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Studies in American Social Conditions—4 The Labor Problem Edited by Richard Henry Edwards Madison, Wisconsin April, 1909 Studies in American Social Conditions—4 The Labor Problem Edited by Richard Henry Edwards Madison, Wisconsin April, 1909 Copyright, 1909 by Richard Henry Edwards Outline The Social Problems Group Idea Suggestions for Use The Labor Problem The Labor Problem PAGE 6 - 8 General Bibliography * • • • 1 The Distinctive Developments of American Industry 2 American Labor under Aggravated Conditions a General b The sweatshops e The unemployed 3 The Phases of Industrial Warfare: Blacklists and Boycotts 4 The Employer’s Point of View 5 The Employee’s Point of View Strikes AND Lockouts, 19 21 22 23 24 25 27 a As to conditions in general b As to hours c As to wages 6 The Conditions of Women’s Labor 7 Child Labor . 28 . 29 . 30 . 31 . 33 The Proposed Solutions General Bibliography 1 Proposed Solutions by the Employer a Welfare work • • • b Profit sharing ° * • • • c Employer’s associations 2 Proposed Solutions by the Employees a Labor organizations . • • • b Co-operative industry 3 Joint Agreements: Conciliation and Arbitration 4 Idealistic Proposals affecting the Labor Problem 5 Legislative Control a Labor legislation b Employer’s liability .... c Industrial insurance . . 35 . 36 . 36 . 37 . 38 . 41 . 42 . 43 . 45 . 47 . 48 The Social Problems Group Idea It is agreed among social workers that enough reliable information about our social conditions has been amassed to stir all thoughtful citizens, were the facts but gener¬ ally known. It is likewise agreed that enough lines of solution have been proposed to make effective war on the forces of greed, lust, and death, were those solutions but widely and earnestly attempted. It is an immediate ne¬ cessity, therefore, to get the ear of all right-minded men and to direct their attention to the naked facts of our so¬ cial conditions till they be stirred to intelligent and persis¬ tent action. The Social Problems Group Idea is aimed at this necessity. It embraces a definite and tested plan for the constructive study of American Social Questions from the popular point of view. It connotes the wide spreading of reliable facts, the grip of those facts upon the social conscience, and intelligent action in cleaning up bad conditions. It is in brief, this—that a group of men meet regularly from time to time to consider the salient facts of our leading social problems; that they candidly discuss those facts and the proposed solutions, and that they take individual or united action toward solving the problems acute in their community. The plan is adapt¬ able to widely different types of mind and to men of all The Labor Problem 5 schools in political, social, or religious faith. A group can be formed anywhere without formalities, through the mutual desire of a few men, the choice of a leader, and agreement as to time and place of meeting. An account of the original Group which was formed at Madison, Wisconsin, in the fall of 1906 will be found in an article in Charities and the Commons for October 17, 1908. A reprint of that article, which tells how to prepare for and conduct the meetings and touches upon the duties of the leader can be secured from the address given below. In view of the fact that the original group met in a Christian church, the question of the reality and extent of the contribution made by the teaching of Jesus to the solution of each problem was considered. Those who desire to study the problems from this point of view are referred to “Christianity and the Social Crisis” by Walter Fauschenbush, Macmillan, New York, 1907, $1.50; to “Jesus Christ and the Social Question” by F. G. Pea¬ body, Macmillan, New York, $1.50 (fifty cent edition Grosset and Dunlap, New Tork) ; to “The Social Signifi¬ cance of the Teachings of Jesus” by J. W. Jenks, Inter¬ national Committee, Y. M. C. A., 1906, 75c. and the books to which they refer. Parallel studies upon ten problems are appearing in the following order as rapidly as the exigencies of editing and printing will permit: 1. The Liquor Problem. 2. The Negro Problem. 3. Immigration. 4. The Labor Problem. 6 American Social Studies 5. Poverty. 6. Excessive and Concentrated Wealth. 7. Municipal Government. 8. The Children of the Cities. 9. The Increase of Crime and the Administration of Criminal Justice. 10. The Treatment of the Criminal. 1 hese studies are sold at a nominal price, 10 cents each, postage 2c, for all except the Labor Problem which is 20c postpaid. The entire series including a reprint of the Charities article is sold at $1.15 postpaid. One hundred copies of any study, except the Labor Problem, or ten sets of the entire series, will be sold at $10.50, postpaid. One hundred copies of the Labor Problem are sold at $18.00, postpaid. Order from the editor, enclosing the cash. Suggestions for Use 1 he use of this study upon The Labor Problem is in no way confined to Social Problems Groups. 1. It may also be used for personal study. Refer¬ ences to concise statements of fact in readable form are given for those who desire a brief but orderly survey of the problem. Those who desire more scientific matter will find it here, as well. 2. Interesting questions for club, high school, and col¬ legiate debates will be found in taking up the compara¬ tive effectiveness of proposed solutions. 3. A survey course of instruction in American Social Conditions adaptable to varied institutions can be based The Labor Problem 7 on the material here furnished together with like ma¬ terial upon other problems appearing in parallel form. 4. It is especially adaptable to use in civic organiza¬ tions, social settlement clubs, betterment leagues, labor unions, Y. M. C. A. classes, granges, men’s clubs in churches, business men’s associations, and men’s clubs in general, where the basis for a constructive study of the problem is desired. For such organizations and for So¬ cial Problems Groups where rapidity of treatment is de¬ sired, one meeting should be given to each of the main topics under the problem and to each of the main lines of solution. Many groups will prefer to make a more thorough consideration of the problem which is of course highly desirable. The Labor Problem The “Labor Problem ’ has to do with the frictions which arise between employers and employees, with the evils in the working conditions of the wage earning classes, and, from the point of view of public interest, with the improvement of these conditions. Many kinds of difficulties are included in it, specific questions of the terms of employment, and general questions of pub¬ lic welfare, questions both economic and social. They are sometimes simple matters to be adjusted between an employer and his employees, sometimes complex and far reaching problems which involve the nation, such as the coal strike of 1902. They have sprung from the rapid development of modern industry and the many transformations which it has wrought. This development has been phenomenal for the inven¬ tion of new machinery and methods, for the extreme con¬ centration in the hands of a few of the powers of indus¬ trial control, and for the enormous increase in the size of the output. The factory system, with highly complex and costly machinery, has become general and the wages sys¬ tem universal. Work in the factories has been subdi¬ vided among many workers and the piece work system of payment widely introduced. With the enlargement of The Labor Problem 9 the output have come widening markets, sharper competi¬ tion, and much higher capitalization. In some industries an aggregation of capital has made possible the combina¬ tion of a number of factories under one management, and the defeat of small competitors by a practical control of the market. As industry becomes more highly centralized, and the corporation replaces the individual employer, the per¬ sonal connection between employer and employee is lost. The worker’s individuality, his bargaining power, and the sense of his personal value are often lost with it. The pace at which the machines are run has been speeded up and this has forced a sharper intensity of exertion which results in shortening the working period of the wage earner’s life. The organization of industry gathers the workers into factory towns and districts where women and children often work in the mills. As free land in the West has gradually disappeared, the status of the workers in American life has grown more definitely fixed. “Once a wage earner, always a wage earner,” is coming to be true. Unskilled, immigrant, and casual laborers have in¬ creased in number rapidly. The development of modern industry has not failed to bring benefits to employees as well as to employers, and yet grievous conditions exist in many localities and forms of work. The Pittsburgh Survey has shown the preva¬ lence of the twelve hour day and the seven day week un¬ der conditions of great strain and liability to accident in the manufacture of iron and steel. The investigation of the Chicago Stock yards revealed a condition so unsani¬ tary as to shock the nation and a labor situation well nigh intolerable, despite the enormous profits accruing from 10 American Social Studies the business. The misery of the lives of sweat-shop and tenement workers in the great cities, especially of women and children under the sweating system can hardly be over-stated. Their hours are measured by the limits of human endurance and their pay by the dire necessities of abject poverty. The annual average of 8000 workers maimed and 2000 killed in the coal mines is a sufficient indication of the danger in the miner’s life. It is esti¬ mated that a total of 500,000 workers were killed or in¬ jured during 1908, in American industry, not counting deaths or illness due to occupational diseases. The more dangerous forms of work must always be done at a hu¬ man sacrifice, but a large proportion of present accidents could be prevented by the use of machinery guards, safety appliances, and suitable precautions. Notwith¬ standing the steady improvement of conditions in many industries, there is still an enormous amount of entirely needless injury and reckless waste of human life. Unemployment is one of the most complex questions in the Labor Problem. It is most grievous in times of busi¬ ness depression, but even in a normal condition of the la¬ bor market there are large numbers of unemployed who must act as the reserve force of the industrial army. Unemployment is traceable in some cases to personal de¬ fects, to sickness, accidents, or vicious habits; in others to social causes, to seasonal trades, commercial depressions, an irregular supply of work, the introduction of new ma¬ chinery, or an over-supply of immigrant labor. It varies greatly, but is always imminent in the average wage earn¬ er’s life. Hon. Carroll D. Wright said for Massachus¬ etts for the year 1895-6: “About one-third of the total number of persons engaged in remunerative labor were The Labor Problem 11 unemployed at their principal occupation about one-third of the working time.” The full import of this bare state¬ ment, which is not far from a safe generalization for the country, can only be reckoned in terms of the hunger, sickness, misery, and gloom, which haunt the lives of those who live on the narrow border lands of destitution. The conditions of women’s labor and child labor de¬ serve especial study. The increasing entrance of women into industry to tend machines, and to do the lighter forms of work, many of which were formerly done in the home, lias a tendency to reduce the wages of men. Com¬ petition frequently exists between them, and women are willing to work for less. This tends to set up a reduced wage scale, based on the work of two or more members of the family, instead of one. The physical endowment of women makes them far more susceptible than men to the increasing strain of industry. They are more diffi¬ cult to unite for common ends, and are less powerful to resist oppression. Their conditions need to be especially safe-guarded for health and morality, but are often thor¬ oughly bad in these respects, with wages low, and hours excessive. Laundries, breweries, department stores, and contractors in the clothing trade are often among the chief offenders. The protection of public health, safety, morals, and the general welfare are involved in these con¬ ditions, for the fundamental institutions of motherhood, home, and healthy offspring are threatened. A million American children, under fourteen years of age, are wage earners, according to reliable estimates. They are employed in coal mines, southern cotton mills, glass factories, the street trades, and in many other ways. In no other phase is American industry so ruthless of hu- 12 American Social Studies man life. It is not only a blot upon the national honor, but a frightful moral and economic waste. Child labor is closely related as one of the causes, to casual labor and unemployment, for when vitality is burned out in child¬ hood a weak and shiftless maturity inevitably results. Throughout the present system of industry there runs a line of demarcation between the interests of the em¬ ployer and the employee. The conflict for larger shares in the product of industry between these two sets of in¬ terests reveals itself in the labor problem. While the em¬ ployer is dependent upon the employee for his success, his larger resources give him a more stable position and place him on a vantage ground in the struggle. His in¬ terests are primarily financial. He must maintain a sur¬ plus of income over outgo. Competition forces him to buy so low, to manufacture so economically and to sell his product at such a price that he can make a reasonable profit. He must reckon on fluctuations in supply and de¬ mand in their effect upon costs and prices, on deprecia¬ tion in plant, and on various other contingencies. These factors largely determine his attitude toward hours, wages, and conditions of labor. He necessarily looks up¬ on labor as one item in a complex situation and comes to treat it as a commodity. The employee, on the other hand, brings to the employer his chief possession, his labor power. His own welfare and that of his family depend upon it. His entire life is vitally concerned in his labor contract, and in the supply of work. This determines his point of view, for the la¬ bor struggle means to him all the higher values of life, the chance to develop mind and heart in a worthy home, education for his family, and the means of spiritual up- The Labor Problem 13 lift. He naturally seeks wages, hours, and working con¬ ditions which will insure him a large return for his effort without'impairment of his working power. While there is no necessary hostility between labor and capital, as such, these divided interests of employers and employees have rendered industrial strife inevitable. When grievances arise and friendly negotiations fail, the weapons most frequently used are strikes and lockouts, blacklists and boycotts. In the strike the employees unite to stop work, without relinquishing their positions, in the attempt to improve their conditions of labor, usually to secure higher wages, shorter hours or the right to bar¬ gain collectively. The lockout is the counterpart of the strike and occurs when the employer shuts out his employees because of their refusal to work under conditions which he dictates. Many strikes are in essence lockouts because the em¬ ployer, instead of suspending work, makes a condition so hard that it virtually forces a strike. The boycott occurs when measures are taken to deprive the employer of cus¬ tomers, or of materials necessary to his business. The blacklist, on the other hand, is sometimes used by employ¬ ers to follow up and debar from employment at their trade, men who have incurred their displeasure through activity in strikes, or for other reasons. It is impossible to make generalizations of value in re¬ gard to the present conditions of industrial conflict upon the basis of the labor situation as a whole. It must be studied feature by feature and industry by industry, with close regard to local conditions, and the industrial system involved. Side by side with the factory system exist relics of the gild system, the merchant-capitalist system, 14 American Social Studies and the middleman-contractor or sweating system. Conditions vary greatly in different localities for the same industry, and in the same locality for different industries. The problem may seem to be acute where warfare is ag¬ gressively waged, and yet conditions be worse where there is little sign of strife. Many factors enter in as elements of variation. The personal attitudes of em- polyers and employees, their comparative strength of organization, the kinds of grievances, the methods em¬ ployed in enforcing demands or adjusting grievances, the general conditions of prosperity or depression,—these and other factors enter in to vary the intensity of friction. The Labor Problem admits of no simple solution. It is apparent that no single form of effort is applicable to the wide variety of difficulties involved. A vast and many-sided human problem necessitates a multiple solu¬ tion. The ideal is a far cry. Its achievement will be a long drawn struggle. Accurate justice, industrial de¬ mocracy, and perfect adjustments will only be approached by many and varied efforts, some coercive and some gen¬ erous. The human touch and a fair consideration by em¬ ployers and employees, each for the interests of the other, are perhaps the most pressing needs. Employers’ associations and labor unions are not or¬ ganized for the fundamental solution of the problem, but rather, to secure larger shares of the product of industry. They have each relied less upon moral suasion than upon the power of business compulsion. Employees have or¬ ganized more widely than employers in order to overcome the natural handicap against them. Nearly all labor unions have their national organizations which are joined in the American Federation of Labor, representing nearly The Labor Problem 15 2,000,000 workers. The national organizations help to unify trade consciousness, to standardize conditions of competition, and to lend reliability to trade agreements. ‘The right of working men to combine, and to form trade unions,” says Mr. Andrew Carnegie, “is no less sa¬ cred than the right of the manufacturer to enter into as¬ sociations and conferences with his fellows. My experi¬ ence has been that trade unions, upon the whole, are bene¬ ficial to both labor and capital.” The unions put their greatest emphasis upon a reduction in the number of hours to meet the nervous strain, upon higher wages to meet the greater cost of living, and upon the right to col¬ lective bargaining, which includes the right of associa¬ tion, free speech, and the refusal to work with non-mem¬ bers. Welfare work has been undertaken by many employers on behalf of their employees. Lunch and rest rooms, schools, hospitals, libraries, and the like, have frequently been provided, together with a social secretary to repre¬ sent the employer. Pensions and sickleave are sometimes granted. The results of welfare work have been both promising and disappointing. It has smacked of charity rather than justice in some establishments, and often been used as a cloak to cover industrial evils. Profit sharing has met similar difficulties and been treated with suspi¬ cion where the books of the company are not open to in¬ spection. Many labor unions have developed educational and social features, and insurance benefits against sick¬ ness, accident, and unemployment. The trade agreement, which is, perhaps, the most hope¬ ful form of joint effort for the achievement of industrial peace, is based upon collective bargaining. In it the or- 16 American Social Studies ganized workers are able to bargain on equal terms with their employers. It is illustrated on a large scale in the agreements which have been made between the United Mine Workers of America and the mine owners of the North Central states. Conciliation usually involves the entrance of a third party into a labor dispute and the ad¬ justment of difficulties through the offices of one not per¬ sonally familiar with the details of the business. Arbi¬ tration may be voluntary or legal and enters the field af¬ ter the contending parties have shown themselves unable to come to an agreement. It renders authoritative de¬ cisions. Among the idealistic proposals affecting the labor prob¬ lem, the socialist movement in its various forms is the most conspicuous. It conceives the class conflict as fundamental and inevitable in the present order. It sees a single line of solution in the elimination of private prop¬ erty from industry and aims at the common ownership of the raw materials, the tools and the product. It holds that when capitalism is eliminated, conflicting interests will be abolished, and the problems of industry be solved. A more practical idealism, however, points to the re¬ form of present abuses through a long drawn battle for justice within the ranks of industry, through an arousal of public opinion to the nature and extent of existing evils, through many and varied social reforms, through the institutions which make for the social and moral up¬ lift of the people, and through the power of labor legisla¬ tion. The public enters the problem as an organized force in labor legislation. The regulation of conditions by law is most needed where labor organizations are undeveloped The Labor Problem 17 or weak. Constitutional objections have arisen in several states and under the federal constitution, but this legisla¬ tion is upheld on the ground of the police power of the state which includes the protection of the safety, morals, and welfare of the public. The Supreme Court of the United States has made plain that the state legislatures may reasonably regulate the hours of labor for men as well as women wherever health is endangered. The chief objects toward which legislation has been directed are the limitation of hours, the protection of women and chil¬ dren, the improvement of sanitary conditions, protection from dangerous machinery, and thorough factory inspec¬ tion. An increasingly enlightened public conscience is thus making itself effective. Much is being accomplished by reform organizations which bring hidden conditions to light, focus attention upon them, stir public opinion, and help to correct abuses. The Association for Labor Legislation seeks to secure the passage of uniform laws in the various states. The Na¬ tional Child Labor Committee aims at the overthrow of child labor. The Women’s Trade Union League seeks to improve the conditions of women workers by forming and fostering trade unions among them. The Consum¬ ers’ League seeks to increase the demand for goods made under clean and healthful conditions. These and many other agencies are at work to improve the relations be¬ tween employers and employees, to overthrow industrial evils, and to improve the working and living conditions of the wage earning classes. 2 IS American Social Studies Grateful acknowledgment is here made to Professor Richard T. Ely, of the University of Wisconsin, author of “The Labor Movement in America,” etc., who has revised and approved the following bibliography; to Miss Ellen Isabel True, class of 1908, of the Wisconsin Library School, who prepared it in fulfillment of the requirements of graduation; to the Wisconsin Library Commission for the loan of the type employed in its own publication of this bibliography (American Social Questions, Number 3) ; and to Miss Mary Emogene Hazeltine, Preceptor of the Wisconsin Library School, for her valued assistance in the preparation of this study. The Labor Problem General Bibliography Books Adams, T. S. Labor problems: a textbook, by T. S. Adams and H. L. Sumner. Macmillan, 1905. $1.60. A concrete presentation of facts, devised for use as a text book and forms an excellent basis of study. ’ Bliss, W. D. P. ed. New encyclopedia of social reform. Punk 1908. $7.50. ’ Affords material on all phases of social life and reform. Bolen, G. L. Getting a living: the problem of wealth and pov¬ erty, of profits, wages, and trade unionism. Macmillan, 1903. $2. A mine of information, good for the special student as well as the general reader. All sides and phases of the problem considered. Brooks, J. G. Social unrest: studies in labor and socialist movements. Macmillan, 1904. 25c. A genial study by a candid friend of all parties in the labor world It is stimulating and suggestive. Buchanan, J. R. Story of a labor agitator. Macmillan, 1908. $1.25. A vivid account of the life of a labor leader who was an active par¬ ticipant m the labor troubles from 1880 - 1890 . Commons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems Ginn, 1905. $2.50. Chiefly extracts from economic journals. It aims to supplement a text book in a course of study, and each chapter illustrates a single definite phase of the subject. Ely, R. T. Labor movement in America, Macmillan, 1905 $1.25. An authoritative work. Presents a moderate and well balanced point of view. Hapgood, Hutchins. Spirit of labor. Duffield, 1907. $1.50. Aims to give an idea of conditions underlying the labor situation, by describing the lactual life of a laboring man. Full of local color and interest. Scene is laid in Chicago, 20 American Social Studies Kelley, Florence. Some ethical gains through legislation. Macmillan, 1905. $1.25 (Citizen’s library of economics, politics and sociology). Result of personal experience and expert knowledge. Good read¬ ing and valuable to the student. Shows what labor laws have and have not effected. Kellor, F. A. Out of work: a study of employment agencies; their treatment of the unemployed, and their influence upon home and business. Putnam, 1904. $1.25. Deals chiefly with employment agencies, but throws light upon labor conditions in general. Levasseur, P. E. American workman. Baltimore, Johns Hop¬ kins Press, 1901. $3. Offers a foreign view of American labor conditions, and definite information in a scientific yet readable way. Mitchell, John. Organized labor: its problems, purposes and ideals, and the present and future of American wage earn¬ ers. American Book & Bible House, 1903. $1.75. A statement of labor views on all mooted questions from the laborer’s point of view. New international encyclopedia. Dodd, 1902-04. See artiole on Labor. The material on labor was edited largely under the direction of Professor R. T. Ely of the University of Wisconsin. Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital: a discussion of the rela¬ tions of employer and employed. Putnam, 1902. $1.50. (Questions of the day series). A symposium of the opinions of prominent business men and labor leaders on the questions of trusts, unions, arbitration, etc. Smith, S. G. Industrial conflict: a series of chapters on pres¬ ent day conditions. Revell, 1907. $1. Gives in a concise way the demands of the employer and the de¬ mands of the employee. Webb, Sidney. Industrial democracy, by Sidney Webb and Mrs. B. P. Webb. Longmans, 1902. $4. Trade unions from the English standpoint: The illustrations are all English, but it forms a foundation work, and supplies valuable material on the trade union problem. Wright, C. D. Some ethical phases of the labor question. Bos¬ ton, American Unitarian Association, 1902. $1. Not a broad discussion of the labor problem, but gives concrete applications of ethics to social problems. The Labor Problem 21 1. The distinctive developments of American industry Books Adams, T. S. Labor problem and its genesis (in Adams, T. S. and Sumner, H. L. Labor problems. 1905. p. 3-15). Bliss, W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See articles on Factory system, United States. Bolen, G. L. Man with the hoe (in his Getting a livinq. 1903. p. 658-74). Brooks, J. G. Social unrest. 1904. See chapters on Some gen¬ eralities, p. 17-45; Social unrest, p. 68-106; Social question and its economic influence, p. 107-144; Inevitableness of the social question, p. 144-67. Ely, R. T. Labor movement in America. 1905. See chapters on Survey of the field, p. 1-6; Remedies, p. 319-32. Levasseur, P. E. Progress of American industry in the last fifty years (in his American icorkman. 1901. p. 1-103). Mitchell, John. Organized labor. 1903. See chapters on La¬ bor unorganized, p. 12-16; Trade unionism: product of modern industry, p. 17-22; Oppression of labor under the factory system, p. 23-31; Labor in the American colonies, p. 51-65; Organized labor before and* since the Civil war, p. 66-74. New international encyclopedia. See articles on Labor prob¬ lems, Factory system. Smith, S. G. Problem stated (in his Industrial conflict. 1907. p. 7-14). Strong, Josiah. Duel or duet (in Peters, J. P. ed. Ijabor and capital. 1902. p. 13-21). Wright, C. D. Some ethical phases of the labor question. 1902. See chapters on Relation of political economy to the labor question, p. 25-77; The factory as an element in civiliza¬ tion, p. 81-157. Periodicals Brooks, J. G. Trade unions and democracy. Outlook, Nov. 17, 1906, v. 84, p. 669-74. Gives the spirit of the times. Clark, J. B. Recollections of the 20th century. Atlantic, Jan. 1902, v. 89, p. 4-16. A statement of the history of industrial reform and the issues yet to be settled. 22 American Social Studies Ely, R. T. Psychical forces of industry. International Quar¬ terly, July 1905, v. 11, p. 301-15. Points out some problems of to-day, and the need of controlling' monopolies. Ghent, W. J. American workman’s “Golden age.” Forum, Aug. 1901, v. 31, p. 688-97. Brief summary of the history of American industry, showing gradual improvement of conditions. Lincoln, J. T. Average citizen and the labor problem. Out¬ look, Aug. 17, 1907, v. 86, p. 811-16. Humanizes interest in the labor problem. London, Jack. Class struggle. Independent, Nov. 5, 1903, v. 55, p. 2603-10. A statement of industrial and social conflict from the radical standpoint. Robbins, Hayes. Personal factor in the labor problem. Atlan¬ tic, June 1907, v. 99, p. 729-36. .--SSj Urges a better understanding between employer and employee. Scuddear, V. D. Hidden weakness in our democracy. Atlantic, May 1902, v. 89, p. 638-44. Points out some of the evils of present day conditions. Wright, C. D. Industrial changes since 1893. World’s Work, Aug. 1901, v. 2, p. 1107-11. Summary of industrial conditions. 2. American labor under aggravated conditions a. General Books Commons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. See chapters on Labor conditions in slaughtering and meat packing, p. 222-49; Slavs in coal mining, p. 336-48. Sullivan, J. W. Printer’s health (in Commons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 435-53). Periodicals Hard, William. Labor in the Chicago stock yards. Outlook, June 16, 1906, v. 83, p. 366-73. General conditions of this district described with some considera¬ tion of prospects for improvement. Miner’s story. Independent, June 12, 1902, v. 54, p. 1407-10. Story of a miner’s life written by one who has worked in mines from his boyhood. I The Labor Problem 23 Mitchsll, John. Mine worker’s life and aims. Cosmopolitan, Oct. 1901, v. 31, p. 623-30. Surroundings and environments of miners described with a short history of their industrial conflicts. Pittsburgh Survey. Charities and the Commons, Jan. 2, Feb. 6, and March 6, 1909, v. 21, p. 499-640, 769-950, 1035-1194. These three numbers of Charities are devoted to a presentation of the findings of the Pittsburgh Survey as to the conditions of life and labor of the wage earners of the American steel district. Porter, H. F. J. Industrial betterment in the iron and steel in¬ dustry. Cassier, June 1901, v. 20, p. 153-56. Believes the satisfactory adjustment of the wage scale the one thing necessary to improve conditions. Reeve, A. B. Death roll of industry. Charities and the Com¬ mons, Feb. 2, 1907, v. 17, p.791-807. Shows the tremendous loss of life in the industrial world. Russel, C. E. Gravity yard and other shambles. Independent, Jan. 30, 1908, v. 64, p. 233-38. Pictures some of the conditions under which so many railroad employees are killed each year. Thompson, C. W. Labor in the packing 1 industry. Journal of Political Economy, Feb. 1907, v. 15, p. 88-107. Deals with laborers in the Union stock yards of Chicago. Gives also the policies of the international union. Warne, F. J. Miner and operator: a study of labor conditions in the anthracite coal fields. Outlook, March 24,1906, v.82, p. 643-56. A descriptive article by one who has made a study of mining industries. b. The sweat-shops Books Bliss, W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See article on Sweat-shops. Bolen, G. L. Public’s part in uplifting wage earners (in his Get¬ ting a living. 1903. p. 500-22). Commons, J. R. Sweating system in the clothing trade (in his Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 316-35). Kelley, Florence. Some ethical gains through legislation. 1905. See chapters on Rights of purchasers, p. 209-28; Rights of purchasers and the courts, p. 229-55. New international encyclopedia. See articles on Consumers’ league, Sweating system. 24 American Social Studies Sumner, H. L. Sweating’ system (in Adams, T. S. and Sumner, H. L. Labor 'problems. 1905. p. 113-41). Webb, Sidney. Parasitic trades, by Sidney Webb and Mrs. B. P, Webb (in their Industrial democracy. 1902. p. 749-66). Periodicals Daniel, A. S. Wreck of the home: how wearing apparel is fash¬ ioned in the tenements. Charities, April 1, 1905, v. 14, p. 624-29. Concise description of conditions in the east side tenement district of New York. McLean, A. M. Sweatshop in summer. American Journal of Sociology, Nov. 1903, v. 9, p. 289-309. Written by one who knew from experience the sweat-shop condi¬ tions. A graphic picture. Markham, Edwin. Sweat-shop inferno. Cosmopolitan, Jan. 1907, v. 42, p. 327-33. Describes the effect of the sweat-shop system upon the children of the poor. Sanville, F. L. Sweated homes in Philadelphia. Charities and the Commons, Sept. 1, 1906, v. 16, p. 551-57. Shows the need of an adequate law with proper means for its en¬ forcement. c. The unemployed Books Adams, T. S. Labor jtroblems, by T. S. Adams and H. L. Sumner. 1905. See chapters on Poverty, earnings and un¬ employment, p. 142-70; Movement of unemployment, p. 519-25. Bliss, W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See article on Unemployment. Bolen, G. L. Getting a living. 1903. See chapters on Irregu¬ larity of employment, p. 446-67; Poor and unemployed, p. 600-26. Hunter, Robert. Poverty. Grosset, 1907. 50c. Kellor, F. A. Out of work. 1904. This book deals with the subject in its various phases. New international encyclopedia. See article on Unemployment. Riis, J. A. Unemployment: a problem (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 425-31). Webb, Sidney. Industrial democracy, by Sidney Webb and Mrs- B. P. Webb. 1902. See chapters on Continuity of employ ment, p. 430-52; Unemployable, p. 784-95. The Labor Problem 25 Wheeler, E. P. Education of the worker (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 419-24). Willoughby, W. F. Insurance against unemployment (in Com¬ mons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 589-602). Periodicals Beveridge, W. H. Unemployment and its cure. Contemporary Review. April 1908, v. 93, p. 385-98. Suggests labor exchanges as a remedy. Kellogg, A. P. Man out of work to-day. Review of Reviews, March 1908, v. 37, p. 336-39. Discusses causes and attempts to organize unemployed labor Scott, Leroy. Need any man lack a job? World’s Work, Sept. 1905, v. 10, p. 6660-64. u . A statement of American conditions. The author holds that un- CU7 employment is the result of a bad labor system. 3. The phases of industrial warfare Strikes and lockouts, blacklists and boycotts Books Adams, T. S. Strikes and boycotts (in Adams, T. S. and Sum¬ ner, H. L. Labor problems. 1905. p. 175-212). Bliss, W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See ’ articles on Boycotting, Strikes and lockouts. Bolen, G. L. Strikes, lockouts and boycotting (in his Getting a living. 1903. p. 196-253). Brooks, J. G. Social unrest. 1903. See chapters on Some gener¬ alities, p. 1-45; Social unrest, p. 68-106. Buchanan, J. R. Story of a labor agitator. 1903. Accurate picture of strike conditions. Ely, R. T. Labor movement in America. 1905. See chapters on Other aspects of labor organizations, p. 146-66; Remedies, p. 295-303. Gompers, Samuel. Labor unions and strikes (in Peters. J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 62-74). Lavasseur, P. E. American workman. 1901. See chapters on The strike, p. 232-75; Summary, p. 462-64. 26 American Social Studies Mitchell, John. Organized labor. 1903. See chapters on Unionist and non unionist, p. 272-85; Label and boycott, p. 286-98; Labor and capital at war, p. 299-315; Proper conduct of a strike, p. 316-23; Strike versus compul¬ sory arbitration, p. 337-54; Coal strike of 1902, p. 355-406. New international encyclopedia. See articles on Boycotting Strikes and lockouts. Periodicals Baker, R. S. Reign of lawlessness. McClure, May 1904, v 23 p. 43-57. J rado deSCl iPti0n ° f thS gTeat strike in the mining- districts of Colo- Right to work. McClure, Jan. 1903, v. 20, p. 323-36. A statement of the conditions under which 17,000 non-striking miners worked. Grant, Luke, Walking delegate. Outlook, Nov. 10, 1906 v 84, p. 615-21. A defence of the modern walking delegate. Industrial mediaevalism. Outlook, July, 13, 1907, v. 86, p. A criticism of striking methods of settling disputes. Rood. H. E. Public and the coal conflict. Review, Oct. 1905, v. 181, p, 603-15. Gives the standpoint of the public during particularly against union methods in a strike. North American the strike. Aimed Scott, Leroy. Strikebreaking as a new occupation. World’s Work, May 1905, v. 10, p. 6199-204. Describes the methods used by strike breakers. Stevens, J. S. Sympathetic strike. Independent, June 25, 1903 v. 55, p. 1493-97. Points out the dangers of the sympathetic strike. Tandy, F. D. Strikes, trusts, boycotts, and the black list. Arena, Feb. 1900, v. 23, p. 194-203. Defence and justification of the strike system. Winton, A. P. Quarter century of strikes. Atlantic, Oct 1902, v. 90, p. 656-67. Takes up the situation as a whole. Discusses the rights of the union and non-union man. s Wright, C. D. Strikes in the United States. North American Review, June 1902, v. 174, p. 757-68. History of strikes with statistics. Varros, V. S. Union versus the closed shop. Gunton, Auc 1903, v. 25, p 102-09. P air candid view of the strike question. The Labor Problem 27 4. The employer’s point of view Books Bliss, W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908 See article on Open or closed shops. Bolen, G. L. Getting a living. 1903. See cnapier on In¬ terests, p. 36-49; Employer and his profits, p, 50-66, Questionable policies of trade unions, p. 254-98. Brooks, J. G. Man and'society versus machinery (in his Social unrest. 1904. p. 169-221). Mitchell, John. Organized labor. 1903. See chapter on Re¬ striction of output, p. 254-59; Unions and trusts, p. 195- 204. Smith, S. G. Industrial conflict. 1907. See chapter on Letters from employers, p. 100-32; Primary demands of employers, p. 133-52; Secondary demands of employers, p. 153-171. Periodicals Bascom, John. An open versus a closed shop. North American Review, Dec. 1902, v. 180, p. 912-17. . , . . Fair view with suggestion of the establishment of a judicial t bune to decide cases in question. Bolles, A. S. Rights and methods of labor organizations. North American Review, March 1903, v. 176, p. 410-31. Presents unions from the employer’s standpoint. Cites specihc examples. Bullock, C. J. Closed shop. Atlantic, Oct. 1904, v. 94, p. 433-39. Points out the dangers of the closed shop. Danger of trade unions. Outlook, May 7, 1904, v. 77, p. H-14. Criticism of some of labor union methods. Do unions restrict earnings? Outlook, May 30, 1903, v. 74, p. 275-77. Views of four manufacturers on this point. Fair minded open shop employer. World’s Work, Feb. 1906, ' Before a strike of the book compositors in New ^ork, Mr. HiU of the Hill Publishing Co., issued to his men one of th3 fanest state ments yet made on the open shop side of the controve s>. Henderson, C. R. Business men and social theorists. Ameri¬ can Journal of Sociology, July 1896, v. 1, p. 38o-«. 7. Shows the position of the business man. 28 American Social Studies Lincoln, J. T. Manufacturer’s point of view. Atlantic, Sent. 1906, v. 98, p. 289-95. Discusses strikes and the employer’s attitude towards labor. Marcosson, I. F. Fight for the open shop. World’s Work Dec. 1905, v. 11, p. 6955-65. Account of the fight of Chicago employers for the open shop. Open shop. Outlook, July 16, 1904, v. 77, p. 630-33. Clear explanation of the issue between open and closed shops and the question of free unions. Pfahler, W. H. Labor unions as they appear to an employer. Annals of the American Academy, July 1903, v. 21, p. 46-54. An attack on unions entirely from the employer’s standpoint. Raymond, R. W. Present attitude of labor in the United States. Cassier, Oct. 1903, v. 24, p. 549-52. Describes employer’s position in regard to unions. 5. The employee’s point of view a. As to conditions in general Books Adams, T. S. Material progress of the wage earning classes (In Adams, T. S. and Sumner, H. L. Labor problems. 1905. p. 502-46). Brooks, J. G. Social unrest, 1903. See chapters on Social un¬ rest, p. 68-106; Man and society versus machinery, p. 169- 221; Master passion of democracy, p. 222-57. Buchanan, J. R. Story of a labor agitator. 1903. Commons, J. R. Causes union shop policy (in American Economic Association publications. 1905. 3d series v 6 p. 140-59). ' ’ Hapgood, Hutchins. Spirit of labor. 1907. Kellor, F. A. Out of work. 1904. Smith, S. G. Letters from labor leaders (in his Industrial con¬ flict. 1907. p. 15-49). States demands of laborers. Webb, Sidney. Industrial democracy, by Sidney Webb and Mrs. B. P. Webb. 1902. See chapters on Continuity of employment, p. 430-52; Right to a trade, p, 508-27; Impli¬ cations of trade unionism, p. 528-58; Assumptions of trade unionism, p. 559-99; Device of restriction of numbers, p. 704-15; Device of the common rule, p. 715-49. The Labor Problem 29 Wright, C. D. Factory as an element in civilization (in his Some ethical phases of the labor question. 1902. p. 81-157). b. As to hours Books Adams, T. S. Labor problems. By T. S. Adams and H. L. Sumner. 1905. See chapters on Hours of labor, p. 259-62; Decrease in hours of labor, p. 515-18. Bliss, W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See articles on Eight hour day, Hours of labor. Bolen, G. L. Shorter work day (in his Getting a living. 1903. p. 401-45). Kelley, Florence. Right to leisure (in her Some ethical gains through legislation. 1905. p. 105-126). Mitchell, John. Day’s work (in his Organized labor. 1903. p. 120-30). New international encyclopedia. See articles on Eight hour day, Labor legislation. Smith, S. G. Primary demands of labor (in his Industrial con¬ vict. 1907. p. 50-82). United States Industrial Commission. Hours of labor (in Com¬ mons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 454-81). Webb, Sidney. Normal day, by Sidney Webb and Mrs. B. P. Webb (in their Industrial democracy. 1902. p. 324-53). Periodicals Kelley, Florence. Legal end of working woman’s day. Chari¬ ties and the Commons, Dec. 4, 1906, v. 17, p. 553-54. Discussion of the decision of the New York courts declaring un¬ constitutional the law prohibiting the employment of women after 9 p. m. _ United States 'supreme court and the Utah eight hour law. American Journal of Sociology, July 1898, v. 4, p. 21-34. A discussion of the supreme court decision constituting eight hours a legal working day in mines and smelters. Kleeck, Mary Van. Working hours of women in factories. Charities and the Commons, Oct. 6, 1906, v. 17, p.13-21. R elates the hours and conditions under which women labor in the factories of New York. 30 American Social Studies Mac Arthur, Walter. Movement for shorter working day. Fo¬ rum, 1901, v. 31, p. 576-80. McVey, F. L. Social effects of the eight hour day. American Journal of Sociology, Jan. 1903, v. 8, p. 521-30. Plea for the eight hour day. Marcy, Edwin. Eight hour day by legislation. Arena, Sept. 1900, v. 24, p. 235-43. Shows the effect of the eight hour day economically, physically, and socially, and proposes legislation as the proper remedy. Shortening of the industrial working day. Review of Reviews, Nov. 1906, v. 34, p. 622-24. Reviews article of Robert Schultze on laboring hours in which is made a strong plea for shorter hours. c. As to wages Books Adams, T. S. Labor problems, by T. S. Adams and H. L. Sumner. 1905. See chapters on Poverty, earnings, and unemployment, p. 142-70; Minimum wage law, p. 493-500. Bliss, W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See articles on Piece work, Minimum wage. Bolen, G. L. Getting a living. 1903. See chapters on What makes the rate of wages? p. 123-53; Higher wages from higher prices, p. 330-43; Have wage workers obtained their share? p. 344-62; Promise of the future for wage earners, p. 363-400; Low wages and vice, p. 627-39. Commons, J. R. Premium plan for paying for labor (in his Trade unionism and labor 'problems. 1905. p. 274-88). Lavasseur, P. E. American workman. 1901. See chapters on Wages of men, p.276-335; Wages of women and children, p. 336-58; Factors determining nominal wage, p. 359-435; Summary, p. 446-56. Mitchell, John. Organized labor. 1903. See chapters on American standard of wages, p. 110-19; Immigrant and the living wage, p. 176-85. New international encyclopedia. See article on Wages. Smith, S. G. Primary demands of labor (in his Industrial conflict. 1907. p. 50-82). Webb, Sidney. Industrial democracy, by Sidney Webb and Mrs. B. P. Webb. 1902. See chapters on Standard rate, p. 279-323; National minimum, p. 766-84. The Labor Problem. 31 Periodicals Alger, G. W. Equivocal rights of labor. Atlantic, March 1906, v. 97, p. 364-68. Discusses wage conditions and the need of legislation. Benjamin, C. H. Review of the wage problem, Cassier, July 1904, v. 26, p. 310-15. . General review of the contract, piece, and premium systems. Laughlin, J. L. Union versus higher wages. Journal of Politic¬ al Economy, March 1906, v. 14, p. 129-42. Minimum wage. Independent, Oct. 2, 1902, v. 54, p. 2373-75. Describes and criticises this system. Ryan, J. A. What wage is a living wage? Catholic World, April 1902, v. 75, p. 2-16. . . Shows the lowest amount that a working man should attempt to live on. Smith, E. J. Living profits and a living wage. Forum , July 1900, v. 28, p. 542-53. . Actual experiences of a journeyman mechanic, fore T a 0 f. 1 ! 6 “f plover. Suggests remedy for the adjustment of wages by the es¬ tablishment of a board to adjust scale between employer and em¬ ployee. Trade unions and the premium plan of wages. Independent, June 11, 1903, v. 55, p. 1408-09. An explanation of this system of wages. Waudby, W. S. Labor’s rights and wrongs. Arena, March 1902, v. 27, p. 267-76. ^ . Severe criticism of the present labor situation and a plea for bet¬ ter hours and wages. 6. The conditions of women s labor Books Bliss, W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See articles on Women’s ecomomic position in Great Britain, Women’s economic position in the United States, Women s trade. Bolen, G. L. Wage earning by women (in his Getting a living. 1903. p. 468-99). Brooks, J. G. Social unrest (in his Social unrest. 1904. p. 68-106). Hammond, M. B. Women’s wages in manual work (in Com¬ mons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905, p. 396-422). 32 American Social Studies Kelley, Florence. Some ethical gains through legislation. 1905. See chapters on Right to leisure, p. 105-26; Judicial inter¬ pretation of the right to leisure, p. 127-71; right of women to the ballot, p. 172-208. Kellor, F. A. Out of work. 1904. See chapters on Business conditions and methods, p. 40-76; Responsibility for mor¬ ality and vice, p. 77-103; Intelligence office and household work, p. 118-78; New movement and remedies, p. 152-78. Mitchell, John. Women’s labor (in his Orqanized labor. 1903. p. 131-41). New international encyclopedia. See article on Women in in¬ dustry. Roberts, Peter. Employment of girls in the textile industries of Pennsylvania (in Commons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 423-34). Smith, S. G. Secondarv demands of labor (in his Industrial con¬ flict. 1907. p. 83-100). Sumner, H. L. Women and child labor (in Adams, T. S. and Sumner, H. L. Labor problems. 1905. p. 19-67). Van Vorst, Mrs. John. Woman who toils; the experiences of two gentlewomen as factory girls, by Mrs. John Van Vorst and Marie Van Vorst. Doubleday, 1903. $1.50. Gives a vivid account of the conditions under which women have to work. Willet, M. H. Women in the clothing trade (in Commons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 371-95). Wright, C. D. Some ethical phases of the labor problem. 1902. See chapters on: Relations of political economy to the labor problem,p. 25-77; Factory as an element in civiliza¬ tion, p. 81-157. Periodicals Abbott, Edith. Employment of women in industries, by Edith Abbott and S. P. Breckinridge. Journal of Political Economy, Jan. 1906, v. 14, p. 14-40. Report upon the condition of the labor of women made up from the report of the twelfth census. - History of industrial employment of women in the United States. Journal of Political Economy, Oct. 1906, v. 14, p. 461-501. Shows the extent of the factory system and the tendency toward the displacement of men by women in manufacturing- and mechani¬ cal pursuits. The Labor Problem 33 Calvin, Alice. Shop girl. Outlook, Feb. 15, 190S, v. 88, p. 383—84 Presents difficulties the shop girls encounter in living in a large city upon the salary earned. Cranston, M. R. Girl behind the counter. World To-day, March 1906, v. 10, p. 270-74. . , Descriptive article dealing principally with work in large depait- ment stores in this country and in Europe. Klink, J. S. Put yourself in her place. Atlantic, Feb. 1905, v. 95, p. 169-77. Presents the problems of domestic help. Maule, M. K. What is a shop girl’s life? World’s Work, Sept. 1907, v. 14, p. 9311-16. Striking account of a shop girl’s life in the New 1 ork city stores. Richardson, Dorothy. Difficulties and dangers confronting the working woman. Annals of the American Academy, May 1906, v. 27, p. 624-26. Shows that the woman from her mental aud physical make up is incapable of enduring the same industrial hardships as men. Stokes, R. H. P. Conditions of the working woman from the working women’s point of view. Annals of the American Academy, May 1906, v. 27, p. 627-37. Attitude of the working woman and some of the evils that she has to face. i Thompson, F. M. Truth about woman in ^industry. North American Review,May 1904, v. 178, p. 751-66. Takes the position that women in industry are a failure. Conse¬ quence of women wage earning. 7. Child labor Books Bolen, G. W. Wage earning by women (in his Getting a liv¬ ing . 1903. p. 468-99.) Brooks, J. G. Social unrest. 1904. See chapters on Some generalities, p. 17-45; Master passion of democracy, p. 243- 57. Kelley, Florence. Some ethical gains through legislation. 1905 See chapters on Right to chilhood, p. 3-57; The child, the state, and the nation, p. 58-104. Mitchell, John. Child labor (in his Organized labor. 1903. p. 131-41). New international encyclopedia. See articles on Child labor Sweating system. 3 34 American Social Studies Smith, S. G. Secondary demands of labor (in his Industrial con¬ flict. 1907. p. 83-99). Spargo, John. Bitter cry of the children. Macmillan, 1906. $1.50. Explains the effects of poverty upon the child. Chapter 3 deals specifically with the working child. Sumner, H. L. Women and child labor (in Adams, T. S. and Sumner, H. L. Labor 'problems. 1905. p. 19-67). Periodicals Addams, Jane. Child labor and pauperism. Charities, Oct. 3, 1903, v. 11, p. 300-04. Contains arguments showing that child labor unfits the child for future usefulness and tends to pauperize the parents and the com¬ munity itself. Bacon, M. A. Who was her keeper? McClure, April 1903, v. 20, p. 661-66. A story illustrating effects of child labor in a southern cotton mill. Cahoon, H. H. Children in factory and commercial life. New England Magazine, Dec. 1901, v. 25, p. 498-511. Shows the advantages of mercantile life over other forms of child labor. Flower, B. O. Cry of the children. Arena, Sept. 1902, v. 28, p. 305-17. Deals with different phases of child labor and closes with an ac¬ count of the progress made in England. Lovejoy, O. R. School house or coal breaker. Outlook, Aug. 26, 1905, v. 80, p. 1011-19. Shows the extent of child labor in the anthracite coal regions from investigations made by the National Child Labor Commission. McKelway, A. J. Child labor and social progress. Charities and the Commons, April 18, 1908, v. 20, p. 104-07. Report of the secretary of the National Child Labor Commission showing the progress made in the child labor movement, especially in the southern states. - Fight to save the children. World To-day, April 1907, v. 12, p. 427-30. Short history of the child labor movement, and conclusions reached from a study of the census bulletin on this subject. Markham, Edwin. Spinners in the dark. Cosmopolitan, July 1907, v. 43, p. 310-14. Illuminating description of child labor in the silk mills. The Labor Problem 35 The Proposed Solutions General Bibliography Books Adams, T. S. Labor problems, by T. S. Adams and H. L. Sum¬ ner. 1905. See chapters on Labor organizations and em¬ ployer’s associations, p. 214-85; Agencies of industrial peace, p. 287-332; Profit sharing, p. 333-77; Co-operation, p. 379-431; Labor laws, p. 461-500. Bolen, G. L. Getting a living. 1903. See chapters on Co-oper¬ ative industry, p. 67-96; Profit sharing, p. 97-122; Trade unions, p. 154-98; Labor laws, p. 523-80; Insurance and pensions, p. 581-99; Conciliation and arbitration, p.738-62. Brooks, G. L. Social unrest. 1904. Buchanan, J. R. Story of a labor agitator. 1903. Commons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. Ely, R. T. Labor movement in America. 1905. See chapters on Growth and present conditions of labor organizations in America, p. 34-91; Economic value of labor organizations, p. 92-140; Other aspects of labor organizations, p. 141-166; Co-operation in America, p. 167-208; Socialism, p. 209-94. Hapgood, Hutchins. Spirit of labor. 1907. Kelley, Florence. Some ethical gains through legislation. 1905. See chapters on The child, the state and the nation, p. 58-104; Judicial interpretation of the right to leisure, p. 127-71; Rights of purchasers, p. 209-28; Rights of pur¬ chasers and the courts, p. 229-55; Appendix, p. 256-336. Lavasseur, P. E. American workman. 1901. See chapters on Labor laws and trade regulations, p. 104-177; Organization of labor, p. 178-231; Present conditions and future pros¬ pects, p. 436-509. Mitchell. John. Organized labor. 1903. Peters, J. P. «d. Labor and capital. 1902. See chapters on Labor unions, p. 55-125; Arbitration, p. 133-304; Model indus¬ tries, p. 309-57; Socialism and single tax, p. 359-414. Smith, S. G. Would socialism do? (in his Industrial conflict. 1907. p. 201-19) . 36 American Social Studies Webb, Sidney. Industrial democracy, by Sidney Webb and Mrs. B. P. Webb. 1902. Wright, C. D. Religion in relation to sociology (in his Some ethical phases of the labor problem. 1902. p. 3-22). 1. Proposed solutions by the employer a. Welfare work. Periodicals Commons, J. R. Welfare work in a great industrial plant. Re¬ view of Reviews, July 1903, v. 28, p. 79-81. Shows the results accomplished in the McCormick and Deering companies. Ely, R. T. American industrial experiment. Harper’s Monthly, June 1902, v. 105, p. 39-45. By use of a concrete example shows how welfare work may be¬ come but a policy of enlightened absolutism. - Industrial betterment. Harper’s Monthly, Sept. 1902, v. 105, p. 548-53. Describes welfare work carried on by a company in Cleveland. Lewis, Lawrence. Uplifting 17,000 employees. World’sWork, March 1905, v. 9, p. 5939-50. Review of the work undertaken in Colorado in the iron, coal, and steel manufactories. Patterson, J. H. Altruism and sympathy as a factor in work’s administration. Engineering Magazine, Jan. 1901, v. 20, p. 577-602. Description of various enterprises undertaken for working men. Rayburn, C. A. Welfare work from the employee’s standpoint. Chautauquan, June 1906, v. 43, p. 332-34. Other 'side of the shield on this Question. Tolman, W. H. What more than wages? Century, Dec. 1900, v. 61, p. 258-70. Work of this kind described as undertaken in various parts of the country. b. Profit sharing Books Bliss, W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See articles on Industrial betterment, Profit sharing. Bolen, G. L. Profit sharing (in his Getting a living. 1903. p. 97-122). The Labor Problem 37 Gilman, N. P. Dividend on wages (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 330-43). Levasseur, P. E. Profit sharing (in his American workman. 1901. p. 468-77). Nelson, N. O. Associated worker’s idea (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 344-52). New international encyclopedia, See article on Piofit sliai- in g. Pomeroy, Eltweed. Democracy versus profit and prosperity sharing (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 353-57). Stead, W. T. Profit sharing plus co-partnership (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 323—29). Sumner, H. L. Profit sharing (in Adams, T. S. and Sumner, H. L. Labor Problems. 1905. p. 333-77). Tolman, W. H. Prosperity sharing (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 309-22). Periodicals Carnegie, Andrew. Labor partnership and profit sharing. Gassier, July 1903, v. 24, p. 183-93. Shows the results of profit sharing in the steel corporation and gives arguments tor it from a practical standpoint. Clark, J. B. Profit sharing old and new. Harper’s Monthly, April 1905, v. 110, p. 772-76. Clear discussion, stating conditions and results. Katscher, Leopold. Is profit sharing justifiable? Catholic World, May 1900, v. 71. p. 225-32. Does not grant to profit sharing the solution of the problem, but shows that it is a step in advance. _ Profit-sharing as a system of economics. Catholic World, Sept. 1900, v. 71, p. 785-91. Gives good reasons for its adoption. Monroe, Paul. Profit sharing and co-operation. American Journal of Sociology, March—May 1899, v. 4. See index for paging. Affords some splendid material. c. Employers’ associations. Books Adams T. S. Employers’ associations (in his Labor problems. 1905. p. 279-85). 3S American Social Studies. Bliss, W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See articles on Citizens’ industrial Association of America, Em¬ ployers’ associations. Mitchell, John. Organized labor and organized capital (in his Organized labor. 1903. p. 186-204). Periodicals Andrews, J. B. Development of employers’ associations. Com¬ mons, June 1905. Baker, R. S. Capital and labor together. McClure, Sept. 1903, v. 21, p. 451-63. Popular article. - Organized capital challenges organized labor. McClure, July 1904, v. 23, p. 279-92. Shows what has been effected by these associations and their standpoint. Eliot, C. W. Employer’s policies in the industrial strife. Har¬ per’s Monthly, March 1905, v. 110, p. 528-33. States what an employers’ association should be. Marcosson, I. F. Fight for the open shop. World’s Work, Dec. 1905, v. 11, p. 6955-65. An account of the employers’ association of Chicago. Robbins. Hayes. Employer’s fight against labor. World To-day, May 1904, v. 6, p. 623. Gives a summary of employer’s view. Willoughby, W. F. Employers’ associations. Quarterly Jour¬ nal of Economics, Nov. 1905, v. 20, p. 143-50. Discusses the significance of the movement. 2. Proposed solutions a. Labor organizations Books Adams, T. S. Labor organizations and employers’ associations (in Adams, T. S, and Sumner, H. L. Labor problems. 1905. p. 214-85). Barneth, G. E. Introduction of the lineotype (in Commons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 250-73). Bliss, W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See entries under names of various unions, Union label. The Labor Problem 39 Bogart, E. L. Chicago building trades dispute (in Commons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 87-136). Bolen, G. L. Getting a living. 1903. See chapters on Trade unions: their origin and history, p. 154-95; Questionable policies of trade unions, p. 254-98; Trade unionism and the church, p. 640-57. Brooks, J. G. Social unrest. 1904. Buchanan, J. R. Story of a labor agitator. 1903. Commons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. See chapters on Teamsters of Chicago, p. 36-63; New York building trades, p. 65-86; Incorporations of trade unions, p. 137-55. Ely, R. T. Labor movement in America. 1905. See chapters on Growth and present conditions of labor organizations in America, p. 34—91; Economic value of labor organiza¬ tions, p. 92-119; Educational value of labor organizations, p. 120-40. Gompers, Samuel. Labor unions and strikes (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 62-74). Hapgood, Hutchins. Spirit of labor. 1907. Keefe, D. J. Responsibility of labor unions (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 75-79). Levasseur, P. E. American workman. 1901. See chapters on Organizations of labor, p. 178-231; Summary, p. 459-61. Mitchell, John. Organized labor. 1903. Gives the best discussion from the laborer’s standpoint. _ Recognition of the trade unions (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 440-47). New international encylopedia. See article on Trade unions. Reynolds, J. B. Benefits of labor unions (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 55-61). Scott, Leroy. Walking delegate. Doubleday, 1905. $1.50. Sumner, H. L. Benefit system of the cigar makers union (in Commons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 527-45). Warne, F. J. Miner’s union: its business management (in Commons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 13-35). Webb, Sidney. Industrial democracy. 1902. 40 American Social Studies White, Henry. Labor unions and the living wage (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 80-89). Periodicals Addams, Jane. Trade unions and public duty. American Jour¬ nal of Sociology, Jan. 1899, v. 4, p. 448-62. Wholesome view of trade unions and their methods, and a consid¬ eration of the ethical principles involved. Baker, R. S. How labor is organized. World’s Work, Aug. 1902, v. 4, p. 2427-32. Describes unions as organizations. Boulton, A. J. Efficiency of union labor. Outlook, March 28, 1903, v. 73, p. 715-20. Article in the form of Questions asked of A. J. Boulton, the trade union member of the Social Reform Club of New York, with his answers, concerning the efficiency of union labor. Brooks, J. G. Trade union and democracy. Outlook, Nov. 17, 1906, v. 84, p. 669-74. Spirit and aims of labor unions presented. Casson, H. N. Trade unionist and monopolist. Arena, Dec. 1902, v. 28, p. 596-601. Shows the evils of monopolies and their effect upon unions. Commons, J. R. Restrictions by trade unions. Outlook, Oct. 27, 1906, v. 84, p. 470-76. Defends trade unions against the charge of restriction. Cunniff, M. G. Human side of labor unions. World’s Work, Nov. 1902, v. 5, p. 2742-47. Popular account of the experiences of the writer among laborers. - Labor unions from the inside. World’s Work, Sept. 1902, v. 4, p. 256-70. - Labor union’s restriction of industry. World’s Work, Oct. 1902, v. 4, p. 2666-67. Easley, R. M. What organized labor has learned. McClure, Oct. 1902, v. 19, p. 483-92. Description of the progress of trade unionism in the United States by the secretary of the National Civic Federation. Eliot, C. W. Labor unions: their good features and their evil ones. Cassier, Feb. 1903, v. 23, p. 434-40. Ideal labor unions and a criticism of present labor methods. Grant, R. B. Eye of fear. Century, March 1904, v. 67, p. 780-88. Working man’s discussion on labor unions. Laughlin, J. L. Hope for labor unions. Scribner, Nov. 1905, v. 38, p. 627-33. Study of trade unions for the interest of its membership. The Labor Problem 41 Nelson, H. L. Industrial liberty not industrial anarchy. North American Review, April 1904, v. 178, p. 571-81. Recognizes the place and claims of trade unions but also insists on law and order. Wright, C. D. Consolidated labor. North American Review, Jan. 1902, v. 174, p. 30-45. Historical and present conditions traced. t>. Co-operative industry Books Bliss, W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See articles on Co-operation, Trade agreements. Bolen, G, L. Co-operative industry (in his Getting a living. 1903. p. 67-96). Ely, R. T. Co-operation in America (in his Labor movement in America. 1905. p. 167-208). New international encyclopedia. See articles on Building and loan associations, Co-operation. Sumner, H. L. Co-operation (in Adams, T. S. and Sumner, H. L. Labor problems. 1905. p. 379-431). Periodicals Cranston, M. R. Co-operative industries. Chautauquan, Dec. 1904, v. 40, p. 351-58. Co-operation looked at from the practical business point of view. Flower, B. O. Freedom and growth through co-operation. Arena, Feb. 1901, v. 26, p. 210-17. Shows the success obtained in Europe and the need here. - Keynote of the present revolution in the political and economic world. Arena, July 1902, v. 28, p. 84-90. Harwood, W. S. Co-operation in the West. Atlantic, April 1900, v. 85, p. 539-46. Discussion of the problem with examples of its success. Parsons, Frank. Experiment in industrial harmony. Outlook, July 10, 1905, v. 80, p. 671-76. , Experiment tried in one of the leading stores of Boston. - Rise and progress of co-operation in Europe. Arena, Aug. 1903, v. 30, p. 27-36. Outlines sixteen arguments in favor of co-operation. 42 American Social Studies 3. Joint agreements: conciliation and arbitration Books Adams, T. S. Agencies of industrial peace (in Adams, T. S. and Sumner, H. L. Labor 'problems. 1905. p. 287-331). Bliss, W D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See articles on Arbitration and conciliation, Compulsory arbi¬ tration, New Zealand. Bolen, G. L. Getting a living. 1903. See chapters on Con¬ ciliation, arbitration, and collective bargaining, p. 690-737; Combination and liberty, p. 738-62. Commons, J. R. Trade agreements (in his Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 1-12). Ely, R. T. Arbitration (in his Labor movement in America. 1905. p. 146-53). Levasseur, P. E. Summary (in his American workman. 1901. p. 464-66). Macrosty, H. W. State arbitration and the minimum wage in Australasia (in Commons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 195-221). Mitchell, John. Arbitration (in his Organized labor. 1903. p. 337-54). New international encyclopedia. See article on Industrial arbitration and conciliation. Peters, J. P. ed. Arbitration (in his L>abor and capital. 1902. p. 133-3041. Webb, Sidney. Methods of collective bargaining; ar ,ltration, by Sidney Webb and Mrs. B. P. Webb (in their Industrial democracy. 1902. p. 173-246). Periodicals Clark, E. E. Arbitration of industrial disputes. Annals of the American Academy, Sept. 1904, v. 24, p. 285-95. Fair, judicial view with arguments in its favor. Clark, J B. Do we want compulsory arbitration? Independent, Nov. 13, 1902, v. 54, p. 2681-82. Argument in favor of compulsory arbitration. Coggins, P. H. Delusion of cumpulsory arbitration. Arena, May 1900, v. 23, p. 499-515. Argument against cumpulsory arbitration. The Labor Problem 43 Commons, J. R. Arbitration, conciliat ion, trade agreement. In¬ dependent, July 1904, v. 56, p. 1440-44. Discusses the weakness of arbitration and the strength of trade agreement. -New way of settling labor disputes. Review of Reviews, March 1901, v. 23, p. 328-32. Shows the advantage of joint agreement over against arbitration. Easley, R. M. Fundamental issues. Independent, Aug. 28, 1902, v. 54, p. 2065-68. Account of work and purposes of the National Civic Federation. Gompers, Samuel. Limits of conciliation and arbitration. An¬ nals of the American Academy, July 1902, v. 20, p. 29-34. Labor attitude on this issue. Hanna, M. A. Industrial conciliation and arbitration. Annals of the American Academy, July 1902, v. 20, p. 21-26. View point of a politician. Hobson, J. A. Compulsory arbitration: a half way house to so¬ cialism. North American Review, Nov. 1902, v. 175, p. 597-606. General discussion with reference to the experiment tried in New Zealand. MacArthur, Walter. American trade unions and arbitration. Forum, Feb. 1901, v. 30, p. 737-51. Arbitration in its different phases. 4. Idealistic proposals effecting the labor problem Books Bliss, W. D. P. How to unite labor and capital in the same man (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 378- 87). - New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See articles on Socialism, Socialistic labor party. Brooks J. G. Socialism: history and theory (in his Social unrest. 1904. p. 258-380). Chase, J. C. Abolition of competition (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 374-77). Ely, R. T. I jabor movement in America. 1905. See chapters on Beginning of modern socialism in America, p. 209-30; Internationalist, p. 231-53; Propaganda of deed, p. 254-68 Socialistic labor party, p. 269-76: Strength of revolutionary socialism: its significance, p. 277-94. 44 American Social Studies Hall, Bolton. Restoration of land to the laborer (in Peters, J_ P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 388-99). Mardie, J. K. Public ownership of land and capital (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 363-68). Hunter, Robert. Socialists at work. Macmillan, 1908. $1.50. Describes practical socialism at work in Germany, Italy, France, Belgium, and England. Shows the influence and active effects of socialism on the laboring man and labor problem. Levasseur, P. E. Socialism (in his American Workman. 1901* p. 471-77). New international encylopedia. See article on Socialism. Smith, S. G. Would socialism do? (in his Industrial conflict. 1907. p. 201-19). Wright, C. D. Religion in relation to sociology (in his Some ethical phases of the labor problem. 1902. p.3-22). Periodicals Bliss, W. D. P. Growth of socialism. Review of Reviews* 1906, v. 34, p. 82-84. Shows the growth of the socialist party. - Trade unions and politics. Outlook, Jan. S, 1907, v. 85,. p. 25-29. Trade unions’ stand in politics and their relation to socialism. Brooks, J. G. Socialist program. Atlantic, Nov. 1906, v. 98, p. 651-57. Points out some things socialists are working for. Corregan, C. H. Socialist labor party appeal. Independent, Oct. 13, 1904, v. 57, p. 841-43. Statement of principles of the Socialist labor party by candidate of the party for the presidency of the United States. Frank, Henry. Meaning of invasion of European socialism. Arena, Sept. 1907, v. 38, p. 277-84. Points out significance of growth of socialism in the United States. Jones, E. O. Unique features of the socialist party. Arena, Oct. 1907, v. 38, p. 423-26. Statement of beliefs and aims of the socialist party. London, Jack. Class struggle. Independent, Nov. 5, 1903, v* 55, p. 2603-10. Statement of industrial and social conflict of classes from radical standpoint. New socialism. Living Age, April 23, 1904, v. 241, p. 193- 212 . Comprehensive discussion of the principles of socialism. The Labor Problem 4 $ Sinclair, Upton. Socialist party. World’s Work, April 1906> v. 11, p. 7481-32. Describes organization, doctrines, and purposes. Whitaker, Herman. Natural selection, competition, and social¬ ism. Arena, Aug. 1900, v. 24, p. 129-44. Defense of some of the criticisms of socialism. 5. Legislative control a. Labor legislation Books Adams, T. S. Labor laws (in Adams, T. S. and Sumner, H. L. Labor problems. 1905. p. 461-500). Bliss W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See articles on Child labor, Eight hour day, Factory legisla¬ tion, Railway labor legislation, Sunday rest, Sweat-shops. Bolen, G. L. Getting a living. 1903. See chapters on Labor laws, p. 523-57; Injunction in labor disputes, 548-80. Brooks, J. G. Social unrest. 1904. See chapters on Politics and business, p. 46—67; Social question and its economic significance, p. 107-43. Commons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and laboi pioblems. 1905. See chapters on Decisions of courts in labor dis¬ putes, p. 156-94; State regulation of employment: decisions of courts, p. 509-26. Holt, G. C. Laws and their enforcement (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 95-109). Kelley, Florence. Some ethical gains through legislation. 1905. See chapters on Right to childhood, p. 3-57; Child, the state, and the nation, p. 58-104: Judicial interpretation of the right to leisure, p. 127—71; Appendix, 1-5. Kellor, F. A. State and municipal laws (in her Out of Work. 1904. p. 258-83). Leavitt, J. B. Rights of property and rights of man (in Pet¬ ers, J. P. ed. Labor and capital. 1902. p. 116-25). Levasseur, P. E. Labor laws and trade regulations (in his American workman. 1901. p. 104-77). Mitchell, John. Labor legislation (in his Organized labor. 1903. p. 215-45). 46 American Social Studies New international encyclopedia. See articles on Factory legis¬ lation, Labor legislation. Warner, J. de W. Trusts and labor unions from a legal aspect: the many and the few (in Peters, J. P. ed. Labor and capi¬ tal 1902. p. 119-25). Webb, Sidney. Method of legal enactment, by Sidney Webb and Mrs. B. P. Webb (in their Industrial democracy. 1902. p. 247-78). Whittelsey, S. S. Massachusetts labor legislation (in Com¬ mons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 482-508). Periodicals Annulling labur legislation. Chautauquan, June 1903, v. 37 p. 227-28. Points out the tendency to annul labor legislation because of con¬ stitutional questions. Beveridge, A. J. Position of child labor legislation. Indepen¬ dent, Feb. 21, 1907, v. 62, p. 434-36. • Beveridge’s defense of the constitutionality of a child labor law. Clark, L. D. Legal status of organized labor. Journal of Polit¬ ical Economy, March 1905, v. 13, p. 173-200. A statement of trade union relation to the law. Eight hour legislation and contract rights. Chautauquan, Feb. 1905, v. 40, p. 508-09. Discussion of the right of the state to legislate in regard to hours of labor. Goldmark, J. C. Labor legislation for women. American Journal of Sociology, Nov. 1905, v. 11, p. 312-35. Thorough discussion and statement of the situation and need for legislation. International Association for Labor Legislation: specific object. Charities and the Commons, March 3, 1906, v. 15, p. 741. Origin and purpose of this association explained. Judson, F. N. Labor decisions of Judge Taft. Review of Re¬ views, Aug. 1907, v. 36, p. 212-17. Review of labor legislation. Legislative enforcement and present problems. Charities March 4, 1905, v. 13, p. 536-40. Account of the national child labor meeting with opinions of Judge Lindsay, Florence Kelley and others. Weber, A. F. International movement for labor legislation. Charities and the Commons, Feb. 2, 1907, v. 17, p. 833-38. Movement here and in other countries discussed. The Labor Problem 47 Whittelsey, S. S. Tendency of factory legislation and improve¬ ment in the United States. Annals of the American Academy, July 1902, v. 20, p. 235-53. Gives the present laws and historical development. b. Employer’s liability Books Adams, T. S. Employer’s liability (in Adams, T. S. and Sumner, H. L. Labor Problems. 1905. p. 478-87). Bliss, W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See article on Employer’s liability. Brooks, J. G. Politics and business (in his Social unrest. 1904. p. 46-67). Mitchell, John. Death roll of industry (in his Organized labor. 1903. p. 142-52). New international encyclopedia. See article on Employer’s liability. Sullivan, J. W. Printer’s health (in Commons, J. R. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 435-53). Webb, Sidney. Sanitation and safety, by Sidney Webb and Mrs. B. P. Webb (in their Industrial democracy. 1902. p. 354-91). Weber, A. F. Employer’s liability and accident insurance (in Commons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 546-73). Periodicals. Alger, G. W. Equivocal rights of labor. Atlantic, March 1906, v. 97, p. 364-68. Urges the injustice of the present system under which so many laborers are injured each year. _ Present situation. Charities, Feb. 2, 1907, v. 17, p. 826-28. An article showing the actual conditions confronting the working man at the present time. Fox, Alan. Compensation for accidental injuries to working men. World To-day, Oct. 1906, v. 11, p. 1107-08. Shows the loss of life under the present conditions. Freund, Ernst. Federal employers’ liability act. Charities, and the Commons, March 7, 1908, v. 19, p. 1662-64. Discussion of the new federal employers’ liability act. 48 American Social Studies Lewis, Jocelyn. Was it worth while? Outlook, Aug. 18, 1906, v. 83, p. 902-04. Description of a particular case bringing the present situation i*. bold relief. Low, A. M. Shifting the burden. North American Review, July 1907, v. 185, p. 651-60. Insists that it is the duty of the the state to assume the duty of legislation. Reeves, A. B. Death roll of industry. Charities and the Commons, Feb. 2, 1907, v. 17, p. 791-801. Shows the tremendous loss of life in the different industries. c. Industrial insurance Books Adams, T. S. Insurance benefits (in Adams, T. S. and Sumner, H. L. Labor Problems. 1905. p. 269-79). Bliss, W. D. P. New encyclopedia of social reform. 1908. See articles on Industrial insurance, Trade union benefits. Bolen, G. L. Workingmen’s insurance and pensions (in his Getting a tiring. 1903. p. 581-99). Ely, R. T. Other aspects of labor organization (in his Labor movement in America. 1905. p. 141-45). Henderson, C. R. Industrial insurance in the United States. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. 1909. $2. The most complete hand-book yet published on industrial accident insurance. Scientific and reliable. New international encyclopedia. See article on Insurance. Pinkers, Norbert. Workmen’s insurance in Germany (in Com¬ mons, J. R. ed. Trade unionism and labor problems. 1905. p. 574-88). Webb, Sidney. Methods of mutual insurance, by Sidney Webb and Mrs. B. P. Webb (in their Lndustrial democracy. 1902. p. 152-72). Periodicals. Hale, E. E. Old age pensions. Cosmopolitan, June 1903 v 35, p. 168-72. Plea for old age pensions. Henderson, C. R. Industrial insurance. American Journal of Sociology, Jan. 1907-Sept. 1908, v. 12-14. See index f or aging. The Labor Problem 49 Is labor insurance feasible? Gunton, April 1902, v. 22 p 338-47. Quotes actual successful cases. Monroe, Paul. American system of labor pensions and insur¬ ance. American Journal of Sociology, Jan. 1897, v. 2 p 501-14. Discusses pensions and endowment systems. Reeves, A. B. Is workman’s compensation practicable? Out¬ look, March 1907, v. 85, p. 508-11. Discusses insurance as one of the possibilities. Vanderlip, F. A. Insurance for working men. North American Review, Dec. 1905, v. 181, p. 921-32. Article on German working-men’s insurance and its application to this country. 4