; has amputated the entire shoulder, lgating the subclavian in one hour and thirteen minutes. He is convinced that time saved in an operation is con- servative of life. Some of the instruments he has invented are : An artery forceps, a forceps aneurism needle, a self-threading needle especially adapted to closing abdominal wounds, a pressure forceps for arresting hemorrhage — the first made ; a beaked knife for opening the sheaths of bloodvessels, an ether inhaler, a bone drill, a pile clamp, and hysterectomy clamp. He has been teaching for a quarter of a century, at times giving from eight to ten lectures a week. He has held, not infrequently, six clinics per week, and often has had to perform capital operations on the Sunday follow- ing. He has never read a lecture and never takes notes into the lecture-room. A few of his original papers may be noted : " Shorten- ing of the Lower Limb after Fracture of the Femur," " Lecture on Injuries of the Arm and Forearm," " Struc- ture and Function of Upper End of the Femur," " Rela- tions of Hygiene to Practical Medicine," "Inequalities in the Lengths of the Lower Limbs Before and After Fracture of the Femur," "Several Papers Showing the Difference in Brain Development of Educated and Un- educated Men and Women," "The Inrotators of the Thigh and Three Cases of Injury to the Hip," "Have Surgeons Been Mistaken as to the Nature of Fractures of the Base of the Radius?" "The Displacements of DR. JAR VIS S. WIGHT. 263 the Femoral Fragments, etc.," "Fracture of the Neck of the Femur," "The Deviations of the Heads of Confirmed Inebriates and Incurable Epileptics, etc.," " Dislocation of the Spine, etc.," " A Plea for the Treat- ment of Criminals," "Subpubic Dislocation of the Femur," "Structure of the Os Calcis, etc.," "Fracture of the Femur Near the Knee-joint," " Dislocation of the Carpus," "Two Cases of Dislocation of the Astragalus," "The Death Penalty," " A Case of CEsophagotomy," "On Exsection of the Knee-joint," " On the Value of Internal Treatment in Malignant Disease," "Ten Cases of Anchy- losis of the Elbow joint," "An Inquiry into the Structure of the Albumen Molecule," " Treatment of Cancer of the Breast." Among the papers in book form may be men- tioned : A Treatise on Myodynamics ; A Memorial of Frank Hastings Hamilton, M.D. ; Suggestions to the Medical Witness; A Memorial of Orlando Williams Wight, A.M., M.D. Dr. Wight married January 9, 1871, Mary, daughter of Joseph Center, Esq. He has three sons. The eldest, Joseph Center, is a lawyer; the second, Jarvis Sherman, Jr., is a physician; the youngest, Carol Van Buren, has not yet finished his education. The following extracts are taken from Professor Wight's writings : A Plea for the Trealtnent of Criminals. — " The great criminal class should be taken care of with a wise fore- sight, under the highest and best administration of affairs, based upon the most complete understanding of the laws that govern society and the State, and the laws that dominate the physical and mental development and well- being of man." A Memorial of Frank Hastings Hamilton. — " He who expounds the doctrines and precepts of surgery to multi- tudes of young men during the best part of a long life deserves remembrance and a benediction ; he who prac- 264 DR. ERNEST LAPLACE. tices among the poor, as well as the rich, has his reward here and hereafter." Suggestions to the Medical Witness. — "Hear the other side of the question and be silent, that you may hear, for the truth may be found between the two sides." A Memorial of Orlando Williams Wight, A.M., M.D. — "And when our eyes, and ears, and hands are weary, we rest and think, and then we say these motions that our common senses feel are only fragments of the Eternal motions that a higher sense reveals." ERNEST LAPLACE, M.D., LL.D., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Dr. Ernest Laplace was born in New Orleans, La., July 9, 1 86 1 ; was educated at Georgetown University, Washington, D. C, where he was graduated in arts in 1880, and obtained the degree of Master of Arts in 1887. He studied medicine in the University of Louisiana, taking a four- years' course, during two years of which he was a resident student in the Charity Hospital of New Orleans. He was graduated in medicine on the 19th of March, 1884, having been unanimously elected the valedictorian of the graduating class. He then studied medicine in Paris, ob- taining the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the " Faculte de Medecine de Paris." During a year he was special pupil of the immortal Pasteur, and also studied pathology in Paris under Cornil. In Paris he took special courses in surgery under Verneuil, Trelat, and Pean. Proceeding to Vienna in October, 1887, he studied pathology under Kundrat and surgery under Billroth and Albert, during six months. In Berlin he spent a year in Koch's laboratory under Robert Koch's personal training, and studied pathology Wf-.&nS-. DR. ERNEST LAPLACE. 265 under Virchow, while he studied surgery under Bergmann, Hahn, and Kiister. In London he studied under Sir Joseph Lister and Sir William Savory. Returning to America in March, 1888, he was immediately appointed Visiting Surgeon to the Charity Hospital of New Orleans and Demonstrator of Pathology and Bacteriology in the Medical Department of the University of Louisiana. In June of the same year he was elected Professor of Physiology in the High School of the University of Louisiana. These functions were, how- ever, soon to be interrupted by a call from Philadelphia offering him the Chair of Pathology in the Medico-Chirur- gical College. This was accepted, and in October, 1889, he moved to Philadelphia, and became Professor of Path- ology and Bacteriology. In December, 1889, he was elec- ted Surgeon to the Philadelphia Hospital, and delivered clinical lectures on surgery before audiences consisting of students from the various colleges of Philadelphia. In 1892, upon the resignation of Dr. H. Earnest Goodman, Dr. Laplace was elected to the Chair of Surgery and Clini- cal Surgery, which position he still holds in the Medico- Chirurgical College. In 1891 he became Secretary of the Faculty, and in 1S92 was elected Dean of the Faculty, which position he held four years, having resigned last May (1896) from pressure of other duties. He is, further- more, Senior Surgeon to the Medico Chirurgical Hospital, Surgeon to St. Agnes's Hospital, Surgeon to the Samaritan Hospital, and Pathologist to St. Joseph's Hospital. He was commissioned in 1891 by the Governor of Penn- sylvania to study in Berlin and report on the Koch treat- ment of tuberculosis. He represents the Governor of Pennsylvania as a member of the State Quarantine Board, and, besides being a member of the local learned societies, is a member of the Anatomical Society of Paris. Among his contributions to the enrichment of medical science are the discovery of the acid-sublimate solution 2 66 DR - ALFRED C. CARPENTER. and its application to antiseptic surgery, a work done in Koch's laboratory in Berlin in 1887. Also " Sulpho- carbolic Acid as a Disinfectant and its Use in Hygiene," also published from Koch's laboratory. Numerous articles on surgical subjects : "A New Oper- ation for the Cure of Varicose Veins," "A New Opera- tion for the Suture of a Fractured Patella," " The Surgical Treatment of Insanity and Idiocy," " Early Interference in Abdominal Traumatisms," and many others. He has perhaps devoted more time to the surgery of the brain than to any other department of science, having introduced many interesting points in the practice of that special department of surgery. In July, 1895, the degree of Doctor of Laws was con- ferred upon him by Georgetown University. ALFRED C. CARPENTER, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. Alfred Clark Carpenter was born in the town of Greenville, Orange County, New York, September 16, 1866. He is the youngest son of Ora G. and Phcebe Carpenter. Dr. Carpenter received his early education in a small country school, and, when he was ten years of age, his parents moved to the village of Port Jervis, where he con- tinued his studies in the public school, and completed them in the academy of that place. He began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. William L. Cuddeback, of Port Jervis, and entered the medical department of the University of the City of New York in 1887. Being studious and unceasing in his efforts, he was graduated with honors in the class of 1889. After graduation he was one of the successful candidates in a fiUfU -A. -&&J^&- 2^Sr DR. ALFRED C. CARPENTER. 267 competitive examination, and received the appointment as interne on the staff of the Randall's Island Hospitals, of New York City. This position he filled as house surgeon for eighteen months. At the close of his service he was presented with a very handsome testimonial from the nurses and employes of the hospital, showing the esteem and respect in which he was held. This testimonial Dr. Carpenter prizes most highly. After leaving the hospital he was asked by the Commis- sioners of Charities and Corrections to return to accept the position of Medical Superintendent, with a very hand- some salary. This was most flattering ; but being very ambitious and energetic, and believing a great future was in store for him, he declined the offer, and began the prac- tice of his chosen profession. By his unceasing efforts, and his progressiveness and skill, remarkable success attended him from the beginning, and he now enjoys the fruits of his labors in having a very large practice, which is confined, principally, to sur- gery. Dr. Carpenter is a natural-born surgeon. His coolness, quickness, and skill in using the knife are the first things which impress the observer during his operations. Great decision, quickness of perception, and untiring energy are among the leading traits of this promising young man. He has made the diseases of women and gynaecology a special study since the beginning of his professional career, and during his first five years of practice performed over five hundred laparotomies, with a mortality of less than two per cent. In this branch of surgery he has acquired great experience, and a wide reputation as a skillful and quick diagnostician and successful operator. He is a careful but bold surgeon, and very conservative in his work. He has done Caesarean section with most happy results. Dr. Carpenter enjoys the distinction of having success- 2 68 DR - ALFRED C. CARPENTER. fully performed abdominal section upon the youngest case on record. (Patient was only two months old.) He is also the only operator that ever introduced two Murphy buttons at one sitting on the same case, which was also a success. He has one of the finest appointed private sanatoriums in the city at 219 East Nineteenth Street. The building is well adapted for the purpose. Every room is finished with hard-wood floors, and is free from all material which would gather dust, cleanliness being so important a factor toward the recovery of the patient. The pleasant surroundings give the sanatorium a home- like appearance. Here he gives private instructions in gyngecology to those who wish to make this branch a specialty. He was instructor in gynaecology at the Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital of New York City for five years. He also held the appointment as Visiting Surgeon to the Outdoor Poor Department of Bellevue Hospital for five years. Among the several papers which he has written on his specialty are : " Mechanical and Surgical Methods of Treat- ing Retro-displacements of the Uterus," "On Endome tritis," "Abdominal Section on Infants," "Vaginal Hys- terectomy for Puerperal Sepsis," etc. Dr. Carpenter is a self-made man ; although young, he has won for himself an envied name in the field of abdomi- nal surgery. V^*. H,v\k <& DR. LISSA M. BARNETT. 269 LISSA M. BARNETT, M.D., BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dr. Lissa M. Barnett has been known for twenty years as one of the most successful practitioners in Brooklyn. She is a native of Augusta, Maine, where her grandfather, Ephraim Clark, was one of the best known members of the Society of Friends. His gifts of spiritual insight marked him as a man held in high esteem among the Quakers, and would in a more worldly community have been re- garded as akin to genius. He possessed in a high degree the imaginative and poetic temperament which, controlled by a strongly religious bent, made a seer of visions out of one whom nature had endowed with the essential attributes of a great literary artist. But it is out of such intellectual soil that some of the most conspicuous professional ability of New England has grown. As a girl, Dr. Barnett experienced no "call" to take her place in the prominent walks of life. She married very young and was left a widow with one child, while scarcely out of her teens. Rudely awakening to the real- ities of life, she began to cast around for a career that would make her independent. The venerable Dr. Henry Hill, of Augusta, was an old friend of her family, and he encouraged her desire to begin the study of medicine. Under his guidance she entered on the course of preparation, and by his advice went to Boston to complete her studies. She carried a letter of introduction to Dr. Emily Hunt, one of the pioneers in the practice of medicine by women. Dr. Hunt dissuaded her from entering a career of which she regarded the toil and hardship as more certain accompaniments than any substantial rewards. She told her visitor that, for a woman possessing youth, beauty, and an inherited gift of artistic 2 n DR. LISSA M. BARNETT. expression, the stage was the true career, and the profes- sion of medicine came near being slighted for the pursuit of dramatic art. But the hesitation was only of brief duration, though it served to disenchant the eager student with Boston. It was a journey to New York and an introduction to Dr. Edmund R. Peaslee that fairly opened to Dr. Barnett the career of her choice. This most eminent physician, gentle and sympathetic man, gave her needed advice and encouragement. Under his direction she began her serious preparation for the profession at the Woman's Free Medi- cal College, on 8th Street, New York City, an institution no longer existing, but which had a career of some years of sustained usefulness while enjoying the liberal support of Mrs. Thomson, of Boston, Mrs. Merwin, of New York, and other liberal-minded enthusiasts in the cause of wo- man's emancipation. After her graduation, in 1874, Dr. Barnett occupied for a brief period the Chair of Physiology in The Woman's Free Medical College, and thereafter took up her residence in Brooklyn, where she began a career of practice which is one of the most brilliant attained by any of her sex. Her first intention was to make a specialty of nervous diseases, and with this end in view she studied for a time under Dr. Sequard, and devoted special attention to the nervous class of patients at the Infirmary of the Woman's Free Medical College. In pursuit of this specialty she also qualified before Judge McCue, of the Supreme Court of the Second Judicial District, as a medical examiner of the insane. It was a point strenuously insisted on by Dr. Sequard, that nervous diseases in women were in a majority of cases the result of functional derangements, and the attention of Dr. Barnett was early led to an examination of the con- ditions under which the constitution of women became undermined. This conducted her to the broad field of DR. LISSA M. BARNETT. 2 Jl gynaecological practice, which she has since occupied with eminent ability and success. If that success has been due to one thing more than another, it is to the consistent application of the principle that the patient needs to be studied quite as much as the disease. Dr. Barnett is a great stickler for the principle that no detail of a patient's history, condition, or environment is so small as not to deserve the study of the physician, so long as it has any bearing on the mode of treatment. She has sedulously avoided the habit of dealing with disease as if it were an abstract entity, and has kept the fact steadily in view that the differentiation of disease is as endless as the constitution and character of patients. To adapt her treatment to each case with all the care that a special study of the individual could command has been her constant aim, and she attributes the measure of success which she has attained largely to a painstaking and labor- ious adhesion to this method. Dr. Barnett has always assumed that medicine is a pro- gressive science, and her mind has been open to impres- sions from all quarters whence a sound impulse was to be expected. She was one of the first to discern the far- reaching possibilities of electro therapeutics, and, in the use of electricity in her practice, she has endeavored to keep pace with the rapid advance in the practical and scientific application of that still undefined force. She has had no sympathy with that attitude of the medical mind which repels novelties merely because they are new, and she has steadily contended that, even in the most absurd perversions of the art of healing, some grains of truth might be found worth the attention of the progressive physician. The one object of all practice being the care of the patient, she has always been ready to regard as worthy of investigation anything that had a demonstrated capacity to attain that end. She is thus a standing disproof of the assertion that "in 272 DR. ST. CLAIR SMITH. the hands of women practitioners the science of medicine stands still." Her whole professional career shows that there can be no more ardent apostle of medical progress than a woman, and none more hospitable to new ideas from whatever quarter they may come. ST. CLAIR SMITH, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. St. Clair Smith has occupied, almost since his graduation in 1869, a prominent and active place in the medical history of New York homoeopathy. Born March 15, 1846, in Cayuga Co., New York, he received in boyhood the ordinary common school edu- cation. Subsequently he attended the academy at Aurora and Auburn in this State. He commenced the study of medicine in 1867 at the New York Homoeopathic College and Hospital, graduating in 1869. Until November, 1870, he was Resident Physician at the Five Points House of Industry. Moving to Brooklyn, he was appointed the First Resi- dent Physician at the Maternity Hospital in that city. Coming back to New York in 1872, he became associated with Dr. T. F. Allen ; this connection lasting for eight years. From 1872 until 1877 he lectured on materia medica at the Homoeopathic Medical College in this city. The winters of 1879, 1880, and 1881 he was Professor of Physiology in the same institution. For one year he occupied the Chair of Diseases of Children. For the next succeeding four years he held the Chair of Materia Medica, resigning to take the Professorship of Theory and Practice of Medicine, which he still holds. /^i 7~> > ^ r/ ^rw^ DR. H. C. CROWELL. 273 In the winters of 1878, 1879, an d 1880 he was Professor of Physiology in the New York Medical College for Women. For twelve years Dr. Smith was Visiting Physician to the Five Points House of Industry, and is at present the Superin- tendent and Consulting Physician to the same institution. He is a member of the American Institute of Homoe- opathy, the Homoeopathic Medical Society of the State of New York, and the Homoeopathic Medical Society of the County of New York. He was married in 1880 to Kate, the daughter of Ferdi- nand Zogvaum, of New York. 1 H. C. CROWELL, M.D., KANSAS CITY, MO. Homer Cutler Crowell, M.D., was born in West Westminster, Vermont, January 14, 1852. The family of Crowells from whom he descended originated with the Cromwells; later they discarded the letter M in their name. They came from Cape Cod, where they followed the sea as an avocation, until his great-grandfather, who had a family of nine sons, resolved to place them upon a farm remote from the sea, consequently so hazardous a pursuit as that of seafaring was abandoned and they turned to rural employment. He moved to his country home many years ago, since which time in place of sailors have sprung physicians, lawyers, ministers, and other followings. On his mother's side the Cutlers are more of an intellectual turn of mind, as the family have almost entirely been scholars of some note. Dr. Crowell's early education was obtained in private schools and academies. He was graduated in medicine at 1 From New York — The Metropolis, 1895. VOL. II. — 18 274 DR - E - A - TUCKER. the Medical Department of the University of Vermont July i, 1875. The winters of 1878 and 1879 were spent in New York City, where he devoted himself to the study of general medicine and surgery. He engaged in the practice of general medicine in East Syracuse, N. Y., in the year 1875, where his skill as a practitioner soon enabled him to rank among the leading physicians of the county. He spent one year in New York City preparatory to making a specialty of gynaecology. In 1888 he removed to Kansas City, Mo., and devoted himself to doing abdominal surgery, and he is at the pres- ent time one of the most prominent gynaecologists in the State, gaining for himself an enviable reputation as an operator and conservative, safe counsellor. Dr. Crowell has taken an active part in various medical societies, and he has contributed some able and valuable articles to medical journals. He now holds the Chair of Clinical Gynaecologist in the University Medical College of Kansas City. As an operator he is careful, cleanly, and rapid. He has done a goodly amount of abdominal and gynaecologi- cal surgery with most happy results. He is in the prime of life, splendid physique, and commanding in appearance. E. A. TUCKER, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. Ervin Alden Tucker, Assistant Visiting Physi- cian to The Sloane Maternity Hospital of the College of Physicians and Surgeons; Attending Obstetrician to the Maternity Hospital (Department of Public Charities) ; Tutor in Obstetrics and Gynaecology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons (Columbia University). Dr. Tucker was born February 2, 1862, at Attleboro, C^L . A^^^^fe. DR. E. A. TUCKER. 2 ~e Mass. His parents were Almon H. and Lydia Harriet (Sweet) Tucker. His paternal ancestry can be traced back to Robert Tucker, of Weymouth, Mass. (1635), who was a direct descendant of Willielmus Tucker, of Thorn- ley, Devon County, England (1079). His early education was obtained in the common schools of Attleboro, Mass., and he was prepared for college in Mowry and Goff's Classical School, Providence, R. I. In 1 88 1 he entered Amherst College, choosing Amherst at the suggestion of his old friend and teacher, Mr. J. O. Tiffany. He followed the "scientific course" at Amherst in preference to the "classical," in order to devot more time to the sciences and modern languages, which h knew would be useful later, as he had long before enterir <; col- lege resolved to become a physician. His devotior to the languages was such that a prize for scholarship in Irench, Italian, and Spanish was given him at the end of the junior year. He was graduated from Amherst in 1885 with the degree of B.S., and in 1888 received the degree of A.M. from the same college. The year 1 885-' 86 was spent in Stamford, Conn., teach- ing modern languages in Betts's Academy, and reading medicine under the direction of Dr. A. M. Hurlburt. Then he spent three years in medical study in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City — two years under the preceptorship of the late Professor H. B. Sands, and one year under that of Professor George S. Hunting- ton — graduating in 1889 as one of the " ten honor men " in a class of 166, and taking the second Harsen prize ($300) for "proficiency in all the branches of medical teaching." For six months after graduation he was Assistant Resi- dent Physician in the Nursery and Child's Hospital, New York City, where he derived valuable experience in chil- dren's diseases and obstetrics under the able tuition of the resident physician, Dr. J. M. Mabbott. 2/6 DR. E. A. TUCKER. In December, 1889, he went to Germany. After " pol- ishing up " his German in Gottingen he devoted all his time to obstetrics, spending one semester in Berlin under the instruction of Olshausen, Winter, and Diihrssen, and another in the Frauenklinick in Munich under the instruc- tion of Winckel. His holidays were spent in visiting the maternity hospitals in Leipzig, Dresden, Prague, Vienna, and Paris. In the spring of 1890 he was notified that he had been appointed Instructor in Practical Obstetrics in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Resident Physician in The Sloan e Maternity Hospital, New York City. In December, 1890, he returned from abroad to enter upon the duties imposed by these positions. From 1890 to 1895 he had the satisfaction of seeing the service in- crease from about 400 to over 900 confinements a year, thus making The Sloane Maternity the largest obstetric hospital in this country, and giving to the students of the College of Physicians and Surgeons a most valuable clin- ical experience in obstetrics. Upon resigning in July, 1895, the position of Resident Physician, in order to enter upon the private practice of obstetrics as a specialty, he received the appointment of Assistant Visiting Physician to The Sloane Maternity Hos- pital, and was also appointed to act as Tutor in Obstetrics and Gynsegology in the new four-years' course which was then being established in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In November, 1895, the Commissioners of Public Chari- ties appointed him one of the Attending Obstetricians of the Maternity Hospital, the obstetric division of the City Hospital on Blackwell's Island. Dr. Tucker is a member of The New York Academy of Medicine ; The New York Obstetrical Society ; the New York County Medical Association ; the Medical Society of the County of New York ; the West-end Medical So- ciety, etc. -^L^^ ^^^ DR. CARL KURTZ. 277 In 1893 he married Miss George Anna Crispell, of Rond- out, N. Y., a granddaughter of Dr. Peter Crispell, who was in his day the most prominent obstetrician in Ulster County, N. Y. Although Dr. Tucker may be classed among the younger practitioners his reputation as a skillful diagnostician and expert operator is already established, as shown by the prominent people who have availed themselves of his ser- vices, and by the constantly increasing demand for his advice in consultation in obstetric cases. Dr. Tucker has a pleasing and attractive manner which is calculated to endear him to his patients and friends. He is devoted to his profession, possessed of a kind and generous heart, and his field for active work is broad, claiming his skill and sound judgment in all that relates to the art of obstetrics. CARL KURTZ, M.D., LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA. Dr. Carl Kurtz is the son of Joseph Kurtz, M.D., a prominent physician of Los Angeles, Cal. He was born in Los Angeles, Cal., in the year 1868, and received his early education in the public schools of his native city, graduating from the High School in 1885. After spending two years in the College of Medicine of the University of Southern California, he left for New York City to attend Bellevue Hospital Medical College, from which institution he was graduated in the year 1889. The same year he went to Europe, where he remained from June to October, attending the Clinics at Heidelberg, Halle, and Berlin, Germany. In October, 1889, he matriculated in the University of Munich, and in the following winter was admitted as in- 278 DR. CARL KURTZ. terne under Professor Frans Winkel in the Konighehen Universitats, Frauenklinick, Munich, where he remained as interne until September 1, 1890. He also matriculated in the University of Vienna in 1890, taking special courses under the celebrated Professor Billroth, and Albert Braun and others of like distinction. On May 14, 1891, he entered the " Stadischas Krank- enhaus Moabit," in Berlin, as Voulantararzt under Pro- fessor Sonnenburg, there remaining as surgical assistant until 1892, doing credit to himself and his profession. He there displayed his fine ability as a promising young surgeon. After gaining much valuable information from those renowned surgeons, who were his medical and surgical instructors, he returned to Los Angeles, California, during the early part of 1893, and became associated with his father, Dr. Joseph Kurtz, in the practice of medicine. From early childhood he evinced a talent for surgery, and entering upon the duties of his profession became a gynaecologist, and during the past year conducted the Gynaecological Clinic at the College of Medicine. He was selected an Associate Professor of Gynaecology in 1895. The same year he was appointed a member of the City Board of Health. He has held several medical positions of trust. He was appointed Trustee and Consulting Physician to the Maternity Hospital at Los Angeles, Cal. Dr. Kurtz is a rising surgeon with a bright future before him. As an abdominal operator he is remarkably success- ful, and has displayed great skill in major surgery. He attends his cases with great care and caution, and is con- scientious in the extreme. (sCcZc-^ ski , "Biliary Fistula," Chicago Medical Recorder, September, 1895 ; " Pylorectomy in America," The Inter- national Jour ?ial of Surgery, May, 1896; "Varices of the Leg," Chicago Medical Recorder, June, 1896; "Thoraco- plasty in America, and Visceral Pleurectomy, with Report of a Cast, 11 Journal of the American Medical Association, January, 1897, etc. Dr. Ferguson is recognized as one of the best surgeons 284 DR. SARAH J. MC NUTT. in Chicago, and all his time is devoted to the teaching and practice of surgery. He is a member of the British Medi- cal Association, the American Medical Association, Chicago Medical Society, Chicago Gynaecological Society, the Phy- sicians' Club of Chicago, Military Tract Medical Associa- tion, Wayne County Medical Society, and also a Fellow of the Chicago Academy of Medicine and of the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. In religion he is a Presbyterian. He is a member of the Scottish Rite, 32d degree A. ¥. and A. M., and other societies. In 1882 Dr. Ferguson was married to Miss Thomas, daughter of the late Edward Thomas, Esq., a wealthy pioneer of Nassagaweya, near Guelph, Ontario, Canada. His family consists of two sons, Ivan Havelock and Alexander Donald. SARAH J. McNUTT, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. McNutt's ancestry is of special interest, not only from the distinguished men which it includes, but also from the women eminent in medical skill and in affairs with whom she claims kinship. Her direct ancestor went from Scotland with Edward Bruce at the time of the inva- sion, and thereafter settled in the north of Ireland. Her great-grandfather, William McNutt, married Sarah James, granddaughter of Lord Elgin, thus reuniting his line with the earlier Scottish ancestry. In 1750 they came to America and settled on a tract of land now the city of Manchester, N. H., where her father, James McNutt, was born. Dr. McNutt's mother, Adeline Waite, was a descendant of the Swayne family, who trace back to the Danish King of that name, who conquered England in 1013. <£Lu.d Q& 9^2?^$). DR. SARAH J. MCNUTT. 285 Richard Swayne, an English Quaker, came to America in 1635, and, with his son John, was one of the nine pur- chasers of the Island of Nantucket in 1659. This John Swayne married Mary, daughter of Nathaniel and Sarah Weir. In the genealogical records of the Island is found this paragraph: "The nine purchasers gave the husband of Sarah Weir a tract of land and other inducements to come with them to the island and bring his wife Sarah — and for over thirty years she was the only physician on the island, and was very successful in the treatment of fevers." Franklin Folger, an authority on Nantucket genealogy, says: "Sarah Weir was a most efficient and useful woman in the early settlement, and her skill as a physician has given her a character and a name worthy of enduriDg fame." William Swayne, Jr., great-grandson of Richard above mentioned, married Mary Pollard, great- great-granddaughter of Mary Starbuck, daughter of Tris- tram Coffin, the first chief magistrate of Nantucket. Mary Starbuck was called by writers of her period "the great woman," "a ' Deborah' among them, for her wisdom and great ability, being as often consulted in town affairs as she was in religious matters." She died in 171 7. A year previous was born her great-granddaughter Rachel Hussey, afterward Rachel Bunker. Of her it was said: "During her time she discoursed much Christian fortitude and res- ignation and closed a life of usefulness with calmness and serenity. For thirty-three years she was eminently success- ful in her profession, having in that time assisted at the birth of twenty-nine hundred and ninety-two children." In the direct line also of Mary Starbuck were Lucretia Mott, eminent in philanthropy, and Rev. Phcebe Hanna- ford, the preacher and philanthropist. Dr. McNutt's grandmother and Benjamin Franklin were cousins. She has read letters from Franklin to her grand- mother, still in the possession of her family, in which he signs himself "Your own cousin, Ben." 2 86 DR. SARAH J. MCNUTT. Of such a lineage, rich in examples of high endeavor, of conspicuous successes, of forceful character, worthily comes Dr. McNutt. She was graduated from the Albany Normal School and later attended the Emma Willard Seminary, at Troy. She then took a special course in languages. School-teaching occupied her for several years, and the experience and insight into human nature thereby gained she has always considered a most valuable preparation for her life-work. In 1877 Dr. McXutt received her degree at The Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary and served as interne for two years in the hospital connected with the college. She was instructor in the college for a number of years in gynaecology, and later was appointed consultant to the same department in the dispensary. She served five years as Assistant to the Chair of General Surgery, and dur- ing that time was college instructor in that department. Two weeks after the founding of the New York Post- Graduate Hospital she was asked to accept a position in connection with the Department of Children's Diseases. A month later she became instructor and soon after lec- turer, which position she occupied until 1888. During this time she was brought face to face with the fact — -now almost incredible — that in the city of New York, with a population of over a million and a half, there was not a single ward in any hospital devoted exclusively to chil- dren under two years of age. To realize the need of such an institution was with her to take immediate steps to pro- vide one. The result was her founding of the "Babies' Wards ' ' with twenty-four beds. Besides the relief afforded they supplied an opportunity for bedside instruction that then could not be obtained elsewhere. The "Babies' Wards" with seventy beds is now one of the prominent features of the new Post-Graduate Hospital. Out of the "Babies' Wards" grew the Babies' Hospital, to which she was attending physician for two years. She was forced DR. SARAH J. MCNVTT. 2 %7 to withdraw her interest from this, her favorite charity, as her special work had grown so greatly as to demand her entire attention. In 1888 she resigned from the faculty of the New York Post- Graduate Medical School and since has devoted her time and energies to gynaecology and spe- cial surgery. She was one of the incorporators of the Post-Graduate Training School for Nurses, the founding of which and its subsequent growth are due to the judicious manage- ment and energy of her sister, Dr. Julia G. McNutt, her- self a painstaking, successful physician. The graduates of this school have had the benefit of a variety of experience and instruction in the Presbyterian, Post-Graduate, Roose- velt, St. Elizabeth's, Nursery and Child's Hospitals, and the Manhattan Eye and Ear Infirmary. Dr. McNutt was frequently brought into contact with that numerous class of people who, while in health are self- supporting, but who, in illness, cannot afford to pay for the attendance of a trained nurse. To meet the necessi- ties of such people the "Du Bois Fund" was established by the late Mrs. Cornelius Du Bois, at the suggestion and on the advice of Dr. McNutt. No mention of her professional career would be com- plete without reference to her work in the Morgue, which extended over a period of several years. The idea of utilizing the material at the Morgue for instruction in the pathological conditions of children was original with her, and its value can be attested by the various members of her classes at the New York Post-Graduate Medical School. Under her supervision they had practical experience in all the operations performed on children. She also found there an opportunity to perfect herself in gynaecological surgery and abdominal work. She is the only woman who has been admitted to mem- bership in the American Neurological Society. Extracts from the paper on the case of " Double Infantile Hemi- 2 gS DR. SARAH J. MCNUTT. plegia," which she presented to the Society on that occa- sion, have been quoted frequently by both American and European writers. Dr. McNutt is also a member of the following societies: The New York Academy of Medicine, Medical Society of the County of New York, New York Pathological Society, New York Physicians' Mutual Aid Association. She is examiner for the Penn and for the Niederland Life Insur- ance Associations. The following are some of the papers read and published by her: "Therapeutics of Children's Diseases.'' Quarterly Bulletin of Post- Grad. Clin. Soc, 1884. "Acute Diffuse Nephritis following Intestinal Catarrh.'' Quarterly Bulletin of Post-Grad. Clin. Soc, December, 1884. " Report of a Case of Entire Destruction of Left Lung, with small re- mains of Right Lung." N. Y. Path. Soc. " Report of Case of Croupous Pneumonia in an Infant.'' Alum. Assoc, of Woman's Med. Coll. " Intracranial Hemorrhage in Children." Post-Grad. Clin. Soc, Janu- ary, 1885. Medical Record, 1885. "Apoplexia Neonatorum." Alum. Assoc, of Woman's Med. Coll., 1885. Amer. Journ. Med. Sciences, 1885. "Seven Cases of Spastic Hemiplegia." Arch. Pediatrics, 1885. " Double Infantile Hemiplegia." Amer. Neurol. Assoc, 1884. Amer. Journ. Med. Sciences, 1885. "A Rare Case of Meningocele." Post-Grad. Clin. Soc, 1887. " Infant-feeding.'' Alum. Assoc, of Woman's Med. Coll. "A Case of Retention Cyst of the Vagina. " Alum. Assoc, of Woman's Med. Coll. "A Case of Multiple Tumors of Cerebrum in a Child." Amer. Neurol. Assoc, 1888. Transactions Amer. Neurol. Assoc, 1888. " Pachymeningitis Internse Hemorrhagica;." Path. Soc, 1888. Med. Record, 1889. " Epithelioma Ovarii." Alum. Assoc, of Woman's Med. Coll., 1890. "Hygiene of Childhood — Dress." Alum. Assoc, of Woman's Med. Coll. Dr. McNutt is one of the attending Physicians in the Gynaecological Department of the New York Infirmary. She has been connected with the Dispensary of the New DR. SAMUEL D. GROSS. 2 8o York Infirmary continuously since her graduation ; for nineteen years she has worked in the Gynaecological De- partment and for eleven years in the Children's. Anxious to see every phase of surgical work, she has visited and studied at the principal hospitals of Europe. She is resourceful, enthusiastic, untiring; and combines an abundance of common sense, with great mechanical ingenuity. Charity is one of the dominant traits of a physician who has caught the inspiration of the profession. She has a heart which is as large as her knowledge of medicine is broad; and her charitable work has not been dropped since her practice has become lucrative; she spends her time and strength just as generously as she did in the earlier days. Her kindness to young practitioners is well known and appreciated. That such a physician should be successful goes without saying. The practice of her profession has broadened and ennobled Dr. McNutt. Dr. McNutt has elevated and illustrated her profession. SAMUEL D. GROSS, M.D., 1 PHILADELPHIA, PA. Dr. Samuel D. Gross was born near Easton, Pennsyl- vania, July 8, 1805. His early education was gained at schools in Wilkesbarre and Lawrenceville, after which he began the study of medicine, first under Dr. Swift, of Easton, later under Dr. George McClellan, of Philadelphia. He entered the Jefferson Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1828, and at once began the practice of his profession in Philadelphia. During this early period 1 Taken by permission from Makers of Philadelphia. Published by L. R. Hamersly & Co., Philadelphia, June, 1894. vol. Ii: — 19 290 DR. SAMUEL D. GROSS. of his career he translated several French and German medical works, and wrote an important original treatise, Diseases and Injuries of the Bones and Joints, which was published in 1830. . . . In 1833 he became Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati. Two years after- ward he accepted the Chair of Pathological Anatomy in the Medical Department of the Cincinnati College, where he delivered the first systematic course of lectures on mor- bid anatomy ever given in the United States. . . In 1840 he became Professor of Surgery in the Univer- sity of Louisville, Kentucky. He retained this position until 1856, with the exception of one year's service, in 1850, in a similar position in the University of New York. While in Louisville he was one of the founders of the Kentucky State Medical Society, and afterward its Presi- dent. He returned to Philadelphia in 1856, and became Pro- fessor of Surgery in the Jefferson Medical College, a chair which he filled till 1882, when he resigned and was made Professor Emeritus. During these fifty years of service as an instructor in medical science Dr. Gross lectured to a larger number of students than any other surgeon in this country. It is said that his name is attached to more than ten thousand diplo- mas of students from all parts of the United States and many foreign countries. As a teacher he was highly popular, and remarkably successful in the art of imparting knowledge, and his re- tirement from Jefferson Medical College was viewed with universal regret. . As an operator he held the foremost rank, being clear in diagnosis, cool and self-possessed in action, and quick in deciding on the proper course of treatment. He never lost a patient on the table from shock or loss of blood. His work was performed well, rapidly, and brilliantly, but Qcx^^^^^s^ DR. LE WIS A. SA YRE. 29I never with careless haste or reckless experiment. His ex- tensive knowledge of disease made him safe and sure in his diagnosis, and no students were ever better taught than those under the happy instruction of Dr. Gross. . . . He was a member of medical societies in all parts of the world. . In 1 86 7 he was President of the American Medical Association, and he was the founder of the Philadelphia Academy of Surgery and of the American Surgical Asso- ciation. He was twice a delegate to the British Medical Association, and was President of the International Medi- cal Congress at Philadelphia in 1876. He received the degree of D.C.L. from the University of Oxford in 1872, and of LL.D. from Jefferson College and the University of Pennsylvania, from the University of Cambridge, England, in 1880, and from the University of Edinburgh a few days before his death, which took place May 6, 1884. No other American physician or surgeon of the century has attained a greater reputation at home or abroad. LEWIS A. SAYRE, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Lewis Albert Sayre, a distinguished physician and surgeon of New York City, was born at Bottle Hill (now Madison), Morris County, New Jersey, February 29, 1820. He is descended from a revolutionary patriot, his grand- father, Ephraim Sayre, having been a brave soldier in the War of the Revolution, in which he held the office of Quartermaster. His son Archibald was a wealthy farmer of Morris County, a leader in all public affairs of the community. The son of the latter, Lewis A- Sayre, when a boy of but four years of age, was intrusted with the honorable task of 2 Q2 DR. LEWIS A. SAYRE. reciting a poem of welcome before La Fayette, the dis- tinguished soldier and friend of Washington, on his triumphal tour through this country in 1824. This inci- dent made a marked impression on the boy, and he re- ferred to it with pleasure in a conversation with a descend- ant of La Fayette during the Bartholdi statue presentation banquet. Young Sayre received his early education in the local academy of his native place, and afterward studied at the Wantage Seminary at Deckertown, New Jersey, subse- quently taking a collegiate course at the Transylvania University, Kentucky. He was graduated there in 1839. His uncle, with whom he then lived at Lexington, Ken- tucky, wished him to enter the Church, but the young man's predilection was for the profession of medicine, and, deciding to devote himself to that study, he proceeded to New York, where he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, graduating in 1842 with the degree of M.D. His graduation thesis on "Spinal Irritation" was published in a medical journal, and excited much attention by the evidence of unusual ability which it displayed. He continued in the college until 1852, with the position of prosector to the professor of surgery, engaging mean- while in private practice, which grew so great at length that he was obliged to retire, when he was appointed emeritus prosector. In the following year he was ap- pointed Surgeon to Bellevue Hospital, and in 1859 was made Surgeon to the Charity Hospital on Blackwell's Island, and Consulting Surgeon there in 1873. When the Bellevue Hospital Medical College was organ- ized, in 1861, Dr. Sayre took a leading part in this movement, and on the formation of its faculty he was made Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and Fractures and Luxations. He still holds the orthopaedic surgery pro- fessorship. Dr. Sayre was one of the founders of the New York DR. LEWIS A. SAYRE. 2 QX Pathological Society, assisted in the formation of The New York Academy of Medicine and the American Medi- cal Association, and was made Vice-President of the last- named Association in 1866, and its President in 1880. In 1866 he was appointed Resident Physician of the city of New York, a position in which his ability and energy were of the utmost value to the metropolis, while his reports covered such important subjects as drainage, sewerage, compulsory vaccination, and the treatment of cholera. In 1876, while acting as a delegate to the International Medical Con- gress at Philadelphia, he presented a paper on "Morbus Coxarius," or hip-joint disease, the operation for which he was the first American surgeon to perform successfully and without resulting deformity. He was also successful in his treatment of Pott's disease and lateral curvature of the spine. In 1 871, and again in 1877, Dr. Sayre went abroad, where he was received with flattering demonstrations as the greatest living practitioner in his special field of sur- gery. He lectured before the medical schools of the lead- ing British cities and gave practical demonstrations of the value of his mode of treatment, receiving the warmest thanks of the profession. During the latter visit he prepared and published his important work, An Illustrated Treatise on Spinal Disease and Spinal Curvature. He has also published A Practical Manual of Club foot and Lectures on Orthopcedic Surgery and Diseases of the Joints. All these works are recognized authorities on their respective subjects, and have been translated into several languages. In addition to these works he has written numerous papers for medical periodi- cals on subjects connected with his extended practice. He is a member of many medical societies of the United States and the leading societies abroad, and is the inventor of a number of instruments which have proved of the greatest service in surgery. 2Q4 DR - J ULIA W - CARPENTER. Dr. Sayre was married in 1849 to Miss Eliza A. Hall, a lady of rare intellectual endowments. Of his three sons, two have died. The third son, Dr. Reginald Hall Sayre, is associated with him in practice. His daughter, Miss Mary Hall Sayre, is a brilliant and accomplished lady, who aids her father greatly by trans- lating for his use articles from foreign medical journals. (The foregoing sketch of Lewis A. Sayre, M.D., has, by permission, been taken from Makers of New York, published by L. R. Hamersly & Co., Philadelphia, 1895. — The Author.) JULIA W. CARPENTER, M.D., CINCINNATI, OHIO. Dr. Julia Wiltberger Carpenter is a native of Cin- cinnati, Ohio, the Queen City of the West. Her family were among its early settlers. Her paternal great-grand- father, Abraham Freeman, was an Englishman, the oldest son, and entitled to the whole inheritance. Thinking this unjust he divided the estate equally with the other children ; came to the United States, and settled in Cincinnati, Ohio. Owning the tract of land through which Freeman Avenue now runs, this avenue was named for him. Her grandfather, Captain Joseph Carpenter, a man of education and enterprise, was, in his earliest manhood, editor and proprietor of the first newspaper published in Cincinnati, called The Western Spy. Copies of this paper are to be seen at the Young Men's Mercantile Library Association. Her father, Dr. Isaac Bates Carpenter, recently deceased, was a graduate of Jefferson Medical College in Philadel- phia. After practicing there several years, he married and ^UyLaJ /fT * {%iJa^UUC>9h, Of. DR. JULIA W. CARPENTER. 2 g$ returned to Cincinnati, Ohio, and engaged in mercantile business. From this he retired about fifteen years before his decease, and enjoyed a life of ease and literary pursuits. Her mother, Susan Ellmaker, was the daughter of David Ellmaker, of Philadelphia, one of the eleven men who founded St, Andrew's Episcopal Church, and who with his wife, Julia Wiltberger, now rests in its church-yard. Dr. Julia Carpenter is one of six children, and the only one who has become a physician. She choose this profes- sion because it was open to women, and not because she preferred it above everything else, for there is no depart- ment of study that did not have some charm for her. Her mother tells how she insisted on going to school at four years of age, and has practically kept it up ever since. Her education was a very thorough one, including the higher mathematics, with mathematical astronomy and the sciences. The Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, is her Alma Mater in medicine. The Doctor was interne one year in the Woman's Hospital connected with this college, and before going to Europe to study she spent two years in the McMicken University at Cincinnati, studying French, German, and practical chemistry. Over two years were then passed in Europe, studying one year in the hospitals of Vienna and one year in the hos- pitals of Paris. From the various professors with whom she studied in these two cities she has very complimentary certificates. After several months more of travel through Europe she returned to Cincinnati, and opened an office in the middle of November, 1878. Dr. Thad. A. Reamy immediately called and advised her to join the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine. For this Dr. Carpenter expressed a readiness if the society was friendly enough to elect her to membership. Dr. Reamy then proposed her name for membership, and she was unanimously elected. 296 DR - JULIA tV. CARPENTER. Two days later, December 18, 1878, in the Cincinnati Daily Gazette there appeared the following notice in the first editorial column : "The Cincinnati Academy of Medicine has shown its good sense and freedom from antiquated prejudices in elect- ing Dr. Julia W. Carpenter to its membership. She is the first practitioner of her sex to receive this mark of apprecia- tion. It is well deserved. She has adopted her profession not from necessity, but inclination, relinquishing volun- tarily the life of ease with which so many young women are content, and preparing herself for her professional duties by thorough study at home and abroad. The time has passed, here at least, when industry and ambition can be set down as incompatible with social station or feminine refinement." Dr. Carpenter's entrance paper at the Academy of Medi- cine was on an eye subject, " Keratoscopy." This was afterward published in the Cincinnati Lancet and Clinic, March 1, 1879, an ^ was copied into several other medical journals, including one in St. Petersburg, Russia. She has continued to contribute occasional papers to the various societies of which she is a member, and these appear after- ward, as usual, in the journals. As a writer her style is concise, clear, and forcible. The Doctor has held a number of positions of honor, viz.: Vice President of the Cincinnati Academy of Medi- cine, Professor of Physiology in the Women's Medical College connected with the Presbyterian Hospital for Women, Cincinnati, one of the staff of the Presbyterian Hospital, and one of the associate editors of the Women's Medical Journal. She is a member of the following societies : Cincinnati Academy of Medicine, Cincinnati Obstetrical Society, Ohio State Medical Society, and the American Medical Association. In Dr. Carpenter's case there was no period of waiting for a practice. It began at once. Those of her friends *— • I ^2\^^>~^ DR. EDWARD A. AYERS. 297 who bad opposed her studying medicine soon became proud of her success. Dr. Carpenter has not gone beyond minor surgery in that domain. Her special interest is more in the causes of disease, and the trend of her thought and study is in the line of the prevention of disease, and the overcoming of it by the application of the knowledge of the body as it is acquired. EDWARD A. AYERS, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. Edward Augustus Ayers, No. 8 East 34th Street, New York City, was born in the city of Jacksonville, 111., December 20, 1855. His father, Marshall Paul Ayers, moved with his parents from Philadelphia, Pa., to Jack- sonville in 1 83 1, at the age of seven years, and settled in the then village of Jacksonville, because it was to be a college town and represent the educational extension of the Eastern universities in the West. His mother, Laura Allan, daughter of John Allan, a Presbyterian minister, of Huntsville, Alabama, moved to this young community soon after her maturity. Dr. Ayers received his education in the district school, high school, and Whipple Academy, graduating from the Illinois College in 1877. His medical education began under the tutelage of the widely known and highly hon- ored surgeon, Dr. David Prince. After spending a preliminary season at the Miami Medical College in Cincinnati, he entered the Medical Department of the University of the City of New York, from which he was graduated, in 1880, in a class of 204. His "Thesis on Massage" received honorable mention. The eighteen months following graduation were devoted to clinical study and laboratory work. The ten years 298 DR. EDWARD A. AYERS. following this period were spent in association with the distinguished surgeon Dr. John A. Wyeth, to whose in- spiring influence and surgical genius much credit is due in this trying period of professional development in the great city of New York. Dr. Ayers acted as Assistant Secretary of the New York Polyclinic during the first five years of its existence, treat- ing, in fact, the first patient ever attended beneath its roof, and took an active part in the evolution and formation of this pioneer post-graduate school. The Clinical Depart- ment of Obstetrics was placed in his hands in 1884, and, after building up the work to satisfactory proportions and developing a high degree of interest in the advancement of this science among the physicians attending the insti- tution, he was elected Professor of Obstetrics in 1887. Dr. Ayers was the organizer and founder of the Mothers' and Babies' Hospital, an institution organized for the care of homeless and needy mothers during confinement. The hospital now cares for forty patients a month, and in its aid to poor mothers, its training for physicians and nurses, and its influence in the advancement of obstetric methods along the line of the best modern science, it has a vast influence for good and is an enduring honor to those re- sponsible for its existence. It is one of the Doctor's special ambitions to bring the scientific development of obstetrics in this institution up to the highest standard possible, whereby it shall become a recognized example of the best obstetric work. During the years of his service as a teacher over four thousand physicians have received train- ing in his classes in the science and art of obstetrics. Dr. Ayers was one of the first of modern instructors to give practical instruction in abdominal palpation, pelvi- metry, and other antepartum investigations aiming at the prevention of the many unnecessary accidents compli- cating child-bearing, a custom which, next to the preven- tion of infection, has done more to advance the standard DR. EDWARD A. AYERS. 2 QQ of obstetrical work than any other improvement of modern times. Of the more important contributions to medical litera- ture by Dr. Ayers are the following : A paper on " Version before Labor j" " Studies in the Decidua and Retained Membranes of the Ovum;" " Amnionitis; " "The De- cidua in the Diagnosis of Extra-uterine Pregnancy;" "Puerperal Infection," a paper read before the Pan- American Medical Congress, held in Washington in 1893; " Symphyseotomy and its After-effects, with a Description of a New Method and the Report of Four Successful Cases," which was read at the Academy of Medicine, January 23, 1896, in which he advocates a method of performing the operation in preference to those of Mori- sani and Pinard, which is carefully described, and has been tested in eight cases operated upon by the author and a number of other physicians. This was the first paper to give a complete report of the after-effects of symphyse- otomy in America, the records of which will have a de- cided influence in extending the good favor in which this operation is held. Ayers's Physical Diagnosis and Pro- phylaxis in Obstetrics will shortly appear in book-form. Among the appliances in medicine, "Ayers's Improved Thomas Perforator " and "Ayers's Ligature Tightener" may be mentioned. Dr. Ayers married Miss Joy Lindsley, of Washington, D. C, daughter of the late Dr. Van Sinderen Lindsley, of Nashville, Tennessee. Dr. Ayers is a member of The New York Academy of Medicine, Medical Society of the County of New York, and New York Pathological Society ; Trustee and Professor of Obstetrics in the New York Polyclinic Medical School ; Physician-in-Chief of the Mothers' and Babies' Hospital, and is connected with the Central Hospital of Brooklyn and various other organizations. 300 DR - HENRY PARKER NEWMAN. HENRY PARKER NEWMAN, A.M., M.D., CHICAGO, ILL. Henry Parker Newman, A.M., M.D., son of James and Abby (Everett) Newman, grandson of James Madison Newman, and a descendant of the old Fairbanks and Everett families of New England, was born at Washington, N. H., December 2, 1853. His boyhood was spent in Hillsboro Bridge, N. H., and hi; early education acquired at the public schools there and at the New London Literary and Scientific Institute. He began to read medicine with Dr. George Cook, of Concord, N. H. (since Surgeon-General of the StateJ, and afterward attended lectures at Dartmouth Medical College. It was this old and honored institution which conferred upon him the degree of A.M. in 1893. Dr. Newman was graduated from the Detroit College of Medicine, Mich., in 1878. While a senior student he was House Physician at St. Luke's Hospital, Detroit. He then spent two years in study in Germany in the Universities of Strasburg, Leipsig, and Bonn. Returning to the United States he settled permanently in Chicago. While a man of broad professional culture and interest from the first, Dr. Newman's special efforts have been di- rected to gynaecology, and his writings and original re- search have been in that line. He has achieved brilliant and successful results in plastic gynaecological surgery, and has devised new and original surgical methods and invented a number of very practical instruments for use in his special branch of surgery. He has been Editor of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in the North American Practitioner since /^r/^UiA*-^*^. ^/A..skJ., DR. HENRY PARKER NEWMAN. 3OI 1893, in which journal appeared, in 1889, a "History of Obstetrics " from his pen. He is also the author of papers on "Shock and Nervous Influences in Parturition," " The Remote Results of Shortening the Round Ligaments for Uterine Displacements," " Curettage, Trachelorrhaphy, and Ventrofixation," "The Sequelae of Abortions," "A Plea for More Thorough Training in General Medicine and Obstetrics on the Part of the Gynaecologists," " Fads and Fallacies Gynaecological," etc. He also edits the Gynaecological Department of Medicine and contributes to the current medical literature of the day. Dr. Newman is Corresponding Fellow of the Detroit Gynaecological Society ; member and Chairman of the Committee on Membership of the Chicago Medical So- ciety ; Fellow and Secretary of the Chicago Gynaecologi- cal Society; Fellow of the American Gynecological So- ciety; member and Treasurer of the American Medical Association and of The American Academy of Medicine ; member of the Illinois State Medical Society, of the Chi- cago Pathological Society, and of the International Medi- cal Congress, having been a delegate to the tenth congress in Berlin, 1890. Dr. Newman is a Founder of the Inter- national Periodical Congress of Obstetricians and Gynae- cologists ; a Director and formerly President of the Post- Graduate Medical School, Chicago, and Professor of Diseases of Women in the same since 1888 ; Professor of Clinical Gynaecology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, of which institution he has been an active promoter since its organization in 1881 ; Surgeon in the Department of Diseases of Women in the Post-Graduate and Chicago Hospitals ; Attending Surgeon to St. Elizabeth's Hospital; and Gynaecologist-in-chief to the West Side Free Dispen- sary. In 1894 the Doctor established " The Marion Sims Sanitarium," a small but elegantly appointed private hos- g02 DR - FRANK HARTLEY. pital, and the success of this model institution is a source of great gratification to its founder. Dr. Newman is a man of dignified presence and kindly- manner, affable and entertaining in society. In 1882 he married Fanny Louise, daughter of L. S. Hodges, a lead- ing lawyer of Chicago. Their children are Helen Everett and Willard Hodges, living, and Eugene Bush and Isabel Fairbanks, deceased. FRANK HARTLEY, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. Frank Hartley was born in Washington, D. C, June 10, 1857. He belongs to an old and prominent New England family, being the son of the Hon. John F. Hart- ley and Mary D. King, of Saco, Maine. On his paternal side Dr. Hartley is descended from the Fairfields, origin- ally Beauchamps. The name " Fairfield," properly inter- preted, means " A fair field and no favor." It is a trite saying in Saco, Maine, " that fifth cousins, once removed, are near for Fairfields." On his mother's side Dr. Hartley is descended from William Kinge, the celebrated English Puritan who settled in Salem, Mass., in 1635- Dr. Hartley received his early education in Washington, D. C, at the Emerson Institute, from which place he pre- pared for Princeton College, entering the Class of 1877. After finishing his education in college he entered the Medical Department of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the city of New York, where he became a student of Dr. H. B. Sands, and was graduated in 1880. In the same year he entered the Bellevue Hospital, upon the surgical staff, where he served for a period of eighteen months. DR. FRANK HARTLE Y. 303 In 1882 he went abroad to study, and completed his surgical education in Berlin, Heidelberg, and Vienna. He remained in Europe for two years, and returned to New York City in 1884, where he became identified with Dr. H. B. Sands, and was associated with him in his private work, as well as being appointed his assistant at the Roose- velt Hospital. In 1886 Dr. Hartley was appointed Visiting Surgeon to the Bellevue Hospital, which position he held for four years, and which he relinquished upon being appointed Attending Surgeon to the New York Hospital in 1889. During this period, from 1886 to 1889, he was Assistant Surgeon at the Roosevelt Hospital and Attending Sur- geon to the Bellevue and New York Cancer Hospitals. During this time Dr. Hartley devoted himself particularly to the early work in Dr. Sands's articles upon appendicitis, and published at that time the first article, embracing his own and Dr. Sands's experience in the early operation for appendicitis, giving the history and lesions found in some sixteen cases of that disease. Subsequently Dr. Hartley wrote upon the " Congenital Deformities of the Neck, the Thyroid Gland, and the Operative Treatment of Club-foot." His greatest work was the " Intracranial Method of Operation for the Relief of Trigeminal Neuralgia," in which the ganglion of Gasser was extirpated. In this operation he was an independent discoverer with Professor Krause, of Altona, Germany, the name of the operation being the Hartley- Krause method. Dr. Hartley continued in the service of Roosevelt Hos- pital until 1896, during which time he was the active aid of both Dr. Sands and Dr. Charles McBurney, and has since 1885 been associated with the College of Physicians and Surgeons ; first, as Demonstrator of Anatomy, and, subsequently, as Instructor in Operative Surgery upon the Cadaver. 30 - DR. ELLE/V M. KIRK Dr. Hartley has been an active member of many socie- ties, including the New York Surgical Society, of which he is now President ; New York Clinical ; Medico-Surgi- cal; New York Derraatological ; and Alumni of Bellevue Hospital Societies. He is at present Attending Surgeon to the New York Hospital, where he is actively engaged in the work. Although Dr. Hartley is comparatively young in years, he has a large and extensive medical experience, which he has acquired by his perseverance and a determination to succeed in his chosen profession, which have won him an enviable reputation as one of the leading surgeons of New York City. He is quiet and unassuming in manner, having strong personal magnetism, and is appreciated by friends and pa- tients for his sincerity and true worth. He has a lucrative practice, but devotes much of his time to the New York Hospital. ELLEN M. KIRK, M.D., CINCINNATI, OHIO. Dr. Ellen M. Kirk is of Scotch English descent, and is the daughter of Jonathan Huston and Marcella Kirk, of Guilford Township, Winnebago County, Illinois. Her father is descended from the early Quakers of Cecil County, Maryland, his grandmother, Mary Alien Kirk, being a near relative of Ethan Allen, of Revolutionary fame. Her mother is descended from the early English settlers of New Jersey. They were among the pioneers of the State of Illinois, and were married July 3, 1844, commencing life upon the farm where they still live. Two years ago they celebrated their golden wedding with their surviving three children and grandchildren about them. Dr. Kirk's early DR. ELLEN M. KIRK. oqc educational advantages were such as the district school afforded, to which she walked daily, a distance of two miles. At the age of fifteen she entered Forest Hill Semi- nary, a school for young women located in Rockford, Illinois, and then conducted on the plan of Mt. Holyoke. Two years were spent in this institution, when she taught a few terms in the country schools near her home. Then, thinking to make teaching a profession, she decided to enter the Illinois State Normal School, and devote herself to special preparation. About two years were thus spent, when, feeling the need of remunerative employment, she entered regularly into the work of teaching until 1875. The greater part of this time was spent in the public schools of Rockford, seven miles from her birth-place. Early in this experience her attention was frequently called to the great disparity in work and pay of male and female teachers. Attending regularly the Teachers' Insti- tutes, and hearing the subject of salaries discussed in the one-sided manner which usually characterized it, she be- came convinced of the injustice and determined upon a change of profession. Her attention had been attracted to the study of medi- cine by reading the achievements of the few women then in the field, combined with an impulse in that direction as the result of a past experience. Some years before, while caring for an aunt whose illness proved fatal, the consultations of physicians, differences of opinion, and methods of treatment aroused in her a keen desire to understand more of the "whys" and "where- fores ' ' both of disease and medicine. While pondering over the best means of undertaking the study, a young woman, who had taken her degree from Ann Arbor, Mich., located in Rockford, 111. Dr. Kirk immediately made her acquaintance and became a student. For over two years all the time that could be spared from VOL. II. — 20 306 DR. ELLEX M. KIRK. her school duties were spent on chemistry — doing much laboratory work, anatomy, physiology, and general reading. During these years of teaching, by exercising great econ- omy, sufficient money was saved from her earnings to meet the demands of her medical education. October, 1875, found her on the way to New York to enter the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women, from which she received her degree in the spring of 1877. Realizing the need of immediate experience and special study she remained in New York one year, devoting her entire time to dispensary and hospital work and special lecture courses. May 9, 1878, she located in Cincinnati, a stranger with a few letters of introduction to local physicians from former professors, and a purse containing only money upon which she was paying ten per cent, interest. Determining to trust to her own ability and efforts, rather than call upon her father' for assistance, she accepted deprivations and sacrifices as invaluable adjuncts in her education, and, believing in the possibilities of herself and the future, never faltered during those trying first years of her professional life. One year later, she, with an associate, and the co opera- tion of a few interested and philanthropic people, opened a Free Dispensary for Women and Children, which afforded a large clinical experience, and rapidly made the want of a hospital connected with the work felt. Their effort was crowned with success, and the Ohio Hospital for Women and Children was incorporated October 12, 1881, and in June, 1882, a small but well-equipped hospital was opened to patients. This building proved inadequate to meet the demands, and in 1888 a suitable commodious building was purchased, and the hospital recognized as a permanent institution. Through all these years Dr. Kirk has been untiring in her efforts in behalf of this cherished work. It had afforded ^^a<^Vn^&UY (c/Kfcc^— > DR. MARY WOOLSEY NOXON. 307 an excellent opportunity for large gynaecological experi- ence and study, and the conclusion that proper adjustment of clothing, rest, and conservative treatment will save many a patient from the operating table ; not ignoring the importance of surgery, to which she resorts when inevi- table, but deprecating the tendency to the prominence of the knife in the treatment of pelvic disorders. Her own success fully justifies this conclusion. She is a member of the American Institute of Homoe- opathy, State and City Societies. She is a clear, concise, and able writer, but not a fre- quent contributor. She enjoys a large and lucrative practice as a reward for faithful devotion to her profession. MARY WOOLSEY NOXON, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. Mary Woolsey Noxon was born in Poughquag, a small town in Dutchess County, N. Y., in 1845. Her parents were Mary W. and Elenore Noxon. As a child she delighted to accompany the family phy- sician upon his rounds, doubtless strengthening, if not developing, in his companionship the inclination which, later, ruled her life. She soon possessed herself of an old pair of saddle-bags, and filled them with bottles of quack medicines, which she freely dispensed to the colored labor- ers, and even to the animals about the place. Her desire to study medicine was met by decided oppo- sition from her family, as at that time the woman-physician had not conquered the prejudices of the world. However, Miss Noxon won her way, and was graduated from The New York Medical College and Hospital for Women (Homoeopathic) in 1873. Afterward she availed herself 3 o8 DR. MARY WOOLSEY NOXON. of opportunities for European studies during various vaca- tions abroad. Immediately after graduation she established herself in New York City, acquiring very speedily an extensive and lucrative practice. She became a member of the county and Slate medical societies and of the American Institute of Homoeopathy. In her later years she served as one of the Consulting Staff of the Hahnemann Hospital of New- York City. Dr. Noxon was unusually endowed. She possessed a magnificent physique and robust health ; also mental powers beyond the average, which her wealth enabled her to cultivate fully. Thus equipped, she entered upon her chosen life-work, not urged by ambition nor for gain, but through intense attraction for its possibilities. Those whose privilege it was to know her can bear testimony to the tre- mendous energy she threw into her profession, taxing her phenomenal constitution to its utmost endurance. She knew her art, and her faith in its resources to alleviate disease was firm and sure. She was honest in intention, frank and often exceed- ingly brusque in speech, with a broad and masculine sense of humor. She was loyal to friends and patients, and untiringly charitable. Her memory was encyclopaedic ; she was full of resource in emergency ; rarely intuitive and perceptive ; most tenacious in purpose, and direct in action. Her manner was usually very suave, and with a magnetism that inspired instant confidence in the most timid or doubting patient. These attributes, combined with unerring diagnosis and success in treatment, gained for her the unbounded love and respect of her immense clientele. She was to each patient not only physician, but friend, consulted in ill- ness, in family affairs, in pecuniary emergencies ; indeed, in every crisis of life. Upon such qualities does her reputation rest ; by them DR. MARY WOOLSEY NOXON. ^OQ alone was her success achieved. She accepted no pro- fessorship; wrote neither books nor articles for publica- tion ; reported no cases ; attended no meetings of county or State medical societies ; and this from no lack of inter- est, but because for any exertion beyond her direct work she had neither time nor vitality. She was in constant consultation with the best physicians and surgeons of both schools and of every specialty. Dr. J. Marion Sims was her warm friend and admirer. The beginning of her acquaintance with him illustrates the de- termination of her character and the directness with which she achieved any purpose. While still a student in the homoeopathic college where she was graduated, she determined also to secure the benefit of Dr. Sims's instructions. She went boldly to his clinic in Lexington Avenue, enrolled her name without allusion to her status or her school, and obtained the especial re- gard and assistance of this eminent surgeon. Nor was his interest in her ever lessened. His last professional call, the night before his sudden death, was made with her upon one of her patients, and the news of his death the next morning was a prostrating blow to her. While in college she had a decided fondness for surgery, and was ever ready — too ready, her professors feared — to undertake surgical work, as when, in the dispensary of the college, with the aid of another student, she successfully removed a large tumor from the head without professorial permission or supervision. By the bedside or the operating-table her gentleness was exceptional and won from her patients an adoring affection. Fortunately, she determined finally upon gynaecology as her specialty, restricting her surgery to minor opera- tions, in which she was prompt and successful. So entrenched was she in the confidence of her patients that a well-known physician has said they prospered better under an inferior treatment of hers than under the hesi- , 1Q DR. DOWLING BENJAMIN. tating but superior care of another. It would be diffi- cult to convince her patients that her treatment ever was inferior. Outside of professional works Dr. Noxon was not a reader. Literature, as such, had no charm comparable to information upon her favorite theme — the alleviation and cure of suffering. Her relaxation was found in the comedy and farce of life as enacted about her ; in the bright and naive sayings of children, of whom she was very fond ; and in the antics of pets of all kinds, which she delighted to gather about her. Probably owing to the intense strain of mind and body to which she subjected herself in her earlier professional career, a valvular lesion of the heart developed, which, on several occasions, seriously threatened her life ; but, know- ing the limitations to which this subjected her, she learned to avoid and suppress undue excitements and bodily strain, and thus evaded death from heart-failure, but, nevertheless, died instantly from apoplexy, January 16, 1895, to be enshrined henceforth in thousands of loving hearts. DOWLING BENJAMIN, M.D., CAMDEN, N. J. The ancestors of Dowling Benjamin have for genera- tions taken an honorable part in the history of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. His great-grandfather, Joseph Benjamin, of an English family, settled in Mary- land in 1774. The next year he went to Virginia, and immediately after the news of the battle of Bunker Hill reached that State he joined Harry Lee's Light Horse Legion, then organizing at Amelia Court House, and served with it during the Revolutionary War. After the war he settled in Charlestown, Maryland, and was one of C&4^Z^^^- 'Tit. DR. BOWLING BENJAMIN. ?ll the first trustees and founders of the Methodist Church in that locality. His son, Isaac Benjamin, Sheriff of Talbot County, the Doctor's grandfather, married a Miss Alex- ander, of a prominent Scotch-Irish family, two of whose members had served respectively as President and Secre- tary of the historic Mecklenburg Convention of North Carolina in 1775, signing the original Declaration of Independence, there first officially promulgated. The Doctor's maternal grandfather served in the War of 181 2. Dr. Benjamin was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1849. After obtaining an English education in the public schools, he made a study of the ancient and modern languages and sciences, under private tutors, preparatory to entering an advanced class in Dickinson College. He got a position in a drug-store and soon passed the examina- tion of the State Board of Pharmacy. Thus well qualified, he began the study of medicine, and the celebrated D. Hayes Agnew was one of his medical preceptors. He was graduated in 1877 from the University of Pennsylvania, in the medical department, having passed the highest ex- amination in all branches, and was honorably mentioned by the faculty on receiving his degree. While a student the truth and transcendent importance of the bacteriological pathology (germ theory) of the in- fectious diseases and contagious fevers, then being devel- oped by Pasteur, Koch, and Lister in Europe, was quickly grasped by his keenly logical and scientific mind. Secur- ing and studying all the imported literature and investiga- tions of these great pioneers in antisepsis, which could not be found in any American text-book, and making original research and microscopical investigations at night in the laboratories, he wrote his graduating thesis on in- fection or antiseptic practice. This was believed by med- ical scholars to be the first clear, logical, and convincing presentation of the germ theory by an American medical writer. The Professor of Practice of Medicine at the 2! 2 DR. DOWLING BENJAMIN. University, after carefully reading, so pronounced it and endorsed it, and afterward taught the germ theory. Indeed, the Professor of Clinical Surgery of the University had not adopted the antiseptic practice so late as 1881. (See International Encyclopedia of Surgery, vol. i. page 599, where the old system is described.) So far in advance of the usual practice and beliefs of the profession was this thesis, that " convincing and clear " as it seemed to Professor Stille, logical and beautiful in diction (it is yet extant) as it is, it was refused publication at the time by the Medical Times, then edited by his friend, Professor H. C. Wood, and by other leading medical journals, on the ground that "the theory of germs (mi- crobes) being the cause of disease was not tenable." However, upon the early adoption of the bacteriological view of infection and its careful practice by Dr. Benjamin have hinged some of the most remarkable results ever attained by a living practitioner of medicine ; for instance, in his more than twenty years' practice he has never had a death in confinement. Most of the deaths in confinement come from microbes getting in contact with the lesions. In all his large practice, including the time while sur- geon to the P. R. R., W. J. & C. A. R. R., Camden Iron Works, and Cooper Hospital (over ten years, including thousands of injuries and wounds of all kinds), no instance of blood-poisoning or lock-jaw (microbic diseases) occurred in any of his cases ; a remarkable example of aseptic prac- tice. Only last year he published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, October 17, 1S96, his great paper on the treatment of diphtheria, showing that he had not a death from that disease for over ten years, including a hundred cases, many of them of the most malignant kind. This paper was accompanied by letters from several fellow- practitioners indorsing and emphasizing his state- ments. While the Doctor was quietly attaining his wonderful DR. BOWLING BENJAMIN 3*3 results of less than 1 per cent, of death-rate for over a decade, the general average death-rate from the disease in all the United States was 47 per cent., and in Europe 50 per cent., according to the official figures. Even the recent 1895 antitoxin treatment gives a death-rate of over 20 per cent., and even 38 per cent., according to some of our best authorities. The leading medical journals are now discussing Dr. Benjamin's results, and the Journal of Practical Medicine says, editorially, "it is most astonish- ing." These features alone would undoubtedly make his death-rate in general practice the lowest on record. Thoroughness is one of his greatest traits, and when he investigates a subject his report can be relied upon as ex- haustive and accurate. This is also shown in many legal contests in which he was medical expert, as well as in his writings. Dr. Benjamin settled in Camden in 1877. The follow- ing year, as expert for counsel in the Emma Bethel murder case, he produced a profound impression upon the legal fraternity by demonstrating for the first time in the world's history, in a court of law, by chemistry and the micro- scope, contrary to all text-books on chemistry and medical jurisprudence, and to the astonishment of the State's experts, that the octahedral crystal was not conclusive evidence of the presence of arsenic, but could be produced by another metal (antimony). Up to that time the octahedral crystal would hang the accused. Dr. Benjamin has taken an active part in all movements tending to raise the standard of the profession. In 1884 he successfully urged, in the face of strong opposition, the American Medical Association to proclaim officially the necessity of having a full three-years' course in the medical colleges. Those who were present at that meeting dis- tinctly remember that great battle ; his resolutions having been opposed by some of the leading professors of medical colleges, precipitated an exciting scene. 3H DR. DOWLING BENJAMIN. The New Jersey Medical Society adopted his resolution to that effect after he had agitated it for two years. He became the spokesman of the physicians of the State before the Senate Committee and aided largely in getting the measure passed in Trenton. In his speech before the Com- mittee in the Senate Chamber he clearly showed in pun- gent language that the possession of a diploma even from some of the best medical colleges was not a guarantee of a proper medical education. This was indeed a great triumph, not for the interest of any set of men, but for the profession and the public as well. The law that was finally passed appointed a State Board of Examiners. It may be properly noted here that in 1888 Dr. Benjamin performed the first successful hysterectomy (removal of the entire womb and ovaries) in the State of New Jersey, for a large fibroid tumor of the uterus. He afterward per- formed abdominal section for the removal of ovarian tumors, fibroids, pus-tubes, and pelvic abscesses in women twenty-one times with uniform success ; showing that in this class of diseases no better work could be done any- where. Broad and comprehensive in mind, he estimates all the possibilities in a case and is ready to meet them. Dr. Benjamin has served as Surgeon to the Cooper Hos- pital, and is now Obstetrician-in-Charge of the Maternity Department, and Gynaecologist in that institution. He was for two years Assistant Surgeon of the Sixth Regiment, and Surgeon and Major of the Veteran Corps of the same regiment, National Guard of New Jersey. He has been Medical Expert and Surgeon to the Pennsylvania Railroad for fifteen years. He is Lecturer on Obstetrics in the New Jersey Training School for Nurses, and has also filled a Lectureship in the Medico-Chirurgical College, Philadel- phia. He has served as President of the State Sanitary Association of New Jersey, and President of the Camden District Medical Society, etc., and he has represented his State as a Delegate in National and International Medical DR. D0WL1NG BENJAMIN. sje Conventions. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the M. E. Church. Many of Dr. Benjamin's papers have been of great practical value and have attracted national attention, and are in demand by the leading medical journals. His "Observations on the Relations of Temperatures to Diseases in Dwelling-houses" {Med. Bulletin, 1886) was copied by the Scientific American and all the leading journals, medi- cal and non-medical. The State Board of Health of Iowa (composed of nine physicians and the Attorney-General) recommended and published it at the expense of the State for free distribution; giving the eminently satisfactory reasons in their report to the Governor for so doing " that it would save so many lives and prevent so much sickness." Other States did the same. What higher compliment could a public Denefactor receive ? This essay has become a part of standard text-books. Some of his published papers are as follows : "Typhoid in Water," "Contagion," "Hysterectomy," "Puerperal Convulsions," "The Trained Nurse," " Antiseptic Opera- tions," "Treatment of Pneumonia," "Ovariotomy," "Ventral Hernia," "Present Position of Antiseptic Prac- tice," "Treatment of Fracture," "Ovarian and Fibroid Tumors," "Treatment of Diphtheria," and a systematic work on Nursing and Confinement. (Lakeside Publishing Co., N. Y.) In 1889 Dr. Benjamin married Miss Sarah Cooper White. They have three children. Mrs. Benjamin is a lineal de- scendant of Edwin Marshall, identified with the Penns in the early colonial history of Pennsylvania. She is an intelligent, highly cultivated lady, and an earnest Chris- tian, who devotes most of her time to contributing to the welfare and happiness of her charming family. Dr. Benjamin has done much for charity, and esteems it a privilege if he can ennoble his profession and be of ser- vice to humanity. 316 DR. LOUIS LIVINGSTON SEAMAN. LOUIS LIVINGSTON SEAMAN, M.D., LL.B., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. Louis Livingston Seaman, was born October 17, 185 1, in Newburgh, N. Y., and is the grandson of Valentine Seaman, M.D., who introduced vaccination into New York in 1799. Dr. Valentine Seaman was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1792, having been a special student in the office of Dr. Benjamin Rush, and during his life filled many important stations with honor and distinction. He was one of the Surgeons of the New York Hospital from 1796 till his death in 181 7, and was the first surgeon to teach clinical surgery in this institution or in America. He was President of the Medical College which was the forerunner of the present College of Physicians and Sur- geons, now a part of Columbia University, and numbered among his private office students many who in after years attained eminence in their profession, notably Drs. Valen- tine Mott, John C. Cheeseman, Isaac Wood, William F. Seaman, Thomas Cock, and Kearney Rodgers. His con- tributions to medical literature were voluminous and im- portant ; among them was the first Pharmacopoeia ever published in America, a treatise on Midwifery, one on Kine Pock and Vaccination, one on Yellow Fever, and " A Dissertation on the Mineral Waters of Saratoga," pub- lished in 1793, which is most remarkable for the accuracy of its analysis as compared with those made in recent years. His father, Willett Seaman, was a merchant in New York in 1760, and was one of the founders of the New York Hospital and one of its original governors. To his paternal ancestor, Captain John Seaman, Charles I. issued a colonial grant in 1637 at Hempstead Plains, L. I. The descendants of Captain Seaman were ^-—Pi > 0~Ust4s C*<*^ yt ' ^yyi^~*p« g^-f-WL. DR. LOUIS LIVIXGSTOX SEAMAN. ,jy prominent in the Dutch, Indian, and Revolutionary Wars, no less than twenty-two of them being in one Long Island company in the Revolution. Dr. Louis Livingston Seaman is descended on his moth- er's side from Robert Livingston, Fin t Lord of the Manor, and from Philip Livingston, signer of the Declaration of Independence. He is also eighth in descent from Colonel Abraham de Peyster, who was Mayor of New York in 1691, and ninth in descent from Philip Pieterse Schuyler and Margritta Van Schlictenhorst, whose families were so con- spicuous in the early French, Indian, and Revolutionary Wars ; also ninth in descent from Major Hendrick Cuyler, who commanded the Albany troops in the French and Indian Wars, 1 685-' 89. Dr. Seaman was a member of the first class that entered Cornell University in 1868. He commenced the study of medicine in 1873, under the preceptorship of Dr. Samuel D. Gross, of Philadelphia, at Jefferson Medical College, from which he was graduated M.D. in 1876, being the gold medalist; was also graduated M.D. from the Univer- sity Medical College of the City of New York, after a post- graduate course, in 1877; and was graduated LL.B. from the University of New York, Law Department, in 1884. Dr. Seaman was appointed house physician, Charity Hospital, B. I., in 1876, serving one year; was then ap- pointed resident surgeon to the New York State Emigrant Hospital, Waid's Island, serving two years; was superin- tendent of the State Emigrant Insane Asylum, and chief resident surgeon to the Emigrant Institutions, W. I., 1879- 188 1. In 1 88 1 he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Charity, Maternity, Epileptic and Paralytic, and Peni- tentiary Hospitals, Blackwell's Island, and of the Training School for Nurses connected with these institutions. He remained in this position until 1885. In 1886 he made a tour around the world, in the course of which a con- siderable time was spent in the hospitals of India and 3i8 DR. LOUIS LIVINGSTON SEAMAN. China in the study of contagious and epidemic diseases peculiar to the Orient. Returning to the United States, Dr. Seaman established himself in the practice of his profession in New York City, in which he has since been engaged. He has been visiting physician to the New York Asylum for Lying-in Women since 1S88, and consulting physician to the Colored Orphan Asylum since 1889. During his visits to Europe in 1881, 1886, 1890, and 1892, Dr. Seaman attended lectures at the University of Edinburgh and at Vienna, and during the cholera epi- demic, in 1892, made a special study of cholera in the hospitals of Paris and at Hamburg. Dr. Seaman is a member of the American Medical Association, Medical Society of the State of New York, Medical Society of the County of New York, New York County Medical Association, and Fellow of The New York Academy of Medicine. He is also a member of the New York Medical Union, New York Pathological Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Society of Medical Jurisprudence of New York, American Academy of Political and Social Science, International Medical Congress, Lotos, Press, Reform, Players' and Opera Clubs, and of the Society of Colonial Wars, and is Vice-President of the Cornell University Club. He has been in the practice of his profession since 1876, and was a delegate to the International Medical Congress, London, 1881, and Berlin in 1890. He has devised an apparatus for auscultatory percussion, and another for fractured patella, and is the author of papers on these subjects, as well as upon the " Social Waste of Great Cities," "Prison Labor and Public Utility," etc. Dr. Seaman married, in 1889, Miss Fannie Blackstone Freeman, of New York City, a great-great-granddaughter of Sir William Blackstone, the eminent jurist. Mrs. Seaman died in 1895. DR. IS ID OR P. STRITTMATTER. 3IQ ISIDOR P. STRITTMATTER, M.D., PHILADELPHIA, PA. Isidor Paul Strittmatter, M.D., 999 North Sixth Street, Philadelphia, Pa., son of Francis X. and Elizabeth M. (Huber) Strittmatter, grandson of Andrew Strittmatter, was born August 16, i860, at Carrolltown, Pa. With a preparatory education obtained in the public schools and at St. Vincent College, Westmoreland County, Pa., he began to read medicine in 1877, and attended two courses of lectures at Jefferson Medical College, Philadel- phia, receiving his degree from that institution in March, 1881. Dr. Strittmatter was interne at the German Hospital, Philadelphia, for eight months following graduation ; at St. Mary's Hospital, Philadelphia, for the year 1882 ; and since that time has been in the private practice of medi- cine and surgery in that city. In 1888 he was appointed Visiting Surgeon to St. Mary's Hospital, which position he resigned in January, 1897, in order to give his time to his hospital, which is devoted to general surgery and gynae- cology. From 1887 until January, 1897, he has conducted this private hospital at 999 North Sixth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. The building was inadequate to accommodate the numerous patients requiring surgical treatment who de- sired to avail themselves of Dr. Strittmatter' s skill, a cir- cumstance which necessitated his making an addition of ten rooms to the house, and also a complete and perfect operating-room. Dr. Strittmatter uses an operating-table of his own devising, which is made of bird's-eye maple, beautifully polished, and has all the appurtenances neces- sary to make it complete in every respect. It was the writer's pleasure to visit Dr. Strittmatter' s •2 20 DR - ^SIDOR P. STR1TTMATTER. "Sanatorium" recently, and the quiet and neatness which pervade the entire building impress the visitor as being a most delightful "home" to seek relief from the various ailments that he specially treats. The capacity permits the comfortable housing of twenty patients. The ventila- tion is arranged after a special plan, permitting the en- trance of air near the floor, and escape of the superheated or foul air near the ceiling. The halls have vents on the top of the house, permitting a complete change of air in a few minutes. The whole water-supply of the house passes through a large filter in the cellar, is carried to the roof to a 500-gallon tank, from which it is again distributed to the various water outlets in the house — insuring a constant, abundant, clean water- supply. Heating facilities are by hot water system, insuring equable, desirable temperature. The plumbing is after an original plan, the traps being all exposed and located either in the halls concealed, or portions of the building not used for surgical work or for patients. The traps are all arranged to permit of opening, cleansing, and disin- fection. The protection against fire consists of a three- inch hose attachment reaching to all the floors, while three independent stairways, one of which is fire-proof, render escape easy and safe. Although in favor of using electricity in surgical and gynaecological work much less than in past years, each private room is supplied with a power of 1000 milliam- peres galvanic current, as well as faradic, permitting the attachment of current controller and milliamperemeter or current breaker for faradic. As an operator Dr. Strittmatter is careful ; at the same time he makes a thorough diagnosis of a case before con- senting to operate, as he is not in favor of operating unless absolutely necessary. He is full of vigor and in the prime of life, is deeply Jitd. DR. J. RIDDLE GOFFE. ^ 2I interested in his chosen profession, and is most solicitous to relieve his patients. He is enthusiastic, generous, and liberal in his views, and possesses a goodly share of mag- netism. Dr. Strittmatter during the first year after his gradua- tion became a member of the Pathological Society of Philadelphia and Philadelphia County Medical Societies, feeling a deep interest in their transactions, until his rapidly growing private practice prevented his regular at- tendance. He is a member of the American Medical Association, the Medical Society of the State of Pennsyl- vania, the Obstetrical Society of Philadelphia, the James Aitken Meigs Medical Association, and of the Northern Medical Association of Philadelphia. J. RIDDLE GOFFE, PH.B., M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. J. Riddle Goffe was born in Wisconsin, August 10, 1 85 1. He is descended in direct line from William Goffe, the regicide, a friend of Cromwell, and brother-in- law of Hampton, one of the judges and signers of the death-warrant of Charles I., King of England. As a matter of family history, we might add that, upon the restoration and accession of Charles II., the King declared these judges outlaws, and Judge Goffe, in company with Judge Whalley, fled to the United States, and sought the protection of the colonists, and were by them secreted and protected until their deaths. Major John Goffe and Captain John Goffe, descendants of the regicide, and direct progenitors of the subject of this sketch, held important commands in the Revolu- tionary Army. Major Goffe commanded a detachment at Ticonderoga, and the old book, giving the roster of the VOL. II. 21 222 DR - J- MIDDLE GOFFE. officers in his command, is still in the possession of the family. Captain John Goffe commanded a detachment of New Hampshire troops under General Stark, and has- tened with him to the front on the memorable occasion when he announced that familiar philippic, " To-morroW the enemy are ours, or Mollie Stark is a widow." Dr. Goffe's mother, Betsey Riddle, was born in New Hampshire, in 1819, and also numbers among her ances- tors prominent Revolutionary heroes. Dr. Goffe's parents were among the early pioneers in the State of Wisconsin, going there with a colony of settlers from the State of New Hampshire, which was their original home, and at Kenosha, Wis., where they located. Dr. Goffe was born on the 10th of August, 185 1. He took his preparatory course for college in the high school of his native town, and entered the Literary Department of the University of Michigan in the fall of 1869, gradu- ating with his class in 1S73. While in college Dr. Goffe became a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity. He also acquired some taste for journalism by acting as correspondent of the Detroit Daily Post, and spent the summer, after his graduation, in journalistic work in the city of Cincinnati. In the autumn of that year, however, he abandoned the proposed career of a journalist and became principal of the public schools at La Porte, Indiana, where he continued for five years. His leisure hours were spent in studying natural sciences and comparative anatomy, which developed a taste for the study of medicine. In 1879 he entered Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in New York City, where he remained two years, gradu- ating in 1881, after which he served six months in a branch of Charity Hospital, and the succeeding eighteen months in the Woman's Hospital. Upon leaving the Woman's Hospital, in the spring of 1883, he began a regular practice in New York City. The experience gained at the Woman's DR. J. RIDDLE GOFFE. 323 Hospital naturally directed his professional efforts in the line of gynaecology, of which he has made a specialty. Dr. Goffe has made a name for himself among his medi- cal and surgical confreres by contributing to surgical sci- ence an original method for disposing of the pedicle in supravaginal hysterectomy for fibroid tumors. This operation was an effort to perfect a satisfactory method of dropping the pedicle into the pelvic cavity, thus disposing of it according to the method adopted in disposing of the pedicle after ovariotomy. It was first de- vised and employed by Dr. Goffe in an operation which was performed by him May 29, 188S, and was repeated on three other cases in rather rapid succession, all of which recovered. It was presented to the Obstetric Section of The New York iVcademy of Medicine, in March, 1890, and published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Dis- eases of 'Women and Children, vol. xxiii. No. 4, April, 1890. The method has been compared to that of Schroder, but it differs from Schroder's in two or three important par- ticulars, which consist, first, in large, distinct peritoneal flaps with which the stump and all traumatic tissue involved in the operation are buried beneath the peritoneum ; sec- ond, the method of controlling hemorrhage from the ute- rine artery inside of these flaps, so there is no puncture of the peritoneum. The advantages of the operation over the method of total extirpation are : 1st. That it restores the pelvic organs to their normal relations in the pelvis. 2d. It requires less time. 3d. It is more easily done ; and, 4th, the local after treatment is nil. The operation has been adopted by many operators, among whom may be mentioned Dr. Haywood Smith and Dr. Treves, of London, and Dr. Baer, of Philadelphia. Dr. Goffe has since reported fifteen cases done by this operation with only one death. Dr. Goffe' s first and very unexpected attempt at surgical work consisted in ligating, in case of hemorrhage, the deep j24 DR - J- RIDDLE GOFFE. and superficial femoral arteries. This occurred while he was reading medicine during his final year as Principal of the High School. It so happened that one day he found upon the railroad track, along which a freight-train had just passed, a man who had evidently just been run over by the train. The left leg was crushed and bruised in several places and the bones broken, and through a large wound in the upper part of the thigh the deep and super- ficial femoral arteries could be seen bleeding. Hastily obtaining a piece of tarred twine from the baggage-room of the station near by, he threw ligatures around the arteries and had the hemorrhage entirely under control when the surgeon arrived. Dr. Goffe has written many papers bearing upon the subject of gynaecology, some of which have been perma- nent and lasting contributions to the advancement of that specialty. Among these may be mentioned his article on "The Differentiation of Pelvic Cellulitis," read before the Alumni Association of the Woman's Hospital in 1884, in which the author took the position that, for all practical purposes, in the consideration of pelvic inflammations in women the all-important feature was a localized peri- tonitis, and not a cellulitis ; in other words, he differen- tiated pelvic cellulitis out of existence. Among his other papers may be mentioned "The Treatment of Chronic Endometritis;" "Re-opening the Abdomen for Acute Septic Peritonitis, following Coeliotomy;" "In What Way can Uterine Disease be Prevented?" "Some Prac- tical Points in Diagnosis — Normal and Abnormal Posi- tion of the Uterus." Also his article on " Csesarean Sec- tion, with Report of a Case," in which he was associated with Dr. A. B. Tucker; and "The Development of the Intrapelvic Treatment of the Stump after Hysterectomy for Fibroid Tumors, and its Present Status." At the time of writing Dr. Goffe is First Vice-President of the New York Obstetrical Society, and holds the posi- DR. J. RIDDLE GOFFE. 3- tion of Visiting Gynaecologist to the New York City Hos- pital and Assistant Gynaecologist to the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital. Upon leaving the Woman's Hos- pital as interne, Dr. Gaffe became at once connected with the New York Polyclinic Medical School and Hospital, where he went through the various lower grades of Assistant, Instructor, Lecturer, Adjunct Professor, and, finally, Pro- fessor of Gynaecology, to which position he was appointed in 1894. In January, 1895, ne was elected Secretary of the Faculty of that institution, which position he still holds. Dr. Goffe's early experience in journalistic work de- veloped a fluency in writing, which has availed him greatly in his medical career. In 1892 he became con- nected with the American Medico- Surgical Bulletin, and assumed charge of the departments of Gynaecology, Ob- stetrics, and Paediatrics, which he conducted for two years. This position he resigned to become editor of the New York Polyclinic, which position he also held for two years. In January, 1896, he resigned from this posi- tion and assumed the editorship of the Medical News, which at that date removed its home from Philadelphia to New York ; the latter position he still holds. Dr. Goffe is a member of the American Gynaecological Society, the New York Obstetrical Society, The New York Academy of Medicine, Medical Society of the County of New York, etc. He also is a member of the University Club. In 1890 Dr. Goffe married Miss Eleanor Taylor, a young lady prominent in New York society and daughter of an old Massachusetts family. 326 DR. MARGARET A. CLEAVES. MARGARET A. CLEAVES, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. Margaret Abigail Cleaves was born in Louisa County, Iowa. Her father was of Dutch and English lineage and her mother of Scotch and Irish, but by birth both were Americans. Her father, Dr. John Trow Cleaves, was born in Yarmouth, Maine, in 1813, and her mother, Elizabeth Stronach, in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1820. In 1843 tne y were married, in Columbus City, Louisa County, Iowa, where D.-. Cleaves practiced medicine until his death, in October, 1863. He was a man of high standing in his profession, but found time to devote to public affairs, in which he took a deep interest. He was twice elected a member of the Iowa Legislature, in 1852 and 1861. Margaret was the third of seven children. Her educa- tion was obtained in the public schools and in the Iowa State University, but, because of limited means, she was unable to finish the collegiate course in the latter institu- tion. She began teaching before her sixteenth birthday, and alternately attended and taught school for several years afterward. In 1868 the family moved to Davenport, Iowa. There Margaret resolved to become a doctor instead of continu- ing teaching, and entered upon the study of medicine. She feels that the influence which determined her choice of this profession was that of her father, whose intimate companion she was from her earliest recollection. In 1870 she entered the Medical Department of the State University of Iowa, and in 1871 entered the office of her preceptor, Dr. W. F. Peck, who was Dean of the Faculty and Professor of Surgery in the University. She accompanied him in his professional work, saw all sorts of cases, and assisted at surgical operations. She was gradu- 20^£ DR. MARGARET A. CLEAVES. 327 ated from this University March 5, 1873, standing at the head of her class. Shortly afterward she was appointed Second Assistant Physician in the State Hospital for the Insane, Mount Pleasant, Iowa, where, while attending with great earn- estness to the study of her profession, she found full scope for the broad charity and refined humanity of her nature. She was a veritable pioneer in such work, for, up to that time, only one other woman in the world had occupied the position of physician to the insane, and she was a contemporary. Dr. Cleaves remained in the hospital three years, and then resigned to commence private prac- tice in Davenport. She was subsequently appointed one of the trustees of the asylum. She testified as insanity expert in cases of murder and forgery in the Iowa courts in 1876 and 1877. It has been said that she has done more to influence having women appointed as physicians to insane hospitals than any other person. In 1878 she was President of the Alumni Association of the Medical Department of the State University of Iowa. While practicing medicine in Davenport she became a member of the Scott County Medical Society, being the second woman admitted to that body, and the first to be an active member. For several years she was its Secretary. She also joined the Iowa State Medical Society, to which she was again the second woman to gain admission, and the first to become an active member, and was the first woman admitted to the Iowa and Illinois Central District Medi- cal Association. While residing in Davenport she was an active member of the Davenport Academy of Sciences. In 1879 the Board of Trustees of the Iowa State Hospi- tal for the Insane choose her their delegate to the National Conference of Charities, which that year met at Chicago. In that conference she read a paper on "The Medical and Moral Care of Female Patients in Hospitals for the Insane." It attracted widespread attention and was 328 DR. MARGARET A. CLEAVES; printed in a volume — Lunacy in Many Lands — which was published by the Government of New South Wales. In June, 1880, she was appointed by the Governor of Iowa a State Delegate to the National Conference of Charities in Cleveland, Ohio, and thus the distinction was conferred upon her of being the first female delegate from Iowa to that body. She reported for the State to the conference, and her report was subsequently incorporated in the Gov- ernor's Annual Message. That same year she was appointed Physician-in-Chief in the Female Department of the Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital, in Harrisburg, another position never before held by a woman. During this time she was a member of the Dauphin County Medical Society and the Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania. In 1881 she was sent as a delegate to the annual meeting of the National Association of Medical Superintendents for Asylums for the Insane by the Board of Trustees of the Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital, and also by the same Board to the annual meet- ing of the National Conference of Charities at Boston. After three years of hard work Dr. Cleaves was compelled, by failing health, to resign her position. Her annual reports will be found in the published reports of the Hospital. She went abroad in 1883, remaining nearly two years, visiting insane hospitals in Scotland, England, France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Belgium, every- where receiving flattering courtesies from men of recog- nized eminence in the treatment of insanity. She witnessed operations in general hospitals in England, France, and Germany, and in Paris was for several months a regular attendant at lectures and clinics. After returning to the United States she opened in Des Moines, Iowa, a private home for the treatment of patients, conducting also an office practice in connection with her work. In March, 1885, she was appointed one of the DR. MARGARET A. CLEAVES. 329 Examining Committee of the Medical Department of the State University of Iowa. It was the first honor of that kind bestowed on a woman by any standard medical school in the United States. In July, 1886, she was sent as a State delegate to the annual meeting of the National Con- ference of Charities, which was held in St. Paul, Minn. During her residence in Des Moines she was an active member of the Polk County Medical Society, the Medical Society of the Missouri Valley, and of the Iowa State Medical Society. Before all these societies she read papers, and served the last-named body as Chairman of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in 1889, being the only woman in this Society who had ever received such an appointment up to that time. Her work was not confined to medicine alone. She took a deep interest in whatever pertained to the advance- ment of woman, and in 1880 became a member of the Association for the Advancement of Women. She organ- ized the Des Moines Woman's Club in 1885, and was its first President, and in the same year assisted in organizing the Marshalltown Woman's Club, of which she is now an honorary member. Becoming interested in electro-therapeutics she went to New York in 1887, and to Paris to Apostoli in 1888, to prosecute her investigations. After her return she con- tinued to practice in Des Moines, but in 1890 retired from that field and opened an office in New York. Dr. Margaret A. Cleaves has written various papers which have been read before numerous societies. Many have been published, both in Europe and America, and all of them are distinguished by painstaking research, clearness of statement, and logical reasoning. Among them are: "Mental Responsibility in the Commission of Crime," Scott County Medical Society, Davenport, Iowa, 1876. " Insanity a Physical Disease, and the Necessity for its Early Recognition by the General Physician," Ibid., 330 DR. MARGARET A. CLEAVES. 1877. "Medical and Moral Care of the Female Patient in the Hospitals for the Insane," Transactions National Conference of Charities, Chicago, June, 1879. " Nervous and Mental Phenomena Associated with Pelvic Disease," Iowa State Medical Society, 1878 ; Transactio?is of the Iowa Medical Society, 1879. "Neurasthenia and its Relation to Diseases of Women," Ibid., 1880. "Treatment of Uterine Fibroids by Electrolysis," Ibid., 1887. "Women's Dress; Its Influence on the Body," Medical Society of the Missouri Valley ; Omaha Clinic, 1888. " \ r esical Hemor- rhage in Pregnancy, with Report of a Case, ' ' Kings County Medical Association, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; New York Medical Record, 1890. '/The Colony of Insane at Gheel," Belgium; Medico-Legal Society, 1891 ; Journal of Mental Sciences, London, England, April, 189 1. "The Chemistry of Food and Nutrition," Brooklyn Woman's Club. " The Franklinic Current in the Treatment of Disease," Alumni Association of The Woman's Medical College of the New York In- firmary, 1892. "Franklinization in Mental Diseases," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, March 1, 1892. "The Use of the Galvanic Current in Articular Inflam- matory Exudations," American Electro-Therapeutic Asso- ciation, Philadelphia, September 9, 1892; Times and Regis- ter, Philadelphia, 1892. " Metallic Electrolysis," American Electro-Therapeutic Association, Chicago, September, 1893; Journal of the American Medical Association, Revue Internationale d' Electrotherapie, and in Transactions of the American Electro-Therapeutic Association, 1893. "The Sinusoidal Current and its Use," New York Electro- Therapeutic Society, 1893. " A New Electrode for Hydro- electric Applications of the Continuous Current," New York ATedical Record, 1S94; Revue Internationale d* Electro- therapie ; Archives d' Electricite, Medic ale, Experimentales et Clinique, 1894. " Special Hydro-electric Applications," American Electro-Therapeutic Association, New York, September, 1S94, Journal of the American Medical Asso- DR. MARGARET A. CLEAVES. 33 1 ciation, 1894; and in Transactions of the American Electro- Therapeutic Association, 1894. "Means of Controlling the So-called Static Induced," Ibid., and Archives oV Elec- tricile, Medicate, Exp'erimentales et Cliniques. "Electric Light as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agent," presented to the American Electro-Therapeutic Association, New York, September, 1894; Ibid. "Franklinization as a Therapeutic Measure in Neurasthenia," American Medical Association, Atlanta, 1896 ; Journal of the American Med- ical Association, 1896. "The Expenditure of Electrical Energy," American Electro-Therapeutic Association, Bos- ton; Transactions of the American Electro -Therapeutic Association, 1896. In 1 891-189 2 Dr. Cleaves edited the Asylum Notes for the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. Dr. Cleaves is a Fellow of the Medical Society of the County of New York, The New York Academy of Med- icine, American Medical Association, and American Electro-Therapeutic Association, Associate Member of the Alumnae Association of The Women's Medical College of the New York Infirmary, Societe Francaise d'Electro- therapie, New York Electrical Society, and American Authors' Guild. In October, 1892, she was unanimously elected Secre- tary of the American Electro-Therapeutic Association, and again appeared as a pioneer, which she essentially has been in the avenues now open to women. She served the Association in this capacity for two years. She was Instructor in Electro-therapeutics at the Post- Graduate Medical School for three years, and for five years past has lectured on this subject, both at the Post-Graduate Medical School and at her own clinic, known as the New York Electro-Therapeutic Clinic, Laboratory, and Dis- pensary, and to physicians from every part of the United States, both men and women, largely the former. Since 1892 she has held the position of Chairman of the 332 DR. MARGARET A. CLEAVES. Committee on Standard Meters for the American Electro Therapeutic Association, and has also served as a member of the Committee on Static Machines and Condensers, and on the Committee on Electric Light Apparatus for Diagnosis and Therapy. In April, 1S95, sne founded the New York Electro- Therapeutic Clinic, Laboratory, and Dispensary, which was opened for work April 6, 1895. This was the first clinic devoted exclusively to teaching electro-therapeutics. The double purpose of the clinic is to aid in the advance of electro-therapeutics by original research, and interest- ing results have been obtained in defining the value of negative insulation for static application, and instructing practitioners and students of medicine in electro-therapeu- tics and the electrical treatment of the poor. The clinic is thoroughly equipped with all the best modern electrical apparatus used in medicine. Dr. Cleaves' s work, almost her entire student and pro- fessional life, has been among and with men, and she occupies the unusual position of a woman who is sought after as a teacher by men in the profession from all over the United States. For the five years in which she has taught electro-therapeutics the majority of her pupils have been men. In no way has Dr. Cleaves ever been made to feel that there was anything unusual in her position, the relation between her and her students being one of bon camaraderie. She has been dependent upon herself throughout her entire career. Though a very busy woman and her chosen fields of labor and study have taken her far away from the paths followed by most women, she has sacrificed none of those sweet, helpful, and peculiarly womanly characteristics which endear her to her friends. She is a woman who combines in a most felicitous way gentleness of speech and manner, with firmness of character. She has keen insight and quick sympathies, yet cool judgment. X 4 DR. T. G. RICHARDSON. 333 PROF. T. G. RICHARDSON, M.D., LATE DEAN OF THE TULANE UNIVERSITY, NEW ORLEANS, LA. On May 26, 1892, at 8.30 p.m., the spirit of a revered teacher and valued citizen passed away to its rest. While his death was not a surprise to those who knew of his long and painful illness, still it came as a shock to the many who owed a large part of their medical training to Dr. Richardson. Dr. Richardson was born at Lexington, Ky., January 3, 1827, and was the son of William Richardson, for many years before his death cashier of the Northern Bank of Kentucky, Louisville. His mother was Synia Higgins, whose father was a contemporary and personal friend of Daniel Boone. In 1837 he removed with his parents to Louisville, and in 1845 matriculated in the Medical Department of the University of Louisville. The same year he entered the office of Professor S. D. Gross, M.D., as a private pupil, having as a companion Dr. Nathan Bozeman, now of New York, who was also his classmate at the University. In 1847 ne was appointed resident student of the Louis- ville Marine Hospital. He graduated at the University in the spring of 1848, and immediately afterward was appointed by the Faculty demonstrator of anatomy, which position he filled for eight years. During a large portion of this period he was engaged in anatomical investigations, and in 1853 published a large volume, entitled Eleme?its of Human Anatomy, besides occasional contributions to the Western Journal of Medicine. This medical periodical 334 DR. T. G. RICHARDSOX, being suspended in 1855, he founded the Louisville Review in connection with Professor Gross. Resigning the position of demonstrator of anatomy at Louisville, in 1856, he was at once offered the chair of anatomy in the New York Medical College, that of surgery in the Kentucky School of Medicine, and that of anatomy in the Medical Department of the Pennsylvania College, at Philadelphia. He decided to accept the latter, and re- moved to Philadelphia in the fall of 1856. While there he established, in conjunction with Professor Gross, who had accepted the chair of surgery in the Jefferson Medical College, the North American Medico- Chirurgicai Review, and continued to act as junior editor until its suspension, in 1862, although he had in the meantime removed to another field of duty. While at the Pennsylvania Medical College he was associated with Professors Alfred Stille, Francis Gurney Smith, and other gentlemen well known to the profession throughout the United States as teachers and authors. In 1858 he was invited to the chair of anatomy in the medical department of the University of Louisiana, to succeed Prof. Nott, and removed to New Orleans in the latter part of the year. This school was at that time one of the largest in the country, and, with such distinguished professors as the late Warren Stone, M.D., Thomas Hunt, M.D., and others of like distinction, attracted annually more than four hundred students. He was at the same time appointed one of the attending surgeons to the Charity Hospital, and lectured upon clinical surgery in addition to his didactic lectures upon anatomy in the medical college 1 . He was the first to perform successfully the operation of vesico- vaginal fistula, after the method of Dr. Nathan Bozeman, which had then but recently been intro- duced to the profession. He soon became engaged in a large surgical practice, which was only interrupted by the outbreak of the civil war. DR. T. G. RICHARDSON. ,35 Leaving New Orleans before its capture by the Federal forces, in 1862, he joined the Confederate Army of Ten- nessee, of which he was made practically, although not nominally, assistant medical director, and subsequently medical inspector on the staff of Major General Braxton Bragg. He was present on the field at the battles of Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, and Missionary Ridge, in the second of which it became his melancholy duty to amputate the thigh of the gallant Major-General Hood. He accompanied General Bragg, after the retirement of that distinguished officer from the Army of Tennessee, to Richmond, where he continued his duties as medical in- spector during the summer of 1864, and by request of the surgeon in charge, Dr. Hancock, and the attending sur- geons, Drs. Cabell, Hoyt, Tom, and Wellford, he per- formed a large part of the capital operations at the immense hospital after the battles of Rapidan, Spottsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor. He subsequently accompanied General Bragg to North Carolina as medical director of that department, and was present on the field at the battle of Averysboro, and also that of Bentonville, where a mere handful of Confederates, under General J. E Johnson, made their last unsuccessful fight. Still adhering to the fortunes of his friend and chief, General Bragg, he joined the retreating column of govern- ment officials, with President Davis at its head, and con- tinued with them until the formal dissolution of the Con- federate Cabinet, at Washington, Ga., and the dispersion of its members. He returned to New Orleans in the succeeding fall, and resumed his position in the University of Louisiana, and was immediately chosen Dean of the Medical Faculty. In 1873, upon the resignation of Professor Warren Stone from the chair of surgery, he became his successor, and his ability as a director and teacher aided in elevating the college to its present high standing. 336 DR. T. G. RICHARDSON. In 1877 h e was elected president of the American Medical Association, at its annual meeting in Chicago, and presided at the subsequent meeting in Buffalo, N. Y. For a number of years he devoted the summer months to travel. He travelled over all the ground usually cov- ered by tourists, and besides a large amount of territory not often visited by them. He crossed the Atlantic many times ; spent two summers in Mexico ; ascended the Ama- zon ; scaled the Andes ; visited the Sandwich Islands, and went up and down his own country until no place of im- portance had been left unseen. In all of his journeyings he was accompanied by his devoted wife ; she was one of the three ladies who first looked down into the crater of Popocatapetl. In addition to the literary productions mentioned, Dr. Richardson contributed a number of articles to the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal and the Medical News and Library of Philadelphia. He also wrote a life of the distinguished anatomist and naturalist, Professor John D. Godman. He was a corresponding member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Philadelphia and of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and an active member of the Louisiana State and the Orleans Parish Medical Society (representative men of the South). For many years Professor Richardson was a member and elder of the First Presbyterian Church, counting its pastor, Dr. B. M. Palmer, among his most valued friends. Dr. Richardson was married twice. His first wife was the daughter of Professor Charles W. Short, M.D., of Kentucky. Three children blessed this marriage. A tragic fate overtook the mother and children. They were on a steamboat coming down the Mississippi to join him; the boat sank, and among the victims were Dr. Richardson's wife and children. DR. T. G. RICHARDSON. 337 His second wife was Miss Ida Slocomb, daughter of Mrs. Cora A. Slocomb, who survives him. As an administrator of the Tulane University, from its origin in 1884, he was zealous in behalf of the Medical Department, and secured for it important benefits. He never failed to encourage and aid his successor in every- thing calculated to promote the welfare of the college ; and the very last official letter, written two years after his retirement from active service, to the Dean of the Medical Department, proved conclusively his unalterable devotion to his beloved college and his judicious and generous appre- ciation of its needs. In this memorable letter of March 3, 1891, Dr. Richardson wrote: "I am authorized by Mrs. Richardson to place at your disposal $50,000 for the erec- tion of a building for laboratories of chemistry, physiology, pathological anatomy, microscopy, etc., and for suitable anatomical rooms, provided that for this purpose the Fac- ulty can obtain from the administrators of the Tulane University of Louisiana either of the two lots contiguous to the building of the Medical Department ; work upon the new building to be begun within a year of this date." The Medical Faculty replied, March 6, 1891, as fol- lows : "The generous and philanthropic offer of Mrs. Richardson to contribute $50,000 for the building of labor- atories, on which now depend the future progress and prosperity of the Medical Department, is most gratefully accepted. In addition to the respect, affection, and ad- miration that her gentle and noble character arouses in all who know her, Mrs. Richardson has by this act deserved the profound and lasting gratitude of all who have at heart the welfare of New Orleans, the relief of human suffering, and the gratitude especially of those on whom is imposed the duty of promoting the prosperity of the Medical Department. "Professor T. G. Richardson, M.D., for very many 333 DR. T. G. RICHARDSOX. years our honored colleague and Dean, is earnestly solic- ited to become the chief counsellor and agent of the Fac- ulty in everything that may concern the expenditure of this gift, to the end that every dollar may be disbursed prudently and wisely for the greatest benefit of the Med- ical Department, of the public, and to the perfect satis- faction of the donor." Difficulties arose as to securing either of the lots con- tiguous to the old building ; the Faculty did not desire the responsibility of taking charge of the donation, and for other reasons a letter was addressed, May 9, 1891, to United States Senator R. L. Gibson, President of the Board of Administrators, signed " Ida A. Richardson, ap- proved T. G. Richardson," which was briefly as follows: "If the administrators will furnish a suitable site for a medical college I will contribute $100,000 toward the erection of the building, to be paid from time to time as the work progresses." The administrators accepted this donation, and provided, at an expense of 535»°o°, an admirable site. Such is a brief history of the inception of the new col- lege building, due to the conjoint liberality of T. G. Rich- ardson and his wife, Ida A. Slocomb. Their timely gift will prove an incalculable advantage to the college, to many generations of its students, and to the cause of med- ical education, on which depend those inestimable bless- ings to the people, the prevention and cure of disease. Radiating from our city, these blessings will be disseminated far and wide over our land, and will be shared by count- less sufferers — by the rich and the blest, and yet even more by the destitute and the wretched. Our new building will stand an enduring monument not only to the generosity and worth of the donors, but also to their exceptionally enlightened appreciation of the value of medical knowl- edge to the welfare of the people ; and this building will serve as a memorial to bind in lasting union two names DR. T. G. RICHARDSON. 339 which were united for nearly twenty-five years (November 12, 1868, to May 26, 1892,) in faithful and devoted love. Dr. Richardson's influence in behalf of the college did not end with his life. Through him exceptionally appre- ciating the needs of medical education, and in loving remembrance of him, Mrs. Ida A. Richardson has added very largely to the original gift in order that everything lacking and indispensable to insure the usefulness of the new building may be supplied. Dr. Richardson added honor to his profession by con- tributing liberally to every good cause, not only money, but also the great influence which high character and great ability gave him. He was one of the largest contributors toward building the monument erected at Danville, Ky., to the memory of Ephraim McDowell, M.D. Though racked by agonizing pain, and fully conscious that death was near at hand, the anti-lottery cause, involved in doubtful conflict, had no friend, in like pitiable condition, so resolute and so valuable, and none less bitter to opponents. Hand-in-hand with his beloved and honored wife, he crowned these numerous and invaluable services to his contemporaries, within and without the medical profession, by contributing with a liberality, unexampled in the South, to the progress of medical education, for the benefit of generations to live after him. Surely if any man, then this man " wrought his life in noble deeds"; the medical profession profited by his labors, and mankind is better for his living. He taught well by precept, yet better still by example, and he has strengthened many to serve profession and humanity less selfishly. During his professional life there have lived many thousands of physicians, and of all these thousands I know not one throughout the United States who better served, and not one throughout the extended length and 340 DR. T. G. RICHARDSON. breadth of the South who as well served the medical profession as did Dr. Richardson. He possessed superior characteristics, which, during the intimacy of long friendship, specially attracted and im- pressed me. He had a profound and active mind, eager to the last for new knowledge, and earnest in search of truth, however unpalatable it might prove. Hence he was always a student and in step with the onward march of medical science. He regarded every subject broadly and from every side, and often surprised me by his thorough knowledge and appreciation of the arguments of those whose conclusions he opposed. The breadth of his mind and the extent of his knowledge, both of science and of human nature, rendered him tolerant of opinions opposed to his own, and charitable to human frailties. He possessed pre-eminently one of the distinguishing marks of great ability, not only the mastery of many details, but a profound comprehension of the elementary principles which bind details together and on which these are founded. He was distinguished not only for physical, but also for great moral courage. Actuated by a high sense of duty, he more than fulfilled whatever he promised, and was exceptionally punctual and efficient. He never subordi- nated official duty to personal convenience or private obligations, and used office and its influence not for self, but for the general welfare. He abhorred hypocrisy, falsehood, prevarication, scan- dal, and gossip with a vehemence proportionate, as is usual, to nobility of soul. Profanity, obscenity, vulgar wit met with no assumption of " I am holier than thou," but were ignored as if unheard. Beneath a calm^ manner and habitual reserve in the expression of his emotions, there throbbed a loving and a loyal heart. In his friendships he manifested the unusual combination of saying little but doing much, so that his DR. JOSEPH EASTMAN. 34 I deeds in behalf of friends who needed his services always surpassed their expectations, and the longer he was known the greater was the trust reposed in him and the higher the value attached to his friendship. [The foregoing sketch of Professor T. G. Richardson has, by permission, been made chiefly of extracts from the June, 1892, number of the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, and from the Memorial Address on the professional services of T. G Richardson, M.D., delivered April 5, 1893, by Professor Stanford E. Chaille, A.M., M.D., Dean of the Medical Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, La. — The Author.] JOSEPH EASTMAN, M.D., LL.D., PRESIDENT OF THE CENTRAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, INDIANAPOLIS, IND. Dr. Joseph Eastman, of Indianapolis, Ind., was born in the Bleecker Mountains in Fulton Co., N. Y. , in 1842. He is the son of Rilus Eastman, who was born in Amherst, Mass., his ancestors being among the earliest settlers in New England. The Doctor's mother's name was Catherine Jipson. She was of German descent. Dr. Eastman's early education was confined to winter schools and night study ; on reaching the age of eighteen he became a proficient blacksmith, having worked three years at that trade. At the breaking out of the Civil War, early in 1861, he enlisted as a volunteer in the 77th N. Y.; went to the front and took part in four battles. After the battle of Williams- burg he became a victim of fever, and was sent to Mt. Pleasant Hospital, Washington, D. C. After his recovery, Dr. Charles A. McCall and Dr. Harrison Allen (both now in Philadelphia) placed him on medical duty in that hos- 342 DR - JOSEPH EASTMAN. pital, later having him discharged from his regiment and appointed Hospital Steward in the U. S. Army. Through the courtesy of these doctors he was permitted to attend three courses of medical lectures in the University of Georgetown, where he was graduated in 1865. He then passed the army examination and was commissioned Assistant Surgeon to the United States Volunteers, and served in that capacity until May, 1866, when he was mustered out of service at Nashville, Tenn. On his way home from the army he stopped at Indian- apolis, and located in a country village a few miles west of the city, where he followed the general practice of medi- cine and surgery for a period of nine years. In 1868 he married a daughter of Thomas Barker, of Indianapolis. In 1870-71 he attended a course of lectures in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, where he was again graduated in 1871. At the solicitation of Drs. Parvin and Walker he accepted the position of Demonstrator of Anatomy in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Indianapolis, locating in that city in November, 1875. Soon after he was appointed Consulting Surgeon to the City Hospital, a position which he held for nine years, delivering lec- tures on Clinical Surgery during that time. During this same period he assisted Professor Parvin, now of Phila- delphia, in most of his gynecological operations. In 1879 Dr. Eastman was one of the organizers of the Central College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Indianapolis, ac- cepting the Chair of Anatomy and Clinical Surgery. After having taught anatomy in the two colleges for seven ses- sions a special chair was established in the last-named institution, that of Diseases of Women and Abdominal Surgery, which he has held ever since. For the last seven years he has been President of this college. Since 1886 Dr. Eastman has limited his practice abso- lutely to diseases of women and abdominal surgery. Dur- ing this period he has opened the abdominal cavity over DR. JOSEPH EASTMAN. 343 500 times and performed hysterectomy, suprapubic and infrapubic, over 120 times. His Private Sanatorium for Diseases of Women and Abdominal Surgery, five stories high, with an elevator and the most modern facilities of every kind to render his work successful, speaks plainly of what an indomitable energy in the surgical type of a man will accomplish. He is the second in the world, and the only American sur- geon who, in operating for extra-uterine pregnancy, has dissected out the entire sac which contained a living child, and saved the life of both mother and child (see Hirst's American Obstetrics, vol. ii. pp. 269, 270). While yet doing general surgery he exsected the knee-joint five times, with five recoveries and five useful limbs ; and performed lithotomy five times in the male, with five recoveries. At the beginning of his special work he visited the hospitals of London, Birmingham, Paris, Strassburg, Munich, Vienna, Leipsic, Dresden, Halle, and Berlin, critically examining the methods of the distinguished operators in the department of diseases of women and abdominal surgery. In 1 89 1, in recognition of his original professional work, the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Wabash College, the first and only time in the history of this old institution that this honor has been given to a medical man. The Doctor has one daughter, Mary, and two sons, Thomas B. and Joseph R. Eastman, associated with their father in practice and teaching. Dr. Eastman is a member of the American Medical Association, and at their meeting last June in Milwaukee, was elected Chairman of the Section of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women. ,,, DR. ALBERT VANDER VEER. ALBERT VANDER VEER, M.D., A.M., Ph.D., ALBANY, N. Y. Physicians are, without doubt, among the most impor- tant members of a community. From the very nature of their profession, they are thoughtful, sharp-sighted men, always abreast of the knowledge of the times, and ready to apply it as opportunity affords. In public life, when- ever the time or inclination for such labor exists, the physician is pre-eminently the man whose work will re- dound to the credit of the community in which it is done. Fortunate, indeed, is the city whose leading physicians find time to aid in the conduct of, its affairs. The subject of this sketch, Dr. Albert Vander Veer, although scarcely of middle age, has attained a prominence in his profession which easily makes him its local head as well as places him far along in the ranks of its recognized leaders. He was born in the village of Leatherville, in the town of Root, Montgomery County, State of New York, on July 10, 1841. His father was an energetic and successful business man, whose tanneries gave the name to the place. His early education was received at the public school at Palatine and at the Canajoharie Academy. When eighteen years of age Albert Vander Veer began the study of medicine, for which he had a strong inclina- tion, with the late Dr. Simeon Snow, of Currytown, New York. After a year's work on the rudiments the young man came to Albany and entered the office of the late Dr. John Swinburne. During the years 1861 and 1862 he attended the lectures of the Albany Medical College, where so many physicians of prominence have been taught the elements of the profession. In the spring of 1862 the student, now thoroughly imbued with ardor for his profes- /f~L^^^ £\^1^. %^-^D^ DR. ALBERT VAJNDER VEER. 345 sion, became one of the original "One Hundred," was commissioned as a United States medical cadet, and ordered to report for duty at Columbia College Hospital at Washington, D. C. While at this post he attended a course of lectures at the National Medical College, from which institution he received the degree of doctor of medi- cine in December, 1862. After graduation Dr. Vander Veer was commissioned assistant surgeon of the Sixty-sixth Regiment, New York Volunteers, and in June, 1864, was raised- to the grade of surgeon with the rank of major. He served with his regiment until the close of the war. Upon returning to New York he attended a full course of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and in the spring of 1866 established himself in Albany as a general practitioner. In July, 1869, he was called to the chair of general and special anatomy in the Albany Med- ical College, where as a student he had received his first instruction and which had in 1869 conferred upon him the honorary title of M.D. In the same year he became attending surgeon to the Albany Hospital, and in 1874 was appointed attending surgeon to St. Peter's Hospital. In January, 1882, he was appointed professor of surgery in the Medical College, which position he holds at the present time, and in which he ever labors strenuously for the promotion of the interests of the institution and of the profession. In October, 1874, Dr. Vander Veer visited Europe, where he remained until the following April, occupying his time chiefly in professional study and visiting the great centres of medical instruction, where he watched with absorbing interest the brilliant operations of the renowned surgeons and specialists. The next ten years of Dr. Vander Veer's life were years of unremitting labor in his chosen profession. But the labor brought its rewards. In 1882 Williams College con- ferred upon him the degree of A.M., and Union College, 346 DR. ALBERT VANDER VEER. as well as Hamilton, honored him with the degree of Ph.D. In 1884 Dr. Vander Veer again visited Europe, this time accompanied by his wife, formerly Miss Margaret E. Snow, daughter of Dr. Simeon Snow, his old preceptor. During this sojourn he was entertained by Mr. Lawson Tait, whose fame as a surgical specialist is known all over the world. During the trip he also read a paper before the Copenhagen Medical Congress. Besides being ex-President and member of both the county and State medical societies, Dr. Vander Veer is also a member of the Boston Gynecological Society, the British Medical Association, the International Medical Congress, the British Gynecological Society, the American Surgical Association, the Holland Society of New York, of which he is the Vice-President of the Albany district, having had conferred upon him at the last Holland Society dinner in New York the order of " Oranje-Nassau " by the Queen of Holland. He is also one of the executive officers of the Pan- American Medical Congress, an active member of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological Association, Ameri- can Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, etc. To all these he gives some portion of his time, systemat- ically divided. In addition, he is busily at work at every available moment upon his college lectures or gathering in writing the results of his varied surgical experiences for the benefit of his professional brethren. Among the subjects upon which Dr. Vander Veer has lectured or written are: "The Operation for Stone, as Observed in some of the London Hospitals, together with a Report of Cases from Private Practice;" "Operation for Closure of Cleft of Hard and Soft Palate" (series of American Clinical Lectures) ; " Report of Three Cases of Excision of the Rectum;" "Report of Eight Cases of Uterine Fibroids; " " History of Abdominal Surgery in DR. ALBERT VAXDER VEER. 347 Albany, with report of Seventy-five Cases;" "Reports of Ten Cases of Gastric Ulcer," etc., some of his earlier works. Of late Dr. Vander Veer has devoted much of his time to abdominal surgery at the Albany Hospital, and to a steadily increasing, extended consultation and operating practice outside of his own city. Among his later publications are to be found: "The Use of the Curette in Uterine Surgery;" "Uterine Hemorrhage, Puerperal and Non-puerperal ; " "The Man- agement of Cancer of the Uterus, Complicated by Preg- nancy, with Report of a Case;" " Hystero-epilepsy, with Report of Cases; " " Retro-peritoneal Tumors : their Anatomical Relations, Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treat- ment ; " " Tubercular Peritonitis ; " " Report of Cases of Cholecystotomy, with Special Reference to the Treatment of Calculus Lodging in the Common Duct; " "The Re- lation of the Board of Health to the Public ; " "Appen- dicitis: the Relation of the Physician and the Surgeon in the Care of Cases ; " " Comparison between Perineal and Suprapubic Cystotomy;" "She Thought It was Her Change of Life ; " " The Medico-Legal Aspect of Abdom- inal Section;" "Extra-uterine Pregnancy;" "Con- cealed Pregnancy: its Relations to Abdominal Surgery ; " "The Relation of the Abdominal Surgeon to the Obstetri- cian and Gynecologist;" "Intestinal Obstruction;" " Report of Cases of Cceliotomy performed at the Albany Hospital from July to November, 1893, w ^ tn Presentation of Pathological Specimens," etc. The pressure of increasing professional duties does not prevent Dr. A 7 ander Veer from taking an active interest in municipal affairs, and the value of his services as a mem- ber of the Board of Health, the Historical Society, etc., are fully recognized. He is a member of the First Presby- terian Church, and was selected as a Commissioner to attend the meeting of the General Assembly at Omaha. Whatever of eminence he has attained has been secured 34S DR. J. HENRY CARS! ENS. by close application, unremitting labor, and a determined following of those inclinations which, in his youth, led him to choose for his own the responsibilities of the silent profession. Honored by his associates, loved and respected by his patients, Dr. Vander Veer's career may well be emulated by all young men who are ambitious to secure for themselves the approval of their fellows and the emolu- ments which come of necessity to the leader in any pro- fession. J. HENRY CARSTENS, M.D., DETROIT, MICH., Was born June 9, 1848, in the city of Kiel, in the Ger- man province of Schleswig Holstein. His father, John Henry Carstens, a merchant tailor, was an ardent revolu- tionist, and participated in the various revolts in the memorable years of 1848-49. He had been captured and was in prison when his son was born ; after some months he was released and began attending to his business, but, fearing that he might be again imprisoned, he packed up a few goods and, with his family, left in the dead of the night for America. On his arrival he settled in Detroit, where he has since remained. One of his grandfathers was an architect and builder ; another a shipbuilder ; many of his uncles, with ether relatives, were officers in the army and navy, and nearly all of them participated in the revolution and were forced to leave Germany and come to the United States. J. H. Carstens is the elder of two children. His earlier education was received in the public schools of Detroit, supplemented by six years' attendance at the German- American Seminary. While receiving instruction at the latter institution his parents lived on a farm four and a half miles from the city, which distance he was compelled DR. J. HENRY CARSTENS. 349 to walk twice a day. He evinced, even as a boy, an eager desire for intellectual work, excelled as a student, and took high rank in his studies, especially in those pertaining to natural sciences and mathematics. Before he had attained his fifteenth year he was compelled to engage in business, and, after some time devoted to lithography, he entered the drug store of William Thum, and afterward served in Duffield's drug store and with B. E. Sickler. He became proficient in the various details of the business, served one year as prescription clerk in Stearns's drug store, and then began the study of medicine, his name being the first on the matriculation book of the Detroit Medical College. Even before graduation he had charge of the college dispensary, and after his graduation, in 1870, he was immediately put in charge of the college dispen- sary, and a few years later held the same position in St. Mary's Hospital Infirmary. He was appointed lecturer on minor surgery in the Detroit Medical College in 1871, and afterward lecturer on diseases of the skin and clinical medicine. He has lectured on almost every branch of medical science, the most important subjects so treated being dis- eases of women and children, differential diagnosis, ner- vous diseases, physical diagnosis, pathology, chemistry, materia medica, and therapeutics. His taste and practice gradually tended to the diseases of women ; and, after holding the professorship of materia medica and therapeu- tics in the Detroit Medical College for some years, in 1881 he accepted the professorship of obstetrics and clinical gynecology, a position he has ever since held ; and on the consolidation with the Michigan College of Medicine he was appointed to the same position in the Detroit College of Medicine. As a lecturer on medical subjects he has performed most satisfactory labors, is thorough in his investigations and in the application of knowledge gained by practical experience and unremitting research. He is 3;o DR. J. HEXRY CARSTEXS. terse, clear, and practical, and easily wins the respect of those who come under his teaching. In view of the experiences of his father, it is but natural that Dr. Carstens should have a strong taste for politics. Ever since he has been old enough to understand the political situation in this country he has been a staunch Republican. Before his twentieth year he delivered polit- ical speeches, and this he continued for many years, speaking in either English or German in many parts of the State of Michigan. In 1876 he was elected chairman of the Republican City Committee, and at the same time was a member of the County Committee. During the year he held these positions he materially assisted in securing Republican control of the city and county. Both as an organizer and as an earnest and effective worker he has rendered valuable aid in gaining victories for his party, and has been often tendered party nominations. He has, however, thus far refused to become a candidate for office, with the exception of a nomination as member of the Board of Education, to which he was elected in 1875 and re-elected in 1879. ^ n 1S77 he was appointed president of the Board of Health, and during his term of office ren- dered valuable assistance in checking the spread of small- pox, which was then prevalent. On the organization of the Michigan Republican Club he was elected a director. His rapidly increasing professional duties of late years have prevented active political work, and, with the excep- tion of an occasional speech, his whole time has been devoted to his profession. His contributions to medical literature have been various and extended. He has reported many clinical lectures and has trans- lated various articles from German and French medical journals. Among the more important of the articles written by him may be named : " Cleft-palate and Iodo- form;" "Medical Education; " "Embolism;" "Vac- cination;" "Household Remedies;" "Phantasia;" DR. J. HENRY CARSTENS. 35! "Clinical Lectures ; " "A Case of Obstetrics ; " " Dysen- tery Cured without Opium;" "Strangulated Hernia;" "Hemorrhoids; " " Clinical Lectures on Gynecology; " "A Case of Epilepsy Caused by Uterine Stenosis;" "Three Cases of Battey's Operation;" "Uterine Can- cer;" "Menorrhagia and Metrorrhagia;" "Cancer;" " Ergot in Labor ; " " Mechanical Therapeutics of Amen- orrhoea; " "A Different Method of Treating a Case of. Freshly Ruptured Perineum ; " " Fibroid Tumor Removed by Laparotomy; " " Vesico-vaginal Fistula; " " Loewen- thal Theory of Menstruation ; " "Mastitis;" "Laceration of the Cervix Uteri;" "Two Successful Porro-Caesarean Sections; " "Laparotomy with and without Drainage; " "Six Years' Work in Abdominal Surgery, Technique, Vaginal Hysterectomy, etc.;" and a small book on ' 'Amenorrhcea, Dysmenorrhcea, and Menorrhagia. ' ' Lately he has only written on questions of abdominal surgery, as he has for years given up general practice, and even obstetrics, to be able to give his whole time to gynecology and coeliotomy. He has made about five hundred abdom- inal sections, with a mortality varying from 7 to 15 per cent, (different years, etc.). Nearly all of his articles have been extensively copied by medical journals in this country, and some by European journals. He holds the position of gynecologist to Harper Hos- pital, attending physician to the Woman's Hospital, and obstetrician to the House of Providence. He is a member of the American Medical Association and of the Michigan State Medical Society, of which he was vice-president in 1885; president of the Detroit Medical and Library Society ; a member of the Detroit Academy of Medicine and of the British Gynecological Society ; honorary member of the Ovvosso and Kalamazoo Academy of Medicine and the Northeastern District Medical Society ; vice-president of the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecol- ogists ; ex-president of the Detroit Gynecological Society, etc. 352 DR. HEXRY O. MARCY. His advance as a physician has been steady and sure ; he has been a continuous student and a hard worker ; his practice has grown into an extensive and remunerative one, and he finds his time and hands fully occupied. He has given to certain diseases close and special attention, and has worked out for them peculiar, independent, and successful modes of treatment. Among his professional brethren he holds the place due to his talents and manly character, and is ever ready to aid any enterprise that may be originated for the good of the public. Although his professional duties are onerous, he finds time for general reading, and keeps well informed in a wide range of intel- lectual culture ; is thorough and earnest in all that he undertakes ; and has the undivided good-will and respect of the community in which he dwells. He was married October 18, 1870, to Hattie Rohnert, who had for some time been a teacher in one of the public schools. HENRY O. MARCY, A.M., M.D., LL.D., BOSTON, MASS. Dr. Henry O. Marcy is of New England birth and an- cestry, and is a graduate of Harvard University. He was a surgeon and medical director in the late war between the States. He was a special student in Europe in 1869 and 1870, and was the first American pupil to receive the instruction of Mr. Lister at Edinburgh. At this time he commenced original investigations upon the pathological conditions incident to surgery, especially the relation of bacteria to wounds and their role in infectious diseases, publishing from time to time his researches and discov- eries. For this purpose he equipped a bacteriological laboratory, and for several years employed Dr. Samuel N. DR. HENRY O. MARCY. 353 Nelson as assistant in this work. Dr. Marcy early became interested in abdominal surgery, and saw much of the pioneer work of Dr. H. R. Storer, of Boston, and of that of the late Dr. Gilman Kimball, of Lowell. In 1880 he opened a private hospital for the special treatment of sur- gical diseases of women, which is continued at the present. Dr. Marcy is a most skilful operator, and he elaborated the method of the peritoneal covering of the stump, after the removal of ovarian and uterine tumors, for intra- abdominal treatment of the pedicle, and the closure of the abdominal wound without drainage, now so generally accepted and practised. The profession is indebted to his researches for the demonstration of the advantages derived from the use of buried animal sutures, closing, layer after layer, all aseptic wounds, even the major amputations, and hermetically sealing with iodoform-collodion without the use of the drainage-tube. The advantages to be derived from animal — especially tendon — sutures were demonstrated by a long series of comparative studies, which taught the replacement in large degree of the aseptic buried material by vitalized connective tissue. Dr. Marcy's methods for the reconstruction of the pelvic structures have been very generally adopted. His contributions to medical litera- ture have been very numerous and extend over a wide range of surgical subjects. He is, perhaps, best known to the profession by his writings upon hernia, his latest pub- lication upon the subject being "The Anatomy and Sur- gical Treatment of Hernia," a large, illustrated, quarto volume, published in 1892 by D. Appleton & Co. Dr. Marcy is an active member of various societies, has been honored with the presidency of the American Academy of Medicine, and in 1892 was president of the American Medical Association. 23 3C/1 DR. WALKER GILL WYLIE. WALKER GILL WYLIE, M.D., NEW YORK, N. V. The subject of this sketch, Walker Gill Wylie, M.D., was born in Chester, S. C, September 2, 1848. His father, Alexander Pierson Wylie, was a surgeon and physi- cian of considerable note, and for more than forty years he practised medicine in Chester County. His antecedents were Scotch-Irish Protestants, from the North of Ireland, as were many of those who early emigrated to East Ten- nessee and the Carolinas. Dr. Alexander Pierson Wylie was a strong Union man, and opposed secession from a moral standpoint. For forty years, or more, the grand- father, Peter Kelsey Wylie, held the office of Probate Judge in his district. The nullification principles and measures of John C. Calhoun he bitterly opposed. The maiden name of the mother of Dr. W. Gill Wylie was Juliette Agnes Gill, whose father was Robert Walker Gill, a merchant of Lancaster. Her ancestors were English. Dr. Wylie's early educational advantages were confined to the village school, which was the only opportunity offered then of obtaining an education. When at the age of sixteen years, the war cry was pro- claimed calling men to arms, inspired by that Southern chivalry so characteristic of the youths of the ante-bellum days, he volunteered his youthful services to the Southern army as Lieutenant. At this tender age he commanded a company in front of General Sherman's army in its march from Savannah into North Carolina. When hostilities had ceased between the North and the South, he entered the University of South Carolina, previously known as the -Ur&Mskr^Lt DR. WALKER GILL WYLIE. 355 College of South Carolina. After an attendance of two years, he graduated from all the studies of the scientific course, and at twenty years of age (in 1868) he entered Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York city. In the year 1870, by competitive examination, he secured the position of "interne," or house surgeon. In 1871 he graduated, but still retained the position of house surgeon of the hospital for a year and a half. In 1872 he was appointed as "interne" of the New York Woman's Hos- pital. This position was also secured upon another competitive examination, which held for eighteen months. Dr. Wylie's progressive nature, and an ardent desire to obtain still greater knowledge relating to his chosen pro- fession, induced him to go to Europe and make an especial investigation and study of hospital nursing and systems of hospital management. Having obtained this desired knowledge, he presented at the Cooper Institute, before an audience composed entirely of ladies, a paper on "Training Schools for Nurses. ' ' At that time the subject was quite new, consequently the paper attracted much attention. Encouraging results came from this movement, and the consequence has been to revolutionize the system in the United States. The Bellevue Training School was organized twenty years ago, and Dr. Wylie has personally examined every graduate during that entire time. He was greatly inter- ested in hospital work, and co-operated with the State Charities' Aid Association in this matter. His private practice in New York city dates from 1873. In 1876 he issued a book upon Hospitals ; Their History, Organization, and Construction. This was the Boylston prize essay of Harvard University for 1876. Dr. Wylie also studied hospital construction, and the sanitary arrangements in buildings won success and dis- tinguished him as a sanitary engineer. 356 DR. WALKER GILL WYLIE. But his remarkable skill in gynecology and great success in abdominal surgery soon made him very prominent in this especial line of surgery, and placed him among the most brilliant and successful operators. By his skilful operations cases heretofore considered incurable have been restored to health. No one surgeon has been more emi- nently successful in abdominal section or laparotomy. Indeed, his percentage of recoveries in this line of surgery remains unprecedented. Much of his success must be attributed to sound judgment, extreme cleanliness, and a natural skill combined with a perfect knowledge of abdominal surgery. In 1882 he was appointed visiting gynecologist of Belle- vue Hospital. He still holds this position. In 1877 he became associated with the late Dr. J. Marion Sims. In 1878 Dr. Wylie established a private hospital, located at No. 215 West Forty-third street, New York city. Asso- ciated with him in his hospital and general practice is his brother, Dr. Robert H. Wylie, also a surgeon of consider- able prominence in all the essentials necessary to make a distinguished operator, and is only second to his renowned brother. Dr. W. Gill Wylie is associated with many societies and medical associations, such as the American Medical Asso- ciation, New York State and New York County Medical Societies, the New York and the Northwestern Society, the New York Pathological Society, the New York Academy of Medicine, the American Gynecological Society, the British Gynecological Society, and various others. He is Professor of Gynecology in the New York Poly- clinic Hospital, and is Consulting Surgeon of the Seney Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y. He is the author of numerous treatises and papers relating to his specialty, gynecology. In June, 1877, Dr. Wylie was married to Miss Fannie H. Damon, a daughter of Edward A. Damon, a merchant engaged in business in St. Louis, Mo. Dr. and Mrs. Wylie 7 / UMl^Z^-^y DR. EGBERT GUERNSEY. 357 have four very interesting and promising children — two sons and two daughters. The Doctor is full of energy, hale and vigorous, with a prospect of a long life before him. Much of his wonder- ful success may be attributed to his remarkable good health. May he long live to enjoy the fruits of his success, and continue in his earnest efforts to relieve the afflicted and suffering who throng his presence seeking relief. EGBERT GUERNSEY, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. To Dr. Egbert Guernsey the new school of medicine owes much of its life and success. Grasping with his broad and liberal mind the truths of the dual action of drugs, he has ever been constant in advancing their prin- ciples, and it is greatly through his efforts that the two schools of medicine have come within touch of one another. He has ever been foremost in advocating a broad and unrestrained medical training, and his time and experience have always been at the call of younger and less experienced medical brethren. To the poor and needy his skill and purse are ever free, and well may Bret Harte say in The Man Whose Yoke Was Not Easy, speaking of his friend and physician, Dr. Guernsey: "He handed me a note. It was from a cer- tain physician ; a man of broad culture and broader experience ; a man who had devoted a greater part of his life to the alleviation of sorrow and suffering ; a man who lived up to the vows of a noble profession ; a man who locked in his honorable breast the secrets of a hundred families ; whose face was kindly, whose touch was as gentle as the dying Narcissa ; a man who, through long contact with suffering, had acquired a universal tenderness and 358 DR. EGBERT GUERNSEY. breadth of kindly philosophy; a man who, day or night, was at the beck and call of anguish ; a man who never asked the creed, belief, moral or worldly standing of the sufferer, or even his ability to pay the few coins that enabled him (the physician) to exist and practise his calling; in brief, a man who so nearly lived up to the example of the Great Master that it seems strange I am writing of him as a doctor of medicine and not of divinity." Descended on both sides from the best English and American ancestry, Dr. Guernsey was born in Litchfield, Conn., July 8, 1823. The name of his first American ancestor, John Guernsey, who is said to have emigrated from the Isle of Guernsey in 1638, appears among the 180 Puritans who established the New Haven Colony. The mother of Dr. Guernsey was Amanda Crosby, a direct descendant of Enoch Crosby. Dr. Guernsey's descent is through Joseph, the son of John, whose name appears in the records of Milford, Conn., in 1659 ; thence through Joseph. John removed to America, Dutchess County, N. Y., where his son Noah, the grandfather of Dr. Guernsey, was born. He removed to Litchfield, Conn., having previously married Miss Hol- lister, who was a direct descendant of William Clinton, the first Earl of Huntingdon, A. D. 1350, whose descen- dant in the eighth generation became Lord High Admiral of England, and in 15 71 was created Earl of Lincoln, the title being subsequently merged into that of the Duke of Newcastle. Dr. Guernsey prepared for college at Phillips's Acad- emy, Andover. Before completing his college course, determining on medicine as his future profession, he entered the office of Dr. Valentine Mott, and graduated in 1846 at the Medical Department of the University of the City of New York. Beginning the practice of his profession in Williams- DR. EGBERT GUERNSEY. 359 burg, now part of Brooklyn, he was soon after appointed City Physician. In 1850 he definitely determined upon New York City as his field of work. Up to this time he had followed the old-school practice. Careful investigation of homoeopathy impressed him with its im- proved methods. Using the best features of both systems, he has always been a liberal practitioner, and unquestion- ably to-day stands first and foremost in that large class of medical men who prefer to be allied to neither one nor the other system, but use both according to the exigencies of the moment. For six years Dr. Guernsey held the chair as professor, first of materia medica, and then of theory and practice, in the New York Homoeopathic Medical College. In 1870 he organized the Western Dispensary, since united with the Hahnemann Hospital, of which he was also one of the organizers. In 1877, mostly through his instrumentality, the Inebriate Asylum on Ward's Island was converted into a hospital and placed under the charge of a competent Board of Physicians, with Dr. Guernsey as president of the board. He was for nineteen years one of the trustees and for four years vice-president of the State Insane Asylum of the State of New York at Middletown. He has been president of the County and State Medical Societies, and was for a period, from 1864 to 1868, surgeon of the Sixth Regiment of the State National Guard of New York. Possessed of great activity, mentally as well as physi- cally, almost from the beginning he has given a certain portion of time to literary work. While still an under- graduate in the University the Doctor became city editor of the Evening Mirror, being thus associated with N. P. Willis and George P. Morris. This was in 1845. ^ n I £>48 he started the Brooklyn Daily Times, and was its editor-in- chief. In 1872 be was associated with Dr. A. Gerald Hull in editing Fah?- s Manual. In 1872 he started the New 360 DR- CORNELIUS KOLLOCK. York Medical Titties, and has since continued as its editor. While a young physician he wrote a school history of the United States, which became generally used through- out the country. In 1855 he published Domestic Practice, which has since passed through eleven editions, was re- published in England, and translated into the French, German, Spanish and Danish languages. He has been at all times an extensive contributor to medical journals. He was married in 1848 to Miss Sarah Lefferts Schenck, a descendant of one of the imperial seneschals to Charle- magne. Two children blessed this union, a daughter and a son. The death of his son (which occurred July 24, 1893), a promising young physician, has been one of the hardest blows which have fallen to Dr. Guernsey's lot. Most keenly he feels the loss of his son, who was endowed with a warm, sympathetic, and generous nature, ever ready with his medical skill and his purse to aid and give relief to the suffering, and there is no one who will not feel, as they read the lines which tell of his removal to another sphere, that the life which was so full of love and kindly deeds, now freed from the contamination of earth, will blossom in that other world, upon which he has opened his eyes, in immortal beauty and fragrance. Whether as professor, editor, author, or physician, Dr. Guernsey's strong personality has exercised a remarkable influence upon all with whom he has come in contact. CORNELIUS KOLLOCK, M.D., CHERAW, SOUTH CAROLINA. Dr. Cornelius Kollock was born near Cheraw, S. C, December 7, 1824. He received his early education at the Cheraw Academy, entered the sophomore class of CORNELIUS KOLLOCK, M. D. DR. CORNELIUS KOLLOCK. 361 Brown University in 1842, graduated in 1845, studied medicine three years, and took the degree of M.D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1848. Afterward he spent eighteen months in Europe, principally in Paris, attending lectures and hospitals, and taking private lessons of Malgaigne and Cazeaux. Returning home, he engaged in general practice in Cheraw, giving special attention to surgery, gynecology, and obstetrics. He has done abdominal section quite a number of times for the removal of ovarian tumors and other pelvic growths, also for knife- and gunshot-wounds of the bowels. His success in operations for intestinal obstructions has been good. His cases of strangulated hernia (which were many) have all resulted in recoveries. He has removed the uterus twice, both times successfully ; has done Cse- sarean section once, after Sanger's improved method, saving mother and child. In the conservative treatment of pyosalpinx he has had good results, and of that treat- ment he is an earnest advocate, while he as earnestly opposes craniotomy on the living foetus. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Medicine, and of the American Gynecological Society ; has been President of the South Carolina Medical Association ; was Vice-President of the American Gynecological Society in 1892 ; was Vice-President, the same year, of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological Association, and was elected its President at its late meeting in New Orleans. Dr. Kollock, as a practitioner of surgery, has secured to an unusual extent the confidence, gratitude, and esteem of his patients. He possesses in an eminent degree the special qualifications requisite to the surgeon. His gen- erous nature and his unselfish character have endeared many hearts to him, who will ever hold in grateful remem- brance his many noble acts of charity and fidelity to the duties of his profession. 362 DE. JACOB GEIGER. JACOB GEIGER, M.D., ST. JOSEPH, MO., Was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, July 25, 1848. His father, Anton Geiger, a classmate of Niemeyer in the University of Tubingen, died in 1851. Two brothers having emigrated to America, the subject of our sketch, with his mother, followed them in the spring of 1856. Two years later Mrs. Geiger died, leaving the boy penni- less and an orphan in a strange country. With untiring energy and pluck he set about to acquire an education, attending the district schools, and later attending Homer Seminary, and graduating from Bryant's Business College. Having read medicine with Galen E. Bishop, of St. Joseph, Mr. Geiger began the practice of medicine in that city prior to his twentieth birthday. In the spring of 1872 he received the degree of M.D., after pursuing a regular course in the University of Louis- ville, Ky. With characteristic energy the Doctor began his professional career by working heartily in the different medical societies and contributing valuable and original articles for their consideration. The Ensworth Medical College and Hospital and the colleges from which this college emanated owe their existence in a large degree to the wisdom and zeal of Dr. Geiger. While devoting his attention for the past three years almost entirely to surgery, the Doctor is possessed of a broad scholarship in all that pertains to his chosen profes- sion. One of the organizers of the Marion-Sims College of Medicine, St. Louis, he holds the chair of principles and practice of surgery and clinical surgery in that insti- tution, and holds the same chair in the Ensworth Medical College and Hospital, St. Joseph, Mo., and is one of the life tkddu %. (puM:^.^ DR. ISABELLA M. PETTET. ,5, trustees of the latter institution. He is a member of the following medical societies : American Medical Associa- tion, Mississippi Valley Medical Society, Missouri Valley Medical Society, Missouri State Medical Society, North Kansas Medical Society, Western Association of Obste- tricians and Gynecologists, Grand River Medical Society, St. Louis Medical Society, Buchanan County Medical So- ciety, and the District Medical Society of Northwestern Missouri, of which he is president. Dr. Geiger's ability as a teacher, his expertness as a diagnostician, and his skill as a surgeon, coupled with a kind heart and a noble, generous disposition, have en- deared him to the community and State in which he dwells. Being still in the prime of life, possessed of in- domitable will and tireless energy, much may be expected of him in the future. Possessed of excellent business qualifications, the Doctor has accumulated a comfortable fortune. In 1887 he mar- ried Miss Louise Kollatz, a most estimable lady, of St. Joseph; but leaves no one to bear his name, as no chil- dren have been born to them. The Doctor is a Master Mason and in religion is a Presbyterian, being a member of the First Presbyterian Church of his adopted city. ISABELLA M. PETTET, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Isabella M. Pettet, M.D., was born in Holstein, Ger- many, June 6, 1843. I n th e vear 1868 she came to the United States and first located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where she became engaged in missionary work of the Methodist Episcopal Church. She returned to the city of New York in 1874, and 364 DR - ISABELLA M. PETTET. entered Bethany Institute in 1875, connecting herself after- ward with the Mission of the Mariners' Church of the New York Port Society, acting as interpreter to the mission- aries sent out to visit the families of seafaring men, most of them being Germans, with a limited knowledge of the English language, which made it difficult for them to understand the missionaries rightly. While she was interested in this work she saw large num- bers of sailors walking the streets having no particular object in view. The thought occurred to her that it would be well to invite them to attend church, and although her lady companion objected strenuously to such a proceed- ing, as this line of work had always been intrusted to men, considering it improper to address men on the street, Dr. Pettet carried her point, feeling assured that the Divine Master's will was in the work, and with His guiding hand they started out to invite the sailors to come to church. At first their motives were ridiculed, and "Jack Tar" laughed at them, but gradually the brave " Jack Tar " became convinced that it was for his good, and the here- tofore empty church was filled every evening. They then began to hold meetings for the sailors every morning and evening, which were seldom attended by less than two hundred or more seamen. After the close of church ser- vices Dr. Pettet would take aside as many men as she could instruct in Bible truths ; this work she continued from day to day for about three years. She met with such encouragement that she decided to carry the war into Africa and visit the sailor board- ing-houses — a proceeding which the proprietors of the boarding-houses bitterly resented. Persecutions were then heaped upon Dr. Pettet, and words cannot express what she suffered at the hands of intoxicated boarding-house keepers and their wives. They used the vilest language toward her, and, not content with abusive words, threw burning brooms, decayed eggs, grease, etc., over her DR. ISABELLA M. PETTET. 365 clothing, which compelled her to take a detective with her for protection. This did not deter her from fol- lowing in the self-imposed path of duty, and with the help of our Lord she was enabled to accomplish a great work. She restored to their parents many boys who had run away from their homes ; many a well-educated man, yes, even noblemen, whom the vicissitudes of life had thrown into the maelstrom of the slums of a great city, were restored to their families and Christian society. She is the recipient of grateful letters from all parts of the world from men thus saved from ruin, and who have started missions in various parts, like " The Strangers' Rest" in Liverpool and London, even in the far East, keeping in touch with the good work. These are the Doctor's most cherished remembrances, where she has devoted a greater part of her life to the spiritual welfare of humanity. Rather with a desire to increase her usefulness in the missionary field and among the afflicted, too poor or ignorant to call for the services of a physician, in order to aid them she commenced the study of medicine in 1878, and was graduated from The New York Medical College and Hospital for Women in 1881. For ten years she has had a large general practice, mostly among the needy, especially those of her own sex, doing a great amount of gratuitous work for them like a good Samaritan. In fact we may well say that the entire life of this noble-hearted woman has been devoted to relieving the sufferings of others, and to aid and cheer them through their weary pathway of life. For five years Dr. Pettet has made gynaecology or diseases of woman her specialty, and she has achieved remarkable success in that line. Dr. Pettet is on the Medical Staff of the New York 3 66 DR. AUGUSTUS PALMER DUDLEY. Medical College and Hospital for Women. She is a member of the New York County Society, etc. She has but one child, a promising son, sixteen years of age, in whom she takes especial delight. He is worthy a mother's love. AUGUSTUS PALMER DUDLEY, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. In Phipsburg, Me., July 4, 1853, Augustus Palmer Dudley, the subject of this sketch, was born. He is the third son of Palmer Dudley, who married Frances Wyman, a daughter of Captain Francis Wyman, a native of Phips- burg, Me. On his mother's side he is descended from the Percys of the North of England and the South of Scotland, whose lineage can be traced to the tenth century, and from the Wymans, of Wales. His maternal grandfather, Francis Wyman, also his paternal grandfather, Patrick Dudley, were soldiers and pensioners of the war of 181 2, being respectively Orderly, Sergeant, and Ensign of Com- pany F, South Militia, at Fort Hunnewell's Point. His paternal great-grandfather, William Oliver, and his maternal great-grandfather, William Wyman, both served in the Revolutionary War. His father, Palmer Dudley, was for many years prominent in the affairs of his native town. On March 18, 1843, ne was by Governor Kava- nagh commissioned Ensign of Company F, of Infantry, in the 1st Regiment of the 1st Brigade, and 4th Division of the Militia of the State of Maine, which commission he held for seven years, and was honorably discharged on April 18, 1 85 1. Dr. Dudley received his preparatory education at the public schools and at the Portland Academy. Being studious and earnest in his endeavors to not only acquire (A>f2&™^ <$7^*^ys DR. AUGUSTUS PALMER DUDLEY. 367 knowledge, but to become a physician and surgeon, he entered the Medical Department of Bowdoin College at the age of twenty-four, and was graduated with high honors from Dartmouth Medical School in the year 1877. He commenced the practice of medicine in Portland, Me., but possessing natural surgical abilities he desired to seek a broader field, where his surgical advantages would be greater, and therefore removed to New York City in the year 1881, where he entered the Woman's Hospital as house surgeon, which position he filled for eighteen months. He then went to San Francisco, Cal., where he had charge of the California Woman's Hospital for one year. He re- turned to New York in 1884 and resumed his practice, and has been remarkably successful in his specialty — abdominal . surgery. He was appointed Instructor in Diseases of Women at the Post- Graduate Medical School in the year 1887, and Visiting Gynecologist to the Randall's Island Hospital and Northeastern Dispensary. Dr. Dudley's success as a skilful operator has given him an honored reputation. During the past three years he has three times performed successfully the Caesarean sec- tion, in all three cases saving mother and child. In May, 1893, he was made Professor of Diseases of Women in the Post-Graduate Medical School to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Prof. Charles Carroll Lee. He has written numerous papers on his specialty, among which are : " Vaginal Hysterectomy in America," " Vari- cocele in the Female," "Surgical Treatment of Sub- involution," "A New Method of Surgical Treatment for Restoration of Lacerated Perineum," " A New Method of Surgical Treatment for Certain Forms of Retro-displace- ment of the Uterus with Adhesions," etc. Dr. Dudley is a fluent writer, easy and progressive. He has written ex- tensively for various medical journals, some articles of which have been translated into French and other foreign 368 DR. AUGUSTUS PALMER DUDLEY, periodicals. He is a member of the New York Academy of Medicine, New York Obstetrical Society, American Gynecological Society, American Congress of Physicians and Surgeons, etc. He is a contributor to various medical journals and other medical literature. His great success in abdominal surgery can only be at- tributed to sound judgment, with a thorough knowledge of his business and the care necessary to obtain good results in critical operations. Although comparatively a young man, he has won for himself an envied name in the field of abdominal surgery. He is greatly interested in the Dudley genealogy, and in the summer of 1891 made a trip to Europe for the pur- pose of tracing back the lineage of his American ancestors. Through the courtesy of Sir Bernard Burke he was granted free access to the records of Dublin Castle, and, by the kindness of Dr. William E. Dudley, of Bath, England, he was enabled to secure a complete history of the Irish branch of the family, as above described. Dr. Dudley married, July 15, 1884, Susanna Stephens^ daughter of Jesse Mason, of Victoria, B. C. She died July 30, 1888, aged twenty-six years, seven months, leav- ing no children. September 14, 1891, he married Cas- sandra H. Coon, daughter of W. J. Adams, of San Fran- cisco, Cal. By his second marriage he has two interesting little girls. Dr. Dudley is of a warm-hearted, sympathetic nature. May he be spared many years to enjoy, to the fullest extent, the fruits of an industrious, energetic life. Id 1^ A (rtisuA-i 3 6 9 DR. THEODORE GAILLARD THOMAS. THEODORE GAILLARD THOMAS, M.D. NEW YORK, X. Y. Dr. Theodore Gaillard Thomas was born on Edisto Island, South Carolina, on the 21st day of November, in the year 1831. He is descended, on the male side of his house, from Rev. Samuel Thomas, a missionary sent to America, by the Church of England, in the year 1704, to establish the Episcopal Church in South Carolina. On his mother's side Dr. Thomas is a descendant of Joachim Gaillard, a Huguenot gentleman who left France at the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and settled in what is known as the Orange District, S. C. Many prom- inent families came with him to this country at the same time, among them the Hugers, the Ravenels, and many others. His early education was obtained in Charleston, S. C, and in 1852 he was graduated from the " Medical College " of that city. Shortly thereafter he came North and became Resident Physician in Bellevue Hospital, New York. After completing this course he located in the City of New York, where, with Dr. Donaghe, he established, in connection with the " University of New York," a "quiz" class, which attracted much attention and became very success- ful. He succeeded Dr. Bedford as lecturer in this insti- tution. After serving as Resident Physician in Bellevue and Ward's Island Hospitals, he went to Europe for study and to acquire more knowledge regarding gynecology and other branches of his profession. He remained in Europe nearly three years, returning to America with a mind well stored with medical knowledge, and a full determination to make a success in his profession, 24 370 DR. THEODORE GAILLARD THOMAS. Many who admired Dr. Thomas for his brilliant oratory and wonderful ability as a lecturer, will be surprised to learn that his first lecture was considered a perfect failure by his friends. But it was his first and last failure, as we know, for since then none of his colleagues has addressed more delighted audiences, among which old visiting phy- sicians frequently, in their eagerness to hear and see the lecturer, crowded out those whose matriculation fee gave them the better right. Upon his return from Europe he entered into partnership with Dr. John T. Metcalfe, who, at this time, "had his finger upon the pulse of fashionable New York." He was associated with Dr. Metcalfe fifteen years or more. From this time henceforth his success was assured, and he rapidly rose to distinction and fame. His general practice became very large, but he devoted himself especially to obstetrics, and made a great reputation in this branch of medicine. He has been surgeon or physician to Bellevue, the Roose- velt, St. Luke's, the Stranger's, Blackwell's Island, and the Woman's Hospitals. He was appointed Professor of Obstetrics at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and held that chair for many years, succeeding Professor Chanler R. Gilman. When the Professorship of Diseases of Women was established at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, he resigned the chair of Obstetrics and accepted this, Dr. J. H. McLane succeeding him in the former position. In the year 1863 he was appointed Physician to the Woman's Hospital, and four years later he became Con- sulting Physician, and in 1873 he was appointed one of the attending surgeons to the same institution. He held this position until a few years ago, when he resigned, and was requested by the Board of Governors to name his suc- cessor. As an obstetrician his name is especially identified with the operation of laparo-elytrotomy, which he presented to DR. AUG US TIN H. GOELET. 371 the profession as a substitute for the then very dangerous operation of Cesarean section, and still more dangerous one of craniotomy. He has performed the operation a number of times with remarkable success. As a gynecologist he has devoted himself with special taste to laparotomy. In this branch of surgery he has acquired great experience and a world-wide reputation as a skilful and quick diagnostician and successful operator. His coolness, quickness, and skill in using the knife are the first things which impress the observer at his operations. Great decision, quickness of perception, and untiring energy are, to the impartial observer, among the leading traits of this great man's character. He is a fluent and able writer. He published a work on Diseases of Women, in 1868, which found its place waiting for it, and attained an immense sale. This work went through six editions, was translated into the Ger- man, French, Spanish, Italian, and Chinese languages. It was the most complete work on this subject then in existence, and made for its author an immediate reputation as a gynecologist of the first rank. Dr. Thomas married Miss Mary Willard, a granddaughter of the celebrated Emma Willard, who was author, poet, and educator of women. Three sons bless this union, none of whom have adopted medicine as a calling. AUGUSTIN H. GOELET, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. Augustin H. Goelet was born April 1, 1854, near Wilmington, North Carolina. He is the son of Dr. Edward H. Goelet and Virginia Lane Goelet. His father was a 5~2 DR. AUGUSTIN H. GOELET. prominent surgeon in Greenville, North Carolina, where he practised for many years previous to his retirement from his profession. When the late Civil War was pro- claimed he was farming, solely for pleasure, on his estate, "Millbrank," near Goldsboro, North Carolina. The war wrecked his entire fortune. The grandfather of the subject of this sketch was born in New York, but left his home to enlist in the Revolution- ary War. He formed the acquaintance of Col. Buncombe, one of North Carolina's most prominent citizens, and he afterward married the sister of Col. Buncombe, and settled in eastern North Carolina, his estate then being the famous "Buncombe Hall." The County of Buncombe, situated in the western part of North Carolina, was once a part of the vast estate belonging to the Buncombe family, being a land grant by the Government for services rendered during the Revolutionary War. Dr. Augustin H. Goelet was educated at the Cape Fear Military Academy at Wilmington, North Carolina, and at the University of Virginia, where he attended his first course of medical lectures and was graduated in several branches of medicine. In 1874 he was graduated in med- icine from Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, and entered one of the reception hospitals for Bellevue. This was largely an emergency hospital, which afforded facility for a large and varied surgical experience. The work was under the immediate supervision of the late Prof. Frank H. Hamilton, and later, Prof. James R. Wood visiting surgeons. Dr. Goelet settled in New York City after completing his hospital course, and for many years engaged in gen- eral practice, a large proportion of which was surgery. Very early, however, he became interested in diseases of women (gynecology) and has made it a specialty. Through the courtesy of Drs. T. Gaillard Thomas, Thomas Addis Emmet, and the late Charles Carrol Lee, he was enabled DR. AUGUSTIN H. GOELET. 373 to observe closely the best operative work at the Woman's Hospital. About the time he became interested in gynecology, Dr. Sims was advocating his operation of division of the cervix for the relief of dysmenorrhea associated with flexions. Dr. Goelet gave the operation a fair trial, and becoming convinced that it was unsatisfactory and an un- wise procedure, abandoned it in favor of dilatation, which he upheld strenuously. When, later, divulsion was being lauded, he opposed this operation and entered a vigorous plea for moderate dilata- tion and drainage by means of a hard-rubber tube as a substitute, which was more rational and more satisfactory in its results. Dr. Goelet has always been an operator of the most conservative type. While he is a strong advocate of measures tending to effect a cure without ablation of important organs, he has perhaps done as many laparoto- mies as any gynecologist not connected actively with a large hospital, and his results have been excellent. He numbers two Caesarean sections among his achievements. Holding conservative views it was but natural that he should be led to investigate the claims for electricity when they were put forth. He visited Paris for this purpose, and after observing Apostoli's work, became convinced that there was a great future for electricity. He took it up and has won much success and fame. He stands to-day the acknowledged leader in gynecological electro- therapeutics in this country. Shortly after his return from Europe he was offered and accepted the editorship of the Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, which he retained for two years, relinquishing it only to complete a work upon Gynecological Electro- therapeutics, which has won him well-deserved renown. He was very active in organizing the American Electro- therapeutic Association, and is one of its founders and was 374 DR. HER 31 A XX J BOLDT. its third President. This Association, though still young, has attained phenomenal success. Dr. Goelet is a Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, the New York Obstetrical Society, and the Societe Francais d'Electrotherapie, Fellow and late Presi- dent of the American Electro-therapeutic Association. He is a member of the American Medical Association, the New York County Medical Society, the New York County Medical Association. He is also Gynecologist to the West Side German Clinic. He has contributed liberally to medical journal litera- ture and has invented many surgical and gynecological instruments. His clinics and lectures at the West Side German Clinic have been largely attended by physicians visiting the metropolis for special instruction, and his lectures have been widely published. He is at his best in elucidating the technique of gynecological methods. HERMANN J. BOLDT, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. Hermann J. Boldt when a small child came to this country with his parents. He was born on June 24, 1856, near Berlin, at "Neuentempel," the homestead of his father, Hermann Boldt, who was a prosperous and promi- nent agriculturist, but lost his fortune by placing implicit confidence in the honesty of a supposed friend. Dr. Boldt obtained his early education from private tutors, and later, in the public grammar and high schools. His power of endurance, his indomitable will power that knows no obstacles, and his wonderful working capacity have been observed among his colleagues in his profession. Although he has allowed himself but three or four hours sleep for years, so vigorous is his constitution, he does not exhibit any ill effects from this extreme strain. DR. HERMANN J. BOLDT. 375 As his means were limited — not sufficient to allow him to pursue his medical studies — he studied and practised phar- macy until he had acquired the necessary money to enable him to enter college. He entered the University of New York, and was graduated from the medical school with the class of 1879. Prof. Pallen early recognized his ability and he became his assistant at the University Medical School. For twelve years or more Dr. Boldt had an unusually large general practice, enabling him to lay a broad foundation for his life-work before devoting himself to gynecology, which he has since made a specialty, and the unsurpassed success attending his abdominal operations justly entitles him to the rank of a distinguished gynecologist. He probably has done more gynecological surgery (for his years) than any contemporary surgeon. He spends three months of his life abroad almost every year, visiting the European hospitals and eminent colleagues, and he has thus become familiar with the methods of nearly every gynecologist in the world. Dr. Boldt was the first physician in this country to investigate the physiological action of cocaine, and is quoted in Europe an authority on the subject. He was among the first to remove the fibromyomatous uterus in Mo, and is one of the strongest advocates of vaginal hys- terectomy for cancer, and his large experience with this operation for malignant disease entitles his words to be considered authoritatively. He has invented a number of gynecological instruments, and an operating-table for abdominal surgery, which is now in general use. He is the author of many important papers. One of these, on " Salpingitis," is quoted by most authorities of the day ; in another, " The Treatment of Suppurative Disease of the Uterine Appendages," he de- monstrated a fact that has since been universally accepted, that idiopathic rupture is no very rare occurrence. Among 2^6 DR. HERMANN J. BOLDT. his other writings are : " The Advantage of doing Inter- mediate Trachelorrhaphy," " Cardiac Neurosis due to Uterine Displacement," "Histology of the Uterine Mu- cosa," "Exfoliative Cystitis," "The Manual Treatment of Pelvic Diseases," " The Treatment of Posterior Displace- ment of the Uterus," "The Treatment of Inoperable Cancer of the Uterus," and several other articles of importance. From the commencement of Dr. Boldt's medical career he has at various times filled many important posi- tions connected with the medical profession. He soon became instructor at the New York Post-Graduate Medi- cal School and Hospital. He is at present professor of gynecology there ; he is also gynecologist to the German Poliklinik, and to St. Mark's Hospital, consulting gyne- cologist to the Beth Israel Hospital, and Chairman of the Section of the New York Academy of Medicine which is devoted to his specialty. He is a member of the American Gynecological, the International Gynecological, the British Gynecological, and the Obstetrical and Pathological Societies, and the Academy of Medicine. In the year 1891 Dr. Boldt went abroad and was married to Miss Hedwig Kriiger, the daughter of a publisher of Berlin. Dr. Boldt has risen rapidly to great distinction in his profession, and he is justly entitled to this well-earned reputation. He is a man who is generous, and sincere in his attachments, a charming and interesting friend to those who have the good fortune to know him intimately. He is comparatively a young man in age, but old in the experience of his profession. We earnestly desire that he may enjoy a long life, to fulfil his mission — that of healing and relieving poor afflicted woman. -"> DR. W. E. B. DAVIS. 377 W. E. B. DAVIS, M.D. Birmingham, Ala. Dr. W. E. B. Davis was born November 25th, 1863. He is a native of the South. His father, Dr. Elias Davis, was a physician, as was also his grandfather and great-grand- father. His father was killed in the late Civil War. Dr. Davis received his early education at Trussville, Alabama, and afterwards attended the University of Alabama. After leaving the University he attended medical lectures in Louisville, Kentucky, Nashville, Tennessee and New York City, and received his medical degree from Bellevue Hospital Medical College in the year 1884. He was then given a partnership with his brother, Dr. J. D. S. Davis, in Birmingham, who had an extensive practice, and after three years of active work he went to Europe, where he visited the hospitals in London, Berlin and Vienna, and obtained much valuable information and knowledge. The partnership with his brother still exists, and two years ago they established a hospital in Birmingham for the diseases of women and surgical cases, which has proved a great success in every way. Dr. Davis does the gyne- cological work, and his brother the general surgery. In the year 1891 Dr. Davis was elected President of the Tri- State Medical Society of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennes- see, to succeed Dr. Robert Battey, of Re me, Georgia. This is one cf the leading medical societies in the South, and it is regarded as a great compliment to be chosen to its chief office. He is at present a member of the Exec- utive Council of the Society. He has been Secretary of the Surgical Section of the American Medical Association and also one of the Vice-Presidents of the Association, and he is at present a member of the Judicial Council, and also a member of the Executive Committee of the 3?S DR. W. E. B. DAVIS. Surgical Section, and, as such, a member of the General Business Committee of the Association. He was one of the Honorary Presidents of the Section of Abdominal Surgery and Diseases of Women of the first Pan-American Medical Congress, which was held in Washington City in 1893. He is a Fellow of the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and also of the British Gynecological Society. He was Secretary of the Alabama Surgical and Gynecological Association, an association which he and his brother organized, and from this Associa- tion, chiefly through his labors, was developed the Southern Surgical and Gynecological Association, which is one of the leading special societies of America. He has filled the position of Secretary of the Association since its organiza- tion, and is editor of its Transactions and ex-officio mem- ber of its Executive Council. This Association has done more toward giving the South recognition in the medical world than any other organization in that section. It has no superior in this country, and its proceedings are held in the highest esteem by the profession everywhere. In- deed, the Association has won a world-wide reputation. Nearly every prominent surgeon and gynecologist in the South is a member. However, it does not limit its membership to the South, but receives members from every section, but it is understood that its sessions are to be held in the South. He was for a time a member of the Surgical Staff of the Hospital of United Charities of Birmingham, and it was largely through his efforts that the Diseases of Women Department was established. He was recently selected to fill the Chair of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Abdominal Surgery in the Birmingham Medical College, which will enter upon its first term in October. This school has an able Faculty and promises to be one of the leading institutions in the South. It has adopted a high standard of requirements, and is abundantly supplied DR. W. E. B. DAVIS. 379 with every facility necessary for successful teaching. Dr. Davis has contributed a number of articles to medical journals and medical societies on abdominal surgery. He recommended an operation on the common bile duct, which will, no doubt, be adopted largely by the profession. He has also modified the technique in a number of abdom- inal and gynecological operations. He and his brother edited the first medical journal in Alabama, and it was recognized as one of the best monthlies in the South. He afterward assumed the editorship of the Gynecological Department of the Alabama Medical and Surgical Age, and of which he is still a collaborator. He is also a col- laborator of some other journals. He was an associate editor of the American Gynecological Journal during its publication. His surgical work has been remarkably successful, and in the field of abdominal surgery he has gained much well deserved reputation. As stated above, his practice is chiefly devoted to gynecological and abdom- inal work. His brother stands to-day as one of the most skilful surgeons in the South. He is a very brilliant operator, and their work has been more successful by the intimate association which exists between them. Dr. J. D. S. Davis is the Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery in the Birmingham Medical College. Dr. Davis left Birmingham in 1892, and went to Rome, Georgia, where he could have a better oppor- tunity to do abdominal surgery in such an institution as he and Dr. Holmes had in that city. However, he only remained away from Birmingham a few months — after his return he and his brother established their private hospital. When he left Birmingham for Rome the Ala- bama Medical and Surgical Age stated that his departure from the State had caused universal regret, and that he did the leading abdominal surgery and diseases of women 3 8o DR. GEORGE TUCKER HARRISON. practice in Alabama. And further, that he had done more to advance abdominal surgery in Alabama than any other man in the State. Another prominent journal in speaking of him as the Secretary of the Southern Surgical and Gyne- cological Association says : " He is about thirty-five years of age, but does not impress one in manner and appearance as being over twenty-five. He is a bundle of energy, a wiry, wary worker. Any society cannot score other than a success that has such a man at the helm. He stands forth as a shining example to the young men of the medical profession." Dr. Davis is unmarried. His mother makes her home with him and his brother, her only children. GEORGE TUCKER HARRISON, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. George Tucker Harrison was born at the Univer- sity of Virginia, July 23, in the year 1835, an d he is peculi- arly identified with that famous institution, founded by Thomas Jefferson, and which has been the pride of the entire South for nearly a century. Dr. Harrison belongs to one of the oldest and most aristocratic Virginia families. He mourns the death of a sainted Christian mother, who died on the nth day of March, 1893. She was "descended from the Washingtons, the Lew- eses, the Carters, of Virginia (all families of great dis- tinction), and, allied through her father with good old English blood, she inherited and transmitted the gracious traditions of the beautiful old regime. She knew and was part of Virginia society at its very best. But far more beautiful and memorable were the exquisite purity and -£~&1r&! yJcA^a^fee^ v^/tZASi^c^frt*^ DR. GEORGE TUCKER HARRISON. 33l gentleness of her nature, the charm of a temper so sunny, and a sensibility so tender, that none could fail to be won to love — the magnanimity of a soul which threw the illumi- nation of its own charity over the foibles and failings of all the world. The annals of the saints must be searched for a history more lovely and more pure, a life of religious consecration more filled with Christian graces. In the labors of charity, in the devotions of her Church, in the intimacies of society, in the sanctities of home, her very being was a living gospel, an irrefutable testimony of the sacredness of truth. Such was the beautiful life and character of the mother whose loss Dr. Harrison mourns. His father, Gessner Harrison, and his grandfather on his mother's side, George Tucker, both held professor- ships in the institution at the time of Dr. Harrison's birth. Both of these gentlemen were possessed of remarkable abilities, attained national reputations, were known to eminent scholars abroad, and were especially honored and esteemed throughout the South. Gessner Harrison was the son of Dr. Peachy Harrison, who was a distinguished physician of great scholarly attain- ments, who was a member of the celebrated Virginia Con- vention of 1829 and 1830, and later of the Virginia Senate. He was an enthusiast in the study of languages, and at the age of twenty- one years was appointed professor of ancient languages in the institution (University of Virginia), serving through a long term of thirty-one years, and also through along period as Chairman of the Faculty. He was the author of a remarkable Latin grammar, an exhaustive and original work on The Greek Prepositions, and a Geography of Ancient Italy and Southern Greece. George Tucker, the maternal grandfather of Dr. George Tucker Harrison, was also a man of great force of charac- ter and diverse talents. He was Professor of Moral Phil- osophy from the inception of the University till his resig- 3 g2 DR. GEORGE TUCKER HARRISON. nation in the year 1845. While professor he published the well-known Life of Jefferson, in two volumes, and several works on political economy, among them his Pro- gress in the United States in Fifty Years, a pioneer but extended treatise of deduction from the census reports. Like his father before him, Dr. George Tucker Harrison was graduated from the University of Virginia, taking the degree of M.A. in 1854. Two years later he graduated from the medical department of the same institution. He spent about nine months following his graduation in St. Joseph's Hospital, Philadelphia. He then settled in St. Louis, Missouri, where he practised his profession till the certainty of secession suddenly called him to Virginia. Upon the outbreak of hostilities between the North and the South he offered his services to his State. He was ap- pointed assistant surgeon at first, but very soon afterward made surgeon. He was present under General Beaure- gard at the first battle of Bull Run, and continued in the service till the close of the war. Dr. Harrison was married in October following the close of the late Civil War, and in 1868 he removed to New York City. The great Northern metropolis afforded the most ade- quate field of labor for a man of ambition and high aspira- tions. Yet the young physician did not fail to realize that amid so great competition only superior abilities and indomitable energies and will could gain a foothold for u Southerner. But being known to the eminent surgeon, Dr. T. A. Emmet, he fortunately secured through his kindness a position upon the house-staff of the Women's Hospital, and served the regular term in that capacity. A short time subsequently he was appointed assistant surgeon to the same hospital under Dr. Emmet, serving for a period of fifteen years. When his term of regular service on the house-staff in the hospital had closed he began the general practice of his profession on his own account, making a I y JT 2JV2-t//C'£^ 1 ^_, DR. ALEXANDER J. C. SKENE. og. specialty of gynecology and obstetrics, along which lines he is considered one of the ablest physicians in the city. While enjoying a very lucrative practice, he is known as a careful and conscientious practitioner who is more de- voted to medicine for the sake of science than for purely personal reasons. In 1890 he was President of the New York County Medi- cal Association, declining a re-nomination an account of a lack of time to devote to the duties of the position. In 1892 he was elected President of the New York Obstetrical. Society. He is an honorary member of the Medical Society of Virginia, he is a member of the Obstetrical Society of New York, member of the Academy of Medicine, member of the New York State Medical Association, member of the New York County Medical Society, and fellow of the American Gynecological Society. Dr. Harrison has a pleasant home on West Twenty-third Street, and a family of two daughters and one son — Gess- ner, named for his grandfather, who is a graduate of medicine of five years' standing, and was a member of the staff of the Charity Hospital of New York. Dr. Harrison is one of the representative men of the Southern Society, representing the South not alone by virtue of his illustrions ancestry, but by his own character- istic abilities, large hospitality, and broad-minded patri- otic sentiment. ALEXANDER J. C. SKENE, M.D., BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dr. Alexander J. C. Skene, President of the Long Island College Hospital, has not only taken a high position in the ranks of his profession, but is conceded to be one of the ablest gyngecologists in the United States. Nor is he 384 DR - ALEXANDER J. C. SKENE. interesting for these considerations alone, for he shines as a lover of the fine arts, not altogether as an admirer of the moment, but an ardent and penetrating student, and one who endeavors to put in practice the suggestions received from his readings. Young men have no greater friend than Dr. Skene. He has always been careful to encourage talent wherever and whenever he found it, and did not at the proper time fail to tell others that many a promising youth was retarded by reason of the ignorance or obstinacy of those to whom his future was intrusted. In addition, he has been in war and in peace a defender of the Union and a lover of the free institutions of the country. A thorougly upright citizen, aBrooklynite in sympathies, and a courteous man at all times, are the striking traits of Dr. Skene's per- sonality. It is pleasing indeed to be able to trace one's ancestry, but unless our ancestors have left the means it becomes a difficult task, and one in which there is an exceeding ten- dency to arrogate the names of the proud, the powerful, and the pretty. In these times, when there is so much of the commonplace about men and things, it is entertaining, at least, to have one individual now and then who is capable of going back a few centuries and pointing out the stock from which he sprang, more particularly if such stock has played an important part in the affairs of a nation or the world. A race of warriors, statesmen, and professional men, closely identified with a great part of the history of Scot- land, is the family in which the subject of this sketch claims kindred, and which he honors in no less degree than any of the eminent ones who have gone before him. The genesis of the history of the Skenes begins with a circumstance that would make delightful reading in any novel. It ap- pears that when Malcolm II., king of Scotland, was return- ing from the defeat of the Danes at Mortloch in Moray, in 1010, he was pursued by a ravenous wolf, which was about to attack him, when a young son of Donald of the Isles DR. ALEXANDER J. C. SKENE. 385 thrust his arm, which was wrapt iri the plaid, into the wolf's mouth, and with his dagger slew the beast. The king, appreciating the boldness of the action, gave to the young man certain lands which now form the parish of Skene, in Aberdeenshire. This incident gave rise to the family name, Sgian, which means a dagger, or a dirk, and which occupies, together with three wolves' heads, a very conspicuous place in the family's armorial bearings. John de Skene, in the thirteenth century, joined the forces of the usurper, Donald Bain, but afterward proved his loyalty to his king, Alexander, and was forthwith restored to the royal favor. His great-grandson, John, who lived during the reign of Alexander III, was so well informed politi- cally and so esteemed for his impartial virtue as to be chosen one of the arbiters between Bruce and Balial, both of whom were contestants for the crown. A grandson, Robert de Skene, was a firm friend of Bruce, fought at Bannockburn, and received a charter from his leader in 1318. Coming down through the centuries, we find Alexander Skene fighting at the side of King James during the horrible battle of Flodden ; and later we see James Skene, his direct descendant, leading the charges at the battle of Pinkie, where he fell, in 1547. Major George Skene distinguished himself under the Duke of Marl- borough in the wars that were fought during the reign of Queen Anne, and in 1720 purchased the estate of Cares- ton in Forforshire. Two more Skenes were soldiers, and died fighting, one in Spain and another at the battle of Preston, in 1745. While in the early history of the Skene family we find warriors plentiful, it must be remembered that there were litterateurs and lawyers also, though their attainments did not shine with the lustre of the martial doings, a fact that was owing, in a great measure, to the turbulent condition of the times. However, at a later date, the non-martial of the Skenes found fame and fortune in the pursuance of 25 336 DR. T. G. RICHARDSON. In 1S77 ne was elected president of the American Medical Association, at its annual meeting in Chicago, and presided at the subsequent meeting in Buffalo, X. Y. For a number of years he devoted the summer months to travel. He travelled over all the ground usually cov- ered by tourists, and besides a large amount of territory not often visited by them. He crossed the Atlantic many times : spent two summers in Mexico ; ascended the Ama- zon ; scaled the Andes ; visited the Sandwich Islands, and went up and down his own country until no place of im- portance had been left unseen. In all of his journeyings he was accompanied by his devoted wife ; she was one of the three ladies who first looked down into the crater of Popocatapetl. In addition to the literary productions mentioned, Dr. Richardson contributed a number of articles to the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal and the Medical News and Library of Philadelphia. He also wrote a life of the distinguished anatomist and naturalist, Professor John D. Godman. He was a corresponding member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Philadelphia and of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and an active member of the Louisiana State and the Orleans Parish Medical Society (representative men of the South). For many years Professor Richardson was a member and elder of the First Presbyterian Church, counting its pastor, Dr. B. M. Palmer, among his most valued friends. Dr. Richardson was married twice. His first wife was the daughter of Professor Charles W. Short, M.D., of Kentucky. Three children blessed this marriage. A tragic fate overtook the mother and children. They were on a steamboat coming down the Mississippi to join him; the boat sank, and among the victims were Dr. Richardson's wife and children. DR. T. G. RICHARDSON. 337 His second wife was Miss Ida Slocomb, daughter of Mrs. Cora A. Slocomb, who survives him. As an administrator of the Tulane University, from its origin in 1884, he was zealous in behalf of the Medical Department, and secured for it important benefits. He never failed to encourage and aid his successor in every- thing calculated to promote the welfare of the college ; and the very last official letter, written two years after his retirement from active service, to the Dean of the Medical Department, proved conclusively his unalterable devotion to his beloved college and his judicious and generous appre- ciation of its needs. In this memorable letter of March 3, 1891, Dr. Richardson wrote: "I am authorized by Mrs. Richardson to place at your disposal $50,000 for the erec- tion of a building for laboratories of chemistry, physiology, pathological anatomy, microscopy, etc., and for suitable anatomical rooms, provided that for this purpose the Fac- ulty can obtain from the administrators of the Tulane University of Louisiana either of the two lots contiguous to the building of the Medical Department ; work upon the new building to be begun within a year of this date." The Medical Faculty replied, March 6, 1891, as fol- lows : "The generous and philanthropic offer of Mrs. Richardson to contribute $50,000 for the building of labor- atories, on which now depend the future progress and prosperity of the Medical Department, is most gratefully accepted. In addition to the respect, affection, and ad- miration that her gentle and noble character arouses in all who know her, Mrs. Richardson has by this act deserved the profound and lasting gratitude of all who have at heart the welfare of New Orleans, the relief of human suffering, and the gratitude especially of those on whom is imposed the duty of promoting the prosperity of the Medical Department. "Professor T. G. Richardson, M.D., for very many ,88 DR - ALEXANDER J. C. SKENE. of diseases, which accounts in part for the varied and exten- sive character of his knowledge to-day on all things medical. He is a keen-eyed individual, whose glance does not miss the least visible details, but is kind and gentle in manner and a most charming companion when he grows reminis- cent. Dr. Skene has no superior, it is fair to say, in the matter of diagnosing a case. That has always been his forte, though it must be said in addition that few men are able to control instruments with the same deft hand. All readers of medical journals have invariably met his con- tributions, which have always been characterized by their abundance of thought and nice easy style. He is the author of the admittedly best work ever written on the diseases of women. It was published by Appleton in 1883, and contains choice cullings of twenty years' experience. The book has had a vast circulation, and was lauded by the medical authorities of Europe as liberally as it was here. In addition to being president of the Long Island Medical College he also occupies the chair of gynecology. He was formerly professor of gynecology in the New York Post-Graduate Medical School ; president of the American Gynecological Society, of the Kings County Medical Society, and the New York Obstetrical Society; and is corresponding member of the British, Boston, Detroit, and Belgian Gynecological Societies. Apart from Dr. Skene's conquests in medicine there is another side to his career that may be information for the readers, as it is entertainment for him — he is a sculptor; an amateur sculptor, in the terms of his own modesty. When at leisure, which is not often, he delights in mudding. He is also something of a litterateur, having read exten- sively and written for magazines on hundreds of subjects. He lives in a modest house on Clinton and State Streets. He drives a great deal and thoroughly enjoys life, always preserving the best of health. He is a large man of fine physique and wears a black mustache and beard. He is still in the flush of ambition and of life. DR. JOSEPH EDWARD JANVRIN. 389 JOSEPH EDWARD JANVRIN, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. Joseph Edward Janvrin was born at Exeter, N. H., January 13, in the year, 1839. He is descended from John Janvrin, who came from the Isle of Jersey in 1705, and located at Portsmouth, N. H., marrying a Miss Knight of that place. Dr. Janvrin's father, Joseph Adams Janvrin, and his mother, Lydia A. Colcord, were both of Exeter. He is a lineal descendant of the historical Adams family of Quincy, Mass. His grandmother, Abigail Adams Janvrin, was the daughter of Dr. Joseph Adams, of Ports- mouth, N. H., a cousin of President John Adams. Dr. Janvrin was graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy, and is now President of the Alumni Association of that famous institution. Like many of our professional men, he spent some time in teaching, but teaching did not satisfy him, and he soon decided upon medicine as his life work. He began to study in 1859, at Exeter, under Dr. William G. Perry. He was thus engaged until the spring of 1 86 1, when upon the breaking out of the Civil War he joined the 2d New Hampshire Regiment, the first three- year regiment from that State, and was shortly afterward appointed Assistant Surgeon. He remained in the service until August, 1863, and during the last few months of his service was Acting Surgeon of the 15th Regiment of New Hampshire Voluntetrs. He returned home and attended a course of lectures in the Medical Department of Dart- mouth, at the same time becoming a pupil of Prof. E. R. Peaslee, at the time one of the Faculty of the College. In the autumn of 1863 Dr. Janvrin came to New York and graduated from the College of Physicians and Sur- geons in 1864. In January, 1865, he entered private practice with his former preceptor, Dr. Peaslee. This 390 DR. JOSEPH EDWARD JANVRIN. association continued until the death of Dr. Peaslee in January, 1878. From 1868 until 1872 Dr. Janvrin held the position of Visiting Physician to the Department of Heart and Lung Diseases in the Demilt Dispensary. In 1872 he was ap- pointed Assistant Surgeon to the Woman's Hospital in the State of New York, which position he held until 1882, when he was appointed to fill the position of Gynecologist to the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital. Dr. Janvrin's practice has been principally in the surgical field of gynecology. Although a constant and zealous worker and practitioner, he has found time to contribute many valuable papers to the medical press upon subjects connected with this branch of surgery. Among them : "A Case of Interstitial Preg- nancy," American Joui'nal of Obstetrics (New York, No- vember, 1874); "The Simultaneous Closure of the Rup- tured Cervix and Perineum; Report of Fifteen Cases," American Journal of Obstetrics (May, 1884); "A Case of Tubal Pregnancy of Unusual Interest, with some Remarks as to the Treatment of such Cases," Transactions of the American Gynecological Association for 1886; "On the Indications for Primary Laparotomy in Cases of Tubal Pregnancy" (Same for 1888); "A Clinical Study of Primary Carcinomatous and Sarcomatous Neoplasms be- tween the Folds of the Broad Ligaments, with a Report of Cases" (Same for 1891) ; "On the Limitations for Va- ginal Hysterectomy in Malignant Disease of the Uterus," Medical Record (New York, July 9, 1892); "Vaginal Hysterectomy for Malignant Disease of the Uterus," Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics (New York, Septem- ber, 1892); " The Palliative Treatment of such Cases of Malignant Disease of the Uterus and Adnexa as are not amenable to Radical Operations," GaillarcTs Medical Journal (New York, January, 1893); and several others on kindred subjects. DR. JOSEPH EDWARD JANVRIN. -ygi Many of these papers were decidedly in advance of contemporary medical thought, and established the repu- tation of Dr. Janvrin as a leading specialist of his time. The articles bearing upon "Primary Laparotomy in Cases of Tubal Pregnancy" were quoted extensively in the medical journals both of this country and abroad, and due credit has been given to Dr. Janvrin, not only for his persistence in recommending the operation at so early a date, but also for his successful performance of it in quite a number of cases. Since the Doctor's paper and the report of his cases the " primary " operation has been pretty universally accepted by the profession. The Doctor is a member of the following New York societies : Academy of Medicine, County Medical Society, County Medical Association, State Medical Association, and the New York Obstetrical Society, of which he has been president for two years. He is also a member of the American Gynecological Association, American Medical Association, and corresponding member of the Gyneco- logical Society of Boston. Dr. Janvrin married Miss Laura L. Lawall, of Easton, Pa., September i, 1881. It is a pleasure to meet Dr. Janvrin in his delightful city home, and to come under the influence of his quiet cour- tesy and kindly consideration. 392 DR. MALCOLM MCLEAN. MALCOLM McLEAN, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Dr. Malcolm McLean is the third son of the late George W. and Rebecca J. McLean, the former a native of New York City, and son of Gen. John McLean, who was Commissary-General under Governor Clinton, of New York, and an officer in the American Revolution. Mrs. McLean was the daughter of James McCormick, Esq., of Baltimore, a wealthy merchant of that city, and whose estate included the land upon which the Johns Hopkins Hospital now stands. Dr. McLean's father was a graduate of West Point Mili- tary Academy in 1818, and served in the Florida and Civil Wars. His mother was a lady distinguished for her sterling qualities as a wife and mother, as well as for her very high intellectual attainments. She was a most care- ful and experienced reader, and had great ability as a writer, and commanded the love and admiration of those who were brought within the circle of her influence. Having expressed a great desire that some of her sons should adopt the learned professions, the subject of this sketch decided to join the ranks of medicine. He was born at Rah way, New Jersey, April 18, 1848, and received his early education in the schools of Eliza- beth, N. J., completing his preparatory course for entrance to Princeton College in the Classical School of Mr. John Young, of that city. As a scholar he showed special taste and ability for ac- quiring the languages, and excelled in physics, chemistry and physiology. In the latter study his proficiency was so marked that the teacher always employed him to make the drawings and other demonstrations for the class. DR. MALCOLM MCLEAN. 39: On the breaking out of the Civil War his plans for life were materially interrupted, it becoming necessary for him to abandon the idea of taking the course at Princeton. Entering a large drug store, he was soon put in charge of the laboratory, and took a prominent part in compound- ing prescriptions. The character of his work in this department attracted the attention of the late Dr. Lewis Oakley, who prevailed upon him to enter at once upon the regular study of medicine. While studying in Dr. Oakley's office young McLean showed qualities which gave promise of a career far above mediocrity in his pro- fession. At the age of seventeen he manually compressed the femoral artery during high amputation of the thigh, and on several occasions gave evidence of considerable surgical skill. In 1866 he entered the College of Physicians and Sur- geons of New York, and made rapid progress in his studies. In the public Quiz Classes of the College he acquitted himself with great credit, and on one occasion he was called up in the lecture-room for a special compliment by the late Prof. Willard Parker. In 1868 he was a successful competitor for the position of Junior Assistant on the Staff of Bellevue Hospital, and during his service on the Second Surgical Division was associated with Drs. McBurney, Polk, Wylie, Bronson and others who have attained eminence in their profession. At that date the maternity was connected with the Hos- pital ; and in this service Dr. McLean showed such pecu- lsar zeal and aptness in his work as to attract the attention of Drs. Fordyce Barker and Geo. T. Elliot, who were the Visiting Obstetricians in the service. Dr. Elliot intrusted to Dr. McLean a series of experiments with the then new remedy, chloral, and, in a paper read before the Medical Society, gave him credit for his service in a very compli- meatary manner. At the termination of the house service in Bellevue 394 DR - MALCOLM MCLEAN. Hospital, Prof. Elliot urged the young surgeon to under- take the course at the Woman's Hospital; but unfortu- nately the Commissioners of Public Charities and Correc- tions had selected Dr. McLean for their Examining Physician for the ensuing year, an office which he filled with marked ability. In 1870 he opened his office for private practice in the northern limits of the city, and soon became well known and popular in professional circles. By training and disposition he seemed destined to be- come a general surgeon, and during the first five years of his practice he performed some difficult operations. In obstetries his success was marked, and at an early date he was called upon by neighboring practitioners for counsel and assistance in complicated cases. ■ In 1873 ne went to Europe, and spent the season in visiting the hospitals and universities of the large cities. In 1875 Dr. McLean married Mary Permelia, the only daughter of Dr. Geo. W. Jewett, of New York, and has two sons and one daughter. After eight or ten years of very busy general practice, Dr. McLean's reputation as an obstetrician and gynecologist had begun to have the effect of bringing to his office many cases of diseases peculiar to women, and thenceforward he devoted himself with great earnestness to that branch of medicine. He has written many papers bearing upon ob- stetrics and gynecology, some of which have been well received and reproduced in foreign cities. His articles on "The Management of Placenta Prsevia," "The Occi- pito-Posterior Positions," and "Conservatism in Gyne- cology" have been particularly noticed, as also "Some Remarks on the Misapplication of the Obstetric Forceps." He also has written a valuable contribution to the subjects of " Extra-Uterine Pregnancy" and "Rupture of the Uterus." Dr. McLean is the inventor of a female catheter which DR. MALCOLM MC LEAN. 395 is probably the best instrument of its kind in use. He also has devised a valuable modification of Barnes' dilators and many other useful instruments. For the past ten years he has been a very successful and busy operator in private and hospital practice, his time being largely engaged in the work of his private hospital and of the St. Andrew's Infirmary for Women, in New York, which latter institution owes its origin to his personal efforts. Among his important cases may be noted several very large fibroids and sarcomata of the ovaries; a case of extra-uterine pregnancy, operated on at the twelfth month ; a case of rupture of the uterus, etc. He has reported several very singular cases in obstetrics, among which may be noted "A Case of the Child Crying in Utero," and "The Conversion of a Face Presentation into a Vertex by Rotation within the Pelvis." Dr. McLean is a careful laparotomist, and is one of the most cautious of operators. His list of cases covers nearly all the diseases calling for these operations. Another writer — an eminent medical authority — has said of him, " he is a careful, conscientious surgeon, slow to have re- course to the knife, but skilful in its use — a practical, thorough physician." The Doctor has filled the office of Vice-President of the New York Obstetrical Society, and is at the time of this writing Chairman of the Obstetric Section of the Academy of Medicine, New York. He is Consulting Gynecologist to the Randall's Island Hospitals and Surgeon-in-charge of the St. Andrew's Infirmary for Women. Dr. McLean is a clear speaker, going straight to the point in debate with concise and logical argument. He is not a fluent writer, but his papers are carefully prepared and are eminently practical. He has devoted considerable research to the subject of archaeology, and he has earned an enviable reputation as an Egyptologist and Bible student. 396 DR. JOSEPHINE GRIFFITH DAVIS. Physically, the Doctor is short of stature, with a strong, athletic frame. He is of very abstemious habits, and is exceedingly fond of field sports. He is an expert with the rifle, and is one of the finest archers in the country, while his reputation as a surf swimmer is equal to the best. In his intercourse with patients and fellow-physicians alike he is courteous, frank and true ; and while he is quick to repel a wrong, he is lenient as a critic and faith- ful to every obligation as a friend. The Doctor is a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is a regular attendant at the services. JOSEPHINE GRIFFITH DAVIS, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. The subject of this sketch awakens a genuine interest in all who are watching the progress of human society, and especially the social progress of women. She was born in Washington, Washington County, Pa., the eldest of nine children. Her ancestors on her father's side were Welsh Quakers, three of them having come to this country with William Penn. On her mother's side they were Welsh and German. From such ancestry she inherited strong physical and mental qualities. From a child she was fond of study, and from her father, who was a physician, she apparently inherited a passionate fondness for the study of medicine. There came to her also an experience in her childhood well calculated to prepare her for her subsequent life-work, the constant care of the younger children of the family. The good people of little Washington, to whom she was very dear as a child, remember her as a nurse almost always carrying an infant in her arms, or in some way min- istering affectionately to its wants. In this way Josephine SfatrCJ 0/.%. DR. JOSEPHINE GRIFFITH DA VIS. 397 was hindered from attending school as she desired, but nothing could repress her ardor for study. As far as possible she attended the public schools of her native place. Washington is known widely as the seat of several edu- cational institutions, chief among them Washington and Jefferson College, and an excellent female seminary. The late Alexander M. Gow, a prominent educator in Western Pennsylvania, early took a deep interest in the child's welfare, and it is to him more, perhaps, than to any other person, as she feels, that she owes her success in obtaining an education. As she evinced marked ability in study, as superintendent of schools and principal of the high school he saw to it that she was allowed to pass on from grade to grade as she made progress without waiting for her less proficient classmates. It was he who first in- cited her to become a teacher. She received a No. i cer- tificate from the high school, and having her choice to enter the seminary in town or attend the normal school, now the "Southwestern Normal School," located at Cali- fornia, Pa.; she choose the latter. In this school she re- ceived the highest certificate of proficiency, and after her first year of teaching a permanent, or "professional," certificate, the highest then conferred. Her first year as a teacher was spent in a rural district, and was followed by three years in the public schools of Monongahela City, Pa., where she achieved signal success. She cherishes these years as among the most delightful of her life. With high ideals of a teacher's mission, she loved her work and threw her whole soul into it to realize it. Subsequently she was married to Mr. F. A. Davis, of Ohio. Three children were the fruit of this union, all of whom died in early infancy. The next step in her career is accounted for by one of her friends by saying : " The mother bird with an empty nest and active brain must find something to occupy her faculties." Fond of teach- 308 DR. JOSEPHINE GRIFFITH DA VIS. ing she choose medicine, in which she had always been greatly interested, as that profession in which she could still be a teacher in a broader field. In 1873 sne began the study of her profession under the direction of a special instructor. Later she spent one year in an eclectic school. But feeling that she must have more than this school could give she entered the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, the best equipped medical college for women in existence. Here she bent all her energies to her work and completed the course of training in the college with eminent success, graduating in 1877. Dr. Davis immediately entered the Woman's Hospital as an interne under the tutelage of Dr. Anna E. Broomall, the resident physician. This also proved to be a privilege of great value to her. She began her independent practice in Philadelphia, remaining there about three years, spending her summers at Long Branch, N. J. She thus became ac- quainted with many New Yorkers, and was finally induced to settle in the city of New York. During the summer of 1 89 1 she was occupied with hospital service in Brooklyn. To her work in New York she brought the untiring zeal and earnestness of purpose that have characterized her whole life, the rule of which has ever been fidelity to principle coupled with unflinching integrity of purpose. Dr. Davis is a member of the American Medical Asso- ciation, New York State Medical Association, and of the New York County Medical Association, having the honor of being the only woman member in the latter. She is also a member of the American Electro-therapeutic Asso- ciation, and of the Alumnae Association of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. To honor her Alma Mater has been one of the ambitions of her life. Among her associates in the medical profession she is known as an intelligent, tireless worker in the interest of her patients, and a physician of almost unbounded re- '^'k}: : ^^^^m -%i£:~. : ~ : J/ % ^^^i.^^^_ ^r ^ DR. JOSEPHINE GRIFFITH DA VIS. 399 sources. She at the same time regards every success she wins as so much gained for the advancement of her sex. Hindered through her entire youth by adverse circum- stances, which only such resolution as hers could have overcome, she has been handicapped in her medical career by the breaking of both her limbs, one of them twice. This has restricted her practice largely to chronic diseases, or those which did not demand much emergency work. Her practice, while extensive as a general one, has become largely gynaecological and in difficulties of the pelvic organs. As an obstetrician she aims to minimize the dangers attendant upon maternity by teaching her patients how to live and to become in every respect successful mothers. She has written some able articles on this and other subjects, one on the " Use of Methyl-violet in Malig- nant Disease," and one on the " Uric Acid Diathesis and Electricity in its Treatment," which have recently attracted wide attention. A grateful patient and friend, himself a journalist, speaks thus enthusiastically, but we believe justly, of her: " Dr. Davis has a personality that at once impresses itself on all with whom she comes in contact. She possesses that subtle something that immediately secures the con- fidence of her patients, so that without hesitancy they in- trust her with their inmost secrets, assured that their trust will in no wise ever be betrayed. She seems endowed with .a power of diagnosis that is like the X ray. Her ideals and aims are high, in intellect she is strong, in pro- fessional learning broad, in temperament a true woman, cheerful and hopeful. She is an honor to her profession, and will leave the world the better for having lived in it." 1 [! Written by Rev. George B. Gow, D.D., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.— The Author.] 4 00 DR - J- MARION SIMS. J. MARION SIMS, M.D., NEW YORK, X. V. [Extracts taken, by permission, from a memorial sketch of the life of J. Marion Sims, M.D , by W. Gill Wylie, M.D., read before the Medical Society of the County of New York, January 28, 1884 ] Mr. President and Gentlemen : I am happy to say- that Dr. J. Marion Sims has left an autobiography of sev- eral hundred pages, giving a full account of his life and work up to 1868. What I have to say to-night, up to the time when I first met Dr. Marion Sims in 1868, has been taken directly from the manuscript of his autobiography. In his autobiogra- phy, after some preliminary remarks, he begins : "I was born in Lancaster County, South Carolina, Jan- uary 25, 1813, about ten miles south of the village of Lan- caster. . . . The ancestors of my father, John Sims, were of the English colonists of Virginia. My mother, Mahal a Mackay, was the daughter of Charles and Lydia Mackay, of Scotch-Irish origin. The family came to America about 1740." . . . Dr. Sims says : ' ' My father, feeling the want of an education himself, was determined to educate his children, and so he began with me at a very early age. This was in 1818. Mr. Blackburn, a Scotchman, had just opened a school in a log cabin in the old field very near the ford of a creek. ' ' It was here the doctor received his first lessons. In 1825, when twelve years old, he went to Lancaster village, where his father had removed the previous year, and this same year the Franklin Academy was inaugurated at Lancaster ; he attended school here for five years, and it was here that he met Theresa Jones. He became sin- J. MARION SIMS, M.D. DR. J. MARION SIMS. 40 I cerely attached to her, and, long before they were en- gaged, she was a great influence in his life, and together with his mother, who was a sincere, good woman and devoted mother, had much to do in establishing his good habits, noble sentiments, and high moral character. . . . In 1830 he entered the South Carolina College at Columbia, S. C. . . . Having entered as a junior, he was graduated from this college in December, 1832. . . . When twenty years old he began to read medicine under Dr. Churchill Jones. He remained with Dr. Jones for a year. Dr. Jones was a good surgeon, and it was here that Dr. Sims imbibed a desire to distinguish himself in surgery. In November, 1833, he left for Charleston, S. C, to attend medical lectures at the Charleston Medical Col- lege. . . . October 1, 1834, he left home for Philadelphia, to attend lectures at the Jefferson Medical College. He was graduated from this college on March 1, 1835. . . . He went home in May, 1835 ; his father rented him an office, and he began the practice of medicine in Lancaster village. After waiting about two weeks he had his first patient, a case of cholera infantum. The child died. In two weeks after this he was called a second time, and again to a child with cholera infantum. He made up his mind that if this child died he would quit the town, and when it did die, a few days later, he took down his sign and prepared to go West. He was disgusted with med- icine, and, if he had had money, he would never have given another dose. He says : " On the 13th of October, 1835 — an d the thirteenth, by the way, has always been a lucky day for me, and so had Friday, I was born on Friday — . . . I started for Alabama. " By chance he met some people that he knew, and he settled down in Mount Meigs, a small cross-roads place about twenty miles from Montgomery, Ala. He bought vol. 11. — 26 4Q2 DR - J- MARION SIMS. out one of the two doctors in this place and began practice. Dr. Sims was married on December 21, 1836, to Miss Theresa Jones. In January, 1837, with his wife he returned to Mount Meigs, and had a fair country practice. In 1838, Dr. Blakey, living about ten miles distant in Macon County, offered Dr. Sims a partnership in a large practice among rich plantations. He accepted the offer, bought a little land and put up a double log cabin, and soon had a good practice. The first two of his children were born in this cabin. . In July, 1840, he nearly died of congestive chills, and determined to move to a more wholesome neighborhood. On December 13, 1840, he moved to Montgomery. He says: "The year 1840 was a memorable era in my life, and seemed to be a turning-point in my career. For the first five years of my professional life, 1835 to 1840, I was willing to turn aside to do anything to make money. But when I went to Montgomery I gave away my dog, sold my gun, and I have never loaded or fired a gun since. I devoted myself to my profession, determined to succeed, if industry and application could command success. I had an ambition for surgery — general surgery — and I was performing all sorts of beautiful and brilliant operations. This was before the days of anaesthetics. I had made, in five or six years, 1840 to 1845, such a reputation for surgery that people came to me from all parts of the State." . . . In May or June, 1849, ne used the silver wire as sutures, and succeeded perfectly in closing the first vesico-vaginal fistula, and in two weeks more he cured two more cases. In May, 1853, he came North. In September, 1853, he bought the house, No. 79 Madison Avenue, and although very much reduced in strength and health, still suffering from diarrhoea, he went to work. . DR. J. MARION SIMS. .q. The Woman's Hospital was inaugurated at 83 Madison Avenue on May 1, 1855. Patients came in and it soon proved a success. . . . In 1856 he had fully recovered his strength and worked steadily at the hospital, and had a large private practice to attend to. In June, 1861, he went to Europe for the first time. . He writes : " When I got home I found that we were in the midst of a great civil war, and I was made so unhappy by the state of affairs then existing that I made up my mind to take my family abroad, and we sailed from New York in the Great Eastern in July, 1862." He remained abroad until 1868, spending most of the time in Paris and London. He performed many oper- ations, and his reputation was as great throughout Europe as it was in his own country. Dr. Sims was a true Amer- ican and a believer in the Republic. In September, 1868, he returned to New York and took an office at 13 East Twenty-eighth Street, and soon had a large practice. . . . He remained here for the winter, visiting his family in the summer of 1869, and returned to New York in the fall. In 1875 he was elected President of the American Med- ical Association. . . . In 1877 he decided to go abroad. . . . He returned to New York in 1879. • • • In 1880 his son, Dr. Harry Marion Sims, returned from California and entered into practice with his father. Dr. Sims was elected President of the American Gynaeco- logical Society in 1880. In December, 1880, Dr. Sims, when tired out from constant work late in the afternoon, gave his seat in his brougham to two ladies, and mounted the box with the driver and rode thus for some distance. This little act of gallantry was like Dr. Sims, but very un- usual, and, in such weather, very imprudent for a man of sixty-nine years. It undoubtedly was the exciting cause that lighted up an attack of pneumonia which nearly cost him his life. During the first six weeks of his severe illness I was in 404 DR - J- MARION SIMS. constant attendance. For ten days he was in a typhoid and semi-delirious state. For him it was a fearful struggle. He never could bear pain well, but he had no fear of death. For weeks his left lung was completely solidified, but his heart stood the strain and surprised both Dr. Metcalf and Dr. Loomis ; the latter visited him daily. About the ist of February, 1S81, his temperature, which had never remained any length of time near normal, began to rise steadily higher and higher every evening, and it was plain that in this climate he could not live much longer. We waited for a change for the better in the weather, but it did not come. With his temperature at 102 F. and the weather thermometer at 20 , we took him South. After leaving Washington, every mile that we traveled seemed to improve him, and when he reached Charleston, in his . native State, we felt sure that he would get well. His recovery was slow, and, although he was never the same man physically, yet in a year's time he looked well, and was again at work. He returned North still quite feeble and went abroad in June. . In September, 1882, he came home much improved in health. His digestion was poor and he complained of severe pain about the heart. . As the weather grew cool in November he went abroad and spent most of the winter in Rome, where he had a most successful practice among the nobility of Italy. He re- turned home July 13, 1883. . . . On November 13th, at 9 p.m., he went with his son, Dr. H. Marion Sims, to see a patient. On his return home he coughed considerably, and, after taking some morphine to check it, went to bed. ... At 3 a.m. he sat up to take some water and fell back and expired without uttering a word. An autopsy showed that he died of atheromatous degeneration of the coronary arteries. ^t^TZ-.-r " '"* r** :?' Hi Bronze Statue of the late Dr. J. MARION SIMS erected in Bryant Park and presented to the city of New York, on Saturday, October 20th, by the subscribers to the fund. (COPYRIGHT, 1S94, BY WILLIAM WOOD & CO.) DR. J. MARION SIMS. ^ c J. MARION SIMS, M.D. An address delivered October 20, 1894, in Bryant Park, New York, on the unveiling of the statue of Dr. J. Marion Sims. BY GEORGE F. SHRADY, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y Ladies and Gentlemen : We have met on this occa- sion to do honor to a medical man, and through him to show a becoming appreciation of the labors of his fellows. Strange as it may appear, in consideration of the motive which has actuated this recognition of valuable services to mankind, and the previous opportunities that have been, from time to time, offered for conferring similar honors on the profession, this is the first instance in this country in which an heroic statue has been erected to a member of that fraternity. Heretofore fame has restricted her tributes to achieve- ments in every other line of high human endeavor — war, poetry, music, literature, art, patriotism, statesmanship, and philanthropy have in turn mounted the pedestal, while the genius of medicine, with finger upon closed lips, has humbly and mutely awaited the verdict of an appreci- ative humanity. This new departure which we this day inaugurate can be hailed, from many points of view, as an omen of good import, as the beginning of an end in which cherished traditions shall no longer hamper the well-directed efforts of such as work in other spheres of human usefulness. The public, however, is not so much to blame for lack of a general appreciation of the work of the doctor as would at first appear. It has in reality no means of estimating dis- tinctive merits. It was, therefore, proper, in order to initiate such a movement as the present one, that the pro- fession itself should take the lead, and indicate a fitting 4 q6 E>R J- MARION SIMS. subject for such an honor. This was done by the Medical Record, which made an appeal to the profession in this and other countries for funds with which to erect a monu- ment to the memory of one of its acknowledged leaders. A committee was appointed, of which the late Dr. Fordyce Barker was chairman, which comprised leading specialists from every part of the United States. Our own city was represented by Drs. T. Gaillard Thomas, Thomas Addis Emmet, William T. Lusk, William M. Polk, Paul F. Munde, the editor of the Medical Record, and Mr. William H. S. Wood, as treasurer of the fund. The subscriptions were mostly limited to one dollar each, and coming as they did from members of the pro- fession in every part of the civilized world, attested, in an unmistakable manner, the good name and great fame of the American surgeon. This distinction came, then, from his peers, who were best able to judge his qualifications for it, and who with one accord were delighted to honor him. It was eminently fitting also that such a tribute should be paid to American surgery in general, through one of its chief representatives. He was a product of the soil as well as the exemplification of one of the principles which has placed American surgery where it is to-day, holding the sceptre of the world. Nothing in all the line of progress during the century has acquitted itself so creditably as this very science of life-saving by operative procedure. And America specially points with pride to her great achievements in this notable art, to her notable discoveries in alleviating human suffer- ing, her successful efforts in prolonging human life, and in the accuracy, skill, and daring of her brilliant oper- ators. America gave ether to the world, invented the new sleep which numbs the touch of sharpest steel, brings sweet peace in the eternal war with agony, and wafts pain to oblivion BR J. MARION SIMS * j on the drowsy wing of night. She opened 'new fields for exploration within the human body, made abdominal sur- gery, with its brilliant successes, the possibility of the age, and with dauntless blade and master hand snatched victory from the long hidden intrenchments of death. In fact, in every department of surgical procedure the American surgeon has left his impress for good either in the inven- tion of new methods or in the modification of old ones ; and has given American surgery a world-wide recognition for originality of conception, boldness of execution, and success of practice. In his own department Sims, a born and typical Ameri- can, was a leading worker. He established a school of his own. which has now won fame throughout the world. Indeed, it is safe to say that Sims's name is associated with more original operations and more new instruments for making such operations successful than that of any other American surgeon. His was the germinal thought im- planted in a disposition for untiring work, which changed impossibilities into triumphs, restoring health and happi- ness to countless numbers of suffering womanhood. If it be true that no fame is lasting unless founded on labors which promote the happiness of mankind, the name of Sims must live as long as generations succeed each other, and will punctuate the progress of history by its cherished memory. But Sims, although ambitious, did not seek for fame. When it came to him he viewed it with an innocent sur- prise. When it was all done, when during his tour of the capitals of Europe, operating in the large hospitals and before the renowned surgeons of the day, his breast stud- ded with the starry decorations of France, Portugal, Spain, and Italy, he could not understand why he was so cordially noticed, forgetting that he himself was the focal point toward which all the then great lights centred. Indeed, it was said of Sims that he could practice and 408 DR - J- MARION SIMS. earn his living in any city of Europe, by virtue of what became for him a cosmopolitan reputation. He was, however, virtually alone in his conviction of ultimate success. His few professional friends, who were at first enthusiastically hopeful, became, in the face of his early failures, mistrustful and discouraged. While they admired his ardor they pitied his delusion. In his darkest hours came confidential advice from his brother-in-law : ''When you began these experiments," said he, "we all thought that you were going to succeed at once, and that you were on the eve of a great discovery. We have watched you and sympathize with you, but your friends here have seen that you are breaking down with overwork. And besides, I must tell you frankly that with your young family it is unjust to them that you continue in this way. You have no idea what it costs you to support your hos- pital, now for over three years, and my advice is to give it all up." His answer came quickly and to the point: "My dear brother, if I live I am bound to succeed. I am as sure that I will carry this thing through as I am that I now live. I have done too much already. I am going on with these experiments to the end, it matters not what it costs, if it costs my life." The destiny of discovery forced him against many ap- parently overwhelming obstacles to finally fulfil his mission. Thus a backwoods doctor of Alabama, struggling for his daily bread, hampered by sickness, working for the work's sake, his ardor glowing in the very ashes of his hope, with desperate cases forced upon him. compelled to follow in a given line, and conscious of a duty he owed to his poorest patient, was ever busy in his long and lonely drives in de- vising the newer means of relief. Turning to account a trivial circumstance in the treatment of a patient, what was before a perplexing problem became a solved discovery. A new method of operating was thus suggested, and with an almost overpowering enthusiasm in the possession of DR. J. MARION SIMS. 4O9 the principle he eagerly put it to the test. His first opera- tion was upon a female slave. It failed, as did others upon similar subjects. But there was enough of encouragement in each to prick his ambition and spur his purpose. He must have suitable means to the end, so he equipped a little hospital of his own, and with the humblest of poor patients accomplished the greatest of triumphs. The stitches used in his operation were necessarily so deeply placed that they could not be securely tied, and were themselves a source of infection. And then another step was taken. He had been lying awake for an hour wondering how to tie the suture, when all at once an idea occurred to him to run a perforated shot along the string, and when the suture was tightened to compress the shot, thus making the knot secure. He became so elated with the discovery that he lay there until morning performing in imagination all sorts of operations upon the patients in his little hospital. But the shot did not answer every pur- pose, for the silk of the suture still made union impossible. Just at this time he was walking from the house to his office when he picked up a piece of fine brass wire. "A wire is the thing," said he. A neighboring jeweller made him a fine wire of silver, and with it the thirtieth operation was performed upon the long-suffering yet hopeful slave, and the principle was forever established. These incidents are merely sketched to present an out- line of some parts of his character; how the greatest ending may have the most insignificant beginning. Whenever a great discoverv is to be made the idea of it compasses the individual round and about, it possesses him by day and by night, at all hours and in all places, until the misty conjectures form the rainbow of promise, which frames the prospect of a world beyond. Thus Sims found Fame wait- ing with her chaplet. From little things to great ones is the lesson of every invention. With Sims all the successes of his great operations hinged not only upon the wide 4IO DR. J. MARION SIMS. utility of the famous instrument now inseparably associated with his name, but upon the accidental suggestion of a cast-off suspender wire. So also the little hospital maintained by himself from the limited income of a poor, sickly, and hard-worked practitioner, with its beds occupied by bondwomen, was the germinal conception of the present Woman's Hospital in this city, the only institution of its kind in the world, and an eternal monument to the ardent zeal and lofty purposes of its brilliant founder. Thus while here the statue preserves the memory of the good man, of the faith- ful worker, of the great inventor, of the broad philanthro- pist, the Woman's Hospital becomes for him and all of us an ever-living principle, extending its charity, widening its influences, perfecting scientific skill, and fulfilling its divine mission of alleviating suffering and saving the lives of waiting generations of stricken womanhood. But Sims was not only a leader in his own department, but was always ready to devise new methods of treatment in the broader domain of general surgery. As a striking instance of this he was the first to boldly advocate the operative invasion of the abdominal cavity for gunshot- wounds of that region. When the lamented Garfield was shot, Dr. Sims, in a cabled interview from Paris, advised that such an exploration should be made. Astonishing as it was, and as much criticism as it then provoked, it would be the first of all expedients at the present day. Suffice it to say that every man having his place, Sims has found his. If brains, opportunity, environment, and energy fit him for great things, he is singled out as a memory of good accomplished, as an emulation for kin- dred spirits, as an exponent of the progressive idea, and as an acknowledged benefactor of his race. The realiza- tion of such a position for Dr. Sims is manifest in the reverential duties of this hour, which consign his lovable memory to the heritage of a grateful humanity. Taken, by permission, from Med. Record, Oct. 27, 1894. DR. J. MARION SIMS. ^ l J. MARION SIMS, M.D. An address delivered October 20, 1894, in Bryant Park, New York, on the unveiling of the statue of Dr. J. Marion Sims. BY PAUL F. MUNDE, M.D., NEW YORK, N. Y. Mr. Chairman, Ladies, and Gentlemen : You have heard from my distinguished friend, the preceding speaker, who and what manner of man Dr. Sims was. To me has been delegated the honor of enlightening you as to the reasons why he was selected for the peculiar distinction of having a statue erected to his memory. I say "peculiar distinction" because, while in our parks and squares are found the statues of soldiers, statesmen, poets, merchant princes, and clergymen, nowhere until to-day, so far as I am aware, does there stand a statue of a physician. There have been several public monuments and busts erected to prominent physicians in other cities, notably a monument to Dr. Ephraim McDowell, the discoverer of ovariotomy, in Lexington, Ky. ; a bust to Dr. Benjamin Rush, in Philadelphia; and a monument to the "Discovery of Anaesthesia," the heroes of which are not mentioned, in the public garden of Boston. But this statue to Dr. Sims is the first of its kind erected in this country. And why has this great distinction been awarded him ? Simply and solely because, among the many eminent physicians and surgeons whom America has produced, he stands pre- eminent as the man through whose genius, perseverance, and energy a special branch of medical science and practice was so renovated, improved, and elevated as to create an era in medicine and raise America from the place of the docile and receptive pupil to the proud position of the teacher of older nations. This claim is allowed Dr. Sims without dispute, even by 4I2 DR. J. MARION SIMS. those European nations who are most jealous of their own achievements in medical science. Up to fifty years ago the special branch of medicine to which Dr. Sims devoted himself, as soon as sufficient op- portunity offered, had made comparatively little progress. About the middle of the present century three men in Europe, by their individual efforts, each in his own land, raised this branch of medicine to the dignity of a specialty, and placed it on a sound scientific basis. These men were Simpson, in Great Britain, Recamier, in France, and Scanzoni, in Germany. But in spite of their efforts the treatment of these diseases advanced but little, and the one needful factor, the knife, was rarely used. Then, like a meteor, appeared the genius of Sims ! In the Southern town where he had for many years followed the practice of a successful general surgeon, as my predecessor has already stated, accident caused him to stumble on a method of operating and curing a hitherto practically incurable injury. Strange to say, the instrument which enabled him to achieve this success, and which remains indelibly associated with his name, owed its origin to the happy thought of a bent kitchen spoon ! An ordinary man would not have grasped the situation ; but the genius of Sims at once comprehended the immense value of his discovery, and led him on to improvement after improve- ment, until the whole procedure was perfected. The field of Montgomery, Ala., then became too narrow for his ambition, and in 1853 he came to New York. His one great object here was to establish a hospital for the exclusive treatment of the diseases peculiar to the female sex ; and long and hard did he work, until, after much opposition from physicians and laymen, and many a dis- appointment, in 1855 he was at last able to form the Woman's Hospital Association. On the opening, in 1856, of a temporary hospital in Madison Avenue, among other speakers to commemorate the occasion, Dr. Valentine DR. J- MARION SIMS. 4I , Mott, who was the foremost surgeon of his time both at home and abroad, made the following remarks : "Go on, Dr. Sims, in your work of charity and benevolence ! Al- though no marble urn or inanimate bust may tell of your honor and renown, you will yet have in all coming time a more enduring monument ; and that monument will be the gratitude of woman." The latter part of Dr. Mott's prophecy has long since been fulfilled. And to-day we are assembled to celebrate the unveiling of the statue which Dr. Mott scarcely expected to see erected. The limited accommodations of the hospital soon proved insufficient, and after many delays funds were secured for the erection of the first pavilion of the present Woman's Hospital, at Forty ninth Street and Park Avenue, the land for which was given by the city. Since then one other pavilion and a number of cottages for tumor operations have been donated by private citizens. This Woman's Hospital, founded by Dr. Sims, was the first institution of its kind in the world. Its work became world-known under his teachings, and those of his col- leagues, Emmet, Thomas, and Peaslee. And from its walls have issued scores of young physicians, and thousands of professional visitors, who carried what they had there seen and acquired to the four corners of the globe. A sojourn of several years in Europe made Dr. Sims's name familiar to the medical profession abroad, and many opportunities were there afforded him of demonstrating his peculiar methods of operating. But his name became particularly well known after the appearance, in 1866, of the only book of any magnitude which he ever wrote, the originality and boldness of which aroused admiration and surprise all over the professional world. By the older physicians it was even regarded with more or less distrust and incredulity. This was particularly the case in Ger- many, then so very conservative in this branch of medi- cine, but now the boldest of the bold in her daring 414 DR. J. MARION SIMS. achievements with the knife. I well remember how, in 1867, Scanzoni, the Nestor of German gynaecology, whose assistant I then was, brought a copy of the translation of Dr. Sims's book, which had just appeared, to the clinic, and emphatically expressed to me his opinion that, orig- inal and ingenious as Sims's views and methods were, he still was only an enthusiast, whose illusions were not capable of realization. And that was less than thirty years ago ! And in these thirty years these very "illusions" of Sims, subject, of course, here and there, to the modifica- tions of increased experience, have become the accepted rules of practice all over the world. It may truly be said that this book of Sims made a revolution in modern gynae- cological practice. With Sims came the revolution which upset the conser- vative "do-little" methods, and opened wide the field of active, radical, scientific, and rational treatment by sur- gical means of the diseases and malformations which for- merly were merely palliative or left unrelieved. As the exponent of a new system in gynaecological therapeutics Sims may truly, to use the term of the clergyman who de- livered his funeral oration, be looked upon as an "apostle." Without disparagement to the patient labors of previous workers in the same field, I must insist that the greatest triumphs in this specialty have been achieved since Sims first taught us how to use his speculum, the scissors, the knife, and the needle for the cure of the diseases to which he paid particular attention. J. Marion Sims may, there- fore, with all propriety, be called The Father of Modern Gynecology, and it is to this universally admitted claim that he owes the distinction of being the first physician to whose memory a statue has been erected. The geniu? of Dr. Sims was not limited to the specialty with which for all time his name will be connected. Quite early in his career he wrote an article on " Convulsions in Infants" (Trismus nascentium), in which he advanced DR. J. MARION SIMS. * x t the very plausible theory, borne out by later experiences, that these convulsions could be prevented and relieved by removing the pressure exerted on the brain through the soft skull of the child by the simple plan of placing it on its side, instead of permitting it to lie constantly on the back. Again, he was among the first, if not the first, to recognize an abscess of the liver and open it by a free incision. Obstruction of the gall-bladder was also the subject of an article by him, in which he described the operation of opening that organ, and thus relieving the symptoms. One of Dr. Sims's last original achievements has already been referred to by the preceding speaker — I mean his criticism of the treatment of the wound of Presi- dent Garfield. I well remember how vehemently his views were opposed by the leading surgeons of this city, who insisted that it was presumptuous for him, a surgeon in an entirely different line of practice, to offer such radical suggestions to them. But Sims's views soon gained ground, and to-day, only twelve years later, the correctness of his prophetic assertion is so well recognized that any surgeon who would fail to carry out Dr. Sims's advice to at once open the abdominal cavity in case of injury by gunshot or other perforating wound, and suture the wounded organs, would be considered criminally negligent ! If only one such case out of one hundred is saved by this practice, it is so much gained, since without the operation death is inevitable. I hope I have been successful in demonstrating why a statue has been erected to the memory of Dr. Sims. It certainly is not my object to deliver a fulsome eulogy of this great man. He needs no flattery. The record of his deeds speaks for itself. His memory and the recol- lection of what he has done for suffering mankind will be far more enduring than his statue or the granite on which it stands. Let his life be a shining example for us to follow ! Taken, by permission, from Med. JZecord, Oct. 27, 1894. 4i6 TRIBUTE TO EPHRAIM MCDOWELL. response to the toast, "ephraim Mcdowell." Delivered, without manuscript, at the annual banquet of the Chicago Gynaecological Society, October 18, 1895. BY JOSEPH EASTMAN, M.D. , LL.D., INDIANAPOLIS, 1ND. In a hallowed spot, a typical American home, in Rock- bridge County, Va., November 11, 17 71, a male child was born. It has been said that "great men, like great moun- tains, stand alone, with the valley of ancestry on the one side and the gulf of posterity on the other." This tower- ing character, however, did not stand alone, for the foot- hills of his ancestry were of decided magnitude, prophetic of a genius destined to become one of the greatest bene- factors of the human race. His ancestry for three genera- tions commingled with the best Scotch and Irish blood, coursing the arteries of men and women of strong bodies and strong characters — characters emphasized, energized, and vitalized on historic battle-fields with red-skins, red- coats, wild beasts and hardships of the primitive Virginia forests. Figuratively speaking, this child was number nine in a family of eleven children. When thirteen years of age his parents moved to Danville, Ky., a long, tedious, and even perilous journey; a journey in itself well calculated to develop and toughen the fibres in our valiant hero. At Danville he grew up to full physical manhood, tall, well proportioned, beautiful. What a wonderful advan- tage it is to grow up in the country, to commune with nature, to enjoy the beauties of green fields instead of paved streets ; to gaze on great oaks and elms instead of steeples and chimneys ; to see the radiant tints of the morning dawn and the beauties of the setting sun ; where TRIBUTE TO EPHRAIM MCDOWELL. a X j the mind can grow commensurate with a healthy body ; where one can develop and cultivate the greatest of facul- ties — that of thinking — without having the continuity of thought interrupted by the rattling of electric cars, the rumbling of omnibuses, or the shrieking whistle of steam engines ; where one can see in reality what art galleries only imitate, and while enraptured with the works of nature and the created, become filled with the realization of the existence of a Creator. _ And then, too, to be reared under the influence of such parents as our hero had. The lasting impressions of our lives are received beneath the cloudless sky of childhood, while our guiding star is the approving twinkle of the paternal eye, the chief luminary of our pathway, the vitalizing sunshine of a mother's coun- tenance, and every footstep guided by the subduing influ- ence of a mother's love. After obtaining his literary education at Georgetown, Ky., he went as a student of medicine to Dr. Humphries, in Stanton, Va. History tells us little of this Dr. Hum- phries except that he was educated at the University of Edinburgh, but surely he, too, was a man of great intel- lectual endowment. Dr. Samuel Brown, of Kentucky, and Dr. Hosack, of New York, were also his pupils and arrived at a great distinction as practitioners and teachers of medicine and surgery. In 1793-94 our hero attended lectures at the University of Edinburgh. Pause for a moment, and think of a young American so ambitious that the entire faculty of this great university could not satiate his thirst for knowledge, for going outside he em- ployed Dr. John Bell, a great character, so enraptured in teaching anatomy and surgery that he filled his pupils to overflowing with professional zeal. In 1795 our hero re- turned to America and began the practice of medicine at Danville, Ky., where he soon had a large clientage, often riding fifty and one hundred miles on horseback. He faced dangers from storm and flood, in clouds and dark- VOL II. — 27 4 I 8 TRIBUTE TO EPHRAIM MCDOWELL. ness at night, at times becoming lost in the dense forest. He was actuated by the higher principles of his profession; he feared neither man nor devil ; he knew no fear except the fear of doing wrong. The degree of his happiness was determined by the magnitude of his undertaking. On December 13, 1809, he was called to see a Mrs. Crawford, whose attending physician had thought her pregnant, although he knew she had gone beyond the usual time. Our hero being a thorough master of all that was known of that highest department of our art, namely, diagnosis, declared that she had an ovarian tumor and at once suggested its removal. Had he deceived her by an untruth, or kept back from her the whole truth, she would have known it, would have read it in his countenance, and would not have replied : " Doctor, I am willing and ready." But he stated to her that so far as he knew the operation had never been done — that it would be an ex- periment, therefore he could make no promise as to the outcome. He thus unlocked the bosom of confidence with the key of personal magnetism. By his manly pres- ence and honest words he planted a new hope in the heart of despair. This woman made the journey, sixty miles, on horseback on a bleak December day, in compliance with the wisdom of this great and good man, that she might be near him so that in a critical moment he could, with his own hand, ward off the approaching danger. When it became known what he was about to undertake, he found a mob was gathering about his house. He learned that if the patient recovered it would be well with him, but if she died from the operation he was to be at the mercy of a merciless mob. He offered up a prayer and proceeded with his task. This prayer in fervency and literary merit has rarely been equaled. Permit me to remark, greater heroism was never displayed by man or woman. Martyrs burned at the stake could not escape the death if they would. This personification and crystal- TRIB UTE TO EPHRAIM MC D O WELL. * T g lization of heroism would not abandon his principles, and escape the danger if he could. More than that, genuine heroism must be deliberate, must be premeditated, must be actuated by a pure, a high, a holy and beneficent mo- tive. It was not a maddening pseudo heroism stirred up by the rattle of drum and shriek of fife on battle-fields, where man seeks to slay his fellow-man. I insist that the heroism of Napoleon or Grant can never be compared to that of this cool, calculating, thinking man. I repeat, the heroism that seeks to destroy human lives is incomparable with that which seeks to save human life and establish principles which shall not only save one life, but which shall continue to save human lives throughout all coming ages. The operation was completed, and during nearly a century has not been improved upon ; his technique was almost identical with what we have to-day. The sub- stitution of a gauze for the drainage-tube still more nearly approaches the ligatures which he allowed to hang out the lower angle of the wound — the best of capillary drainage. Mrs. Crawford lived thirty-two years after the operation. Our hero made the operation 'thirteen times with eight re- coveries, and when nearly sixty years of age returned from visiting a patient, laid down his instruments for the last time, and secured that rest which he never could enjoy while a call to the bedside of a suffering patient was pending. Surely such a life of unselfish devotion to the cause of humanity would make him a fit companion for the gods. " To such a life there is no death ; What seems so, is transition. His life, his mortal breath, Was but a suburb of the life elysian Whose portals we call death." He was an honest man, honest to his patients, honest to his God, and therefore honest to himself. He was a great man with a large head, a large capacity for thinking, and 420 TRIBUTE TO EPHRA1M AIC DO WELL. a large, a true, and a loving heart — essential qualifications for a great surgeon. He was a wise man. With inborn wisdom he accumulated and applied knowledge. He was a brave man. No truer heroism has or ever will be recorded on the immortal pages of never-ending- history. He was a humane man. He owned slaves, occasionally bought one to unite families — but never sold one. He did not approve of traffic in human blood. He was a handsome man. " Beautiful eyes are those that show, Like crystal panes where heart-fires glow, Beautiful thoughts that dwell below. Beautiful lips are those whose words Spring from the heart like song of birds — And yet whose utterance produce girds. Beautiful hands are those that do Work that is noble and brave and true, Moment by moment the long day through." His was a beautiful life. " Beautiful lives are those that bless, Some silent river of happiness, Whose secret fountains few can guess." Virginia is justly proud of her statesmen, of her orators and her soldiers, "but shall not the achievements of her statesmen succumb, at last, to the pitiless logic of events ? Shall not the voice of her orators grow fainter with coming ages ? Shall not the victories of her soldiers be found at last only in the libraries of students of military campaigns, while the fame of this village surgeon, like the ever-widen- ing waves of the inviolate sea, shall be wafted to the utmost shores of time, hailed alike by all nations in all ages for having lessened the burden and prolonged the span of human life." A thousand years hence, if a student of medicine shall ask who first did ovariotomy, the answer will be prompt and unequivocal. As a result of this self- TRIBUTE TO EPHRAIM MC DO WELL. 4.21 sacrificing life and marvellous achievements there goes forth a benediction to every home in the civilized world ; from every hearthstone in Christendom there returns a blessing to the memory and resting-place of Ephraim McDowell. All honor to this honest, great, wise, heroic, good, kind, gracious, loving, and lovable man ! [Published by permission of Joseph Eastman, M.D. — The Author.] COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES This book is due on the date indicated below, or at the expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing, as provided by the library rules or by special arrangement with the Librarian in charge. DATE BORROWED DATE DUE DATE BORROWED DATE DUE UlSYr 1 £' C28(842) M50 f Ridenbaugh Biography of Ephraim McDowell. IA. R153 RU3 1897 J DATE ISSUED TO XA