LONG HEADS AND ROUND HEADS h WILLIAMS. SADLER Columbia ®[nibers(itp in tte Citp of ^eto gorfe LIBRARY GIVEN BY GIFT O^ H. W. WILSON LONG HEADS AND ROUND HEADS or What's the Matter with Germany LONG HEADS AND ROUND HEADS or What's the Matter with Germany WILLIAM S. SADLER, M.D. PROFESSOR AT THE POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL OF CHICAGO; DIRECTOR OF THE CHICAGO THERAPEUTIC INSTITUTE; FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION; MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, THE AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION, ETC., ETC., ETC.; AUTHOR OF "the SCIENCE OF LIVING," "THE CAUSE AND CURE OF COLDS," "the PHYSIOLOGY OF FAITH AND FEAR," "worry and NERVOUSNESS," "THE MOTHER AND HER CHILD," ETC., ETC. ILLUSTRATED CHICAGO A. C. McCLURG & CO. 1918 GIFT CF H. W. WILSON MAR 2 2 1929 Copyright A. C. McClurg & Co. 1918 Published March, 1918 Copyrighted in Great Britain F. HALL PRINTING COMPANY, CHICAGO TO AMERICAN SOLDIERS AND SAILORS — NATIVE AND NATURALIZED — WHO ARE FIGHTING IN DEFENSE OF HOME, LIBERTY, AND DEMOCRACY PREFACE WHILE my purpose and motives in writing and compiling this little volume are quite clearly and completely expressed in the text, I wish here to emphasize that while I am desirous of doing my full duty as an American citizen in this trying time of our national existence, I bear no ill feeling and entertain no prejudices against either the German people or any system of teaching or culture — just because it is German. I have endeavored, in bringing the matter in this little work together, to be broad-minded, and I have no motive in my heart other than to be fair and just. In my study of the spectacle of a highly civilized nation suddenly becoming war-mad and so unbelievably atrocious, I discovered what ap- peared to me to be the explanation or explanations of this unusual phenomenon; and I have, in this lit- tle work, tried to tell the story just as it has un- folded itself to my mind. In connection with numerous public addresses, I have found that this presentation of the subject seemed to be a great help to hundreds and thou- sands of my fellow-citizens, and I came to the con- viii Preface elusion that it was my duty to prepare the address for publication. In doing so, I have no other thought than that it shall help my fellow-Ameri- cans better to understand the present conflict and, therefore, better to do their duty as American citi- zens in this trying hour. I hope the American people can fight this war from principle, with patriotic determination, and without engendering that lamentable race hatred and love of bloodshed and rejoicing in the suffering of one's enemies which so unfortunately characterizes our strong and wicked foe. If my efforts can contribute some- thing to these objects, I shall be gladdened and gratified. In preparing this little volume I have consulted many writings and authorities, too numerous to cite either here or in the text, but I am especially indebted to such works as Men of the Old Stone Age, by Henry Fairfield Osborn; The Passing of the Great Race, by Madison Grant; Gems of German Thought, by William Archer; Out of Their Ozvn Mouths, by William Roscoe Thayer; not to mention numerous magazine articles, news- papers, and the current literature of the day. While credit Is given In the text for direct quota- tions, I felt this special acknowledgment was due to the above-mentioned authorities for the great Preface ix help they have afforded me in formulating the ideas of this work and in reaching the conclusions herein expressed. My sincere desire — my most earnest hope — is that a perusal of this volume will promote intel- ligent patriotism, and, after all, it is the element of intelligent understanding that makes patriotism the more determined, persistent, and all-consum- ing. I am particularly anxious that those who may chance to read this little book will do all in their power to put it in the hands of our boys at the front, that they may better know why America is in the war and why they have been called upon to risk their lives in defense of American homes and democratic institutions. Jan. /, 1918. William S. Sadler, M.D. 32 N. State Street, Chicago. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I What's the Matter with Germany? . . i II Why Is America in the War? ... 4 III The Prehistoric Heidelberg Race . . 7 IV The Early Neanderthal Race .... 12 V The Ancient Cro-Magnon Race ... 20 VI First Appearance of the Alpine Round Heads 27 VII Descendants of the Great European Races 32 VIII " Long-Head " and " Round-Head " Race Competition 37 IX Long Heads and Round Heads in the German Empire 45 X The Thirty Years' War and the Revolu- tion of 1848 51 XI The Delusion of the " Melting Pot " . 63 XII Nordic Egotism Joined to Alpine Stupid- ity 69 XIII The German Educational System . . 75 XIV Prussianized Germany 83 XV The Kaiser's Dream of World Power . 89 XVI Prussian Contempt for International Law 94 Xll Contents CHAPTER XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV PAGE "Might Is Right"— The Law of the Jungle 99 The German " Superman " .... io8 Germany a Menace to the World's Peace and Prosperity 115 Germany a Menace to Science and Art . 123 Germany a Menace to the World's Reli- gion and Morals 130 Germany a Menace to American Security 135 Germany a Menace to Civilization . . 144 The Indictment of Germany, or Twenty- five Reasons Why We Must Win the War 152 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE The Neanderthal Man 14 The Cro-Magnon Man 22 Field Marshal von Hindenburg 56 General von LudendorfE 120 Long Heads and Round Heads CHAPTER I what's the matter with GERMANY? IN a general way, I believe the American people are waking up to a realization of the underly- ing causes of the present world-war, and that they are also beginning more fully to appreciate some of the fundamental reasons for our participation in this gigantic struggle. Notwithstanding our gradual awakening on these points as a nation, I am persuaded that there are some vitally im- portant features connected with the present inter- national upheaval which are as yet quite unrecog- nized by the average American citizen. IS CIVILIZATION A FAILURE? So many times since the beginning of this great war, both in private and in connection with my public addresses, I have been asked such questions as these: " How could the German people ever become so cruel as to commit these horrible atrocities?" 1 2 Long Heads and Round Heads " What has happened to the Saxon and Teutonic chivalry which we read of in the days ' when knight- hood was In flower?' " " How could the most literate and the best edu- cated nation In the world descend to such levels of barbarism?" " Is this wild dream of world dominion enter- tained alone by the Kaiser, or do the whole Ger- man people share his vision and views?" "How could such a highly organized, efl^clent, and Industrious people so suddenly descend to such Infamous depths of cruelty?" " How could a race of people having the highest percentage of literacy In the world, and possessing the most efiiclently administered civil government from the standpoint of municipal administration, and having had In operation for many years a system of paternal socialism which was the most successful experiment of Its kind, how could such a nation suddenly descend to the place where It would throw overboard all International ethics and adopt the present brutal practices of submarine morals?" " How could Germany turn Its back upon Its treaties and everything that civilized nations hold to be sacred and obligatory? How could Ger- many brush these things all aside and adopt such What's the Matter zvitJi Germany? 3 policies of national ruthlessness and frightful- ness? " HAS CHRISTIANITY BROKEN DOWN? And still other questions like these : "Has the German race repudiated the philoso- phy of the Christian religion?" "Is the European white race going to commit suicide on the battle-fields of Europe?" "Are the ethics of so-called Christian civiliza- tion an International failure?" I have turned these questions over and over in my mind. I have tried to find the honest answer to these queries — have examined the subject from a political, ethical, biological, and from an eth- nological standpoint. While here and there I found light, it was not until I got into the an- thropology of the Germanic peoples that real progress was made — when I began to trace the present Inhabitants of German territory back to the Cave Man of the Old Stone Age. When we reach Into the bowels of the earth and begin to study the very distant origin — not of the Germans — but of the people who live In Germany and who are fighting this world-war, then we begin to find the real answer to our many questions as to what ails the so-called German nation of today. CHAPTER II WHY IS AMERICA IN THE WAR? WHEN, after almost three years of world conflict, and after having endured almost every Insult, Indignity, and Intrigue that a sov- ereign people could have had heaped upon them; and after we had striven patiently for peace In the presence of great and repeated provocation, and when, after a succession of fresh atrocities and Intrigue right In our own midst, yes, even after electing a president on a peace platform — "He Kept Us Out of War '' — even after all of this for- bearance, finally the last straw was laid on the camel's back, so that on April 6, 19 17, the crisis came and the American Republic, In my opinion, did Itself everlasting credit by finally declaring war on Germany. This stand having finally been taken by our na- tion, I began to recrystallize In my mind some of the questions that had so forcefully borne them- selves In upon my consciousness for several years: I began to ask myself anew the foregoing ques- tions, and the purpose of this effort is to place before my fellow-American citizens the results of 4 Why Is America in the Warf my research Into the causes, purposes, objects, and aims of this unparalleled International strug- gle and explicitly state not only my views as to why we are In this war, but also to make It clear and plain why we must win this war. In all my comments on German Kultur and the spirit and methods of the German people, I would have the reader bear In mind that I speak from personal experience — from first-hand contact with the German people in Germany and Austria, where I lived among these people and mingled with them as a student and observer. In sentiment I have always been a strong pacifist. In belief and feeling I have been strong- ly opposed to war, and In sentiment I have been strongly sympathetic with Germany and the Ger- mans, having gone there for study, and this I mention merely to Indicate that I entered upon my search for the answer to " What's the matter with Germany?" with an unprejudiced view- point, and with a mind altogether friendly In Its disposition toward the German people as a whole. AN UNUSUAL WAR A WORLD- WAR The reasons for this war are so many and so complicated and so interrelated, that I am not sur- prised that the average citizen finds more or less 6 Long Heads and Round Heads difficulty in formulating his position and beliefs. Especially must we recognize that this is true of many of our foreign born and foreign related citizens. Why, my own wife, herself a physician, asked me only a few days after our country declared war, just why we had gone Into the fight after having stayed out of the struggle for more than two years. And when I sought for a concrete answer to my wife's question I found, to my dismay and chagrin, that I did not have my own National Conscious- ness on this particular point very well formulated or focused. Of course, I could have answered her right off — the Lusltania, Belgium, Submarines, etc. ; but I well knew that was not the whole truth of the matter, and so I have spent just six months in finding the answer to my wife's question to the satisfaction of my own mind, and it Is upon her suggestion that I venture to pass It on to the public, for the sake of any of like Inquiring mind, and In the hope that my research may help others to know why America Is In the war, and, what Is of still more Importance, why we must win this war. T CHAPTER III THE PREHISTORIC HEIDELBERG RACE HIS war has led me to undertake a careful review of the history of European civiliza- tion, of the real origin and present racial status of the Germanic peoples ; and I think it will help some- what to a better understanding of the issues in- volved in the present struggle, if we will take the time to go back a few thousand years and patiently examine the migration paths connected with the ebb and flow of the tide of early civilization in cen- tral and western Europe. It is quite the unanimous opinion of authorities ^ on racial origin today that the various prehistoric species of the human family seem to have come forth out of an Asiatic cradle and from their east- ern habitats to have emigrated by various routes into Europe. The excavations and other studies of prehistoric man during the last two decades have revealed the interesting fact that several 1 In my researches every available source of Information and every accessible authority has been consulted, too numerous to cite in this connection ; but I am especially indebted to the more recent works of Osborn and Grant, 7 8 Long Heads and Round Heads great race struggles have ensued on the banks of the Somme River and the territory adjacent there- to, and it may help us more fully to appreciate the present great struggle on the Somme River briefly to review the best modern opinions regarding these earlier world-wars which, It would seem, sometimes were fought to the utter extinction of one or the other of the belligerents. The human race has struggled up through the ages, again and again to revert into savagery and barbarism, but withal after each reversion some net gain has been the reward of the race for the suffering and struggling of our ancestors; and this social evolution or development will thus continue just as long as there is somewhere in the world some race of people which possesses this capacity for growth and ascension in the biologic scale of life and civilization. ORIGIN AND NATURE OF GENIUS Commenting on this fact Grant ^ says: "The impulse upward, however, is supplied by a very small number of nations, and by a very small por- tion of the population in such nations. The sec- tion of any community that produces leaders or 1 T/ie Passing of the Great Race. By Madison Grant. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Tlie Prehistoric Heidelberg Race 9 genius of any sort is only a minute percentage. To invent new processes, to establish new principles, to elucidate and unravel the laws of nature, calls for genius. To imitate or to adopt what others have Invented is not genius but mimicry. This something which we call ' genius ' is not a matter of family, but of stock or strain, and is inherited in precisely the same manner as are the purely phys- ical characteristics. It may be latent through sev- eral generations of obscurity, and then flare up when the opportunity comes. Of this we have many examples In America. This is what educa- tion or opportunity does for a community; It permits in these rare cases fair play for develop- ment, but it is race, always race, that produces genius. This genius-producing type is slow breed- ing, and there is real danger of its loss to mankind." THE ''dawn man'' Sometime away back in the early second inter- glacial period the so-called Heidelberg race ap- peared in northern Germany. The typical bones and skulls representative of this early race were unearthed in 1907 in a sand-pit near Heidelberg, at a depth of almost eighty feet below the surface, in a layer of ancient river sands, representing the 10 Long Heads and Round Heads lowest level at which undoubted human remains have as yet been found. Ethnic authorities estimate that the Heidelberg man roamed the plains of northern Germany about 150,000 or 200,000 years ago. This primi- tive man has left little behind indicative of his early Industry and civilization. Whether he was partially or wholly destroyed by the rigorous cli- mate associated with the return of the glaciers or overwhelmed by some stronger race which later appeared on the scene. It Is difficult to say, but it would seem that this race must have perished somewhere near the present battle-fields of the great world struggle of today. To either his survivors or his conquerors we owe the slowly rising civilization of the so-called "Dawn Man" which extended down through the third glaclatlon and the third interglaclal period of a warm and favorable climate. Geologists estimate that this third glaclatlon began about 150,000 years ago; that the time spent by the glacier In advancing and retreating was about twenty or twenty-five thousand years, and it was probably at the end of this third glacla- tlon, or about the time of the beginning of the glacial retirement (that Is about 125,000 years ago), that prehistoric civilization really had Its The Prehistoric Heidelberg Race 11 beginning In western Europe, and It was during this time that the early flInt-workIng races first appear In Europe. FLINT WORKS ON THE SOMME It may Interest the reader to know that the evolution of the flint from Its earliest and most primitive form up to the later higher grade of workmanship took place largely In the valley of the Somme, which today Is witnessing the most recent and highest modern evolutions In combative Implements of modern warfare; and It Is believed by the best authorities that the river system In Europe during this third Interglaclal period was very much the same as may be found at the pres- ent date. It Is believed that both the Somme and the Marne flowed about as they flow at the present time, and the history of the civilization of this early period Is best depicted In the bones and flints and other evidences which are found on the banks of the Somme River and which are burled In the sands of Its valley. This region was one of the chief centers of the civilization of this early pre- historic period. s CHAPTER IV THE EARLY NEANDERTHAL RACE OMEWHERE along toward the close of the third interglaclal period there developed, In Europe, or else migrated from the east, a new and still higher race of human beings, the ancient Neanderthals, and while the rigors of the fourth glaclatlon seem to have driven out or exterminated all other human species In this region, the Nean- derthal man survived even the trials of this great glacial period which has been generally estimated by geologists to have reached its maximum level thirty or forty thousand years ago. THE ''cave man*' The Neanderthals are the people who, during the colder climate associated with the glacier, learned to live in caves. They are the original *' Cave Men." They became the great hunters of prehistoric times and are probably the first suc- cessfully to chase and capture the reindeer and to use It for both clothing and food. These are the days of the early " cave man," the days when both bison and wild horses were numerous. 12 The Early Neanderthal Race 13 The prehistoric record of these days is not alto- gether clear as to whether the Neanderthals van- quished in battle their predecessors or whether they were destroyed or driven out by the rigors of the glaciers ; at any rate, the Neander]:hals certainly represent the " survival of the fittest," the most rugged human type to be found in Europe at that time. This fourth glacier was probably not so extensive and severe as the two which preceded it, and sufficient animal life probably remained in Europe to sustain this interesting race during this long period of unfavorable climate. The Neanderthals must have been a brave and hardy people, for they attacked the largest ani- mals in the chase, such as bison, wild cattle, and horses, not to speak of the reindeer. While they worked in the open, and hunted in the open, they made their permanent abode in caves. THE NEANDERTHAL PHYSICAL TYPE The typical Neanderthal skeletons were first found In 1887 '^^ ^ grotto near Spy on the River Meuse. The Neanderthal skull type has a promi- nent superorbital ridge, a receding forehead, and a narrow or dolichocephalic skull. Thus, through a succession of discoveries extending from 1848 down to the present time, the Identity of the Nean- 14 I.ou(] Heads and Roinid Heads derthal race has been gradually .established, and we now know that they extended all over Europe during and following the fourth glaciation and that they were probably the first race to show reverence for^ the dead, to practice ceremonial burial, and that they probably entertained some belief in a future existence. In other words, they had developed some sort of a primitive religion. The Neanderthal man had a brain capacity not quite up to the average of the civilized man of today. He was a short, stocky, little fellow, and bears every evidence of being a ground dweller and not a tree dweller; that Is, he is not directly related to the anthropoid apes. The flint industry of their predecessors was carried on. While it declined In some respects, it was Improved in others. Perhaps their cave life was not in many ways conducive to the highest degree of their industrial training and development. To use Madison Grant's description: "Nean- derthal man was a purely meat-eating hunter, liv- ing in caves, or rather in their entrances. He was dolichocephalic and not unlike existing Australoids, although not necessarily of black skin, and was, of course, in no sense a negro. Along with other ancient and primitive racial elements, ferocious, gorilla-like living specimens of the Neanderthal THE NEANDERTHAL MAN=^ This picture of the Neanderthal man is from a model by J. H. McGregor. The Neanderthals were the original " Cave ]\Ien," the mighty hunters of prehistoric times. Human in- telligence and idealism practically began with this race. *Fro)n "Men of tlic Old Stone Age," by Henry Fairfield Osborn. Copyright, 1915, by Charles Scribne/s Sons. By permission of the Publishers. TJie Early Neanderthal Race 15 man are found not infrequently on the west coast of Ireland, and are easily recognized by the great upper lip, bridgeless nose, beetling brow and low- growing hair, and wild and savage aspect. The proportions of the skull which give rise to this large upper lip, the low forehead, and the superor- bital ridges are clearly Neanderthal characteris- tics. The other traits of this Irish type are com- mon to many primitive races. This is the Irish- man of caricature, and the type was very frequent in America when the first Irish immigrants came in 1846 and the following years. It seems, how- :ever, to have almost disappeared In this country." ^ PREHISTORIC MUNITION PLANTS It is during this period that the first flint sta- tions were established. The flint working of this and later eras shows a great range of evolution from the most crude types up to the more finished products of skilled workmanship. These various river stations, it would seem, were sort of muni- tion plants, probably places for the study of the art of flint making as well as for the manufacture of large quantities of these flints for use In both the hunt and in the operations of warfare. These ancient prehistoric munition centers seem to be 1 The Passing of the Great Race. 16 Long Heads and Round Heads confined to Spain, western and northern France, Belgium, and Great Britain. The absence of flint-manufacturing stations in Germany suggests that the race of this period possibly entered west- ern Europe along either the northern or south- ern shores of the Mediterranean. These people were probably the first human beings to use tools and to manufacture implements of warfare, and there can be but little question that they were first largely used in the battles which these remote predecessors of the present human race fought with their fellows on the banks of the Somme. Probably the greatest flint-making station of this epoch, which was operated from the dawn of the Old Stone Age to its very close, was that found at Aschuel on the River Somme, where there can be traced seven or eight different types of implements. The civilization of this period also extended eastward to the valley of the Rhine, where a few flint-working stations are also to be found. As the climatic conditions were fairly favorable, It being an Interglacial period, In only one or two cases throughout this long flint-working epoch do we find that these early flint workers carried on their operations In caves or grottoes. The Early Neanderthal Race 17 THE PASSING OF THE NEANDERTHALS While ethnic authorities may differ to some extent, there seems to be considerable ground for believing that this great Neanderthal race, which overran all of western Europe, came suddenly to an end, that it was completely annihilated. They seem to have been suddenly, completely, and uni- versally replaced by another and vastly superior race about 25,000 years ago. It is a question if even a trace of this ancient race was left living on the face of the earth, unless in the case of certain types previously mentioned as being found in Ireland and possibly Scotland. The rigors of the glacial climate drove them to the cave, and It Is probable that this cave life con- tributed to both their physical and industrial de- terioration. And again, It seems Interesting to know that the first evidence of contact between these disap- pearing Neanderthals and the newly arriving higher and superior race occurred once more in the valley of the Somme. There is every reason to believe that a racial struggle on a vast scale took place, beginning In the region of the River Somme and extending from station to station until the Neanderthals were finally destroyed. 18 Long Heads and Round Heads The Neanderthals evidently carried on a brave struggle with the newly appearing and conquering race (the Cro-Magnons). They fought with wooden weapons and stone-headed darts and probably also with spears, while there is every reason to believe that the new and conquering Cro- Magnons probably made use of the bow and arrow, and that this new military weapon was first used on a large scale in one of the early battles of the Somme. It is even possible that they used barbed arrows, for some have been found in the drawings of this early period. Thus, with these new weapons and with their superior intelligence and physique, the Cro-Magnons in a short time became masters of all western Europe and were able to effect the utter extinction of the Neanderthal peoples. And so we trace the interesting experience of a race, lower in the scale of life than any existing human type, being almost Immediately replaced by a race which would even today rank high among the existing types of civilization both physically and intellectually. The history of this race comes down very nearly to the dawn of historic times, for these Cro-Mag- nons, the conquerors of the Neanderthal peoples, undoubtedly belonged to the same species as the human races of the present day. The Early Neanderthal Race 19 PALEOLITHIC MAN The reader should bear In mind that the Heidel- berg man, together with the Neanderthal man considered in this chapter, and the Cro-Magnon man to be discussed in the next chapter, represent the three outstanding and dominant human races to be found in Europe throughout all Paleolithic times. Undoubtedly, other races were present in at least some parts of Europe, but they left little or no traces of their existence. In lower Paleolithic times Europe was domi- nated by the Heidelberg man, or by a race of beings descended from the Heidelberg people. In middle Paleolithic times the Neanderthals held sway; while during the upper Paleolithic times the famous Cro-Magnons occupied the center of the European ethnic stage. w CHAPTER V THE ANCIENT CRO-MAGNON RACE E ARE now well Into the Immediate pre- history era (Upper Paleolithic) of Europe, in that period of time which classes geologically with the close of the fourth glaciatlon or about 25,000 years ago. There is every reason to believe that the Cro-Magnons entered Europe through Phoenicia along the southern coast of the Mediterranean Into Spain, perhaps also along the northern coast Into Italy. Their physical structure Is Asiatic In type, not African. Thus the Cro-Magnon of prehistoric times passed over the very same Mediterranean pathway to Europe that the dark-haired, long- headed Mediterranean race of historic times later traversed. CRO-MAGNON CHARACTERISTICS The Cro-Magnons, like the Neanderthals, prac- ticed careful and ceremonial burial of the dead In the grottoes, also placing with them certain imple- ments of Industry and warfare, together with offerings of food, etc. 20 The Ancient Cro-Magnon Race 21 It is the practice of many barbarous tribes, while destroying all of the male captives of the van- quished race, to spare many of the females and take- them into their own camps, but there seems to be no evidence of such a practice on the part of the Cro-Magnons. They seem to have anni- hilated the women along with the men. There appears no subsequent evidence of the crossing of the two races. The Cro-Magnon had, In almost every respect, a modern human brain. The size of the Cro- Magnon's brain was even a little larger than the average civilized brain of today. No trace of artistic instinct Is to be found In any of these European races until the arrival of the Cro- Magnons, who Immediately began to produce more artistic Implements, to show artistic instinct in painting, drawing, carving, sculpture, and In general to give the Investigator the Impression that In point of capacity their brain was quite equal to that of any of the modern human races. The typical skulls of this race were first dis- covered In Cro-Magnon In 1868. The brain capacity of the Cro-Magnon female skull was even greater than that of the average male of today. Their average height seems to have been a trifle over six feet. 22 Long Heads and Round Heads A RACE OF ARTISANS AND ARTISTS It was the Cro-Magnon artists who painted the wonderful pictures that are now. to be found on the walls of the many caves and grottoes In central and western Europe. During these thousands of years, the coloring has been preserved In these sealed-up caverns of the earth, so that we have not only the tools and Implements of this Inter- esting people but we have their actual paintings preserved on the walls of the grottoes. It should also be noted that these Cro-Magnons possessed the long-headed or dolichocephalic type of skull, although they possessed a characteris- tically broad face. In their later experience the Cro-Magnons were undoubtedly In competition with the Pred- most race of central and eastern Europe, a race probably coming directly from Asia up through Hungary and along the Danube. The Cro- Magnons were never entirely destroyed and have left their descendants In various colonies through- out western Europe. The Cro-Magnons were the first to develop the harpoon and thus to be able to catch large fish which were so abundant In the waters about the European shores. About this time there seems THE CRO-MAGNON MAN* From a model by J. H. McGregor. The Cro-Magnon man marks the time when man's intellect began to assume domina- tion over his brute instincts. With the Cro-Magnon man came the beginnings of art. They were a race of " long-heads." *Froin "Men of the Old Stone Age," by Henry Fairfield Osborn. Copyright, 1915, by Charles Scrihner's Sons. By permission of the Publishers. The Ancient Cro-Magnon Race 23 to have occurred a great decrease In the flint indus- try and a corresponding increase in the develop- ment of bone industry. Bone needles containing beautifully formed eyes are found in abundance at this time. It is quite certain that at the height of their power the Cro-Magnons dominated all Europe, including the British Isles. civilization's first setback From the findings of the remotest prehistoric times the march of civilization and the develop- ment of primitive industry seem to have ever been upward. Each succeeding race was in some respects superior to the one that went down before it — each civilization was an improvement on the one that preceded. But with the passing of the Cro-Magnons the progress of the arts and indus- tries met with a definite and decided setback. The peoples which immediately succeeded the Cro- Magnons were in almost every respect of an infe- rior order. The setback to the heretofore pro- gressive development of European civilization occured not a great while before the early dawn of historic times. It is a remarkable fact that the race which dominated all Europe about 25,000 years ago was 24 Long Heads and Round Heads considerably taller and had a larger skull — larger brain — than the average of the present European peoples. Touching this point, Grant, In his recent book, says: "The low cranial average of existing populations In Europe can be best explained by the presence of large numbers of Individuals of Infe- rior mentality. These defectives have been care- fully preserved by modern charity, whereas In the savage state of society the backward members are allowed to perish and the race is carried on by the vigorous and not by the weaklings. The high brain capacity of the Cro-Magnons is paral- leled by that of the ancient Greeks, who in a single century gave to the world out of their small population very much more genius than all the other races of mankind have since succeeded In producing In a similar length of time. All his- torians are familiar with the phenomenon of a rise and decline In civilization such as has occurred time and again In the history of the world, but we have here In the disappearance of the Cro-Magnon race the earliest example of the replacement of a very superior race by an inferior one. There Is great danger of a similar replacement of a higher by a lower type here In America, unless the native American uses his superior Intelligence to protect himself and his children from competition TJie Ancient Cro-Magnon Race 25 with intrusive peoples drained from the lowest races of eastern Europe and western Asia." THE BATTLE GROUND OF THE RACES We have every reason to believe that the various types of mankind which have inhabited western Europe migrated thither from eastern Europe and Asia, that here was the racial jumping- off place of the continent, the place where the streams flowing westward from the north and east and westward from the south and east were forced to come together — to commingle — and this is, in part, the explanation of why western Europe has been all through the ages the battle ground of the races. It was the converging terminal point of western migration which geographically enforced race contact. During Cro-Magnon times Ireland was prob- ably connected with Great Britain, the British Isles were united with each other, and the continent; the Baltic Sea was a great fresh-water lake, the old shores being traceable even now. The mod- erated climate due to the glacial retreat enabled the Cro-Magnons to live more of an out-of-door life and this undoubtedly contributed much to their physical stamina and mental vigor, and while they continued to frequent the caves, there is every 26 Long Heads and Round Heads evidence of a return to open-air work in the flint and other industries. It would seem in later Cro-Magnon days that the races occupying eastern Europe, and having less artistic natures, spread out in a westerly migration and led to considerable deterioration in both their industrial and artistic practices. The skull type of this new eastern race seems more nearly to approach that of the older Nean- derthals. In fact, some have thought that this race was ancestral to some of the narrow-headed groups which are now found in the region of the Danube and middle and southern Germany. If so, there is an exact revival today of the struggle in ancient times between the efficient industrial and agricultural workers of middle Europe and their more artistic and intellectual contemporaries of western Europe. The Cro-Magnons probably attained their highest artistic culture and their time of greatest power in Europe about 15,000 B.C. CHAPTER VI FIRST APPEARANCE OF THE ALPINE ROUND HEADS THE more recent Alpine race not only has a broad face, something after the pattern of the Cro-Magnons, but also has a broad head. They are round-headed or brachycephallc. For a long time the Cro-Magnon and Alpine races prob- ably competed In central-western Europe. Later the Teutonic Invasion from the north Injected a new element Into the struggle. The Cro-Magnon type of head Is almost identical with that of the present-day living Berbers. ALPINE CHARACTERISTICS We have now reached a time In the history of the world about 7,000 years before our present historic era, and about this time a great revolution in culture and Industry occurred. The artistic spirit almost entirely disappeared, and of the bone implements and allied industries only the harpoons and polishers remained and they are of very infe- rior types. This Is the final stage of the cave period in western Europe and the people have largely given up the chase and hunt and are almost 27 28 Long Heads and Round Heads wholly devoted to fishing. It is about this time that the great Alpine (broad-headed) invasion began, the broad faces in previous times in Eu- rope having been of the long-headed type. The modern descendants of these ancient broad- headed invaders are to be found among the pres- ent Alpine and Celtic races of Europe and the British Isles. The best authorities are of the opinion that the Cro-Magnons were blondes — light-haired and probably blue-eyed — while it is highly probable that the original Alpine stock or the broad-heads were dark-haired and of darker skin coloring. The broad-headed peoples now found in Holland and Denmark probably descended from this race. It should be distinctly borne in mind that the northern regions overrun by the Alpine or broad- headed stock were also subsequently invaded from the north by the Celtic and Teutonic stock and there occurred more or less of a mixing of these two races. This new race was not at all artistic, but had great skill in fashioning weapons. With their advent, art entirely disappears, and the remark- able physical specimens of the Cro-Magnons are succeeded by what appear to have been degraded The Alpine Round Heads 29 savages, who had lost the physical force and strength requisite for the chase of the larger game, and who had turned to the easier and less active life of fishermen. LONG HEADS AND ROUND HEADS "In dealing with European populations the best method of determining race has been found to He In a comparison of proportions of the skull, the so-called cephalic Index. This Is the ratio of the maximum length to maximum width taken at the widest part of the skull above the ears. Skulls with an Index of 75 or less, that Is, when the width is only a little more than three-fourths or less than the length, are considered dolichocephalic, or long skulls. Skulls of an index of 80 or over are round skulls, or brachycephallc [broad]." ^ To compute the cephalic index, multiply the width by 100 and divide by the length. In commenting on the skull Index, Grant says: " The use of this test, the cephalic Index, enables us to divide the great bulk of the European popu- lations Into three distinct subspecies of man, one northern and one southern, both dolichocephalic or characterized by a long skull, and a central 1 The Passing of the Great Race. 30 Long Heads and Round Heads subspecies which is brachycephalic, or character- ized by a round skull." NORDIC AND MEDITERRANEAN RACES The first is the Nordic or Baltic subspecies. This is a long-skulled race, very tall, fair-skinned, light- haired, with blue or light-colored eyes. The Nordics include the great Scandinavian and Teu- tonic groups. The second is the dark Mediterranean or Iberian subspecies. These people live around the shores of the Mediterranean and up the Atlantic coast until they reach the Nordics. They also extend far east into southern Asia. They are also long-skulled like the Nordic race. The eyes and hair are dark and the skin is brunet. The stature is stunted in comparison to that of the Nordic race. The third is the Alpine subspecies, occupying all central and eastern Europe, and extending through to Asia Minor. The Alpines are round- skulled, of medium height and sturdy build. Both hair and eyes were originally very dark, but many h'ght-colored eyes, especially gray, are now found in the Alpine populations of western Europe and even through Germany. Madison Grant, to whom I am indebted for the The Alpine Round Heads 31 brief descriptions I have given of the Nordic, Mediterranean, and Alpine races, thus summarizes the present situation: *' While the inhabitants of Europe betray as a whole their mixed origin, nevertheless, the three main subspecies are each found In large numbers and In great purity." Eye color Is of great value in race detection, because all blue, gray, or green eyes In all races came originally from the Nordic race. Dark- colored eyes are almost universal among wild mammals, and entirely so among the ape species. It Is, therefore, the opinion of most authorities that the primitive races of mankind had dark eyes. CHAPTER VII DESCENDANTS OF THE GREAT EUROPEAN RACES THE three great races of Europe are Identi- fied not only by the skull measurements and other physical attributes but also by distinct and characteristic mental and moral tendencies; and while their colonial descendants In the various parts of the world are more or less blended and intermixed, nevertheless, the present-day descend- ants of these three great white races are suscept- ible of quite satisfactory segregation and identifi- cation In whatever part of the world they may be found. NORDIC DESCENDANTS The Nordic race throughout history has been characterized by a brilliant succession of military leaders, statesmen, explorers, organizers, aristo- crats, and Inventors. The Mediterranean race has given us a lineage distinguished for its love of the beautiful — art — at the same time exhib- iting many of the characteristic traits of the Nordic people, but In less degree. Everywhere in Europe and throughout the world the Alpine 32 The Great European Races 33 race Is found In the peasant or agricultural class. They have never been a seafaring people. In comparison with the other white races, the Intel- lectual attainment of the Alpine race has been mediocre throughout all historic times. In this connection it might be well to note that in the present European conflict, the military class, the real leaders in almost every army, belong to the Nordic race. Flanders, Belgium, and north- ern France are probably more Teutonic or Nordic than southern Germany. The English armies are largely Nordic and also the larger or northern portion of the Russian forces. Whereas, as will be noted more fully later on, the rank and file of the German army is largely composed of a pure or admixed Alpine or round-headed type of soldier. The Nordic migrations outside of Europe in most instances have been quickly swallowed up by the native population, as is evidenced in Mexico, the West Indies, Venezuela, the Philippines, the East Indies, and in India itself. It is only In North America, Australasia, and certain portions of South Africa that the Nordic type has been able to approach predomination outside of Europe. Perhaps the purest type of the Nordic stock on our continent is to be found now in northwestern 34 J.oncj Heads and Round Heads Canada. The original American colonies were almost purely Nordic, but the descendants of this race have been tremendously admixed during sub- sequent times with both Mediterranean and Alpine stock, so that such an authority as Grant really looks upon the Nordic stock as rapidly disappear- ing in America. NORDICS DISAPPEARING IN AMERICA The first great destruction of Nordic stock In America took place in our Civil War, which was fought almost entirely by the descendants of this race. That the future outlook for this race In the United States Is not altogether promising Is suggested by the following warning sounded by the authority just cited: "The result Is showing plainly In the rapid decline In the birth-rate of native Americans because the poorer classes of Colonial stock, where they still exist, will not bring children Into the world to compete In the labor market with the Slovak, the Italian, the Syrian, and the Jew. The native American Is too proud to mix socially with them and Is gradu- ally withdrawing from the scene, abandoning to these aliens the land which he conquered and developed. The man of the old stock is being crowded out of many country districts by these The Great European Races 35 foreigners, just as he is today being literally driven oft the streets of New York City by the swarms of Polish Jews. These Immigrants adopt the language of the native American; they wear his clothes; they steal his name; and they are begin- ning to take his women; but they seldom adopt his religion or understand his ideals, and while he is being elbowed out of his own home, the American looks calmly abroad and urges on others the suicidal ethics which are exterminating his own race." THE BRUNET MEDITERRANEANS **The brunet Mediterranean element in the native American seems to be increasing at the expense of the blonde Nordic element generally throughout the southern states, and probably also in the large cities. This type of man, however, Is scarce on our frontiers. In the Northwest, and In Alaska In the days of the gold rush. It was In the mining camps a matter of comment If a man turned up with dark eyes, so universal were blue and gray eyes among the American pioneers." And so on down through the ages, the great military leaders, including Cyrus, Alexander, Caesar, and Napoleon, have all been of the Nordic race — nearly all blonde, while their armies have 36 Louc) Heads and Round Heads ofttlmes largely consisted of the swarthy little Mediterranean or the round-headed Alpine peas- ant. Even today, wherever the volunteer military system is in vogue, you will find that the vast majority of the volunteers are men with blue or light-colored eyes, light hair, and fair skin. This type have all the way along been the vanguards of the present-day civilization, and it is in this very respect that the voluntary military system con- stitutes itself a eugenic crime against future generations. It always results in a dispro- portionate destruction of those men belonging to the long-headed, blonde, Nordic type, while it permits the short-statured Mediterranean and the round-headed Alpine stock to remain at home and replenish the face — to unduly multiply themselves in the generations which are to follow. In my opinion, this is the real or eugenic argument for universal military training; that the Mediter- ranean and Alpine stock may be compelled to share equally in the race wastage incidental to armed conflicts. CHAPTER VIII "LONG-HEAD" AND "ROUND-HEAD" RACE COMPETITION NOW to go back and pick up the story of European civilization following the over- throw of the superior Cro-Magnons by their infe- rior successors, we are soon brought up to the time of the early lake dwellers of Switzerland — the pile villages — which is supposed to have reached its height about 5,000 B.C. These lake dwellers were round-skulled Alpines. During this period the races were distributed in Europe about as follows: Nordics: Baltic shores — Scandina- via, and eastern Germany, Poland, and Russia. Mediterraneans: Around the Med- iterranean and western Europe — Spain, Italy, Gaul, Britain, and western Ger- many. Alpines: The region of the Alps — the Balkans, extending north and up into Poland and Germany. 37 38 Long Heads and Round Heads DURING THE BRONZE AGE Copper was first used about 5,000 B.C., while one thousand years later some unrecorded genius made the discovery that mixing one part of tin with nine parts of copper would yield the best known metal up to that time for tools and weapons — bronze. This discovery ushered in the so-called Bronze Age and literally revolutionized the world. The older Mediterranean race built up the civil- izations of early Britain, France, Italy, Egypt, Crete, Phoenicia, and to some extent even Rome; but It was not a true European race. During these early days the Nordics of the North — the only true European race — were barbarians. The first result of crossing these two long-headed races is always a fresh outburst of civilization and cul- ture. The day of Mediterranean civilization closed with the fall of Constantinople In the days of Constantlne, and the custody of European cul- ture was shifted from the shores of the Mediter- ranean to the Nordic race on the shores of the Baltic. We have now seen that the Mediterranean race entered Europe from the south and forms part of a great group of peoples extending Into southern Asia; that the round-headed Alpine race came Race Competition 39 from the east through Asia Minor, and that Its present European distribution represents the farthest west this pyramid of migration has been able to penetrate. The ancestral base of this human wedge rests solidly on the round-skulled peoples of central Asia. Both of these races are, therefore, western extensions of Asiatic subspe- cies, and neither of them can be considered as exclusively European. EARLY NORDIC EXPANSION With the Nordic race, however, the case is dif- ferent. This Is a purely European type, and has developed Its physical characteristics and Its civili- zation within the boundaries of Europe. " It is, therefore, the Homo Europaus, the white man par excellence." The Alpine invasion of Europe during the Bronze Age (near its close) was brought to an end by the great counter invasion of the Nordics of the North — the Teutons. In attempting briefly to describe this Nordic war, I can do no better than to quote Grant's comprehensive state- ment: " This first wave of Nordics seems to have swept westward along the sandy plains of northern Europe, entering France through the Low Coun- tries. From this point they spread north into 40 Long Heads and Round Heads Britain, reaching there about 800 B.C. As Gauls they conquered all France and pushed on south and west into Spain, and over the Maritime Alps Into northern Italy, where they encountered their kindred Nordic Umbrlans, who at an earlier date had crossed the Alps from the northeast. Other Celtic-speaking Nordics apparently migrated up the Rhine and down the Danube, and by the time the Romans came on the scene the Alpines of cen- tral Europe had been thoroughly Celticized. These tribes pushed eastward Into southern Rus- sia and reached the Crimea as early as the fourth century B.C. This swarming out of Germany of the first Nordics was during the closing phases of the Bronze Period, and was contemporary with, and probably caused by, the first great expansion of the Teutons from Scandinavia by way both of Denmark and the Baltic coasts.'* LATER NORDIC INVASIONS *' These invaders were succeeded by a second wave of Celtic-speaking peoples, who drove their predecessors still farther west and exterminated and absorbed them over large areas. These Cymric Invasions occurred about 300-100 B.C., and were probably the result of the growing devel- opment of the Teutons and their final expulsion of Race Competition 41 the Celtic-speaking tribes from Germany. These Cymry occupied northern France under the name of Belgas and invaded England as Brythons, and their conquests in both Gaul and Britain were only checked by the legions of Caesar. *'The greatest of them all were perhaps the Goths, who came originally from the south of Sweden and were long located on the opposite German coast. From here they crossed Poland to the Crimea, where they were known in the first century. Three hundred years later they were driven westward by the Huns and forced into the Dacian plain and over the Danube into the Roman Empire. The Ostrogoths, after a period of sub- jection to the Huns on the Danube, ravaged the European provinces of the Eastern Empire, con- quered Italy, and founded there a great but short- lived nation." When these Teutonic tribes poured down from the Baltic coasts, their Celtic-speaking Nordic predecessors were already much mixed with the underlying populations, Mediterranean in the west and Alpine in the south. These "Celts'* were not recognized by the Teutons as kin in any sense, and were all called Welsh or foreigners. From this term is derived the word *' Wales." The Alpines at this time of maximum extension, 42 Long Heads and Round Heads about 1800 B.C., crossed into Britain, and a few reached Ireland and introduced bronze into both these islands. They brought with them from Asia the art of domesticating animals and the first knowledge of the cereals and of pottery, and were an agricultural race, in sharp contrast to the flesh- eating hunters who preceded them. NORDIC SUPREMACY IN EUROPE We have now traced the eastern supremacy of the Mediterranean civilization down to the time when it was threatened by a great invasion of the round-skulled Alpine race and how this threatened overrunning was checked by a counter-invasion of the blonde Nordics of the North. This brings us down well into the Christian era, to the fall of the eastern Roman Empire and the transfer of the European centers of civilization from the Med- iterranean to the Baltic; and so today the Nordics predominate in the Scandinavian Peninsula, the British Isles, Holland, Flanders, the northern half of France and Germany, the north of Poland, and the north, central, and western portions of Russia; that Is, out of the total European population of 420,000,000 there is to be found a little less than 100,000,000 who are more or less purely Nordic. In Germany the folks speaking Low German Race Competition 43 are almost purely Nordic, while the High German- speaking people are almost entirely Teutonized Alpines and are round-skulled or broad-headed in comparison with the more purely Nordic or Teu- tonic long skulls and narrow heads; and, as will be shown more fully later, a great change along these lines has taken place among the Germanic peoples during the last two or three hundred years. The early Nordic invasions of India, the Balkans, and even of Italy, is today manifest only in a sparse sprinkling of the descendants of the old aristocratic and military ruling classes. For several hundred years, throughout all of Europe, it would seem that both the Mediter- ranean and Alpine stock were slowly but surely crowding out and triumphing over the Nordic species, and the present great war in Europe will further reduce the position and power of the Nordic stock. For a thousand years or more the Nordic race has been committing suicide by world- wide expansion and amalgamation with other races; by the feudal wars of the Middle Ages; and by the later religious conflicts and by subsequent revolutionary struggles leading down to the Napoleonic conflict and ending in the awful slaugh- ter of Nordic stock in the present world-war. In the study of European populations the great 44 Long Heads and Round Heads and fundamental fact about the British Isles Is the absence there today of Alpine round-skulls. It Is the only important state In Europe in which the round-skulls play no part, and the only nation of any rank composed solely of Nordic and Mediter- ranean races In approximately equal numbers. Beginning with the first appearance of the Nor- dics in western Europe, the Alpine race has been forced to give ground, but has mingled Its blood everywhere with the conquerors, and now after centuries of obscurity it appears to be increasing again at the expense of its master races. CHAPTER IX LONG HEADS AND ROUND HEADS IN THE GERMAN EMPIRE THE rulers and leaders of the Roman Empire were largely Nordic, but when they ceased to keep pace with the increasing progeny of their slave peoples, and when they suffered increased casualties on the battle-fields, the empire passed rapidly into physical decadence and the end of Roman glory drew on apace. The Roman Empire fell because of the physical decay due to the rapid multiplication of a physically inferior stock, GERMANIC RACE SUBSTITUTION The modern German Empire is also the victim of a subtle and persistent race substitution; not one which has resulted in physical impairment or military decay, but one which has resulted in an unmistakable intellectual and moral deterioration. It is an ethnic fact, an anthropological phenome- non, that for a period of two or three hundred years the Alpine stock in southern Germany has been crowding steadily northward; that there has 45 46 Lo'>:n Heads avd Round Heads been an increasing admixture between the long- headed Teutonic peoples of northern Germany with the round-headed Alpine and Slavic inhab- itants of southern and eastern Germany. Three hundred years ago the so-called Germanic peoples iLere preponderantly Teutonic, but a great change has been taking place in the racial con- stituency of this nation; and this change, be it remembered, affords us the real explanation of the unparalleled brutality, the shocking atrocities, and otherziise inexplicable barbarous behavior of the German armies in the present European conflict. I think the best authority which can be cited on this point of Alpine substitution in the Ger- manic stock is Grant, of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, from whose book, The Passing of the Great Race, I again quote : *' Through the neglect of the Teutons they were allowed to range far and wide from their homes near the northeastern Carpathians, and to occupy the lands formerly belonging to the German nations, who had abandoned their country and flocked into the Roman Empire. Goth, Lom- bard. Burgund. and Vandal were replaced by the lowly Wend, and his descendants today form the In the German Empire 47 privates in the east German regiments, while the officers are everywhere recruited from the Nordic upper class. The medieval relation of these Slavic tribes to the dominant Teuton is well ex- pressed In the meaning — Slave — which has been attached to their name in western languages.'' ALPINES vs. NORDICS But let us more carefully examine the causes of the Nordic decline and the disproportionate Alpine Increase among the so-called Teutonic peoples. We have noted in our studies up to this point that the Nordic race Is probably decreasing in almost every part of the world. The Germanic peoples have been sharing In this world-wide decrease of the Nordic stock for more than two or three hundred years; and in addition to this, the early German tribes were given to a great deal of inter- racial strife and fighting. Many of the most princely Nordic strains were either greatly deci- mated or entirely destroyed in these struggles of the pre-empire days; but probably the greatest single Inroad made Into the Nordic stock of Ger- many was the terrible slaughter of Its most valiant breeds In the Thirty Years' War about two hun- dred years ago. The terrible losses of that struggle constituted almost a moral and Intellec- 48 I.oufi Heads and Round Heads tual suicide, from which the Germanic peoples have hardly been able to recover. The Alpines began their subtle invasion of and assault upon Teutonic supremacy during the days of the disintegrating Roman Empire when the Balkan peoples began to Intrude themselves far- ther and farther westward into the European domain. With the passing of Rome, all Europe became superficially Teutonic, but there persisted this Asiatic Alpine wedge which had never been en- tirely overcome since Its great Invasion and ex- pansion during the Bronze Age. The Teutons were able to check the political and religious Mohammedan invasion, hut they were not able to withstand this racial and eugenic Alpine invasion. GERMANY IN RELATION TO EUROPE It Is an Interesting fact to note that the Roman Empire and Its successor, the Holy Roman Em- pire, consisted of a ruling Nordic class with a vast substratum army and population consisting of Mediterraneans and Alpines. Today the Ger- manic Empire Is built on exactly the same racial lines, the ruling and military classes are more or less purely Teutonic, and the great rank and file of the army and civil population are either purely In the German Empire 49 Alpine or of an Alpine-Teutonic type. In fact, the very name, " Kaiser,'' and even the claims of that ruler, trace the birth of the title back to "Caesar." From the days of Charlemagne, his successors have either exercised or claimed an overlordship over all the European Christian nations. A German Emperor conducted the crusade against the Saracens, and today the Kaiser undoubtedly has had rekindled in his brain the visions of glory and world empire extending his mastery out over all Europe — he sees himself the Charlemagne of the twentieth century, the supreme secular power of all modern civilization. Europe was Germany and Germany was Europe until the time of the Thirty Years' War, and the Kaiser has determined to restore this condition and reign once more as the head of a European Empire — If not, indeed, a world empire. "The European Alpines retain very little of their Asiatic origin, except the skull, and have been In contact with the Nordic race so long that In central and western Europe they are everywhere saturated with the blood of that race. Many populations now considered good Germans, such as the majority of the Wiirtembergers, Bavarians, 50 Long Heads and Round Heads Austrlans, Swiss, and Tyrolese, are merely Teu- tonlzed Alpines." ^ In ancient times the Alpines built up a worthy Asiatic civilization In Mesopotamia; but In medie- val and modern times they have exerted but little Influence on European culture. 1 The Passing of the Great Race. CHAPTER X THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR AND THE REVOLUTION OF 1848 IN ALL the history of civilization the Thirty Years' War stands out as undoubtedly the most devastating crime ever committed in the name of religion. This awful conflict destroyed almost an entire Nordic generation; and at that time these splendid Teutons represented probably the most noble, intellectual, and chivalrous group of Nordic descendants to be found anywhere on the face of the earth. Each year, for thirty suc- cessive years, this struggle took the flower of the best Teutonic families and virtually destroyed the vigor, valor, and manhood of the Nordic Germanic tribes. . The best authorities estimate that about two- thirds of the population of Germany was thus destroyed. In some sections, as in Bohemia, more than three-fourths of the Inhabitants per- ished or were driven out. At the beginning of the struggle Wiirtemberg boasted of half a million inhabitants, and at the close less than fifty thousand were left. The worst part of It was not the fact 51 52 I.onci Heads and Round Heads that so many men were killed, but the loss was borne, as usual, with disproportionate heaviness upon the Nordic stock; that Is, decidedly more of the blue-eyed blondes with long heads were killed; vastly more than there perished of the darker skinned and round-headed Alpines. NORDIC RACE SUICIDE In every great European struggle the Nordics have killed themselves off, and as the result, at the end of each succeeding struggle, the Alpines have found themselves Increased In percentage among the remaining population. And so ever since the Thirty Years' War In Germany, the Teutonic population has been steadily replaced by the Alpine types and stocks of the south and east, by the more or less pure Alpine stock of southern Germany, and by the Wends and Alpine stock of eastern Germany. This change of stock or race substitution has gone on In Germany with such steadiness for two hundred years that at the present time the best ethnic authorities estimate that out of the seventy million Inhabitants of the German Empire there are left considerably less than ten million of the manifestly Teutonic type as regards skin coloring, The Thirty Years' War 53 stature, and skull Index. And to know that this is true, the reader only needs to recall the fact that in recent years practically all of the German Immi- grants who have come to this country are of the round-headed type and do not In any sense approach the older Teutonic or present-day Scandi- navian type of men and women. Of course, some of these earlier struggles also injured France and Great Britain, but nothing like to the degree in which Germany was damaged by these terrible conflicts. The chivalrous Teutonic knights, the spiritual- minded poets, the original thinkers and inventors, and the great scientists and artists of the Germanic Empire had their lines practically cut off and they largely came to an end, as the result of the devas- tation of the Thirty Years' War. When this awful struggle was over there remained in Ger- many but a vanishing remnant of the wonderful Nordic people that formerly had extended her political Influence over all of Europe. But there did remain a large population of round-skulled, brutalized, Alpine peasantry which had been gradually pushing Its way toward the Baltic from both the south and the east, and they, being a prolific race, in subsequent years overran all Ger- many with their inferior progeny. 54 Long Heads and Round Heads Germany's moral (racial) bankruptcy The result of this Nordic loss and the conse- quent undue multiplication of the brutal Alpine type among the German people is shown glaringly in the present world-war. You do not see in the n German army today that olden-time military chiv- / airy which characterized the Teutons of two hun- dred years and more ago. In its place there is found the brutal German joy of battle, the love of atrocity, and delight in suffering and torture. The German army today shows none of that generosity toward and respect for women that characterized the German armies of other days. Today the Kaiser dreams a dream of an ex- panded empire and a political influence akin to the Germanic rulers of former days, but he has failed to recognize that the Germanic race that goes with that sort of an empire virtually committed suicide two hundred years ago; and that he does not have in his realm today the peoples that would make such an empire possible. It is a fact that must be borne in mind, that today only about ten or pos- sibly twelve per cent of the Germanic peoples are really Teutonic or Nordic. The whole eastern half of Germany is largely Slavic-Alpine. They are the round-heads that moved into that region The Thirty Years' War 55 when the Teutons were engaged In the conquest of Rome in the sixth century. In the tenth century the Teutons effected their military conquest, and today their descendants are looked upon as Ger- mans in good standing. They are German in tongue, politics, religion, and culture, but they are not Teutons in either intelligence or morals. The upper class, or long, narrow-headed Prus- sian of today, is of Nordic stock, but the rank and file of the Prussians, with their round, broad heads (the Hindenburg type) , are nothing more nor less than Teutonized Wends and Poles of real Alpine extraction. Of course, the modern Prussian has some of the original Saxon element as well as that of the Goth, Vandal, etc. In this study of the present-day Germanic peoples, the skull index — the fact as to whether they are long-heads or round-heads — constitutes an almost unerring clue as to the real character of the people, and also affords a basic ethnic explana- tion of the present-day spectacle of a supposedly civilized race suddenly lapsing into barbarism and savagery. The truth of the matter is that the so- called Germanic race has been ethnically bankrupt for over one hundred years. The present military outbreak is but the evidence of this intellectual in- solvency and moral bankruptcy, and the time has 56 Loncj Heads and Round Heads arrived for the zvhole world to sit as a solemn court of judgment and appoint a civilized receiver to either wind up or reorganize the national Ger- manic military establishment, LONG HEADS AND ROUND HEADS IN THE GERMAN REVOLUTION OF 1 848 I was recently asked this question : " How could the simple-minded, tender-hearted, home-loving German people that gave us the Christmas tree suddenly become so cruel and brutal?" The answer to this question we have just been reciting; but, in my opinion, there is still another reason for the moral and ethnic bankruptcy of the German Empire, and that is the Teutonic migrations which took place following the failure of the German revolution of 1848. Notwithstanding the awful loss to the German people through the Thirty Years' War and other wars, there still remained in Germany, especially in northern Germany, a goodly percentage of the noble Teutonic people. These tall, blue-eyed Nor- dics have been for centuries the ruling classes of the world, and they did not take kindly to the governmental methods espoused by the autocratic German (Prussian) rulers. The upheaval of '48 occurred. The fight for liberty failed, and these Photo from Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. FIELD MARSHAL VON HINDENBURG The German Alpine of the present day is well typified in Von Hindenburg. He is force personified, dominant, brutal, devoid of idealism and with little or no imagination. He represents the round-headed t\'pe of German. The Thirty Years' War 57 liberty-loving, courageous Teutons left Germany by the tens of thousands. They came to America to enrich our civilization, to contribute their sturdy Nordic characteristics to the last generation of Americans, and their offspring are with us today, constituting the superior group of so-called Ger- man-Americans. GERMAN EMIGRATION TO AMERICA The men of the type of Carl Schurz when they emigrated to this country represented a great loss to the Fatherland and a great gain to America. The German immigrant of that day was instantly loyal to the country of his adoption. They enlisted in great numbers in the Federal army and fought for the preservation of the Union. And be it said everlastingly to the credit of the real Teutonic German that there is not a case on record, to my knowledge, where the German soldier of Civil War days, the long-headed, real Nordic, liberty- loving German who " fought mit Sigel," I say there is not a case on record where these Germans destroyed property, poisoned wells, ravished women, crucified officers, bombed Red Cross hos- pitals, used poison gas, scattered disease microbes, or marched into a conquered village with a four- year-old babe held aloft on the point of a bayonet. 58 Long Heads and Round Heads No, these were the Germans that we are proud to claim connection with. They are the Saxons of other days. They are the same Germans as the chivalrous knights of old. They are of the kind- spirited people that gave us the Christmas tree with its tender sentiments and spiritual associa- tions. And these are the Germans that will be found more largely loyal to the land of their adoption in the present struggle; whereas the disloyal element of German extraction which we may have to con- tend with today will be found to consist more largely of the round-headed type of more recent immigration, the type which enjoys brutality and worships tyranny, the type which has become more common in the Germany of today, with its sterner and more brutal home discipline, all of which has no doubt contributed to the fact that child suicides are to be found in greater numbers In Germany than among any other civilized nation on the face of the earth. THE GERMAN PEOPLE AND THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT President Wilson has said that this country Is engaged in a war, not against the German people but against the German government, and in a cer- The Thirty Years' War 59 tain sense this is undoubtedly true, and I gladly subscribe to the sentiment; but in another sense it would be a great mistake if the American people accept the idea that the heart of the German people is not in this struggle. . This round-headed Alpine we have been studying makes probably the best soldier in the world to occupy the rank and file of the army, and with a ten or twelve per cent Nordic stock for leadership, Nordic stock, as we shall see subsequently, which has rejected all the ideals and sentiments which have intellectually characterized the Nordic people for centuries, I say, under such conscienceless but able leadership these round-headed Alpines make ideal soldiers. By teaching, training, and religious admonition these Alpines have been carefully prepared for their part in the present struggle. The larger part of the German people who would rebel against the Kaiseristic autocracy emigrated to America fifty or seventy-five years ago, and the Alpine civ- ilization which constitutes the rank and file of Ger- many today looks with almost worshipful rever- ence upon the marvelous prowess, the extraordi- nary efliciency, and the wonderful mechanistic pre- cision with which the German administrative and military machinery is operated in the present strug- gle. He really believes that " might is right," and, 60 Long Heads and Round Heads in my opinion, is not likely to change his mind unless he is confronted either with sheer defeat or unless, perchance, there shall arise some great Ger- manic political Moses who could lead him out of his present Egyptian tyranny into the promised land of liberty and democracy. It may be difficult to get a new idea into the head of a typical round- headed Alpine, but when a given idea does get into his head, it is exceedingly difficult to ever get it out. And this Is why I fear we are In for a long war. It Is time that the American people arouse them- selves to an appreciation of the Power we are fighting, Its resources, its ambitions, and last but not least, its racial origin and moral ancestry. THE TEUTONS TRAITORS TO CIVILIZATION I am so frequently asked this question: " If the Nordic races are a superior people, and if the upper or ruling classes of Germany belong to this Nordic class, then why is It, if they are such a liberty-loving, high-minded, and civilized people, that they have become the teachers and instigators of all this brutal, undemocratic, and uncivilized regime?" The answer to this question Is that the Nordic race Is not only a high-minded and highly civilized The Thirty Years' War 61 race, but that it is also the most ambitious and adventurous of all the human races. Again and again in the past history of the world have military adventurers belonging to the Nordic race dreamed a dream of world power and con- quest. In fact, the great conquerors of the world, from Cyrus on down to Alexander the Great, Julius Cassar, Charlemagne, and Napoleon Bona- parte, belonged to the Nordic peoples. The real situation in Germany today Is that the military, ruling, and teaching classes of the empire have become nefarious traitors to the civilization which they represent and of which they are a part. They have seen a vision of world empire. They have dreamed of universal conquest. They know better, but they have hardened their hearts and seared their consciences with the hot iron of principle- less ambition and merciless conquest. Figuratively speaking, they have deliberately gone to the devil and are taking the vast round-headed and com- paratively stupid Alpine peoples with them. The long-heads of Germany today know of a better way than that which they are traversing — the less keen, more stupid round-heads do not. The Teutonic long-heads of Germany today have ceased to keep step with the Nordic race as found In other lands in its march toward democracy and 62 Long Heads and Round Heads the liberalization of human thought. They have chosen to conduct a government and to plan con- quests in harmony with the belief and practices of their race as they functionated hundreds and thou- sands of years ago. In fact, they have gone back to the days of Joshua to carry on their military struggles under the patronage of a tribal god who countenanced unspeakable cruelties on the part of the chosen people in the treatment of their ignorant and inferior opponents belonging to an inferior civilization. The German conundrum of today Is due to the fact that the ten per cent Nordic long-headed, ruling class that dominates the Germanic peoples has sacrificed Its intelligence, its conscience, and Its largely superior culture to Its inherent ambition, love of leadership, and dominating tendency to conquer, exploit, and rule — traits not at all new in the Nordic race, but tendencies which have been, in later years, suppressed and held down in behalf of the higher, more noble civilized culture which characterizes the white nations of today. We have now completed the study of the past history and development and anthropology of the Germanic peoples, and will next take up the con- sideration of Germany as a world menace. CHAPTER XI THE DELUSION OF THE " MELTING POT " I THINK by this time the results of the war have taught us the delusion of the "melting pot." In our younger days, both as Individuals and as a nation, we entertained the belief that we could swallow up into our American civilization the misfit elements of all Europe, and yet be able so to digest and assimilate them as to cause them to functionate in a manner compatable with Ameri- can institutions; but the war, I think, has very suc- cessfully and very generally dispelled this delusion. As a nation we are beginning to awake from our dream. I think we are beginning to realize that the Alpine and Mediterranean races are not at once assimilable into the American body politic. We are even beginning to appreciate that the round-headed German does not readily fit into our program as the long-headed German. In this connection it should be borne in mind that we have a large population in America of very high class, which borders on the round-head when it comes to actual measurements, but which represents a blended stock. Some of our best Irish stock, in 63 64 T.onci Heads and Round Heads head measurements, approach the round-heads, but they are so thoroughly Nordlclzed — that is, they have such an admixture of the Nordic strain of the British Isles — that they are really more Nordic than Alpine, and this is also true of many Germans who to outward appearance appear to be round-heads but who are also quite thoroughly Nordicized. FALSE IDEALS OF DEMOCRACY Neither are we able immediately to absorb into our civilization, and gracefully fit in with our in- stitutions, the more marked specimens of the Medi- terranean race even though they happen to be of the long-headed type. At the close of this war it behooves the American people thoroughly to reconsider the doctrine of the "melting pot" and to revamp the Immigration laws in accordance with our experience in the present world-war. Much of the present-day belief in environment Is fictitious. Education and opportunity will work wonders for the stock that has the right stuff in It from an hereditary standpoint, but the so-called doctrine that "all men are born equal," when looked at from the standpoint of race and eugen- ics, does not prove Itself to be biologically true. We are, of course, willing to subscribe to the teach- The ''Melting Pot'' 65 ing of "equality under the law;" that Is, equality of opportunity and full political rights for all men; but as a race truth there are some doctrines and dogmas regarding the political brotherhood of man which originated In the days of the French Revolution and which no nation has ever been able to work out In a practical way, though Russia seems now about to start upon another similar experiment to that which failed In the French Revolution. THE NEGRO PROBLEM The doctrine that the negro slave of Civil War days was an unfortunate distant cousin of the white man, who had simply been deeply tanned because he had long lived under the tropical sun, and that his social and Intellectual status was en- tirely the result of being denied the privileges of civilization and the blessings of Christianity, is still believed by many honest and well-meaning sentimentalists. This was the prevailing sentiment in Civil War days, and, mind you, I believe the Civil War was worth fighting either to save the Union or to free the black man. The black man deserved his freedom, but It has taken the white people of America almost half a century to wake up to the fact that more or less political freedom, 66 I.oiifi Heads and Round Heads a little education, good clothes, and ability to speak and write English and go to church has not been able to transform the negro into a white man or even into a black man with anything like equal powers and prerogatives of citizenship; and we are going to have similar experiences in this coun- try with our Polish and Russian Jews and other Balkan immigrants. The unfortunate thing about the *^ melting pot'' is that it does not melt. Race is still the determining factor of civilization and citizenship. RACE DOMINATES CIVILIZATION What the " melting pot " actually does, and what It threatens to do in this country, can better be seen by an ethnic study of Mexico and Its people. Here the blood of the original Spanish conquerors (who, like all the world's explorers, were Nordics) has been absorbed by the Inferior native Indian popu- lation, resulting in a race admixture which w-e now observe in the present-day Inferior Mexican people; and from the days of Rome down to the present, these mongrel types have always repre- sented retrograde movements In the civilization of the day. It must be borne in mind that some of the more desirable specifications in the civilized races are The ''Melting Pot" 67 of relative recent origin, and that when two greatly dissimilar races mix, the usual result is a quick gravitation downward to the more ancient, primi- tive, and lower type of man. The cross between a white man and a negro is not a white man, but a negro. The cross between a white man and a Hindu is a Hindu; and a cross between any of the three more modern European races and a Jew is always a Jew. In crossing the more recent blonde Nordic race with the older brunet Mediterranean race. It will be found that the older brunet type predominates. If the thoroughbred, blue-eyed Nor- dic man marries a thoroughbred, black-eyed Medi- terranean woman, the children will all have either black or dark-colored eyes. There will be no blue- eyed offspring, and we must recognize that all the ministrations of a Christian civilization, and all the environment and education of democratic institu- tions, cannot now or ever will be able to alter these fundamental laws of human heredity. . HEREDITY VS. ENVIRONMENT In ancient Rome we see that it was a race sub- stitution that led to the downfall of the empire. So today In Germany we see results of an ethnic substitution which has been going on for several hundreds of years and resulting In a gradual de- 6S Long Heads and Round Heads cline in Nordic stock. In America we already begin to see the political effects of the race sub- stitution which is going on in our midst, and many are looking with alarm to the American future, unless something is done to counter-work these things w^hich have undermined and overthrown one civilization after another during past ages. IVe must accept it as a demonstrated fact that the ^'melting pot'^ of Institutional Democracy can- not turn an individual of inferior racial tendencies into a citizen who can functionate on a level with those individuals who are descended from, the racially superior human stocks, and this is just as true of America as it is of Germany or any other nation. The results of education, civilization, and Christianization are not dii'ectly transmissible by heredity. Modern biologists believe that so-called acquired characteristics are not inherited. Moral- ity is functional and not organic, and the intel- lectual status of a race or nation is, after all, de- termined more by the racial stock and heredity than by environmental institutions and a political atmosphere of even so-called democracy. CHAPTER XII NORDIC EGOTISM JOINED TO ALPINE STUPIDITY THE German people are keen to recognize and not slow to boast about their Nordic or Teutonic racial superiority, but they seem very slow to recognize and exceedingly loath to reckon with the overwhelmingly preponderant Alpine stock which, as we have shown, constitutes the bulk of the German peoples of today. According to their own standards, they are weighed in the bal- ance and found wanting, as shown by the following statement by Woltmann: *' Whosoever has the characteristics of the Teutonic race Is superior. . . . All the dark people are mentally inferior, because they belong to the passive races. . . . The cultural value of a nation is measured by the quantity of Teutonism It contains." A most extraordinary thing developed In Ger- many In the last hundred years. This subtle sub- jugation of the Teutonic Intellect by the racial Alpine Invasion, while It has worked to produce a great military organization, has resulted In a great intellectual and moral decadence; but the Ger- manic leaders do not seem to recognize this fact. 69 70 Loufi Heads and Round Heads The spectacle of the German people today Is all summed up in this formula: Nordic egotism plus Alpine stupidity. OUT OF THEIR OWN MOUTHS And that the reader may clearly discern that this is not an unwarranted — an unjustified — indict- ment, let us hear the story of Germanic self-praise out of the mouths of Germanic writers and authori- ties themselves. No more telling presentation of Teutonic egotism and self-confidence wedded to Alpine bad taste and stupidity could possibly be imagined than the following quotations, taken, in every instance, from the writings of some recog- nized German authority, and which are given here- with without comment: "The German people is always right, because it is the German people." — Tannenberg. "We must vanquish, because the downfall of Germanism would mean the downfall of human- ity." — Konig. " Germany Is precisely — who would venture to deny It — the representative of the highest moral- ity, of the purest humanity, of the most chastened Christianity." — Francke. "If Fate has selected us to assume the leader- ship In the Kultur-life of the peoples, we will not Nordic Egotism — Alpine Stupidity 71 shrink from this great and lofty mission." — Pazaurek. " If we are beaten — which God and our strong arm forbid — all the higher Kultur of our hemis- phere, which it was our mission to guard, sinks with us into the grave." — Hornack. "Our belief Is that the salvation of the whole Kultur of Europe depends upon the victory which German * Militarism' is about to achieve." — Manifesto signed by 352 Hochschullehrer (pro- fessors and lecturers). " We must win, because if we were defeated no one in the whole world could any longer cherish any remnant of belief in truth and right, in the Good, or, indeed, in any higher Power which wisely and justly guides the destinies of humanity." — Helm. " Germany is the future of humanity. If God is for us, who can be against us? It is enough for us to be a part of God. The German soul Is the world's soul. God and Germany belong to one another. Germany is the center of God's plan for the world." — Lehmann. "The whole of European Kultur .... is brought to a focus on this German soil and in the hearts of the German people. It would be foolish to express oneself on this point with modesty and 72 Long Heads and Round Heads reserve. We Germans represent the latest and the highest achievement of European Kultur." — Lasson. GERMAN HATE AND ALPINE CRUELTY In order to understand the present performance of the German people and the cruel behavior of the German soldier, certain Important and Inherent characteristics of both the Teutonic and Alpine races should be borne In mind: / — The Inherent tendency of the strong-minded Nordic or Teutonic peoples to enter upon conquest, and the further fact that this strong-minded race is capable of Indulging Itself In a very persistent and determined form of hatred. 2 — The natural and inherent tendency of the Alpine stock toward comparative stupidity and actual brutality. Now, by putting these tendencies together, and considering them in connection with the modern system of teaching In the German schools — the teaching of war-worship — we have the stage all set, both from the racial and educational stand- points, for the superior Teutonic race to teach the beauty of war and the legitimacy of brutal torture to each succeeding generation of Alpine or Teuton- ized Alpine children ; and then, as in the case of the Nordic Egotism — Alpine Stupidity 73 present war, when the Prussian ruling classes be- come obsessed with an Inhuman hatred, how beauti- fully the stage Is set for them to turn loose the individual Alpine soldier to give free reign to his natural savage Instincts and his inherent brutal tendencies. How marvelously wrought and how wonderfully organized Is the whole scheme, educa- tionally and racially, to bring about the terrible reign of Germanic frightfulness and Teutonic ruthlessness. And, In my opinion, we Americans would be quite Incapable of understanding the pres- ent Germanic attempted reign of terror without carefully analyzing In our own minds and quite fully comprehending these foregoing facts. SELF-CONDEMNATION And now that the reader may see that the Ger- man people themselves. In some measure at least, understand this fact (at least that some of their more noble poets and more civilized philosophers understood It), I only need to cite the three fol- lowing quotations from Goethe, Heine, and Vierordt. They tell this story more eloquently and convincingly than I possibly could : *' The Prussians are cruel by nature ; civilization will make them ferocious." — Goethe. "The Prussians .... nature has made them 74 Long Heads and Round Heads stupid, science has made them wicked. The Ger- mans are much more revengeful than the Romance peoples; this is because they are idealists, even in hatred. We Germans hate long and hate deeply, to our last breath." — Heine. *' To those who think me too violent, I make this simple answer: It is God who urged me, who enjoined me to write this work with words of power. There is still a God of Force, of Pride, who takes a pleasure in seeing the German Michael at last aroused; but Michael, you still need spurring. . . . This God has chosen his German people to be wrought into an engine of destruction, to be hurled against other people who are always on edge, who will not let us live and labor in peace. When it comes to fighting these enemies, then there are no longer any laws of war. There is but one way: Kill, kill, kill them all! Our great poet, Heinrich von Kleist, wrote long ago: ' Kill them ; the tribunal of the world will not ques- tion your motives.' Yes! There is a God who loves the savage onslaught, and who, as the creator of the universe, also loves words that hit hard. To this God the shouts of the strong are sweeter than the moaning of old women." — Vierordt. CHAPTER XIII THE GERMAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM 1 WONDER if the American people really un- derstand the workings of the modern German educational system. In Germany every college professor, every public instructor, down to the most humble teacher employed in the kindergarten, is under governmental — imperial control and di- rection. By means of this strong, centralized system and control, the Kaiser and his associate Prussian ad- visers are able to impress on the youth of Germany any system of ethics or military teaching which they may see fit. In other words, the educators of Germany are in the direct employ of the Prussian military party, which at the present time controls and dominates the imperial German govern- ment. TEACHERS DOMINATED BY THE MILITARY The slightest deviation from these policies which have been instituted in Berlin and which are pre- scribed for the teachers of Germany is certain to bring swift retribution and sure punishment from 75 76 Long Heads and Round Heads the German authorities. The German teacher knows full well that he must carry out to the letter the plans and policies dictated by the Berlin authorities. It should still further be recognized that the German educational scheme does not promote and foster the system of free play and games which other countries look upon as of such great value In developing the individuality and initiative of the pupil. I can recall In my mind now seeing the long lines of German children being marched to and from their play and brief outings In semi-military fashion, carefully guarded by their teachers. Un- fortunately, the German system causes a child to look upon his play as a serious thing, as a means to an end; whereas. In this country, we teach a child to play a game just for the sake of the game. But perhaps the most serious flaw In the whole German educational system Is not so much the blighting effect of the system, as such, upon the independence of thought and spontaneity of action on the part of the German children, as Is to be found In the additional fact that the German authorities have been for more than two genera- tions using this system as the direct means of in- culcating the spirit of war-worship and militarism German Educational System 11 into the mind of every child educated in the Ger- man school system. TEACHING OF WAR-WORSHIP What could be expected of German youth when, as a part of their routine education, their plastic minds were fed upon a teaching which was based upon this philosophy of military sacredness as evi- denced by the following quotations from leading Germanic authorities, which are cited in this con- nection without further comment: " The appeal to arms will be valid until the end of history, and therein lies the sacredness of war." — Treitschke. " If we are to carry on the warlike education of our people — and we are resolved to do so — then we by that very fact affirm our constant readiness again to enter upon a war, as soon as our honor, our inward or outward growth, or the expansive tendencies rooted in the inmost nature of our people demand it." — Baumgarten. "There lurks in our people something of the God-consciousness which inspired the Old Testa- ment prophets. Very childlike, indeed, but of far deeper meaning than he could guess, was the say- ing of a little boy to his playmate at the outbreak of war: ' I am not in the least afraid ! The good 78 Long Heads and Round Heads God will help us for He Is German!'" — Engel- brecht. "The efforts directed towards the abolition of war must not only be termed foolish, but absolutely immoral f and must be stigmatized as unworthy of the hinnan race. . . . The weak nation Is to have the same right to live as the powerful and vigorous nation! ... I must first of all ex- amine the aspirations for peace, which seem to dominate our age and threaten to poison the soul of the German people. ... I must try to prove that war is not merely a necessary element in the life of nations, but an indispensable factor of Kultur, In which a truly civilized nation finds the highest expression of strength and vitality." — Bernhardi. "Friedrlch Nietzsche was but the last of the singers and seers who, coming down from the height of heaven, brought to us the tidings that there should be born from us the Son of God, whom In his language he called the Superman. No nation in the world can give us any- thing worth mentioning in the field of science or technology, art or literature, which we would have any trouble in doing without. Let us reflect on the Inexhaustible wealth of the German character, which contains in itself German Educational System 79 everything of real value that the Kultur of man can produce." — Sombart. PRUSSIAN MILITARISM AND TYRANNY Our ethnic study of the Germanic peoples of the present day reveals the fact that the German Empire consists of about ten or twelve per cent of the Nordic or Teutonic stock, and that the balance is either Alpine or mixed Alpine and Nordic. We have seen, from a race standpoint, that this con- stitutes almost an Ideal arrangement for the building up of a great and effective military machine. We have further noted the fact that the German educational system Is entirely In the hands of the Prussian military caste; that the Germanic edu- cators are all In the employ of the State and under Imperial control; and, further, that the whole modern educational system of Germany is dedi- cated to the military Idea — the aggrandizement of military conquest and the exaltation of war- worship. That the present-day philosophy of Prussia Is essentially a military one Is further shown by the following direct statements, which are quoted In this connection to show that our indictment of Prusslanism Is justified; that they really do believe 80 Long Heads and Round Heads in the military destiny of Germany under their con- trol and direction; EXALTATION OF WAR "War makes room for the competent at the expense of the unsound. War Is the source of all good growth. Without war the development of nations is Impossible." — Wagner. *'The sight of blood and wounds steels the nerves of the soul; the horrors of war stimulate the spirits, so that instead of the falsehood and cowardice of enervation, the old heroic virtues are restored. . . . Fear of God, martial bravery, obedience, uprightness of mind, constancy, truth, manlike courage, manly pity, and all that Is great and good in humanity." — Lasaulx. *'The army takes the first place among the in- stitutions of every country. It alone makes possi- ble the existence of all the other institutions. All political and civil liberty, all the creations of civili- zation, the finances, the State itself, stand and fall with the army. . . . Perpetual peace is a dream, and it is not even a beautiful dream. War is part of the eternal order instituted by God." — Moltke. "Biology, civilization, idealism, and Christian- ity demand war. War is not merely a necessary German Educational System 81 element In the life of nations, but an Indispensable factor of culture, In which a truly civilized nation finds the highest expressions of strength and vitality. . . . The brutal Incidents Inseparable from every war vanish completely before the idealism of the main results. ... A pacific agreement with England Is a wlll-o'-the-wisp which no serious German statesman would trouble to fol- low. We must always keep the possibility of war with England before our eyes, and arrange our political and military plans accordingly. . . . France must be so completely crushed that she can never again come across our path. . . . We must not hold back In the hard struggle for the sov- ereignty of the world." — Bernhardl. " It lies In the nature of a fully developed state — the history of all ages confirm it — to feel the need of forcing the greatest possible number of the Inhabitants of the earth Into the domain of its cul- ture. . . . Highly developed cultural nations conquer to educate, to extend their culture to others. . . . Must culture build Its cathedrals on hills of corpses, seas of tears, and the death- rattle of the vanquished? Yes, It must. . . . Either It must be denied that culture Is a blessing to humanity, and dreams of Arcadian simplicity must be accepted, or the right to rule must be ac- 82 J.ong Heads and Round Heads corded to one's nation. In the latter case, the power of the conqueror becomes the supreme moral law to which the vanquished must submit/' — Kuhn. I CHAPTER XIV PRUSSIANIZED GERMANY HAVE already called attention to the manner and methods of the Prussian militarists in their national propaganda of subverting and brutalizing the German peoples — the vast majority of whom are Alpine In their racial tendency. And now I desire to offer In further proof and demonstration of this despicable and deplorable crime certain extracts from a remarkable address given by Mr. Otto H. Kahn before the Chamber of Commerce, Harrlsburg, Pa., September 26, 19 17, as follows: " I speak as one who has seen the spirit of the Prussian governing class at work from close by, having at its disposal and using to the full prac- tically every agency for moulding the public mind. ''I have watched It proceed with relentless per- sistency and profound cunning to instill Into the nation the demoniacal obsession of power-worship and world-dominion, to modify and pervert the mentality — indeed, the very fibre and moral sub- stance — of the German people, a people which, until misled, corrupted, and systematically poisoned by the Prussian ruling casts, was and deserved to 83 84 Long Heads and Round Heads be an honored, valued, and welcome member of the family of nations. " I have hated and loathed that spirit ever since it came within my ken many years ago; hated it all the more as I saw it ruthlessly pulling down a thing which was dear to me — the old Germany to which I was linked by ties of blood, by fond memories and cherished sentiments. *' The difference in the degree of guilt as betsveen the German people and their Prussian or Prus- sianized rulers and leaders for the monstrous crime of this war and the atrocious barbarism of Its conduct is the difference between the man who, acting under the influence of a poisonous drug, runs amuck In mad frenzy, and the unspeakable male- factor who administered that drug, well knowing and fully intending the ghastly consequences which were bound to follow. *'The world fervently longs for peace. But there can be no peace answering to the true mean- ing of the word — no peace permitting the nations of the earth, great and small, to walk unarmed and unafraid — until the teaching and the leadership of the apostles of an outlaw creed shall have become discredited and hateful in the sight of the German people; until that people shall have awakened to a consciousness of the unfathomable guilt of those Prussianized Germany 85 whom they have followed into calamity and shame ; until a mood of penitence and of a decent respect for the opinions of mankind shall have supplanted the sway of what President Wilson has so trench- antly termed ' truculence and treachery.' " God strengthen the conscience and the under- standing, the will and the power of the German people so that they may find the only road which will give to the world an early peace and in time lead Germany back Into the family of nations from which It is now an outcast. " From each successive visit to Germany for twenty-five years I came away more appalled by the sinister transmutation Prussianism had wrought amongst the people and by the portentous menace I recognized in it for the entire world. *' It had given Germany unparalleled prosperity, beneficent and advanced social legislation, and not a few other things of value, but It had taken In payment the soul of the race. It had made a * devil's bargain.' "And when this war broke out in Europe I knew that the Issue had been joined between the powers of brutal might and Insensate ambition on the one side and the forces of humanity and liberty on the other; between darkness and light. " Many there were at that time — and amongst 86 Long Heads and Round Heads them men for whose character I had high respect and whose motives were beyond any possible sus- picion — who saw their own and America's duty In strict neutrality, mentally and actually; but person- ally I believed from the beginning of the war, whether we liked all the elements of the Allies' combination or not — and I certainly did not like the Russia of the Czars — that the cause of the Allies was America's cause. "I believed that this was no ordinary war be- tween peoples for a question of national Interest, or even national honor, but a conflict between fundamental principles and ideas, and so believing I was bound to feel that the natural lines of race, blood, and kinship could not be the determining lines for one's attitude and alignment, but that each man, regardless of his origin, had to decide according to his judgment and conscience on which side was the right and on which was the wrong, and take his stand accordingly, whatever the wrench and anguish of the decision. And thus I took my stand three years ago. " For we Americans of foreign antecedents are here not by the accident of birth, but by our own free choice for better or for worse. We are your fellow-citizens because you accepted our oath of allegiance as given in good faith, and because you Prussianised Germany 87 have opened to us in generous trust the portals of American opportunity and freedom, and have admitted us to membership In the family of Amer- icans, giving us equal rights In the great Inheritance which has been created by the blood and the toll of your ancestors, asking nothing from us In return but decent citizenship and adherence to those Ideals and principles which are symbolized by the glorious flag of America. "Woe to the foreign-born American who be- trays the splendid trust which you have reposed In him: " Woe to him who considers his American citi- zenship merely as a convenient garment to be worn in fair weather, but to be exchanged for another one In time of storm and stress : "Woe to the German-American, so called, who, in this sacred war for a cause as high as any for which ever people took up arms, does not feel a solemn urge, does not show an eager determination to be In the very forefront of the struggle ; does not prove a patriotic jealousy, In thought. In action, and in speech, to rival and to outdo his native-born fellow-citizen In devotion and in willing sacrifice for the country of his choice and adoption and sworn allegiance, and of their common affection and pride. 88 Long Heads and Round Heads "As Washington led Americans of British blood to fight against Great Britain, as Lincoln called upon Americans of the North to fight their very- brothers of the South, so Americans of German descent are now summoned to join In our country's righteous struggle against a people of their own blood, which, under the evil spell of a dreadful obsession, and. Heaven knows, through no fault of ours, has made Itself the enemy of this peace- loving nation, as it Is the enemy of peace and right and freedom throughout the world.'' CHAPTER XV THE kaiser's dream OF WORLD POWER WE CONSTANTLY hear Americans ex- pressing themselves as opposed to sending troops to fight in Europe, Americans who don't believe in mixing in with the European quarrel, etc. Our fellow-citizens who feel this way do not understand that the struggle of the present hour is not merely an European quarrel ; neither is it simply a gigantic European struggle into which a succes- sion of nations have been gradually drawn; but rather is this a world-wide conflict, even in a greater sense than were the wars of Alexander, Caesar, Charlemagne, or Napoleon. This Is a struggle In which all the forces of all clvinzatlon are united In a supreme effort to prevent the Prussian Kalserism of Germany from realizing its long-cherished dream of autocratic dominion and world empire. Germany's wicked ambitions Already, In the quotations given from German authorities, have we caught a glimpse of this dream pf world domain ; but that such a vision has really 90 Long Heads and Round Heads encompassed the mind of the Kaiser, that such dreams really occupy the mind of the Prussian military overlords of the long-suffering and patient Germans, cannot longer be doubted after reading the following eight or ten direct quotations from German writers and authorities: " Today nothing is more urgent than this — that the will to conquer the world should take posses- sion of the whole German people." — Grabowsky. " Germany, as the preponderant Power in a Great German League, will with this war attain world-supremacy." — Theuden. 'VThe triumph of the greater Germany, which some day must dominate all Europe, Is the single end for which we are fighting." — William II. "The German .... must conquer; and when once he has conquered — today or in a hundred years .... no duty is more urgent than that of forcing the German language upon the world." — Chamberlain. "After all, It Is obviously the meaning of history that the white race under the leadership of the Teutons should attain a real and definite domina- tion of the world." — Die Ziikunft. " Our next war will be fought for the highest interests of our country and of mankind. This will invest it with importance in the world's his- Dream of World Power 91 tory. ' World power or downfall I * will be our rallylng-cry." — Bernhardi. '' Not only Alsace and Lorraine, but all France and Europe as well as the whole worlds will belong to us. Yes, the whole world will be German. Often, walking the woods of my Fatherland, have I dreamed of this supremacy." — Heine. "We hope that a great mission will be allotted to us Germans .... and this German mission Is: to look after the world. Is it arrogance to write such a phrase? Is it vanity In the disguise of a moral Idea ? No, no, and again no." — Traub. " It Is Germany's task today to pass from the position of an European Power to that of a World Power. The German people must take possession of Central Africa, Asia Minor, and finally of the southern half of South America." — Tannenberg. V7H0 STARTED THE WAR AND WHY? It is pretty widely understood, and generally conceded by all parties concerned, that Germany deliberately Incited the present world military con- flagration; that she thought the time had come to strike, and that she seized upon the Serbian Incident as a fit occasion for backing up Austria and pre- cipitating the present world conflict. There are many different methods of proving 92 Long Heads aiid Round Heads that the guilt of the war rests at Germany's door, and while numerous statements could be here cited in proof of this, perhaps the following from the writings of Harden In the autumn of 19 14 Is suffi- cient to serve our purpose at this time and to show that the guilt Is self-confessed: "That Germans do not fit Into the bustle of peaceable nations Is the proudest ornament of the German character. Their manhood does not feminize Itself in long peace. War has always been their chief business. . . . Germany means to grow, to coin the achievements of its men and its States Into rights of sovereignty before which every head must bow in reverent greeting. Ger- many is striking. Who gave her leave? Her right is In her might. Therefore she Is waging a good war. . . . We are not waging war to punish countries, nor to free enslaved peoples and then warm ourselves In the consciousness of our unselfish nobility. We are waging war because of our solid conviction that Germany, In view of her achievements, has the right to demand and must obtain more room on the earth and a broader sphere of action. . . . Now the hour has struck for German supremacy. A peace that does not secure this will leave our efforts unrewarded. . . . We shall stay in the Belgian lowlands, to Dream of World Power 93 which we shall add the narrow coast strip to and beyond Calais. . . . From Calais to Antwerp, Flanders, Limburg, and Brabant, up to and includ- ing the chain of forts on the Meuse, are to be Prussian." — Maximilian Harden, in Die Zukunft, CHAPTER XVI PRUSSIAN CONTEMPT FOR INTERNATIONAL LAW THE world has come to recognize that the Prussian government looks only with con- tempt upon national treaties and other solemn contracts. The present rulers of Germany look down In disdain upon the sacred obligations of international law. The German military system does not permit itself to be in the least handicapped or fettered by any of the so-called rules of civilized warfare. Not only do we observe that, by practice and performance, Germany has made herself an Inter- national outlaw — an outcast among the civilized countries of the earth, so much so that more than a score of nations have already declared war upon her — I say, not only do the cruel and barbarous acts of the German military machine justify this universal and world-wide contempt, but a perusal of the following quotations from leading German authorities will show that German militarists, philosophers, and educators have been for half a century Inculcating this very disrespect for inter- national law into the minds and hearts of each 94 Contempt for International Lazv 95 successive generation. Read what BernhardI, Treltschke, and Hartmann have to say on the sub- ject of international law and the rules of civilized warfare: '^MITTEL EUROPA'' '* We can Increase our power by joining to Ger- many those middle European States which are at present Independent, forming a Central European Union which .... should have the purpose of defense and offense for promoting the Interests of all Its members. This object can In all probability be realized only after a victorious war." — Bern- hardI. ** In the division of the non-European world among the European powers Germany has always hitherto failed to get Its share; and the question whether we can become an oversea Power Involves our existence as a Power of the first rank. If we cannot, we face the horrible prospect that England and Russia will divide the world between them." — Treltschke. " Military action must be determined solely in accordance with those conditions which usually pre- vail In war; In this sense its procedure Is completely ruthless. For the individual soldier murder and ill-treatment, robbery and pillage, are crimes and 96 Long Heads and Round Heads offenses whether committed In war or In peace. It goes without saying that, In actual warfare, it Is hardly ever possible to draw a sharp line between these two courses of action on the part of the fighting forces. Rights which the war power has to respect can exist only In so far as they are ex- pressly conceded, recognized, or maintained by that power. ... If the war power admits duties, It Imposes them upon Itself by virtue of Its own supremacy; It does not regard them as Imposed upon Itself by any external authority. Uncondi- tioned freedom of military action In war Is an Indispensable condition of military success. This Is the principle which must be evoked from a mili- tary point of view against every effort to fetter action by an international law of war." — General Hartmann. GERMANIC DECEIT AND DISHONOR That solemn treaties with the nations are mere " scraps of paper " is not a new doctrine In Prussia. That deception and faithlessness are not incom- patible with national self-respect and honor has long been taught the German people by their Prussian overlords and military masters. That ** necessity knows no law," and that Ger- man might In Itself constitutes the height of moral Contempt for International Laiv 97 mandate, is the very quintessence of modern Ger- man philosophy. Read these confessions of deceit and dishonor and then see how small a thing it was for Germany to violate Belgium's neu- trality: "All written constitutions are only scraps of paper.'' — Frederick William iv. " If there Is anything to be gained by it, we will be honest; if deception Is necessary, let us be cheats." — Frederick ii. " It Is natural, and within certain limits, politi- cally a matter of course, that the German Emperor should have thought that, until Germany had a strong fleet, we must try to keep on good terms with England, and even, on occasion, to make concessions." — Reventlow. " Gentlemen, we are now In a state of necessity of self-preservation, and necessity knows no law. Our troops have occupied Luxemburg and perhaps have already entered Belgian territory. Gentle- men, that is a breach of International law. . . . The wrong — I speak openly — the wrong we thereby commit we will try to make good as soon as our military alms have been attained." — Beth- mann-Hollweg, August 4, 19 14. *' It Is necessary to distinguish between public and private morality. Since the State is power, 98 Long Heads and Round Heads the relative importance of duties must be quite different for it and for the individual. For the State, self-assertion is the greatest of the com- mandments; for it, this is absolutely moral. And for this reason It must be declared that of all polit- ical sins the most abominable and the most con- temptible is vi^eakness; this Is, In politics, the sin against the Holy Ghost. . . . Moreover, every sovereign State has the undoubted right to declare war at Its pleasure, and Is consequently entitled to repudiate Its treaties.*' — Treitschke. CHAPTER XVII "might is right" THE LAW OF THE JUNGLE GERMANY was one time Christian in its morals and humanitarian in its philosophy, and in order to justify the Prussian propaganda of war-worship, conquest, and frightfulness, a new priesthood of state military priests and paid phil- osophers had to be developed and fostered, and in this task the Prussians were easily and thoroughly successful. And, in proof of the new religion of Germany, of the new ethics of Prussia, that " might is right," we can cite numerous authorities without having the trouble to quote from Nietzsche and his diabol- ical doctrines of the Superman. And so to show that today, in the standards of the German nation, might is regarded as the equivalent of right, we have only to cite the following authorities: THE NEW LAW OF FORCE *' In the age of the most tremendous mobiliza- tion of physical and spiritual forces the world has ever seen, we proclaim — no, we do not proclaim 99 100 I.ouc) Heads and Round Heads It, but it reveals itself — the Religion of StrengtH." — Prof. Delssmann. "What does right matter to me? I have no need of It. What I can acquire by force, that I possess and enjoy; what I cannot obtain, I re- nounce, and I set up no pretensions to Indefeasible right. ... I have the right to do what I have the power to do." — Stirner. ''Let us drop our pitiable efforts to excuse Ger- many's actions; let us cease heaping contemptible Insults upon the enemy. Not against our will were we thrown Into this gigantic adventure. It was not Imposed on us by surprise. We willed It; we were bound to will It. We do not appear be- fore the tribunal of Europe; we do not recognize any such jurisdiction. Our force will create a new law In Europe. It is Germany that strikes. When It shall have conquered new fields for its genius, then the priests of all the gods will exalt the war as blessed." — Harden. " The law of the strong holds good everywhere. ... A so-called small State Is not a State at all, but only a tolerated community, which absurdly pretends to be a State. . . . The lesser States have rights only In so far as they possess a power of resistance that must be taken Into account. . . . Since almost every part of the globe Is Inhab- *' Might Is Right'' 101 ited, new territory must, as a rule, be obtained at the cost of its possessors — that is to say, by conquest, which thus becomes a law of necessity. ... In such cases might gives the right to occupy or to conquer. Might is at once the supreme right, and the dispute as to what is right is decided by the arbitrament of war." — Bernhardi. BARBARIC RUTHLESSNESS The subject of German ruthlessness and Prus- sian barbarism needs little or no proof outside of Germany's military conduct in the present war; but, in order to show that her cruelties were pre- meditated — that they are part of the Prussian military system — one needs only to go through the present-day literature of her poets, philoso- phers, and professors to find the incriminating evidence. How could any people, especially those with Alpine racial susceptibility, be other than cruel and ruthless when fed upon such teach- ings as the following extracts are representative of: " In case any of the Inhabitants fire upon soldiers of the German army, one-third of the male popu- lation will be shot." — Notice posted, Hasselt, Belgium, August 17, 19 14. "The soldier must be hard. Grow hard, war- riors! It is better to let a hundred women and 102 Long Heads and Round Heads children belonging to the enemy die of hunger than to let a single German soldier suffer." — Gen. von dcr Goltz. " If neutrals were destroyed so that they disap- peared without leaving any trace, terror would soon keep seamen and travelers away from the danger zones and thus save many lives." — Prof. Flamm. "Beginning with today, no more prisoners are to be taken. All prisoners are to be put to death. The wounded, whether armed or not, are to be put to death. Prisoners even where they are organized in large units, are to be put to death. No living man is to remain behind us." — Gen. Stenger, August 26, 19 14. DELIBERATE RUTHLESSNESS "At the present time war must be conducted much more ruthlessly and much more violently, and it must come much nearer to affecting the en- tire population than has previously been the case. . . . Military situations necessarily vary and mili- tary problems are therefore subject to personal judgment, which can recognize no other law than that of military necessity." — Hartmann. "You know very well that you are to fight against a cunning, brave, well-armed and terrible enemy. Might Is Right" 103 If you come to grips with him be assured quarter will not be given, no prisoners will be taken. Use your weapons in such a way that for a thousand years no Chinese shall dare to look upon a German askance. Be as terrible as Attila's Huns." — William II, Speech to the Chinese Expeditionary Forces, July 27, 1900. "We are not only compelled to accept war .... but are even compelled to carry on this war with a cruelty, a ruthlessness, an employment of every imaginable device, unknown in any previous war. . . . Whoever cannot prevail upon himself to approve from the bottom of his heart the sink- ing of the Lusltania — whoever cannot conquer his sense of the gigantic cruelty to unnumbered per- fectly innocent victims .... and give himself up to honest delight at this victorious exploit of Ger- man defensive power — him we judge to be no true German." — Baumgarten. ''Hatred, delight in mischief, rapacity and am- bition, and whatever else is called evil, belong to the marvelous economy of the conservation of the race. One must .... resist all sentimental weakness. Life Is In Its essence appropriation. In- jury, the overpowering of whatever is foreign to us and weaker than ourselves, suppression, hard- ness, the forcing upon others of our own forms, 104 Long Heads and Round Heads the Incorporation of others, or, at the very least and mildest, their exploitation. . . . Verily, ye good and just; much In you Is laughable, and most of all your fear of what hath hitherto been called ' devil '. . . . I guess that you will call my Super- man ' devil' I " — Nietzsche. SELF-CONFESSED GERMAN MILITARY CRUELTY That the Prussian propaganda of war-worship and "might Is right" has served the purpose of unleashing the latent barbarism and the Inherent cruelty in the breast of the Alpine soldier Is borne out by the following extracts, which are but a few of many that might be cited in this connection, and which are made from letters found on dead or captured soldiers. Many of these letters are too awful to read, but extracts from just a few will serve to show the reader how fruitful has been the effort of the Germans to harden the hearts and debase the morals of the young manhood of the nation: "The captain called us about him and said: ' In the fort that Is to be taken there are, In all probability. Englishmen. I do not wish to see a single English prisoner In the hands of the com- pany.'" — Officer, 85th Inf., 9th Corps. Courcy, October 22. "The village and the ''Might Is Right" 105 workingmen's houses here are thoroughly looted and ruined. Atrocious! After all, there is something in what is said about German barba- rians." — Z , 78th Inft., loth Corps. " Those who were able to walk were made pris- oners and taken along; those who were seriously wounded, who had a shot in the head or in the lungs, etc. . . . and were not able to get up, re- ceived more bullets to finish them. These were our orders." — Reservist Fahlenstein, 34th Fusi- leers, Second Army Corps. " I am sending you a bracelet made out of a piece of shell. This will be a fine souvenir of a German warrior, who has gone through the whole campaign and has killed heaps of Frenchmen. I have also bayoneted a good number of women. During the battle of Budonwiller, I did away with four women and seven young girls in five minutes. The captain had told me to shoot these French sows, but I preferred to run my bayonet through them." — Letter from Johann Wenger. *'They are shot down from the trees like squir- rels, and below they are warmly greeted with rifle-butts and side arms; they need no surgeons. . . . No quarter is given. A Frenchman turning over, calls for quarter but is pinned to the earth. . . . Very soft-hearted men put the French 106 Long Heads and Round Heads wounded out of their misery with bullets; the others hew and stab whenever they can. ... At the entrance of their leafy shelter huts they He, whining for mercy; but whether they are slightly or mortally wounded, our brave musketeers save the Fatherland the costly care of numerous ene- mies." — Officer Klemp, In letter, attested by Lieut, de NIem. GERMAN PLANS FOR SPREADING DISEASE AND PESTILENCE A short time ago the United States government gave out information to the effect that Germany had perfected plans for the cultivation of the microbes of Asiatic cholera and other pestilences, and was planning, through her secret agents, to inoculate the water supply and otherwise to bring about the Infection of the Allied armies. And now come the revelations of William le Queux, publishing the letters of Albrecht Zuber showing how he was actually employed by one Rudolph Rahl to cultivate these microbes, and thus the whole exposure — this whole revelation of Ger- manic f rightfulness — acquires the real background of truth and definite information. But Is not this in perfect harmony with the teach- ings of the German authorities herein cited? Have ''Might Is Right'' 107 they not been trained that all methods of extermin- ating, crippling, or destroying their opponents is legitimate? Why should their scruples hesitate when it comes to a simple matter of cultivating disease microbes in a laboratory, and then by inoculating the food or water supply of their enemies through their well-organized system of secret agents, I say why should they hesitate at such a simple procedure as this when they have already in their philosophy thrown overboard all the rules of civilized warfare, humanity, and com- mon decency? CHAPTER XVIII THE GERMAN "SUPERMAN" THE German so-called "Superman" is turn- ing out not to be a man at all, or if so, a barbarian. The product of all of the German's painstaking industrial and technical labor has proven to be (owing to the loss of morals and ideals), not a super-civilized man but a cruel and murderous beast. The further proof that a moral deterioration has been taking place in the German system is convincingly shown by the fact that the Germans, while priding themselves on the posses- sion of such a superior Kultur, are almost wholly unable to comprehend the viewpoint of the other nations. They seem to be peeved and astounded that any nation should criticize their acts in Bel- gium, that anybody should complain at their continuous campaign of rape, arson, plunder, and murder. TEUTONIC EGOTISM The civilized peoples have simply spoiled Ger- many. Because of the way in which she has worked out practical details — because they were 108 The German ''Superman" 109 a great nation of technologists — all the world has flocked to their borders just as surgeons are wont to patronize a free and open clinic. And so because Germany has proved herself to be a clearing-house of the world in many branches of industry, science, and art, she has fallen into the erroneous opinion that she was the originator of all these things which caused so many people to come to Germany to observe and to study. And so Teutonic egotism has steadily been held up to the point where the Kaiser and his advisers think this whole world revolves on a German pivot and that what Germany does in the realm of International morals — that what the Prussian military system may do as regards the rules of warfare is right because Germany does It and so the German people seem to have taken it for granted that the civilized v/orld would take their atrocious military conduct as something goad and commend- able just because It was "made in Germany." The Germans have said that the time would come when the civilized world would bow down on Its knees before Germanic Kultur, and since this whole scheme of ruthlessness is a part of Ger- man Kultur, these Teutons are amazingly shocked that the world has the audacity to question their conduct or challenge their right to prosecute a 110 Long Heads and Round Heads war, while ignoring all principles and laws which have hitherto guided and controlled civilized nations in their methods of warfare. If we are to believe that consummate egotism — a "swelled head" — is characteristic of the Superman, then he has long been on earth, and the Germans are not entitled to the exclusive honor of his parentage. ORGANIZATION AND PREPAREDNESS And the German of today is not even a Super- man in a military sense, for their initiative in the war is due, as can clearly be seen, to their forty years of diligent study and unparalleled prepara- tion. Once let the Frenchman, Englishman, or the American become trained and prepared, not necessarily with forty years of accumulated pre- paredness but with only one or two years, and experience has shown that the soldiers of these nations become at least the equal, if not the supe- rior, of even the faithfully obedient and doggedly perseverant round-headed Alpine soldier who goes to make up the rank and file of the German army. In Germany they may apply the title of " Super- man" to faithless diplomats, deceitful editors, craven professors, brutal soldiers, and their de- graded spies who blow up Industrial plants, wreck The German *' Superman'* 111 trains, torpedo passenger vessels, and bomb hos- pitals; but here In America we are wont to charac- terize such people as sneak-thleves, criminals, crooks and murderers. We do not call the likes of these culprits Supermen, nor do we look upon them as qualified to rule all the earth. No, our estimate of such characters Is shown by the fact that their statues do not adorn our public squares and parks, but their photographic likenesses do ornament the walls of our " rogues' galleries." -■' Maybe the Germans would seek to prove the Superman by their world-wide spy system and their cunning detective system organized to promote their plans for the conquest of the world. We know from many unfortunate experiences here In America that this spy system was a thoroughly organized machine, but its efficiency lay, not In the brilliancy of its organizers or In the acumen of Its Individual operatives, but rather In the fact that the Germans had had plenty of time and money to bring about their intrigues, plans, and prepara- tions. When the American secret service got busy, it did not take long to uncover the world- wide German duplicity and deception; and It does not suggest that Bernstorff was a Superman when we learn that for over a year and a half one or two of his most trusted employes were American de- 112 Long Heads and Roniid Heads tectlves. The doctrine of the Superman Is a Ger- man auto-deluslon — It Is simply Supermania. MILITARY INSANITY The German Superman Is a Prussian bugaboo, a part of the Germanic scheme of overawing, ter- rorizing, and dominating first the simple German people, and then the whole world. In this country, certain unbalanced Individuals often get the idea that they are either Julius Caesar or Napoleon Bonaparte. They often become obsessed with the Idea that they are commanders of great armies and are destined to rule the world. We are wont to lock such peculiar Individuals up in places we call "Insane asylums" where their trusty guards may humor them In their military delusions; but In Germany, It seems that when the Prussian rattles his scabbard, draws his sword, christens himself the "elect" of all the earth and starts out on the conquest of the world — why, it appears that In Prussia they call such a war-mad individual the Superman. THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST The biological doctrine of the " survival of the fittest" Is merely a formulation or statement of what happens In raw nature — what happens In the TJie German ''Superman" 113 animal world and among uncivilized and barbarous peoples. In modern civilization it is not always the " fit " which " survive." One civilization may triumph over another, not because it is more "fit" or superior, but because it may be either more virile, more brutal, or, perchance, better organized and possess greater racial or national solidarity. The " survival of the fittest," while it may be In a way good physical law, Is not a doctrine which is either moral or civilized. Of course, it is true that modern society may have later on to pay a severe penalty for conspiring with both science and philanthropy to bring about the survival of the unfit, by the manner In which we see sentimental humanltarianism practiced in some places today along certain medical and charitable lines. The *' survival of the fittest" Is Indeed the law of the jungle, but the civilized nations and democracies of the present hour I believe will never consent to return to either jungle ethics or barbarian morals. I think there are many noble men and women In this world who are fit to survive, who deserve to live, and who would prove a blessing to their fellows — to the world — but who might not be able to survive In any hand-to-hand struggle with such a physical specimen of humanity as a modern prize fighter or even a General von HIndenburg. 114 Long Heads and Round Heads SURVIVAL OF THE WORTHIEST Civilization Is nothing more nor less than a steady, organized, continuous effort to substitute for the law of the jungle, the " survival of the fittest," the superior law of humanity — the survival of the worthiest. I do not believe that the so-called German Kultur of today represents all that Is best and most worthy In modern civilization. I do believe that the German military organization is the most perfect and fit of its kind on the earth, but when we weigh In the balance the culture of the civilized nations of the world against the Kul- tur of the Germanic peoples which has crystallized itself Into those teachings and doctrines which have culminated In, and borne the fruit of, their marvel- ously efficient and terribly cruel military machine, then, I do not for one moment hesitate to align myself, body, soul, and spirit with those forces which are to struggle In defense of civilized culture in its mortal combat for the overthrow of the bar- barous German Kultur — the law of the jungle. CHAPTER XIX GERMANY A MENACE TO THE WORLD'S PEACE AND PROSPERITY WHEN we look at the problems arising out of the present world-war, when we study the racial constitution of the present-day Germanic peoples, and when we carefully weigh In the bal- ances of our own reason and judgment the vital issues that are at stake and which hinge on the out- come of this terrible conflict, we are forced to recognize that from whatever angle we view the present German Empire — we are forced to recog- nize that modern Germany Is a world menace. Germany Is a menace not only to the world's peace and prosperity, but to the liberty of nations and the democracies of the world. She Is, as we shall see presently, also a menace to science and art, not to mention religion and morals. Yes, Indeed, the present Prussian autocracy Is a menace to civilization itself. GERMANY AN INTERNATIONAL OUTLAW No nation, no people, can go on In the quietude of Its own culture and engage in the up-building 115 llC) Long Heads and Round Heads of Its industries and furtherance of Its peaceable pursuits as long as the German military establish- ment Is permitted to survive. The peace and the prosperity of the whole world have been jeopard- ized by Germany for a generation, and are now destroyed by premeditated German military at- tack, and will continue to be jeopardized — yes, the world will resolve Itself Into one great armed camp — just as long as Kaiserism and Prusslanism are permitted to come out of this war unwhipped and undestroyed. We have quoted several times from Nietzsche, and be it remembered that at least one German professor sung his praises as a prophet come down from high heaven to the German people ; but we venture to give one more quotation from this writer's philosophy which, if believed by any pow- erful, self-assertive nation the equal of modern Germany, cannot do otherwise than produce a nation which as long as It is militarily well organ- ized and intact — will forever remain a menace to the world's peace and prosperity — that Is, just so long as that people continue to believe in and allow themselves to be deceived and guided by these nefarious Prussian teachings and ambitions. Nietzsche says: ''The Infliction of an injury, forcible subjugation, exploitation or annihilation A Menace to World's Peace 117 Is not in Itself a wrong; cannot be such since life in its essence, In Its primary functions, Is nothing but oppression and annihilation. Conditions of Jus- tice can never be anything but exceptional condi- tions, that is, as limitations of the real desire of life, the object of which is power. The fight is not for life or existence, but for power. Life does not seek self-preservation, but self-increase or *will to power.' The love of fighting is for Its own sake, in contrast to the modern humanitarian view. Spare not thy neighbor. Say not, I will do unto others as I would they should do unto me. Do not believe thou mayest not rob. Christian piety and ideals of equality and peace are impos- sible, since life is nothing but inequality and war." GERMANY A MENACE TO THE WORLD's LIBERTY This war is a clear-cut, life-and-death struggle between democracy and autocracy, between the *' rule of the people " and the " divine right of kings." The German government — yes, and, as at present taught and deceived, even the German people (at least a vast majority of them) — still believe in the " divine right of kings," and in proof of this statement let me cite an extract from the speech of William ll (or rather a quotation from 118 Long Heads and Round Heads his proclamation to the Army of the East in 19 14), as follows: "Remember that you are the chosen people! The Spirit of the Lord has descended upon me because I am the Emperor of the Germans ! I am the instrument of the Almighty. I am His sword, His agent. Woe and death to all those who shall oppose my will ! Woe and death to those who do not believe in my mission! Woe and death to the cowards! Let them perish — all the enemies of the German people! God demands their de- struction; God, who by my mouth bids you to do His will!" And this shows the folly of those Americans who sit back and advocate that we shall wait until the Germans get In our country and then take up the fight. No ! A powerful military conqueror, dominated with the obsession of a World Empire, Is engaged In a deliberate and premeditated strug- gle with all the world to effect its overthrow and bring about Its domination. We have reached the time when, owing to the attitude of Germany, the world cannot go on half democratic and half auto- cratic. It will, at the end of this present titanic struggle, be either all democratic or eventually all autocratic; and It Is against such a day as this that the American Republic has been nurtured and A Menace to World's Peace 119 made strong by a kind Providence, that it may now throw the mighty force of its combined man and money power into the scale against the wicked aggressor of nations; and let us hope that by and through the effectiveness of our forces, though tardy in arriving, we shall be able so to turn the scales of battle as to make the world hereafter and forever a *' safe place for democracy.'* GERMANY A MENACE TO DEMOCRACY Liberty and freedom — the democracies of the world — can never be safe as long as Germany be- lieves in, and is willing to fight in defense of, such pohtical teachings as those of General Bernhardi, who said: *'Our people must learn to see that the maintenance of peace never can or may be the goal of a policy. None of the wars which Fred- erick the Great fought had been forced upon him; none of them did he postpone as long as possible. The right to fight becomes the duty to make war. Right is respected so far only as is compatible with advantage. Might is the supreme right, and to dispute as to what is right is decided by the arbitrament of war." Of course, I am aware that some Germans in this country have endeavored to disown Bernhardi ; yet he is so influential in Germany that the Crown 120 Long Heads and Round Heads Prince declared that " Every German ought to read Bernhardl's book," while his Germany and the Next JVar Is the real Bible of the German war office. And whether or not Germans should read It, I know full well that many Americans would be wonderfully enlightened and rudely awakened If they would but read this book. And now It Is Indeed encouraging that certain so-called German-Americans have recognized the evil of this Prussian poison and the autocratic nature of the German government, and they have set about to organize what they call the " Friends of German Democracy." They set down as their object "The rendering of moral and material aid to the forces and leaders of Germany striving to obtain self-government for the German people." And these men recognize what the German gov- ernment really Is, for In their Initial appeal they draw this terrible Indictment against Prusslanism: "The Prussian dynasty today Is the autocratic ruler of Germany. The army swears fealty to the Emperor and not to the people. The Emperor is the commander-in-chief, with absolute po'wers. . . . No change In the Imperial constitution is pos- sible against the will of fourteen members of the federal council (bundesrath), and as eighteen members of the council are appointed by the Emv Photo from Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. GENERAL VON LUDENDORFF General von Liidendorff is of Nordic ancestry, and his record in the war discloses him as an excellent type of that great race. He has the brains to plan, and the will and the power to execute. He represents the long-headed type of German. A Menace to World's Peace 121 peror, none can be made without the assent of the Emperor. . . . The reichstag Is, In effect, a de- bating society reflecting public opinion for the benefit of the dynasty and Its leading men, and Is not a co-ordinate branch of the government. . . . ,The spirit of democracy In Germany never has been dead, but Its assertion since 1848 has uni- formly resulted In the punishment of the courage- ous defenders of Its Ideals." Whatever the shortcomings of democracy, we must stand for Its defense. George Washington knew enough to refuse a crown as an American king. He probably had sufficient foresight to look down Into the twentieth century and note how little crowns would be worth In this day and age of the world, for If Germany loses this present fight for the "divine right of kings," European crowns win be quoted at astonishingly low prices. I am in accord with the man who said, "While I've never been a democrat, I would pay more for one of Woodrow Wilson's old hats than for the best crown In Europe." Ambassador Gerard, In summing up his conclu- sions on Germany, says: "On the cold northern plains of Germany there exists an Autocracy, deceiving a great people, poisoning their minds from one generation to another and preaching the 122 Long Heads and Round Heads virtue and necessity of war; and until that Autoc- racy is either wiped out or made powerless, there can be no peace on earth." I CHAPTER XX GERMANY A MENACE TO SCIENCE AND ART T IS a mistaken notion, but one long fostered by the Germans, that Germany is the fountain- head of science. It is true, in science and also to a degree even in art and literature, that Germany has in the last fifty years become the world's clearing- house for classified knowledge and practical pro- cedure in the realms of science and higher educa- tion; and, as we have already noted, it is because of this fact that the German people have deceived themselves Into believing that they were the orig- inators of all this vast body of knowledge of which they have become the world's most expert classi- fiers and utilizers. ALPINES NOT INVENTORS There Is a certain percentage of inventive Nor- dic and Mediterranean genius In Germany, but it has been devoted more largely In the past genera- tion to bringing about military preparedness than to original achievements In science and Invention. On the other hand, the round-headed Alpine race never has been noted for Its Inventive genius. It 123 124 Long Heads and Round Heads is true that the Alpines carried the bronze industry during the Bronze Age all over Europe and on even into Ireland, but they did not invent bronze. The bronze weapons which they so successfully utilized in their migrations over Europe were elaborated in Egypt. And in those days, centuries ago, the Alpines, just as they are doing today, took the inventions of science and the arts of peace and turned them with almost magical rapidity into the destructive chan- nels of warfare and barbarism. The Egyptians made tools of the newly invented bronze, but the Alpines seized upon it as an implement of destruc- tion and by it effected their final expansion over all Europe. One great basic discovery does, however, rest to the credit of the round-heads, and that is the dis- covery of iron. Our earliest knowledge locates the discovery of iron at Hallstatt, a little town of Tyrol, where its culture flourished about 1500 B.C. While the Alpines discovered iron, it was, never- theless, the inventive and aggressive Nordic race that benefited most by its use, for these new iron weapons were used by these northern barbarians with terrible and destructive effectiveness when they turned them against their Alpine instructors. It was the metal sword which enabled the Nordics A Menace to Science and Art 125 finally to conquer the Alpines of all central Europe, and then subsequently to overrun and almost de- stroy the civilization of the northern Mediter- ranean peoples. This process of conquering and assimilating the Alpines must have long continued, for it was so thoroughly accomplished that the very existence of the Alpines as a separate race or sub- species of man was practically forgotten for thou- sands of years, and was only revealed in later years by the science of skull measurements. GERMANY THE IVIASTER IMITATOR The Germans are also accustomed to take credit for the scientific, literary, and artistic work accom- plished by the citizens of other races and nations who happen to be residing in Germany — who have come to Germany as the great research arena of modern civilization. An Englishman discovered the process of mak- ing coal tar dyes, but it was the Germans who put it to practical use and so highly developed it. To- day the average Englishman really thinks that the Germans discovered the process of dye-making. All the implements of warfare used by Germany today in her successful military operations were invented outside of Germany. The only possible exception to this would be the Zeppelin, which, 126 Long Heads and Round Heads after all, has proved to be a military failure. Even the balloon, the basis of the Zeppelin, was invented by a Frenchman. Neither have the Germans been such wonderful musical composers. An examination of the so- called musical genius of Germany will reveal a great many names, like that of Rubinstein, which indicate merely that some Jew or person of other nationality lived and studied and wrought in Germany. UTILIZE AMERICAN AND ENGLISH INVENTIONS An American can invent a machine — produce something entirely original — and in five or ten years he has to go over to Germany to learn how to use it efficiently and economically. There is no denying that, when it comes to the scientific application of inventions and the labors of other peoples, this Teutonized-Alpine mongrel race is a marvel, a downright wonder. It is not even to the credit of the Germans that they discovered and first used trench warfare. In other words, these modern Alpines are the most expert adapters and prolific imitators of any people on the face of the earth — unless it is the Japanese. Even this "survival of the fittest" doctrine of A Menace to Science and Art 127 German Kultur, and which they have so over- worked and so terribly perverted, was not the Invention of a German, but of a modest, unassum- ing Englishman named Charles Darwin. The Germans boast of the biological aspects of their culture system, but It was Pasteur and other Frenchmen who really developed the application of biological science to human affairs. In medi- cine and surgery and allied sciences, while they have produced many wonderful workers, there stands but one or two great original think- ers — VIrchow, the pathologist, and Berring, the discoverer of antitoxin who, after all was a Jew. Only In one thing, just one isolated field, has the modern German proven himself to be the Super- man, the peer or superior of his fellow mortals, and that Is In the grim business of war — there and there alone does the German excel. LITERATURE AND ORIGINALITY And so if we follow back in the lanes of litera- ture and art and science, we would find the Ger- mans conspicuous by their absence. Fulton, who invented the steamboat, was an American. The locomotive was invented by Stevenson, an English- man; the telegraph by Morse, an American; and 128 Long Heads and Round Heads wireless telegraphy by Marconi, an Italian, who, by the way, had a British mother. The telephone was invented by Bell, an American. Holland, the American, devised the submarine as well as its torpedo. The machine gun was invented by Maxim, another American; while those two Amer- ican boys, the Wrights, invented the airplane. And last, but not least, even the method of making steel used at the Krupp Gun Works had to be dis- covered by Bessemer, an Englishman. You can make a list of twenty-five of the world's greatest Inventions, and Investigation will show that not a one was invented by this Teutonized-Alpine race of Germany. And so we see that the domination of the world by the so-called German Kultur would ere long bring an end to the wonderful and brilliant era of Inventiveness which characterized the latter half of the nineteenth century, and which still shines upon the world at the dawn of the twentieth cen- tury. The Germans would without question bring about a more practical, effective utilization and employment of the world's scientific Inventions and scientific accomplishments. If such a calamity should ever occur — If such a misfortune should befall humanity as to give these non-inventive Al- pines the control of the world — we would indeed A Menace to Science and Art 129 see a better employment of the inventions at pres- ent in existence, but we should also witness the early disappearance of the racial stock and the strain of genius which has been able to give birth to these new and original inventive creations. CHAPTER XXI GERMANY A MENACE TO THE WORLD's RELIGION AND MORALS IT IS not enough to say that the morals of Ger- many are unchristian; they are decidedly inhuman. And, if the ethics of the Germany of today are to prevail — if German Kultur is to dominate the world — then I think it may truly be said that the Prussianized German Empire jeopardizes the religions and morals of the whole world. Heine's ghastly prophecy Long before this war began, in writing of the moral metamorphosis taking place in Germany, Heine said: "Christianity has in some degree softened, but it could not destroy the brutal Ger- man joy of battle. When once the taming talis- man, the Cross, breaks in two, the savagery of the old fighters will gush up afresh. That talis- man is decayed, and the day will come when it will piteously collapse. Then Thor, with his giant's hammer, will at last spring up and shatter to bits the Gothic cathedrals." 130 A Menace to Religion and Morals 131 How true was Heine's prophecy, how literally true, as regards the Gothic cathedrals. The Teu- ton of the twentieth century is truly reverting, in his religious Ideals, back to the barbarous view- point and the brutal level of his strong, but wicked, ancestors of a former age. The Kaiser has gone back in his theology and ethical ideals to the days of Joshua — three thousand years ago — he has created a Tribal German God to bless his armies and curse his enemies. How even non-Chrlstlans look upon Germany's moral decadence was beautifully Illustrated not long ago, when a patient of mine, a Jew, in dis- cussing the base morals of Germany, said: "In religion, I am not a Christian, I am a Jew. But I would fight at the drop of the hat to defend the Christian Cross and what it standsJor, against the Germanic Iron Cross and what it stands for." GERMAN MORAL DECADENCE It is not merely that the Germans have repu- diated international law and abandoned all at- temps at civilized warfare, but it is indicative of a decadence of morals — of a positive religious decline — that this supposedly civilized race could embark upon such a protracted campaign of kill- ing innocent civilians, ravishing women, bombard- 132 Long Heads and Ronnd Heads ing cathedrals, burning towns, annihilating chil- dren, poisoning wells, enslaving and exiling cap- tives, and, last but not least, in their retreats taking away droves of young French girls to administer to the base passions of the German soldier. And be It remembered that this latter event (taking young girls to the front) has been officially admitted by the German authorities, ad- mitting, at least in one case, that eight and one-half per cent of the girls were under seventeen years of age, and promising to send these very young women back from the army front, where they were supposed to be employed In some sort of military activity. The Germans are spiritually color-blind and morally cross-eyed. The Apostle Paul taught that man had a dual nature, spiritual and animal, and In his letter to the Romans he speaks of the ever-present struggle between the two. It has been the business of the Christian religion — of all non-pagan religions — to subdue this beast, to chain him, to civilize him, in every way possible to hold him In leash, and thus to permit the higher moral. Intellectual and spiritual powers of the individual and of the race to develop and gain the ascendency over the grosser and baser elements and tendencies. This Is the mission of education, civilization, and of Christian- A Menace to Religion and Morals 133 izatlon. But the Prussian policy is diametrically opposed to this. The Prussians have made It their business to unchain this beast which lurks In the breast of every man, to give It unlicensed range of action in times of war. They have studied how to develop Its barbarous fury. They have deliberately capitalized the latent brutality that lurks in the human breast as a part of their program of fright- fulness which should scare the world Into speedy submission to Germanic domination. And how easily, how well they have succeeded, Belgium, Poland, Servia, Roumania, and Armenia all bear mute testimony, not to recall the slaughter of hostages, outrages upon girls of all ages, and, finally, the sinking of the Lusitania and the almost unbelievable execution of Nurse Cavell. - That the Germans have long been restive under the restraints of civilized sentiment and the moral standards of Christianity, and have longed to break away from the influence of these teachings, is further shown by the following extract from one of their most highly respected teachers: *' It will always redound to the glory of Machlavelll that he has placed the State on a solid foundation and freed It and Its morality from the moral precepts taught by the Church. German intellect has wres- tled for centuries against Christianity. Must she 134 Long Heads and Round Heads forever submit to this alien creed and borrow her religion? Germany, while preparing for a world empire, must also prepare to create a world reli- gion. It may be described as the religion of Valor." — Trietschke. CHAPTER XXII GERMANY A MENACE TO AMERICAN SECURITY WHILE we talk about going into this war as an aid to France and in payment of our debt of gratitude to the French people; while we altogether truthfully talk about entering this struggle because it is a fight of the democracies of the world against the remaining powerful and military autocracy; while we enumerate all these high and holy reasons for our warfare against Germany, let us be thoroughly honest and sincere with ourselves and recognize that the first and foremost and the greatest of all reasons for our going into this war — and for staying in it until we see it through to a successful finish — is the fact that Germany, as it stands today, constitutes a perpetual menace against American security. In other words, and in plain English, the fundamental reasons for our being in this war are purely and entirely selfish. We are not going to lose sight of all these other good and perhaps sufficient reasons for entering the struggle, but we will rest our posi- tion upon the fundamental fact that we are en- gaged in a defensive warfare, and that we are 135 136 Long Heads and Round Heads occupied with a struggle whose primary objects are the defense of the American Republic against Insult, Intrigue, Invasion, military occupancy, and, possibly, overthrow — If we waited until such a time as Germany had subjugated the European democracies and we were forced to fight on our own soil, single-handed and alone, as she came fresh and well seasoned, the victorious conqueror of all the rest of the world. GERMAN DISDAIN FOR AMERICAN CULTURE Germany not only unduly magnifies her own culture and civilization, but she looks down with a peculiar contempt upon the American people. I recall well a discussion with a German surgeon not many years ago In Berlin regarding the high pinnacle on which German medical science was supposed to rest. After some talking back and forth, he suddenly confronted me with this ques- tion: "If German surgery Is not superior to all other surgical practice on the face of the earth, then why, let me ask, why do you and other Amer- ican surgeons come to Germany to study and observe our work?'* And I am going to narrate here the frank statement I made at that time, about as follows : " I come to Germany, not because you are the great Inventors or originators of surgical A Menace to American Security 137 procedure, but because you are the most patient, persistent, and industrious practitioners of the sur- gical science of the world ; because you are the most thorough in working out Its steps. Its strong points, and its weak points; I come because If I had my- self devised or invented an operation in America ten years ago, I could probably come over here to Germany today and find out better how to perform it, because of your system of thoroughness; and, further, because of your State system of working- men's Insurance and compensation which puts so many of your surgeons In the hands of the State where they can do most anything they want to anybody (there being no malpractice redress open to the patient) ; and, still further, I come because you have everything wide open here, and so one can see almost everything that any surgeon does; because you are the surgical clearing-house of the world; because of the facility and ease with which I may gain access to the good surgery which you do. But bear in mind, you are not the originators of all this technique which you so industriously utilize and which you so freely put on exhibition for the education of your own students and those from other lands." But I could not convince him. He remained obdurate, and that is because he has been taught that our civilization and our culture 138 Long Heads and Round Heads and science are greatly inferior to his. He has been educated in schools where sentiments like the following are a part of the regular course of instruction: "It is hardly conceivable that in the former British colonies in America any civilization can be produced that will stand morally (sic!) on the same plane with the old civilization of Europe." — Treitschke. While, at the same time, In the public school system of America we have been carrying pages in our readers and sections In our histories laudatory to the Kaiser personally and fulsome In praise of modern German culture ! GERMAN IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA The German government seeks to keep the German immigrant, wherever he may go on the face of the earth, as a potential German citizen. Politically, they seek to have these Germans act In the Interests of the German Empire and In furtherance of the world-dominion ambition of the Prussian Emperor. The political activities of these American citizens of German extraction can only be deleterious to the welfare and prosperity of the American Commonwealth. Please note the fol- lowing extract from the writings of one of their leaders In this connection: "The further duty of supporting the Germans In foreign countries In A Menace to American Security 139 their struggle for existence, and of thus keeping them loyal to their nationality, is one from which, in our direct interests, we cannot withdraw. The isolated groups of Germans abroad greatly bene- fit our trade, since by preference they obtain their goods from Germany; but they may also be useful to us politically, as we discover in America. The American-Germans have formed a political alli- ance with the Irish, and, thus united, constitute a power in the State with which the government must reckon." — Bernhardi. Germany's hostile attitude At one time, in making an address to his troops before sending them forth on a military expedi- tion in connection with the present European con- flict, and before we had declared war on Germany, the Kaiser distributed a map of the world show- ing the extent of the proposed German Empire, and the word " Germania " was printed across the face of North America, the " G " on San Francisco and the "A" on the Atlantic seaboard. The Zimmermann note of January 19, 1917, addressed to the German Minister In Mexico, which has become so well known to the reading public that It hardly needs to be quoted, and in which the German government sought to effect an 140 Long Heads and Round Heads alliance between Mexico and Japan against our country, is further evidence of the attitude of the German government toward the American people. They did not hesitate to begin to parcel out our territory while we were yet a neutral nation. I do not doubt for one minute that if Germany should come out victorious in the present struggle that sooner or later we should be attacked, directly or indirectly — perhaps through Canada, if the British Empire should fall — by the powerful Ger- man autocracy; and I, therefore, believe most sin- cerely and intensely that the American people are now engaged in a solemn and sacred struggle for the maintenance of our national liberty and the perpetuation on the American continent (and, for that matter. In the whole world) of a democ- racy — a "government of the people, by the people, and for the people." Remember, a German naval commander told Admiral Dewey, during the Spanish-American war, that In about fifteen years Germany would start a great war and that the Germans would take New York City, etc. And let us recall that Kaiser Wilhelm once told Ambassador Gerard that "After this war is over, I'll stand no nonsense from America." Everything goes to indicate that there has been a growing hatred of, and contempt A Menace to American Security 141 for, America In Germany for a considerable period of time. Let us ponder well what this all means to us in case Germany should come out of the present struggle victorious. GERMANY AND THE MONROE DOCTRINE Now, if for reasons of expediency, even after Germany should succeed in conquering France, and after being able to reach some sort of a peace or compromise with the British — I say, if for any reason she did not see fit, even though victorious, to attack America immediately, then our conflict with her would come on apace over the Monroe Doctrine; for a victorious Germany in the Euro- pean struggle would soon look to South America as her next field of expansion, after the realization of the dream of " Mittel Europa." And perhaps In this connection it would be well to let the Germans speak for themselves as regards their attitude toward the Monroe Doctrine, South America, etc. Read the following extracts touch- ing affairs in South America: "A portion of our public opinion Is much too cowardly as regards America. The fact that the United States asserts the Monroe Doctrine and practically warns us Europeans out of America does not mean that we must submit to this doc- 142 Long Heads and Round Heads trine. If for the most part we do so, this is due to European disunity, which makes it possible for the United States to fish in muddy water." — Hettner. " Not only North America, but all America, must be a bulwark of Teutonic culture, perhaps the mightiest bulwark of the Teutonic races. South America must also and may easily become a home of new, free Teutonic-Teutonoid races. Teutonic States! Resettlement of the territory by people of Teutonic stock; removal of the non-Teutonic Inhabitants to reservations, or, best of all, to Africa." — Wagner. *' For the people of the Republics that have divided the Spanish and Portuguese inheritance It will be a blessing to come under German authority. . . . . They will soon become reconciled to Ger- man rule, and will be glad to share in the glory of the German name throughout the world. . . . The German settlements in Southern Brazil and in Uruguay are the only bright spots In the dark picture of South American civilization. Five hun- dred thousand Germans live in these regions; and it is to be hoped that. In the reorganization of South American relations, when the Indian-Latin half-breeds have completely ruined themselves, the immense basin of La Plata, with its adjoining A Menace to American Security 143 western, eastern, and southern coasts, will fall into the hands of the German people. The Germans who have settled In the forests of Southern Brazil all have, like the Boers of South Africa, from twelve to fifteen children, on the average, so that the country's safety Is assured by this natural In- crease. It Is really marvelous that the German nation should not long ago have decided to take possession of this territory." — Tannenberg. A CHAPTER XXIII GERMANY A MENACE TO CIVILIZATION ND now who can doubt, If Germany should come out victorious In the present struggle, that all civilization — civilization as we under- stand the term in America — would be menaced by the world-wide diffusion of this triumvirate of " Germanic Kultur," the " rule of might," and the '' religion of valor " ? The American Republic has been summoned as the power of the hour to stand in the gap — to make sure the defeat of our cruel foe. No people were ever called to a higher and holier task, and no armies have ever been mar- shaled for such a crucial test, as regards the future of Christian civilization, since the eventful day when the Polish general, Sobieski, halted the on- rushing Mohammedan hordes as they once threat- ened to overrun all Europe with their barbarous brand of oriental culture and sensuous religion. AMERICA FIGHTS FOR CIVILIZATION The American people are called upon now to finish this struggle; especially is this fact to be brought home to us with more and more force as 144 A Menace to Civilization 145 we witnessed the almost utter collapse of Russia as a military power. The French have long held the enemy at bay. The British arrived in time to prevent Paris from falling into the hands of the German forces as the result of their dash through Belgium; and, no doubt, future historians will paint for us a vivid word picture of that long, thin, British line on November ii, 19 14 — a line so thin that in most places they could not even touch hands. They were absolutely without re- serves. They were the last line of defense when, on that fateful morning about gray dawn, the last supply of ammunition was distributed to them. If you will picture this scene in your mind's eye you will recognize that that long, thin line of British troops was all that stood between civilization and disaster. And as time passes, Americans will in- creasingly thank God that that line held, that the onrushing Germans were checked, that in some places the German dead were piled six and seven deep in front of this last line — on that day, the last stand of twentieth-century civilization In its unequal struggle with the long-prepared and mar- velously organized mihtary forces of twentieth- century barbarism: Every sentiment, teaching, Influence, and law which goes to make up that structure which we 146 Long Heads and Round Heads call "modern civilization" Is jeopardized by the present-day teachings, ethics, and Kultur of Prus- sianized Germany, and it is in recognition of this fact that, one by one, practically all the civilized nations of the earth have been led successively to declare war upon Germany. A thinking world is at last waking up to the fact that Germany — as she is taught, organized, and ruled today — is indeed a menace to civilization. PEACE "made in Germany" But the most amazing thing to me Is that any American citizen — man, woman, or child — should be deceived by these so-called " German peace plans." Germany entered this war with no thought of possible defeat. She never expected to be called upon by any victorious tribunal to give an account of herself. Owing to her wonderful pre- paredness, she has been able to seize and now holds much of the territory she coveted ; and she Is there- fore In the attitude of a burglar who has been caught with the goods on him and who proposes to the policeman who arrested him that they sit down and have a friendly conference over how much of the stolen goods he will be allowed to keep, instead of surrendering his booty and promptly marching off to jail. A Menace to Civilization 147 Germany does want peace, because she has just now, after smashing Into Italy, probably reached the highest point possible for her military con- quests ; but don't forget this, the only kind of peace that Germany wants or will ever consent to, short of her military overthrow or threatened defeat, will be a peace "made In Germany." And that this Is true, let me offer In evidence the following statements by German authorities: " Let us conclude no peace except one that gives Germany greater power on the sea, new coaling stations, new points of support for Its fleet and new areas of settlement — a peace *made In Ger- many.'" — Dr. Beumer, member of the Prussian Diet, address October 3, 19 15, The German viewpoint of peace Is clearly shown In the manner and methods whereby they sought to "put over" their deceptive peace plans on the unsuspecting Russians. The Germans talk " peace " as a military camouflage while they plan annexation and further conquest. [Our enemies] . . . . " Must also pay, and must pay a very high price, for the injuries they have Inflicted upon our interests and upon our good name by the lies they have spread over the whole world. Germany must insist that, in the treaty of peace to be signed by our enemies, they themselves 148 Long Heads and Round Heads shall confess that they forced the war upon us and that they have lied to the whole civilized world. So only can we stand justified before the tribunal of history." — fVann wird der Krieg beendigt seinf by '' Diplomaticus," October, 1914. SHALL WE PAY AN INDEMNITY? *' Naturally, the war hits our oversea export hardest. As long as the war lasts, this export is almost entirely suspended. Even after the war it will suffer serious depression. In the countries of South and Central America, particularly, we shall have to reckon .... upon a decrease, partly because of the diminished purchasing power of these countries and partly because of the more active Pan-American efforts of the United States; and by the right of victory and on grounds of justice we have claim for indemnity at the cost of England and of the United States." — Professor Schumacher. *' We cannot conduct world politics on an equal basis with other powers so long as we are limited to our present geographical position. . . . Eng- land must no longer be permitted to cut us off from our dominions across the sea. The coasts in every part of the world, except where, as In America, they are able to protect themselves, must be A Menace to Civilizatiofi 149 brought under the guns of our ships, just as those of England. . . . This means that the boundaries of the old, great, and entire Germany, which are now again shining In the red dawn of war, must be permanently retained. Above all things, we must get to the Channel. . . . We have occupied Belgium against France; we need It against Eng- land. The Channel is the most decisively impor- tant trade route of Europe; one of Its coasts (since the other cannot be wrested from England) must be ours." — Professor Spahn. WE MUST WIN THE WAR — AND WE CAN! We must win this war! There Is no doubt about it — whether it takes us one year or ten years. It is one of those llfe-and-death struggles for all that we can hold to be near and dear to the hearts of the American people. Again and again we will have to rally to the call for the pur- chase of Liberty Bonds. Our national slogan should be, " Billions for defense, but not one cent for Indemnity." It is even good sound business to loan money to the American government at any rate of Interest it may offer, with the certain knowledge that it will be paid back, than to turn the money over to the Kaiser's representatives as indemnity, not only with the knowledge that It Is 150 Long Heads and Round Heads gone forever, but along with it has also gone our national self-respect and honor. Yes, we will support the Red Cross. We will cheerfully contribute to the Y. M. C.A. auxiliary work. We will conserve food. We will pay war taxes. We will gladly endure every hardship and shoulder cheerfully every burden incident to and attendant upon this great national business of making war upon Germany! I thoroughly believe in the soundness of Amer- ican patriotism. I do not permit the realization that we have a more or less undigested foreign element in our midst to influence my faith in the willingness, determination, and ability of my fel- low-countrymen to carry through to a successful fin- ish the fight we have entered upon. When I wit- ness how willingly and with what unanimity the American people have entered into the great — and to us revolutionary — plans of the selective draft and other activities which characterized our sudden turning from a peaceful nation into a war-making power, I am convinced more and more that, as a people, we are slowly, but surely and certainly, arising from our national Indifference and peace- dreaming to seize the weapons of our hasty prepa- ration and go forth with determination to meet this international Goliath which has come out be- A Menace to Civilization 151 fore the world as the so-called "Superman" of this generation to challenge the armies of civili- zation. As young David went forth of old to meet the giant, so, I believe, the American army of today will go forth as the "army of the Lord" to fight for the preservation of Christian ideals and the survival of democratic institutions. I believe the American people will arise as one man to throw off the curse of inaction and the stigma of coward- ice, so to acquit themselves that the frown of heaven shall not rest upon us as a nation; and, to the bitter end, to fight with such courage and valor as to earn the gratitude of future genera- tions, and receive, as a nation, the blessings of the God of righteous battles in place of the curse of Meroz of old, of whom It was written: "Curse Meroz! .... Curse ye bitterly the inhabitants thereof; because they came not to the help of the Lord; to the help of the Lord against the mighty ! " CHAPTER XXIV THE INDICTMENT OF GERMANY, OR TWENTY-FIVE REASONS WHY WE MUST WIN THE WAR ^ — Because Germany has become an Inter- national outlaw — an outcast among the civilized nations of the earth. 2 — Because Germany has proved herself a shameless treaty-breaker — she has seared her national conscience with the hot iron of principle- less ambition and merciless conquest. S — Because Germany has mistaught and de- ceived a whole people. They are Insane with Prussian poison and drunk with the delusion of world power. 4 — Because the doctrine of the Prussian Super- man is nothing more or less than a cruel military supermania. War-worship has turned their heads and hardened their hearts. 5 — Because they have fooled themselves Into believing that they are divinely destined to force their so-called Kultur upon all the world. By mili- tary force they seek to establish themselves as the self-appointed guardians of the destiny of the whole world. 152 The Indictment of Germany 153 ^ — Because Germany's ambitions are wicked, her plans are unholy, and her methods bar- barous — because she has sinned against all man- kind. ,7 — Because she has reversed the ethics of civili- zation, overthrown the ideals of religion, and de- stroyed the standards of morality and common decency. V 5— Because they worship tyranny, reverence oppression, exalt hate, extol cruelty, practice dis- simulation, and are obsessed with an Insane na- tional egotism. g — Because Germany is returning to the ethics of the jungle — because they are unchristian, un- civilized, and inhuman In their methods of warfare and the treatment of their foes. 10 — Because the German people really believe in the Divine Right of Kings, and the world will never be a safe place for democracy In the pres- ence of such an unscrupulous and victorious autoc- racy. ,// — Because the nations of earth can never dwell together In peace and unity and go about the pursuit of happiness, unarmed, without a victory over military Germany, the apostle of fright- fulness on land and a ruthless pirate on the high seas. 154 Long Heads and Round Heads 12 — Because France helped us gain our liberty, and we owe it to her (not to mention other democ- racies) to help her maintain the liberty and inde- pendence of the French people against the unpro- voked and premeditated aggressions of these modern Huns. /J — Because the world can no longer continue half democratic and half autocratic. After this great war It will eventually be either all democratic or all autocratic. .14 — Because our very existence as a free people demands It — because defeat means possible Inva- sion, probable bondage, and the ultimate over- throw of the Monroe Doctrine. The continuance of American liberty depends upon a decisive American victory. IS — Because of the unspeakable cruelties to women and children, the barbarous and Immoral practices of the German soldiers, the crucifixion of Canadian ofl'icers, and because of the terrible and frightful manner In which these war-mad Huns have conducted this whole war. 16 — Because they honeycombed our land with intrigue, filled our country with spies, conspired against our peace, grossly abused our hospitality, jeopardized our freedom, and flagrantly insulted our every sense of national honor. The Indictment of Germany 155 ij — Because Germany ravished Belgium, shot down Nurse Cavell in cold blood, turned her peace- ful embassies into bacteriological laboratories, tor- pedoed the Liisitania, and still unblushingly pur- sues her ruthless submarine warfare. i8 — Because Germany has enslaved and de- ported thousands of the French and Belgian peo- ple, because she has mutilated and murdered other thousands of innocent children and civilians, and because she did not blush to carry hundreds of young and defenseless girls away with her retreat- ing armies, to serve the base passions of her lustful and bloodthirsty warriors. , ig — ^Because civilization hangs in the balance — human liberty and freedom is the goal for which we are fighting — and because the world will not afford a safe abiding place for peaceful and liberty- loving men if Germany wins this war. ^20 — Because if we do not win this war we will be forced to pay an enormous indemnity to Ger- many. Let our battle-cry be, " Billions upon bil- lions for victory and defense, but not one red cent for indemnity." 21 — Because we owe a duty both to God and to all mankind to prevent the domination of the world by German Kultur — to prevent the over- throw of the Golden Rule by the teaching that 156 Long Heads and Round Heads " Might is Right," and to make sure that Chris- tianity is not supplanted by the Prussian " Religion of Valor/* 22 — Because, In the Providence of God, Amer- ica is the Young David of this generation, nurtured and made strong to go out in the name of the Lord God of Hosts and In defense of human rights and sacred liberties, to defeat this Germanic Goliath which so brazenly insults the properties of all nations and so openly defies the armies of all civilization. 2j — Because we are right. Germany is wrong. Because we fight for no selfish gain. We honestly and sincerely tried to keep out of this war, but now we stand at this Armageddon and we battle for the Lord. ^ 24 — Because Germany Is striking a mortal blow at every high political principle and every sacred institution for which our fathers suffered and died. Because the traditions of a glorious past demand that we fight to win — to perpetuate the liberties and preserve the honor of the home of the brave and the land of the free. 25 — Because Germany has gone Into moral bankruptcy — because she Is spiritually Insolvent — and the time has come for the civilized nations of the earth to sit as a solemn court of judgment The Indictment of Germany 157 to appoint a receiver either to reorganize or wind up the career of this brutal Germanic military establishment. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES This book is due on the date indicated below, or at the expiration of a definite period after the date of borrowing, as provided by the library rules or by special arrangement with the Librarian in charge. y DATE BORROWED DATE DUE ■ DATE BORROWED DATE DUE JAN2''^i; m M iO.; 1/''' C2e v747) MlOO COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 0022305343 e)4-o.e\ 'S^\^ Sadler 34-0 .