COLUMBIA LIBRARIES OFFSITE 
 
 HEALTH SCIENCES STANDARD 
 
 HX64095215 
 R1 54.G823 W27 In memory of Dr. Joh 
 
 RECAP 
 
 Memory of Dr. John Green 
 
 REMARKS AND ADDRESSES BY 
 
 FREDERIC A. HALL, LL.D.y WASHINGTON 
 E, ' FISCHEL, M.D., E. A. ENGLER, LL.D., 
 A. E. EWING, M.D., and WM.TRELEASE.LL.D. 
 PRESENTED at a MEETING HELD BY WASH- 
 INGTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. 
 
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 In Memory of Dr. John Green. 
 
 A meeting in memory of Dr. John Green was held by the 
 Washington University Medical School in Graham Memorial 
 Chapel at Washington University on the birthday of Dr. Green, 
 Thursday, April 2, 1914. Acting-chancellor Hall presided, and 
 addresses were made by Dr. Washington E. Fischel, Mr. E. A. 
 Engler, Dr. A. E. Ewing and Mr. William Trelease, in commem- 
 oration of the life and work of Dr. Green as a physician, a 
 scholar and a teacher. 
 
 The presiding officer, Frederic A. Hall, Acting Chancellor of 
 Washington University, opened the exercises of the evening 
 with the following remarks : 
 
 We are met here to honor the memory of a distinguished citi- 
 zen, a man characterized by inventive genius, marvelous skill, 
 and great erudition. The world recognized its obligations to him 
 in universal adoption of some methods which he originated. Peo- 
 ple from afar sought the benefit of his dexterity, and his broad 
 learning won the respect of all those who knew him. It was 
 eminently fitting that his colleagues should arrange a service in 
 his honor, to express their appreciation of his worth and the 
 esteem in which he was held. It was eminently fitting that the 
 exercises should be under the auspices of the University which 
 he served efficiently for so many years, and it was eminently 
 fitting that these exercises should be held in this building, an 
 edifice dedicated to the exaltation of noble deeds. 
 
 My first acquaintance with Dr. Green was begun about twenty 
 years ago, when I met him at a reception given at the residence 
 of Chancellor Chaplin. It was my pleasure that evening to con- 
 verse with Dr. Green for an hour or so, and I there began to 
 have that high esteem, almost reverence, for his great learning 
 in many things outside of his own profession. My vocation was 
 
 1 
 
2 Dr. John Green. 
 
 the study of Greek and my particular vocation the study of 
 Greek tragedy, and yet I found him able to make suggestions 
 with reference to Greek tragedy which had never occurred to 
 me. He had as an avocation delved into Greek tragedy, and 
 from his avocation he was able to bring help to me in my voca- 
 tion. In later years I found his knowledge of classical archae- 
 ology unusual for its breadth and depth, — and yet these were 
 only two lines of the many which he touched outside of his own 
 field. 
 
 It is not my province, however, to speak at length with refer- 
 ence to him in whose honor we meet. Others have been selected 
 who will speak as representing both colleagues on the medical 
 faculty and friends of intimate acquaintance and long standing. 
 Dr. Fischel and Dr. Ewing as representing the medical profes- 
 sion, and Dr. Engler and Dr. Trelease as representing close 
 friends, will speak, each as he may wish, and it is quite possible 
 that the four will repeat each other, but in so doing they will 
 only emphasize the striking characteristics of him of whom they 
 speak. It would ill become me to introduce the speakers of the 
 evening; they are as well known to the audience as is the one 
 who would introduce them, and it would be presumptuous on my 
 part to endeavor to anticipate what each may say. 
 
 JOHN GREEN. 
 
 AN ADDRESS BY WASHINGTON E. FISCHEL, M.D. 
 
 For thirty-six years on every second day of April it has been 
 my pleasure to grasp the hand of Dr. John Green ; and for all 
 these years I have felt it a great privilege to know that I could 
 call him friend. 
 
 To-day, the 79th anniversary of his birth, I am here with you 
 to pay tribute to his memory and to recall something of what his 
 life has meant and will continue to mean to us. Noted as he 
 was noteworthy ; cast in a mould so peculiarly his own ; regis- 
 tering in early life traits that have made him a unique and dis- 
 tinguished personality ; endowed with an intellect directed to 
 the best thoughts of the best thinkers in science, literature and 
 art ; not only an exponent of scientific progress, but an originator 
 of scientific truths, — his passing means the closing of the ranks 
 of the most representative men of the Medical Guild in the 
 Mississippi Valley, during the past five decades. 
 
 Dr. Green was the principal representative in the State of 
 
Memorial. 3 
 
 Missouri of the large family of descendants of that Dr. John 
 Green who was a member of the Massachusetts General Court 
 in 1777. He was eighth in descent from Thomas Dudley, second 
 Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony; seventh in descent of 
 Jonathan Sprague, who served in King Phillip's War, and fourth 
 in descent from Judge Brigadier General Timothy Ruggles, Pres- 
 ident of the Stamp Congress. He was a nephew, grandson and 
 great grandson of Doctors John Green, and represented the fifth 
 generation of physicians bearing the name of Green, completing 
 with the other members of his family an unbroken medical ser- 
 vice of 135 years in the County of Worcester, in which he was 
 born. He was the son of James Green, of Worcester, and Eliza- 
 beth (Swett) Green, of Dedham, Massachusetts. In making 
 note of Dr. Green's forebears, I am conscious that were he with 
 us he would disparage any reference to his ancestry, believing 
 so firmly as he did, that not birth but worth and work accom- 
 plished must be the basis of man's recognition. To me it seems 
 particularly fortunate to have been put in possession of the facts 
 as related. Coming from such a lineage of strong men, men per- 
 meated by the love of freedom and truth, men of indomitable 
 will and courage, men of culture and honesty, doubtless also of 
 many idiosyncracies, we can the better understand how it hap- 
 pened that our John Green was cast in the mould by which we 
 knew and loved him. He was born in Worcester, April 2nd, 
 1835. Educated in the public schools there, preparatory to enter- 
 ing Harvard College in 1851, he was graduated A.B. Harvard in 
 1855 ; S.B. Harvard in 1856 ; and M.D. Harvard in 1866. He was 
 admitted a Fellow of the Massachusetts Medical Society by ex- 
 amination in 1858, and spent the next two years in professional 
 study in London, Paris, Berlin and Vienna. In 1861 he began 
 the practice of medicine in Boston, where he filled the position 
 of attending physician and attending surgeon to the Boston Dis- 
 pensary and of Recording Secretary to the Suffolk District Medi- 
 cal Society. He was also member of the Boston Society of 
 Natural History and of its Council, member of the Boston Medi- 
 cal Association, of the Boston Society for Medical Observation 
 (later merged into the Boston Society for Medical Improve- 
 ment), and (Delegate) of the American Medical Association 
 1864-1865. During the Civil War he served as Acting Assistant 
 Surgeon, U. S. A., in the armies of the Tennessee after the 
 Battle of Pittsburg Landing, and at Frederic City, Maryland, 
 after the Battle of Antietam. In 1865 he again visited Europe 
 
4 Dr. John Green. 
 
 for special study, principally in Ophthalmology, in London, 
 Paris and Utrecht ; and in 1866 he established himself in practice 
 in St. Louis. 
 
 In 1868 Dr. Green was married to Miss Harriet Louise Jones, 
 eldest daughter of George Washington and Caroline (Partridge) 
 Jones, of Templeton, Worcester County, Massachusetts, who 
 with their two children, John and Elizabeth Green, survives him. 
 
 In his later life he was a member and founder, in 1894, of the 
 Society of the Sons of the Revolution in the State of Missouri ; 
 and also a member, a Founder in 1894, and Deputy Governor of 
 the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Missouri. 
 
 As already stated, Dr. Green identified himself with the pro- 
 fession in St. Louis in 1866. Although he had completed his 
 course of studies in the Harvard Medical School in 1858, he 
 was not in sympathy with the requirements for graduation and — 
 honest man that he was — did not hesitate to declare his disap- 
 proval, to the extent of refusing to accept his degree. That he 
 had worked hard and with credit to himself was at once demon- 
 strated by his being admitted on examination to the Massachu- 
 setts Medical Society. This gave him the right to practice. 
 Later on he changed his attitude. He appreciated the move- 
 ment in the Medical School, begun in 1862 by President Hill, 
 acting President Andrew Preston Peabody, and others, which 
 culminated in 1870 in the great reform in medical education, 
 effected under the leadership of President Eliot and the Dean 
 of the Medical School, Calvin Ellis. There can be no doubt that 
 he came to place a higher estimate on the value of the education 
 given by the Harvard Medical School ; and also realized the ad- 
 vantage to him of the degree of M.D. from an institution of the 
 standing of Harvard University when he was about to go to 
 St. Louis to live. This explains why eight years lapsed between 
 the completion of his course of instruction in Medicine and 
 the acceptance of his degree of M.D. What a fine illustration 
 of Dr. Green's uncompromising honesty ! 
 
 How great his achievement in the line of his special work and 
 the immensity of his working faculties in other fields of re- 
 search, will be exploited by friends who can better do him justice 
 than I can. He never prided himself on account of honors. 
 Many scientific bodies of men honored themselves in honoring 
 him by electing him to be of their number. He was perhaps 
 most proud of the honorary LL.D. bestowed on him by the 
 Washington University and by the Missouri State University. 
 
Memorial. 5 
 
 To be honored by the Directing Boards of the Universities who 
 best knew him and what he accomplished was in his judgment 
 a gift to be prized. Those who knew the professional work Dr. 
 Green accomplished day by day, except for a well earned sum- 
 mer's rest, cannot help believing that he must have enjoyed the 
 sense of daily duty faithfully performed. There was in him 
 never a thought of an expanding balance in the bank. His heart 
 was in his work. Duty was never irksome drudgery. The tax 
 on his strength, the terrific nerve force expended in his pains- 
 taking ministrations to scores of both rich and poor, proved at 
 times so great an ordeal that he became severely blunt in his ex- 
 actions of obedience and discipline. It was not with the poor 
 that he displayed his nervous tension in caustic phrases. He 
 sympathized too much with their misfortune and physical 
 affliction to wound them by unsympathetic words. Few knew 
 of his generosity to his poor patients. He not only housed them, 
 but when necessary assisted them financially and provided them 
 with special nurses when the exigencies of their condition made 
 this desirable. 
 
 I recall with a feeling of great affection for Dr. Green an act 
 of sympathetic consideration, of the big warm-heartedness and 
 helpfulness of the man. Some years ago Dr. Green appeared 
 at my house at two o'clock in the morning. It was a bitter cold 
 night. Apologizing for awakening me, he asked whether I 
 would see one of his poor patients with him, for whom he feared 
 she was seriously ill. I accompanied him to a boarding house, 
 where in a very small rear room, overheated and practically 
 impossible of ventilation, I found an old woman in an attack of 
 pneumonia. There was no one on hand to care for her. This is 
 what happened. Dr. Green called the landlady, and finding out 
 that a large front room was unoccupied, immediately engaged it, 
 and the patient was forthwith carried into comfortable lodgings. 
 He promised the attendance of a trained nurse later in the morn-* 
 ing, and in the meantime assumed the responsibility of carrying 
 out my instructions. There was no chance for me; the poor 
 woman had in the first instance put herself in his care, and it 
 was his privilege as well as his duty to tide her over that night. 
 No reasoning to the contrary would prevail. It was truly a 
 benediction to witness his tenderness and kindness; how he 
 gladly deprived himself of a well-earned sleep to minister to 
 this suffering fellow creature without a thought of self. It was 
 ever so. He was always pedantically conscientious in his pro- 
 
6 Dr. John Green. 
 
 fessional attention to those who came to him without means, 
 without prestige — just to him — knowing that they would receive 
 at least as skilled and kindly attention as the more fortunate of 
 human kind. Discrimination was an unknown word in his pro- 
 fessional relation with his clients. Each patient was made to 
 feel that he or she was the especial object of his solicitude, and 
 that every possible effort would be made to secure a successful 
 result. It matters not what Dr. Green's outer shell of manner, 
 his most pronounced critics were always glad to concede that 
 his personal convictions were honest convictions, and that his 
 expressions of them were as fearless as they were honest. 
 
 We will admit that Dr. Green was severe, yes, a trying task- 
 master with those who thought they were entitled to preferential 
 consideration and forbearance. He was often wearied by un- 
 necessary questions and irrelevant statements when in the midst 
 of a tremendously busy day's work. It was then that he would 
 burst out in exclamations that would strike hard and cut deep 
 into the vanity or self-conscious pride of the offending, or — 
 better said — the offensive questioner. On one occasion the wife 
 of a prominent townsman was particularly insistant in plying 
 absurd questions and volunteering her diagnosis of her eye con- 
 dition. Dr. Green at first politely requesting her not to dis- 
 turb or distract him by needless questioning and personal ex- 
 periences, finally told her — the story goes still politely — that he 
 much preferred to have nothing more to do with her. The 
 woman nothing daunted by his refusal to continue his profes- 
 sional services, proved not averse to go on with her dissertation 
 on her case. That proved too strong a temptation for an honest 
 expression of his conviction. Looking up from his record of an- 
 other case to which he had in the meantime directed his attention, 
 he burst out with the exclamation : "Madam, go home and tell 
 your husband he has a fool for a wife." Who but Dr. Green 
 could have dispatched such a message to a husband by such a 
 messenger? I relate this story as illustrative of the courage of 
 our friend. Perhaps undiplomatic ; but the applied epithet was 
 correct, as on a subsequent occasion the husband, in a small 
 gathering of friends, admitted the fitness of Dr. Green's alle- 
 gation. 
 
 Dr. Green pre-eminently represented the type of physician 
 who combined great learning and great skill. His scholarship 
 placed him in the foremost class of men of scientific attainments. 
 
 A teacher in medicine since 1874; first a lecturer, and from 
 
Memorial. 7 
 
 1886 to 1899 a professor, and from then until 1911 Special Pro- 
 fessor on Ophthalmology; always — except for a period of two 
 years — connected with what is now the Medical Department of 
 the Washington University — his courses were distinguished by 
 reason of his crisp, terse, vigorous English, and the great care 
 and skill of his operative procedures. However, his teaching was 
 not confined to students in Medicine. Up to within a few days 
 of his final illness, he kept up his contributions in his special 
 line of work — contributions which will make him a historic 
 figure in the science of Ophthalmology. The scrupulous accur- 
 acy of his knowledge made his office the Mecca of many of his 
 more intimate colleagues and friends ; and the influence of his 
 own vigorous and uncompromising standards has left its impress 
 on the character of the work of the younger men who have at 
 different times been intimately associated with him. 
 
 Those who have enjoyed service in the wards of the hospitals 
 with Dr. Green, will always recall the tenderness and kindness 
 of his attention to his patients. A sincere and grateful glance 
 meant more to him than gold. This service covered a period of 
 almost forty years, and comprised his work as Ophthalmic Sur- 
 geon and Executive Officer to the St. Louis Eye and Ear Infirm- 
 ary (later transferred to St. Luke's Hospital, and afterwards 
 merged into the O'Fallon Dispensary of the St. Louis Medical 
 College, now the Medical Department of the Washington Uni- 
 versity), and as Consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon to the St. Louis 
 City Hospital ; and, since 1894, Consulting Surgeon to the 
 Barnard (Free) Skin and Cancer Hospital. 
 
 Surely this community will not easily forget Dr. Green's self- 
 imposed labors in the wards of their hospitals. A grateful re- 
 membrance of the tribute of work well done by a really great 
 physician should be his. These services were, however, only a 
 part of his activity. When at some future time a historian comes 
 to write of the advances made in medical teaching in the St. 
 Louis Medical College (since 1891 the Medical Department of 
 Washington University), that history will be replete with the 
 unwavering steadfastness to rigorous scientific standards. Dr. 
 Green proved a mountain of strength in the furtherance of ideas 
 which after twenty-five years of waiting have found fulfillment in 
 what Washington University has made of its Medical Depart- 
 ment. It must not be forgotten that the road for a progressive 
 betterment of facilities for teaching, for teachers in the essential 
 branches of medicine, and for a higher standard for entrance 
 
8 Dr. John Green. 
 
 requirements was made possible chiefly by the courageous atti- 
 ture taken by Dr. John T. Hodgen, Dr. Gustav Baumgarten, 
 Dr. Henry H. Mudd and Dr. John Green. To whatever Dr. 
 Green directed his attention, that commanded the attention of 
 his colleagues. 
 
 But justice cannot be done the memory of Dr. Green, by 
 reference to him only as a physician. A tribute must be paid to 
 the universality of his learning ; to his wise counsel and his warm 
 heart ; his uncompromising honesty, and his consistent courage. 
 He was an honored and wise teacher; a pioneer of the best 
 Medical Education ; but above all else he was a humane man, and 
 a great good friend. 
 
 Would that I could express what I feel for him as a friend ; 
 and as a friend to a friend. Just as his moral courage was so 
 intrinsically a part of himself that he was unconscious of it, so 
 was he also unconscious of sacrifices made for friends whom 
 he trusted. Those who knew him best loved him most. 
 
 JOHN GREEN. 
 
 AN ADDRESS BY E. A. ENGLER, LL.D. 
 
 I shall content myself, and I hope that I shall not disappoint 
 you in so doing, by relating an incident in the career of Dr. 
 Green which I consider impressive and significant of some of 
 the dominant traits of his character — his industry, his persever- 
 ance, and his sane inquisitiveness ; and I relate this incident only 
 because I feel sure that no one else has the information which 
 would enable him to relate it. 
 
 When Dr. Green was approaching the age of sixty years, that 
 is to say, when I was some twenty years or so younger than I 
 am now, he called on me one afternoon in my office, as he was 
 in the habit of doing from time to time when he wished to get 
 away from his grind, and his occupation permitted, and said to 
 me quite familiarly, "John" (and he called me "John" because 
 that was not my name), "I have come to make a confession to 
 you and to ask your help." I replied, "Well, Dr. Green, both 
 phases of that statement interest me very much." 
 
 "You know," said he, "when I was a youngster I went to 
 Harvard College for an education. Now you may not have dis- 
 covered it, but it is a fact, that the teaching in Harvard College 
 and especially the teaching in mathematics has improved since I 
 was a college student." 
 
Memorial. 9 
 
 To this I replied, "I hope, Doctor, that what you say is true, 
 because I myself am engaged, and have been all my life engaged, 
 in attempting to improve the teaching of mathematics." 
 
 He continued, "We had a prescribed course of study in those 
 days, and, therefore, I had to study mathematics. I suppose I 
 had about as much brains as the rest of the fellows ; at all events, 
 I did not consider that I was a fool; but they had a habit of 
 turning loose on us the young fellows who had just graduated 
 from the college the year before and they were to teach us 
 mathematics. As you know, I have the kind of mind that is 
 not satisfied by a statement which I do not understand. A lesson 
 would be assigned to us from a text book and we would be ex- 
 pected to come to the next exercise with that lesson learned. I 
 used to try for a while to learn the lessons, but had difficulties. 
 Then I would come to the instructor for help ; I was invariably 
 told to go and read the book. I had tried to read the book and 
 could not understand it, and it was clear to me that the teacher 
 did not understand it because he was unable to help me. Finally 
 I concluded there was no use in my attempting to learn mathe- 
 matics. Not getting any good out of it, I became disgusted with 
 the whole field of mathematics and so would do only the work 
 required so as to pass. The way I did this was not to work at 
 all during the ordinary term, but a week or two before the exam- 
 ination I hired a coach. He was a shrewd man, who knew what 
 questions would be asked at the examination, and was skillful 
 enough to fill me up with the correct answers ; and in that way 
 I scraped through. So I got through Harvard and received my 
 bachelor's degree. I thanked my stars I did not have to bother 
 with that matter any more ; that was behind me. 
 
 "You know I profess to be an oculist, and have been doing 
 something in that line for a number of years ; and now I am 
 confronted with a curious situation. I find, especially of late, 
 that not only are nearly all the advances that are made in my 
 science expressed in the publications in mathematical formulas, 
 which I cannot read, but even the text is so stated that it means 
 very little to me, and I really don't know what I am to do. 
 There is another phase of it. I have got a number of things in 
 my head which I would like to express to other people and I 
 find that I cannot do it because the expression of them requires 
 a knowledge of technical mathematical language." 
 
 I listened with great interest to this story and I said, "Well, 
 Doctor, what do you want me to do?" 
 
10 Dr. John Green. 
 
 He said, "I want you to tell me how I can learn mathematics." 
 
 I replied, "Doctor Green, I can tell you very simply how you 
 can learn mathematics." 
 
 I told him that at the University of Berlin, while I was there, 
 one of the most distinguished mathematicians in the world be- 
 gan a series of lectures by this statement (in German, of course; 
 I will translate it), "Mathematics is the science of things that 
 are self-evident." 
 
 So I said, "That being the correct definition, and I thoroughly 
 agree with it, you can learn mathematics very easily ; but I know 
 no high road to that accomplishment. The only way is to begin 
 at the bottom, if necessary, go through the drudgery and you will 
 learn it in spite of yourself." 
 
 "Well," he said, "that is what I want to do ; but I want you to 
 tell me how to do it." 
 
 "Very well," I replied ; "if you are in earnest I am ready to 
 help you." 
 
 I went to a book case and got out a rather comprehensive treat- 
 ise on Algebra written by an Englishman, far too heavy for the 
 ordinary student. 
 
 I said, "Here is a book. Read it." 
 
 He said, "I will put on this all the time I can spare. I have 
 evenings and Sundays." 
 
 I said, "Read this book. I think you will not read more than 
 a page and a half before you find something that will bother 
 you. Make a note of the difficulty. Proceed in this manner till 
 you feel that you have got as far as you can go without help, 
 and then come to me." 
 
 He started in. I would see him some weeks once, some twice, 
 and each time he would have a lot of questions to ask me. I 
 helped him over the difficulties. He went at it with an avidity 
 and earnestness that I have never seen equalled by any student 
 that has come under my instruction. 
 
 After having gone through the subject of Algebra he did a 
 similar thing with Trigonometry, Analytic Geometry, and the 
 Calculus, and he got such a hold on these subjects that he could 
 not only read intelligently the writings in his own line by others, 
 but began writing himself and introduced mathematical formulas 
 and technical mathematical language to such a degree that it 
 attracted attention of oculists all over the world. 
 
 By that work, which he continued directly with me for four or 
 five years, and which he kept up on his own account till the time 
 
Memorial. 11 
 
 of his death, he got into the habit of looking at things from the 
 mathematician's point of view, so that he used, in talking with 
 me at least, mathematical phrases and terms which expressed 
 his ideas so accurately that it would be scarcely possible to im- 
 prove on his diction. 
 
 This incident has always seemed to me a most remarkable 
 thing, and it has impressed me particularly because of Doctor 
 Green's age when he began this study, and his persistence in 
 carrying it forward to a useful end. I shall make no further 
 comment upon it. 
 
 JOHN GREEN. 
 
 AN ADDRESS BY A. E. EWING, M.D. 
 
 In order to correctly understand and fully appreciate the life 
 and the work of Dr. Green, it is necessary to return to the time of 
 his early studies in ophthalmology, his ophthalmic surroundings, 
 the men of great mental caliber with whom he was associated 
 in Europe and in America, and the incentives that, combined with 
 his own interest in science, actuated him to accomplish the 
 various things for which ophthalmology must give him credit. 
 
 After leaving Harvard, equipped with the education necessary 
 to the attainment of the A.B., the S.B., the A.M., and the M.D. 
 degrees, and a finishing course in Europe, together with a second 
 course in Europe five years later, which he seems to have de- 
 voted wholly to ophthalmology under the direction of Donders 
 and Snellen, he located in St. Louis in 1866, and entered upon 
 the practice of otology and ophthalmology, ophthalmology being 
 the specialty of his choice, probably because it offered a wider 
 and a more intricate field for investigation, and because of the 
 many new lines of research in it that were being pursued at that 
 time. 
 
 Anatomically the eye was well understood, its surgical realm 
 had been very thoroughly explored, and regarding its physiology 
 there was much that was comprehended; but in 1851, fifteen 
 years previous to the second European trip, Nature had con- 
 ferred on one of her most gifted sons the privilege of inventing 
 the ophthalmoscope, which gave to ophthalmic science a wholly 
 new method of diagnosticating a number of heretofore obscure 
 ailments. 
 
 The medical world had not yet recovered from its astonish- 
 ment at its ability to obtain a perfect view of a living nerve in 
 
12 Dr. John Green. 
 
 the human body, and living and functioning bloodvessels, and it 
 was still bewildered with the fact that in this same field also 
 could be observed pathological changes which were unquestion- 
 ably similar to those that took place elsewhere in the tissues of 
 the living organism. In addition to this the new instrument 
 possessed the further advantage of being an aid in determining 
 the refraction of the eye. For twenty years or more the great 
 ophthalmologists of this period were vying with one another 
 in the invention of ophthalmoscopes. Donders had a clip behind 
 the mirror for holding the trial case lenses. Ruete, Jaeger, 
 Liebreich, de Wecker, Carter and others, each had an invention 
 of his own; while among the inventors in this country were 
 Knapp, Noyes, Loring and others, including Dr. Green, who 
 constructed one for himself, which he used for many years, but 
 I think it was never placed in the hands of an instrument maker. 
 The positive history of spectacles dates to early in the four- 
 teenth century, and they were probably employed previous to 
 this. Much was known of refraction and much regarding ac- 
 commodation, and something of astigmatism, beginning with 
 Thos. Young in the early part of the nineteenth century ; but it 
 was reserved for Donders to thoroughly clear up the whole 
 subject of refraction in his monumental work "On the Anomalies 
 of Accommodation and Refraction of the Eye," published in 
 1864. Here again was a revelation to the medical world of many 
 of the heretofore unexplained causes of headaches and inability 
 to use the eyes, and an elucidation of the absorbing and puzzling 
 subject of strabismus. The expounding of this whole subject 
 was for Donders, but the means for its practical application was 
 offered by his illustrious contemporary and associate, Snellen, in 
 the form of test-types and a formula by which the visual power 
 could be expressed in numerical terms. The practical test for 
 astigmatism had as yet not been satisfactorily devised, and it 
 was one of the subjects of research at the time that Dr. Green 
 had the honor of being a pupil under these two high priests in 
 ophthalmology. To him belongs the credit of perfecting this 
 test in the form of several charts, and so thoroughly perfecting 
 it that, like Snellen's letter tests and formula, no one has been 
 able to produce anything better. To the correction of astigma- 
 tism these charts bear the same relation that test letters bear to 
 the correction of myopia or hypermetropia. They apply to every 
 variety of astigmatism, and reveal also in its correction the subtle 
 role played by the accommodation. 
 
Memorial. 13 
 
 Having accustomed himself to clearness and accuracy in his 
 modes of thinking, the unequal intervals that obtained in the 
 notation of test letters were an annoyance, and prompted him to 
 seek a ratio by which such letters would be uniformly graded in 
 size, with a uniform relative interval in their distance one from 
 the other. He proposed two geometrical ratios, both of which 
 have been adopted by the American Ophthalmological Society 
 and one by the leading ophthalmic society in France. In the 
 construction of test letters he also suggested that only those 
 square and round letters should be used, the limbs of which 
 would come within the square of the five minute test object angle 
 and be practically of uniform size. He further devised these 
 letters in two forms, the Gothic or Antique and the block letter. 
 In both forms the letters are more symmetrical and better pro- 
 portioned than most of the test types employed, those of Snellen 
 not excepted. He also was the first to suggest and to put into 
 practice the arrangement of single letters of varying sizes in 
 linear series, in order to "shorten the time of the initial test" and 
 "minimize fatigue to the patient". 
 
 Donders' work on Refraction and Accommodation clearly 
 demonstrated the causes of strabismus and raised the question 
 of accommodative strain in the action of the muscles. This led 
 to exercises with the stereoscope for the detection of disturbances 
 in binocular vision and for its restitution. For this purpose Dr. 
 Green devised a number of the best charts extant. 
 
 The same trait of accuracy that made the test letter interval 
 irritating to him, caused him to be irritated also by the gross 
 manner in which test lenses in trial cases were constructed for 
 the use of ophthalmologists, because of the centers of the lenses 
 being too distant from one another, and resulted in his suggest- 
 ing a far more satisfactory method of approximating the lenses, 
 in the trial frame by means of a thin flange on the rim of the 
 trial lenses, and also a trial frame containing a groove that would 
 hold two lenses face to face in the single groove. With the 
 recommendation of his friend, Jackson, that plano-convex and 
 plano-concave lenses for trial cases should supplant the ordinary 
 . double convex and double concave forms in general use, he 
 adopted the suggestion for his thin flanged rim and had several 
 trial cases constructed for his own use. Trial cases with lenses 
 mounted in this manner are now regularly on the market, and 
 are far superior to those with the old mountings. 
 
 In all of this work involving optical problems, and in many 
 
14 Dr. John Green. 
 
 other articles, his vast knowledge of optics is apparent. In this 
 branch of ophthalmology he was unquestionably without a peer 
 among the ophthalmologists in this country. 
 
 Having served in his younger days as an apothecary with his 
 father, he became an adept in chemistry, as was well recognized 
 by the druggists and chemists of his acquaintance. By reason 
 of the knowledge thus acquired, the ophthalmic pharmacopoeia 
 has been enriched by a permanent solution of atropin in castor 
 oil, and with the introduction of cocain this drug was added to 
 the solution. In iritis and in certain forms of corneal ulceration 
 this is a most valuable remedy, due to the oil remaining in the 
 conjunctival sac, thus preventing the atropin from becoming an 
 irritant to the pharynx, as often happens with the aqueous solu- 
 tion. 
 
 The influence of his training under Mr. Bowman, the inventor 
 of lacrimal probes, and the first demonstrator of the anterior 
 limiting membrane of the cornea, which bears his name, is 
 shown by the interest taken in the work of the great teacher. 
 When important decisions were to be made as to the management 
 of certain cases, Dr. Green would often refer to what would 
 have been the opinion of Mr. Bowman under similar circum- 
 stances. In the management of lacrimal duct disorders, he ad- 
 hered very closely to the practice of Mr. Bowman, deviating 
 from it only in exceptional cases by employing the soft lead styles 
 of his own invention, through which he became a credit to his 
 famous master. 
 
 In the manipulation of the eyelids and in the fixing or handling 
 of the globe, no touch was more delicate and no hand more 
 steady than his. In operating, every movement was guided by 
 the precision of exact knowledge. Ophthalmic surgery was am- 
 plified by the operation which he devised for entropion of the 
 upper lid, which was suggested to him by the abhorrent cases of 
 lagophthalmos that obtained throughout this region at that time 
 from the performance of operations which demanded loss of the 
 lid tissues. In comparison with these it was a long stride toward 
 a perfect procedure. In fact, in a majority of the cases in the 
 hands of skillful operators, it was a perfect procedure, and when 
 resulting in partial failure there was always the possibility of its 
 repetition without injury. Many years later, while pursuing his 
 historical studies, he became persuaded that authority existed 
 which pointed to the same procedure as being the property of 
 the ancients, and in a paper discussing the subject he relinquished 
 
Memorial. 15 
 
 his claim to it. As no ancient diagrams are extant to demonstrate 
 the ancient method of operating, and as it is difficult to be wholly 
 guided by the interpretation of a term employed so long ago as to 
 the exact mode of procedure, and as he was the unquestioned 
 inventor so far as our own epoch is concerned, with every detail 
 clearly set forth, it is but just to him that it be called after his 
 name, and as such it is recognized in all of our best unbiased 
 American text books and systems of ophthalmology. It is the 
 safest and most humane operation for dealing with entropion, 
 and for its execution there is no better instrument than the 
 scalpel originated and employed by him. 
 
 The honor and the admiration which he deferentially accorded 
 to his eminent teachers was reciprocated by them in the kindli- 
 ness with which his students were received by them when visit- 
 ing Europe for a finishing course. Both Snellen and Donders 
 were very fond of him, as were also Javal and de Wecker, and 
 the immortal Helmholtz did him the honor to especially seek 
 him out in St. Louis when touring the United States twenty 
 years ago. 
 
 His kindness to the younger men of his acquaintance is best 
 voiced in a recent letter to me from Dr. Carl Roller, the dis- 
 coverer of the anaesthetic properties of cocain for the eye, when 
 he writes, "This is not exactly an occasion for condolence. Dr. 
 Green died after a life rich of endeavor and fulfillment, honored 
 and appreciated by those best able to judge. For my part I wish 
 to give expression to the debt of gratitude which I owe to Dr. 
 Green for his kindness towards me, and for the powerful as- 
 sistance he gave me for establishing myself on these shores. I 
 shall always keep that in mind, and keep of his strong personal- 
 ity a vivid and grateful memory." 
 
 For the honorable, upright practice of medicine he was ever 
 the staunchest advocate, and for the best possible attainments 
 in medicine. It was this that always kept him in the lead, in the 
 advanced medical educational interests in St. Louis. He is 
 spoken of as the pioneer oculist west of the Mississippi. It was 
 this devotion to the highest and noblest in medicine, and his 
 contributions to ophthalmology, that earned for him this hon- 
 orable title. Now that he is no longer with us, we not only rec- 
 ognize him as a pioneer, but we hold him in fondest memory 
 as one of the great oracles in ophthalmology. 
 
 Dr. Green was ever faithful to the American Otological and 
 the American Ophthalmological Societies, and to the men that 
 composed them, considering that they honestly encouraged the 
 
16 Br. John Green. 
 
 highest order of research and progress. For many years he was 
 on the committee of membership of the American Ophthalmo- 
 logical Society. One of his assistants relates that at a clinic in 
 Europe he met an ophthalmic practitioner from another Ameri- 
 can city, who, in speaking of Dr. Green, remarked, "While he 
 was on the membership committee of the Ophthalmological So- 
 ciety I was always left out, but when he got out I got in." It 
 is an evidence of the care exercised in the Society's selections 
 during the term of Dr. Green's service. This care in the selec- 
 tion of his ophthalmic and medical companions was often the 
 cause of implacable enmity on the part of those who deemed 
 themselves worthy of recognition. On his part, however, it was 
 always a defensive and not an offensive manoeuvre by which he 
 kept them aloof, and he never permitted their importunity to dis- 
 turb the high ideals that he had set as the standard for his as- 
 sociations. 
 
 In the development of the Medical Department of Washington 
 University he hoped to see his dreams of highest efficiency in 
 every department realized, and particularly along the lines of 
 teaching and investigation. To this end, out of his own pocket, 
 he purchased in 1888 the first dozen microscopes that were used 
 in the institution, in order that the students might acquire a more 
 definite idea of histology and pathology than could possibly be 
 obtained by lectures and blackboard demonstrations, the fashion 
 of the period. For several years the only immersion lens in the 
 institution for the study of bacteriology was loaned from his 
 office. 
 
 The present ophthalmic clinic at the O'Fallon Dispensary was 
 founded under his supervision in 1882, in the old dispensary 
 building at 7th Street and Clark Avenue. Previous to this he 
 had conducted a clinic for many years at St. Luke's Hospital. 
 In 1894, following the removal of the college to 18th and Locust 
 Streets, by reason of the proximity of the two clinics and be- 
 cause of the desire of St. Luke's to abandon its out-clinic de- 
 partment for lack of room, the two clinics were combined at the 
 present location, and were practically under his care until his 
 death. 
 
 He also supervised the present plan of instruction in ophthal- 
 mology in the University which, in practical teaching, has no 
 superior anywhere in this branch of medicine. Our only lack 
 has been a properly equipped hospital and laboratories for this 
 purpose, which the wealth of St. Louis has not yet seen fit to 
 furnish us, probably because of our leader's inability to beg for 
 
Memorial. 17 
 
 charity, due doubtless to his feeling that it would be said of him 
 that the purpose of such a hospital would be to aggrandize him- 
 self financially. When we first opened the clinic at the old 
 Clark Avenue building and we were having a good attendance, 
 I intimated to him that we were in need of an ophthalmic hos- 
 pital, and that it probably could be obtained if he would take 
 the lead in suggesting it. His answer was, "That would be 
 begging." 
 
 For its charity and kindness to him in looking after and caring 
 for the poor that he placed in its charge, he was ever most grate- 
 ful to St. Luke's Hospital, and to its directorate, so expressing 
 himself at one of the last staff meetings that he attended. 
 
 Frequently he was accredited with being austere, but this aus- 
 terity was wholly exterior and was only exercised toward the 
 offensive, or to forcibly clinch a point. Those who were nearest 
 him know that by nature he was of such tender heart that it 
 would have hurt him to kill even a noxious insect. The gentle 
 element in his noble character was impressively revealed in the 
 care and kindness exercised by him toward afflicted children. 
 With the austerity was combined an exhaustless fund of keen 
 wit and humor, which he could exercise in a convincing manner 
 without anger, irony or sarcasm in exposing the frailties of hu- 
 manity, often to the merriment of the waiting audience that 
 ordinarily crowded his consulting rooms. Although often ap- 
 parently harsh in his clear, sagacious method of searching for 
 the truth in his professional dealing with those who sought his 
 advice, he was a far better friend and protector to those who 
 trusted him in the management of their troubles than was fre- 
 quently recognized by them, and to the poor, and to those most 
 in need of help, he was always a friend without thought of 
 recompense. His contribution to this class as a helper in the 
 community reckoned in time, service and skill, was far in excess 
 of the regulation biblical tithe, and a typical expression of the 
 manner in which he was ceaselessly exercising his great powers 
 for the benefit of mankind. 
 
 JOHN GREEN. 
 
 AN ADDRESS BY WILLIAM TRELEASE, LL.D. 
 
 Bacon says : "Reading maketh a full man, . . . writing, an 
 exact man." Doctor Green was a man of large reading and a 
 man who wrote much. 
 
 I met him first in the fall of 1885. I remember very distinctly 
 
18 Br. John Green. 
 
 the smile with which anything that was said to him was received 
 as understood even before the words were completed, and 
 through a quarter-century saw that smile change to the familiar 
 less labile though never less responsive expression of later years. 
 I remember his keen understanding of many things — art, music, 
 the drama — which were entirely outside his own profession and 
 its foundations even. I remember the enthusiasm with which I 
 found he had been interested in the study that most occupied 
 me, when he had worked under the great man Asa Gray, whom 
 I too knew as master and friend. From the time when Doctor 
 Green was about fifty until he left us it was my privilege to 
 know him closely; during that time I was impressed constantly 
 and increasingly with wonder at his breadth of interest and at 
 the facility of understanding and expression that life had brought 
 to him, showing an amount of reading, of the best, that few of 
 us have the time to compass and that only one in a large number 
 can approach, even, in assimilation. 
 
 Xo one who knew Doctor Green at his own table or elsewhere 
 in conversation can have failed to catch his quick repartee, and 
 thorough understanding of a shade of meaning that he meant to 
 convey or that came to his ear. No one that ever heard him 
 speak when wanting to carry a message of force could possibly 
 have failed to note an exact use of words, carrying conviction to 
 him who could understand. One of the great pleasures of his 
 last year was a testimonial from the Harvard Club of St. Louis, 
 in the form of a loving cup, given him as Honorary President of 
 that club in recognition of long service as its active President, 
 in which he demonstrated among many other traits of versatility 
 an ability to outdo the classics that appealed to men in any pro- 
 fession. 
 
 Doctor Green was a critic — a friendly critic more commonly 
 than a hostile critic. He was a helpful critic for his friends in 
 those little shades of meaning that make all the difference in the 
 world between the right and the near right carrying of an idea 
 by words ; he was a man to whom a punctuation mark was some- 
 times as important as a sentence. 
 
 Dr. Green, as Doctor Engler has said, even when his word was 
 final in mid-life or later, began at the very foundation of things 
 he was ready to undertake. One who had opportunity to watch 
 his methods in investigation, — and to him the practice of his 
 profession was always investigation, — could see everywhere the 
 closeness of his power as an observer, the skill with which ex- 
 
Memorial. 19 
 
 periment was fitted to meet question, and the understanding with 
 which conclusions were deduced from observation and experi- 
 ment. No wonder that when he wrote he wrote as an exact 
 man; and, seeking counsel as readily as he gave it, no wonder 
 that what he put in print is destined to stand as solid ground for 
 the work of others. 
 
 Personally, I like still more to think of Doctor Green in a 
 different light from this. It was my privilege, as I have said, 
 to know him from his prime to the time when without any im- 
 pairment of his faculties his work ended. I knew him as a 
 friendly counsellor to whom one could turn at any time on any 
 subject, sure of finding understanding aid in questions of policy, 
 of broad problem, of detail. I went to him for such counsel 
 from the time when with him the fire of life was flaming, to the 
 time when it had settled to the smouldering glow which perhaps 
 was more effective and certainly less wasteful, and through that 
 period I never knew him to be wanting in any of those traits that 
 make a friend and counsellor invaluable to one to whom they 
 are accessible. 
 
 One thing deserves mention above other things : that devotion 
 to service which has been spoken of by Doctor Fischel. We 
 who really knew Doctor Green as he spent his life for others 
 could not fail to note in him a marked devotion to duty and help- 
 fulness, a self-sacrifice that goes further than any other means 
 of carrying altruism to fruition, and a rare power of self-efface- 
 ment in his dearest plans. If the Academy of Science of St. 
 Louis is ever understood to its heart it will be found that almost 
 from its earliest day during more than' half-a-century Doctor 
 Green was one of the few always to be counted on for interest 
 and assistance in its every activity. As one of the men entrusted 
 with establishing a policy which should give to the Missouri 
 Botanical Garden the international reputation which its founder 
 desired for it, Doctor Green, fully comprehending Henry 
 Shaw's purposes, contributed in no small way through many 
 years to a realization of the expectation of the great benefactor 
 of your city — and the world recognizes that which Doctor Green 
 labored to bring about. The possibilities that the community 
 enjoys to-day in art, music, and the drama have rested firmly in 
 their development at more than one point on the unobtrusive 
 help of this man whom we mourn and in whose memory we 
 meet. 
 
 Only last year Richard Miller expressed the wish that Doctor 
 
20 Br. John Green. 
 
 Green could give him a sitting. I hope it is not yet too late for 
 you gentlemen, interested in the medical school and in all intel- 
 lectual and spiritual progress of this community, to enable 
 Miller, who has given to you a speaking likeness of Dr. Green's 
 life-long intimate, Baumgarten, to take from the excellent 
 photographs that you have the traits which with his present 
 memory of the man will enable him to put on canvas a real por- 
 trait that you can place beside those of Baumgarten, Hodgen 
 and Mudd — the men who have made possible your now great 
 medical school — so that the kindly soul of the man shall be evi- 
 dent to the students who, generations from now, may then see 
 in his face what kind of man it was who stood with other men 
 of his kind in self-sacrificing devotion, capable even of with- 
 drawing his own personality, his own presence, that his dream 
 might appear to be the plan of another if so it might be surer 
 of realization. 
 
 At the close of the formal addresses the presiding officer dis- 
 missed the audience as follows : 
 
 If it be a worthy ambition for a man so to live and work as 
 to leave to posterity a permanent and fragrant memory, then the 
 sincere words of the speakers of the evening — these colleagues 
 and friends — are evidence of the fact that Dr. Green realized a 
 worthy ambition, for without doubt he has left to posterity a 
 permanent and fragrant memory. 
 
Bibliography. 21 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WRITINGS OF 
 JOHN GREEN, M.D. 
 
 City Hospitals. — Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1861. 
 
 Case of fracture of the thigh treated by immovable apparatus of gypsum. 
 
 —Boston M. & S. Journal, 1863-4, lxix. 
 On amputation of the thigh. — 34 p. Boston M. & S. Journal, 1863-4. 
 lxix. 
 
 Mechanical ulcer of the stump. — Boston M. & S. Journal, 1863-4, lxix. 
 
 Toetslynen tot bepaling van astigmatism. — Versl. Nederl. Gasth. v. Ooogl., 
 No. 7, s. 155. Nedrl. Arch. v. Gen. en Naturk. II 
 
 On a new system for the detection and measurement of astigmatism, 
 with an analysis of sixty-four cases of refractive anomalies ob- 
 served by the aid of the method. — Trans. Amer. Ophth. Soc'y. 4th 
 and 5th meeting, 1867-8. N. Y., 1869. 
 
 On the modern treatment of lacrimal obstruction by dilatation of the 
 natural passages. — 16 p. St. Louis M. & S. Journal, 1868, n.s. vi. 
 
 On the use of styles of lead in the treatment of disease of the lacrimal 
 sac. — Trans. Amer. Ophth. Soc'y. 4th and 5th meetings, 1867-8. 
 N. Y., 1869. 
 
 Remarks on the use of leaden styles in the treatment of lacrimal ob- 
 structions with description of a new plan for facilitating their in- 
 troduction. — Trans. Amer. Ophth. Soc'y- 6th meeting, 1869. N. Y., 
 1869. 
 
 On a series of test-letters for determining the acuteness of vision. — 
 Trans, of the Amer. Ophth. Soc'y. 4th and 5th meetings, 1867-8. 
 N. Y, 1869. 
 
 On a color test for astigmatism. — Trans, of the Amer. Ophth. Soc'y. 
 4th and 5th meetings, 1867-8. N. Y., 1869. 
 
 An optical demonstration of the characteristic phenomena of astigmatic 
 vision. — Trans, of the Medical Assn. of the State of Missouri, St. 
 Louis, 1870. 
 
 On the treatment of lacrimal obstruction by dilatation of the natural 
 passages. — Ibid. 
 
 Case of aspergillus in the external auditory meatus. — Trans, of the Amer. 
 Otological Soc'y. 3rd meeting, 1870. N. Y., 1870. 
 
 Remarks on cataract extraction ; suggestions for securing greater pre- 
 cision in reporting operations and results ; form of corneal section. — 
 Trans, of the Amer. Ophth. Soc'y. 9th meeting, 1873. N. Y., 1873. 
 
 On a color-test for ametropia, based upon the chromatic aberration of 
 the eye. — Trans. Amer. Ophth. Soc'y. 10th meeting, 1874. N. Y., 
 1874. 
 
 Iridotomy by Von Wecker's method. — Trans, of the Amer. Ophth. Soc'y. 
 11th meeting, N. Y., 1876. p. 352. 
 
 Notes on the examination of the eyes of a criminal executed by hanging. 
 — Ibid., p. 354. 
 
 Improvements in instruments and appliances for diagnosis. — Ibid., 467. 
 
 Castor oil as a menstruum for dissolving atropia for application to the 
 eye. — Ibid., p. 355. 
 
 Remarks on association of myopia and astigmatism. — Ibid., p. 318. 
 
22 Dr. John Green. 
 
 Test-diagrams for the detection and measurement of astigmatism.— 
 Trans. Amer. Ophth. Soc'y. N. Y., 1878. ii, pt. 4. 467-473. 
 
 Stereoscopic diagrams for testing binocular vision. — Ibid., 474. 
 
 A new modification of Loring's ophthalmoscope. — Ibid., 476-482. 
 
 Improved series and arrangements of the glasses of the trial case for 
 measuring refraction. — Ibid., 483-488. 
 
 A practical treatise on diseases of the eye, by Robert Brudenell Carter- 
 ed., with additions and test-types by John Green, M.D. — Phil., Lea., 
 1876. 
 
 Trichiasis and distichiasis. — St. Louis Courier of Medicine, 1879. i, p. 
 339-343; p. 593-596. (Two articles.) 
 
 Cross-eye ; its origin, prevention and treatment. — St. Louis M. & S. Jour- 
 nal, 1880, xxxix, 157-163. 
 
 A case of detached retina treated by hypodermic injections of muriate 
 of pilocarpin. — Trans. Amer. Ophth. Soc'y- 16th meeting, 1880. 
 N. Y., 1880. 
 
 Exhibition of a combination set of trial glasses, and a new trial frame. — 
 Trans. Amer. Ophth. Soc'y, 16th meeting, 1880. N. Y., 1880. 
 
 An improvement in concave spectacle lenses of high power. — Ibid. 
 
 An acute glaucomatous invasion, following closely upon a single applica- 
 tion of a very weak preparation of duboisia. — Ibid. 
 
 A modified operation for discission in soft cataract. — Ibid. 
 
 Case of nucleus like bodies in the lenses of a child escaping after dis- 
 cission. — Ibid. 
 
 An operation for entropion. — Ibid. 
 
 On some therapeutical applications of pilocarpin. — Trans. Amer. Ophth. 
 Soc'y, N. Y., 1881. iii, 302-305. 
 
 An operation for closed pupil with anterior synechia, using the pince- 
 ciseaux of Wecker. Trans. Amer. Ophth. Soc'y. N. Y., 1881. iii, 
 214. 
 
 Das Schielen. — Read before: Verein Deutscher Aerzte, St. Louis, Sept. 
 28, 1882. 
 
 A case of ruptured zonula; lens continuing transparent after three years; 
 mydriasis and loss of accommodation ; increase of refraction under 
 influence of myotics. — Amer. Jour. Ophth., St. Louis, 1884. i, 43-47. 
 
 An operation for the removal of the eyeball, together with the entire 
 conjunctival sac and lid margins. — Amer. Jour. Ophth., St. Louis, 
 1884. i, 65-68. 
 
 Notes on some of the physiological effects and practical applications of 
 cocaine hydrochlorate. — Amer. Jour. Ophth., St. Louis, 1884. i. 
 231-7. 
 
 On accommodation and refraction. — Reference Handbook of the Medical 
 
 Sciences, ed. by Albert H. Buck. N. Y., Wood, 1885-93. i, 50. 
 On asthenopia. — Ibid., i, 391. 
 On astigmatism. — Ibid., i, 400. 
 On diplopia. — Ibid., ii, 475. 
 On hemeralopia and nyctalopia. — Ibid., iii, 605. 
 On hypermetropia. — Ibid., iii, 775. 
 On ophthalmoscope, ophthalmoscopy. — Ibid., v, 298. 
 On optometry. — Ibid., v, 349. 
 On presbyopia. — Ibid., vi, 22. 
 
Bibliography. 23 
 
 On spectacles. — Ibid., vi, 502. 
 
 Die operation des Entropium. — Historische Studie. St. Louis, 1886. 
 
 On the operative treatment of entropium. — Amer. Jour. Ophth., St. 
 Louis, 1884. i, 193-200. 
 
 On operation for the partial or total removal of the eyeball. — Amer. 
 Jour. Ophth., St. Louis, 1885. ii, 51-61. 
 
 On spectacle lenses of a symmetrical curvature. — Amer. Jour. Ophth., 
 St. Louis, 1886. Hi, 53-59. 
 
 On the operative treatment of entropium. — Amer. Jour. Ophth., St. Louis, 
 1886. iii, 363-388. 
 
 On a transient myopia occurring in connection with iritis. — Trans. 
 Amer. Ophth. Soc'y, Boston, 1887. iv, 599. 
 
 Test-letters for measuring the acuteness of vision, based upon the test- 
 letters of Professor H. Snellen, and the test-letters in geometrical 
 progression of Dr. John Green. By John Green and A. E. Ewing. — 
 St. Louis, 1886. 
 
 On certain stereoscopical illusions evoked by prismatic and cylindrical 
 spectacle-glasses. — Trans. Amer. Ophth. Soc'y, Hartford, 1889. 449- 
 456. 
 
 Notes on 21 cases of cataract occurring in a single family. — Trans. Amer. 
 Ophth. Soc'y, Hartford, 1890. v, pt. iii, 724-727. 
 
 An elementary discussion on some cases of centrical refraction through 
 tipped spectacle lenses. — Trans. Amer. Ophth. Sec'y, Hartford, 1890. 
 v, pt. Ill, 690-717. 
 
 Note on the variations in the power and in the astigmatism of thin 
 spherical, toric and cylindrical lenses in principal cases of oblique 
 centrical refraction. — Trans. Amer. Ophth. Soc'y, 1895. Hartford, 
 1896. vii, 329-341. 
 
 and A. E. Ewing. Hypopyon keratitis ; break in Descemet's mem- 
 brane preceding corneal perforation. — Trans. Amer. Ophth. Soc'y, 
 1896. Hartford, 1897. vii, 716-23, 3 pi. 
 
 In memoriam, Dr. Henry Hillard Williams (1821-1895).— Trans. Amer. 
 Ophth. Soc'y, 1896. Hartford, 1897. vii, 479-496. port. 
 
 and A. E. Ewing. Hypopyon keratitis ; break in Descemet's mem- 
 brane preceding corneal perforation; passage of hydrogen peroxide 
 and fluorescein through the corneal ulcer into the anterior chamber. 
 —Trans. Amer. Ophth. Soc'y, Hartford, 1897-8. viii, 374-385. 3 pi. 
 -and A. E. Ewing. A case of melano-sarcoma of the conjunctiva 
 
 and cornea of long duration. — Trans. Amer. Ophth. Soc'y, Hartford, 
 
 1898. viii, 468-471. 2 pi. 
 Address at the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Academy of 
 
 Science. — Trans, of the Acad, of Science, v, 16, p. xlv, 1906. 
 Biography of the older Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz. — Trans. 
 
 of the Acad, of Science, v. 17, p. xxxiii, 1907. 
 Biography of Dr. Gustav Baumgarten. — Trans, of the Acad, of Science. 
 
 v. 19, p. xli, 1910. 
 Periscopic spectacles. — Am. Jour. Ophth., St. Louis, 1908. xxv, 321-324. 
 Coquille protective spectacles. — Am. Jour. Ophth., St. Louis, 1909. xxvi, 
 
 321-327 p. 1 pi. 
 Coquille protective spectacles. Relation of the thickness of a coquille 
 
 of zero power to the principal focal lengths and to the power of its 
 
 surfaces. — Am. Jour. Ophth., St. Louis, 1910. xxvii, 321-3. 
 
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