HX641 08457 
 R154.H182N48 Record ol a memorial 
 
 RECORD OF 
 
 RECAP 
 
 A MEMORIAL MEETING 
 
 In Honor of the Late Surgeon-General 
 
 WILLIAM A. HAMMOND 
 
 iihi •• a i i HE 
 
 new York Posi Graciuat? mescal School and fiospital. 
 
 February 23, 1900. 
 
 In Memory of Dr. William A. Hammond, a Poem. A. E. LANCASTER. 
 
 Hammond, The Man, D. B. ST. JOHN ROOSA, 
 
 Hammond, The Physician and Jeurologist, . JOSEPH COLLINS, 
 
 Hammond, The Teacher, ... CH, RLE! L. DAJ4A, 
 Hammond, The Surgeon-General, COLONEL JOSEPH R. SMITH, U.S.A. 
 
 Dr. Hammond, The Litterateur, ... A. E. LANCASTER. 
 
 Hammond 's Professional Career, . . . ANDREW H. SMITH, 
 
 Reprinted from THE POST-GRADUATE, May, J900. 
 
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In ittcmovy of 
 Dr. William A. Hammond. 
 
 He radiated health ; his genial heart 
 Was like a sun that gladdened with its warmth 
 All lives in touch with it ; his soul was rich 
 With loving-kindness, gentleness, and strength. 
 That endless boyhood of the blood was his 
 Which carries laughter's music in its tide 
 As well as that of tears. When stung to wrath 
 Albeit his words were thunderbolts, his acts 
 Were oft those coals of fire forgiveness heaps 
 Upon the famished enemy she feeds. 
 His mind was hung with stars of hope and faith- 
 Hope for mankind, faith in the upward growth 
 Of what is mortal — from the toil-torn slave 
 Who digs the earth, a clod among the clods, 
 To him whose studio is the stars, whose eye 
 Questions dim space, with sun-brimmed systems thronged, 
 Or him who gropes his way between the motes 
 And atoms of the brain, in labyrinths lost 
 Blacker than chaos. His the mind, soul, heart 
 At home with reason and imagination, 
 In love with intuition's arguments, 
 That lightning logic of a super-sense 
 Wiser than wisdom, fleeter-winged than wit ; 
 Mingling among the lofty as their peer, 
 Greeting the lowly as a brother — his 
 The nature that had greatness as its gift, 
 And used it as the minister of good. 
 
 A. E. LANCASTER. 
 New York, Feb. 25, 1900. 
 
HAMMOND, THE MAN. [May 
 
 NEW YORK POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL 
 AND HOSPITAL. 
 
 A Memorial Meeting on Feb. 2j, ipoo, 
 in honor of the late Surgeon- General, 
 
 WILLIAM A. HAMMOND, M. D. 
 
 HAMMOND, THE MAN. 
 
 BY 
 
 DR. D. B. ST. JOHN ROOSA.* 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: — My first acquaintance with Dr. 
 Hammond was made after the trial in Washington which 
 ended so unjustly. I was introduced to him by one of the mem- 
 bers of the Sanitary Commission, the late Dr. Cornelius R. 
 Agnew. I had a letter of introduction in which the evidence of 
 the court-martial was enclosed, and the statement made, that a 
 man who had been an accomplished and successful Surgeon- 
 General had been unjustly condemned by a court-martial, and 
 was now about to settle in New York as a private practitioner. 
 He stated to me, what I knew from general reputation, that Dr. 
 Hammond was a man of more than ordinary talent and accom- 
 plishments, and that, in his opinion, after having made a most 
 thorough investigation of the matters which led to the trial, he 
 had been most unjustly treated by the country which he had 
 served so well. It so happened, although I did not know it un- 
 til afterward, that as a medical officer of volunteers in the first 
 three months of the war, I had served under Dr. Hammond 
 when he was a medical inspector with headquarters at Cham- 
 bersburg, Pennsylvania. My regiment was one of Patterson's 
 army. 
 
 As the days went on, Dr. Agnew told me how Dr. Hammond 
 came to be appointed Surgeon-General. You may all know that 
 Dr. Hammond had been an Assistant Surgeon in the regular 
 army before the outbreak of the war, and that he had served 
 some five or six years with great distinction. He was one of 
 
 * Stenographic report by Dr. Ogden Ludlow. 
 
i 9 oo.] HAMMOND, THE MAN. 3 
 
 those officers who, besides doing his routine duty, was always 
 engaged in special scientific investigation. He had already dis- 
 tinguished himself in that way, although merely an assistant 
 surgeon of the regular army, and knocked about with the small 
 forces which the Government sent out in those times. He re- 
 signed from the army and accepted a professorship in the Uni- 
 versity of Maryland, He was engaged in the work there when 
 the war broke out. He resigned that position, and sought re- 
 appointment in the army, and, as you all know, necessarily took 
 rank very far below men who were his juniors when he left the 
 service. 
 
 When the war broke out, there was a Surgeon-General, an 
 accomplished old gentleman who has served through the Mexi- 
 can war. who did not have the vigor necessary for what was to 
 occur in that dreadful strife. The Sanitary Commission, made 
 up of men who are now nearly all dead — but every one of 
 whom, as it happened, I knew personally — took upon itself to 
 importune the Government, through the Secretary of War, for 
 the appointment of a Surgeon- General who should be equal to 
 the tremendous responsibilities of that great civil strife. Ac- 
 cordingly, they went to see the Secretary of War. The mem- 
 bers of that Commission were Professor W. H. Van Buren, then 
 a professor in Bellevue Hospital Medical College, or in the Uni- 
 versity, I have forgotten which; Professor Wolcott Gibbs, now 
 living in Newport; the Reverend Doctor Bellows; Frederick 
 Law Olmstead, and Cornelius R. Agnew. " Well," said the 
 Secretary of War, " Whom would you suggest?" They went 
 down over the list until they came to the assistant surgeons who 
 had been lately appointed; then Van Buren put his hand on the 
 name of William A. Hammond, and said: "That is the man 
 whom the Sanitary Commission would like to have. I know 
 him, and served with him, and the profession has confidence in 
 him." Dr. Hammond was finally appointed over the heads of 
 men who had served many years, but the choice was wisely 
 made. The whole course of his life in the army showed that to 
 be true. 
 
 As I say, I made Dr. Hammond's personal acquaintance 
 when he came here to practice medicine as a private practi- 
 tioner. He was immediately appointed a lecturer in the Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons, and I saw something of him 
 at the various medical meetings, and I was, like every other per- 
 
4 HAMMOND, THE MAN. [May 
 
 son who came in contact with him, impressed by his personality 
 ease of diction, and the readiness of explanation when any 
 question came up in which he spoke; and I was likewise im- 
 pressed with the absolute simplicity of his manner, and his 
 whole conduct, which was that of a man thoroughly acquainted 
 with the subjects in hand. But I came into no intimate rela- 
 tions with Professo" Hammond, until he had made still another 
 change. He was made a Professor in the Bellevue Hospital 
 Medical College, and after holding that position for some years, 
 he came into the University where I was at the time a Profes- 
 sor. Then my intimate relations with Hammond began, and 
 they continued from that time until the day of his death. One, 
 of the pleasantest recollections of my life will be an evening 
 that he spent with me at my house only a few months ago. 
 
 Dr. Hammond was pre-eminently an interesting man. He 
 was a conversationalist. There are very few of them, gentle- 
 men. There are plenty of men who like to talk, but there are 
 very few men who are ready to hear them, and yet how interest- 
 ing good talking is. I should often rather go to the Century 
 Club, and sit alongside of a man who has just written a book and 
 hear him talk for half an hour, than read his book. If men only 
 knew how much information they could extract from a man like 
 Hammond! He was perfectly willing to listen to you or talk 
 to you. There was another great man in New York, who has 
 passed away, who had this same characteristic. I refer to the 
 late Dr. Alfred L. Loomis. He was always ready to listen; it 
 was evidently one of his ways of getting information, that of 
 learning what other men thought. I saw a great deal of Ham- 
 mond because I was attracted to his personality and enjoyed his 
 conversation and his ways. I liked his enthusiasm, and his un- 
 witting exaggerations of what he could do, which were as hon- 
 est as the beliefs of any person on the face of the earth. He 
 talked as if he thought there were no problems in medicine 
 which he would not ultimately solve. It was a most interesting 
 thing to see how near he came to solving some, as yet appar- 
 ently insoluble, and how clearly he expounded others which re- 
 main as the record of his work. But there was a great deal in 
 his conversation and manner which was interesting because of 
 its freedom from cant and humbug. 
 
 Wc lectured also in the University of Vermont, and we had 
 ihere a colleague, Professor William Darling, who has also 
 
igoo.l HAMMOND, THE MAN. 5 
 
 passed away. Darling and Hammond had been in college to- 
 gether in the University, and Hammond knew Darling tho- 
 roughly well. Darling never seemed to know anything but 
 anatomy and Robert Burns, and had not the slightest apprecia- 
 tion of what it was to converse, and he invariably inflicted upon 
 his friends all of Burns that he could remember, or else he gave 
 lessons in anatomy. One day Hammond, Darling, and myself 
 were taking a walk, when Darling began his quotations from 
 some very well-known Latin authors, and then turned into the 
 description of the anatomy of the forearm. Finally, Hammond 
 turned around to him and said: " Darling, I don't want any 
 more of your Brummagen Latin; I don't want you to teach me 
 any anatomy, and 1 don't want to know anything more about 
 Robert Burns " That shut Darling up, because he had nothing 
 else to talk about. 
 
 Hammond was very positive in all that he knew, or thought 
 he knew, and that is the kind of a man whom I relish. Yet he 
 was of these positive men whom you could face down with your 
 own opinions, for he would give you an opportunity to express 
 them, and if you could convince him he would accept them, for, 
 after all, he was only after the truth. I once knew a man in the 
 profession upon whom a colleague and I played a joke, one 
 which we could not have played successfully upon Hammond. 
 This was the joke. We made a point at one or two meetings in 
 succession to contradict whatever he said, just to see him back 
 down — and he did invariably back down. To be sure, we did 
 not know whether or not we were right, but we were simply 
 testing the man's capacity to defend and hold his opinions. 
 Hammond never deserted his opinions until convinced that he 
 was wrong. 
 
 At one time there was a medical subject upon which Ham- 
 mond was working with great interest — the pigment degenera- 
 tion of various tissues in the body. One night we were discuss- 
 ing the matter, and he began to make illustrations of the 
 ophthalmoscopic appearances in certain cases. I said to him: 
 " You don't know anything about that, and I will convince you. 
 Those things which you have described are not pathological 
 but, in certain eyes, are physiological." He replied: "Of course 
 I do know; I know as much as you do." I said I would convince 
 him that I was right. His answer was: "How?" I replied: 
 " Bring these patients to your office, and I will come by 
 
6 HAMMOND, THE MAN. [May 
 
 appointment and look at them with you." He willingly- 
 agreed, and I went there, and looked over the cases. Before I 
 went away I convinced him by plates from Jaeger, which I 
 brought, that he had been mistaken in his pathology, and he 
 never made another allusion to the subject except to admit his 
 previous error. 
 
 But then I had the mortification, if you may call it so, of 
 sending to him an aural case, about which I was supposed to 
 have some knowledge, which I considered incurable. He made 
 another diagnosis, and absolutely cured the case. This placed 
 me in a rather awkward position with the family of that patient. 
 That one case, I must say, taught me a great deal about deaf- 
 ness dependent upon disease of the brain. 
 
 There was another matter in which I had a personal rela- 
 tion with Hammond, which illustrated his thorough-going 
 capacity for investigation and search for the truth. There was 
 a great deal of doubt up to a few years ago as to what were the 
 effects of quinine upon the fundus oculi and upon the membrana 
 tympani, and upon the auditory nerve. I persuaded Dr. 
 Rankin, of Newport, who died a year or two ago, and who was 
 then a student of mine, and Dr. Chapin, of Springfield, Mass., 
 who is still living, and in active practice, to submit to taking 
 rather large doses of quinine, and allow me to examine the 
 effects of this medication upon the eye and ear. Hammond, as 
 soon as I told him of my experiments, was eager to let me fill 
 him up with quinine, and see the effect. That great man ac- 
 cordingly came down to my house. Between six o'clock in the 
 evening and twelve o'clock at night he took a rather large 
 quantity of quinine. The examinations these three men dem- 
 onstrated, contrary to what had been supposed by many, that 
 quinine temporarily, at least, whatever it may do ultimately, 
 congests the auditory canal, the membrana tympani, the acoustic 
 nerve and the conjunctiva. About the fundus oculi, we always 
 remained in doubt. During this evening's experimentation that 
 man sat and submitted to experimentation, although having a 
 large and most exacting practice. Our experiments were after- 
 wards abundantly confirmed, but as usual due credit is not 
 always given for them. 
 
 But Hammond had another characteristic. At one time, in 
 his literary career, he was working out a book which I believe 
 has never been published. It was all about John Calvin and 
 
igoo.J HAMMOND, THE MAN. 7 
 
 Servetus. John Calvin, as civil ruler of Geneva, is said to have 
 planned and carried out the execution of Servetus. He and I 
 had many disputes over Calvin's reason for doing this, and at 
 last our differences of opinion on this subject became so marked 
 that whenever we dined together he would begin sooner or 
 later to talk about Calvin, and show what a wicked man he was 
 for burning Servetus. In those days, I used to gamble with my 
 companions that in fifteen minutes Hammond would bring up 
 this perennial subject. 
 
 Hammond was a great host. To dine as his guest was a 
 pleasure, such as you will rarely have even with the most gen- 
 ial and intellectual of hosts. I remember very well a dinner at 
 his house in which the late Dr. Charles Carroll Lee and I were 
 the only gentlemen present who were not Philadelphians. 
 These distinguished men from Philadelphia were sitting around 
 the board, Hammond was a member of the Society which was 
 meeting, and they were all very familiar with one another. 
 Weir Mitchell was one of them, and Leidy was another. As 
 soon as the soup was served, the guests began to inquire for the 
 champagne. Hammond said: " In New York we don't give 
 champagne until late in the dinner." Leidy said: "In Phila- 
 delphia we begin the dinner with champagne, and don't have 
 any other wine." Hammond retorted: " Who's giving this din- 
 ner ? " to which his guests replied that they were, they knew he 
 had good champagne and why should he not serve it. Ham- 
 mond, the good host that he was, acceded at once to their de- 
 mands and gave them the champagne when they wanted it, re- 
 gardless of custom. 
 
 He created quite a diversion at another dinner when there 
 was an author sitting at the board who had, in a treatise on 
 some subject in medicine, made mention of the Dark Ages. 
 You may know that some of the Protestant writers, call the 
 Dark Ages the time when the Catholic Church had absolute 
 domination. Hammond turned to this man and said: " Do you 
 know that your book has been put in the Index Expurgatorius? " 
 The man turned visibly pale, but Hammond went on, and told 
 him that it was all because of his remarks about the Dark Ages. 
 For about 15 minutes he made the poor man believe that his 
 book had really been placed under the ban of the Church. I 
 never saw him fail either as a host or a guest; he adapted him- 
 self to the situation whether at a small and friendly gathering, 
 or at a great state dinner. 
 
8 HAMMOND, THE MAN. [May 
 
 I shall never forget that dining room in his house, and that 
 in the intervals of the courses, one could look around and ad- 
 mire the evidences of his cultured taste, as shown by the decor- 
 ations and the inscriptions. At a late hour in the evening I felt 
 a dread at the statue of Buddha in the hall. I did not wonder 
 that Hammond could hypnotize people; he almost hypnotized 
 me at his house. It is a sad thing for a hard worked doctor to 
 go to a dinner after a long day's work and hear about a new 
 kind of tumor, or a new discovery or about some mistakes in 
 diagnosis committed by a fellow practitioner. These are not 
 interesting. Hammond did not do that; he was broad enough 
 to carry you away from such things and lead your mind into 
 pleasant channels,and thus he became a solace and a rest to his 
 guests. 
 
 During the years that Hammond and I were so-called clini- 
 cal professors in the University, it was a desire constantly ex- 
 pressed by him that these men who came to New York to 
 round up their experience and to complete their knowledge, 
 should have some place other than the benches of an under- 
 graduate medical school where they would get, for example, 
 one lecture a week in ophthalmology, and one or two in ner- 
 vous diseases. Hammond was constantly speaking on that sub- 
 ject, and, so far as my memory goes, I think he was the first in 
 the University faculty, to really conceive the notion of post- 
 graduate instruction. It was under his urgings that that fac- 
 ulty established what they called a post-graduate faculty, but it 
 was a post-graduate faculty in name only; it had no real ex- 
 istence, as we soon found out. The thing was an utter failure, 
 as it deserved to be. No man could come to New York and re- 
 ceive post-graduate instruction in that diluted way, and especi- 
 ally profit by it. For a number of years he and Little and 
 Pallen and Sturgis and Piffard and myself, worked together as a 
 so-called post-graduate faculty, but nothing came of it. Ham- 
 mond never lost sight of this idea, but personally I plead to a 
 great deal of indifference to the subject at that time, although 
 appreciating highly the necessity for it. The task of founding 
 such a course seemed to me too great. We labored very hard to 
 induce the University faculty to give us a building next to 
 theirs, and establish a post-graduate school as a department of 
 the University. For good reasons, no doubt, they declined; then 
 we gave them one year's notice and resigned, and established a 
 
igoo.] HAMMOND, THE MAN. 9 
 
 Post-Graduate Medical School. We organized it on April 4, 
 j 882. The first meeting was at my own house, but the other 
 meetings were very often at Dr. Hammond's house and he was 
 the soul of the organization. We had the benefit of his execu- 
 tive capacity, and his wide experience in managing large num- 
 bers of men. We were interrupted for a time by the prospect 
 ot a union with Cornell University, and I could astonish the 
 present medical faculty of Cornell University, if I showed them 
 the printed documents and manuscripts which passed between 
 the newly organized faculty of the Post-( Graduate School and 
 the Executive Committee of Cornell University. I may publish 
 them at some time. We finally began our work in earnest. 
 When in 18S8 he left New York and went to Washington to 
 live, he declined the appointment of Professor Emeritus, for 
 he said: "If I'm going out, I'm going out; you don't want to 
 have any dead wood." 
 
 I can hardly express my appreciation of his thorough devo- 
 tion to the cause which we inaugurated. I never could have 
 been induced to accept the office of President of the institution 
 if he had not been at my right hand. I never quite knew why 
 Hammond insisted upon my taking it. He was really the 
 President, although I had the name. He was thoroughly de- 
 voted to the interests of this school, so that the smallest detail of 
 management was not considered by him beneath his notice. 
 
 Much to my personal sorrow he went away, and New York 
 was never the same afterward. I always felt an impulse from 
 his personality which was of service to me, and perhaps 
 through me to others. When we come to discuss men as men, 
 and come to think of them as friends, we cannot go too far, our 
 feelings prevent that. Rut we may always think of what was 
 so beautifully said many years ago: 
 
 " No further seek his merits to disclose 
 
 Or draw his frailities from their dread abode; 
 (There they alike in trembling hope repose—) 
 The bosom of his Father and his God." 
 
io HAMMOND, THE PHYSICIAN. [May 
 
 HAMMOND THE PHYSICIAN AND NEUROLOGIST. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOSEPH COLLINS, M.D. 
 
 *'Fas est praeteritas semper ainare viros." 
 Our reverence is due to those who have passed on. 
 
 In speaking to the subject that has been allotted me this 
 evening I shall depart from the usual course when a memorial is 
 consecrated to a dead worthy and avoid the tone of extravagant 
 eulogy and exaggeration of praise which the truly great man 
 would scorn to receive. The man in whose memory we gather 
 to-night was personally unknown to me, and therefore what I 
 shall say concerning his attainments is based entirely upon a 
 study of his written contributions, with many of which I have 
 long been very familiar. These contributions are astonishingly 
 great in number, comprising no less than sixteen books and one 
 hundred and twenty- five articles to medical and secular journals, 
 a chronological list of which is appended to this memorial. 
 
 Dr. William A. Hammond succeeded in tracing indelibly 
 upon the tablets of clinical neurology a record of his existence. 
 This is the privilege and a result that is vouchsafed to few in 
 each generation. The history of this important branch of medi- 
 cine cannot be written without frequent reference to his name. 
 He rose by sheer force of individual resource from the rank and 
 file of the profession to a position of eminence, and he became 
 a giant figure in the medical, particularly in the neurological 
 world of the nineteenth century. 
 
 His scientific writings may be considered as divided into 
 three periods. The first covers the earlier part of his career, 
 before he had entered actively into the practical side of his pro- 
 fession, and is concerned very largely with questions of physio- 
 logical chemistry, a subject to which his eager and inquiring 
 mind had been directed by the publication of Liebig's Letters. 
 He was then twenty-seven years old, and had served for seven 
 years as Assistant Surgeon in the United States Army. During 
 this period, despite the lack of almost everything approaching 
 laboratory facilities, he carried on a series of experiments upon 
 himself which were later embodied in three monographs and 
 subsequently published in Philadelphia. Of these the most im- 
 portant was "The Nutritive Value and Physiological Effects of 
 Albumen, Starch and Gum When Singly and Exclusively Used 
 
i 9 oo.] HAMMOND, THE PHYSICIAN. n 
 
 as Food." This essay was awarded the first prize of the American 
 Medical Association, and did much toward calling attention to 
 the author's name in scientific circles, both at home and abroad. 
 The tangible results were more patently evident in the call 
 which he received soon afterward to the Professorship of 
 Anatomy and Physiology in the University of Maryland, and 
 which he accepted in the Autumn of 18C0. The contentions of 
 the essay relative to the nutritive value of these foodstuffs, par- 
 ticularly the albuminoids, are practically in accord with the 
 teachings of to-day, half a century later. At this time he 
 exhibited that inclination to experiment upon himself which 
 remained with him to the end. It is said that no new drug or 
 combination was discovered or offered to the medical profession 
 that lie did not put to the fullest personal test, despite the fact 
 that its use might entail not only immediate disagreeable effects, 
 but permanent injurious consequences. 
 
 His attention was early attracted to the fact that much infor- 
 mation concerning metabolism was to be obtained from study of 
 the excreta, particularly the urine, both in health and disease. 
 The results of his investigations in this direction were embodied 
 in a series of papers published in the American Journal oj c Medical 
 Sciences, then and for a long time after ably edited by Dr. Isaac 
 Hays. The most important of these papers were "On the 
 Alterations Induced by Intermittent Fever in the Physical and 
 Chemical Qualities of the Urine and by the Action of Disulphate 
 of Ouinin" and " On Uremic Intoxications." Although the first 
 paper was of no real value in showing either the pathology of 
 malaria or the rationale of the use of quinin, it and another 
 paper on " The Injection of Urea and Other Substances into the 
 Blood" paved the way to the preparation of an article on uremic 
 intoxication which summarized all that was known on the sub- 
 ject at that time. These articles, as well as nine others on divers 
 chemical and physiological topics, were gathered between two 
 covers and published by the Lippincotts under the title of 
 " Physiological Memoirs." They were dedicated to one who, in 
 the language of the University of Edinburgh, is the chief 
 ornament to the medical profession of America, that illustrious 
 physician, the Dean of the neurological faculty of this country, 
 Dr. S. Weir Mitchell. Mitchell indeed had collaborated in one 
 of the most important papers of the series, " Experiments on 
 Corroval and Yao," two varieties of woorara. This subject had 
 
12 HAMMOND, THE PHYSICIAN. [May 
 
 previously engaged the attention of Claude Bernard, whose work 
 evidently inspired the young Americans. Without in any way 
 instituting a comparison, it maybe said that Mitchell's mental 
 constitution was quite unlike that of Hammond, and that the 
 critical acumen of the former was of great service. This was 
 acknowledged in the dedication, "To one whose friendship, 
 judgment and knowledge I owe a great portion of any good it 
 may contain." Judged by the standards of to day the Physio- 
 logical Memoirs do not contain much of noteworthy import- 
 ance, but judged by the standards of the time when they were 
 done and the facilities for the performance of such work they do 
 not suffer from comparison with the best work of the time. 
 
 This may be taken as the end of the first period of Ham- 
 mond's scientific career. It was concerned largely with a con- 
 sideration of the theoretical and abstruce, and was in sharp con- 
 tradistinction to the second, which in the Surgeon Generalship of 
 the United States Army was practical and executive. As this sub- 
 ject is considered this evening by one capable of speaking from 
 the chair, as it were, I shall say but a few words of this period, 
 covering nearly three years. 
 
 Hammond's most important contribution now is his 
 Treatise on Hygiene, which apparently grew out of a very 
 decided need for such a work on the part of the Army Medical 
 Corps. This volume of 600 pages, concerned with a 
 subject which had not engaged the author's attention to any 
 considerable extent previously, gives a fair example of Ham- 
 mond's capacity to direct a gigantic energy toward the accom- 
 plishment of whatever was in hand at the time. In this volume 
 he took up in great detail the qualifications and disqualifications of 
 the recruit, the inherent and environmental conditions that might 
 affect him unfavorably as a soldier, and the construction and ap- 
 pointments of military hospitals. It was his remarkable ability 
 in the latter work that secured for him the position of Surgeon- 
 General, an unprecedented honor for a man of his years, while 
 he was Medical Inspector of Camps and Hospitals 
 
 In the following year appeared two brochures, one entitled 
 Lectures on Venereal Diseases, a subject to which it is fair to 
 surmise his attention was directed by his intimate association 
 with recruits and regulars in camp and hospital life. The second 
 was a volume of essays on Military, Medical and Surgical Topics, 
 prepared for the United States Sanitary Commission. With these 
 
igco.J HAMMOND. THE PHYSICIAN. 13 
 
 and other minor articles the second stage in his scientific career 
 closed, for his field of labor as well as the labor itself was here- 
 after to be almost entirely foreign to that of the past. After his 
 dismissal from the army he removed to New York, and within 
 five years established a reputation as a neurologist and within ten 
 years became one of the foremost if not the foremost specialist 
 in this difficult branch of internal medicine in the country and 
 the author of the most widely read book upon the subject in any 
 country. This was really a most remarkable feat. Misfortune 
 and disaster which would dishearten others only stimulated him 
 to new courage and endeavor. At the present day it is generally 
 admitted that but few of the specialties need more preparation 
 and training than does ihat of neurology. Yet here was a man 
 whose work, so far as can be judged from perusal of the records 
 of it, had little if anything in it bearing on the physiology or 
 pathology of the nervous system. If he had gone in tor surgery 
 or some of its subdivisions it would have seemed very natural. 
 The explanation is to be found in the trend of his mind and 
 thought, which was for the abstruce, the speculative and the 
 experimental, associated with great executive skill and a just 
 attention to all of the details of the task in hand. In those days 
 the pathology of nervous diseases had not yet begun to assume 
 the importance which soon became attached to it. Many of the 
 affections of the nervous system were being described for the 
 first time, and were not generally recognized, while others were 
 awaiting recognition. To the dissemination of such knowledge 
 and to the detection of new nervous diseases, Hammond brought 
 an uncommon literary capacity, a rare power of narrative, and, 
 more important than all, an intuitive clinical insight, coupled 
 with a capacity for detail, all united with colossal physical 
 strength and tireless mental activity, which made his progress 
 toward material prosperity and fame absolutely irresistible. 
 Much might be said of other qualities that made his fortune and 
 reputation were I considering this phase of his career. 
 
 Soon after arrival in New York his literary activity began to 
 show itself bycontributions to medical journalsandby thepublica- 
 tion of brochures. One of his first essays was on sleepand insomnia. 
 This was soon elaborated into a monograph, and finally took a 
 permanent place in the literature as a part of his treatise on 
 Insanity. Soon afterward he became interested in editorial 
 work, and for five years, beginning with 1867, he edited the 
 
i 4 HAMMOND, THE PHYSICIAN. [May 
 
 Quarterly Journal of Psychological Medicine and Medical Jurispru- 
 dence. During a part of this time, namely, from 1867 to 1869, he 
 was the editor of the New York Medical Journal. The subject of 
 insanity attracted his attention early, particularly the medico- 
 legal aspects of it, and was followed by the publication of several 
 papers on this subject. Some of these involved him in contro- 
 versies, which were carried on with not a little acrimony, not to 
 speak of amnesia of amenities on both sides, which happily is 
 rarely if ever witnessed to-day. But he was a man not blown 
 about with every wind of criticism, and did not abate a jot his 
 interest in this direction. His inclination toward the occult and 
 mysterious in medicine was stimulated about this time by an 
 epidemic of Spiritualism somewhat more virulent in type than 
 the one through which we are now passing, and the result was 
 an article on the subject in the North American Review, a maga- 
 zine to which Hammond was an occasional contributor all his 
 life. Out of this article grew his large book on the subject, 
 published some years later, in which not alone Spiritualism was 
 discussed, but less pernicious emotional insanities. This study 
 helped to popularize Hammond's name with the laity, and 
 brought him not a little deserved praise as well as the enmity of 
 a few spiritualistic victims. 
 
 Here it may be well to allude to his favorite method of 
 making books, as it is so well exemplified by this volume on 
 Spiritualism. Practically all of his scientific works, except 
 perhaps his Treatise on Nervous Diseases, had their begin- 
 nings in articles contributed to one of the magazines. After 
 a time, part of which was undoubtedly spent in storing his 
 mind and notebook with facts bearing on the subject, he would 
 turn to it with freshened mind and renewed energies, and the 
 result was often a searching treatise on the subject. His literary 
 fecundity is perhaps a little less astonishing when this is con- 
 sidered. In the following year, viz , in 187 1, the first edition of 
 his book on nervous diseases, which did more to establish his 
 reputation as a clinical observer, teacher and practitioner than 
 all his other productions combined, appeared. Although it was 
 a complete treatise it was published as the second volume of a 
 Treatise on the Physiology and Pathology of the Nervous Sys- 
 tem, the fourth volume of Dr. Austin Flint's System of Physiology 
 forming volume 1. The first edition was soon exhausted, and 
 the succeeding one was put forth without reference to the volume 
 on physiology. Besides the various translations of this book 
 
i goo.] HAMMOND, THE PHYSICIAN. 15 
 
 nine editions were demanded in this country within 25 years, an 
 unprecedented record. This book was characterized mainly by 
 the lucidness of its clinical description, the thoroughness with 
 which the causation of the various diseases was considered, the 
 hopefulness and explicitness of the remarks on therapy, and by 
 dogmatic statements. It showed that its writer had made a 
 complete survey and digest of past and contemporaneous neuro- 
 logical literature, which had strained through a mind capable of 
 separating the chaff from the grain. This was contrasted with 
 the results of a not inconsiderable experience, and when the 
 former did not tally with the latter, preference was invariably 
 given to the results of personal experience, which were stated in 
 a manner not to be misunderstood. In the language of Shake- 
 speare, he read much, he was a great observer, and he looked 
 through the deeds of other men. 
 
 The most important contributions to the semiology of disease 
 was his description of the condition called by him and now 
 universally known as athetosis, which he described in such a 
 fashion that nothing has been added by further study and a lucid 
 preservation of convulsive tic which was afterward described by 
 German writers under the name of paramydonus multo plex. La- 
 ter he called attention to a variety of tic known as myriachit oc- 
 curring in certain parts ot Siberia. This description was based on 
 the account of a journey through Asia made by Lieut. B. H. Buck- 
 ingham and Ensigns G. C. Foulk and W. McLean. He recognized 
 its close kinship to the ''jumpers," which had been described by 
 Dr. Beard, and to Latah, of the Malays. Aside from these, two 
 subjects which were given a great deal of space in the book 
 require particular mention, for contemporaries and successors 
 have failed to put the hall-mark of acceptation upon them, 
 although Hammond strove valiantly and persistently, even to 
 the day of his death, for their recognition as clinical entities. 
 These subjects were posterior spinal anemia, which he taught 
 was the anatomical basis of what was then and is yet sometimes 
 called spinal irritation, and cerebral hyperemia, which he taught 
 was the morbid dependency of what we now call neurasthenia. 
 Beard, whose labors in the field of neurasthenia finally resulted 
 ' to his eternal renown after "the Master of all good Workmen 
 had put him to work anew," resolutely opposed his views. Time 
 has shown that Beard was right, and for his labors as well as for 
 his faith American neurologists might well canonize him. In 
 the years immediately succeeding the publication of his book 
 
16 HAMMOND, THE PHYSICIAN. [May 
 
 he was extremely busy in the practice of his profession, in the 
 preparation of new editions, each one of which was completely 
 remodeled to keep abreast with the .science that no longer crept, 
 but walked and often ran, and embodying- his individual and now 
 truly large experience. Despite this, he found time to edit the 
 Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, to write many articles, 
 clinical lectures and essays, some of which were afterward pub- 
 lished under the heading of neurological contributions, and to 
 prepare his Treatise on Insanity, which was published in 1883. 
 Although this book did not have the material success of its 
 illustrious predecessor, it nevertheless received the warmest 
 commendation from contemporary neurologists and added to its 
 author's scientific reputation. A short time preceding its pub- 
 lication he had made serious charges against the prevalent 
 methods of treating the insane in the asylums of this country, 
 which everyone now knows were founded in fact. This secured 
 for him the enmity of a class of politicians known as asylum 
 superintendents, for at that time they were politicians, with a few 
 illustrious exceptions who succeeded in making hospitals out of 
 barbarous asylums and to whom American psychiatry owes its 
 reputation as a pioneer in the modern and rational method of 
 the treatment of the insane. This enmity served a beneficial 
 purpose, for it gave publicity to the charge of abuses, which was 
 tantamount, as it always is, to a reformation. Unfortunately, it 
 resulted in an unfortunate controversy with one Grissom, which 
 was waged in most slanderous language, and the records of 
 which we could well wish were destroyed. 
 
 In the same year there appeared hisvolumeon Sexual Impo- 
 tence in the Male, which was thrice republished in this country, 
 and widely read at home and abroad, judging from the frequent 
 quotations which one continually encounters when professional 
 exigencies demand that he sacrifice himself to a perusal of the 
 distressing literature which has sprung up around this subject, 
 especially in the middorsal region of Europe. These, with a 
 great number and variety of articles which are mentioned in the 
 register of his writing appended to these remarks, constitute the 
 bulk of his work, in addition to his teaching while in New 
 York. In 1888, at the height of his professional fame, he relin- 
 quished his practice here and returned to Washington, and, al- 
 though actively engaged there in professional work, he made 
 no contributions to medical literature after that time that en- 
 hanced his scientific reputation. It is necessary to make some 
 
igoo.] HAMMOND, THE PHYSICIAN. 17 
 
 mention, however, of the contributions that were made during 
 this period. Deprived of his customary expounding of the doc- 
 trines of neurology with which this institution had been favored 
 from the date of its foundation, the zeal for experimentation so 
 conspicuous in early life, seemed to again come over him. About 
 this time Brown-Sequard and some co-workers abroad who 
 were passing into a graceful senility, electrified the reading 
 world and filled with hope those whose ways of life had fallen 
 into the sere and yellow leaf and who dreaded to have that 
 which should accompany old age come upon them, with the 
 claim that rejuvinesence was to be had from partaking of the 
 juice expressed from the testes of young animals. Brown- 
 Sequard was not able to stop the wheels of evolution, though he 
 was gifted beyond the ordinary, Nor did he indeed rival the 
 King of the wise, Omar Khayyam, who 
 
 " Up from earth's centre through the seventh gate 
 He rose and on the throne of Saturn sate. 
 And many a knot unraveled by the road, 
 But not the master knot of human fate." 
 
 Experimental chemistry and physiology were revealing 
 the role of colossal importance which is played in the economy 
 by the internal secretions, and these revelations were being cor- 
 roborated by experimental clinical medicine and by the science 
 of pathology. The wondrous health-restoring capacity of the 
 thyroid of the sheep in that disgusting and then mysterious dis- 
 ease, myxedema, led to the hope that from other tissues there 
 might be expressed a something that would be curative to an 
 individual in whom these organs or tissues were diseased. The 
 analogy was forced, the reasoning was false. Of the results of 
 such therapy we need only be silent. Hammond, however, 
 stated and reiterated that isopathy, as the treatment by animal 
 extracts is called by its advocates, would do more for practical 
 medicine and humanity than any discovery since that which 
 immortalized Jenner. He wrote many articles and addresses 
 in which this position was stubbornly maintained, but the re- 
 sults from thorough rise of the animal extracts in the hands of 
 others were invariably disappointing. Ten years have come and 
 gone since this prophecy was made and there are no signs of its 
 fulfilment. Indeed, when the stars are consulted it is plainly 
 evident to the Fachmann that the horoscope was false and mis- 
 leading. One avenue was shaded .to his eyes, through which he 
 
iS HAMMOND, THE PHYSICIAN. [May 
 
 wandered searching for the elixir of life or the destroyer of dis- 
 ease, call it as we may, and that was the avenue that leads to 
 the causation of the natural end of Life's span. 
 
 Before attempting to sum up the subject of this sketch and 
 his scientific work, it will not be amiss to consider briefly the 
 conditions under which his work first took substantial and en- 
 during form. The work must be regarded as a whole. Fair 
 judgment must consider scope, range, originality and daring, 
 displayed both as a pioneer and as a reformer, the force crea- 
 tive and motive, the independence of thought and action, fixity 
 of purpose, self reliance, indefatigable energy, joined with the 
 strength for sustained effort, as well as the capacity for taking 
 infinite pains, the directness of expression verging almost upon 
 bluntness, and lastly as a natural sequence to the sum of all, a re- 
 markable capacity for accomplishment. What was it that en- 
 gendered these? Was it inheritancy, environment, or acquisi- 
 tion, that played the leading part in shaping the mould in which 
 the creations of his mind were cast? That the result proves 
 them to have been cast in heroic mold, does not lessen interest 
 in the matter in influences, though it is at the same time the 
 strongest argument in favor of that peculiar kind of mentality 
 which we call originality, the quality which makes individual 
 force rise superior and distinctive amid influences which might 
 easily have been obstacles. The peculiar isolation of Ham- 
 mond's early scientific work was remarkable. It was not only 
 the isolation borne by intellectual workers generally at that 
 time, but the added aloofness of exile. The. first ten years were 
 spent in army posts far from the frontier. This, as we know, 
 but do not always realize, meant the-n not a matter of so many 
 miles, but months from civilization. But there was no gloomy 
 calm of idle vacancy for him. He set to work with such mate- 
 rials as he could command and experimented in the great lab 
 oratory of the human body, and produced a work which gave 
 him at once a scientific standing and a scientific introduction. 
 Moreover, these years stood for much in the development of 
 character. Character does not grow in crowded places. In the 
 words of a modern writer: " In great cities men are more or less 
 alike. It is in solitary abodes that strong natures grow up in 
 their own way." And character belongs to the work as well as 
 to the personality of the individual. 
 
I9 oo.j HAMMOND. T1IIC PHYSICIAN. 19 
 
 Who can say that this very isolation may not have been one 
 of the potent influences in the life-work so strongly marked 
 with distinctive characteristics. Who can say that the vital 
 spontaneity, daring originality, and absolute self-reliance with 
 which stupendous work was conceived and carried through, had 
 not their roots deep down in that strength-giving soil of soli- 
 tude? He is great, says Emerson, who is what he is from na- 
 ture, and nature works through environment, as well as through 
 heredity. Hammond was great from Nature, great in body and 
 great in mind. He never reminds of others. He came to the 
 field of neurology when it was as yet largely an- unexplored ter- 
 ritory, tracked here and there indistinctly by daring pioneers 
 and he became a road maker, nearly if not quite of the first 
 rank. His intellect came like a sharp edge of light across the 
 gloom. He was not a genius, unless genius is, as the New Eng- 
 land trancendentalist teaches, the capacity to believe your own 
 thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private 
 heart is true for all men But he was endowed with a some- 
 thing that a man can have without having to get a divorce from 
 genius. This something was a tremendous fund of energizing 
 power, coupled with resourcefulness that enabled the possessor 
 both to adapt and to vitalize his intellectual endowments, to en- 
 compass his ambition to a degree that is not frequently equalled. 
 He had that indomitable union of intellect and will that carried 
 all before it, and like other great men he could toil terribly. He 
 united with judgment a sound balance, a courageous spirit, and 
 a mind of real sincerity and acumen, with a capacity of endur- 
 ance which compelled the success that attended his efforts and 
 for which we gladly give him praise. His life proves that few 
 things are impossible to diligence and skill. 
 
 " Nothing but pain and wretchedness we earn in 
 This world that for a moment we sojourn in: 
 We go! — no problem solved Alas! discerning; 
 Myriad regrets within our bosom burneth." 
 
 .MEDICAL ARTICLES. 
 
 The Relations existing between Urea and Uric Acid. Reprinted from Am. 
 
 J. M. Sc. Phila., 1855. 
 Sleep and its Derangements. J. B. Lippincott & Co., Phila., 1869. 
 The Physiology and Pathology of the Cerebellum. D. Appleton & Co. 
 
 1869. 
 
20 HAMMOND, THE PHYSICIAN. [May 
 
 The Trial of McFarland for Shooting Albert A. Richardson, with a pre- 
 liminary Essay on Medical Jurisprudence. W. E. Hilton, N. Y,, 1870. 
 
 The Medico-Legal Value of Confession, as an Evidence of Guilt.. Jour- 
 nal of Psychological Medicine, N. Y., 1871., v. 357-370. 
 
 Review of a Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System. Reprinted from 
 the N. Y. Med. Jour., 1S71. 
 
 The Rights of Independent Criticism and Suit for Libel against the Medi- 
 cal Record. Medical Record, N. Y. , 1874. 
 
 Spiritualism and Allied Causes and Conditions of Nervous Derangement, 
 London, H. K. Lewis. 1876. 
 
 On the use of Opium in the Treatment of Hypochondria. Gaillard's 
 Med. Jour. N. Y., 1877. 
 
 Clinical Lecture on Facial Paralysis. Boston Med. &* Surg, your., 1878. 
 
 Cerebral Symptoms from Impacted Cerumen in the Ear. Medical Record. 
 N. Y., 1878. 
 
 Neurological Contributions. 
 
 Neurological Contributions. By Dr. W. A. Hammond and Dr. W. J. 
 Morton. Putnam's, 1879. 
 
 A Case of Hysterical Deception. Neurological Contributions, N. Y., 1879. 
 
 Syphilitic Aphasia. Neurological Contributions. N. Y., 1879. 
 
 A Clinical Lecture on Arrest of Development. Neurological Contribu- 
 butions. N. Y., 1879. 
 
 Mysophobia. Medical Record. N. Y., 1879. 
 
 Hepatic Abscess. Medical Record. N. Y., 1879. 
 
 Insane Asylum Reform. The non-asylum treatment of the insane. Re- 
 printed from Tr. N. Y. State Med. Soc, N. Y. 1879. Putnam's Feb. 5, 
 1879. 
 
 On the use of Opium in the Treatment of Hypochondria. Gaillard's 
 Med. Jour. N. Y.. 1879. 
 
 On the Cerebral Symptoms produced by Impacted Cerumen. Hosp. Gaz. 
 N. Y., 1879. 
 
 The Non-asylum Treatment of the Insane. Transactions Med. Soc. New 
 York. Published in Syracuse, 1879. 
 
 On the Treatment of Chorea with Hypodermic Injections of Arsenic. St. 
 Louis Clin. Rec, 1879. 
 
 Neurological Contributions, 1879. 
 
 Cerebral Hyperemia, " The Result of Mental Strain or Emotional Dis- 
 turbance. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1878. Brentano's, Washington, D. 
 C, 1895. 
 
 Mysophobia. Indepcnd. Pract. Baltimore, 1880. 
 
 General Paralysis of the Insane with Special Reference to the Case of 
 Abraham Gosling. Gaillard's Med. Jour. N. Y., 1880. 
 
 On Thalamic Epilepsy. Arch. Med. N. Y., 1880. 
 
 On Obscure Abscesses of the Liver, their Association with Hypochondria 
 and their Treatment. St. Louis, Clin. Rec. i88o-8r. 
 
 Thalamic Epilepsy. Boston Med. &* Surg. Jour. 1880. 
 
 The Effects of Alcohol upon the Nervous System. Neurological Contribu- 
 tions. N. Y., 1880. 
 
igoo.] HAMMOND. THE PHYSICIAN. ai 
 
 On Myxodema with Special Reference to its Cerebral and Nervous Symp- 
 toms. St. Louis Clin. Rec. 1880. 
 
 The Construction, Organization and Equipment of Hospitals for the In- 
 sane. Neurological Contributions. N. Y., 1880. 
 
 A Lecture on Sleep. Gail lard's Med. Jour. N. Y., 1880. 
 
 The Treatment of the Insane, Internat. Review. N. Y. 1880. 
 
 A Case of Progressive Facial Atrophy with Remarks on the Pathology of 
 the Disease. Jour. Nerv. and Ment. Dis. Chicago, 1880. 
 
 Neuralgia of the Testis. St. Louis Cour. of Med. 1881. 
 
 The same published in Neurological Contributions. N. Y., i88r. 
 
 The Condition of the Arteries after Death. Medical Record. N. Y., 1881. 
 
 Cerebral Softening, a clinical lecture. Med. Herald. Louisville, 1881. 
 
 A Clinical Lecture on the Treatment of Locomotor Ataxia. Operation for 
 Elongation of the Sciatic Nerve Performed. Jour. Nerv. and Men. 
 Dis. N. Y., 1881. 
 
 Incontinence of Urine, as a Preataxic Sign of Locomotor Ataxia. New 
 Eng. M. Month. Newtown, Conn., 1881-1882. 
 
 The Punishability of the Insane. Internat. Review. N. Y., i83i. 
 
 Cerebral Softening, Med. &* Surg. Reporter. Phila. 188 1. 
 
 Hysterical Paralysis. Med. <S» Surg. Reporter. Phila., 188 c. 
 
 Bell's Paralysis. Med. &* Surg. Reporter. Phila., 1881. 
 
 The Surgical Treatment of President Garfield. North Am, Rev. N. Y. 
 1881. 
 
 The Therapeutical use of the Magnet. A^ Y. Med. Jour. 1880. 
 
 The same published in Neurological Contributions. N. Y., i83i. 
 
 A Clinical Lecture on Cerebral Embolism. Am. M. Bi- Weekly. N. Y. 
 1881. 
 
 The same published in Gaillard's Med. Jour. N. Y., 188 1. 
 
 Elongation of the Sciatic Nerve in Locomotor Ataxia, four. Nerv. and 
 Men. Dis. N. Y., 1881. 
 
 Some of the Therapeutical uses of Nitroglycerine. Virginia M. Monthly. 
 Richmond, 1 S3 1 . 
 
 The Scientific Relations of Modern Miracles. Internat. Rev. N. Y., 1881. 
 
 Certain Forms of Nervous Derangement. 188 1. 
 
 New edition much altered with new material added of " Spiritualism " 
 and other forms of Mental Derangement. iS3i. 
 
 Suggestions for Improvements in the Management of the Insane and of 
 Hospitals for the Insane in the State of New York. Neurological 
 Contributions. 1881 
 
 On Obscure Abscesses of the liver; their association with hypochondria 
 and other forms of mental derangement and their treatment. Neuro- 
 logical Contributions. 1881. 
 
 Morbid Impulse. Papers, Med-Leg. Soc. N. Y., 1882; also published in 
 1874 by G. F. Trow & Son. 
 
 Reasoning Mania; its Medical and Medico-Legal Relations; with special 
 reference to the case of Charles J. Guiteau. Jour. Nerv. &* Men. Dis. 
 1882 
 
22 HAMMOND. THE PHYSICIAN. [May 
 
 The same, an address before the Med. -Leg. Soc. New York, 1882; also 
 
 published in the Sanitarian, N. Y. 
 Disease of the Scythians and Certain Analagous Conditions. Am. Jour. 
 
 Neurol. &° Psychtat. N. Y., 1882. 
 A Problem for Sociologists. North Am. Rev. N. Y., 1882. 
 Eccentricity and Idiosyncrasy. N. Y. Med. Jour. 1882. 
 On the So-called Family and Hereditary Form of Locomotor Ataxia. 
 
 Jour. Nerv, and Men. Dis. N. Y., 1882. 
 Perceptional Insanities (abridged from advance sheets of his forth-coming 
 
 work on "Insanity in its Medical Relations.) Pop. Sc. Monthly. N. Y. 
 
 1882-1883. 
 Emotional Morbid Impulses, Suicide, (extract from a forth-coming "Trea- 
 tise on Insanity in its Medical Relations.") New England Med. 
 
 Monthly. Newtown, Conn., 1882. 
 Hereditary Tendency. Jour. Nerv. and Men. Dis. N. Y., 1882. 
 The Question of Lucid Intervals in Insanity. Jour. Nerv. and Men. Dis. 
 
 1883, 
 The Treatment of Migraine. N. Y. Med. Jour. 1883. 
 A Treatise on Insanity in its Medical Relations. Book, D. Appleton & Co. 
 
 1883. 
 Remarks on Cases of Katatonia. N. Y. Med Jour. 1883. 
 Some Remarks on Sexual Excesses in Adult Life as a cause of Impotence. 
 
 Virginia M. Monthly. Richmond, 1883-84. 
 Spasmodic Stricture of the Urethra as a cause of Impotence. Extract Med. 
 
 Gazzette. N. Y., 1883. 
 Allochiria; its Nature and Seat. N. Y. Med. Jour. 1883. 
 
 The same published in the Jour. Nerv. and Men. Dis. N. Y., 1883. 
 A Clinical Lecture on Epilepsy. N. Y. Med. Jour. 1883. 
 A Case of Intellectual Monomania with Mental Depression. Am. J. 
 
 Neurol. &* Psychtat. N. Y. 1883. 
 The same, Illustrated in M. &* S. N. Y., 1883. 
 
 The Influence of Age upon the Mind and Body in Relation to Mental De- 
 rangement, Alienist &<> Neurol. St. Louis, 1883. 
 On the proper method of using the Iodide of Potassium in Syphilis of the 
 
 Nervous System. New Eng. Med. Monthly. Sandy Hook, Conn., 1884. 
 Miryachit, a Newly Described Disease of the Nervous System and its 
 
 Analogues. N. Y. Med. Jour. Translated into French, published in 
 
 London and Naples. 1884. 
 
 Also in the Esculapian. N. Y., 1884. 
 
 Also in the British M. J. London, 1884. 
 The Relations between the Mind and the Nervous System. Popular 
 
 Science Monthly. N. Y., 1884. 
 Unilateral Hallucinations. Med. News. Phil., 1885. 
 
 The same (abstract) in the Boston M. &> S. J. 1886. 
 Rabies in the Human Subject. Quart. Bull. Clin. Soc. N. Y. Post- 
 
 Graduate Med. School and Hospital. 1885. 
 A Case of Convulsive Tremor cured by Arsenic Administered Hypodermi- 
 
 cally in large doses. Quart. Bull. Clin. Soc. N. Y. Post-Graduate 
 
i 9 oo] HAMMOND, THE PHYSICIAN. 23 
 
 Med. School and Hospital. N. Y.. 1885-86. 
 
 Tetany. New Eng. Med. Month. Bridgeport, Conn., 1885-86. 
 
 Writer's Cramp. Facsimile of Three Attempts of a Victim of Writer's 
 Cramp to Sign his Name. From Diseases of the Nervous System. 
 
 Certain Railway Injuries of the Spine in their Medico-Legal Relations. 
 Papers, Med. -Leg. Soc. N. Y , 1886. 
 Also in Jour. Nat. Asso. Railway Surg. Fort Wayne, Mo., 1888-90. 
 
 Canned Tomatoes and Chloride of Lime. A r . Y. Med. Jour. 1886. 
 
 Thomson's Disease. Gaillard's Med. Jour. N. Y., 1886. 
 
 Glonoin in Migraine or Sick Headache. Med. Brief. St. Louis, 1886. 
 
 Thalamic Fpilepsy. Vir. Med. Monthly. 1S86-S7. 
 
 Abnormal Condition of Uncertainty. N. Y.Med. Jour. 1886. 
 
 Athetosis, its Treatment and Pathology. Jour. Nerv. and Men. Dis. 
 N. Y., 1886. 
 
 Remarks on Cocain and the so-called Cocain Habit. Jour. Nerv. and 
 Men. Dis. N. Y., 1886. 
 Also in A". Y.Med. Jour. 1886. 
 
 Brain Forcing in Childhood. Popular Science Monthly. 1886. 
 
 Insanity of .Malarial Origin, (case) Quart. Bull. Clin. Soc. N. Y. Post- 
 Graduate Med. School and Hospital. 1886. 
 Also in Neurological Contributions. 1886. 
 
 Mysterious Disappearances (Double or Alternate Consciousness) Cutting 
 from the Forum. 1887. 
 
 The Medico-Legal Relations of Hypnotism or Syggignoscism. N. Y. 
 Med. Jour. 1887. 
 
 Coca, its Preparation and their Therapeutical Qualities with some Re- 
 marks on the so-called Cocain Habit. Read before the Medical 
 Society of Virginia. Oct. 20th. 1887. 
 Also published in the Vir. Med Month. Richmond, 18S7-88. 
 
 A Clinical Lecture on the Differential Diagnosis of Antero-lateral Sclerosis 
 and Posterior Sclerosis of the Spinal Cord. Jour. Nerv. and Men. 
 Dis. N. Y.. 1888. 
 
 Madness and Murder. North Am. Rev. N. Y., 1888. 
 
 The Treatment of Locomotor Ataxia and other Diseases of the Nervous 
 System by Suspension. N. Y.Med. Jour. 1889. 
 
 The Elixir of Life. North Am. Rev N. Y., iSSq. 
 
 Sexual Impotence of Man and Woman. St. Petersburg, translated into Rus- 
 sian 1889. 
 
 Experiments Relative to the Therapeutical Value of Expressed Juice of 
 the Testicles when Hypodermically introduced into the Human Sys- 
 tem. N. Y. Med. Jour. 1889. 
 
 False Hydrophobia. North Am. Rev. N. Y., 1890. 
 
 Weak Heart and its Treatment. Therap. Gas. Detroit, 1890. 
 
 A Case of Brain Surgery and its Relations to Cerebral Localization. .V. 
 Y. Med. Jour. 1890. 
 
 Can We Diagnosticate Hyperemia or Anemia of the Brain and Cord. Vir. 
 Med. Monthly. Richmond, 189-91. 
 
24 HAMMOND, THE PHYSICIAN. [May 
 
 A New Substitute for Capital Punishment and Means for Preventing the 
 Propagation of Criminals. N. Y. Med. Exam. ]8qi. 
 
 Seven Recent Cases of Brain Surgery. Med. News. Phil., 1891. 
 
 How to Rest. North. Am. Rev. 1891. 
 
 Hebephrenia, Mental Derangement of Puberty. Vir. Med. Monthly. Rich- 
 mond, 1892-93. 
 
 On Certain Organic Extracts; their Preparation and Physiological and 
 Therapeutical Effects N. Y. Med. Jour. 1893. 
 
 Mr. Ernest Hart and the American Medical Profession. N. Y. Med. Jour. 
 1893. 
 
 The ^phygmograph as an Instrument of Precision. NY. Med. Jour. 1893. 
 
 On Certain Animal Extracts, their mode of preparation and physiological 
 and therapeutical effects. Med. Jour. Toronto, 1892-93. 
 
 On Certain Animal Extracts, their mode of preparation and therapeutical 
 effects. A lecture delivered at the New York Post-Graduate Medical 
 School and Hospital. Jan. 16, 1893. (typewritten copy). 
 Also published in the N. Y. Med. Jour. 1893. 
 Also published in the Post-Graduate Med. Jour. 
 
 A Further Contribution to the Subject of "Animal Extracts." N. Y. 
 Med. Jour. 1 893. 
 
 Cardine, the Extract of the Heart. Its Preparation and Physiological and 
 Therapeutical Effects. N. Y.Med. Jour. 1893. 
 
 The Fetichism of Antisepsis. Am. Med. Surg. Bull. N. Y., 1894. 
 
 "What should a Doctor be Paid. North Am. Rev. 1894. 
 
 A Few Practical Remarks on some of the so-called Reflex Diseases of the 
 Nervous System, Peculiar to Women. Am. Jour. Surg. &* Gynec. 
 Wellston, Mo., 1895-96. 
 
 Animal Therapeutics in the Treatment of Cerebral Hyperemia. Char- 
 lotte, N. C. Med. Jour. 1896. 
 
 A LIST OF MEDICAL WORKS OF DR. WILLIAM A. HAMMOND. 
 
 The Physiological Effects of Alcohol and Tobacco upon the Human 
 System. Reprinted from Am. Jour. Med Sc. Philadelphia, 1856. 
 
 Experimental Researches Relative to the Nutritive Value and Physiologi- 
 ical Effects of Albumen, Starch and Gum when Singly and Exclusively 
 used as a Food. Being the prize essay of the American Medical Asso- 
 ciation for 1857. T. K. &P. G. Collins. Phila. 
 
 On the Action of CertainVegetable Diuretics. Reprinted from Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sc. Phil., 1858. 
 
 On the Alterations Induced by Intermittent Fever in the Physical and 
 Chemical Qualities o£ the Urine and on the Action of the Disulphate 
 of Quinin. Reprinted from Am. Jour. Med. Sc. Phil. 1858. 
 
 On the Injection of Urea and other Substances into the blood. Reprinted 
 from N. Am. Med. Chir. Rev. 1858. 
 
 On Uremic Intoxication. Reprinted from Am. Jour. Med. Sc Phil., 1861. 
 
 A Treatise on Hygiene with Special Reference to the Military Service. 
 J. B. Lippincott & Co., Phila., 1863. 
 
 Physiological Memoirs. J. B. Lippincott & Co., Phila., 1863. 
 
igoo.] HAMMOND, THE PHYSICIAN. 25 
 
 Lectures on Venereal Diseases. J. B. Lippincott & Co., Phila., 1864. 
 Military, Medical and Surgical Bssays Prepared for the United States 
 
 Sanitary Commission, J, B. Lippincott & Co., l'hila., 1864. 
 A Statement of the Causes which led to the Dismissal of Surj^eon-Ceneral 
 
 William A. Hammond from the army; with a Review of the Evidence 
 
 Adduced before the Court. X. Y., 1864. 
 On Sleep and Insomnia. Reprinted from the .V. J . Med. Jour. X. Y., 
 
 1S65. 
 Insanity in its Medico-Legal Relation. < >pinion Relative to the Testamen- 
 tary Capacity of the late James C. Johnston. Baker Voorhis & Co., 
 
 N. Y., 1866. 
 On Wakefulness. With an Introductory Chapter on the Physiology of 
 
 Sleep. J. B. Lippincott & Co., Phila., 1866. 
 The Physiology and Pathology of the Cerebellum. D. Appleton & Co., 
 
 X. Y.. 1869. Reprinted from the Quart. Jour. Psych. Med. N. Y., 
 
 1869. 
 A Medico-legal Study of the Case of Daniel McFarland. D. Appleton & 
 
 Co., N. \ r ., 1870. 
 Spinal Irritation. D. Appleton & Co., N. Y., 1870. Reprinted iromjour. 
 
 Psych. Med. N. Y., 1870. 
 The Physics and Physiology of Spiritualism. D. Appleton & Co., N. Y. 
 
 1871. 
 A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System. D. Appleton & Co., N. 
 
 Y., 1871. 
 Medico-legal Points in the Case of David Montgomery. 1871. 
 Papers, Med. Leg. Soc, N. Y. 1882. 
 Insanity in its Relations to Crime. A Text and a Commentary. D. 
 
 Appleton & Co., N. Y., 1873- 
 Climcal Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System. Reprinted, edited 
 
 and the histories of the cases prepared with notes by T. B. M. Cross. 
 
 D. Appleton & Co., N. Y., 1874. 
 On the Cause of Vice-Fresident Wilson's Death. Cambridge, Riverside 
 
 Press. Reprinted from the Boston Med. and Surg. Jour. 1875. 
 On Pigmentary Deposits in the Brain Resulting from Malarial Poisoning. 
 
 S. W. Green, X. Y., 1875. Reprinted from Tr. Am. Neurol. Soc. 
 
 N. Y., 1875- 
 Spinal Irritation, its pathology and treatment. G. P. Putnam's Sons, N. 
 
 Y., 1876. 
 A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System, with 109 Illustrations. D. 
 
 Appleton & Co., N. Y., 1876 
 Neurological Contributions. I. The Odor of the Human Body as Devel- 
 oped by Certain Affections of the Nervous System. II. On a Hitherto 
 
 Undescribed Form of Muscular Inco-ordination. G. P. Putnam's 
 
 Sons, 1877. Reprinted from Tr. Am. Neurol. Ass. N. Y. 
 Cerebral Hyperemia. G. P. Putnam's Sons. N. Y., 1878. Second edi- 
 tion, enlarged and improved, published by Brentano's, Washington, 
 
 D. C. iSgs. 
 
26 HAMMOND, THE PHYSICIAN. |May 
 
 An Open Letter to Eugene Grissom. Trow Print. Co., N. Y.. 1878. The 
 same, second edition with a Preface and a Postscript. N. Y., 1878. 
 
 A Second Open Letter to Dr. Eugene Grissom. Trows Print. Co., N. Y. t 
 1878. 
 
 Fasting Girls; their Physiology and Pathology. G. P. Putnam's Sons, N. 
 Y., 1879. 
 
 Insane Asylum Reforms. I. The Non-asylum Treatment of the Insane. 
 G. P. Putnam's Sons, N. Y., 1879. Reprinted from Tr. M. Soc. 
 Syracuse, N. Y. , 1879. 
 
 To the Medical Profession, Jan. 15, 1879. (Being the third communica- 
 tion in his controversy with Eugene Grissom.) The same. Relative to 
 the Address of E. Grissom delivered in Washington), May, 1878. 
 
 A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System. Seventh edition, rewrit- 
 ten, enlarged and improved. D. Appleton & Co., N. Y., i88r. 
 
 A Treatise on Insanity in its Medical Relations. D. Appleton & Co., N. 
 Y., 1883. 
 
 Sexual Impotence in the Male. J. R. Bermingham & Co., 1883. Pub- 
 lished also in 1886 by J. R. Bermingham & Co. Published also by 
 Wm. M. Warren, Detroit. Medical Publisher. 
 
 The Official Correspondence between Surgeon-General William A. Ham- 
 mond, U. S. A , and the Adjutant-General of the Army, Relative to 
 the Founding of the Army Medical Museum and the Inauguration of 
 the Medical and Surgical History of the War. D. Appleton & Co. , 
 N. Y., 1883. 
 
 Spinal Irritation, (Posterior Spinal Anemia) G. S. Davis, Detroit, 1886. 
 
 A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System. Eighth edition with cor- 
 rections and additions. D. Appleton & Co., N. Y., 1886. 
 
 Tales of Eccentric Life. D. Appleton & Co., N. Y., 1886. 
 
 Sexual Impotence in the Male and Female. G. S. Davis, Detroit, 1887. 
 
 A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System. Ninth edition by Wil- 
 liam A. Hammond and G. M. Hammond. D. Appleton & Co., N. Y., 
 1891. 
 WRITTEN IN CONJUNCTION WITH DR. S. WEIR MITCHELL. 
 
 Experimental Researches Relative to Corroval and Vao, two new Varie- 
 ties of Woorara, the South American Arrow Poison. Reprinted from 
 Am. Jour. Med. Sc. Phil., 1849. 
 
 EDITOR OF 
 
 The Quarterly Journal of Psychological Medicine and Medical Jurispru- 
 dence. N. Y., 1867-1872. 
 
 The Psychological and Medico-legal Journal oj N. Y. 1874-1876. 
 
 Neurological Contributions. N. Y., 1 879-1881. 
 
 Co-editor of The Maryland and Virginia Medical Journal. 1861. 
 
 The New York Medical Journal . 1 867-1 869. 
 
 The Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases. Chicago and New York, 
 1876-1883. 
 
 See also United States Sanitary Commission publications. Report of a 
 Committee of the associate members of the— On the subject of 
 scurvy. Washington, D. C, 1863. 
 
I goo. 
 
 HAMMOND. THE TEACHER. 27 
 
 Dr. Hammond's Trans, from the German. Meyer's " Electricity in its 
 Relations to Practical Medicine." N. Y., 1869. 
 
 BIOGRAPHY. 
 See Medical and Surgical Reporter. S. W. Francis, Phila., 1867. 
 New England Medical Monthly. Sandy Hook. Conn., 1883-84. 
 
 TRANSLATIONS. 
 
 De l'epilepsie Thalamique. Am. df Psychial. et d' Hypnol. Paris, 1894. 
 De 1' Organization du Service Medical dans 1'Armee Americaine. Arch. 
 
 Gen. de Med. Paris, 1865. 
 Miryachit. Nouvelle Maladie du Systeme Nerveaux. (Trans, from Med. 
 
 Contemp. Naples.) Union Med. Paris, 1884. 
 L'Odore del corpo umano in Alcune Malattie del Sistema Nervoso. Giov. 
 
 Internaz. d. Sc. Med. Napoli. 1883. 
 Biografia del Prof. Guglielmo Allessandro Hammond. Dr. A. Rubino. 
 
 Naples. 1884. 
 Sexuelle Impotenz beim Manne u Weibl Geschlechte Deutsch, von L. Sal- 
 inger, Berlin, 1889. 
 L'impuissance sexuelle chez l'homme et la femme. Lecrosnier & Babe. 
 
 Paris. 1890. 
 Manuale Clinico Terapeutics sulla Impotenza Sessuale nell'nomo. Riduz- 
 
 ione fall Inglese del Dottor A. Rubino. Naples, 1884. 
 De la Paralysie du Bras chez les Nouveau Nes. Paris Med., i88r. 
 
 WRITTEN ABOUT DR. HAMMOND. 
 
 United States Congress Senate Report 1. To accompany bill 5607 for the 
 relief of Dr. William A. Hammond, late Surgeon-General of the Army, 
 45th Congress, 2nd session, submitted by Mr. Spencer, Feb. 19, 1878. 
 
 Reviews of the Statement of the late Surgeon-General of the United 
 States. Reprinted lrom the Boston Med. &= Surg. Jour. 1864. 
 
 HAMMOND, THE TEACHER. 
 
 HY 
 
 DR. CHARLES L. DANA. 
 
 "It is not wisdom alone. Oh, Aspasia, but the way in which it is 
 imparted, that affects the soul and constitutes true eloquence." 
 
 The words of Pericles apply with particular force to those 
 who devote themselves to the art of teaching. They especially 
 must have the skill to present knowledge in such a way that the 
 student not only understands, but is interested, and is filled with 
 zeal and zest to pursue further his subject. 
 
 Dr. Hammond had this faculty above most men. He was a 
 teacher incidentally, and this was not the field in which he 
 
28 HAMMOND, THE TEACHER. [May 
 
 sought and found his greatest triumphs. But he had the talent 
 and the love for it, and in the broadest sense he was a teacher all 
 his life. He was made Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in 
 the University of Maryland in i860 when he was only 32. He 
 lectured in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1866, and 
 he became Professor in Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 
 1867 when he was 39. He taught there for six years, in the 
 University Medical College for nine years more, 1873-82. He 
 lectured also at the University of Vermont, and finally taught in 
 the Post-Graduate School from 1882 till he left for Washington. 
 Thus he was lecturing and teaching almost continuously for 26 
 years. I remember very well the first time that I ever heard 
 him deliver a lecture. He was then a professor in the University 
 Medical College. He lectured that day on the subject of epilepsy. 
 Most of us, when we are dealing with this subject, feel that it 
 would be an appreciation on the part of Providence if the 
 patient beside us would drop into some expressive spasm, so as to 
 help us out pictorially in the description of the disease. With 
 Dr. Hammond this rarely attained incident was not necessary. 
 I remember to this day his vivid description of the series of 
 events that form an epileptic convulsion. He gave it with 
 every detail clinically correct and artfully and convincingly por- 
 trayed. I recall also his description of the treatment of the dis- 
 ease, which he illustrated with a story, enforcing the now well 
 recognized importance of attending to the diet and to the condi- 
 tions of fermentation in the intestine, and he ended with pre- 
 scribing the famous black mixture, whose inky trail has followed 
 the wake of neurological therapeutics in New York ever since. 
 Of the adjutants to the use of bromid in epilepsy, pepsin is one 
 of the best, and it was this fact that Dr. Hammond had the merit 
 to show three decades ago. 
 
 The next time I heard Professor Hammond he was more 
 modestly located in one of the rear rooms of a former tenement 
 house on East Twenty-third street, now consecrated to the use 
 of a grocer's hall, but then the little acorn out of which the 
 present oak of the Post-Graduate has grown. At that time the 
 maximum audience was not more than six, and the neurological 
 clinic was largely dependent upon the man with the "wrist-drop" 
 who attended the front door. But Professor Hammond lectured 
 with the same force and interest and apparent personal enjoy- 
 ment that he had when he stood before the hundreds who 
 
igoo.] HAMMOND, THE TEACHER. 29 
 
 applauded him in the university on Twenty-sixth street. His 
 lecture at that time was on convulsive tremor, and the patient in 
 this case had happily gotten into a state of real pathological 
 agitation for the benefit of the class. The lecturer described this 
 disease, which it was his honor to be the first to observe and give 
 to neurology, but which was later re-discovered in Germany, 
 adorned with the ear-marks of a modern neurological "status," 
 and imported to America under the name of Paramyoclonus 
 Multiplex. 
 
 Dr. Hammond's popularity as a teacher was due to the sin- 
 cerity and directness of his language, his clearness of thought 
 and his evident mastery of the subject which he presented. He 
 did not dogmatize or theorize in any undue sense, but he had 
 certain facts which he knew and certain views which he be- 
 lieved. These he stated logically and convincingly. He was 
 not at all ashamed to confess ignorance or to admit therapeutic 
 helplessness. He had no therapeutical fads or obsessions in the 
 domain of pathology. He did not win his audience because he 
 had any exclusive method of interpreting disease, or any favor- 
 ite system of treatment, or any peculiar pathological hypothe- 
 sis, or any pet disease which he loved forever to exploit. He 
 was not the exponent of any cult; he won his listeners by his 
 power of telling things consecutively and well; by his apt illus- 
 tration and his skill in narrative. There was something always 
 essentially interesting and attractive in his manner, no matter 
 what the topic was which he brought up. I have heard him dis- 
 cuss and argue upon subjects of all kinds and I never knew him 
 to be dull and never knew him to talk without saying something 
 which was fresh, suggestive and instructive. 
 
 The didactic lecture will always survive in a degree as long 
 as there are teachers who can talk as he did and who have, as he 
 had, great stores of learning from which to draw. They are 
 those who "impart wisdom in such a way that it affects the soul." 
 The words of the text book and the questions of the quiz master 
 are necessary, for they grind out the raw material; but it needs 
 the quickening words of a true teacher to help it to life. These 
 words are like the emphasis upon the notes which makes the 
 levers of the piano strike out real music. 
 
 Dr. Hammond represented also the modern type of didactic 
 teacher which came in perhaps a quarter of a century ago, and 
 was a type that was very much needed. Teaching neurology 
 
3 o HAMMOND, THE TEACHER. [May 
 
 to medical students in those times consisted measureably in tell- 
 ing that of which we knew little to those who could not possibly 
 know anything. Neurology was unripe, but the medical stu- 
 dent was still more so. A new style of instruction was needed. 
 Dr. Hammond had none of the rounded periods of Sir Thomas 
 Watson, or the familiar lecturers of early days, who spoke in 
 the language of the forum, whose lectures were works of rheto- 
 rical art and who aimed to be witty, eloquent and interesting 
 as orators and reconteurs The modern lecturer has a story to 
 tell, and certain facts to present; he has to show the student 
 what things are true and what are false, to give him a proper 
 perspective and turn his enthusiasms in the right path. I do 
 not know of anyone who did this more effectively for his time 
 and generation than did Dr. Hammond. His teachings thirty 
 years ago presented neurology correctly to a vast number of 
 American students. His text book at that time was a vivid and 
 correct teaching of neurology as it was then known. He 
 at once gave to the American physicians an opportunity to put 
 themselves abreast of those of Germany and France and to put 
 themselves much ahead of those of England in this special 
 branch. I do not know of any special department of medicine 
 which was so fortunate. It gave the stamp of a distinct field of 
 labor to neurology and one most worthy to be pursued. 
 
 For my own part, I must make the personal confession that 
 my interest in neurology was first awakened by the teachings 
 of Hammond. As a student I was much impressed with the 
 force of this assertion in the dedication of his work to Weir 
 Mitchell that " Neurology is the most important department of 
 medical science." I have, therefore, beside my feeling of 
 friendship for our old colleague, a sense of genuine obligation 
 for the stimulus which he gave me, and for the direction in 
 which he turned my work. Many others have doubtless had 
 the same interest aroused and the same stimulus given. And I 
 still feel such a sense of personal gratitude that this occasion 
 to-night comes not alone as an opportunity, but a privilege 
 most warmly welcomed and appreciated, of paying my tribute 
 to one of the most attractive personalities and one of the most 
 powerful and effective forces in American Neurology. 
 
iqoo.I HAMMOND, THE SURGEON-f ) EN KRAL. 31 
 
 2300 De Lancev Street, Phh idelphia, Peb. 19, 1000. 
 Directors New York Post-Graduate Medicai School \m> Hospital: 
 
 Gentlemen — I have received your invitation to attend a memorial 
 meeting in honor of my distinguished friend, General Hammond. 
 
 1 am truly sorry that crippled feet (from chilblains; have laid me up 
 and will prevent my attendance. 
 
 I have, however, prepared an account of General Hammond's doings in 
 the office of Surgeon-General, or rather a portion of them, which I have 
 sent to Dr. G. M. Hammond to be read at said memorial meeting. 
 
 Of course you will see that time would permit mention of but a little of 
 what he did deserving of mention. 
 
 Very sincerely, 
 
 Joseimi R. Smith, 
 Colonel and Assistant Surgeon-General U. S. A. 
 
 HAMMOND, THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 
 
 IJV 
 
 DR. JOSEPH R. SMITH, U.S.A. 
 (This address was read by Professor Ramon Guiteras.) 
 
 I shall speak as succinctly as possible of the career of General 
 Hammond as Surgeon General. 
 
 I feel that some claim to speak about him belongs to me, 
 because I am a corporator of the Post- Graduate Medical School 
 and Hospital, in which he was so much interested and to which 
 he gave so much valuable time and service, and because I was 
 with him in the Surgeon-General's office in Washington, where 
 I was called by him to duty in July, 1862, and where I was his 
 chief assistant until after he was relieved by Mr. Stanton from 
 duty in his office. During all this time my relations' with him 
 were as close as they could possibly be. 
 
 Upon taking charge of his office Dr. Hammond at once set 
 out to remedy the evils and defects that he discovered in the 
 Medical Bureau. 
 
 One of the first subjects receiving attention was the Report 
 of the Sick and Wounded made by medical officers. In the lapse 
 of years these reports had become meagre and perfunctory. On 
 May 1st, 1862, General Hammond specified to medical officers 
 some of the subjects to be embraced in their reports, but on May 
 21st he announced his intention to establish an Army Medical 
 Museum, and instructed medical officers in their reports to give 
 details in surgery of certain subjects as follows: 
 
32 HAMMOND, THE SURGEON-GENERAL. [May 
 
 Fractures, the date, situation, character, direction, treatment 
 and results. 
 
 Gunshot wounds, the date, situation, direction and character, 
 foreign matters extracted and results. 
 
 Amputations, the period and nature of the injury, the character 
 of the operation, the time, place and result. 
 
 Exsections, the injury demanding them, the date of injury, of 
 operation, the joint or bone involved and the result. 
 
 In medicine he desired statistics of certain diseases as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Fevers, the character, symptoms, plans of treatment found 
 most efficient, and remarks on location and sanitary conditions 
 of camps and quarters. 
 
 Diarrhea and dysentery, the grade and treatment,with remarks 
 on the character of the rations and modes of cooking. 
 
 Scorbutic diseases, the character and symptoms, causation and 
 means employed to procure exemption. 
 
 Respiratory diseases, the symptoms, severity and treatment, 
 the sheltering of the troops and the atmospheric conditions. 
 
 Similar reports were required as to other preventable dis- 
 eases, and accounts of the pathological results of all post mortem 
 examinations. 
 
 Medical officers were at the same time directed " to collect 
 and forward to the Surgeon- General's office all specimens of 
 morbid anatomy (surgical or medical) which might be regarded 
 as valuable, together with projectiles and foreign bodies re- 
 moved," and "such other matters as might prove of interest in 
 the study of military medicine or surgery." 
 
 Soon afterwards, viz., early in June, 1862, General Hammond 
 formally stated to the medical officers his intention to publish 
 the Medical and Surgical History of the Rebellion, of which the 
 medical portion was committed to Assistant Surgeon J. J. Wood- 
 ward, U. S. A., and the surgical part to Brigade Surgeon J. H. 
 Brinton, U.S.V. 
 
 Medical officers were requested to co-operate by forwarding 
 " such sanitary, topographical, medical and surgical reports, 
 details of cases, essays and results of investigations and inquiries 
 as might be of value for the work." 
 
 Very soon after his appointment the need of a library to the 
 Surgeon General's office forced itself upon General Hammond's 
 attention. When he took possession of his office the only library 
 
iqoo.] HAMMOND. THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 33 
 
 there consisted of a small number of modern medical books 
 ranged on a few shelves in the front room of the office in Rigg's 
 bank and some old, mostly useless books packed in boxes in the 
 garret, and such search as he was able to make failed to show 
 that effort had been made to obtain money to buy books or per- 
 mission to form a suitable library. 
 
 Surgeon Brinton had knowledge of books, and few men in 
 the country were more familiar than he with the literature of the 
 profession; so General Hammond concluded it would be best to 
 establish together the museum and library. 
 
 Secretary Stanton had consented to the museum, but did not 
 share General Hammond's opinion as to the necessity of the 
 library. 
 
 Senator Fessenden was Chairman of the Senate Committee 
 on Appropriations, and in the fall of 1862 came to the office of 
 the Surgeon-General to consult with the latter as to the items of 
 the medical appropriation. To this conference I was summoned. 
 When the item for the museum was reached Senator Fessenden 
 assented to it, but did not think it wise to go counter to Secretary 
 Stanton's views as to the purchase of books. Looking around 
 the office, he asked how those had been bought. General Ham- 
 mond said he did not know; that some seemed to have been 
 bought from the contingent fund and some by the purveyor. 
 
 The Senator then asked why part of the appropriation for 
 the museum could not be expended for books, and was informed 
 that said appropriation was hardly enough for the needs of the 
 museum; that such a library as was needed would require about 
 $25,000 each year. Senator Fessenden thought that out of the 
 question, and so the matter rested temporarily. During the 
 winter, though, Dr. Hammond did not fail to press the library 
 question on both the Secretary of War and the Chairman of the 
 Senate Committee on Appropriations until the act appropriating 
 money for the support of the army, passed soon after and ap- 
 proved February 9th, 1863, contained the item of $5,000 for the 
 museum, but no item for purchase of books. The several next 
 succeeding annual appropriation acts gave no money for either 
 museum or library, and not till the act approved March 2d, 1867, 
 was General Barnes able to have items inserted of $10,000 for 
 the museum and $10,000 for the library, since which date money 
 has been habitually granted for the purchase of books for the 
 library for which General Hammond labored. 
 
34 HAMMOND, THE SURGEON-GttNERAL. [May 
 
 The outcome of these projects is known to you all. The 
 Museum, the Medical and Surgical History of the War, and the 
 Library of the Surgeon General's Office, while reflecting credit 
 on Woodward, Brinton, Otis, Billings and Fletcher, are im- 
 perishable monuments to the wise foresight and broad views of 
 their projector, Dr. Hammond. 
 
 With the question of the care of the sick and wounded was 
 inseparably connected the question of a hospital or ambulance 
 corps and nursing in general. Dr. Hammond early brought the 
 question before Secretary Stanton, to whom the matter appeared 
 in less than its true proportions. However, by constant urging, 
 the Honorable Secretary was brought to give a limited approval 
 in June, 1862, at w T hich time he authorized the employment of 
 civilian cooks and nurses in general hospitals, which permission 
 scarcely met the expressed views of the Surgeon-General. 
 
 About the middle of June, 1862, Dr. Letterman was assigned 
 as Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac, and as soon as 
 he had familiarized himself with the needs of that army, General 
 Hammond summoned him to Washington to receive instructions 
 and for consultation, at which time the ambulance corps question 
 received full consideration. Letterman had already studied the 
 subject, and his views and General Hammond's harmonized. 
 
 It seemed probable that General McClellan, commanding the 
 Army of the Potomac, might be brought to see the necessity of 
 such a corps, and Letterman returned to the army, proposing to 
 bring the matter to the notice of the commanding General. He 
 did so, and soon wrote up that General McClellan would authorize 
 a corps. Some time was needed to perfect plans, and in the 
 beginning of August the ambulance corps of the Army of the 
 Potomac came into existence — the prototype of the corps which 
 later was authorized for the whole army. 
 
 In the latter part of August General Hammond again asked 
 the Secretary to sanction the organization of an ambulance corps, 
 and shortly after, when the Medical Inspector sent to the battle- 
 field of the second Bull Run reported the condition of the 
 wounded, suffering there from lack of organized system to care 
 for them, Dr. Hammond again asked the aid of the Secretary in 
 an exceedingly forcible letter, but once more his appeals met 
 with an unfavorable response. 
 
 In March, 1864, the seed sown by General Hammond bore 
 fruit, and Congress passed an act establishing an ambulance 
 
igoo ] HAMMOND, THE SURGEdN-GENERAL. 35 
 
 corps on a plan essentially the same as the one that had been 
 matured in the office of the Surgeon-General. 
 
 In this connection one thing more must be mentioned. In 
 August, 1 36 1, Congress authorized the substitution of female for 
 soldier nurses in general hospitals, when deemed expedient by 
 the Surgeon-General or surgeon in charge, the number to be in- 
 dicated by them. Female nurses had been employed in many 
 of the hospitals in 1861, but their employment was not perfectly 
 systematized. General Hammond decided to give full trial to 
 the experiment. He conferred freely, not only with Miss Dix, 
 who was the Superintendent of Female Nurses, but with others 
 particularly interested in the matter, notably with Mrs. Russell 
 of New Bedford, Mrs. Ames of Boston, Mrs. General Lander and 
 Miss Kate Chase, and in July issued regulations governing the 
 employment of these nurses, their proportion being one to two 
 males. 
 
 The question of medical supplies had also been under con- 
 sideration and partially acted on. The act of Congress of April 
 r6, 1 S6 2, contained a section aiming to simplify the procurement 
 of supplies in emergencies. General Hammond ordered a board 
 of medical officers to meet at his office for the purpose of revising 
 the supply table of the Medical Department. He conferred freely 
 with the board, giving his views as to the greater number of 
 articles needed and the changes required to keep the table 
 abreast with the progress of medical science. The board re- 
 ported, and after considering their report the Surgeon-General, 
 on September 20th, 1862, issued a new supply table, liberal as to 
 the number and amount of articles allowed, facilitating their 
 issue in time of emergency and enforcing a strict accountability. 
 Further orders were issued May 7th, 1863, charging purveyors to 
 buy the best, and declaring them "responsible for the quality of 
 the medical and hospital supplies purchased by them." 
 
 As an additional safeguard the Surgeon- General established 
 laboratories where army medical supplies were prepared. Thus, 
 not only good articles were supplied, but at a moderate expense. 
 The following will show the effect of this: In 1863 the price of 
 quinin in the market was very high, and continued to rise until 
 it reached a point which, in the opinion of Dr. Hammond, was 
 extortion. He accordingly considered the feasibility of its 
 manufacture at an army laboratory. One day the reporter of a 
 New York paper came into the office asking news. General 
 
36 HAMMOND, THE SURGEON-GENERAL. [May 
 
 Hammond told him that the price of quinin was now so high 
 that it seemed as if the Medical Department would have to 
 make its own quinin. This item was duly published. At once 
 the price of quinin came down, and the army laboratory made 
 no quinin. 
 
 Dr. Hammond promptly studied the question of hospital con- 
 struction. The first large general hospitals were established in 
 cities, as buildings large enough to receive the sick could here 
 be found already built, and because the water supply and sewer- 
 age were already provided. In these hospitals a large mortality 
 quickly appeared, due to erysipelas, gangrene and fevers, which 
 carried off many patients. General Hammond was firmly con- 
 vinced that proper ventilation would greatly decrease this mor- 
 tality, and the experience in the Crimea and elsewhere, in his 
 judgment, showed that this could best be attained by ridge ven- 
 tilated pavilions. These pavilions were to be lighted abundantly 
 by windows, which were also ventilating apertures; were to be 
 as free as possible from nooks and corners where foul air could 
 lodge, and to be provided amply with wash-rooms and water- 
 closets. The largest hospitals were to be an aggregate of such 
 pavilions, with the necessary buildings for offices. These prin- 
 ciples being recognized, many pavilions were brought together 
 under one management, until more than three thousand patients 
 were cared for in a single hospital. This number of patients, 
 with those needed to care for them, including surgeons, nurses, 
 cooks and mechanics, constituted a good sized town; a laundry, 
 stable, chapel and dead-house, dining-rooms, kitchens and store- 
 rooms, operating-rooms, guard-houses, and quarters for male and 
 female nurses and the employees, were all supplied. In such 
 hospitals, adoption of which throughout the army was due to 
 General Hammond mainly, the immense number of sick and 
 wounded treated from 1862 to 1866 showed a mortality less than 
 had ever been before known under similar circumstances. 
 
 General Hammond also elaborated a scheme for an Army 
 Medical School. In the ranks of the brigade surgeons and sur- 
 geons of volunteers were to be found some of the best medical 
 and surgical talent of the country, while in the regular army 
 were to be found a number of men who have since attained the 
 highest distinction as teachers, surgeons and practitioners. Some 
 of these were consulted, and consented to teach in the army 
 school, while the choice of others was deferred until the plan 
 
iqoo.l HAMMOND, TI11C SURGEON-GENERAL. 37 
 
 had been approved by Secretary .Stanton. Dr. Hammond pre- 
 sented his plan to the Secretary and urged it with all his 
 eloquence, but in vain. The Secretary disapproved of it, and 
 the plan was reluctantly dropped. 
 
 In these more peaceful times the Secretary of War has 
 approved such a plan, and such a school is now in operation in 
 Washington, though much more limited than that elaborately 
 planned by Hammond. 
 
 The above are but a few of the many improvements in the 
 Army Medical Department which originated in Dr. Hammond's 
 active mind. 
 
 Something must now be said about Dr. Hammond's dismissal 
 from the army. 
 
 The appointment of General Hammond had been opposed 
 by Secretary Stanton, who had a candidate of his own. Not- 
 withstanding this, however, President Lincoln appointed Ham- 
 mond. 
 
 Stanton and Hammond were both positive men and deter- 
 mined. Many of the views of one regarding the administration 
 of the Army Medical Bureau were opposed to those of the 
 other Each persisted, but Secretary Stanton was the controlling 
 power and concluded that it was best for him to get rid of the 
 Surgeon-General. He had gotten rid of the former Surgeon- 
 General, Finley, without a court, by simply ordering him away 
 from Washington to Boston and keeping him there until he 
 asked to be retired. The fame and influence of Hammond for- 
 bade such a course. Consequently charges were brought against 
 him and he was tried by a court-martial. 
 
 Before this the Secretary had ordered him away from his 
 post in Washington, so that in December 23d, 1S63, General 
 Hammond appealed to the President, stating his wrongs and 
 asking that he might be restored to his proper official position or 
 brought to trial in case any charges of malfeasance or unfitness 
 were entertained against him. 
 
 July 19th, 1864, the court proceeded with Dr. Hammond's 
 trial on three charges. Eleven specifications supported these 
 charges, which naturally come under three heads: first, those 
 alleging acts in excess of his legal authority; second, those dis- 
 tinctly charging personal corruption and intent to aid others to 
 defraud the Government; third, wilful falsehood. 
 
38 HAMMOND, THE SURGEON-GENERAL. [ Ma y 
 
 The specifications in the first and second category regarded 
 purchasing or not purchasing supplies for the Medical Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 To fully treat of these matters would take much time, so in 
 brief I will state that as the majority of the transactions em- 
 braced in the specifications took place while I was in the office 
 of the Surgeon-General I had official cognizance of them. 
 
 Further, after Dr. Hammond's conviction I spent many days 
 in reading the evidence contained in the proceedings of the 
 court. 
 
 I found there no attempt to show personal profit by General 
 Hammond or acts in themselves corrupt, but corrupt intent was 
 inferred from the acts of buying or ordering to be bought by 
 purveyors, which acts it was claimed were an usurpation of 
 authority by the Surgeon- General and not in accordance with 
 the former customs of his office. 
 
 After careful examination of the evidence before the court, 
 with personal knowledge of the most of the acts charged as 
 crimes and with the knowledge of the character of General 
 Hammond acquired by intimate association with him for more 
 than forty years, I must record my belief that his conviction and 
 
 SENTENCE WERE NOT WARRANTED BY THE EVIDENCE. 
 
 The court, however, convicted General Hammond and sen- 
 tenced him to dismissal, to which he had to submit. 
 
 As further refutal of the charge of corruption I will state 
 what many of you do not know, viz., that he was unable to move 
 his family and household effects irom Washington to his new 
 home until he had received a purse which was presented to him 
 by a most eminent gentleman of our profession still living in 
 Philadelphia, and who knew him to be innocent. 
 
 Dr. Hammond promptly took steps to obtain redress, and on 
 Christmas Day, 1864, petitioned the Senate "to inquire into all 
 the circumstances connected with his recent trial and dismissal," 
 but not until 1879 did he secure a vindication — a vindication not 
 only stronger than my opinion, but which was final and complete. 
 Congress passed a bill authorizing the President " to review the pro- 
 ceedings of Getter al Hammond's court," and to annul and set aside the 
 findings and sentence of said court " if after such review he shall deem 
 it right and proper," and. " in the event of the findings and sentence of 
 said court being set aside" the President is " further authorized to 
 place Dr. Hammond on the retired list of the army as Surg eon- 
 General." 
 
lyno | llAM.MUNU, TI1K SURGEON-QEN^RAL 3 g 
 
 The Congressional Record shows that House bill 2108, for 
 Hammond's relief, was reported back from the Committee on 
 Military Affairs to the House by Mr. McCook, of New York, with 
 a recommendation that it pass. In its report the Military Committee 
 recites the charges and findings, and then says: " The Committee 
 makes special reference to some of the extracts from the finding 
 of the court for the purpose of showing that in many of the in- 
 stances at least it failed to find that corrupt intent with which 
 General Hammond was charged, and which, as before stated, 
 he solemnly denies. ." 
 
 The bill in substance, as aforesaid, then passed the House. 
 
 In the Senate the bill was ordered printed February 1 9th, and 
 the report of the Committee on Military Affairs accompanying 
 the bill after reciting the charges, etc., says (page 4), "a careful 
 unbiased and searching scrutiny of the evidence adduced upon the trial, 
 as presented and reviewed by Dr. Hammond, as well as mature con- 
 sideration of the argument of the distinguished counsel who represented 
 Dr. Hammond on the occasion of his trial, forces irresistibly the con- 
 clusion that the gravamen of all the charges, save one, was either 
 disproved by the defense, abandoned by the prosecution, or 
 eliminated by the findings of the court. The single charge of 
 which the gravamen was not found wanting by the court, was 
 in itself trifling if not frivolous, and certainly insufficient in 
 character and importance to arraign, try, convict, and pronounce 
 sentence thereupon, in the manner and form as are in the 
 records of the court martial set forth." 
 
 The report further says (page 14) "your Committee believe this to 
 be a case wherein the constitutional prerogative of Congress to redress 
 grievances maybe safely, justly, and fairly exercised, especially since the 
 President is invested by the provisions of the bill, with wise discretion. 
 If he finds against the merits and equities of the case, then the 
 relief sought must be denied. If he find otherwise and hence fav- 
 orably, Dr. Hammond will then receive the reparation to 7(>hich he is 
 entitled " 
 
 March 7th, the bill was debated in the Senate. Senator Conk- 
 ling advocated the bill and eulogized General Hammond. 
 
 Senator Cockrell desired a short delay, having some doubts 
 as to the consitutionality of the action proposed; but he said "I 
 am not disposed to throw any obstruction in the way, and I do not dis- 
 sent from anything the Senator from New York has said in regard 
 to the character of Dr. Hammond. 
 
4 o HAMMOND, THE SURGEON-GENERAL. [May 
 
 Senator Maxey said " / am a member of the Committee of Mili- 
 tary Affairs which reported the bill, and I have never voted for the re- 
 port of a bill with a more perfectly clear conviction that the bill was 
 entirely equitable and right." 
 
 Randolph of New Jersey endorsed the Senator from New- 
 York. 
 
 Senator Bayard pronounced in favor of the constitutionality 
 of the bill. 
 
 Senator Plumb alone opposed; but even he said (see Congres- 
 sional Record of March 12th) "Now it is a part of the outside his- 
 tory of this bill before Congress, that Secretary Stanton had a spite 
 against General Hammond and that he gratified his spite by bringing 
 him before his court-martial and procuring him to be unlawfully and 
 unwarrantably dismissed. 
 
 March 12th the Senate voted — Fifty-six Senators were present 
 voting. Of these 55 voted in favor of the bill, and only one, Sena- 
 tor Plumb, voted nay. 
 
 The case was then considered in due course by Secretary 
 of War, McCrary, himself a lawyer of the highest rank, who re- 
 ported that in his opinion "the evidence did not establish the 
 charge of corruption," " that the charge of falsehood was not 
 sustained," and that in construing the act of Congress (under 
 which he had purchased supplies) "Dr. Hammond was guilty 
 of no crime." " The construction he placed upon that act, 
 whether erroneous or not, was entirely consonant with an honest 
 purpose." 
 
 With all the foregoing and the proceedings of the court before 
 him, the President only did his duty in restoring General Hammond to 
 the army, vindicated. 
 
 I must here add the following extract from a personal letter 
 of Secretary McCrary written to General Hammond after his 
 restoration, which reads as follows: " Upon reaching the con- 
 clusion after a thorough examination of your case that a great 
 wrong had been done you, and that you were clearly entitled to 
 vindication, it was with great pleasure that I recommended 
 your restoration to the army. I can say to you, with the ut- 
 most sincerity that I have never performed an official act with 
 a clearer conviction that I was doing simple justice. I am glad 
 to note that the country, with scarcely a dissenting voice, ap- 
 proves and applauds the act, and I beg most heartily to con- 
 gratulate you upon your long delayed, but complete vindication." 
 
igoo.] HAMMOND, THE SURGEON GENERAL. m 
 
 I quote farther the testimony of the president of the United 
 States Sanitary Commission, the Reverend Doctor Bellows. In 
 a letter to Senator Wilson he says: "The Surgeon-General has 
 brought order out of chaos in his department, and efficiency out 
 of imbecility. The sick and wounded owe a hundred times over 
 more to the Government and the Medical Department, than to 
 all the outside influences and benevolences of the country combined, in- 
 cluding the Sanitary Commission. The Surgeon- General is the best 
 friend the soldier has in this country, because he wields the benevolence 
 of the United States Government ; and for God's sake don 7 thwart his 
 zeal and wisdom," 
 
 What vindication could be more complete / 
 
 The Executive and Legislative departments of the United 
 States Government united in proclaiming Dr. Hammond's in- 
 nocence. 
 
 He occupied the highest place in the community, attained, first in 
 the commercial metropolis of the nation, and next in its capital. 
 
 A status reached — professional, literary, scientific, and social, 
 that is not surpassed by that of any other man. 
 
 A death deplored by his country and the press. 
 
 Not long after General Hammond's death, I had an inter- 
 view with President McKinley. Speaking of General Hammond, 
 the President said, " he was a great man, the country has lost a very 
 great man." 
 
 General Hammond became Surgeon-General in the most 
 troublous times the Medical Department of the Army had ever 
 known. As its guide and leader at this time he encountered 
 problems the solution of which had no precedents. He was 
 thrown upon his own resources. 
 
 He proved himself an eminently capable and a successful ad- 
 ministrator, and now that the jealousies and ill feelings of those 
 days have disappeared, it will be hard to find anyone to deny 
 that his career as Surgeon-General reflected lustre, both on the 
 Medical Department of which he was the chief, and on himself 
 as its leader. 
 
 In closing I wish to express my pride and pleasure in the 
 warm friendship that existed between Dr. Hammond and my- 
 self for so many years. 
 
 JOS. R. SMITH, 
 Col. and Assistant Surgeon-General U. S. Army. 
 
42 HAMMOND, THE LITTERATEUR. [May 
 
 DR. HAMMOND THE LITTERATEUR. 
 
 BY 
 
 A. E. LANCASTER. 
 
 It was with all the equipments of maturity that Dr. Ham- 
 mond, in the year 1884, gave to the world a novel bearing the 
 brief and euphonious name, " Lai." It met with immediate and 
 wide success — a success so definite and emphatic as to provoke, 
 in some quarters, the resentful question as to what right so 
 prosperous a practitioner of medicine had to stray from physic 
 to fancy, and from surgery to sentiment. The reply might have 
 been that his right consisted in his ability to do so. It is the 
 same right which any literary or artistic workman has to enter 
 the realm of medicine and surgery, the right depending solely 
 upon compliance with the conditions that govern that field. 
 There is this difference, however — it is the first duty of the 
 novelist to interest us. If he does not do that, whatever merits 
 he may have to set off that initial defect will count as nothing. 
 The physician may administer a sedative or a sleeping draught; 
 but if the novelist does so, he had better never have been born. 
 The surgeon may amputate a limb, and receive our thanks. 
 The novelist may only amputate superfluous chapters and cut 
 away unnecessary sermonizing. Both doctor and surgeon may 
 cause us anguish, and we bear them no ill-will; but if the novel- 
 ist pains us in any other sense than that of a sympathetic grief, 
 amounting to a sentimental luxury, his career — if he ever had 
 any — is closed. 
 
 It was with a clear perception of these facts that Dr. Ham- 
 mond addressed himself to the task of novel-writing. It might 
 have been surmised that one who so well knew how to " minister 
 to a mind diseased," would have got his pen so entangled in the 
 meshes of pathology, that the shadow of the sick room, or the 
 gleam of the scalpel, or the morbid secrets of psychology would 
 be found haunting his plots. But such is not the case. One of 
 the chief characteristics of his romances is their healthiness of 
 tone, the legitimate manner in which they deal with the nor- 
 malities instead of the abnormalities of life, their avoidance, as 
 a rule, of those types in which nature seems to have been un- 
 faithful to herself by producing what is commonly recognized 
 as unnatural. 
 
 The course which Dr. Hammond followed in creating the 
 plots and characters of a series of six romances, between the 
 
igoo.] HAMMOND, THE LITTERATEUR. 43 
 
 years 1 8X4 and 1899, can be approximately indicated by consid- 
 ering what his novels are not. They do not implicate any at- 
 tempt to explain the universe, or to justify the ways of God to 
 man — they are not philosophical. None of the characters is a 
 mouthpiece intended to inculcate the views of the author on 
 political, social, or scientific questions — they are not didactic. 
 They do not, with the exception of the final one, "The Son of 
 Perdition," deal with great events in the history of mankind — 
 they are not historical. They do not analyze the strange sins 
 and startling crimes which, taken all together, constitute the 
 blackest tragedy of human life —they are not psychologic. They 
 are not sprinkled with new words wrenched from foreign and 
 dead languages — for the author had wisely no desire to sacrifice 
 everything to the quest of originality in a tortured and artificial 
 style — they are not ultra-classical. They are not steeped in 
 that sensuous sentimentality which delighted so many of us in 
 our early youth — for they are not Bulwerian. They are not so 
 intricate of plot as to be inscrutable up to the last paragraph — 
 they are not melodramatic. On the other hand, they do not 
 cynically inform us that the youthful hero and heroine are at 
 present a middle aged couple, happily married, and living on 
 Fifth avenue — they are not Thackerayan. They do not make 
 the great mistake, committed by more than one novelist whom 
 the world names master of his craft, of causing their dramatis 
 personam to share the verbal characteristics of the author — they 
 do not imitate Balzac or George Meredith. And, finally, they 
 do not largely deal with fashion's pleasures and palaces, of 
 which many romancers note so much and know so little — they 
 are not "society" novels. 
 
 And now, having taken a negative look at Dr. Hammond's 
 imaginative writings, let us acquire a more direct knowledge of 
 them by contemplating them from the positive side. In certain 
 respects " Lai." the first of the series, is typical of all the rest. 
 It is so in the healthiness of its handling and the tonicity of its 
 atmosphere. The Polish patriot, Tyscovus, is broadly repre- 
 sentative of an old and illustrious civilization, and is powerfully 
 antagonized with Jim Bosler, the horse-thief and murderer of 
 Hellbender, Bill Dodd's Canon, and Wild Cat Creek. But its 
 dominant motif is to show how a young girl, brought up from 
 infancy amid the rudest and roughest surroundings, may, by 
 virtue of those latent essentials found in a naturally good brain 
 
44 HAMMOND, THE LITTERATEUR. [May 
 
 and a naturally fine character, triumph over the disadvantages of 
 a most lamentable environment as soon as an adequate oppor- 
 tunity appears. To those who look deeply into the story its 
 main interest consists in the manner in which it depicts the 
 development of a soul, first through external events which 
 change the environment, and afterward through the influences 
 that dawn with love and affect the spiritual nature. As the 
 author himself says of his heroine: " She had grown up like a 
 garden weed, untutored and uncared for. Yes, even worse; for 
 the good points which Nature had put into her had not even 
 been allowed to develop after their own way, but had been 
 dwarfed, and twisted, and deformed and crowded out of place, 
 by the circumstances under which she had lived as a child and 
 expanded into womanhood." But while this is the case, the 
 author did not ignore the opportunity of painting a companion 
 picture in Theodora Willis, the woman who studied medicine, 
 not in order to practice it as a profession, but because she loved 
 it as a science to be made use of for the good it enabled her to 
 do. In his portrait of Theodora Willis, Dr. Hammond was as 
 successful as in that of Lai; for, while the former revealed that 
 quality of mind which the world calls masculine, united with 
 that quality of temperament which is essentially feminine, com- 
 bined with talent and training unusual in degree and kind, the 
 other displayed a totally ignorant and uncultivated soul, with 
 all its finest tendrils ready to thrill responsive to the sunlight of 
 love and the rain and dew of culture. The soul and the body are 
 so dependent upon each other that they might, perhaps, be not 
 inaccurately described as interpenetrative twins, the psychical 
 and the physical having reciprocal relations which cannot be 
 permanently suspended if life is to endure; and in each of the 
 female characters just mentioned, those relations are shown, 
 symmetrically developed in the one case, and reaching after 
 symmetry, and finally obtaining it, in the other. 
 
 The romance entitled " A Strong-Minded Woman; or, Two 
 Years Later,"was called " A Sequel to Lai," but the character 
 which had most charmed the public in the first novel, held a 
 secondary place in this one, and though some of the leading 
 problems of the day were ably discussed, and a woman with a 
 strong mind was skilfully shown to be capable of possessing all 
 the fascinations of femininity and none of the foibles, yet the wild 
 heroine of the West, as first presented to us, eclipsed her culti- 
 
igoo.] HAMMOND, THE LITTERATEUR. 45 
 
 vated rival, just as a prairie flower may sometimes find favor 
 above the conservatory rose. In " Dr. Grattan," the only one 
 of the series in whose baptismal name Dr. Hammond inserted 
 a professional prefix, the interest lies largely in the question 
 whether Lamar, the heroine's father, has really been a slave- 
 holder, or only morbidly imagines himself to have been one. 
 The dramatic force arising out of a struggle between the ob- 
 jective and the subjective, strong as it is conceded to be, was 
 surpassed in the climax with which the reader of " Mr. Old- 
 mixon," one of Dr. Hammond's most versatile and brilliant 
 efforts, was confronted on almost the last page. It is there that 
 the villian Hogarth makes his final exit, to the unexpected ac- 
 companiment of "The Rogue's March," a particularly pertinent 
 and happy conceit, which might be utilized upon the stage with 
 emphatic effect. But it is the self-unconscious humor of Mr. 
 Oldmixon's character that breathes an atmosphere of geniality 
 from first to last. A notable instance of this is what may be 
 called the gastronomical chapter — that in which Mr. Oldmixon 
 discourses, with Epicurean eloquence, on the pleasures of the 
 table, and announces, as with the auchority of an axiom, that 
 the only wines fit to drink with oysters are Chablis and Montra- 
 chet. It is at this dinner that an unfortunate man named Par- 
 tridge commits the solecism of asking for currant jelly in order 
 that he may spread it over two choice slices of canvas-back to 
 which he has just been helped. From that moment Mr. Par- 
 tridge becomes, in the eyes of Mr. Oldmixon, an offender of the 
 deepest dye, to whom remorse or even penitence would be im- 
 possible. For his guilt consists in his culpable ignorance, inex- 
 cusable and inexpiable in one whom his host had "mistaken for 
 a gentleman." All the accompaniments of this episode are dealt 
 with in the spirit of genuine comedy, and, in striking contrast 
 as the3' are with the serious dramatic movement, furnish a lively 
 illustration of the lighter graces that loitered around Dr. Ham- 
 mond's pen. His Tragic and his Comic muse were on the best 
 of terms. Each did her duty throughout his pages, neither in- 
 terfering with the other. Or, to vary the simile, whenever the 
 Muses and the Graces were assembled together, his knowledge 
 of them and himself informed him he was welcome; but he 
 preferred to meet them in smaller clusters rather than feast 
 with the total twelve at once. 
 
 If we turn from these volumes to the last of the series, we 
 shall see Dr. Hammond bringing into play, in the latest years 
 
46 HAMMOND, THE LITTERATEUR. [May 
 
 of his life, that mixture of audacity and caution which had long- 
 ago helped to secure for him a unique place in his profession; 
 for, to be audacious without recklessness, and cautious without 
 timidity, and to be both of these at the same time, so that each 
 tempers the other, is to be blessed with a successful wisdom 
 which is the lot of comparatively few. In the romance named, 
 "The Son of Perdition," which, as its title implies, has for its 
 subject the character and conduct of Judas Iscariot, these quali- 
 ties manifest themselves with equal force. Any novelist who 
 selects for his dramatis persona? such characters as Christ, Judas, 
 Satan, Herod, Herodias, Pontius Pilate, Pilate's wife and son, 
 Mary Magdalen, Simon Magus, Sapphira. and the disciple Peter, 
 to mention no others, and combines them into a narrative of 
 500 pages, inventing, in many cases, events, motives, behavior, 
 and inter-relations, of which history gives no hint, performs a 
 task the intrepidity of which is manifest; and unless the brilliancy 
 of the attempt is attuned by the prudence suggested by judg- 
 ment and good taste, failure is imminent. Such a book could 
 not be written unless preceded by a vast deal of drudgery in 
 collecting and massing together the knowledge which gives an 
 accurate view of innumerable minutiae connected with the daily 
 life, public and private, of rich and poor, great and small, noble 
 and plebian, Jew and Samaritan; and after all these materials 
 have been co-ordinated, it remains for the creative imagination 
 to breathe upon them the vraisemblance of reality and the at- 
 mosphere of the antique. 
 
 All who have read this romance will remember the picture 
 presented of Christ, differing as it does in many points, from 
 the conventional ideal, and from the traditional standard which 
 originated no one knows how, and descended no one knows 
 whence. The long, black hair hanging straightly down the back, 
 and as low as the shoulders; the eye-brows, strongly-marked, 
 black as His hair and joined together — these are physical char- 
 acteristics as strangely contradictory of the vision engendered by 
 education, as was the celebrated anthropomorphic portrait which 
 years ago attained celebrity as Page's " Head of Christ." But 
 Mr. Page indulged in what most people regarded as a rather 
 fleshly and sensuous imagery. Dr. Hammond's restrained des- 
 cription imputes intellect of the highest order and a capacity for 
 expressing the strongest emotion; while his entire treatment of 
 
iqoo.] HAMMOND, THE LITTERATEUR. 47 
 
 Christ, as regards His especial mission in the work of salvation, 
 
 reveals Him as one 
 
 " Who tried each art. reproved each dull delay, 
 Allured to brighter worlds, and Ay/ the way." 
 
 But perhaps a still more difficult work was the introduction 
 of the character of Satan. It is safe to claim that to-day Satan 
 has lost much of that horrible reality he had for most people in 
 Christian countries 100 or even 50 years ago. Then, people who 
 fell into sin ascribed their guilt to his ubiquitously infernal 
 hypnotization rather than to their own tendencies, spurred by 
 sudden opportunity. Dr. Hammond boldly tackles him as a 
 supernatural being who has, or who ha J, power to assume 
 human shape at will, in order to lure man into sin by promising 
 pleasure or prosperity as the reward, and solicitous to speak 
 truth when evil can better be served thereby than by telling 
 lies. This last touch is a particularly artistic one; for liars are 
 dangerous, less because of their lies than because of the truths 
 they sometimes tell; and the Prince of Darkness, who has been 
 declared on good authority to be a liar from the beginning, 
 would be the more dangerously deceptive for sometimes telling 
 the truth. In this respect Dr. Hammond comes much nearer to 
 nature than the celebrated author of " The School for Scandal." 
 It will be remembered that in that unique comedy, (which may 
 be described as being in five acts and 50 epigrams), Mr. Snake, 
 a transcendent liar, tells the truth on one important occasion, but 
 begs that it may never be made generally known, inasmuch as 
 he lives by the badness of his character, and if it were once 
 known he had been betrayed into an honest action, he would 
 lose every friend he had in the world! This may be amusing, 
 in an atmosphere laden with wit; but Dr. Hammond's Satan, 
 who makes truth the slave of evil, possesses the last refinement 
 of an infinite liar. 
 
 In this brief resume no effort has been made to do entire 
 justice to Dr. Hammond's capacity in the field of fiction, be- 
 cause entire justice were impossible within the limitations nec- 
 essarily imposed. Enough has been said, however, to show 
 that he used his imagination, his humor, his geniality, his con- 
 structive skill, and his knowledge of life as gained by personal 
 and professional experience, on the side of moral purity, mental 
 strength, and physical well-being. His unobtrusive philosophy 
 abounds with the health that sustains hope, and the hope that 
 
48 HAMMOND'S PROFESSIONAL CAREER. [May 
 
 conduces to health. The steed that he was fond of mounting- 
 was neither a Pegasus nor a hobby-horse. The star to which, as 
 Emerson would sa)?-, he " hitched his wagon," was neither one 
 of those blazing meteors that dazzle by their splendor and as- 
 tonish by their flight, nor one of those incalculably distant orbs 
 which the eye can scarce discern. On the contrary, it shone 
 hospitably near the earth, so that all who saw it could bask 
 beneath its light, and fancy in it just enough of heaven to be 
 thankful it was there. 
 
 HAMMOND'S PROFESSIONAL CAREER. 
 
 Professor Andrew H. Smith made some extemporaneous 
 remarks on this subject. He said: 
 
 I had not the slightest idea of saying anything when I came 
 here this evening, but as I sat and listened to the things that 
 have been said about my old friend and benefactor, Surgeon- 
 General Hammond, I feel desirous of saying a word of my pro- 
 fessional relations with him. 
 
 I well remember my first introduction to General Hammond. 
 I was then Assistant Surgeon in one of the New York regiments, 
 and had occasion to report at Washington for duty, my regiment 
 being just across the river. Those of you who have ever seen 
 Hammond will realize that when he entered the room he filled 
 the room. He certainly filled the Surgeon-General's office; 
 there can be no question about that. I remember well the 
 impresssion which he made upon me. He was neatly dressed 
 in the uniform of a Brigadier- General. His vast proportions 
 were gracefully borne; his step was firm and elastic, his form 
 erect, his voice gentle, yet firm and penetrating. 
 
 He received me with the utmost kindness, although he knew 
 nothing whatever of me. He made me feel at home imme- 
 diately, and detailed one of the staff about the office to induct 
 me into my new position. For some considerable time after 
 that I knew him only as I came in contact with him occasionally 
 in my official capacity. After a year of service in the volunteer 
 forces, I conceived the idea of coming up for examination to en- 
 ter the regular army, and I was ordered for examination before 
 a board, of which General Hammond was president. I had been 
 in the field right up to the very moment of the assembling of 
 
igco.J HAMMOND'S PROFESSIONAL CAREER. 49 
 
 the board, and had had no opportunity whatever to prepare my- 
 self for the ordeal which was before me. I think any one who 
 went through that will lo >k back upon it as probably the hardest 
 experience of his life. The examination lasted a week. It was 
 for the most part a written examination. We were placed in 
 rooms, with writing material and a list of questions, and we had 
 no opportunity of refreshing our memory in any way with regard 
 to the subjects before us. Preceding that had been a general 
 examination calculated to elicit a man's general knowledge, 
 memory and readiness. Unless a man passed the latter satis- 
 factorily he was not permitted to come up for the real profes- 
 sional examination. A great many were weeded out in this way. 
 I was very much struck by the shrewdness of the questions 
 which were put. General Hammond was the instigator of the 
 whole thing, and he asked all sorts of questions calculated to 
 test a man's general information, his self-possession, readiness 
 and general fitness outside of his professional attainments. Dr. 
 Hammond said, for example, that a medical officer would come 
 in contact more or less with the medical men of the world; that 
 he was the representative of the army of the United States, and 
 that besides an exact knowledge of his profession it was neces- 
 sary, for the credit of the army ot the United States, that he 
 should be a man of general parts; hence, the preliminary exami- 
 nation was of the most diverse character, running, for instance, 
 over a knowledge of the Constitution of the United Slates, the 
 composition of the various parts of the United States Govern- 
 ment, together with an examination into history and into Biblical 
 literature. One of the questions was " Where was St. John 
 when he wrote the Book of Revelations ? " I happened to 
 remember that it was the Island of Patmos, very much to my 
 satisfaction. At the last only 17 out of 70 received commis- 
 sions. 
 
 Time went on and I was fortunate enough to receive a com- 
 mission in the regular army, and was stationed at Nashville, 
 Tennessee, and had charge of a hospital there. Then came out 
 an order from the Surgeon-General's office that produced more 
 of a tempest in a very large teapot than anything that perhaps 
 could have emanated from that office. This was an order that 
 calomel should be stricken from the supply table of the army. 
 I was in contact at that time with Western men, surgeons of the 
 army, to whom calomel was almost a fetich; they began with 
 
5 o HAMMOND'S PROFESSIONAL CAREER. [May 
 
 calomel, they continued with calomel, and they ended with 
 calomel, and the results were sometimes very disastrous. Such 
 a multitude of cases came to be reported finally to the Surgeon- 
 General at Washington, of extreme salivation, and the baneful 
 consequences of such medication, that he determined to strike 
 at the root of the matter, and he therefore ordered that calomel 
 should not be furnished longer to the army. The commotion 
 whichfollowed that order would be difficult to describe. I at- 
 tended a meeting called by the medical officers, the meeting being 
 held in the lecture room of the Nashville Medical College. You 
 might have imagined from the warmth of expression on the part 
 of some of the speakers that the question was as important as 
 those involved in the Declaration of Independence. Remon- 
 strances were framed on every side, and indignant protests were 
 sent to Washington, but they did not disturb Surgeon- General 
 Hammond. 
 
 It so happened that after a comparatively brief service in the 
 regular army my wife was seized with tuberculosis, and I felt 
 called upon to provide a different climate, and I therefore ten- 
 dered my resignation from the army with the intention of seek- 
 ing another climate for her. My resignation was accepted 
 through the various channels up to and including the Surgeon- 
 General, and in due course it came before the Adjutant- General 
 at Washington. And just here comes the wonderful thing 
 about Hammond. Though he had charge of the medical service 
 of the army, and had 300,000 men on his mind, he remembered 
 one particular man, myself, with whom he had not had much to 
 do, and he took the trouble to write me a personal letter, saying 
 that if I would withdraw my resignation he would send me to 
 the best possible climate for my wife, i. e., New Mexico. I ac- 
 cepted his kind offer, and with the most satisfactory result. 
 This was one of the characteristics of the man, his facility in 
 remembering individuals, even with such large matters on his 
 mind. 
 
 The amount of reading that Hammond could digest always 
 excited my admiration. I have been told that while persons 
 generally see each word and take in the meaning, word after 
 word, Hammond took in whole sentences at once— in other 
 words, instead of seeing words he saw and read by sentences. 
 He read with wonderful rapidity, and had a wonderful memory. 
 His colossal frame was a fit setting for his capacious mind. 
 
igoo.l HAMMOND'S PROFESSIONAL CAREER. 51 
 
 I have a very grateful recollection of what the Surgeon- 
 General did for me, not only in the army, but after my resigna- 
 tion, some seven years later. When I returned to Vew York, a 
 school was to be started — now the Long Island College Hos- 
 pital — and without any solicitation from me I was asked to take a 
 Chair there. I was made professor of materia medica and ther- 
 apeutics — my first launching in medical teaching. 
 
 It was certainly a very happy thought that organized this 
 gathering to night in the school for which Dr. Hammond had 
 done so much. If we had had such postgraduate teaching- 
 before the Civil War we would never had such terrible work in 
 surgery in that war, nor would it have been necessary to issue 
 that remarkable order removing calomel from the supply table 
 of the armv. 
 

 
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