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This (juestion has been for years the subject of lively discussion in our own country, where there have not been wanting doubters who have assailed the vahie of the Classics, and especially of (h-eek, as an educational instrument, sometimes with fierce imi)atience, some- times with clever derision. It is, therefore, a fact of the highest interest and importance, that this experiment of admit- ting students to the University without Cireek has been tried for ten years in tlie foremost University of (lermany, and that we have a unanimous oi)inion of the Philosophical Faculty of tliat University upon the change, deliberately given at the end of this period. It is especially interesting to all friends of classical studies to find that the emphatic condemnation of the change which was expressed by the Faculty when it was pro- posed in 1S69 J^ reaffirmed in .still stronger terms by the Faculty of 18S0. And what an array of names flxmous in all the various departments which Germany includes in her hospi- table '• Philosophische Facultat"— in the Physical and Natural Sciences, History, Pliilology, and Literature, as well as in Philosophy proper— is appended to these memorials ! As the Rector reminds his readers, death had reaped a sad harvest between 1869 and 18S0 among the distinguished men who i I signed the first Opinion, and the Faculty had been largely recruited by the introduction of younger men. The names of Dove, Haupt, IVIagnus, von Raumer, Rose, and Trendelenburg have disappeared, and the Faculty appears much increased in numbers in 1880. But the views of the Faculty of 1869 still remain those of the Faculty of 1880. This Opinion of 1880 (pages 47-56 of this translation), which a distinguished American scholar has forcibly called ''the most powerful plea ever made in behalf of classical studies," was first made public in 1881, as an appendix to the second edition of Professor Hofmann's Address. In the Ad- dress itself, Dr. Hofmann presents, with great clearness and vigour, the claims of the Gymnasium as affording the best means of preparation for higher studies. It is deeply signifi- cant that a scholar of such authority, a scholar who has made his great achievements mainly in the field of the Physical Sciences, shoukl announce his unhesitating belief ''that all eftbrts to find a substitute for the Classical Languages, whether in Mathematics, in the Modern Languages, or in the Natural Sciences, ' have been hitherto unsuccessfiil ; that, after long and vain search, we must alwavs come back finallv to the result of centuries of experience, that the surest instrument that can be used in training the mind of youth is given us in the study of the languages, the literature, and the works of art of classical antiquity." ^ Throughout this translation the word N'aturwissenschafteyt has been rendered N'atural Sciences. It is a term of broad application, covering what would be more accurately designated as the Physical and Natural Sciences. r^ 'Tv' I 1 VIU INTRODUCTION. The present translation, which is published with the consent and approval of the author, was begun last winter, but circum- stances have delayed its appearance until now. It was made in the first instance by Henry A. James, Esq., of New York. It then became my pleasant duty to read the proofs, and this I have done with no less care than interest. We have aimed to render the Address and the two Opinions into English with strict accuracy ; and in the Notes, which involve much that is technical and difficult of expression, we have besides made especial effort to use terms that shall be easily intelligible. John Williams White. Cambrh^ge, October, 1883. PREFACE. The author of the Inaugural Address which is now repub- lished, though it has appeared previously either entire^ or in part- in periodical publications, labours under no misappre- hension of the circumstances to which it owes the honour of a second edition. It is not the subject of the Address itself which has awakened interest in wider circles, but a question standing in close connection with this subject, though only subordinately touched upon in the Address, and that is, whether the Realsclude of the first ranic affords as advantageous a prepa- ration as the Gymnasium for University studies. The author, relying upon his own experience, has answered this question decidedly in the negative. That there are many who do not share his opinion is a fact of which he has been made aware in no doubtful manner by the thorough discussion which the matter has received in the public press. From all directions and in the most varying forms, the cause of the RealscJiule of the first rank has been taken up with great vigour, and statistics have been adduced to place in the most fiivourable light the results of the preparation afforded by it for University studies. Moreover, party zeal has been by no means confined to those immediately interested in ' La Question du Sectionnement de la Faculte Philosophique. Revue Internationale de I'Enseignement. Red. par M. Edmond Dreyfus-Brissac. I. 152. ^ Zeitschrift fiir das Gymnasialwesen, XXXV. p. i. Berlin: 1881. PREFACE. the Rcahchulc, who, we may say, enter the lists pro domo ; but in the heart pf the Universities themselves influential voices have taken up the argument in favour of the Rcalschulc system of instruction. In view of so many concurrent expressions of opinion, one might almost suppose that the conclusion to which the author has been led by his own experience is shared by but few. Under these circumstances it seems desirable that wider cir- culation should be given to tlie views which the Faculty of the University in this city expressed on an earlier occasion, and Avhich they have recently reaffirmed. AVhen the I'hilosophical Faculty of this University in the year 1869, in common with tlic Faculties of all other Prussian Universities, was called upon by His Excellency, Herr von jMiihler, Minister of Public Instruction, *' To report whether and to what extent graduates of Rcalschukn should be admit- ted to the departments of the Universities," it declared itself most decidedly opi)osed to such admission. This declaration has been made public in the official printed copy of the Opin- ions rendered at that time.^ In the beginning of the past year the Faculty took up this subject anew, induced thereto by a motion offered by one of its members, Professor Droysen. The motion proposed by that gentleman under date of December iS, 1879, ^^^^ strongly supported both by statistics and by a clear presentation of all the facts,- runs as follows : — '•To present to his Excellency, the Minister of Public Instruction, the request that he subject to renewed consider- ation the {question of the further admission of graduates of Rcdhchulcn to the University." ' Akademische Gutachten iiher die Zulassung von Realschul-Abituii- enten zu Facultiits-Studien. Ikdin : 1870. 2 For the following statistical reports, which have been made somewhat more complete, I am indebted to the kindness of Herr Kanzleirath Skopnik, PREFACE. The Faculty could not refuse to consider the question so earnestly presented by Droysen, and immediately commissioned who very obligingly compiled them from the records of our University. They furnish unmistakable proof that the preparatory training for the University is to-day essentially different from what it was a few years ago. Total number of Prussian Students in the Philosophical Department in Berlin ivho had Diplomas from Preparatory Schools. Winter-Sem. 187^-76 1876-77 1877-78 1S78-79 1879 80 « <( (( Total. 616 749 818 976 1167 With a Gyvntnsiinn Diploma. 4^j5 544 580 664 762 With a Rcahchnle Diploma. Percentage of \Realschuler, 205 312 405 24-51 27-37 29.09 31.96 34-70 From these figures it appears that the number of Realschiiler among the Prussian students in Berlin who had diplomas rose in five years from 24.5 to 34.7 per cent. A still more striking result is shown if we compare with one another the numbers of the new matriculates from the Gyimiasia and the Keahchulen in each Semester. Number of Prussians neivly matriculated in the Philosophical Department of the University of Berlin on presentation of a Diploma. Winter-Sem ti (( <( (( (( a i( n -■>-/" 187 1876-77 1877-78 1878-79 1879-80 With a Cytnnasiiim Diploma. 1^2 187 188 229 230 With a Rcalsclinlc Diploma. ^6 59 70 98 144 Proportion of Gymiiasiasts to Kcahchulcr. Gymnasiu m . Rcalsch ide. 100 100 100 100 100 36.8 31-5 40.4 42.8 62.6 For every one hundred students from the Gymnasium, there are to-day almost twice as many graduates of Realschulen as there were four years ago. PREFACE. the Dean, Professor Iliibncr, to call upon all the Instructors in the Philosophical Faculty to report the results of their experi- ence in respect to the subject under discussion. The rich material thus collected was thoroughly discussed and sifted by the Faculty in a number of meetings. Professor Zeller fuiallv undertook to incorporate the new points of view into the motion of ]:)roysen, and the Memorial, as revised by him and addressed to His Excellency, Herr von Puttkamer, Minister of Public In- struction, was itnanimously ado|)tcd by the Philosophical Faculty in their session of March 8, iSSo. This document, the contents of which undoubtedly seem fitted to throw light upon the question under discussion, has not up to this time been made public. The reprinting of my Inaugural Address, which was mainly instrumental in bringing the question prominently before the public again, offered a welcome opportunity to give the Memo- rial addressed by the Faculty to his Excellency, the Minister, wider circulation. Since, however, the writer of a letter, as well as the recipient, should consent to its publication, the author first of all asked permission of the Faculty to have the document printed with the new edition of this Address. The Faculty granted the rec^uest with the greatest readiness and without a dissenting voice ; and it, moreover, addressed a rcfjuest at the same time to His Excellencv, the Minister, that he should siive his consent to the publication of the Memorial, which he did immediately with the greatest kindness. It seemed proper to publish the earlier Opinion of the Philo- sophical Faculty- along with the later. Since the publication of the first Opinion death has reaped a sad harvest in our Faculty. The Faculty has been to a great extent renewed by the entrance of a large number of younger members. P>ut the views which the Faculty of 1S69 expressed are still the views of the Faculty of 1880. Aug. Wilh. Hofmann. BeKLIN, July I, 1 881. THE QUESTION OF THE DIVISION OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL FACULTY. To the rhilosophical raculty by its nature is entrusted the Pal- ladium of our strivings after tlic Ideal, the culture of pure Science, the representation of these before the outside world, and when oc- casion requires before the government; and it is eminently ilttini: ard lieautiful to sec spiritual impulses and forces, otherwise most dissimilar, marshalled as watchmen under sucli a standard. I^. Dv Bois-Reymond. Gentlemen : — On the threshold of the new scholastic year I extend greet- ing and good wishes to my colleagues and fellow-students. IMay this year of study bring us profit in our labours 1 I need not repeat the assurance which I have already given that I shall conscientiously try to administer the honourable office entrusted to me to the best of my ability ; but will ask your permission, following the traditions of our University, to introduce myself to you by the discussion of a (question con- nected with the constitution of the universities. On castinn- my eves about in search of a theme whose treatment would fmd room within the narrow limits offered by to-day's ceremon)', a (piestion suggested itself to my mind which has come to the surface more than once in the course of the last ten or twenty years, and the discussion of which has awakened a certain commotion in academic circles. This question, to be sure, concerns immediately only the philosophical faculty ; but when we consider how large the membership is in this faculty, that in most of our universities it is at least equal to the entire membership of all the other faculties, and in many, as for in- stance in our own, considerably greater, — and i/ we reflect further how manifold the relations are which centre in the philo- sophical faculty, we cannot avoid conceding to it an exceptional position. If, however, there should be any unwillingness to make such a concession, nevertheless, confident as I am that all who belonir to the Universitas feel themselves to be members of one great whole, I cherish the hope that when I attempt to throw light upon a cjuestion which concerns the organization of the philosophical faculty, the members of tlie other faculties also, as 8 INAUGURAL ADDRESS. well as my fellow-students in all departments, will not refuse to lend me a friendly ear. The question to which I wish to turn )-our attention for the moment is this : " Does the philosophical faculty, with its diver- sified structure and its daily increasing membership, still answer the needs'of the times ; or, in view of the variety of branches of science represented in it, is a separation into two or more fac- ulties to be recommended?" Moreover, we shall not be able to deny that this question has a practical importance, when we learn that so far from belonging still exclusively to the domain of speculation it has already entered upon the stage of experi- ment, such a division having bCen, in fact, accomplished at two German universities. Why is it that the philosophical faculty specially should be deemed in need of such a reform? The answer to this question is given in the exceptional position of the philosophical faculty already pointed out; for it has not, up to this time, occurred to any one to divide the theological faculty, or the faculty of law, or that of medicine. The growth of the three faculties just named has in course of time been much less than that of the philosophical faculty. If we cast a glance over the statistics of our own university, we find that since its foundation the member- ship of this faculty has almost trebled, while that of all the other faculties taken together has scarcely more than doubled.^ We meet a similar difference in growth in other universities. This difference has its foundation in the special tasks of the several faculties. The faculties of law, theology, and medicine belong to science in the service of practical life ; they are always, by preference at least, devoted to the teaching of applied science. The philosophical faculty is the faculty of science free and untrammelled ; its efforts are immediately directed to teaching science for its own sake. Hence it is that the tasks of the faculties of theology, law, and medicine, however great and various they may appear, and however important for the welfare INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 9 of mankind, nevertheless, for the very reason that they are devoted in the first instance to practical aims, are confined within certain fixed boundaries, while the domain of theoretical investigation of the philosophical faculty, mind and nature, knows no limits. This twofold domain has been built upon very differently at different times. In former centuries the deductive sciences enjoyed preponderant care and attention. It has been reserved for our own" century to unfold, by the side of these, the inductive or natural sciences to unanticipated ful- ness. r>ut since now this very growth of the natural sciences, and the representation of their single divergent branches in the philosophical faculty, have contributed essentially toward widen- ing: its limits, it cannot cause us anv astonishment that it is the natural sciences which demand a release from the union, as a colony grown great and powerful desires to sever the tie which binds it to the mother country. Additional and substantial force is lent to this demand by the importance, we might say the position of authority, which the natural sciences have assumed in industry, in the arts and manuflictures, outside of the academic circle where they are cultivated exclusively in the investigation of truth. In all fields of human activity wc meet with the usefiil application of the acquisitions of natural science, and its utilization for the develop- ment of practical life is accomplished with such rapidity that a dream in physics or chemistry often seems to be realized before it is fully dreamed out. No wonder that the representatives of these sciences, which have shown themselves serviceable to the material welfare of mankind to a degree scarcely approached by any others, find the question urging itself upon them, whether the time has not come, in view of this present develop- ment, for them to step out of the position they have hitherto occupied in the philosophical faculty in order to construct a faculty of their own. Efforts in this direction do not date from to-day nor from lO 1 X A UC U R A I. ADDRESS. INAUGURAL ADDRESS. I I ycstcrda}'. ^They appear at an early period, in fact, almost at the same time with the first beginnings of natm-al science studies in our universities. So far as my own information extends, the cause of the natural sciences was fust espoused by the cele- brated publicist, Robert von Mohl, in Tiibingen, nearly half a century ago. "The number of facilities," says von Mohl in his Polizci-M'isscuscJiaft^' " is regulated by the extent to which the sciences are taught at the university, and is consequently l)y no means luichangeable. If one science reaches such develop- ment within and without that it re([uires a greater number of instructors, and forms an existing department of study in itself, an appropriate faculty must be established for it." And he adds further : '^ The time may not be far off when the natural sciences also will everywhere be organized as a sj^ecial depart- ment with its cjwn faculty." It has, however, reciuired considerable time for this expecta- tion to reach fulfilment even in modest measure. To be sure, in the course of years, the transformation of the philosophical faculty has l)een repeatedly the subject of advisement at differ- ent universities, but it has been impossible to arouse any en- thusiasm in its behalf. Thus at an early period, at the little University of Ciiessen, where toward the middle of the century a large circle of young investigators had gathered about the powerful personality of Liebig, various negotiations were carried on directed toward a division of the faculty, although not until Liebig had removed to Munich. A separation of the natural science branches had been suggested by the Hessian govern- ment. The faculty replied that a division into two parts did not seem desirable ; that, if any change should be decided on, a di- vision into three parts would perhaps be ])referable. They finally decided, however, in favour of the existing unity.^ About the year i860 the idea of division was first taken into serious con- sideration at Tubingen, that is, at the same university in which the notion originated; and finally, in the year 1863, it was carried out. The philosophical faculty retained its name; to the faculty of natural sciences were assigned the chairs of mathematics and astronomy, of physics, of pure and applied chemistry, of mineralogy and geology with palaeontology, of botany, of zoology and comparative anatomy, and of pharma- cology. The newly established iiiculty of the natural sciences came into existence at the beginning of the winter-semester of the same year under the chairmanship of its first dean, the botanist Hugo von Mohl, a brother of the pul,)licist already mentioned. AVe learn from the document published on this occasion.^ that the first inducement to this innovation was a proposal on the part of the medical f^iculty, which was accepted only after an obstinate struggle between the faculties con- cerned.^ It is worthy of notice that the philosophical faculty of that time ])ronounced itself as a whole repeatedly and in the most decided manner against the plan, although all its members who represented natural science branches had voted in favour of .separation and union with the natural science members of the medical faculty. Not until after the academic senate advocated the forming of a new faculty did the government take the deci- sion of the question into its own hands.^ Hugo von Mohl, who formally opened the new faculty with an address on October 29, 1863, evidently entered upon the office fullv convinced of the wisdom of the innovation, for he concluded his speech with an admonition directed to the Ger- man universities, ''not to remain behind the times, to recog- nize the importance which the natural sciences had attained, and to concede to them a position of independence corre- sponding to their importance and conducive to their further development." '•'That we have attained this," he exclaims in closing, "is profed by the fact that I speak to you to-day from this place. The establishment of the faculty of natural sciences means a break with the medieval \iew that culture can be found only in T ^ INAUGURAL ADDRESS. humanitarian studies, it means tlic recognition of the fact that the natural scfences have grown up to an equality with other sciences, the recognition of the fact that they must pursue their special purpose in their own way, and the assurance that they may strive- toward the accomplishni^nt of this purpose without being led astray by foreign influences. Let us express our thanks to the intelligence of our government, which is the first in Germany to have broken witli the old prejudice, and let us call to our sister universities : Follow us !" The sister universities, however, have not responded to this call. Some of them indeed, in consequence of the action of Tiibingcn, have taken the question of the division of the faculty into consideration, but further than that they have not gone. An interrogation addressed to the Vienna philosophical faculty by the Austrian government shortly before the year 1870 led to a thorough discussion of the question ; this numerous body expressed itself by a large majority against division."^ In Brcs- lau also division was the subject of livelv discussion for rears, without resulting in any reconstruction of the Aiculty.^ In Kiel and in Konigsberg propositions for a division have been like- wise without result.9 The results of deliberations in A'lunich, and later also in Wiirzburg, which have not led to an imitation of Tubingen, I shall consider particularly hereafter. But the mighty stream of events which has poured over our country since that time has added a younger sister to our circle. 0\\ the occasion of the revival of the University of Strassburg under Roggenbach's wise and clear-sighted guidance, the ques- tion of fixing the boundaries of the faculties was the subject of long and careful deliberation, r.nd it will always appear an im- portant step, that there, after the expiration of a year, it was decided to follow the example of Tubingen and to abandon the traditional organization of the philosophical faculty whicli had been first adopted. In addition to its philosophical faculty the INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 13 nev/ Strassburg University has a f-\culty ^^ of mathematics and tlie natural sciences. When we enter upon the discussion of this question, we certainly must not undervalue the example of the University of Strassburg. Those who had the organizing of the new school were scarcely trammelled at all by arrangements existing at the time of its revival ; they might select the one or the other form according as they deemed one or tlie other better adapted to their purpose. They decided finally in favour of the system of division which had been introduced at Tubingen. But at the same time we niust not attach too great importance to this de- cision, on the one hand, because it \vas more a question of entirely new creation than of reconstruction, and, on the other hand, because in this case it seemed fitting to maintain the traditions of the French period. Even if we are compelled to admit that under the circumstances Strassburg chose the better part, it would not follow that it would be expedient likewise to reconstruct the already existing united philosophical faculties in accordance with the example of Tubingen. On the other hand, the clianges which have been accom- plished meanwhile in Munich, and in a more limited degree in the Wiirzburg philosophical faculty, have a very special bearing upon the discussion of the ([uestion which occupies us. In Munich the question of the division of the faculty, suggested perhaps by its large membership, was taken into consideration very soon after Tubingen had led the way. The division, how- ever, was never made. The faculty has been maintained in its entirety, and appears^ so in its catalogues. It is divided, how- ever, into two sections, a section of philosophy, philology, and history, and a section of mathematics and natural sciences, each of which holds separate sessions under its own dean. In th^e sessions all the business relating to the respective sections is transacted. Only when questions arise which concern the common affairs of the faculty are their deliberations carried on H INAUGURAL ADDRESS. in a joint session, in which the dean who lias served longest occui)ics the 'cliairJ' A similar arrangement hns prevailed in Wiirzburg since the middle of the last decade, thouiih there both sections have only one dean, who is chosen alternatelv from eacli-'- This division of the f:iculty, preserving its nnilv, recalls in some measure the arrangements wliich exist in vari- ous Academies of Arts and Sciences, especially our own. The practical results gathered in Tiibingen and Strassburg, as well as in Munich and Wiuzburg, since the introduction of the new order of things, have been hitherto only sparingly com- municated by those who are able to speak with authority, that is, by members of the iliculties which have undergone the change. AVith the excei)tion of a very noteworthy article by Paul du Bois-Reymond, i)rofessor of mathematics in Tiibingen, who moreover ])ronounces decidedly in favour of the unity of the philosophical fliculty,'^ I am acquainted with no publi- cation, \\\s to this time, which touches upon these practical results. In view of the differences in the conditions under which the di\ision of the faculty has taken place at the four universities mentioned, and in the absence of thorough information con- cerning its results, a purely academic treatment of the question seems for the ])resent advisable ; one which, disregarding every precedent, shall discuss only the reasons which have been or which can be adduced in favour of reparation, or in favour of the continuance of the philosophical f:iculties in their unity. In this discussion, however, we must not lose sight of the practical conditions, and especially of the fact that the several universities show considerable differences in their internal organization, — for example, many have the so-called Great Senate, which has jurisdiction in general university matters. These special ar- rangements cannot be without substantial influence on the general question. It is to be understood then, once for all, that in the argument which I am about to enter upon I make TXAUGURAI. ADDRESS. 15 the existing arrangement in the mnjority of the North German universities my starting-point.'"^ If we ask what grounds are adduced for the separation, the supporters of the movement generally point hrst of all to the advanced development of the natural sciences and to the num- ber of special courses wliich are already represented or which will be so in the immediate future ; they say that such a body of sciences can no longer be denied the recognition of its inde- pendence ; that the grouping of the natural sciences with the so-called mental sciences, whose representatives build upon a domain of study so entirely distinct and j^ursue methods so essentially different, must exert an obstructive influence u'pon the development of the former, and cannot be in any way advantageous to the latter. 'Jliese hints may suffice to indicate the general line of attack chosen by the champions of division. As to special arguments, they point in the first place to the injury which, as they affirm, accrues to the natural sciences from the composite constitution of the united philosophical faculty ; they say that, in the present condition of things, the decision is always in the hands of the philosophers, — if I may be permitted to use this expression henceforth to designate those members of the faculty who are not concerned with the mathematics or the natural sciences ; that on account of this unnatural relation all decisions by vote are placed in doubt, and that motions which may be of the utmost importance to the welfare of the natural sciences are in danger of coming to naught ; that no help can be expected from the casting of a minority vote, for, since the presiding ofiicers in the universities are usually philosophers, or oflicials with philosophi- cal svmpathies, the fate of a minority vote is almost always sealed at the outset. It would seem in foct that there have been bitter experiences in many places, owing to undivided faculties. '• It would indicate a very imperfect knowledge of men " savs Hugo von INIohl, " to expect that a mnjority which i6 INAUGURAL ADDRESS. understands nothing of the affairs of the minority and is con- trolled by entirely different principles will have the self-denial to yield to the jiulginent of the minority and support its measures; as a rule it will follow its own views, however poor their grounds, and oppose the minority." According to von Mohl an undivided philosophical fliculty must steer its course between peculiar dangers when it approaches the task of filling a vacant professorial chair. He affirms that the evil complained of is felt also in case of grants for pecuniary expenses of all kinds,— especially the philosophers are charged with having an insuperable disinclination to provide books on natural science. In the natural science division of the university library *'an empty abyss yawns to meet him who enters." In this connection von Mohl mentions a German university known to him where the air-pump for the physical laboratory was ordered of the local pump-maker in order that the money might not go to benefit a foreign mechanic. I do not mean to say, however, that the philosophers were held directly responsible for this valuable enrichment of the physical collection. A final charge is made against the union by the secessionists, — that of waste of time. '' Division of labour," they cry, " is the talismanic motto of to-day ; division of labour, which enables us to make the most of the niggard favours of time." But now let us hear what they have to say who wish to pre- serve the faculty entire. Although without doubt the investigator of nature and the philosopher labour in different /f^/^/y, nevertheless it need be ad- mitted only conditionally that the methods of the two are different. Investigation in the cause of knowledge, irrespective of every practical advantage to be taken of knowledge gained, is common to both. The physicist, — and I shall use this name hencefor- >vard in its ancient sense to designate the investigator of nature, — the physicist, like the metaphysician, starts from a series of hypotheses upon which the well constructed edifice of his con- INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 17 elusions is erected. But the physicist, in his work, has aids at his command which are lacking to the metaphysician. The mineralogist, the botanist, the zoologist have cbservaiion to help them ; the physicist, in the narrower sense of the term, and the chemist have experiment ; and so far the assertion that the methods of the two are different may be allowed. On the other hand it cannot be overlooked that the methods of the mathe- matician, whom it is the intention everywhere to include in the proposed natural science faculty, diverge perhaps more from those of the chemist and botanist than from those of the meta- physician. And in like manner it must be admitted that the physicist and the chemist have to pursue paths quite distinct from those of the mineralogist and the botanist, or any other devotee of the descriptive natural sciences. At all events, the api)rehension, even if well founded, of disadvantage to the natural sciences from difference in methods between philoso- phers and physicists, if these were united in the same faculty, cannot have much force as an argument for separation, since even if separation should really follow, the most heterogeneous elements would still be united with one another. But is there in fact any occasion for such apprehension? The advocates of an undivided faculty assert that this question must be answered in the negative, since hitherto no one has produced proof that the natural sciences have suffered any detriment whatever by reason of their long association with the deductive sciences. The natural sciences are at this moment, and have been for a long time, more fully developed at our universities than in any other country in the world. And especially is Germany in advance of all other countries as regards the separate repre- sentation, of the particular branches of natural science. But even with us it was no rare thing, as late as the beginning of this century, to find lectures in two or even three natural sciences delivered by the same professor. But even then a I i8 INAUGURAL ADDRESS. INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 19 change took place for the better, wliile elsewhere the incon- gruity continued to exist until after the middle of the century. I know particularly of one great and wealtliy university where, even as late as this, the chairs of chemistry and botany were united. 'Khe dubious nature of liis position weighed heavily on the ^oul of the fortunate double ])rofessor, and he gave exj^res- sion to his embarrassment in a somewhat naive manner. He car- ried visiting cards of two kinds, and, as was i)roper, in calling on a botanist, he left a chemistry card, and in calling on a chemist, a botany card. Nowadays no professor is expected to teach two distinct branches of natural science. If any one wished to-day to criticize the mode in which single branches are repre- sented in (ierman universities, he would do better to take cxcL'i)tion to the almost too narrow limits within which many instructors confine their departments. And it is not only the completeness of the organization of the body of natural science instructors which has given our universities an advanced posi- tion. The external helps which are necessary to such extensive cultivation of the natural sciences have been granted by govern- ments and legislatures with generous hand. Before the year 1870 an advocate of secession might still have maintained, with some show of reason, that onlv at universities where the branches of natural science were represented by instructors of extraordi- nary eminence and energy had they the advantage of at all ade(iuate establishments ; to-day we can turn their weapon against themselves, and say that, if there are still at any uni- versities branches of learning which stand in need of suitable establishments, they are c:ertainly only those whose representa- tives have manifested but meagre interest in perfecting them. In no other country of the workl have such palaces and temi)les been erected to the natural sciences as have arisen and are still standing on every side in the German universities. Nor has this movement been neglected in other countries, and envoys from abroad studv carefullv and zcalouslv the arrangement of the natural science departments at our universities in order to advise their governments througli comprehensive reports of the results of their investigations.'-^ Indeed, we have every reason to be proud of the flourishing condition of the natural sciences at our German universities, and if we reflect lliat this high state of prosperity has developed while their cultivators tilled the field in company with workers in other domains of learning, it must be admitted that community of labour has been anything but a drag on them ; nay, it may be questioned whether the physi- cists, had they guided the ploughshare of science without the co-operation of the philosophers, would have reaped harvests so rich. If, now, the natural sciences have in fact suffereil no manner of harm from their union with the philosophical branches, if there is no ground for fear that harm may accrue to them in future, then it only remains for us to select particular allegations of grievance, and see what they are worth. .^nd first, special weight is laid upon the impossibility of mak- ing anv calculation how an undivided faculty will vote. When it is asserted that the philosophers are everywhere in a majority, the assertion may l)e true enough as a rough, general statement, though this numerical majority is not the same at different uni- versities. In Berlin the number of philosophers is rather more than twice that of physicists ; in Leipzig and Strassburg nearly double ; in Tiibingen half as large again ; while in Gottingcn the excess is scarcely worth mentioning. AVe see then what may be the result of a vote. Let us suppose now a faculty so unfortunately constituted that not one of the philosophers has any acquaintance with the natural sciences or feels any interest in them ; and sui)pose, moreover, that these sciences have not a single supporter among the government officials. In such a case it would be possible for the most useful, nay, the most necessary measure to flill through. But it is evident that there would have to be a rare coinl)ination of unfavourable 20 INAUGURAL ADDRESS. INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 21 circumstances to produce such a result. Now let us look at the matter on its bright side also. The members of a united faculty arc not narrow-minded specialists whose circle of vision docs not extend bc3'ond their own hedge-row. They are far-sighted men, who see in the gain of the smallest part a pledge of the advancement of tlic whole, genuine Fellows of the Unircrsiias in the noblest meaning of tlie word. The members of the two parts need not possess a very deep insight into one anotlicr's affliirs, l)ut they feel tlie need and tlie desire to understand one another. Suppose that in a faculty thus constituted a proposition has been introduced, on the part of the natural science members, whicli perhaps at the first glance seems to the others to be of no great utihty, but that after a free interchange of opinion it has finally won recognition in spite of that fact, and now, supported by the vote of an entire faculty, it reaches the senate or the minister. How much izreater weicrht will such a proposition have than if it had proceeded simply from a natural science faculty, which after all can consist only of a relatively small number of members, whose ideas, more- over, move in circles so closely related that a comprehensive discussion is hardly possible. The defenders of the united faculty are therefore of the opinion that, although the possibility that the physicists may be occasionally outvoted by the philos- ophers must be admitted, the injury arising in this way is extremely unlikely. They are especially unwilling to admit that in filling professorships, when not the particular gain of one or another part but the well-being of the entire univer- sity is at stake, any injury, even the slightest, has accrued to the natural sciences through a misuse of power on the part of philosophical majorities. And those who never weary of point- ing to the preference enjoyed by the philosophical branches in university libraries must not forget that in just this respect the philosophers have a start of centuries which the physicists can- not expect to make good in a few decades. The defenders of the united faculty on the contrary are convinced that it is pre- cisclv the union of the representatives of both fields of investi- gation on which its position of authority is based, inasmuch as the influence of prominent members of one part must redound necessarily to the good of the other. On the other hand the advocates of union cannot and do not deny that fiiculty meetings involve a certain expenditure of time which might be lessened by a division of the faculty. The relation between the simply business duties which fall to the two parts is not easily fixed, and must be different in different universities and at different times. If we assume that the bur- den of business of a united facultv is distributed between the two parts in the ratio of their numbers, then it would seem that the number of meetings in a faculty of natural science might be reduced in the most fiivourable case to one-third, and in the least fiivourable case to one-half. In reality however the saving in time will not be nearly so great ; for, in case of business which concerns only a part of the faculty, nothing now prevents the appointment of a committee ad hoc to work up the matter under advisement in order to brinur it before the full facultv in a suitable state of preparation. Or we may decide in favour of the formation of standing committees, such as have proved use- ful in the faculty at Ijonn for nearly half a century.i^ In this way too the advantages arrived at in Munich might be attained without having recourse to a partial separation, such as has taken place there. If however as a matter of fact the physicists as well as the philosophers suffer a small sacrifice of time by reason of their union in one faculty, nevertheless the question arises whether this loss is not richly outweighed by the gain to both parts through the union. To mention no others, the external ad- vantages are not to be lightly valued, especially in a great city where the conditions of existence make personal intercourse difficult. The points of contact between the two parts in 22 INALCJL'KAL ADDRESS. INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 23 matters relating to learning are so many tliat it is difficult to conceive of a faculty meeting without exchange of ideas and conseciuently a double gain. In these sessions the most vari- ous matters relating to learning are disposed of. Every one, in whatever field he labours, will need assistance more or less often, and he knows that his colleagues are ready and willing to lend it, just as it will ])e a ])leasure to him also to l)e of service to them in return. As a rule it will hardly be a question of making and satisfying serious demands, but only of rendering small services which may be of great value to the one and cost the other nothing. Possibly it m.ay be only the identification or the explanation of a passage from the writings of the ancients, or an etymological derivation, or a hasty glance into the history of philosophy ; or it may be a (question of giving a name to a new mineral, or to a new jilant, or perhaps of baptizing a new-born child of chemistry. ]]ut this comfortable learned intercourse in litUe things is by no means the only result brought about by the united foculty ; we must estimate much higher the gain to each individual in scientific grasp from such a community. Differences are sharpened by separation and smoothed away by association. This principle is true also of the philosophical fLiculty. 'J'he surest means of forestalling threatening misunder- standings between individuals, or of removing those which have already arisen, is personal intercourse with the whole. And this manifold intercourse is also our best protection against one- sided absorption. The investigator of the present seeks his salvation, as a rule, in devotion to one science, nay, often to only a part of one sci- ence. He looks neither to the right nor to the left, in order that what is going on in his neighbour's field may not prevent him from burying himself in his speciality to his heart's content. We are far from failing to recognize the great value of this \-ery ab- sorption to the progress of science; indeed, the unexampled expan- sion of science would hardly be possible without the self-restraint which the investigator exercises, for the most part of his own free choice, in limiting the field of In's work. But it gives rise also to serious alarm. Too exclusive occupation with details obscures our view of the great whole, the understanding of which is the final goal of all our efforts, " Denn nur dcr grossc (icgenstand vcrmag Den ticfen Cirund der Menschheit aufzuregen. Im enfjen Kreis vercngert sich der Sinn." And especiallv in view of the unmistakable tendency of our times, the disposition to combine and specialize all effort, any stimulus to iiUercourse with workers in other fields of study which prompts us to o])en our eyes to a wider prospect seems doubly desirable. Ceteris piribiis he whose scientific work is furthest from that of the mere mechanic will be sure of the ureatest success. But he who isolates himself in his work or who maintains intercourse only with his immediate companions in his own department is peculiarly exposed to the danger of tailing into such petty mechanical labour. I share in every resi)ect the recently expressed opinion of one of our colleagues, of whom surely it will not be said that he would be inclined to underestimate the value of the i)ursuit of the natural sciences. '•Natural science, wdien its pursuit is one-sided," says E. du IJois-Reymond,^' '"'like every other activity so pursued, narrows the field of view. Natural science under such circumstances confines the glance to that which lies immediatelv at hand and within reach, to what offers itself as the immediate result of sense-perception with apparently unconditioned certainty. It turns the mind aside from more general, less certain observa- tions, and disaccustoms it to exercise itself in the realm of the (juantitatively indeterminable. In a certain sense we extol this as an invaluable virtue of science ; but where it is exclusively dominant, the mind is apt to grow poor in ideas, the imagina- tion in pictures, the soul in sensitiveness, and the result is a 24 INAUGURAL ADDRESS. INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 25 narrow, dry, and liard mode of thonglit deserted ]jy the Muses and the Gracds." Surely there is no better means of guarding against this one- sided deformity than community of labour in the undivided faculty ! , And tliere is still anotlier beneficent influence ascribed by many to the undivided niculty. Attention has just been directed to the one-sided absorption which clings to the scholarship of our tunes. Still another reproach has been made against it on many sides, that of anogaiice. 'I'hcre liave been scholars at all times with a very high opinion of themselves. Their number has recently increased very considerabl)', so nuich so indeed that a peculiar disease has developed which fortunately makes its appearan(x^ only in sporadic cases. There is one unfailing remedy against it, which unfortunately cannot be prescribed for every one ; this is comnumity of labor in the undivided faculty. Shall we be willing to give up such advantages for the sake of gaining a few hours by reducing the number of faculty meetings? These advantages inure to the members of the fliculty espe- cially in their character as scholars ; but they are at the same time teachers, indeed, we may say, teachers first of all. Let us therefore see what is their attitude toward the question in this latter character, and last, not least, how the men who study under them in the great fields of the philosophical and physical sciences are affected by it. In the first place, as regards the teacher, there can be no doubt about his interest. If it cannot be denied that a general insight into the contents, the methods, and the aims of cognate sciences, such as the undivided taculty affords, proves of great advantage to the man of learning and to the investigator, in whom some one-sidedness is pardonable, we must admit that such a view of neighbouring territory is an indispensable need of the teacher, whose business it is, above all, to attain a clear judgment of his position in the great field of instruction, and in whom narrowness would be a serious fluilt. He certainly ex- erts himself assiduously to secure a natural development of his subject before his pupils out of its own material, but he is always more or less under the necessity of reaching out beyond the narrow confines of his special study. The material necessary for a full presentation of his thought, from his hearers' point of view, will l)e at his disposal only at a later stage of his lectures. He will therefore not infrecjuently be so situated as to be com- pelled to borrow of bordering departments of knowledge, and he will be the better able to do this the more comprehensive is his view of them. In this requirement, that the members of the faculty shall be teachers, lies also the essential distinction between faculty and academy. In the academy the didactic element is not represented at all, and therefore the division of the academies, which has often been successfully effected, cannot fairly be made a i)recedent to be followed by the philosophical faculties at the universities. Separation might appear undesirable to the teacher for still another reason. Freedom of instruction is one of the first conditions of existence for the German University. Now, cer- tainly no one fears that this highest good would be put in jeopardy by separation. But the teacher values this good so highly that the change of the university to a group of special schools, which is merely hinted at in separation, fills him with alarm. And his alarm is not altogether unfounded. Both opponents and advocates of the undivided faculty have often called attention to the fact that the philosophical group on the one hand stands in closer relation to the theological and juris- tical faculties, and the i)hysical science group on the other hand stands in closer relation to the medical faculty, than the two groups stand to each other. Opponents see a ground for division in this circumstance, ^^ while the advocates of union 26 INAUGURAL ADDRESS. use it as an argument on their sideJ^ The latter rightly point out that if aspirations toward tlie ideal are no longer reprf^- sented in one body, as now in the i)hilosophical faculty over against the faculties whose aims are more practical, if the three other fiiculties are no longer referred to one common source whence they may draw the preliminary knowledge necessary to the attainment of their special aims, a mighty bond of union that fastens the single departments to the university will dis- appear, and thereupon the practical departments, as well as the fragments of the old philosophical department, will be in danger of forming themselves more and more into special schools, a danger not to be underestimated in view of the present loosely-jointed union of departments at our ( German universities. But while the maintenance of the philosophical faculty in its completeness is of unmistakable importance to the teacher, it has no small significance for the jnipil. Immediately upon his entrance into the university the student becomes conscious of this significance. Many of our young friends, — and perhaps some of our fellow students now present arc in this position, — are very far from coming to the university with a fixed plan of study, and it is fortunate for them that the door of a great multiform faculty opens before them. Taken up into the ranks of the students of philosophy, they will choose the group of studies in which they expect to make themselves at home, without undue haste, and after taking proper account of their special talents and their circumstances. But during the entire period of their study they get the advantage of the wide horizon opened to them in the undivided faculty, which challenges them daily to let their glance sweep far beyond the narrow confines of their special study over other i)arts of the sciences united in it. To be sure the objection will be raised that no one, in what- ever department he may be registered, is prevented from attending lectures in other departments, as in fact medical stu- INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 27 dents are in the habit of attending a large number of natural science courses ; but we cannot fail to see that, when it is a question of attendance upon lectures outside of one's depart- ment, there is a very considerable difference between not for- bidding and encouraging. But as the teacher values freedom of instruction above all else, so freedom of study, and, in a wider sense, academic free- dom is very dear to the pupil. And he may well be apprehen- sive that in the division of the faculty a danger really threatens til is freedom. In fact, does not this separation of the physical from the philosophical branches seem like a first step, scarcely noticeable perhaps though it be, toward the introduction of a fixed regulation of studies, which, however justifiable in a poly- technic institute, would be inconsistent with academic freedom ? Indeed, in his independence of every compulsory regulation, in his unlimited freedom to determine for himself his course of study, giving him as it does confidence in his own mature judg- ment ripened to a consciousness of self-responsibility, consists a substantial advantage which the German student possesses over the English or French student. And again, as the time approaches for him to give an account of his studv, it is a source of satisfaction to the student that this test takes place within the great undivided faculty. He is indeed forewarned that more than one-sided knowledge will be recjuired of him, that he must show a general familiarity with one or another cycle of sciences, but, in return, a correspond- ingly high reward beckons him on ; for the document which is the assurance of his scientific training does not stamp him merely doctor of some special science, but clothes him with the dignity of Doctor of Science, Doctor Philosophiae, That the argument in favor of the continued unity of the ficulty has been taken up on tliis occasion more especially from the standpoint of the physicist will certainly not suri)rise any one. It would not in fiict be easy for me, should I attempt 28 Ix\AUGURAL ADDRESS. to describe for the benefit of our philosophical colleagues the feelings of regard and esteem which I have no doubt they cher- ish toward us. I take it for granted that if any one of them stood in my place he would pay the tribute of approval to the physicists,^ as I have bestowed praise upon the philosophers, and that he would be just as sorry not to see the natural science element in the f^iculty as we should be to be deprived of the philosophical. It is possible indeed that he might see in this element a protection not to be despised against^ many dangers which threaten the philosopher in his special domain. ""lie might perhaps think of the warning which the Thracian maid called out to the wise man of Miletus, when, with his eyes fixed upon the stars, he did not see the ditch at his feet ; or the oft-quoted words of Goethe might occur to him in a new application : — The philosopher separated from the physicist IIcl)t sich aufwarts Und beriihrt Mit clem Scheitel die Sterne, Xirgends hafteii dann Die unsichcrn Sohlcn, Und mit ihm spielen Wulken und Winde. United with the physicist, Steht er mit festen, Markigen Knochen Auf der Mohlgegrlindeten Dauernden Erde. Here I might stop. Ijut alongside of the question of the division of the fliculty or its preservation in its entirety stands a second question so connected with it that with the solution of the one a step would be gained toward a solution of the other. This second (luestion may be exi)ressed in two words : — INAUGURAL ADDRESS. Gymnaswm or Reahclwie? 29 For more than a quarter of a century this question has been the subject of a lively discussion, in which spokesmen from all (quarters have taken part and given various answers according to the party position of each, and it is scarcely more than a dec- ade since it was subjected to a public investigation, in the course of which the faculties of all the Prussian universities were heard. Indeed this important question has been so thoroughly illustrated from all sides that it may almost appear a rash undertaking on my part to attempt now at the eleventh hour to present it from a new point of view. I trust, however, that I shall be permitted to touch upon the cjuestion, if only cursorily, in order to dem- onstrate that the influence of a division of the faculty would reach far beyond the limits of the university. Every one will admit the justness of the aims which the founders of the Reahchiile had in view. It is not strange that callings in life, which, though of scarcely noticeable importance before the middle of the century, have in our own times rapidly reached an influential position in the state and have become conscious of it, felt the need of having their special work repre- sented in the school training. Corresponding to the university the polytechnic institute arose, and, as preparatory to it, the Rcahchulc, taking the place of the Gymiiasiuvi. By the side of the old, well-tried form of higher instruction, a new system of education, sprung from the new conditions of existence peculiar to our times, came into being, and though differing in aim and in the means employed, took a place alongside the elder system as its recognized complement. As long as this complementary system of instruction re- mained true to the tasks prescribed by its origin, it had the happiest results. But it was soon led away, by the movement to which it owed its origin and direction, far beyond the goal originally set for it. It was first of all the Realschule for which 30 IXAl'(.L'KAI. ADDKKSS. INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 31 a wider mission was claimed. Wliy should not a school which preixircd its pupils successfully for the polytechnic institute be in a position also to pave their way to the university? Mathe- matics, the natural sciences, modern languages, to which the Rcalschulc-\'>> particularly devoted,- — why should they not con- tain the same elements of mental training which have hitherto been exclusively accredited to the classical languages, whose cultivation is the care of the Gymnasium? But if that is so, must not the view that i)reparati()n for the universities can be found only in classical studies be considered as superseded ? The most zealous spokesman of the new mo\ement could not deny that the original plan of studies of the Rcalschulc would not suffice as a preparation for the university. 'J1ie only question remaining was to what extent the classical groundwork should be recognized. The necessity of incorporating Latin, within certain limits, into the system of instruction did not seem to any one open to doubt ; aiul some voices were raised too in favour of at least elementary instruction in Greek.-"^^ After great oscillations of opinion which have not yet come to rest altogether, there issued from this movement the Rcalschulc of the First Rank {Rcalschuk crstcr Ordnuuir). And now began a contest of rivalry between the new school and the Gyuinasium, which though not always fortunate for the former secured for it at last no mean success, a contest whose changing fortunes we have our- selves witnessed. ]]oth oratory and the written essay have done service to the new movement, and it has found champions in city councils as well as in the House of Representatives. Concessions have been made in authoritative circles to continuous pressure only slowly and with great caution, llie call upon the faculties of all Prussian universities for an expression of opinion upon the question, whether and to what extent graduates of the Rcalschule should be admitted to the university, will always be a striking testimony to the earnest care which has been bestowed upon this most important matter. True, all of these numerous bodies have not ^iven the same interest to the question i)roposed to them. The answers of particular faculties, moreover, have been in some instances assenting, or, if negative, not unanimously so.-^ Never- theless the total result of this great investigation cannot be a moment in doubt, and may be briefly summed up as follows : that the Rcalscliulc of the first rank, however generous acknowl- ed"-ement may 1)C due to what it has actually accomplished, is nevertheless incapable of furnishing a preparation for academic studies e(iual to that offered by the Gymnasium ; that the Real- schulc lacks — this, for instance, is the opinion of the Philo- sophical Faculty in Berlin — a central point about which all other branches may group themselves, while the Gymnasium possesses such a i)oint in the classical languages ; that all efforts to find a substitute for the classical languages, whether in mathe- matics, in the modern languages, or in the natural sciences, have been hitherto unsuccessfiil ; that after long and vain search, we must always come back finally to the result of centu- ries of experience, that the surest instrument that can be used in training the mind of youth is given us in the study of the languages, the literature, and the works of art of classical an- tiijuity. According to the unanimous judgment of experienced teachers in the departments of mathematics and the natural sciences, graduates of the Rcalschulc are almost without excep- tion overtaken in the later semesters by students from the Gymnasia, however much they may excel them in the same branches in the first semester." Such evidence needs no com- ment. Still more convincing is the outspoken preference for teachers who owe their preparation for the university to the Gymnasium, expressed by the director of a highly esteemed industrial school in a noteworthy school ProgramP I might add an experience of my own to the numerous testimonies in favour of the Gymnasium. I have never heard a student from a Gymnasium express a wish that he might have received his trainin- in a Rcalschulc; how often, on the other hand, have 1 1 ■> ixAi (.ru/vi. Ai)i)Ki:ss. INAU(«URAL ADDRKSS. 33 met with youn- men prc^paivd in ihv A'nr/u/////r wlio -ricvonsly rcgrctti'd ihat'lIuT had never had pari in tlie trainiii^:,^ of tlio Gyniuiisimn .' \ do not of eoursc mean to assert that the Rralschulc does not send a nmnber of excellently prej)ared men to the uni- versity. Voung men of talent will i)repare themselves for the academic course of instructit)n advantageously in any school; and it would not be diflicult to name prominent men in all de- l)artmenls of human activity who have made their way without any school traimng whatever. If we wish to com])are the rela- tive efliciency of the two systeuhs of instruction, we must keep m view the ^/rvvv/-v' capacity of those who are to he instructed; and I hardly need emphasi/e the fact that the experience whicli has engaged my preferences so decidedly in favour of the O'r/;/- luisium training is formed upon observation of a large number of young men of average gifts, part of whom liad their prepara- tory training at the Gymuasiiim and part at the Rcahchule. The views expressed in the formal opinions of the acadenuc faculties in 1869 have had no influence in any way to check the i^uccess of the Rcjischulc of the first rank. On the con- trary, the concessions already granted it have been still further extended, and its certificate of graduation entides its pupils to-day to register in the i)hilosophical dei)artment, in order to pursue further certain sid)jects pertaining to this department. These successes of the Rc^ihchulc of the first rank are to be ascribed no doubt in i)art to the attitude of vacillation or of assent of certain of the faculties ; but they are probably more esi)ecially due to the behef so often expressed, that the otilicial opinions rendered by the Prussian ficulties in 1S69 ^vere rather the outcome of theoretical timidity than the result of experience based upon actual ficts. However, more than a decade has passed since those opinions were rendered, and the ciuestion is surely now ripe for decision, how fu- practice has confirmed what theory could not gain cre- dence for. We dare no longer deceive ourselves. The system of prc- ])aratory training for academic studi(\s in our (ierman universities i^ undergoing a significant change. The number of AVrt^Ar/z/V/r;- among our students — and this need not surprise us — increases from year to year, 'i'hc statistics of our own university leave no room for doubt in this respect. In the course of the past five vears tlie number of stiulents from RrahcJiulni re'ustered with our I'liilosophic al faculty has nearly trebled. At other univer- sities there has been a similar increase. Tiierc is accordingly no lack of practical experience, and the result is that the belief which had already been entertainerl has been strengthened. Ideality in academic study, unselfish devotion to science for its own sake, and that unshackled activity of thought which is at once the condition and the conseciuence of such devotion, retire UKjre and more into the background as the classical ground- work of our mental life found in the Gymnasium is withdrawn from the pre-university course. This is, to be sure, in the first instance, only a personal belief drawn from personal experience; but I will not omit to say that 1 have had abundant opportunity to discuss the subject with friends connected with the physical and mathematical sciences, and I have found them almost with- out exception firm in the same conviction. The form and contents of university instruction, however, will always be dependent on the amount of preparation which the student brings with him to the university. A falling off in the requirements of this preparatory training will inevitably be fol- lowed by a lowering of the character of university instruction itself Would then, under such circumstances, the German university, the glorious centre of our civilization and the object uf the emulous admiration of other nations, remain much longer what it has been for so many years ? It is not my task to-day to enter upon the solution of this '{uestion. It lies also beyond the limits of this address to examine the means by which the danger of a lowering of the 34 INAUGURAL ADDRESS. INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 35 standard of pre]xiration for tlic university might be successfully met. It will seem to many that the best remedy must come from the Gytiimisiiiin iiself. 'I'he Gynniasiuin, it must be thankfully recognizetl, has enjoyed for many years the unremit- ting care and attention of the most distinguished men in influ- ential circles, who have taken upon themselves with enthusiasm the advancement of this nursery of our youth. But these very men recognize, perhaps better than any one else, the fact that the GytJinasiuni is to-day susceptible of improvement in many directions, especially in its methods of instruction, without in any way imperilling the well-tried foundations of its efficiency. Perhaps this very RcalscJiuic movement is playing into the hands of such reformatory efforts; perhaps in so doing it fulfils its proper mission. The men who direct our schools have indeed a far-reaching and difficult task laid upon them, and they need not be discouraged if it cannot be at once accomplished. They must not forget that when it is a question of changes in a pro- duct of ages the results effected even by decades cannot be of much significance. If in our time the idea has become widely extended that, because physical science has taught us to de- spatch our thoughts with the swiftness of lightning irom hemi- sphere to hemisphere, the process of thinking itself goes on more swiftly and more easily, this is a fundamental error. We do not think to-day any more quickly tlian we did yesterday, and — those who were chargetl with the preparation of the edu- cation law will certainly bear me out in this — good itleas have not become cheaper than they were at any earlier })eriod. We must not therefore be surprised if our efforts to establish a Gymnasiuni which will answer iency in another. The Rcalschule fixes a higher standard in mathematics certainly, but the end which it attains always depends finally on the i)ersonality of the teacher; there are Gymnasia which accomi)lish just as much ; and on the whole the start gained by the average Rcalschiilcr, so lar as concerns his ability to accjuire the higher mathematics, is insignificant. In regard to the natural sciences, the most notable of our chemists and i^hysicists, as well as the representatives of the other departments, agree that the students from the Gymnasia on the average accomplish more. It is the general experience that the foretaste of these sciences obtained in the RcalscJiulc freciuently dulls rather than stimulates eagerness for knowledge. Still less are the modern languages able to take the place^'of Greek and Latin ; for, since as a rule the only thing aimed at in their study is a certain facility of nse, they cannot serve in equal manner as an instrument of culture. The main point is that the instruction given in the Rralschule lacks a central point; hence the unsteadiness in its system of teaching. It embraces a collection of studies most of which cannot be pur- sued with the requisite thoroughness within the limits of the school. In a word, it has not been possible to find an equiva- lent for the classical languages as a centre of instruction; and therefore the University cannot deem it advisable for the Slate to cease to re(iuire a Gymnasium training for its future functionaries. A\'hile, moreover, the RcalscJiulc, in accordance with tlie inherent nature of industrial conditions, seeks to hasten the period of graduation and dismisses its pupils generally a year earlier than the Gymnasium, it is not in the interest of the University to desire an increase in the number of students of seventeen years of age. It is rather a matter of importance to ail the faculties that thev shall have a bodv of vounir men more mature in age and training. The philosopliical department has a i)eculiar interest of its own in seeing that the reciuirement of a classical education is not departed from, because it educates the teaching class. For while the training of the Gymnasium is an indispensable dowry for every department of science and for every higher official calling, it is especially so for the teacher. The Rcalschulcn are attended mainly by those who wish to avoid the severe labour of Greek and Latin. If the graduates of these schools, after the expiration of their three years' Uni- Ncrsity course, could become in tun\ themselves teachers in Rcalsihuirn, a constant falling off in standards would be un- avoidable ; and hence the directors of RcalscJiuIcn themselves, wIk) have the highest concei)tion of the special work of their institutions, have with great decision fixed the lerjuirement that teachers in the Rcalschule, like teachers in tlie Gymnasium, sliall l)e such as have had a classical training, — that is, such as have been i)repared for their profession in the Gymnasium and the University. (/wvv/, Vicrter Jahresbcricht iiber die f,ouiscnstadtische Ge^ucrbcschulc, 1869, P- U3-) Thus tlie fitness <»f the Rea/schu/e to serve as a nursery for its own future teachers is denied by its own representatives. That which undoubtedly applies to those who are perfecting themselves for the j^rofession of teaching is just as true of all branches of study that are accustomed to serve as a preparation It the higher executive positions, and especially does it apply 42 OPINION OF 1869. OPINION OF 1869. to the administrators of the public mowoys {Cameni/is fen) , who must not l)e without the breadth of view and historical culture given by the Gymnasium. Nay, even in the circles for whose benefit the Rcaischiilcn originated, in the great commercial houses and in industrial institutions, the experience of our times proves that those young men are more welcome who come from the Prima of a Gymnasium. If then, in those very circles, an unmistakable counter-current has set in against the earlier over-rating of the Rcahihulc, why should the Uni- versity surrender its organic union with the Gymnasium, and be willing to obliterate a distinction in education whose exist- ence cannot be denied? ivxtraordinary talents will always make a way for themselves to i)ublic appreciation. lUit the Faculty are compelled to give their entire recognition and approval to what has hitherto been the rule, that in the case of every one who aspires to the service of the State it may be taken for granted that his education has been, up to the beginning of his academical career, liberal, ositions to i:icilitatc the entrance of non-graduates were su- gested in the report on the matriculation of imma/uri, which wa.- submitted to Your Excellency by the Faculty on Dec. 3, 186S. 43 Aside from these formalities attending the reception of stu- dents, no distinctions of any kind exist. The University offers the same opportunities to all, and puts the immaturi legally on the same level with the other students. Any further concession to the demands of the Realschule would mean that the University ceased to regard the Gymnasium training as the only regular preparatory course, and recognized on e(iual terms a standard of culture whicli cannot in its eyes pass for the same thing. The Philosophical Faculty cannot give their consent to such a movement. They are convinced that no sufiicient compensation is given in the Realschule for the lack of classical education. They fear that so decided a lowering of standards would be accompanied by weighty con- sequences, especially in such a state as Prussia. The Facult}', therefore, believe they owe it to the University and to the State to declare themselves in the most positive manner against a more extensive admission of Realschiller, that is, against placing them on exactly the same footing with grad- uates of Gymnasia. The Dean and Professors of the Philosophical Faculty of the Royal Frederick- William University of Berlin. CuRTius ncan. HaUPT. MuLLEXnOFF. KiRCHHOFF. DoVE. Trexdelexburg. Rodiger. M. Ohm. G. Rose. Drovsex. Weierstrass. vox Raumer. Magxus. K'lmmer. Weber. Harms. Bevrich. W. Peters. Mommsex. a. Braux. E. Helwing. To His Excellency, Dr. von MOhler, Royal Minister of State, c^c, &^c. opinion of iJic Philosophical Faculfy of the Royal Frederick- iniliam University of Berlin concerning:; the Admission of Graduates of Realschulcn to the University, presented to I/is Excellency, I/err von Puttkamcr, Royal Minister of State, on March 8, 1880. •''''■■'''Wr^fwvm mm:^''^^'^'!-:^^ ! ^,^,^ ,,^^ ■■ Your Excellency : Berlin, March 8, iSSo. The undersigned, the members of the Philosophical Faculty of the Royal Frederick-William University, take the liberty of presenting tlie following considerations to Your Excellency, in discharge of their duty to that portion of the University studies entrusted to their care. It was determined by a ministerial decree of December 7, 1870, that in the case of such subjects of the realm as should desire to be matriculated in the Philosophical Faculty of a Prussian National University for the purpose of pursuing the study of mathematics, the natural sciences, or modern forei<^n languages, the diploma of a Prussian RcalschuL: of the first rank nu'glit be substituted for that of the Gymnasium. In the course of the negotiations which preceded this decree, the Philosophi- cal Faculty of this University stated with great decision that they considered it imperative, in the interest of the thorough and symmetrical preparatory training of their students, to hold fast to tlie recpiirement of a Gymnasium preparation for all branches of study foiling within their jurisdiction. And now that in the case of a number of those studies this requirement has been set aside for more than ten years, they deem it neither prema- ture nor superfluous to lay before Your Excellency the results of their experience during that time with reference to the effect of the change introduced, respectfully pointing out at the same time that the practical effects of the arrangement at present existing could not, in the nature of the case, be seen until sometime after its first introduction on a large scale. The undersigned, the members of this Faculty, find them- selves the more urgently challenged to this presentation of mmm'tmm B m mi im ' i 48 OI»lXI()N- OF 1880. OPIXION OF 1880. 49 f n their views, the more unmistakable it becomes that the number and the i)erccntage of Rralschiilcr among tlieir students have been constantly increasing in recent years. While during the winter half-year of 1875-76 of 705 Prussians matriculated in the philosophical department 56 were newly admitted Rcal- schi'ilct, that is not (juite 8 per cent, in the current winter half-year of 1879-Soof 1299 matriculated Prussians 144 entered from RealscJuilcn, that is more than 11 per cent;' and this increase becomes still more striking if we base the comparison ui)on the single sciences to which RcalscJiuicr have access. In 1875-76 among 214 native students of mathematics and the natural sciences there were i 7 Rcalschiiler, that is not 8 per cent; in 1879-80 among 460 there are 69, or 15 per cent. And the increase would be found to be ei^ually large among the students of modern languages, wiili regard to whom we have not exact information at hand. It has not been possible for all the members of our Faculty of whose instruction Rcalschi'ilcr take advantage to institute observations concerning the success of such scholars among the different classes of their pupils, and the conclusions of indi- vidual members do not always agree ; but the great majority of us who are in a i)osition to give an opinion at all have found the apprehensions with which the Faculty as early as 1869 felt compelled to regard the admission of Rcalschi'ilcr to the University by no means allayed by our subsequent experi- ence. Those representatives of the mathematical branches whose lectures are more particularly attentled by students in the first semesters, it is true, say that they have observed no difference between graduates of Gymnasia and Rcaischuicn in the results of their studies; but, on the other hand, both of the full professors who are accustomed to give instruction in the higher mathematics hold without change to the verdict already ^ Compare the statistics 4uutcd in the Preface, page 3. A. \V. II. i-epeatedly given l,y them, tint the students of niatlicmatics wlio lKl^e been prepared in tlic Gymmuia, in spite of the fact that less t„ne ,3 devoted to tills braneh in the Gxmnasium than in the Reahcluile, are nevertheless, as a rule, superior to their (ellow-students from the Rcahclwk in scientific impulse and api-rehensiou, and in capacity for a deeper understanding of their science. ^ In concurrence with this, the representative of the astrono- mical department announces it as his experience, almost without exception, as well in the observatory as in the central office of the government department of weights and measures, that the >oung men who have received their i)rei,arator\- training in the Rralschule, although at first, perhaps, better informed and more rpt than those who have been prepare.l in the Gxmnasium nevertheless cannot in the enave acciuired in a higher degree the ability to understand and M.Ke scientific problems. Professor Hofinann adds that his own experience in these matters is by no means new ; that Liebi" expressed himself at xarious times to the same effect. Professor Kanmielsoerg says, with regard to the students of the tech- nological schools who attend his lectures on chemistry in the "Kt semester, that those of them who come from the Gym- i so OPINION OF 1880. nasia^ although without any previous acquaintance with the subject, evince nevertheless a more lively interest than the graduates of RcahcJiulen and industrial schools, who, in con- sequence of their greater familiarity with the sciences treated, listen with a certain indifference. He says it has also been his experience in the examinations at the close of the semester that the Gymnasium men stand relatively l)etter than the other classes of pupils, from whom certainly greater results would naturally be expected. Professor Peters, one of the instructors of the descriptive natural sciences, observes that in the students from Rcal- scJiuIcii whose accpiaintance he has made in zoological exercises and examinations he has been struck by their defective knowl- edge not only of the Latin but also of the English and French languages ; that the names and terms borrowed from the Greek cannot be made clear to them, and their want of practice in Latin is very much felt by reason of the large number of zoo- logical works composed in that language. Assistant Professor von Martens, drawing from his experience with Realschulc stu- dents, — which it must be noted is limited, as he himself says, to a small number of generally zealous specialists, — renders a more favourable verdict, in so far as he states that he has perceived no difference between them ami other students, in power of observation, accuracy in discriminating observed facts, and in scientific zeal, industry, and persistence. But he also says that they often evince less cleverness and more dull- ness in comprehending and expressing again what they ha\c heard than those who have been prepared at the Gxinnj.siinn. Among the representatives of the modern languages, Profes sor Tobler, whose department is the French language ami literature, expressed himself on a previous occasion to the effect that, among the students of modern philology registered in hi> seminary (relatively not a very large number be it said), he had not observed any considerable difference between men from the OPINION OF 1880. sen>i,KTy exercise, lint n ZT ' ' '' ^''"'"'' ''" '"'^ /• • . ^^^^^ deficiency m men fm,-.-. fK. (ixmnasia. In like minnow 11 ^ '^^ ^'^^ - -in like manner he has often felt the wnnf nf . knowledn^e of Cireek nn f],.. ,. ^ r , • "'- ^' ^ ".*«. i,..,™,« :.,';;:„',:■ : : -rx »'„;;;■;;»». nnnstance seems fo K;,., .fji . ^^'mcuit. i^ut the cir- u'^^- stems to him still more mDort^n^ tlv.f o Rcahchulc men acutene.. c.f . /"^PO'^f^'^^t that among the •'Uuchunenthavell T ^^ ^'^^^^^"^^^^^"'^'^^^ ^^^^^ independence juu uKiic nave been almos/- f'l-in'i-^i.r i^ i • , •l-.cir industry t)>ev arc ^2, ' "^' '" "'" "'''' '■"' sucl. groun.l a 1 ath ^ f '° '°^'''" "' ""^'■- "'"^^ ""'y ftiuuiKi as lias been marked out for ih^M!-. -n • tions i„ ].:„„lish also uhiel> Professo Znn ' > "'""'""' as a member of the scientific ' '''■"' '° "■«''-"''''>ke the ivcrn,,. . ^^'ent'fic exammmg commission sliowed ou C^:rZ, "'= '^^""^^^'^ ^^■'""'^ - ''- -'^ of men from Z \- man icuires jH ^ '^"''^'^'°'y ^'^'^n'lfic education. '■:-"or::z::\^i,zititt,::ti:i.::Tr =T;st;,::^rf'^^^^v''^--'"^--" -t instr ,c n ,^°'"P'^-i'"s of tlie difficulties which :. t Ittt? ''^1-rt^cnt, if the teacher cannot be :,, r r f '^"''="'-0' comparison of a Gern.an with a -k form o speech will be understood by all of his s ' : , :: "° '^"°": "■'-••- '•- S-t creek Uels o Ge ,' -ature, whose development he is about to present are a '^t m some measure familiar to them all. 52 OPINION OF 1880. OPINION OF 1880. As regards ,the philosophical lectures, Professor Zeller de- clares that the RcalscJiiiJcr, who attend them in large numbers on account of the requirements of the examinations for the higher school employments, are always a cause of embarrass- ment to him ; for, not only in the history of ancient philosophy, but also in other philosophical systems, by reason of the close relation between modern and ancient philosophy and their ter- minologies, a lariic ])ortion of lectures which are calculated for the wants and understanding of students with classical training must necessarily remain more or less unintelligible to thdse of his hearers to whom the (ireek language is totally unfamiliar and who lack a living acquaintance with Clreek anticpiity. 0{ the instructors in economics and statistics. Professor Meit- zen says that in the young men without the Gymnasiitin training who were occupied in the statistical bureau he con- stantly found, even when they had completed a course in some academical study, that they had no clear consciousness of their own scientific capacity and no sure insight into the growth of man's mental life. To the undersigned Faculty these verdicts of so many of their instructors can serve only to strengthen their conviction that the preparatory education which is accjuired in the Realschulcn of the first rank is, taken altogether, inferior to that which is guaranteed by the diploma of a Gymnasium, not only because ignorance of (Ireek and deficient knowledge of Latin oppose great obstacles to the pursuit of many branches of study which are not by law closed to graduates of Rcalschulen, but also and above all because the ideality of the scientific sense, interest in learning not dependent upon nor limited by practical aims but ministering to the liberal education of the mind as sucli. the many-sided and widely-extended exercise of the thinking power, and an aci[uaintance with the classical bases of our s( i- ence and our civilization, can be satisfactorily cultivated only in our institutions of classical learning. The Faculty find a 53 en rkable confirmation of this conviction in what has come o their knowledge concerning the results of the examinations i.cld by the scientific examining comn.ission for the Province of Lrandenburg. Of sixteen graduates of Rcalsckukn exam- ined by this commission since 1S76, four had to be rejected on account of insufficient attainments ; of the remaining twelve not one received a certificate of the first rank, five received one 01 the second, and seven one of the third; of these twelve inoreover, not less than nine had to undergo a subsequent' cxammat.on, in order to complete the evidence of their .en era scientific training, partly m religion, partly in Latin, 'and Ijartly and especially in philosophy; and also in the ca c o he hree others their knowledge of philosophy appeared only harely satisfl.ctory. Such results cannot but strengthen the ^.cnv that graduates of ^../../.,/,, .ery often lack the decree general scientific preliminary training required for a success- till course of University study. Tl)is rlefecti^■c preparation, I,o«-ever, not only interferes witi> l.e success of the studies of t],ose directly affected, l.ut, as our ■•acuity have already pointe,! out, it reacts injuriouslv on the nfre tnstruct.on in all the lectures which are attended in any 1 rge nu„,ber by students of this class. For it con.pels the i,^ tructor enher to descend to the level of his poorer pupils and 11 t nnght have been nnparted to thetn, or, on the other hand cttS r "'°,"^'^ '''^^^^^- '•"- consideration :!; i cture «,th the cnpphng consciousness that a part of his arers do not fully understand hin,. Instruction, o L L if" 'f ';,"""".'■"'' '""^' ,, fi,,,,„,,^ capacity of" e ^oKlably suffer tnore or less severely frotn such an evil state of of 'Si?;',> "' ' v""' '"' ^""''''°" °^ """S^ ■" *« interest Lnnets.ty stud.es as such, we cannot refrain fro.n pointing 54 OPINION OF 1880 OPINION OF 1880. 55 \i out the further- consequences, affecting the enth-e scope of our education, that threaten to follow from the change in regulations concerning i)reparatory academical studies which has been in- troduced \viih\n the past ten years, and the results of which are becoming more and more obvious. The large number of students registered in the departments of philology, mathematics and the natural sciences (780 since Michaelmas, 1875) leaves no doubt as to the intention of many of them to enter at some time the profession of teaching in the higher schools and perhaps in the Universities; and the modi- fications in the regulations for scientific examining commis- sions, issued within the past ten years or recently prepared, show that this intention is recognized and encouraged by the authorities. The interest of the Philosophical Faculty in tliis rapidly advancing change is by no means limited to the question whether the elements thus incorporated bring with them the preparation whicli the Faculty must take for granted in their instruction. If the system of instruction in the Rcahchitk, however excel- lent for its purpose, is in all essential characteristics different from that of the Gymnasium, and nevertheless both have equal recog- nition, then a kind of double standard is introduced which gives occasion for serious apprehensions. For the tact that our Rcnl- schiilcn of the first rank dispei-Hse with Greek altogether and in Fatin stop several steps lower than the Gymnasium exerts upon the sum total of the intellectual training and preparation which they afford an influence very noticeable in its wider consequen- ces. Our higher scientific and, in an intellectual sense, national education, will, in proportion as the preparatory studies pursued in our Rcalschulen gain wider authority, lose, together with its hitherto uniform foundation, advantages which we perhaps value too lightly while they are still in our possession. France, who demolished her ancient educational system in the tumult of the Revolution, and then in the time of the Directory and Consulate set up the polytechnic svstem of mstruction in its place, lias been labouring witii the greatest exertion for twenty years to bring into use again the formative power of classical studies for instruction in higher school. Hitlierto our three higher Faculties have been able to pro- tect themselves against the admission of students who have been prepared at Rcalschular. Seeing that tl:e practical aim of most If not all, of the students in the fourth Facultv prepared in such schools IS to enter the higher field of teaching, our higher schoo s are in danger of receiving a constantly increasing num- her of teachers who do not possess the kind and amount of scientific preparation which the graduates of our Gvmnasia must have exhibited in order to obtain their diplomas ^ 1 h.s H^jury is not balanced, it is rather aggravated, by the fact tl^at our higher schools divide up their instruction more and more among specialists, and that this process of specialization IS already formally recognized in the existing rules for the ex- --nation of candidates for school positions, and threatens to become sfll n.ore highly favoured in the new system of rules "iiicli IS now 111 preparation. If the idea wincli controlled the organization of the higher Mnkn, that its scholars were to have a certain share in the \^ anns of the Gyr„nau.nn, is justified, then we cannot and hottld not w,sh to think of choosing other teachers for them :>n such as have been prepared in the Gy;nnasiu,n for the studies of the University. If it is not our purpose to transplant our svstem of education inS:: rt^''' " ''"'^"^'^-■'^ ^-^' then i -so onsof '^*.""'"^, °""' '''' ^"'^ ^y "^*^ ■•"'^od"ction of all Zlr '■"'"' '° '^""°" •■"^-' ^ --'' ""-h is not L'pon the basis of the preceding statements, after full and •■-rough consultation and in accordance with a resolution 56 orixiox OF 1880. iinaniniously adopted, the undersigned, the members of the Philosophical Faculty, respectfully address to Your r:xcellency the request : — *' That Your Excellency will subject the question of the further admission of graduates 'of Rcahchidcn to the University to renewed consideration, having regard to the objections here- with presented." The Dean and Professors of the Philosophieal Faeulty of the Royal Frederick -William University of Berlin. Hi; p.NKR, Dean. Wa'itenhach, Frodean, To His Fxcelleney, Hf.rr von PnTKAMf-R, Royal Minister of State, c^'e., cr'r. qiie Faculty consisted at the time of the framing of this memorial of the following members : — Kir.MMER. Zellkr. Helmholtz. Lepsius. C;. KlR( irnOFF. MULLENHOFF. CURTIUS. Peters. I Iarms. Nitzscii. Wattexbach. A. W. HoFMAXX. Weierstrass. Bevrich. A KiRniiiOFF/ * Wagxer. vox Treitsciike. Weber. SCHWEXDEXER. SCHERER. HuBXER. TOBLER. ElCHLER. Sachau. Grimm. Schmidt. Kiepert. Rammelsberg. Foerster. Zupitza. Droysex. MOMMSEX. Vahlex. SCIIRADER Webskv. Robert. NOTES. ^Number of regular professors in the four faculties of the University of Lerlm in the years ,n,^* Theology. Law. Medicine. Philosophy. 7 8 13 38 'Robert vo„ Mohl Die Polizci-Wisscnscl,af( nacl, den GrundsStzcn cics Rcchlss.aa.s I uh.ngcn .- ,833. In the edition whielt I have at hand -the second, 1844,-11,0 pass.age quoted is in Vol. I. pp. 5,8, 5,9. ^ A question a.Idressed by tltc Hessian government to the philosophieal faeahy of G.essen „, the year .S55, whether, in view of ,hc proportionally l.-.rge number of professors in the faeulty and of the union of very hetero- gcneous branehes in their cirele of instruetion, it was not advisable to djVKle the faculty ,„to several faculties, «as answered by the facultv in -'larch 1855, unannnously in the negative. They .added that if a divi- s,onshoul,l nevertheless take place, the number of new faculties formed should be three. -one for philology, history, and philosophv; one for ......hemattcs and the natural sciences ; and one for political science. With- out declaring themselves permanently opposed to such a threefold division be faculty w.as of the opinion that the introduction into Giessen of such a' iTcefold division before its trial in other faculties was not to be recom- meiued. The sen.ate on the other hand, in May, 1S55, recommended by a light majority the threefold division, referring ,0 the heterogeneity of the :« ' i^ .1. nrc dependent m technical ,,ues,ions upon the votes of colIeLue "1 .., .en,s unfannhnr .vith the n.ethods of investigation pursued in°tl I natural saences, cannot properly appreciate their clatas Agatnst this view, witinn the n.edical faculty itself, Griesinsrer at tint ■ luned n, the most decided n.anne,- the necessity of a change in the :f't;:;°eit'r'lT!'^''' "'^i™-s" -^ .'-4 such /r j; , '■•^i' ■^PPen-.ce only in a slight degreelTLt' at^^/r: 'hrlir - ^ "un,ber of cases it proved an advantage that, as i , Tubi "en ch ' *y, botany, and zoology should belong to the .nedical fac^u tv tie npoTr/'ltn-ir"' T '"' "■^" "" '" '"' Pi"losophica. -^a: u proof of th , he mentions opntions on cases of poisoning, the roula- ci llH r '^■'""'"^f -• "- >-"-" -cupied by phra;macists: ut cp callv the necessny of g.ving medical ,nen control over the chemical zook,g,cai, auut ill 'the year iScSi a change of government came U> the aid of the vieu- held by the Mold party. The new minister of education, C.olther, took up the matter with great zeal, and the struggle began again even much more actively than before. Griesinger, to be sure, had meanwhile left Tubingen, but Id', dissenting vote exerted an influence nevertheless; and the philo- sophical faculty, with the exception of the representatives of mineralogy and phvsics, led with great energy the opposition to the propositions of the medical faculty, and the advocates on both sides expressed themselves in language the meaning of which was in no way doul)tful. The majority of thc''phil.)Sophical faculty declared themselves not disinclined to change the existing r.vstem. They did not, like Griesinger, wish to hold to the existing division, which had become planless, although in other points they agreed with him; but they wished to ad^pt the arrangement of other German uni- versities that i; t) unite all the branches of natural science; and at that time the' senate, which consists with us of all the full professors of all de- partments was favoura!>le to this proposal. While the philosophical fac- ulty in this desire found itself upon the same ground with the medical faculty, in so far as it advocated the uniting of all natural science branches, it emphasized all the morj their affinity to the whole complex body of pre- paratory studies for which the philosophical faculty is intended tcj i^rovidc. The natural sciences, they said, had, as it was, more than sufficient inclina- tion to lose sight of their relation to the ideal sciences; no encouragement should be lent to this tendency; one need only read the utterances of the medical faculty on this (juostion, to see what a spirit of misconception reign., in it, indeed a spirit of depreciation of everything not tangible, and which is not concerned with the tangible. The collegiate association of different branches begets, they say, mutual tolerance, and leaves iv. room for the delusion that only one particular department of knowledge can be justified. They then consider more particularly the several branches which it is proposed to separate from the medical faculty, in order to de- monstrate how they can be transferred \\ithout injury, and it is further pointed out that if all the natural science branches were included in the philosophical faculty they would no longer be in a minority. Since the government had also made inquiry regarding the eventual division of the i^hilosophical faculty into two sections, this question is also discussed in detail. Here, however, a split occurred in the majority. Some, reflect- ing that if two sections should be conceded the concession of complete separation v/ould Ix^come more attainable, v/ould have nothing whatever to do with it; they believed this question should be left to the future, and the experiment should be lirst practically tried whether a united philosophical and natural science faculty would not answer every purpose. The others were more inclined to favour the formation of two sections. With respect to the general organization of the university, however, it was argued spe- cially from our peculiar circumstances that, since forty years before the faculty of political science had separated from the faculties of law and philosophy, and then a catholic theological faculty had been added, there were already six faculties in existence, certainly more than enough; and also that the separation of the political science department had not justified itself, — against which viev,- this department, to be sure, entered a decided protest. I'lnally, a private letter of Argelander from Bonn, written to the mathematical member o( the faculty, was added to the opinion of the faculty for the information of the government. lie wrote: — ". . . ' I would give up n(j one of tiie outward marks which bear witness to the inward unity o( the single departments of knowledge, and as such I regard the grouping in one single faculty of all the different methods of l)ursuing the truth. liesides that, however, in the interest of our students I hold a division to be in the highest degree injurious. Unfortunately the pursuit of learning is becoming always more and more a matter of bread- winning, and whatever does not serve this purpose is put aside; l)ut never- theless, through the grouping of all departments of knowledge in one fac- ulty, the olil tradition of their inherent connection is preserved at least as regards a number of tiiem. If this is done away with, then the last tie is loosened, and instead of the uni-jcrsitas litteraruni we shall finally have only schools of specialties. Then farewell to love of knowledge for its own sake, farewell to the humanities.' " But all these representations were of no avail. The government soon decidedly inclined to the proposition of Mold, and the senate, which had been before of tlie other opinion, likewise finally decided by a small majority in favour of a special natural science faculty. The question then alone remained, what subjects and what students should be assigned to the new faculty. In the first respect mathematics caused the only difficulties; the mathematical professor wished at first to remain in the philosophical 62 NOTES. faculty, then to hclonj^ to holli; finally, however, lie went into tlie natural science faculty. As to students, medical students before the Icntaincn phvsictini and those devi)ting themselves specially to the natural sciences were assigned to llie new faculty, and the students of pharmacy were made Ilospitantcn, *rhi> provi.-,i()ii of August 5, 1863, went into operation im- mediately with the winter semester of lS(')3-64. "Our natural science faculty has how been in existence seventeen years. How far the injurious consequences which were feared from the separation have actually ensued, I am iu)t in a position to judge; it has recently become manifest that it is less easy for a university with a separate natural science faculty to maintain, against the claims of the KcaIschiilc,\\\Q require- ments heretoft.)re in force for attendance at the university. The faculty has taken its place without difficrtity in the organi/ation of the university, and the care of the institutes has gained by it."' ^ The formation of a faculty of natural sciences at the University of Tiibingen was provided for by the ministry of education and religion in consequence of a decisi«)n of Ills Majesty the King of Wurttembcrg of August 4, 1863 (cf. notes 4 and 5). ' Extract from a letter of Professor Adolf Liebcn in Vienna: — " The philosophical dcjiartmcnt of the Vienna University, as is the case at all the Austrian Universities, is entirely united, and comprises philosophy, philology, history, as well as mathematics and all the natural sciences (ex- cept physiology, which is taught in the medical department in connection with anatomy, pathology, etc.). It has no sub-divisions of any kind, and all the more important aft'airs of the faculty are ultimately deliberated upon and decided in full sessions after preliminary treatment in committees. About seven such sessions take place a year. All current matters arc dis- posed of by the dean on his own responsibility. The number of regular professors in the philosophical faculty is at present forty-two. *' Some two years ago the government propounded the question to us whether a division of the philosophical faculty would not be advantageous. Our answer, adopted by a large majority, was to the effect that we deemed it judicious to abide by the ancient existing arrangement. "As regards the senate, that body consists of fourteen members, namely, the rector, the prorector, the f*uir deans (that is, of the faculties ct theology, law, medicine, and philosophy), the four prodeans, and four elective senators, who are elected to the senate by the four faculties re- spectively for a term of three years. ^'OTE.S. ^ "The senate holds its meetings about once a month. Its sphere of HWluence, however, is actually a son.ewhat limited one, for all i ,0 '' ,nd especially all scientific matters are disposed of bv f 1,. r ^r T ' The ficnl.w.. n. 1 '-'"^1'''^^''^^^ •^yt'i^' faculties indcpendentlv. J)c i^icuUies a.e also accustomewald, Halle, Heidelberg, Jena, Kiel, Konigsberg, Leipzig, Marburg, Munich, Rostock, and WUrzburg, arc constituted as units. Mention has already been made of the new organi- zation of the philosophical faculties in TUbingen (cf. supra, pp. 10 ff. and NOTES. g- note 5), and in Strassburg (cf. supra, p. 12 f. and note 10). Some further facts concernmg the organization of the philosophical faculties in Bonn and Leipzig are given below (cf. note 16). Touching propositions for division, nothing need be added to what has already been saul about Giessen, Munich, Wurzburg, and Breslau As regards the remaining universities my inquiries have had the following result: a l>roposal for a division was made to the minister of instruction by the plnlosophical faculty in Kiel in the year iS;;, but no response from him has yet been received. In the same year Konigsberg also made a proposition for a separation into tuo sections, each with its own dean but retaining the facuhy undivided. It lias as yet ren.ained unanswered! On the occasion of the consideration of a new statute of the philosophical faculty m Marburg, likewise in the year 1S77, the question of division was also discussed; it was, however, fmally decided that the faculty should not be divided. In Bonn, Leipzig, and Freiburg the matter has merely been discussed. In Frlangen, Gottingen, Greifswald, Halle, Ileidelber/ Jena, and Rostock no prc.posilions have ever been made up to this time. '" A more exact knowledge of the course of events in Strassburg would seem to be of especial interest for the question under discussion. The following presentation is taken from official documents, an exami- nation of which the author obtained through the kind interven'tion of the imperial governor of Alsace-Lorraine. A request t., that end of Au-nist 19, directed to His Excellency, General Fieldmarshal Baron von Manteuffel was considered by him ^^ ith the most obliging readiness. As early as Sep' tember 13, the author received, at the suggestion of the governor, throu-h the under secretary of state, Ilerr von Pommer-Esche, copies of the follow- ing official documents : — 1. Proposition of the philosophical faculty of the Strassburg University looking to a separation into two faculties, addressed to the Impe- rial Chancellor on February i, 1S73. 2. Argument in support of this proposition on the part of the rector and senate, addressed to President Ledderhose, curator of the Univer- sity, on March 15, 1S73. From these documents it appears that the establishment of two separate faculties instead of one united faculty had been taken into consideration even at the tune of the founding of the universitv, and had alreadv found expression in the budget for 1S72. In view of these facts the philosophical faculty, or as it was then called the faculty of philosopliy and the natural 66 NOTES. sciences, made on' July 2, 1S72, a direct proposal to divide the faculty, which was sujiportcd hy tiie senate on July 9. The report, however, said that there was some doubt whether such a division should i)e introduced "at that time and as a provisional arran^'ement," especially seeinj^ that a consideraMc minority (6 votes to lo) had declared against it. Six months later, after the faculty had meanwhile been fully appointed, the (jucslion was a<;ain taken mto consideration, and out of nineteen mem- bers sixteen voted for a division; one refrained from vcdin.i,', and of the two who voted a<;ainst division oidy (tue ojiposed it on principle, while the other declared himself opi)osed to division only for the time being, and on grounds of ex[iediency. The proposition went in this shape lo the plenary session of the academic instructors, in which, out of tiie tifty-four person;; present, foiiy-two decided in favour of separation, and eight against it, while three refrained from voting. Under these circumstances the faculty con.'^idered itself in duly l)ound again to propc^se a division, which accordingly was done on I'cijruary i, iSy 3. 'i'he proposal of the faculty was imanimou^ly accepted by the senate, and on March 15 it was further specially advocated by the rector in a letter going thoroughly into the subject. The reasons for a separation, which the proposal of the faculty sets forth in detail, are grouped together in four paragraphs: — 1. A division is reconunended by the absence of aftlnity between the courses o[ study represented in the tw(j parts. 2. A divisi*jn endangers no particular profession. 3. Knumeralion of the evils of union. .;. Ueferenee to the example of rUl)ingen. " Ihisines-i organization of the philosophical faculty of the Royal Lud- V. i;;- Maximilian University of Munich : — 1. The philosophical faculty, in accordance with the ministerial resolu- tions of May 14, 1S65, and September 29, 1873, is divided into two sections, each of which has its special dean. 2. All full professors in these sections are members of the same witii the right to vote (known as Fuciiltisteii). 3. Members of the iirst section entitled to vote are all I-\xctiUis!s \\\^^^ have charge of special branches in })hiloh)gy, philosophy, or historv; to those of the second section belong all those whose departments fall in the domain of the mathematical or natural sciences. NOTES. g. 4. '\>1 ^''""-^'V^ arc eligible ,„ ,ho office of -lean wI,o have belonged ,o he f cul.y exelu„vely for a. lea.. ,„„ years, and who hafe ac ,«.red ,he doCor'. degree of „,e facahy. The deanship ehanges f.o„, one scho as>,c year to another among those who are eligible ... oroer aecordn.g to their lin.c of serviee. The office of Sean may be declined. At the close of each scholastic year, each sec" .on reports to the senate the na.ne of the dean for the enslg >car. In ease of ,l,sal„l„y the dean is represented by the prodean 5. I., each section its dean has the prcsi.leney. The .leans are desig- ..••.led as "I, can of the I'hilosophical Faculty Section I • .1 1 "l^ean of the I.hilosophical Kacuhy, .Section l', ' 6. The , lean of each -tion beeps a record of all con™unica,ions re- Ihc sec , on. le ,,,s«es „s public announcements, corresponds under ,e sn.all seal of the faculty, and tnabes the necessarre ix'.l^ lo the senate in the name of the section. 7. Matters which relate exclusively to the philosophical, philogical, and s ,r,cal, or to the ,nathen,a,ical an,l natural scie ce e:„rs s of udy are eonsule, e,l an.l .lisposed of by the section concerned ; ma. er on the other hand which concern .he general interest ^f the phdosophtcal acul.y are dis,.osed of in .he entire faeul.v. „ o,n. sesstons of the faculty, the older of the two deans by date of scrvtce takes the chair, l.pon him devolves also the n^ana^enent of matters under discussion, and the preparati.m of resolufCa Tc l.r „:, .7""r', "[ ^'.' —"-•-- -'Messed to the enli e facul.j , at^d .he.r d,s.r,bu..on to the sections according to the nature o he subject Con,n>u„ications which concern th^ faeu ty as body, „r are of general interest, if there does not happen to be a general sesston at the .ime, r.re .ransmit.ed .o bo.h .ec.ion. in her scsstons In case of inabih.y .. act, the older dean in ofi 15 represented by the younger. ^Z^lt^^ "" T"-""""""" "' ""= I*"°^-Phical faeultv of .he Uni- .rltTs' t:Lc :"I '' ""= ""'"" ^^"°^' ''^^^"-^ J""'— ^VisUcen; J The organization of our philosophical faculty is like that in Munich la ■„ we have wo secfons (one for philosophy, philologv, and historv i-i^otiier only one dean, who is taken from each by (urn. 68 NOTES. 69 NOTES. The common dcfin takes the presidency in the separate meetings of the two sessions, and even at examinations for the doctor's degree. Our experi- ence however is, it must i.'C admitted, unfavourable to the ^hole arrange- ment. The division of the faculty was a half measure. There has been of course no increase in mutual understanding, or in interest (ov the needs of the other side on the part of the dean. A great evil, and one which a year ago made itself sharply felt, lies in the los; of all influence of the mathematical and natural science section in appointments to the chair of philosophy. Our request to be heard in tliis matter was simply declined by the sister section without explanation; no that in the senate we had to enter into a certain opposition. We have in fact only the dean, the title of doctor, and the graduation fees in common; otherwise we have become almost more estranged than is well. If there is to be sejiaration, then a radical separation is certainly best. The sectional separation began in the year 1S75." '•^ On the Ad\isability of Establishing Special Faculties of Natural Science, l)y Professor Dr. V. du Bois-Reymond, .lima Mater, Organ fiir Ilochschulen, Dec. 7, 1S76. The author of this i)ai)or, which takes up the (juestion in a general way, mentions only in passing the experiments in TUbingcn. Speak- ing of these, he says : " As far as our university is innnediately conccrnc»l, it is in some measure protected against the disadvantages v.hich the division of the faculty may entail by the peculiar arrangement of its Great Senate; and consequently in pronouncing upon the question generally we cannot ]:)rop- erly use the experiments made in it as a foundation. I must recogni/o with approval the lessening of the burden of business which falls to the individual instructor. The time which a full professor must expend in at- tending faculty meetings will be indeed, generally speaking, proportional to the number of members in his faculty. Vet I am able to praise that feature thus almost unreservedly, only because I see how our seven small faculties are by means of the (ireat Senate swallowed up again, as it were, in a single large faculty uniting all the instructors of the university; whereby, to be sure, the saving of time which I have mentioned may be again put in question. We must look to the arrangement of the Gre:'-! Senate to lind the reason \\\\\ the fears expressed by Griesinger in his dis- senting vote (cf. note 5) and by \\. du Uoi^-Reymond in his rector's ad- dress (cf. note 19) have not up to this time been realized with us; while on the other hand also it must be confessed that the great expectations of H von Mol,l have not so for been faimie.1, but with the exception of a change in the mode of transacting business, everything remains as it was '"^l"m however, t). To the exclusive jurisdiction of the Great Senate belong the decision of proposals fjr new regulations and new permanent arrange- ments (foundation of chairs of instruction, institutes, etc.); other matters may be Inought before it, if the Lesser Senate so directs, or if twelve active full regular members make the proposition. In Freiburg there is, properly speaking, only the Little Senate, in which the rector and ex-prorector sit, and four full professors representing the four faculties. Only important matters affecting the interests of the uni- versity come before the whole body of full professors. It only remains tt) note tliat the Hessian University of Giessen possesses (in accordance with the statute of January i, iSSo) an organization just like that of Heidelberg. The Collective Senate, as it is there called, con- sists of all full professors; the Lesser Senate, of the rector, the ex-rector, the chancellor, and six meml^ers to be chosen bv the Collective Senate out of its midr^t for two years, of whom one each belongs to the faculties of theology, law, and medicine, and three to the philosophical f;\culty. The University of Jena, finally, lias only the Great Senate, consisting of all full professors. ^Latters of administration as well as those of discipline are the care of special senate committees. ^^ Sur les hautes Etudes Pratiques dans les Universites Allemandes Rapport presente a son Exc. le Ministre de ITnstruction publique par M. Adolphe Wurtz, membre de I'Academie des Sciences. - Paris: 1870. Delle vScienze Sperimentali e in particolare della Chimica in Gcrmania. Rilazione rimessa a Sua I^xcellenza il Ministro della pubblica Istruzione neir anno 1871 dal Giorgio Roster. Milano: 1872. Compare also : The Chemical Laboratories of the Universities of Bonn and Berlin. Rep«)rt addressed to the Right Honourable the Lords of the Committee of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council on Education by A. W. Iltifmann, LL.D., F.R.S. London: 1866. ► . *; '" Concerning the very noteworthy organization of the philosophical faculty in Bonn, Professor Aug. Kekule writes me the following: — " The organization of our faculty is in fact still precisely what it was as fixed by the statutes of 1834. The faculty has one dean. It is divided (§5) into four divisions or sections, of which each has its president. These four sections are the philosophical, the philogical, one for history and poHlical science, and one for mathematics and the natural sciences. The business of the faculty relates (§ 3) either to general matters (choice of dean, granting of scholarships, distribution of academical honors, etc.) or to special matters, to which belong [jarticularly proposals for tilling vacant professorships and for promotion of Privatdoicutcn^ and the regulation of prizes. General matters are decided by the entire faculty in the manner pre- scribed in § 4. In special matters (§ 7) the members of the section first vote; a sectional decision however cannot be executed without consulta- tion with the faculty. After tins consultation, which in important questions (and especially therefore in cases of ap[K)inlmcnts to be made) always takes place in a full session and on the basis of a written and oral sectional report, the members of the section, likew ise in a full session of the faculty, proceed to a final vote. Thus in all special matters only the members of the section concertied have a deciding voice, the remaining members of the faculty have onl}' a consulting voice. The resolution of a section, passed after consultation with the full facultv, has the force of a resolution of the faculty. I have no knowledge of any official proposal ever having been made looking to a change in this arrangement and specilicallv to a division of the faculty. I am well aware that there has sometimes been talk of it, even in sessions of the faculty, but il would, I think, never have had a majority, and as a matter of fact our arrangement has no serious disad- vantages. The organization of the Leipzig phi!t)Sophical faculty resembles some- what that of Bonn. This faculty is, as has been already observed (cf. note 9), a unit; except that three pe»"manent sections have been gradually formed in it: i. a philological section, 2. a section iox history and phil- osoi)hy, 3. a section for mathematics and the natural sciences. These sections, however, are not divided by a strongly marketl line, but in pro- nouncing opinions on dissertations, and in other such matters, the section immediately concerned often reinforces itself by calling in help from the remaining sections. ^' Curturgeschichte und Xaturwissenschaft. Lecture, delivered o\\ 74 NOTES. NOTES. March 24 before the Society for Lectures on Scientific Subjects in Cologne, by E. du Bois-Reyinond. Second edit., p. 42. 19 In fact, if it were a question of beginning to-day to found universi- ties, no one would think of welding together the philosophical and histori- cal 'branches and the mathematical and natural science branches in a single faculty. Or is it not agreed that the latter have a much nearer affinity in matter and methods to medicine, a natural science developed toward a special object, than to the branches which are now grouped with them? And that, on the other hand, history and philosophy have many more points of contact with theology and jurisprudence than with the natural sciences? (Proposal of the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Strassburg for a division into two faculties. Cf. note 9.) 13 The philosophical faculty forms the connecting link between the remaining facuUies, ... if it were split, it might refuse to perform this mediatory service. For it is unmistakal^lc that the connection of the groups into which it would fall asunder would be less close than that of the philosophical group Kar i^oxw with the faculties of theology and law, or of the natural science group with the faculty of medicine,. and a most alarming impul>e would be given to the separation of the united university into single special schools, as happened in Paris. The reciprocal action of the diffcient branches of human knowledge which takes place within the philosophical faculty would naturally be lost with its divisicm, but this mutual influence contributes very much to widen the vision of the indi- vidual, and to preserve in him a right judgment of his position in relation to the whole. The two divisions of the faculty would finally approach the character of special schools; the ideal stamp of the whole would be de- stroyed. (E. du Bois-Reymond, Rector's Address, 1869, p. 1 1.) '^ It is true also that we cannot dispense with English; and I should be reconciled to losing it in a Kealgymnasium only on condition of gain- in- in another direction a substitute for it of greater value. And I take the liberty of expressing still another wish here, which would not be impos- sible of fulfilment. ^ I mean instruction in Greek. To have read Homer quickens One s life. The face of a gray-headed public servant, upon which the pencil of time has engraved the unmistakable traces of official monotony, will licrhtcn, if perchance the. full-sounding hexameter of the Iliad strikes unexpectedly upon his ear. It is as though his youth sudddenly flickered up again within him. What the Bible is to the common people, such is in many respects Homer to the educated. If Greek should be introduced in the upper division of the Realgymna- sium, then it would take a long step nearer its ideal. In proportion as instruction in Latin receded in importance, Greek might furnish an equiva- lent in the philological balance of the Realgyjmiasium. And for this price I would willingly drop English as an obligatory branch. The evil would in fact be remedied if a twofold division of pupils in the upper Gymna- sium were made, one of those who study English and another of those who study Greek. All the remaining branches of instruction might remain the same. This idea is the more feasible, since Class VII. is dready divided into two parallel courses. Should four hours a week for four years be set aside for Greek, it would be easy to bring the pupils to such a point that they could read the IHad or the Odyssey in the IX. and X. Classes. To be sure it would not do to pursue Greek with the same intent and by the same methods as m the Gymnasium ; that would of course be imi)ossible, if for no other reason, because of the more advanced age of the pupils. Above all, it would be necessary to give special attention to exegesis, and composition would have to serve principally as an aid to practice in forms and elementary syntax. It is true that the task of those who chose Greek instead of Eng- lish would be harder. But this assumption of a greater burden would be voluntary, and those who elected Greek would be richly repaid by the pleasure which Homer would some time give them. I may also mention here this practical advantage, that students intend- ing to study medicine would be able to make their way so much the more easily through the Rcalgymnasium. There is no wish' more natural than that they should be able to avail themselves of this means of preparation for their university studies. Is not the Realgymnasium as it has just been described peculiarly fitted to be a preparatory school for the study of medi- cine? But the further exposition of the thought in detail does not belong in this place, and I content myself therefore with having indicated it here. (Dillman, Program of the Royal Rcalgymnasium in Stuttgart at the close oi the Scholastic Year 1S71-72, p. 24.) ■^' The results of the investigation are communicated in a publication entitled "Academic Opinions on the Admission of Graduates of Realschu- len to the Studies of the University Departments. Berlin: 1S70." The following table presents the results in tabular form : — 1^ NOTES. — 7 Faculty of Faculty of Faculty of Faculty of Theology. i 1 ,a\v. Medicine. Philosophy. r>crlin 1 )ecided refusal Decided Refusal Decided 1 refusal refusal Evangel. Cathol. , Bonn . . Refusal Evangel. Decided refusal Cathol. i Refusal Refusal Decided refusal Breslau . . Refusal Refusal ; L nanimous Decided Refusal (by refusal refusal small ma- - jority) Gottingen . Refusal Admission Admission Conditional (by small majority) admission Greifswald . i^cfusal Unanimous refusal Admission Conditional admission Halle . . Refusal Refusal Refusal Conditional admission Kiel . . . Refusal Refusal Admission Refusal Konigsberg 1 Refusal 1 Admission Admission Admission (dissenting vote) Marburg . Refusal Refusal Refusal (two Admission dissenting votes') NOTES. 77 Of ^8 faculties, from which opinions were obtained, 27 voted for re fusal, 8 for admission, and 3 for conditional admission. Arranged according to faculties, the votes stand as follows : — Refusal. Admission. Conditional. 1 1 Facidties of Theology . ... 11 o o 9 I'aculties of Law 7 2 o 9 Faculties of Medicine .... 5 4 ° 9 Faculties of Philosophy ... 4 2 3 If the single universities are compared with one another, we have the following results : — '^ Refusal Berlin 4 lionn r>reslau Ciottingen Cireifswald Halle Kiel Konigsl)erg Marburg 3 27 5 ."> I 2 I Admission. O O O «« I O I 3 I 8 Conditional admission. O o o I I I o o o / > " It might seem that the lower grade of training of the Realschiiler in one branch of study would be compensated for by greater proficiency in another. The KcahcJmle iixes a higher standard in mathematics certainly, but the end which it attains always depends finally on the personality of the teacher; there are Gymnasia which accomplish just as much ; and on tlic whole the start gained by the average Realschiiler, so far as concerns his al)ility to acquire the higher mathematics, is insignificant. In regard to the natural sciences, the most notable of our chemists and physicists, as well as the representatives of the other departments, agree that the students from the Gyniuasia on the average accomplish more. It is the general experience that the foretaste of these sciences obtained in the Rcalschiile frequently dulls rather than stimulates eagerness for knowledge. (Opinion of the Berlin Philosophical Faculty. 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I ■> •J** 's*/ ^ I'lllfl IIIO s \^ .x-/t.' /■) "v^/ 10 ic 30 ' 60 V \ I I I I I 1 ' t V . l.» UV t 170 ^ (V ' ■ ■ K \f(j(ji^^ ^ . /3E^ ^7 ^^r ^^ -/c z . 4^/ "^ -// ■V (.til unit t U < \ ■> k? x> J^' ^ :- 1 1 u^ .-,:(:: -^^'•■'- C^^' ^^ . ,„.,^, , > f «%S««t^h« .gs-PUn der Haviftsenenswupdi|Ke ■yicn* • ist bi^ieichnet . fas Xiemojid rvrsdiamn SQllfc »« seh{\ ''-'^ ^^yiS^omie (hr bilJettJeii Kwiste * StmalJe OalLerU tjipsntiiaeum Kujiferstirhe A Handuichnuiufen V .:* ^UbeHina Euftf^i'stiche A Handzeichnunqen 15 tk Antbrusov - Sanimtun^ Eaifptische J ItiTthv m4ir Jniiln' Seulptupen i /IS Jrsenul Dmhuale th. ^Ertbi'itoif i'arl , tS • Pptnt Euifen KuiKepJoter n. iHotlmi^) Schu A'W ' Si/idtpaJ*k ) IkiiaJde Gallerien tt Jkademie der bildendeH Kunste tl • BetredpT^e 3f Ha f rack I * LiecTUcTcstem 3 Sehonbom 16 Hofbui*^ mit ihrcn Sam^dinyen mUottihhotkek (ilnimturen KiipfersHchr.) Mineral ten Cabinet • .l&'nx imd Jnfiken Cidniiet XatupaHen Cabinet • Sekatjkamuier '3 ikAltien'henfelder I 11 * diu^nsiij'.ert Cfipidifun Motiuinerd rCanin-rij tS Cdplsinrcfte I W }Iiehaelef 9 Mtiiorit':n 1 / / * Stephanskirche 1 *ViAirkiPchc h . .llai'ui Sh:-(;en n * Museum k.k.osinTriek. WeliaussieUuno to Reithx^nstaJf ,<^valo^isehe VJ ShdtjKwk Thva/ei* : •Bunjthea ter i Schojisp Jlofbu ry i *3: *Oj)e)vi theater ; tS Stadtf heater ^ Carfslhealer ■l* Theater an derhten « Volkspirien • Tliexeus teinpel 6 *HoItausstrUuTi^ LitliAnst r. V. EUke . Wien . .V ADMITTANCE to the principal Collections and Museums, ' MONDAY. CoUection of Printt of the Arohduks Albert, Augustiuerbastei 6. from 10 to U clock. - Galiery of Count Czernin, KitliLdut^^tratsc !♦, from 10 to i,' o'clock. - Imp. Cabinet of Antiquities, Coins and Medals in tue Imp. Palace from y to 2 o'clock. - Imp. Treasury in the Imp. Palace, bchweiz^rhof from 10 to 1 o'clock. (Ticket-f are to be obtained the day before pieseating a Curd de visite from 10 to 12 o'clock at the passage between the Jodephsplatz and the Schweizerhof.) TUESDAY. Collection of Ambras, lieunweg ti, from 10 to 4 o'clock. - Imp. Gallery at the lielvedere, K-jnaweg (6 from 10 to 4 oclock. - Imp. Museum of Art and Industry Stubennng. from it to 4 o'clock. (30 kr.>— Imp. Trea- sury, see Monday — Imp. Cabinet uf Antiquities, Coins and Medals «ee Monday. WEDNESDAY. Gallery of Count Harrach, Freiuug 3, from 10 to 4 o'clock. - Imp Museum of Art and Industry, see Tuesday. - Imp. Treasury, see Monday. - Col- lection of Ambras. see Tuesday. - Imp. Gallery at the Belvedere, ^ee luesday. - Imp. Cabmet of Antiquities, Coins aad Medal*, bee Monday. THURSDAY. Collection of prints of the Archduke Albert, bee Monday. - Gallery of Count Czernin, see Monday. - Imp. Cabinet of Antiquities, Coins and Medals, see Monday. - Imp. Museum of Art and Industry, see Tuesday (free entrance.; - Imp. Treasury , see Monday. - Collection of Ambras, see Tuesday. — Imp. Galiery at the Belvedere, see Tuesday. FRIDAY. Collection of Ambras, see Tuesday. - Imp. Gallery at the Belvedere, sec Tuesday. - Imp. Museum of Art and Industry, see Thursday. -Imp. Cabmet of Antiquities, Coins and Medals, see Monday. - Imp. Treasury, see Monday. Gatle I SATURDAY. jallery of Count Harrach, see Wednesday. ndustry, s.-.- Thursday. - Collection of A imp. Museum of Art and Ambras, bee Tuesday. - Imp. Gallery at the Belvedere, see Tuesday. SUNDAY. Collection of Ambras, from 10 to 1 oclock. - Imp. Gallery at the Belvedere, from 10 to 1 o'clock. - Imp. Museum of Art and Industry, from 10 to 1 o'clock (free entrance.)