THE 
 
 MARINER’S DICTIONARY, 
 
 AMERICJM SEAMAjV’S VOCABULARY 
 
 TECHNICAL TERMS, . 
 
 SEA PHRASES, 
 
 V3ED IN THE CONSTRUCTION, E(iUIPMENT, 
 MANAGEMENT, 
 
 AND MILITARY OPERATIONS, 
 
 SHIPS AND VESSLi-S 01' ALE DESCSIPTIONS. 
 Improved from an English work, 
 JlLUSI'RJl’tED WlfH COrPERPLAfES, 
 
 Descriptive of all objects appertaining to Seamanship. 
 
 WASHINGTON CITV: 
 
 WASHINGTON C 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In compiling the following sheets, re¬ 
 ference has been had to French as well as 
 to English authors. The information has ' 
 been collected from-the most celebrated 
 and authentic works heretofore published. 
 in England. 
 
 In a country, such as the United States 
 have now happily become, whose tonnage 
 already equals that of the most celebrated 
 maritime nations, a work of this kind can- 
 not be unwelcome. The phraseology of 
 mariners is peculiar to Aemselves, and 
 without a knowledge of this phraseology it 
 is impossible to become a seaman, or to 
 understand other nations, with whom our 
 intercourse must be most frequent. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Falconer's Marine Dictionary, a work 
 highly esteemed for the scientific and ex¬ 
 tensive knowledge it embraces, as a guide 
 to seamen, had heretofore been the only 
 book on which dependence could be placed: 
 but it had disadvantages, which will not be 
 found in the work now presented to the pub¬ 
 lic, whilst its valuable parts are retained. 
 
 To familiarise what had appeared too 
 scientific or abstruse in others, was the 
 principal aim of the English editor. Very 
 little has been left to add, but this edition 
 has been adapted to the usages and senti¬ 
 ments, most dear and familiar to Ameri¬ 
 cans ; by whom, particularly in the navy, a 
 love of their own country cannot be too 
 much cherished. 
 
dedication. 
 
 TO 
 
 ROBERT SMITH, Esq. 
 
 SECRETARY 
 
 OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT 
 
 UNITED STATES: 
 
 Tins EDITIOn OF A WORK., 
 
 CALCULATED 
 
 TO RE-DEK the ATTAINMENT OF TECHNI¬ 
 CAL KNOWLEDGE ON BOARD SHIPS, EAST 
 and agreeable; and to promote and 
 preserve an uniformity of terms, 
 NAMES, and phrases, IN NAVAL SER 
 VICE, 
 
 IS MOST UESrECTTULLY DEDICATED 
 
 by the publisher. 
 
MARINER’S DICTIONARY, 
 
 SEAMAN’S VOCABULARY. 
 
 Aback, ll.c bimation of the saUstvlien their surfaces 
 are pressed against the ntasts by the force of the wind. 
 
 2a/oi Aeack, is when they are brought into this situa¬ 
 tion by a sudden change of tl)e wind, or by inatten¬ 
 tion of the ie/uismau. 
 
 i,n// Aback, is when the sails are purposely placed in 
 this position to give the ship stem-away, or to prevent 
 her advancing. 
 
 Lay all flat Aback, the order to arrange all the sails in 
 that situation. 
 
 ABAFT, the hinder part of a sliip,' or all those prts 
 which lie towards the stem ; used relatively, it signi¬ 
 fies further aft, or nearer the stem, as the barricade is 
 abaft the main-mast, that is, nearer to the stem. 
 
 Abaft the beam, implies that the o^ect spoken of is 
 in some part of that arch of the horizon contained be¬ 
 tween a line drawn at right angles to the keel, and 
 the point to which the ship’s stem is directed. 
 
 -ABLE-BODIED Seaman, implies one who is not only 
 able to work, but who is also well acquainted with his 
 
aboard, the inside of a ship. 
 
 To M Aboard, is to enter a ship. 
 
 To fall Aboard of, to strike against 
 whether by design, or by the force o 
 
posed to Jore; as, run out the 
 is, from one end of the ship to 
 ght Aft, in a directline with 
 FT, is also applied to some of t 
 tenedto the comers of the sails 
 
AMP 
 
 Helms Alee, an order to the crew to cause the head- 
 sails to shake in the tvind, the more readily to bring 
 the ship about. 
 
 all intbe wnd, the state of a ship’s sails when they 
 are parallel to the direction of the wind, so as to shake 
 
 Al”s Zeli, an acclamation of safety used by each cen- 
 tinel every half hour (when the bell is struck) during 
 the night watches. 
 
 All hands hoay, the order by which all the ship s com¬ 
 pany are summoned upon deck. 
 
 All hands to quarter hoay, the order for the crew to re¬ 
 pair to their respective stations for battle. 
 
 ALLOWANCE, the quantity of victuals and drink al¬ 
 lotted to each person on boatd. 
 
 Short Allowance, 
 
 T’oto-thirds Allowance, Ull refer to the preceding. 
 
 To stop the Allowance, ) 
 
 ALOFT, up in the tops at the mast-heads, or anywhere 
 about the higheryards or rigging. 
 
 ALONG-iii*, side by side, or parallel to a ship, whart. 
 
 To lay Ahosc-side, to place a ship by the side of another. 
 
 ALONG-rAore, along the coast; applied to coasting navi¬ 
 gation, or to a course which is in sight of the shore, 
 and nearly pr.rallel thereto. 
 
 Lying Along, thestate of being pressed down sideways 
 by a weight of sail. 
 
 ALOOF, at a distance. See'LuFF. 
 
 altitude, height. 
 
 Meridian Altitude, is an arch of the meridian, mea¬ 
 sured from the horizon to any celestial object then 
 upon the meridian. ^ 
 
 AMAIN, at once, suddenly; as, let go amatn. Ihis 
 phrase is generally applied to a tacklc-fall. 
 
 AMIDSHIPS, the middle of the ship, cither with re- 
 -rard to her length or breadth; as, the enemy boarded 
 ns amidships, that is, in the middle, betiveen the stem 
 and stem. Pat the helm amidships, that is, in the 
 middle, between the two sides. 
 
AMP 
 
 ANC 
 
whether they bear against, or-are at-asmail distance 
 : from each other;: the transvcrte position being princi- 
 ■pally .understood. 
 
 Athwatit the yore j'bof, is generally applied to the flight 
 of-.a cannon-ball, asTfired.by one.ship across the line 
 of another's course, but ahead of her, as a signal for 
 tlielatter to brag'to. 
 
 ATimAB.r-siips, reachingacross the ship from one side 
 loihe otlter, orir-.thatifection. 
 
AWNING, a canopy of canvas extendingovvr the decks 
 of a ship, or over a boat, in hot weather, to protect 
 the officers and crew, and preserve the decks from the 
 heat of the sun. That part of thepoofi deck which is 
 continued forward beyond the buik-heil of the cabin, 
 is also called the a’cming. . . 
 
 AZIMUTH compass, an instrament employed to dis¬ 
 cover the magnetic azimuth or amplitude of any hea¬ 
 venly object, and thereby to find the exact variation 
 of the magnetic needle.' It is also used to take the 
 bearings of headlands, ships, and other objects at a 
 distance. , . , 
 
 The azimuth compass differs from the commons ea 
 coni/tass.inthis—that the circumference of the card, or 
 box, is divided into degrees, and there is fitted to the 
 box an index (0,’£g. 20.) with two sights, M N, 
 
BALLAST, a certain portipn pf stone, iron, gravel, ( 
 such Uke.njaterjals, /deposited in a sh^’s bpld. ,vrhe 
 she has either no cargo,' or too little to bring her su 
 ficiently ,lorv in the water, and.is usedto couijtcrbL 
 lance the effort of the .wind upon the masts, and give 
 ;the siipM proper stability, di>t she may, be enabled to 
 carry sail without danger of overturning. 
 
 The art, pf W/ach'ng consists in placingithecentre of 
 . gravity, so as.iieitber to.be too.highi nor too low, too 
 far forward, nor too far aft, and that the surface of 
 the .water may nearly .rise .to the .extreme .breadth 
 amidships, and :thus the , ship will be enabled to carry 
 a good sail, incline but little, and ply well.te .the wind¬ 
 ward. See Tniw. 
 
 Sikgle BMh&ST, ballast of ,coai;se.5ta¥el, ... 
 
 .BANDS, slips .of canvas strongly, sewed across a .s:ul to 
 strengthen it, as the REEF-aAjsD.s, ,fu:. , 
 .BA'NIANrsSiryj,.denotes those three days in the .week, 
 on which the sailors have no flesh meat seryedbut to 
 
 BANK, an elevation of dre bottom of the sea; .some of 
 which are so .high, as to prevent a ship .floating over 
 them, and in this sense, amount to neariy^the same as 
 sb/tllawi,fiats,&C. .Theshelvesthatabound.withroqks- 
 underwater, aredisduguishedby other names,, as rce/i, 
 ridges, keys, &c. 
 
BAN 
 
 BAS 
 
 , Banks in the iSa-coast are usually marked by beacons, 
 or buoys, and in charts are distinguished by little dots, 
 as ridges of rocks are by crosses. 
 
 Bank of oars, a seat, or bench, of rowers in a galley. 
 
 BAN^R, a vessel employed in the cod fishery on the 
 Bonis of Newfoundland. 
 
 BAR of a port or harbor, a shoal or bank of sand, 
 '^vel, &c. thrown up by the sea to the mouth of a 
 
Sheet Besd end stopped. Fig. 106, £:c. See. 
 
 Bendikc the cable, .the operation oi clinching, or tt 
 the cable to the ring of its anchor. 
 
 BENDING a sail, lastenmg it to its yard or stay. 
 Stay, Sail, .and Yard. 
 
 Besds, the thickest and strongest plank in a sh 
 side. See Wales, .by tvhich name they are m 
 properly called. 
 
 BETWEEN DECKS, the space-contained between; 
 two sshole decks of a ship. 
 
 BEVELLING, in ship building, the art of hewin 
 timber -with a proper and regular curve, accoidinj 
 
BLA 
 
 BLO 
 
 blade. See Oar. 
 
 BLINK OF THE ICE, that dazzling whiteness about 
 the horizon which is occasioned by the reflection of 
 light from fields of ice. 
 
 BLOCK, (in mechanics, termedapulley,) is used forva- 
 rioiis purposes in a ship; either to encreasethe mecha¬ 
 nical power of the ropes, or to arrange the dnds of 
 them in certain places on the deck, that they may be 
 readily found when wanted ; they are consequejitiy of 
 
23 
 
 BLO 
 
 BOA 
 
 broad and flat bows. 
 
 BnuFF-iended, bnplies, the having an upright stem. 
 
 BOARD, the space' comprehended between any two 
 places where the ship changes her course by taciing 
 dr, it is the line over which she runs between tack and 
 fack -when turning to windward, or sailing against the 
 direction of the -wind. 
 
 To make a goad Bo.\R-p, to sail in a straight line -when 
 close hauled, without deviating to leeward. 
 
 To makeshort Boards, is to tack frequently before the 
 ship has run any great length. 
 
Bottomry, is also the lending of money to be paid 
 only on the return of the ship i the interest is there¬ 
 fore much greater than the law commonly allows, be¬ 
 cause, if the ship perishes, the lender loses the whole 
 of the debt. 
 
 BOUND, is used in the following terms: mnd-homid, 
 prevented from sailing on account of the wind being 
 contrary: ice-boUnd, totally suiTounded with ice, so as 
 to be incapable of advancing: Where are you bound 
 to ? i. e. to what place are you going! 
 
 BOW, the rounding part of a ship’s side forward, be¬ 
 ginning where the planks arch inwards, and terminat¬ 
 ing where they close, at the stem or prow. 
 
 On the Bow, an arch of the horizon, (not e.YCeeding 45 
 degrees,) comprehended between some distant object. 
 
28 
 
 BRA 
 
 BRE 
 
 To BnACE sharp, to cause the yards, to have the smallest 
 possible angle with the keel; for the ship to have head- 
 
 7b Brace to, is to check or ease off the lee braces, and 
 round in the weather ones, to assist in the manoeuvre 
 of tacking. 
 
 BRACKETS, short crooked timbers resembling knees. 
 
 BRAILS, ropes passing through pullies on the mizen- 
 inast and yard, and fastened to the aftermost leech of 
 the sail, in different places, to truss it close up, as oc- 
 
 brails. 
 
 Brails is likewise a general name given to all the ropes 
 employed to haul up the bottoms, lower comers, and 
 skirts of the other great sails, for the more ready fur- 
 lingthem, which operation is called braiimg up, or 
 hauling up in the brails. 
 
 BRAKE, the handle or lever by which a common ship 
 pump is usually worked. 
 
 BREADTH, the measure of a ship from side to side, 
 in any particular place. 
 
 yiaiii Breadth, is that part of every timber which in¬ 
 closes the greatest space from the middle line of the 
 ship's lengtli. 
 
 Top-timber Breadth, is the distance beUveen the up¬ 
 per part of the same timber and the middle line. 
 
 Mxtreme Breadth, is the distance between her sidesat 
 the midship frame. 
 
 BREAD, is the usual name given to biscuits. 
 
 BREAK of a deck, is that part where it terminates, and 
 the descent on to the ne.xt deck below it commences. 
 
 To Break-bulk, to begin to unload a ship. 
 
 . To Break-sheer; when a ship at anchor is laid in a 
 proper position to keep clear of her anchor, but is 
 forced by the wind or cunent out of that position, she 
 is said to break her sheer. 
 
 Breakers, a name given by sailors to those rocks 
 which lie so near the surface of the sea as to occasion 
 the waves to break over them in a peipctual foam, 
 and produce a hoarse and terrible roaring. 
 
the planks; the bottom is tlien covered anew with a 
 composition of sulphur, tallow, &c. This operation 
 may be performed either by layiiiij the ship aground, 
 by oocKiNG, or by careenisg, which see. 
 
 BREASTFAST, a large rope, employed to confine a 
 ship mleimp to a wharf or key. 
 
 I)keast-iiooK£, thick pieces of timber jjlaced directly 
 across the stem, to strengthen the fore part of the 
 ship and unite the bows on each side. 
 
 Beeast-work, a sort of balustrade of rails or mould¬ 
 ings, which terminates the quarter-deck and poop at 
 the fore ends, and also encloses the fore-castle both 
 before and behind. 
 
 BREECHING, a strong rope, used to secure the can. 
 non, and prevent them from recoiling too much in the 
 time of battle; it is ii.ved by reeving it through a 
 thimble stropped upon the cascabel or pummelion of 
 the gun, and the two ends are then clinched on each 
 side of the port, to ring-bolts in the ship’s side. The 
 brecchhig is of sufficient length to let the muzzle of the 
 cannon come within the ship’s side to be charged or 
 to be housed. 
 
BREWING, the appearance of a collection of black and 
 tempestuous clouds, aribing gradually from a panicu- 
 lar part of the hemisphere, as the forerunner of a storm. 
 
 BRIDLES, the upper part of the moorings, laid in the 
 ■ naval harbors, to ride ships or vessels of wmr. See 
 MoOIilXGS. 
 
 £oviliiie Bkidles, short legs, or pieces of rope, running 
 through iron thimbles, by which the bowline attaches 
 to different places on the leech, or edge of a large sail. 
 
 BRIG, or BRIGANTINE, a vessel with two masts, 
 rigged as a main and fore-masts, except that the 
 
 which hangs athwart or at right angles to the ship's 
 keel, is, in a brig, fore and aft, or in a direction with 
 the keel, the fore-edge being fastened in diflerent 
 places to hoops, w;ldch encircle the main-mast, and 
 slide up and down it, as the sail is hoisted or lowered; 
 it is extended by a gaff above, and by a boom below. 
 This term is, however, variously applied by the mari¬ 
 ners of some European nations. 
 
 To BRING BY THE LEE, to incline so rapidly to lee- 
 nsard of the course when the ship sails large, as to 
 bring the lee-side unex[)ectedly to windward, and by 
 laying all the sails aback, e.xpose her to the danger of 
 oversetting. See to Bhoach to. 
 
 7b Being to , to check the course of a ship, by ar¬ 
 ranging the sails in such a manner as that they shall 
 counteract each other, and keep her nearly stationarv, 
 when she is said to /k by, or lie to. 
 
 Bring to, the order from one ship to another to put 
 
 being e-xamined, 8;c'. • ^ 
 
 Bring to, is also used in applying a rope to the cap- 
 stem; as, “ bring to the messenger.” 
 
 To Bring up, to cast anchori 
 
 To BROACH TO, differs from To bring by the lee, in 
 that it is a rapid inclination to windward of her 
 
BUD 
 
 BUN 
 
 BUDGARROW, an East-India barge or pleasure boat 
 they are without keels, high bow and stein, and tapering 
 from the middle to each end ; half of the vessel to¬ 
 wards the stem is covered in like a poop ; on the fore 
 half the rowers sit; they carry from six to 20 rowers ; 
 
 5ii>BUILDING, the work of constructing ships, as 
 distinguished from Naval ArxniTECTonE, which 
 may rather be considered as the art of designing and 
 delineating ships on a plane, according to scientific the¬ 
 ory, or as art is distinguished from science. 
 
 BUILT, the particular form or construction of a ship, 
 by wliich she is distinguished from others of a dilTerent 
 class, construction, or nation; thus we say, a ship is 
 frigate-built, galley-built, &c. carvel-wor.k-built, clincher 
 work-built; or, American-built, French-built, English- 
 hudt, &c. 
 
 In BULK. See Ladex. 
 
 Bulk-he.vds, partitions, built up In seveial parts of a 
 ship, to form and separate the various apartments; 
 some of which are. particularly strong. See Close 
 Qu.AETEns. Others are light, and removeable at 
 pleasure, to clear ship for action. 
 
 BULL’S EYE, a piece of wood in the form of a ring, 
 and answers the purpose of an iron thimble; it is sel¬ 
 dom used; English seamen use it but only for the 
 main and fore bowline bridles. 
 
 BUM-BOAT, a small boat, employed to carry vegeta¬ 
 bles, &.C. for sale, to ships l)'ing at a distance from 
 the shore. 
 
 BUMKIN, a short boom, or beam of timber, projecting 
 
 , from each bow of a ship, to e.xtend the clue or lower 
 corner of the fore-sail to windward ;• for which pur¬ 
 pose there is a large block fixed on its outer end, ■ 
 through which the tack is passed, which being drawn ^ 
 tight down, the tack is said to be aboard. See Tack. .• 
 
BUN suo s: 
 
 SUN A INS, a thin wooUeii stuff, of which the colors 
 or flags, and signals of a sliip, are usually formed. 
 BUNT-LINES, ropes fastened to cringles on the hot 
 toms of the square sails, to draw them up to thci 
 
BUR 
 
 BUT 
 
 To stream the Buoy, is to let it fall from the ship’s side 
 into the water, preparatory to letting go the anchor. 
 
 BURTHEN, or BURDEN, the weight or measure,of 
 any species of merchandize that a ship will carry when 
 lit for sea ; the general rule for finding which, is, to 
 multiply the length of the keel, the inner midship 
 breadth, and depth from the main deck to the plank 
 joining the kelson, together, which product divided by 
 94 gives the tonnage, or burthen required in tons. . 
 
 BURTON, a small tackle, formed by two blocks or puUies; 
 is generally used to set np or tighten the top-mast 
 shrouds, and for many other purposes; whence it is 
 frequently termed a Tcp-Bvn.TOH-tacile. 
 
 BUSH, a circle of metal, usually of brass, let into the 
 tignum vita: sheaves of such blocks as have iron pins, 
 thereby preventing the, sheaves from wearing, without 
 adding much to its weight. 
 
 BUSS, a vessel with two masts, used in the Dutch 
 
CAB 
 
 CAB 
 
non, ts’c. but at present, their names are derived from 
 the weight of the ball they discharge, and are as 
 
 3-&C. 
 
 CANNONAUE, in the marine, is the application of 
 artillery to the purposes of naval war; or, the direc¬ 
 tion of its efforts against some distant objects intended 
 to be seized or destroyed; as a ship, battery, or fortress. 
 
 CANOE, a sort of Inian boat or vessel, formed of the 
 trunk of a tree hollowed, and sometimes, of several 
 pieces of the bark fastened together; they are com¬ 
 monly managed with paddles instead of oars. 
 
 Jb CANT, is to turn anv thins: about. 
 
in the bight of a rope, in order to hook a tackle on it. 
 
 Fig. lor. 
 
 To CAULK, to drive a quantity of oakur or old ropes 
 iinttvisted and pulled asunder, into the seams of the 
 planks In the ship’s decks or sides, in order to prevent 
 the entrance of water., After the oakum is driven very 
 hard into these seams, it is covered with hot melted 
 pitch or rosin, to keep it from rotting. 
 
 CEILING, the inside planks of a ship. 
 
 CENTRE, the division of a fleet between the van and 
 ■ the rear in the line of battle, and between the weather 
 division and lee one, in the order of sailing. 
 
 CENTINEL, or CENTRY, an armed man placed as a 
 guard at particular places in the ship for security or 
 
 Jo^CHAFE, to rub or fret the surface of a cable, mast, 
 or yard by the motion of the ship or otherways. 
 
 CHAIN PUMP. See Pump. 
 
CHE 
 
 CLA 45 
 
 CHEEKS of ihe Mast, the faces or projecting parts on 
 each side of the masts, lormed to sustain the trestle 
 trees upon which the frame of the top, together with 
 the top-mast, immediately rests. 
 
 Cheeks, or sides of a gun carriage. See C.srkiage, 
 
 Amimmitioti CHESTS, are chests placed in the tops of 
 ships of war, to contain the ammunition for the swi- 
 
CLI 
 
 CLU 
 
 47 
 
 the ships side. See a cable clinch, Eg. 108, and out¬ 
 side clinch; fig. 109. 
 
 CLINCHEK-WOKK, the disposition of the planks in 
 the side of any boat or vessel, when the lower edge of 
 every plank overlays that next below it, like shingles 
 on the roof of a house. See Carvel-work. 
 
 CLINCHER-BUILT, made of clincher-work. 
 
 CLOSE-HAULED, the arrangement of a ship’s sails 
 when she endeavors to make a progress in the nearest 
 direction possible towards that point of the compass 
 from which the wind blows i in this manner of sailing 
 the keel of square-rigged vessels commonly makes an 
 angle of six points with the line of the wind, but 
 cutters, luggers, and other fore and aft rigged vessels 
 
52 
 
 COM 
 
 COM 
 
 any two rhumbs, fs equal to ll <le^eesand.l-4, or 15 
 minutes. The four principal points are . called the 
 cardinal points, two of which, opposite to each other, 
 
 ■ are called-the North and South.points; that which is 
 toward theright hand when we look North, is termed 
 the-East, and its'opposite the West point; the names 
 of all . the inferior ones are compounded of these accord¬ 
 ing to their situation. Along the North- and South 
 line is fixed.a small bar of steel,:N S. fig.T9, termed 
 the needle, which, being touched by the loadstone, 
 acquires a certain virtue whereby it hangs nearly in 
 
 theplane of themeridian.and consequently determmes 
 the direction of the other points towards the horizon. 
 This card and needle having .a sraaU socket in the 
 centre, is supported on the point of a fine pin of steel, 
 the whole being confined, in the circular bo.v, E, fig. 
 20, -with a glass cover, which bo-v is hung in gimbals, 
 D G H, to counteract the motion of the ship. A square 
 box, A B, with a moveable lid, serves to support the 
 gimbals, and secures the compass from .accident in 
 removals. See Gimbals. 
 
COM 
 
 COP 
 
 53 
 
 West N 
 
 West, 
 by West. 
 
 North West. 
 
 North .West by North. 
 North North West. 
 
 , North by West, 
 given by shipwrights, to such 
 
 East South East. 
 
 South East by East. 
 
 South East. 
 
 South Easfby South. 
 
 Soutlt SoutluEast. 
 
 South by East. 
 
 COMPASSING, a namt „ _ . _ 
 
 pieces of timber as are much incuivate. 
 
 COMPTROLLER of the Na'oy, ia England,' one of the 
 commissioners of theNavy-boatd, at which he presides. 
 COMPLEMENT, thebinited number of men-employed 
 inany siiip, either, for navigation or battle. 
 CONDUCTOR, a-thick metal wire, generally of copper, 
 
 e.utending'from .above the main-top-gallant truck 
 downwards into the avater. Its use is to defend the 
 ship from the effects of lightning. 
 
 CONSORT,'any vcssel.keeping company with another. 
 CONSUL, an officer established by virttie of a commis- 
 
GOV 
 
 CRA 
 
 • feet long, one foot deep,'and two or three feet wide, 
 and is extended by a square wooden frame with a 
 canvas bottom, on which the bed, or mattrass .is laid. 
 
 GOVE, a small inlet; also a harbor'for shipping: as the 
 Cove of Cork, in Ireland. 
 
 COVER, protection ; as under cover of the ship’s guns. 
 
 COUNTER, an arch or vault, whose upperpart is ter¬ 
 minated by the bottom of the stem, and the lower parr 
 by the wing transom and buttock. 
 
 The upper or fecoud CouNTEK, is above the preceding, 
 atid parallel to it, but not vaulted, and extends^from 
 
 COUNTOI.BRACIn 4. See T.vckixg. 
 
 COURSE, the angle contained between the nearest 
 meridian, and that point of the compass on.which a 
 -ship sails.inany particular direction. 
 
 CouESEs, a name by which the principal sails of a ship 
 are usually distinguished ; viz. the main sail, fore sail, 
 
 sometimes also comprehended in this denomination, as 
 are the main stay sails of all brigs and schooners. 
 
 COURT-MARTIAL, a court composed of admirals and 
 . captains of the navy, for the tritd of ollenders against 
 the articles of war. 
 
 CR.4B, a wooden pillar, somewhat resembling a small 
 capstem, butis not furnished with a drum-head! instead 
 of which, two, three, or four holes are made one above 
 another tlirough the middle of its upper end, into 
 which long bars are thrust, whose length is nearly 
 equal to the breadth of the acek. It is emplopd to 
 the same purposes as the capstern, but not being so 
 convenient is now generally, laid aside, e.xcept in rope 
 walks, &c. See fig. 10 and 13. 
 
 Cradle, fig. 23, a frame placed under the bottom of 
 a ship, in order to conduct her steadily and smoothly 
 into the water when she is to be launched, at which time 
 it supports her weight while she slides down the de¬ 
 scent or sloping passage, called the ’nays, which are 
 for this purpose daubed with soap or tallow. 
 
of war; such are lighters, hoys, barges, &c. 
 
 Small Ckaft, is a term used to denote the small vessels 
 of war attendant on a fleet, such as cutters, schooners, 
 gun-boats, &c. which, in the British service, are ge¬ 
 nerally commanded by lieutenants. 
 
 CRANK, the qualityof a ship, which for want of a suf¬ 
 ficient weight below, is rendered incapable of carrying 
 sail, without being exposed to the danger of overturning. 
 See Ballast and Trim. 
 
 Crank, is also an iron brace, variously employed. 
 
 C A WL, a sort of pen or' place of confinement, formed 
 by a barrier of stakes and hurdles on the sea coast to 
 contain fish. 
 
 CREEPER, an instrument of iron resembling a grap¬ 
 pling, having a shank and four hooks or claws. It is 
 used to drag along the bottom of any river or harbor 
 with a rope fastened to it, to hook and draw up any 
 thing from the bottom which may have beenlost. Fig. 
 
 CREEK, a small river, or narrow inlet.of the sea. 
 
 CRINGLE, a small hole formed on the bolt-rope of a 
 sail, by iiiterUvisting the strand of a rope alternately 
 rounditself, and through the strands of the bolt rope 
 ■ till it becomes threefold, and assumes the shape of a 
 ring. The use of the cringle is to receive the ends of 
 ropes which aie fastened thereto, for the purpose of 
 drawing up the sail to its yard, or e.xtending the leech 
 by the bow-line-bridles, &c. See fig. 25, where a b, re¬ 
 presents part of the bolt tope, andc, the cringle. 
 
CRU 
 
 CUR 
 
 through any particular tract of the sea at a certain 
 ' season of the year; it is performed by traversing that 
 particular tract which is called the cniizing latitude, 
 under an easy sail back^vard and torwara. 
 
 CnuuxR. a vessel employed on a cruize. 
 
 CRUTCH, or Crotch, asupport tortile mam Doom oi 
 a sloop, brig, or cutter, 8;c. and for the river oom 
 ofa ship when their respective sails are foiled. See 
 
 ■CUDDY,”r sort of cabin or cook-room, generally in the 
 fore pat-t! but sometimes near the stern of particular 
 
at the end of that time will neither be at» ^ 
 
 c“‘‘;?ir.;.srXSS« 
 
60 
 
 CUT 
 
 DAY 
 
 Wrights hi the delineation of ships; it detei-mines the 
 thickness of all the floor timbers, and likewise the 
 height of the dead wood afore and abaft. 
 
 CUT-WATER, the foremast part of the-ship’s prow, 
 formed of an assemblage of several pieces of timber to 
 render it broad at the upper pan where it projects for¬ 
 ward from the stem to open the column of water as the 
 
DEA 
 
 DEA 
 
 ■DEAD EYE, a sort of round flattish wooden block, en-_ 
 circled with a rope, or with an iron band, and pierced 
 with three holes through the flat part, in order to receive 
 a rope called the leniard, which, corresponding with 
 three holes in another dead eye, creates a purijase 
 employed for various uses, but chiefly to extend the 
 shrouds and stays.othenvise caUed the standing riggmp 
 See fig. 31. The dead ejes used for the stays have only- 
 one hole, which, however, is large enough to receive 
 ten or twelve turns of the leniard; these are generaUy 
 termed Hearts; fig. 32. 
 
 Vhe crow-feet Dead Eyes, are long cylindrical blocks, 
 with a number of smaU holes in them, to receive the 
 legs or lines of which the crowfoot is composed, as 
 
 DEAD LIGHTS, strong wooden ports made exactly 
 to fit the cabin windows, in which they are fixed on 
 the approach of a storm, the glass frames being taken 
 
 out, which would othenvise be shatteredbytheviolence 
 
 DEAD RECKONING, the judgment, or estimation 
 vrhich is made of the place where a ship is situated, 
 without any obseivation of the heavenly bodies; it is 
 discovered by keeping an account of the distance she 
 has run by the log, and of her course steered by the 
 compass, and by rectifying these data by the usua 
 allowances for drift, lee-way. &c. according to the ship s 
 known trim; this reckoning is, however, always to be 
 corrected as often as any good observation of the sun 
 can be obtained. a c 
 
 DEAD RISING, or Rising Line of the floor, those 
 parts of a ship’s floor or bottom throughout her whole 
 length, where the floor timber is terminated on the 
 lower futtock. 
 
 DEAD WATER, the eddy of water which appears 
 likelittle whirlpools closing in with the ships stern as 
 she sails through it. , ., , 
 
 DEAD WOOD, certain blocks'of timber laid upon the 
 
 keel, particularly at the extremities afore and abaft, 
 
62 
 
 DEA 
 
 DEC 
 
 considerable height, because tin-,- 
 
 as not to admit of the trvo half timbers, tvhich ai. 
 therefore scored into this dead wood. 
 
 DEAD WORK. SeeUKPEa Work. 
 
 foDEADEN to lessen her velocity through 
 
 DECKER, relates to the rate of a ship of force, as a 
 tvjo decker, Ti. three decker, i.e.carryiitg two entire tiers 
 or ranges of cannon, three such tiers. 
 
 DECKS, the planked floors of a ship which connect the 
 sides together, and serve as dillerent platforms to sup¬ 
 port the artillery and lodge the men, as also to pre¬ 
 serve the cargo from the sea and rain. Ships of the 
 first and second rate are furnished with three whole 
 decks, reaching from the stem to the stern, besides a- 
 forecastle and a marter-deck, the former e.vtending alt 
 from the stem to the belfry, and the latter forward 
 from the stem to the main-mast, a vacancy being left 
 in the middle which opens to the upper deck, and forms 
 what is called the ■aaist; there is yet anotherdeck- 
 above the hinder part of the quarter deck called the 
 hoop, which also serves as a roof of the captain’s cabin 
 or coach; and another deck below the lower-gun deck 
 called the orlop, whereon the cables are coiled and the 
 sails stowed away, Stc. 
 
 Other ships of the line with fifty gun ships and some 
 of forty-four guns, have two gun decks and a qinatter- 
 deck, a forecastle, a poop, and orlop. Frigates -and 
 ' sloops have one gun deck, a half-deck, and lorecastlc, 
 with a spar-deck below to lodge the crew, but no poop t 
 brigs, cutters, and such small vessels have no half-deck 
 or forecastle, and are then sakl to hcfimh fore and aft: 
 the decks are formed of and sustained by the beams, 
 \\ie, clamps, the •xater-vcays, the eariiips, the ledges, the- 
 htecs, and two rows of small pillars called stanciioM, 
 
 &c. See those articles. 
 
 Salf-TUzcK., the under part of a quarter deck of a ship 
 of war, contained between the foremast bulk-head of 
 
S4 DIF DIS 
 
 DIFFERENCE of latitude, the distance between any 
 two places lying on the same meridian, or the difference 
 between the parallels of latitude of any two places, 
 expressed in miles of the equator. 
 
 DIFFERENCE of longitude, is the distance of any place 
 from another eastward or westward, counted in degrees 
 of the equator. - 
 
 DINGGY, an East Indimi common boat for trvo oars ; 
 round bottomed, calculated for smooth deep rivers like 
 the Ganges. 
 
 DINNAGE. See Dunnage. 
 
 DIP of the horizon, is an allowance made in all astronomi¬ 
 cal observations of altitude for the height of the eye 
 above the level of the sea. 
 
 Dip of the magnetic needle, a certain property which all 
 needles possess when rubbed with the load stone, of 
 inclining the north end below the level of the horizon; 
 this property is found to increase in going northward. 
 
 DISABLED, the state of a ship when, by the loss of 
 her mast, sails, yards, or rigging, by springing a leak, 
 receiving some fracture in the hull, or other disaster, 
 she is rendered incapable of prosecuting her voyage 
 without great difficulty and danger. 
 
 ■7b DISCHARGE, when applied to a ship, signifies to 
 unlade her, or take out her stores, ammunition, &c. 
 AVhen expressed of the officers or crew, it implies to 
 disband them from immediate seivice. When spoken 
 of cannon it means to lire it off. 
 
 DISCIPLINARIAN, an officer who maintains strict 
 and rigorous discipline. 
 
 -To DISMANTLE, to unrig a ship and take out all her 
 stores, guns, &c. in readiness for being laid up in ordi¬ 
 nary, or for any other purpose. 
 
 DISMASTED, the state of a ship deprived of her 
 masts, whether by design or accident. 
 
 DISMOUNTED, the state of a cannon taken off its 
 carriage, or when, by the enemy’s shot, the carriage 
 is so broken as that the gun is rendered unmanageable. 
 
rection of the sec.-etar> of the navy, and a naval agent 
 of the rank of captain. 
 
 DOG, a sort of iron hook or bar vvith.a sharp fang at 
 one end, so formed as to be easily driven jnto a piece 
 of timber; it is nsed to drag it along by means of a 
 rope fastened to it, upon which any number of meat can 
 
 pull- , . - ^ 
 
 DOGGER, ? Dutch vessel navigated in tne German - 
 ocean; it is equipped with two masts, a mam and a | 
 
 DOG-VANe’, a small vane composed of thread, cork, i 
 and feathers, fastened on the end of. a half pike, and ; 
 ■placed on the weather gun-wale to steer the ship by, | 
 
 dog-watch. See Watch. j 
 
 DOLPHIN of the mast, a kind of wreath formed ol 
 plaited cordage, to be fastened occasionally round the 
 mast, as a support to the puddening: the use of winch 
 is to sustain the .weight of the fore and main-prds by 
 the jeers, in case the rigging or chains, by winch those 
 yaitls are suspended, should be sliot away in the time 
 of battle. See PuDDEXi-VG. 
 
 DOUBLE-BANKED,- the situation of the oars ot a 
 boat, when two opposite ones are managed by rowers 
 seated on the same bench or thwart; the oars are also 
 said to be double-banked when there are two men la¬ 
 boring upon each oar. 
 
 To Doubi-e a cape, is to sail round or pass beyond it, so 
 as that the point of .land is between the ship ana her 
 
DOU 
 
 DRA 
 
 doubling nails, the nails commonly used to fasten 
 
 the lining of the gun-ports, &c. • 
 
 or of cannonading it on both sides. 
 double-headed shot. See Shot. 
 
 To DOUSE, to lower or slacken suddenly ; e.-tpressed 
 
 down HAUL, a rope passing up along a stay, through 
 the cringles of the stay-sails or jib, and inade fast to 
 the upper corner of the sail, to puU it down when 
 
 Down Haul taeiks, a complication of tackles employed 
 to pull down the main or fore yard in a tempest, in 
 order to reef the saU, because the violence of the wind 
 prevents the weight of the yard from having its natural 
 effect of descending. 
 
 down all chests, the order to get allahe of¬ 
 ficers and seamen’s chests down below from olt tlie 
 eun-decks, when clearing the ship for an engagement. 
 Xiowy all bammoch, the order for the saUors to carry 
 their hammocks down,-and hangthemup in their res¬ 
 pective births, in readiness to go to bed. 
 dLn foresail, the command to set the fore-sad. 
 Dowsi» and mysailo, the order to take m those sads. 
 
 It is also applied in this sense to the ,tmklm^sa,k. 
 DRABLER, an. additional part of a sad, sometimes 
 laced to the bottom of a bonnet on a square sad, in 
 sloops and schooners. 
 
 drag, a machine consisting of a sharp square frame of 
 iron incircled with a net. 
 
 Dragging- tie anchor, the act of trailing it along the 
 bottom, after it is loosened from the ground b) the 
 eiFort of the wind or current. 
 
 DRAUGHT, the depth of a body of water necessary to 
 float a ship; hence a ship is said to draw so manj feet 
 of water, when she is borne up by a column of water 
 of that particular depth, and that this draught may be 
 more readily known, the feet are marked on the stem 
 and stern-post from the keel upwards. 
 
68 
 
 DRA 
 
 DUC 
 
 DRAWING, the state of a sail when it is inflated by the 
 wind, so as to advance the vessel in her course. 
 
 To Draw. See Draught. 
 
 To Draw upon a ship, is to gain upon a vessel when in 
 pursuit of her. 
 
 DREDGE, a kind of drag used with a long rope to catch 
 oysters in deep water. 
 
 To DRESS a ship, to ornament her with a variety of 
 colors, as ensigns, flags, pendants, &c. of various 
 nations, displayed from different parts of her masts, 
 tigging. &C. on a day of festivity. 
 
 DRIFT, the angle which the line of a ship’s motion 
 makes with the nearest meridian, when she drives with 
 her sides to the wind and waves, and is not governed 
 
ENG 
 
 EDDY, the water that by some intemsption in its course, 
 runs contrary to the direction of the tide or current. 
 
 To EDGE away, to decline gradually from the shore,- or 
 from the line of the course- which the ship formerly 
 Steered; it is particularly applied when a ship changes 
 her course by sailing largerj or more afore the wind 
 than she had done before. 
 
 ELBOW in the hmm, is when a ship being moored m 
 
 ■ a tideway, swings twice the wrong way, thereby caus¬ 
 ing the cables to take half a round turn on each other. 
 See Hawse. 
 
 *. ELMO’S/fre. See Corposant. 
 
 EMBARGO, an arrest laid on ships or merchandize by 
 public authority, or a prohibition of state, sometimes 
 general to prevent all ships departing, and sometimes, 
 partial or particular, as upon foreign ships only, or to. 
 prevent their coming in or going out for a time. 
 
 EMBAYED,the situation of a ship when she is enclosed 
 between two capes or promontories; it is particulaily 
 applied when.the wind, by blowing strongly into any 
 bay or gulph, makes it extremely diiVicult, and perhaps^ 
 impracticable for the vessel thus inclosed, to claw oft 
 from the shore, so as to weather the capes. 
 
 ENGAGEMENT, in a.naval sense, implies a battle at 
 sea, or an action of hostility between single ships, 
 squadrons, or fleets of men of war; the whole economy 
 of a naval engagement may be mranged under the 
 following heads, viz. the preparation, the action, and 
 the repair, or refitting, for the puiposes of navigation. 
 
 The preparation is begun by issuing the order to deer 
 ship for action, which is repeated by the boatswain and 
 his mates at all the hatchways; every sailor repairs 
 immediately to his hammock (if they are not already 
 stowed) and having placed his bedding properly, he 
 
 that purpose, and, at the next summons of the boats¬ 
 wain, up all hammock! he carries it to the quarter 
 deck, poop, forecastle, gangways, or tops; at these 
 different places they are firmly stowed in proper net- 
 
ENT eye ?3 
 
 ports on the right, left, and middle of the steps. See 
 
 ENTRANCE, a name frequently given to the foremost 
 part of the ship under the surface of the sea. 
 
 EFHEMERIS, a nautical almanac. 
 
 EQUATOR, an imaginary' line on the earth, dividing 
 the globe into two equal parts, equally distant from both 
 poles, and from which latitude nordi and south is com¬ 
 puted. 
 
FAI FAS 
 
 FAIK-WAY, the channel of a narrow hay, rive 
 
FAT 
 
 FID 
 
 FATHOMj a measure of six feet, used to regulate the 
 length of the cables, rigging, &,c. and to divide the lead 
 • (or sounding) lines, &c. 
 
 To FAVOR, to he careful of, also to be fair for. 
 
 To FAY, to fit any two pieces of wood so as to join close 
 together; the plank is said to fay to the timbers when 
 
FID 
 
 FIS 
 
 77 
 
 Fid is also a pin of hard wood, tapering to a point, used 
 to open the strands of a rope in splicing: of these some 
 are large for splicing cables, and some small for bolt- 
 ropes of sails, Stc. 
 
 FIELD of ice, a large body of ice floating at sea. 
 
 FIFE-RAILS. SeeR.\iLS. 
 
 FIGHT. See Exgageme.vt. 
 
 To FILL, to brace the sails in such a manner as lhatthe 
 wind entering their cavities from behind, dilates them 
 so as to advance the ship in her course, after the sails 
 had for some time been shivering or braced aback. 
 
FIT 
 
 FLA 
 
 rs 
 
 prongs of steel, and a line fastened to the end on which 
 the prongs are Baed, fig. 50, to the other end is fitted 
 a piece of lead, which gives additional force to the 
 stroke, and causes the points to turn upwards after the 
 fish is penetrated. 
 
 FITTING-OUT, the act of furnishing a ship with 
 sufficient masts, sails, yards, ammunition, artillery, 
 cordage, anchora, provisions, stores, and men, for the 
 voyage or purpose to which she is appointed. 
 
 FISH-ROOM, a space between the after-hold and the 
 
 ■FLAG, a certain banner, by which the ships of one na¬ 
 tion are distinguished from another. 
 
 The American flag-was, by alaw ofl3th.Jan.1794, 
 altered from thirteen to fifteen ^temate red and white 
 stripes. The quartering or union, to be fifteen white 
 stars on a blue, field. 
 
 Each of the maritime states of the American Union 
 carry small flags or pendants, which have reference to 
 some peculiarity of the state, and are generally under¬ 
 stood by seafaring men. 
 
 The forms of naval institution in Great Britain be- ■ 
 ing those most likely to be adopted by America, they 
 are here particularly noticed. 
 
 The first flag of Great Britain is the royal'.standard, 
 which is only hoisted when their king or queen is 
 OB board the vessel; the second is that of the anchor 
 flag, which characterises the lord high admiral,. or 
 lords commissioners of she admiralty ; and the third is 
 the union flag, appropriated to the admiral of the fleet, 
 who is the first military officer under the lord high 
 admiral. The navy board, custom house, &c. have 
 each their respective flags. . 
 
 men the flag is displayed at the iiurin-top-gallant- 
 mast-head, the officer distinguished thereby is known 
 to be 3.n admiral! when from, the^re-top-gallant-mast- 
 head, a vice admiral; and when from the nuzen-top- 
 gallant-mast-head, ^ rear admiral; the ne.vt flag,hfter 
 the union is white at the main; and the last which 
 
^>;lnks of oars, each bank containing two oars, and 
 every oar being managed by 6 or T staves, who were 
 usually chained thereto. In the fore part they had three 
 small battoies of cannon, viz. two 36 pounders, twd 
 24p,oundMS, an^two? pounders; t^iey had also tliree 
 
92 
 
 GAS 
 
 G'lV 
 
 GASKET, a,sort of pkitecl cord faste;nei} to tlie sail- 
 yards of a ship, and used to furl or tie up the sail 
 firmly to the yard by tvrapping it round both. 
 
 .2iuir,GASKi;T, i6 that .tvbich supports or ties up the bunt 
 of the sail, and should conseguently .be the strongest, 
 as having the greatest weight to support; it is some¬ 
 times .made in a peculiar manner. 
 
 Quarto' Gasket, used only for large sails, and is fas¬ 
 tened about half-tvay out upon the yard, which part is 
 calltJ the .quarter. 
 
 Xheyard arm Gasket is made fast to the yard arm, and 
 
 ■' serves to bind the sail as far as the quarter-gasket on 
 large yards, but extends quite into the bunt of small sails. 
 
 To GATHER aft a s/xet, is to puU it tight in. 
 
 To Gather uiryi, to ina-ease the velocity. 
 
 GEARS. SeejE-vts. 
 
 GIMBALS, -the brass rings by which a sea-compass i.s 
 suspended in itsbo.x, so as to counteract the effect of 
 the ship’s motion, and keep the card horizontal. See 
 
 GIMBLEt'iNG, a term applied to.the anchor to denote 
 the action of turning it round by the stock. 
 
 GIRT, the situation of a ship which is moored so tight 
 by her- cableSj;e.\tending froin .the hawse to two distant 
 
GLA 
 
 GOO 
 
 GLASS, is the usual appellatinn for a telescope. 
 •‘;"'^;^':''^-^=='=^"=‘“':'>F=™i«Jeforviewingobjectsat.iiight. 
 /I<ilf-lour-Gi.ASs, frequently called the Vi'atoh-Glass, 
 is used to measure the time which each watch has to 
 
 Half-mimite and jHarter-miVrate. Glasses, are used to as- 
 
 •log-; .these glasses should be frequently compared with 
 a good stop watch, to determine ,e.\aclly how many 
 
 To fog or sveat the Glass, is, to turn it before the sand 
 has run quite out, and thereby gaining a few minutes 
 in each half hour, malte the watch too short. 
 
 in the plural, to denote the duration of any 
 tb.ey .fought yard-arm and yard-arm three 
 three half hours, or an hour and a half, 
 a sort of barge, curiously ornamented, and 
 n the,canals of Venice; also a nassaae-boat 
 
 -. cfsi.v.or eight oars, 
 of Italy. 
 
 .GOND.OLIER,amai 
 
 used on other qtarts of the coast 
 1 who .worla or navigates a gon- 
 
 GOPGJNGS, certain clamps of iron or other metal, 
 . bolted on.the stem-post of a ship, whereon to hang the 
 rudder, for which purpose there is a hole iii each of 
 . them to receive a correspondent spindle, bolted on the 
 ttick^f the nidder, whicli turns thereby as upon hinges, 
 
 GOOSE-NECK, a sort of iron hook fitted on the inner 
 . end of a boom, and introduced ipto a clamp of irpp or 
 .eve,bolt, wWch encircles die mast, or is fitted to some 
 ♦other place in the ship, so .that it may be unhooked at 
 pleasure. 
 
 -Goose itir.gs of a sail, the clue or lower comers of a 
 sliip’s main-sail or fore-sail, when the middle part is 
 furled or tied up to the yard. 
 
 The goose wings are only used in a storm to ‘scud 
 before the wind .when'the sail even diminished by a 
 reef, would be toogreat a press on the ship.’ 
 
H, 
 
 HaGSTEETH, or Hakesteeth, those parts of a 
 matting, pointing, &c. which are interwoven with the 
 
 spoil the general uniformity of the work. See Poist- 
 
 H AKESTEETH, is also a phrase used to describe some 
 ^ pivrts of the soundings in the British channel. 
 HAILING, the salutation or accosting of a ship at a 
 distance; which is usually performed with a speaking, 
 
9-8 
 
 ilAL 
 
 HAN 
 
 inimpet; the first expressions isioa,tie shipahoayAo 
 ■which she answers/jatfoa,- then follow the requisite 
 questions and replies, &c. 
 
 il ALF-PIEE, a defensive weapon, composed of an iron 
 spike, fixed on an ashen staff: its use is to repel the 
 assault of boarders in a manner similar to the defence 
 of the charged bayonet among infantry; hence, it is 
 fiequently termed a BoAnDixG-PiKE; it takes the 
 epithet of halfitoTa its having a much shorter stall' 
 'than the mbole-plle. 
 
 HALIARDS, the ropes or tackles usually employed to 
 hoist or lower any sail upon its respective mast or stay. 
 See also Jeaes. 
 
 HAMMOCK, a piece of hempen cloth, six feet long and 
 three feet wide, gathered together at the two ends by 
 means of a clue, and hung horizontally under the deck, 
 forming a receptacle for a bed. In preparing for bat¬ 
 tle, the hammotks, together with their contents, are all 
 firmly corded, taken upon deck, and fixed in various 
 nettings, so as to form a barricade against small shot, 
 
 HANDING the sails, is synonimous with Fuslixg 
 them, which see. 
 
 HAND, is a [ihrase sometimes used lor the word mm, 
 as a hand to the lead; clap on more hands, &c. 
 
 HAND-GRENADE, a smaU cast-iron shell, filled with 
 powder and equipped with a fuze, which being set fire 
 to, is thrown from the iaml upon the enemy’s decks, 
 ■a’here by bursting it causes dreadful carnage; it is 
 however, now much less used than formeily. 
 
 HAND-LEAD. See Lead. 
 
 HAND-OVER-HAND, the order to the men who pull 
 upon any rope to pass their hands alternately one 
 before the other, or one above the other if they are 
 hoisting. A sailor is said to go band-ccer-hatid when 
 he ascends a single rope by the dexterity of throwing 
 one hand above the other. 
 
 Haxd-0,vee-Hasd, also implies rapidly, as we are 
 coming up with the chase hand-over-hand. 
 
 HANDSOMELY, signifies moderately, as lower away 
 handsomely. 
 
HARBOR, a general name given to any sea port or 
 Iiaven; as also to any place cSnvenient for mooring 
 shipping where they are well defended from the 
 violence of the wind and sea. See Road. 
 
 HARBOR-MASTER, an officer appointed to inspect 
 the moorings, and to see that the regulations of the 
 
 HARD-A-LEE, the situation of the helm when it is 
 pushed close to the lee-side of the ship, either to tack 
 or keep her head to the wind whenlying to or trying; 
 also the order to put the helm in this position. 
 
 HARD-A-WEATHER, tire order to put the helm close 
 
 n consequence of that order being ir 
 
 HARU-A-STARBOARD, V'® 
 
 HARD-A-PORT, ) W those sides 
 
 HARPINGS, the fore-parts of the Bjnfcr,^vhich encom¬ 
 pass the bow' of a ship and are fastened to the stem, 
 being thicker than the after part of tlie wies, in order 
 
HAR 
 
 HAU 
 
 iOO 
 
 to reinforce tlie ship in this place where she sustains 
 the greatest shock in plunging into the sea or di- 
 
 Cat Habpings. See Cat Harpixgs. 
 
 HARPOON, a spear or javelin used to strike the 
 in the Greenland and South Sea fisheries; tl 
 poon, fig. 36, is furnished with a longshank, a 
 at one end a broad and flat triangular head, sh: 
 at both edges so as to penetrate the whale with f 
 to the other end of this weapon is fastened 
 cord called the whale-line, which lies carefullj 
 
 or lids of the hatches. 
 
 HATCH-Aarr, are bars of woot 
 and aft over the batches, belt 
 one end, by which the com 
 secured from plunder. 
 
 HAVEN. See Harbor. 
 
 ?b HAUL, to pull a single ro] 
 of blocks or other mechanical powers upon it 
 
IIAU 
 
 HAW 
 
 m, haul down, haul up. haul aft, haul together kc 
 See Bowse, Hoist, and Rowse. 
 ro Haul raW, to direct the ship’s course nearer to 
 rtiat point of the compass from which the wind arises 
 This IS performed by arranging the sails more obliquely 
 with the keel by bracing tlie yards more fort?ard 
 hail mg the sheets more aft, and putting the helm over 
 to the contrary side of the vessel" to that on which the 
 A if Thus the wind blowing from 
 
 A to B, fig. JO, the ship C hauls her wind in tra- 
 cmg the cunm D E. See ctee-HAULED and SaS- 
 
 ^^nf understood to imply the situation 
 
 ot me cables atore the sliip’sstem when she is moored 
 witli two anchors out from the bows, viz ojie on the 
 starboard and the other on the larboard bow • hence it 
 IS usual to say she has a clear Hawse, or a /htil 
 Hawse. It also denotes any small distance ahead of 
 the ship, or between her head, and the anchor by which 
 
 £il athwL^oi'^l'aT 
 
 A ship is said to Tide’witii a clear Hawse when the 
 cables are directed to their anchors without crossing or 
 being twisted round each other. 
 
 J foul Hawse, on the contrary, implies that the cables 
 he acre.s- he stem, or bear upon each other, so as to 
 be rub!x d and chafed, by the motion of the vessel, as 
 
 and Rimi 
 ■HAWSE-Ao/fS 
 
 bows of a s 
 the cables 
 
 oiil by having either a erase, 
 1 round turn. If the cables 
 ited than a round turn, it is 
 le terms, as a round turn and 
 <S’c. See Cross, Elbow, 
 
 certain cylindrical holes cut through the 
 p on each side of the stem, though which 
 SS; in order to be drav/n into, or let out 
 as occasion requires. 
 
102 
 
 HAW 
 
 HEA 
 
 HA\vSE-/i/ec«, a name given to ‘lie foremost timbers of 
 a ship, whose lower ends rest upon the knuckle tim¬ 
 ber, or the foremost of the cant-timbers. They are 
 
 ' generally parallel to the stem, having their upper ends 
 sometimes terminated by the lower part of the beak- 
 head and otherwise, particularly in small ships, by 
 the top of the bow. 
 
 HAwsE-ifffi, canvas bags filled with oakum, used in a 
 heavy sea to stop the hawse holes, and prevent the 
 
 Hawser, a kind of small cable used on various occa¬ 
 sions. 
 
 HEAD, an ornamental figure erected on the continua- 
 
 Head, is also used in a more enlarged sense, to signify 
 the whole front or fore part of a ship, including the 
 bows on each side; the head therefore opens the 
 column of water through which the ship passes, when 
 advancing, hence we -say Head-soiA, HEAD-woy, 
 HEAD-sea, &c. 
 
 It is evident that the fore part of a ship is called its 
 head, from the affinity of motion, and position it bears 
 to a fish while swimming. 
 
 Head in a confined sense also signifies that part on each 
 side of the stem, which is appropriated to the use of 
 the sailors for relieving nature. 
 
 Head of a mtut, or iiiocf-HEAD, the upper part of any 
 mast, or that whereon the caps or tnich are fitted. 
 
 Jly the Head, the state of a ship which is laden deeper 
 at the fore-end, than the after-end. 
 
 lizAofast, a rope employed to fasten the head ofa ship 
 or boat to a wharf, chain, or buoy, or to some other 
 vessel along side. 
 
 HEAD-Zmid, a name frequently given to a high cape or 
 promontory. 
 
 HEAD-iiiosf, the situation of any ship or ships which 
 are the most advanced in a fleet, or line of battle. 
 
 Head-id/c, that part of the bolt-rope which terminates 
 any sail on the upper edge, add to which it is accord¬ 
 ingly sewed. See EoLV-rojSe. 
 
JAC JET 113 
 
 stars. In the British nary, the jack is a small union 
 flag, but in merchant-ships the union is boideredwith 
 
 Jack p- the box, a large rvooden male screw, turn- 
 • ing in a female one, which forms the upper part of a 
 strong wooden box, shaped like the frustum of a py- 
 wmid. It IS used by means of levers passing through 
 holes m it, as a press in packing, and for other pur- 
 
 s I'HE bread-rc 
 
 
 an assistant to the purser 
 
 ack-block, a block occasion^ attached to the top- 
 gpUant-ne, and through rvhich the top-gallant top-rope 
 
 -JAMMING, the act of inclosing any object between 
 two bodies so as to render it immoveable; this expres¬ 
 sion IS usuaUy applied to a running rope rvhen it is so 
 compressed by other bodies as to be incapable of tra¬ 
 versing m the blocks; in this sense jamming is op¬ 
 posed to Rendering, which see. A cask, box, 
 
 IS also said to he jammed in when it cannot be dislodg¬ 
 ed trom Its position without great difficulty ' 
 
 ICE-BOUND. See Bound. ^ 
 
 ■IDLER, a general name given to all those on board a 
 ship of war, who, from being liable to constant day 
 
 ■ duty, are not subjected to keep the night watch; blit 
 must, nevertheless, go upon deck it all iands is caUed 
 dunng the night. 
 
 JEARS, an assemblage of tackles by which the lower 
 
 . yards are hoisted up or lowered down as occasion re¬ 
 quires. See Swaying and Striking. In a ship of 
 war the tackles are fi.xed on the yard and mast-h4d, 
 
 ■ and only the faU comes down upon deck; but, in mer¬ 
 chant ships, the tackles are spliced into the two ends of 
 aSye, or single-rope, which passes through two single ' 
 blocks at the mast-head, and one on the yard; the 
 lower blocks of the tac.kies being hooked to an eye-bolt 
 in the deck. SeeTyE. 
 
 JETT.Y-HEAD, a name given to that part of a wharf 
 wliich projects beyond the rest, but more particularly 
 
JEW 
 
 front of 5 'vl'ose side forms one of the 
 
 chffiksflf a d9Fk- ^ „,, , 
 
 JEWEL-BLOCKS, the name of two small blocks sus¬ 
 pended ^ttlie extremities of the main and fpre-top-sail- 
 yarifa, thrppgh tvi'ieh tlip haliards of die top-mast stud¬ 
 ding-sails'arp rpeved) theiv use ia to retain the top- 
 maat-studding-sajl lieyqnd the shirts Ot the top-sail. 
 
 JIB.'tbe'fpremPSt sail of a ship, being a large stay-sad 
 extended from the outer end of the jib-boom towards 
 the fore-top-mast-hcad; in cuttprs and alpops the jib 
 is on the bowsprit, and extends towards tlie lower 
 mast-head. See Sail. 
 
 Clear ai^ay the Jib, is the order to loose it preparatory 
 
 Ffyirg Jib, tfsaU sometimes set upon ahopm> rigged out 
 beyond the Jjb-Bppsi, which see. 
 
 Middle hv, a similar sail, sometimes set bcWecn the 
 trvo preceding, being extended from the end of the 
 jih-bopm, wV'*P ‘he inner jib-tack is near half way 
 down or in bn the boom. 
 
 JIB-5QQW, is a continuation of the bowsprit fonvard, 
 'being run nut irptn its extremity in a similar manner 
 to a top-mast on a lower mast: it is VSUaliy secui-ed 
 by a cap or abopro-irnn on the outer end, oj the bow- 
 
 ■ sprit, aad a Strong lashing within rpupd Its heel, and 
 
 Flving Jib-Boom, is a boom extended beyond 
 ceding by means of two boom-irons, and to 
 . most end of which the tack of the. riying-jib 
 
 JIBING. Sec Gybing. _ . 
 
 JIGGER, a macbine consisting of a piece of rope about 
 five feet long, with a block at one end, and a sheave 
 at the other, used to hold on the cable when it is 
 heaved into the ship by tlie revolution of the windlass; 
 this is done by passing the tad round the cable near 
 the windlass, and the hind part of the rope, commg 
 •over the sheave, is stretched aft by means of another 
 rope passing through the jiggcr-blpc.k. 
 
JIG JOtt 115 
 
 Plat JiGGEHy a term usisd by tilt iflatlwbB holds oh the 
 jigger, when, by its distance from the windliiSs, it 
 becomes necfcSsary to fleet or replace it in a proper 
 sttte of action, a man at the windlass immediately 
 fixes his handspike between the deck and the cable, 
 so as to_;a>il the latter to the windlass, and prevent it 
 from running out tiU the jigger is replaced near the 
 windlass. 
 
 JIGGER-raot/e, a light small tackle consisting of a 
 double and a single blockj and used on sundry oc- 
 
 IN, the state of any sails in a ship when they are furled 
 or stowed, in opposition to oat, which implies that 
 they are set, or extended. 
 
 JOLLY-4oa(. See Boat. 
 
 lOURN AL, a sort of diary, or daily registerof the ship’s 
 
 course and distance, the winds and weather, togeiher 
 with a general account of wliatever is material to be 
 
KNE 
 
 119 
 
 KNI 
 
 ■sli'ip with her sides pr timbers, one branch being se« 
 eurely bolted to one of the beams, and the other in the 
 attme manner, strongly attached to a correspondent 
 timber in the ship's side. 
 
 KNEES, are those which, from thcir situation 
 wjubr a deck, appear to support the beams. ' ^ 
 Ir-on Knees are frequently used in all the various appli¬ 
 cations instead of wooden ones, particularly in the 
 French shijts, on account of the scarcity of timber fit 
 for the purpose. 
 
 . I . odgi:ig Knees, are fixed horizontally in the ship’s frame* 
 
 two pieces, they may be 'occasionally separated, in or¬ 
 der to take off the turns of the cable from the wind-, 
 lass, or rep'tuce them upon it; they are.frequently called 
 the bitts, and then their upper'parts only.are denomi- 
 iinted. knight-heads. Sec WiKjrijAq?' 
 
320 KNI 
 
 LAB 
 
 JCNITTLES, small lines composed of two or three 
 • rope-yarns twisted together by hand, and are used to 
 sling the saUors’ hammocks, to reef the saUs by the 
 bottom, and for various other purposes. 
 
 KNOCK-o/, an order to cease any work. _ 
 
 ■ KNOT, a large knob formed on the extremity of a rope, 
 untwisting the ends thereof, and inter- 
 regularly among each other: ■ of these 
 ' -—‘s,.differing in form, size and 
 
 generally by u 
 
 Shrottd Knot, 
 Stopfer Knot, 
 Ooe'rband Knot, 
 Single •mall. Knot, 
 
 g.93, po 
 
 92, a,b. 
 
 Double niail Knot, (crowned,) 96, 
 
 Diamond Knot, 120, &c. 
 
 Their use is generally to. act as a button in preventmg 
 the end of the rope from slipping through an eye, or 
 through the turns of a laniard, by which they are some¬ 
 times made fast to other ropes. 
 
122 
 
 LAN 
 
 LAR 
 
 Ij Aim-fall, the first land discovered after a sea voyage; 
 hence, a good land-fall implies a discovery of the land 
 at or near the place to which the course was directed. 
 
 , LANC-/octe/, is said of a harbor which is environed by- 
 land on. all sides, so as to e.vclude the prospect of the 
 sea, unless over some intervening land. 
 
 To mate tie Land, is, to discover it after having been 
 out of sight of it some time. 
 
 LANDSM.AN, the distinctive appellation of those on 
 
 ■LANGREl'^oT Langrage, a particular kind of shot 
 formed of-bolts, nails, and other pieces of iron tied 
 together, designed to tear the sails and rigging of the 
 adversary. 
 
 LANIARD, a short piece of rope or line, fastened to 
 several machines in a ship, and serving to secure them 
 in a particular place, or to manage them more conve¬ 
 niently; such are the laniards of the gun-ports, the 
 laniard of the buoy, the laniard of the cathook, &c. 
 The principal lanianls used in a ship are those em¬ 
 ployed to extend the shrouds and stays of the masts 
 by their communication with the dead-eyes and hearts, 
 so as to form a sort of mechanical power, resembling 
 that of a tackle. See Dead-Eyes and Hearts. 
 
 Laniards tie stoppers. Sec Stoppers. 
 
 LANTERN, awell known machine, of which there are 
 many used in a ship, such as poop-lanterns, top-lan- 
 tems, - signal-lanterns, store-room lanterns, powder- 
 
 TuhV-sided, the state of a ship which is built in such a 
 manner as to have one side heavier than the other. 
 
 LARBOARD, ,a name given by seamen to the left side 
 of a ship when on the deck the spectator’s face is 
 turned towards the head. 
 
 LARBOARD-raci, is when a ship is close-hauled, with the 
 wind blowing on her larboard side. 
 
 JkARBOWLINES, a cant term used by theboatswain;s 
 n^ites, implying the larboard watch. See AVatcii. 
 
LAR 
 
 LAY 
 
 123 
 
 LARGE, a phrase applied to the wind when it crosses 
 o^sliip’s course in a favorable direction, par- 
 
 Saiiiiig Large, is therefore the act of advancing with a 
 large wind, so as that the sheets are slackened and 
 nowing, and the bowlines entirely disused. 
 
 LASCAR, an East Indian native seaman; there are 
 also land lascars who arc employed in camps in the 
 service of artillery, and of tent equipage. 
 
 LASHING, a piece of rope, employed to fasten or secure 
 any moveable body in a ship, or about her masts, sails, 
 and rigging, also the act of securing or fastening any 
 thing by means of a rope used for this puipose. 
 
 LASTAGE, signifies the ballast or lading of a ship. 
 
 LATEEN sail, a triangular sail, frequently used by 
 xebecks, polacres, settees, and other vessels navigated 
 in the Mediterranean sea... 
 
to her length. 
 
 To LET in, is to fix a diminished part of one plank or 
 piece of timber into a vacancy formed in another for 
 
 To Le? oTt a reef, is to increase the dimensions of a sail, • 
 by untying tlie points of a reef in it. 
 
 LETTER (fmart, or letter afmarque and reprisal, a com^ 
 mission granted to the commander of amerchant-ship or 
 privateer to cruize against and make prizes of an ene¬ 
 my’s ships and vessels, either at sea or in their har¬ 
 bors. The sh.ip so commissioned is also called a LeUer 
 
 of Mart or Marque. 
 
JLBIB, inlstronomy, is the edge of the sun, or of the 
 .moon, in which sense we say, the upper limb, the 
 .lower.Vimb, the sun and moon’s neatest limbs, &c. 
 
 ■LIMBERS, or LIMBER-Aofe, square holes cut through 
 .the lower pit of a ship’s floor timbers, very npr the 
 
 with the pump-well throughout the whole length of 
 the floor. Every floor-timber has two such holes cut 
 
 through it, one on each side of tlie keelson. 
 
LOG 
 
13S 
 
 LOO LUR 
 
 ?o Loose a rope, is to cast it off or let it go. 
 
 LOST, the state of being foundered or cast away. 
 
 LOW Huater, the lowest point to which the tide ebbs. 
 See Tide. 
 
 To LOWER, to ease down gradually, expressed of some 
 weighty body suspended by taekles or ropes. 
 
 Lower banekomely and Lower cieerly, are opposed tc 
 eaeh other, the former being the order to lower gradu¬ 
 ally, and the latter to lower expeditiously. 
 
 I.UBBER, a eontemptuous name given by sailors to 
 those who know not the duty of a seaman. 
 
 LUBBER’S bole, is the vaeant space between the head, 
 of a lower-mast and the inner edge of the top ; it is sO' 
 termed from a supposition that a lubber, not cariug tO' 
 trust-himself up the futtock shrouds, will prefer that 
 way of getting into the top. 
 
 LUFF, the order to the helmsman to put the tiller to¬ 
 wards the lee-side of the ship, in order to make the 
 ship sail nearer the direction of the wind, hence— 
 
 LuFF-round, or LuFF-a-fee, is the extreme of this move¬ 
 ment, by whieh it is intended to throw the ship’s head, 
 up in the wind. 
 
 A ship is aecordingly said to spring bar luff when she 
 yields to the effort of the helm by sailing nearer to tire 
 wind than she did before. 
 
 LuFF-foeWe, a name given to any large taekle that is not 
 destined for a partieular place, but may be variously 
 employed as occasion requires. 
 
 LUGGER, a vessel earrying three masts with a running 
 bowsprit, upon which she sets fog-satVs, and sometimes 
 has top-sails adapted to them. 
 
 LUG-ra//, a quadr^teral sail, bent upon a yard whieh 
 hangs obliquely to the mast at one-tliird of its length. 
 
 Lvcsail-boat, a boat carrying sails of the preceding de¬ 
 scription. 
 
 LUMPERS, laborers employed to load and unload a. 
 
 merchant ship when in harbor. 
 
 LURCH. See Lee Lurches. 
 
Magazine, a dose room Imat m a ship S ho d to coiir 
 
 tain the gunpowder ; it is lighted occasionally by means 
 of candles feed in the light-room contiguous to it. See 
 
 ^ Large sWp” nf war generally have two magazines, 
 
 each furnished with a light-room; theh^gmg, or al¬ 
 ter magazine, which is usuaUy the smallest, coi^tams 
 only a sufficient supply of cartridges for the after-guns 
 during an action ; but the fore magazine, contains a 
 guantoy of powder sufficient to supply the ship, for a 
 length of time. 
 
 magnet. See Compass. . . . , 
 
 MAIN, an epithet appUed to whatever is as 
 
 opposed to what is inferior or - secondary; thus, the 
 main-land is used in contradistinction to an island, and 
 
■ing galled, or to attach the foot of a sail to its bolt- 
 rope, &c. 
 
 MARLING-SPIKE, an iroil pin tapering to a point, 
 and principally used to separate the strands of a rope, 
 in order to introduce the ends of some other through the 
 intervals in the act of knotting or splicing ; it is also 
 used as a lever in fixing seizings, &c. 
 
 TbMAROON, to putone or more sailors on shore upona 
 desolate island, under pretence of their having commit¬ 
 ted some great crime ; this detestable expedient has 
 been too often practised by some inlmmancommanders 
 of rherchant ships. 
 
 To MARRY two ropes, is to knot the yums together in a 
 kind of splice, so as not to be thicker at the juncture 
 
MESSENGER, a large rope, used to unmoor or heave 
 up the anchors of a ship, by transmitting the efforts of 
 the capstem to the cable. This is performed by fas¬ 
 tening one part of the messenger to the cable, in se¬ 
 veral places, by a particular kind of rope called nippers, 
 and by wmding another part thereof three or four 
 times about the capstern, which answers the same 
 purpose as if the cable itself were in that manner 
 ' wound about -the capstem; and the messenger being 
 much lighter and more pliant, is infinitely more con¬ 
 venient. The messenger has an eye splice at each 
 end, through which several turns of a strong lashing 
 are passed, fig-119, forming a continuation, whereby 
 a quantity passes forward on one side equal to what is 
 . hove in cn the other. SeeVovAL.. 
 
 Light fonmrd the Messekger, is the order to pull the 
 slacK of it towards the hawse-holes, so as to be ready to 
 fasten upon the cable which is heaving in. 
 MID-cAamie/, inqilies half away across, or in the middle 
 , of any channel, river, &c. 
 
 MIDSHIP, a term applied by shipwrights to several 
 - pieces of timber which lie in the broadest part of the: 
 
 MiDSHip-icani, the beam upon whiph the e.'ttrerne. 
 breadth of a ship is formed, and wldch is situated in 
 
Midshipman is accordingly the station in which a 
 young volunteer is trained in the several exercises ne¬ 
 cessary to attain a sufficient knowlege of the ma¬ 
 chinery, discipline, movements, and military operations 
 of a ship, to qualify him for a sea officer- 
 
 MIZEN, the aftermost or hindmost of the fixed sails-of 
 a ship, extended sometimes by a gaft’,^ and sometimes 
 
 end reaching almost down to the deck, and the after 
 end being peeked up as high above the middle of the 
 yard, which is attached to the mast; the head and fore 
 ieech of the mizen are laced upon the gaff (or yard) 
 and mast, and the sheet hauls out near the taffarel. 
 
 Nizzs-mast, the mast which supports all the after-sails. 
 The explanations of the rigging, yards, and sails of 
 this mast being in general applicable also to the same 
 furniture of both the other masts, the reader is refer¬ 
 red to the articles Shroud, Stay, Yard, &c. observ¬ 
 ing only that the epithet of Fore, Mum, or Mizeii, is 
 added to each term, to distinguish them from each 
 
 MOLE, a name given in the Mediterranean to a long 
 pier, or artificial bulwark of masonry, extending ob¬ 
 liquely across the entrance of a harbor, in order to 
 
Mole, is also applied to the harbor or haven which is 
 ■ formed by the bulwark above desciibed, which latter 
 is then denominated the mole-head. 
 
 MONSOON, a name given to the periodical trade winds 
 which blow regularly in certain latitudes of the Indian 
 ocean. They continue five or six months invariably in 
 one direction, and then alter their course and blow 
 during an equal space of time from an opposite point 
 of the compass, with the same uniformity, 
 ro MOOR, to confine or secure a ship m a-particular 
 station by chains or cables, which are either fastened 
 to the adjacent shore or to anchers in the bottom: a 
 ship is never said to be moored when she rides by a 
 
 ^o'^loov.acab^e each way, is performed by dropping 
 
 out so much of the head-cable, the hedge, or stream 
 anchor may be carried out astern in the long-boat, and 
 let go, and the cable being passed in at the stern, the 
 ship will be retained in a similar position. This me¬ 
 thod of mooring is generally practised where there is 
 
MOU 
 
 MOO 
 
 U3 
 
 little or no tide, and where there are oiilv IMit 'ahs 
 blowing from the land, as in the West Ind'ies. 
 
 ■Tb Moon, with a spring on the cable. See Sprin-g. 
 
 ■MOORINGS, are an assemblage of anchors, chains, and 
 bridles, laid athwart the bottom of a river or harbor, 
 to ride the sliipping therein. The anchors have gene- 
 raiiybut one finite, and the chain is furnished with a 
 
 swivel, to which are attached the bridles, which are 
 short pieces of-" -’ 
 
OAK 
 
 OFF 
 
 ur 
 
 0 . 
 
 Oakum, the substance into svhich old ropes are re¬ 
 duced when they are untwisted, loosened, and drawn 
 
 IF&’(e-OAKUM, is that which is formed from untarred 
 
 Oakum-%, a boy who attends a caulker to bring him 
 oakum., pitch, &c. 
 
 OAR, a long piece of timber, flat at one end, and round 
 or square at the other, used to make a vessel advance 
 upon the rvater. The flat part which is dipped into 
 the water, is called the blade, and that which is witli- 
 in board is termed the loom, whose extremity being small 
 enough to be grasped by the rowers, is called th« 
 
 To boat the Oars, is to cease rowing, and lay the oars in 
 
 Get pur Oars to pass, the order to prepare them for 
 
 Toship the Oars, is to place them in the row-locks; as. 
 
 To unship them, is to take them out of the row-locks, and 
 
 ■ is frequently practised in passing very near a vessel, 
 to prevent breaking the oars, &c. 
 
 Double-banked Oars. See Bank. 
 
 OBSERVATION, the art of measuring the altitude of 
 
She threw her guns overboard, 
 OVERCAST, in speaking of 
 cloudy, dull. 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 151 
 
 PARALLAX, is the difference in altitude of a celestial 
 object, as seen from the surface and from the centre of 
 the earth at the same instant. 
 
 PARALLEL, is sometimes used instead of latitude, 
 which is then understood, as, “ Our orders were to 
 cruise in the parallel of Madeira.” 
 
 PARBUCKLE, is a contrivance to haul up or lower 
 down a cask, Ac. where there is no crane or tackle; 
 it is formed by passing the middle of a rope round a 
 poster ring, or under a boat’s thwart; the two parts 
 of the rope are then passed under the two quarters of 
 the cask, bringing the two ends back again over it, 
 which being both hauled or slackened together, either 
 
 PARCELING?bng”niow slipT^of'caZas ilaubed 
 with tar, and bound about a rope in the manner of ban¬ 
 dages, previous to its being served; it is also used to 
 raise a mouse cn the stays, Stc. and is iirinly fastened 
 by mailing from one end to the other. 
 
 I’AnCEUiNG a the lay ing on a slip of canvas 
 
 and daiibingit oyer with melted iiitch. 
 
 PARLIAMENT-iee,’, the causing a ship to incline a 
 little on one side so as to clean the upper part of her 
 bottom on the other, and cover it with fresh composi¬ 
 tion, which latter operation is called hoot-tooping. 
 
 easily hoisted anil l.rwei-ed thei 
 different kinds ofDarrels, viz. 
 
 PARKEL-ro/re, is formed of a siii 
 and furnished with an eye at e 
 passed round the yard is seized i 
 :ire passed round the afrer-pai't o 
 
 ; this 
 
PASSAREE, a 
 ship when sh 
 however, ver^ 
 
 PASSENGER, 
 
or less iicHni'n^wbrown, and is pr^uced from a par- 
 ticular kind.of fir; it is used m caulking a ship o ^ 
 the chipks or intervals between the planks of her sidt 
 
 7t> Pitch See Pay. 
 
 PITCHING, is the vertical vibration which the length 
 of a ship makes about hercentrejf 
 
 lollow of the sea. 
 
 ipwrights, implying the 
 ■- --‘-ithinany parti- 
 plane of pro- 
 
 PlSjE, is a term used by 
 
 area, or imaginary surface contauieu 
 cular outlines, as, theplaiie of elevuti 
 lection, I'at horizontal plane. - 
 
 PLANKING, the act of covering and lining the sides 
 cf a ship with planks, which is sometimes by the 
 ficers, cidled laftng on the skin. 
 
instances:— 
 
 Vx ship heels to Port, i. e. stoops or inclines to the lar¬ 
 board side. ■■ 
 
 Top the rnoin-yardto Port, the order to sway the lar¬ 
 board extremity of that yard higher than the other. 
 See Topping. 
 
 Port the helm, the order to put the helm over to the lar¬ 
 board side of the vessel, when going large. 
 
164 PUM QUA 
 
 PnMP-irafe, the wooden lever or handle by which a 
 hand-pump is worked. 
 
 PuMP-iofe, two pieces of iron, with a knob at one end, 
 and a hole for a pin or forelocK in the other; one serves 
 to fasten the pump spear to the brake, and the other 
 
 as a fidcrum for the brake to work upon. 
 
 PuMp-dafcs, long wooden tubes, extending from the 
 chain pumps across the ship, and through the side, 
 serving to discharge the water without wetting the 
 decks. r. r . 
 
 PuMP-^ear, any materials requisite for fitting or repair¬ 
 ing the pumps, as boxes, leather, &c. _ ^ 
 
 PuMP.5j&ear, that bar of ironwhich, communicating with 
 
 • the upper box, is also attached to the end of the arake, 
 
 PUNT, a sort of flat-bottomed boat, whose floor resem¬ 
 bles the platform of a floating stage. They are used 
 in caulking, breaming, or repairing the bottom of a ship, 
 and in shaUow rivers. . 
 
 PURCHASE, a name ^yen to any sort of mechamcal 
 power employed in raising or removing heavy bodies, 
 or in fixing or extending the ship’s rigging, such are 
 the tackles, windlasses, winches, capstems, screws, and 
 handspikes. 
 
 PURSER, an officer appointed to take charge of the pro¬ 
 visions of a ship of war, and to see that they are care¬ 
 fully distributed to the officers and crew, according tp 
 the general printed naval instructions. 
 
 ' Purser’s Steviard. See Steward. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quadrant, an Instniment used to take the altitude 
 of the sun or stars at sea, and thereby to determine the 
 
QUA 16S 
 
 QUA 
 
 latitude of the place, or the sun's azimuth, so as to as¬ 
 certain the magnetical variation; and also to take hori- 
 zontal angles for various purposes. Of the different 
 kinds of instruments known by this name, the most 
 useful is that called Hadley’s quadrant, of which the 
 sextant is an improvement. See Sextaxt. 
 
 The quadrant is so denominated from its serving to 
 measure any angle, not exceeding 90 degrees, although 
 its arch is only the eighth part of a circle, whence 
 some have termed it an octant. 
 
 QUARANTINE, the state of persops who are prevent¬ 
 ed from having a free communication with the inha¬ 
 bitants of any country till the expiration of an ap¬ 
 pointed time, in order to prevent the importation of 
 the plague, or any other infectious disorder. See La- 
 
 ZAKETTO. 
 
 QUARTER, that part of a ship’s side which lies towards 
 the stern, or which is comprehended between the aft- 
 most end of the main chains, and the sides of the stem, 
 where it is terminated by the quarter-pieces. 
 
 On the Qu ARTEit may be defined a point in the horizon 
 
 ■ considerably abaft the beam, but not in the direction 
 of the ship’s stern. See Bearing. 
 
 QuAHTEn-iiV/, alist, containing the different stations to 
 
 . which the officers and crew are quartered in time of 
 battle, with the names of all the persons appointed to 
 
 OjjAETER-4flt/^e. See Badge. 
 
 (JuARTER-cteAr, long pieces of painted canvas, extend- 
 
 ■ ed on the. outside of the quarter-netting, from the up¬ 
 per part of the gallery to the gangway. 
 
 QuARTER-rfecA See Deck. 
 
 QuARTER-gatfcry, a sort of balcony on the quarters of 
 ships, generally communicating by doors with ^at on 
 the bvern. See Gallery. 
 
 QuARTER-.j'Htme’r. See Gunner. 
 
 QuARTER-master, an inferior ollicer, appointed to assist 
 the mates in their several duties, as stowing tlie 
 
166 QUA 
 
 QUI 
 
 qvARrKR-tacile. a strong tackle fixed occasionally upon 
 the quarter of tl;e main-yard, to hoist heavy bodies in 
 
 or out ot the ship. 
 
 QUAY, or-Key, a place to land goods upon. 
 QUICK-SAND, a loose sand into which a ship sinks 
 by lier own weigiit as soon as the water retreats from 
 her bottom.' A- shifting, sand bank. 
 
QUI RAF 167 
 
 QUICIC-wor^, generally signifies all that part of a ship 
 which is under water when she is laden ; it is also jiij- 
 plied to that part of the side which is above the sheer- 
 rail. 
 
 quilting, the operation of weaving a kind of coat¬ 
 ing formed of the strands of rope about the outside ot 
 any vessel to contain water as ajar, botde, &c. 
 
 ■QUOIN, a wedge, q, lig. "8. employed to raise the catt- 
 non to a proper level, tliat it may be more truly directed 
 to the object. 
 
 Qn^oixs, are also employed to wedge olf.casks of liquids 
 from each other, that their bilges may not nib .so as 
 to occasion aleak by tlie agitation of the ship at sea. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabbit, a deep groove or channel, cut in a piece of 
 timber longitudinally to receive the edge of a plank, 
 or the ends of a number of planks, which are to.be 
 securely fastened therein. 
 
 HACK, a frame of timber containing several sheaves, 
 and usually fixed on the opposite sides of a ship’s 
 bowsprit, to direct the sailors to the respective rones 
 passing through it. ' 
 
 Racking a tace/c, the fastening two opposite parts to¬ 
 gether with a seizing, so as that any weighty body 
 suspended thereby shall not fall down although -the 
 
 RAF r, a sort of float formed by an assemblage of va¬ 
 rious planks or pieces of timber, fastened together 
 side by side, so as to be conveyed more coramodiously 
 to any short distance hi a harbor or river, than if 
 tliey were separate. 
 
RAM 
 
 qiiem.y c^^i raFmgfoye and aft, and is simUaf to 
 %v]iat IS termed by engineers enjiladinp, 
 rammer is a cylindrical block of wood nearly fittintc 
 the bore of a cannon, and fastened on a woodra staff 
 or on a stilt-rope well served with spun yarn. It i= 
 used to drive the chargeof a cannon hont^ or to the 
 innermost part of It; the rope-rammers are most vp 
 neral in ships of war, a, fig. 80. * 
 
 RANDOM-j-te See Range. 
 
 RANGE a sufficient length 'of the cable drawn niroti 
 the deck before the anchor is let go, that, bv i- ’ 
 
irs REfi 
 
 REE 
 
 the surface of the sail in proportion to the increase of 
 the wind, for whicli reason there are several reefs 
 parallel to each other in ihe superior sails i thus the 
 top-sails of ships are generally furnished with three 
 reels, I, m, n, tig. 63. and sometimes four, and there 
 are always three or four reefs parallel to the foot or 
 bottom of those main-sails and fore-sails which are 
 e-vlended upon booms. 
 
 Reef, also implies a chain of rocks lying near the sur¬ 
 face of the water. 
 
 REEF-Aaiid, a piece of canvas sewed across the sail to 
 strengthen it in the place where the eyelet holes of 
 the reefs are formed. 
 
 REEFING, the operation of reducing a sail by taking 
 in one or more of the reefs, and is either performed 
 with lines, points, or knittles. In order to reef the 
 top-sails with more facility and expedition, they are 
 lowered down and made to shiver in the wind; the 
 extremities of the reef are then drawn up to the 
 yard-arms by the reef tackles, where they are securely 
 fastened by the earings; the space of sail compre¬ 
 hended in the reef is then laid smoothly over the 
 yard in several folds, and the whole is completed by 
 tying the points about the yard so as to bind the 
 reefclose up to it. In reefing a course the after-end 
 of the point should be thrust forward between the 
 head of the sail and the yard, and the foreleg of the 
 same point should come aft over the head of the sail and 
 also under the yard, and thus crossed over the head of the 
 sail, the two ends should be tied on the upper side of 
 the yard as tight as possible. When a sail is reefed at 
 the bottom it is generally done with biittles, in the 
 room of points, or in large sails such as the main-sails 
 of armed cutters, pieces of line termed reef-hanks, 
 are fi.ved in the eyelet holes; for other methods of re¬ 
 ducing a sail see Balance and Goosewing, 
 
 Reef-Iwc', a small rope, by which they formerly reefed 
 the courses, by passing it spirally, through the holes 
 of the reef, and over the head of the sail, alternately'. 
 
REE 
 
 REL 
 
 from the yard arms to the slings, and then straining 
 it as tight as possible. 
 
 REEF-tacWe, a tackle upon deck, communicating with 
 its pendant, which passing through^ a block at the 
 top-mast-head, and through a hole in the top-sail- 
 yard-arm, is attached to a cringle a little below the 
 lowest reef (i. k. fig. 63.) Its use is to pull the skirts 
 of the top-sails close up to the e-xtremities of the top¬ 
 sail-yards, in order to lighten the labour of reefing. 
 
 Close Reefed, is when all the reefs of the top-sails are 
 
 REELS, are machines moving round an a.xis, and serv¬ 
 ing to wind various lines upon, (see fig. 7o.) as the 
 
 Dee/i-icn-REEr,, that which contains the dep-sea-liue. 
 
 Lo^ Reel, that appropriated for the log-line. 
 
 Twm Reel, Tam Reel, &c. 
 
 To REEVE, is to pass the end of a rope through any 
 hole, as the channel of a block, the cavity of a thim¬ 
 ble, cleat, ring-bolt, cringle, &c. 
 
 REFRACTION, is that property of the atmosphere 
 which, by bending the rays of light in their passage 
 to the eye, causes the altitude of heavenly bodies to 
 appear greater than it really is, especially near the 
 
 REFITTING, is generally understood to imply the re¬ 
 pairing any damages which a ship may have sustain¬ 
 ed in her sails or rigging by battle or tempest, but 
 more particularly by the former. 
 
 REGULATING Captain, an officer whose duty it is to 
 e.vamine the seamen intended for the navy, whether 
 
 REIGNING inimts, a name given to the winds which 
 usually prevail on any jiarticular coast or region. 
 
 RELIEVING tackles, two strong tackles, furnished 
 with guys and pendants, which passing under the ship’s 
 bottom to the opposite side, are attached to the lower 
 gun-ports, the tackles being hooked to the wharf or 
 pontoon, by which the vessel is careened. They are 
 used to prevent a sliip from overturning on the careen, 
 
1?'4 REL REP 
 
 and to assist in bringing her upright after that opera- 
 
 Relieving tauks, are also tliose which are occasion¬ 
 ally hooked to the tiller in bad weather or in action, 
 when the wheel or tiller-rope is broken or shot away. 
 
 Relieving tackle ■- -- 
 
 the train-tackle o 
 
 RENDERING, 
 
RET 
 
 RID 
 
 irs 
 
 of the enemy, she is deemed a lawful prize; but if re¬ 
 taken within that time, site is to be wholly restored to 
 the owner, upon his allowing one third of her value 
 for saha^t to the vecaj)tors: also if a vessel has from 
 any cause been abandoned by the enemy, before he has 
 taken her into any port, she is to be restored to the 
 original proprietor. See Saia'age. 
 
 RETIRE AT, the order or disposition in which a fleet or 
 s(jiiadron declines engagement, or flies from apursuing 
 
 RHOMB-//;;e, a line prolonged from any ])oint of the 
 compass, on a nautical cliart, except the four cardinal 
 
 RIBBANDS, in naval architecture, long narrow flexi¬ 
 ble pieces of timber, nailed upon the outside of the 
 ribs from the stem to the stern post, so as to encom¬ 
 pass the ship lengthways; of these tlie principal are the 
 jP/oor-RinBAXD, whicli terminates at the height of the 
 lisinglineof the floor; and the 
 .5m/r/;i-RiBBAXD, which coincides with the wing tran¬ 
 som, at the lieight of the lower deck ; all the rest are 
 termed intermediate ribbands. 
 
 RIBS of a ship, a flgurativc expression for the timbers-. 
 lliBS (^' a parrel, (c, 1-g. 57.) arc short pieces of plank, 
 each having two holes in it, through which the two 
 parts of the parrel-rope are reeved, the inner smooth 
 edge of the rib resting against and sliding readily up 
 and down the masv. See Parre l. 
 
 RIDE, signifiesto beheld in a particular situation by 
 one or more anchors and cables. 
 
 To Ride athimrt, or betvceen vcind and tide, is when the 
 wind and tide are in o{)])asition, but so nearly equal 
 in their force that the ship lies with tlte tide running^ 
 against one side, and the wind blowing upon the other. 
 
 .To Ride head to v:ind, is when the wind is so much more 
 powerful than the tide as to cause the ship to swing 
 till her head is in the direction of the former. 
 
 To Hide out a gale, siguilies that the ship docs notdriva 
 during the storm. 
 
RIN 
 
 It IS also a name (jiven ia the navy to any f 
 sent to tlic riggiii J-Ioft or hulk to pre])are l 
 iigging for i)i-.ttiiig over tlie mast-heads. 
 
 RIGGING, a general name given to all t!i 
 ployed to support the masts, and to e.vtet 
 the sails, or arrange them to the disposi 
 
 places about the masts, yards, slirouds, & 
 ces, sheets, lialiards, clewlines, fee. &c. 
 imfcr Riggixg, is that which attaches 
 
 to tlic circular edge of 
 
180 
 
 Rolling-(«c/*, a purchase i 
 
 bread and keep it dry. 
 
 Gan-llooM. 
 
 it ?snsu:iiy situated on the orlop-deck, ad- 
 Sau'seom. Tre places on te orlop-deck inclosed for tte 
 
 set apart for tl-.e reception of “"fJl 
 
 irard-KooM, a room over the p’"' ‘ ■ ■ 1; officers 
 
 where the lieutenants, and other piincip,.! ome,. 
 sleep and mess. 
 
 ROPES?a general name given to aU sorts of cord^ 
 
 ^Me}aU,tSd^^^re c^omposed of nine 
 
 three great strands containing each three sniaii sir.uiuv 
 
 which are made with three strands, each 
 composed of a certain number of rope-yarns in propor¬ 
 tion to its retjuired thickness. 
 
RUNG-Ws, a name sometimes given by ship-wngbts 
 to the upper ends of the floor timbers, which are 
 otherwise more properly called floor-heads. 
 
 RUNNER, a thick rope used to encrease the mechani¬ 
 cal power of a tackle. See Tackle. 
 
 The runner passes through a large block, and has 
 usually a hook attached to one of’its ends, and one of 
 the tackle-blocks to the other: In applying it, the 
 hook of the runner, as well as the lower block of the 
 tackle, is fixed to the object Intended to be removed. 
 
 .RUNNING-/g/jt, a battle in which one ship endea¬ 
 vours to escape, while another pursues within gun 
 shot. . 
 
 RuxxiSG-rfvgi'ng, all that part ofaship's riggingwhich 
 passes through blocks, &c. and is used in contradis¬ 
 tinction from itimi/mg rigging. SeeRiGCisG. 
 
 The Runsisg part of a taeik, is syiionimous with the 
 fall, and is that part on which the power is applied to 
 
 Saddle, a small cleat or block of worf nailed upon 
 the lower yard-arms, to retain the studding sail booms 
 
 in a firm and steady position; lor tnis purpose, iiic ca¬ 
 vity on the lower part of the saddle contorms to the 
 cylindrical surface of the yard to which it is attacned, • 
 .and in like manner the hollow on the upper side ,an- 
 6WC1-5 to the figure of the boom, and serves as a chan- 
 
SAD 
 
 i84 SAD 
 
 SAI 
 
 
 .ut or in along the yard as 
 
 SAD™iraTsra nan-.e given to several circnlar pieces 
 of wood, as the saddle of a bowsprit, saddle of a 
 boom, Etc. 
 
 SAGGING to leeward, th: 
 
 makes a considerable lee-way, or is u,..,-.. 
 ward of the course whereon she apparently sails. It is 
 
 generally e.vpressed of heavy sailing vessels as opposed 
 
 ?- i..„n windward, or, in the sea phrase. 
 
 nt by which a 
 
 holding 
 
 SAIC, a sort of Grecian k( 
 
 SAIL^an assemblage of several breadths of canvas or 
 other texture sewed together, and extended on or bcr 
 tween the masts to receive the wind and impel the 
 vessel through the water. ..... • 
 
 The edges of the cloths or pieces of which a sail is 
 composed, are generally sewed together with a double 
 seani.andthewholeis skirled round at the edges with 
 a cord called the bolt-rope. 
 
 Bails, are all contained either between three or Icnr 
 sides. 
 
 The former of th 
 as lateen sails, or b 
 
 .throughout it 
 
 ch has no top-gallant 
 
 ;S spread by a yard 
 iviiich cases the fo're- 
 
 wlv 
 
 re fore-siii 
 
 .as the principal sails of a ship, or by yards and booms, 
 as the emkliiiz sails, drivers, ringtails, and all these 
 sails which are set cccasionaiiy: or by galls anu 
 booms, as the main sails of sloops ami brigantines. 
 
 The principal sails ofa ship (iig. 63.) are tlic courses 
 ' or lower sails, d, the tep sails, b, which are ne.vt m 
 order above the courses, and the top-gallant sails, c, 
 which are e.vtciided above the top sails. East India 
 ships have also a sail called asl^-ccre/tr, which see. 
 
 The courses are the main-sail, a, fig. 64.. icre-sail f, 
 and niizcn 13, fig. 63- the sprit-sail, 1, 64, mnin-sir-j-- 
 
186 
 
 SAE. 
 
 SAI 
 
 mast is named the 
 
 :.^n\^h:t"L^sSre^ft^^^ 
 
 it, and mizen royal, r« ., ^ c 
 
 Thus also there is the mam-stay sail, 1, ng. 65. mam 
 top-mast-stay sail. 2. ™ 
 
 and a middle-stay sail, 3, (winch = 
 two last'); all these stay-sails are between the main 
 
 ton-mast-^ay sail 10, the mizen top-gallant-stay sail, 
 ll! and sometimes a mizen royal-stay sail. The sails 
 
 bekveen the fore-mast and the bowsprit me the fore 
 
 stay sail, 8, the fore top-mast-stay sail, 7, the jib, 6, 
 S som’etimes a fi) ing jib. 5, and mxn a midd‘ej.b ; 
 tt,prp are besides two, and sometimes thiee, square 
 sads extended by yards “ oiid 
 
 booms, one called the spnt-sail, 1, fig- M- the secoiio, 
 the sprit-sail-top sail, in, and the third, the sprit-sail-top- 
 
 .SfsailithLtiiddingsailsb 
 
 dillerent yards of the main-mast and fm e-i^^ ^ „ a„d * 
 C^'m;it!r^T^mrp!^llant studdings^^^ 
 
 ^ '^For the other sails of a ship, such as the Driver, 
 -Gaff Top-Sail, Ringtail, &c. s.ee those articles. 
 
 . Theropesby Which the lower yards of a ship ar 
 
 hoisted up to their proper height on the masts are 
 
 S 4e«iT,- in all ot'-cases the ^les e^loyed 
 
 for this purpose are called /Wiflit/s. hence the sails 
 areexpahded hy haliards, tach, sheets, and tow-te, 
 and are drawn up together, or trussed up, by hunt line , 
 
 clue-lines, leech-lines, slab-lines, and ./iitof-to, Ae 
 higher studding-sails and the stay-sails are drawn 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 18? 
 
 down so as to be taken in by dmm-bauls, and the 
 courses, top-sails, and top-gallant sails, are wheeled 
 about the mast so as to suit the various directions of 
 the wind hy braces. 
 
 Sky.scraper Sail, a small triangular sail used in southern 
 latitudes which is placed above the royal; attached by 
 an earing to the top of the mast, and by two clues to 
 the royal yard. 
 
 SAILisalsoa name applied to a vessel beheld at a distance 
 under sail, as “We saw three sail in the north-east.’’ 
 
 To set Saii,, is to expand the sails In order to begin the 
 
 To loose Sails, fs to unfurl them, and let them hang 
 
190 
 
 SAU 
 
 SCR 
 
 SAUCER ofacapstern, is 
 wooden stock or standard, 
 
 and bolted to the beams. 
 
 a socket of iron let it ort» 
 , caUed the step, “P°" 
 
 SCAUNct" 
 
 ciVon V the explosion of a small qnanwy 
 <tr ANT is a term applied to the wind when it becomp 
 
 Lnfrolretl'cfS teurded, but iiUhe latter 
 
 SCANTLING, the dimensions of any piece of timber 
 with regard to its breadth and tlnckness. 
 SCARFING, a particular method of uniimg two piece^s 
 
SET 
 
 and’ a 
 
 very beneScial by 
 the sea, as distinguished from 
 
 informing vessels of t 
 
 Sea-Port, a haven nea 
 
 one which is situated i.,. .. 
 
 Sea-Room, Implies a sufficient distance from land,rocks, 
 
 or shoals, wherein a ship may drive or scud without 
 danger of shipwreck. 
 
 Sea-Weed, a sort of herb or tangles floating on the 
 surface of the sea, or washed upon the sea-coast. 
 
 SEAMS, theinteivals between the cSdges of the planks 
 in the decks and sides of a ship, or the places where 
 the planks join together; these are always filled with 
 a quantity of oakum and covered with nitch to pre¬ 
 vent the entrance of the water. See Caulking. 
 
 Seam, also implies that part where two edges of canvas 
 are laid over each other and sewed down. . 
 
 SEINE, the name of a large fishing-net. 
 
 SEIZIiIg, the operation of fastening any two ropes or 
 different parts of one rope together with a small line 
 or cord. 
 
 Seizing implies also the cord which fastens them 
 
 SELVAGEE, a sort of hank or skein of rope-yarn’used 
 to fasten round any rope as a shroud or stay by wliicli 
 to hook a tackle, in order to set it up. 
 
 SENDING, the act of pitching precipitately into the 
 hollow or interval between two waves. 
 
 SENNIT, a kind of flat braided cordage used for va¬ 
 rious purposes, and formed by plaiting five or seven 
 rope-yarns together. 
 
 SERVING, is the winding any thing round a rope to 
 prevent it trom being rubbed: the materials used for 
 this purpose, which are called jctticc, are generally 
 .spun-yarn, small lines, sennit, or ropes varying in 
 thtekness, accqrding to the dimensions of the rope to 
 be served; sometimes ieathcr, old canvas. See. are 
 
 To SET, is to observe the bearings or situ: 
 distant object by the compass, in order t( 
 on what point it bears. See Bearing. 
 
 mofan 
 
^94 SET 
 
 SIIA 
 
 194 
 
 ji SBT, is also used wUla regard to the dlrectlou of the 
 
 sSh“ SiJ''!; 
 
 powers, as tackles, &c. . _ 
 
 SETTEE, a vessel ot h 
 
 
 ;s equipiied with 
 
 
 SHACKLES, semicircular pieces of "■™’ 
 
 rivmtl bar. in which th'elcgsof prisoners aie ccc, 
 sionally confined to the deck. 
 
 SHALLOT, asort of large boa, with tu 
 
 usuaUy rigged like a schooner. 
 
 
J to Europe with a cargo of n 
 
 from the co: 
 whence she 
 
 sugar, coflee, cotton, ccc. 
 
 a™;, .t 
 
 Sore Ship,'" vessel employed to carry artillery and stores 
 for the use of a fleet, fortress, or garrison. 
 
 Troop Ship, is one appointed to carry troops, and is Ire- 
 
 rorit rlS-on, or put any thing aboard 
 ship; also to receive into a ship, as, ive shipped a 
 
 To Ship, also implies to fi-v any thing in its place, as 
 ■> Ship the oars;” that is, place them in their ron- 
 
 SHiP-iLrfer, is the captain, commander, or patron of a 
 vessel. 
 
 SHIPPING, a multitude of vessels. 
 
SIIO 
 
 SHR 
 
 Cham Shot, consist of two bails c’-iahied t'gether, being 
 principally designed to '^5' ““’"’S 
 
 Gn';”sHOT,'ira combination of balls strongly corded in 
 cinvas upon an iron bottom, so as to form a sort of 
 c-.linder, whose diameter is equal to that of the ball 
 avhich is adapted to the cannon. Fig. 83. 
 
 Case Shot, or Canister Shot, are composed of a great 
 number of small bullets, put into a cylindneal tin box. 
 Thev are principally used when vcTy near to clear the 
 decks of the enemy. Fig. 84. Besides these there 
 ate others of a more pernicious kind, used by priva¬ 
 teers, pirates, &c. such are /aiigrage shot, star shot, fre 
 arrosss, &c. 
 
 Small Shot, implies musket-balls. 
 
 To Shot the guns, is to put shot into them. 
 
 SsioT-foci'cra. See Locker. 
 
 SHROUDS, a range ot large ropes extended from the 
 •nrast.hcads to the right and left sides of a ship, to sup¬ 
 port the masts, and enable them to carry sail, kc. 
 The shrouds are always divided into pairs or couples, 
 that is to sav, one piece of rope is doubled, and the 
 two parts fastened together at a small distance from 
 the middle, so as to leave a sort of noose or collar to 
 fix upon the mast head; the ends which reach to the 
 deck have each a dead-eye turned in or fastened to 
 them, bv which they are extended to the channel, as 
 «,«. Hg.'ee. See Chan.vel, Deab-eye, and LAs¬ 
 
 st head to the edges of the tops by the foothook- 
 It q. The upper ends of the futtock-shrouds 
 •nished with iron hooks, which enter holes in 
 
SHR 
 
 SID 
 
 201 
 
 the lower ends of the foot-hook-phtes, so that when 
 the top-mast shrouds are set up or extended, the fut- 
 tock-shrouds ( 17 , /,) acquire an equal tension. 
 
 The top-gallant Snnouns, (m) are extended to the cross- 
 trees, where passing through holes in their ends, they 
 -tontimie over the futtock-staves of the top-mast rig¬ 
 ging, and descending almost to the tops are set up 
 by laniards pasSing through thimbles instead of dead- 
 ^ejes. 
 
 Fiittoch or Faolhooh SHnouSs, (y, /,) 4re pieces of rope, 
 communicating with the futtock-plates above and the 
 catharpings below', and forming ladders, whereby the 
 ■. sailors climb up to the top-brim. 
 
 Jia-xi-sprit SnnouDS, arc slu-ouds put over the head of the 
 bowsprit, and e.xtended on each side to the ship’s bows 
 to support the former. 
 
 Sir.niin Stinouns, are strong ropes, fixed as stays or 
 
p-f^ed in Inrgc ships by 
 means of the fire-engine. . „ • , 
 
 SKIDS, orSKEEDS longconrpa=s.ngin^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ssss^l 
 
 rSHk^ofthe sidelffl any tvcighty body is 
 hoisted orbwered against it. 
 
 SKIFF, a small light boat, resembling a yawL 
 
SMO 
 
 SOU 
 
 SMOKE-m//, a small sail, hoisted against the fore-mast 
 when a ship rides head to wind, to. give the smoke of 
 the galley opportunity of rising, and tO" prevent its be¬ 
 ing blown aft on to the quarter-deck. 
 
SPR 
 
 Spuing, is also a rope passed out of a ship’s stem, and 
 attached to a cable proceeding from her bow, when 
 ' she lies at anchor. It is usually performed to bring 
 the ship’s broadside or battery of cannon to bear upon 
 some distant object, as another ship, a fortress ontlie 
 coast, &c. When a ship rides by anchors which are 
 only attached to one end, she will move like a wea¬ 
 ther-cock, according to the direction of the wind or 
 
sembling a round brush, as fig. 85. but more generally 
 of sheep’s-skin. with the wool outwards, nailed upon 
 a block of wood nearly as large as the caliber of the 
 piece (4, fig. 80.) The block is either fixed upon a 
 long woode.n staff, or upon a thick piece of rope well 
 siifiened by serving it with spun-yarn. This latter is 
 much more convenient on board of ships, on account 
 of its flexibility; and is generally furnished with a 
 block at the other end, to use as a rammer, as a, fig. 80. 
 
 To Spusge a gun, is to clean it out with the spunge: 
 and should be constantly repeated after every e.xplo- 
 
 SPUN-jam, a small line or cord, formed of two, three, 
 or more rope-yarns twisted together by a winch; the 
 yarns are usually drawn out of the strands ofoldcables 
 and knotted together. Spun-yarn is used for various pur¬ 
 poses, as seizing and serving ropes, weaving mats, &c. 
 
 SPUHLING-ttie, the line which forms the communica¬ 
 tion between the Wheel and the Tell-tale. See 
 those articles. 
 
 SPURS of the learns, are curved pmee^s oftimber, seizing 
 
 beam cannot be place'd on account of the hatcliwa) s. 
 
 SnuKS (/ thebits, the same with St.vxdakds. 
 
STA 211 
 
 SQU 
 
 SQUADRON, either implies a detachment of ships em¬ 
 ployed on any particular expedition, or one-third part 
 of a naval armament. 
 
 SQUALL, a sudden and violent gust of wind. 
 
 A A/ac^ StyjALi., one attended with a dark cloud, which 
 occasions a diminution of the usual quantity of light. 
 
 A -.Ante Squall, produces nosuch diminution. 
 
 SQUARE, a term peculiarly appropriated to the yanl.s 
 
 angles with the mast or keel, or that they are of 
 greater e.vtent than usual. Thus, when the yards 
 hang at right-angles with the mast, they are said to 
 be square by the lifts; when they hang perpendicular 
 to the ship’s length, they are called square by the 
 braces; but when they lie in a direction perpendicular 
 to the plane of the keel, they are square by the lifts 
 and braces; or, in other words, they hang directly 
 across the ship, and parallel to the horizon. 
 
 The yards are said to be very square when they are 
 of extraordinary length, and the same epithet is ap¬ 
 plied to their sails with respect to their breadth. 
 
 Square rigged, is a term used in contradistinction to all 
 vessels whose sails are extended by stays, lateen or 
 lug-sail yards, or by gaffs and booms, theaisual situa¬ 
 tion of which is nearly in a plane with the‘k€et> 
 
 Square sail, is any sail extended to a yard suspended by 
 the middle and hanging parallel to the horizon, as dis¬ 
 tinguished from other sails which are extended obliquely. 
 
 Square sail, is also the name of a sloop’s or cutter’s 
 sail which hauls out to the lower yardcalled the square- 
 sail-yard. It is principally used in scudding. 
 
 SQUARE-rtenied, impliesa stern like a ship of war. 
 
 STAFF, a light pole erected in different parts ofa ship, 
 whereon to hoist and display the colors. 
 
 ITke ensign Staff, is reared immediately over the stem 
 to display the ensi^. 
 
 Tbejaci Staff, is hxedon vhe end of the bowsprit to 
 £xtend the jack. 
 
•ST A 
 
 STA 
 
 JteSTArr, is erected at each of the mast-heads, or 
 formed by their upper ends to support the flag or pen¬ 
 dant of the respective squadron or division to which 
 the ship belongs. 
 
 STAGE, a machine composed of planks, and let over 
 the side by ropes, whereon the people may stand 
 when repairing, caulking, or paying the ship s sides, 
 wales, 5;c. , , r 
 
 Ajloating St-AGE, is one which needs not the support ot ■ 
 ropes, being sufficiently large and firm to bear upon 
 
 STANCHIONS, a sort of small pillars of wood or iron, 
 used for various purposes in a ship, as to support the 
 decks, the quarter-rails, the nettings, the awnings, &c. 
 Of the first, some of wood are stationary or standing, 
 and others ofiron are made to unship and hook up to 
 
 STANDAEP, in ship-building, is an inverted knee, 
 placed upon the deck instead of beneath it, and having 
 its vertical branch pointed upwards from that which 
 lies horizontally. 
 
 Soyal Stasdard, in the British navy, a flag in which 
 the ensigns of England, Scotland, and Ireland, are 
 quartered, with the armorial bearings of Hanover. It 
 is never hoisted unless when their king is on board, at 
 which time it is displayed at the main-top-gallant-niast 
 
 iSTANDING, the movement by which a ship advances 
 towards a certain objector departs from it; as, “ The 
 enemy stWr inshore;” “The fleet standing 
 “ We saw three sail standing to the southward;” 
 “ We stood-under easy sail;” “She stood upon the 
 starboard tack;” “ The cutter stood oil' and on," &c. 
 
 “ That ship has -not a mast standing,” is a phrase 
 implying she has lost all her masts. 
 
 :To STAND by, to attend to; as, “ Stand by the top-sail- 
 haliards.” 
 
 iSTAKD/roiiiimder, amotice given to those below to keep 
 out of the way of any thing being lowered.do-wn or 
 ,let.fall from above. 
 
aftenvards fastened to a timber head, thereby securing 
 Stoppers, °ofthe cables, commonly called 
 
 faienU^'to I rhig-bolt in the deck by the other: they 
 are attached to the cable by the laniard, which is fts- 
 Led securely round both by several turns passed be- 
 hiild the knot, or about the neck of the stopper, by 
 AVhich means the cable is restrained from running out 
 
 s-^oppee,''Ts a'strong rope clenched round the 
 main-mast, and used on iiarticidar occasions, to ve- 
 Ueve and assist the preceding when the ship rides 
 in a heavy sea, or otherwise bears a great strain on 
 
 r{4w-SoPPERS, similar pieces of rope clenched round 
 one of the beams near the ship’s side, and sen'ing 
 
 each end, they are used when the shrouds, stays, or 
 bick-stays are cut asunder in battle, or disabled in 
 tempestuous weather, they are then lashed, in the 
 ranie maimer as those of the cables, to the sepaiated 
 parts of the shroud, &c. which are thereby re-united 
 so as to be fit for immediate service. This, however, 
 ts cnlv a temporary expedient applied when there is 
 not time or opportunity to relit them by a more com- 
 plete operation. 
 
 S’^ppERS are also pieces of rope used to prevent tne 
 ' running rigging front wmi„g up whilst being belayed. 
 STORE-i(«/.rr, an officer in the dock-yards, intcs- 
 ted with the charge of the principal naval stores, as 
 
STR 
 
 STR 
 
 219 
 
 liguie, magnitude, or solidity. In the stowage of dif¬ 
 ferent articles, as ballast, casks, cases, bales, or boxes, 
 there are several general rules to' he observed, accord¬ 
 ing to the circumstances or qualities of those materials. 
 The casks which contain any liquid, are, according to 
 the sea phrase to be bun^ up and bil'^efree, i. e. closely 
 wedged up in a horizontal position, and resting on 
 their quarters, so that their bilges (or where they mea¬ 
 sure most round) being entirely free cannot rub against 
 each other, or the ship’s side, by the motion of the ves¬ 
 sel. Dry goods, or such as may be damaged by the wa¬ 
 
 ter, are to be carefully enclosi_- . 
 
 or wiaiipers, and wedged off from the bo 
 of the ship, as well as from the bows, masts, and 
 pump-well, &c. Due attention must likewise be had 
 to their disposition, with re^rd to each other, and to 
 the trim and centre of gravity of the ship, so that the 
 heaviest may always be nearest'the keel, and the light¬ 
 est gradually above them. 
 
 STRAIT, a narrow channel or arm of the sea, con¬ 
 tained between two opposite shores, as the straits of 
 Gibraltar, the straits of Sunda, the straits of Magel¬ 
 
 lan, &c, 
 
 STRAKES or STREAKS, the uniform ranges of planks 
 on the bottom and sides of a ship. 
 
 GnrAoard-STKE.vK, is the lowest streak or range of 
 planks, being let into rabbits in the keel below, and in 
 the stem and stem-post at the ends. 
 
 STRAND, one' of the twists or divisions of which a 
 rope is composed. 
 
 STRAND, also implies the sea-beach. 
 
 STRANDED, speaking of a cable or rope, signifies 
 that one of^ its stiands is broken. 
 
 aground on the sea-shore. 
 
 Jo STRETCH ahvp a brace, &c. to lay it along the 
 decks in readiness for a number of men to lay hold of. 
 
 To STRETCH out, in rowing, is to bend and fall back 
 to the utmost, in order to ta.ke longer hold of the water 
 
against, in older to communicate a greater cfl'ort to 
 STRETCHING, is generally understood to imply the 
 
 top-gallant-raasts, and top-masts, in tcmpestuoi 
 ther; it is also particularly used to express th 
 ering of the colors, in token of smrender to a vie 
 
 STRING, in ship budding, the highest range of planks 
 in a ship’s ceiling, or that which lies between the 
 gunnel and the upper edge of the upper-deck-ports. 
 
 To STRIP the masts, to unrig a ship, or deprive the mastr 
 of their machinery and furniture. 
 
 STROKE, the sweep of the oars in rowing. Hence we 
 say, “ Row a long stroke;” which is intended to pusf 
 the vessel forward move steadily. 
 
 STROKESMAN, the person who rows the aftmc 
 
 follow, so that all the oars may operate together. 
 STROP, a piece of rope, spliced generaUy into a circu 
 lar wreath, and used to surround the body of a block 
 
STR 
 
 SUR 
 
 221 
 
 so that the latter may be hung to any particular situa¬ 
 tion about the masts, yards, or rigging. 
 
 Iron Strop, is a hoop of iron, in lieu of rope, round 
 the shell of a block, and is only used to some particu¬ 
 lar blocks. 
 
 STUDDING ^fliVi-, certain sails, extended in moderate 
 and steady breezes beyond tlie skirts of the principal 
 sails, where tliey apjiear as wii gs upon the yard arms. 
 The top^mast- and top-gallant studding-sails (o, <7. s, t, 
 fig. 64.) arc those wliich are set on the outside of tlic 
 top-sails and top-gallant-sails. They are spread at the 
 foot by booms, which slide out on the extremities of 
 the lower and top-sail-vards, and their heads or upper 
 edges are attached to small yards, which are hoisted 
 up to the to})-GaiI and top-gallant yard arms. The low¬ 
 er studding-sails, (;/,/», lig. 64.) which arc spread be¬ 
 yond the leeches of the main-sail and fore-sail, are 
 fixed nearly'in the same manner, only that the boom 
 which extends the foot is hooked to the chains by 
 'means of a goose-neck, or else swings olf with the 
 sail to which it is suspended, being kept steady abaft 
 by a rope called the guy. 
 
 STUFF, any composition or melted mass, used to smear 
 or daub the sides or bottom 1 f a ship. 
 
 SUPERCARGO, an ofltcer charged with the accounts 
 of the cargo, and all other commercial allairs in a mer¬ 
 chant-ship. 
 
 SUPPLY, a fresh recruit of provisions or stores sent to 
 a ship or fleet. 
 
 SURF, the swell of the sea, which breaks upon the 
 shore or any rock lying near the surface. 
 
 SURGE, '.he san e as AV AVE. 
 
 Surge, implies also an order to let go a portion of a 
 rope suddenly; as, “ Surge the messenger.” 
 
 SURGEON, a medical man, apphnied to superintend 
 the sick and wounded on board a ship of war; for 
 which purpose he has, according to the rate of the 
 ship, from one to six assistants, called Surgeon’s 
 
SWE 
 
 SWI 223 
 
 SWIFTER, a rope used to 
 stern in their sockets, wl 
 round; for which pui-pose it is passed through holes 
 in the extremities of the bars, so as to attach them 
 firmly :o each other like the spokes of a wheel, which 
 operation is called s=v.'ifting. 
 
 circle a boat lengthways, 
 defend her sides fror- 
 unagaim 
 
 
 ) strengthen as 
 
 le inches below the boat’s gunnel or upper edge. 
 
 SwiFTERS.is likewise the name of two shrouds, fixed 
 on the starboardand larboard sides of the lower masts, 
 above all the other shrouds, and are never confined, 
 like them by the catliarjjings {s, s, fig. 66.) 
 
 7o SWING, to turn a ship round the anchors or moor¬ 
 ings at the change of the wind or tide, and is only ap- 
 j)licable when moored by the head, or riding at single 
 
 trunnions of this piece are contained in a sort of iron 
 crotch, whose lower end terminates in a cylindrical 
 pivot resting in the socket so as to support the weight 
 of the cannon. By means of this swivel, (which gives 
 name to the piece of aitillery) andan iron handle on 
 jt.s cascabel, the gun may be directed by hand to any 
 
TAC TAG 225 
 
 ceive the Impression of the wind in a new direction, 
 and cause her to fall oft' from the wind to the ocher 
 
 TACKING, is also used in a more enlarged sense, to 
 imply that manoeuvre by which a ship makes an ob¬ 
 lique progi'ession to windward, in a zigzag direction; 
 this, however, is more usually called heating or turning 
 
TAR 
 
 THO; 237 
 
 TARTAN, a small cflasting- vessel navigated: in the 
 Mediterranean sea, and, having only one; mast and-a 
 bowsprit, the principal.sail, which is very, large, heijig 
 extended by a lateen-yard. 
 
 TAUGHT, the state of being e,xtended or stretched, out, 
 and is usually-applied' in opposition to slack- 
 
 T .xuGHT-i«;/, implies a great quantity ofsail set. 
 
 TAUNT, an epithet signifying high or talL Ifris par¬ 
 ticularly expressed ofthe, masts, when they are of an. 
 extraordinary len^h, as square is pplied to. the yaids 
 on the same occasion. 
 
 TELL-TALK, a smaU piece o£ wood, traversing in a 
 groove across the front of the poop-deck, and -which, 
 by communicating with a small barrel on the axis of the 
 steering wheel, indicates the situation of the. helm. 
 
 TENDER, a small vessel employed to attend a larger 
 one, to supply her with stores, to cany inteUigence, 
 &c. Vessels appointed, to r.epe.iye volunteers*, and 
 impressed men, and to carry them to reemving sliips, 
 etc. are also called tenders. 
 
 TENDING, the movement, by. which a ship turns or 
 swings round, when at single anchor, or mooredby 
 the head, in a tide-way, at every chan.ge of tide, 
 
 TENON, the end of a piece of timber, cut smaU to, enter 
 
 THICK-STUFF, planks thicker than, those commonly 
 used, which are placed opposite to the; several: scarfs 
 or joinings in the frame oftimbers.. 
 
 . THIMBLE, a sort of iron ring, whose outer surfitce is 
 hollowed throughout its whole circumference, in or¬ 
 der tocontain in the channel or cavity a rope which 
 is spliced about it, and by which it may be hung in 
 any particular situation, (fig. 54.) Its uss-is to defend, 
 the eye. of the rope which surr.ountls it from.being in¬ 
 jured by anotherrope which passes throughiic, (as fig. 
 55.) or by the hook of a tackle which is hung upon it. 
 THOLES, smaU pins driven perpendicularly into, the 
 gun-wale of a. boat, and-serr-ing to retain, the oars.in 
 that space which is caUed the rotdod; sometime.^ 
 
TIM 
 
 one side of a ship’s deck. 
 
 the range of cannon mounted oi 
 
 </eiiEE, the space in the midst of a cable 
 
 another it 
 
TOP 
 
 TOP 
 
 2S1 
 
 'and called the trestle-trees and cross-trees. In ships 
 of war the tops are furnished with swivels, musketry, 
 and other fire arms, and are guarded witha fence of 
 hammocks in time of action. 
 
 TOl’-armaur, a rail about three feet high e.'ctending the 
 width of the top on the afterside, supported by stan¬ 
 chions, and equipped with a netting and sometimes 
 with paintedcanvas. See 2, 2, fig. 63. 
 
 TOP-cfor/j, a large piece of canvas used to cover the 
 hammocks which are lashed in the top when prepared 
 
 .TOy-ihci. See Bloc:;. 
 
 TOP-c.6a/«. See Cti.vix. 
 
 1oi-lanter:i, a large lantern placed in the after part of 
 a to]) in any ship where an admiral’s flag or commo- 
 dore’s pendant is flying. See r,fig. 66. 
 
 ..TOP-inast, the second division of a mast, or thatpart 
 ne.vt above the lower-mast. See Mast. 
 
 ..TOP-in/tef-maff, the mast ne.vt above, the top-maSt, 
 
 . and is generally the uppermost mast. 
 
 TOP-rq/ie, a rope employed to sway up a top-mast or 
 top-gallant-mast in order to fi.v it in its .place or to 
 . lower it in tempestuous weather, or when it is no 
 longer necessary. The top-rope passes through a block 
 which is hooked on one side of the cap and afterwards 
 through a hole furnished with, a sheave on the lower 
 .end of the top-mast, it is then brought .upwards on 
 the other side of the mast, where it is fastened to an 
 eye-bolt in the cap: To the lower end of the top-mast 
 top-rope is fi.xed a tackle. See Top-tackle. 
 Top-ro/ic, is also the name of a rope used in swaying 
 up or lowering down the top-gallant-yards. 
 
 . TOP-soiVs, large sails e.ytending across the top-masts by 
 the top-sall-yards above, and by the lower-yards be¬ 
 neath, being fastened to the.former by eatings and ro- 
 bands, and to thelatter by means of the toji-sail-sheets, 
 which passing through two great blocks fixed on its 
 extremities, and from thence to two other blocks fi.xed 
 
TOU 
 
 TRA 
 
 233 
 
 TOUCH-d.-k'-^o, is spoken of a ship, when nnder sail, 
 she rubs against the ground with her keel without 
 much diminution of her velocity. 
 
 ?bTO.\V, to draw a'ship or boat forward in the water, 
 by means of a rope attached to another vessel or boat, 
 which advances by the eiTort of rtfaing or sailing. 
 
 TO\VINGK,ver-iourt/, implies the act of drawing any 
 thing after a ship or boat when she is sailing or rotv- 
 mg, which has previously been on board that ship or 
 
 T01v-//;:e, a small hawser generally used to remove a 
 ship Irom one part of an harbor or road to another, 
 liy nicans of anchors, capsterns, etc. see IVarpisg. 
 It is also employed occasionally to moor a small vessel 
 in a harbor conveniently sheltered from the wind and 
 
 Tow-rope, a name given to any cable or other rope used 
 in the e.vercise of towing. 
 
 ™..\CK of a ship. See Wake, 
 tracking, the act of pulling any vessel or floating 
 body along the stream of a canal or river, by means of 
 a rope e.vtending from the vessel, &c. to the adjacent 
 shore, and drawn along the banits of a river by men 
 
 TRACK-rct,a;,orrriu;f, 
 and passengers up and ( 
 land, and the countrie; 
 
 TRADE, implies the ci 
 ticular merchant vessel 
 
 L vessel employed to carry goods 
 own the rivers or canals in Hol- 
 bordering on the Baltic sea. 
 
 asAe Lisbon trade, We^s^n- 
 
 dia trade, &c. 
 
 TRADE-wbair, cenain re^lar wii 
 
 petual. Thus, in the Indian c 
 nately from r.ra opposite points 
 
 .mission, in one direction. See ' 
 
 blowing within or 
 
 TRAIN, the hinder part of a gun-carriage; also a line 
 of gunpowder, or other combustible materials, fcrmtng 
 
and Large. 
 
 Ttitm the boat. See Boat. 
 sharj) TUIMMED, the si 
 
 tion of a ship’s s 
 
 , outward-bound voyage, 
 ivigation. It also denotes 
 
 TRIP, a phrr.se implying 
 
 particularly in the coasting 
 
 lowering it clown upon uecK. 
 
 TROPICS, two ima^nary lines upon the globe paralM 
 to the equator, and at 23 1-2 degrees *«“oe on each 
 side of it; they form the boundaries of the sun heel - 
 
 deep trench perpetually fluctuating; hence a ship rolls 
 heaviest when she lies in the trough ot the sea. 
 TROWSERS, a sort of loose long breeches generally 
 
 TSsS',:i:r.TS.f™S i.™„ - 
 
 for dilferent purposes, as 
 
 as a cip on the top-gallant-mast-heads, as, fig. 66- 
 *cy are geueraUy tonished with two or more small 
 
TUB 
 
 TYE 
 
 G.-cy-TUB, a half cask, set apart for mixing the (ia'.ly al¬ 
 lowance of spirits with water, prior to itsheirig served 
 out to the ship’s company. 
 
 TUCK, that part of a ship where the ends of the holtom 
 planks are collected together, immediately under the 
 
 A square Tuck, is terminated above by the wing tran¬ 
 som, and below and on each side by the fashion pieces. 
 
 TUMBLING-H OME, that part of a ship’s side which falls 
 inward a'uove the extreme breadth, so as to make the 
 ship gradually narrower from {lie lower deci; upwards. 
 
 TUKN (ftbe tide, llie change from ebb to flood, or the 
 
 Turn of a rope, the applyingit once round any fixed bo¬ 
 dy. as a timber-head, ftc. in order to hold or. 
 
 Turn in the harese. See Hawse. 
 
 To Turn in, a phrase implying to go to bed, as 
 
 •2 1 p or cut of bed. 
 
 To Tvieti in n dead e,e ov heart, to seize the end of a 
 shroud or slay, &c. securely round it. 
 
 ' To Turn over -,ne:i, to discharge them out of one ship into 
 
7o Veep, aixay the cable. 
 V£EP.ING-.7ii>. See to 
 VENT. SecC.v>:;;oN. 
 VENTILATOR, the n£ 
 trived to exiiel the foul 
 hold, and introduce fre 
 VESSELS, a general nan 
 
 of ships which aic navi 
 
 le of various machines 
 ir I'l’n’i tlic stove rconis 
 
 o-ivcii to all tlie difVevcnt: 
 
 :R. Seei 
 
 •e up 
 
 
 the cables. Thisnanv. 
 thick rope, which bet 
 
 through a large block, 
 
 when it gees direct tro 
 
 it is more usually calk 
 VioL-Woct, averylargc 
 
 through which Aevio 
 
 ro UNBALL AS i, tot 
 
 ug the clFort of the capstem to 
 ■ is more particularly applied to a 
 ng attached to the cable, passes 
 and thence to the fore capstern: 
 m the cable to the main capstern, 
 id the messenger. 
 
 lashed to 
 
 lie ballast out of 
 
UND 
 
 241 
 
 ution of the water beneath the surface, 
 e wind impelling the u])per part directly 
 2 of a bay, whereby tl\e water having 
 5 of regaining its level, necessarily takes 
 
 s less power, namely below the 
 
 7?;UNr.i001l, toreuucea shii)to the state of riding by 
 a sinric imcltcr and cable, after she has been moored 
 or fasj'-iied by two or more cables. 
 
 UlS^REE^’’I^'^G, the act of withdrawing or taking out a 
 rone from any block, thimble, dead-eye, &c. through 
 
 TbUNRXG, to deprive a ship of her standing and run- 
 
 To UNSMilh to remove any piece of timber or wood 
 from ihe place in which it was fitted, as “ unship the 
 capsternbavs,” “ unshi]) your oars,” &c. 
 
 7b UNSLING, to take olf the Slixgs, which see. 
 
 X^OLLEY nf small arms, a discharge of several muskets 
 
 dilion of danger or fatigue, 
 s the order to haul them up b; 
 
the place where the ship is endeavoring to arrive, so 
 
 other is carried out to a competent distance before her, 
 and being sunk, serves to fix the other warp by which 
 she maybe farther advanced. 
 
 WARD-room. See fFW-RooM. 
 
 WARRANT, the name given to a kind of commission, 
 or authority to inferior officers, while the authorities 
 granted by the President are stiled commissions. 
 
 WARRAXT-o^cer, an officer holding a warrant from the 
 navy-department, such are the purser, boatswain, gun¬ 
 ner, carpenter, &c. 
 
 WASH. See Oar. 
 
 WASH-ioort/, abroad thin plank, fixed occasio.ially on 
 the top of a boat or other small vessel’s side,, so as to 
 increase the height thereof, but may be removed at 
 pleasure. It is used to prevent the sea from breaking 
 into the vessel in rough weather. 
 
 WASH-iomvfe, are also pieces of pLank, avhich fit on the 
 sils of the lower-deck norls. servimr for the same pur¬ 
 pose as the preceding. 
 
 WATCH, implies the division of the ship’s companv 
 into two parties or guards, one of which is called the 
 starboard, and the other the larboard-watch, these 
 ■ ejiithets allude to the situation of their hammocks 
 
 llrhoZfimtSXay. f dTeh'\es")ecdve 'watches upon 
 Larooic-iincs, may. J uecx, to relieve eacn otiier. 
 Watch, the space of time, wiierein one Dtvisiox of 
 the ship’s crew, remains upon deck, to perform the ne¬ 
 cessary services, whilst the rest are relieved from duty. 
 The length of the sea-watch in our merchant service, if 
 we except the dog-watches, is four hours. In a ship 
 
Si6 WAT 
 
 WAT 
 
 of war, the Avatch is generally commanded by a lieu¬ 
 tenant, and in merchant ships by one of the mantes. 
 Doy-WA TCiiES, are the two reliefs, which take be- 
 
 ween 4 and 8 o’clock in the afternoon, each ot which 
 is only 2 hours, the intent of these watches is to change 
 the turn of the night-watch every 24 hours. 
 Jncfor-WATCH, is a small guard kept constantly upon 
 
 deck, while the ship rides at single anchor. 
 
 thcfm Watch, is from 8 o'clock in the evening, tdl 
 TifmiJdk Watch, continues from 12 till 4 in the niom- 
 rSiormng Watch, comprehends from 4 to 8 o’clock 
 
 A buo^^rsaid to viatch when it continues floating 
 UDon the surface of the sea. . , , 
 
 Watch, is also a word used in throwing the deep sea- 
 lead, when each man, on letting go .he If birn of 
 line in his hand, calls to the iie.xt abaft him Tf atcb. 
 WATCH-g/nsscj. See Glass. tr,e crew 
 
 to enter upon the duty of the watch i hence it is equi¬ 
 valent to mounting the guard in the army. 
 
 Watbb.W, the state of a ship, with regard o the 
 
 water surrounding her bottom, when there i.s me j 
 a sufficient depth of it to Heat her oH the ground. 
 
 FcrwVge-WATEB, r/e<rf/-WATEB,/ca/ WATEn,kc. See 
 
 these epithets. , . 
 
 WATERING-/a'nce, a situation where beats can loau 
 
 fresh waterfor the use of the ship. 
 
 WATEB-ftie., horizintai lines, supposed f f | 
 
 faceo“terin\^d^^^^^^^ 
 
 iiigly higher or lower upon tl .e bottom in I'-f f’’ 
 the depth of the column oi v irer .•cqiured to float her 
 Load-W ATza-line, the large-: otall the above lines, or 
 that which the surface of the w.uer describes on a ship s 
 bottom, when she is loaded or reaay tor sea. 
 
v/hOODING S, those ends of planks 
 the rabbits of the stem, the f .’f® 
 
 A WILD rocuUtead implies one that is open or expos. 
 
 to the wind and sea. • 
 
 WINCH, a cylindrical piece of tmiber, 
 
 ^"iSi5HF.|4s 
 
 more powerfully applied to any object than when us.d 
 
 WINCH, is also the name of certain long iron handles by 
 which the chain-pumps are worked. 
 
 WIND, a stream 
 
 and usually blows from one part of the honaoii to 
 
 ThfhJ’riaonbeingdlvided into32 points, (see Com¬ 
 pass) the wind which blows from either of them has 
 
 wTsufarreiherranstantor variable. 
 
 Stis? 
 
 tract of earth almost the whole year; a particular wind 
 is what blows in any place, sometimes onev/ayand 
 sometimes another. 1^.*^ wind blows gen^ it is 
 
woo 
 
 WOR 25; 
 
 sides of a triangle. It is usual to e.xtend the wings of 
 a fleet in the day-time, in order to discover any enemy 
 that may fall in their track; they are however, com¬ 
 monly summoned by signal to draw nearer to the cen¬ 
 tre of the squadron before night. 
 
 WOOLDING, the act of winding a piece of rope about 
 a mast or yard, to support it in a place where it is fished 
 or scarfed, or when it is composed of several pieces 
 united into one solid, see fig. 66. where,//y, represent 
 the wooldings. 
 
 WooLDiNG, is also the rope employed in this service. 
 
 To \V OkK, to direct the movements of a ship, by adapt¬ 
 ing the sails to the force and direction of the wind. A 
 
 To \VoEK, when she strains and labors heavily, in a tem¬ 
 pestuous sea, so as to loosen her joints or timbers. 
 
 To Work double tides, a phrase used in the dock yards. 
 
YOUNKER, a general name for a striplii 
 
 z. 
 
 Zenith, the point in the heavens < 
 
 heads, as Nanin is that which is d 
 
 ZEMTH-&Mn«. the angular distance 
 object from the point over our near 
 observation.- 
 
 ri^ris.